Source: https://patents.google.com/patent/US8689543B2/en
Timestamp: 2018-10-16 00:40:25
Document Index: 22832642

Matched Legal Cases: ['art 24', 'art 24', 'art 54', 'art 54', 'art 54', 'art.\n8', 'art.\n12']

US8689543B2 - Exhaust purification system of internal combustion engine - Google Patents
Exhaust purification system of internal combustion engine Download PDF
US8689543B2
US8689543B2 US13258483 US201013258483A US8689543B2 US 8689543 B2 US8689543 B2 US 8689543B2 US 13258483 US13258483 US 13258483 US 201013258483 A US201013258483 A US 201013258483A US 8689543 B2 US8689543 B2 US 8689543B2
US13258483
US20120090303A1 (en )
Yuki Bisaiji
Patent Literature 1: Japanese Patent No 3969450
An object of the present invention is to provide en exhaust purification system of an internal combustion engine which can obtain a high NOx purification rate even if the temperature of the exhaust purification catalyst becomes a high temperature and which can estimate a drop in the NOx purification rate.
According to the present invention, there is provided an exhaust purification system of an internal combustion engine in which a hydrocarbon feed valve for feeding hydrocarbons is arranged inside of an engine exhaust passage, an exhaust purification catalyst for reacting NOx contained in exhaust gas and referred hydrocarbons is arranged downstream of the hydrocarbon feed valve inside of the engine exhaust passage, a precious metal catalyst is carried on an exhaust gas flow surface of the exhaust purification catalyst and a basic exhaust gas flow surface part is formed around the precious metal catalyst, the exhaust purification catalyst has a property of reducing the NOx which is contained in exhaust gas if a predetermined amount of hydrocarbons is injected by a predetermined feed period from the hydrocarbon feed valve and has a property of being increased in storage amount of NOx which is contained in exhaust gas if lengthening the feed period of the hydrocarbons more than the predetermined feed period, clogging degree detecting means is provided for detecting a degree of clogging of a nozzle opening of the hydrocarbon feed valve, at the time of engine operation, the predetermined amount of hydrocarbons is injected from the hydrocarbon feed valve by the predetermined feed period, and, at this time, an NOx purification rate is estimated from the clogging degree of the nozzle opening of the hydrogen feed valve which is detected by the clogging degree detecting means.
Even if the temperature of the exhaust purification catalyst becomes high, a high NOx purification rate can be obtained. Further, by detecting the clogging degree of a nozzle opening of a hydrocarbon feed valve, it is possible to estimate a drop in the NOx purification rate.
FIG. 8 is a view showing change in the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas flowing to the exhaust purification catalyst etc.
FIG. 9 is a view showing a map of an exhausted NOx amount NOXA.
FIG. 10 is a view showing a fuel injection timing.
FIG. 11 is a view showing an NOx purification rate.
FIG. 12 is a time chart showing a change of an air-fuel ratio of exhaust gas flowing into an exhaust purification catalyst.
FIG. 13 is a time chart showing a change of an air-fuel ratio of exhaust gas flowing into an exhaust purification catalyst.
FIG. 14 is a view showing a relationship between an oxidizing strength of an exhaust purification catalyst and a demanded minimum air-fuel ratio X.
FIG. 15 is a view showing a relationship between an oxygen concentration in exhaust gas and an amplitude ΔH of a hydrocarbon concentration giving the same NOx purification rate.
FIG. 16 is a view showing a relationship between an amplitude ΔH of a hydrocarbon concentration and an NOx purification rate.
FIG. 17 is a view showing a relationship of a vibration period ΔT of a hydrocarbon concentration and an NOx purification rate.
FIG. 18 is a time chart showing changes in an air-fuel ratio of exhaust gas flowing into an exhaust purification catalyst etc.
FIG. 19 is a view showing a map of an injection time W of hydrocarbons.
FIG. 20 is a view showing changes in an actual injection time WT of hydrocarbons.
FIG. 21 is a view showing a map of an injection time WH of hydrocarbons.
FIG. 22 is a view showing changes in an estimated temperature TC0 of an exhaust purification catalyst.
FIG. 23 is a view showing the relationship between a clogging rate and an increase coefficient K.
FIGS. 24A and 24B are views showing states of injection of hydrocarbons.
FIG. 25 is a time chart showing changes in the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas flowing to the exhaust purification catalyst etc.
FIG. 26 is a view showing a relationship between an increase coefficient K and an NOx purification rate.
FIG. 27 is a view showing a relationship between an intake air amount and a limit increase coefficient KX.
FIG. 28 and FIG. 29 are flow charts for calculation of an increase coefficient K.
FIG. 30 is a flow chart for injection control of hydrocarbons.
Referring to FIG. 1, 1 indicates an engine body, 2 a combustion chamber of each cylinder, 3 an electronically controlled fuel injector for injecting fuel into each combustion chamber 2, 4 an intake manifold, and 5 an exhaust manifold. The intake manifold 4 is connected through an intake duct 6 to an outlet of a compressor 7 a of an exhaust turbocharger 7, while an inlet of the compressor 7 a is connected through an intake air amount detector 8 to an air cleaner 9. Inside the intake duct 6, a throttle valve 10 driven by a step motor is arranged. Furthermore, around the intake duct 6, a cooling device 11 is arranged for cooling the intake air which flows through the inside of the intake duct 6. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the engine cooling water is guided to the inside of the cooling device 11 where the engine cooling water is used to cool the intake air.
On the other hand, the exhaust manifold 5 is connected to an inlet of an exhaust turbine 7 b of the exhaust turbocharger 7. The outlet of the exhaust turbine 7 b is connected through an exhaust pipe 12 to an inlet of the exhaust purification catalyst 13, while the outlet of the exhaust purification catalyst 13 is connected to a particulate filter 14 for trapping particulate which is contained in the exhaust gas. Inside the exhaust pipe 12 upstream of the exhaust purification catalyst 13, a hydrocarbon feed valve 15 is arranged for feeding hydrocarbons comprised of diesel oil or other fuel used as fuel for a compression ignition type internal combustion engine. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, diesel oil is used as the hydrocarbons which are fed from the hydrocarbon feed valve 15. Note that, the present invention can also be applied to a spark ignition type internal combustion engine in which fuel is burned under a lean air-fuel ratio. In this case, from the hydrocarbon feed valve 15, hydrocarbons comprised of gasoline or other fuel used as fuel of a spark ignition type internal combustion engine are fed.
