Source: https://patents.google.com/patent/US8981886B2/en
Timestamp: 2018-11-17 18:09:21
Document Index: 272683281

Matched Legal Cases: ['Application No. 61', 'Application No. 61', 'Application No. 61', 'Application No. 61', 'Application No. 61', 'Application No. 2010315822', 'Application No. 10828682']

US8981886B2 - Electromechanical polarization switch - Google Patents
Electromechanical polarization switch Download PDF
US8981886B2
US8981886B2 US13232280 US201113232280A US8981886B2 US 8981886 B2 US8981886 B2 US 8981886B2 US 13232280 US13232280 US 13232280 US 201113232280 A US201113232280 A US 201113232280A US 8981886 B2 US8981886 B2 US 8981886B2
slidable switch
US13232280
US20120013425A1 (en )
H01P1/122—Waveguide switches
A solenoid switching method includes energizing a first coil winding to cause a plunger to move in a first direction, and energizing a second coil winding to cause the plunger to move in the opposite direction. Furthermore, the plunger has a first standoff connected to a first end, and a second standoff connected to a second end. The first standoff extends through the first coil winding and the second standoff extends through the second coil winding. The bi-directional solenoid device is configured to physically move a slidable switch between a first position and a second position. Additionally, the plunger stays in position without either of the first coil winding or the second coil winding being energized if the plunger is latched.
This application is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/758,942, entitled “ELECTROMECHANICAL POLARIZATION SWITCH,” which was filed on Apr. 13, 2010. The '942 application is a non-provisional of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/259,053, entitled “ELECTROMECHANICAL POLARIZATION SWITCH,” which was filed on Nov. 6, 2009. The '942 application is a non-provisional of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/259,047, entitled “AUTOMATED BEAM PEAKING SATELLITE GROUND TERMINAL,” which was filed on Nov. 6, 2009. The '942 application is a non-provisional of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/259,049, entitled “DYNAMIC REAL-TIME POLARIZATION FOR ANTENNAS,” which was filed on Nov. 6, 2009. All of the contents of the previously identified applications are hereby incorporated by reference for any purpose in their entirety.
Conventional very small aperture terminal (VSAT) antennas utilize a fixed polarization that is generally hardware dependant. The fixed polarization is because an antenna is typically configured to pass one polarization, such as left-hand circular polarization (LHCP), and reject the other polarization, such as right-hand circular polarization (RHCP). Types of polarization include elliptical, circular (RHCP and LHCP), and linear polarization (vertical polarization and horizontal polarization). During installation of the satellite terminal, the basis polarization is generally set and the polarizer is fixed in position. Changing this setting generally requires a technician at the terminal to physically manipulate the polarizer.
Unlike a typical single polarization antenna, some devices are configured to change polarizations without disassembling the antenna terminal. As an example and with reference to FIG. 1, a prior embodiment is the use of “baseball” switches 101 to provide electronically commandable switching between polarizations. As can be understood by the block diagram, the rotation of the “baseball” switches 101, by connecting one signal path and terminating the other signal path, cause a change in polarization. A separate rotational actuator with independent control circuitry is generally required for each “baseball” switch 101, which increases the cost of device.
Furthermore, a prior art solenoid switch is another typical device that may be used to provide electronically commandable switching between polarizations. A typical solenoid switch comprises a coil wrapped around a magnetic core, which can be controlled to move back and forth through the coil. The moving core is designed to strike various contacts, and the position of the core is maintained using various mechanisms. One mechanism example is the use of a spring to exert force on the core in a first direction, which is counter to the force and direction generated by the core once the coil is energized. The spring is extended when the switch is energized, and then recoils back into position when power is cut (i.e., the magnetic force is off). Furthermore, a spring-aided switch has reduced force since the force of the spring acts in the opposite direction of the magnetic force. The primary drawback of spring-assisted solenoid is that the switch must remain energized to stay latched. The continuous power may be unachievable or undesirable in various applications.
A second prior art design is the use of two separate solenoids to generate bidirectional motion. However, the use of two solenoids has increased costs and increases the complexity during assembly. Other drawbacks of typical solenoids include limited travel range and maxim force over a narrow range. In general, the force exerted by a typical solenoid increases until the end of traveled distance in nonlinear fashion. The nonlinear force results in a narrow operation window if greater force is desired for longer ranges of travel. The solenoid typically has one end enclosed with magnetically permeable material to increase force. However, the core's range of motion is limited by the enclosed end. Although complex multiplying linkages and auxiliary assemblies may be used to overcome this limited range, the increased cost can be substantial along with added system complexity.
Thus, there is a need for a new low cost method and device for solenoid switching that results in low cost and low complexity system.
In accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure, a bi-directional solenoid device comprises a first coil winding operable to cause a switching function to occur, where the first coil winding is open-ended, and a second coil winding operable to cause a switching function to occur, where the second coil winding is also open-ended. The first coil winding and the second coil winding are positioned along a common axis. Furthermore, a plunger is supported inside at least one of the first coil winding and the second coil winding for movement along the common axis between coil windings. Additionally, in an exemplary embodiment, a first standoff is connected to a first end of the plunger and a second standoff is connected to a second end of the plunger.
Furthermore, in various exemplary embodiments, the bi-directional solenoid device is configured to physically move a slidable switch between a first position and a second position. Energizing the first coil winding moves the plunger and therefore the slidable switch into the first position, and energizing the second coil winding moves the plunger and therefore the slidable switch into the second position. Additionally, the plunger stays in position without either of the first coil winding or the second coil winding being energized if the plunger is latched.
An exemplary method of solenoid switching comprises energizing a first coil winding to cause a plunger to move in a first direction, and energizing a second coil winding to cause the plunger to move in a second direction, where the second direction is opposite the first direction. Furthermore, the plunger has a first standoff connected to a first end, and a second standoff connected to a second end. The first standoff extends through the first coil winding and the second standoff extends through the second coil winding.
