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1 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD NORME INTERNATIONALE IEC Edition Nuclear power plants Instrumentation important to safety Radiation monitoring for accident and post-accident conditions Part 2: Equipment for continuous off-line monitoring of radioactivity in gaseous effluents and ventilation air Centrales nucléaires de puissance Instrumentation importante pour la sûreté Surveillance des rayonnements pour les conditions accidentelles et postaccidentelles Partie 2: Matériels pour la surveillance des rayonnements en continu avec prélèvements dans les effluents gazeux et l air de ventilation IEC :20092 THIS PUBLICATION IS COPYRIGHT PROTECTED Copyright 2009 IEC, Geneva, Switzerland All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either IEC or IEC's member National Committee in the country of the requester. 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IEC Central Office 3, rue de Varembé CH-1211 Geneva 20 Switzerland Web: About the IEC The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the leading global organization that prepares and publishes International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies. About IEC publications The technical content of IEC publications is kept under constant review by the IEC. Please make sure that you have the latest edition, a corrigenda or an amendment might have been published. Catalogue of IEC publications: The IEC on-line Catalogue enables you to search by a variety of criteria (reference number, text, technical committee, ). It also gives information on projects, withdrawn and replaced publications. IEC Just Published: Stay up to date on all new IEC publications. Just Published details twice a month all new publications released. Available on-line and also by . 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Service Clients: Si vous désirez nous donner des commentaires sur cette publication ou si vous avez des questions, visitez le FAQ du Service clients ou contactez-nous: Tél.: Fax:3 IEC Edition INTERNATIONAL STANDARD NORME INTERNATIONALE Nuclear power plants Instrumentation important to safety Radiation monitoring for accident and post-accident conditions Part 2: Equipment for continuous off-line monitoring of radioactivity in gaseous effluents and ventilation air Centrales nucléaires de puissance Instrumentation importante pour la sûreté Surveillance des rayonnements pour les conditions accidentelles et postaccidentelles Partie 2: Matériels pour la surveillance des rayonnements en continu avec prélèvements dans les effluents gazeux et l air de ventilation INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION COMMISSION ELECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALE PRICE CODE CODE PRIX Q ICS ISBN Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission Marque déposée de la Commission Electrotechnique Internationale4 IEC:2009 CONTENTS FOREWORD...3 INTRODUCTION Scope Normative references Terms and definitions Design principles General Basic requirements related to functions Sampling assembly General Measurement technique requirements Requirements on filters and collecting devices Requirements on sampling circuit and materials Functional Testing General Reference sources Performance characteristics : Response to other radioactive gases or particles Requirements Test method Air circuit performance test General Monitor sampling efficiency Susceptibility to gas or particles retention Relative error of the volume and flow rate measurement Flow-rate stability Effect of filter pressure drop Effect of power supply voltage on the flow rate Effect of power supply frequency on the flow rate...16 Table 1 Overview of the standards covering the domain of radiation monitoring...5 Table 2 Additional tests to complement the general tests required in IEC5 IEC: INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS INSTRUMENTATION IMPORTANT TO SAFETY RADIATION MONITORING FOR ACCIDENT AND POST-ACCIDENT CONDITIONS Part 2: Equipment for continuous off-line monitoring of radioactivity in gaseous effluents and ventilation air FOREWORD 1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications, Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as IEC Publication(s) ). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and nongovernmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations. 2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all interested IEC National Committees. 3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any misinterpretation by any end user. 4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in the latter. 5) IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any equipment declared to be in conformity with an IEC Publication. 6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication. 7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC Publications. 8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is indispensable for the correct application of this publication. 9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. International Standard IEC has been prepared by subcommittee 45A: Instrumentation and control of nuclear facilities, of IEC technical committee 45: Nuclear instrumentation. