Source: http://www.google.com/patents/US7490118?dq=5,884,272
Timestamp: 2015-01-26 20:29:10
Document Index: 236386898

Matched Legal Cases: ['art 1', 'art 2', 'art 3', 'art 4', 'art 5', 'art 1', 'art 10', 'art 11', 'art 12', 'art 2', 'art 3', 'art 4', 'art 5', 'art 6', 'art 7', 'art 8', 'art 9']

Patent US7490118 - Expanding instruction set using alternate error byte - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsExpanding the capacity of a fixed digital field using a unique number calculated from the digital field, such as an error code. Expansion is possible by calculating a new error code using a different algorithm. A recipient, upon not detecting the error code from the original algorithm, checks for the...http://www.google.com/patents/US7490118?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US7490118 - Expanding instruction set using alternate error byteAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS7490118 B1Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 10/705,216Publication dateFeb 10, 2009Filing dateNov 7, 2003Priority dateNov 7, 2003Fee statusPaidPublication number10705216, 705216, US 7490118 B1, US 7490118B1, US-B1-7490118, US7490118 B1, US7490118B1InventorsG. Kovach II Louis, Neil Percibal YoungOriginal AssigneeLiontech Trains LlcExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (35), Non-Patent Citations (27), Classifications (8), Legal Events (6) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetExpanding instruction set using alternate error byteUS 7490118 B1Abstract Expanding the capacity of a fixed digital field using a unique number calculated from the digital field, such as an error code. Expansion is possible by calculating a new error code using a different algorithm. A recipient, upon not detecting the error code from the original algorithm, checks for the new error code before indicating an error. The presence of the new error code acts like an extra bit to give an entirely new set of numbers for the digital field, thus doubling the command set. In another aspect of the invention, fill bits between transmission packets are used to indicate further data, and are included in calculating the new error code.
1. A method for expanding the capacity of a fixed digital field for a model train control system, comprising:
providing a unique number field for a unique number calculated from the bits in said digital field;
calculating a first unique number from said digital field according to a first algorithm;
determining if said first unique number is present in said unique number field;
assigning a first meaning to a particular combination of bits in said digital field if said first unique number is present;
if said first unique number is not present, calculating a second unique number according to a second algorithm;
determining if said second unique number is present in said unique number field; and
assigning a second meaning to said particular combination of bits in said digital field if said second unique number is present.
indicating an error if neither said first nor said second unique number is present.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein said particular combination of bits is a command.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein said command is for an operation in a model train.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein said command further includes an address of said model train.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein said first unique number is a multiple bit code.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein said second unique number is the inverse of said first unique number.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein said unique number is an error code.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein said fixed digital field is part of a transmission packet.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein fill bits are used in transmission of said fixed digital field, and further comprising:
detecting said fill bits;
determining if said fill bits have a value other than a designated fill value;
if said fill bits have a value other than said designated fill value, assigning a different meaning to the combination of bits in said fixed digital field based on the value of said fill bits.
modifying a value of one of said fill bits, in accordance with the values of remaining ones of said fill bits, to minimize a DC offset of said transmission packet and fill bits.
utilizing at least one of said fill bits in calculating said second unique number.
13. The method of claim 10 wherein said first unique number is a multiple bit code and said second unique number is the inverse of said first unique number.
14. A method for expanding the capacity of a fixed digital command field for a model train control system, comprising:
providing a multiple bit error code field for a unique number calculated from the command bits in said digital field;
calculating a first multiple bit error code from said digital field according to a first algorithm;
determining if said first multiple bit error code is present in said unique number field;
assigning a first meaning to a particular combination of bits in said digital field if said first multiple bit error code is present;
if said first multiple bit error code is not present, calculating a second multiple bit error code according to a second algorithm;
determining if said second multiple bit error code is present in said multiple bit error code field;
assigning a second meaning to said particular combination of bits in said digital field if said second multiple bit error code is present; and
indicating an error if neither said first nor said second multiple bit error code is present.
