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Medical Physics Education and Training in Europe - DOC
Policy 1 Updated – Fourth draft                                              Teresa Eudaldo, July 2006
The European Federation of Organisations for Medical Physics
Policy Statement No 12
The Present Status of Medical Physics Education and Training in
Europe. New perspectives and EFOMP Recommendations.
Teresa Eudaldo1.
Chairman of the EFOMP Education Training and Professional (ETP) Committee
Kjeld Olsen2.
Chairman of the EFOMP Standing Committee on Registration
Since its inauguration during the second conference of representatives from European
organisations for Medical Physics in London in May 1980, one of the main objectives
of the European Federation of Organisations for Medical Physics (EFOMP) has been to
harmonise and promote the best practice of Medical Physics in Europe.
To achieve this goal, EFOMP has produced a number of unanimously adopted
documents called “Policy Statements”, making recommendations on the appropriate
general responsibilities and roles of the Medical Physicist and proposing guidelines for
Education, Training and Accreditation Programmes in Medical Physics. The most
recent objectives of the EFOMP documents have been recommendations to implement
Continuing Professional Development for Medical Physicists, and Guidelines on
Professional Conduct. The total number of Policy Statements to date is 11.
The first of these documents, Policy Statement No. 1 [1] was published at a very early
stage, in 1984. It was entitled: “Medical Physics Education and Training: The present
European level and recommendations for its future development”, and it represents the
starting point of the EFOMP recommendations on Education and Training in Medical
To produce the document, it was necessary to be informed about the current state of
development of Education and Training in Medical Physics in each European country.
For this purpose, two fact-finding inquiries were conducted, as a result of which 19
national organisations for Medical Physics described the current level of education and
training in their individual countries.
The results of the inquiry, summarised in the document, provide a global view of the
situation on Education and Training in Medical Physics at that time in Europe.
Radiophysics and Radiation Protection Department. Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau. Barcelona.
Medical Physics Departement. Radiofysisk Afdeling. Herlev. Denmark
Policy 1 Updated – Fourth draft                                   Teresa Eudaldo, July 2006
The first EFOMP recommendations on the schemes of Education and Training in
Medical Physics and on the education programmes contents were based on these.
Today, more than twenty years later, the content of this Policy Statement No. 1 is
obviously obsolete. The organisation of the Medical Physics Education and Training in
many countries has changed, and more recent EFOMP Policy Statements have been
issued that have introduced new concepts and new recommendations that makes
thorough revision of this first document necessary.
For example, reference should be made to Policy statements No. 6 [2]: “Recommended
Guidelines of National Registration Schemes for Medical Physicists”, and Policy
Statements No. 8 [3] and No. 10 [4] on Continuing Professional development for
medical physicists. Also, in 1991 EFOMP, issued Policy Statement No. 4 [5] on the
numbers of qualified physicists needed in a Medical Physics Department, and in the
1993, Policy Statement No. 5 [6] described the advantages, organisation and
management of Departments of Medical Physics.
Furthermore, over the last two decades, the Council of the European Union has adopted
new Directives on Medical Exposures and EFOMP has issued a series of relevant Policy
Statements as a response to this new Legislation. In 1988 EFOMP issued Policy
Statement No. 3 [7]: “Radiation Protection of the Patient in Europe. Training of the
Medical Physicist as a Qualified Expert in Radiophysics” which was the EFOMP
response to the Directive 84/466/Euratom [8]. In 1999, the Policy Statement No. 9 [9]:
“Radiation Protection of the Patient in Europe: The Training of the Medical Physics
Expert in Radiation Physics or Radiation Technology”. This Policy Statement
constitutes the EFOMP response to the Medical Exposure Directive, Council Directive
97/43/Euratom of 30 June 1997 on health protection of individuals against the dangers
of ionising radiation in relation to medical exposure, and repealing Directive
84/466/Euratom [10].
Other important European issues that will directly affect not only education and training
but also the future of Medical Physics as a profession are:
The harmonisation of the architecture of the European Higher Education System, arising
from the “Bologna Declaration” [11], for 2010.
The recently issued European directive: “Directive 2005/36/EC of the European
Parliament and of the Council of 7 September 2005 on the recognition of professional
qualifications” [12]. This Directive establishes rules according to which “a Member
State which makes access to or pursuit of a regulated profession in its territory
contingent upon possession of specific professional qualifications shall recognise
professional qualifications obtained in one or more other Member States and which
allow the holder of the said qualifications to pursue the same profession there, for
access to and pursuit of that profession”.
EFOMP is now challenged to make recommendations for education and training in
Medical Physics, within the context of the current developments in the European Higher
Education Area arising from “The Bologna Declaration”, and with a view to facilitate
the free movement of professionals within Europe, according to the new Directive.
A complete revision of the document now therefore appears to be essential. The aim of
this document is to provide an updated view of the present level of education and
training in Medical Physics in Europe and make recommendations in view of these new
European challenges.
2   THE PRESENT STATUS OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN EUROPE
As was done for Policy statement No. 1, the first part of the work consists of collecting
the necessary information. To do this in an efficient way, the first task of the working
group has been to prepare a questionnaire and send it to the National Organisation for
Medical Physics of each country member of EFOMP (NMO).
The questionnaire was structured on a three different parts and the questions were asked
Part A: Medical Physics education
1. Education requirements to enter the medical Physics education:
 What degree is required? It is a university degree? How many years of studies
does it represent?
2. Degree on Medical Physics:
 Is there a nationally approved education programme? Is it official? Who has
approved it?
 Does it lead to any “official diploma/qualification”? Name of this
diploma/qualification in native language and in English.
 Is the training programme the same in all centres of education in the country?
 Where do the education and training take place? (University, Hospital, both)?
 How long is the programme? (Specify the total time spent in each place)
 What is the process for assessing the training?
 Are the centres accredited? Who gives the accreditation?
 Does the programme include the use of EMERALD material as a support?
Part B: Qualified / Specialist Medical Physicist.
 Is a “diploma” or “licence” required to be allowed to act as medical physicist?
 Who delivers it? Is it official? (i.e. provided by the government)
 Is it the only way to be eligible for the job? Describe the other possibilities if
 Does the “diploma” or “licence” allow a person to act as a Medical Physics
Expert (MED Directive) in the country?
