Source: https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2016/12/27/2016-31044/air-plan-approval-indiana-redesignation-of-the-indiana-portion-of-the-cincinnati
Timestamp: 2018-04-24 14:36:48
Document Index: 372222998

Matched Legal Cases: ['art 50', 'art 50', 'art 50', 'art 58', 'art 50', 'art 2', 'art 1', 'art 2', 'art 2', 'art 58', 'art 51']

Federal Register :: Air Plan Approval; Indiana; Redesignation of the Indiana Portion of the Cincinnati, Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Area to Attainment of the 2008 Ozone Standard
95081-95097 (17 pages)
FRL-9957-18-Region 5
A. Has the Cincinnati area attained the 2008 ozone NAAQS?
B. Has Indiana met all applicable requirements of section 110 and part D of the CAA for the Cincinnati area, and does the Indiana portion of the area have a fully approved SIP under section 110(k) of the CAA?
1. Indiana Has Met All Applicable Requirements of Section 110 and Part D of the CAA Applicable to the Indiana Portion of the Cincinnati Area for Purposes of Redesignation
2. The Indiana Portion of the Cincinnati Area Has a Fully Approved SIP for Purposes of Redesignation Under Section 110(k) of the CAA
C. Are the air quality improvements in the Cincinnati area due to permanent and enforceable emission reductions?
c. Control Measures Specific to the Cincinnati Area
D. Does Indiana have a fully approvable ozone maintenance plan for the Cincinnati area?
2. Has the state documented maintenance of the ozone standard in the Cincinnati area?
5. What is the contingency plan for the Cincinnati area?
B. What is the status of EPA's adequacy determination for the proposed VOC and NO X MVEBs for the Cincinnati area?
VI. Has the state submitted approvable emission inventories?
A. The 2008 Ozone NAAQS and Emission Inventory Requirements
B. Indiana's Emission Inventories
1. Did the state adequately document the derivation of the emission estimates?
2. Did the state quality assure the emission estimates?
3. Did the state provide for public review of the requested SIP revision?
https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2016-31044 https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2016-31044
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EPA is proposing to take several related actions. EPA is proposing to determine that the Cincinnati nonattainment area is attaining the 2008 ozone standard, based on quality-assured and certified monitoring data for 2013-2015 and that the Indiana portion of this area has met the requirements for redesignation under section 107(d)(3)(E) of the CAA. EPA is thus proposing to approve IDEM's request to change the legal designation of the Indiana portion of the Cincinnati area from nonattainment to attainment for the 2008 ozone standard. EPA is also proposing to approve, as a revision to the Indiana SIP, the state's maintenance plan (such approval being one of the CAA criteria for redesignation to attainment status) for the area. The maintenance plan is designed to keep the Cincinnati area in attainment of the 2008 ozone NAAQS through 2030. Finally, EPA finds adequate and is proposing to approve the newly-established 2020 and 2030 MVEBs for the Indiana and Ohio portion of the Cincinnati area. The adequacy comment period for the MVEBs began on July 22, 2016, with EPA's posting of the availability of the submittal on EPA's Adequacy Web site (at http://www.epa.gov/​otaq/​stateresources/​transconf/​adequacy.htm). The adequacy comment period for these MVEBs ended on August 22, 2016. EPA did not receive any requests for this submittal, or adverse comments on this submittal during the adequacy comment period. In a letter dated August 23, 2016, EPA informed IDEM that we found the 2020 and 2030 MVEBs to be adequate for use in transportation conformity analyses. On September 27, 2016 (81 FR 66271), EPA published a notice of adequacy announcing this same finding. Please see section V.B. of this preamble, “What is the status of EPA's adequacy determination for the proposed VOC and NOX MVEBs for the Indiana portion of the Cincinnati area,” for further explanation of this process. Therefore, we find adequate, and are proposing to approve, the States' 2020 and 2030 MVEBs for transportation conformity purposes.
On June 1, 2016, Indiana submitted a separate SIP revision to address emissions statements requirements, as discussed in section IV.B.1. of this preamble. EPA is taking action on the emissions statements SIP revision in a separate rulemaking. EPA will not finalize this redesignation rulemaking without an earlier or simultaneous final approval of the separate emissions statements rulemaking.
EPA has determined that ground-level ozone is detrimental to human health. On March 12, 2008, EPA promulgated a revised ozone NAAQS of 0.075 parts per million (ppm). See 73 FR 16436 (March 27, 2008). Under EPA's regulations at 40 CFR part 50, the 2008 ozone NAAQS is attained in an area when the three-year average of the annual fourth highest daily maximum 8-hour average concentration is equal to or less than 0.075 ppm, when truncated after the thousandth decimal place, at all of the ozone monitoring sites in the area. See 40 CFR 50.15 and appendix P to 40 CFR part 50.
Upon promulgation of a new or revised NAAQS, section 107(d)(1)(B) of the CAA requires EPA to designate as nonattainment any areas that are violating the NAAQS, based on the most recent three years of quality-assured ozone monitoring data. The Cincinnati area was designated as a marginal nonattainment area for the 2008 ozone NAAQS on May 21, 2012 (77 FR 30088) (effective July 20, 2012).
In a final implementation rule for the 2008 ozone NAAQS (SIP Requirements Rule),[1] EPA established ozone standard attainment dates based on table 1 of section 181(a) of the CAA. This established an attainment date three years after the July 20, 2012, effective designation date for areas classified as marginal nonattainment for the 2008 ozone NAAQS. Therefore, the attainment date for the Cincinnati area was July 20, 2015. On May 4, 2016 (81 FR 26697), in accordance with section 181(b)(2)(A) of the CAA and the provisions of the SIP Requirements Rule (40 CFR 51.1103), EPA made a determination that the Cincinnati area attained the standard by its July 20, 2015, attainment date for the 2008 ozone NAAQS. EPA's determination was based upon three years of complete, Start Printed Page 95083quality-assured and certified data for the 2012-2014 period.
For redesignation of a nonattainment area to attainment, the CAA requires EPA to determine that the area has attained the applicable NAAQS (CAA section 107(d)(3)(E)(i)). An area is attaining the 2008 ozone NAAQS if it meets the 2008 ozone NAAQS, as determined in accordance with 40 CFR 50.15 and appendix P of part 50, based on three complete, consecutive calendar years of quality-assured air quality data for all monitoring sites in the area. To attain the NAAQS, the three-year average of the annual fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hour average ozone concentrations (ozone design values) at each monitor must not exceed 0.075 ppm. The air quality data must be collected and quality-assured in accordance with 40 CFR part 58 and recorded in EPA's Air Quality System (AQS). Ambient air quality monitoring data for the three-year period must also meet data completeness requirements. An ozone design value is valid if daily maximum 8-hour average concentrations are available for at least 90% of the days within the ozone monitoring seasons,[2] on average, for the three-year period, with a minimum data completeness of 75% during the ozone monitoring season of any year during the three-year period. See section 2.3 of appendix P to 40 CFR part 50.
