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WorkCover NSW Claims Estimation Manual - PDF
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1 1 WorkCover NSW Claims Estimation Manual Addendum October 2005 The attached manual is a guidance document only, and as with the other documents in the operational document set, the manual should be read in conjunction with the Workers Compensation Act 1987, the Workplace Injury Management and Workers Compensation Act 1998, the Workers Compensation Regulation 2003, the Workplace Injury Management and Workers Compensation Regulation 2002, and orders, guidelines and other statutory instruments. The purpose of the manual is to help Scheme Agents to estimate claims costs for premium calculation and actuarial purposes. The manual will help agents to calculate individual entitlements. However, the law as in force at the date of the claim (or in some cases, the date of the injury) needs to be examined carefully when determining each claim (refer to WorkCover s website for historical versions of the Benefits Guide). Special care should be taken in estimating the costs of claims made before 2002, as the law applying to them may differ from current provisions. The manual was last comprehensively revised in February 2002 and is currently under review. The manual contains references to Acts and regulations as they stood in February 2002 and it will be necessary for users to check the current version of the Acts, regulations and other statutory instruments when applying the manual to claims. Some contractual requirements and operational instructions are directly relevant to the contents of this Manual. Insurer guideline 95/24 information arrangements for larger claims excesses has been replaced by operational instruction 1.4 Claim payments by employers. Insurer guideline 96/5 amendments to Workers Compensation Act 1987 and related legislation has been retired. Insurer guideline 97/46 Minimum requirements regarding employer reimbursement schedules has been replaced by operational instruction 1.4 Claim payments by employers. Insurer guideline 98/26 - Common Law Claims Reporting has been replaced by operational instruction Claims and litigation policy.
2 2 WorkCover NSW Claims Estimation Manual This Manual helps you correctly and proactively estimate claims on WorkCover files. You must: use this manual at the time you make your estimate to determine the estimate that is reasonably likely to arise; and always keep your estimate up to date. As new information comes to hand, you must review your estimate even if one of the set review points is still some time away. Maintaining correct estimates is vital to ensure that each employer's premium is set at the right level. The relevant law This manual applies to claims and initial notifications of injury subject to: the Workers Compensation Act 1987; and the Workplace Injury Management and Workers Compensation Act Definition of 'claim' in this Manual In this Manual, a reference to claim includes an initial notification of injury as defined in section 266 of the Workplace Injury Management and Workers Compensation Act Start date This Manual applies to every estimate, and every review of an estimate, that takes place on or after 1 February That is regardless of the date of the injury and regardless of the date on which the relevant review point falls what matters is when the review was actually done.
3 3 Using this Manual The Manual sets out: 1. An approach and process that you must follow for every claim you estimate see Part 1, pages More detailed separate requirements for each type of claim, see Part 2, pages For a detailed Table of Contents, see page 3. Improving this Manual WorkCover welcomes your comments on how to further improve this Manual. It will be updated and improved as needs be. Monitoring estimates WorkCover will continue to monitor estimates through self-audit results, statistical analysis and claim reviews.
