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⭐Final Report. May 18, National Capital Region Transportation Planning Board Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments
Final Report. May 18, National Capital Region Transportation Planning Board Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments
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1 Final Report May 18, 2010 National Capital Region Transportation Planning Board Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments2 TITLE: Final Report, What Would it Take? Scenario, TPB Scenario Study Date: May 2010 Number of Pages: 56 AUTHORS: Monica Bansal, Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments Erin Morrow, Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments AGENCY: The Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments (COG) is the regional organization of the Washington area s major local governments and their governing officials. COG works toward solutions to such regional problems as growth, transportation, the environment, economic development, and public safety. The National Capital Region Transportation Planning Board (TPB) conducts the continuing, comprehensive transportation planning process for the National Capital Region under the authority of the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1962, as amended, in cooperation with the states and local governments. ABSTRACT: This document provides a summary of the development, analysis and results of the What Would it Take? scenario, which is one of two scenarios in the TPB Scenario Study. This scenario examines what it would take in the National Capital Region to meet aggressive regional climate change mitigation goals in the transportation sector. This report includes a baseline inventory and forecast of carbon dioxide emissions in the region, identification and analysis of potential mitigation strategies, and an analysis of whether any combination of these strategies meets long-term mitigation goals. The report also includes cost-effectiveness analysis of these measures and specifically identifies short-term measures that can be feasibly implemented by local governments in the region. Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments 777 North Capitol Street, NE, Suite 300 Washington, D.C., (202) Copyright 2010 Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments ii3 COG/TPB Staff Ronald F. Kirby Director, Department of Transportation Planning Michael Clifford Systems Planning Application Director Daivamani Sivasailam Principal Transportation Engineer Monica Bansal Transportation Planner III Erin Morrow Transportation Engineer III *** Technical Oversight Scenario Study Task Force of the Transportation Planning Board Scenario Study Task Force Chair: Harriet Tregoning, District of Columbia Office of Planning, Director *** Acknowledgements The report authors and staff would like to acknowledge and thank additional COG/TPB staff who provided assistance: Anant Choudhary, Transportation Engineer III Yu Gao, Transportation, Transportation Engineer II Eulalie Gower- Lucas, Senior Transportation Engineer Jinchul (JC) Park, Senior Transportation Engineer Daniel Son, Transportation Engineer II and all others who provided input to this document. iii4 [This page intentionally left blank.] iv5 Executive Summary The What Would it Take? (WWIT) scenario is the first step toward answering major questions about transportation and climate change mitigation in the Washington metropolitan region. This study was undertaken by the TPB and led by the TPB Scenario Study Task Force in 2007 in direct response to growing concern about climate change and a desire to position the region for early action. The WWIT study was developed as an important part of a comprehensive COG climate change effort, but provides transportation sector specificity to better understand what could work to reduce mobile carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in this region. As one of two scenarios in the current TPB Scenario Study, this study examines what it would take in the transportation sector to meet aggressive regional climate change goals. These regional goals were created as part of the 2008 National Capital Regional Climate Change Report and include a short-term, intermediate and long-term target for reducing CO2 emissions based on international scientific consensus. The scenario uses these goals to create a 20-year cumulative reduction goal from 2010 through With this goal in mind, the scenario includes analysis of transportation strategies, such as higher vehicle fuel efficiency, increased use of alternative fuels, and increased public transit usage and provision to determine their CO2 emissions reduction potential, costeffectiveness, and the timeframe for implementation. The outcome of this analysis is the identification of effective and cost-effective transportation strategies for climate change mitigation that can be adopted by state and local jurisdictions in the region. The results will not only provide the region with an indication of what may be necessary to achieve climate change goals, but also with a menu of strategies that can be adopted in the short- and long-term. It is important to note that not all of the strategies examined in this study are