Source: https://www.scribd.com/document/3832877/Opposition-to-Supreme-Court-Cert-Chaker-v-Crogan-by-Joshua-Rosenkranz-filed-for-Darren-Chaker
Timestamp: 2019-07-23 03:24:23
Document Index: 431359341

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 2254', '§ 9884', '§ 148', '§ 832', '§ 35', '§ 609', '§ 641', '§ 207', '§ 2921', '§ 1', '§ 1', '§ 946', '§ 110', '§ 148', '§ 148', '§ 9884', '§ 148', '§ 148', '§ 2254', '§ 641', '§ 641', '§ 207', '§ 609', '§ 35', '§ 2921', '§ 946', '§ 832', '§ 832', '§ 1', '§ 1', '§ 148', '§ 148', '§ 110']

Opposition to Supreme Court Cert Chaker v Crogan by Joshua Rosenkranz filed for Darren Chaker | Habeas Corpus | Precedent
Opposition to Supreme Court Cert Chaker v Crogan by Joshua Rosenkranz filed for Darren Chaker
Chaker v. Crogan, This is the opposition brief filed opposing Gary Schons cert. request to the U.S. Supreme Court. While the Attorney General relied on ghost writers to write its brief--I had an attorney who clerked for two U.S. Supreme Court justices, and who assembled a team of lawyers from one of the largest firms in the U.S. Of course, the Attorney General was defeated and the law was invalidated. Joshua Rosenkranz bio: www.orrick.com/lawyers/Bio.asp?ID=225990
saveSave Opposition to Supreme Court Cert Chaker v Crogan b... For Later
Charles A. Leamer, Jr. v. William H. Fauver William F. Plantier Scott Faunce Deborah Faunce Essie Williams Michael Mancuso William Blake Charles Anderson Brian Marsh Waymon Benton Linda Gorman Pat Deming Joseph Reiher Wayne Sager Donna Klipper George Blaskewicz Michelle M. Levi Dorthy Ward Lawrence Turek Jeffrey Allen Nancy Graffin, Individually and in Their Official Capacities Grace Rogers, 288 F.3d 532, 3rd Cir. (2002)
(HC) Carr v. Woodford et al - Document No. 3
Richard Walter Johnson v. Gale A. Norton, Peter Warren Booth, Gilbert Martinez, John Wesley Anderson, and Attorney General for the State of Colorado, 161 F.3d 17, 10th Cir. (1998)
Cain v. Boone, 10th Cir. (2000)
(HC) Houston v. Sisto - Document No. 3
Yordi v. Nolte, 215 U.S. 227 (1909)
United States v. Roman-Roman, 10th Cir. (2006)
Harris v. Roberts, 10th Cir. (2007)
Georgia Habeas Corpus Overview
(HC) Lacey v. State of California - Document No. 5
Brocka v Enrile 1990 Digest
Courtway v. Garfield County Sheriff&apos;s Department - Document No. 5
Bobby Eugene Lucky v. Dan Reynolds, 51 F.3d 286, 10th Cir. (1995)
53. CO v Deportation Board
Don Michael Dever v. Kansas State Penitentiary, the State of Kansas, Attorney General of Kansas, 36 F.3d 1531, 10th Cir. (1994)
Alvin Parker v. Ron Champion, 148 F.3d 1219, 10th Cir. (1998)
Ruben J. Flowers v. The State of Oklahoma and Ray Page, Warden, State Penitentiary, 356 F.2d 916, 10th Cir. (1966)
United States v. Ike Simmons, 4th Cir. (2015)
Fowler v. Chater, 106 F.3d 413, 10th Cir. (1997)
:05-1118
SupremeCourtof the UnitedState~
ALAN CROGAN, CHIEF PROBATION OFFICER,
DARREN DAVID CHAKER,
BRIEF IN OPPOSITION TO PETITION
FOR A WRIT OF CERTIORARI
Joseph H. Fagan E. Joshua Rosenkranz
Alexander M.R. Lyon Counsel of Record
Brian D. Kaider HELLER EHRMAN LLP
HELLER EHRMANLLP Times Square Tower
1717 Rhode Island Avenue, NW 7 Times Square
Washington, DC 20036 New York, NY 10036
(202) 912-2000 (212) 832-8300
1. A California statute criminalizes knowingly false
accusations of peace officer misconduct but permits
knowingly false statements exonerating the accused peace
officer. Wasthe Court of Appealscorrect in concluding that
the statute is viewpoint discriminatory in violation of the
2. The statute singles out for punishment only false
accusations against peace officers but not false accusations
against any other public officials or private individuals.
Should the ruling below be upheld on the alternative ground
that the statute constitutes impermissible content
discrimination under the First Amendment?
OFCONTENTS
OFAUTHORITIES
Mr. ChakerAccusesa Police Officer of
Mr.Chakeris Convictedfor Writingthe Letter ............ 5
Mr.Chaker
SeeksHabeas
Relief..................................
TheCourt of AppealsFinds the Statute
TODENY
THEWRIT.............................
I° THE VALIDITY OF A RARE ANDLITTLE-
USED STATE LAWIS NOT A QUESTION OF
PROFOUND NATIONAL IMPORTANCE,
ESPECIALLY SINCE THE CALIFORNIA
LEGISLATURE CAN EASILY REMEDYANY
A. FewStates Have Adopted California" ’S
PenaltyScheme
......................... 10
B° Evenfor California, It is Not Critically
Important to Maintain the Discriminatory
Approach, and the Flaw Is Easily
........................................................... 12
II. THE COURT OF APPEALS’S DECISION
DOES NOT CONFLICT WITH THE DECISION
OF ANY OTHER COURT, INCLUDING THE
............................. 14
III. THE COURT OF APPEALS’S RULING WAS A
STRAIGHTFORWARD AND CORRECT
APPLICATION OF RECENT SUPREME
COURT DECISIONS TO A NEW SET OF
................................................................... 6
A° The Court of Appeals’s Ruling Applied
Established Precedents Faithfully to Find
the Statute ViewpointDiscriminatory................
Declining to Enumerate the Three R.A.V.
Exceptions and Address Them
C° The State Has No Compelling Interest In
Adhering to a Discriminatory Penalty
............................................................. 24
IV. THIS HABEASCORPUS CASE IS NOT A
PROPER VEHICLE FOR RESOLUTION OF
ONTHE MERITS.............
.................................................................... 29
.............................................. la
Boos v. Barry,
485U.S.312(1988).........................................................
Chacon v. Wood,
36F.3d1459(9th Cir. 1994)............................................
City of Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc.,
475U.S.41(1986)...........................................................
Cornelius v. NAACPLegal Defense & Educ. Fund, Inc.,
473U.S.788(1985).........................................................
Eakins v. Nevada,
219 F. Supp.2d 1113(D. Nev.2002)........................ 11, 14
Friedman v. United States,
374F.2d363(8thCir. 1967)............................................
