Source: https://slideplayer.com/slide/730220/
Timestamp: 2018-07-18 03:38:45
Document Index: 486476923

Matched Legal Cases: ['art 25', 'art 121', 'art 23', 'art 91', 'art 121', 'art 1', 'art 11', 'art 21', 'art 23', 'art 25', 'art 27', 'art 29', 'art 31', 'art 33', 'art 34', 'art 35', 'art 36']

Certification and Avionics Prof. R. John Hansman MIT International Center for Air Transportation. - ppt download
Certification and Avionics Prof. R. John Hansman MIT International Center for Air Transportation.
Presentation on theme: "Certification and Avionics Prof. R. John Hansman MIT International Center for Air Transportation."— Presentation transcript:
1 Certification and Avionics Prof. R. John Hansman MIT International Center for Air Transportation
2 Safety Safety Targets/Standards Civil Air CarrierFAR Part 25FAR Part 121 (JAR) Civil General Aviation FAR Part 23FAR Part 91 MilitaryMil Spec Safety Components Vehicle Airworthiness Training and Operating Procedures Maintenance Culture Quality Management Processes Incident Reporting Accident Investigation Liability Design Philosophy Fail Safe Fail Operational
10 Certification Civil Certificate of Airworthiness (i.e. Certification) Guarantee to the public that the aircraft is airworthy to some standard Operational Approval Operating Certificate Equipment Procedures Training Military Procurement Space Man Rated
11 Certification Aircraft Certificate of Airworthiness Standard Type Certificate (STC) Categories Air Carrier Normal Utility Experimental Rotorcraft LTA Others
12 Certification Component Certificate of Airworthiness Engines Propellers Parts Instruments Component (Parts & Instruments) Standards Technical Service Order (TSO) Minimum Operational Performance Specification (MOPS) Software Standards RTCA DO-178B Continued Airworthiness Inspections Maintenance
13 Certification Airline Operating Certificate -Part 121 Procedures Training Airports Aircraft Management
14 Federal Aviation Regulations Part 1 -DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS Part 11 -GENERAL RULEMAKING PROCEDURES Part 21 -CERTIFICATION PROCEDURES FOR PRODUCTS AND PARTS Part 23 -AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: NORMAL, UTILITY, ACROBATIC, AND COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES Part 25 -AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES Part 27 -AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: NORMAL CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Part 29 -AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Part 31 -AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: MANNED FREE BALLOONS Part 33 -AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: AIRCRAFT ENGINES Part 34 -FUEL VENTING AND EXHAUST EMISSION REQUIREMENTS FOR TURBINE ENGINE POWERED AIRPLANES Part 35 -AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: PROPELLERS Part 36 -NOISE STANDARDS: AIRCRAFT TYPE AND AIRWORTHINESS CERTIFICATION http://www.airweb.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/r gWebcomponents.nsf/HomeFrame?OpenFrameSet
15 Description of the FAA Avionics Certification Process This Diagram illustrates the TC or STC approval process. Idea for New Avionics Product is Born Idea for New Avionics Product is Born Product is Evaluated for Marketability and Certifiability Product is Evaluated for Marketability and Certifiability Company Makes Decision to Proceed with Development Company Makes Decision to Proceed with Development Preliminary Design Completed Detailed Design Completed Installation in Aircraft and Certification Testing Completed Installation in Aircraft and Certification Testing Completed FAA ACO Issues Certificate and System is Ready for Operational Approval FAA ACO Issues Certificate and System is Ready for Operational Approval System Testing Completed Flight Test Plan and Balance of Design approval Documents Submitted to ACO for Review and Approval Flight Test Plan and Balance of Design approval Documents Submitted to ACO for Review and Approval Testing Plans and System Safety Assessment Prepared and Submitted to the ACO for Review and Approval Testing Plans and System Safety Assessment Prepared and Submitted to the ACO for Review and Approval Certification Plan is Prepared and Submitted to the ACO for Review and Approval. Plan will Address the System Safety Assessment and the Software Aspects of Certification Certification Plan is Prepared and Submitted to the ACO for Review and Approval. Plan will Address the System Safety Assessment and the Software Aspects of Certification FAA engineering personnel are sometimes consulted at this step FAA witnesses many of the systems tests for certification Close consultation with FAA engineering personnel is essential throughout design process to avoid new requirements late in process This is the appropriate time to initiate certification project FAA witnesses all of the flight and ground tests conducted on aircraft for certification