An electronic control unit 30 is comprised of a digital computer provided with a ROM (read only memory) 32, a RAM (random access memory) 33, a CPU (microprocessor) 34, an input port 35, and an output port 36, which are connected with each other by a bidirectional bus 31. Upstream and downstream of the exhaust purification catalyst 13, temperature sensors 23 and 24 are respectively attached to detect the exhaust gas temperature. At the particulate filter 14, a differential pressure sensor 25 is attached for detecting a differential pressure before and after the particulate filter 14. The output signals of these temperature sensors 23 and 24, differential pressure sensor 25, and intake air amount detector 8 are input through respectively corresponding AD converters 37 to the input port 35. Further, an accelerator pedal 40 has a load sensor 41 connected to it which generates an output voltage proportional to the amount of depression L of the accelerator pedal 40. The output voltage of the load sensor 41 is input through a corresponding AD converter 37 to the input port 35. Furthermore, at the input port 35, a crank angle sensor 42 is connected which generates an output pulse every time a crankshaft rotates by, for example, 15°. On the other hand, the output port 36 is connected through corresponding drive circuits 38 to each fuel injector 3, a step motor for driving the throttle valve 10, hydrocarbon feed valve 15, EGR control valve 17, and fuel pump 21.
FIG. 4 shows the timing of feeding hydrocarbons from the hydrocarbon feed valve 15 and changes in the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in of the exhaust gas flowing into the exhaust purification catalyst 13. Note that, the changes in the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in depend on the change in concentration of the hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas which flows into the exhaust purification catalyst 13, so it can be said that the change in the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in shown in FIG. 4 expresses the change in concentration of the hydrocarbons. However, if the hydrocarbon concentration becomes higher, the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in becomes smaller, so, in FIG. 4, the more to the rich side the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in becomes, the higher the hydrocarbon concentration.
FIG. 6A shows when the concentration of hydrocarbons flowing into the exhaust purification catalyst 13 is low, while FIG. 6B shows when the hydrocarbons are fed from the hydrocarbon feed valve 15 and the concentration of hydrocarbons flowing into the exhaust purification catalyst 13 becomes higher.
Now, as will be understood from FIG. 4, the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas which flows into the exhaust purification catalyst 13 is maintained lean except for an instant, so the exhaust gas which flows into the exhaust purification catalyst 13 normally becomes a state of oxygen excess. Therefore, the NO which is contained in the exhaust gas, as shown in FIG. 6A, is oxidized on the platinum 51 and becomes NO2. Next, this NO2 is supplied with electrons from the platinum 51 and becomes NO2 −. Therefore, a large amount of NO2 − is produced on the platinum 51. This NO2 − is strong in activity. Above, this NO2 − is called the active NO2*.
On the other hand, if hydrocarbons are fed from the hydrocarbon feed valve 15, as shown in 3, the hydrocarbons are reformed and become radicalized inside of the exhaust purification catalyst 13. As a result, as shown in FIG. 6B, the hydrocarbon concentration around the active NO2* becomes higher. In this regard, after the active NO2* is produced, if the state of a high oxygen concentration around the active NO2* continues for a predetermined time or more, the active NO2* is oxidized and is absorbed in the basic layer 53 in the form of nitrate ions NO3 −. However, if the hydrocarbon concentration around the active NO2* is made higher before this predetermined time passes, as shown in FIG. 6B, the active NO2* on the platinum 51 with the radical hydrocarbons HC whereby a reducing intermediate is produced. This reducing intermediate is adhered or adsorbed on the surface of the basic layer 53.
Note that, at this time, the first produced reducing intermediate is considered to be a nitro compound R—NO2. If this nitro compound R—NO2 is produced, the result becomes a nitrile compound R—CN, but this nitrile compound R—CN can only survive for an instant in this state, so immediately becomes an isocyanate compound R—NCO. If this nitro compound R—NCO is hydrolyzed, it becomes the amine compound R—NH2. However, in this case, what is hydrolyzed is considered to be part of the isocyanate compound R—NCO. Therefore, as shown in. FIG. 6B, the majority of the reducing intermediate which is held or adsorbed on the surface of the basic layer 53 is believed to be the isocyanate compound R—NCO and amine compound R—NH2.
On the other hand, as shown in FIG. 6B, if the produced reducing intermediate is surrounded by the hydrocarbons HC, the reducing intermediate is blocked by the hydrocarbons HC and the reaction will not proceed any further. In this case, if the concentration of hydrocarbons flowing into the exhaust purification catalyst 13 is lowered and thereby the oxygen concentration becomes higher, the hydrocarbons around the reducing intermediate will be oxidized. As a result, as shown in FIG. 6A, the reducing intermediate and the active NO2* will react. At this time, the active NO2* reacts with the reducing intermediate R—NCO or R—NH2 to form N2, CO2, and H2O and consequently the NOx is removed.
Of course, in this case, it is necessary to raise the concentration of hydrocarbons to a concentration sufficiently high for producing the reducing intermediate and it is necessary to lower the concentration of hydrocarbons to a concentration sufficiently low for making the produced reducing intermediate react with the active NO2*. That is, the concentration of hydrocarbons flowing into the exhaust purification catalyst 13 has to be made to vibrate within a predetermined range of amplitude. Note that, in this case, a sufficient amount of reducing intermediate R—NCO or R—NH2 has to be held on the basic layer 53, that is, on the basic exhaust gas flow surface part 24, until the produced reducing intermediate reacts with the active NO2*. For this reason, the basic exhaust gas flow surface part 24 is provided.