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 1988, as well as IEC , published in This edition constitutes a technical revision. The main technical changes with regard to the previous edition are as follows: To clarify the definitions. To update the references to new standards published since the first issue. To update the units of radiation.6 IEC:2009 This standard is to be read in conjunction with IEC The text of this standard is based on the following documents: FDIS 45A/735/FDIS Report on voting 45A/757/RVD Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on voting indicated in the above table. This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. A list of all parts of IEC series, under the general title Nuclear power plants Instrumentation important to safety Radiation monitoring for accident and post-accident conditions, can be found on the IEC website. The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until the maintenance result date indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be reconfirmed, withdrawn, replaced by a revised edition, or amended.7 IEC: INTRODUCTION a) Technical background, main issues and organisation of the standard This IEC standard specifically focuses on radiation monitoring systems used for accident and post-accident operations. This standard is intended for use by purchasers in developing specifications for their plantspecific radiation monitoring systems and by manufacturers to identify needed product characteristics when developing systems for accident monitoring conditions. Some specific instrument characteristics such as measurement range, required energy response, and ambient environment requirements will depend upon the specific application. In such cases. guidance is provided on determining the specific requirements, but specific requirements themselves are not stated. This standard is one in a series of standards covering post-accident radiation monitors important to safety. The full series is comprised of the following standards. IEC General requirements IEC Equipment for continuous off-line monitoring of radioactivity in gaseous effluents and ventilation air IEC Equipment for continuous high range area gamma monitoring IEC Equipment for continuous in-line or on-line monitoring of radioactivity in process streams b) Situation of the current standard in the structure of the IEC SC 45A standard series The IEC series of standards are at the third level in the hierarchy of SC 45A standards. They provide guidance on the design and testing of radiation monitoring equipment used for accident and post-accident conditions. Other standards developed by SC 45A and SC 45B provide guidance on instruments used for monitoring radiation as part of normal operations. The IEC series provide requirements for equipment for continuous off-line monitoring of radioactivity in gaseous effluents in normal conditions. IEC provides requirements for equipment for continuous off-line monitoring of radioactivity in liquid effluents in normal conditions. IEC provides requirements for equipment for continuous in-line and on-line monitoring of radioactivity in process streams in normal and incident conditions. Finally, ISO 2889 gives guidance on gas and particulate sampling. The relationship between these various radiation monitoring standards is given in Table 1 below. Table 1 Overview of the standards covering the domain of radiation monitoring Developer ISO SC 45A Process and safety monitoring Scope Gas, particulate and iodine with sampling (OFF LINE) Sampling circuits and methods ISO 2889 Accident and postaccident conditions IEC and IEC Normal and incident conditions SC 45B Radiation protection and effluents monitoring IEC series and IEC (noble gases only) Liquid with sampling (OFF LINE) N/A N/A IEC Process streams (gaseous effluents, steam or liquid) without sampling (ON or IN-LINE) N/A IEC and IEC IEC N/A Area monitoring N/A IEC and IEC IEC 605328 IEC:2009 Developer ISO SC 45A Process and safety monitoring Scope Sampling circuits and methods Accident and postaccident conditions Normal and incident conditions SC 45B Radiation protection and effluents monitoring Central system N/A IEC IEC series For more details on the structure of the IEC SC 45A standard series, see item d) of this introduction. c) Recommendations and limitations regarding the application of this standard It is important to note that this Standard establishes no additional functional requirements for safety systems. d) Description of the structure of the IEC SC 45A standard series and relationships with other IEC documents and other bodies documents (IAEA, ISO) The top-level document of the IEC SC 45A standard series is IEC It provides general requirements for I&C systems and equipment that are used to perform functions important to safety in NPPs. IEC structures the IEC SC 45A standard series. IEC refers directly to other IEC SC 45A standards for general topics related to categorization of functions and classification of systems, qualification, separation of systems, defence against common cause failure, software aspects of computer-based systems, hardware