Source: http://www.patentgenius.com/patent/8215822.html
Timestamp: 2019-01-19 06:24:27
Document Index: 161265690

Matched Legal Cases: ['Application No. 07805228', 'Application No. 08789242', 'Application No. 200780033331', 'Application No. 08789248', 'Application No. 08789246', 'Application No. 20088016947', 'Application No. 2009112526', 'Application No. 200880121407']

Ultrasonic treatment chamber for preparing antimicrobial formulations - Patent # 8215822 - PatentGenius
8215822 Ultrasonic treatment chamber for preparing antimicrobial formulations
Application: 11/966,447
Inventors: Koenig; David William (Menasha, WI)
Ahles; John Glen (Neenah, WI)
Janssen; Robert Allen (Alpharetta, GA)
Rasmussen; Paul Warren (Neenah, WI)
Roffers; Steve (Neenah, WI)
Wenzel; Scott W. (Neenah, WI)
Zhuang; Shiming (Menasha, WI)
U.S. Class: 366/118
Field Of Search: 366/113; 366/118; 366/127; 366/136; 366/137; 366/181.8
Foreign Patent Documents: 2175065; 657067; 1535249; 1247628; 101153138; 2131878; 262553; 9017338; 4444525; 19854013; 19913397; 19938254; 10015144; 29825063; 102004040233; 102005025118; 102005034629; 0269941; 0292470; 347891; 457187; 0459967; 0625482; 0648531; 894612; 1954388; 0983968; 2173669; 2176173; 2793811; 2832703; 1404575; 56028221; 57119853; 58034051; 62001413; 62039839; 6372364; 63104664; 1108081; 2025602; 02281185; 03053195; 3086258; 03157129; 6228824; 8304388; 9286943; 10060331; 11133661; 2000158364; 2001017970; 2001252588; 2003103152; 200420176; 2004256783; 2005118688; 20020073778; 1020050013858; 1020050113356; 203582; 9400757; 9420833; 9429873; 9600318; WO 9609112; 9743026; 9817373; 9844058; 9933520; 0004978; 0041794; 0139200; 0222252; 0250511; WO 02080668; 03012800; 03102737; 2004026452; 2004064487; 2005011804; 2006037591; 2006043970; 2006073645; 2006074921; WO 2006073645; 2006093804; 2007011520; 2007060245; 2007095871; 2008029379; 2008047259; 2008085806
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Abstract: An ultrasonic mixing system having a treatment chamber in which antimicrobial agents, particularly, hydrophobic antimicrobial agents, can be mixed with one or more formulations is disclosed. Specifically, the treatment chamber has an elongate housing through which a formulation and antimicrobial agents flow longitudinally from a first inlet port and a second inlet port to an outlet port thereof. An elongate ultrasonic waveguide assembly extends within the housing and is operable at a predetermined ultrasonic frequency to ultrasonically energize the formulation and antimicrobial agents within the housing. An elongate ultrasonic horn of the waveguide assembly is disposed at least in part intermediate the inlet and outlet ports, and has a plurality of discrete agitating members in contact with and extending transversely outward from the horn intermediate the inlet and outlet ports in longitudinally spaced relationship with each other. The horn and agitating members are constructed and arranged for dynamic motion of the agitating members relative to the horn at the predetermined frequency and to operate in an ultrasonic cavitation mode of the agitating members corresponding to the predetermined frequency and the formulation and antimicrobial agents being mixed in the chamber.
1. An ultrasonic mixing system for preparing an antimicrobial formulation, the mixing system comprising: a treatment chamber comprising: an elongate housing havinglongitudinally opposite ends and an interior space, the housing being generally closed at least one longitudinal end and having a first inlet port for receiving a formulation into the interior space of the housing; a second inlet port for receiving anantimicrobial agent; and at least one outlet port through which an antimicrobial formulation is exhausted from the housing following ultrasonic mixing of the formulation and antimicrobial agent to form the antimicrobial formulation, the outlet portbeing spaced longitudinally from the first and second inlet ports such that the formulation and antimicrobial agent flow longitudinally within the interior space of the housing from the first and second inlet ports to the outlet port; and an elongateultrasonic waveguide assembly extending longitudinally within the interior space of the housing and being operable at a predetermined ultrasonic frequency to ultrasonically energize and mix the formulation and antimicrobial agents flowing within thehousing, the waveguide assembly comprising an elongate ultrasonic horn disposed at least in part intermediate the first and second inlet ports and the outlet port of the housing and having an outer surface located for contact with the formulation andantimicrobial agents flowing within the housing from the first and second inlet ports to the outlet port, and a plurality of discrete agitating members in contact with and extending transversely outward from the outer surface of the horn intermediate thefirst and second inlet ports and the outlet port in longitudinally spaced relationship with each other, the agitating members and the horn being constructed and arranged for dynamic motion of the agitating members relative to the horn upon ultrasonicvibration of the horn at the predetermined frequency and to operate in an ultrasonic cavitation mode of the agitating members corresponding to the predetermined frequency and the formulation and antimicrobial agents being mixed in the chamber, whereinthe ratio of the transverse length of at least one of the agitating members to the thickness of the agitating member is in the range of about 2:1 to about 6:1.
2. The ultrasonic mixing system as set forth in claim 1 wherein the antimicrobial agents are selected from the group consisting of water-insoluble antimicrobial agents, water-insoluble complexes, water-insoluble oils, water-insolubleantibiotics, hydrophobic drugs, pesticides, herbicides, moluscusides, rodenticides, insecticides, and combinations thereof.
4. The ultrasonic mixing system as set forth in claim 1 further comprising a delivery system operable to deliver the formulation to the interior space of the housing of the treatment chamber through the first inlet port, wherein the formulationis delivered to the first inlet port at a rate of from about 0.1 liters per minute to about 100 liters per minute.
5. The ultrasonic mixing system as set forth in claim 4 further comprising a second delivery system operable to deliver the antimicrobial agents to the interior space of the housing of the treatment chamber through the second inlet port,wherein the antimicrobial agents are delivered to the first inlet port at a rate of from about 1 gram per minute to about 1000 grams per minute.
8. An ultrasonic mixing system for preparing an antimicrobial formulation, the mixing system comprising: a treatment chamber comprising: an elongate housing having longitudinally opposite ends and an interior space, the housing being generallyclosed at least one longitudinal end and having a first inlet port for receiving the formulation into the interior space of the housing; a second inlet port for receiving an antimicrobial agent into the interior space of the housing; and at least oneoutlet port through which an antimicrobial formulation is exhausted from the housing following ultrasonic mixing of the formulation and antimicrobial agent to form the antimicrobial formulation, the outlet port being spaced longitudinally from the firstand second inlet ports such that the formulation and antimicrobial agents flow longitudinally within the interior space of the housing from the first and second inlet ports to the outlet port; an elongate ultrasonic waveguide assembly extendinglongitudinally within the interior space of the housing and being operable at a predetermined ultrasonic frequency to ultrasonically energize and mix the formulation and antimicrobial agents flowing within the housing, the waveguide assembly comprisingan elongate ultrasonic horn disposed at least in part intermediate the first and second inlet ports and the outlet port of the housing and having an outer surface located for contact with the formulation and antimicrobial agents flowing within thehousing from the first and second inlet ports to the outlet port, a plurality of discrete agitating members in contact with and extending transversely outward from the outer surface of the horn intermediate the first and second inlet ports and the outletport in longitudinally spaced relationship with each other, the agitating members and the horn being constructed and arranged for dynamic motion of the agitating members relative to the horn upon ultrasonic vibration of the horn at the predeterminedfrequency and to operate in an ultrasonic cavitation mode of the agitating members corresponding to the predetermined frequency and the formulation and antimicrobial agents being mixed in the chamber, and a baffle assembly disposed within the interiorspace of the housing and extending at least in part transversely inward from the housing toward the horn to direct longitudinally flowing formulation and antimicrobial agents in the housing to flow transversely inward into contact with the agitatingmembers, wherein the baffle assembly comprises annular baffle members extending continuously about the horn.
9. The ultrasonic mixing system as set forth in claim 8 wherein the antimicrobial agents are selected from the group consisting of water-insoluble antimicrobial agents, water-insoluble complexes, water-insoluble oils, water-insolubleantibiotics, hydrophobic drugs, pesticides, herbicides, moluscusides, rodenticides, insecticides, and combinations thereof.
11. The ultrasonic mixing system as set forth in claim 8 further comprising a delivery system operable to deliver the formulation to the interior space of the housing of the treatment chamber through the first inlet port, wherein theformulation is delivered to the first inlet port at a rate of from about 0.1 liters per minute to about 100 liters per minute.
13. A method for forming an antimicrobial formulation using the ultrasonic mixing system of claim 1, the method comprising: delivering the formulation via the first inlet port into the interior space of the housing; delivery the antimicrobialagent via the second inlet port into the interior space of the housing; and ultrasonically mixing the antimicrobial agents and formulation via the elongate ultrasonic waveguide assembly operating in the predetermined ultrasonic frequency.
14. The method as set forth in claim 13 wherein the antimicrobial agents are selected from the group consisting of water-insoluble antimicrobial agents, water-insoluble complexes, water-insoluble oils, water-insoluble antibiotics, hydrophobicdrugs, pesticides, herbicides, moluscusides, rodenticides, insecticides, and combinations thereof.
