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⭐Chapter 13: IP in Decisions of Constitutional Courts of Latin American Countries Denis Borges Barbosa and Charlene Ávila Plaza
Chapter 13: IP in Decisions of Constitutional Courts of Latin American Countries Denis Borges Barbosa and Charlene Ávila Plaza
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1 Chapter 13: IP in Decisions of Constitutional Courts of Latin American Countries Denis Borges Barbosa and Charlene Ávila Plaza You'd be surprised. They're all individual countries Ronald Reagan, December 4, 1982 This article does not purport to collect and analyze all Constitutional provisions and decisions of the Latin American countries. Much to the contrary, by gathering a few significant normative and court contributions from the region, we will just try to sketch the relation between Intellectual Property and fundamental laws as it takes its peculiar character from the South of Rio Grande to the deeps of Patagonia. In most Latin American jurisdictions, the Constitution includes at least one Intellectual Property-related clause; and many of those inclusions date from XIX Century. This is markedly distinct of the situation in the countries belonging to the European Union or the Council of Europe, where specific Intellectual Property provisions are not frequently found. On the other hand, some Supreme or Constitutional Courts of the area have a meaningful stream of decisions on IP issues 1, but others only rarely, if ever, take notice of the matter. Therefore, even though it is not possible to identify a strong and coherent regional construction of legal principles and solutions, and even less of clear convergences, the geographical focus of this study deserves such attention. Human, fundamental or simply constitutional rights This book is supposed to address to the issues of Human Rights and Intellectual Property 2. 1 Particularly the Constitutional Court of Colombia. The IP interests were confronted with the constitution in the Decisions C-519 of 1999, C-509 of 2004; C-833 of 2007; C-282 of 1997; C-1118 of 2005; C-334 of 1993; C-1490 de 2000;C-262 of 1996; C-053 of 2001; T-975 of 2002; C-533 of 1993; C-924 of 2000; C-975 of 2002; C-509 of 2004; SU-913 of 2009; C-155 of 1998; C-1183 of 2000; C-424 of 2005; C-792 of 2002, MP; C-975 of 2002, MP; C-523 of 2009; Decision C-1051/12; and C-262 de It seems fair to note that this author is nor especially fond of all aspects of the Human Rights doctrine, in particular its universal or anti-diversity character. See Borges Barbosa, Denis, Universalism as Oppression (2003). Available at SSRN: or On the diverging aspects of the interrelation between Human Rights and IP see especially CULLET, Philippe. Human 12 This article, however, shall take into account the specific character of Latin American jurisdictions, where most Constitutions provide for specific protection of IP rights, and human rights considerations are raised as a background to the domestic provision, or given application through the Constitutional filters. For our purposes, it is necessary to distinguish the notions of (a) Human Rights, here taken as the domestic effect of international instruments dealing with the matter 3 ; (b) fundamental rights, that is, those provisions that have a special Constitutional status 4 as compared to other norms of the same text (for example, they are immune from Constitutional amendments); and (c) those provisions residing in the Constitutional text but not enjoying fundamental status. Some regional Constitutions took a fundamentalist approach by conferring Human Rights a supra constitutional status 5. On the other hand, other national Rights And Intellectual Property Rights: Need For A New Perspective. Found: and Visited: 05/07/2013; CULLET, Philippe. Human Rights and Intellectual Property Protection in the TRIPS Era. Found:http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/human_rights_quarterly/v029/29.2cu llet.html. Visited: 04/07/2013 HELFER, Laurence R. Human Rights and Intellectual Property: Conflict or Coexistence? Found: Visited: 04/07/2013; YU, Peter K. Reconceptualizing Intellectual Property Interests in a Human Rights Framework. Found: and Visited: 04/07/2013. DREYFUSS, Rochelle Cooper. New York University School Of Law. Patents and Human Rights: Where is the Paradox?. Found: Visited: 04/07/2013; FITZGERALD, Brian and ATKINSON, Benedict, Queensland University of Technology. Copyright Future Copyright Freedom. Found:http://eprints.qut.edu.au/41716/1/CopyrightFuture_TEXT.pdf. Visited: 04/07/ Specially Art. 55 of the United Nations Charter, the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), the 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), the 1966 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) and, regionally, the 1969 American Convention on Human Rights. 