aspects of computer-based systems, and control room design. The standards referenced directly at this second level should be considered together with IEC as a consistent document set. At a third level, IEC SC 45A standards not directly referenced by IEC are standards related to specific equipment, technical methods, or specific activities. Usually these documents, which make reference to second-level documents for general topics, can be used on their own. A fourth level extending the IEC SC 45A standard series, corresponds to the Technical Reports which are not normative. IEC has adopted a presentation format similar to the basic safety publication IEC with an overall safety life-cycle framework and a system life-cycle framework and provides an interpretation of the general requirements of IEC , IEC and IEC , for the nuclear application sector. Compliance with IEC will facilitate consistency with the requirements of IEC as they have been interpreted for the nuclear industry. In this framework, IEC and IEC correspond to IEC for the nuclear application sector. IEC refers to ISO standards as well as to IAEA 50-C-QA (now replaced by IAEA GS-R- 3) for topics related to quality assurance (QA). The IEC SC 45A standards series consistently implements and details the principles and basic safety aspects provided in the IAEA code on the safety of NPPs and in the IAEA safety series, in particular the Requirements NS-R-1, establishing safety requirements related to the design of Nuclear Power Plants, and the Safety Guide NS-G-1.3 dealing with instrumentation and control systems important to safety in Nuclear Power Plants. The terminology and definitions used by SC 45A standards are consistent with those used by the IAEA.9 IEC: NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS INSTRUMENTATION IMPORTANT TO SAFETY RADIATION MONITORING FOR ACCIDENT AND POST-ACCIDENT CONDITIONS Part 2: Equipment for continuous off-line monitoring of radioactivity in gaseous effluents and ventilation air 1 Scope This part of IEC provides general guidance on the design principles and performance criteria for equipment for continuous off-line monitoring of radioactivity in gaseous effluents and ventilation air used in nuclear power plants for accident and post-accident conditions. General requirements for technical characteristics, test procedures, radiation characteristics, electrical, mechanical, and environmental characteristics are given in IEC These requirements are applicable in this part unless otherwise stated. This standard is applicable to: noble gas activity monitors intended to measure the volumetric activity of radioactive noble gases in gaseous effluents at the discharge point and the variation of volumetric activity with time during accident and post-accident conditions. The monitor may also be used for the determination of the total discharge of noble gas activity over a given period; noble gas, aerosol and specific nuclide (commonly iodine, in its different forms: inorganic iodine, organic iodine and iodine sticking on dust) monitors intended to measure the volumetric activity in air or gas systems (control room ventilation, reactor leakage collection, drywell ventilation exhaust, fuel handling building ventilation exhaust, reactor building ventilation purge exhaust) and detect any significant increase of radioactivity during or after an accident. This standard is only applicable to continuous off-line measurement, i.e. monitors whose detector measures a representative proportion of the main effluent or ventilation stream at some remote location (sampling assembly). It does not apply to monitors with the detector positioned in or adjacent to the effluent or ventilation stream, which are within the scope of IEC Sample extraction and laboratory analysis, which are essential to a complete programme of effluent monitoring, are not within the scope of this standard. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. IEC :2009, Nuclear power plants Instrumentation important to safety Radiation monitoring for accident and post-accident conditions Part 1: General requirements IEC 61226, Nuclear power plants Instrumentation and control systems important to safety Classification of instrumentation and control functions10 IEC:2009 ISO 2889:2009, Sampling airborne radioactive materials from the stacks and ducts of nuclear facilities 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in IEC apply. 4 Design principles 4.1 General The general requirements of IEC are applicable to all types of monitors within the scope of the present standard, unless otherwise stated. 