Therefore, in an embodiment of the present invention, to make the NOx contained in the exhaust gas and the reformed hydrocarbons react and produce the reducing intermediate R—NCO or R—NH2 containing nitrogen and hydrocarbons, precious metal catalysts 51 and 52 are carried on the exhaust gas flow surface of the exhaust purification catalyst 13. To hold the produced reducing intermediate R—NCO or R—NH2 inside the exhaust purification catalyst 13, a basic exhaust gas flow surface part 54 is formed around the precious metal catalysts 51 and 52. To hold the produced reducing intermediate R—NCO or R—NH2 inside the exhaust purification catalyst 13, a basic exhaust gas flow surface part 54 is formed around the precious metal catalysts 51 and 52. The vibration period of the hydrocarbon concentration is made the vibration period required for continuation of the production of the reducing intermediate R—NCO or R—NH2. Incidentally, in the example shown in FIG. 4, the injection interval is made 3 seconds.
If the vibration period of the hydrocarbon concentration, that is, the feed period of the hydrocarbons HC, is made longer than the above predetermined range of period, the reducing intermediate R—NCO or R—NH2 disappears from the surface of the basic layer 53. At this time, the active NO2* which is produced on the platinum Pt 53, as shown in FIG. 7A, diffuses in the basic layer 53 in the form of nitrate ions NO3 − and becomes nitrates. That is, at this time, the NOx in the exhaust gas is absorbed in the form of nitrates inside of the basic layer 53.
On the other hand, FIG. 7B shows the case where the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas which flows into the exhaust purification catalyst 13 is made the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio or rich when the NOx is absorbed in the form of nitrates inside of the basic layer 53. In this case, the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas falls, so the reaction proceeds in the opposite direction (NO3 −→NO2), and consequently the nitrates absorbed in the basic layer 53 become nitrate ions NO3 − one by one and, as shown in FIG. 7B, are released from the basic layer 53 in the form of NO2. Next, the released NO2 is reduced by the hydrocarbons HC and CO contained in the exhaust gas.
Note that, at this time, sometimes the basic layer 53 temporarily adsorbs the NOx. Therefore, if using term of storage as a term including both absorption and adsorption, at this time, the basic layer 53 performs the role of an NOx storage agent for temporarily storing the NOx. That is, in this case, if referring to the ratio of the air and fuel (hydrocarbons) which are supplied into the engine intake passage, combustion chambers 2, and exhaust passage upstream of the exhaust purification catalyst 13 as the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas, the exhaust purification catalyst 13 functions as an NOx storage catalyst which stores the NOx when the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas is lean and releases the stored NOx when the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas falls.
FIG. 8 shows a NOx purification method utilizing the adsorption and release action of NOx. That is, in this NOx purification method, as shown in FIG. 8, when the stored NOx amount ΣNOX which is stored in the basic layer 53 exceeds a predetermined allowable amount MAX, the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in of the exhaust gas which flows into the exhaust purification catalyst 13 is temporarily made rich. If the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in of the exhaust gas is made rich, the NOx which was absorbed in the basic layer 53 when the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in of the exhaust gas is lean, is released all at once from the basic layer 53 and reduced. Due to this, the NOx is removed.
The stored NOx amount ΣNOX is, for example, calculated from the NOx amount which is exhausted from the engine. In an embodiment of the present invention, the exhausted NOx amount NOXA which is exhausted from the engine per unit time is stored as a function of the engine load L and engine speed N in the form of a map such as shown in FIG. 9 in advance in the ROM 32. The stored NOx amount ΣNOX is calculated from this exhausted NOx amount NOXA. The period by which the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in of the exhaust gas is made rich is far longer than the period by which the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in of the exhaust gas is lowered as shown in FIG. 4. The period by which the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in of the exhaust gas is made rich is usually 1 minute or more.
Further, in this NOx purification method, as shown in FIG. 10, in addition to the combustion use fuel M from a fuel injector 3, additional fuel W is injected into the combustion chamber 2 whereby the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in of the exhaust gas flowing into the exhaust purification catalyst 13 is made rich. Note that, the abscissa of FIG. 10 shows the crank angle. This additional fuel W is injected at a timing where it burns, but does not appear as engine output, that is, slightly before ATDC90° after compression top dead center. Of course, in this case, it is also possible to make the feed amount of hydrocarbons from the hydrocarbon feed valve 15 increase so as to make the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in of the exhaust gas rich.
FIG. 11 shows the NOx purification rate when making the exhaust purification catalyst 13 function as an NOx storage catalyst. Note that, the abscissa of the FIG. 11 shows the catalyst temperature TC of the exhaust purification catalyst 13. When making the exhaust purification catalyst 13 function as an NOx storage catalyst, as shown in FIG. 11, when the catalyst temperature TC is 300° C. to 400° C., an extremely high NOx purification rate is obtained, but when the catalyst temperature TC becomes a 400° C. or higher high temperature, the NOx purification rate falls.
In this way, when the catalyst temperature TC becomes 400° C. or more, the NOx purification rate falls because if the catalyst temperature TC becomes 400° C. or more, the nitrates break down by heat and are released in the form of NO2 from the exhaust purification catalyst 13. That is, so long as storing NOx in the form of nitrates, when the catalyst temperature TC is high, it is difficult to obtain a high NOx purification rate. However, in the new NOx purification method shown from FIG. 4 to FIGS. 6A and 6B, as will be understood from FIGS. 6A and 6B, nitrates are not formed or even if formed are extremely fine in amount, consequently, as shown in FIG. 5, even when the catalyst temperature TC is high, a high NOx purification rate is obtained.
