Source: http://openjurist.org/521/f2d/437/united-states-v-lopez
Timestamp: 2017-04-24 21:58:04
Document Index: 74348062

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 1324', '§ 1324', '§ 1324', '§ 1324', '§ 1324', '§ 1324', '§ 1324', '§ 1324', '§ 1324', '§ 1324', '§ 1324', '§ 10', '§ 1324', '§ 1324']

521 F2d 437 United States v. Lopez | OpenJurist
521 F. 2d 437 - United States v. Lopez HomeFederal Reporter, Second Series 521 F.2d.
521 F2d 437 United States v. Lopez 521 F.2d 437
UNITED STATES of America, Appellee,v.Ernesto LOPEZ, Defendant-Appellant.
Nos. 861, 953, Dockets 75-1023, 75-1024.
Argued April 28, 1975.Decided June 26, 1975.
For eight days Ernesto Lopez was tried in the Eastern District of New York before Judge Thomas C. Platt and a jury upon an indictment charging him in 20 counts with harboring aliens illegally present in the United States, in violation of Title 8 U.S.C. § 1324(a)(3).1 After the government rested its case the court denied Lopez's motions to dismiss the indictment on the grounds that his conduct as established by the government's proof did not constitute harboring within the meaning of § 1324(a)(3) and that the statute was unconstitutional. Thereupon Lopez pleaded guilty to a superseding information charging him with conspiracy to harbor illegal aliens in violation of § 1324(a) (3). In pleading guilty to the information Lopez reserved the right, with the court's permission, to appeal from its rulings on his motions.2 We affirm.
The principal issue raised by this appeal is the construction of the word "harbor" as it is used in § 1324(a)(3), which provides that any person who "wilfully or knowingly conceals, harbors, or shields from detection or attempts to conceal, harbor, or shield from detection, in any place, including any building or any means of transportation . . . any alien including an alien crewman not duly admitted by an immigration officer or not lawfully entitled to enter or reside within the United States under the terms of this chapter . . . shall be guilty of a felony . . . ."
Lopez contends that merely providing shelter to an alien with knowledge of his illegal presence in the United States is insufficient to constitute harboring within the meaning of § 1324(a)(3); in addition, he argues, the government must prove that the conduct is part of the process of smuggling of the aliens into the United States or directly connected with the alien's illegal entry. Such a nexus would presumably be established by showing that the shelter was provided clandestinely or for the purpose of concealing the alien from immigration authorities.
In support of his interpretation of § 1324 Lopez points to its legislative history. As originally enacted by Congress in 1907 that statute prohibited simply the smuggling or unlawful bringing of aliens into the United States. In 1917 it was amended by Congress to add as a crime the concealment or harboring of illegal aliens. See 39 Stat. 880. However, the penalty provisions applied only in terms of the crime of landing or bringing unauthorized aliens into the country, with no punishment attaching to the crime of concealing or harboring them. In United States v. Evans, 333 U.S. 483, 68 S.Ct. 634, 92 L.Ed. 823 (1948), the Supreme Court declined to remedy this defect by judicial construction, holding that congressional revision of the statute was required to punish the separate crime of concealing and harboring illegal aliens. The Court based its decision in part on the ground that the penalties to be imposed might vary according to the construction of the terms "concealing" and "harboring," which could be broadly interpreted to encompass more than the "chain of offenses consisting of successive stages of the smuggling process" and to include "offenses distinct and disconnected from smuggling operations," such as providing shelter to an alien lawfully admitted but unlawfully remaining within the country, 333 U.S. at 488, 68 S.Ct. at 637. Speaking for a unanimous Court Justice Rutledge pointed out that even if the statute has been designed to create offenses disconnected from the smuggling process, Congress might not have intended to extend the penalty for smuggling to such unconnected offenses. Refusing "to undertake extension of the penalty provision blindfold, without knowing in advance to what acts the penalties may be applied," the Court concluded:
"This is a task outside the bounds of judicial interpretation. It is better for Congress, and more in accord with its function, to revise the statute than for us to guess at the revision it would make." 333 U.S. at 495, 68 S.Ct. at 640.