4.2 Basic requirements related to functions The equipment will typically measure levels of activity in engineered gaseous discharge routes, such as reactor or fuel handling buildings, and ventilation ducts and stacks. It is intended to provide, depending on the required function, a measure of activity discharged to the environment or detection and quantification of leakage in containment barriers, and any useful information on the behaviour of the plant, which causes or allows the activity release. The measurement of activity discharge to the environment should ideally be comprehensive, but since measurement of halogen and particulate activity released in effluents during an accident is more complex, it is often judged that monitoring only noble gases will be sufficient. Therefore, monitors should be capable of detecting and measuring gaseous effluent radioactivity with compositions ranging from fresh equilibrium noble gas fission product mixtures to 10 days old mixtures. Multiple instruments may be needed to cover the effective range of measurements required. Since the measurement is continuously carried out on a sample of effluent or ventilation transferred to a remote location, the detection and measurement assembly shall be installed in an accessible location and in an environment which is compatible with the equipment design limits specified in this standard. This shall be also applicable to the active parts of the sampling assembly (pumps, flow control instruments) requiring maintenance. The other part of the sampling assembly (sampling probe, pipework) may be designed for and located in a harsh environment. In this case, if the monitor is classified according to the guidance of IEC 61226, it should be classified at the same level as the monitor. If qualification is needed, the part of the sampling assembly located in the harsh environment should be environmentally qualified to these specific ambient conditions. If necessary, the system shall indicate a value related to the measured volumetric activity under the conditions of temperature and pressure at the sampling location, agreed upon between the manufacturer and purchaser. They shall also agree on how to correct the expression of measurement if the conditions inside the measuring assembly are different from the calibration conditions. 4.3 Sampling assembly General The design of the sampling assembly shall take into account the guidance of ISO 2889 and shall comply with the general requirements of IEC The sampling assembly typically includes one or more of the following assemblies and functional units:11 IEC: Sampling and exhaust pipes. Gas conditioning device (e.g. gas cooling device with condensate removing device or gas reheating device to prevent condensation inside the measuring chamber, inlet and outlet connection for an external purging system to remove the remaining gas in the collecting device, etc). Measuring chamber. Airborne particles collecting devices: aerosol filter unit (filter tape or fixed filter) for aerosol monitors; inlet dust filter only for iodine and noble gas monitors; iodine molecular filter unit or charcoal filter or cartridge unit (filter changing device or fixed filter) for iodine monitors. Ambient gamma radiation protection device and/or compensation device. Individual air pump or centralized pumping station. Air flow-rate measurement and/or control devices. When appropriate (depending on sampling conditions): pressure, temperature or humidity measurement and/or control device Measurement technique requirements Depending on the radionuclides to be monitored, the air or gas shall be filtered to remove radioactive particulates and iodine or passed in a container of known constant volume; in the latter case, the measuring cell shall be of the flow-through type, its volume and operating pressure shall be specified, and the detector shall be easily removable for service or replacement with a detector mounting ensuring a repeatable geometrical location. Where the measurement technique is sensitive to pressure, a pressure measurement shall be provided. The calibration shall take into account the actual conditions of service by appropriate corrections; the acceptable pressure and variation of pressure in the sampling assembly shall be specified by the manufacturer. Care shall be taken to ensure that the pressure in the measuring volume is only slightly affected by the variation of pressure drop across the inlet filter. Where the measurement technique is sensitive to flow rate, a flow-rate measuring device shall be provided. The calibration shall take into account the actual pressure and temperature of service by appropriate corrections. The influence of gas stream conditioning devices upon the volume measurement shall be considered. A flow-rate control device should also be provided which has a flow-rate adjustment range sufficient to allow for variation in the intrinsic characteristics of the air pump and any filters used. A correction of the measurement for the effects of different flow-rates should also be provided. If necessary, a humidity measurement of the atmosphere to be monitored may be provided to control the conditioning device in order to avoid any condensation in the pipes and the monitors; alarms should be provided to signal when the relative humidity exceeds a value specified by the manufacturer. If necessary, a temperature measurement of the sample in front of and close to the measuring device may be provided. In this case, alarms should be provided to signal when the temperature is close to the maximum allowed temperature for the detector Requirements on filters and collecting devices If required, filters or other trapping devices shall be placed in holders at the sampling assembly inlet to remove any