4 Table of Contents Part 1: Approach and process Chapter A: Your approach to estimating 1 Chapter B: Process for every estimate you make Rule Place to start 2 Purpose 3 Your records the Work Sheet 4 Requirements for computer records 5 Updating records after an estimate is changed 5.1 Factors to consider when calculating an estimate 6 What can the worker claim? 7 Chapter C: Chapter D: Chapter E: Chapter F: Calculating expenses: medical, hospital, rehabilitation and other expenses What do you consider when calculating expenses for medical, hospital, 8 rehabilitation etc? When you find out about the cost 8.1 When the treatment is complete 8.2 Limits for medical expenses and property damage compensation 8.3 Recoveries When and where do you include recoveries in your estimate? 9 How much do you include for recovery? 10 To which amounts do you apply the recovery percentage? 11 Disputed and litigated claims When may the insurer dispute a claim? 12 What estimate do you calculate for a disputed claim? 12.1 What if the disputed claim is for common law or work injury damages? 12.2 How much do you allow in your estimate for dispute related legal costs? 13 Procedure for an Existing Claim 13.1 Procedure for a New Claim 13.2 Timing of estimates When do you complete estimates? 14 Initial estimates 15 What if notification of the injury is delayed? 15.1 Examples of nearest review point 15.2 Ongoing review of estimates 16 In the first year 16.1 After the first year 16.2 Insurer's choice about timing of reviews in third and later years 16.3 Annual independent peer reviews 17 Chapter G: Reporting to WorkCover 18
5 Part 2: Requirements for each type of claim Rule Chapter H: Chapter I How incapacitated is the worker? Which part of the Manual applies? 19 Temporary Total Incapacity Which workers does this section apply to? 20 What weekly compensation payments do you include? 21 What medical, hospital and rehabilitation expenses do you include? 22 How do you increase an estimate that runs out before the next review? 23 If the estimate runs out in the first 12 weeks 23.1 If the estimate runs out after 12 weeks 23.2 If the worker has a recurrence of their injury When may you reduce an estimate? 24 Examples of insufficient evidence to adjust your estimate 24.1 What if the employer has a Wage Reimbursement Agreement? 25 How do you adjust an estimate if the worker's employment is terminated? 26 Initial Estimates 27 What if the notification of the injury is delayed? 28 How do you estimate what weekly benefits to include? 29 Worker s background 29.1 If period of incapacity is expected to be less than 12 weeks 29.2 If the worker has a recurrence of their injury Schedule One: Estimated Injury Recovery Periods What is the aim of Schedule One? 30 What if the worker's injury is not listed? 31 What if the worker's experience differs from the expected period? 32 Availability of suitable duties at the workplace 33 What medical, hospital and rehabilitation expenses do you include? 34 What if any amount in the table in rule 34 is exceeded in the first 12 weeks? 34.1 What medical or other investigation expenses (incl factual) should you allow? 35 What else do you need to review? week review What do you do at the 12 week review? 37 The worker has returned to work on full duties with no expected wage loss 37.1 The worker has not returned to work, initial expected time off was less than 12 weeks 37.2 The worker has an injury for which the initial expected time off is greater than 12 weeks 37.3 If the worker s employment has been terminated 37.4 What medical, hospital and rehabilitation expenses do you include? 38 What medical or other investigation expenses (incl factual) should you allow? 39 What else do you need to review? 40 26, 52, weeks and later reviews What do you do at the review? 41 The worker remains totally incapacitated has not returned to work 41.1 What medical, hospital and rehabilitation expenses do you include? 42 What medical or other investigation expenses (incl factual) should you allow? 43 What if a payment discontinuance notice has been issued to the worker? 44 What else do you need to review? 45 Chapter J: Temporary and Permanent Partial Incapacity S 40 Which workers does this section apply to? 46
6 When do you need to include s 40 entitlements in your estimate? 47 What do you base your estimate on? 48 How long should you estimate payments for? 48.1 What if the worker or employer does not claim s 40 entitlements? 48.2 What if a court has awarded a Continuing Award? 48.3 When do you review estimates for s 40 payments? 49 What do you consider in a review? 50 What medical, hospital and rehabilitation expenses do you include? 51 What medical or other investigation expenses (incl factual) should you allow? 52 What if the worker becomes totally incapacitated? 53 What if the employer is unable to provide suitable duties? 54 What if a payment discontinuance notice has been issued to the worker? 55 When may you reduce an estimate? 56 Examples of insufficient evidence to adjust your estimate 56.1 What if the worker's employment is terminated? 