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Testing Automated Manufacturing Processes - PDF
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1 Testing Automated Manufacturing Processes (PLC based architecture) 1
2 ❶ Introduction. ❷ Regulations. ❸ CSV Automated Manufacturing Systems. ❹ PLCs Validation Methodology / Approach. ❺ Testing. ❻ Controls during operation. 2
3 Objective This session outlines items to consider during the testing of PLC-based automated manufacturing processes. 3
4 References O. López, A Practical Guide to Regulatory Systems Hardware Qualification, Serentec Press, Inc., April O. López, Qualification of SCADA Systems, Serentec Press, Inc., March O. López, Automated Process Control Systems Verification and Validation, Pharmaceutical Technology, September GAMP Guide, Validation of Automated System in Pharmaceutical Manufacture, Version 3.0, April
6 What is an automated manufacturing process? In simple terms, it is the use of computers to control or monitor one equipment or an entire manufacturing facility. The task may be as simple as turning off and on a motor (control) in response to a switch (instrument) or taking the temperature readings every one minute (data acquisition) and saving the data for future use. The task may be as complex as controlling an entire manufacturing facility and gathering and displaying data to facility personnel. 6
7 An example of a simple automated manufacturing process 7
8 Systems Architecture MRP Distribution Information Systems Financial Recipe Generat. LIMS Quality * Systems Document Control Maintenance Management Process Control Systems DCS PLC PLC I/O I/O I/O SCADA PLC I/O BAS I/O * Complaints, Inspection, Training, etc. Instrumentation / Sensors Process 8
9 PLC Components Operator Interface / SCADA Terminal Interface PLC PLC Database I/O s Processor User s program memory Communication Interface Card Data Network 9
10 Software Components PLC software, e.g., Ladder Logic. HMI/SCADA -- operator interface to the process, short term process data storage, supervisory control (e.g. recipe management and download) and alarm and event logging. Batch application -- batch automation solution. Database Operating system -- e.g., Windows NT. 10
11 PLC Basics -- Validation Issues I/O s. Part 11, Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA). Operator Interface. Programming (Modularity). 11
12 Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Regulations (summary) Automated Systems 12
13 GxP Regulations GMP Regulations that apply to CS Computers. 21 CFR Automatic, Mechanical, and Electronic Equipment 21 CFR (i) Automated processes Hardware, classified as equipment. 21 CFR suitable location of equipment 21 CFR maintenance programs 13
14 GxP Regulations GMP Regulations that apply to CS Software, regarded as records. 21 CFR (d) verification of records 21 CFR (a) record retention 21 CFR (c) record access 21 CFR (d) record media 21 CFR (e) record review 21 CFR (a) reproduction accuracy 21 CFR (b) (11) documentation 21 CFR QC record review 14
15 GxP Regulations, cont. GLP Regulations that apply to CS Hardware and data recording equipment 21 CFR specimen and data storage 21 CFR equipment design 21 CFR maintenance and calibration of equipment 15
16 GxP Regulations, cont. GLP Regulations that apply to CS Software records and raw data. 21 CFR study director responsible for raw data. 21 CFR QA check that reports match raw data. 21 CFR SOP for recording of deviations as raw data. 21 CFR animal feed and water analyses as raw data. 21 CFR (a) report must define location of raw data. 21 CFR raw data must be archived, retained and secured. 21 CFR raw data retention period. 16
17 GxP Regulations, cont. International Conference Harmonization (ICH) GCP Regulations that apply to CS Electronic data systems ICH data system validation Electronic source data ICH source data & document retention period ICH data security and management 17
18 Other Key Regulations / Guidelines EU GMP, Annex Computerized Systems. GAMP (Rev 3) CPGs 18
19 Compliance Policy Guidelines I/O Checking (CPG 7132a.07). Identification of Persons on Batch Production and Control Records (CPG 7132a.08). Vendor Responsibility (CPG7132a.12). Source Code for Process Control Application Programs (CPG 7132a.15). CGMP Applicability to Hardware and Software (CPG 7132a.11). CGMP 21 CFR Part 11: Electronic Records, Electronic Signatures (CPG ). 19