On May 4, 2016, in accordance with section 181(b)(2)(A) of the CAA and the provisions of the SIP Requirements Rule (40 CFR 51.1103), EPA made a determination that the Cincinnati area attained the standard by its July 20, 2015, attainment date for the 2008 ozone NAAQS. This determination was based upon three years of complete, quality-assured and certified data for the 2012-2014 period. In addition, EPA has reviewed the available ozone monitoring data from monitoring sites in the Cincinnati area for the 2013-2015 period. These data have been quality-assured, are recorded in the AQS, and have been certified. These data demonstrate that the Cincinnati area is attaining the 2008 ozone NAAQS. The annual fourth-highest 8-hour ozone concentrations and the three-year average of these concentrations (monitoring site ozone design values) for each monitoring site are summarized in Table 1.
Table 1—Annual 4th High Daily Maximum 8-Hour Ozone Concentrations and Three-Year Average of the 4th High Daily Maximum 8-Hour Ozone Concentrations for the Cincinnati Area
Ohio Butler 39-017-0004 39-017-0018 39-017-9991 0.068 0.068 0.069 0.070 0.069 0.069 0.070 0.070 0.068 0.069 0.069 0.068
Start Printed Page 95084
Clinton 39-027-1002 39-061-0006 0.064 0.069 0.070 0.070 0.070 0.072 0.068 0.070
Hamilton 39-061-0010 39-061-0040 0.064 0.069 0.073 0.069 0.070 0.071 0.069 0.069
Kentucky Boone Campbell 21-015-0003 21-037-3002 0.059 0.072 0.062 0.071 0.062 0.071 0.061 0.071
The three-year ozone design value for 2013-2015 is 0.071 ppm,[3] which meets the 2008 ozone NAAQS. Therefore, in this action, EPA proposes to determine that the Cincinnati area is attaining the 2008 ozone NAAQS.
EPA will not take final action to determine that the Cincinnati area is attaining the NAAQS nor to approve the redesignation of this area if the design value of a monitoring site in the area exceeds the NAAQS after proposal but prior to final approval of the redesignation. Preliminary 2016 data indicate that this area continues to attain the 2008 ozone NAAQS. As discussed in section IV.D.3. of this preamble, IDEM has committed to continue monitoring ozone in this area to verify maintenance of the ozone standard.
As criteria for redesignation of an area from nonattainment to attainment of a NAAQS, the CAA requires EPA to determine that the state has met all applicable requirements under section 110 and part D of title I of the CAA (see section 107(d)(3)(E)(v) of the CAA) and that the state has a fully approved SIP under section 110(k) of the CAA (see section 107(d)(3)(E)(ii) of the CAA). We are proposing to determine that Indiana has met all currently applicable SIP requirements for purposes of redesignation of the Cincinnati area to attainment of the 2008 ozone standard under section 110 and part D of the CAA, in accordance with section 107(d)(3)(E)(v). We are also proposing to determine that the Indiana SIP, with the exception of the comprehensive emissions inventory and emissions statements rules, is fully approved with respect to all applicable requirements for purposes of redesignation to attainment of the 2008 ozone standard, in accordance with section 107(d)(3)(E)(ii) of the CAA. As discussed below, in this action EPA is proposing to approve Indiana's 2011 comprehensive emissions inventory as meeting the comprehensive emissions inventory requirement of section 182(a)(1) for the area. EPA is taking action on the Indiana emissions statements rules required by section 182(a)(3)(B) in a separate rule.
Recognizing that the comprehensive emissions inventory and emissions statements rules must be approved on or before the date we complete final rulemaking approving the redesignation requests, we determine here that, assuming that this occurs, Indiana will have met all applicable section 110 and part D SIP requirements of the CAA for purposes of approval of Indiana's ozone redesignation request for the Cincinnati area and will have a fully approved SIP under section 110(k) of the CAA. In making these proposed determinations, EPA ascertained which CAA requirements are applicable to the Cincinnati area and the Indiana SIP and, if applicable, whether the required Indiana SIP elements are fully approved under section 110(k) and part D of the CAA. As discussed more fully below, SIPs must be fully approved only with respect to currently applicable requirements of the CAA.
Section 110(a)(2) of the CAA delineates the general requirements for a SIP. Section 110(a)(2) provides that the SIP must have been adopted by the state after reasonable public notice and hearing, and that, among other things, it must: (1) Include enforceable emission limitations and other control measures, means or techniques necessary to meet the requirements of the CAA; (2) provide for establishment and operation of appropriate devices, methods, systems and procedures necessary to monitor ambient air quality; (3) provide for implementation of a source permit program to regulate the modification and construction of stationary sources within the areas covered by the plan; (4) include provisions for the implementation of part C prevention of significant deterioration (PSD) and part D new source review (NSR) permit programs; (5) include provisions for stationary source emission control measures, monitoring, and reporting; (6) include provisions for air quality Start Printed Page 95085modeling; and (7) provide for public and local agency participation in planning and emission control rule development.
Section 110(a)(2)(D) of the CAA requires SIPs to contain measures to prevent sources in a state from significantly contributing to air quality problems in another state. To implement this provision, EPA has required certain states to establish programs to address transport of certain air pollutants, e.g., NOX SIP call.[4] However, like many of the 110(a)(2) requirements, the section 110(a)(2)(D) SIP requirements are not linked with a particular area's ozone designation and classification. EPA concludes that the SIP requirements linked with the area's ozone designation and classification are the relevant measures to evaluate when reviewing a redesignation request for the area. The section 110(a)(2)(D) requirements, where applicable, continue to apply to a state regardless of the designation of any one particular area within the state. Thus, we believe these requirements are not applicable requirements for purposes of redesignation. See 65 FR 37890 (June 19, 2000), 68 FR 25418, 25426-27 (May 12, 2003).
We have reviewed Indiana's SIP and have concluded that it meets the general SIP requirements under section 110 of the CAA, to the extent those requirements are applicable for purposes of redesignation. On April 29, 2015 (80 FR 23713), EPA approved elements of the SIP submitted by Indiana to meet the requirements of section 110 for the 2008 ozone standard. The requirements of section 110(a)(2), however, are statewide requirements that are not linked to the ozone nonattainment status of the Cincinnati area. Therefore, EPA concludes that these infrastructure requirements are not applicable requirements for purposes of review of the state's ozone redesignation request.
The Cincinnati area was classified as marginal under subpart 2 for the 2008 ozone NAAQS. As such, the area is subject to the subpart 1 requirements contained in section 172(c) and section 176. Similarly, the area is subject to the subpart 2 requirements contained in section 182(a) (marginal nonattainment area requirements). A thorough discussion of the requirements contained in section 172(c) and 182 can be found in the General Preamble for Implementation of Title I (57 FR 13498).
As provided in subpart 2, for marginal ozone nonattainment areas such as the Cincinnati area, the specific requirements of section 182(a) apply in lieu of the attainment planning requirements that would otherwise apply under section 172(c), including the attainment demonstration and reasonably available control measures (RACM) under section 172(c)(1), reasonable further progress (RFP) under section 172(c)(2), and contingency measures under section 172(c)(9). 42 U.S.C. 7511a(a).
