Source: http://www.google.com/patents/US20050256549?dq=6,563,928
Timestamp: 2016-07-30 19:27:25
Document Index: 109475846

Matched Legal Cases: ['Application No. 20020060954', 'art 1010', 'art 1010', 'art 1010', 'art 1010', 'art 1010', 'art 1010', 'art 1010', 'art 1010', 'art 1100', 'art 1010', 'art 1010', 'art 1010', 'art 1010', 'art 1010', 'art 1010', 'art 1010', 'art 1010', 'art 1010', 'art. 2']

Patent US20050256549 - Micro-generator implant - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsA micro-generator implant device including (a) a micro-generator, disposed within a living body, the micro-generator including: (i) a first mechanism for harnessing mechanical energy from a natural body movement, and (ii) a second mechanism for converting the mechanical energy to electrical energy, the...http://www.google.com/patents/US20050256549?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US20050256549 - Micro-generator implantAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS20050256549 A1Publication typeApplicationApplication numberUS 11/102,624Publication dateNov 17, 2005Filing dateApr 11, 2005Priority dateOct 9, 2002Publication number102624, 11102624, US 2005/0256549 A1, US 2005/256549 A1, US 20050256549 A1, US 20050256549A1, US 2005256549 A1, US 2005256549A1, US-A1-20050256549, US-A1-2005256549, US2005/0256549A1, US2005/256549A1, US20050256549 A1, US20050256549A1, US2005256549 A1, US2005256549A1InventorsAsher HolzerOriginal AssigneeSirius Implantable Systems Ltd.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (41), Referenced by (50), Classifications (15), Legal Events (1) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetMicro-generator implant
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0111] The present invention is a micro-generator implant for providing power within a living body. [0112] The principles and operation of the micro-generator implant according to the present invention may be better understood with reference to the drawings and the accompanying description. [0113] Before explaining at least one embodiment of the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of the components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawing. The invention is capable of other embodiments or of being practiced or carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. [0114] One aspect of the present invention is represented as a block diagram in FIG. 1 a. In the internal power system 50, internal body tissue motion 80 is harnessed by a micro-generator 100 so as to power an implant 105. In FIG. 1 b, internal body tissue motion 80 is harnessed by micro-generator 100 so as to charge energy storage unit 120, which in turn powers implant or heart implant (e.g., pacemaker) 105. [0115] Energy storage unit 120 is preferably selected from a wide variety of known internal energy storage units, including, but not limited to, capacitors and rechargeable batteries. [0116] As used herein in the specification and in the claims section that follows, the term “implant” refers to any powered device implanted in the body, including, but not limited to, pacemakers, defibrillators, internal communication devices, monitoring devices such as: heart condition, heart beat, ECG, electrocardiogram, blood contents, blood pressure, temperature, blood leak from a graft stent, blood vessel ruptures, and combinations thereof. More generally, the term “implant” is meant to include intra-cardiac, intra-coronary, sub-cutaneous, and other intra-body devices. The implant may be incorporated as a part of a prosthesis device, coronary stent, blood vessel stents, etc. The term “implant” is meant to specifically include internally implanted devices that are traditionally powered by external energy sources or by batteries or other energy storage devices. [0117] As used herein in the specification and in the claims section that follows, the term “heart implant” refers to any powered device implanted in or around heart tissue, including, but not limited to, pacemakers, defibrillators, internal communication devices, monitoring devices such as: heart condition, heart beat, ECG, electrocardiogram, blood contents, blood pressure, temperature, blood leak from a graft stent, blood vessel ruptures, and combinations thereof. The term “heart implant” is meant to include intra-cardiac and intra-coronary devices. The heart implant may be incorporated as a part of a coronary stent, blood vessel stent, etc., and most preferably to a pacemaker. The term “heart implant” is meant to specifically include various internally implanted devices that are traditionally powered by external energy sources or by batteries and other energy storage devices. [0118] As used herein in the specification and in the claims section that follows, the term “heart tissue” is specifically meant to include the epicardium, which contacts the surface of the heart, and more generally, the pericardium surrounding the heart. [0119] As used herein in the specification and in the claims section that follows, the term “ferromagnetic” refers to any uncharged material capable of attracting others. The term also includes materials that have the capability to be magnetized. The term “ferromagnetic