57 What else do you need to review? 58 Chapter K: Temporary Partial Incapacity S 38 Rule Which workers does this section apply to? 59 For how long are workers entitled to receive this compensation? 60 When do you review estimates for s38 claims? 61 What do you base your estimate on? 62 What medical, hospital and rehabilitation expenses do you include? 63 What medical or other investigation expenses (incl factual) should you allow? 64 What if a payment discontinuance notice has been issued to the worker? 65 When may you reduce an estimate? 66 Examples of insufficient evidence to adjust your estimate 66.1 What if the worker s employment is terminated? 67 What else do you need to review? 68 Chapter L: Permanent Total Incapacity Which worker does this section apply to? 69 What weekly compensation payments do you include? 70 What medical and hospital expenses do you include? 71 What else do you need to review? 72 Chapter M: Permanent impairment s 66 & Pain & Suffering s67 (for injuries before 1 January 2002) Which injuries does this chapter apply to? 73 Do you have to tell workers they may be entitled to s66 or s67 benefits? 74 When do you make an estimate for s66 and s67 entitlements? 75 What injury types should be considered for a possible s66 entitlement? 75.1 When do you estimate for pain & suffering s67? 75.2 What evidence can you rely on for your initial estimate? 76 How does the date the claim is made affect the estimate? 77 What if multiple body parts are injured? 78 How do you allow for pre-existing injuries? 79 Does a common law claim affect the estimate? 80 Does an application for commutation affect the estimate? 81 What medical or other investigations (incl factual) should you allow? 82 How do you calculate the estimate for s66 and s67? 83 How do you estimate for s67 entitlements? 83.1
7 What research do you need to do? 84 For which claims do you include interest in your estimate? 85 When is interest payable from? 86 What rate of interest applies? 87 Where are the rules about interest? 88 What happens if a dispute arises? 89 What else do you need to review? 90 Chapter N: Permanent impairment s 66 & Pain & Suffering s67 (for injuries on or after 1 January 2002) Which injuries does this chapter apply to? 91 Do you have to tell workers they may be entitled to S 66 or 67 benefits? 92 What evidence is required for a s 66 claim? 93 How do you calculate the estimate? 94 What medical or other investigations (incl factual) should you allow? 95 Does a s 67 claim have to be made with a s 66 claim? 96 Does a work injury damages claim affect the estimate? 97 How do you allow for pre-existing injuries etc.? 98 What research do you need to do before you reduce your estimate? 99 What else do you need to review? 100 Chapter O: Permanent Loss of Hearing (for injuries before 1 January, 2002) Which injuries does this chapter apply to? 101 When must you make an estimate? 102 How much do you allow in your estimate? 103 What should you try to do? 104 Can you make a referral to the Medical Panel? 105 What else do you need to consider when making an estimate? 106 What else do you need to review? 107 Chapter P Permanent Loss of Hearing (for injuries on or after 1 January, 2002) Which injuries does this chapter apply to? 108 When must you make an estimate? 109 Who may assess the hearing loss? 110 How much do you allow in your estimate? 111 What should you try to do? 112 What else do you need to review? 113 Chapter Q Death Benefits What do you need to allow for death benefits? 114 References Schedule One: page 74 Rule
8 8 Part 1: Approach and process Chapter A: Your approach to estimating 1. At all times, you need to take the following approach to estimating claims: 1.1 Estimating claims is an ongoing process so you must keep your estimate up to date even in between scheduled review points. 1.2 Estimating is to be built in to your organisation's routine claims management and review processes. 1.3 You must use this manual at the time you make your estimate to determine the estimate that is reasonably likely to arise. Your estimate must be based on sound evidence rather than possibilities and vague understandings. 1.4 Be alert to claims for which you are continually topping-up the estimate. This often indicates that the basis of the estimate is incorrect, that the injury is more severe than first thought, or sometimes, that fraud is involved. Redo the estimate for these claims, check everything carefully. 1.5 You need to pay particular attention to claims involving workers who are off work for more than 12 weeks. Although these claims represent only 20% of all claims, they have the greatest influence on the scheme's costs. WorkCover needs particularly timely and accurate estimates from you to make sure that the employer's premium is correctly calculated. 1.6 You are to ignore the possible effect of inflation when making an estimate. Always use current amounts see Workers Compensation (Insurance Premiums) Amendment (Cost of Claims) Regulation All amounts in the Manual include GST. 1.8 All amounts in your estimates are to include GST.