 Is the “diploma” or “licence” equivalent to Qualified Medical Physicist (QMP)
or to Specialist Medical Physicist (SMP) (EFOMP definitions)?
 List the areas of competence in which this “diploma” or “licence” allows one to
Part C: Registration
 Is there a Register of Professionals in the country?
 Is it officially recognised by the authorities in some way? Who is in charge of it?
 Is the Register entrance voluntary or compulsory based?
Policy 1 Updated – Fourth draft                                  Teresa Eudaldo, July 2006
 How many registrants do you have? What fraction of practising medical
Physicists does it represent?
 What fraction of applicants has been refused, on what bases?. If the Register is
compulsory, what is the consequence of a refused registration?
 What proportion of your registrants has passed through a recognised training
scheme and what proportion was accepted because they were already working in
medical physics? What criteria were used to include the later group?
 Does the Register identify 2 levels of registrants QMP and SMP?
 Does the Register have a special procedure for including applicants from a
foreign country, registered on a foreign approved register?
2. Registration Council
 Give the names and functions of the registration council members
 Is there a renewal mechanism in the Register?
 Is it based on a CPD system, as described in EFOMP Policy Statement N.10?
 How does it comply with EFOMP Policy Statement N.10?
The questionnaire was sent to the Presidents of 34 National Organisations for Medical
Physics. The following 23 countries participated in the enquiry and responded to it:
Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Russia, Serbia-Montenegro, Spain, Sweden, Turkey and United Kingdom.
In all countries, the basic educational requirement to enter Medical Physics is a
university degree. The degree required is not uniform. Different NMOs refers to it as:
Diploma, Degree, First Degree, BSc, MSc, etc. and in the field of: Natural Sciences,
Physics, Chemistry, Engineering, or similar. The total duration of these studies ranges
from 2 to 5 years at a university.
Concerning post-graduate education in Medical Physics, in 15 of the 23 countries there
is a nationally approved education programme. The programme’s approval is granted
solely by the Ministry of Education or by the Committee of Universities in the
following countries: Croatia, Finland, Greece and Latvia, whereas in Austria, the Czech
Republic, Denmark, France, Italy, Spain, Sweden and the U.K., the Ministry of Health
is also involved in the approval. Germany and The Netherlands, have educational
programs approved only by their own National Organisation for Medical Physics,
although in the case of the Netherlands, the government has recently given their
approval (2005) and Germany is presently involved in the process of obtaining
In Austria, Denmark and the U.K. the Ministry of Health approves the educational
programme, but the specific programme is run by the National Society of Medical
Policy 1 Updated – Fourth draft                                    Teresa Eudaldo, July 2006
Physics (OeGMP, DSMP, IPEM). In Belgium, the programme is approved by the
Federal Agency for Nuclear Control.
Finally, it should be mentioned that in the following countries Education and Training
in Medical Physics is not yet regulated, or they do not yet have a nationally approved
programme: Cyprus, Hungary, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Serbia-Montenegro
Post-graduate education is essentially provided in three ways. First, the university
approach, leading to a Masters degree and/or Ph.D. degree in Medical Physics. This is
the case for Czech Republic, Finland, Poland, Serbia- Montenegro, and Turkey. The
problem in this approach is that the skills of clinical practice may not be well
guaranteed because of the little time spent in hospitals: in some cases, “1 or 2 weeks” or
“summer practice”.
The second approach is solely within the framework of professional practice. This is the
case for Denmark, The Netherlands and Spain. In all these countries, the time required
is at least of 3 years. With this approach, additional courses are needed to complete the
Finally, the third way, the most common, combines University and Hospital training. In
this approach, post-graduate education ranges from 1 year (Latvia) to 5 years in
The total length of the education and training to become a Medical Physicist ranges
from 4&#189; years for Sweden to 9 years for Italy. The time spent in the different countries
is detailed in Table I.
Concerning accreditation of the centres where the education takes place:
In 7 countries (Denmark, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Serbia-Montenegro, Spain and Turkey)
an official body (Ministry of Education, Ministry of Health, or other governmental
agency) accredits them.
For Austria, France, Finland, Germany, The Netherlands and U.K, the accreditation is
granted by their own National Organisation for Medical Physics.
Finally, there are some countries which have no type of accreditation of the educational
centres. This is the case of Belgium, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Finland, Hungary and
The process for assessing training differs depending on the approach in which the post-
graduate education is done. When it is based solely within the framework of
professional practice, evaluation is made mainly by the assessment of the supervisor,
based on periodical reports from the candidate. In the other approaches, the most
common way used is a final examination.
Completion of the educational programme leads to a diploma or some qualification in
18 of the 23 countries. It should be noticed that the name of this diploma or
qualification is different in each one of them:
 Austria: MSc in Medical Physics
 Belgium: Acknowledged expert in Medical Physics
 Croatia: 1.degree: Master of Medical Physics / 2.degree: Specialist in Medical
 Czech Republic: Professional qualification for pursuing the health profession of
 Denmark: Medical Physicist in Diagnostic Radiology; Medical Physicist in
Radiation Therapy; Medical Physicist in Nuclear Medicine.
 Finland: Phil.-Lic (or PhD) with the degree of Qualified Medical Physicist.
 France: Medical and Radiological Physics qualifying diploma (DQPRM)
 Germany: Registration certificate
 Greece: Post-graduate diploma in Medical Physics (M. of Sc. In Medical Physics)
 Hungary: MSc in Medical Physics
 Italy: Medical Physics Specialist
 Latvia: Professional Master degree in Medical Physics
 The Netherlands: Clinical Physicist
 Poland: MSc in Technical Physics with specialization in Medical Physics and
 Serbia-Montenegro: Specialist in Medical Physics
 Spain: Specialist in Hospital Radiation Physics
 Sweden: Hospital Physicist degree
 United Kingdom: Diploma of IPEM (DIPEM) / Corporate membership of IPEM
(MIPEM)
The “Emerald” material is used as a support in the educational programmes in
Denmark, France, Greece, Latvia, Norway (only for RT), Poland, Portugal (only in
some hospitals) and Turkey. However, this material is still unknown in some other
Table I summarises the results of part A of the questionnaire.