Gritchen v. Collier,
73 F. Supp. 2d 1148 (C.D. Cal. 1999), rev’d on other
grounds,254F.3d 807(9th Cir. 2001)............................
Haddad v. Wall,
107 F. Supp. 2d 1230 (C.D. Cal. 2000), vacated on other
grounds,48 Fed. Appx.279 (9th Cir. 2002)....................
La France Hamilton v. City of San Bernardino,
107 F. Supp.2d 1239(C.D. Cal. 2000).......................
325 F. Supp. 2d 1087(C.D. Cal. 2004) .......... 6, 13, 14, 28
Larche v. Simons,
53F.3d1068n.1 (9th Cir. 1995)......................................
People v. Stanistreet,
29 Cal. 4th 497 (2002), cert. denied, 538 U.S.
(2003)...................................................................
R.A. V. v. City of St. Paul,
505U.S.377(1992).................................................
Rosenberger v. Rector & Visitors of Univ. of Va.,
515U.S.819(1995).........................................................
Sibron v. New York,
392U.S.40(1968)...........................................................
502U.S.105(1991).........................................................
523U.S.1 (1998)
State v. Allard,
148N.H.702(2002).......................................................
State v. English,
120 OhioMisc. 2d 16 (Elyria Muni.Ct. 2002) ................
State v. Hill,
146N.H.568(2001).......................................................
Turner Broad. Sys. v. FCC,
512U.S.622(1994).........................................................
Virginia v. Black,
538U.S.343(2003).....................................................
Wiggins v. Smith,
539U.S.510(2003).........................................................
U.S. Const., amend 1 .................................................... passim
28U.S.C.§ 2254(d)
(2002)....................................................
Cal. Bus.&Prof. Code§ 9884.9(2005)................................
Cal. PenalCode§ 148.6(2005)................................... passim
Cal. PenalCode§§ 832.5(c)(2005).....................................
Ind. CodeAnn.§ 35-44-2-2(d)(5)(2006)............................
Minn.Stat. § 609.505(2)
(2005)..........................................
N.H.Rev.Stat. Ann.§ 641:4(2005)..............................
Nev.Rev.Stat. Ann.§ 207.280(2004)................................
Nev.Sen.Bill No.150........................................................
OhioR.C. Ann.§ 2921.15(B)(2006)..................................
Stats. 1996ch. 1108§ 1 (AB3434).....................................
Stats. 1998ch. 25§ 1 (AB1016).........................................
Wis.Stat. Ann.§ 946.66(2006)..........................................
Baldwin’s Ohio Practice Criminal Law,
§ 110.10
Respondenthas no quarrel with the Petition’s statement
of the basis for jurisdiction but does dispute the identities of
the Petitioners listed. Although the only defendant in the
proceedings below was Petitioner Alan Crogan, the Petition,
without formal motion, purports to add "the People of the
State of California" as a party. For convenience, Petitioner
will be referred to as "the State."
The State quoted only an excerpt of the statutory
provision at issue, Cal. Penal Code§ 148.6. This provision
is quoted in full in the Statutory Addendumto this
This case has all the hallmarksof a cert. denial.
Applying established principles of viewpoint
discrimination from recent SupremeCourt precedent, the
Court of Appeals unanimously concluded that a California
statute, Cal. Penal Code § 148.6(a), is impermissibly
viewpoint discriminatory. The statute imposes criminal
penalties only on those whoare deemedto have madefalse
accusations of misconduct against peace officers, but the
accused peace officer whofalsely denies such charges, and a
fellow officer or civilian crony whofalsely exonerates him,
can lie with impunity. The State does not assert that this
Court’s precedents are unclear or that this case raises
important unansweredquestions. The State just disagrees
with the panel’s application of standard viewpoint
discriminationprinciples to this peculiar case.
Peculiar is the word. The State has scarcely ever
enforcedthe statutory provision; its lawyers can recall only
one other prosecutionin the statute’s 10-year life span. Only
four other states have statutes featuring the same
discriminatory penalty. Andthe State can fix the problem
tomorrow--without sacrificing the fight to prosecute
purveyors of false accusations--simply by applying any
criminal penalty to all false statements madein connection
with investigations of police misconduct, without regard to
whetherthey accuse or support the officer.
Precisely because this sort of provision is so uncommon,
the lower courts have scarcely had a chance to assess its
constitutionality. Thus, no circuit split has materialized;
indeed, every other federal court to assess section 148.6 or a
similar statutory provision--in four district court cases--has
foundit unconstitutional.
Whilethe State correctly points out that the California
SupremeCourt has rejected a constitutional challenge to the
statute, see People v. Stanistreet, 29 Cal. 4th 497 (2002),
cert. denied, 538 U.S. 1020 (2003), it neglects to mention
that the challenge there was different--a content
discrimination challenge based upon the argument that
California must criminalize all false complaintsagainst all
public officials if it wishes to penalize false complaints
against peace officers. The California SupremeCourt has
yet to rule upon the claim of viewpoint discrimination the
Court of Appealsaddressed here.
Perhaps the California SupremeCourt--and some of the
state or federal courts that mightconsider challenges to the
handfulof other state statutes exhibiting a similar defect--
will eventually disagree with the Court of Appeals’s ruling
on this First Amendment theory. If so, this Court will have
ample opportunity to address the issue. But this Court
should not stretch to do so in this case, both because the
issue has scarcely percolated in the lower courts and because
this case is the wrongvehicle.
The issue comes wrapped in an awkwardhabeas corpus
posture, which carries baggage that will present unwelcome
distractions, at best, and prevent this Court fromreaching the
merits, at worst. First, there is no factual record on whichto
assess the State’s proffered justifications for the differential
penalty. Second, the State previously raised a veritable
obstacle course of jurisdictional challenges, none of whichis
independently worthy of this Court’s attention. Third, the
Magistrate Judge, the District Court, and the Court of
Appeals applied three different standards of review. Should
this Court address only whether the argumentsin defense of
the statute are reasonable (as the Magistrate Judge did),
whether a challenge can be sustained purely on the basis of
law that wasclearly established (as the District Court did),
its ruling will haveno practical value beyondthis case.
If this Court is eager to consider the constitutionality of
this uncommon statutory scheme, it will shortly have a more
suitable vehicle: Currently pendingbefore the Ninth Circuit
is an appeal of a ruling declaring the same statute
unconstitutional in a civil lawsuit brought to challenge the
statute directly.
It was presumably for these reasons that not a single
judge in the Ninth Circuit found this case worthyof en banc
review. This Court, too, should decline review.
