Source: http://www.docstoc.com/docs/50249690/Electrophysiology-Mapping-System---Patent-5662108
Timestamp: 2014-10-23 20:16:23
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Electrophysiology Mapping System - Patent 5662108
United States Patent: 5662108
5,662,108
Electrophysiology mapping system
A mapping catheter is positioned in a heart chamber, and active electrode
sites are activated to impose an electric field within the chamber. The
blood volume and wall motion modulates the electric field, which is
detected by passive electrode sites on the preferred catheter.
Electrophysiology measurements, as well as geometry measurements, are
taken from the passive electrodes and used to display a map of intrinsic
heart activity.
Budd; Jeffrey Robert (St. Paul, MN), Beatty; Graydon Ernest (St. Paul, MN), Hauck; John Anderson (Shoreview, MN)
Endocardial Solutions, Inc.
08/420,698
387832Feb., 1995
950448Sep., 19925297549
949690Sep., 19925311866
600/374  ; 600/509
A61B 5/042&amp;nbsp(20060101); A61B 5/0408&amp;nbsp(20060101); A61B 18/14&amp;nbsp(20060101); A61B 5/0428&amp;nbsp(20060101); A61B 5/0402&amp;nbsp(20060101); A61B 005/05&amp;nbsp()
128/642,696,734
5553611
&quot;Potential Distribution Mapping of Ventricular Tachycardia&quot;, Harada et al., Supplement III Circulation, vol. 78, No. 5, Nov. 1988, pp. III-137
through III-147.
&quot;Endocardial Mapping by Simultaneous Recording of Endocardial Electrograms During Cardiac Surgery for Ventricular Aneurysm&quot;, de Bakker et al., JACC vol. 2, No. 5, Nov. 1983:947-53, pp. 947 through 953.
&quot;Endocardial Mapping of Ventricular Tachycardia in the Intact Human Ventricle: Evidence for Reentrant Mechanisms&quot;, Downar et al., JACC vol. 11, No. 4, Apr. 1988:783-91, pp. 783-791.
&quot;Localization of Ectopic Ventricular Focuses by Means of a Diameter Multielectrode Catheter&quot;, 1990 Elsevier Science Publishers B. V. (Biomedical Division), Advances in Electrocardiology, Z. Antaloczy et al., editors, pp. 67 through 70.
Electrocardiographic Mapping I, &quot;Localization of Ventricular Ectopic Beats from Intracavitary Potential Distributions: An Inverse Model in terms of Sources&quot;, Macchi et al., IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp; Biology Society 11th Annual International
Conference--0191, 1989 IEEE.
&quot;A Study to Evaluate the Ability of a Multielectrode Intracavitary Probe to Determine the Site of Origin of Ventricular Tachycardia&quot;, Basic Arrhythmia Laboratory Engineering Research Center in Emerging Cardiovascular Technologies Duke University,
Raymond E. Ideker MD, PhD, pp. 1 through 3.
Simulation and Modeling in Electrocardiography, &quot;Intracavitary Mapping: An Improved Method for Locating the Site of Origin of Ectopic Ventricular Beats by Means of a Mathematical Model&quot;, Macchi et al., IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp; Biology Society
10th Annual International Conference--0187 1988.
&quot;Annotations A Note on the Brody-Effect&quot;, Rudy and Plonsey, J. Electrocardiology 11(1), 1978, pp. 87-90.
&quot;Simultaneous Multichannel Cardiac Mapping Systems&quot;, Ideker et al., Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, PACE, vol. 10, Mar.-Apr. 1987, pp. 281 through 292.
&quot;The Effects of Variations in Conductivity and Geometrical Parameters on the Electrocardiogram, Using an Eccentric Spheres Model&quot;, Rudy et al., Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Circulation
Research, vol. 44, No. 1, Jan. 1979, pp. 104 through 111.
&quot;The Eccentric Spheres Model as the Basis for a Study of the Role of Geometry and Inhomogeneities in Electrocardiography&quot;, Rudy and Plonsey, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. BME-26, No. 7, Jul. 1979, pp. 392 through 399.
&quot;A Model Study of Volume Conductor Effects on Endocardial and Intracavitary Potentials&quot;, Khoury and Rudy, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Circulation Research, vol. 71, No. 3, Sep. 1992, pp. 511 through 525.
&quot;Inverse Reconstruction of Epicardial and Endocardial Potentials: The Use of Temporal Information&quot;, Rudy et al., Department of biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, pp. 2006 through 2008, 1992.
&quot;A New Intracavitary Probe for Detecting the Site of Origin of Ectopic Ventricular Beats During One Cardiac Cycle&quot;, Taccardi et al., Instituto di Fisiologia Generale, Universita&#39; di Parma, Parma Italy, pp. 1 through 30 (plus ten sheets of drawings).
&quot;Ventricular Arrhythmia--A New Intracavitary Probe for Detecting the Site of Origin of Ectopic Ventricular Beats During One Cardiac Cycle&quot;, Taccardi et al., Instituto di Fisiologia Generale, Universita&#39; di Parma, Parma, Italy Laboratory
Investigation, pp. 272 through 281, 1987.
&quot;Assessing the Effect of Uncertainty in Intracavitary Electrode Position on Endocardial Potential Estimates&quot;, Derfus and Pilkington, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 39, No. 7, Jul. 1992, pp. 676 through 681.
&quot;A Comparison of Measured and Calculated Intracavitary Potentials for Electrical Stimuli in the Exposed Dog Heart&quot;, Derfus et al., IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 39, No. 11, Nov. 1992, pp. 1192 through 1206.
&quot;Calculating Intracavitary Potentials from Measured Endocardial Potentials&quot;, Derfus et al., Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Science Foundation/Engineering Research Center, Duke University, Annual International Conference of the IEEE
Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, vol. 12, No. 2, 1990, p. 1.