Therefore, in the present invention, a hydrocarbon feed valve 15 for feeding hydrocarbons is arranged inside of an engine exhaust passage, an exhaust purification catalyst 13 for reacting NOx contained in exhaust gas and reformed hydrocarbons is arranged inside of an engine exhaust passage downstream of the hydrocarbon feed valve 15, and precious metal catalysts 51 and 52 are carried on the exhaust gas flow surface of the exhaust purification catalyst 13. Around the precious metal catalysts 51 and 52, a basic exhaust gas flow surface part 54 is formed. The exhaust purification catalyst 13 has the property of reducing the NOx which is contained in exhaust gas if the hydrocarbon feed valve 15 injects the predetermined amount of hydrocarbons by a predetermined feed period and has the property of being increased in storage amount of NOx which is contained in exhaust gas if lengthening the feed period of the hydrocarbons more than the predetermined feed period. At the time of engine operation, usually, the above predetermined amount of hydrocarbons is injected from the hydrocarbon feed valve 15 by the above-mentioned predetermined feed period. Due to this, the NOx which is contained in the exhaust gas is reduced in the exhaust purification catalyst 13.
Next, while referring to FIG. 12 to FIG. 17, the new NOx purification method shown in FIG. 4 to FIGS. 6A and 6B will be explained in a bit more detail.
FIG. 12 shows enlarged the changes in the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in shown in FIG. 4. Note that, as explained above, the changes in the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in of the exhaust gas flowing into this exhaust purification catalyst 13 simultaneously show the changes in the concentration of hydrocarbons flowing into the exhaust purification catalyst 13. Note that, in FIG. 12, ΔH shows the amplitude of the changes in concentration of hydrocarbons HC flowing into the exhaust purification catalyst 13, while ΔT shows the vibration period of the concentration of hydrocarbons flowing into the exhaust purification catalyst 13.
Furthermore, in FIG. 12, (A/F)b shows the base air-fuel ratio which shows the air-fuel ratio of the combustion gas for generating the engine output. In other words, this base air-fuel ratio (A/F)b shows the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas which flows into the exhaust purification catalyst 13 when stopping the feed of hydrocarbons. On the other hand, in FIG. 12, X shows the upper limit of the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in which is used for forming the reducing intermediate without the active NO2* formed being stored in the form of nitrates in the base layer 53. To make the active NO2* and the reformed hydrocarbons react and produce the reducing intermediate, it is necessary to make the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in lower than the upper limit X of this air-fuel ratio.
In other words, in FIG. 12, X shows the lower limit of the concentration of hydrocarbons required for making the active NO2* and reformed hydrocarbon react to produce a reducing intermediate. To produce the reducing intermediate, the concentration of hydrocarbons has to be made higher than this lower limit X. In this case, whether the reducing intermediate is produced is determined by the ratio of the oxygen concentration and hydrocarbon concentration around the active NO2*, that is, the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in. The upper limit X of the air-fuel ratio required for producing the reducing intermediate will below be called the demanded minimum air-fuel ratio.
In the example shown in FIG. 12, the demanded minimum air-fuel ratio X becomes rich. Therefore, in this case, to produce the reducing intermediate, the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in is instantaneously made the demanded minimum air-fuel ratio X or less, that is, is made rich. As opposed to this, in the example shown in FIG. 13, the demanded minimum air-fuel ratio X becomes lean. In this case, the reducing intermediate is produced by maintaining the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in lean and periodically making the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in fall.
Now, if using an exhaust purification catalyst 13 with a strong oxidizing strength, as shown in FIG. 13, if maintaining the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in lean while periodically lowering the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in, the hydrocarbons end up becoming completely oxidized when the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in is reduced. As a result, the reducing intermediate can no longer be produced. As opposed to this, when using an exhaust purification catalyst 13 with a strong oxidizing strength, as shown in FIG. 12, if making the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in periodically rich, when the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in is made rich, the hydrocarbons will be partially oxidized, without being completely oxidized, that is, the hydrocarbons will be reformed, consequently the reducing intermediate will be produced. Therefore, when using an exhaust purification catalyst 13 with a strong oxidizing strength, the demanded minimum air-fuel ratio X has to be made rich.
On the other hand, when using an exhaust purification catalyst 13 with a weak oxidizing strength, as shown in FIG. 13, if maintaining the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in lean while periodically lowering the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in, the hydrocarbons will be partially oxidized without being completely oxidized, that is, the hydrocarbons will be reformed and consequently the reducing intermediate will be produced. As opposed to this, when using an exhaust purification catalyst 13 with a weak oxidizing strength, as shown in FIG. 12, if making the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in periodically rich, a large amount of hydrocarbons will be exhausted from the exhaust purification catalyst 13 without being oxidized and consequently the amount of hydrocarbons which is wastefully consumed will increase. Therefore, when using an exhaust purification catalyst 13 with a weak oxidizing strength, the demanded minimum air-fuel ratio X has to be made lean.
That is, it is learned that the demanded minimum air-fuel ratio X, as shown in FIG. 14, has to be reduced the stronger the oxidizing strength of the exhaust purification catalyst 13. In this way the demanded minimum air-fuel ratio X becomes lean or rich due to the oxidizing strength of the exhaust purification catalyst 13. Below, taking as example the case where the demanded minimum air-fuel ratio X is rich, the amplitude of the change in concentration of hydrocarbons flowing into the exhaust purification catalyst 13 and the vibration period of the concentration of hydrocarbons flowing into the exhaust purification catalyst 13 will be explained.
In this case, if raising the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas, the amount of oxygen can be increased. Therefore, to remove the NOx well, when the oxygen concentration in the exhaust as before the hydrocarbons are fed is high, it is necessary to raise the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas after feeding the hydrocarbons. That is, the higher the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas before the hydrocarbons are fed, the larger the amplitude of the hydrocarbon concentration has to be made.
FIG. 15 shows the relationship between the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas before the hydrocarbons are fed and the amplitude ΔH of the hydrocarbon concentration when the same NOx purification rate is obtained. From FIG. 15, it is learned that to obtain the same NOx purification rate, the higher the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas before the hydrocarbons are fed, the greater the amplitude ΔH of the hydrocarbon concentration has to be made. That is, to obtain the same NOx purification rate, the higher the base air-fuel ratio (A/F)b, the greater the amplitude ΔT of the hydrocarbon concentration has to be made. In other words, to remove the NOx well, the lower the base air-fuel ratio (A/F)b, the more the amplitude ΔT of the hydrocarbon concentration can be reduced.