Moreover, the solenoid interacts with a slidable switch. The slidable switch moves to a first position in response to contact with the first standoff; and the slidable switch latches into the first position and the first coil winding can be de-energized. Similarly, the slidable switch moves to a second position in response to contact with the second standoff, and the slidable switch latches into the second position and the second coil winding can be de-energized. This functionality is enabled by independently energizing the first and second coil windings.
In another exemplary embodiment, a solenoid device comprises a first open-ended coil winding having an inside edge and an outside edge; and a second open-ended coil winding having an inside edge and an outside edge, where the second coil winding is positioned along the same axis as the first coil winding, and wherein the inside edge of the first coil winding is in proximity to the inside edge of the second coil winding. The solenoid device also comprises a plunger, a first standoff connected to a first end of the plunger, and a second standoff connected to a second end of the plunger. The plunger may have a length less than the distance between the outside edge of the first coil winding and the outside edge of the second coil winding. Also, the total length of the first standoff plus plunger plus second standoff is greater than the distance between the outside edge of the first coil winding and the outside edge of the second coil winding. The first standoff and the second standoff respectively extend past the outside edges of the first coil winding and the second coil winding. The first standoff and the second standoff are configured to make contact with a component outside the first and second coil windings.
In accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure, a method and system for electro-mechanical polarization switching in an antenna system is presented. The antenna system may comprise an integrated waveguide in a transceiver housing, where the waveguide has at two or more channels. In an exemplary embodiment, a sliding switch is incorporated into the waveguide. The sliding switch is configured to switch the polarization of the antenna system by physically realigning the waveguide channels
In accordance with various aspects of the present invention, a method of polarization switching is presented including: (1) operating an antenna system in a first mode having a first polarization; (2) operating the antenna system in a second mode having a second polarization; (3) switching between the first mode and the second mode by physically altering the channels of a waveguide of the antenna system using a linear switch. In this exemplary embodiment, the first polarization is different from the second polarization.
In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, a terrestrial microwave communications terminal is configured to facilitate load balancing. Load balancing involves moving some of the load on a particular satellite, or point-to-point system, from one polarity/frequency range “color” or “beam” to another. The load balancing is enabled by the ability to remotely switch polarity.
In an exemplary embodiment, this signal switching (and therefore this satellite capacity “load balancing”) can be performed periodically. In other exemplary embodiments, load balancing can be performed on many terminals (e.g., hundreds or thousands of terminals) simultaneously or substantially simultaneously. In other exemplary embodiments, load balancing can be performed on many terminals without the need for thousands of user terminals to be manually reconfigured.
In an exemplary embodiment, the load balancing is performed as frequently as necessary based on system loading. For example, load balancing could be done on a seasonal basis. For example, loads may change significantly when schools, colleges, and the like start and end their sessions. In an exemplary embodiment, the switching may occur with any regularity. For example, the polarization may be switched during the evening hours, and then switched back during business hours to reflect transmission load variations that occur over time. In an exemplary embodiment, the polarization may be switched thousands of times during the life of the device.
FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram view of a prior art antenna system with baseball switches;
FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary antenna system with a sliding switch for facilitating polarization switching;
FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of color distribution;
FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate an exemplary antenna system with alternate signal paths due to polarization switching;
FIG. 4C illustrates an exemplary embodiment of an antenna system with a sliding switch;
FIG. 5 illustrates a cross-sectional view of an exemplary antenna system with sliding switch and switching mechanism;
FIGS. 6A and 6B illustrate exemplary views of an antenna system with a sliding switch for facilitating polarization switching;
FIG. 6C illustrates an exploded view of an exemplary antenna system with a sliding switch;
FIGS. 7A-7C illustrate various satellite spot beam multicolor agility methods, in accordance with exemplary embodiments;
FIG. 8 illustrates a cross-sectional view of an exemplary bi-directional solenoid and sliding switch; and
FIG. 9 illustrates a perspective view of an exemplary surface mountable solenoid device.
While exemplary embodiments are described herein in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention, it should be understood that other embodiments may be realized and that logical electrical and mechanical changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, the following descriptions are not intended as a limitation on the use or applicability of the invention, but instead, are provided merely to enable a full and complete description of exemplary embodiments.
In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, polarization switching devices and methods are disclosed. The polarization switching may be done in conjunction with frequency switching, or it may be done while maintaining the same frequency. Thus, some discussion will follow regarding both polarization and frequency switching, but various embodiment switch only polarization. In an exemplary embodiment, an antenna transceiver is configured to change polarization with minimal interruption of receiving and/or transmitting microwave and mm-wave signals. In an exemplary embodiment and with reference to FIG. 2, an antenna system 200 comprises a feed structure of a feed horn 201, a polarizer 202 and a waveguide 203, plus a sliding switch 204. Sliding switch 204 is configured, in an exemplary embodiment, to reconfigure the polarization of the communicated signals. In one embodiment, waveguide 203 is an orthomode transducer (OMT). Sliding switch 204 is connected to waveguide 203, and positioned between waveguide 203 and a transmitter/receiver portion(s) of antenna system 200. In effect, sliding switch 204 is an extension of waveguide 203 and guides the signals to either be communicated or terminated into a load.
Furthermore, another approach is to have a system with duplicate hardware for each polarization. The polarization selection is achieved by completing or enabling the path of the desired signal and deselecting the undesired signal. This approach is often used in terminals, for example satellite television receivers having low-cost hardware. However, with two way terminals that both transmit and receive such as VSAT or broadband terminals, doubling the hardware greatly increases the cost of the terminal.
In accordance with various exemplary embodiments and with reference to FIG. 3, an antenna system is configured for frequency and polarization switching. In one specific exemplary embodiment, the frequency and polarization switching comprises switching between two frequency ranges and between two different polarizations. This may be known as four color switching. In other exemplary embodiments, the frequency and polarization switching comprises switching between three frequency ranges and between two different polarizations, for a total of six separate colors. Furthermore, in various exemplary embodiments, the frequency and polarization switching may comprise switching between two polarizations with any suitable number of frequency ranges. In another exemplary embodiment, the frequency and polarization switching may comprise switching between more than two polarizations with any suitable number of frequency ranges.