&quot;Feasibility of Estimating Endocardial Potentials from Cavity Potentials&quot;, Pilkington et al., Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Pathology, Duke University. IEEE/ Ninth Annual Conference of the Engineering in Medicine and Biology
Society 1987, pp. 1875 through 1876.
&quot;Simulation and Modeling in Electrocardiography I--Effect of Intracavitary Electrode Position on Endocardial Potential Estimates&quot;, Derfus and Pilkington, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp; Biology
Society 10th Annual International Conference, 1988, pp. 0185 through 0186.
&quot;Reconstruction of Endocardial Potentials From Intracavitary Probe Potentials: A Model Study&quot;, Khoury and Rudy, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, pp. 1 through 4..
Assistant Examiner:  Winakur; Eric F.
1. CROSS REFERENCED TO RELATED CASES
This is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 08/387,832, filed Feb. 16,
1995, entitled &quot;Endocardial Mapping System and Catheter Probe&quot;; which in
turn is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 07/950,448, filed Sep. 23, 1992
now U.S. Pat. No. 5,297,549; and is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No.
07/949,690 filed Sep. 23, 1992, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,311,866. The parent
application, Ser. No. 08/387,832, is incorporated by reference herein.
1.  A process for measuring electrophysiologic data in a heart chamber comprising the steps of:
(a) positioning a set of passive electrodes within a patient&#39;s heart;
(b) positioning a set of active electrodes within a patient&#39;s heart;
(c) supplying oscillating current to said set of active electrodes thereby generating an electric field in said heart chamber;
(d) detecting said electric field at said passive electrode sites, generating a set of electric field measurement data;
(e) extracting in the frequency domain, from said field measurement data, that component of said field measurement data corresponding to chamber geometry and generating chamber geometry data;
(f) extracting in the frequency domain, from said field measurement data, that component of said field measurement data corresponding to the underlying intrinsic electrophysiologic activity of the heart chamber, and generating electrophysiology
(g) graphically displaying said chamber geometry data;
(h) graphically displaying said electrophysiologic data.  Description
The parent invention relates to electrophysiology apparatus which is used to measure and to visualize electrical activity occurring in a patient&#39;s heart.  The system can display both a visual map of the underlying electrical activity originating
in a chamber of a patient&#39;s heart and the location of a therapy catheter located within a heart chamber.  The electrophysiology apparatus includes several subsystems including: a therapy catheter system, a measurement catheter system and a computer based
signal acquisition, control and display system.
Many cardiac tachyarrhythmias are caused by conduction defects which interfere with the normal propagation of electrical signals in a patient&#39;s heart.  These arrhythmias may be treated electrically, pharmacologically or surgically.  The optimal
therapeutic approach to treat a particular tachyarrhythmia depends upon the nature and location of the underlying conduction defect.  For this reason electrophysiologic mapping is used to explore the electrical activity of the heart during a
tachyarrhythmic episode.  The typical electrophysiologic mapping procedure involves positioning an electrode system within the heart.  Electrical measurements are made which reveal the electrical propagation of activity in the heart.  If ablation is the
indicated therapy then a therapy catheter is positioned at the desired location within the heart and energy is delivered to the therapy catheter to ablate the tissue.
There are numerous problems associated with these electrophysiologic diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.  First the testing goes on within a beating heart.  The motion of the diagnostic catheter and treatment catheter can injure the heart and
provoke bouts of arrhythmia which interfere with the collection of diagnostic information.  During the delivery of ablation therapy it is common to use fluoroscopic equipment to visualize the location of the catheters.  Many physicians are concerned
about routine occupational exposure to X-rays.  In addition, the traditional mapping techniques do not provide a high resolution view of the electrical activity of the heart which makes it difficult to precisely locate the source of the arrhythmia.
The electrophysiology apparatus of the invention is partitioned into several interconnected subsystems.  The measurement catheter system introduces a modulated electric field into the heart chamber.  The blood volume and the moving heart wall
surface modify the applied electric field.  Electrode sites within the heart chamber passively monitor the modifications to the field and a dynamic representation of the location of the interior wall of the heart is developed for display to the
physician.  Electrophysiologic signals generated by the heart itself are also measured at electrode sites within the heart and these signals are low pass filtered and displayed along with the dynamic wall representation.  This composite dynamic
electrophysiologic map may be displayed and used to diagnose the underlying arrhythmia.
A therapy catheter system can also be introduced into the heart chamber.  A modulated electrical field delivered to an electrode on this therapy catheter can be used to show the location of the therapy catheter within the heart.  The therapy
catheter location can be displayed on the dynamic electrophysiologic map in real time along with the other diagnostic information.  Thus the therapy catheter location can be displayed along with the intrinsic or provoked electrical activity of the heart
to show the relative position of the therapy catheter tip to the electrical activity originating within the heart itself.  Consequently the dynamic electrophysiology map can be used by the physician to guide the therapy catheter to any desired location
The dynamic electrophysiologic map is produced in a step-wise process.  First, the interior shape of the heart is determined.  This information is derived from a sequence of geometric measurements related to the modulation of the applied electric
field.  Knowledge of the dynamic shape of the heart is used to generate a representation of the interior surface of the heart.
Next, the intrinsic electrical activity of the heart is measured.  The signals of physiologic origin are passively detected and processed such that the magnitude of the potentials on the wall surface may be displayed on the wall surface
representation.  The measured electrical activity may be displayed on the wall surface representation in any of a variety of formats.  Finally, a location current may be delivered to a therapy catheter within the same chamber.  The potential sensed from
this current may be processed to determine the relative or absolute location of the therapy catheter within the chamber.
FIG. 1 shows the electrophysiologic apparatus 10 connected to a patient 12.  In a typical procedure a monitoring catheter system 14 is placed in the heart 16 to generate a display of the electrical activity of the heart 16.  After diagnosis a
therapy catheter 18 may be inserted into the heart to perform ablation or other corrective treatment.
