Source: http://www.google.com/patents/US6714683?dq=5,884,271
Timestamp: 2016-09-27 16:14:24
Document Index: 134660587

Matched Legal Cases: ['Application No. 09', 'Application No. 09', 'Application No. 09', 'Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60']

Patent US6714683 - Wavelet based feature modulation watermarks and related applications - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsA watermark embedder decomposes a media signal from its perceptual domain to subbands and embeds a message signal in the edge information of neighboring coefficients of those subbands. A compatible watermark decoder decomposes the watermarked signal into subbands and demodulates the message signal from...http://www.google.com/patents/US6714683?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US6714683 - Wavelet based feature modulation watermarks and related applicationsAdvanced Patent SearchTry the new Google Patents, with machine-classified Google Scholar results, and Japanese and South Korean patents.Publication numberUS6714683 B1Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 09/645,779Publication dateMar 30, 2004Filing dateAug 24, 2000Priority dateAug 24, 2000Fee statusPaidAlso published asUS6683966Publication number09645779, 645779, US 6714683 B1, US 6714683B1, US-B1-6714683, US6714683 B1, US6714683B1InventorsJun Tian, Stephen K. DeckerOriginal AssigneeDigimarc CorporationExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (32), Non-Patent Citations (51), Referenced by (134), Classifications (21), Legal Events (8) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetWavelet based feature modulation watermarks and related applications
US 6714683 B1Abstract
A watermark embedder decomposes a media signal from its perceptual domain to subbands and embeds a message signal in the edge information of neighboring coefficients of those subbands. A compatible watermark decoder decomposes the watermarked signal into subbands and demodulates the message signal from the edge information of neighboring coefficients. In addition to the message signal, the embedder may also encode an orientation signal to synchronize the decoder with the embedded signal in a distorted version of the watermarked signal. The watermark system may be used in a variety of applications, including robustly carrying metadata or links to metadata, and to detect alterations of the watermarked signal, such as alterations due to printing, scanning, compression, etc.
decomposing the media signal from a perceptual domain to subbands, each subband including a set of coefficients within a frequency range; embedding a message signal having two or more elements into at least one of the subbands, including: for each message element, selecting a group of neighboring coefficients in a subband, and modulating edge information in the neighboring coefficients to encode the message element; and after embedding the message signal, inverse transforming the decomposed media signal into the perceptual domain. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the media signal is an image.
repeating the decomposing and embedding in segments of the media signal. 4. The method of claim 3 wherein the media signal is an image and the segments are blocks of image samples.
embedding a watermark orientation signal into the media signal, which enables orientation of the message signal to be computed. 6. The method of claim 1 including:
in a subband at a first level of resolution, selecting N largest coefficients, where N is a predetermined number; wherein selecting the group of coefficients for a message element includes selecting children coefficients of one of the N largest coefficients in a second higher level of resolution. 7. The method of claim 1 including:
embedding message elements in groups of neighboring coefficients throughout at least one subband. 8. The method of claim 7 including repeatedly embedding the message signal in two or more subbands.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein the message signal is a binary signal and the message elements have binary values.
10. The method of claim 9 wherein the message signal is spread spectrum modulated before embedding.
11. The method of claim 9 wherein the message signal is error correction encoded before embedding.
12. A computer readable medium having software for performing the method of claim 1.
13. A method of decoding a message signal that has been embedded in a media signal such that the message signal is substantially imperceptible in a perceptual domain of the media signal, the method comprising:
decomposing the media signal from a perceptual domain to subbands, each subband including a set of coefficients within a frequency range; decoding a message signal having two or more elements from at least one of the subbands, including: for each message element, selecting a group of neighboring coefficients in a subband, and demodulating edge information in the neighboring coefficients to decode the message element. 14. The method of claim 13 wherein the media signal is an image.
15. The method of claim 13 wherein instances of the message signal are embedded in two or more subbands; and including:
decoding each of the instances from the subbands; comparing the instances with a reference to determine alteration of the media signal. 16. The method of claim 15 wherein the reference comprises an instance decoded from another subband of the media signal.
17. The method of claim 15 wherein a result of the comparison is output to a user to indicate alteration of the media signal.