necessarily feasible or desired by every jurisdiction. This study is intended to be a first step for local planners and officials to determine what types of strategies should be explored further as a response to climate change at the local level, and is thus not a replacement for case-bycase analysis. As the first major climate change and transportation study for the Washington region, the WWIT study began by framing the problem and involved the following analytical steps: 1. Creating a baseline inventory of mobile source CO2 emissions 2. Determining sources of reduction potential 3. Identifying potential reduction strategies v6 4. Analyzing individual strategies for effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and timeframe for implementation 5. Combining additive strategies to determine different pathways toward approaching or meeting goals This study includes the first mobile CO2 emissions baseline inventory and forecast for the region. This baseline includes an analysis of the current long-range plan, recently adopted national CAFE standards, and transportation emission reduction measures implemented throughout the region for the purposes of reducing other types of air pollutants. The study found that the final baseline, particularly the new CAFE standards, fills part of the gap between business as usual and regional climate change goals. The study also examined specific sources of emissions in the region, which enabled a more comprehensive determination of reduction opportunities. Three broad sources of emissions were examined: fleet composition, fuel used, and use of the fleet. The study found that heavy duty vehicles are forecast to account for a growing share of emissions over time as light duty vehicles become cleaner. Additionally, although recent energy legislation increases the forecast use of less carbon intensive alternative fuels in the future, gasoline is still forecast to be the dominant transportation fuel across the nation. Lastly, the study found that current travel behavior can benefit from efficiency improvements to reduce CO2 emissions. For instance, it is forecast that many short trips (under three miles) are taken by automobile, a portion of which could be shifted to non-polluting modes. Traffic congestion or frequent stop-and-go driving is also a major source of emissions, since CO2 is quite sensitive to vehicle speeds. Therefore, operational strategies to improve traffic flow could also deliver emissions benefits. Over fifty individual strategies were identified and analyzed according to three categories of fuel efficiency, alternative fuels, and travel efficiency. The measures studied in this scenario do not represent the full universe of strategies that can be considered for the purposes of reducing CO2 emissions, but instead are a first step. Following analysis of the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and timeframe for implementation for each strategy, they were grouped in order to determine if they could meet the regional goals. Four groups were analyzed: 1. No further federal/local action: Legislation already adopted remains unchanged until 2030, including CAFE standards and alternative fuel standards. 2. High federal role: Current legislation is augmented with longer term policies, such as an extension and enhancement of CAFE standards, heavy duty vehicle CAFE standards and national gas price increases. 3. Short-term regional actions: Strategies that are implementable by state and local governments before Long-term regional actions: Strategies that are implementable by state and local governments between 2020 and 2030 vi7 Results of these four groups highlighted a few major issues and findings that can instruct future action in this region. The first grouping sets the maximum conceivable regional burden for action and shows that major reductions will still be necessary if aggressive federal action is not taken. The second grouping (high federal role) illustrates the effectiveness of aggressive federal measures, which are large in scope and therefore impact. However, while this grouping comes close to meeting the regional goals, it does not meet early targets and therefore does not achieve the region s 20-year reduction goal. The last two groupings (short and long-term regional actions) show the potential of state and local governments to make significant contributions to meeting regional goals. Although neither meets the goals, the short-term strategies position the region toward meeting early targets. These strategies, therefore, provide a menu for potential actions that can be done quickly across the region. It is also important to note that many of these strategies are very small-scale and can thus be implemented more quickly and easily than large infrastructure projects. Finally, an initial cost-effectiveness analysis was also provided in order to begin the discussion on prioritizing strategies and projects. The study found that many strategies can be done relatively cost-effectively; however, most, if not all, transportation strategies will have multiple benefits worth examining. Major findings from the study include: Additional strategies would need to be analyzed and incorporated into the study groupings in order to meet the region s CO2 reduction goals. The short-term regional actions grouping shows the ability of local governments to achieve important early targets if a wide range of early actions is taken immediately. It is unlikely that the goals can be achieved with any one of the categories of strategies; instead it will take a more aggressive approach across all three categories. Transportation strategies will have various other benefits from criteria pollutant reduction to increasing mobility and accessibility that should be factored into decision-making. vii8 Table of Contents What is the What Would It Take Scenario?... 