20 Other Regulations 21 CFR 11 as a CSV model Validation Best Practice Current Best Practice Transition Program 21 CFR 11 Model Current Generation of Systems New Generation of Systems 20
21 Automated Manufacturing Systems CSV 21
22 Automated Manufacturing Systems Validation Process ❶A systematic process to verify and test the implementation, installation, and testing for new computer systems or the modifications to an existing computer system. ❷Integrated with the system development methodology. ❸Life cycle methodology is recommended by worldwide regulatory authorities. 22
23 Start Computerized Systems Development Process End System Development Phases Initiation Requirements Design Build Test Implementation and Acceptance Operation / Maintenance Retirement Responsibility Users / IM / Eng Users / IM / Eng Developer Developer Developer Users / IM / Eng Users / IM / Eng Users / IM / Eng Deliverables Justification Document (if applicable) User Reqs. Val. Plan RFP RFP Response Vendor Audit (if applicable) Systems Design Code Unit and Integration Test Plans & Results FAT FAT Summary Q Protocols and Sum. Docs. User Documentation System Documentation Training Documentation Follow SOPs & Demonstrate Compliance Retirement Plan System Specification SOPs Transfer to production plan VSR Release Memo Support Log Part 11 Considerations Include Part 11 in Justification Document Include Part 11 in: Func. Reqs, System Spec, Val Plan, RFP, vendor audit configuration Build technical controls into system. Test technical controls. Include procedural controls in SOPs. Test technical controls in FAT Include Part 11 in VSR Periodic review for Part 11 requirements. Include record retention requirements in Retirement Plan 23
24 Critical Deliverables: Why, What, How and When Business / Project Plan User Requirements Functional Specification Design Documents, Test Plans, IQ / OQ and PQ Requirements Matrix Change Control Why the system was implemented. What is needed to support the operations / operators. What the system is supposed to do. Challenges How it was designed, specified, implemented and tested. What testing is required to confirm the user s / system s requirements and design. How / When it will be maintained in a validated state. 24
25 PLC Design 25
27 Control System Design Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams. I/O List Instrument List Wiring Diagrams. Panel Drawings. Pneumatic Connection Diagrams. Instrumentation details diagrams. 27
28 Electrical and Instrumentation Design Code and Standards. Control Circuit Voltage. Grounding. Emergency Stop. Fault / Alarms Circuit. Operating Modes. Motor Starters. Motors. PLC. External Connectors. Electrical Control Devices. Rack Layouts. Recommended supply voltages. Enclosures. 28
29 PLC (stand alone) CSV 29
30 PLCs -- the equipment / machine comes with a PLC and the PLC is stand alone GAMP type software 2 -- Microcontrollers. Electronic Raw Data. PLC I/O Instrumentation / Sensors Process 30
31 Summary of Part 11 Requirements Applicable PLC Systems (optional) 1 Validation 2 System Security 3 Operational Checks 4 Location Checks * 5 Document Control 6 Open/Closed Systems 7 Electronic Raw Data Protection Note: Part 11 is applicable to electronic records and the computer system associated with the records. 31
32 Category 2 Category Type of Software Validation Approach 2 Controllers Record configuration Process / Instrumentation Design IQ Instrumentation Calibration OQ (Black Box) Examples: Tumbler controlled by a PLC (controller provided by equipment manufacturer). 32
33 Electronic Raw Data Define the universe of data that will be collected, the procedures to collect it, and the means to verify its integrity, accuracy, reliability and consistency. 33
34 Issues Testing Demonstrate that the data acquisition functions: accurately collecting and retrieving data; reading data automatically after the prescribed period; operational sequencing and security; challenge data management, as appropriate; challenge under routine and heaviest load scenarios; challenge the system response upon loss of communication. 34
35 GMP key elements Qualification. Configuration Management. On-going monitoring. Periodic Reviews. Calibration. 35