18. The method of claim 15 wherein the result of the comparison is evaluated relative to a characterization of an alteration to detect a type of alteration.
19. The method of claim 18 wherein the type of alteration comprises compression of the media signal.
20. The method of claim 18 wherein the media signal is an image on a physical object and the type of alteration comprises copying of the physical object.
21. The method of claim 13 wherein the message signal includes a hash of the media signal.
22. The method of claim 21 wherein the hash comprises a hash computed of watermarked coefficients of one subband, and the hash is embedded in coefficients of a different subband.
extracting the hash from the message signal and comparing it with a hash re-computed from the media signal. 24. A computer readable medium having software for performing the method of claim 13.
25. A watermark embedder for embedding auxiliary information in a media signal such that the auxiliary information is substantially imperceptible, the embedder comprising:
a wavelet transform operator for decomposing the media signal from a perceptual domain to subbands, each subband including a set of coefficients within a frequency range; and a message encoder for embedding a message signal having two or more elements into at least one of the subbands, the embedder operable to modulate edge information in neighboring coefficients of a subband to encode the message elements. 26. The embedder of claim 25 wherein the message elements are embedded by modulating relative differences between neighboring coefficients.
27. A watermark decoder for decoding auxiliary information from a media signal in which the auxiliary information has been embedded so as to be substantially imperceptible in a perceptual domain of the media signal, the decoder comprising:
a wavelet transform operator for decomposing the media signal from a perceptual domain to subbands, each subband including a set of coefficients within a frequency range; and a message decoder for decoding a message signal having two or more elements into at least one of the subbands, the decoder operable to demodulate edge information in neighboring coefficients of a subband to decode the message elements. 28. The decoder of claim 27 wherein the message elements are decoded by a demodulation operator that computes the relative differences between neighboring coefficients and estimating the message elements from the polarity computed by the demodulation operator.
The present assignee's work in steganography, data hiding and watermarking is reflected in U.S. Pat. No. 5,862,260; in application Ser. No. 09/503,881 and now U.S. Pat. No. 6,408,082; and in published specifications WO 9953428 and WO0007356 (corresponding to U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,449,377 and 6,345,104). A great many other approaches are familiar to those skilled in the art. The artisan is presumed to be familiar with the full range of literature about steganography, data hiding and watermarking.
The invention provides a wavelet based, feature modulation watermark system and methods. In addition, it provides a variety of fragile and semi-fragile watermark systems and methods that may be used to detect alteration or copying of watermarked signals or physical objects.
One aspect of the invention is a watermark embedder. The watermark embedder decomposes a media signal from its perceptual domain to subbands and embeds a message signal in the edge information of neighboring coefficients of those subbands.
Another aspect of the invention is a watermark decoder. The watermark decoder decomposes the watermarked signal into subbands and demodulates the message signal from the edge information of neighboring coefficients.
After transforming the image, the encoder may optionally evaluate coefficients to select a subset for embedding elements of an auxiliary message (106). Alternatively, the encoder may simply select all coefficients in certain bands for encoding the auxiliary message. Each discrete element of a binary message signal is mapped to a group of wavelet coefficients. In this implementation for example, each element maps to four coefficients in a given band. One way to select the coefficients is to define an ordering of the wavelet coefficients, select the N largest magnitude coefficients of a particular band, and then modify children coefficients of each of the N coefficients. To illustrate the concept of children coefficients, FIG. 2 shows an example of a parent coefficient X in a subband (HL2), and corresponding four children a, b, c, d at the same relative spatial location in the next, higher resolution level (HL1) in the wavelet decomposition.
In this particular encoder, the auxiliary message signal is a binary-valued signal, comprising a sequence of values of {1 ,−1}. The sequence is represented as S=(S1,S2, . . . ,SM), where M is the message length.