is specifically meant to include materials possessing paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, and superparamagnetic properties. [0120] As used herein in the specification and in the claims section that follows, the term “spring mechanism” includes any of various varieties of springs, spring-loaded plates, bumpers, and pre-tensioned projections. [0121] As used herein in the specification and in tie claims section that follows, the term-“biocompatible material” refers to a material that does not produce a toxic, injurous, or immunological response in living tissue. [0122] As used herein in the specification and in the claims section that follows, the term “ball”, used within a conductive coil, is meant to include various oval-shaped objects designed for moving relative to the housing of the coil. [0123] As used herein in the specification and in the claims section that follows, the term “shaft”, used within a conductive coil, is specifically meant to include various curved or arc-shaped objects designed for moving relative to the housing of the coil, and particularly, within curved, tube-shaped housings. [0124] Referring back to FIG. 1 a, micro-generator 100, which converts mechanical energy (internal body tissue motion) to electrical energy, is also preferably selected from a wide variety of known units, examples of which are provided hereinbelow. These units may include automatic winding systems such as those used in self-winding watches. Many known automatic winding systems include an inertia mass that oscillates concentrically with the axis of the hands of the watch when the position of the watch is being changed. The power thus obtained is transmitted to the ratchet wheel of a barrel either by a gear train or by a toothed segment, or by an intermediate lever. [0125] In one known type of device, the inertia mass is allowed to oscillate by a fraction of a revolution (approximately 120 degrees), its movement being limited by two damper stops fixed on the plates of the watch movement; the winding only takes place in one direction of oscillation. In a second known type of device, the inertia mass is allowed to rotate freely about its axis without limitation, but the winding takes place in a single direction of oscillation. In a third known type of device, the inertia mass is allowed to turn freely about its axis without limitation of movement, and the winding is effected in both directions of oscillation. In a fourth known type of device, an eccentric crank portion on the oscillating rotor staff imparts rectilinear motion to a spring-loaded double hairpin ratchet spring driving the ratchet wheel. [0126] U.S. Pat. No. 3,104,517, which is incorporated by reference for all purposes as if fully set forth herein, discloses an automatic winding mechanism for a watch in which the motion conversion device includes a heart-shaped cam and spring loaded pawls pivotably mounted on a lever, which cooperate to actuate a ratchet wheel. The ratchet wheel winds the mainspring barrel through planetary reduction gears. [0127] U.S. Pat. No. 4,174,607 to Wuthrich, which is incorporated by reference for all purposes as if fully set-forth herein, teaches an improvement on a mainspring driving a time gear train, and having reduction gearing for periodically winding the mainspring by unidirectional rotation of a winding pinion. The improvement consists of a ratchet wheel connected to drive the pinion, a rotor bushing, a rotor staff having an eccentric crank portion disposed in the bushing, a rotor with an off-center mass connected to the rotor, staff, and a single piece rocking arm with first and second spring loaded click arms engaging the ratchet wheel and a spring clip engaging the crank portion of the rotor staff and adapted to retain the rotor shaft within the bushing. The rocking arm is made from a single stamping with click arms arranged to provide spring loading of the ratchet wheel, tabs to hold the rocking arm in place and spring clip fingers inserted through a slot in the rotor bushing. [0128] U.S. Pat. No. 6,183,125 to Hara, et al., which is incorporated by reference for all purposes as if fully set forth herein, teaches an electronic watch including a so-called automatic winding dynamo. [0129] FIG. 2, which is based on FIG. 1 of the above-referenced U.S. patent to Hara, et al., is a schematic exploded view showing the general construction of an electronic watch. An electronic watch 1 is an analog quartz wrist watch. A stepping motor 40 is driven in accordance with a signal output from a crystal oscillator 32 mounted on a circuit board 31. The stepping motor 40 includes a motor rotor 42 having a permanent magnet magnetized into two poles, a motor stator 43 having a cylindrical rotor installation hole 430 in which the motor rotor 42 is disposed, and a coil block formed by winding a coil 41 over a magnetic core 44. A watch wheel train 50 including of a fifth wheel 51, a second wheel 52, a third wheel 53, a center wheel 54, a minute wheel 55 and a hour wheel 56 is operatively connected to the motor rotor 42 through respective pinions. A second hand 161 is fixed to the distal end of a shaft of the second wheel 52 of the watch wheel train. A minute hand 