1 Why Ask the Question?... 3 What are the Region s Climate Change Goals?... 4 Analytical Framework Developing the Baseline Indentifying Sources of Potential Emissions Reductions Indentifying Specific Reduction Strategies Analysis Methodology: Individual Analysis of Strategies Grouping Strategies for Final Analysis: Results Discussion: What Would it Take? Next Steps Appendix A viii9 List of References 1. Preliminary Analysis of Potential Transportation-related Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategies for the Washington, DC Region, Transportation Planning Board draft, February Light-Duty Diesel Vehicles: Efficiency and Emissions Attributes and Market Issues, U.S. Energy Information Administration, February 2009, Constrained Long Range Plan, Performance Analysis, Transportation Planning Board, 4. Barth, Matthew et al. Traffic Congestion and Greenhouse Gases. Access 35, University of California Transportation Center, Fall TERM Section-Appendix A and B of Call for Projects 2009 CLRP & FY TIP, Appendix B TERM Reporting TERM Tracking Sheet. 6. National Capital Region, Climate Change Report, Prepared by the Climate Change Steering Committee for the Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments Board of Directors Adopted November 12, Analysis of Potential Transportation Emissions Reductions Measures (TERMs) Under Consideration for the 2009 CLRP & FY TIP 8. Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States, U.S. Global Change Research Program. Cambridge University Press, An,Feng and Sauer, Amanda. Comparison of Passenger Vehicle Fuel Economy and Greenhouse Gas Emission Standards around the World. Pew Center on Global Climate Change, The Kiplinger Letter, Volume 86, Number 47. Washington, DC: November 20, Interagency Working Group on Social Cost of Carbon, United States Government, Appendix 15A: Social Cost of Carbon for Regulatory Impact Analyses Under Executive Order 12866, Summary of Carpool Trends, MIT Real-Time Rides Research, May 2009, ix10 What is the What Would It Take Scenario? The issue of climate change is becoming increasingly well accepted as a major environmental threat to every place on the planet. As awareness has grown, so have the questions from policymakers, planners, and citizens. What can we do on each of these levels, from individual behavior changes to large-scale regulatory action, to reduce the impact of global climate change? How much do we have to do to prevent the most catastrophic climate change that is possible if we do nothing? How much action can we take without inflicting intolerable damage to the region s economy? Will we be able to adequately mitigate climate change impacts in this region? When addressing these questions it becomes immediately evident that just as climate change affects every place on the planet, it also affects every sector transportation, electricity, agriculture, and many others. And just as it does not affect every place equally, the contribution to the problem, burden of responsibility and ease of action are vastly different for each sector. So while an integrated approach to climate action will be necessary, the knowledge-building phase of planning will require detailed sectorspecific analysis. The What Would it Take? (WWIT) Scenario is the first step toward answering some major questions about climate change mitigation specifically in the transportation sector in the Washington metropolitan region. The transportation sector poses unique challenges, such as the infrastructural entrenchment across the nation of carbon intensive fuels, as well as mode choices and travel behavior that are inextricably linked to other sectors, such as housing and land use. Additionally, while there have been national level studies aimed at the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of the transportation sector specifically, the travel patterns, energy sources, mode splits, and land use patterns are different in every state, region and local jurisdiction. These localized transportation characteristics play a major role in determining the extent to which a particular strategy can work at reducing CO2 emissions. The WWIT study provides this regional and sector specificity for a wide range of transportation strategies. As one of two scenarios in the current TPB Scenario Study, this study examines what it would take in the transportation sector to meet aggressive regional climate change goals. As part of this study, the TPB has undertaken CO2 emissions analysis for individual transportation strategies, such as higher vehicle fuel efficiency, increased use of alternative fuels, and increased public transit usage and provision to determine their emissions reduction potential, cost-effectiveness, and the timeframe for implementation. The specific methodology and strategy-specific results are outlined in the study s technical report (Reference 1). The goal of the study is to provide objective analysis of a wide variety of strategies to assist decision-makers with the transportation component of local and regional multisector sustainability plans. Not all of the strategies examined in this study are necessarily feasible or desired by every jurisdiction. This study is intended to be a first 111 step for local planners and officials to determine what types of strategies should be explored further as a response to climate change at the local level, and is thus not a replacement for case-by-case analysis. 