4 For instance, the series of cases of the Colombian Court where moral rights were held to be fundamental rights, but not the economic rights, which would be simply Constitutional rights: "Sin embargo, en atención a que la jurisprudencia ha reconocido carácter fundamental únicamente a los derechos morales de autor, se produce la incorporación de la citada decisión comunitaria al bloque de constitucionalidad, únicamente en lo relativo a los mencionados derechos, dado que su naturaleza, a la luz del artículo 93 de la Carta así lo impone". Colombian Constitutional Court, full sitting, Sentencia C-339/06, Referencia: expediente D-5992 Demanda de inconstitucionalidad contra los artículos 226 de la Ley 23 de 1982, y 21, inciso 3, de la Ley 44 de Actor: Jorge Alonso Garrido Abad. May 3, A footnote to that decision details the other cases where the distinction between fundamental rights and non-fundamental Constitutional rights is restated. In Brazil, the status of Human Rights treaties incorporated was clarified by Supreme Court Habeas Corpus / TO Tocantins, Min. Marco Aurélio, 03/12/ Guatemala and Honduras would arguably enter in this list, according to Allan R. Brewer-Carí, La interrelación entre los tribunales constitucionales de america latina y la Corte Interamericana De Derechos Humanos, y la cuestión de la inejecutabilidad de sus decisiones en Venezuela, in Armin von Bogdandy, Flavia Piovesan y Mariela Morales Antonorzi (ed.), Direitos Humanos, Democracia e Integração Jurídica na América do Sul, Lumen Juris Editora. Rio de Janeiro, pp , found at visited July 2, This paper covers the complex relation between Human Rights and Constitutional norms and Courts in the region. See also from the same autor, Nuevas reflexiones sobre el papel de los tribunales constitucionales en la consolidación del Estado democrático de derecho: defensa de la Constitución, control del poder y protección de los derechos 23 Courts have assigned fundamental status to those Human Rights treaties that are incorporated into the domestic legal system 6. In certain cases, such International instruments would compose the country s constitutional block (or enlarged Bill of Rights 7 ), a legal notion developed by the French Constitutional Court in A germane and relevant question is whether internationally protected IP rights are assimilated by the constitutional block. The Colombian Court in at least two cases declared that the moral rights provisions of some copyright treaties 9 were received within the constitutional block 10. The economic rights, according the decisions, were not given the same treatment. A third issue is whether Human Rights International treaties when internalized but not admitted to the constitutional block - are even so incorporated in the domestic legal system on a higher status than ordinary statutes. Some countries of the region provide for such enhanced status for all treaties (Human Rights or not) 11 and in certain cases IP treaties were deemed to revoke all prior legislation 12 ; humanos, Anuario de Derecho Constitucional Latinoamericano 13er año, Tomo I, Programa Estado de Derecho para Latinoamérica. Konrad Adenauer. Montevideo, 2007, found at visited July 3, On the Colombian Court decisions about the constitutional block composed by domestic bills of rights added to Human Rights treaties, see Undurraga, Veronica and Cook, Rebecca J., Constitutional Incorporation of International and Comparative Human Rights Law: The Colombian Constitutional Court Decision C-355/2006. Constituting Equality: Gender Equality And Comparative Constitutional Law. Constituting Equality: Gender Equal, pp , S. H. Williams, ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Available at SSRN: Also: Reina Garcia, Oscar M., Las Cláusulas De Apertura O Reenvío Hacia Fuentes Externas Previstas En La Constitución Colombiana, Como Criterio Para Delimitar El Contenido Del Bloque De Constitucionalidad (The Opening Clauses or Forwarding to External Sources Provided in the Colombian Constitution, as a Criterion to Define the Content of the Constitutional Block) (December 17, 2012). Revista Derecho del Estado No. 29, Available at SSRN: The Brazilian Supreme Court also refers to the notion of Constitutional block in a series of cases, starting with the Adin 595 of February 22, On the importance of the notion in Brazilian Law, see Vitor Tadeu Carramão Mello, O bloco de constitucionalidade como parâmetro de proteção dos direitos fundamentais, found at visited July 3, The Constitutional Courts of Brazil, Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Chili, Peru, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Equator have incorporated the concept. Se NOGUEIRA ALCALÁ, Humberto., El bloque constitucional de derechos fundamentales y su aplicación en Chile y América Latina. In: VON BOGDANDY, Armin; PIOVESAN, Flávia; MORALES ANTONIAZZI, Mariela (orgs.). Direitos Humanos, democracia e integração jurídica na América do Sul. Rio de Janeiro: Lumen Juris, Constitucional Council, decision 71-44DC. For the notion of Constitutional block, see Parance, Béatrice, The Contribution of the Question Prioritaire de Constitutionnalité to Private Law (January 1, 2011). The Financial Crisis Of 2008: French And American Responses - Proceedings Of The 2010 Franco-American Legal Seminar, p. 67 Martin A. Rogoff, Michael Dixon & Eric Bither, eds, Available at SSRN: 9 The Berne Convention and the 1996 WIPO treaty on neighboring rights. 