162 is fixed to the distal end of a cylindrical shaft of the center wheel 54. An hour hand 163 is fixed to the distal end of a cylindrical shaft of the hour wheel 56. Here, a speed reducing ratio achieved through the gearing from the motor rotor 42 to the second wheel 52 is set to 1/30. The second hand 161 is constructed such that it is intermittently rotated in steps of 6 whenever the motor rotor 42 is intermittently rotated in steps of 180 for each second. [0130] A power supply section 10 for driving the stepping motor 40 is primarily made up of a small-sized dynamo 20 and a secondary power supply 30 (capacitor). In order to generate power upon movement of the user's wrist over which the electronic watch 1 with hands is fitted, the small-sized dynamo 20 includes an eccentric oscillating weight 25 rotatable in response to the wrist movement, a dynamo rotor 21 rotated by receiving kinetic energy from the oscillating weight 25, a dynamo stator 22 disposed in surrounding relation to the dynamo rotor 21, and a dynamo coil 23 wound over a magnetic core 24 making up a magnetic circuit in cooperation with the dynamo stator 22 and the dynamo rotor 21. The oscillating weight 25 and the dynamo rotor 21 are operatively interconnected through a dynamic wheel train 60 for transmitting rotation of the oscillating weight 25 while speeding up the rotation. The dynamo wheel train 60 is made up of a oscillating weight wheel 61 formed integrally with the oscillating weight 25, and a dynamo rotor transmitting wheel 62 having a pinion held in mesh with the oscillating weight wheel 61. The dynamo rotor 21 has a permanent magnet magnetized to have N and S poles that are rotated when the rotation of the oscillating weight 25 is transmitted to the dynamo rotor 21. Accordingly, induced electromotive force can be taken out of the dynamo coil 23 and charged into the secondary power supply 30. The oscillating weight 25 has an oscillating weight fixing screw 250 attached to its rotating central portion. The oscillating weight 25 is formed such that its inner peripheral portion around the oscillating weight fixing screw 250 (rotating central portion) provides a thinner wall portion 251 as a light oscillating weight, and its outer peripheral portion provides a thicker wall portion 252 as a heavy oscillating weight stretching radially outward from the light oscillating weight. As a result, in spite of a reduction in thickness of the oscillating weight 25, weight unbalance of the oscillating weight 25 in the angular direction remains large. [0131] United States Patent Application No. 20020060954 to Schafroth, et al., which is incorporated by reference for all purposes as if fully set forth herein, discloses a micro-generator fitted in a watch movement. The watch movement contains a mechanical energy storage in the form of a spring. The spring is wound by a winding device or preferably by a mass that is put into oscillation by the arm movements of the watch wearer. The spring drives the various hands and displays of the watch, especially the seconds hand that is fastened on the seconds axis over a conventional gearing. [0132] U.S. Pat. No. 6,381,198 to Born, which is incorporated by reference for all purposes as if fully set forth herein, teaches a clockwork movement fitted with a generator powering the circuit for regulating the rotation of the generator rotor. The generator is formed of at least one coil placed between magnets respectively secured to two flanges mounted at the ends of a shaft of the rotor. The coils are arranged on a substrate that includes means allowing at least one coil to be moved relative to the rotor. [0133] Other documents incorporated by reference for all purposes as if fully set forth herein are U.S. Pat. No. 5,025,428 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,518,464. [0134] It is evident that many alternatives, modifications and variations of the above-described micro-generator implant system will be apparent to those skilled in the art. It is also evident that various modifications to existing automatic winding systems and micro-generators could be made by one skilled in the art so as to better adapt such devices to the various applications of the present invention. The energy of the moving shaft can wind a spring and release the energy of the spring to a dynamo. Alternatively, a relative motion of a shaft and a coil surrounding the shaft, in the presence of a magnetic field, produces electrical energy. In some designs, the shaft moves within a stationary coil; in other designs, the shaft is stationary and the coil moves. The motion may be longitudinal with respect to the shaft axis, or rotational. It must be emphasized that the various designs and configurations are well-known in the art, hence, there is a more detailed description herein is unnecessary. [0135] In FIGS. 1 a and 1 b, micro-generator 100 includes a mechanical section 60 for harnessing the mechanical energy from a natural body movement, and a conversion section 70 in which mechanical energy from mechanical section 60 is converted to electrical energy. It must be emphasized that, while a micro-generator typically performs both the harnessing and the conversion functions in an integral