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Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 1028', '§ 1028', '§ 2', '§ 44', '§ 7023', '§ 1205', '§ 330016', '§ 211', '§ 601', '§ 3', '§ 3', '§ 607', '§ 2', '§ 7216', '§ 203', '§ 603', '§ 603', '§ 603', '§ 603', '§ 603', '§ 603', '§ 203', '§ 3', '§ 3', '§ 3', '§ 3', '§ 7216', '§ 3', '§ 2', '§ 607', '§ 607', '§ 607', '§ 607', '§ 607', '§ 607', '§ 607', '§ 607', '§ 607', '§ 607', '§ 607', '§ 607', '§ 607', '§ 607', '§ 607', '§ 607', '§ 607', '§ 607', '§ 607', '§ 607', '§ 607', '§ 607', '§ 607', '§ 607', '§ 607', '§ 3', '§ 3', '§ 3', '§ 3', '§ 3', '§ 3', '§ 3', '§ 3', '§ 3', '§ 3', '§ 3', '§ 3', '§ 3', '§ 3', '§ 3', '§ 3']

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18 U.S.C.A. § 1028
Effective: March 09, 2006
Title 18. Crimes and Criminal Procedure (Refs & Annos)
Part I. Crimes (Refs & Annos)
Chapter 47. Fraud and False Statements (Refs & Annos)
§ 1028. Fraud and related activity in connection with identification documents, authentication features, and information [FN1]
(A) the production or transfer of an identification document, authentication feature, or false identification document that is or appears to be--
(2) except as provided in paragraphs (3) and (4), a fine under this title or imprisonment for not more than 5 years, or both, if the offense is--
(A) any other production, transfer, or use of a means of identification, an identification document,, [FN2] authentication feature, or a false identification document; or
(3) a fine under this title or imprisonment for not more than 20 years, or both, if the offense is committed--
(c) The circumstance referred to in subsection (a) of this section is that--
(2) the offense is an offense under subsection (a) (4) of this section; or
(1) the term "authentication feature" means any hologram, watermark, certification, symbol, code, image, sequence of numbers or letters, or other feature that either individually or in combination with another feature is used by the issuing authority on an identification document, document-making implement, or means of identification to determine if the document is counterfeit, altered, or otherwise falsified;
(2) the term "document-making implement" means any implement, impression, template, computer file, computer disc, electronic device, or computer hardware or software, that is specifically configured or primarily used for making an identification document, a false identification document, or another document-making implement;
(3) the term "identification document" means a document made or issued by or under the authority of the United States Government, a State, political subdivision of a State, a sponsoring entity of an event designated as a special event of national significance, a foreign government, political subdivision of a foreign government, an international governmental or an international quasi-governmental organization which, when completed with information concerning a particular individual, is of a type intended or commonly accepted for the purpose of identification of individuals;
(4) the term "false identification document" means a document of a type intended or commonly accepted for the purposes of identification of individuals that--
(5) the term "false authentication feature" means an authentication feature that--
(6) the term "issuing authority"--
(7) the term "means of identification" means any name or number that may be used, alone or in conjunction with any other information, to identify a specific individual, including any--
(8) the term "personal identification card" means an identification document issued by a State or local government solely for the purpose of identification;
(9) the term "produce" includes alter, authenticate, or assemble;
(10) the term "transfer" includes selecting an identification document, false identification document, or document-making implement and placing or directing the placement of such identification document, false identification document, or document-making implement on an online location where it is available to others;
(11) the term "State" includes any State of the United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and any other commonwealth, possession, or territory of the United States; and
(12) the term "traffic" means--
(f) Attempt and conspiracy.--Any person who attempts or conspires to commit any offense under this section shall be subject to the same penalties as those prescribed for the offense, the commission of which was the object of the attempt or conspiracy.
(g) Forfeiture procedures.--The forfeiture of property under this section, including any seizure and disposition of the property and any related judicial or administrative proceeding, shall be governed by the provisions of section 413 (other than subsection (d) of that section) of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 (21 U.S.C. 853).
(h) Forfeiture; disposition.--In the circumstance in which any person is convicted of a violation of subsection (a), the court shall order, in addition to the penalty prescribed, the forfeiture and destruction or other disposition of all illicit authentication features, identification documents, document-making implements, or means of identification.
(i) Rule of construction.--For purpose of subsection (a)(7), a single identification document or false identification document that contains 1 or more means of identification shall be construed to be 1 means of identification.