212 Why Ask the Question? Transportation is one of the largest emitters of CO2 emissions in the region, nation, and world, at between one quarter and one third of all emissions, depending on the geographic scale. It is clear that regardless of the eventual target set for transportation at the national level, the transportation sector will have to do something. It is thus important to find out what is possible in terms of technological, financial and political feasibility. In response to growing concern and a desire to position the region for early action, the WWIT study was developed by the TPB Scenario Study Task Force to specifically begin addressing climate change in the regional long-range transportation planning process. The Task Force was created in December 2007 to provide policy-level stewardship for the continuation of the Regional Mobility and Accessibility Study (RMAS) 1, and specifically to respond to emerging issues, such as climate change. This study was developed as an important part of a comprehensive COG climate change effort, including the approval of the COG Climate Change Report in November Among the most important contributions of this regional report is the attempt to answer the primary question of: How much do we have to do to prevent the most catastrophic climate change that is possible if we do nothing? Based on international and national consensus around CO2 emissions targets regional leaders adopted similar, but voluntary regional carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction targets. The report also began the discussion on tackling climate change in each sector and provided a comprehensive list of potential strategies for each sector, including transportation. Building from the COG Climate Change Report, the WWIT scenario specifically examines what it would take in the transportation sector to meet the aforementioned CO2 targets. The outcome of this analysis is the identification of effective and costeffective transportation strategies for climate change mitigation that can be adopted by state and local jurisdictions in the region. The results will not only provide the region with an indication of what may be necessary to achieve climate change goals, but also with a menu of strategies that can be adopted in the short-term and in the long-term. This report provides an overview of the study development, methodology, and results. An appendix detailing the analysis for each strategy is provided at the end. 1 RMAS is a transportation and land use scenario study begun by the TPB in 2001 and completed in The study examined five different land use scenarios with complimentary transit improvements. More information on this study is available here: 313 What are the Region s Climate Change Goals? The COG Climate change report outlines short, medium and long-term regional emissions reduction targets. These targets are to reduce annual regional CO2 emissions to 2005 levels by 2012, 20% below 2005 levels by 2020, and 80% below 2005 levels by The WWIT study uses these same reduction targets, but importantly only extends analysis out to 2030 due to travel demand modeling limitations. Therefore, the final target for this study is a 40% reduction below 2005 levels by It should be noted that this study simplistically assumes an equal mitigation burden across sectors regardless of cost-effectiveness. The enormity of the transportation sector s emissions contribution will mean that at the very least, some reductions will need to come from this sector. However, as national-level studies have shown, the transportation sector presents greater difficulty in reducing emissions at a reasonable cost than other sectors, such as electricity generation. Therefore, it is unclear whether each sector will have equal reduction targets, or if transportation will be given a lesser climate change mitigation obligation. For the purposes of this study, transportation targets are assumed to be equal to the overall regional targets. Chart 1 COG CO 2 Reduction Goals 414 The chart above illustrates the chasm between the regional goals and business as usual projections, which represent forecast emissions with the current long-range plan, but no new federal CAFE standards or regional emission reduction measures. The reduction required to meet the COG goals is quite large, with a cumulative reduction of 33.5% over the twenty year period from , represented by the pink wedge. This wedge highlights the importance of each of the targets, which when applied internationally are intended to achieve the maximum acceptable atmospheric CO2 concentration to prevent the most catastrophic effects of global warming. Analysis under this study was done on a cumulative basis, which is discussed in further detail in the next section. It should also be noted that this chart only displays CO2 emissions. Although CO2 is not the only greenhouse gas (GHG), only a few percentage points of regional mobile GHG emissions are from gases other than CO2. 