unit, it is technologically feasible to implement the present invention by combining individual, stand-alone units performing a single function, so as to produce a micro-generator system that operates in vivo so to provide power to an implant. [0136] As mentioned above, the “watch mechanism” (mechanical section 60) can either charge an electric storage unit or directly power the implanted device. [0137] Various sources of internal mechanical energy can be utilized by the system of the present invention, including: motion of heart muscle tissue motion of blood passing through a blood vessel motion of a limb, or of the entire body [0141] I. Motion of Heart Muscle Tissue [0142] Two types of heart motion can be utilized to generate energy: (1) a twisting motion produced during every single beat of the heart, and (2) the heart beat itself, i.e., the displacement occurring due to the contraction and expansion of the heart during every beat. [0143] For utilization of the twisting motion of the heart, the moving shaft located within mechanical section 60 is preferably implanted in the human body in an orientation that enables the moving shaft (located inside the coil) to move back and forth due to the twisting motion resulting from the heart beat. As is known in the art, the shaft shape can be linear, or arc-shaped, so as to better utilize the energies associated with the multi-dimensional twisting motion of the heart. [0144] For harnessing of the displacement resulting from the contraction and expansion of the heart, the device is preferably placed such that the axis of the shaft is substantially perpendicular to the heart, such that the moving shaft is moved back and forth in every single beat. [0145] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the displacement resulting from the contraction and expansion of the heart is harnessed by a micro-generator device associated with, or disposed on a coronary stent. FIG. 3 a is a schematic illustration of a micro-generator 100 disposed on a coronary stent 240 within an inner wall 242 of blood vessel 244. Blood stream 246 flows past micro-generator 100. The above-described displacement acts upon micro-generator 100, which is described in greater detail with reference to FIGS. 1 a and 1 b, thereby providing mechanical energy which is subsequently converted to electrical energy for powering an implant. Such a coronary stent may include monitoring capabilities as previously described. [0146] Another preferred embodiment is provided schematically in FIG. 3 b. The stent is a cylindrical stent 250, disposed within an inner wall 242 of blood vessel 244. A micro-generator 100 a is disposed on an outer surface 252 of cylindrical stent 250, between stent 250 and inner wall 242 of blood vessel 244. Alternatively, the micro-generator is disposed within cylindrical stent 250. Micro-generator 100 a, shown in FIG. 3 b, has a surface 254 that may or may not be in contact with blood stream 246. [0147] Although several exemplary devices have been described in the figures and associated text, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. [0148] II. Motion of Blood Passing Through a Blood Vessel [0149] In this method, blood friction within a blood vessel is used to generate electrical power. The energy that the blood stream produces via friction with a generator device located within, or adjacent to, the blood vessel, is converted to electrical power that can either directly power any other device located there (as in FIG. 1 a) or can pump its energy into a secondary energy storage device (as in FIG. 1 b), that then powers another internal device. [0150] The moving part of the generator can be either directly immersed in the blood stream, or can obtain the frictional energy through a flexible thin membrane, such that any moving parts do not directly contact the blood stream. [0151] Direct Immersion Devices [0152] Various designs and configurations will be apparent to one skilled in the art. In FIG. 4, by way of example, a blood stream 204 within a blood vessel such as artery 206 rotates a rotor 208 having fins 210, like a water mill, thereby producing mechanical energy. Rotor 208 is held in position within artery 206 by arm 212, which is operatively connected to a wall of artery 206. The mechanical energy produced is subsequently converted into electrical energy in conversion section 70 (see FIGS. 1 a, 1 b). [0153] In another exemplary design, shown schematically in FIG. 5, blood stream 204 within a blood vessel such as artery 206 rotates or vibrates at least one thin leaf or plate 220, the motion of which is converted into electrical energy in conversion section 70 (see FIGS. 1 a, 1 b). Thin leaf or plate 220 is preferably made from a flexible membrane that has a built-in tension forcing the membrane to return to its original position during low-pressure periods. The systolic blood pressure bends plate 220 in the direction of blood stream 204, to position A, winding a spring (not shown) or working against an internal spring tension while bending plate 220, while, in the low-pressure regime of the diastolic duration, plate 220 bends back substantially to the original position (position B), urged by the internal spring