Mr. Chaker Accuses a Police Officer of Misconduct
In 1996, Respondent Darren Chaker contracted with an
auto body shop to repair his car. ER 22. The contract
specified the repairs to be performed and estimated a $2,000
price tag. Id. In violation of California law, the body shop
performed additional work without Mr. Chaker’s approval
and demanded$4,800, more than twice the estimate. Id.; see
Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 9884.9. Mr. Chaker retrieved his
car without paying for the additional work. ER22.
The body shop contacted the E1 Cajon Police
Department, and Detective Bill Bradberry and Officer Terry
Johnston later arrested Mr. Chaker for theft of services.
App. 5a. The trial court dismissed the case, finding Mr.
Chaker factually innocent of the charge, because it was
illegal for the body shop to perform the unauthorized work in
the first place. ER24; SER34.
This appeal arises not out of that case but out of an
accusation Mr. Chaker made against one of the arresting
officers. While the theft-of-services charge was pending,
Mr. Chaker wrote a letter to the E1 Cajon Police
Department’s Internal Affairs Department alleging that Det.
Bradberry used excessive force during the arrest. App. 5a.
The letter stated that Mr. Chaker peaceably submitted to the
arrest but that "Det. Bradberry hit me on my ribs anyway"
1 ThePetition for Writof Certiorariis cited as "Pet.," andthe Appendix
to the Petition is cited as "App." The Excerpts of Recordand the
Supplemental Excerptsof Recordbefore the Courtof Appealsare cited
as "ER"and "SER,"respectively. Thetranscript of oral argumentbefore
the Courtof Appealsis cited as "Tr."
and that "Det. Bradberry’s use of force damagedmy wrist,
ribs." App.5a n.1; see App. 44a.
Mr. Chakersigned the letter "under penalty of perjury."
App. 5a. He did not, however, sign the formal advisory
required under California law acknowledgingthat an accuser
can be criminally prosecuted for filing a false accusation.
See Cal. Penal Code§ 148.6(b)(2).
Mr. Chakeris Convicted for Writing the Letter
A half-year later, and 16 months after the theft-of-
services charge was dismissed, the San Diego District
Attorney’s office brought newcriminal charges against Mr.
Chakerfor writing that one accusatory letter. App. 5a-6a.
Investigators had concluded that the accusation was false,
and the district attorney charged Mr. Chaker under a state
statute making it a crime to "file any allegation of
misconduct against any peace officer ... knowing the
allegation to be false." Cal. Penal Code§ 148.6(a)(1).
Predictably, the trial devolvedinto a swearing contest.
Whileall agreed that Mr. Chaker"did not resist at all" when
Det. Bradberry arrested him, App. 44a-45a, the two stories
diverged from there. Mr. Chaker swore that Det. Bradberry
had unnecessarily twisted his wrist, causing him extreme
pain, and had roughly wrenchedhim out of the van whenhe
was half wayin, injuring his head and ribs. App. 45a. Mr.
Chaker’smotherand his lawyer for the theft-of-services case
testified that Det. Bradberryflew into a rage and threatened
Mr. Chaker when Mr. Chaker served him with a lawsuit in
open court. ER21-24. Det. Bradberry and his partner, for
their part, denied the charges of excessive force. App. 6a,
44a-45a. Lawenforcement also produced a civilian witness
whotestified that the arrest appearedroutine and that, from
her vantage point inside the store where Mr. Chaker was
arrested, she did not hear complaints of pain or raised voices
coming from the van outside. App. 6a; ER 12.
Bradberry also denied issuing any threats. App. 45a.
Unable to resolve the conflicting testimony, the first jury
deadlocked. App. 42a. On retrial, a second jury resolved the
credibility questions in favor of the officers and convicted
Mr. Chaker. Id. The court sentenced him to two days in jail,
plus community service, three years’ probation, and fines
and restitution. App. 6a. The Appellate Division affirmed
the conviction. App. 7a.
Mr. Chaker Seeks Habeas Relief
Mr. Chaker filed three successive habeas corpus petitions
in state court. The third, filed in 2001 in the California
Supreme Court, challenged the constitutionality of section
148.6, the statutory provision under which he was convicted.
Mr. Chaker invoked a recent decision from a federal court in
California holding that the statute violated the First
Amendment.ER 46I; see La France Hamilton v. City of San
Bernardino, 107 F. Supp. 2d 1239 (C.D. Cal. 2000); see also
La France Hamilton v. City of San Bernardino, 325 F. Supp.
2d 1087, 1095 (C.D. Cal. 2004) (permanently enjoining
enforcement of section 148.6). The state court denied the
petition on procedural grounds. App. 7a. Mr. Chaker then
amendeda federal habeas corpus petition he had previously
filed to include a constitutional challenge to the statute. Id.
The Magistrate Judge believed the statute "probably
violates the First Amendment." App. 38a. But he
recommendeddenial of the petition in light of the habeas
corpus statute’s direction that habeas relief "shall not be
granted with respect to any claim that was adjudicated on the
merits ... unless the adjudication of the claim ... resulted in a
decision that ... involved an unreasonable application of
clearly established Federal law, as determined by the
SupremeCourt." 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d) & (d)(1) (emphasis
added). The Magistrate Judge believed that habeas relief
could not be granted on this claim because "reasonable
jurists can obviouslydiffer as to the constitutionality" of the
statute. App.38a.
The District Court, too, denied the claim. App. 7a, 27a-
107a. The District Court rejected the Magistrate Judge’s
standardof review, adoptinga different, but still deferential,
standard: "[T]his Court is obligated to exercise its
independent judgment regarding whether Petitioner’s
conviction violated the federal Constitution after carefully
weighing all the reasons for a state court’s judgment and
determining whether that judgment was objectively
unreasonable." App. 39a. But the District Court believed
that habeas review of this case had to be limited only to
arguments based upon "clearly established federal law," as
opposedto argumentsthat might fill in gray areas or expand
upon current doctrine. App. 46a, 57a, 60a, 61a. Through
this deferential lens, the District Court declinedto disturb the
conviction. App. 60a-62a.
The Court of Appeals Finds the Statute Unconstitutional
The Court of Appeals unanimously reversed, directing
the District Court to grant the writ. App.26a. Onits wayto
the merits, the Court of Appealshad to plod through a litany
of new procedural grounds--including four purported
jurisdictional argumentsthat the State and its amici urged
for affirming the dismissal. See App.8a-12a; see infra at 26-
27. Next, the Court of Appeals turned to the disagreement
betweenthe District Court and the Magistrate Judge as to the
appropriate standard of review and concludedthey were both
wrong. The Court of Appeals adopted yet a third analysis,
holding that de novo review was appropriate because "there
is no state court ruling on the merits of Chaker’s First
Amendmentclaim," and thus no opinion to which to defer.
App. 12a.
Turning, finally, to the merits, the Court of Appeals held
that section 148.6 violated the First Amendment.Reviewing
this Court’s decisions in R.A.V.v. City of St. Paul, 505 U.S.
