Source: http://www.freepatentsonline.com/6307956.html
Timestamp: 2019-07-16 14:54:36
Document Index: 338588375

Matched Legal Cases: ['Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60']

Writing implement for identity verification system - Black, Gerald R.
United States Patent 6307956
The identity verification system employs biometric technology for identity verification. Positioned at the center of the system is a stylus with any of a number of biometric properties or their combination or with one or more metric sensors, while the customer uses the stylus to sign his/her name, or even for writing anything. The identity verification system is used at point-of-sale terminals, in various closed environments, to access a computer network, in applications involving pen-based computers and smart-pens, and for e-commerce. When fingerprint sensors are used, the sensors are positioned in the stylus grip, one sensor for the index finger, and a second sensor for the thumb. In one variation, one-to-one biometric matching is used. Each participant carries on his/her person a device that includes an encrypted biometric for reference purposes to gain access into the system. Processing is simplified since the system need only make a "MATCH" or "NO MATCH" decision. In a second variation that is particularly useful in closed environments, one-to-many biometric matching is used. During each event access request, the community of reference prints is searched for a match with the applicant. Each member of the community need carry nothing on his/her person to participate in the system. In either variation, the stylus is either attached to each site or is portable, one such stylus being carried by each participant.
Black, Gerald R. (30590 Southfield Rd #160, Southfield, MI, 48076)
09/490687
G06F3/033; G06F21/00; G06K9/00; G07C9/00; G07F7/10; (IPC1-7): G06K9/00; H04K1/00
382/115-116, 382/119-125, 705/64-65, 705/67, 705/16, 705/18, 713/186, 235/379, 235/380, 235/382, 356/71, 402/3-5, 402/20, 402/26, 345/179, 345/156, 178/18.01, 178/19.01, 178/19.05, 250/208.1, 250/216
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This Application is related to and claims priority under U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/163,433 filed Nov. 3, 1999; U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/154,590 entitled "Writing Implement For Identity Verification System" filed Sep. 17, 1999, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/144,028 entitled "Biometric Pen And Encryption Device" filed Jul. 16, 1999, PCT Application No. PCT/US99/07900 entitled "Biometric Hotel and Casino Play" filed Apr. 7, 1999, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/119,408 entitled "Identification Confirmation System" filed Feb. 10, 1999, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/116,212 entitled "Identification Confirmation System" filed Jan. 12, 1999, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/114,632 entitled "Identification Confirmation System" filed Jan. 4, 1999, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/109,511 entitled "Biometric Writing Implement" filed Nov. 23, 1998, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/088,498 entitled "Biometric Hotel and Casino Play" filed Jun. 8, 1998, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/080,962 entitled "Biometric Hotel and Casino Play" filed Apr. 7, 1998.
The visible difference of pen-based computers from other technologies is in the use of a stylus (e.g.--a pen or pencil) as the primary means of interaction between a user and a machine, picking up the familiar pen and paper interface metaphor. With pen computing, a pen-like stylus is used on a digital surface to write and annotate information. Within the special computer is contained a digitizer which captures and interprets the text that is entered.
The use of physical attributes--fingerprints, a voiceprint, or any of several other characteristics--to verify identity has great potential. Passwords and personalidentification numbers (PIN's) are fraught with problems. Biometrics offers solutions. Applications that are preparing to accept biometric data include computer networks, ATMs, cars, cellular phones, and dozens of other types of embedded systems.
By replacing PIN's for transfers of funds to the cards, biometrics enhance the security of credit/debit-card (plastic-money) systems and prepaid telephone calling cards. Biometric techniques also provide security not previously envisioned for "cash" balances stored in such cards. For POS terminals, biometric techniques can replace a clerk's verification of a customer's signature.