tension. The motion of thin leaf or plate 220 is harnessed in gear box 231. [0154] The inner workings of gear box 231 are shown schematically in FIG. 6. Plate 220 is disposed so as to make contact with or operatively connect to a wheel 222 having teeth 224 or fins disposed thereon. When the pressure within artery 206 exceeds a particular value (e.g., 90 mm Hg), plate 220 moves towards position B; in the diastolic period, plate 220 returns to position A. The movement of plate 220 from position A to B, and from B to A displaces the tip of plate 220 within gear box 231 from position C to D, and from D to C, so as to turn wheel 222. The mechanical energy produced is transferred to a shaft (not shown), which rotates correspondingly. The mechanical energy of the rotating shaft is converted to electrical energy as described hereinabove. [0000] Non-Immersion Devices [0155] In the non-immersing configurations, blood clots and clogging of the moving parts of the mechanism by blood debris are avoided. In FIG. 7 a blood stream 204 within a blood vessel such as artery 206 produces a force on a flexible membrane 230, which is displaced by the force, particularly when the diastolic pressure within artery 206 exceeds some value. Flexible membrane 230 is further designed and configured such that on an opposing side of membrane 230, physically isolated from the interior of artery 206, the mechanical energy produced is converted into electrical energy in conversion section 70 (described hereinabove). [0156] In one exemplary embodiment, shown in FIG. 7, the mechanism 232 disposed on the opposing side of membrane 230 is driven in a substantially peristaltic fashion by the movement of flexible membrane 230. Typically, a peristaltic pump, driven by any electrical motor or by other means, conveys the pumped fluid by periodic constriction of a membrane or tubing containing the pumped fluid. The constriction is usually performed by rotating wheels or rollers. However, instead of using electrical power to peristaltically pump a fluid, the peristaltic action can be reversed by harnessing an existing fluid flow so as to peristaltically drive a shaft (or other means), thereby generating electricity. [0157] Peristaltic mechanism 232 includes two oval rollers 234, 236, rigidly connected by, and mounted on, connector 238. A first end of connector 238 is attached to a center of oval roller 234, and an opposite end of connector 238 is attached to a center of oval roller 236. Rollers 234, 236 are disposed at a substantially right angle to each other, such that at any given time, at least one end 237 of oval roller 234 or oval roller 236 protrudes in a perpendicular or near-perpendicular fashion with respect to blood stream 204. Consequently, and as can be seen in FIG. 7, the movement of blood stream 204 acts upon membrane 230, which in turn acts upon end 237 so as to rotate roller 234. End 237 eventually rotates enough to contact and rotate an end 239 of roller 236. Hence, a cycle occurs in which roller 234 drives roller 236, followed by roller 236 driving roller 234. The motion of oval rollers 234, 236 is utilized by conventional means to produce electricity. [0158] II. Motion of a Limb [0159] In FIG. 8, micro-generator 100 is implanted within a limb 260 of a user, in this case forearm 260. Mechanical section 60 harnesses the mechanical energy provided by the motions of forearm 260, and conversion section 70 converts the harnessed mechanical energy from mechanical section 60 to electrical energy. Improved efficiency in harnessing the motions of forearm 260 is attained by proper orientation of mechanical section 60 with respect to the typical motions of forearm 260. This exemplary embodiment is like “wearing” a self-winding watch within forearm 260, rather than around forearm 260. [0160] As described hereinabove, many embodiments of mechanisms for harnessing motion are suitable for use in conjunction with the present invention. Proper or preferred orientation of mechanical section 60 depends on the specific mechanisms for harnessing the motion of the limb, and, of course, the direction or directions of the motion that are to be harnessed. For a moving shaft-type mechanism located within mechanical section 60, the moving shaft-type mechanism is preferably placed such that the axis of the shaft is substantially perpendicular to the length of forearm 260. [0161] It should be emphasized that limb (forearm) 260 can be a prosthesis device. [0162] Of late, various in-vivo monitoring devices, which have characteristically low power requirements, are being utilized in a wide variety of applications. The present invention is especially useful in conjunction with in-vivo monitoring devices, which, upon receiving a call or signal from a source external to the body, at a pre-scheduled time, or when some irregularity (hard attack, arrhythmia, etc.) is detected, performs a monitoring function and transmits data to an external device (e.g., a beeper, telephone, etc.). [0163] Similarly, the displacement resulting from the contraction and expansion of the heart is utilized by implanting a micro-generator near the heart, preferably oriented with the axis of the shaft disposed in a substantially perpendicular