The main goal of this part of the questionnaire was to ascertain the essential
requirements needed to work as a Medical Physicist in the different countries, and
whether the competencies to work as such, are at the level of Qualified Medical
Physicist (QMP) or at the level of Specialist Medical Physicist (SMP), both defined by
EFOMP [4].
In 14 countries, it is mandatory to hold a diploma or license to work as a MP: Austria,
Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Finland, France, Greece, Italy, The Netherlands,
Poland, Portugal, Spain and Sweden. In some others, such as Belgium and Turkey, it is
only necessary that one person holds such a diploma or license in each hospital. In
Denmark, the license is only necessary to work as “the responsible” MP, not to work as
an ordinary MP. In Germany, it is only compulsory to hold the diploma or license in
Berlin. In the U.K. it is mandatory to be registered. In the remaining countries there is
no requirement to hold a diploma or license to work as a MP.
The diploma or license is provided by a governmental body (other than the University)
in 10 countries: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, France, Greece, The
Netherlands, Spain and Sweden). In Germany, this applies for Berlin only.
In most countries, this diploma is obtained after completion of the whole education and
training programme described in the previous section. Nevertheless, in some others
there are alternative possibilities to obtain it. Such is the case for Finland, France,
Germany and the U.K. where a period of 3-4 years of working experience leads to the
same diploma.
In answer to the question:” Does the diploma or license allow a person to act as a
Medical Physics Expert (MPE) as defined in the Directive 97/43/Euratom ?”, the results
of the survey show this is possible in Austria, Croatia, Finland, France, Greece, Italy,
The Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden and Turkey.
It should be noticed that the MPE is not defined yet in several countries. Such is the
case for the Czech Republic, Denmark, Hungary and Serbia-Montenegro.
In answer to whether the diploma or licence is equivalent to QMP or to SMP (EFOMP
definitions), the results showed: in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France and Greece, the
diploma /license allows to work at the level of QMP, whereas in Germany, Italy, The
Netherlands, Serbia-Montenegro, and Spain it is equivalent to SMP.
Finally, the areas of competence in which this diploma or licence allows physicists to
work differ considerably depending on the country. The most commonly mentioned are
Radiotherapy, Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine. In the majority of countries
this diploma/license allows medical physicists to work in all areas of competencies. In
some other countries however, such as Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands, the
education and training are specific only for one area, so medical physicists are allowed
to work only in one (or two) of the mentioned areas, depending on the initial choice.
The non-ionising radiation field is also considered within the competence of medical
physicists in Croatia, Italy, Sweden and UK.
Radiation Protection is a matter of competence only in Croatia, Greece, Italy, Latvia,
and Spain and in some institutions only in Sweden.
In Finland, medical physicists also have competencies in Clinical Physiology and in
Clinical Neurophysiology, and in the Netherlands in the area of Audiology.
Table II summarises the results of part B of the questionnaire.
At present, 15 countries have a Register of Professionals working as medical physicists:
Austria, Belgium, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany,
Greece, Latvia, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden and the U.K.
The Register is “official”, in the sense that it is recognised and managed by a
governmental body (Ministry of Health, National Board of Health, etc) in 8 countries:
Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Finland, Poland, Spain, Sweden and the U.K.
For the remainder, it is the National Organisation for Medical Physics who manages the
Register by means of their own Registration Board.
Austria, Belgium, Spain and Sweden have two different kinds of Registers: in addition
to the “official” register managed by the authorities, the National Society for Medical
Physics also has its own register, voluntary-based, whose aim is to better accomplish the
EFOMP requirements.
The Register is compulsory in Belgium (the official one), the Czech Republic, Finland,
the Netherlands and Sweden. In Austria, Denmark and Spain (the official register),
registration is “automatic” in the sense that medical physicists are automatically
registered when they obtain their diploma. For the remaining countries, the Register is a
voluntary one.
The Register identifies two levels (QMP and SMP) only in Denmark, France and Spain
(only for the register managed by the SEFM).
In general, there is no special procedure to include applicants from a foreign country in
the National Registers. The most common way consists of an individual assessment of
Note that in several countries (Denmark, Germany, and The Netherlands) registration
takes place at the beginning of the training, NOT after completion of the training
programme, as recommended by EFOMP.
A Continuing Professional Development (CPD) system operates in 12 countries:
Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, The
Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and the U.K.
CPD is used as a renewal mechanism for the Register in all of them, either partially or
The CPD system fully complies with EFOMP recommendations stated in Policy
statement No. 10 [4] only in 9 countries (Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Denmark, France,
Germany, Greece, Spain and the U.K). It is presently in the process of adaptation in the
Czech Republic and Sweden.
CPD is based on a 5-or 6- years-cycle time in most countries.
Table III summarises the results of part C of the questionnaire.
3   CONCLUSIONS
The most relevant conclusions can be summarised as follows:
 Basic education:
  In all countries, the basic requirement to enter Medical Physics is a university
degree. Master’s degree 57%, BSc 30% and the remainder refer to a diploma, a
  The length of the basic university education ranges from 2 to 5 years.
 Post-graduate education in Medical Physics:
   Unfortunately, Medical Physics education is not yet regulated in some countries.
   A nationally approved educational programme is in operation in 65% of the
countries. Approval is given by the university only in 17 % of them, whereas in
35 % the ministry of health is also involved in the approval. National Societies
for Medical Physics having played an important role in setting-up the
educational programmes in most countries.
   There are basically 3 different approaches to postgraduate education:
a) University studies only, leading to a Master’s Degree or PhD in Medical
Physics (23% of the overall countries)
b) Hospital only: on-the-job training (18% of the overall countries)
c) Combining University + Hospital (59%). In this approach the time spent in
the hospital ranges from 0.5 years to 3 years.
   The total length of Medical Physics education and training (basic university +
post-graduate training) ranges from 4 &#189; years to 9 years.
   Completion of the educational programme leads to a diploma/license named
very differently in each country.
 Diploma or license to work as a Medical Physicist
  In 61% of the countries, it is mandatory to hold a diploma or license to work as a
Medical Physicist. In 3 countries this is only mandatory for 1 physicist per
centre, or only to act as responsible MP.
  This diploma or licence is “official” in the sense that it is delivered by a
governmental body in 61% of the countries.