9 Chapter B: Process for every estimate you make 9 Chapter B: Process for every estimate you make Place to start 2. Apart from the initial estimate, each review of an estimate starts with the production of a computer report, or diary note, listing outstanding claims that require review in accordance with the insurer s procedures. Purpose 3. Although the main purpose of the review is to determine the adequacy of the claims estimate, you must also review at least: That an effective injury management plan is in place and being implemented. The adequacy of the medical information on the file and of the medical information being asked for. Do you need to organise more information: an investigation, rehabilitation, s66 assessment etc? The ongoing file management. Any recovery action: do you need to implement any recovery, or follow it up? Any offer of s66 entitlements to the worker. Your records the Work Sheet 4. You must keep clear records of each review showing at least: that the review has been completed. the factors making up the total estimate. any reasons why the estimate is not in accordance with this Manual. the date on which the estimate or review was completed; and your signature or computer identification code. You are to record the details of your estimate calculations in hard copy on the claim file or by computer record. The Work Sheet shown on page 9 is a guide -;
10 CLAIMS OUTSTANDING ESTIMATE WORKSHEET as at... DO NOT INCLUDE ANY PAID AMOUNTS Worker...Date of Birth... Date of Accident...Expected Return to Work date WEEKLY BENEFITS - Worker or Dependents - incl Death benefits paid under S25 (2) a) Compensation payments - Award Rates $......pw x... weeks =$... b) Compensation payments - Statutory Rates $...pw x... weeks =$... $...pw x... weeks =$... c) Compensation payments - Partial $...pw x... weeks =$... $...pw x... weeks =$... TOTAL WEEKLY BENEFITS $ MEDICAL & ASSOCIATED EXPENSES a) Medical, Doctor etc. $... x... years $... b) Hospital $... x... years $... c) Rehabilitation $... x... years $... d) Other $... x... years $ STATUTORY LUMP SUM AWARD a) Death Benefits S $... S.27 Funeral... $... b) S.66 Disabilities - include interest if applicable (Nil if Common Law Claim) $... c) S.67 Pain & Suffering - include interest if applicable $... SUB TOTAL $ COSTS a) Investigation Costs $... b) Claimants Legal Costs $... c) Our Legal Costs (other than Common Law) $... SUB TOTAL $ CONTRIBUTION FROM OTHER INSURERS LESS $ RECOVERABLE LESS $ WORKERS COMPENSATION ESTIMATE SUB - TOTAL $ COMMON LAW (refer to Insurer Guideline 98/26) $... LATE NOTIFICATION RULE 28 $.. ESTIMATE $... AUTHORISED BY... DATE...
11 Chapter B: Process for every estimate you make 11 Requirements for computer records 5. If the details are recorded only on computer, then the computer must keep an historical record of all the estimates and reviews on the file including the date on which the estimate or review was prepared and the identification of the authorising officer. WorkCover needs these historical records to determine s170 applications. Updating records after an estimate is amended 5.1 Each time you update an estimate, you need to complete a new claims estimation work sheet and keep a copy: either as a hard copy on file or on computer record. Factors to consider when calculating an estimate 6 Your estimates: Are to ignore the possible effects of inflation when making an estimate. Always use current amounts; and Are to be at least for the amounts specified in this manual. Are to exclude payments already made.
12 Chapter B: Process for every estimate you make 12 What can the worker claim? 7. The worker can claim the following benefits from WorkCover. Make sure you consider all the relevant benefits for every estimate, and for every review of an estimate. Remember, that as more information comes to light, a worker's entitlements may change. Be alert; keep your estimate up to date in relation to every potential benefit the worker may receive. Death Weekly Income Support Medical, Hospital & Rehab Non-economic loss Description WC Act 1987 With dependents With no dependents Expenses transporting body 1st 26 weeks incapacity After 26 weeks incapacity Job seeking Make-up pay Ambulance Dental Hospital Medical or related Artificial aids Pharmaceutical Home care Home modifications Medical treatment Occupational rehabilitation Car travel for treatment Interpreter Section Permanent impairment 66 & 67 Property Damage Artificial aids Damage to clothing Common Law Common Law
13 Chapter C: Calculating expenses: medical, hospital, rehabilitation and other expenses 13 Chapter C: Calculating expenses: medical, hospital, rehabilitation (s 60) and other expenses What do you consider when calculating expenses for medical, hospital, rehabilitation etc? 8. When calculating your estimate of future s 60 expenses (medical, hospital, rehabilitation etc.) you must take into account the nature and severity of the injury and the need for, and anticipated costs of, any medical treatment. Think broadly about the types of medical treatment the worker may need. You should consider at least each of the types listed here: physiotherapy chiropractic other treatment regimes treatment provided by general practitioner treatment provided by treating specialist/s diagnostic and/or radiological services pharmaceutical travel expenses rehabilitation expenses hospital accommodation When you find out about the cost 8.1 Often you won't know that your estimate needs to include a particular cost until you receive the invoice for that cost. At that point, review your estimate in light of the new information. When the treatment is complete 8.2 Once the service or treatment is complete and paid for, you don't need to include it in your estimate unless you receive new information indicating that further expenses or services will be most likely. For example: Once a surgical operation has been performed and the accounts paid, you will generally not need to allow for future
14 Chapter C: Calculating expenses: medical, hospital, rehabilitation and other expenses 14 hospital expenses unless there will be costs for removing fixative devices. If a worker has returned to full duties for longer than 4 weeks in a way that is sustained and durable, then you generally will not need to include any allowances for rehabilitation expenses. Limits for medical expenses and property damage compensation. 8.3 There are maximum payment limits for medical expenses compensation. See sections 61, 62, 63, 63A(3), 76 and 77 of the Workers Compensation Act, Estimate for the claim not the maximum payment limits. Section Rates and limits applicable for. 61 Medical or related treatment 62 Hospital treatment 63 Ambulance service 63A Occupational rehabilitation services 76 Damage to artificial limbs, spectacles 77 Damage to clothing Limits Refer to WorkCover Benefits Guide issued April and October each year.