In some applications, the watermarked signal may be subjected to various types of distortion, including geometric transformation. As such, it is useful to incorporate features into the watermark that enable the decoder to detect the watermark in a signal suspected of containing a watermark and to determine its orientation parameters, such as its origin (translation), rotation, scale, affine transform parameters, shear, differential scale, etc. One such feature is a watermark synchronization signal or orientation signal. One example is an orientation signal that is expressed as a collection of impulse or “delta” functions in the Fourier magnitude domain having pseudorandom phase. Various forms of correlation operations may be used to detect the orientation signal and determine its orientation parameters as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,862,260, and in application Ser. No. 09/503,881, filed Feb. 14, 2000; which is incorporated by reference. For example, a decoder may correlate a reference orientation signal with a signal suspected of containing a watermark. The amount of correlation can be used to determine whether the watermark is likely present. The resulting orientation parameters may be used to align the watermarked signal to approximate the geometric position of the signal at the time of encoding. Then, the decoder may extract the auxiliary message from the re-aligned signal data.
Consider an example where a message of length M is embedded repeatedly in different levels of decomposition in each of several blocks of an image using the embedding function described above. Since the number of coefficients decreases with decreasing level of resolution, the number of messages that may be repeated in each level of decomposition decreases. Nevertheless, the messages decoded from each level can be compared with each other, and with messages of different levels. Assume a 128 by 128 sample image block size, a 48 bit message, and groups of two by two coefficients carrying a single bit of information. The message can be repeated 64 times at level 1, 16 times at level 2, 4 times at level 3, and 1 time at level 4 of the wavelet decomposition. For each level, there is at least one instance of the watermark message Wij, where i represents the level of decomposition and j the instance of the watermark message. To check for degradation of the watermark, the decoder compares corresponding instances of the message from different levels, and also compares instances of the message within a given level. If differences in the messages exceed a threshold, the decoder can identify such differences and associate them with known types of transformations that cause such differences.
The decoder may be tuned to detect certain types of alterations based on characterizations of alterations that commonly occur. For example, commercially available printers and scanners may introduce certain types of noise and distortion that can be characterized in terms of their changes to a media signal and the watermark signalembedded in it. Specifically, printers and scanners introduce resampling, aliasing, and/or low pass filtering transformations on the power spectrum of an image. To detect processing by commercial grade scanners and printers, these transformations are characterized in terms of the effect that they have on animage signal and on the watermark signal. These transformations are characterized in a manner that distinguishes them from transformations introduced by a higher quality, forensic grade image scanner.
The watermark decoder then evaluates whether these effects are present in the image and watermark signals derived from a forensic grade scanned image of a watermarked object. The watermark decoder produces evaluation results that indicate whether a watermarked object (document, card, label, etc.) has been copied based on characterization of the transformations that typically occur when objects are copied on common using common reproduction devices, such as copiers, printers, scanners, etc. The watermark decoder can trigger any of a number of actions in response to detecting a form of alteration or degradation that corresponds to acharacterized transformation, such as displaying an indicator of the alteration, indicating where the alteration occurred (e.g., which image block or blocks), displaying the possible types of alteration that occurred (e.g., cropping, commercial grade scanning or printing, etc.), recording a record of the detected alteration (e.g., user and device identifier and address data to covertly trace unauthorized use by user and device), inhibiting use, rendering, or transfer of the watermarked signal, etc.
Concluding Remarks Having described and illustrated the principles of the technology with reference to specific implementations, it will be recognized that the technology can be implemented in many other, different, forms. In addition, it can be used in many different applications, including linking media signals to metadata and actions(e.g., watermark payload that carries a direct or indirect link to information, a device, or program), carrying hidden information secretly and imperceptibly in audio, video or image signals, controlling rendering, use, or transfer of the media signal in which a watermark is embedded, detecting alteration or copying of awatermarked physical or electronic object, etc. To provide a comprehensive disclosure without unduly lengthening the specification, applicants incorporate by reference the patents and patent applications referenced above.
The methods, processes, and systems described above may be implemented in hardware, software or a combination of hardware and software. For example, the auxiliary data encoding processes may be implemented in a programmable computer or special purpose digital circuitry. Similarly, auxiliary data decoding may be implemented in software, firmware, hardware, or combinations of software, firmware and hardware.
The methods and processes described above may be implemented in software or firmware programs executed from a system's memory (a computer readable medium, such as an electronic, optical or magnetic storage device).
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