An example of a rapidly growing biometric technology, fingerprints offer an infallible means of personal identification and are rich in information content. The use of fingerprints for identification dates back many decades, but gained wide acceptance about 100 years ago. Fingerprints are the biometric that form the basis of all worldwide identification. Fingerprints don't change with time while other physical characteristics do. Fingerprint minutiae uniquely identify fingerprints. It has been proven that minutiae, were unchanging and repeatable features of each fingerprint, and were individually unique. Each finger has a unique arrangement of ridge detail. There are two major types of information in a fingerprint. First is the ridge flow information, and second is the specific features or minutiae (minutia) of the fingerprint. As used herein, the term "minutia" is used to denote both the singular and plural. Fingerprints uniquely identify an individual based on their information content. Information is represented in a fingerprint by the minutia and their relative topological relationships. The number of minutia in a fingerprint varies from one finger to another, but, on average, there are about eighty (80) to one hundred and fifty (150) minutia per fingerprint. In the fingerprint context, a large store of fingerprints exists in law enforcement offices around the country. Since fingerprints never change, a person need only be fingerprinted once to be in the system.
Current stylus-type verification systems use metric-type sensors--accelerometers and pressure sensors to measure stylus pressure and stroke sweep in the users' signature. U.S. Pat. No. 5,774,571 (Marshall) discloses a stylus with multiple sensors for biometric verification including grip pressure sensors and gyroscopes. U.S. Pat. No. 4,513,437 (Chainer et al.) discloses another data input stylus for signature verification which includes accelerometers and pressure sensors. U.S. Pat. No. 5,247,137 (Epperson) discloses a stylus that enables biometric identification by means of comparison of graphics data and textural data from a remote location. The stylus also captures strokes and gestures which can also be used for confirming identification. U.S. Pat. No. 5,103,486 (Grippi) discloses a system for using a combination of biometrics at POS terminals. Prisms are used to capture the fingerprint of the index finger while the individual signs his/her name. The fingerprint image and the signature are processed to form a composite representative for comparison with information shown on a credit card for processing of commercial transactions.
The biometric properties that can be captured include, but are not limited to, fingerprints (fingerprint sensors), voice recognition (e.g.--microphone), facial imaging (e.g.--camera), and DNA and other biotech properties (e.g.--cell capture/analysis sensors). Metric properties include, but are not limited to, grip and point pressure (e.g.--pressure sensors), position of the index finger relative to the point, position of the thumb relative to the index finger (e.g.--thermal sensors), angle of the stylus during usage (e.g.--a gyroscope), speed of signing (e.g.--a timer), increases and decreases of speed during signing (e.g.--an accelerometer). The stylus is either tethered (attached) to each site or is portable, one such stylus being carried by each user.
In a second preferred embodiment of the identity verification system of the present invention, one-to-one biometric matching is used. This embodiment requires each user to carry on his/her user a device that includes an encrypted reference biometric for reference purposes to gain access into the system. The encryption device can be the stylus, a card, a stylus insert (as herein described), or a device carried on a key-chain. Processing speeds for this embodiment considerably faster than the first preferred embodiment, since the system need only make a "MATCH" or "NO MATCH" decision. While the processing can occur at a central computer, it is preferred that the matching logic be at the access site, inside a smart card, or inside a smart pen to minimize privacy concerns.