At least two provisions in the statute as finally enacted are inconsistent with an intent to limit the prohibition to conduct connected with the smuggling of the alien into the United States. The first is a proviso in § 1324(a)(2) to the effect that in order to be guilty of knowingly transporting an illegal alien the person charged must "have reasonable grounds to believe that (the alien's) entry into the United States occurred less than three years prior thereto." Transportation at a point in time so long after the illegal entry would not normally be in furtherance of the smuggling process, which would long since have been completed. Secondly, Congress expressly provided that "for the purposes of this section, employment (including the usual and normal practices incident to employment) shall not be deemed to constitute harboring." Since such employment would not normally be related to the smuggling process this exemption would, under Lopez's construction, be unnecessary.
Lopez's conduct as evidence at trial clearly falls within this construction of § 1324(a)(3). The substantial number of illegal aliens sheltered by him, the entry of some from El Salvador with the addresses of his houses in hand, their travel directly to these houses after their illegal entry, his assistance to them in obtaining employment for them and transporting them to and from their jobs, his arrangement of sham marriage ceremonies to United States citizens for the purpose of enabling the aliens to claim citizenship, and his assistance in preparation of their applications for citizenship are circumstances which, taken together, warrant the inference that Lopez was engaged in providing shelter and other services in order to facilitate the continued unlawful presence of the aliens in the United States, which amounts to harboring within the meaning of the statute. Indeed such a large-scale operation would appear to establish a sufficient link with the aliens' illegal entry even to satisfy the stricter interpretation of § 1324 advanced by Lopez. Although a criminal statute must not be construed with liberality, it also should "not be narrowed by construction so as to fail to give full effect to its plain terms as made manifest by its text and its context." Lamar v. United States, 241 U.S. 103, 112, 36 S.Ct. 535, 538, 60 L.Ed. 912 (1916). We are satisfied that appellant's conduct is clearly encompassed within the meaning of § 1324 and that the construction urged by him would have the effect of failing to implement its language and purpose.
Appellant next argues on the authority of Bouie v. City of Columbia,378 U.S. 347, 84 S.Ct. 1697, 12 L.Ed.2d 894 (1964), that, even though the district court's construction of the term "harbor" as used in § 1324(a)(3) might be applied prospectively, its application to his conduct amounted to a denial of due process for the reason that without fair notice it expanded the narrow and precise meaning that had been given to that word. We disagree. In Bouie the defendants, who had entered a department store restaurant without notice that it was reserved for whites and had remained there after being asked to leave, were convicted of violating a state "unlawful entry statute" as the result of a wholly unexpected judicial expansion or enlargement of its term " entry" to cover the act of Remaining on premises after receiving notice to move, which appeared to be at variance with the statute's plain language and post-dated the defendant's conduct. The Supreme Court reversed on the ground that the failure to give fair notice of the expanded interpretation was so patently unfair as to constitute a denial of due process, comparable to the enactment of an "ex post facto" law in violation of Art. I, § 10 of the Constitution. No such lack of notice or unfairness exists in the present case. Although "harbor" has been defined to have several meanings, including " to receive clandestinely and conceal," its primary meaning is "to give shelter or refuge to," see Webster's Third International Dictionary, 1031; Black's Law Dictionary, Revised Fourth Edition, 847. At the time of the conduct forming the basis of the charges against Lopez it was readily apparent, as the Supreme Court had noted in Evans, that the term "harbor" might reasonably be construed to encompass the providing of shelter to illegal aliens, unconnected with the smuggling of them into the United States. Furthermore, Lopez's conduct could reasonably have been found from all of the circumstances to have been designed to facilitate the aliens' illegal entry. Lopez, therefore, had fair warning that his conduct might be held to violate § 1324, even if that statute were construed along the lines now advocated by him.
Finally appellant argues that § 1324 violates the Equal Protection and Due Process Clauses of the Constitution because it excludes employment of illegal aliens from "harboring" without granting a similar exemption to providing shelter. The contention is meritless. Assuming that the Equal Protection Clause applies to this federal statute, which is doubtful, see Bolling v. Sharpe, 347 U.S. 497, 499, 74 S.Ct. 693, 98 L.Ed. 884 (1954), it is not difficult to find a rational basis for the distinction. As the trial judge noted, an employer of numerous persons may well have a lesser capacity to ascertain their alienage status than does a landlord to determine that of his tenants.