dust, aerosols or volatiles from the air or gas. They shall therefore be designed not to trap or retain noble gases or iodine (except iodine sticking onto12 IEC:2009 dust); if this is not possible, they shall be monitored separately. The manufacturer of such filters shall specify their retention characteristics for several chemical forms of iodine. Collecting filters (e.g. glass fibre filter plate, glass fibre filter tape, charcoal filter cartridges) shall be designed to ensure an as uniform as possible deposition of particles. The manufacturer of such filters shall state the retention characteristics of the filters for several chemical forms of radioactive particles, their lifetime, and the collection efficiency of the collecting filter for particles over a range of at least 0,1 μm to 10,0 μm aerodynamic equivalent diameter or to values agreed upon by the manufacturer and the purchaser. The efficiency of the filters should be more than 98 % for dust apart from iodine and more than 99 % for iodine. The presence of radioactive gases (for example 41 Ar, 85 Kr, 133 Xe or 222 Rn) in the air being monitored has an effect on the monitoring of particles; this is especially true for non-selective detectors; to reduce the effects of these radionuclides, the air space in the vicinity of the detector and inside the filters shall be kept to the minimum. If necessary, and if practicable, a purging capability could be provided, to reduce unwanted and disturbing influence of radioactive noble gasses on the measurement of the particle activity. Collecting filters or trapping devices shall be accessible during normal and post-accident conditions; the pressure drop in the filter as well as its contamination should be controlled, and it should be possible to replace it by an easy and quick disconnection of the filter unit from the pipes. For the collecting filters introducing an important pressure drop, a differential pressure measurement should be provided to indicate a clogged or pierced collector. In this case, alarms shall be provided for warning of any excessive variation of this differential pressure Requirements on sampling circuit and materials Where a pump is an integral part of any assembly, its nominal flow rate shall be stated by the manufacturer. The sampling assembly design shall provide simple access to the pump and its replaceable parts. Care shall be taken to prevent radioactive gases from leaking into the breathing zone of workers. The acceptable leakage rate depends on the emergency conditions and shall be agreed upon between the manufacturer and the purchaser. Prevention against condensation in the pipe by variation of temperature or pressure shall be taken. If a gas stream cooling device is used, the condensate flow of the cooling device shall be removed automatically. Leakage of air or gas in the sampling system (between inlet and outlet of the monitor) shall be less than 5 %. Losses of particulates and iodine shall be maintained as low as possible by taking into account piping circuit and constructional material in order to estimate and minimize electrostatic effects, adsorption, condensation and plate-out; the level of such losses, and the ways to reduce it, shall be agreed upon between the manufacturer and the purchaser. In any case, the roughness of the surfaces in contact with the gas stream should be less than 0,4 μm. Delay time to detector shall be maintained as low as possible by optimising the pipe length and diameter, flow rate, etc. Where the measured sample may contain an explosive mixture of gases (e.g. H 2 ), the assembly shall be designed to prevent the possibility of ignition of the sample by the instrumentation.13 IEC: Where the measured sample may contain noxious or corrosive chemical vapour, the assembly shall be designed to protect the measuring system. 5 Functional testing 5.1 General Except where otherwise specified, all the tests specified in Clause 5 of IEC shall be carried out. The tests described hereinafter are only additional tests dedicated to the type of monitors within the scope of the present standard. As for tests stated in IEC , these tests shall be considered as type tests, although any or all may be considered as acceptance tests by agreement between manufacturer and purchaser. These tests shall be carried out under standard conditions or with variation of the influence quantities. They are listed in Table Reference sources In addition to of IEC , the following requirements shall apply: A range of test gases may need to be used depending on the function and design of the monitor. These gases shall be agreed upon between the purchaser and the manufacturer. Depending on the design of the monitor, the test shall be to: either circulate air or gas filled with known activity through the assembly under test during a sufficient time interval to reach measurement equilibrium and note the readings; or to immerse the detector in a sufficiently large volume of gas so as to be equivalent to the volume in the actual operating position of the detector and note the readings under equilibrium conditions for the monitor under test. NOTE Circulation may not be required if the measurement is properly corrected for temperature and pressure. If it is intended to use a reference instrument for tests, then it should be inserted in the gas flow (or in a sufficiently large volume of gas) in the same way as the instrument under test and, for both of them, the readings should be noted. In this case, to estimate the accuracy of the instrument under test, the readings and the absolute measurement error of the reference instrument should be used instead of the conventionally true value and its absolute uncertainty of the reference source. 