(Added Pub.L. 97-398, § 2, Dec. 31, 1982, 96 Stat. 2009, and amended Pub.L. 99-646, § 44(a), Nov. 10, 1986, 100 Stat. 3601; Pub.L. 100-690, Title VII, § 7023, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4397; Pub.L. 101-647, Title XII, § 1205(e), Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4831; Pub.L. 103-322, Title XXXIII, § 330016(1)(K), (M), (O), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147, 2148; Pub.L. 104-208, Div. C, Title II, § 211(a)(1), Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009-569; Pub.L. 104-294, Title VI, § 601(a)(3), (p), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3498, 3502; Pub.L. 105-318, § 3(a) to (g), (h)(1), Oct. 30, 1998, 112 Stat. 3007 to 3009; Pub.L. 106-578, § 3, Title VI, Dec. 28, 2000, 114 Stat. 3076; Pub.L. 108-21, Title VI, § 607(b), Apr. 30, 2003, 117 Stat. 689; Pub.L. 108-275, § § 2(c), 3, July 15, 2004, 118 Stat. 832; Pub.L. 108- 458, Title VII, § 7216, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3833; Pub.L. 109-13, Div. B, Title II, § 203(a), May 11, 2005, 119 Stat. 315; Pub.L. 109-177, Title VI, § 603, Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 253.)
[FN1] Section catchline amended by Pub.L. 108-21 without corresponding amendment to analysis.
[FN2] So in original.
1982 Acts. House Report No. 97-802 and House Conference Report No. 97- 975, see 1982 U.S. Code Cong. and Adm. News, p. 3519.
1986 Acts. House Report No. 99-797, see 1986 U.S. Code Cong. and Adm. News, p. 6138.
1990 Acts. House Report Nos. 101-681(Parts I and II), 101-736, Senate Report No. 101-460, and Statement by President, see 1990 U.S. Code Cong. and Adm. News, p. 6472.
1994 Acts. House Report Nos. 103-324 and 103-489 and House Conference Report No. 103-711, see 1994 U.S. Code Cong. and Adm. News, p. 1801.
1996 Acts. House Report No. 104-788, see 1996 U.S. Code Cong. and Adm. News, p. 4021.
2003 Acts. House Conference Report No. 108-66 and Statement by President, see 2003 U.S. Code Cong. and Adm. News, p. 683.
2004 Acts. House Report No. 108-528, see 2004 U.S. Code Cong. and Adm. News, p. 779.
Statement by President, see 2004 U.S. Code Cong. and Adm. News, p. S15.
House Conference Report No. 108-796, see 2004 U.S. Code Cong. and Adm. News, p. 3178.
Statement by President, see 2004 U.S. Code Cong. and Adm. News, p. S51.
2005 Acts. House Conference Report No. 109-72, see 2005 U.S. Code Cong. and Adm. News, p. 240.
2006 Acts. House Conference Report No. 109-333, see 2006 U.S. Code Cong. and Adm. News, p. 184.
Statement by President, see 2006 U.S. Code Cong. and Adm. News, p. S7.
2006 Amendments. Subsec. (a)(6). Pub.L. 109-177, § 603(1), inserted "or a sponsoring entity of an event designated as a special event of national significance" after "United States".
Subsec. (c)(1). Pub.L. 109-177, § 603(2), inserted "or a sponsoring entity of an event designated as a special event of national significance" after "United States".
Subsec. (d)(3). Pub.L. 109-177, § 603(3), inserted "a sponsoring entity of an event designated as a special event of national significance," after "political subdivision of a State,".
Subsec. (d)(4)(B). Pub.L. 109-177, § 603(4), inserted "a sponsoring entity of an event designated by the President as a special event of national significance," after "political subdivision of a State,".
Subsec. (d)(6)(B). Pub.L. 109-177, § 603(4), inserted "a sponsoring entity of an event designated by the President as a special event of national significance," after "political subdivision of a State,".
2005 Amendments. Subsec. (a)(8). Pub.L. 109-13, Div. B, § 203(a), struck out "false authentication features" and inserted "false or actual authentication features".
2004 Amendments. Subsec. (a)(7). Pub.L. 108-275, § 3(1)(A), struck out "transfers" and inserted "transfers, possesses," before "or uses, without lawful authority,".