  Holding this diploma/license is the only way to be eligible for the job in 39% of
the countries. Other possibilities such as: “hold a Master’s degree” or “3 years’
work experience”, are also possible for the remaining countries.
  It allows one to work as a Medical Physics Expert (MPE) in 52% of the
  It is equivalent to Qualified Medical Physicist (QMP), EFOMP definition, in
26% of the countries
  It is equivalent to Specialist Medical Physisict (SMP), EFOMP definition, in
22% of the countries.
  It allows one to work in all areas of competence in 65% of the countries,
whereas in 3 countries (13%) it depends on the areas selected by the Medical
Physicist in their education and training programme (only one or two areas per
training programme are possible)
    Register of professionals
  65% of the countries have a register for Medical Physicists. In 60% of them, an
official body manages the register, whereas in 40% the Board of their own
National Society for Medical Physics exclusively does so.
  The register is compulsory in 40% of the cases and voluntary based in 47%. For
the remainder it can be considered “automatic”.
  A renewal mechanism is in operation in 73% of the registers.
 Continuous Professional Development (CPD)
  A formal CPD programme is in operation in 52% of the countries, fully or
partially complying with the EFOMP recommendations.
  CPD is used as a renewal mechanism in the Register in all of them.
  The CPD cycle time, credit-point based ranges from 5 to 6 years.
4   EFOMP RECOMMENDATIONS                    WITH     A    VIEW     TO     THE      NEW
4.1. The Higher Education area by 2010: The Bologna Declaration.
In May 1998, the Ministers in charge of higher education in France, Italy, the United
Kingdom and Germany signed the so-called Sorbonne Declaration on the
“harmonisation of the architecture of the European Higher Education System” [11] at
the Sorbonne University in Paris.
On 19 June 1999, 29 European Ministers in charge of higher education signed the
Bologna Declaration on establishing the European Area of higher education by 2010
and promoting the European System of higher education world-wide. In the Bologna
Declaration [11], the Ministers affirmed their intention to engage in co-ordinating their
policies to reach the following short-term objectives:
1. Adoption of a system of easily readable and comparable degrees (implementation
of the Diploma Supplement)
2. Adoption of a system essentially based on two main cycles, undergraduate and
3. Establishment of a system of credits, such as in the ECTS system.
5. Promotion of European co-operation in quality assurance
6. Promotion of the necessary European dimensions in higher education
Subsequent documents issued from the Ministerial Conferences in Prague (19 June
2001) signed by 32 European countries, and in Berlin (19 September 2003) signed by
40 European countries, confirm the commitment to co-ordinating their policies through
the Bologna Process to establish the European Higher Education Area [11].
The most recent conference of European Ministers was held in Bergen (19-20 May
2005) and five further countries were welcomed as new participants. There are therefore
45 European countries presently involved in the “Bologna Process”. The next
Ministerial Conference will be held in London in 2007.
According to the EFOMP recommendations given in the EFOMP Policy Statement N.1,
education of medical physicists can be divided into three stages.
The first is to bring the physicist up to a basic standard during an initial period of
training at the university in physics, mathematics and other relevant topics in natural
science. The second is to introduce medical physics in the post-graduate education and
the third is in-service training in hospitals. Once completed, the physicist can be
recognised as a medical physicist.
The “Bologna Process” offers a great opportunity to harmonise the first two stages of
education in the participating countries:
Policy 1 Updated – Fourth draft                                                   Teresa Eudaldo, July 2006
 The first step should correspond to the initial university cycle; the degree in physics
or other scientific areas will be more transparent and equivalent throughout Europe
as of 2010. (Lasting 3 years minimum or 4 years, so 180 – 240 ECTS)
 The second step should correspond to a second university cycle leading to a
master’s degree. (1 or 2 years and up to 300 ECTS).
 The third step is in-service training in hospitals. This in-service training period
should consist of at least two years, under the supervision of an experienced
Only after completion of these three periods, can the Medical Physicist be considered
competent to act independently, and reaching the minimum qualifications required for
enrolment in an EFOMP-approved National Register [2] for Medical Physicists as a
Qualified Medical Physicist [4].
4.2. Recognition of professional qualification: Directive 2005/36/EC
The recently issued EU document: “Directive 2005/36/EC of the European Parliament
and of the Council of 7 September 2005 on the recognition of professional
qualifications” [12] and published on the Official Journal of the European Union on 30-
09-2005, defines (Title I, Article 3):
(a) ‘regulated profession’: a professional activity or group of professional activities, access to which, the
pursuit of which, or one of the modes of pursuit of which is subject, directly or indirectly, by virtue of
legislative, regulatory or administrative provisions to the possession of specific professional
qualifications; in particular, the use of a professional title limited by legislative, regulatory or
administrative provisions to holders of a given professional qualification shall constitute a mode of
Later, Article 21, defines the principle of automatic recognition on the basis of co-
ordination of minimum training conditions. A set of health care professions listed in the
Appendix 5, has an automatic recognition through the EU member states, solely based
on the co-ordination of minimum training conditions.
In the context of this new Directive, EFOMP aims to achieve recognition of Medical
Physics as a regulated health care profession on the basis of co-ordination of minimum
training conditions. This will guarantee the best uniformity of knowledge and skills and
will facilitate the free movement of professionals within Europe.
The responsibilities of Medical Physicists working in a hospital environment in the
areas of diagnosis and treatment of patients do not differ much from those of other
health-care professionals. Therefore, EFOMP strongly supports Medical Physics being
considered as a health-care profession.
4.3. EFOMP recommendations in view to these new European challenges.
1. EFOMP strongly encourage NMOs to strive to make a                       university master degree in
Medical Physics available at their universities. This                   master should include the
theoretical curriculum contents recommended by                          EFOMP in their Policy
Statements. [1],[7],[9] and in other documents that                     EFOMP has produced in
collaboration with other relevant societies [13], [14]
2. From the EFOMP’s point of view, holding a university Master’s Degree in Medical
Physics, is not a sufficient qualification to work as a Medical Physicist in a hospital
environment. To manage patients without supervision, EFOMP recommends a
second part in the post-graduate training: at least 2 years’ training experience on the
job. Only after completion of the 3 step training can a physicist be considered a
Medical Physicist and able to work independently as a Qualified Medical Physicist.