One preferred application for the identity verification system of the present invention involve pen-based computing systems. Pen-based computer systems are ideal for applications which require: (1) highly portable devices--that are no longer constrained by a keyboard; (2) intuitive features--that resemble an environment familiar to the users; (3) improved efficiency,--that enables accurate data collection and manipulation; and (4) flexibility--that enables a wide variety of types of data entry. Several applications of the identity verification system of the present invention include:
FIG. 2B discloses a section of the writing stylus shown in FIG. 2A taken along 2A--2A;
As used herein unless the context indicates otherwise, a "stylus" is any device that is compatible with either the hand or finger of the user for purposes of making a marking on an essentially flat surface. While the drawings depict a conventional shape of a stylus, other shapes and designs are also included within the scope of the present invention such as any attachment to a finger or any implement that can be held with a hand for such purpose. Also, as used herein unless the context suggests otherwise, the term "fingerprint" refers to either the print of the index finger or the thumb. In addition, as used herein unless the context suggests otherwise, the term "biometric" that are unique to the actual physical features of the user including, but are not limited to, fingerprints (fingerprint sensors), voice recognition (e.g.--microphone), facial imaging (e.g.--camera), and DNA and other biotech properties (e.g.--cell capture/analysis sensors). The signature of the user is generally not considered to be a biometric, unless otherwise indicated in the context of which it is used. Biometrics are to be distinguished from the term "metrics" which include, but are not limited to, grip and point pressure (e.g. pressure sensors), position of the index finger relative to the point, position of the thumb relative to the index finger (e.g.--thermal sensors), angle of the stylus 15 during usage (e.g.--a gyroscope), speed of signing (e.g.--a timer), increases and decreases of speed during signing (e.g.--an accelerometer).
In a first preferred embodiment of the identity verification system of the present invention 10, one-to-many biometric matching is used. This embodiment is particularly useful in controlled environments such as hotels, hospitals, and military bases, where the size of the community is limited. One or more biometrics (and metrics) are captured for reference purposes during registration. During each event access request, the community of reference prints is searched for a match with the user. Each member of the community need carry nothing on his/her user to participate in the system. This embodiment can also be used in open environments in combination with the user supplying additional information during each request for event access (i.e.--printed name, phone number, social security number). See for example U.S. Pat. No. 5,805,719 (Pare, Jr., et. al.).
In a second preferred embodiment of the identity verification system of the present invention 10, one-to-one biometric matching is used. While this system can also be used in controlled environments, it is preferred in open environment situations where the size of the community is continually expanding through registration without limitation. This embodiment requires each user to carry on his/her user a device that includes an encrypted reference biometric for reference purposes to gain access into the system. The encryption device can be the stylus 15, a card (e.g.--credit, debit, ATM, check, driver's license, identification card), a stylus cap, a stylus grip a stylus insert 50 (as herein described), a device carried on a key-chain, as a piece of jewelry, as an implant device, or by some other means. The encryption device is compatible with the system described in copending PCT Application PCT/US99/07900. Processing speeds for this embodiment considerably faster than the first preferred embodiment, since the system need only make a "MATCH" or "NO MATCH" decision. Since the matching is preferably one-to-one as opposed to one-to-many, the quality of the sensor need not be forensic quality although one is preferred and, only one sensor is needed. While the processing can occur at a central computer, it is preferred that the matching logic be at the access site or a regional site to minimize privacy concerns.
Of all the areas of biometrics, fingerprint sensing has captured the imagination of the largest number of companies. Four integrated circuit manufacturers embody unusual fingerprint-sensing technologies in new chips. ST Microelectronics and Veridicom provide integrated circuit approaches--are dc-capacitive sensors. Harris Semiconductor Corp. provides an ac-capacitive sensor. Thomson-CSF's FingerChip uses thermal sensing. Each integrated circuit sensor produces a high-resolution (several-hundred-pixels by several-hundred-pixels by 8 or 16 bits) image of a finger tip. These images are comparable with those obtained by pressing inked finger tips onto absorbent paper. Automatic fingerprint-identification systems can process images obtained from biometric sensors just as easily as from images obtained from inked fingers.
The dc-capacitive fingerprint sensors from ST Microelectronics and Veridicom comprise of rectangular arrays of capacitors on a silicon chip. One plate of the capacitor is the finger to be sensed; the other plate is a small area of a pixel disposed upon the surface of the chip. The finger is positioned against the surface of the chip--actually, against an insulated coating on the surface of the chip. The ridges of the fingerprint are close to the nearby pixels and have high capacitance. The valleys are more distant from the pixels nearest them and have lower capacitance. The sensor then draws a fixed charge from each pixel in turn--that is, it scans the pixels. A high voltage appears on pixels to which the finger has low capacitance, and a low voltage appears on pixels to which the finger has a high capacitance.