fashion with respect to the heart, such that with each heartbeat, the shaft moves back and forth in relation to the coil. [0164] The micro-generator devices described hereinabove answer the need for powering a wide variety of devices for implanting within a living body. However, certain specific embodiments require affixation of the device to heart tissue. The anchoring of the device to heart tissue is extremely problematic. The above-described motions of the heart place various pressures on the device, pressures of a large magnitude that develop rapidly during the course of each heartbeat. Moreover, the anchoring mechanism must be robust enough to withstand these motions and pressures over the requisite lifetime of the device, which is typically several years at the very least. [0165] Hence, it would be highly advantageous to have a device for and method of robustly securing an implanted medical device to heart tissue. It would be of further advantage to have a device that is easy to implant, reduces risk and discomfort to the patient, is inexpensive to manufacture, and is substantially maintenance-free. [0166] According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a heart implant device for associating with a heart of a living body, the device including: (a) a housing for securely associating with heart tissue, the housing encompassing a space, the housing including a conductive coil, and (b) a ferromagnetic element disposed within the space, the element for moving relative to the coil so as to produce electrical energy within the living body. [0167] This aspect of the present invention will be better understood upon observing a schematic illustration of a human heart 1010, as provided in FIG. 9 a. Heart 1010 contains four chambers, divided vertically by a membrane, or septum 1012. Each side of heart 1010 has two chambers—an atrium above 1042 and a ventricle 1040 below. Blood is pumped out of one side of heart 1010, and through the lungs, before being introduced to the other side of heart 1010. No blood passes across septum 1012. [0168] The blood is moved physically by the contractions of the heart muscle, or myocardium 1030, which envelopes the heart chambers. The outermost layer enveloping heart 1010 is the pericardium 1025, a loose protective sac that is flexible enough to allow heart 1010 to expand and contract during the pumping cycle. The inner layer of this sac, the epicardium 1020, adheres closely to the surface of heart 1010. [0169] A schematic, cross-sectional view of the heart of FIG. 9 a, taken along A-A, is provided in FIG. 9 b. Myocardium 1030 is seen to encompass the heart chambers, e.g., ventricle 1040. Myocardium 1030 is, in turn, enveloped by epicardium 1020 and by pericardium 1025. [0170] The micro-generator generates electricity by means of a ferromagnetic material moving relative to a coil, as disclosed in my pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/266,681. [0171] A schematic illustration of a hollow, generally ring-shaped micro-generator device is provided in FIG. 10 a. Micro-generator 1100 includes a hollow, generally cylindrical housing 1106 having a moving (e.g., sliding) ferromagnetic shaft 1108 disposed therein. Affixed to or within a wall of housing 1106 is a conductive coil 1110. [0172] According to a first embodiment of the present invention, housing 1106 is designed and configured as a ring structure for substantially encompassing the heart (myocardium). Preferably, micro-generator 1100 is inserted between the pericardium and the heart, where cleavage planes exist. These cleavage planes are an eminently suitable place for micro-generator 1100, which is squeezed and held in place there (e.g, between the epicardium and the myocardium, or within the pericardium). Another preferred location for micro-generator 1100 is within the coronary sinus (not shown). The micro-generator 1100 is placed in an orientation (see FIG. 10 b) that enables shaft 1108 to move back and forth within housing 1106, powered by the beating and twisting motions of the heart. One preferred method of fixing micro-generator 1100 to epicardium 1020 utilizes staples or stitches (sutures) 1142. [0173] Shaft 1108 is made of any of various ferromagnetic materials, such as iron, nickel or alloys thereof having the requisite magnetic properties. The outer surface of housing 1106, which contacts living tissue, is preferably made of various biocompatible materials that are known in the art. [0174] It must be emphasized that structural modification of epicardial tissue is very common in modern heart surgery. Several examples are provided hereinbelow: cardiomyostimulator implantation: the latissimus dorsi muscle is cut off and replanted around the heart, enabling for epicardial pacing leads to be inserted into the right ventricle and the subsequent epicardial tunneling and pocket creation for the cardiomyostimulator. off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery: the epicardial tissues are cut adjacent to a vessel in order to construct the distal anastomosis. “waffle” operation: the epicardial tissue is cut in multiple longitudinal and transverse directions, thereby protecting the myocardium and the coronary arteries. transmyocardial