(QMP) [4]. The on-the-job training is essential to achieve the competencies to work
as QMP
3. EFOMP recognises and values the important role that NMO’s have played until now
in setting up and managing the education and training programmes for Medical
Physicists in most countries. In the future, EFOMP recommends that the NMO’s
efforts be aimed at involving Health Authorities in the education and training
programmes in order to obtain official recognition as a health profession. EFOMP
considers it an essential requirement that the Ministry of Health or National Health
Authorities be involved in the recognition/accreditation of the post-graduate training
(mainly the second part: “on-the job training”).
4. EFOMP strongly encourages NMO’s to set up a formal CPD programme for
Medical Physicists, credit point based, according to EFOMP recommendations.
Only after completion of at least 1 cycle, can Medical Physicists enrolled in the
CPD programme be considered SMP [4]. The skills needed to achieve the
qualification of SMP should not only be based on the total score but also on a
minimum period of effective work as Medical Physicist, gaining experience, for at
least 1 CPD cycle.
5. The official registers of professionals managed by the authorities are usually very
static and renewal mechanisms are usually not planned. EFOMP therefore
recommends that NMO’s start their own register of professionals, managed by their
own registration board, and including some CPD-based renewal mechanism.
5   REFERENCES
[1] EFOMP Policy Statement No. 1: “Medical Physics Education and Training: The
present European level and recommendations for its future development” (1984)
[2] EFOMP Policy Statement No. 6: “Recommended guidelines of National
Registration Schemes for Medical Physicists”. Physica Medica XI, 4 (1995) 157-
[3] EFOMP Policy Statement No. 8: “Continuing Professional Development for the
Medical Physicist” Physica Medica XIV (1998) 81-83
[4] EFOMP Policy Statement No. 10: “Recommended Guidelines on National
Schemes for Continuing Professional Development of Medical Physicists. Physica
Medica XVII (2001) 97-101.
[5] EFOMP Policy Statement No. 4: “Criteria for the Number of Physicists in a
Medical Physics Department” (1991)
[6] EFOMP Policy Statement No. 5: “Departments of Medical Physics - Advantages,
Organisation and Management” (1993)
[7] EFOMP Policy Statement No. 3: “Radiation Protection of the Patient in Europe:
The Training of the Medical Physicist as a Qualified Expert in Radiophysics”
[8] Directive 84/466/Euratom of 3 September 1984 on the basic measures for the
radiation protection of persons undergoing medical examination or treatment.
Official Journal of the European Communities No L 265, 5. 10. 1984; p.1
[9] EFOMP Policy Statement No. 9: “Radiation Protection of the Patient in Europe:
The Training of the Medical Physics Expert in Radiation Physics or Radiation
Technology”. Physica Medica XV (1999) 149-153.
[10] Directive 97/43/Euratom of 30 June 1997 on health protection of individuals
against the dangers of ionising radiation in relation to medical exposure. Official
Journal of the European Communities No. L 190, 9.7.1997; p.22.
[11] http://www.bologna-bergen2005.no
[12] Directive 2005/36/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7
September 2005 on the recognition of professional qualifications. Official Journal
of the European Communities No. L 255, 30.9.2005; p 22-142
[13] Eudaldo,T; Huizenga H; Lamm IL et al. “Guidelines for education and training of
medical physicists in Radiotherapy. Recommendations from an ESTRO/EFOMP
working group. Radiotherapy and Oncology 70 (2004) 125–135
[14] European Commission. Radiation Protection 116. “Guidelines on education and
training in radiation protection for medical exposures”. Directorate General
Environment, Nuclear Safety and Civil Protection. Luxembourg, 2000
All EFOMP Policy Statements can be downloaded from the EFOMP web site:
http://www.efomp.org/policyst.html
Policy 1 Updated – Fourth draft                                             Teresa Eudaldo, July 2006
APPENDIX I: Results
Table I: Summary of the part A: Medical Physics education and training
Basic education                                                        Degree on Medical Physics
COUNTRY         University degree           No. National Approved by:           Where the        Total    Time       Time       Centres By:           Assessment     of      Total
years approv.                        Education        years    Univ.      Hosp.      accred.?              training               years
Progr.?                        take place?                                                                                   MP
Austria         MSc or PhD in Physics,       5   YES     BMGF                   University +    3 (min)   360 h. 3years YES               OeGMP       OeGM: MSc Diploma +      8
Technical. Physics or                    OeGMP                  Hospital                  +      (min)                                evidence of experience (min)
electrotechnics                                                                           Master                                      BMGF: MSc diploma or
Thesis                                      OeGM certification
Belgium         License in Physical 4 -5        YES       FANC                  University +       2      1      1      NO                            Examination + Thesis    6-7
Science,      Chemistry,                                        Hospital
Engineer or equiv.
Croatia         Past: Diplom.Engineer     5     YES       University of Zageb   University +       2      simultaneously        Not yet               N/A                         7
Prof. of Physics.                                               Hospital
Now: Master of Phys.