In this regard, the base air-fuel ratio (A/F)b becomes the lowest at the time of an acceleration operation. At this time, if the amplitude ΔH of the hydrocarbon concentration is about 200 ppm, it is possible to remove the NOx well. The base air-fuel ratio (A/F)b is normally larger than the time of acceleration operation. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 16, if the amplitude ΔH of the hydrocarbon concentration is 200 ppm or more, an excellent NOx purification rate can be obtained.
Further, if the vibration period ΔT of the hydrocarbon concentration becomes longer, the oxygen concentration around the active NO2* becomes higher in the time after the hydrocarbons are fed to when the hydrocarbons are next fed. In this case, if the vibration period ΔT of the hydrocarbon concentration becomes longer than about 5 seconds, the active NO2* starts to be absorbed in the form of nitrates inside the basic layer 53. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 17, if the vibration period ΔT of the hydrocarbon concentration becomes longer than about 5 seconds, the NOx purification rate falls. Therefore, the vibration period ΔT of the hydrocarbon concentration has to be made 5 seconds or less.
On the other hand, if the vibration period ΔT of the hydrocarbon concentration becomes about 0.3 second or less, the fed hydrocarbons start to build up on the exhaust gas flow surface of the exhaust purification catalyst 13, therefore, as shown in FIG. 17, if the vibration period ΔT of the hydrocarbon concentration becomes about 0.3 second or less, the NOx purification rate falls. Therefore, in the present invention, the vibration period of the hydrocarbon concentration is made from 0.3 second to 5 seconds.
Now, in an embodiment of the present invention, by changing the injection amount and injection timing of hydrocarbons from the hydrocarbon feed valve 15, the amplitude ΔH and the vibration period ΔT of the hydrocarbon concentration are controlled to the optimum values in accordance with the operating state of the engine, that is, so that a good NOx purification action is performed by the new NOx purification method. In this case, in this embodiment of the present invention, the injection amount of hydrocarbons is determined by controlling the injection time of the hydrocarbons of the hydrocarbon feed valve 15.
FIG. 18 shows the change in concentration of hydrocarbons flowing to the exhaust purification catalyst 13, that is, the change in the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in of the exhaust gas flowing to the exhaust purification catalyst 13, and the injection time WT of hydrocarbons in a certain representative engine operating state. The injection time WT of hydrocarbons which enables a good NOx purification action to be secured by the new NOx purification method changes in accordance with the operating state of the engine. In this embodiment according to the present invention, this injection time W of hydrocarbons is stored as a function of the demanded torque TQ of the engine and the engine speed N in the form of the map such as shown in FIG. 19 in advance in the ROM 32. The injection time WT from the hydrocarbon feed valve 15 is usually made the injection time W which is calculated from the map of FIG. 19.
Now, in this embodiment according to the present invention, when raising the temperature of the exhaust purification catalyst 13 or other catalyst or the particulate filter 14 for a purpose other than engine warmup, the injection amount of hydrocarbons from the hydrocarbon feed valve 15 is increased. FIG. 20, as one example, shows the temperature elevation control when the particulate filter 14 should be regenerated and the temperature of the particulate filter 14 is raised up to the target temperature of about 600° C.
At this time, as will be understood from FIG. 20, if temperature elevation control is started, the injection time WT of hydrocarbons is increased. On the other hand, if the injection time WT of hydrocarbons is made to increase in this way, the increase in the heat of oxidation reaction of the hydrocarbons causes the temperature of the particulate filter 14 to rise. At this time, as shown in FIG. 20, the temperature TC of the exhaust purification catalyst 13 also rises.
In this regard, the injection amount of hydrocarbons necessary for making the temperature of the particulate filter 14 rise up to a 600° C. or so target temperature and maintaining it at that target temperature is a function of the amount of the exhaust gas, that is, the intake air amount and the exhaust gas temperature. In this embodiment according to the present invention, the reference injection time WH of the hydrocarbons necessary for making the temperature of the particulate filter 14 rise to the target temperature and maintain it at that target temperature is stored as a function of the intake air amount GA and the exhaust gas temperature TE in the form of a map such as shown in FIG. 21 in advance in the ROM 32.
When hydrocarbons are normally injected from the hydrocarbon feed valve 15, if making the injection time of the hydrocarbons the injection time WH which is calculated from the map of FIG. 21, the temperature of the particulate filter 14 is raised to the target temperature and is maintained at the target temperature. The solid line shown in FIG. 22 shows the change in the temperature TC0 of the exhaust purification catalyst 13 at this time. When hydrocarbons are normally injected from the hydrocarbon feed valve 15, regardless of the temperature of the exhaust purification catalyst 13 when temperature elevation control is started, the temperature TC0 of the exhaust purification catalyst 13 rises along the solid line shown in FIG. 22. That is even if the temperature elevation control is started when the temperature TC0 of the exhaust purification catalyst 13 is 200° C. or even if the temperature elevation control is started when the temperature TC0 of the exhaust purification catalyst 13 is 300° C., the temperature TC0 of the exhaust purification catalyst 13 rises along the solid line shown in FIG. 22.
Therefore, when hydrocarbons are normally injected from the hydrocarbon feed valve 15, the temperature TC0 of the exhaust purification catalyst 13 is estimated to be one which rises from the temperature at the time of start of temperature elevation control along the solid line of FIG. 22. Therefore, in this embodiment according to the present invention, the TC0 in FIG. 22 is called the estimated temperature. The change in the estimated temperature TC0 which is shown by the solid line in FIG. 22 is stored in advance.