10 Decisions C-1490 de 2000 and C-1118 de Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay changed their constitutions for allowing such status on account of Mercosur rules. But the Brazilian Congress rejected the respective proposal. 34 this higher status does not necessarily lend such international treaties constitutional hierarchy 13. Taking into account the enticing distinction proposed by the Colombian Court, it is arguable that - although supported by the applicable Human Rights 14 - IP Rights are not by itself the mandatory expression of such rights. There would be possibly no doubt that IP exclusive rights are supported by UHRD Art or ICESCR Art , but at the International level there is no requirement that the right to the protection of the moral and material interests of creators should necessarily be covered with an exclusive right, and by any other means. In this article, therefore, we shall address the protection of IP interests as fundamental or simply constitutional rights in Latin America, setting aside the germane issue of IP International norms having special, but not constitutional status in the domestic legal system, or any direct effects of Human Rights treaties. An Early start Intellectual property was soon recognized as a proper subject for the Constitutional laws in Latin America. The first Brazilian Constitution of 1824, for instance, included in the recital of its civil and political rights the citizen s entitlement to patents: 12 For instance, TRIPs was held to revoke all prior IP laws in the Decision of Supreme Court of Argentina Dictamen nº P XXXVI de Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación, 15 de Março de 2001, found at visited July 3, In Brazil, Human Rights Treaties are given fundamental status, where the Congress has incorporated the instrument with a majority equivalent to the Constitutional amendments shall be so deemed: Art. 5, 3 The international treaties and conventions on human rights that are approved in each House of Congress, in two votes, by three fifths of the votes of its members shall be equivalent to constitutional amendments. According to relevant case law and commentators, the Human Rights treaties not so voted are to be given a status superior to ordinary statutes, but not incorporated in constitutional block. 14 Again, in the sense of the domestic effect of International instruments dealing with the matter. 15 UHRD Article 27. (1) Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits. (2) Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author. ICESCR Article The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone: (a) To take part in cultural life; (b) To enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and its applications; (c) To benefit from the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author. 2. The steps to be taken by the States Parties to the present Covenant to achieve the full realization of this right shall include those necessary for the conservation, the development and the diffusion of science and culture. 3. The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to respect the freedom indispensable for scientific research and creative activity. 4. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the benefits to be derived from the encouragement and development of international contacts and co-operation in the scientific and cultural fields. 45 Art The inviolability of the Civil and Political Rights of the Brazilian Citizens, which has as its basis the Freedom, the individual security, and the property, is guaranteed by the Constitution of the Empire as follows: ( ) XXVI. The inventors will have ownership of their discoveries, or of their productions. The Law shall assure to them an exclusive temporary privilege or shall pay to them the compensation of the loss, which they may suffer by the communization 16. This is not, however, the first Latin American Constitutional text dealing with the subject. The 1819 Constitution of the United Provinces (Argentina) has already assured by its art. 44 that the authors or inventors of useful establishments would be entitled to exclusive privileges by a certain time, and a similar wording was included in the next Argentinian Constitution of Vidaurreta 17, in an extensive analysis of the various South American constitutions and constitutional laws and essays, demonstrates that, in most such fledgling republics, their first Constitutional fathers received some impact of the so-called Patent and Copyright clause of the U.S. Constitution and most certainly a textual influence of the Brazilian precedent 18. Many of such early texts incorporate direct protection of patent interests in the constitutional menu. Many, even though not