15. A method for expanding the capacity of a fixed digital command field for a model train control system, wherein the command field comprises four nibbles of four bits each, comprising:
providing a multiple bit checksum field for a unique number calculated from the command bits in said digital field;
calculating a first checksum from said command field by summing the values of each of said nibbles and dropping the most significant bit of the result;
determining if said first checksum is present in said unique number field;
assigning a first meaning to a particular combination of bits in said command field if said first checksum is present;
if said first checksum is not present, calculating a second multiple bit error code according to a second algorithm;
determining if said second multiple bit error code is present in said multiple bit error code field; and
assigning a second meaning to said particular combination of bits in said command field if said second multiple bit error code is present; and
16. An apparatus in a model train control system for receiving a digital field, comprising:
a memory storing first and second algorithms;
a processor, coupled to said memory;
a program embodied in computer readable code in said memory, containing instructions configured to
detect a unique number field for a unique number calculated from the bits in said digital field;
calculate a first unique number from said digital field according to said first algorithm;
determine if said first unique number is present in said unique number field;
assign a first meaning to a particular combination of bits in said digital field if said first unique number is present;
if said first unique number is not present, calculate a second unique number according to a second algorithm;
determine if said second unique number is present in said unique number field; and
assign a second meaning to said particular combination of bits in said digital field if said second unique number is present.
17. The apparatus of claim 16 wherein said processor is a hardware FPGA.
The current Lionel Trainmaster command format uses 23 bits to assemble a command. These bits are grouped together as 4 bit nibbles (a nibble is half of an 8 bit byte) and are represented in hexadecimal (hex). The first four nibbles translate directly to the Train Master command set, instructing the train on speed, use of horns, smoke, lights, etc. The fifth nibble is a unique number used to detect errors, an error code. The error code represents the addition of the first four nibbles without a carry. The following is and example of a Train Master Engine 1 horn command.
(always ones)
The error check nibble is calculated by adding 0+0+9+C=15Hex. The upper digit 1 is dropped and the error check nibble becomes 5. The receiver then recovers the first 4 nibbles directly and converts them into Trainmaster Commands. The receiver then looks for a 5 and only a 5 in the fifth nibble position. If a 5 is received the transmission is considered good and is allowed to pass. If a nibble other than 5 is received the message is rejected. The three trailer bits at the end of the message are not used by current receivers for data information. Two bits are used to fill the time until the next command packet, and a third bit is set to offset any DC bias imparted by the combination of bits in the command, as discussed in more detail below.
All of the commands in the current command structure have been used, to both designate a variety of commands and address different trains or other controlled devices on a train set. No new commands are possible, but it would be desirable to add new commands for additional features, and to have the system backward compatible with existing model trains.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides a method and apparatus for expanding the capacity of a fixed digital field. The invention uses a unique number calculated from the digital field, such as an error code. An error code or other unique number is calculated using a particular algorithm, such as an addition or exclusive OR (X-OR) of the bits in the digital field. The present invention provides a different algorithm to calculate a different unique number or error code from the same command bits. This different number indicates that a second command set is being used. This different error code or unique number thus allows a second command to be interpreted independently from the original command giving an entirely new set of numbers for the digital field, thereby doubling the capacity of the command set.
In one embodiment, the unique number or error code is calculated using the same method as the original, and is then inverted to give the second, new command set for the digital field. An inversion produces a number which is least likely to occur simply as a result of bit errors during the reception and calculation of the unique error number. The invention maintains error protection, although at only a very slightly degraded level, since if the error by coincidence was the inverted new code, it wouldn't be flagged as an error.
Another aspect of the invention is directed to using fill bits, such as the three extra bits used in the command transmission for Lionel Trains. These extra bits fill up the time in between command packets, with one of the extra bits being calculated to be a 1 or 0 to ensure that the command signal does not produce a DC offset. The present invention utilizes two of those bits to transmit additional data, thus multiplying by a factor of three the available number of commands and compensating for the reduction in error code possibilities stated earlier. The additional bit used to counter DC offset takes into account, under the present invention, the value of the two fill bits in determining whether DC offset is present that needs to be counteracted.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a diagram of an example of a model train system having commands transmitted to a train engine and accessories on the train layout.
FIG. 2 is a diagram of an example of the circuitry inside a train engine for receiving such commands.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an example of the circuitry inside of a train 24 running on track 16. A receiver and demodulator circuit 26 picks up the electromagnetic field signals, and provides them to a data input of a microcontroller 84. The receiver can be an FM receiver chip and the microcontroller can be a microprocessor having a memory for storing instructions. The microprocessor controls a triac switching circuit 86. One side of the triac switches are connected to the train tracks through leads 88 which pick up power physically from the track. When activated by control signals from microcontroller 84 on lines 90, the triac switching circuit 86 will provide power to train motor 92, which moves the wheels of the train.