5.3 Performance characteristics : response to other radioactive gases or particles Requirements The designated radioactive gases and particles to which this requirement applies shall be the subject of an agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser. The manufacturer shall specify the response to the radioactive gases or particles of interest present in the sample of air or carrier-gas Test method The test method is similar to the method used for determining the reference response, but using the appropriate radioactive gas or gases. Two methods may be used:14 IEC:2009 Continuously inject a known volume activity of noble gas for example 133 Xe or 85 Kr into the monitor for the time necessary to reach equilibrium. Note the reading corresponding to the equilibrium value. Express the result as the ratio of the indication to the volume activity of the test gas. Connect the inlet air duct to the outlet air duct and measure the total air duct volume (for example connecting the inlet air duct to a known volume under pressure and noting the pressure change at equilibrium). Inject into the system a small volume (1 % of the air duct volume) of gas, for example 133 Xe or 85 Kr, of known total activity. Operate the monitor in the normal way. Note the reading corresponding to the equilibrium and to the highest value attained. Express the result as the ratio of the indication to the volume activity of the test gas. 5.4 Air circuit performance test General These tests shall be applied to all monitors for which the response is dependent upon a known flow-rate through a sampling and detection assembly. Where the equipment is insensitive to flow-rate, but nevertheless requires a sampling flowrate in order to function, a simple test of the flow-rate circuit and any flow-rate alarms shall be agreed upon between the manufacturer and the purchaser. When the equipment is sensitive to flow-rate, and the flow-rate varies in conjunction with the effluent flow-rate, appropriate tests shall be agreed upon between the manufacturer and the purchaser Monitor sampling efficiency General The collection efficiency, between the inlet of the monitor and the collecting filter, shall not differ by more than 10 % from the value stated by the manufacturer for each given size of particle. If agreed upon between the manufacturer and the purchaser, a simulation could be also performed, instead of real tests Particle size The particle diameter and range of sizes used in the measurement of the collection efficiency of the sampling system shall be agreed upon between the manufacturer and the purchaser, for example depending upon the diameter of the aerosol to be monitored, collection efficiency of the filter media versus particle size, etc Aerosol type Various types of aerosols are suitable for use in the collection efficiency tests and include, for example: non-radioactive aerosols with particles having a fluorescent tracer, non-radioactive aerosols composed of latex or polystyrene spheres, radioactive aerosols Test method Collection efficiency shall be tested by introducing a sample of air containing particles of the appropriate median aerodynamic diameter into the inlet sampling pipe. The distribution may be polydispersed with a small geometric standard deviation. The sampling equipment shall be operating under standard test conditions, e.g., flow-rate.15 IEC: After the shutdown of the sampling equipment, the amount of aerosol collected on the sampling medium shall be determined. In addition, the total amount of aerosol available at the monitor inlet shall be determined. This may be done by an independent measurement of the sampled amount of aerosol, or by determining: the amount of aerosol collected on the internal surfaces of the inlet line and other surfaces of the air circuit upstream from the collection medium, the amount of aerosol downstream from the collection medium Determination of collection efficiency The collection efficiency (E m ) of the monitor shall be calculated as: E m M T = C C where: 100 C M is the amount deposited on the collection medium, C T is the total amount of aerosol. It is recommended, if practical, that the total amount of aerosol (C T ) be determined by an alternative method as a means of verifying the values obtained. Such methods include the measurement of the concentration of aerosols that enter into the instrument by various instrumental techniques, for example spectrophotometer, particle analyzer, reference sampling, etc. If the total aerosol sampled is determined by the sum of the material collected within the monitor, then the total amount of aerosol (C T ) (activity, mass or number of particles) is