Veridicom, Inc. uses a CMOS chip. These plates are covered with a thin layer of dielectric. When a finger is placed on top of the chip, each sensor acts as the bottom plate of a capacitor, with the surface of the finger acting as the top plate. The Veridicom chip is as small as a postage stamp--can be easily embedded into laptop computers and keyboards. Accompanying circuitry measures the capacitance of each of these sensors. Fingertip "valleys" are further from the chip, and show as a lower capacitance. Fingertip "ridges" yield a higher capacitance. The chip's dielectric technology enables people to touch the sensitive, silicon chip without destroying it. The dielectric is chemically and mechanically strong enough to allow repeated contact with people's fingers, yet electronically sensitive enough to capture the prints. Other suppliers of CMOS fingerprint sensors are Siemens, and Harris.
The biometric stylus 15 of the identity verification system of the present invention has print sensors 20 positioned within the unique grip 30 (see FIGS. 2A and 2B). Electronic images of the index finger and thumb are extracted during use. Thereafter, the user utilizes a similar stylus 15 to submit a set of prints for comparison with the set of prints of the authorized user--the prints either match or don't match. The use of two prints makes a mistake highly unlikely. The stylus 15 thwarts forgers since even if the signature is the same the prints are not (the content of the writing is unimportant). The stylus 15 is provided by financial institutions, POS terminals, and government agencies worldwide. The principles of the biometric stylus 15 are combined with other biometrics housed within the stylus 15 to provide near perfect confirmation. Digital systems evaluate the fingerprint by comparing the similarity, number, and unit relationship of the points of distinction.
In another preferred embodiment, the insert 50 fits onto the cap of the stylus 15. The term "insert" as used herein is a device that includes an encrypted reference identifier. The insert 50 contains the encrypted print and the name of the user owning the card. The insert is also linked to one or more accounts. The grips 30 are for use with a narrow stylus 15 about the size of a pencil or a conventional BIC® pen. This enables a deeper grip 30. The grip 30 almost completely surrounds the index finger enabling the use of a sensor the size of a postage stamp. Almost any sensor the size of a postage stamp which is the size of most fingerprint sensors. Also, single sensor may be used in sites where smaller transactions are involved. The stylus insert 50 of the present invention is preferably stored in wallet or on key-chain for ready availability. The insert 50 is compatible with the system described in copending PCT Application PCT/US99/07900.
There are numerous advantages to having a stylus 15 or an encrypted print for each user: (a) the biometric sensing is far less complex since the sensors 20 need only confirm a one-to-one match and generally only one sensor is needed (eliminating the need for identifiers). (b) there is no need for a master databank of biometric prints--each print can be encrypted into the stylus 15 (much like a smart-card). (c) no sensors are needed at POS terminals, as the sensor in the stylus 15 is used to match the encrypted registered biometric print. (d) the privacy issue is significantly overcome since the only matching is needed is in the pen-based computer.
The registered biometric print can also be encrypted in a smart card 60 within a conventional credit, debit, or check card. This embodiment is fully compatible with current encryption technology where one or more prints are already being preserved in the smart card 60 for use at POS terminals with a sensor unit positioned at each terminal--these sensor units can be replaced by the stylus 15 of the present invention. However, the encrypted print can also be within a smart driver's license or a social security card.
The insert 50 is compatible with the stylus 15 or the stylus grip 30 or the stylus top (retractable point) and enables access with one-to-one matching for a wide variety of computer security applications--for controlling access to network services, or anywhere a password, cookie, token, digital certificate or smartcard is used. The insert 50 can be plugged into any standard USB port. Like smartcards and other cryptographic tokens, the insert 50 provides an alternative to a smartcard and smartcard reader.