The monitoring catheter 14 has a proximal end 20 which may be manipulated by the attending physician, and a distal end 22 which carries a monitoring catheter electrode set 44.  In general the distal end 22 of the monitoring catheter 14 will be
relatively small and will float freely in the heart chamber.  The therapy catheter 18 has a distal end 24 which carries a therapy catheter electrode set 46.  The therapy catheter also has proximal end 26 which can be manipulated by the attending
The electrode sets located on the catheters are coupled to an interface system 28, through appropriate cables.  The cable 30 connects the monitoring catheter electrode set 44 to the interface system 28 while cable 32 connects the therapy catheter
electrode set 46 to the interface system 28.  The interface system 28 contains a number of subsystems which are controlled by a computer 34.  The data collected by the interface system 28 is manipulated by the computer 34 and displayed on a display
device 36.  Surface electrodes represented by electrode 40 may also be coupled to the electrophysiology apparatus 10 for several purposes via an appropriate cable 42.  A therapy generator 38 is connected to the therapy catheter electrode 60 and to the
therapy surface ground 70, through the interface system 28.  The skin surface electrode cable 42 couples the ECG surface electrodes 74 to the ECG system 39, which may be a subsystem of interface system 28.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing an illustrative segmentation of the electrode sets and their electrical connections to subsystems in the electrophysiology apparatus 10.  For example the monitoring electrode set 44 contains a subset of
passive electrodes 48 which are connected to a signal conditioner 50.  The monitoring electrode set 44 also contains a subset of active electrodes 52 which are connected to a signal generator 54 through a switch 59.  The signal generator 54 is controlled
by the computer 34.  In operation, the signal generator 54 generates a burst of (4800 Hz for example) signals which are supplied to the active electrode set 52.  This energy sets up an electric field within the heart 16 chamber.  The electrical
potentials present on the passive electrode set 48 represent the summation of the underlying electrophysiological signals generated by the heart and the field induced by the burst.  The signal conditioner 50 separates these two components.  The preferred
technique is to separate the signals based upon their frequency.
The high pass section 56 of the signal conditioner extracts the induced field signals as modulated by the blood volume and the changing position of the chamber walls 125.  First, the signals are amplified with a gain of approximately 500 from
passive electrodes 48 with amplifier 151.  Next, the signals are high pass filtered at roughly 1200 Hz by filter 153.  Then the 4800 Hz signal is extracted by demodulator 155.  Finally, the individual signals are converted to digital format by the analog
to digital converter 157 before being sent to the computer 34.
The low pass section 58 of the signal conditioner 50 extracts physiologic signals.  First, signal drift is reduced with a 0.01 Hz high pass filter 143.  Next, a programmable gain amplifier 145 amplifies the signals.  Then a low pass filter 147
removes extraneous high frequency noise and the signal from the induced field.  Finally, the physiologic signals are converted to digital format by the analog to digital converter 149 before being sent to the computer 34.
The therapy catheter electrode set 46 includes at least one therapy delivery electrode 60, and preferably one or more monitoring electrodes 62, and one or more locator electrodes 68.  The therapy delivery electrode 60 cooperates with the ground
electrode 70, which is generally a skin patch electrode, to deliver ablation energy to the heart.  These electrodes are coupled to the ablation energy generator 38 which is shown as an RF current source.  A locator electrode 68 is provided which is
preferably proximate the delivery electrode 60, but can be a separate electrode site located near the distal end 24 of the therapy catheter 18.  This electrode site is coupled with an active electrode 52 through a switch 59 to the signal generator 54.
In use, the electric field coupled to the therapy catheter 18 permits the physician to track and visualize the location of the locator electrode 68 on the display device 36.  The therapy catheter electrode set 46 can also be used to monitor the
physiologic signals generated at the chamber wall 125 by a low pass signal conditioner 141 which is similar to the low pass section 58 of the signal conditioner 50.  These digitized signals are then sent to the computer 34.
At least one electrode pair 119 of surface electrodes 40 are also coupled to the signal generator 54 through switch 59.  Each electrode 89 and 115 are placed opposite each other on the body surface with the heart 16 in-between them.  The induced
field is sensed by passive electrodes 48 and conditioned by the high pass section 56 of the signal conditioner 50.  This field helps the computer 34 align or orient the passive electrodes 48 to the body for better visualization of the heart on the
monitor 36.
The ECG subsystem 39 accepts signals from standard ECG skin electrodes 74.  It also contains a low pass section similar to the low pass section 58 of signal conditioner 50.  In general, the passive electrode set 48 and active electrode set 52
will reside on a single catheter, however it should be recognized that other locations and geometries are suitable as well.  Both basket and balloon devices are particularly well suited to this application.
FIG. 3 shows an electrode configuration on a balloon catheter 94 which has an inflatable balloon 96 which underlies an array or set of passive electrodes 48 typified by passive electrode 72.  These passive electrodes 48 can be organized into
rows, typified by row 123, and columns, typified by column 121.  A pair of active excitation electrodes 52 are typified by proximal electrode 92 and distal electrode 98.  The balloon catheter 94 configuration can be quite small in comparison with the
basket catheter 80 configuration.  This small size is desirable both for insertion into and for use in a beating heart 16.
FIG. 3 also shows a movable, reference or therapy catheter system 18.  This catheter is shown lying along the interior surface 125 of the heart 16.  A pair of electrodes shown as delivery electrode 60 and reference electrode 62 are located a
fixed distance apart on the catheter body 64.  This auxiliary catheter may be used to supply ablation energy to the tissue during therapy.  This therapy catheter 18 may be used with either the basket catheter 80 configuration or the balloon catheter 94
FIG. 4 shows an electrode configuration on a basket catheter 80.  The limbs of the basket 80, typified by limb 82 carry multiple passive electrode sites typified by electrode 84.  A pair of active excitation electrodes are shown on the central
shaft 86 of the basket 80 as indicated by excitation electrode 88.  The basket catheter 80 electrodes lie gently against the interior surface 125 of the heart 16 urged into position by the resilience of the limbs.  The basket catheter 80 permits
unimpeded flow of blood through the heart during the mapping procedure which is very desirable.  This form of catheter also places the electrodes into contact with the heart chamber wall 125 for in-contact mapping of the physiologic potentials of the
heart 16.