Section 172(c)(4) requires the identification and quantification of allowable emissions for major new and modified stationary sources in an area, and section 172(c)(5) requires source permits for the construction and operation of new and modified major stationary sources anywhere in the nonattainment area. EPA approved Indiana's NSR program on October 7, 1994 (59 FR 51108), and approved revisions to Indiana's NSR program on June 18, 2007 (72 FR 33395), July 8, 2011 (76 FR 40242), and July 2, 2014 (79 FR 37646). Nonetheless, EPA has determined that, since PSD requirements will apply after redesignation, areas being redesignated need not comply with the requirement that a NSR program be approved prior to redesignation, provided that the area demonstrates maintenance of the NAAQS without part D NSR. A more detailed rationale for this view is described in a memorandum from Mary Nichols, Assistant Administrator for Air and Radiation, dated October 14, 1994, entitled, “Part D New Source Review Requirements for Areas Requesting Redesignation to Attainment.” Indiana has demonstrated that the Cincinnati area will be able to maintain the standard without part D NSR in effect; therefore, EPA concludes that the state need not have a fully approved part D NSR program prior to approval of the redesignation request. See rulemakings for Detroit, Michigan (60 FR 12467-12468, March 7, 1995); Cleveland-Akron-Lorain, Ohio (61 FR 20458, 20469-20470, May 7, 1996); Louisville, Kentucky (66 FR 53665, October 23, 2001); and Grand Rapids, Michigan (61 FR 31834-31837, June 21, 1996). Indiana's PSD program will become effective in the Cincinnati area upon redesignation to attainment. EPA conditionally approved Indiana's PSD program on March 3, 2003 (68 FR 9892), fully approved Indiana's PSD program on May 20, 2004 (69 FR 29071), and approved revisions to Indiana's PSD program on July 8, 2011 (76 FR 40242), September 28, 2011 (76 FR 59899), and July 2, 2014 (79 FR 37646).
Section 172(c)(6) requires the SIP to contain control measures necessary to provide for attainment of the NAAQS. Because attainment has been reached, Start Printed Page 95086no additional measures are needed to provide for attainment.
Section 172(c)(7) requires the SIP to meet the applicable provisions of section 110(a)(2). As noted above, we believe the Indiana SIP meets the requirements of section 110(a)(2) for purposes of redesignation.
EPA interprets the conformity SIP requirements [5] as not applying for purposes of evaluating a redesignation request under section 107(d) because state conformity rules are still required after redesignation and Federal conformity rules apply where state conformity rules have not been approved. See Wall v. EPA, 265 F.3d 426 (6th Cir. 2001) (upholding this interpretation); see also 60 FR 62748 (December 7, 1995) (redesignation of Tampa, Florida). Nonetheless, Indiana has an approved conformity SIP for the Cincinnati area. See 80 FR 11133 (March 2, 2015).
Section 182(a)(1) requires states to submit a comprehensive, accurate, and current inventory of actual emissions from sources of VOC and NOX emitted within the boundaries of the ozone nonattainment area. As part of Indiana's redesignation request for the Cincinnati area, the state submitted a 2011 base year emissions inventory. As discussed in section VI. of this preamble, EPA is proposing to approve the 2011 base year inventory that Indiana submitted with the redesignation request as meeting the section 182(a)(1) emissions inventory requirement.
Under section 182(a)(2)(A), states with ozone nonattainment areas that were designated prior to the enactment of the 1990 CAA amendments were required to submit, within six months of classification, all rules and corrections to existing VOC reasonably available control technology (RACT) rules that were required under section 172(b)(3) prior to the 1990 CAA amendments. The Indiana portion of the Cincinnati area is not subject to the section 182(a)(2) RACT “fix up” requirement for the 2008 ozone NAAQS because it was not subject to RACT prior to the enactment of the 1990 CAA amendments.
Section 182(a)(2)(B) requires each state with a marginal ozone nonattainment area that implemented or was required to implement a vehicle inspection and maintenance (I/M) program prior to the 1990 CAA amendments to submit a SIP revision for an I/M program no less stringent than that required prior to the 1990 CAA amendments or already in the SIP at the time of the CAA amendments, whichever is more stringent. For the purposes of the 2008 ozone standard and the consideration of Indiana's redesignation request for this standard, the Indiana portion of the Cincinnati area is not subject to the section 182(a)(2)(B) requirement because it was not designated as nonattainment for any ozone standard prior to the enactment of the 1990 CAA amendments and did not have an I/M program before 1990.
Regarding the source permitting and offset requirements of section 182(a)(2)(C) and section 182(a)(4), Indiana currently has a fully-approved part D NSR program in place. EPA conditionally approved Indiana's PSD program on March 3, 2003 (68 FR 9892), fully approved Indiana's PSD program on May 20, 2004 (69 FR 29071), and approved revisions to Indiana's PSD program on July 8, 2011 (76 FR 40242), September 28, 2011 (76 FR 59899), and July 2, 2014 (79 FR 37646). As discussed above, Indiana has demonstrated that the Cincinnati area will be able to maintain the standard without part D NSR in effect; therefore, EPA concludes that the state need not have a fully approved part D NSR program prior to approval of the redesignation request. The state's PSD program will become effective in the Cincinnati area upon redesignation to attainment.
Section 182(a)(3)(A) requires states to submit periodic emission inventories and section 182(a)(3)(B) requires states to submit a revision to the SIP to require the owners or operators of stationary sources to annually submit emissions statements documenting actual VOC and NOX emissions. As discussed in section IV.D.4. of this preamble, Indiana will continue to update its emissions inventory at least once every three years. With regard to stationary source emissions statements, Indiana submitted a SIP revision to address these requirements on June 1, 2016. EPA is taking action on this revision in a separate rulemaking action. Full approval of Indiana's emissions statements rules is a prerequisite for approval of the redesignation of the Cincinnati area to attainment.
Upon approval of Indiana's emissions inventory and emissions statements rules, the Indiana portion of the Cincinnati area will have satisfied all applicable requirements for purposes of redesignation under section 110 and part D of title I of the CAA.
Indiana has adopted and submitted and EPA has approved at various times, provisions addressing the various SIP elements applicable for the ozone NAAQS. In this action, EPA is proposing to approve Indiana's 2011 comprehensive emissions inventory for the Cincinnati area as meeting the requirement of section 182(a)(1) of the CAA. In a separate rule, EPA will take action on the Indiana emissions statements rules submittal. As discussed above, if EPA issues a final approval of the comprehensive emissions inventory and Indiana's emissions statements rules submittals, EPA will have fully approved the Indiana SIP for the Cincinnati area under section 110(k) of the CAA for all requirements applicable for purposes of redesignation. EPA may rely on prior SIP approvals in approving a redesignation request (see the Calcagni memorandum at page 3; Southwestern Pennsylvania Growth Alliance v. Browner, 144 F.3d 984, 989-990 (6th Cir. 1998); Wall v. EPA, 265 F.3d 426), plus any additional measures it may approve in conjunction with a redesignation action (see 68 FR 25426 (May 12, 2003) and citations therein).
To support the redesignation of an area from nonattainment to attainment, section 107(d)(3)(E)(iii) of the CAA requires EPA to determine that the air quality improvement in the area is due to permanent and enforceable Start Printed Page 95087reductions in emissions resulting from the implementation of the SIP and applicable Federal air pollution control regulations and other permanent and other permanent and enforceable emission reductions. EPA has determined that Indiana has demonstrated that that the observed ozone air quality improvement in the Cincinnati area is due to permanent and enforceable reductions in VOC and NOX emissions resulting from state measures adopted into the SIP and Federal measures.