In accordance with another exemplary embodiment, a satellite is configured to communicate one or more RF signal beams each associated with a spot and/or color. In accordance with another exemplary embodiment, the satellite is configured to remotely switch frequency range and/or polarity of a RF signal broadcasted by the satellite. In another exemplary embodiment, a satellite may be configured to broadcast additional colors. For example, an area and/or a satellite might only have 4 colors at a first time, but two additional colors, (making 6 total colors) might be dynamically added at a second time. In this event, it may be desirable to change the color of a particular spot to one of the new colors. With reference to FIG. 7A, spot 4 changes from “red” to then new color “yellow”. In one exemplary embodiment, the ability to add colors may be a function of the system's ability to operate, both transmit and/or receive over a wide bandwidth within one device and to tune the frequency of that device over that wide bandwidth.
In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, and with renewed reference to FIG. 3, a satellite may have a downlink, an uplink, and a coverage area. The coverage area may be comprised of smaller regions each corresponding to a spot beam to illuminate the respective region. Spot beams may be adjacent to one another and have overlapping regions. A satellite communications system has many parameters to work: (1) number of orthogonal time or frequency slots (defined as color patterns hereafter); (2) beam spacing (characterized by the beam roll-off at the cross-over point); (3) frequency re-use patterns (the re-use patterns can be regular in structures, where a uniformly distributed capacity is required); and (4) numbers of beams (a satellite with more beams will provide more system flexibility and better bandwidth efficiency). Polarization may be used as a quantity to define a re-use pattern in addition to time or frequency slots. In one exemplary embodiment, the spot beams may comprise a first spot beam and a second spot beam. The first spot beam may illuminate a first region within a geographic area, in order to send information to a first plurality of subscriber terminals. The second spot beam may illuminate a second region within the geographic area and adjacent to the first region, in order to send information to a second plurality of subscriber terminals. The first and second regions may overlap.
The down link may comprise multiple “colors” based on combinations of selected frequency and/or polarizations. Although other frequencies and frequency ranges may be used, and other polarizations as well, an example is provided of one multicolor embodiment. For example, and with renewed reference to FIG. 3, in the downlink, colors U1, U3, and U5 are Left-Hand Circular Polarized (“LHCP”) and colors U2, U4, and U6 are Right-Hand Circular Polarized (“RHCP”). In the frequency domain, colors U3 and U4 are from 18.3-18.8 GHz; U5 and U6 are from 18.8-19.3 GHz; and U1 and U2 are from 19.7-20.2 GHz. It will be noted that in this exemplary embodiment, each color represents a 500 MHz frequency range. Other frequency ranges may be used in other exemplary embodiments. Thus, selecting one of LHCP or RHCP and designating a frequency band from among the options available will specify a color. Similarly, the uplink comprises frequency/polarization combinations that can be each designated as a color. Often, the LHCP and RHCP are reversed as illustrated, providing increased signal isolation, but this is not necessary. In the uplink, colors U1, U3, and U5 are RHCP and colors U2, U4, and U6 are LHCP. In the frequency domain, colors U3 and U4 are from 28.1-28.6 GHz; U5 and U6 are from 28.6-29.1 GHz; and U1 and U2 are from 29.5-30.0 GHz. It will be noted that in this exemplary embodiment, each color similarly represents a 500 MHz frequency range.
In an exemplary embodiment, the satellite may broadcast one or more RF signal beam (spot beam) associated with a spot and a color. This satellite is further configured to change the color of the spot from a first color to a second, different, color. Thus, with renewed reference to FIG. 7A, spot 1 is changed from “red” to “blue”.
When the color of one spot is changed, it may be desirable to change the colors of adjacent spots as well. Again with reference to FIG. 7A, the map shows a group of spot colors at a first point in time, where this group at this time is designated 110, and a copy of the map shows a group of spot colors at a second point in time, designated 120. Some or all of the colors may change between the first point in time and the second point in time. For example spot 1 changes from red to blue and spot 2 changes from blue to red. Spot 3, however, stays the same. In this manner, in an exemplary embodiment, adjacent spots are not identical colors.
Some of the spot beams are of one color and others are of a different color. For signal separation, the spot beams of similar color are typically not located adjacent to each other. In an exemplary embodiment, and with reference again to FIG. 3, the distribution pattern illustrated provides one exemplary layout pattern for four color spot beam frequency re-use. It should be recognized that with this pattern, color U1 will not be next to another color U1, etc. It should be noted, however, that typically the spot beams will over lap and that the spot beams may be better represented with circular areas of coverage. Furthermore, it should be appreciated that the strength of the signal may decrease with distance from the center of the circle, so that the circle is only an approximation of the coverage of the particular spot beam. The circular areas of coverage may be overlaid on a map to determine what spot beam(s) are available in a particular area.
In an exemplary embodiment, the spots are shifted such that a high load geographic region is covered by two or more overlapping spots. For example, with reference to FIGS. 7B and 7C, a particular geographic area 210 may have a very high load of data traffic. In this exemplary embodiment, area 210 is only served by spot 1 at a first point in time illustrated by FIG. 7B. At a second point in time illustrated by FIG. 7C, the spots have been shifted such that area 210 is now served or covered by spots 1, 2, and 3. In this embodiment, terrestrial transceivers in area 210 may be adjusted such that some of the transceivers are served by spot 1, others by spot 2, and yet others by spot 3. In other words, transceivers in area 210 may be selectively assigned one of three colors. In this manner, the load in this area can be shared or load-balanced.