Returning to FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 these figures show one illustrative partitioning of system functions.  In use, the signal generator 54 can generate a 4800 Hz sinusoidal signal burst on the active electrode set 52 which creates an electric field in
the heart.  The changing position of the chamber walls 125 and the amount of blood within the heart determines the signal strength present at the passive electrode sites 48.  For purposes of this disclosure the chamber geometry is derived from the
electric field as measured at the passive electrode sites 48 which may, or may not be in contact with the walls 125 of the heart.  In the case of the basket electrodes 84 which lie on the heart surface 125 the field strength is inversely proportional to
the instantaneous physical wall location and the distance from the active electrodes 52 to these walls.  In the case of the balloon catheter the potentials on the passive set of electrodes 72 are related to the wall location, but a set of computationally
intensive field equations must be solved to ascertain the position of the wall.  In general, both the basket and balloon approach can be used to generate the dynamic representation of the wall surface.
The computer 34 operates under the control of a stored program which implements several control functions and further displays data on a display device 36.  The principal software processes are the wall surface generation process (WSGP); the body
orientation generation process (BOGP); the wall electrogram generation process (WEGP); the site electrogram generation process (SEGP); and the movable electrode location process (MELP).
FIG. 5 is a flow chart describing the method used to generate the &quot;wall surface&quot; of the interior of the heart 16.  The step-wise processes are presented with certain physical parameters which are either known in advance by computation or are
measured.  This knowledge or information is shown in block 53, block 55 and block 57.  The WSGP process begins at block 41 with the insertion of the monitoring catheter 14 in the heart 16.  This catheter 14 places an array of electrodes 44 in a heart 16
chamber.  This array must have both passive measurement electrode sites 48 and active interrogation electrode sites 52 located in a known position.  The process enters a measurement and display loop at block 43 where an interrogation pulse burst is
generated by the signal generator 54 seen in FIG. 2.  These pulses are generated first with the current source at site 92 and the current sink at site 98 and second with the current source at site 98 and the sink at site 92 as seen in FIG. 3.  At block
45 the signal conditioner 50 uses information on the frequency and timing of the interrogation current from block 53 to demodulate the signals and analog to digital convert the signals received at the passive measurement electrodes 48.  At block 47 the
information from block 55 is used.  This information includes both the current strength of the interrogation pulse and the location of the interrogation source and sink electrodes.  Impedance is voltage divided by current.  The voltage offset caused by
the location of the current source can be reduced by the two measurements of opposite polarity.  This information is used to determine the impedance which the chamber and the blood contained in that chamber imposes on the field generated by the
interrogation current.  The knowledge from block 57 is used next.  Block 49 determines how the heart chamber tissue, which has roughly three times the impedance of blood, in combination with the type of electrode array affects the field generated by the
interrogation electrodes.
In a system as shown as the basket in FIG. 4 the blood effects the impedance directly as the field is propagated from the interrogation electrodes to the measurement electrodes.  In general, if a point current course is used within a chamber the
inverse of the measured voltage is proportional to the square root of the distance from the source.  With the distance from each electrode 84 to both excitation electrodes 88 computed from the measured voltage and the known location of the electrodes 84
relative to each other, the locations of each electrode 84 can be determined.
In a system as shown in FIG. 3 the impedance of the field generated within the blood volume is modulated by the position of the walls 125, with their higher impedance, with respect to the location relative to the measurement electrodes.  Using
this knowledge and the measurements from block 47 the distance from the interrogation electrodes to the heart chamber wall 125 is determined at a point normal to the field generated by the active interrogation electrodes 52.
The passive electrodes 48 on the balloon catheter 94 can be positioned in rows 123 and columns 121 with the columns in a line from the top of the balloon 96 near active electrode 92 to the bottom of the balloon 96 near active electrode 98.  In a
preferred embodiment three configurations are possible: 8 rows and 8 columns, 7 rows and 9 columns, and 6 rows and 10 columns.  In each such embodiment the measurements from any row 123 are treated independently.  Using the 8 row, 8 column embodiment as
an example, 8 measurements of distance are taken for any selected row of electrodes, giving a total of 64 measurements.
FIG. 6 is a schematic drawing of the embodiment required to measure the distance 129 from the centroid 127 of the balloon 96 through the passive electrode 131 to the heart chamber wall 125.  The passive electrode 131 is one of eight electrodes on
a row of electrodes 123.  Starting with electrode 131 and labeling it as electrode A, the other electrodes on the row 123 are labeled B, C, D, E, F, G and H by proceeding around the balloon 96 in a clockwise direction.  The measurements of impedance &quot;I&quot;
at these electrodes are thus labeled I.sub.A, I.sub.B, I.sub.C, I.sub.D, I.sub.E, I.sub.F, I.sub.G and I.sub.H.  To compute the distance 129 in the direction of electrode 131 the following equation is computed:
where D.sub.A is the desired distance 129 and c0 through c5 are optimized parameters.  A typical vector of these parameters is (c0, c1, c2, c3, c4, c5)=(3.26, -0.152, -0.124, -0.087, -0.078, -0.066).
Once the distance 129 in the direction of electrode 131 is determined then the computation can be redone by shifting this direction clockwise one electrode, relabeling electrodes A through H and solving the above equation again.  Once the
distances for this row of electrodes 123 are determined then the next row distances are determined in the same way until the distances at all 64 electrodes are determined.