In making this demonstration, the state has calculated the change in emissions between 2011 and 2014. The reduction in emissions and the corresponding improvement in air quality over this period can be attributed to a number of regulatory control measures that the Cincinnati area and upwind areas have implemented in recent years. In addition, IDEM provided an analysis to demonstrate the improvement in air quality was not due to unusually favorable meteorology. Based on the information summarized below, Indiana has adequately demonstrated that the improvement in air quality is due to permanent and enforceable emissions reductions.
Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR)/Cross State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR). CAIR created regional cap-and-trade programs to reduce sulfur dioxide (SO2) and NOX emissions in 27 eastern states, including Indiana, that contributed to downwind nonattainment and maintenance of the 1997 ozone NAAQS and the 1997 fine particulate matter (PM2.5) NAAQS. See 70 FR 25162 (May 12, 2005). EPA approved Indiana's CAIR regulations into the Indiana SIP on October 22, 2007 (72 FR 59480) and November 29, 2010 (75 FR 72956). In 2008, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (D.C. Circuit) initially vacated CAIR, North Carolina v. EPA, 531 F.3d 896 (D.C. Cir. 2008), but ultimately remanded the rule to EPA without vacatur to preserve the environmental benefits provided by CAIR, North Carolina v. EPA, 550 F.3d 1176, 1178 (D.C. Cir. 2008). On August 8, 2011 (76 FR 48208), acting on the D.C. Circuit's remand, EPA promulgated CSAPR to replace CAIR and thus to address the interstate transport of emissions contributing to nonattainment and interfering with maintenance of the two air quality standards covered by CAIR as well as the 2006 PM2.5 NAAQS. CSAPR requires substantial reductions of SO2 and NOX emissions from electric generating units (EGUs) in 28 states in the Eastern United States.
The D.C. Circuit's initial vacatur of CSAPR [6] was reversed by the United States Supreme Court on April 29, 2014, and the case was remanded to the D.C. Circuit to resolve remaining issues in accordance with the high court's ruling. EPA v. EME Homer City Generation, L.P., 134 S. Ct. 1584 (2014). On remand, the D.C. Circuit affirmed CSAPR in most respects, but invalidated without vacating some of the CSAPR budgets as to a number of states. EME Homer City Generation, L.P. v. EPA, 795 F.3d 118 (D.C. Cir. 2015). This litigation ultimately delayed implementation of CSAPR for three years, from January 1, 2012, when CSAPR's cap-and-trade programs were originally scheduled to replace the CAIR cap-and-trade programs, to January 1, 2015. Thus, the rule's Phase 2 budgets were originally promulgated to begin on January 1, 2014, and are now scheduled to begin on January 1, 2017. On October 26, 2016 (81 FR 74504), EPA published the CSAPR Update for the 2008 ozone NAAQS, which resolves the invalidation of Phase 2 budgets by the D.C. Circuit. That action promulgates new NOX ozone season budgets addressing interstate transport with respect to the 2008 ozone NAAQS that take effect in 2017. The reduction in NOX emissions from the implementation of CSAPR will result in lower concentrations of transported ozone entering the Cincinnati area throughout the maintenance period.
Tier 2 Emission Standards for Vehicles and Gasoline Sulfur Standards. On February 10, 2000 (65 FR 6698), EPA promulgated Tier 2 motor vehicle emission standards and gasoline sulfur control requirements. These emission control requirements result in lower VOC and NOX emissions from new cars and light duty trucks, including sport utility vehicles. With respect to fuels, this rule required refiners and importers of gasoline to meet lower standards for sulfur in gasoline, which were phased in between 2004 and 2006. By 2006, refiners were required to meet a 30 ppm average sulfur level, with a maximum cap of 80 ppm. This reduction in fuel sulfur content ensures the effectiveness of low emission-control technologies. The Tier 2 tailpipe standards established in this rule were phased in for new vehicles between 2004 and 2009. EPA estimates that, when fully implemented, this rule will cut NOX and VOC emissions from light-duty vehicles and light-duty trucks by approximately 76% and 28%, respectively. NOX and VOC reductions from medium-duty passenger vehicles included as part of the Tier 2 vehicle program are estimated to be approximately 37,000 and 9,500 tons per year, respectively, when fully implemented. In addition, EPA estimates that beginning in 2007, a reduction of 30,000 tons per year of NOX will result from the benefits of sulfur control on heavy-duty gasoline vehicles. Some of these emission reductions occurred by the attainment years and additional emission reductions will occur throughout the maintenance period, as older vehicles are replaced with newer, compliant model years.
Tier 3 Emission Standards for Vehicles and Gasoline Sulfur Standards. On April 28, 2014 (79 FR 23414), EPA promulgated Tier 3 motor vehicle emission and fuel standards to reduce both tailpipe and evaporative emissions and to further reduce the sulfur content in fuels. The rule will be phased in between 2017 and 2025. Tier 3 sets new tailpipe standards for the sum of VOC and NOX and for particulate matter. The VOC and NOX tailpipe standards for light-duty vehicles represent approximately an 80% reduction from today's fleet average and a 70% reduction in per-vehicle particulate matter (PM) standards. Heavy-duty tailpipe standards represent about a 60% reduction in both fleet average VOC and NOX and per-vehicle PM standards. The evaporative emissions requirements in the rule will result in approximately a 50% reduction from current standards and apply to all light-duty and onroad gasoline-powered heavy-duty vehicles. Finally, the rule lowers the sulfur content of gasoline to an annual average of 10 ppm by January 2017. While these reductions did not aid the area in attaining the standard, emission reductions will occur during the maintenance period.
Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Rules. In July 2000, EPA issued a rule for on-highway heavy-duty diesel engines that includes standards limiting the sulfur content of diesel fuel. Emissions standards for NOX, VOC and PM were phased in between model years 2007 Start Printed Page 95088and 2010. In addition, the rule reduced the highway diesel fuel sulfur content to 15 parts per million by 2007, leading to additional reductions in combustion NOX and VOC emissions. EPA has estimated future year emission reductions due to implementation of this rulemaking. Nationally, EPA estimated that 2015 NOX and VOC emissions would decrease by 1,260,000 tons and 54,000 tons, respectively. Nationally, EPA estimated that 2030 NOX and VOC emissions will decrease by 2,570,000 tons and 115,000 tons, respectively. As projected by these estimates and demonstrated in the onroad emission modeling for the Cincinnati area, some of these emission reductions occurred by the attainment years and additional emission reductions will occur throughout the maintenance period, as older vehicles are replaced with newer, compliant model years.
Nonroad Diesel Rule. On June 29, 2004 (69 FR 38958), EPA issued a rule adopting emissions standards for nonroad diesel engines and sulfur reductions in nonroad diesel fuel. This rule applies to diesel engines used primarily in construction, agricultural, and industrial applications. Emission standards are phased in for 2008 through 2015 model years based on engine size. The SO2 limits for nonroad diesel fuels were phased in from 2007 through 2012. EPA estimates that when fully implemented, compliance with this rule will cut NOX emissions from these nonroad diesel engines by approximately 90%. Some of these emission reductions occurred by the attainment years and additional emission reductions will occur throughout the maintenance period.