18. The method as set forth in claim 13 wherein the formulation is prepared simultaneously during delivery of the formulation to the interior space of the housing and wherein at least a first component of the formulation is delivered via thefirst inlet port and at least a second component of the formulation is delivered via a third port.
The present disclosure relates generally to systems for ultrasonically mixing antimicrobials into various formulations. More particularly an ultrasonic mixing system is disclosed for ultrasonically mixing antimicrobial agents, typically beinghydrophobic antimicrobial agents, into formulations to prepare antimicrobial formulations.
Preservatives, pesticides, antivirals, antifungals, antibacterials, xenobiotics, hydrophobic drugs or pharmaceuticals, anti-protozoal, antimicrobials, antibiotics, and biocides (referred to herein collectively as antimicrobial agents) arecommonly added to formulations to provide antimicrobial formulations for use on animate (e.g., skin, hair, and body of a user) and inanimate surfaces (e.g., countertops, floors, glass), as well as in agricultural and industrial applications. Althoughantimicrobial agents are useful, many antimicrobial agents are hydrophobic and current mixing procedures have multiple problems such as poor solubility and dispersibility of the antimicrobial agents within the formulation, which can lead to decreasedefficacy, and which can waste time, energy, and money for manufacturers of these formulations.
Specifically, formulations are currently prepared in a batch-type process, either by a cold mix or a hot mix procedure. The cold mix procedure generally consists of multiple ingredients (including the antimicrobial agents) or phases being addedinto a kettle in a sequential order with agitation being applied via a blade, baffles, or a vortex. The hot mix procedure is conducted similarly to the cold mix procedure with the exception that the ingredients or phases are generally heated above roomtemperature, for example to temperatures of from about 40 to about 100.degree. C., prior to mixing, and are then cooled back to room temperature after the ingredients and phases have been mixed. In both procedures, antimicrobial agents are added to theother ingredients manually by one of a number of methods including dumping, pouring, and/or sifting.
Historically, these conventional batch-type methods have not been very effective in mixing hydrophobic antimicrobial agents into aqueous-type formulations. As such, hydrophobic antimicrobial agents have been added into emulsions deliveryvehicles or oils. The produced-emulsions have not been sufficiently mixed into the formulation, hindering the antimicrobial activity of the antimicrobial agent. Furthermore, the antimicrobial agents are not well dispersed within the emulsions and/orformulation, thereby forming larger particle-sized agents that can also lead to less antimicrobial activity against microbes.
These conventional methods of mixing antimicrobial agents into formulations have several additional problems. For example, as noted above, all ingredients are manually added in a sequential sequence. Prior to adding the ingredients, each needsto be weighed, which can create human error. Specifically, as the ingredients need to be weighed one at a time, misweighing can occur with the additive amounts. Furthermore, by manually adding the ingredients, there is a risk of spilling or ofincomplete transfers of the ingredients from one container to the next.
One other major issue with conventional methods of mixing antimicrobial agents into formulations is that batching processes require heating times, mixing times, and additive times that are entirely manual and left up to the individualcompounders to follow the instructions. These practices can lead to inconsistencies from batch-to-batch and from compounder to compounder. Furthermore, these procedures require several hours to complete, which can get extremely expensive.
Based on the foregoing, there is a need in the art for a mixing system that provides ultrasonic energy to enhance the mixing of antimicrobial agents, particularly hydrophobic antimicrobial agents, into formulations. Furthermore, it would beadvantageous if the system could be configured to enhance the cavitation mechanism of the ultrasonics, thereby increasing the probability that the antimicrobial agents will be effectively mixed/dispersed within and throughout the formulations.
In one aspect, an ultrasonic mixing system for mixing antimicrobial agents into a formulation generally comprises a treatment chamber comprising an elongate housing having longitudinally opposite ends and an interior space. The housing of thetreatment chamber is generally closed at at least one of its longitudinal ends and has at least a first inlet port for receiving a formulation into the interior space of the housing, a second inlet port for receiving at least one antimicrobial agent intothe interior space of the housing, and at least one outlet port through which an antimicrobial formulation is exhausted from the housing following ultrasonic mixing of the formulation and antimicrobial agents. The outlet port is spaced longitudinallyfrom the inlet port such that the formulation (and antimicrobial agents) flows longitudinally within the interior space of the housing from the first and second inlet ports to the outlet port. In one embodiment, the housing further includes two separateports for receiving separate components of the formulation. At least one elongate ultrasonic waveguide assembly extends longitudinally within the interior space of the housing and is operable at a predetermined ultrasonic frequency to ultrasonicallyenergize and mix the formulation and the antimicrobial agents flowing within the housing.
The waveguide assembly comprises an elongate ultrasonic horn disposed at least in part intermediate the inlet ports and the outlet port of the housing and has an outer surface located for contact with the formulation and antimicrobial agentsflowing within the housing from the inlet ports to the outlet port. A plurality of discrete agitating members are in contact with and extend transversely outward from the outer surface of the horn intermediate the inlet ports and the outlet port inlongitudinally spaced relationship with each other. The agitating members and the horn are constructed and arranged for dynamic motion of the agitating members relative to the horn upon ultrasonic vibration of the horn at the predetermined frequency andto operate in an ultrasonic cavitation mode of the agitating members corresponding to the predetermined frequency and the formulation being mixed with antimicrobial agents in the chamber.
As such, the present disclosure is directed to an ultrasonic mixing system for preparing an antimicrobial formulation. The mixing system comprises a treatment chamber for mixing an antimicrobial agent with a formulation. The treatment chambergenerally comprises an elongate housing having longitudinally opposite ends and an interior space, and an elongate ultrasonic waveguide assembly extending longitudinally within the interior space of the housing and being operable at a predeterminedultrasonic frequency to ultrasonically energize and mix the formulation and antimicrobial agents flowing within the housing. The housing is generally closed at at least one of its longitudinal ends and has a first inlet port for receiving a formulationinto the interior space of the housing, a second inlet port for receiving at least one antimicrobial agent into the interior space of the housing, and at least one outlet port through which an antimicrobial formulation is exhausted from the housingfollowing ultrasonic mixing of the formulation and antimicrobial agents. The outlet port is spaced longitudinally from the first and second inlet ports such that the formulation flows longitudinally within the interior space of the housing from thefirst and second inlet ports to the outlet port.
The waveguide assembly comprises an elongate ultrasonic horn disposed at least in part intermediate the first and second inlet ports and the outlet port of the housing and having an outer surface located for contact with the formulation andantimicrobial agents flowing within the housing from the first and second inlet ports to the outlet port. Additionally, the waveguide assembly comprises a plurality of discrete agitating members in contact with and extending transversely outward fromthe outer surface of the horn intermediate the first and second inlet ports and the outlet port in longitudinally spaced relationship with each other. The agitating members and the horn are constructed and arranged for dynamic motion of the agitatingmembers relative to the horn upon ultrasonic vibration of the horn at the predetermined frequency and to operate in an ultrasonic cavitation mode of the agitating members corresponding to the predetermined frequency and the formulation and antimicrobialagents being mixed in the chamber.
The present disclosure is further directed to an ultrasonic mixing system for preparing an antimicrobial formulation. The mixing system comprises a treatment chamber for mixing an antimicrobial agent with a formulation. The treatment chambergenerally comprises an elongate housing having longitudinally opposite ends and an interior space, and an elongate ultrasonic waveguide assembly extending longitudinally within the interior space of the housing and being operable at a predeterminedultrasonic frequency to ultrasonically energize and mix the formulation and antimicrobial agents flowing within the housing. The housing is generally closed at at least one of its longitudinal ends and has a first inlet port for receiving a formulationinto the interior space of the housing, a second inlet port for receiving an antimicrobial agent, and at least one outlet port through which an antimicrobial formulation is exhausted from the housing following ultrasonic mixing of the formulation andantimicrobial agents. The outlet port is spaced longitudinally from the first and second inlet ports such that the formulation flows longitudinally within the interior space of the housing from the first and second inlet ports to the outlet port.
The waveguide assembly comprises an elongate ultrasonic horn disposed at least in part intermediate the first and second inlet ports and the outlet port of the housing and having an outer surface located for contact with the formulation andantimicrobial agents flowing within the housing from the first and second inlet ports to the outlet port; a plurality of discrete agitating members in contact with and extending transversely outward from the outer surface of the horn intermediate thefirst and second inlet ports and the outlet port in longitudinally spaced relationship with each other; and a baffle assembly disposed within the interior space of the housing and extending at least in part transversely inward from the housing toward thehorn to direct longitudinally flowing formulation in the housing to flow transversely inward into contact with the agitating members. The agitating members and the horn are constructed and arranged for dynamic motion of the agitating members relative tothe horn upon ultrasonic vibration of the horn at the predetermined frequency and to operate in an ultrasonic cavitation mode of the agitating members corresponding to the predetermined frequency and the formulation and antimicrobial agents being mixedin the chamber.
The present disclosure is further directed to a method for preparing an antimicrobial formulation using the ultrasonic mixing system described above. The method comprises delivering the formulation via the first inlet port into the interiorspace of the housing; delivery the antimicrobial agent via the second inlet port into the interior space of the housing; and ultrasonically mixing the antimicrobial agents and formulation via the elongate ultrasonic waveguide assembly operating in thepredetermined ultrasonic frequency.