all, of those texts create an entitlement, or a subjective right, to the profit of inventors; in certain cases (as the Brazilian provision) explicitly as a portion of their Bill of Rights. In this context, they do not directly subscribe to the tradition of U.S. clause, which was an extraneous antecedent to the Bill of Rights, and essentially directed to the empowerment of Congress to legislate on monopolies 19. Fact is that those 16 Art A inviolabilidade dos Direitos Civis, e Politicos dos Cidadãos Brazileiros, que tem por base a liberdade, a segurança individual, e a propriedade, é garantida pela Constituição do Império, pela maneira seguinte (...) XXVI. Os inventores terão a propriedade das suas descobertas, ou das suas producções. A Lei lhes assegurará um privilegio exclusivo temporario, ou lhes remunerará em resarcimento da perda, que hajam de soffrer pela vulgarização. The Portuguese Constitution granted (by the very same Emperor of Brazil who was eventually King of Portugal) in 1826 repeats exactly the same wording. A very near translation of such provision can be found in the Chilean Constitution of 1833, the Argentinean one of 1853, and 1826 Constitution of Bolivia. The communization notion is better expressed by those other texts as in case of publication. 17 Guillermo E. Vidaurreta "Historia del Sistema Argentino de Patentes de Invención ( )", Facultad de Derecho UBA - La Ley, 2007, p. 65 and 77, Art I, s 8, cl 8 of the United States Constitution: "To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries". See Reynolds, Glenn Harlan and Merges, Robert P., "The Proper Scope of the Copyright and Patent Power. Harvard Journal on Legislation, Vol. 37, p. 45, 2000 Available at SSRN: {http://ssrn.com/abstract=987742}. 19 Edward C. Walterscheid, To Promote the Progress of Science and the Useful Arts: The Background and Origin of the Intellectual Property Clause of the United States Constitution, 2 J. Intell. Prop. L. 1, (1994) and from the same author, The nature of the Intellectual Property Clause: a study in historical perspective. Buffalo: Hein & 56 subjective rights are also an exception to the general refusal of exclusive privileges so frequent in the early Constitutional discourse of the Latin American countries 20. We are here drawing a basic distinction between Constitutional provisions that enable the Government to act in connection with Intellectual Property interests of some nature, and those other provisions that empower someone to obtain or exercise such interests. Although there is a necessary logical linkage between the two situations, the conspicuous absence of one of those two possible clauses tends to emphasize the constitutional discourse in two differing paths. The presence of a provision recognizing to the inventor a right to a patent especially if included in a Bill of Rights listing prevents the State from outright denying such subjective legal situation. It may arguably create some resistance to the assertion of a public policy instance where the subjective interest should be constrained 21. This may be particularly true when the Constitutional wording or the pertinent legal construction seem to source the authority of this subjective right in human, natural or any other body of law prior or foreign to the political will that embodies the constitutional text 22. If such explicit language is absent and some other provision assures the State the power to create patents, public policy concerns may be more apparent and easier to enforce. Should the U.S. Constitution include any language recognizing that inventors will have ownership of their discoveries, or of their productions as the first Brazilian Constitution -, it would be rather improbable that Thomas Jefferson ever send Ian McPherson the letter frequently quoted by the U.S. Supreme Court: Society may give an exclusive right to the profits arising from them, as an encouragement to men to pursue ideas which may produce utility, but this may or may not be done, CO, As we shall see below, the Brazilian Constitution in force has a wording purposefully taken from the U.S. model. For a comparison of the Brazilian and US IP clauses, see BARBOSA, Denis Borges; BARBOSA, Ana Beatriz Nunes; KARIN Grau-Kuntz. A Propriedade Intelectual na Construção dos Tribunais Constitucionais. Rio de Janeiro: Lumen Juris, As to the South America, see Vidaurreta, cit., p. 27 on. 21 As to the significance of this distinction, see Vidaurreta, cit., p Because of its vagueness, natural law very easily provides the possibility for misuse and manipulation in favour of the opinion which one would like to uphold. This can be best illustrated by the debate on intellectual property during the 19th century. While some authors with reference to natural law wanted to protect the holiest, most legitimate, most unassailable and most personal of all Property Rights, others argued that it was contrary to the laws of nature to grant property in an intangible asset. Cristopher Geiger: Constitutionalising Intellectual