given by: C T = C M + C U + C D where: C U is the amount recovered from the internal surfaces of the air circuit upstream of the collection medium, C D is the amount collected downstream of the collection medium Susceptibility to gas or particles retention General The retention of noble gas or particles inside the air circuit may influence the measuring results. Therefore the intention of the manufacturer s air circuit design, selection of materials, and construction shall be to prevent such a retention. If agreed upon between the manufacturer and the purchaser, a simulation could be also performed, instead of real tests Requirements Noble gas with a volumetric activity greater than 10 times the decision threshold shall be introduced into the monitor. The test for susceptibility to gaseous retention shall indicate less than 1 % of the maximum resulting reading after clean air is introduced into the monitor.16 IEC:2009 Particle concentration shall be introduced into the monitor. The test for susceptibility to particle retention shall indicate less than 5 % of the maximum resulting reading after clean air is introduced into the monitor Test method for noble gas Introduce into the detection assembly, for a period of at least 10 times the response time of the equipment, noble gas of the chemical form that the equipment is designed to measure with a volumetric activity approximately equal to 10 times the decision threshold. For assemblies not comprising a trapping system, make the gas system a closed loop and introduce into this system sufficient noble gas for the volumetric activity to equal times the decision threshold. Operate until equilibrium of the gas concentration. Verify that the indication of the measuring assembly stays at its maximum value for at least 10 times the response time of the equipment. Then circulate fresh air at ambient temperature and pressure with the air circuit open at the nominal flow-rate, for a time long enough to reach an equilibrium in indicated value. This value shall be less than 1 % of the maximum indicated value during the test with noble gas activity Test method for particles Introduce into the detection assembly a well known quantity/mass of non-radioactive particles by injecting the particles into the sampling pipe. The particles should be of the chemical form that the equipment is designed to measure. Then circulate fresh air at ambient temperature and pressure with the air circuit open at the nominal flow-rate, for several minutes. Then measure the quantity/mass of the particles collected on the filter unit of the monitor. The total loss of particles shall be < 5 % Relative error of the volume and flow rate measurement General The relative error of the measured values of radioactive gas in air concentrations is directly related to the relative error of the measured values of flow rate or volume for those samplers, which concentrate or absorb the gas into the collection medium. An accurate volume and flow rate measurement of counting gas mixed with the noble gas containing medium is also important for an accurate measurement of the noble gas activity Requirements The relative error of the flow rate measurement under standard test conditions, with the pressure drop exclusively due to the air circuit and any inlet or sampling filter (e.g. a molecular filter such as Ceolit ) shall not be greater than ±10 %. This test is not required for monitors and sampling units for which functions are demonstrably independent of the flow rate (e.g. sampling units with the total volume measurement) Test method This test shall be done with dust-free air. For this test, a volume and flow rate measuring device calibrated and having an uncertainty better than 2 %, is incorporated in the air circuit at the inlet to the equipment. The equipment shall be switched on and the flow-rate measured after 30 min of operation. The readings shall be in agreement with the requirement.17 IEC: Flow-rate stability Requirements The manufacturer shall specify the nominal flow-rate for the type of filter that is used. After the normal warm-up time of the sampling assembly (30 min), the indicated value of the sampling flow-rate shall not vary by more than 10 % for the next 24 h Test method This test shall be done with dust-free air in order to avoid any variation of the pressure drop of the collection device during the test. For this test, a flow meter calibrated under the measuring conditions and having an uncertainty better than 3 % (k = 2), is incorporated in the air circuit at the inlet to the equipment. The equipment shall be switched on and the flow-rate measured after 30 min, 6 h, 12 h and 24 h of operation. The readings shall be in agreement with the requirements Effect of filter pressure drop Requirements The purpose of this test is to determine the increase in pressure drop across the filter that causes a 10 % decrease from the nominal air flow-rate under standard test conditions. This test is not required for monitors and sampling units for which functions are demonstrably independent of the flow rate (e.g. sampling units with the total volume measurement or with a mass flow meter). An acceptable minimum pressure drop that