Now, assume that the temperature elevation control is started when of the actual temperature of the exhaust purification catalyst 13 is 300° C. At this time, if the injection time WT of hydrocarbons is made the reference injection time WH which was calculated from the map shown in FIG. 21 and hydrocarbons were normally injected from the hydrocarbon feed valve 15, the actual temperature TC of the exhaust purification catalyst 13 rises along the estimated temperature TC0 shown by the solid line in FIG. 22. At this time, the temperature of the particulate filter 14 is made to rise to the target temperature and is maintained at the target temperature.
As opposed to this, if the nozzle opening of the hydrocarbon feed valve 15 becomes clogged when the temperature elevation control is started and the injection time WT of hydrocarbons is made the reference injection time WH which is calculated from the map shown in FIG. 21, the injection amount of hydrocarbons will be decreased compared with the normal injection amount. As a result, the actual temperature TC of the exhaust purification catalyst 13, as shown by the broken line in FIG. 22, will not rise to the estimated temperature T0. At this time, the temperature of the particulate filter 14 no longer rises to the target temperature.
Therefore, in this embodiment according to the present invention, at this time, the injection time of the hydrocarbons is increased so that the actual temperature TC of the exhaust purification catalyst 13 rises along the estimated temperature TC0 shown by the solid line in FIG. 22. Specifically speaking, at this time, the reference injection time WH which is calculated from the map shown in FIG. 21 is multiplied with an increase coefficient K (>1.0) so that the injection amount of hydrocarbons becomes equal to the injection amount of hydrocarbons at normal times. Therefore, at this time, the temperature of the particulate filter 14 is made to rise to the target temperature and is maintained at the target temperature.
Now, the value of the increase coefficient K which is multiplied with the reference injection time WH becomes larger the more the effective area of the nozzle opening of the hydrocarbon feed valve 15 is decreased, that is, the more the clogging rate of the nozzle opening of the hydrocarbon feed valve 15 is increased. FIG. 23 shows the relationship between the increase coefficient K and the clogging rate. From FIG. 23, it will be understood that the larger the clogging rate, the more the value of the increase coefficient K increases.
As explained above, when the nozzle opening of the hydrocarbon feed valve 15 becomes clogged, the injection amount of hydrocarbons is decreased, so a good temperature elevation action can no longer be performed. However, at this time, the injection time of the hydrocarbons is increased so that a good temperature elevation action is obtained. On the other hand, if the nozzle opening of the hydrocarbon feed valve 15 clogs, the NOx purification rate will fall. However, at this time, even if the injection time of the hydrocarbons increases, the NOx purification rate will not increase that much. This will be explained with reference to FIGS. 24A and 24B and FIG. 25.
FIG. 24A shows the case where the nozzle opening 15 a of the hydrocarbon feed valve 15 is not clogged, while FIG. 24B shows the case where the nozzle opening 15 a is clogged. If the nozzle opening 15 a is clogged, the effective area of the nozzle opening 15 a will become smaller. As a result, the injection amount will decrease and, as shown in FIG. 24B, the spread angle of the atomized fuel F will increase. If the injection amount decreases in this way and the spread angle of the atomized fuel F increases; the concentration of the injected hydrocarbons falls, so, as shown in FIG. 25, the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in no longer becomes the demanded minimum air-fuel ratio X or less. As a result, the NOx purification rate falls.
In this regard, in this embodiment according to the present invention, when the nozzle opening 15 a is clogged, the injection time of hydrocarbons is increased so that the injection amount of hydrocarbons becomes equal to the injection amount at the time of normal operation. However, when the nozzle opening 15 a is clogged, even if the injection time of the hydrocarbons is increased, as shown in FIG. 24B, the atomized fuel F spreads. Therefore, even in this, the concentration of the injected hydrocarbons fall, so as shown in FIG. 25, the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in will no longer become the demanded minimum air-fuel ratio X or less. As a result, the NOx purification rate falls.
That is, when using the new NOx purification method according to the present invention, the higher the clogging rate of the nozzle opening 15 a and the more the concentration of hydrocarbons injected falls, the lower the NOx purification rate becomes. That is, when using the new NOx purification method according to the present invention, it is possible to use the clogging rate of the nozzle opening 15 a, that is, the degree of clogging of the nozzle opening 15 a, to estimate the NOx purification rate. Therefore, in the present invention, a clogging degree detecting means is provided for detecting the degree of clogging of the nozzle opening 15 a of the hydrocarbon feed valve 15. When the new NOx purification method according to the present invention is used, the NOx purification rate is estimated from the degree of clogging of the nozzle opening 15 a of the hydrocarbon feed valve 15 which is detected by the clogging degree detecting means.
On the other hand, in this embodiment according to the present invention, as explained above, an temperature elevation control which raises the temperature of the catalyst or particulate filter 14 arranged inside of an engine exhaust passage to a target temperature by increasing the injection time of hydrocarbons from the hydrocarbon feed valve 15 is performed. In this case, if the nozzle opening 15 a is clogged, the injection time of the hydrocarbons increases. At this time, as shown in FIG. 23, the clogging rate, that is, the clogging degree, can be learned from the value of the increase coefficient K, that is, the amount of increase of the injection time of the hydrocarbons.
Therefore, in this embodiment according to the present invention, the above-mentioned clogging degree detecting means is used to detect the clogging degree from the amount of increase of the injection time of hydrocarbons when temperature elevation control is being performed.
FIG. 26 shows the relationship between the increase coefficient K and the NOx purification rate. Note that, the three solid lines GA1, GA2, and GA3 in FIG. 26 respectively express equivalent intake air amount lines and are in a relationship, for the intake air amounts, of GA1<GA2<GA3. Further, in FIG. 26, RX shows the allowable NOx purification rate, while KX1, KX2, and KX3 show limit values of the increase coefficient K, that is, the limit increase coefficient when the intake air amounts are GA1, GA2, and GA3 and the NOx purification rate becomes the allowable NOx purification rate RX. As shown in FIG. 27, this limit increase coefficient KX becomes lower the greater the intake air amount GA.