Property Law? The Influence of Fundamental Rights on Intellectual Property in the European Union IIC 2006 Heft 4,7 according to the will and convenience of the society, without claim or complaint from any body 23. A historic pattern followed Most present Latin American Constitutions follow the initial Brazilian standard: Intellectual Property interests (no more just patents) are recognized as constitutional rights and attributed subjectively. None of such texts, however, come close to assert an absolute or untrammeled power to the beneficiaries of such rights. Specific Intellectual Property rights tend to be clearly conditioned to a social function or public interest filter. An interesting example of this submission of Intellectual Property Rights to its social function is an old decision of the Mexican Supreme Court: Article 28 of the Constitution guarantees to the inventors the exclusive use of the inventions that have been patented, but they are not authorized to prevent the domestic industry to exploit the patent that, after some time, the holders are not using it; in other words, [the Constitution] ensures the exclusive use of a patent, does not assures the nonuse of it. There is no right granted to the holder of the patent for his inventions exclusively use when he fails to use and prevents another to use it 24. Or a more recent decision of the Brazilian Federal IP Court, on a Constitutional issue: Thus, the intellectual rights, even though protected by the Constitution, must be functionalized to promote the dignity of the human person, one of the foundations of the democratic rule of law, and its exercise is not an end in itself, but a means to promote social values, whose vertex is the human person. Thus, social aspects should prevail over the economic reasons for a patent, and this characterizes its social function. One of these aspects is shown when there is a massive technological gap between the developed and the underdeveloped countries. Increase too much the patent term will mean a loss for Society, that will be prevented from working a technology already obsolete to make new developments, or simply forced to use a product of outdated technology Leter to Isaac McPherson, dated Monticello, August 13, 1813., found at visited June 29, "El artículo 28 constitucional garantiza a los inventores, el uso exclusivo de los inventos que han patentado; pero no las autoriza para impedir a la industria nacional, la explotación de patente que, después de cierto tiempo, no usen los titulares; en otros términos, se garantiza el uso exclusivo de una patente, pero no el no uso de ella. El derecho otorgado al titular de la patente, para usar exclusivamente su invento, no existe cuando se abstiene de usarla e impide a otro que la use". Supreme Court of Argentina, TOMO XXXIV, Pág General Electric, S. A.- 13 de abril de Unanimidad de 5 votos.- Poniente: Daniel V. Valencia. 25 Assim, o direito intelectual, mesmo sendo garantia constitucional, deve ser funcionalizado a fim de promover a dignidade da pessoa humana, um dos fundamentos do Estado Democrático de Direito, e o seu exercício não é um fim em si mesmo, mas antes um meio de promover os valores sociais, cujo vértice encontra-se na própria pessoa humana. Assim, aspectos sociais devem prevalecer sobre as razões econômicas de um direito de patente, o que caracteriza a sua função social. Um desses aspectos se mostra quando se verifica a imensa diferença tecnológica existente entre os países desenvolvidos e os subdesenvolvidos. Aumentar em demasia o período de vigência da patente significará um prejuízo para toda a sociedade que não poderá utilizar uma tecnologia já 78 An exception to the freedom of the market These historical underpinnings stress that - in this region - the Intellectual Property issue was frequently discussed as an exception to the freedom to exercise a trade or profession. The Brazilian 1824 text granting an exclusive privilege on behalf of the inventors plays in counterpoint with other two provisions within the same Bill of Rights, one of which voids any privilege whatsoever, and the other extinguishes all guilds 26. This perceived tension was certainly not limited to Brazil or Latin America 27, but has taken a significant role in the development of the Constitutional Law of Intellectual Property in Latin America 28. The affirmation of a fundamental right to exert trade or profession is a standard device in the Constitutions of the region 29. As stated by the Mexican Supreme Court: In our legal system, free competition is constitutionally guaranteed by articles 5 and 28 of our Constitution, and in accordance with those provisions no one can be prevented from engaging in the profession, industry or commerce that suits him, should it be lawful, and when not violating the rights of third parties or offending the rights of society; monopolies are prohibited, except those made by their nature belong to the State, and those privileges granted by the copyright laws and inventions and trademarks 30 