377 (1992), and Virginia v. Black, 538 U.S. 343 (2003), the
Court of Appeals noted that certain speech, such as "fighting
words" or libel, does not warrant constitutional protection
but that regulation of such low-value speech still maynot be
based on the speaker’s viewpoint. App. 17a-21a. The court
then observed that section 148.6 criminalizes only
accusations that law enforcement officials later conclude
were false and not lies of peace officers whofalsely deny the
allegations or the lies of fellow officers or witnesses who
falsely exonerate them. App. 22a-24a. The court thus
concluded that the statute impermissibly regulates speech on
the basis of a speaker’s viewpoint. App. 24a.
The State petitioned for rehearing en banc. Its petition
led with an argument that the court lacked jurisdiction to
entertain this habeas case because it was moot. See Petition
for Rehearing En Banc at 6-9. The State also madethe same
First Amendmentarguments it advances in this Petition. Id.
at 9-17. The Court of Appeals denied the petition, noting
that not a single one of the circuit’s 24 active judges
considered the case worthy of en banc review. App. 1 a.
REASONS TO DENY THE WRIT
The parties agree on all the foundational principles:
First, abusive, corrupt, or waywardpolice officers degrade
our justice system and undermine the public’s faith in law
enforcement. Second, in order to deter and punish police
abuses, the government must set up some system by which
victims of such abuses can bring themto the attention of the
authorities. Third, the government should have some
latitude to protect the integrity of the mechanismby which
complaintsare lodged and investigated.
Noneof these foundational principles is at stake in this
case. California’s complaint system remains intact; citizens
are as free as ever to report police abuses. The Court of
Appeals did not question California’s interest in "assuring
the integrity" of that process, Pet. 6, and cast no doubt on
California’s latitude, if it chooses, to achieve that goal by
punishing citizens whomakeaccusations that the police later
concludeare false.
All the Court of Appeals held was that if California
wishes to take that step, the penalty must swing both ways.
California maynot, in the nameof protecting integrity, adopt
a discriminatory penalty that could send a citizen to jail for
makingan accusation that the police later deemfalse but
give a free pass to the officer whofalsely denies the charge
against him or the brother officer or civilian whofalsely
exonerates him. But, as the Court of Appeals observed, the
"impermissible viewpoint-based bias ... is easily cured."
App. 26a.
The State asks this Court to intervene, seeking a ruling
that the State is permitted to punish only the accuser and not
the accused or his supporters. This Court should deny the
writ for four reasons. First, the issue is not of profound
importance, even to the State of California, muchless to the
rest of the nation. Second, there is no conflict amongthe
circuits, or even with the California SupremeCourt, and few
courts have had the opportunity to wrestle with the questions
presented. Third, the issue is not novel, and the Court of
Appealswascorrect. Fourth, this case is not, in any event, a
suitable vehicle for resolving the questions presented.
THE VALIDITY OF A RARE AND LITTLE-USED
STATE LAW IS NOT A QUESTION OF PRO-
FOUND NATIONAL IMPORTANCE, ESPEC-
IALLY SINCE THE CALIFORNIA LEGISLATURE
CAN EASILY REMEDY ANY FLAW
At Few States Have Adopted California’s
Discriminatory Penalty Scheme.
While asserting that it is "important to the states" to
preserve a lopsided penalty scheme, Pet. 13, the State, in the
next breath, furnishes the best evidence that it is not: The
State lists only "six other states," and not a single local
government, "hav[ing] statutes similar" to California’s. Pet.
14. Even by the State’s own estimation, then, that means
that nearly nine out of ten states--and countless local
governments--have found more conventional and
evenhanded ways to protect the integrity of their police
misconduct investigations.
Even that meager estimate exaggerates the national
importance by 50 percent. In truth, only four of the six states
currently have statutes similar to California’s. The two
statutes the State misdescribes are themselves illustrative of
whythe question presented here is not a question of burning
national importance.
First, the New Hampshire law invoked by the State
applies to reports of all criminal offenses, not just police
misconduct; and it prohibits falsely reporting that anyone has
committed a crime, not just a police officer. See N.H. Rev.
Stat. Ann. § 641:4 (2005); State v. Hill, 146 N.H. 568, 575,
781 A.2d 979, 986 (2001); State v. Allard, 148 N.H. 702,
707, 813 A.2d 506, 510-11 (2002). More importantly, this
statute prohibits all false statements about a criminal offense
whether those statements inculpate or exculpate the alleged
offender. N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 641:4(I1) (2005).
statute thus avoids the precise defect that doomedthe
Californiastatute.
Conversely, the Nevadastatute did share the samedefect
as the California statute, but the state legislature repealedthe
statute. See Nev. Sen. Bill No. 150 (repealing Nev. Rev.
Stats. 199.325(1)). Therepeal camein response to a district
court decision finding the statute violated the First
Amendment three years before the Ninth Circuit reached that
same conclusion here. Eakins v. Nevada, 219 F. Supp. 2d
1113 (D. Nev. 2002). As if to underscore just how
inconsequentialthe ruling is to a state’s interests, Nevadadid
not bother appealing before repealing. Instead, before the
Ninth Circuit even weighedin on the question, Nevadaopted
to cover reports of police abuse in a broader statute that
penalizes false reports of crimes, whether or not committed
by police officers. See Nev. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 207.280
Theremainingfour state statutes featured in the Petition
were passed within the last decade--three in the past five
years alone. See Minn. Stat. § 609.505(2) (2005) (effective
Aug. 1, 2005); Ind. Code Ann. § 35-44-2-2(d)(5) (2006)
(effective June 30, 2003); Ohio R.C. Ann. § 2921.15(B)
(2006) (effective Mar. 22, 2001); Wis. Stat. Ann. § 946.66
(2006) (effective May12, 1998). The State offers no reason
to believe that the discriminatory penalty wasintegral to the
thinking of those legislatures in adoptingthose statutes.
Evenfor California, It is Not Critically
Even for California, the facts belie the State’s claim that
the Court of Appeals has dealt a "grave" blow, Pet. 6, to
"[t]he integrity of the peace officer misconduct reporting
system," Pet. 10.
The only evidence the State points to in support of this
assertion is this observation: "The Los Angeles District
Attorney’s Office, the largest ... in the state, as well as other
[unnamed]district attorney’s offices in the state, has advised
the law enforcement agencies ... that attempts to enforce
section 148.6 mayresult in federal civil rights liability for an
officer whoarrests for a violation of the statute." Id. To
assess how grave a problem that is, one might ask, "How
manypeople have been charged under this section?" Tr. 63.
That was what the Court of Appeals asked the State during
oral argument. The State’s response was that section 148.6
is "a rarely enforced statute." Id. The State had
"researched" the question and was able to come up with only
one other prosecution in the decade-long history of the
statute--the one that yielded the California SupremeCourt’s
decision on section 148.6. Id. Calling this "an important
state penal statute," Pet. 10, is like calling the appendix an
important bodily organ.