Cyprus          Master      degree    in 4 -5   NO                              Abroad                                                                                           N/A
Czech           BSc. Mathematics and      3     YES       Ministry Education    University        2-3     2-3        No         N/A                   N/A                         5-6
Republic        Physics                                   Ministry of Health    only                                 data
Denmark         MSc      in     Physics,    5   YES       Ministry of Health.   Hospital only   3 (min)   -------    3years YES           National Supervisor assessment           8
Engineer or equiv.                        Run by: DSMF                                               (min)                Board of                               (min)
Finland         BSc or MSc in Physics,      5   YES       Ministry Education    University   2-3 OR 4     2-3 for 4 on- NO                         Final examination              7-8
Engineer or equiv.                                              OR Hospital               PhD     the-job
France          MSc in Physics or           4   YES       Min. of Education . University +       2        1       1       YES             Education   Oral + written exam.        6
related areas (M1)                        Ministry of Health Hospital                                                     Board of    Continual evaluation by
(DQPRM diploma)                                                                 SFPM        the training team
Germany         Diploma / Master           3 -5 YES       DGMP only             University +    5-3       360 h? 5-3            YES       DGMP        Oral examination            8
Physics or Engineering                                          Hospital                                                  only
Greece          First degree in Physics     4   YES       Ministry Education University +       2&#189;        1          1&#189;         YES       Ministry    Examinations               6&#189;
Hospital                                                  of Health
Hungary         BSc Physical Science or 3 -     Not yet   Ministry Education University +        4        2          2          NO                    N/A                        7&#189;
equivalent              3&#189;                (only: Master 2 year) Hospital                  (approv)   (sugges)                                                   (sugg)
Italy           “Laurea Specialistica : 5       YES       University Minister University +       4        40 %       60 %       YES       Regional Examination +          final    9
Fisica”                                   + Ministry of Health Hospital                                                   Governm. diploma thesis
Latvia          Professional BSc in MP 4 &#189;      YES       Accredit. Committ. University +        1        &#189;          &#189;          YES       Accreditt. Examination                  5&#189;
Policy 1 Updated – Fourth draft                                                         Teresa Eudaldo, July 2006
Professional BSc or 5th                           of the Minister of Hospital                                                              Com.Min.     Master thesis
level professional qualif.                        Science and Educat.                                                                      Scien. Ed
Netherlands       MSc in Physics                  5     YES         Executive Committ. Hospital only                3        -------   3         YES         Executive    Final examination and            8
Board Registration                                                                       Committ.     compulsory      reports
of the Dutch Society                                                                     Registrat    every half year
(From 2005 Government                                                                    Dutch Soc
Norway            Master                          5     NO                                    Hospital only        3-5                           NO                       NO                              N/A
(working under
Poland            MSc in Physics                  5     No data     University               University             5        5         Some      No data                  Final report                     5
only                                      weeks
Portugal (*)       Degree on physics or 4 -5 NO                                              Hospital only            2       -----    2                     Ministry                                      6-7
Physics engineering                                                                                                                       of Health
Russia             N/A                                    NOT yet
Serbia-            High degree                      4     NOT yet Only University              University             1       1        1-2      YES          University Examination                         5
Montenegro         (Natural Science, Electr.                                                                                           weeks
Eng, Nuclear Physics.)
Spain              “Licenciatura”            in 4 -5 YES             Ministry of Health Hospital only                 3       ------   3        YES          Ministry Annual evaluation of the 7-8
Physics, engineering or                           and Ministry of                                                                         of Health trainee, certified by the
equivalent                                        Education                                                                                            Hospital Educat. Comm.
Sweden             2     years    University 2            YES        National Body of University +                   2&#189;       2        &#189;        NO                        No data                          4&#189;
Maths + Physics                                   Health and Welfare Hospital
Turkey             Basic Degree Physical            4     NO         Only University           University        2 (Master) 2 - 4      -----    YES          University Examinations                       6-8
Science or Engineering                                                                         4 (PhD)
U.K.               BSc (Honours level) in 3 - 4 YES                  Departm. of Health. University + 2: DIPEM 1                       1        YES          IPEM         Oral examination of 5 - 7
Physics, engineering or                           Run by IPEM               Hospital          4:MIPEM               2                                  portfolios demonstrating
allied Science                                                                                                                                         level of competences
(*) For Portugal, the data showed in this table are only available until 2003. In 2005, a new education and training program has been proposed, consisting in 1-year University education at the level of Master of
Medical Physics and one more year in-the-job training working under supervision to obtain the professional qualification.
List of abbreviations used in this Table:
BSc: Bachelor’s degree                                                                                    DSMF: Danish Society for Medical Physics
MSc: Master’s degree                                                                                      SFPM: French Society for Medical Physics
PhD: Philosophical Doctor (Thesis)                                                                        DQPRM: Official French Diploma allowing to work as Medical Physicist
MP: Medical Physicist                                                                                     IPEM: Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine (United Kingdom)
OeGMP: Austrian Society for Medical Physics                                                               DIPEM: Diploma of IPEM (after 2 years training)
BMGF: Ministry for Health and Women (Austria)                                                             MIPEM: Corporate Membership of IPEM (after 4 years training)
FANC: Federal Agency for Nuclear Control (Belgium)                                                        DGMP: German Society of Medical Physics
Policy 1 Updated – Fourth draft                                            Teresa Eudaldo, July 2006
Table II: Summary of the part B: Qualified/Specialist Medical Physisict
COUNTRY         Diploma/Licence Is it official?     Who delivers it?          Only way Other                Allow to act Equivalent to QMP Areas of competence
to act as MP?   (Government)                                  for job? possibilities?       as MPE?      or to SMP ?
Austria         YES: Licence    YES                 BMGF                      YES                           YES          QMP               Radiotherapy; Nuclear M; Radiology
(SMP not defined)
Belgium         Only 1 per Hosp. YES                FANC                      YES                           N/A          QMP               Radiotherapy; Nuclear M; Radiology
Croatia         YES              NO.                University                Will be                       YES           QMP             Radiotherapy; Nuclear M; Radiology;
Only University                                                                                          Rad. Protection; Non-Ionizing rad.
Cyprus          YES              YES                Ministry of Labour        NO           All    qualified Depending of Depending of the All areas of Medical Physics
Med Phys can the years of years of experience
be employed      experience
Czech           YES               NO.               University                NO           Any MSc + MPE not yet N/A                      Radiotherapy; Nuclear M; Radiology
Republic                          Only University                                          courses          defined
Denmark         Only for the:     YES, only for National Body of Health NO                 To work as an NO. MPE not QMP                     Only in 1 or 2 areas of specialization:
Responsible MP    Responsible MP                                           ordinary MP   yet defined                         Radiotherapy; Nuclear M; Radiology
Finland         YES               YES            University + National YES                               YES         N/A                     Radiotherapy; Nuclear M; Radiology
Authority Medicolegal                                                                       Clinical Physiol; Clinical Neurophysi.
France          YES               YES            INSTIN (University)    NO                 VAE: New low YES               DQPRM = QMP        Radiotherapy; Nuclear M; Radiology
(DQPRM)                          DQPRM defined by low                      validation     of              SMP= after 5 years
acquired exper                 experience
Germany         Only in Berlin    YES               The Senat                 NO           Personal initiat. N/A          SMP                Depend on the areas selected by the
(Berlin only)     (Berlin only)                          or advertising                                    MP during his Education &amp; Training
Greece          YES               YES               Ministry of Health        YES                            YES          QMP                Radiotherapy; Nuclear M; Radiology;
Hungary         NO                                                                         University       No regulation N/A                N/A
Diploma in Phy
Italy           YES               NO.               University                YES                           YES           SMP                Radiotherapy; Nuclear M; Radiology;
Only University                                                                                            Rad. Protection; Non-Ionizing rad.