With particular reference now to FIG. 1, in one embodiment, an ultrasonic mixing system for preparing an antimicrobial formulation generally comprises a treatment chamber, generally indicated at 151, that is operable to ultrasonically mixantimicrobial agents with a formulation, and further is capable of creating a cavitation mode that allows for better mixing within the housing 151 of the chamber.
It is generally believed that as ultrasonic energy is created by the waveguide assembly, increased cavitation of the formulation occurs, creating microbubbles. As these microbubbles then collapse, the pressure within the formulation isincreased forcibly dispersing the antimicrobial agents within and throughout the formulation.
The term "liquid" and "formulation" are used interchangeably to refer to a single component formulation, a formulation comprised of two or more components in which at least one of the components is a liquid such as a liquid-liquid formulation ora liquid-gas formulation or a liquid emulsion in which particulate matter is entrained, or other viscous fluids.
The ultrasonic mixing system 121 is illustrated schematically in FIG. 1 and is described herein with reference to use of the treatment chamber 151 in the ultrasonic mixing system 121 to mix antimicrobial agents into a formulation to create anantimicrobial formulation. The antimicrobial formulation can subsequently provide formulations with improved antimicrobial efficacy, enhanced solubility, increased bioavailability, and activity against microbes as compared to current mixing methods andprocedures known in the art. Particularly, the antimicrobial formulations can enhance the activity of the antimicrobial agents to control the growth of microbes in an aqueous and/or an air-aqueous system. As used herein, the term "antimicrobial" or"antimicrobial agent" refers to antimicrobial agents as known in the art, including preservatives, pesticides, antivirals, antifungals, antibacterials, xenobiotics, hydrophobic drugs or pharmaceuticals, anti-protozoal, antimicrobials, antibiotics, andbiocides, and any other suitable agents that are capable of controlling the growth of microbes and/or killing microbes. For example, in one embodiment, the antimicrobial formulation can be a skin cleansing formulation. It should be understood by oneskilled in the art, however, that while described herein with respect to skin cleansing formulations, the ultrasonic mixing system can be used to mix antimicrobial agents into various other formulations to form any number of antimicrobial formulations. For example, other suitable antimicrobial formulations that can be formed using the ultrasonic mixing system of the present disclosure can include hand sanitizers, animate and inanimate surface antimicrobial cleansers, wet wipe solutions, coatings, andpolishes for both industrial and consumer products.
As noted above, the antimicrobial agents can be any agent that can control the growth of microbes and/or kill microbes upon contact. Typically, the antimicrobial agents are solid particulates, however, it should be understood that theantimicrobial agents can be particulate powders, liquid dispersions, encapsulated liquids, and the like. Exemplary antimicrobial agents can include, but are not limited to antibacterial agents, antifungal agents, antiviral agents, antiprotozoal agents,antihelminth agents, xenobiotics, hydrophobic drugs and/or pharmaceuticals, pesticides, herbicides, insecticides, moluscsides, and rodencides. More specifically, examples of suitable antimicrobial agents to mix with the formulations using the ultrasonicmixing system of the present disclosure can include water-insoluble antimicrobial agents (e.g., isothiazolinone (Kathon), isothiazolone, triazole, phthalimide, benzimidazol carbamate tetrachloroisophalonitrile, iodopropargyl butyl carbamate (IPBC),benzisothiazolone (BIT), propiconazole, N(trichloromethyhlthio)pthalimide, methyl benzimidazol-2-yl carbamate, tetrachloroisophalonitrile, methylene bistiocyanate, polystyrene hydantoins,poly[3-chloro-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-(4'-vinylbenzyl)imidazolidin-4-one] (Poly-p-VBD-Cl), poly[acrylonitrile-co-(1,3-dichloro-5-methhyl-5-(4'-vinylbenzyl)barbituri- c acid)] (Poly-AN-Barb-Cl), 1-bromo-3-ethoxycarbonyloxy-1,2-diiodo-1-propene (BECDIP),4-chlorophenyl-3-iodopropargylformal (CPIP), hexetidine, cyprocomazole, proiconaxzole, tebucaonazole 2-[thiocyanomethlthio]benzothiazole TCMTB, polyoxymethylene, parabens, phenols, parachlorometaxylenol, cresols (Lysol), halogenated (chlorinated,brominated) phenols, hexachlorophene, triclosan, triclocarbon, trichlorophenol, tribromophenol, pentachlorophenol, dibromol, sulfones, salicylic acid, benzoyl peroxide, zinc pyrithione, hexetidine, benzoic acid, chloroxylenol, chlorhexidine,dehydroacetic acid, sorbic acid, iodopropynyl butylcarbamate, 5-bromo-nitro-1,3 dioxane, ortho phenylphenol, selium disulfide, piroctone, olamine, and the like}; water-insoluble complexes (e.g., chitosan, silver protein complexes, silver iodide, zincoxide, and the like); water-insoluble oils (e.g., essential oils such as Picea excelsa oil, neem oil, myrrh oil, cedarwood oil, and tea tree oil and the like); water-insoluble antibiotics (e.g., N-thiolated .beta.-lactam acrylate, polyene antibioticssuch as amphotericin and nystatin, erythromycin, nalidixic acid, chloramphenicol, pyridomycin, labilomycin, griseoluteins A and B, usnic acid, thiostrepton, aglycones, anthracylcline, Fumagillin, azalide azithromycin, quinolone, dapsone, Nigericin,Polyetherin A, Azalomycin, domperidone, pyridostigmine, Alendronate, Dihydroergotamine, Labetalol, Ganciclovir, Saquinavir, Acyclovir, ritonavir, Pamidronamte, alendronate, and the like); rodenticides (e.g., coumarin-type rodenticides such asdifenacoum); insecticides (e.g., pyrethroids such as cypermethrin and d-phenothrin, chlorthalonil, dichlofuanid, imidacloprid, and the like); and combinations thereof. One particularly preferred antimicrobial agent is triclosan. As used herein"water-insoluble" refers to an agent that is substantially hydrophobic so that less than 5 grams of the agent dissolves in 100 milliliters of water. More suitably, the water-insoluble agent is such that less than 2 grams of the agent dissolves in 100milliliters of water.
In some embodiments, the antimicrobial agents can be coated or encapsulated. The coatings can be hydrophobic or hydrophilic, depending upon the individual antimicrobial agents and the formulation with which the antimicrobial agents are to bemixed. Examples of encapsulation coatings include cellulose-based polymeric materials (e.g., ethyl cellulose), carbohydrate-based materials (e.g., cationic starches and sugars), polyglycolic acid, polylactic acid, and lactic acid-based aliphaticpolyesters, and materials derived therefrom (e.g., dextrins and cyclodextrins) as well as other materials compatible with human tissues.
The encapsulation coating thickness may vary depending upon the antimicrobial agent's composition, and is generally manufactured to allow the encapsulated antimicrobial agent to be covered by a thin layer of encapsulation material, which may bea monolayer or thicker laminate layer, or may be a composite layer. The encapsulation coating should be thick enough to resist cracking or breaking of the coating during handling or shipping of the product (i.e., end-product formulation). Theencapsulation coating should be constructed such that humidity from atmospheric conditions during storage, shipment, or wear will not cause a breakdown of the encapsulation coating and result in a release of the antimicrobial agent.
Encapsulated antimicrobial agents should be of a size such that the user cannot feel the encapsulated antimicrobial agent in the formulation when used on the skin. Typically, the encapsulated antimicrobial agents have a diameter of no more thanabout 25 micrometers, and desirably no more than about 10 micrometers. At these sizes, there is no "gritty" or "scratchy" feeling when the antimicrobial formulation contacts the skin.
In one particularly preferred embodiment, as illustrated in FIG. 1, the treatment chamber 151 is generally elongate and has a general inlet end 125 (a lower end in the orientation of the illustrated embodiment) and a general outlet end 127 (anupper end in the orientation of the illustrated embodiment). The treatment chamber 151 is configured such that liquid (e.g., formulation) enters the treatment chamber 151 generally at the inlet end 125 thereof, flows generally longitudinally within thechamber (e.g., upward in the orientation of illustrated embodiment) and exits the chamber 151 generally at the outlet end 127 of the chamber 151.
The terms "upper" and "lower" are used herein in accordance with the vertical orientation of the treatment chamber 151 illustrated in the various drawings and are not intended to describe a necessary orientation of the chamber in use. That is,while the chamber 151 is most suitably oriented vertically, with the outlet end 127 of the chamber below the inlet end 125 as illustrated in the drawing, it should be understood that the chamber may be oriented with the inlet end below the outlet end(see FIG. 2), or it may be oriented other than in a vertical orientation and remain within the scope of this disclosure.
The terms "axial" and "longitudinal" refer directionally herein to the vertical direction of the chamber 151 (e.g., end-to-end such as the vertical direction in the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 1). The terms "transverse", "lateral" and"radial" refer herein to a direction normal to the axial (e.g., longitudinal) direction. The terms "inner" and "outer" are also used in reference to a direction transverse to the axial direction of the treatment chamber 151, with the term "inner"referring to a direction toward the interior of the chamber and the term "outer" referring to a direction toward the exterior of the chamber.