15 Chapter D: Recoveries 15 Chapter D: Recoveries When and where do you include recoveries in your estimate? 9. To include an amount for recovery in your estimate, a staff member with appropriate expertise and experience in relation to recovery must consider that the recovery: is clearly apparent; is sustainable at law; and is soundly anticipated. On that basis, you can include the recovery in your estimate before the party who will pay it has admitted liability to pay it. You include the amount of recovery on your WorkSheet and on your databases allocate the amount to the relevant claim. How much do you include for recovery? 10. Base the amount of recovery allowed for in the estimate on the information available to you. If you have no sound information, allow a 50% recovery estimate. However, if at the 26 week review you still have no clear information on the amount of recovery, then reduce the recovery estimate to zero. If you receive more up to date information even after the 26 week review immediately update your estimate. To which amounts do you apply the recovery percentage? 11. Apply the recovery percentage to all parts of your estimate but not: investigation costs; and legal costs.
16 Chapter D: Recoveries 16 Example 1. Worker allegedly slipped on foreign substance on shop floor during lunch hour. Exact circumstances unknown therefore the Recovery estimate is nil, pending investigation. File Estimate - Sub Total $40,000 Nil Recovery Allowance $0 Gross Estimate $40,000 Example 2. Worker alleges his stationery vehicle has been hit in the rear and is still awaiting the Police Report. File Estimate - Sub Total $10,000 Less 50% Recovery Allowance $5,000 $5,000 Plus Investigation Estimate $1,000 Gross Estimate $6,000 Example 3. During a property inspection the worker fell down an open ditch on third party property. Recovery potential exists. File Estimate $40,000 (after allowing for contributory negligence) Investigation $2,000 Legal Costs $2,000 Gross Estimate $44,000 Recovery Estimate File Estimate - Sub Total $40,000 Less 50% Recovery Allowance $20,000 $20,000 Plus Legal Costs Estimate 2,000 $22,000 Plus Investigation Costs $2,000 Gross Estimate $24,000
17 Chapter E: Disputed and litigated claims 17 Chapter E: Disputed and litigated claims Estimates cannot be discounted where a claim is disputed or litigated. When may the insurer dispute a claim? 12 The insurer can dispute the claim: as soon as it is receives the claim; or at anytime during the management of the claim. What estimate do you calculate for a disputed claim? 12.1 For a disputed claim calculate the estimate the same way you would for a claim that is not disputed, that is include all amounts claimed even if you think you may not have to pay them. Use Part 2 of this manual. Make sure you include an amount for legal and investigation costs, see rule 13. What if the disputed claim is for common law or work injury damages? 12.2 For a common law or work injury damages claim refer to the procedures included in Insurer Guideline 98/26. How much do you allow in your estimate for dispute related legal costs? 13 The Legal Profession Act 1987 requires barristers and solicitors, before providing any legal services to a client, to provide the client with a written disclosure of the basis of the costs (or an estimate of the likely costs) of the legal services concerned. This advice may be used when calculating estimates for legal costs. Procedure for an existing claim 13.1 A claim is an existing claim if the claim was made before 1/1/2002 and legal proceedings commenced before 1/4/2002. In your estimate allow at least $17500 for legal expenses to cover both the employers and workers costs-unless you have sound information that another amount is more accurate.