Thus, an individual with a four color switchable transceiver that is located at location A on the map (see FIG. 3, Practical Distribution Illustration), would have available to them colors U1, U2, and U3. The transceiver could be switched to operate on one of those three colors as best suits the needs at the time. Likewise, location B on the map would have colors U1 and U3 available. Lastly, location C on the map would have color U1 available. In many practical circumstances, a transceiver will have two or three color options available in a particular area.
In accordance with another exemplary embodiment, the polarization switching described herein may be performed in any number of ways. In an exemplary embodiment, the polarization switching is performed electronically by adjusting the relative phase of signals at orthogonal antenna ports. In another exemplary embodiment, the polarization switching is performed mechanically. For example, the polarization switching may be implemented by use of a trumpet switch. The trumpet switch may be actuated electronically. For example, the trumpet switch may be actuated by electronic magnet, servo, an inductor, a solenoid, a spring, a motor, an electro-mechanical device, or any combination thereof. Moreover, the switching mechanism can be any mechanism configured to move and maintain the position of trumpet switch. Furthermore, in an exemplary embodiment, trumpet switch is held in position by a latching mechanism. The latching mechanism, for example, may be fixed magnets. The latching mechanism keeps the trumpet switch in place until the antenna is switched to another polarization.
In other exemplary embodiments, manual methods may be used to change a terminal from one polarization to another. This can be accomplished by physically moving a switch within the housing of the system or by extending the switch outside the housing to make it easier to manually switch the polarization. This manual switching could be done by either an installer or customer.
Some exemplary embodiments of the above mentioned multi-color embodiments may have benefits over the prior art. For instance, in an exemplary embodiment, a low cost consumer broadband terrestrial terminal antenna system may include an antenna, a transceiver in signal communication with the antenna, and a polarity switch configured to cause the antenna system to switch between a first polarity and a second polarity. In this exemplary embodiment, the antenna system may be configured to operate at the first polarity and/or the second polarity.
In an exemplary embodiment and with reference to FIGS. 4A, 4B, and 4C a transceiver housing 401 comprises a waveguide 403. Transceiver housing 401 further comprises a sliding switch 404. In an exemplary embodiment, sliding switch 404 moves in a linear direction in order to change the polarization of an antenna system 400. In an exemplary embodiment, sliding switch 404 is a trumpet valve. The trumpet valve comprises alternate signal channels through the switch. The alternate signal channels are aligned with different polarization channels in waveguide 404. For example, a first signal channel can align the antenna with RHCP, while a second signal channel can align the antenna with LHCP. By shifting the position of sliding switch 404, the polarization of antenna system 400 is physically changed. Alternatively, a first signal channel can align the antenna with RHCP, while a second signal channel also aligns the antenna with RHCP. By shifting the position of sliding switch 404, the polarization of antenna system 400 is physically changed so that the first signal channel can align the antenna with LHCP, and the second signal channel can align the antenna with LHCP. The alternative is also true. For example, a first signal channel can align the antenna with LHCP, while a second signal channel also aligns the antenna with LHCP. By shifting the position of sliding switch 404, the polarization of antenna system 400 is physically changed so that the first signal channel can align the antenna with RHCP, and the second signal channel can align the antenna with RHCP.
In an exemplary embodiment and with reference to FIGS. 4A and 4B, waveguide 403 comprises a common port 410, a first signal channel 425, a second signal channel 435, a third signal channel 445, and a fourth signal channel 455. Each of these channels is connected to common port 410. In an exemplary embodiment, waveguide 403 further comprises five signal ports: a receive active port 411, a transmit active port 412, a receive termination port/load 413, a first transmit termination port/load 414, and a second transmit termination port/load 415. In an exemplary embodiment, linear switch 404 is configured to control the connection between signal channels 425, 435, 445, 455 and several of signal ports 411, 412, 413, 414, 415.
In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, FIG. 4A illustrates the signal channels if sliding switch 404 is in one position, and FIG. 4B illustrates the signal channels if sliding switch 404 is in another position. In the exemplary configuration illustrated by FIG. 4A, first signal channel 425 is connected to receive active port 411, second signal channel 435 is terminated into receive termination port/load 413, third signal channel 445 is terminated into second termination port/load 415, and fourth signal channel 455 is connected to transmit active port 412. In contrast, in the exemplary configuration illustrated by FIG. 4B, first signal channel 425 is terminated into receive termination port/load 413, second signal channel 435 is connected to receive active port 411, third signal channel 445 is connected to transmit active port 412, and fourth signal channel 455 is terminated into first termination port/load 414.
In accordance with an exemplary embodiment and with reference again to FIG. 4C, sliding switch 404 is made of metalized plastic. Metalized plastic is lighter weight and less expensive than metal. Furthermore, a lighter weight sliding switch needs less force to change position. In an exemplary embodiment, the waveguide portions present in sliding switch 404 are short and thus result in minimal RF loss. In one embodiment, the waveguide portions of sliding switch 404 do not include additional features. However, in exemplary embodiments the short waveguide portions in sliding switch 404 may include RF loads, filters, or impedance matching structures. This can result in increased antenna performance and additional compactness of the waveguide.
The position of sliding switch 404, in an exemplary embodiment, is controlled by a microcontroller. As previously discussed, the microcontroller can receive instructions from a variety of sources, including a central controller, local computer, a modem, or a local switch. Furthermore, various other devices and methods of controlling sliding switch 404 may be implemented as would be known to one skilled in the art.
Furthermore, in an exemplary embodiment, sliding switch 404 further comprises a sliding key 406. Sliding key 406 is configured to prevent errors during manufacturing, such as by not allowing sliding switch 404 to be assembled backwards.