The inlet end 125 of the treatment chamber 151 may be in fluid communication with at least one suitable delivery system, generally indicated at 129, that is operable to direct one or more formulations to, and more suitably through, the chamber151. Typically, the delivery system 129 may comprise one or more pumps 130 operable to pump the respective formulation from a corresponding source thereof to the inlet end 125 of the chamber 151 via suitable conduits 132.
It is understood that the delivery system 129 may be configured to deliver more than one formulation, or more than one component for a single formulation, such as when mixing the components to create the formulation, to the treatment chamber 151without departing from the scope of this disclosure. It is also contemplated that delivery systems other than that illustrated in FIG. 1 and described herein may be used to deliver one or more formulations to the inlet end 125 of the treatment chamber151 without departing from the scope of this disclosure. It should be understood that more than one formulation can refer to two streams of the same formulation or different formulations being delivered to the inlet end of the treatment chamber withoutdeparting from the scope of the present disclosure.
Typically, the delivery system 129 is operable to deliver the formulation to the interior space of the treatment chamber at a flow rate of from about 0.1 liters per minute to about 100 liters per minute. More suitably, the formulation isdelivered to the treatment chamber at a flow rate of from about 1 liter per minute to about 10 liters per minute.
In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 1, a second delivery system, generally indicated at 141, is shown. This second delivery system is operable to direct one or more antimicrobial agents to, and more suitably through, the chamber 151. In oneembodiment, as shown in FIG. 1, the delivery system 141 may comprise one or more pumps 143 operable to pump the respective antimicrobial agents from a corresponding source thereof to the inlet end 125 of the chamber 151 via suitable conduits 145.
Similar to the delivery system 129 to deliver the formulation to the treatment chamber 151, it should be understood that the delivery system 141 may be configured to deliver more than one antimicrobial agent to the treatment chamber 151 withoutdeparting from the scope of this disclosure. For example, in an alternative embodiment when the antimicrobial agent is in solid and/or particulate form, the ultrasonic mixing system 321 is illustrated schematically in FIG. 3 and is shown including aparticulate dispensing system (generally indicated in FIG. 3 at 300). The particulate dispensing system can be any suitable dispensing system known in the art. Typically, the particulate dispensing system 300 delivers particulates (not shown) to thetreatment chamber 321 in the inlet end 325, upstream of the inlet port 356. With this configuration, the particulates (i.e., antimicrobial agents) will descend downward and initiate mixing with the formulation in the intake zone due to the swirlingaction as described more fully herein. Further mixing between the antimicrobial agents and formulation will occur around the outer surface 313 of the horn 307 of the waveguide assembly 403. In one particularly preferred embodiment, the particulatedispensing system may include an agar to dispense the antimicrobial agents in a controlled rate; suitably, the rate is precision-based on weight.
Typically, the flow rate of antimicrobial agents into the treatment chamber is from about 1 gram per minute to about 1,000 grams per minute. More suitably, the antimicrobial agents are delivered to the treatment chamber at a flow rate of fromabout 5 grams per minute to about 500 grams per minute.
Amounts of antimicrobial agents to be mixed with the formulations using the ultrasonic mixing system of the present disclosure will typically depend on the type of formulation, type of antimicrobial agent, and desired end product to be produced. In one example, the formulation is a cosmetic formulation having triclosan added thereto. In such an embodiment, typically from about 0.3% (by weight formulation) to about 0.6% (by weight formulation) triclosan is added to the formulation. It should beunderstood that the amounts of antimicrobial agent can be less than 0.3% (by weight formulation) or more than 0.6% (by weight formulation) without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.
It is also contemplated that delivery systems other than that illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 3 and described herein may be used to deliver one or more antimicrobial agents to the inlet end 125 of the treatment chamber 151 without departing from thescope of this disclosure. It should be understood that more than one antimicrobial agent can refer to two streams of the same antimicrobial agent or different antimicrobial agents being delivered to the inlet end of the treatment chamber withoutdeparting from the scope of the present disclosure.
The treatment chamber 151 comprises a housing defining an interior space 153 of the chamber 151 through which a formulation and antimicrobial agents delivered to the chamber 151 flow from the inlet end 125 to the outlet end 127 thereof. Thehousing 151 suitably comprises an elongate tube 155 generally defining, at least in part, a sidewall 157 of the chamber 151. The tube 155 may have one or more inlet ports (generally indicated in FIG. 1 at 156, 158) formed therein through which one ormore formulations and one or more antimicrobial agents to be mixed within the chamber 151 are delivered to the interior space 153 thereof. Typically the two inlet ports are disposed in parallel, spaced relationship with each other. While illustrated inFIG. 1 as both being disposed at the inlet end of the treatment chamber, it should be understood that the inlet ports for delivering either of the formulation and/or antimicrobial agents can be located elsewhere along the treatment chamber housingwithout departing from the scope of the present disclosure. For example, as shown in FIG. 2, the first inlet port 256 for delivering a formulation (not shown) is located at the inlet end 225 of the treatment chamber 251, while the second inlet port 258for delivering the antimicrobial agents (not shown) is located longitudinally intermediate of the inlet end 225 and the outlet end 227. While described herein as having the second inlet port for delivering the antimicrobial agents located longitudinallyintermediate of the inlet end and the outlet end, it should be recognized that the first inlet port for delivering the formulation can be located longitudinally intermediate of the inlet end and the outlet end and the second inlet port for delivering theantimicrobial agent is located at the inlet end without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. These latter configurations are desirable where one or more antimicrobial agents or the individual components of the formulation are reactive andthus, contact between the agents and/or components should be avoided until a desired time.
Furthermore, it should be understood by one skilled in the art that the inlet end of the housing may include more than two ports, more than three ports, and even four inlet ports or more. For example, although not shown, the housing maycomprise three inlet ports, wherein the first inlet port and the second inlet port are suitably in parallel, spaced relationship with each other, and the third inlet port is oriented on the opposite sidewall of the housing from the first and second inletports.
As shown in FIG. 1, the housing 151 may comprise a closure 163 connected to and substantially closing the longitudinally opposite end of the sidewall 157, and having at least one outlet port 127 therein to generally define the outlet end of thetreatment chamber. The sidewall 157 (e.g., defined by the elongate tube) of the chamber 151 has an inner surface 167 that together with the waveguide assembly 203 (as described below) and the closure 163 define the interior space 153 of the chamber 151. As illustrated in FIG. 2, when the ultrasonic mixing system 221 is inverted, the housing 251 comprises a closure 263 connected to and substantially closing the longitudinally opposite end of the sidewall 157, and having at least a first inlet port 256and a second port 258 therein to generally define the inlet end 225 of the treatment chamber.
In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 1, the tube 155 is generally cylindrical so that the chamber sidewall 157 is generally annular in cross-section. However, it is contemplated that the cross-section of the chamber sidewall 157 may be otherthan annular, such as polygonal or another suitable shape, and remains within the scope of this disclosure. The chamber sidewall 157 of the illustrated chamber 151 is suitably constructed of a transparent material, although it is understood that anysuitable material may be used as long as the material is compatible with the formulations and antimicrobial agents being mixed within the chamber, the pressure at which the chamber is intended to operate, and other environmental conditions within thechamber such as temperature.
A waveguide assembly, generally indicated at 203, extends longitudinally at least in part within the interior space 153 of the chamber 151 to ultrasonically energize the formulation (and any of its components) and the antimicrobial agentsflowing through the interior space 153 of the chamber 151. In particular, the waveguide assembly 203 of the illustrated embodiment extends longitudinally from the lower or inlet end 125 of the chamber 151 up into the interior space 153 thereof to aterminal end 113 of the waveguide assembly disposed intermediate the outlet port (e.g., outlet port 160 where it is present). Although illustrated in FIG. 1 as extending longitudinally into the interior space 153 of the chamber 151, it should beunderstood by one skilled in the art that the waveguide assembly 403 may be inverted (see FIG. 2) and extend longitudinally from the upper or outlet end 227 of the chamber 251 down into the interior space 253 thereof to a terminal end 213 of thewaveguide assembly disposed intermediate the inlet ports (e.g., inlet ports 256, 258 where they are present). Furthermore, the waveguide assembly may extend laterally from a housing sidewall of the chamber, running horizontally through the interiorspace thereof without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Typically, the waveguide assembly 203, 403 is mounted, either directly or indirectly, to the chamber housing 151, 251 as will be described later herein.
Referring again to FIG. 1, the waveguide assembly 203 suitably comprises an elongate horn assembly, generally indicated at 133, disposed entirely with the interior space 153 of the housing 151 intermediate the inlet ports 156, 158 and the outletport 160 for complete submersion within the formulation and antimicrobial agents being mixed within the chamber 151, and more suitably, in the illustrated embodiment, it is aligned coaxially with the chamber sidewall 157. The horn assembly 133 has anouter surface 107 that together with an inner surface 167 of the sidewall 157 defines a flow path within the interior space 153 of the chamber 151 along which the formulation (and its components), and the antimicrobial agents flow past the horn withinthe chamber (this portion of the flow path being broadly referred to herein as the ultrasonic treatment zone). The horn assembly 133 has an upper end defining a terminal end of the horn assembly (and therefore the terminal end 113 of the waveguideassembly) and a longitudinally opposite lower end 111. Although not shown, it is particularly preferable that the waveguide assembly 203 also comprises a booster coaxially aligned with and connected at an upper end thereof to the lower end 111 of thehorn assembly 133. It is understood, however, that the waveguide assembly 203 may comprise only the horn assembly 133 and remain within the scope of this disclosure. It is also contemplated that the booster may be disposed entirely exterior of thechamber housing 151, with the horn assembly 133 mounted on the chamber housing 151 without departing from the scope of this disclosure.