obsoleta para realizar novos desenvolvimentos ou simplesmente utilizar um produto de tecnologia ultrapassada. Tribunal Regional Federal da 2ª Região, 1ª Turma Especializada, AMS , JC Márcia Helena Nunes, DJ They were already abolished in Brazil and Uruguay by the Royal Order of April 1, 1808, issued by D. John VI, prince regent of Portugal, who has moved his Court to Rio de Janeiro flying from the Napoleonic Invasions. For the impact of such early abolition of privileges, as well as the issuance of the Brazilian Patent Order of April 28, 1809, as the fourth oldest statute of its kind, see MALAVOTA, Leandro Miranda, A Construção do Sistema de Patentes no Brasil, Lumen Juris, 2011 and CARVALHO, Nuno Pires de, 200 Anos do Sistema Brasileiro de Patentes, Lumen Juris, See Fritz Machlup & Edith Tilton Penrose, The Patent Controversy in the Nineteenth Century, 10 J. ECON. HIST. 1 (1950). 28 Vidaurreta notes that the freedom from privileges and guilds was a crucial aspect of the pre-constitutional elaborations in Argentine (cit., p p ) and was conspicuously present in art. 146 of the 1838 Uruguayan Constitution, art. 220 of the 1811 Venezuelan Constitution, etc. 29 For instance, Peru, Art. 58; Brazil, Art. 1 st., IV and 170; Venezuela, art "En nuestro sistema jurídico, la libre competencia está constitucionalmente garantizada por los artículos 5o. y 28 de nuestra Carta Magna, y conforme a dichos preceptos a nadie puede impedirse que se dedique a la profesión, industria o comercio que le acomode, siendo lícito y cuando no se ataquen los derechos de terceros ni se ofendan los derechos de la sociedad; se prohiben los monopolios, a excepción hecha de aquéllos que por su naturaleza corresponden al Estado y de los privilegios que conceden las leyes sobre derechos de autor y de invenciones y marcas." Tercer Tribunal Colegiado En Materia Administrativa Del Primer Circuito. Amparo en revisión 3043/90. Kenworth Mexicana, S.A. de C.V. 30 de enero de Unanimidad de votos. Ponente: Genaro David Góngora Pimentel. Secretaria: Guadalupe Robles Denetro. 89 Some peculiar aspects of Latin American IP constitutionalism In a prior work, we essayed to demonstrate that the comparative Constitutional construction of IP interests is factually convergent: there are much more points in common in the various national texts and specially in the judicial construction of such texts than divergences 31. Progressive harmonization and the impact of International treaties seem to be evolving in an international acquis. On the other hand, the constitutional background has to deal, possibly, with some limited starting points to deal with the issue. In this section, however, we shall try another perspective. The Intellectual Property (and related) interests as enshrined at the Constitutional level sometimes receive a peculiar flavor when reflected in the practice of Latin American courts. This section shall focus in such issues. Status of Intellectual Property among constitutional rights The issue here is the Constitutional qualification of Intellectual Property rights. In a case dealing with the power of the federal states to legislate on the exercise of trademarks, the Brazilian Supreme Court stated that the right to use a trademark could not be curtailed by state-level statutes as the right of property belongs to Federal jurisdiction 32. The Justices, however, stopped short from equating trademark and Civil Code property by noting that trademarks are governed by those legal rules pertaining to competitive environments they would be examples of competitive property. The Brazilian Constitution has no standard name to describe the specific Intellectual Property rights: it employs the term exclusive privilege for patents, property for trademarks and exclusive right for the author s rights. In no place, however, the text addresses those interests as being monopolies 33. It is, therefore, noticeable that, in its most recent decision on the subject, the Brazilian Supreme 31 BARBOSA, BARBOSA, GRAU-KUNTZ, cit. The book collects some IP constitutional decisions from the U.S., Australian and Brazilian Supreme Court, and the German, Colombian, and Italian Constitutional courts. 32 Brazilian Supreme Court, case Rp1397, May, 11, Another theme of Federal and state or local prescriptive jurisdiction is which political entity is entitled to create and grant Intellectual Property Rights. The Brazilian Council of State decided in three cases (in 1843 and 1844) that provinces were not allowed to legislate on patents, as the subject was reserved to Imperial, not provincial, jurisdiction; in Bonito Boats, Inc. v. Thunder Craft Boats, Inc., 489 U.S. 141 (1989) the U.S. Supreme Court used a quite similar reasoning 33 In an unrelated decision, Action of Constitutionality , decided August 5, 2004, the Brazilian Supreme Court distinguish between exclusive privileges and monopolies noting that the former although exclusive are not market exclusivities. 9 Mostrar más
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