Returning to FIG. 5, with multiple wall locations in space determined by this method, a model of the chamber wall 125 shape can be created in block 51.  Various techniques for creating a shape are possible, including cubic spline fits, and best
fit of an ellipsoid.  The positions of the active electrodes 52 and the passive electrodes 48 relative to the heart 16 chamber walls are also determined at this point.  The loop continues as the method moves back to block 43.  This loop continues at a
rate fast enough to visualize the real-time wall motion of the heart chamber, at least at twenty times per second.
There are numerous display formats or images which can be used to present the dynamic endocardial wall surface to the physician.  It appears that one of the most useful is to unfold the endocardial surface and project it onto a plane.  Wire grid
shapes representing a perspective view of the interior of the heart chamber are useful as well.  It appears that each individual physician will develop preferences with respect to preferred output image formats.  In general, different views of the
endocardial surface will be available or may be used for diagnosis of arrythmia and the delivery of therapy.  One distinct advantage of the present invention is that the image of the heart wall is not static or artificial.  In this system the image is a
measured property of the heart wall, and is displayed in motion.
FIG. 7 shows two separate frames of the dynamic representation of the heart wall.  Wire frame 71 shows the heart at systole while wire frame 73 shows the heart at diastole.  Path arrow 75 and path arrow 77 represent the dynamic cycling through
several intermediate shapes between the systole and diastole representation.  These views are useful as they indicate the mechanical pumping motion of the heart to the physician.
FIG. 8 is a schematic drawing of the apparatus required to perform the body orientation generation process.  It shows a patient 12 with at least one pair 119 of skin electrodes 40 attached to the body surface in a stationary position on the body
and in a known configuration.  These electrodes are typified by example surface electrodes 89 and 115 each of which could be an ECG electrode 74, an RF generation current sink electrode 70, or another electrode specifically dedicated to the BOGP.
Ideally, electrode 89 and 115 are opposite one another on the body with the heart 16 directly in between them.  This pair of electrodes is attached to the signal generator 54 through the switch 59 via an appropriate cable 117.  The distal end 22 of
monitoring catheter 14 is situated in the heart 16 where the passive electrodes 48 can measure the signals generated across the electrode 89 and electrode 115.
FIG. 9 is a flow chart describing the method used to align the wall surface representation of the WSGP to the body orientation.  The process begins at step 101 where the monitoring catheter 14 with a set of passive electrodes 48 is inserted into
heart 16 chamber and a pair of surface electrodes 119 are attached at a known position on the body 12.  The process begins cycling at step 102 where the signal generator 54 generates a signal across the skin electrode 89 and skin electrode 115.  At step
103 the voltage created by the signal generator 54 is measured from passive electrode 48 by the high pass section 56 of the signal conditioner 50 by using the information from block 110 which includes the frequency and timing of the field generated by
the signal generator 54.  This voltage information is stored in an array &quot;Y&quot;.
At step 104 a regression analysis is performed which creates a vector which lines up with the field generated in step 103.  This regression method is the same whether a basket catheter as shown in FIG. 4 or a balloon catheter as shown in FIG. 3
is used.  The location of each passive electrode 48 is provided to the method by block 110.  This information comes from different sources in each case however.  In the case of a basket catheter 80 these three dimensional electrode locations come from
the WSGP.  In the case of the balloon catheter 94 these three dimensional electrode locations are known a priori.  In each case they are saved in an array &quot;X&quot;.  The regression to compute the orientation vector uses the standard regression equation for
the computation of a slope:
where &quot;X&quot; is the array of electrode locations, &quot;Y&quot; is the array of measured voltages and &quot;b&quot; is the orientation vector.  If more than one pair of skin electrodes are used then an orthogonal set of orientation vectors can be created and any
rotation of the monitoring catheter 14 relative to the body 12 can be detected.
In step 105 the information on the location of the chamber walls 125 from the WSGP 109 can be used to create a three dimensional model of the heart 16 chamber as seen in FIG. 7.  By combining this model with the computed orientation from step 104
and the known location of the skin electrodes 108 this representation can be shown in a known orientation relative to the body in step 106.  In step 107 a specific orientation such as typical radiological orientations RAO (right anterior oblique), LAO
(left anterior oblique), or AP (anterior/posterior) can be presented.  By repeatedly showing this view a dynamic representation can be presented which matches the view shown on a standard fluoroscopic display.  Thus such an image can be presented without
the need for using ionizing radiation.
FIG. 10 is a flow chart describing the wall electrogram generation process (WEGP).  This process begins at block 61 when a monitoring catheter 14 with an array of passive measurement electrodes 48 is placed in a heart chamber 16 and deployed.
The process enters a loop at block 63.  The frequency of the interrogation pulses generated by the signal generator 54 is provided by block 85.  With this knowledge the low pass filter section 58 of the signal conditioner 50 measures the voltage at
frequencies lower than the generated interrogation pulses.  Typically the highest frequency of the biopotentials is 100 Hz but can be as high as 250 Hz.
In the case of a balloon system as seen in FIG. 3 the measurements are measurements of the field generated throughout the blood volume by the tissue on the chamber wall 125.  At step 65, a model of the array boundary and the chamber wall 125
boundary is created from the information in block 87.  This information includes the location of the passive electrodes 48 on the array and the chamber wall 125 locations from the WSGP.
In the case of a basket system as seen in FIG. 4, the array boundary and the chamber wall 125 boundary are the same since they are in contact.  The locations are determined in three-dimensional space of the sites on the chamber wall where
potentials are measured.
In the case of the balloon system as seen in FIG. 3, the array boundary and the chamber wall 125 boundary are different.  During step 65, locations are generated in three-dimensional space of the sites on the chamber wall where potentials are to
At step 66, the potentials are projected on to the sites on the chamber wall specified in step 65.  In the case of a basket system as seen in FIG. 4, the measured potentials are assigned to these sites.