Nonroad Spark-Ignition Engines and Recreational Engine Standards. On November 8, 2002 (67 FR 68242), EPA adopted emission standards for large spark-ignition engines such as those used in forklifts and airport ground-service equipment; recreational vehicles such as off-highway motorcycles, all-terrain vehicles, and snowmobiles; and recreational marine diesel engines. These emission standards are phased in from model year 2004 through 2012. When fully implemented, EPA estimates an overall 72% reduction in VOC emissions from these engines and an 80% reduction in NOX emissions. Some of these emission reductions occurred by the attainment years and additional emission reductions will occur throughout the maintenance period.
Category 3 Marine Diesel Engine Standards. On April 30, 2010 (75 FR 22896) EPA issued emission standards for marine compression-ignition engines at or above 30 liters per cylinder. Tier 2 emission standards apply beginning in 2011, and are expected to result in a 15% to 25% reduction in NOX emissions from these engines. Final Tier 3 emission standards apply beginning in 2016 and are expected to result in approximately an 80% reduction in NOX from these engines. Some of these emission reductions occurred by the attainment years and additional emission reductions will occur throughout the maintenance period.
Indiana is using a 2011 inventory as the nonattainment base year. Area, nonroad mobile, airport related emissions (AIR), and point source emissions (EGUs and non-EGUs) were collected from the Ozone NAAQS Implementation Modeling platform (2011v6.1). For 2011, this represents actual data reported to EPA by the states for the 2011 National Emissions inventory (NEI). Because emissions from state inventory databases, the NEI, and the Ozone NAAQS Emissions Modeling platform are annual totals, tons per summer day were derived according to EPA's guidance document “Temporal Allocation of Annual Emissions Using EMCH Temporal Profiles” dated April 29 2002, using the temporal allocation references accompanying the 2011v6.1 modeling inventory files. Onroad mobile source emissions were developed in conjunction with the Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Regional Council of Governments (OKI) and were calculated from emission factors produced by EPA's 2014 Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES) model and data extracted from the region's travel-demand model.
For the attainment inventory, Indiana is using 2014, one of the years the Cincinnati area monitored attainment of the 2008 ozone standard. Because the 2014 NEI inventory was not available at the time IDEM was compiling the redesignation request, the state was unable to use the 2014 NEI inventory directly. For area, nonroad mobile, and AIR, 2014 emissions were derived by interpolating between 2011 and 2018 Ozone NAAQS Emissions Modeling platform inventories. The point source sector for the 2014 inventory was developed using actual 2014 point source emissions reported to the state databases, which serve as the basis for the point source emissions reported to EPA for the NEI. Summer day inventories were derived for these sectors using the methodology described above. Finally, onroad mobile source emissions were developed in conjunction with OKI using the same methodology described above for the 2011 inventory.
Using the inventories described above, Indiana's submittal documents changes in VOC and NOX emissions from 2011 to 2014 for the Cincinnati area. Emissions data are shown in Tables 2 through 7.Start Printed Page 95089
Table 2—Cincinnati Area NOX Emissions for Nonattainment Year 2011
Dearborn 17.79 0.00 0.53 0.47 1.89 20.68
Area Totals 107.22 2.07 22.23 20.60 87.44 239.56
Table 3—Cincinnati Area VOC Emissions for Nonattainment Year 2011
Dearborn 4.28 0.00 0.42 1.75 1.33 7.78
Area Totals 13.56 0.52 18.21 53.29 64.85 150.43
Table 4—Cincinnati Area NOX Emissions for Attainment Year 2014
Dearborn 11.74 0.00 0.44 0.47 1.37 14.02
Area Totals 95.80 2.11 17.75 20.59 64.70 200.95
Table 5—Cincinnati Area VOC Emissions for Attainment Year 2014
Dearborn 5.54 0.00 0.36 1.75 0.99 8.64
Start Printed Page 95090
Area Totals 14.84 0.52 16.07 52.70 48.25 132.38
Table 6—Change in NOX and VOC Emissions Between 2011 and 2014 for the Indiana Portion of the Cincinnati Area
Point 17.79 11.74 −6.05 4.28 5.54 1.26
AIR 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Nonroad 0.53 0.44 −0.09 0.42 0.36 −0.06
Area 0.47 0.47 0.00 1.75 1.75 0.00
Onroad 1.89 1.37 −0.52 1.33 0.99 −0.34
Total 20.68 14.02 −6.66 7.78 8.64 0.86
Table 7—Change in NOX and VOC Emissions Between 2011 and 2014 for the Entire Cincinnati Area
Onroad 87.44 64.70 −22.74 64.85 48.25 −16.60
Total 239.56 200.95 −38.61 150.43 132.38 −18.05
Table 7 shows that the Cincinnati area reduced NOX and VOC emissions by 38.61 TPSD and 18.05 TPSD, respectively, between 2011 and 2014. As shown in Table 6, the Indiana portion of the Cincinnati area alone reduced NOX emissions by 6.66 TPSD, but VOC emissions increased slightly by 0.86 TPSD, between 2011 and 2014. However, overall there was a substantial decrease in both NOX and VOC emissions for the entire Cincinnati area.
To further support IDEM's demonstration that the improvement in air quality between the year violations occurred and the year attainment was achieved, is due to permanent and enforceable emission reductions and not on favorable meteorology, an analysis was performed by the Lake Michigan Air Directors Consortium (LADCO). A classification and regression tree (CART) analysis was conducted with 2000 through 2014 data from three Cincinnati area ozone sites. The goal of the analysis was to determine the meteorological and air quality conditions associated with ozone episodes, and construct trends for the days identified as sharing similar meteorological conditions.
Regression trees were developed for the three monitors to classify each summer day by its ozone concentration and associated meteorological conditions. By grouping days with similar meteorology, the influence of meteorological variability on the underlying trend in ozone concentrations is partially removed and the remaining trend is presumed to be due to trends in precursor emissions or other non-meteorological influences. The CART analysis showed that, reducing the impact of meteorology, the resulting trends in ozone concentrations declined over the period examined, supporting the conclusion that the improvement in air quality was not due to unusually favorable meteorology.
As one of the criteria for redesignation to attainment section 107(d)(3)(E)(iv) of the CAA requires EPA to determine that the area has a fully approved maintenance plan pursuant to section 175A of the CAA. Section 175A of the CAA sets forth the elements of a maintenance plan for areas seeking redesignation from nonattainment to attainment. Under section 175A, the maintenance plan must demonstrate continued attainment of the NAAQS for at least 10 years after the Administrator Start Printed Page 95091approves a redsignation to attainment. Eight years after the redesignation, the state must submit a revised maintenance plan which demonstrates that attainment of the NAAQS will continue for an additional 10 years beyond the initial 10-year maintenance period. To address the possibility of future NAAQS violations, the maintenance plan must contain contingency measures, as EPA deems necessary, to assure prompt correction of the future NAAQS violation.