In accordance with an exemplary embodiment and with reference to FIG. 5 an antenna system 500 comprises a transceiver housing 501 having a waveguide. In an exemplary embodiment, the waveguide is integrated into a transceiver housing 501. In another embodiment, the waveguide is part of a structure that is “dropped in” to transceiver housing 501. Transceiver housing 501 further comprises a sliding switch 504. In an exemplary embodiment, switching mechanisms are configured to change sliding switch 504 between two different polarizations. In order to shift sliding switch 504, various switching mechanisms may be used. For example, the switching mechanism can include an inductor, an electro-magnet, a solenoid, a spring, a motor, an electro-mechanical device, or any combination thereof. Moreover, the switching mechanism can be any mechanism configured to move the position of sliding switch 504.
Furthermore, in an exemplary embodiment, sliding switch 504 is held in position by a latching mechanism 505 a and 505 b. The latching mechanism 505 a and 505 b, for example, may be fixed magnets 505 a and metal inserts 505 b to attach to the magnets. The latching mechanism 505 a and 505 b keeps sliding switch 504 in place until the antenna is commanded to another polarization.
In an exemplary embodiment, a solenoid 550 is the switching mechanism used to move sliding switch 504 in a linear path. Solenoid 550 may be made of surface mount inductors. Furthermore, in an exemplary embodiment, solenoid 550 comprises a plunger 551, a first coil 552, a second coil 553, a first standoff 554 connected to a first end of plunger 551, and a second standoff 555 connected to a second end of plunger 551 opposite the first end. In another exemplary embodiment, antenna system 500 further comprises proximity detectors 556, 557.
In an exemplary embodiment, plunger 551 is made of a ferromagnetic alloy and standoffs 554, 555 are non-magnetic. In one embodiment, non-magnetic standoffs 554, 555 are made of aluminum. The non-magnetic standoffs allow for more efficient force to be applied to the plunger. In an exemplary embodiment, solenoid 550 provides peak force at the moment that it attempts to disengage from one of latching mechanisms 505 a and 505 b. The distance that plunger 551 moves contains regions of higher and lower magnetic force, so an exemplary design optimizes the length of travel and length of plunger 551 to take advantage of the region of highest magnetic force. This allows smaller electromagnets to move the same amount of mass and lower current to be used in the electromagnet during switching. Plunger 551 can then push the slider's tabs into either position.
In another exemplary embodiment, proximity detectors 556, 557 enable the system to determine the current polarization based on the position of sliding switch 504. As an example, the proximity detectors may be magnetic such as a reed switch, electrical such as a contact switch, or an optical sensor. Furthermore, in one embodiment only a single proximity detector is implemented. In addition, other various proximity detector methods may be used as would be known to one skilled in the art. In an exemplary embodiment, the detected position of the sliding switch indicates the current routing of the waveguide by correlating the detected position to the current polarization of the waveguide.
With respect to additional detail of an exemplary solenoid switch, and with reference to FIG. 8, a bi-directional solenoid 850 comprises a plunger (core) 851, a first coil winding 852, a second coil winding 853, a first standoff 854 connected to a first end of plunger 851, and a second standoff 855 connected to a second end of plunger 851 opposite the first end. The bi-directional solenoid converts electrical energy into mechanical energy which, in turn, may be used to mechanically change the position of a sliding switch 804, which is substantially similar to sliding switch 504.
In an exemplary embodiment, plunger 851 is made of a ferromagnetic alloy and standoffs 854, 855 are made of non-magnetic material. The solenoid core is made of three pieces, first standoff 854, plunger 851, and second standoff 855. In one embodiment, non-magnetic standoffs 854, 855 are made of aluminum. Furthermore, in various exemplary embodiments, non-magnetic standoffs 854, 855 are made of brass, plastic, certain stainless steel alloys, zinc, or a combination thereof. In a typical solenoid, peak force occurs when the end of the plunger (one without standoffs) is even with the end of the solenoid coil winding. In various embodiments, the non-magnetic standoffs are positioned relative to the plunger such that additional force may be applied to the sliding switch or other mechanism. Specifically, the plunger with standoffs is positioned with at least a portion of the plunger extending past the solenoid windings. In various embodiments, the plunger comprises a stepped edge due to the threading to couple to the standoffs. As a result, the narrow threaded portion may protrude past the edge of the coil winding at the instant that the peak force is delivered. The exemplary stepped plunger configuration achieves a high force as the plunger nears the end of the coil winding and then continues past, giving a larger range of high force, at the cost of lower absolute peak force. The exemplary configuration may be advantageous if the latching features are handled externally, as this very high peak force makes for an efficient latching mechanism, though the coil needs to remain energized. In an exemplary embodiment with the solenoid having a stepped plunger, the additional clearance of traveling past the end of the coil windings facilitates optimization for manufacturing tolerances.
Movement of plunger 851 is caused by the selective energizing of first coil winding 852 and second coil winding 853. The coil windings 852, 853 may be individually energized to control the operation of the plunger. For example, energizing first coil winding 852 and not energizing second coil winding 853 results in plunger 851 moving towards, and horizontally aligning with, first coil winding 852. In various embodiments, first and second coil windings 852, 853 are made of double, interwoven coils. Furthermore, in various embodiments, first and second coil windings 852, 853 may be individually covered by magnetically permeable sleeves or by steel sleeves (FIG. 6C, 655). A magnetically permeable or steel sleeve increases the force generated in plunger 851 by as much as 50% over embodiments without a steel sleeve covering a coil winding.
Furthermore, first and second coil windings 852, 853 are open-ended. This allows for a bigger range of linear motion by allowing first and second standoffs 854, 855 to extend past the coil windings. In an exemplary embodiment, bi-directional solenoid 850 provides peak force at the moment that it attempts to disengage from a latching mechanism. The distance that plunger 851 moves contains regions of higher and lower magnetic force, so an exemplary design optimizes the length of travel and length of plunger 851 to take advantage of the region of highest magnetic force. This allows smaller electromagnets to move the same amount of mass and lower current to be used in the electromagnet during switching. The standoffs connected to plunger 851 can then push a slidable component into position. In various embodiments, once the solenoid pushes the slidable component in to position and it latches, the solenoid is disengaged. The solenoid has high power efficiency since the power consumption drops to zero when the plunger is not traveling. The efficiency of a solenoid is a factor of mechanical geometry, electrical configuration and magnetic permeability of core, plunger and housing.