Notably, the Court of Appeals did not create the status
quo the State bemoans. More than five years ago, a federal
court in the Central District of California--which embraces
Los Angeles and its large prosecutorial force--declared the
statute invalid in a civil suit brought to challenge the law on
its face, see Hamilton v. City of San Bernardino, 107 F.
Supp. 2d 1239 (C.D. Cal. 2000), and nearly two years ago,
the same court permanently enjoined enforcement of the
statute on the ground that it is unconstitutional, see Hamilton
v. City of San Bernardino, 325 F. Supp. 2d 1087, 1095 (C.D.
Cal. 2004). As the Court of Appeals pointed out, the defect
"is easily cured." App. 26a. All the legislature has to do is
amend the law to treat all witnesses the same. Id. Yet, the
state legislature has not seen fit to step into the breach and
amendthe statute.
The legislature has sat idle, not because of political
gridlock, but because of legislative apathy. Section 148.6,
backed by a powerful law enforcement lobby, originally
passed with overwhelming majorities in both the State
Senate (32-2) and State Assembly (70-3). With similar
margins, the legislature has since passed two bills adding,
and then enhancing, a related provision to protect officers
from false complaints. See .2 Cal. Penal Code § 832.5(c)
The legislature could and would fix the flaw--tomorrow--if
law enforcement sensed a pressing need. See infra at 24-26
(rebutting the State’s asserted "policy concerns" about the
proposed fix). The legislature’s idleness is evidence of the
statute’s true salience.
2 In 1996,the legislature addeda provision(codifiedas Cal.
§ 832.5(c)) requiring that frivolous, "unfounded,"or exonerated
complaintsof misconductbe removedfromofficers’ personnelfiles and
placed in a separate file. See Stats. 1996ch. 1108§ 1 (AB3434). The
bill passed the State Senate by a vote of 27-2 and the Assemblyby a
marginof 64-7. In 1998, the legislature expandedthe protection by
prohibiting use of the removedcomplaintsin decisionson promotionsor
sanctions. See Stats. 1998ch. 25 § 1 (AB1016). This bill passed the
Senate,36-0, andthe Assembly, 75-1.
It is no wonder that not a single judge amongthe Ninth
Circuit’s 24 active judges considered this case important
enough to warrant en banc review.
II. THE COURT OF APPEALS’S DECISION DOES
NOT CONFLICT WITH THE DECISION OF ANY
OTHER COURT, INCLUDING THE CALIF-
ORNIA SUPREME COURT.
The State does not assert that the Court of Appeals’s
ruling conflicts with the ruling of any other circuit. To the
contrary, except for the District Court in this case, every
federal judge to consider this sort of statute has found it
unconstitutional, including the Magistrate Judge and all three
membersof the appellate panel in this case, plus three other
federal district judges in four cases. 3
Because the handful of similar state statutes are so new
and so rarely enforced, there has been virtually no other legal
activity beyond these few cases. With only one exception,
the statutes that the State considers comparable--from
Minnesota, Indiana, Ohio, Wisconsin, NewHampshire, and
Nevada (as amended)--have not yet been judicially tested.
The only exception is a ruling from a municipal judge in
Ohio, declaring that state’s statute unconstitutional. See
State v. English, 120 Ohio Misc. 2d 16, 776 N.E.2d 1179
3 See Hamiltonv. City of San Bernardino,325 F. Supp. 2d 1087,1095
(C.D. Cal. 2004)(striking Cal. Penal Code§ 148.6); Eakinsv. Nevada,
219 F. Supp. 2d 1113, 1121(D. Nev.2002) (striking Nevadastatute);
Gritchenv. Collier, 73F. Supp.2d 1148,1153(C.D.Cal. 1999)(striking
"civil equivalent"of § 148.6), rev’don other grounds,254F.3d807(9th
Cir. 2001);Haddadv. Wall, 107F. Supp.2d 1230,1238(C.D. Cal. 2000)
(same), vacatedon other grounds,48 Fed. Appx.279 (9th Cir. 2002)
(unpublishedopinion).
(Elyria Muni.Ct. 2002). Eventhere, the courts continue
enforce the statute. Baldwin’s Ohio Practice Criminal Law,
§ 110.10. All of which meansthat the First, Sixth, Seventh,
and Eighth Circuits--and the trial and appellate courts in
those states--will have ample opportunity to weighin on the
constitutional questions and air any disagreement with the
Courtof Appeals’sruling in this case.
The State does not suggest otherwise. Its argument of
irrevocable conflict focuses only on a single opinion from
the California SupremeCourt. Pet. 8 (citing People v.
Stanistreet, 29 Cal. 4th 497 (2002), cert. denied, 538 U.S.
1020 (2003)). But that case is not in conflict with
opinion presented here for review because the two cases
examineddifferent challenges to the statute.
As we have seen, in this case, the Court of Appeals
premised its holding on a viewpoint discrimination
argument: that section 148.6 amountedto unconstitutional
viewpoint discrimination because it punished only
accusations against peace officers and not statements in
support of peace officers. See App. 24a. The California
SupremeCourt did not address that argument. It addressed a
completely different content discrimination argument, that
"section 148.6 gives protection to peace officers that the
Legislature has not given to others .... ’It is not a crime to
knowinglymakesuch an accusation against a firefighter, a
paramedic, a teacher, an elected official, or anyoneelse.’"
Stanistreet, 29 Cal. 4th at 503 (quoting intermediate court’s
ruling); see id. at 507(quoting argumentfrom brief).
In rejecting that argument, the California SupremeCourt
said nothing about the theory the Court of Appealsaddressed
here. It never even mentioned the words "viewpoint
discrimination." Conversely, here, the Court of Appeals,
acknowledged the difference between the two arguments,
noting that Mr. Chaker also presented the content
discrimination theory--the very theory rejected by the
California Supreme Court. App. 24a n. 10; see supra at i
(preserving alternative theory for affirming).
Simply put, the purported conflict is not "true,
permanent, genuine, and current," Pet. 10; it is false,
avoidable, hypothetical, and remote. Since there is no
pressing need to take the case now, this Court should allow
this issue to percolate in the lower courts to see whether a
genuine conflict ever materializes.
IIl. THE COURT OF APPEALS’S RULING WAS A
STRAIGHTFORWARD AND CORRECT APPLIC-
ATION OF RECENT SUPREME COURT DECIS-
IONS TO A NEW SET OF FACTS
In concluding that California’s discriminatory speech
penalty was unconstitutional, the Court of Appeals
conducted a painstaking analysis of the controlling
precedents. The central precedent is R.A.V.v. City of St.