The waveguide assembly 203, and more particularly the booster is suitably mounted on the chamber housing 151, e.g., on the tube 155 defining the chamber sidewall 157, at the lower end thereof by a mounting member (not shown) that is configuredto vibrationally isolate the waveguide assembly (which vibrates ultrasonically during operation thereof) from the treatment chamber housing. That is, the mounting member inhibits the transfer of longitudinal and transverse mechanical vibration of thewaveguide assembly 203 to the chamber housing 151 while maintaining the desired transverse position of the waveguide assembly (and in particular the horn assembly 133) within the interior space 153 of the chamber housing and allowing both longitudinaland transverse displacement of the horn assembly within the chamber housing. The mounting member also at least in part (e.g., along with the booster and lower end of the horn assembly) closes the inlet end 125 of the chamber 151. Examples of suitablemounting member configurations are illustrated and described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,676,003, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference to the extent it is consistent herewith.
In one particularly suitable embodiment the mounting member is of single piece construction. Even more suitably, the mounting member may be formed integrally with the booster (and more broadly with the waveguide assembly 203). However, it isunderstood that the mounting member may be constructed separately from the waveguide assembly 203 and remain within the scope of this disclosure. It is also understood that one or more components of the mounting member may be separately constructed andsuitably connected or otherwise assembled together.
In one suitable embodiment, the mounting member is further constructed to be generally rigid (e.g., resistant to static displacement under load) so as to hold the waveguide assembly 203 in proper alignment within the interior space 153 of thechamber 151. For example, the rigid mounting member in one embodiment may be constructed of a non-elastomeric material, more suitably metal, and even more suitably the same metal from which the booster (and more broadly the waveguide assembly 203) isconstructed. The term "rigid" is not, however, intended to mean that the mounting member is incapable of dynamic flexing and/or bending in response to ultrasonic vibration of the waveguide assembly 203. In other embodiments, the rigid mounting membermay be constructed of an elastomeric material that is sufficiently resistant to static displacement under load but is otherwise capable of dynamic flexing and/or bending in response to ultrasonic vibration of the waveguide assembly 203.
A suitable ultrasonic drive system 131 including at least an exciter (not shown) and a power source (not shown) is disposed exterior of the chamber 151 and operatively connected to the booster (not shown) (and more broadly to the waveguideassembly 203) to energize the waveguide assembly to mechanically vibrate ultrasonically. Examples of suitable ultrasonic drive systems 131 include a Model 20A3000 system available from Dukane Ultrasonics of St. Charles, Ill., and a Model 2000CS systemavailable from Herrmann Ultrasonics of Schaumberg, Ill.
In one embodiment, the drive system 131 is capable of operating the waveguide assembly 203 at a frequency in the range of about 15 kHz to about 100 kHz, more suitably in the range of about 15 kHz to about 60 kHz, and even more suitably in therange of about 20 kHz to about 40 kHz. Such ultrasonic drive systems 131 are well known to those skilled in the art and need not be further described herein.
In some embodiments, however not illustrated, the treatment chamber can include more than one waveguide assembly having at least two horn assemblies for ultrasonically treating and mixing the formulation and antimicrobial agents. As notedabove, the treatment chamber comprises a housing defining an interior space of the chamber through which the formulation and antimicrobial agents are delivered from an inlet end. The housing comprises an elongate tube defining, at least in part, asidewall of the chamber. As with the embodiment including only one waveguide assembly as described above, the tube may have two or more inlet ports formed therein, through which one or more formulations and antimicrobial agents to be mixed within thechamber are delivered to the interior space thereof, and at least one outlet port through which the antimicrobial formulation exits the chamber.
In such an embodiment, two or more waveguide assemblies extend longitudinally at least in part within the interior space of the chamber to ultrasonically energize and mix the formulation and antimicrobial agents flowing through the interiorspace of the chamber. Each waveguide assembly separately includes an elongate horn assembly, each disposed entirely within the interior space of the housing intermediate the inlet ports and the outlet port for complete submersion within the formulationbeing mixed with the antimicrobial agents within the chamber. Each horn assembly can be independently constructed as described more fully herein (including the horns, along with the plurality of agitating members and baffle assemblies).
Referring back to FIG. 1, the horn assembly 133 comprises an elongate, generally cylindrical horn 105 having an outer surface 107, and two or more (i.e., a plurality of) agitating members 137 connected to the horn and extending at least in parttransversely outward from the outer surface 107 of the horn 105 in longitudinally spaced relationship with each other. The horn 105 is suitably sized to have a length equal to about one-half of the resonating wavelength (otherwise commonly referred toas one-half wavelength) of the horn. In one particular embodiment, the horn 105 is suitably configured to resonate in the ultrasonic frequency ranges recited previously, and most suitably at 20 kHz. For example, the horn 105 may be suitably constructedof a titanium alloy (e.g., Ti.sub.6Al.sub.4V) and sized to resonate at 20 kHz. The one-half wavelength horn 105 operating at such frequencies thus has a length (corresponding to a one-half wavelength) in the range of about 4 inches to about 6 inches,more suitably in the range of about 4.5 inches to about 5.5 inches, even more suitably in the range of about 5.0 inches to about 5.5 inches, and most suitably a length of about 5.25 inches (133.4 mm). It is understood, however, that the treatmentchamber 151 may include a horn 105 sized to have any increment of one-half wavelength without departing from the scope of this disclosure.
In one embodiment (not shown), the agitating members 137 comprise a series of five washer-shaped rings that extend continuously about the circumference of the horn in longitudinally spaced relationship with each other and transversely outwardfrom the outer surface of the horn. In this manner the vibrational displacement of each of the agitating members relative to the horn is relatively uniform about the circumference of the horn. It is understood, however, that the agitating members neednot each be continuous about the circumference of the horn. For example, the agitating members may instead be in the form of spokes, blades, fins or other discrete structural members that extend transversely outward from the outer surface of the horn. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 1, one of the five agitating members is in a T-shape 701. Specifically, the T-shaped agitating member 701 surrounds the nodal region. It has been found that members in the T-shape, generate a strong radial (e.g.,horizontal) acoustic wave that further increases the cavitation effect as described more fully herein.
By way of a dimensional example, the horn assembly 133 of the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 1 has a length of about 5.25 inches (133.4 mm), one of the rings 137 is suitably disposed adjacent the terminal end 113 of the horn 105 (and hence ofthe waveguide assembly 203), and more suitably is longitudinally spaced approximately 0.063 inches (1.6 mm) from the terminal end of the horn 105. In other embodiments the uppermost ring may be disposed at the terminal end of the horn 105 and remainwithin the scope of this disclosure. The rings 137 are each about 0.125 inches (3.2 mm) in thickness and are longitudinally spaced from each other (between facing surfaces of the rings) a distance of about 0.875 inches (22.2 mm).
It is understood that the number of agitating members 137 (e.g., the rings in the illustrated embodiment) may be less than or more than five without departing from the scope of this disclosure. It is also understood that the longitudinalspacing between the agitating members 137 may be other than as illustrated in FIG. 1 and described above (e.g., either closer or spaced further apart). Furthermore, while the rings 137 illustrated in FIG. 1 are equally longitudinally spaced from eachother, it is alternatively contemplated that where more than two agitating members are present the spacing between longitudinally consecutive agitating members need not be uniform to remain within the scope of this disclosure.
In particular, the locations of the agitating members 137 are at least in part a function of the intended vibratory displacement of the agitating members upon vibration of the horn assembly 133. For example, in the illustrated embodiment ofFIG. 1, the horn assembly 133 has a nodal region located generally longitudinally centrally of the horn 105 (e.g., at the third ring). As used herein and more particularly shown in FIG. 1, the "nodal region" of the horn 105 refers to a longitudinalregion or segment of the horn member along which little (or no) longitudinal displacement occurs during ultrasonic vibration of the horn and transverse (e.g., radial in the illustrated embodiment) displacement of the horn is generally maximized. Transverse displacement of the horn assembly 133 suitably comprises transverse expansion of the horn but may also include transverse movement (e.g., bending) of the horn.
In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 1, the configuration of the one-half wavelength horn 105 is such that the nodal region is particularly defined by a nodal plane (i.e., a plane transverse to the horn member at which no longitudinaldisplacement occurs while transverse displacement is generally maximized) is present. This plane is also sometimes referred to as a "nodal point". Accordingly, agitating members 137 (e.g., in the illustrated embodiment, the rings) that are disposedlongitudinally further from the nodal region of the horn 105 will experience primarily longitudinal displacement while agitating members that are longitudinally nearer to the nodal region will experience an increased amount of transverse displacement anda decreased amount of longitudinal displacement relative to the longitudinally distal agitating members.
It is understood that the horn 105 may be configured so that the nodal region is other than centrally located longitudinally on the horn member without departing from the scope of this disclosure. It is also understood that one or more of theagitating members 137 may be longitudinally located on the horn so as to experience both longitudinal and transverse displacement relative to the horn upon ultrasonic vibration of the horn 105.