FIG. 3 is a diagram of a command packet illustrating an embodiment of the present invention. The command packet is the command packet used for the Lionel Train Master system. The packet contains four nibbles of data, nibbles 200, 202, 204 and 206. Each nibble contains four cells, with each cell storing a single bit. Also provided is a checksum, or error nibble 208. As noted in the Background, the error nibble is calculated by adding the values of nibbles 200, 202, 204 and 206. At the end of the packet are three trailer or filler bits, a phase bit 209 and two additional trailer bits 210. At the beginning of the packet is a start bit 212.
As can be seen, each of the command nibbles contains four cells, each with a bit of data. Looking at the first command byte 200, it is shown as encoding 0010. The 0 level is either high or low for the entire width of the cell. The protocol requires that the signal transition at each cell boundary. This transitioning helps ensure that the signal switches constantly to prevent a DC offset being imposed. As can be seen from the third cell in byte 200, a value of 1 is indicated by a transition in the middle of a cell. The start bit is distinguishable from the rest of the cells because it lasts one and one-half cell lengths at the same level, 0 level, thus indicating the new command packet is beginning.
Due to the clock timing used to generate the packet, there is a little extra time between command packets, which is filled by three filler or trailer bits 210. The last two bits are always a 1 in the existing Train Master protocol, while the bit in position or cell 20 is used for two purposes. The first is to offset any DC value generated by a particular combination of the command and error bytes by alternately setting cell 20 to a 0 or a 1 to compensate. The second function is to insure that the last transition bit time is smaller than 1 cell time. This insures proper start bit detection by the receivers.
The invention provides a method in which the command structure is expanded while maintaining full backwards compatibility. The solution is to send a command or message with a different method of calculating the error nibble in a manner other than what is currently being used, allowing unique identification of an old and new command structure. The ideal method is to create a pattern that is the exact opposite of the current method. This allows the current command set to be doubled and is fully compatible with all old receivers. The addition to the structure allows for an additional 65,536 commands for the Lionel Train Master protocol.
New receivers would make two checks. The first using the old method and in addition checking the bit 210 for a value of 11�if it passes, then it is considered an old command. If the bits of 210 are 00, 01 or 10 the error nibble is complemented and a second check is made. If the second check passes, it is considered the new style message and is identified uniquely as one of the three extended command sets. In the case presented there are 16 possible error combinations. In the old method 1 out of 16 is correct. With the new system 2 out of 16 would be correct. This reduces the error detection capability by half but the complemented selection is the best out of the 16 possible for the second choice. By using the addition bits contained in 210, the command and error detection is not reduced but rather enhanced because of the introduction and inclusion of these two bits in the command and error interpretation. This is not a concern due to the serial stream transmission format used where individual bit errors are the concern.
The following change is introduced to double the current command set structure without changing bits 210.
Old Method 0000 0000 1001 1100 0101 1 11 0 0 9 C 5 Trailer 210 Engine 1 Horn (always ones) New Method 0000 0000 1001 1100 1010 1 11 0 0 9 C A Trailer 210 New Command (always ones) Second enhancement using trailer 210 bits to extend the command set and recover lost error code possibilities.
Trailer 210 (always ones)
Trailer 210 (00)
New command set 0 bits
210 X-ORed with inverted
error nibble
Trailer 210 (01)
New command set 1 bits
Trailer 210 (10)
New command set 2 bits
210 X-ORed with
Use of Trailer or Fill Bits
Phase bit check of entire message including bit positions 21 and 22 Ending check of 00, 01 or 10 in positions <21 22>
The new check of bit position 20 for old TMCC commands will be an additional way to detect an error, with the error either being in the command or the phase bit itself. This is done by the receiver of the command re-doing the calculation of what the phase bit should be to provide the desired DC offset compensation, and then determining if that is in fact its value received. An error in the phase bit could be a problem with the calculation on the transmission side, or interference in the transmission corrupting the phase bit, or the command therefore the phase bit 209 is calculated after the data and trailer results have been calculated. The phase bit 209 is then adjusted to the proper value as previously described.
Although one embodiment has been described above, the present invention can embodied in other specific ways without departing from the essential characteristics of the invention. For example, the error nibble could simply be a number calculated from the preceding digital field. Although a command with four nibbles of four bits each has been shown, other command sizes could be used. Also, different sizes of the unique number or error nibble could be used, such as 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, or any other number of bits. The error number could be a checksum, CRC, or any other error code, such as a Reed Solomon code, or some other code not used for error detection. The commands or other digital data could be provided for any type of system, not just model trains. The data need not be command, but could be simply messages or other digital data. Accordingly, the foregoing description is intended to be illustrative, but not limiting, of the scope of the invention which is set forth in the following claims.
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