revascularization: channels are cut in the epicardium in order to introduce a fiber into the left ventricle. myocardial patching: a myocardial patch is sutured to the heart by anchoring the sutures within tunnels cut in the epicardial tissues. [0180] FIG. 11 is a schematic illustration of a hollow, generally spiral-shaped micro-generator device 1100 disposed between the epicardium and the pericardium and encompassing heart 1100, according to another embodiment of the present invention. Alternatively, micro-generator device 1100 encompasses a portion of heart 1010, as represented by segment 1011. Segment 1011 is preferably designed to encompass at least 60 degrees of heart 1010, and most preferably at least 240 degrees. In some cases, more than a full 360 degrees, and even at least 420 degrees, is warranted. [0181] The at least partial encompassing of heart 1010 provides a large area for affixing device 1100 to heart 1010, and perhaps more importantly, allows device 1100 to grip heart 1010, such that various pressures resulting from the movement of heart 1010 are absorbed and distributed along the length of device 1100. The secure association with heart 1010 also ensures that the mechanical energies associated with the multi-dimensional motion of heart 1010 are more efficiently absorbed and utilized by micro-generator device 1100. Device 1100 may have a tube shape, and may be either solid or flexible. Device 1100 may contain flexible and compressible sections to allow following the dynamic shape of the heart. [0182] In another preferred embodiment, provided in FIG. 12 a, housing 1106 of micro-generator 1100 has flexible joints or bellows 1122 for imparting longitudinal flexibility to housing 1106 and for absorbing stresses and pressures (“strain-release”) caused by the natural movements of the heart. [0183] In yet another preferred embodiment, shown schematically in FIG. 12 b, hollow and generally ring-shaped housing 1106 has a narrow tail end 1102 designed and configured for disposing within a wide head end 1105 of housing 1106, so as to enable a “tail-in-head” configuration around the heart. During expansion of the heart, a portion of tail end 1102 is forced out of head end 1105. Subsequently, during contraction of the heart, tail end 1102 penetrates more deeply into head end 1105. Hence, the “tail-in-head” configuration serves to absorb and distribute various stresses and pressures caused by the natural movements of the heart. [0184] Various positionings of coil 1110 along the length of housing 1106 are possible. As described hereinabove, a moving ferromagnetic element (not shown), such as a shaft, ball, etc., is disposed within housing 1106. In one preferred embodiment, conductive coil 1110 is disposed near head end 1105. Tail end 1102 contains a ferromagnetic material, such that throughout the contraction and expansion of the heart, the motion of tail end 1102 with respect to the overlapping portion 1107 of head end 1105 produces electrical energy. In this embodiment, tail end 1102 essentially functions as a moving ferromagnetic shaft, obviating the need for an additional moving ferromagnetic element. [0185] FIG. 13 is a schematic illustration of another embodiment of the present invention, in which housing 1106 of a ring-shaped micro-generator 1100 is divided into a plurality of compartments, each compartment designed to independently generate energy. The length of each of the three longitudinal compartments is defined by partitions 1101. A ferromagnetic ball, or cylindrical shaft or bar 1130 is disposed within each compartment, for moving relative to coils 1110. Coils 1110 are preferably disposed within or around housing 1106. [0186] During each heartbeat, the displacement and twisting of the heart shake and deform micro-generator 1100, causing each ball 1130 to roll or slide along the length of housing 1106, within its respective compartment, so as to induce electricity. [0187] Preferably, bumpers 1135 are disposed at each end of the compartments, to enhance the motion of balls 1130, and to reduce the probability of a ball 1130 sticking to an end of the compartment. [0188] The micro-generator 1100 shown in FIG. 13 has three stand-alone systems working in parallel, each system designed to provide the requisite power for the implant device, such that even if one or two systems fail over time, for whatever reason, micro-generator 1100 continues to provide sufficient power. This is especially important for implanted systems, which must be robustly and reliably designed to operate over many years without fail. [0189] According to another embodiment of the present invention is schematically illustrated in FIG. 14. A generally arc-shaped micro-generator 1100 has a first end 1104 of the housing for securing to heart tissue, and a second end having at least one degree of freedom to move in response to movement of the heart tissue. [0190] By way of example, first end 1104 of micro-generator 1100 is inserted underneath pericardium 1025, and anchored at points 1142 to the heart (myocardium) by sutures or staples Compartment 1101, containing a ferromagnetic ball 1130, is disposed within the free end of micro-generator 1100, and is encompassed by one or