Still referring to FIG. 1, the agitating members 137 are sufficiently constructed (e.g., in material and/or dimension such as thickness and transverse length, which is the distance that the agitating member extends transversely outward from theouter surface 107 of the horn 105) to facilitate dynamic motion, and in particular dynamic flexing/bending of the agitating members in response to the ultrasonic vibration of the horn. In one particularly suitable embodiment, for a given ultrasonicfrequency at which the waveguide assembly 203 is to be operated in the treatment chamber (otherwise referred to herein as the predetermined frequency of the waveguide assembly) and a particular liquid to be treated within the chamber 151, the agitatingmembers 137 and horn 105 are suitably constructed and arranged to operate the agitating members in what is referred to herein as an ultrasonic cavitation mode at the predetermined frequency.
As used herein, the ultrasonic cavitation mode of the agitating members refers to the vibrational displacement of the agitating members sufficient to result in cavitation (i.e., the formation, growth, and implosive collapse of bubbles in aliquid) of the formulation being treated at the predetermined ultrasonic frequency. For example, where the formulation (and antimicrobial agents) flowing within the chamber comprises an aqueous liquid formulation, and the ultrasonic frequency at whichthe waveguide assembly 203 is to be operated (i.e., the predetermined frequency) is about 20 kHZ, one or more of the agitating members 137 are suitably constructed to provide a vibrational displacement of at least 1.75 mils (i.e., 0.00175 inches, or0.044 mm) to establish a cavitation mode of the agitating members.
It is understood that the waveguide assembly 203 may be configured differently (e.g., in material, size, etc.) to achieve a desired cavitation mode associated with the particular formulation and/or antimicrobial agents to be mixed. For example,as the viscosity of the formulation being mixed with the antimicrobial agents changes, the cavitation mode of the agitating members may need to be changed.
In particularly suitable embodiments, the cavitation mode of the agitating members corresponds to a resonant mode of the agitating members whereby vibrational displacement of the agitating members is amplified relative to the displacement of thehorn. However, it is understood that cavitation may occur without the agitating members operating in their resonant mode, or even at a vibrational displacement that is greater than the displacement of the horn, without departing from the scope of thisdisclosure.
In one suitable embodiment, a ratio of the transverse length of at least one and, more suitably, all of the agitating members to the thickness of the agitating member is in the range of about 2:1 to about 6:1. As another example, the rings eachextend transversely outward from the outer surface 107 of the horn 105 a length of about 0.5 inches (12.7 mm) and the thickness of each ring is about 0.125 inches (3.2 mm), so that the ratio of transverse length to thickness of each ring is about 4:1. It is understood, however that the thickness and/or the transverse length of the agitating members may be other than that of the rings as described above without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Also, while the agitating members 137 (rings)may suitably each have the same transverse length and thickness, it is understood that the agitating members may have different thicknesses and/or transverse lengths.
In the above described embodiment, the transverse length of the agitating member also at least in part defines the size (and at least in part the direction) of the flow path along which the formulation and antimicrobial agents or other flowablecomponents in the interior space of the chamber flows past the horn. For example, the horn may have a radius of about 0.875 inches (22.2 mm) and the transverse length of each ring is, as discussed above, about 0.5 inches (12.7 mm). The radius of theinner surface of the housing sidewall is approximately 1.75 inches (44.5 mm) so that the transverse spacing between each ring and the inner surface of the housing sidewall is about 0.375 inches (9.5 mm). It is contemplated that the spacing between thehorn outer surface 107 and the inner surface 167 of the chamber sidewall 157 and/or between the agitating members 137 and the inner surface 167 of the chamber sidewall 157 may be greater or less than described above without departing from the scope ofthis disclosure.
In general, the horn 105 may be constructed of a metal having suitable acoustical and mechanical properties. Examples of suitable metals for construction of the horn 105 include, without limitation, aluminum, monel, titanium, stainless steel,and some alloy steels. It is also contemplated that all or part of the horn 105 may be coated with another metal such as silver, platinum, gold, palladium, lead dioxide, and copper to mention a few. In one particularly suitable embodiment, theagitating members 137 are constructed of the same material as the horn 105, and are more suitably formed integrally with the horn. In other embodiments, one or more of the agitating members 137 may instead be formed separate from the horn 105 andconnected thereto.
While the agitating members 137 (e.g., the rings) illustrated in FIG. 1 are relatively flat, i.e., relatively rectangular in cross-section, it is understood that the rings may have a cross-section that is other than rectangular without departingfrom the scope of this disclosure. The term "cross-section" is used in this instance to refer to a cross-section taken along one transverse direction (e.g., radially in the illustrated embodiment) relative to the horn outer surface 107). Additionally,as seen of the first two and last two agitating members 137 (e.g., the rings) illustrated in FIG. 1 are constructed only to have a transverse component, it is contemplated that one or more of the agitating members may have at least one longitudinal(e.g., axial) component to take advantage of transverse vibrational displacement of the horn (e.g., at the third agitating member as illustrated in FIG. 1) during ultrasonic vibration of the waveguide assembly 203.
As best illustrated in FIG. 1, the terminal end 113 of the horn 105 is suitably spaced longitudinally from the outlet end 127 in FIG. 1 to define what is referred to herein as a back-mixing zone in which further mixing of the formulation andantimicrobial agents within the interior space 153 of the chamber housing 151 occurs downstream of the horn 105. This back-mixing zone is particularly useful where the treatment chamber 151 is used for mixing two or more components together (such aswith the antimicrobial agents and the formulation) whereby further mixing is facilitated by the back-mixing action in the back-mixing zone before the antimicrobial formulation exits the chamber housing 151. It is understood, though, that the terminalend of the horn 105 may be nearer to the outlet end 127 than is illustrated in FIG. 1, and may be substantially adjacent to the outlet port 160 so as to generally omit the back-mixing zone, without departing from the scope of this disclosure.
Additionally, a baffle assembly, generally indicated at 245 is disposed within the interior space 153 of the chamber housing 151, and in particular generally transversely adjacent the inner surface 167 of the sidewall 157 and in generallytransversely opposed relationship with the horn 105. In one suitable embodiment, the baffle assembly 245 comprises one or more baffle members 247 disposed adjacent the inner surface 167 of the housing sidewall 157 and extending at least in parttransversely inward from the inner surface of the sidewall 167 toward the horn 105. More suitably, the one or more baffle members 247 extend transversely inward from the housing sidewall inner surface 167 to a position longitudinally intersticed withthe agitating members 137 that extend outward from the outer surface 107 of the horn 105. The term "longitudinally intersticed" is used herein to mean that a longitudinal line drawn parallel to the longitudinal axis of the horn 105 passes through boththe agitating members 137 and the baffle members 247. As one example, in the illustrated embodiment, the baffle assembly 245 comprises four, generally annular baffle members 247 (i.e., extending continuously about the horn 105) longitudinallyintersticed with the five agitating members 237.
As a more particular example, the four annular baffle members 247 illustrated in FIG. 1 are of the same thickness as the agitating members 137 in our previous dimensional example (i.e., 0.125 inches (3.2 mm)) and are spaced longitudinally fromeach other (e.g., between opposed faces of consecutive baffle members) equal to the longitudinal spacing between the rings (i.e., 0.875 inches (22.2 mm)). Each of the annular baffle members 247 has a transverse length (e.g., inward of the inner surface167 of the housing sidewall 157) of about 0.5 inches (12.7 mm) so that the innermost edges of the baffle members extend transversely inward beyond the outermost edges of the agitating members 137 (e.g., the rings). It is understood, however, that thebaffle members 247 need not extend transversely inward beyond the outermost edges of the agitating members 137 of the horn 105 to remain within the scope of this disclosure.
It will be appreciated that the baffle members 247 thus extend into the flow path of the formulation and antimicrobial agents that flow within the interior space 153 of the chamber 151 past the horn 105 (e.g., within the ultrasonic treatmentzone). As such, the baffle members 247 inhibit the formulation and antimicrobial agents from flowing along the inner surface 167 of the chamber sidewall 157 past the horn 105, and more suitably the baffle members facilitate the flow of the formulationand antimicrobial agents transversely inward toward the horn for flowing over the agitating members of the horn to thereby facilitate ultrasonic energization (i.e., agitation) of the formulation and antimicrobial agents to initiate mixing the formulationand antimicrobial agents to form the antimicrobial formulation.
In one embodiment, to inhibit gas bubbles against stagnating or otherwise building up along the inner surface 167 of the sidewall 157 and across the face on the underside of each baffle member 247, e.g., as a result of agitation of theformulation, a series of notches (broadly openings) may be formed in the outer edge of each of the baffle members (not shown) to facilitate the flow of gas (e.g., gas bubbles) between the outer edges of the baffle members and the inner surface of thechamber sidewall. For example, in one particularly preferred embodiment, four such notches are formed in the outer edge of each of the baffle members in equally spaced relationship with each other. It is understood that openings may be formed in thebaffle members other than at the outer edges where the baffle members abut the housing, and remain within the scope of this disclosure. It is also understood, that these notches may number more or less than four, as discussed above, and may even becompletely omitted.