In case of a balloon system as seen in FIG. 3, a three dimensional technique such as those typically used in field theory is used to generate a representation of the three dimensional field gradients in the blood volume of the heart chamber.  Two
examples of appropriate techniques are a spherical harmonics solution to Laplace&#39;s equation, and boundary element analysis.  A more detailed description of spherical harmonics is given in the parent disclosure which is incorporated by reference herein.
For the boundary element method in the mapping system of the invention, the voltage is measured at the passive electrodes 48 on the probe or balloon catheter 94.  From the voltage at the electrodes on the probe and the knowledge that the probe is
nonconducting, the voltage and normal current at a previously selected set of nodes on the endocardial surface 125 are determined by the boundary element method in the following manner.
It is known that the voltage in the blood pool between the probe and the endocardium satisfies Laplace&#39;s equation that states that the net current flow across any specific boundary is zero.  To find the voltage and/or normal current on the
endocardium, one must find the solution of Laplace&#39;s equation in the blood pool and calculate the values of this solution on the endocardium.  Standard finite element and finite difference methods can be used to find the solution to Laplace&#39;s equation,
but they have large computational overhead for generating and keeping track of a three-dimensional grid in the whole blood pool.  In the mapping system of the invention, Laplace&#39;s equation is solved by the boundary element method, a specialized finite
element method that permits one to restrict the calculations to the two-dimensional probe and endocardial surfaces (and not have to deal with calculations over the blood pool between these two surfaces).  In order to create an accurate map of the
endocardial voltage and/or normal current based on the voltage information from a limited number of electrodes on the probe, the system uses a higher-order version of the boundary element method.  This system currently uses bicubic splines to represent
the probe and endocardial surfaces and bilinear elements and bicubic splines to represent the voltage and the normal current on these surfaces.
The boundary element method consists of creating and solving a set of linear equations for the voltage and the normal current on the endocardium based on the voltage measurements at the electrodes on the probe.  Each of the elements in the
matrices that are involved in this set consists of two-dimensional integrals, which are calculated by numerical and analytical integration.
Using Laplace&#39;s equation with data given on the probe is a so-called &quot;ill-posed&quot; problem.  For such problems, all solution procedures, including the boundary element method, are ill conditioned, that is, small errors in the measured voltage on
the probe surface can result in large errors in the calculated voltage and/or normal current on the endocardium.  To minimize the errors on the endocardium, options for regularization or constraints have been included in the software code.  For example:
the user can choose parameters that cause the code to add equations for known or expected values of the voltage and/or normal current on the endocardium.  This capability is often but not exclusively used to add equations that take into account the
voltage and/or normal current of the map of the previous instant(s) in time (the previous &quot;frame(s)&quot;).  This process uses historical data from the previous frame to constrain the values subsequently computed.
The solution of the set of the boundary element equations and regularizing equations (if any) is normally accomplished by singular value decomposition but there is an option to solve the linear system by decomposition (Gaussian elimination) or
direct or inherent methods.  When singular value decomposition is used, there is an option to turn off the influence of high-frequency errors (that is, do a type of regularization) by setting various small singular values to zero, the result of which can
be an increase in the accuracy of the calculated voltage and normal current on the endocardium.
In block 67, a large number of points are calculated on the three-dimensional chamber surface 125.  In the case of a basket catheter as seen in FIG. 4, this is done through interpolation using bilinear or bicubic splines.  In the case of a
balloon catheter as seen in FIG. 3, this can be done either by using the model, such as the boundary element method or spherical harmonics to generate more points.  Alternatively, bilinear or bicubic splines can be used to interpolate between a smaller
In block 69 a representation of the electrical potentials on the surface 125 are used to display the patterns.  These types of displays include color maps, maps of iso-potential lines, maps of potential gradient lines and others.  The
electro-physiologic information is reconstructed on the dynamic wall surface 125.  In general the measured electrical activity is positioned by the WSGP at the exact location which gives rise to the activity.  The high resolution of the system creates an
enormous amount of information to display.  Several techniques may be used to display this information to the physician.  For example the electrogram data can be shown in false color gray-scale on a two dimensional wall surface representation.  In this
instance areas of equal potential areas are shown in the same color.  Also a vectorized display of data can be shown on a wire grid as shown in FIG. 11 where the distance between any two dots typified by dot pair 91 and 93 represent a fixed potential
difference.  The more active electrical areas show clusters of dots.  In a dynamic display the dot movement highlights areas of greater electrical activity.  In FIG. 12 gradient lines typified by line 135 represent the change in potential over the
chamber wall surface.  Those areas with the largest change per unit area have the longest gradient lines, oriented in the direction of steepest change.  In FIG. 13 iso-potential lines typified by line 95 represent equal electrical potential.  In this
representation the closeness of lines represents more active electrical areas.
FIG. 14 is a flow chart of the site electrogram generation process (SEGP).  This process is used to extract and display a time series representation of the electrical activity at a physician selected site.  FIG. 13 shows a site 97 that has been
selected and a time series electrogram 99 is shown on the display device 36 along with the dynamic wall representation.  Returning to FIG. 14 this process begins at block 76 when a catheter with an array with both passive measurement electrodes 48 and
active electrodes 52 is placed in a heart chamber and deployed.  The process enters a loop at 78.  The inputs to the method include the wall locations from block 37.  Then the wall electrogram generator 35 provides the electrical potentials on this
surface at 79.  The user will use the display 36 to determine a location of interest in block 33 which will then be marked on the display device 36 at step 81.  The voltage from this location will be collected at block 83.  This voltage will be plotted
in a wave-form representation 99 in block 31.  The loop continues at this point at a rate sufficient to display all of the frequencies of such a time series electrogram 99, at least 300 points per second.