36 PLC (connected to other equipment / machines) CSV 36
37 PLCs -- connected to other equipment / machines GAMP type software 5 -- Custom Built. Electronic Raw Data. Full validation, CPG 7132a.07. PLC PLC I/O PLC I/O PLC I/O Instrumentation / Sensors Process 37
38 Category 5 Category Type of Software Validation Approach 5 Custom Systems Examples: PL Audit supplier and validate complete system SDLC and SQA Activities Supplier Audit Extensive Verifications The qualifications Examples: Packaging Lines. (controller connected to other PLC / I/Os). 38
39 Issues System Design Define the universe of data that will be collected, the procedures to collect it, and the means to verify its integrity, accuracy, reliability and consistency. 39
40 Issues Testing Demonstrate that the data acquisition functions: accurately collecting, storing and retrieving data; reading data automatically after the prescribed period; operational sequencing and security; challenge data transmission to other plc network, as appropriate; challenge under routine and heaviest communication load scenarios; challenge the system response upon loss of communication. 40
41 GMP key elements Validation. Configuration Management. On-going monitoring. Periodic Reviews. Calibration. 41
42 Relax...there are only 900 more slides to go! 42
43 PLC (linked with SCADA ) CSV 43
44 PLCs -- connected to SCADA MRP Distribution Information Systems Financial Recipe Generat. LIMS Quality * Systems Document Control Maintenance Management Process Control Systems DCS PLC PLC I/O I/O I/O SCADA PLC I/O BAS I/O * Complaints, Inspection, Training, etc. Instrumentation / Sensors Process 44
45 Summary of Part 11 Requirements SCADA Systems (required) 1 Validation 11 Operational Checks 2 Audit Trails and Metadata 12 Authority Checks 3 System Security 13 Location Checks 4 Electronic Signature Security 14 Document Control 5 Code and Password Security 15 Open/Closed Systems 6 Code and Password Maintenance 16 Signature Manifestation 7 Electronic Password Assignment 17 Signature Purpose 8 E-Sig without Biometric/Behavioral 18 Signature Binding 9 E-Sig with Biometric/Behavioral 19 Certification to FDA 10 Record Retention/Protection 45
46 Category 4 and 5 Category Type of Software Validation Approach 4 Configurable Software Packages Audit supplier, validate application and any custom code SDLC and SQA Activities Supplier Audit Extensive Verifications The qualifications Configurable Fixed Core Shell Examples: SCADA packages 46
47 Category 4 and 5 Category Type of Software Validation Approach 5 Custom Systems SDLC and SQA Activities Supplier Audit Extensive Verifications The qualifications Audit supplier and validate complete system Examples: Ladder logic PLC based systems 47
48 Issues System Design Define the universe of data that will be collected, the procedures to collect it, and the means to verify its integrity, accuracy, reliability and consistency. 48
49 Issues Testing Demonstrate that the data acquisition functions: accurately collecting, storing and retrieving data; reading data automatically after the prescribed period; operational sequencing and security; challenge data transmission to other plc network, as appropriate; challenge under routine and heaviest communication load scenarios; challenge the system response upon loss of communication. 49
50 GMP key elements Validation. Configuration Management. On-going monitoring. Periodic Reviews. Calibration. 50
51 What goes into a qualification protocol? Testing Factory Acceptance Testing Site Acceptance Testing Qualification 51
52 Testing Timeline Install Startup Trials Live Operations TIME FAT Site Acceptance IQ OQ Qualification PQ Product Qualification On-site testing Ongoing Operation 52
53 FAT and Site Acceptance, and Qualification The focus of the FAT is the FS and the URS. The focus of the Site Acceptance is the requirements contained in the DS and FS. Don t repeat field independent User Acceptance test cases as part of Site Acceptance testing. A comprehensive Site Acceptance testing implies not to repeat during the Qualification the testing related with DS (IQ) and FS (OQ). The Qualification phase can concentrate only in testing the users requirements (PQ). FAT Site Acceptance Qualification Testing 53