more conductive coils 1110. During movements of the heart, compartment 1101 is flung, causing ball 1130 to travel longitudinally therein so as to produce electricity. The ends of compartment 1101 are equipped with bumpers 1135, as elaborated hereinabove. Micro-generator 1100 is advantageously positioned in such a way that compartment 1101 is on the outside of the pericardium, and may be moved back and forth inside a tube located there. In such a configuration a hole in the pericardium is needed. Moving parts are enclosed by the tube to avoid friction with living tissue. [0191] In another embodiment of the present invention, a schematic cross-section of which is provided in FIG. 15, a housing 1106 of micro-generator 1100 is equipped with a flared sidewall 1146 for distributing pressures 1150 resulting from movement of the heart tissue. Since, the available area for distributing these pressures is greatly increased, the pressures exerted on the pericardium 1025, per unit area, are reduced. Hence the stress placed on any area having a suture, staple, or other affixing means, is correspondingly lowered, such that the connection between micro-generator 1100 and epicardium 1020 (or other heart tissue) is more robust. Optionally or additionally, flared sidewall 1146 can be oriented in the direction of myocardium 1030, so as to reduce the pressure (or “footprint”) exerted on the myocardium. [0192] FIG. 16 is a schematic illustration of internally-powered pacemaker system 50 (see system 50 of FIG. 1 b) disposed between myocardium 1030 and epicardium 1020, along a cleavage plane 1062. [0193] Internally-powered pacemaker system 50 enables pacemaker 105 to pace heart 1010 from a position outside of myocardium 1030. This obviates the need for replacing an expended battery, the need for a lead wire, and the need for puncturing the myocardium with the lead wire (to secure the lead) and introducing the lead wire into the chambers (ventricle 1040 and/or atrium) of the heart. [0194] In another preferred embodiment, internally-powered pacemaker system 50 is disposed within pericardium 1025. In yet another preferred embodiment, internally-powered pacemaker system 50 is disposed within the coronary sinus (not shown). [0195] The insertion of the inventive device into the coronary sinus can be accomplished by one skilled in the art, using known procedures. At present, most of the devices associated with craniological treatments like coronary stents, pacemakers, and internal defibrillator devices are introduced to the heart via the blood vessels, and the introduction of the inventive device into the coronary sinus involves no additional technological hurdles. [0196] The insertion of the inventive device into the pericardium 1025 can also be accomplished by one skilled in the art, using other known procedures, many of which are related to laparoscopy. During the past few years, minimally invasive procedures based on laparoscopy and the like have been introduced to the medical community. These kinds of procedures are characterized by fast recovery, shorter hospitalization time, and low morbidity. Such procedures are being used in the removal of gall bladder stones, treating hernias, and various gynecological procedures. [0197] The suggested method makes use of the wide experience already accumulated in laparoscopic procedures, and can make use of some laparoscopes already in the market. The method of inserting the micro-generator device and other devices associated therewith is preferably performed as follows: 1. A standard laparoscope with a viewing channel, an optical channel (for bringing light inside), and a working channel is inserted in the body in proximity to the heart. 2. A punch in the pericardium is performed through the working channel, using standard techniques. 3. The cleavage plane between the myocardium and the pericardium (or epicardium) is revealed. 4. A balloon is inserted to expand the cleavage plane. 5. The inventive device is inserted via the working channel. 6. The above steps should be performed under vision, using the laparoscope viewing channel, and may be confirmed by other means, including x-rays, ultra-sound and other modalities. 7. Anchoring the device to the heart tissue is done through the working channel of the laparoscope. It should be emphasized that in order to push an arc-shaped or curved implant device, a flexible laparoscope, or a modified laparoscope should be used, so as to allow a smooth deployment through the working channel. [0205] Although the invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims. All publications, patents and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated in their entirety by reference into the specification, to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated herein by reference. In addition, citation or identification of any reference in this application shall not be construed as an admission that such reference is available as prior art to the present invention. 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INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:HOLZER, ASHER;REEL/FRAME:016469/0931Effective date: 20050329RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services