Each insert 50 contains one or more encrypted references, which are unique to each user. Using this secret value, the insert 50 can compute a cryptographic response to challenges sent from the network. This method has significant security benefits over passwords. Specifically, the insert 50 computes a "one-way hash function" using the challenge and its encrypted reference as input. The insert 50 is secure and proves to the server that it knows the secret value, without ever revealing it. Even if malicious software is running in the client's workstation at the time of authentication, it cannot duplicate the insert's functionality at a later time. This proven cryptographic technique is now specified as part of the Internet Key Exchange standard protocol.
FIG. 3C discloses yet another embodiment of the stylus 15 of the present invention, the fingerprint sensor being placed in the top distal end of the stylus and tethered to the counter top. In order to release the stylus point from the stylus body, it becomes necessary to press the click button, where the stylus point is retractable and compatible with a digital surface. Since this clicking force is generally applied by the thumb, the captured print is compared with--a reference thumb print. The stylus point withdraws automatically after a predetermined period of time after each use.
The identity verification system of the present invention 10 is particularly useful in controlled environments. As used herein, unless the context suggests otherwise, a controlled environment is a community of people that: (1) requires registration to become a part of the community; and (2) where the purchase of goods or services occurs. Some examples of controlled environments include: hotels-resorts, luxury cruise liners, airports, banks, racetracks, bowling alleys, theme parks, hospitals, college campuses and public/private schools, military bases, hotel-casinos, sports complexes, shopping malls, and prisons. Once enrolled into the cardless transaction system of the present invention, any guest upon registration with the hotel complex has full and complete access to any amenity within the complex, at anytime, without carrying on his/her user anything other than biometric identification that is inherent in his/her being. As used herein a "controlled environment" does not require a single physical structure, but rather includes a network of related activities administered by a centralized driver. Some examples of these type controlled environments include a bank and its customers, a regional of drugstores, health club facilities, restaurants, or beauty salons and their customers.
Financial institutions benefit in that credit card fraud is eliminated. The Identity verification system of the present invention 10 is virtually impregnable to criminals. The financial institution controls the entire transaction, since they capture and process as many biometrics as necessary before deciding whether or not to approve. Merchants and users also benefit since consumer fraud costs are often passed onto them. Fingerprints are recognized all over the world as positive proof of identity and are the key to the system. Each finger contains up to 100 different points of distinction which never change with time. Merchants benefit in that the transaction time is minimized. The identity verification system of the present invention 10 system minimizes the time between when the user signs his/her name and when the transaction is approved. The system automatically captures the fingerprint data when the user signs his/her name and processing begins immediately. Any transaction that does not involve cash requires a user signature anyway--his/her obligation to pay. Users also benefit from improved transaction efficiency by not having to wait in slow-moving lines. Users benefit in that all cards are eliminated. Cards are easily lost or stolen, signatures are easily forged and PIN's are readily determined by criminals. While cards are easier to carry than money, they are almost as negotiable as money to sophisticated criminals. The identity verification system of the present invention 10 system provides maximum security and safety for the user by eliminating the need to carry all credit cards, debit cards, ATM cards, stored value cards, and pre-paid cards in a wallet or purse.
As shown in FIG. 2A, the identity verification system of the present invention 10 uses a biometric stylus 15 that has print imaging sensors 20 positioned within the unique grip 30. Electronic images of the index finger and thumb are extracted during user registration. Thereafter, an applicant uses a similar stylus 15 to submit a set of prints for comparison with the set of prints of the authorized user--the prints either match or don't match. The use of two prints makes a mistake highly unlikely. The stylus 15 will thwart forgers since the content of the writing is unimportant. The stylus 15 is provided by financial institutions, POS terminals, and government agencies worldwide.
In one preferred embodiment, the principles of the biometric stylus 15 can be combined with signature verification technology to identify the applicant and the writing content. Also, since prints of the index finger and thumb of the writing hand are the most common biometrics, once captured the prints can be used for comparing other types of touch contact (e.g.--a keypad). In another preferred embodiment, a digitizing inscription pad is used, and the position of the stylus 15 relative to the surface enables determination of the written text. An optical sensor in the writing surface captures the signature or the writing to be used in combination with the prints. Alternatively, the system includes a keypad in the writing surface for the user to enter a PIN instead of the optical sensor or in addition to the optical sensor.