In this embodiment according to the present invention, when the NOx purification rate becomes the allowable NOx purification rate or less, that is, when the increase coefficient K exceeds the limit increase coefficient KX in accordance with the intake air amount, it is judged that a good NOx purification action cannot be obtained even if using the new NOx purification method. At this time, for example, an alarm light is turned on. Further, in this embodiment according to the present invention, at this time, the new NOx purification method is switched to an NOx purification method utilizing NOx storage reduction.
Further, as explained above, in this embodiment according to the present invention, if the clogging rate of the nozzle opening 15 a, that is, the clogging degree of the nozzle opening 15 a, increases, the increase coefficient K increases. Therefore, in this embodiment of the present invention, if stated another way, when the degree of clogging of the nozzle opening 15 a of the hydrocarbon feed valve 15 exceeds a predetermined degree, it is judged that the NOx purification rate has become the allowable NOx purification rate RX or less and, at this time, for example, an alarm light is turned on. In this case, this predetermined degree is made larger the more the intake air amount increases.
On the other hand, in this embodiment according to the present invention, when the degree of clogging of the nozzle opening 15 a of the hydrocarbon feed valve 15 exceeds a predetermined degree, that is, when it is judged that the NOx purification rate is an allowable NOx purification rate RX or less, a Nox purification method is switched to another NOx purification method for removing Nox by switching the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas flowing into the exhaust purification catalyst 13 from lean to rich by a period longer than the predetermined feed period, that is, an NOx purification method using the NOx storage reduction.
Next, referring to FIG. 28 and FIG. 29, the routine for calculation of the increase coefficient K will be explained. This routine is executed by interruption every predetermined time.
Referring to FIG. 28, first, at step 60, it is judged if a temperature elevation flag showing that the particulate filter 14 should be raised in temperature is set. When the temperature elevation flag is not set, the routine proceeds to step 61 where it is judged if a demand has been made to raise the temperature of the particulate filter 14. If no demand has been made to raise the temperature of the particulate filter 14, the processing cycle ends.
As opposed to this, when a demand is made for raising the temperature of the particulate filter 14, the routine proceeds to step 62 where the temperature elevation flag is set. Next, at step 63, the current temperature TC of the exhaust purification catalyst TC, that is, the initial catalyst temperature, is detected from the temperature sensors 23 and 34. Next, at step 64, this initial catalyst temperature is made the estimated temperature T0 of the exhaust purification catalyst 13, next, the routine proceeds to step 65. Note that, this estimated temperature T0 is made to increase along with the elapse of time along the curve shown in FIG. 22. If, at step 62, the flag is set, after that the routine jumps from step 60 to step 64.
At step 65, it is judged if the actual temperature TC of the exhaust purification catalyst 13 which is detected by the temperature sensors 23 and 24 is lower than the value of the estimated temperature TC0 minus a small constant value α (TC0−α). When TC≧TC0−α, the routine proceeds to step 66 where it is judged if the actual temperature TC of the exhaust purification catalyst 13 is larger than the value of the estimated temperature TC0 plus a small constant value α (TC0+α). When TC≦TC0+α, the routine proceeds to step 69.
On the other hand, when it is judged at step 65 that TC<TC0−α, the routine proceeds to step 67 where the increase coefficient K is increased by a certain value ΔK. Next, the routine proceeds to step 69. Further, when, at step 66, it is judged that TC>TC0+α, the routine proceeds to step 68 where the increase coefficient K is decreased by the certain value ΔK. Next, the routine proceeds to step 69. That is, the increase coefficient K is made to increase or decrease so that the actual temperature TC of the exhaust purification catalyst 13 becomes the estimated temperature TC0.
At step 69, it is judged if the increase coefficient K exceeds the limit increase coefficient KX shown in FIG. 27. When K>KX, the routine proceeds to step 70 where the abnormality flag is set, next, at step 71, an alarm light is turned on. Next, at step 72, it is judged if the temperature elevation control has been completed. When the temperature elevation control has been completed, the routine proceeds to step 73 where the temperature elevation flag is reset.
Next, referring to FIG. 30, a control routine for injection of hydrocarbons will be explained.
Referring to FIG. 30, first, at step 80, it is judged if the temperature elevation flag is set. If the temperature elevation flag is not set, the routine proceeds to step 81 where it is judged if the abnormality flag is set. If the abnormality flag is not set, the routine proceeds to step 82 where the new NOx purification method is executed.
That is, first, at step 82, the injection time W is calculated from the map shown in FIG. 19, next, at step 83, this injection time W is multiplied with the increase coefficient K to calculate the final injection time WT. Note that, usually, K=1.0. Therefore, usually the final injection time WT is made the injection time W which is calculated from the map. Next, at step 84, the injection period ΔT is calculated in accordance with the engine operating state. Next, at step 85, hydrocarbons are injected from the hydrocarbon feed valve 15 by the injection period ΔT during the injection time WT.
On the other hand, when it is judged at step 80 that the temperature elevation flag is set, the routine proceeds to step 86 where temperature elevation control is performed. That is, first, at step 86, the injection time WH is calculated from the map shown in FIG. 21, next, at step 87, this injection time WH is multiplied with the increase coefficient K to calculate the final injection time WT. Note that, the value of the increase coefficient K is normally 1.0. The value K of this increase coefficient K increases if the nozzle opening 15 a is clogged. Next, at step 88, the injection period ΔT in accordance with the operating state of the engine is calculated, then, at step 89, hydrocarbons are injected from the hydrocarbon feed valve 15 by the injection period ΔT during the injection time WT.