The Calcagni Memorandum provides further guidance on the content of a maintenance plan, explaining that a maintenance plan should address five elements: (1) An attainment emission inventory; (2) a maintenance demonstration; (3) a commitment for continued air quality monitoring; (4) a process for verification of continued attainment; and (5) a contingency plan. In conjunction with its request to redesignate the Indiana portion of the Cincinnati area to attainment for the 2008 ozone standard, IDEM submitted a SIP revision to provide for maintenance of the 2008 ozone standard through 2030, more than 10 years after the expected effective date of the redesignation to attainment. As is discussed more fully below, EPA proposes to find that Indiana's ozone maintenance plan includes the necessary components and is proposing to approve the maintenance plan as a revision of the Indiana SIP.
EPA is proposing to determine that the Cincinnati area has attained the 2008 ozone NAAQS based on monitoring data for the period of 2013-2015. IDEM selected 2014 as the attainment emissions inventory year to establish attainment emission levels for VOC and NOX. The attainment emissions inventory identifies the levels of emissions in the Cincinnati area that are sufficient to attain the 2008 ozone NAAQS. The derivation of the attainment year emissions was discussed above in section IV.C.2. of this premble. The attainment level emissions, by source category, are summarized in Tables 4 and 5 above.
Indiana has demonstrated maintenance of the 2008 ozone standard through 2030 by assuring that current and future emissions of VOC and NOX for the Cincinnati area remain at or below attainment year emission levels. A maintenance demonstration need not be based on modeling. See Wall v. EPA, 265 F.3d 426 (6th Cir. 2001), Sierra Club v. EPA, 375 F. 3d 537 (7th Cir. 2004). See also 66 FR 53094, 53099-53100 (October 19, 2001), 68 FR 25413, 25430-25432 (May 12, 2003).
Indiana is using emissions inventories for the years 2020 and 2030 to demonstrate maintenance. 2030 is more than 10 years after the expected effective date of the redesignation to attainment and 2020 was selected to demonstrate that emissions are not expected to spike in the interim between the attainment year and the final maintenance year. The emissions inventories were developed as described below.
Table 8—Cincinnati Area NOX Emissions for Interim Maintenance Year 2020
Dearborn 2.96 0.00 0.30 0.48 0.74 4.48
Area Totals 72.36 2.33 10.90 20.60 33.30 139.49
Table 9—Cincinnati Area VOC Emissions for Interim Maintenance Year 2020
Dearborn 4.06 0.00 0.29 1.77 0.62 6.74
Start Printed Page 95092
Area Totals 13.13 0.55 13.17 51.80 29.85 108.50
Table 10—Cincinnati Area NOX Emissions for Maintenance Year 2030
Dearborn 2.96 0.00 0.18 0.48 0.39 4.01
Area Totals 73.09 0.29 6.43 20.67 16.97 117.45
Table 11—Cincinnati Area VOC Emissions for Maintenance Year 2030
Dearborn 4.06 0.00 0.27 1.85 0.38 6.56
Area Totals 13.32 0.07 13.60 51.30 17.96 96.25
Table 12—Change in NOX and VOC Emissions Between 2014 and 2030 for the Indiana Portion of the Cincinnati Area
Point 11.74 2.96 2.96 −8.78 5.54 4.06 4.06 −1.48
AIR 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Nonroad 0.44 0.30 0.18 −0.26 0.36 0.29 0.27 −0.09
Area 0.47 0.48 0.48 0.01 1.75 1.77 1.85 0.10
Onroad 1.37 0.74 0.39 −0.98 0.99 0.62 0.38 −0.61
Total 14.02 4.48 4.01 −10.01 8.64 6.74 6.56 −2.08
Start Printed Page 95093
Table 13—Change in NOX and VOC Emissions Between 2014 and 2030 for the Entire Cincinnati Area
Onroad 64.70 33.30 16.97 −47.73 48.25 29.85 17.96 −30.29
Total 200.95 139.49 117.45 −83.50 132.38 108.50 96.25 −36.13
In summary, the maintenance demonstration for the Cincinnati area shows maintenance of the 2008 ozone standard by providing emissions information to support the demonstration that future emissions of NOX and VOC will remain at or below 2014 emission levels when taking into account both future source growth and implementation of future controls. Table 13 shows NOX and VOC emissions in the Cincinnati area are projected to decrease by 83.50 TPSD and 36.13 TPSD, respectively, between 2014 and 2030. As shown in Table 12, NOX and VOC emissions in the Indiana portion of the Cincinnati area alone are projected to decrease by 10.01 TPSD and 2.08 TPSD, respectively, between 2014 and 2030.
IDEM has committed to continue to operate the ozone monitors listed in Table 1 above. IDEM has committed to consult with EPA prior to making changes to the existing monitoring network should changes become necessary in the future. Indiana remains obligated to meet monitoring requirements and continue to quality assure monitoring data in accordance with 40 CFR part 58, and to enter all data into the Air Quality System (AQS) in accordance with Federal guidelines.
The State of Indiana has the legal authority to enforce and implement the requirements of the maintenance plan for the Indiana portion of the Cincinnati area. This includes the authority to adopt, implement, and enforce any subsequent emission control measures determined to be necessary to correct future ozone attainment problems.
Verification of continued attainment is accomplished through operation of the ambient ozone monitoring network and the periodic update of the area's emissions inventory. IDEM will continue to operate the current ozone monitors located in the Indiana portion of the Cincinnati area. There are no plans to discontinue operation, relocate, or otherwise change the existing ozone monitoring network other than through revisions in the network approved by the EPA.
In addition, to track future levels of emissions, IDEM will continue to develop and submit to EPA updated emission inventories for all source categories at least once every three years, consistent with the requirements of 40 CFR part 51, subpart A, and in 40 CFR 51.122. The Consolidated Emissions Reporting Rule (CERR) was promulgated by EPA on June 10, 2002 (67 FR 39602). The CERR was replaced by the Annual Emissions Reporting Requirements (AERR) on December 17, 2008 (73 FR 76539). The most recent triennial inventory for Indiana was compiled for 2014. Point source facilities covered by Indiana's emissions statements rule, which was submitted separately by IDEM for inclusion in Indiana's SIP and is being considered by EPA in a separate rule, will submit VOC and NOX emissions on an annual basis.
Section 175A of the CAA requires that the state must adopt a maintenance plan, as a SIP revision, that includes such contingency measures as EPA deems necessary to assure that the state will promptly correct a violation of the NAAQS that occurs after redesignation of the area to attainment of the NAAQS. The maintenance plan must identify: The contingency measures to be considered and, if needed for maintenance, adopted and implemented; a schedule and procedure for adoption and implementation; and, a time limit for action by the state. The state should also identify specific indicators to be used to determine when the contingency measures need to be considered, adopted, and implemented. The maintenance plan must include a commitment that the state will implement all measures with respect to the control of the relevant pollutants that were in the SIP before redesignation of the area to attainment in accordance with section 175A(d) of the CAA.
As required by section 175A of the CAA, Indiana has adopted a contingency plan for the Cincinnati area to address possible future ozone air quality problems. The contingency plan adopted by Indiana has two levels of response, a warning level response and an action level response.
In Indiana's plan, a warning level response will be triggered when an annual fourth high monitored value of 0.079 ppm or higher is monitored within the maintenance area. A warning level response will consist of IDEM conducting a study to determine whether the ozone value indicates a trend toward higher ozone values and/or whether emissions appear to be increasing. The studies will evaluate whether the trend, if any, is likely to continue and, if so, the control measures necessary to reverse the trend. The studies will consider ease and timing of implementation as well as economic and social impacts. Implementation of necessary controls in response to a warning level response trigger will take place within 12 months from the conclusion of the most recent ozone season.