Paul, 505 U.S. 377 (1992), which held that even where
state has the power to proscribe speech (there, fighting
words), it may not "impose special prohibitions on those
speakers who express views on disfavored subjects," much
less on those who express disfavored subjects. Id. at 391.
This Court applied this principle more recently to another
statute in Virginia v. Black, 538 U.S. 343 (2003).
The State urges this Court to revisit the doctrinal arena
again just three years later. While noting that this Court has
resolved some"vexing, yet critical" issues in this field, Pet.
5, the State does not contend that this Court’s analysis left
open any "vexing" question that lies at the heart of this case.
Rather, the State’s challenge to the Court of Appeals’s
analysis revolves around more mundane disagreements about
howbest to apply the established principles to the peculiar--
and uncommon--regulation presented here. This Court
should deny certiorari both because these fact-bound
disputes are not worthyof its attention and becausethe Court
of Appealscorrectly resolved them.
A. The Court of Appeals’s Ruling Applied
Established PrecedentsFaithfully to Find
the Statute ViewpointDiscriminatory.
The Court of Appeals’s analysis unfolded in three basic
steps, the first two of which the State scarcely challenges.
First, the Court of Appeals observed that R.A.V.’s holding
about fighting wordsapplies with equal force to libel, which
is to say, to statutes, like section 148.6, that imposecriminal
penalties for allegedly false statements. Whilethe State half-
heartedly "suggest[s]" that perhaps R.A.K’s principles are
inapplicable to libel statutes, it does not suggest that this
Court, or any court, has ever hinted at such a carveout. See
Pet. 13. To the contrary, in reaching its conclusion about
fighting words, this Court took for granted that "the
government may proscribe libel; but it maynot makethe
further content discrimination of proscribing only libel
critical of the government." R.A.V., 505 U.S. at 384
(emphasisin original).
Second, the Court of Appeals concluded that this is
exactly what section 148.6 does. As a factual matter, the
Court of Appeals concluded that section 148.6 proscribes
only libel (knowinglyfalse accusations) critical of certain
government officials (peace officers) in connection with
investigations of police misconduct, while allowing other
participants in the sameinvestigation to lie with impunity.
App. 22a. The Court of Appeals illustrated how the
differential treatment plays out specifically on the facts of
At Chaker’s criminal trial, the witness whoobserved
Chaker’s arrest testified that she saw no signs of
excessive force during Chaker’s arrest. However,had
the witness madethis statement to the investigator
charged with investigating Chaker’s complaint, knowing
the statement to be false, the witness would not have
faced criminal sanction under section 148.6. Similarly,
had Officer Bradberry madea knowinglyfalse statement
to the investigator charged with investigating Chaker’s
complaint, Officer Bradberry would not have faced
criminal sanction under section 148.6. It is only Chaker,
who filed a complaint of peace officer misconduct
complaining that Officer Bradberry mistreated him in
the course of the arrest, whofaced criminal liability
under section 148.6.
App.24a. Althoughthe State unsuccessfully quarreled with
this factual premisebelow,at least as it relates to the accused
officer, see App.25a-26a, its Petition does not press that
Third, from this factual observation, the Court of
Appeals found "the Supreme Court’s analysis in R.A.V.
controlling." App. 24a. As the Court of Appeals explained,
"Like the ordinance at issue in R.A.V., section 148.6
regulates an unprotected category of speech, but singles out
certain speech within that category for special opprobrium
based on the speaker’s viewpoint." Id. Specifically, "[o]nly
knowinglyfalse speech critical of peace officer conduct is
subject to prosecution under section 148.6." Id. (emphasisin
original). In contrast, "[k]nowinglyfalse speechsupportive
of peace officer conduct is not similarly subject to
prosecution." Id. (emphasis in original). Accordingly, the
Court of Appealsheld, "the statute impermissiblyregulates
speechon the basis of a speaker’s viewpoint." Id. (footnote
TheState rejects this logic as "facile," asserting that "[a]
knowingly false statement ... is neither ’critical’ nor
supportive, but "simply false." Pet. 19. "Such false
, ¯ ,~,
statements, "the State argues, "do not express a ’viewpoint’
as that term is understood for purposes of the Free Speech
Clause." /d. To the contrary, whenthis Court observed that
"the government... maynot ... proscrib[e] only libel critical
of the government," R.A.V., 505 U.S. at 384, it confirmed
that lies are at least as prone to advancing viewpoints as
fighting words or obscenity. The relevant question is
whetherone perspective within a discrete forumtriggers the
penalty while the opposite perspective does not--whether
the governmentis trying to "license one side of a debate"
and burden the other. /d. at 392. The debate over whether a
peace officer is guilty of misconductis no exception to the
rule, and the fact that this debate unfolds in the course of an
investigation, and "not a debating society, a community
bulletin board, a public park or sidewalk" is of no
constitutional relevance. Pet. 19.
TheState also argues, in various ways, that the Court of
Appeals erred in focusing on the investigation rather than
narrowly on the complaint. In one formulation, the State
argues that section 148.6 creates a "special forum," whichit
describes as a "peace officer misconductreporting forum,
and is therefore justified in regulating only the accusations of
misconduct. Pet. 17-18 (citing Cornelius v. NAACP Legal
Defense & Educ. Fund, Inc., 473 U.S. 788 (1985), a "limited
public forum" case). Putting aside that there is no such
breed in this Court’s forum taxonomyas a "special forum,"
the flaw in the State’s analysis is that it is misdescribingthe
forum. If the point of the forum were to air gripes about
peace officers in the interest of catharsis, it might be
appropriate to call this a "peace officer misconductreporting
’forum.’" But since, as the State recognizes, the purpose is
"to receive such complaints" in order to nvestlgate [them
and] report and keep records concerning such
investigations," the only appropriate description of the
"forum"is a "peace officer misconductinvestigation forum,"
or, as the State itself puts it elsewherein its Petition, "a
’S pecmlforum’ ... to ensure police accountability." Pet. 8;
see also App. 22a. The complaint is simply the mechanism
by whichthe civilian gains access to the investigation. See
App. 17a ("our First Amendment analysis focuses solely on
the application of section 148.6 within the context of the
complaint investigation process"). Havingestablished that
forumfor both sides of the debate, the State is not free to
burden one side and let the other side "fight freestyle."
R.A.V., 505 U.S. at 392; App.24a.
In a related vein, the State disputes the "premisethat all
false reports or statements concerningallegations of peace
officer misconduct,whetherthe initial false allegation which
promptsan investigation or a false statement in the course of
such an investigation, are equally pernicious and deserving
of regulation." Pet. 11 (emphasisin original). As the State
sees it, the false accusation--or, as the State calls it, "the
false alarm"---is "more pernicious, and therefore more
deserving of regulation," than an abusive officer’s lie
denying the abuse or a trumped-upwitness’s lie exonerating
the abusiveofficer. Pet. 15.