In an exemplary embodiment, one of the standoffs connected to the plunger comes into contact with a slidable component, such as sliding switch 804. The displacement of the slidable component is limited by the linear range of the plunger, and also by the force exerted on the component by the plunger.
Latching keeps the plunger in a desired position and is an important feature of a solenoid in that the coil windings do not need to be energized while the plunger is latched. Types of latches may include magnets, mechanical detents, springs, and other off-center mechanisms. In an exemplary embodiment, plunger 851 stays in position without the need for at least one of coil windings 852, 853 to be continuously energized. In a further exemplary embodiment, the plunger does not latch, but instead the slidable component latches. For example, sliding switch 804 may be the component that latches. Again, the latching of sliding switch 804 may be via a magnet, ball detent, center-mounted spring, or the like.
Furthermore, in various exemplary embodiments and with reference to FIG. 9, a bi-directional solenoid 950 may be a surface mount package. The surface mount package may comprise 4 to 8 surface mount pins 901 with surface mount compatible leads 902. The bi-directional solenoid 950 is surface-mountable is durable because the force associated with the latching action is transferred directly to the sliding mechanism instead of the solenoid itself. The direct transfer of force prevents excessive creep-fatigue on the solder joints as a result of large loads over time. In various embodiments, case insert molding is used to incorporate surface mount pins 901 in a cost-efficient manner.
As described herein, an exemplary bi-directional solenoid has several advantages, including reduced cost, increased force, and design flexibility. The bi-directional solenoid provides the same functionality as two separate solenoids, thereby having a lower individual component cost in comparison. Also, the bi-directional solenoid can be designed for maximum force, having increased performance by increased actuation force at critical periods, such as during periods of latching and unlatching. The design flexibility of changing the shape of the plunger and standoffs creates the ability to compensate for manufacturing tolerances. Furthermore, replacing two separate solenoids with a single solenoid having surface mount capability simplifies the assembly process. In addition to being a switching mechanism in an antenna system, a bi-directional solenoid may be used in other applications using bi-directional motion. For example, such applications may include toys, wireless communication devices that contain moving parts, and other microelectronic assemblies.
In an exemplary embodiment and with reference to FIGS. 6A-6C, an exemplary antenna system 600 comprises a housing 601, a waveguide 603, and a sliding switch 604. In an exemplary embodiment and with reference to FIG. 6C antenna system 600 may further comprise a sub-floor component 602, a printed circuit board 606, and a switching mechanism 605.
In one exemplary embodiment, waveguide 603 is formed as part of housing 601. In this exemplary embodiment, sliding switch 604 is placed in a recess in housing 601. Furthermore, sub-floor component 602 is placed within housing 601 and is configured to cover, and enclose, waveguides 603 as well as sandwiching at least a portion of sliding switch 604. In one embodiment, printed circuit board 606 is located on top of sub-floor 602. In another embodiment, switching mechanism 605 is located on printed wiring board 606.
In one embodiment, housing 601 comprises the outer structure of antenna system 600. Furthermore, in an exemplary embodiment, housing 601 comprises ports of waveguide 603, which includes multiple waveguide channels. In an exemplary embodiment, some of waveguide channels are connected to a common port 610. In one exemplary embodiment, the waveguide paths are integrated into the interior of housing 601. In another exemplary embodiment, the waveguide paths 603 are part of a “drop in” component that inserts into housing 601.
Housing 601, or alternatively the drop-in component, is formed with a recess configured to receive sliding switch 604. This recess may be large enough to facilitate alignment of sliding switch 604 with the appropriate waveguide paths and to facilitate sliding from at least a first position to second position. Additionally, sliding switch 604 may be retained within the recess by sub-floor component 602. Sub-floor component 602 is configured to be placed over at least a portion of the interior surface of housing 601. Alternatively, sub-floor component 602 may be the other half of a drop in component. In an exemplary embodiment, sub-floor component 620 is configured to complete the waveguide paths by forming a top portion of those waveguide paths. Sub-floor component 620 may also be configured to provide openings for a portion of sliding switch 604 to extend far enough for interaction with switching mechanism 605.
In another exemplary embodiment, antenna system 600 further comprises a switching mechanism 605. In another exemplary embodiment, switching mechanism 605 may be mounted on a printed circuit board 606. The integrated waveguide 603 and connected sliding switch 604 are inside housing 601. This facilitates a more compact system and increases protection of components from weather. In this manner, sliding switch 604 is capable of a longer useful life. For example, there is more protection against dirt and other material from entering and disrupting switching mechanism 605.
In an exemplary embodiment, waveguide 603 (typically an OMT) is formed inside the antenna system housing using housing 601 and a sub-floor component 602. Neither housing 601 nor sub-floor component 602 alone is configured to operate as a waveguide. In an exemplary embodiment, a portion of the waveguide is cast into housing 601 and is part of the system housing.
In an exemplary embodiment, a polarizer and feed horn are still external to the antenna system housing. In another exemplary embodiment, the feed horn is external to the housing and the polarizer is also integrated into the system housing. In yet another exemplary embodiment, both the feed horn and the polarizer are located in the antenna system housing, along with waveguide 603 and sliding switch 604. For additional detail regarding an integrated OMT, please see U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/268,840, entitled “Integrated OMT”, which was filed on Nov. 11, 2008, and U.S. Provisional Patent No. 61/113,517, entitled “Molded Ortho-Mode Transducer”, which was filed on Nov. 11, 2008, both of which are herein incorporated by reference.