In Indiana's plan, an action level response is triggered when a two-year average fourth high value of 0.076 ppm or greater is monitored within the maintenance area. A violation of the standard within the maintenance area also triggers an action level response. When an action level response is triggered, IDEM will determine what additional control measures are needed to assure future attainment of the ozone standard, and will adopt these measures through the necessary administrative and legal process, including the opportunity for a public hearing. Control measures selected will be Start Printed Page 95094adopted and implemented within 18 months from the close of the ozone season that prompted the action level. IDEM may also consider if a new measure or control is already promulgated and scheduled to be implemented at the federal or state level and would thus constitute an adequate contingency measure response.
IDEM included the following list of potential contingency measures in its maintenance plan:
1. Installation of a vehicle emissions testing program
EPA has concluded that the maintenance plan adequately addresses the five basic components of a maintenance plan: attainment inventory, maintenance demonstration, monitoring network, verification of continued attainment, and a contingency plan. In addition, as required by section 175A(b) of the CAA, IDEM has committed to submit to EPA an updated ozone maintenance plan eight years after redesignation of the Indiana portion of the Cincinnati area to cover an additional ten years beyond the initial 10-year maintenance period. Thus, EPA proposes to find that the maintenance plan SIP revision submitted by IDEM for the Indiana portion of the Cincinnati area meets the requirements of section 175A of the CAA.
As discussed earlier, Indiana's maintenance plan includes NOX and VOC MVEBs for the Cincinnati area for 2030 and 2020, the last year of the maintenance period and an interim year. EPA reviewed the VOC and NOX MVEBs through the adequacy process. Indiana's February 23, 2016, maintenance plan SIP submission, including the VOC and NOX MVEBs for the Indiana and Ohio portion of the Cincinnati area, was open for public comment on EPA's adequacy Web site on July 22, 2016, found at: http://www.epa.gov/​otaq/​stateresources/​transconf/​currsips.htm. The EPA public comment period on adequacy of the 2020 and 2030 MVEBs for the Indiana and Ohio portion of the Cincinnati area closed on August 22, 2016. No comments on the submittal were received during the adequacy comment period. The submitted maintenance plan, which included the MVEBs, was endorsed by the Governor (or his or her designee) and was subject to a state public hearing. The MVEBs were developed as part of an interagency consultation process which includes Federal, state, and local agencies. The MVEBs were clearly identified and precisely quantified. These MVEBs, when considered together with all other emissions sources, are consistent with maintenance of the 2008 ozone standard.Start Printed Page 95095
Table 14—MVEBs for the Indiana and Ohio Portion of the Cincinnati Area, TPSD
VOC 41.75 26.31 3.71 30.02 15.98 2.24 18.22
NOX 50.66 27.11 3.68 30.79 14.28 1.94 16.22
As shown in Table 14, the 2020 and 2030 MVEBs are greater than the estimated 2020 and 2030 onroad sector emissions. In an effort to accommodate future variations in travel demand models and vehicle miles traveled forecast, IDEM allocated a portion of the safety margin (described further below) to the mobile sector. Indiana has demonstrated that the Cincinnati area can maintain the 2008 ozone NAAQS with mobile source emissions in the Indiana and Ohio portion of the area of 30.02 TPSD and 18.22 TPSD of VOC in 2020 and 2030, respectively, and 30.79 TPSD and 16.22 TPSD of NOX in 2020 and 2030, respectively, since despite partial allocation of the safety margin, emissions will remain under attainment year emission levels. EPA has found adequate and is proposing to approve the MVEBs for use to determine transportation conformity in the Indiana and Ohio portion of the Cincinnati area, because EPA has determined that the area can maintain attainment of the 2008 ozone NAAQS for the relevant maintenance period with mobile source emissions at the levels of the MVEBs.
A “safety margin” is the difference between the attainment level of emissions (from all sources) and the projected level of emissions (from all sources) in the maintenance plan. As shown in Table 15 below, the emissions in the Indiana and Ohio portion of the Cincinnati area, excluding the Kentucky portion of the area, are projected to have safety margins of 70.48 TPSD for NOX and 30.20 TPSD for VOC in 2030 (the difference between the attainment year, 2014, emissions and the projected 2030 emissions for all sources in just the Indiana and Ohio portion of the Cincinnati area). Similarly, there is a safety margin of 53.74 TPSD for NOX and 20.18 TPSD for VOC in 2020.
Table 15—Safety Margin for the Indiana and Ohio Portion of the Cincinnati Area, TPSD
Attainment year 2014 emissions from all sources
2020 Estimated emissions from all sources
2030 Estimated emissions from all sources
VOC 114.56 94.38 20.18 84.36 30.20
NOX 173.51 119.77 53.74 103.03 70.48
Even if emissions reached the full level of the safety margin, the counties would still demonstrate maintenance since emission levels would equal those in the attainment year.
As shown in Table 14 above, a portion of the safety margin for the Indiana and Ohio portion of the Cincinnati area is allocated to the mobile source sector. Specifically, in 2020, 3.71 TPSD and 3.68 TPSD of the VOC and NOX safety margins, respectively, are allocated to the mobile source sector. In 2030, 2.24 TPSD and 1.94 TPSD of the VOC and NOX safety margins, respectively, are allocated to the mobile source sector. The requested amount allocated to the MVEBs represents only a small portion of the 2020 and 2030 safety margins. Therefore, even though the requested MVEBs are greater than the projected onroad mobile source emissions for 2020 and 2030 contained in the demonstration of maintenance, the increase in onroad mobile source emissions that can be considered for transportation conformity purposes is well within the safety margins of the ozone maintenance demonstration. Further, once allocated to mobile sources, these safety margins will not be available for use by other sources.
CAA sections 172(c)(3) and 182(a)(1), 42 U.S.C. 7502(c)(3) and 7511a(a)(1), require states to develop and submit, as SIP revisions, emission inventories for all areas designated as nonattainment for any NAAQS, including the 2008 ozone NAAQS. An emission inventory for ozone is an estimation of actual emissions of air pollutants that contribute to the formation of ozone in an area. Therefore, an emission inventory for ozone focuses on the emissions of VOC and NOX. VOC is emitted by many types of pollution sources, including power plants, industrial sources, onroad and nonroad mobile sources, smaller stationary sources, collectively referred to as area sources, and biogenic sources.[7] NOX is primarily emitted by combustion sources, both stationary and mobile.
Emission inventories provide emissions data for a variety of air quality planning tasks, including establishing baseline emission levels (anthropogenic [manmade] emissions associated with ozone standard violations), calculating emission reduction targets needed to attain the NAAQS and to achieve reasonable further progress toward attainment of the ozone standard (not required in the area considered here), determining emission inputs for ozone air quality modeling analyses, and tracking emissions over time to determine progress toward achieving air quality and emission reduction goals. As stated above, the CAA requires the states to submit emission inventories for areas designated as nonattainment for ozone. Start Printed Page 95096For the 2008 ozone NAAQS, EPA has recommended that states submit typical summer day emission estimates for 2011 (78 FR 34178, 34190, June 6, 2013). States are required to submit estimates of VOC and NOX emissions for four general classes of anthropogenic sources: Stationary point sources; area sources; onroad mobile sources; and nonroad mobile sources.