515 Analytical Framework In order to determine what may be necessary to meet these aggressive regional climate change mitigation targets, this study was conducted according to a simple set of steps: 1. Creating a baseline inventory of mobile source CO2 emissions 2. Determining sources of reduction potential 3. Identifying potential reduction strategies 4. Analyzing individual strategies for effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and timeframe for implementation 5. Combining additive strategies to determine different pathways toward approaching or meeting goals This section details the above process; however, a more detailed technical report that provides the methodology and results for each strategy analyzed is available as a companion to this report. The technical report, Preliminary Analysis of Potential Transportation-related Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategies for the Washington, DC Region (Reference 1) can be found here: 1. Developing the Baseline In order to determine the emissions reductions that will be necessary in the future, the first step in the scenario analysis was to see what emissions levels are likely to look like in the future by developing the mobile GHG inventory and baseline forecast of emissions in the region. This analysis began in 2008 using the regional travel demand model outputs for the 2008 CLRP as the starting point. However, external factors over time required some re-benchmarking throughout 2008 and First, new CAFE standards were passed by Congress at the end of 2007 requiring 35 mpg by These CAFE standards were further strengthened in 2009 through GHG emissions standards that translate to 35.5 mpg by Lastly, new analysis of regional fleet characteristics in 2008 showed that with a troubled economy fleet turnover was not happening as rapidly as in the past. This translated into slightly higher than expected (though still declining) emissions rates over time. Final baseline inventories using the EPA MOBILE model version 6.2 were developed for 2005, 2010, 2020 and MOBILE6 is an emission factor model for predicting gram per mile emissions of Hydrocarbons (HC), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Particulate Matter (PM), and toxics from cars, trucks, and motorcycles under various conditions. This model is EPA s official model for use in State Implementation Plans (SIP) and air quality conformity assessments and is thus the primary emissions model used by TPB. Step 1: Business as usual In developing the CO2 inventory, business as usual was first established. Under this scenario, business as usual (BAU) means that there would be no major changes to the forecast of travel management programs or vehicle fleet. The baseline uses the 616 modeling output for the 2009 CLRP and TIP, which contain vehicle fleet forecasts based on 2008 vehicle fleet data and COG Cooperative Forecast Round 7.2 land use data. A detailed description of the Mobile 6.2 inventory development can be found in Appendix B of the technical report. Step 2: Account for new federal and regional developments The second step was to determine the reductions in CO2 emissions that would result from the improvement in vehicle fleet fuel economy as a result of the new federal CAFE requirement. Due to Mobile 6.2 constraints, this work was done using a spreadsheet tool developed by a consultant. Initially, the CAFE reductions were based on achieving 35 mpg by 2020 as specified in the 2007 Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA); however, the calculations were updated to reflect the proposed joint rulemaking between DOT and EPA which would improve the CAFE to 35.5 mpg by Calculations were also updated to use fuel efficiency forecasts based on the 2008 vehicle registration data. Step 3: Add in regional air quality measures The third step was to estimate the CO2 reductions from the regionally committed Transportation Emission Reduction Measures (TERMs) as listed in the TERM Tracking Sheet. TERMs are measures implemented throughout the region for the purposes of reducing criteria pollutants, which are now being studied for their CO2 reduction potential. These TERMs were put into place after the last travel demand model calibration and thus are not reflected in the model and must be accounted for separately. The final baseline fills part of the gap between BAU and regional goals. Chart 2 shows the results of each of the three steps for calculating the Final Baseline as well as the COG goals for 2020 and 2030 and the required reductions to meet those annual goals. After accounting for reduction commitments already made, both at the federal and local level, the region is left with a significantly lower reduction goal than it began with: instead of a 33.5% reduction in total emissions from BAU levels to meet COG goals, 15.6% is now required. Recent strengthening of CAFE standards reduces BAU emissions by 17.3% over the twenty year period and the regionally committed TERMs reduce emissions further by 0.6%. While these two reduction sources make a significant contribution toward meeting regional climate change goals, they do not achieve the goals alone. In order to meet those goals, a further 15.6% total emissions reduction below BAU levels, from , would be required, as illustrated by the bottom wedge in the chart 2. 