Registration in the identity verification system of the present invention 10 is similar to opening a new bank account. An application provides the financial institution with basic information--name, address, phone number, and signature. The only difference is that a special stylus 15 is used that enables the financial institution to capture certain data while the applicant signs his/her name. These biometrics include prints of the index finger and thumb, and point and grip pressure.
In still another preferred embodiment of the identity verification system of the present invention 10, other sensors are added to the stylus 15, as necessary, to tighten security and reduce fraud--including a pressure sensor to measure point pressure; another pressure sensor to measure grip pressure; an accelerometer to the stylus point to measure stroke speed; a gyroscope positioned at the top end of the stylus 15 to measure the angle of the stylus 15; a heat sensor in the stylus grip 30 to measure position of the index finger relative to the point; and a position sensor in the stylus grip 30 to measure the position of the thumb relative to the index finger. Additional sensors include measuring the speed of the signature, the user's finger temperature, and so on. While all of these biometric identifiers are subject to minor variations, the financial institution checks as many as needed until it is satisfied that the user seeking entry is authorized to access the account.
Preferably, multiple biometric prints are used to confirm identification. Secondary biometrics include not only fingerprints, thumbprints, and palm prints, but also speech and voice recognition, and facial readings (retinal scans, infrared facial readings, feature spacings, and the like). For example, to enter a guest room, a parallel system may include a recorded message asking "Who's there?" The response is recorded through a speaker and voice recognition is used to identify the speaker. Speech recognition can also be used to monitor the content of the response. Also, facial imaging scanners are disposed within the doors to guest rooms and in overhead cameras with mirrors in the casinos for use as secondary biometrics. All unauthorized biometric prints can be preserved for law enforcement purposes to assist in identifying and convicting burglars and thieves.
Many retail outlets no longer accept checks because of fear of forgeries. A check confirmation variation of the system of the present invention 10 provides the perfect way to authenticate identification at a POS terminal. The user registers with the stylus 15 of the present invention when opening his/her checking account. When writing a check, the financial institution is identified and approves the transaction. The system also ensures against overdrafts. Signature verification for checks is an added benefit for POS terminals that provide the system of the present invention 10. This check authentication program can also replace conventional checks. The identity verification system of the present invention 10 provides user authentication, access control, and personal accountability to provide--as an example--use by the pharmaceutical industry.
People are becoming more and more mobile and are requiring access to the Internet, various other systems, data, and software. Systems have already evolved that require users to be "connected" wherever they go all the time. Individuals want to take the same tools and data they have at their desks wherever they may go. In addition, they want to access a variety of information from wherever they or the data is located. Access to such data must be secure.
When one is "mobile" and using a computer to perform various tasks and access data, connecting to remote sites is simple and as transparent as possible. Using notebooks and PDAs (with Windows CE), the user remains connected to any number of systems while in remote locations.
Two additional applications of the identity verification system of the present invention 10 involve (a) smart-pens; and (b) electronic commerce. The principles of the present invention are completely compatible with smart-pen technology. The miniature technology, which integrated sensors, mouse, digital signal processor, radio transceiver and encryption software in an actual stylus 15. Smart-pen technology captures the written text generated by the stylus 15 for subsequent use. The device looks and works like a big stylus 15 but is actually a miniature computer system. Hence, the stylus 15 of the present invention confirms user identity during normal usage of the stylus 15 and the smart-pen technology captures the content of the written text onto any surface. The smart-pen technology is particularly useful for students taking notes in class, writers, and management staff--the paper need not be preserved.
The identity verification system of the present invention 10 is a next generation pen based tool. It enables the most widely used Microsoft Windows based word processing application to be used as a workflow automation system by empowering documents with an electronic signature--attaching signatures to Microsoft Word documents with any pen device
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