The false color and vectorized display images may direct the physician to specific sites on the endocardial surface for further exploration.  The system may allow the physician to &quot;zoom&quot; in on an area to show the electrical activity in greater
detail.  Also the physician may select a site on the endocardial wall 125 and display a traditional time series electrogram 99 originating at that site.
FIG. 15 is a flow-chart of the movable electrode location process (MELP).  It begins at block 11 when a catheter with an array of passive measurement electrodes 48 and active electrodes 52 is placed in a heart 16 chamber and deployed.  At block
13 a second catheter 18 with at least one electrode is introduced into the same chamber.  The process enters a loop at block 15 where the signal generator 54 generates a carrier current between the movable location electrode 68 and an active electrode
52.  At block 17 the high pass section 56 of signal conditioner 50, using the frequency and timing information of the location signal from block 29, produces measured voltages from the passive measurement electrodes 48.  At block 19 the information from
block 27 is used to determine the location of the electrode 68 where the location current is generated.  This information includes the strength of the generated location current, the impedances of blood and tissue, the location of the active electrode 52
in use and the location of all the passive measurement electrodes 48.  One method for using this information would entail performing a three dimensional triangulation of the point source location signal using four orthogonal passive electrode 48 sites.
The implementation of step 19 is the same both for the case of a basket system as seen in FIG. 3 and for the case of a balloon system as seen in FIG. 4.  In this preferred implementation, two data sets are acquired closely spaced in time such that they
are effectively instantaneous relative to the speed of cardiac mechanical activity.  Alternatively, the data sets could be acquired simultaneously, by driving signals at two different frequencies, and separating them electronically by well known
filtering means.
The first data set is acquired by driving the current carrier from the location electrode 68 to a first sink or active electrode as typified by electrode 98.  This electrode is at a known location on the body of the monitoring catheter 14
relative to the array of passive electrodes 48.  The location of this first sink electrode is ideally displaced distally from the centroid 127 of the array of electrodes by at least 25 millimeters.  A second data set is then acquired by driving the
current from the location electrode 68 to a second active electrode 92, located ideally at least 25 millimeters proximally from the centroid 127 of the array of electrodes.
The location algorithm is performed by minimizing the following equation: ##EQU1## Where n is the number of array electrodes, where k, b.sub.1 and b.sub.2 are fitting parameters, V.sub.pi are the potentials measured from each i.sup.th electrode
72, R.sub.i is a vector from the origin (centroid of the array of electrodes 96) to the i.sup.th probe electrode 72, R.sub.L is the &quot;location vector&quot;, or three dimensional location to be solved for in the minimization, and R.sub.s1, R.sub.s2 are the
location vectors of the active sink electrodes (eg.  92 and 98) which are known at locations on the axis of the array of passive electrodes 48.
Additional data sets could be incorporated, following the same logic as above.  Each additional squared parenthetical term requires the probe data set Vpi, another `b` fitting term, and the particular active sink electrode 52 vector R.sub.s used
during the acquisition of that data set.  If the sink electrode 52 is far enough away, for example using a right leg patch electrode, the fourth term in the squared expression for that data set may be deleted as R.sub.s becomes very large.
It is also noted that the method does not require two data sets.  The first squared expression in the above expression (requiring only data set V.sub.pi1) may be sufficiently accurate.
The non-linear least squares minimization may be performed on the above summation by any of several well-known methods.  The Levenberg-Marquardt method has been used in practice to accomplish this with efficient and robust results.  Nominal
values for k and b are 70 and 0 respectively, when normalizing the potential values obtained as if the current source were 1 ampere.  The number of parameters in the minimization for the above expression are six: k, b.sub.1, b.sub.2, and the x, y, and z
coordinates of vector R.sub.L (assuming a cartesian coordinate system with origin at the center of the array of electrodes 96).
At step 21 a model of the heart 16 chamber wall is generated from the information provided from the WSGP 25.  Such a model can be represented on a display 36 in a manner typified in FIG. 6.  Once this surface is rendered, within this surface a
second figure representing the distal end of the monitoring catheter 14 can be presented.  In this way, the full three dimensional geometry of the chamber and the array catheter can be presented.
In step 23 this geometry is updated repeatedly to provide a dynamic view of the chamber, the monitoring catheter 18, along with a representation of the distal end 24 of the therapy catheter 18.  If this is then combined with the electrical
potentials generated by the WEGP, the therapy catheter can be moved to an electrical site of interest represented by a point in three dimensional space.
Calibration of the system to insure that physical dimensions are accurately scaled is not a necessity for use of the system in a diagnostic or therapeutic setting.  However, the availability of heart geometry in real time can permit various
hemodynamic measurements to be made and displayed to the physician as well.  These measurements include systolic time intervals, stroke volume and cardiac output.  Calibration, where desired, requires at least two electrodes 60 and 62 a known distance
apart placed along the inner-surface of the heart chamber 16, as shown in FIG. 3.  In general the two electrode sites will each be coupled to the location signal generator 54.  The MELP of FIG. 15 can be calibrated by scaling the calculations 50 the
distance between computed locations match the known distance apart of the two electrodes 60 and 62.  Since the electrodes 60 and 62 are positioned on the chamber wall 125, the WSGP of FIG. 5 can be calibrated by scaling the distance measured by the WSGP
in the direction of electrodes 60 and 62 to the calibrated distances measured by MELP.  Finally, since the electrodes are contacting the chamber wall and providing electrograms, the WEGP of FIG. 10 and SEGP of FIG. 14 can be calibrated to those
measurements by computing the voltages at the same locations on the chamber wall 125 where electrodes 60 and 62 are located.  These computed voltages can then be scaled to match the physically measured voltages from electrodes 60 and 62.