Although sliding switch 604 has a linear motion in the exemplary embodiments as discussed above, in accordance with another exemplary embodiment a rotary motion switch may also be implemented. It is noted that the physical rotation may occur either inside or outside the housing of the antenna system. Furthermore, the physical rotation is relative motion between the antenna feed and the transceiver. In other words, either at least a portion of the antenna feed, or the transceiver housing may rotate. In an exemplary embodiment, an antenna system comprises a housing, a waveguide integrated into the housing, a polarizer in communication with the waveguide and connected to the housing, and a feed horn connected to the polarizer. In an exemplary embodiment, the polarizer comprises a gear and the antenna system further comprises a gear motor. The polarizer is rotated about a central axis using the gear and gear motor. In one embodiment, a signal is delivered to the antenna system and controls the gear motor rotating the polarizer via the gear.
Furthermore, the described invention is not limited to switching between two different polarizations. In an exemplary embodiment, an antenna system is configured to switch between three or more polarizations. The antenna system may include more than one sliding switch. Additionally, in an exemplary embodiment, a sliding switch is designed to shift vertically and horizontally with respect to the waveguide. The additional movement can be used to incorporate additional waveguide routing, and thus additional polarizations.
In an exemplary embodiment, the sliding switch further includes (1) a first receive signal channel configured to connect to a MMIC when the switch is in the first position, and wherein the first receive signal channel is configured to connect to a terminate when the switch is in a second position; (2) a second receive signal channel configured to connect to the MMIC when the switch is in the second position, and wherein the second receive signal channel is configured to the terminate when the switch is in the first position; (3) a first transmit signal channel configured to connect to the MMIC when the switch is in the first position, and wherein the first transmit signal channel is configured to connect to a terminate when the switch is in the second position; and (4) a second transmit signal channel configured to connect to the MMIC when the switch is in the second position, and wherein the second transmit signal channel is configured to terminate when the switch is in the first position.
In an exemplary embodiment, a low cost user terminal antenna system includes an antenna; a transceiver and a switch causing the transceiver to switch from operating in the first color spotbeam to the second color spotbeam. In this exemplary embodiment, the transceiver may be configured to operate in at least a first color spotbeam and a second color spotbeam. In an exemplary embodiment, the switch may be controlled at least one of remotely commanded via a central system, remotely via a local computer, or manually. In an exemplary embodiment, the switch is commanded electronically. In an exemplary embodiment, the first color comprises a first frequency range and a first polarization, and the second color comprises at least one of a different frequency range from the first frequency range and a different polarization from the first polarization.
In an exemplary embodiment, the first frequency range is at least one of: from about 10.7 GHz to about 12.75 GHz, from about 13.75 GHz to about 14.5 GHz, from about 18.3 GHz to about 20.2 GHz, and from about 28.1 GHz to about 30.0 GHz; and the second frequency range is at least one of: from 10.7 GHz to about 12.75 GHz, from about 13.75 GHz to about 14.5 GHz, from about 18.3 GHz to about 20.2 GHz, and from about 28.1 GHz to about 30.0 GHz. In an exemplary embodiment, the first frequency range spans about 500 Mhz. Additionally, in this exemplary embodiment, the second frequency range spans about 500 Mhz and may be different from the first frequency range.
In an exemplary embodiment, the first polarization is at least one of vertical, horizontal, left hand circular, right hand circular, left hand elliptical and right hand elliptical. In this exemplary embodiment, the second polarization is at least one of vertical, horizontal, left hand circular, right hand circular, left hand elliptical and right hand elliptical. In an exemplary embodiment, the antenna includes a phased array antenna.
In an exemplary embodiment, the first color comprises a first frequency range and a first polarization, and wherein said second color comprises both a different frequency range from the first frequency range and a different polarization from the first polarization. In an exemplary embodiment, the antenna further comprises a feedhorn and an OMT, wherein the OMT comprises a physical switch capable of being commanded remotely and configured to facilitate switching from a first polarity to a second polarity and a first frequency to a second frequency. In an exemplary embodiment, at least one of the polarization switching and frequency switching is electronically affected. In an exemplary embodiment, a low cost user terminal antenna system is provided including: an antenna; a transceiver in signal communication with the antenna, and a polarity switch configured to cause the antenna system to switch operating between the first polarity and the second polarity. In this exemplary embodiment, the antenna system is configured to operate at a first polarity or a second polarity.
In an exemplary embodiment, a method for load balancing in a consumer broadband satellite communications system is provided. In this exemplary embodiment, the system includes (1) operating the low cost consumer broadband user terminal antenna in a first color; (2) receiving a command to change to different color; and (3) switching the low cost consumer broadband user terminal antenna to operate in a second color. In this exemplary embodiment, the command is an electronic command from a location remote from the terminal antenna system.
In an exemplary embodiment, a method of system resource load balancing is disclosed. In this exemplary embodiment the system includes the steps of: (1) determining that load on a first spotbeam is higher than a desired level and that load on a second spotbeam is low enough to accommodate additional load, wherein the first and second spot beams are each a different color; (2) identifying, as available for switching, terminals on the first spot beam that are in view of the second spotbeam; (3) sending a remote command to the available for switching terminals; and (4) switching color from the first beam to the second beam based on the remote command.
In an exemplary embodiment, a satellite communication system including a satellite configured to broadcast multiple spotbeams, a plurality of user terminal antenna systems in various geographic locations, wherein at least a subset of the plurality of user terminal antenna systems are located within view of both the first and second spotbeams; and a remote system controller configured to command at least some of the subset of the plurality of user terminal antenna systems to switch at least one of a polarity and a frequency to switch from the first spot beam to the second spotbeam is disclosed.
In an exemplary embodiment, the multiple spot beams comprise at least a first spotbeam of a first color and a second spotbeam of a second color. In this exemplary embodiment, the remote system controller is configured to command at least some of the subset of the plurality of user terminal antenna systems to switch at least one of a polarity and a frequency to switch from the first spot beam to the second spotbeam in response to programming. In this exemplary embodiment, the remote system controller is configured to command at least some of the subset of the plurality of user terminal antenna systems to switch at least one of a polarity and a frequency to switch from the first spot beam to the second spotbeam as a function of a pre-selected time value.