The State could not possibly makethe assertion that the
accuser’s lies are worsethan police lies if it focusedon the
primary purpose served by California’s police-complaint
scheme--to ensure that police abuses are exposed and
punished. See App. 22a. Just as disabling a real fire alarm
to let a building burn inflicts moredamagethan setting off a
false alarm, so, too, false denials of misconductundermine
the purposes of an investigatory structure morethan false
accusations. The victim of a false alarm--the unfairly
accused officer--has a statutory right to wipe his record
clean and can suffer no lasting consequences. See supra at
13 n.2. In contrast, the victims of a corrupt officer will
multiply over time, will suffer far more, and will obtain
neither justice nor redress as long as the officer gets away
withhis lies.
Instead, the only way the State can support its
counterintuitive assertion is by focusing exclusively on one
dimension of the problem of false statements, the wasted
resources, to the exclusion of the overarching goal. Evenif
such a myopic focus were proper, the Court of Appeals
persuasively demonstrated that "a peace officer or witness
wholies during an investigation is equally to blame for
wasting public resources by interfering with the expeditious
resolution of an investigation." App. 22a. As the court
pointed out, "It]he state’s asserted interest in saving valuable
public resources and maintaining the integrity of the
complaint process is therefore called into question by its
choice to prohibit only the knowinglyfalse speech of those
citizens who complain of peace officer conduct." Id.
The State incorrectly describes this last point as an
impermissible "underinclusiveness" test. Pet. 11. As the
State puts it, "the Ninth Circuit adverted exclusively to an
underinclusiveness analysis based upon the notion there is a
suspect exemptionof certain speech from the reach of the
statute--speech ’supportive’ of a police officer." Id.
(emphasisin original). This wasthe very samecriticism this
Court rebutted in R.A.V. See 505 U.S. at 387. As the Court
explained, ¯"the First Amendment imposes ~
,undenncluslveness ,limitation but a ’content dlscrlmmatlo
limitation"--and obviously, a "viewpoint discrimination"
limitation--"upon a State’s prohibition of proscribable
speech." Id. The argument that the Court of Appeals
adopted, like the argument this Court adopted in R.A.V., is an
argument about viewpoint. That analytical truth is not
undermined by the fact that the Court of Appeals, at one
point in a lengthy opinion, imprecisely used the word
"under-inclusiveness" to describe the viewpoint discrim-
ination. App. 23a.
go The Court of Appeals Did Not Err In
Declining to Enumeratethe Three R.A.V.
Completely apart from the inherent logic of the Court of
Appeals’s analysis, the State argues that the court below
erred in failing to "mention" explicitly "the three categories
which render content regulation permissible under the First
Amendment."Pet. 11. The State is referring to this Court’s
observation in R.A.V. that there are circumstances in which
"content discrimination amongvarious instances of a class of
proscribable speech ... does not pose th[e] threat" that "’the
Government may effectively drive certain ideas or
viewpoints from the marketplace.’" R.A.V., 505 U.S. at 387
(emphasis added) (quoting Simon & Schuster, 502 U.S. 105,
116(1991)).
There are two responses to this criticism. First, the Court
of Appeals was not obliged to consider these three
circumstances, because it found not merely content
discrimination but outright viewpoint discrimination. See
Rosenberger v. Rector & Visitors of Univ. of Va., 515 U.S.
819, 829-30 (1995) ("viewpoint discrimination," unlike
content discrimination, "is presumed impermissible when
directed against speech otherwise within the forum’s
limitations"); Turner Broadcasting System v. FCC,512 U.S.
622, 641-43 (1994) (intermediate scrutiny for regulation
unavailable where the regulation discriminates on the basis
of viewpoint). This Court has not held that these exceptions
could salvage a viewpoint discriminatory statute. More
importantly, although the Court of Appeals did not
enumerateall three exceptions and address them one by one,
it did acknowledgethe exceptions, App.19a, and rejected as
meritless claims regarding the only two exceptions that could
arguably apply.
In particular, the Court of Appeals quoted verbatim the
exception that applies where "’the basis for the content
discrimination consists [entirely] of the very reason the
entire class of speechat issue is proscribable.’" Id. (quoting
R.A.V., 505 U.S. at 388). The Court could not have been
clearer that it believed that "the very reason the entire class
of speech at issue is proscribable"--because false speech
undermines the integrity of the investigation and wastes
resources--does not justify California’ s lopsided
punishment. App. 22a.
Similarly, the Court of Appeals rejected the third
exception, which applies where "the nature of the content
discriminationis such that there is no realistic possibility that
official suppression of ideas is afoot." R.A.V., 505 U.S. at
390. The Court of Appeals held that "’[s]uspicion that
viewpointdiscriminationis afoot is at its zenith’" in this case
because "section 148.6 is necessarily limited to criticism of
government officials--peace officers." App. 23a. As the
Court of Appeals observed, because "the sameentity against
which the complaint is made will be investigating the
accusations" of misconduct, criminalizing false allegations
against the police inevitably tends to "’chill’ the willingness
of citizens to file [even legitimate] complaints." App. 14a
(citation and internal quotations omitted). Limiting liability
for false statements to only those whomakethe accusation
exacerbates this chilling effect without advancingthe stated
aim of preserving the integrity of the citizen complaint
process. App. 22a-24a.
All that remains is the second exception, where "a
content-defined subclass of proscribable speech ... happens
to be associated with particular ’secondary effects.’" R.A.V.,
505 U.S. at 389. But that exception is obviously inapposite,
which is presumably why the State does not mention it and
the Court of Appeals did not address it. The accusations are
subject to punishment because the State wishes to eliminate
the category of speech--false complaints--not because of
some secondary effects they yield. See City of Renton v.
Playtime Theatres, Inc., 475 U.S. 41, 47-49 (1986) (defining
secondary effects); Boos v. Barry, 485 U.S. 312, 321 (1988)
In the end, the State urges this Court to grant review
because the Court of Appeals did not explicitly say it was
doing what it was quite plainly doing. If this Court does not
sit as a court of errors, it certainly does not sit to discipline
lower courts to show all their work en route to the right
Ce The State Has No Compelling Interest In
The State does not argue--at least not explicitly--that its
interests in adhering to the lopsided penalty structure could
satisfy strict scrutiny. But it does complain that the more
evenhanded structure--in which "the State ... simply
outlaw[s] all false statements to law enforcement officials in
the course of an official investigation" of police
misconduct--"raises significant policy concerns." Pet. 16-
17. The State mentions two concerns in particular, neither of
which overcomes the First Amendmentdefect.