Latvia          NO                                                                         Master degree                                     Radiotherapy; Nuclear M; Radiology;
on Phys. or MP                                    Radiation Protection
Netherlands     YES               YES (2005)        Executive Committee YES                N/A            YES             SMP                Only 1 area per training programme:
for Board registration of No                                                             General Clinical Physics; Radioth;
the Dutch Society         In Practic                                                     Nuclear M; Audiology; Radiology.
Norway          NO                                                                         Get a position N/A             N/A                N/A
and practice for
Poland          YES               YES               Head of the Centre of NO               Master degree YES              N/A                Mainly Radiotherapy.
Medical Examination                    on Physics       (from 2005)                      From 2005: QA in NM and Radiology
Policy 1 Updated – Fourth draft                                                        Teresa Eudaldo, July 2006
Portugal (*)       YES                   YES                   Ministry of Health        YES                         YES            N/A                 Radiotherapy; Nuclear M; Radiology
Russia             N/A
Serbia-            Not yet               N/A                   Ministry of Health        NO          Appropriate     Not yet        SMP                 Radiotherapy (primarily)
Montenegro         (in progress)                               (will be)                             Univ. Diploma
Spain              YES                   YES                   Ministry of Education     YES         Work under      YES            SMP                 Radiotherapy; Nuclear M; Radiology;
supervision                                        Radiation Protection
Sweden             YES                   YES                   National Body of Health YES                           YES            Below QMP           Radiotherapy; Nuclear M; Radiology;
and Welfare                                                                              Non-Ionizing Radiation
Turkey             At least 1 per NO                           Council    of    Higher NO            N/A             YES            N/A                 Radiation Oncology
Centre                                      Education
U.K.               Be registered  YES                          IPEM                    NO            3 years of work NO             NO (?)              All areas
(in any way)
(*) For Portugal, the data showed in this table are only available until 2003.
MP: Medical Physicist                                                                                BMGF: Ministry for Health and Women (Austria)
MPE: Medical Physics Expert (Directive 97/43 Euratom)                                                FANC: Federal Agency for Nuclear Control (Belgium)
QMP: Qualified Medical Physicist (EFOMP definition)                                                  INSTIN: National Institute for Nuclear Science and Technology (France)
SMP: Specialist Medical Physicist (EFOMP definition)                                                 DQPRM: Official French Diploma allowing to work as Medical Physicist
MSc: Master’s degree                                                                                 IPEM: Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine (United Kingdom)
Table III: Summary of the part C: Registration and CPD
General Information                                                 Continuing Professional Development
COUNTRY         Register?     Officially  Who is in charge Volunt./        Haw many Fraction of Proportion:           Two levels : Renewal     Based on    Comply with   CPD
recognised? of it?           Compuls.        registrants? practising Recognized         QMP/SMP? mechanism?      a CPD       PS N. 10?     Cycle
MP?        scheme / not                                system?                   time
Austria         YES           YES       OeGMP                  Automat.         50         100%       20 / 30         NO        YES (both)     Partially   OeGMP: YES    6 year
(2 differ.)             BMGF                                                                                                               BMGF: NO
Belgium         YES           FANC: Yes FANC                   Compuls.     No data       No data         No data               YES (both)     YES         Within the    6 year
(2 differ.)   BHPA: No BHPA                    Voluntary                                                                       (both)      guidelines
Croatia         YES           NO        N/A                    N/A             8           50%            No data     Not yet   N/A            YES         YES           N/A
Cyprus          NO
Czech           YES           YES        Ministry of Health    Compuls.     No data       No data         No data     NO        YES            YES         Not yet       N/A
Republic                                                       (in 2006)
Denmark         YES           NO         Educat. Committee     Automat.    57 MP + 36 100% in RT          27 / 30     YES       YES, but not   YES         YES
of DSMF                            in training and NM                                  mandatory
Finland         YES           YES        National Authority    Compuls.          80      100%              100%       NO        NOT yet        N/A         N/A           N/A
Medicolegal Affai.
France          YES           NO         Registrat. Committ    Voluntary      147        More than         100%       YES       YES            YES         Fully         5 year
of SFPM                                           50%
Germany         YES           NO         DGMP                  Voluntary      550        Hospital        80% / 20 %   NO        YES            YES         Fully
Greece          YES           NO         HAMP                  Voluntary      203         70 %           60% / 40%    NO        YES            YES         Fully
Hungary         NO
Italy           NO
Latvia          YES           NO         Latvian Med Engin Voluntary      30               50%             100%       NO        NO             NO
and Phys Society            (only 7 MP)
Netherlands     YES           YES        Executive Committ Compuls.      245             Majority        Nearly all   NO        YES            YES         N/A
for Board Regist of
Norway          NO
Poland          YES           YES        CMKP and CEM + Voluntary          20 + 48 (in    20-30%          No data     NO        N/A            N/A
Ministry of Health                 process)
Portugal        NO                                                                                                                             NO
Policy 1 Updated – Fourth draft                                           Teresa Eudaldo, July 2006
Russia          N/A
Serbia-         NO            Not yet   BIMEF + Minis. of     Compuls.     N/A          N/A             N/A       N/A        NO            NO
Montenegro                              Health and Labour     (will be)
Spain           YES           1: YES    1: Minis. of Health   Automatic   1: 480      1: 100%         40% / 60%   1: NO      1: NO         1: NO       2: Fully        5 year
(2 differ.)   2: NO     2: SEFM               Voluntary   2: 160       2: 33%                     2: YES     2: YES        2: YES
Sweden          YES           YES       National Body of      Compuls.     300         100%           10% / 90%   NO         YES(the CPD YES           In process
(2 differ.)             Health and welfare                                                                   register)
