Source: http://malilithilastudyroom.blogspot.com/2011/07/international-code-of-medical-ethics_28.html
Timestamp: 2017-10-22 13:39:06
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Malilith Ila's Study Room: International Code of Medical Ethics (Part 2)
Malilith Ila's Study Room
International Code of Medical Ethics (Part 2)
Nuremberg Code (1947)
1. Voluntary human consent is essential
2. Experimental result should result in good for society
3. Anticipated result should justify the experiment
4. Avoid all unnecessary mental and physical suffering
5. No experiment if there is risk of death or disability
6. Minimize the risk of subject
7. Proper preparations and facilities to protect subjects
8. Can only be conducted by qualified person
9. Subjects can withdraw anytime
10. Terminate experiment if results are known or with best judgement
Full 10 Nuremberg Code
2. The duty and responsibility for ascertaining the quality of the consent rests upon each individual who initiates, directs or engages in the experiment. It is a personal duty and responsibility which may not be delegated to another with impunity.
Declaration of Geneva (1948)
- The Declaration of Geneva was adopted by the General Assembly of the World Medical Association at Geneva in 1948.
- Amended in 1968, 1983, 1994, 2005 and 2006.
- It was also called as the physician's oath.
- One of the most improtant measures in protecting human subjects involved in medical research
- Internationally regarded as a cornerstone of research ethics
- The free will of the participant (informed consent) is the basis for any research on humans
- Amended in 1975, 1983, 1989, 1996, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2008
4. The Declaration of Geneva of the WMA binds the physician with the words, "The health of my patient will be my first consideration," and the International Code of Medical Ethics declares that, "A physician shall act in the patient's best interest when providing medical care."
- Outlines the guidelines for physicians concerning torture and other cruel, inhuman ore degrading treatment in relation to detention or imprisonment.
- It declares torture to be "contrary to the laws of humanity," and antithetical to the "higher purpose" of the physician, which is to "alleviate the distress of his or her fellow human being."
- The policy states that doctors should refuse to participate in, condone, or give permission for torture, degradation, or cruel treatment of prisoners or detainees.
1. The physician shall not countenance, condone or participate in the practice of torture or other forms of cruel, inhuman or degrading procedures, whatever the offense of which the victim of such procedures is suspected, accused or guilty, and whatever the victim's beliefs or motives, and in all situations, including armed conflict and civil strife.
2. The physician shall not provide any premises, instruments, substances or knowledge to facilitate the practice of torture or other forms of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or to diminish the ability of the victim to resist such treatment.
3. When providing medical assistance to detainees or prisoners who are, or who could later be, under interrogation, physicians should be particularly careful to ensure the confidentiality of all personal medical information. A breach of the Geneva Conventions shall in any case be reported by the physician to relevant authorities.
4. The physician shall not use nor allow to be used, as far as he or she can, medical knowledge or skills, or health information specific to individuals, to facilitate or otherwise aid any interrogation, legal or illegal, of those individuals.
5. The physician shall not be present during any procedure during which torture or any other forms of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment is used or threatened.
6. A physician must have complete clinical independence in deciding upon the care of a person for whom he or she is medically responsible. The physician's fundamental role is to alleviate the distress of his or her fellow human beings, and no motive, whether personal, collective or political, shall prevail against this higher purpose.
7. Where a prisoner refuses nourishment and is considered by the physician as capable of forming an unimpaired and rational judgment concerning the consequences of such a voluntary refusal of nourishment, he or she shall not be fed artificially. The decision as to the capacity of the prisoner to form such a judgment should be confirmed by at least one other independent physician. The consequences of the refusal of nourishment shall be explained by the physician to the prisoner.
8. The World Medical Association will support, and should encourage the international community, the National Medical Associations and fellow physicians to support, the physician and his or her family in the face of threats or reprisals resulting from a refusal to condone the use of torture or other forms of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment.
- A report created by the former United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (which was renamed to Health and Human Services) entitled "Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research," authored by Dan Harms, and is an important historical document in the field of medical ethics.
- Was created on April 18, 1979 and gets its name from the Belmont Conference Center where the document was drafted.
1. Respect for persons: protecting the autonomy of all people and treating them with courtesy and respect and allowing for informed consent. Researchers must be truthful and conduct no deception;
2. Beneficence: The philosophy of "Do no harm" while maximizing benefits for the research project and minimizing risks to the research subjects; and
3. Justice: ensuring reasonable, non-exploitative, and well-considered procedures are administered fairly — the fair distribution of costs and benefits to potential research participants — and equally.
- Adopted by American Medical Association
- Revised in 1980, 2001
Before; Part 1
Evolution/History of Medical Ethics
Unethical Behaviours/Experiments
Continue; Part 3
Duties of Doctors to Each Other
Posted by Malilith F. Ila at 12:13 AM
Labels: Declaration of Geneva, Declaration of Helsinki, Declaration of Tokyo, Malilith F. Ila, Malilith Ila, Nuremberg Code, Principles of Medical Ethics, The Belmont Report
Jung Heechul's first wife.
International Code of Medical Ethics (Part 3)
International Code of Medical Ethics (Part 1)
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