First, the State asserts that evenhandedregulation of all
statements in the course of an investigation of police
misconduct would "potentially chill a broad range of
statements in a myriad of circumstances." Pet. 17. As we
haveseen, there is no question that the prospect of a criminal
penalty could chill potential complainantswith legitimate
complaints. See Friedmanv. United States, 374 F.2d 363,
369 (8th Cir. 1967); App. 14a. It is muchharder to see how
extending the penalty would "chill" the participation of
others. Surely, the officer who is the target of the
misconductcomplaint will not be chilled from participating
to defendhimself, except to the extent that the addedpenalty
might "chill" his inclination to lie. Thesameis true of the
fellow officer, or innocent bystander, whowould offer
exonerating testimony. Nodoubt, the criminal penalty will
make each think twice about lying to save the accused
officer’s hide, but it is unlikely to chill them from
participatingat all.
In a related vein, the State insists such an evenhanded
approach "could work great mischief in the hands of an
unscrupulous or biased police officer or prosecutor." Pet.
16-17. But it does not say how.Underthe version of section
148.6 the legislature passed, the "unscrupulous ... police
officer" accused of misconduct has every incentive to lie.
Placing the threat of prosecution on him merely
counterbalances the incentive structure. In referring to a
"biased police officer or prosecutor," the State is evidently
focusing on the law enforcement personnel conducting the
investigation. A biased investigator may confront two
scenarios: (1) he erroneouslybelieves the accusation is a lie
and is bent on prosecuting the accuser; or (2) he erroneously
believes the accusedofficer’s defense is a lie and is bent on
prosecuting the accused officer for propoundingthe defense
(and not just for the underlying conduct) and every witness
-26 -
whosupports his false story. Thereis little reason to believe
scenario 2 wouldmaterialize with muchfrequency, but even
if it arises, it cannotbe possiblymorelikely than scenario1.
If the State is content to live with the potential mischief
caused by scenario 1, then it cannot credibly claim to be
concernedabout the potential mischief of scenario 2.
IV. THIS HABEAS CORPUS CASE IS NOT A PRO-
PER VEHICLE FOR RESOLUTION OF THE
ISSUE PRESENTEDON THE MERITS
Evenif the questions presentedin this case were suitable
for this Court’s review, the Court should await another
opportunity to address these issues, for this habeas corpus
appeal is an unsuitable vehicle. For three reasons, the unique
procedural posture meansthat this case does not present the
merits questioncleanly and possiblynot at all.
First, Mr. Chakerwas denied an evidentiary hearing in
whichto explore, and challenge, the State’s justifications for
section 148.6’s differential penalty. See App.36a, 45a. The
record is, therefore, limited to little morethan snippets of
Second, on appeal, the State and its amici raised four
argumentsthat the Court of Appealshad to address because
they were (or were asserted to be) jurisdictional. See App.
8a-10a & n.4 (addressing one argumenton jurisdiction, one
on mootness, one on standing, and one couched as a
jurisdictional bar arising fromthe statute of limitations). For
example,the State’s leading argumenton appeal, and in its
en banc petition, was that Mr. Chaker’s habeas corpus
petition becamemoot once his probation had expired. See
App. 8a-9a. The Court of Appeals rejected this particular
jurisdictional argument on the strength of this Court’s
precedent that a habeas petition that is pending beyondthe
petitioner’s custody becomes moot only if there is no
possibility of collateral legal consequencesthat flow from
the conviction, see Sibron v. NewYork, 392 U.S. 40, 57
(1968), as embellished by Ninth Circuit law pronouncing
irrebutable presumption that there are always "collateral
consequences" from any conviction, including a
misdemeanor conviction. See Chacon v. Wood, 36 F.3d
1459, 1463 (9th Cir. 1994); Larche v. Simons, 53 F.3d 1068,
1070 n.1 (9th Cir. 1995). In its petition for rehearing
banc, the State asserted that the Ninth Circuit presumptionis
incorrect in light of intervening authority from this Court.
See Spencer v. Kemna,523 U.S. 1 (1998).
This position is incorrect, for reasons Mr. Chaker
explained below. But the point here is a simpler one: The
State does not suggest that this issue is independentlycert.-
worthy, and for good reason: (1) the Ninth Circuit standard
is consistent with the law of other circuits; (2) Mr. Chaker
can demonstrate a concrete collateral consequence
independent of any presumption; and (3) the circumstance
unlikely to arise again, except perhaps where, as here, the
state has waivedother habeas defenses designed to limit the
longevity of habeas relief, like the statute of limitations,
procedural default, and independent and adequate state
grounds. See App. 9a-12a (finding these defenses waived).
Nevertheless, if this Court accepts this case for review, it
will have to labor through the issue anyway--along with
each of the other three jurisdictional arguments--before
reaching the merits. In the best case scenario, this Court will
waste inordinate resources to get to the merits. But if the
State has its way, this Court will never even reach the merits
of the question the State presses for review.
Third, even if this Court does reach the merits, the State
will undoubtedly try to persuade it to apply a standard of
review that disposes of this habeas case without definitively
-28 -
resolving the constitutional question. As noted above, the
State had persuaded the Magistrate Judge that he was
required to deny habeas relief even though he believed the
statute was unconstitutional, and had persuaded the District
Court to apply only "clearly established federal law" and
some level of deference to the state court judgment. See
supra at 6-7.
As the Court of Appeals understood, de novo review was
appropriate, since there was not a state court ruling on the
merits to which to defer. App. 12a; see Wiggins v. Smith,
539 U.S. 510, 534 (2003). Moreover, the State has waived
any more deferential standard of review by not pressing it in
its Petition to this Court. But that will not necessarily stop
the State from urging the Court to adopt a deferential
standard in this case. If it tries to do so, this is yet another
issue this Court will have to plod through en route to the
merits. Andin the event the State succeeds, it will not have
managedto save the statute; it will simply have managedto
secure from this Court an unedifying ruling that there are
arguments in defense of the statute that are reasonable or
arguments against the statute that had not yet been "clearly
established" whenthe habeas petition was filed.
At best, then, the State is asking this Court to navigate a
procedural obstacle course to reach the question presented
for review. At worst, the State is presenting an issue that the
Court will find itself constrained not to reach. Either way,
this Court would be better served by awaiting a more
suitable vehicle---whether on direct appeal from a conviction
or on a facial challenge to the statute.
One such case is practically at the Court’s doorstep. The
district court’s ruling in Hamilton v. City of San Bernardino,
325 F. Supp. 2d 1087 (C.D. Cal. 2004), enjoining section
148.6 as facially unconstitutional, is currently pending on
appeal in the Ninth Circuit. If this Court is eager to decide
the issue presented, it wouldbe well advisedto wait the extra
few months for that case, which presents the issue cleanly
and on a full summaryjudgmentrecord.
ThePetition for Writ of Certiorari should be denied.
Alexander M.R. Lyon
Brian D. Kaider Times Square Tower
I-tELLER EHRMANLLP
1717 Rhode Island Avenue, NW New York, NY 10036
Washington, DC20036
(212) 832-8300
(202) 912-2000
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