18 Chapter E: Disputed and litigated claims 18 Procedure for a new claim 13.2 A claim is a new claim if: it is not an existing claim; or the claim was made before 1/1/2002 and legal proceedings commenced on or after 1/4/2002. the claim is for work injury damages and the claim was made after 1/1/2002 regardless of the date of injury. The Workers Compensation (General) Amendment (Costs) Regulation 2001 specifies amounts to be charged for legal services for new claims, see division 6, clause 148 for more information. To calculate the legal services estimate refer to Compensation Costs Table in this regulation. A summary of the table follows: Part 1 Part 2A Part 2B Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 Part 6 Part 7 Part 8 Part 9 Making claim for permanent impairment compensation or pain and suffering compensation Certain events or activities on behalf of claimant until dispute referred or order sought Certain activities or events on behalf of insurer until dispute referred or order sought Certain applications for expedited assessment referral of dispute to determination of the dispute Appeal to a Medical Appeal Panel for dispute about degree of permanent impairment Referral of a question of law to President registration of agreement under sec 66A of 1987 Act or a commutation agreement Appeals to Presidential member Any other substantive proceedings before the Commission Work Injury Costs Table A Work Injury Costs Table B Other Work Injury Costs Table In your estimate allow at least $10000 for legal expenses to cover both the employers and workers costs-unless you have sound information that another amount is more accurate
19 Chapter F: Timing of estimates 19 Chapter F: Timing of estimates When do you complete estimates? 14. You need to conduct: an immediate initial estimate, see rule 15; and regular ongoing estimates, see rule 16. This even applies to claims for which recovery is being pursued. Initial estimates 15 You must complete an initial estimate of the claim as soon as you receive the claim or an Initial Notification. However, you don't have to complete the estimate immediately if you have a reasonable excuse as allowed under the WorkCover Guidelines. As soon as that reasonable excuse for not commencing provisional liability is no longer valid, you need to complete the estimate. What if notification of the injury is delayed? 15.1 If the initial notification of the injury is made to the insurer more than 7 days after the worker notified the employer of the injury a minimum of $3000 is to be estimated. This is the minimum estimate you must allow until the worker has returned to full duties. Where information indicates $3000 will not cover the expected cost of the claim then calculate the estimate based on that information. Examples of the next review point If the first time you are notified of the claim is after one of the scheduled review points, then base the estimate on the next review point see the examples below. Example 1 next review point is 26 weeks If you receive the first notice of a claim 13 weeks after the date of the injury, you calculate the initial estimate as if you were completing a 26 week review. See rules 37 to 40. You next review the claim at the 26 week review point or when you receive new information. Example 2 next review point is 52 weeks If you receive the first notice of a claim 10 months after the date of the injury, you calculate the initial estimate as if you were completing a 52 week review. See rules 41 to 45. You next review the claim at the 52 week review point or when you receive new information. Example 3 next review point is 104 weeks. If you receive the first notice of a claim for weekly compensation benefits 19 months after the date of their injury, you calculate the initial estimate as if you were completing a 104 week review. See rules 41 to 45. You next review the claim at the 104 week review point or when you receive new information.
20 Chapter F: Timing of estimates 20 Ongoing review of estimates 16. You must review estimates: within 14 days either side of each of the review points shown below; and in between these review points as new information comes to hand. In the first year 16.1 At the very least, you are to review each open claim you manage: 12 weeks after the date of injury; 26 weeks after the date of injury; and 52 weeks after the date of injury. After the first year 16.2 At the very least, you are to review each open claim you manage: at 52, 78 and 104 weeks after the injury; and twice a year after 104 weeks after the injury. Insurer's choice about timing of reviews in third and later years 16.3 Insurers can choose between 2 methods for deciding when to conduct the reviews in the third and later years. The 2 methods are known as Method A and Method B. Method A is similar to the method that was compulsory in the past. Insurers that choose Method A must conduct a review of claims that are still open more than 104 weeks after the date of the injury: sometime between 1 March and 31 May; and sometime between 1 September and 30 November. The review must be completed within these periods and cannot be conducted within 14 days either side of the start or finish date of the review period. Method B was created at the request of insurers that wished to be able to spread the workload more evenly throughout the year. Insurers that choose Method B must conduct the reviews in the third and later years at ongoing 26 week anniversaries eg, 156 weeks, 182 weeks and 208 weeks etc. from the date of the injury. As with