Pub.L. 108-275, § 3(1)(B), struck out "abet" and inserted "abet, or in connection with," before "any unlawful activity that constitutes a violation of Federal law,".
Subsec. (b)(1)(D). Pub.L. 108-275, § 3(2), struck out "transfer" and inserted "transfer, possession," before "of 1 or more means of identification".
Subsec. (b)(2). Pub.L. 108-275, § 3(3), struck out "three years" and inserted "5 years" after "for not more than".
Subsec. (b)(4). Pub.L. 108-458, § 7216, struck out "25 years" and inserted "30 years".
Pub.L. 108-275, § 3(4), inserted "an act of domestic terrorism (as defined under section 2331(5) of this title) or" after "if the offense is committed to facilitate".
Subsec. (d). Pub.L. 108-275, § 2(c), inserted "and section 1028A" after "In this section" in introductory provisions.
2003 Amendments. Heading. Pub.L. 108-21, § 607(b)(6), inserted ", authentication features," after "documents".
Subsec. (a)(1). Pub.L. 108-21, § 607(b)(1)(A), inserted ", authentication feature," after " an identification document".
Subsec. (a)(2). Pub.L. 108-21, § 607(b)(1)(B), inserted ", authentication feature," after "an identification document", and inserted "or feature" after "such document";
Subsec. (a)(3). Pub.L. 108-21, § 607(b)(1)(C), inserted ", authentication features," after " possessor)"
Subsec. (a)(4). Pub.L. 108-21, § 607(b)(1)(D), inserted ", authentication feature," after "possessor)", and inserted "or feature" after "such document".
Subsec. (a)(5). Pub.L. 108-21, § 607(b)(1)(E), inserted "or authentication feature" after " implement" each place that term appears.
Subsec. (a)(6). Pub.L. 108-21, § 607(b)(1)(F), inserted "or authentication feature" before "that is or appears"; inserted "or authentication feature" before "of the United States"; inserted "or feature" after "such document"; and struck out "or" at the end.
Subsec. (a)(7). Pub.L. 108-21, § 607(b)(1)(G), inserted "or" after the semicolon.
Subsec. (a)(8). Pub.L. 108-21, § 607(b)(1)(H), added par. (8).
Subsec. (b)(1)(A). Pub.L. 108-21, § 607(b)(2)(A)(i)(I), inserted ", authentication feature," before "or false".
Subsec. (b)(1)(A)(i). Pub.L. 108-21, § 607(b)(2)(A)(i)(II), inserted "or authentication feature" after " document".
Subsec. (b)(1)(B). Pub.L. 108-21, § 607(b)(2)(A)(ii), inserted ", authentication features," before "or false".
Subsec. (b)(2)(A). Pub.L. 108-21, § 607(b)(2)(B), inserted ", authentication feature," before "or a false".
Subsec. (c)(1). Pub.L. 108-21, § 607(b)(3), inserted ", authentication feature," before "or false" each place that term appears.
Subsec. (d)(1). Pub.L. 108-21, § 607(b)(4)(A), (B), added par. (1) and redesignated former par. (1) as (2).
Subsec. (d)(2) to (4). Pub.L. 108-21, § 607(b)(4)(A), redesignated former pars. (1), (2), and (3) as (2), (3), and (4), respectively, and redesignated former par. (4) as (7).
Subsec. (d)(4)(A). Pub.L. 108-21, § 607(b)(4)(A), (C), in redesignated subpar. (4)(A), inserted "or was issued under the authority of a governmental entity but was subsequently altered for purposes of deceit" after "entity".
Subsec. (d)(5), (6). Pub.L. 108-21, § 607(b)(4)(A), (D), added pars. (5) and (6), and redesignated former pars. (5) and (6) as (8) and (9), respectively.
Subsec. (d)(7), (8). Pub.L. 108-21, § 607(b)(4)(A), redesignated former pars. (4) and (5) as (7) and (8), respectively, and redesignated former pars. (7) and (8) as (10) and (11).
Subsec. (d)(9). Pub.L. 108-21, § 607(b)(4)(A), redesignated former par. (6) as (9).
Subsec. (d)(10). Pub.L. 108-21, § 607(b)(4)(A), (E), redesignated former par. (7) as (10), and in par. (10) as so redesignated, struck out "and" at the end.
Subsec. (d)(11). Pub.L. 108-21, § 607(b)(4)(A), (F), redesignated former par. (8) as (11), and in par. (11) as so redesignated, struck out the period at the end and inserted "; and".