On the other hand, when it is judged at step 82 that the abnormality flag is set, the routine proceeds to step 90 where the NOx purification method utilizing the NOx storage reducing action shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B to FIG. 11 is performed.
a hydrocarbon feed valve for feeding hydrocarbons is arranged inside of an engine exhaust passage,
an exhaust purification catalyst for reacting NOx and reformed hydrocarbons contained in exhaust gas arranged downstream of the hydrocarbon feed valve inside of the engine exhaust passage,
a precious metal catalyst is carried on an exhaust gas flow surface of the exhaust purification catalyst and a basic exhaust gas flow surface part is formed around the precious metal catalyst,
wherein the NOx which is contained in exhaust gas is reduced in the exhaust purification catalyst if a predetermined amount of hydrocarbons is injected by a predetermined feed period from the hydrocarbon feed valve and NOx which is contained in exhaust gas is stored in the exhaust purification catalyst if the feed period of the hydrocarbons is lengthened more than the predetermined feed period, and
an electronic control unit configured to detect a degree of clogging of a nozzle opening of the hydrocarbon feed valve, inject the predetermined amount of hydrocarbons from the hydrocarbon feed valve by the predetermined feed period at the time of engine operation, and, at this time, estimate an NOx purification rate from the clogging degree of the nozzle opening of the hydrogen feed valve which is detected by the electronic control unit,
wherein when the clogging degree of the nozzle opening of the hydrocarbon feed valve exceeds a predetermined degree, the electronic control unit judges that the NOx purification rate has become an allowable NOx purification rate or less.
2. An exhaust purification system of an internal combustion engine as claimed in claim 1, wherein when it is judged that the NOx purification rate has become said allowable NOx purification rate or less, an air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas flowing into the exhaust purification catalyst is switched from lean to rich by a period longer than the predetermined feed period.
3. An exhaust purification system of an internal combustion engine as claimed in claim 1, wherein said predetermined degree is made smaller the more an intake air amount increases.
4. An exhaust purification system of an internal combustion engine as claimed in claim 1, wherein a temperature elevation control which makes a temperature of a catalyst or particulate filter which is arranged inside of the engine exhaust passage rise to a target temperature by increasing an injection time of hydrocarbons from said hydrocarbon feed valve is performed by the electronic control unit, wherein said electronic control unit detects the clogging degree from an increased amount of injection time of the hydrocarbons when said temperature elevation control is being performed.
5. An exhaust purification system of an internal combustion engine as claimed in claim 1, wherein said precious metal catalyst is used to react NOx contained in exhaust gas and reformed hydrocarbons so as to form a reducing intermediate containing nitrogen and hydrocarbons, the formed reducing intermediate is held on said basic exhaust gas flow surface part, a reducing action of the reducing intermediate held on the basic exhaust gas flow surface part is used to reduce NOx, and said predetermined feed period of the hydrocarbons is a feed period required for continuous production of the reducing intermediate.
6. An exhaust purification system of an internal combustion engine as claimed in claim 1, wherein said precious metal catalyst is comprised of platinum Pt and at least one of rhodium Rh and palladium Pd.
7. An exhaust purification system of an internal combustion engine as claimed in claim 1, wherein on the exhaust gas flow surface of said exhaust purification catalyst, a basic layer which includes an alkali metal, alkali earth metal, rare earth, or metal which can donate electrons to NOx is formed and wherein the surface of said basic layer forms said basic exhaust gas flow surface part.
8. An exhaust purification system of an internal combustion engine comprising:
a hydrocarbon feed valve for feeding hydrocarbons arranged inside of an engine exhaust passage,
a precious metal catalyst carried on an exhaust gas flow surface of the exhaust purification catalyst and a basic exhaust gas flow surface part is formed around the precious metal catalyst,
wherein a temperature elevation control which makes a temperature of a catalyst or particulate filter which is arranged inside of the engine exhaust passage rise to a target temperature by increasing an injection time of hydrocarbons from said hydrocarbon feed valve is performed by the electronic control unit, wherein said electronic control unit detects the clogging degree from an increased amount of injection time of the hydrocarbons when said temperature elevation control is being performed.
9. An exhaust purification system of an internal combustion engine as claimed in claim 8, wherein said precious metal catalyst is used to react NOx contained in exhaust gas and reformed hydrocarbons so as to form a reducing intermediate containing nitrogen and hydrocarbons, the formed reducing intermediate is held on said basic exhaust gas flow surface part, a reducing action of the reducing intermediate held on the basic exhaust gas flow surface part is used to reduce NOx, and said predetermined feed period of the hydrocarbons is a feed period required for continuous production of the reducing intermediate.
10. An exhaust purification system of an internal combustion engine as claimed in claim 8, wherein said precious metal catalyst is comprised of platinum Pt and at least one of rhodium Rh and palladium Pd.
11. An exhaust purification system of an internal combustion engine as claimed in claim 8, wherein on the exhaust gas flow surface of said exhaust purification catalyst, a basic layer which includes an alkali metal, alkali earth metal, rare earth, or metal which can donate electrons to NOx is formed and wherein the surface of said basic layer forms said basic exhaust gas flow surface part.
12. An exhaust purification system of an internal combustion engine as claimed in claim 8, wherein when the clogging degree of the nozzle opening of the hydrocarbon feed valve exceeds a predetermined degree, the electronic control unit judges that the NOx purification rate has become an allowable NOx purification rate or less.
13. An exhaust purification system of an internal combustion engine as claimed in claim 12, wherein when it is judged that the NOx purification rate has become said allowable NOx purification rate or less, an air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas flowing into the exhaust purification catalyst is switched from lean to rich by a period longer than the predetermined feed period.
14. An exhaust purification system of an internal combustion engine as claimed in claim 12, wherein said predetermined degree is made smaller the more an intake air amount increases.
US13258483 2010-03-18 2010-03-18 Exhaust purification system of internal combustion engine Active US8689543B2 (en)
PCT/JP2010/055303 WO2011114540A1 (en) 2010-03-18 2010-03-18 Exhaust purification device for internal combustion engine
US20120090303A1 true US20120090303A1 (en) 2012-04-19
US8689543B2 true US8689543B2 (en) 2014-04-08
ID=44648664
US13258483 Active US8689543B2 (en) 2010-03-18 2010-03-18 Exhaust purification system of internal combustion engine
US (1) US8689543B2 (en)
EP (1) EP2460997B1 (en)
JP (1) JP5131391B2 (en)
CN (1) CN102782274B (en)
WO (1) WO2011114540A1 (en)
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