54 User and Site Acceptance, and Qualification User Acceptance It is performed by the developer of the configurable elements at the developer s site. Test conditions are very similar to the hardware and software to be encountered in the operational conditions. Main tests, based on Functional Specification: Functional Testing. Communication, including error detection protocol. Screens Navigation/Verification. 54
55 User and Site Acceptance, and Qualification User Acceptance Main tests, cont: Database structure, files tables and data archiving. Startup/Shutdown of the computer systems. Batch Control/Reports. Alarming. Timing. Sequencing. Loss of System Power. 55
56 User and Site Acceptance, and Qualification User Acceptance Main tests, cont: Recipe Downloading and Saving. History Tracking, Data acquisition (e.g., scan I/Os from RTUs) and Database access controls. 56
57 User and Site Acceptance, and Qualification Site Acceptance Set of activities comprised by the system installation, qualification of the installation, start-up, operational testing and turnover. Performed under operational conditions by the integrator. Main Tests: HW Qualification: Schematic drawings, P&ID, Instruments List, Loop Diagrams, I/Os List. Calibration. Wiring Checks. 57
58 User and Site Acceptance, and Qualification Site Acceptance, cont. Main Tests: HW Qualification, cont: Hardware configuration and, interface verification and integration. Physical security. Built-in diagnostics (e.g., power supply, processor, peripheral equipment, communication) Interfaces. Control Panel Verification. 58
59 User and Site Acceptance, and Qualification Site Acceptance, cont. Main Tests: SW Installation Qualification: Input / Output Module Test. Man-machine interface installation verification. Logical security. Database installation and database configuration verification. System start-up / shut-down. 59
60 User and Site Acceptance, and Qualification Site Acceptance, cont. Main Tests: SW Operational Qualification: Recipe Downloading and Saving. Catastrophic recovery verification Man-machine-interface functional verification Boundary values. Invalid values. Special values. Decision point & branch conditions. Control panel. 60
61 User and Site Acceptance, and Qualification Site Acceptance, cont. Main Tests: SW Operational Qualification, cont: Batch Control/Reports. Hardware redundancy verification. History Tracking, Data acquisition and Database access controls. Trending and alarms processing. Interface with other applications (e.g., SPC, EBR, Information Systems). Timing (if applicable). 61
62 User and Site Acceptance, and Qualification Site Acceptance, cont. Main Tests: SW Operational Qualification, cont: Process Sequencing. PLC Security. User Interface Application / Operating System Security. Verification/evaluation of SOPs. Environmental Verification (*). 62
63 User and Site Acceptance, and Qualification Qualification Performance Qualification for the application. Occurs under operational conditions but not as part of the actual operational process. Final verification of the implementation of the URS. 63
64 User and Site Acceptance, and Qualification Qualification, cont. Main Tests Performance Qualification. Determination of the system accuracy in receiving, recording, storing, and processing electronically manufacturing information. Determination of the system accuracy in arriving at the appropriate disposition decision based upon the received data. Determination of the integration between all components. 64
65 User and Site Acceptance, and Qualification Qualification, cont. Main Tests Performance Qualification, cont. Platform security. Audit trail reporting. Systems backup. System restoration. Database recovery. If database conversion, migration, or pre-loading with data is to occur prior to PQ testing, the verification of these activities and their associated data may be addressed in the PQ. Process Sequencing. 65
66 Controls during operation 66
67 Operation controls Controls are required for the ongoing operation of the system. problem reporting change control user operating procedures operating procedures such as back-up and recovery, database administration disaster recovery preventive maintenance environmental control training security periodic reviews 67
68 Thank you for your attention! FIN 68
69 Questions? Orlando López (215)
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