Subsec. (d)(12). Pub.L. 108-21, § 607(b)(4)(G), added par. 12.
Subsec. (h). Pub.L. 108-21, § 607(b)(5), redesignated former subsec. (h) as (i) and added new subsec. (h).
Subsec. (i). Pub.L. 108-21, § 607(b)(5)(A), redesignated former subsec. (h) as (i).
2000 Amendments. Subsec. (c)(3)(A). Pub.L. 106-578, § 3(1), in subpar. (A), inserted ", including the transfer of a document by electronic means".
Subsec. (d). Pub.L. 106-578, § 3(2), rewrote subsec. (d), which formerly read: "In this section--
"(1) the term 'document-making implement' means any implement, impression, electronic device, or computer hardware or software, that is specifically configured or primarily used for making an identification document, a false identification document, or another document-making implement;
"(2) the term 'identification document' means a document made or issued by or under the authority of the United States Government, a State, political subdivision of a State, a foreign government, political subdivision of a foreign government, an international governmental or an international quasi-governmental organization which, when completed with information concerning a particular individual, is of a type intended or commonly accepted for the purpose of identification of individuals;
"(3) the term 'means of identification' means any name or number that may be used, alone or in conjunction with any other information, to identify a specific individual, including any--
"(A) name, social security number, date of birth, official State or government issued driver's license or identification number, alien registration number, government passport number, employer or taxpayer identification number;
"(B) unique biometric data, such as fingerprint, voice print, retina or iris image, or other unique physical representation;
"(C) unique electronic identification number, address, or routing code; or
"(D) telecommunication identifying information or access device (as defined in section 1029(e));
"(4) the term 'personal identification card' means an identification document issued by a State or local government solely for the purpose of identification;
"(5) the term 'produce' includes alter, authenticate, or assemble; and
"(6) the term 'State' includes any State of the United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and any other commonwealth, possession, or territory of the United States.".
1998 Amendments. Nameline. Pub.L. 105-318, § 3(h)(1), added "and information" at the end.
Subsec. (a). Pub.L. 105-318, § 3(a)(3), struck out "or attempts to do so," in the flush paragraph following par. (7).
Subsec. (a)(5). Pub.L. 105-318, § 3(a)(1), struck out "or" at the end of par. (5).
Subsec. (a)(6). Pub.L. 105-318, § 3(a)(2), added "or" at the end of par. (6).
Subsec. (a)(7). Pub.L. 105-318, § 3(a)(4), added par. (7).
Subsec. (b)(1)(D). Pub.L. 105-318, § 3(b)(1), added subpar. (D).
Subsec. (b)(2)(A). Pub.L. 105-318, § 3(b)(2)(A), struck out "or transfer of an identification document or" and inserted ", transfer, or use of a means of identification, an identification document, or a".
Subsec. (b)(2)(B). Pub.L. 105-318, § 3(b)(2)(B), inserted "or (7)" after "(3)".
Subsec. (b)(3). Pub.L. 105-318, § 3(b)(3), rewrote par. (3), which formerly read: "a fine under this title or imprisonment for not more than 20 years, or both, if the offense is committed to facilitate a drug trafficking crime (as defined in section 929(a)(2) of this title);".
Subsec. (b)(4). Pub.L. 105-318, § 3(b)(4), struck out "and" at the end of par. (4).
Subsec. (b)(5). Pub.L. 105-318, § 3(b)(5),(6), added par. (5) and redesignated former par. (5) as par. (6).
Subsec. (b)(6). Pub.L. 105-318, § 3(b)(5), redesignated former par. (5) as par. (6).
Subsec. (c)(3). Pub.L. 105-318, § 3(c), rewrote par. (3), which formerly read: "the production, transfer, or possession prohibited by this section is in or affects interstate or foreign commerce, or the identification document, false identification document, or document-making implement is transported in the mail in the course of the production, transfer, or possession prohibited by this section."
Subsec. (d). Pub.L. 105-318, § 3(d), rewrote subsec. (d) which formerly read: "As used in this section--
"(1) the term 'identification document' means a document made or issued by or under the authority of the United States Government, a State, political subdivision of a State, a foreign government, political subdivision of a foreign government, an international governmental or an international quasi-governmental organization which, when completed with information concerning a particular individual, is of a type intended or commonly accepted for the purpose of identification of individuals;