?                                                                                                         NOT
MP register)
Turkey          NO            NO        N/A                N/A                                                                             NO
U.K.            YES           YES       Health Professions Compul.         1260        100 %             4:1      NO         YES           Will be     YES
CPD: Continuous Professional Development                                                SFPM: French Society for Medical Physics
MP: Medical Physicist                                                                   BHPA: Belgian Hospital Physicists Association
QMP: Qualified Medical Physicist (EFOMP definition)                                     DGMP: German Society of Medical Physics
SMP: Specialist Medical Physicist (EFOMP definition)                                    HAMP: Hellenic Association of Medical Physicists
PS: Policy Statement (EFOMP’s document)                                                 CMKP: Medical Centre for Postgraduate Education (Poland)
FANC: Federal Agency for Nuclear Control (Belgium)                                      CEM: Centre of Medical Examination (Poland)
OeGMP: Austrian Society for Medical Physics                                             BIMEF: Society of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics (Serbia-Montenegro)
BMGF: Ministry for Health and Women (Austria)                                           SEFM: Spanish Society of Medical Physics
DSMF: Danish Society for Medical Physics
Policy 1 Updated – Fourth draft                                                Teresa Eudaldo, July 2006
APPENDIX II: NMO’s Education and Training Schemes
AUSTRIA (OeGMP)
University                        Physical Science, Engineering or equivalent
Hospital                          Theor. Part: 360 hours + Master Thesis at
(On-the-job training)             Postgraduate course
Pract. Part: min 3 years at a hospital
Registration as Qualified Medical Physicist [eq. Medical Physics Expert]
Special Courses, Workshops,         Continuing Professional Development:
Congresses etc.,                     6 year cycle time
Self directed learning               Credit point system
No “Specialist Medical Physicist” defined in Austria
University                        Physical science, Chemistry, Engineering or
Theor + pract. part: 600 hrs
Hospital                          Practical clinical training:
1 yr prof. work (radiotherapy)
.5 yr prof. work (radiology)
.5 yr prof work (nucl. Medicine)
Registration as Qualified Medical Physicist by the Federal Agency for Nuclear
Control (FANC) (expert agr&#233;e en radiophysique m&#233;dicale – erkend deskundige in
de medische stralingsfysica) in one or more fields (radiotherapy-radiology-nucl.
Activity reports + continuing professional
development (6 yr cycle time)
Hospital                          Theor. Part: 40 weeks = 800 hours, licenciate
(On-the-job training)             work, hospital physicist examination
Registration as Qualified Medical Physicist
Special Courses, Workshops,        Continuing Professional Development:
Congresses etc.,                   5 year cycle time
Self directed learning             Credit point system
Prerequisite: L1L2L3 + M1 (4 years university) in physics or related areas
180 ECTS + 60 ECTS
M2 in medical physics (5th year university)
60 ECTS composed of a theoretical part and a research part
Diploma of Qualification in Radiological and Medical Physics
(DQPRM)
7 weeks theoretical part and 32 weeks in accredited centers
MP Specialist
(as defined in the official text of 19/11/2004)
Doctorate in Medical Physics or related fields (Ph. D)
Registration on the SFPM Register (voluntary based)
-as a Qualifed MP                                 -as an Expert in Medical Physics
if less than :
3 years when holding a PhD
Policy 1 Updated – Fourth draft                                          Teresa Eudaldo, July 2006
DGMP Scheme E &amp; T Medical Physics
Registration Qualified MP                                   CPD
3 year guided clinical practice (Mentor)
Theory &amp; Practicing (360 h) in
Basic (A), Special (B) and Optional Selected Fields (C)
(1)                          (2)                   (3)
1 suppl. year
Dipl.-      Dipl.-Ing.      Master       clin. practice       2 suppl. years
Phys.                        (FH)
clin. practice
5 year university study
of physics or related                     4 year
field                            university
techn.Acad.
First degree in Physics ( 4 years)
Hospital                                   Postgraduate Training:
(On-the-job training)                      Theor. Part: 600 hours
Practical Part: 1 1/2 years professional work
Special Courses, Workshops,                   5 year cycle time
Congresses etc.,                              Credit point system
Registration as Specialist Medical Physicist [eq. Medical Physics Expert]
Physical Science, Engineering or equivalent
Theoretical and practical training in Medical Physics
departments of accredited teaching hospitals (3 years)
Theor. Part: This is done by reading a basic bibliography,
attendance at specific courses, seminars, lectures, etc., in the
hospital itself or organised by the SEFM (The Spanish Society
of Medical Physics) or other recognised scientific organisations.
Practical Part: 3 years professional work
Special Courses, Workshops,              Continuing Professional Development:
Congresses etc.,                          5 year cycle time
Self directed learning                    Credit point system: 250 credit-points/5 years
M2 years basic physics+maths, Medical physics 4,5 years
including 0,5 years on-the-job training
Formal registration as Medical Physicist by The National Board of Health
and Welfare, MPE?
2 years professional work and voluntary cdp or equivalent
Registration as Resident Medical Physicist by Swedish CPD Board,
equivalent with Qualified Medical Physicist, MPE
5 years professional work and voluntary cdp or equivalent
Registration as Specialist Medical Physicist by the Swedish CPD Board,
equivalent with Specialist Medical Physicist, MPE
Hospital                             Postgraduate Training:
(On-the-job training)                Theor. Part: 250 hours ( plus 200 hours practical
Practical Part: Minimum 2 years professional work
(at the same time thesis study)
Special Courses, Workshops,                 Continuing Professional Development:
Congresses etc.,                            Special courses, workshops, congress
Basic education to BSc honours level in physics,
University                         engineering or allied subjects. 4 years in Scotland, 3 years
in rest of the UK
IPEM approved MSc in medical physics/bioengineering (1
Part 1 Training                    year. Competency based training for 1 year in 3 specialist
Submission of portfolio of work done in competency training period
and interview by IPEM . Award of DipIPEM
2 years training in usually one specialty area. This is for
Part 2 Training                    advanced experience and knowledge. Competencies
required during this time specified by IPEM but are
consistent with those required for registration. Must also
do CPD.
Submission of portfolio of work demonstrating competencies required for entry to the
register and award of MIPEM. Interview by two assessors appointed jointly by IPEM
and the Association of Clinical Scientists*. Award of MIPEM and entry to register
oldsmobile Categories:
Medical Physics Education and Training in Europe, medical physics, medical physicists, Medical Physics Education, radiation oncology, education and training, Clinical training, residency program, health physics, Radiation Oncology Physics
posted:2/7/2009
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