It is further contemplated that the baffle members 247 need not be annular or otherwise extend continuously about the horn 105. For example, the baffle members 247 may extend discontinuously about the horn 105, such as in the form of spokes,bumps, segments or other discrete structural formations that extend transversely inward from adjacent the inner surface 167 of the housing sidewall 157. The term "continuously" in reference to the baffle members 247 extending continuously about the horndoes not exclude a baffle member as being two or more arcuate segments arranged in end-to-end abutting relationship, i.e., as long as no significant gap is formed between such segments. Suitable baffle member configurations are disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 11/530,311 (filed Sep. 8, 2006), which is hereby incorporated by reference to the extent it is consistent herewith.
Also, while the baffle members 247 illustrated in FIG. 1 are each generally flat, e.g., having a generally thin rectangular cross-section, it is contemplated that one or more of the baffle members may each be other than generally flat orrectangular in cross-section to further facilitate the flow of bubbles along the interior space 153 of the chamber 151. The term "cross-section" is used in this instance to refer to a cross-section taken along one transverse direction (e.g., radially inthe illustrated embodiment, relative to the horn outer surface 107).
In one embodiment, the ultrasonic mixing system may further comprise a filter assembly (not shown) disposed at the outlet end 127 of the treatment chamber 151. Many antimicrobial agents (particularly, hydrophobic antimicrobial agents), wheninitially added to a formulation, can attract one another and can clump together in large balls. As such, the filter assembly can filter out the large balls of antimicrobial agents that form within the antimicrobial formulation prior to the formulationbeing delivered to a packaging unit for consumer use, as described more fully below. Specifically, the filter assembly is constructed to filter out antimicrobial agents sized greater than about 0.2 microns.
In one particularly preferred embodiment, the filter assembly covers the inner surface of the outlet port. The filter assembly includes a filter having a pore size of from about 0.5 micron to about 20 microns. More suitably, the filterassembly includes a filter having a pore size of from about 1 micron to about 5 microns, and even more suitably, about 2 microns. The number and pour size of filters for use in the filter assembly will typically depend on the antimicrobial agents andformulation to be mixed within the treatment chamber.
In operation according to one embodiment of the ultrasonic mixing system of the present disclosure, the mixing system (more specifically, the treatment chamber) is used to mix/disperse antimicrobials into one or more formulations. Specifically,a formulation is delivered (e.g., by the pumps described above) via conduits to one or more inlet ports formed in the treatment chamber housing. The formulation can be any suitable formulation known in the art. For example, suitable formulations caninclude hydrophilic formulations, hydrophobic formulations, siliphilic formulations, and combinations thereof. Examples of particularly suitable formulations to be mixed within the ultrasonic mixing system of the present disclosure can include aqueousdispersions, microemulsions, macroemulsions, and nanoemulsions including oil-in-water emulsions, water-in-oil emulsions, water-in-oil-in-water emulsions, oil-in-water-in-oil emulsions, water-in-silicone emulsions, water-in-silicone-in-water emulsions,glycol-in-silicone emulsion, high internal phase emulsions, hydrogels, and the like. High internal phase emulsions are well known in the art and typically refer to emulsions having from about 70% (by total weight emulsion) to about 80% (by total weightemulsion) of an oil phase. Furthermore, as known by one skilled in the art, "hydrogel" typically refers to a hydrophilic base that is thickened with rheology modifiers and or thickeners to form a gel. For example a hydrogel can be formed with a baseconsisting of water that is thickened with a carbomer that has been neutralized with a base.
Generally, from about 0.1 liters per minute to about 100 liters per minute of the formulation is typically delivered into the treatment chamber housing. More suitably, the amount of formulation delivered into the treatment chamber housing isfrom about 1.0 liters per minute to about 10 liters per minute.
In one embodiment, the formulation is prepared using the ultrasonic mixing system simultaneously during delivery of the formulation into the interior space of the housing and mixing with the antimicrobial agents. In such an embodiment, thetreatment chamber can include more than one inlet port to deliver the separate components of the formulation into the interior space of the housing. For example, in one embodiment, a first component of the formulation can be delivered via a first inletport into the interior space of the treatment chamber housing and a second component of the formulation can be delivered via a third inlet port into the interior space of the treatment chamber housing (as described above, the antimicrobial agents aretypically delivered via the second inlet port; however, the numbering of ports is not substantially important and thus can be other than as described above without departing from the present disclosure). In one embodiment, the first component is waterand the second component is a triclosan. The first component is delivered via the first inlet port to the interior space of the housing at a flow rate of from about 0.1 liters per minute to about 100 liters per minute, and the second component isdelivered via the second inlet port to the interior space of the housing at a flow rate of from about 1 milliliter per minute to about 1000 milliliters per minute.
Typically, the multiple inlet ports are disposed in parallel along the sidewall of the treatment chamber housing. In an alternative embodiment, the multiple inlet ports are disposed on opposing sidewalls of the treatment chamber housing. Whiledescribed herein as having two inlet ports to deliver one or more components of the formulation, it should be understood by one skilled in the art that more than two inlet ports can be used to deliver the various components of the formulations withoutdeparting from the scope of the present disclosure.
In one embodiment, the formulation (or one or more of its components) is heated prior to being delivered to the treatment chamber. With some formulations, while the individual components have a relatively low viscosity (i.e., a viscosity below100 cps), the resulting formulation made with the components has a high viscosity (i.e., a viscosity greater than 100 cps), which can result in clumping of the formulation and clogging of the inlet port of the treatment chamber. For example, manywater-in-oil emulsions can suffer from clumping during mixing. In these types of formulations, the water and/or oil components are heated to a temperature of approximately 40.degree. C. or higher. Suitably, the formulation (or one or more of itscomponents) can be heated to a temperature of from about 70.degree. C. to about 100.degree. C. prior to being delivered to the treatment chamber via the inlet port.
Additionally, the method includes delivering antimicrobial agents, such as those described above, to the interior space of the chamber to be mixed with the formulation. Specifically, the antimicrobial agents are delivered to the interior spaceof the housing via a second inlet port.
Typically, the one or more antimicrobial agents are delivered to the interior space of the housing at a flow rate of from about 1 gram per minute to about 1000 grams per minute. More suitably, one or more antimicrobial agents are delivered at aflow rate of from about 5 grams per minute to about 500 grams per minute.
In accordance with the above embodiment, as the formulation and antimicrobial agents continue to flow upward within the chamber, the waveguide assembly, and more particularly the horn assembly, is driven by the drive system to vibrate at apredetermined ultrasonic frequency. In response to ultrasonic excitation of the horn, the agitating members that extend outward from the outer surface of the horn dynamically flex/bend relative to the horn, or displace transversely (depending on thelongitudinal position of the agitating member relative to the nodal region of the horn).
The formulation and antimicrobial agents continuously flow longitudinally along the flow path between the horn assembly and the inner surface of the housing sidewall so that the ultrasonic vibration and the dynamic motion of the agitatingmembers causes cavitation in the formulation to further facilitate agitation. The baffle members disrupt the longitudinal flow of formulation along the inner surface of the housing sidewall and repeatedly direct the flow transversely inward to flow overthe vibrating agitating members.
As the mixed antimicrobial formulation flows longitudinally downstream past the terminal end of the waveguide assembly, an initial back mixing of the antimicrobial formulation also occurs as a result of the dynamic motion of the agitating memberat or adjacent the terminal end of the horn. Further downstream flow of the antimicrobial formulation results in the agitated formulation providing a more uniform mixture of components (e.g., components of formulation and antimicrobial agents) prior toexiting the treatment chamber via the outlet port. Furthermore, the initial agitation and back-mixing caused by the ultrasonic vibration and cavitation limit the particle size of the antimicrobial agents within the antimicrobial formulation. Specifically, the ultrasonic mixing system of the present disclosure allows for antimicrobial formulations having significantly reduced particle sized-antimicrobial agents, allowing for a better antimicrobial effect and a more comfortable, less harshend-product antimicrobial formulation.
In one embodiment, as illustrated in FIG. 4, the treatment chamber may further be in connection with a liquid recycle loop, generally indicated at 400. Typically, the liquid recycle loop 400 is disposed longitudinally between the inlet port 356and the outlet port 367. The liquid recycle loop 400 recycles a portion of the formulation being mixed with the antimicrobial agents within the interior space 353 of the housing 351 back into an intake zone (e.g., portion of chamber in which theformulation and/or antimicrobial agents are introduced into the interior space of the house, and generally indicated in FIG. 4 at 361) of the interior space 353 of the housing 351. By recycling the formulation back into the intake zone, more effectivemixing between the formulation (and its components) and antimicrobial agents can be achieved as the formulation and antimicrobial agents are allowed to remain within the treatment chamber, undergoing cavitation, for a longer residence time. Furthermore,the agitation in the intake zone can be enhanced, thereby facilitating better dispersing and/or dissolution of the antimicrobial agents into the formulation.
The liquid recycle loop can be any system that is capable of recycling the liquid formulation from the interior space of the housing downstream of the intake zone back into the intake zone of the interior space of the housing. In oneparticularly preferred embodiment, as shown in FIG. 4, the liquid recycle loop 400 includes one or more pumps 402 to deliver the formulation back into the intake zone 361 of the interior space 353 of the housing 351.
Typically, the formulation (and antimicrobial agents) is delivered back into the treatment chamber at a flow rate having a ratio of recycle flow rate to initial feed flow rate of the formulation (described below) of 1.0 or greater. While aratio of recycle flow rate to initial feed flow rate is preferably greater than 1.0, it should be understood that ratios of less than 1.0 can be tolerated without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.