FIG. 16 is a schematic diagram of the therapy catheter system.  The therapy catheter 18 has both a distal end 24 and a proximal end 26.  A handle 163 is on the proximal end 26 which allows the user to manipulate the distal end 24 and position it
in the heart 16.  Referring to FIG. 1, this handle also permits the therapy catheter 18 to connect to the interface system 28 of the electrophysiologic apparatus 10 through the cable 32.  The location current is generated by the signal generator 54
through the switch 59 and subsequently through the wire 177 of cable 32 which is connected directly to the locator electrode 68.  The therapy catheter system also includes a therapy generator 38 which is connected to the therapy catheter handle 163 via
therapy supply line 161.  The therapy supply line 161 extends through the handle 163, through the catheter body 64, to the therapy deployment apparatus 60 at the distal end 24 of the catheter.  The locator electrode 68 is in close proximity to the
therapy deployment apparatus 60 in order to determine its location within the heart 16.
FIG. 17 shows an embodiment of the therapy catheter 18 using laser energy to supply the therapy.  This laser catheter 165 includes the location wire 177 which connects the interface system 28 to the locator electrode 68 at the catheter&#39;s distal
end 24.  In this instance the therapy supply line 161 is a fiber optic cable 167 and the therapy deployment apparatus 60 is a fiber optic terminator 169 which directs the laser energy to the site of therapy delivery.
FIG. 18 shows an embodiment of the therapy catheter 18 using microwave energy to supply the therapy.  This microwave catheter 171 includes the location wire 177 which connects the interface system 28 to the locator electrode 68 at the catheter&#39;s
distal end 24.  In this instance the therapy supply line 161 is a microwave wave guide 173 and the therapy deployment apparatus 60 is a microwave emitter 175 which directs the microwave energy to the site of therapy delivery.
FIG. 19 shows an embodiment of the therapy catheter 18 using a chemical to supply the therapy.  This chemical deliver catheter 181 includes the location wire 177 which connects the interface system 28 to the locator electrode 68 at the catheter&#39;s
distal end 24.  In this instance the therapy supply line 161 is a chemical filled lumen 183.  This lumen extends to the distal end 24 of the chemical delivery catheter 181 where a needle 185 is used to infuse the chemical into the heart chamber wall 125. During introduction of the chemical delivery catheter 181 into the heart chamber the needle 185 is withdrawn into the catheter body through withdrawal action 187.  Once the location of the distal end 24 is determined to be at the site of interest the
chemical delivery needle 185 can be deployed through the reverse of withdrawal action 187.  Potential chemicals to be used in the therapeutic delivery process include formaldehyde and alcohol.
Each of the therapy catheters 18 shown in FIG. 17 through FIG. 19 as well as the radio frequency catheter shown in FIG. 2 can be miniaturized and inserted into the coronary arterial tree.  The location signal generated at locator electrode 68 can
still be sensed by the passive electrodes 48 even though the signal is coming from the epicardium of the heart 16 rather than from within the heart chamber.  Thus the movable electrode location process of FIG. 15 can be used in this instance to help
determine the location of the distal end 24 of the therapy catheter 18 in the coronary arterial tree and whether it is close to a site of abnormal electrical activity.  Assuming that a site of ischemia will commonly be a site of abnormal electrical
activity, the MELP will also enable more rapid location of potential sites for angioplasty.
FIG. 20 shows an embodiment of the therapy catheter 18 using balloon inflation to supply the therapy.  This angioplasty catheter 191 includes the location wire 177 which connects the interface system 28 to the locator electrode 68 at the
catheter&#39;s distal end 24.  In this instance the therapy supply line 161 is an inflation media supply lumen 193 and the therapy deployment apparatus 60 is an angioplasty balloon 195.  In use, a site of interest would be determined after viewing the wall
electrogram generated by the WEGP of FIG. 10.  Next the angioplasty therapy catheter 191 would be positioned in the coronary arterial tree and its position determined relative to the site of interest.  Next, when the distal end 24 of the angioplasty
catheter 191 was at the proper location the balloon 195 would be deployed to open the artery.  Finally, the electrical activity of the site would be reviewed to determine whether the underlying tissue 125 was now receiving a proper blood supply and thus
was no longer electrically abnormal.
Electrophysiology mapping system, Budd, et al., Jeffrey Robert Budd, Graydon Ernest Beatty, John Anderson Hauck, Application number 08 420-698, Surgery, catheter ablation, mapping system, atrial fibrillation, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, magnetic navigation, heart chamber, Endocardial Solutions, cardiac electrophysiology, Solutions, cardiac surgery
2. FIELD OF THE INVENTIONThe parent invention relates to electrophysiology apparatus which is used to measure and to visualize electrical activity occurring in a patient's heart. The system can display both a visual map of the underlying electrical activity originatingin a chamber of a patient's heart and the location of a therapy catheter located within a heart chamber. The electrophysiology apparatus includes several subsystems including: a therapy catheter system, a measurement catheter system and a computer basedsignal acquisition, control and display system.3. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONMany cardiac tachyarrhythmias are caused by conduction defects which interfere with the normal propagation of electrical signals in a patient's heart. These arrhythmias may be treated electrically, pharmacologically or surgically. The optimaltherapeutic approach to treat a particular tachyarrhythmia depends upon the nature and location of the underlying conduction defect. For this reason electrophysiologic mapping is used to explore the electrical activity of the heart during atachyarrhythmic episode. The typical electrophysiologic mapping procedure involves positioning an electrode system within the heart. Electrical measurements are made which reveal the electrical propagation of activity in the heart. If ablation is theindicated therapy then a therapy catheter is positioned at the desired location within the heart and energy is delivered to the therapy catheter to ablate the tissue.There are numerous problems associated with these electrophysiologic diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. First the testing goes on within a beating heart. The motion of the diagnostic catheter and treatment catheter can injure the heart andprovoke bouts of arrhythmia which interfere with the collection of diagnostic information. During the delivery of ablation therapy it is common to use fluoroscopic equipment to visualize the location of the catheters. Many physicians are concerne
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