Indiana's February 23, 2016 submission includes a SIP revision addressing the VOC and NOX emission inventory requirement for the Indiana portion of the Cincinnati area. Table 16 summarizes the 2011 VOC and NOX emissions for the Indiana portion of the Cincinnati area for a typical summer day (reflective of the summer period, when the highest ozone concentrations are expected in the nonattainment area).
Table 16—Indiana Portion of Cincinnati Area 2011 Emission Inventory
Non-EGU Point 4.01 2.71
EGU Point 0.27 15.08
Area 1.75 0.47
Onroad Mobile 1.33 1.89
Nonroad Mobile 0.42 0.53
Totals 7.78 20.68
IDEM estimated VOC and NOX emissions for the Indiana portion of the Cincinnati area by totaling emissions within each source category. To develop the VOC and NOX emission inventories, IDEM used the procedures summarized below.
The primary source of emissions data for non-EGU point sources was source-reported 2011 Emission Inventory System (EIS) data. IDEM requires certain regulated stationary sources in the ozone nonattainment areas to submit EISs annually. An EIS contains detailed source type-specific or source unit-specific annual and seasonal actual emissions for all source units in a facility. The EIS data for all applicable facilities were used to calculate annual and summer day county-specific point source emissions. Because they are determinative, only the summer day emissions are summarized here.
EGU point source emissions data were obtained from EPA's Clean Air Markets Division (CAMD). CAMD collects and processes EGU emissions nationally.
For all point sources, IDEM has provided a detailed list of major point source facilities and their associated summer day VOC and NOX emissions within appendix H of its February 23, 2016, submittal.
Nonroad mobile source emissions were estimated using EPA's National Mobile Inventory Model (NMIM). The emission estimates were processed through the Consolidated Community Emissions Processing Tool (CONCEPT) to spatially allocate the emissions to the county levels.
As described earlier, area, nonroad mobile, and point source emissions (EGUs and non-EGUs) were collected from the Ozone NAAQS Implementation Modeling platform (2011v6.1). For 2011, this represents actual data reported to EPA by the states for the 2011 NEI. Because emissions data from state inventory databases, the NEI, and the Ozone NAAQS Emissions Modeling platform are annual totals, tons per summer day were derived according to EPA's guidance document “Temporal Allocation of Annual Emissions Using EMCH Temporal Profiles” dated April 29 2002, using the temporal allocation references accompanying the 2011v6.1 modeling inventory files.
Onroad mobile source emissions were developed in conjunction with the Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Regional Council of Governments (OKI) and were calculated from emission factors produced by EPA's 2014 Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES) model and data extracted from the region's travel-demand model.
IDEM applied standardized, EPA-recommended procedures and data completeness checks to quality assure (QA) (to assure data accuracy) and quality check (QC) (to assure data completeness) the emission calculations.
EPA has reviewed Indiana's February 23, 2016, submittal for consistency with CAA and EPA emission inventory requirements. In particular, EPA has reviewed the techniques used by IDEM to derive and quality assure the emission estimates. EPA has also determined that Indiana has provided the public with the opportunity to review and comment on the development of the emission estimates and that the state has addressed all public comments.
IDEM documented the procedures used to estimate the emissions for each of the major source types. The documentation of the emission estimation procedures is thorough and is adequate for us to determine that IDEM followed acceptable procedures to estimate the emissions.
IDEM developed a quality assurance plan and followed this plan during the various phases of the emissions estimation and documentation process to QA and QC the emissions for completeness and accuracy. These quality assurance procedures were summarized in the documentation describing how the emissions totals were developed. EPA has determined that the quality assurance procedures are adequate and acceptable. We conclude that Indiana has developed inventories of VOC and NOX emissions that are comprehensive and complete.
IDEM notified the public of the opportunity for comment, and opened a comment period to solicit comments relevant to the emission inventory and the entire submittal. IDEM has reported that no comments were received.
EPA is proposing to determine that the Cincinnati nonattainment area is attaining the 2008 ozone standard, based on quality-assured and certified monitoring data for 2013-2015 and that the Indiana portion of this area has met the requirements for redesignation under section 107(d)(3)(E) of the CAA. EPA is thus proposing to approve IDEM's request to change the legal designation of the Indiana portion of the Cincinnati area from nonattainment to attainment for the 2008 ozone standard. EPA is also proposing to approve, as a revision to the Indiana SIP, the state's maintenance plan for the area. The maintenance plan is designed to keep the Cincinnati area in attainment of the 2008 ozone NAAQS through 2030. Additionally, EPA finds adequate and is proposing to approve the newly-established 2020 and 2030 MVEBs for the Indiana and Ohio portion of the Cincinnati area. Finally, EPA is proposing to approve the 2011 base year emissions inventory submitted by IDEM as meeting the base year emissions inventory requirement of the CAA for the Indiana portion of the Cincinnati area.
Under the CAA, redesignation of an area to attainment and the accompanying approval of a Start Printed Page 95097maintenance plan under section 107(d)(3)(E) are actions that affect the status of a geographical area and do not impose any additional regulatory requirements on sources beyond those imposed by state law. A redesignation to attainment does not in and of itself create any new requirements, but rather results in the applicability of requirements contained in the CAA for areas that have been redesignated to attainment. Moreover, the Administrator is required to approve a SIP submission that complies with the provisions of the CAA and applicable Federal regulations. 42 U.S.C. 7410(k); 40 CFR 52.02(a). Thus, in reviewing SIP submissions, EPA's role is to approve state choices, provided that they meet the criteria of the CAA. Accordingly, this action merely approves state law as meeting Federal requirements and does not impose additional requirements beyond those imposed by state law. For that reason, this action:
2. The ozone season is defined by state in 40 CFR 58 appendix D. For the 2012-2014 and 2013-2015 periods, the ozone seasons for Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky were April-October, April-September, and March-October, respectively. Beginning in 2016, the ozone seasons for Ohio, Indiana and Kentucky are March-October. See, 80 FR 65292, 65466-67 (October 26, 2015).
3. The monitor ozone design value for the monitor with the highest three-year averaged concentration.
4. On October 27, 1992 (63 FR 57356), EPA issued a NOX SIP call requiring the District of Columbia and 22 states to reduce emissions of NOX in order to reduce the transport of ozone and ozone precursors. In compliance with EPA's NOX SIP call, Indiana developed rules governing the control of NOX emissions from Electric Generating Units (EGUs), major non-EGU industrial boilers and turbines, and major cement kilns. EPA approved Indiana's rules as fulfilling Phase I of the NOX SIP Call on November 8, 2001 (66 FR 56465), and as meeting Phase II of the NOX SIP Call on October 1, 2007 (72 FR 55664).
7. Biogenic emissions are produced by living organisms and are typically not included in the base year emission inventories, but are considered in ozone modeling analyses, which must consider all emissions in a modeled area.
[FR Doc. 2016-31044 Filed 12-23-16; 8:45 am]