Once the antimicrobial formulation is thoroughly mixed, the antimicrobial formulation exits the treatment chamber via the outlet port. In one embodiment, once exited, the antimicrobial formulation can be directed to a post-processing deliverysystem to be delivered to one or more packaging units. Without being limiting, for example, the antimicrobial formulation is a skin cleansing formulation and the antimicrobial formulation can be directed to a post-processing delivery system to bedelivered to a lotion-pump dispenser for use by the consumer.
The post-processing delivery system can be any system known in the art for delivering the antimicrobial formulation to end-product packaging units. Suitable packaging units can be any packaging unit for the formulations described above. Forexample, suitable packaging units include spray bottles, lotion tubes and/or bottles, wet wipes, and the like.
In this Example, the water-insoluble antimicrobial agent, triclosan, was mixed with various aqueous formulations in the ultrasonic mixing system of FIG. 3 of the present disclosure. The ability of the ultrasonic mixing system to effectively mixthe triclosan into the aqueous formulations to form a homogenous antimicrobial formulation was compared to mixing the formulation and antimicrobial agents by laboratory benchtop mixer and lab homogenizer. Additionally, the ability of the triclosan toremain homogenously mixed with the formulations was analyzed and compared to the mixtures produced using the laboratory mixer and homogenizer mixer in the beaker.
Four samples (Samples A-D) of triclosan in a diluted wet wipe formulation were mixed using the ultrasonic mixing system of FIG. 3. Specifically, the diluted wet wipe solution included 4.152% (by weight) KIMSPEC AVE.RTM. (commercially availablefrom Rhodia, Inc., Cranbury, N.J.) and 95.848% (by weight) purified water. 1495.5 grams diluted wet wipe formulation and 4.5 grams triclosan (commercially available as IRGASAN DP 300, from CIBA Specialty Chemicals Co., Highpoint, N.C.) were delivered tothe ultrasonic mixing system and ultrasonically mixed as described herein for either 1, 2, 4, or 6.5 minutes.
Four additional samples (Samples E-H) of triclosan in a water formulation were mixed using the ultrasonic mixing system of FIG. 3. Specifically, 1495.5 grams water and 4.5 grams triclosan were delivered to the ultrasonic mixing system andultrasonically mixed as described herein for either 1, 2, 4, or 6.5 minutes.
Two control samples (I & J) of triclosan and diluted wet wipe formulation and two control samples (K & L) of triclosan and water were also prepared using either a homogenizing mixer or laboratory benchtop mixer to manually stir the antimicrobialformulation mixture together. Specifically, 398.8 grams of formulation (i.e., diluted wet wipe solution above) and 1.2 grams of triclosan were delivered to the mixing vessels and mixed by either IKA-Werke Eurostar lab benchtop mixer or Silverson L4RT-Wlab homogenizer. The formulation and antimicrobial agents were then mixed for 5 minutes at a rate of either 500 rpm on the IKA lab mixer or 5000 rpm on the homogenizer.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 3 Visual Observation Mixing Immediately 1 day 2 days 3 days 6 days Weight Mixing Time after after after after after Sample (%) Method (min.) mixing mixing mixing mixing mixing A Triclosan 0.3 Ultrasonic 1 ParticleTransparent Transparent Transparent Tr- ansparent Diluted Wet Wipe 99.7 Mixing clumps seen Formulation Formulation Formulation Formulation Formulation on baffle and chamber surfaces, transparent formulation B Triclosan 0.3 Ultrasonic 2 Milk-like,Milk-like, Milk-like, Milk-like, no Milk-like, no Diluted Wet Wipe 99.7 Mixing well mixed no visible no visible visible visible Formulation formulation change change change change C Triclosan 0.3 Ultrasonic 4 Milk-like, Milk-like, Milk-like, Milk-like,no Milk-like, no Diluted Wet Wipe 99.7 Mixing well mixed no visible no visible visible visible Formulation formulation change change change change D Triclosan 0.3 Ultrasonic 6.5 Milk-like, Milk-like, Milk-like, Milk-like, no Milk-like, no Diluted WetWipe 99.7 Mixing well mixed no visible no visible visible visible Formulation formulation change change change change E Triclosan 0.3 Ultrasonic 1 Particle All Particles Coarsest Particles Water 99.7 mixing clumps seen particles on bottom; particlesdissolved; on baffle settling on transparent gradually fuzzy layer and chamber bottom; formulation dissolving on bottom surfaces; transparent little formulation fuzzy, but transparent formulation F Triclosan 0.3 Ultrasonic 2 Milk-like, Layering: FinerFiner Particles Water 99.7 mixing well mixed bottom 1/4 particles particles dissolved; formulation fuzzy, top 3/4 settling on gradually no fuzzy translucent bottom dissolving layer formulation G Triclosan 0.3 Ultrasonic 4 Milk-like, Layering: Fuzzy layerFiner Particles Water 99.7 mixing well mixed bottom 1/3 height particles dissolved; formulation fuzzy but reducing, gradually no fuzzy darker almost dissolving layer color, top settling to 2/3 bottom translucent formulation H Triclosan 0.3 Ultrasonic6.5 Milk-like, Layering: Fuzzy layer Finer Particles Water 99.7 mixing well mixed bottom 1/2 height particles dissolved; formulation fuzzy but reducing, gradually no fuzzy darker fine dissolving layer color, top particles 1/2 present translucentformulation I Triclosan 0.3 Mixer Large Large Large Large clumps; Large clumps; Diluted Wet Wipe 99.7 clumps; clumps; clumps; transparent transparent Formulation transparent transparent transparent formulation formulation- formulation formulationformulation J Triclosan 0.3 Homogenizer Finer Finer Finer Finer clumps Finer clumps Diluted Wet Wipe 99.7 clumps than clumps than clumps than than mixer, than mixer, Formulation mixer, mixer, mixer, transparent transparent transparent transparenttransparent formulation formulation formulation formulation formulation K Triclosan 0.3 Mixer Large Large Large Large clumps; Large clumps; Water 99.7 clumps; clumps; clumps; transparent transparent transparent transparent transparent formulationformulation formulation formulation formulation L Triclosan 0.3 Homogenizer Finer Finer Finer Finer clumps Finer clumps Water 99.7 clumps than clumps than clumps than than mixer, than mixer, mixer, mixer, mixer, transparent transparent transparenttransparent transparent formulation formulation formulation formulation formulation
As can be seen in Table 3, ultrasonic mixing with the ultrasonic mixing system of the present disclosure allowed for faster, and more efficient mixing. Specifically, the antimicrobial formulations were completely homogenous after a shorterperiod of time; that is the triclosan completely dissolved faster in the aqueous formulations, or dispersed more finely so the resultant particulate antimicrobial agents remained dispersed for much longer periods of time and did not reagglommerate intolarger particles using the ultrasonic mixing system of the present disclosure as compared to manual mixing with either a homogenizer mixer or hand mixer. Furthermore, the ultrasonic mixing system produced antimicrobial formulations that remained stable,homogenous formulations for a longer period of time.
Subsequently, the samples were run through a filter and triclosan particles (if any) were separated from the formulation. Both volume mean particle diameter and particle size distribution were performed using Laser Light Scattering methods byMicromeritics Analytical Services (Norcross, Ga.). The results are shown in Table 4.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 4 Volume Volume Volume Volume Mean Diameter Diameter Diameter Diameter 90% finer 50% finer 10% finer Sample (.mu.m) (.mu.m) (.mu.m) (.mu.m) A 1.337 1.786 1.045 0.832 B -- -- -- -- C -- -- -- -- D 1.070 1.299 1.019 0.838 E3.643 5.998 3.463 1.351 F -- -- -- -- G -- -- -- -- H 5.466 14.57 2.362 0.958 I -- -- -- -- J 4.490 13.81 1.223 0.838 K 49.80 99.87 49.34 2.917 L 36.82 92.22 18.80 1.519 *Test Samples B, C, F, G, and I were not analyzed for volume mean particle diameteror particle size distribution.
Furthermore, the samples were analyzed for their efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus. Specifically, approximately 104 colony forming units of S. aureus (ATCC#6538) were aliquoted into wells of a 96-well microtiter plate. The samples abovewere placed in the wells and parafilm sealed. The plates were incubated at 37.degree. C. for 24 hours and then the MIC and the zone of inhibition were measured. The results are shown in Table 5.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 5 Zone of Inhibition Sample (mm) MIC (mg/L) A -- -- B 16 <0.0002 C -- -- D 15 <0.0002 E -- -- F 16 <0.0002 G -- -- H 16 <0.0002 I 12 0.05 J 11 0.05 K 10 3.0 L 13 3.0 *Test samples A, C, E, and G were not analyzedfor MIC or zone of inhibition.
As shown in Table 5, the samples that were ultrasonically mixed provided better antimicrobial activity compared to the control samples. Specifically, the ultrasonically mixed samples provided larger zones of inhibition and controlled the growthof S. aureus better than the control samples as represented by the MIC data in the table.
When introducing elements of the present disclosure or preferred embodiments thereof, the articles "a", "an", "the", and "said" are intended to mean that there are one or more of the elements. The terms "comprising", "including", and "having"are intended to be inclusive and mean that there may be additional elements other than the listed elements.
As various changes could be made in the above constructions and methods without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description and shown in the accompanying drawings shall beinterpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.
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