16 Advisory Circular AC 25.1309-1A System Design and Analysis Fail Safe Fail Operational Preliminary Hazard Analysis Functional Hazard Assessment Depth of Analysis Flowchart Complex System
17 Probability vs. Consequences ProbableImprobable Extremely Improbable Adverse Effect On Occupants Catastrophic Accident Airplane Damage Normal Nuisance Abnormal Procedures Emergency Procedures
18 Descriptive Probabilities Probability (per unit of exposure) JAR Frequent Reasonably Probable Remote Extremely Remote Extremely mprobable Extremely Improbable Probable 1 10E-3 10E-5 10E-7 10E-9 What is the correct unit of exposure : Flight hour, Departure, Failure FAR
19 Safety Analysis Preliminary Hazard Analysis Fault Tree Analysis Top Down Search -Presumes Hazards Known System Definition Fault Tree Construction Qualitative Analysis Quantitative Analysis Event Tree Analysis Bottom Up Forward Search -Identifies possible outcomes Failure Modes and Effects Analysis Probabilistic Forward Search Requires Failure Probability Estimates Requires Assumed Failures from PHA or Historical Data Target Level of Safety
20 Event Tree Example From : Leveson
21 Fault Tree and Event Tree Examples From : Leveson
22 Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
23 Reliability Architectures Analysis Values often of Questionable Integrity Drives Failure Mitigation Approaches Avoid Single String Failure Cannot guarantee 10E-9 Redundancy Dual Redundant for Passive Failures e.g. Wing Spar Triple Redundancy for Active Systems 777 Fly By Wire Sensors Processors Actuators Data Bus A320 Reliability Architecture by Comparison
24 Fly-by-wire - A330/A340 Flight Control computers are dual channel ­one for control and one for monitoring Each processor has a different vendor for hardware & software ­software for each processor coded in a different language PRIM SEC
25 FBW--A330/A340 flight control architecture Computer / hydraulic actuator arrangement
26 Additional Issues Conventional vs. New Technologies/Configurations Problem with Software and Complex Systems Emergent Behavior Air-Ground Coupling Issues
27 FAA 8040.4 Safety Analysis Process Plan ID Hazards Analysis Risk Assessment Decision
28 Operational Reliability MTBF Mean Time Between Failure MTBUR Mean Time Between Unscheduled Replacement Dispatch Reliability Conditional Airworthiness Minimum Equipment List Relates to Life Cycle Costs
29 Maintenance Scheduled Maintenance Periodic (e.g. Annual) On Time (Time Between Overhaul) (TBO) Progressive (Inspection Based e.g. Cracks) Conditional (Monitoring Based e.g. Engines -ACARS) Heavy Maintenance Checks Unscheduled Squawks = Reported Anomalies Logbook Entries (ACARS) Line Replacement Units (LRU) Airworthiness Directives, Service Difficulty Reports Parts Inventory Parts Tracking Commonality Glass Cockpits F16 Tail
30 What are the Key Technologies for Formation Flight Communications Navigation Surveillance Control (Station Keeping) Intent States String Stability Vehicle Configuration Aero/Performance Control Propulsion Degree of Autonomy Flight Criticality Hardware Software Low Observability Others?
31 Generic Avionic System
32 Avionics Components Black Box (LRU) Power (440 AC or 28V DC) Cooling Databus(AIRINC 429, 629, IEEE486,…) DatabusInterface Antenna and or Sensors Display Head MFD Dedicated Display
33 Air Data Barometric Altitude Airspeed Mach Number Vertical Speed Total Air Temperature (TAT) Static Air Temperature (SAT) Angle of Attack (α) Angle of Sideslip (β)
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EET 107 Principles of Electronics Doug Jenkins Winter 2013 Provides an overview of aerospace manufacturing, avionics and instrumentation.