717 Chart 2 Calculating the Final Baseline CO 2 Emissions Forecasts18 2. Identifying Sources of Potential Emissions Reductions After identifying the CO2 reduction necessary to meet regional climate goals, a thorough understanding of where emissions are coming from is essential to developing a comprehensive list of potential reduction strategies for analysis. Mobile CO2 emissions are generally affected by fleet composition, fuel choice, and how the fleet is used. Fleet composition The regional fleet is comprised of light duty vehicles, such as passenger cars and SUVs, and heavy duty vehicles, such as buses and trucks. As seen in the previous chart, a great deal of progress toward our climate goals can be achieved by making the light duty vehicles purchased and driven in this region more fuel efficient. While this accomplishes a great deal, it also ignores a growing source of emissions in the region and the nation as a whole. Light duty vehicles currently account for 90% of VMT, but only 80% of emissions. In 2030, absent fuel economy standards for heavy duty vehicles, trucks and buses are projected to remain at 10% of VMT, but will account for a growing share of CO2 emissions at almost 30%. This signals a major opportunity for future CO2 reductions. Chart 3 Heavy Duty Share of Total VMT and CO 2 Emissions 919 Energy sources Adding transportation energy sources that are less carbon intensive (such as some types of biofuel and electricity) to the region s transportation fuel portfolio can also offer major potential reductions. According to national data from the U.S. Department of Energy, in 2009 gasoline was the source of 99% of energy consumed in the light duty transportation sector. Even with significant alternative fuel mandates from the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, fuel use in 2030 is still projected to be dominated by gasoline at 81% of energy consumed in the light duty transportation sector. Chart 4 below shows significant penetration of ethanol and diesel in 2030 largely as a result of the federal Renewable Fuel Standard passed under the 2007 Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA). Higher penetration of diesel as a light duty fuel is also forecast for Diesel fuel has a higher energy density than gasoline and diesel engines are more fuel efficient than gasoline-powered engines, making diesel vehicles significantly more fuel efficient than gasoline vehicles. Greater sales of diesel vehicles in the U.S. are thus likely a result of higher CAFE standards as a method for auto-makers to meet these more stringent standards (Reference 2). Even with higher ethanol and diesel percentages, there is still a great deal of room for increased alternative fuel use in this region. It must be noted that because this data is national level data, it does not reflect state mandates in this region to blend gasoline with 10% ethanol, which would likely result in a higher percentage of ethanol in 2009 than is reflected below. Chart 4 National Light Duty Fuel Mix 1020 Travel behavior Lastly, how we travel can also have a significant impact on emissions. This includes many aspects of travel behavior and roadway operations, such as trip purposes, lengths, and mode, vehicle occupancy, congestion, and driving behavior. Many of these aspects of travel behavior combine to illuminate potential planning strategies. For example, when examining trip lengths by mode it became clear that a large percentage of auto trips are less than three miles in length. Specifically, 45% of non-work trips and 18% of work trips are projected to be less than three miles in Given that the average bike trip length in the region, according to the 2007/2008 TPB Household Travel Survey, is around two miles, auto trips under three miles may have potential for mode shifts to non-polluting modes, including bicycling, walking, and lowor non-polluting vehicles if barriers to using these modes are overcome, such as urban design and land use issues. Chart 5 Percent of Auto Trips Under Three Miles in Length Longer trips can also be targeted for shifts to less polluting modes, including not traveling at all, such as through teleworking. The performance analysis of the 2009 CLRP clearly shows the region heading for high levels of vehicular travel. In 2030, the region is still forecast to be dominated by SOV use, at around 87% of auto work trips and around 72% of all motorized work trips. While transit shares are forecast to grow, they still only represent a small share of trips, at 6% in Moreover, residential and commercial growth is forecast to be the fastest in the outer suburbs of the region where transit access is sparser than in the inner and core jurisdictions (Reference 3). Issues like transit access, commuter services, cycling and pedestrian infrastructure, and 11 View more
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