In an exemplary embodiment, a method of operating a low cost user terminal antenna system including the steps of: (1) operating the user terminal antenna system in a first polarity, (2) switching polarity; and (3) sensing the polarity that is currently active. In an exemplary embodiment, a proximity detector is configured to determine the polarization of the antenna system.
The following applications are related to this subject matter: U.S. application Ser. No. 12/614,185, entitled “MOLDED ORTHOMODE TRANSDUCER,” which was filed on Nov. 6, 2009; U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/113,517, entitled “MOLDED ORTHOMODE TRANSDUCER,” which was filed on Nov. 11, 2008; U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/112,538, entitled “DUAL CONVERSION TRANSMITTER WITH SINGLE LOCAL OSCILLATOR,” which was filed on Nov. 7, 2008; U.S. application Ser. No. 12/758,966, entitled “AUTOMATED BEAM PEAKING SATELLITE GROUND TERMINAL,” which was filed on Apr. 13, 2010; U.S. application Ser. No. 12/759,059, entitled “ACTIVE PHASED ARRAY ARCHITECTURE MULTI-BEAM ACTIVE PHASED ARRAY ARCHITECTURE,” which was filed on Apr. 13, 2010; U.S. application Ser. No. 12/758,914, entitled “DUAL-POLARIZED, MULTI-BAND, FULL DUPLEX, INTERLEAVED WAVEGUIDE APERATURE,” which was filed on Apr. 13, 2010; the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference for any purpose in their entirety.
a slidable switch disposed within the housing;
a bi-directional solenoid to physically move the slidable switch between a first position and a second position, wherein the first position is at a first end of travel of the slidable switch, and wherein the second position is at a second end of travel of the slidable switch, opposite the first end, wherein the slidable switch comprises waveguide channels that, when the slidable switch is moved from the first position to the second position, reroute RF signals to change a polarization state of the device, the bi-directional solenoid comprising:
a first coil winding, wherein the first coil winding is open-ended;
a second coil winding, wherein the second coil winding is open-ended, wherein the first coil winding and the second coil winding are positioned along a common axis;
a plunger supported inside the first coil winding and the second coil winding for movement along the common axis of the first coil winding and the second coil winding;
a first standoff connected to a first end of the plunger; and
a second standoff connected to a second end of the plunger;
a latching mechanism to latch the slidable switch at the first position and the second position when the first coil winding and the second coil winding are not energized, the latching mechanism comprising a permanent magnet within at least one of the slidable switch and the housing.
2. The device of claim 1, further comprising a power supply to independently energize the first coil winding and the second coil winding.
a first steel sleeve circumferentially encompassing the first coil winding; and
a second steel sleeve circumferentially encompassing the second coil winding.
4. The device of claim 1, wherein the bi-directional solenoid is a surface mountable package mounted to a printed wiring board that is connected to the housing.
5. The bi-directional solenoid device of claim 1, wherein the latching mechanism only latches the slidable switch at the first position and the second position.
6. The device of claim 1, wherein the permanent magnet is located within the housing.
7. The device of claim 1, wherein the permanent magnet is located within the slidable switch.
8. The device of claim 1, wherein the plunger is made of ferromagnetic alloy, and wherein the first and second standoffs are made of non-magnetic material.
9. The device of claim 1, wherein the first coil winding and the second coil winding are each a double, interwoven coil.
10. The device of claim 2, wherein energizing the first coil winding moves the plunger into the first position from the second position, and wherein energizing the second coil winding moves the plunger into the second position from the first position.
11. A method of switching a slidable switch in a housing, the method comprising:
energizing a first coil winding to cause a plunger to move in a first direction to a first plunger position at one end of travel for the plunger; and
energizing a second coil winding to cause the plunger to move in a second direction to a second plunger position, wherein the second direction is opposite the first direction, and wherein the second plunger position is at the other end of travel for the plunger;
wherein the plunger has a first standoff connected to a first end, and a second standoff connected to a second end, wherein the first standoff extends through the first coil winding and the second standoff extends through the second coil winding;
moving the slidable switch to a first switch position, at one end of travel of the slidable switch, in response to contact with the first standoff, wherein the slidable switch is located within and moved relative to the housing;
latching the slidable switch into the first switch position and de-energizing the first coil winding;
moving the slidable switch to a second switch position, at the opposite end of travel of the slidable switch, in response to contact with the second standoff; and
latching the slidable switch into the second switch position and de-energizing the second coil winding, wherein the latching is performed by a latching mechanism comprising a permanent magnet located within at least one of the slidable switch and the housing, and wherein the slidable switch comprises waveguide channels that, when the slidable switch is moved from the first switch position to the second switch position, reroute RF signals to change a polarization state associated with the housing.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein the permanent magnet is located within the slidable switch.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein the first coil winding and the second coil winding are independently energized.
14. The method of claim 11, wherein the permanent magnet is located within the housing.
15. The method of claim 11, wherein the plunger is made of ferromagnetic alloy, and wherein the first and second standoffs are made of non-magnetic material.
a slidable switch comprising waveguide channels, the slidable switch located in a housing;
a printed wiring board connected to the housing;
a solenoid comprising a plunger, the solenoid mounted to the printed wiring board and aligned with the slidable switch to move the slidable switch from a first position to a second position; and
a latch mechanism to latch the slidable switch in the first position and the second position, the latch mechanism comprising a permanent magnet located in the slidable switch or the housing.
17. The device of claim 16, wherein when the slidable switch is moved from the first position to the second position, RF signals are rerouted via the waveguide channels to change a polarization state of the device.
18. The device of claim 16, the solenoid comprising:
a second standoff connected to a second end of the plunger.
19. The device of claim 18, further comprising a power supply to independently energize the first coil winding and the second coil winding.
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Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:TOR, JOSH;BUER, KENNETH V.;LAIDIG, DAVID;REEL/FRAME:027162/0291