can cause a 10 % decrease from the nominal flow-rate shall be agreed upon between the manufacturer and the purchaser Test method For this test, the monitor shall be fitted with a clean inlet filter. Insert a flowmeter upstream of the monitor and a variable restrictor (for example, a valve) between the flowmeter and the flow monitor inlet. A calibrated pressure sensor shall be fitted downstream from the inlet filter, at a point selected by the manufacturer, in order to measure the pressure drop across the monitor due to air flow. The nominal flow-rate shall be measured at the nominal pressure drop through the filter. The variable restrictor shall then be adjusted to obtain a mean flow-rate 10 % below or 10 % above the nominal flow-rate under standard test conditions. The conventionally true sampling flow rate shall be measured under standard conditions. Under these conditions, the measured pressure drop that causes a decrease of 10 % of the rate shall comply with the requirements Effect of power supply voltage on the flow rate Requirements The nominal flow-rate shall not vary by more than 5 % when the power supply voltage varies between + 10 % and 12 % of the nominal supply voltage. If the measure of the flow rate is taken into consideration by the measurement algorithm, this test is not required Test method For this test, the sampling and detection assembly is connected to a voltage, which varies in the range defined in Table 2. The flow-rate shall be noted at nominal voltage and at the quoted voltage limits.18 IEC: Effect of power supply frequency on the flow rate Requirements The assemblies shall be capable of operating from the mains with supply frequencies of 47 Hz to 51 Hz (57 Hz to 61 Hz in countries where the nominal frequency is 60 Hz) without the indication varying by more than 10 % from the indication under standard test conditions. If the measure of the flow rate is taken into consideration by the measurement algorithm, this test is not required Test method For this test, the sampling and detection assembly is connected to a power supply of the nominal voltage and a frequency that may be varied between 47 Hz and 51 Hz (alternative values: 57 Hz and 61 Hz). The flow-rate shall be noted at the nominal frequency and at the quoted frequency limits. Table 2 Additional tests to complement the general tests required in IEC Tests Tests conditions Limits of variation of indication Response to radioactive gases or particles other than those for which the monitor is designed Collection efficiency Susceptibility to gas or particle retention Range of values of influence quantity in accordance with the manufacturer's specifications Range of values of influence quantity in accordance with the manufacturer's specifications Volumetric activity of noble gas greater than 10 times (for trapping systems) or times (other systems) the decision threshold Particle concentration in accordance with the manufacturer's specifications In accordance with the manufacturer's specifications <10 % of variation from the value stated by the manufacturer Less than 1 % (noble gas) and 5 % (particles) of the maximum resulting reading after exposure Reference (subclause) Relative error of the Standard test conditions ±10 % volume and flow rate measurement Flow-rate stability Standard test conditions ±10 % Filter pressure drop Range of values of 10 % influence quantity in accordance with the manufacturer's specifications AC power supply voltage 88 % U N to 110 % U N 2) ± 5 % 1) (U N = nominal supply voltage) AC power supply 47 Hz to 51 Hz 3) ± 10 % 1) frequency 1) Of the indication under standard test conditions ) A more restricted range of voltage variation may be used, if agreed upon between manufacturer and purchaser. 3) 57 Hz to 61 Hz for countries where nominal frequency is 60 Hz. NOTE For assemblies having a non-linear scale, a linear instrument may be substituted for the indicating meter of the assembly to verify the performance specified in this table.19 20 CEI:2009 SOMMAIRE AVANT-PROPOS...19 INTRODUCTION Domaine d'application Références normatives Termes et définitions Principes de conception Généralités Exigences de base liées aux fonctions Ensemble de prélèvement Généralités Exigences portant sur les techniques de mesure Exigences portant sur les filtres et les dispositifs de collecte Exigences portant sur les matériaux et les circuits de prélèvement Essais fonctionnels Généralités Sources de référence Caractéristiques des performances: Réponse à d autres particules ou gaz radioactifs Exigences Méthode d essai Essais de performance des circuits en air Généralités Efficacité du moniteur de prélèvement Tendance à la rétention du gaz ou des particules Erreur relative de la mesure de débit et de volume Stabilité du débit Chute de pression due au filtre Effets sur le débit des variations de tension de l alimentation électrique Effets sur le débit des variations de fréquence de l alimentation électrique...33 Tableau 1 Vue d ensemble des normes couvrant le domaine de la surveillance des rayonnements...21 Tableau 2 Essais supplémentaires complétant les essais généraux requis par la CEI Montrer encore
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