Source: https://www.scribd.com/doc/63711688/Oblicon-Memory-Aid-Ateneo
Timestamp: 2016-12-07 23:40:13
Document Index: 761194315

Matched Legal Cases: ['Art 2177', 'Art 100', 'Art 1157', 'art 1191', 'art 1170', 'art 1233', 'art 2236', 'art 1171', 'arts 1729', 'art 1189', 'art 1180', 'art 1687', 'art 1191', 'art 1197', 'art 1197', 'art 1241', 'Art 1314', 'ART 1312', 'Art 1312', 'Art 1338', 'Art 1331', 'art 1381', 'art 1382', 'art 1526']

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PART I - OBLIGATION - An obligation is a juridical necessity to give, to do or not to do ELEMENTS: 1. Active subject (obligee/creditor ) – the one in whose favor the obligation is constituted
2. Passive subject (obligor/debtor ) – the one who has the duty of giving, doing or not doing 3. Object – prestation; the conduct which has to be observed by the debtor/obligor 4. Vinculum Juris – juridical/legal tie 5. Causa (causa debendi/causa obligationes) - why obligation exists
Requisites of Object: a. licit - if illicit, it is void
b. possible - if impossible, it is void c. determinate or determinable - or else, void
d. pecuniary value SOURCES OF OBLIGATION:
1. LAW (OBLIGATION EX LEGE ) - Must be expressly or impliedly set forth and cannot be
2. CONTRACT (OBLIGATION EX CONTRACTU ) - Must be complied with in good faith
because it is the “law” between parties; neither party may unilaterally evade his obligation in the contract, unless: a) contract authorizes it b) other party assents Parties may freely enter into any stipulations, provided they are not contrary to law, morals, good customs, public order or public policy
3. QUASI-CONTRACT (OBLIGATION EX QUASI-CONTRACTU ) - That juridical relation
resulting from a lawful, voluntary and unilateral act, and which has for its purpose, the payment of indemnity to the end that no one shall be unjustly enriched or benefited at the expense of another 2 kinds: a. Negotiorum gestio - unauthorized management; This takes place when a person voluntarily takes charge of another’s abandoned business or property without the owner’s authority
b. Solutio indebiti - undue payment ; This takes place when something is received
when there is no right to demand it, and it was unduly delivered thru mistake
4. DELICTS (OBLIGATION EX MALEFICIO OR EX DELICTO )
Governing rules: 1. Pertinent provisions of the RPC and other penal laws subject to Art 2177 Civil Code • Art 100, RPC – Every person criminally liable for a felony is also civilly liable 2. Chapter 2, Preliminary title, on Human Relations ( Civil Code )
CIVIL LAW MEMORY AID OBLICON
3. Title 18 of Book IV of the Civil Code – on damages What civil liability arising from a crime includes: a. restitution b. reparation of damage caused c. indemnity for consequential damages Effect of acquittal in criminal case:
when acquittal is due to reasonable doubt – no civil liability when acquittal is due to exempting circumstances – there is civil liability when there is preponderance of evidence – there is civil liability
5. QUASI-DELICT/TORTS ( OBLIGATION EX QUASI-DELICTO or EX QUASI MALEFICIO )
- It is a fault or act of negligence ( or omission of care ) which causes damage to another, there being no pre-existing contractual relations between the parties Elements: a) There must be fault or negligence attributable to the person charged b) There must be damage or injury c) There must be a direct relation of cause and effect between the fault or negligence on the one hand and the damage or injury on the other hand ( proximate cause ) Note: • The SC in Sagrada v. Naccoco implied that the sources of obligation in Art 1157 is exclusive. Many commentators believe, however that it should not be. At present, there is one more possible source of obligations - PUBLIC OFFER (Public Offer is in fact a source of obligation in the German Civil Code) EFFECTS OF OBLIGATION
1. Obligation to give - obligation to deliver the thing agreed upon 2. Obligation to do/not to do - obligation to do/not to do the service agreed upon
ACCESSORY OBLIGATIONS: 1. Exercise diligence / Preserve the thing
standard of care: that of a good father of a family – unless the law or stipulation requires another standard of care 2. Delivery of fruits
a) when there is no term/condition – from the perfection of the contract b) when there is a term/condition – from the moment the term or condition arises 3. Delivery of accessories & accessions ( obligation to deliver determinate thing, even if the
stipulation does not mention delivery of accessories & accessions)
Accessories - those joined to or included with the principal for the latter’s better use, perfection or enjoyment 2
Accessions – additions to or improvements upon a thing When does right to fruits arise? – from the time the obligation to deliver arises
a) Conditional – from the moment the condition happens b) With a term/period – upon the expiration of the term/period c) Simple – from the perfection of the contract
FAILURE TO COMPLY WITH PERFORMANCE/REMEDIES: 3 kinds of Performance:
1. SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE - performance of the prestation itself 2. SUBSTITUTE PERFORMANCE - someone else performs or something else is performed
at the expense of debtor
3. EQUIVALENT PERFORMANCE - damages
Obligation to give (Real Obligation) Specific Generic
IRREGULARITY OF PERFORMANCE/BREACH A. CAUSES ATTRIBUTABLE TO DEBTOR 1. Contravention of tenor Delay/ Mora - Non performance with respect to time
Mora solvendi – default on the part of the debtor; 2 kinds:
(1) Mora Solvendi Ex re – default in real obligations (2) Mora Solvendi Ex persona – default in personal obligations
Elements: (1) The obligation must be due, enforceable and already liquidated or determinate in amount (2) There must be non-performance
resolve contract (art 1191) c.fraud in performance of obligation. damage. resolution (art 1170. circumstances of persons. Waiver for future fraud is void. Liability cannot be mitigated.
Fraud / Dolo – Voluntary execution of a wrongful act or willful omission. time and
place FRAUD DISTINGUISHED FROM NEGLIGENCE FRAUD NEGLIGENCE There is deliberate intention to cause There is no deliberate intention to cause damage. CAUSES NOT ATTRIBUTABLE TO DEBTOR
. Waiver for future negligence may be allowed in certain cases: a) gross – can never be excused in advance. if determinate thing . Liability may be mitigated. does not affect validity of obligations Remedies of Person in fraud under obligations are: a.
Causante ( causal ) .makes contract voidable
incidente – ( incidental ) .absence of due diligence
Elements: a) Omission of diligence required
b) Diligence required – per nature of obligation. debtor liable for damages/interest c. against public policy b) simple – may be excused in certain cases B.
Negligence /Culpa . b.CIVIL LAW MEMORY AID OBLICON
(3) There must be a demand. in proper cases)
3. in either case
4. claim damages. unless demand is not required
When demand is not necessary: (1) When law declares (2) When obligation expressly declares (3) When designation of time of delivery or rendering the service was a controlling motive (4) When demand would be useless as when debtor has rendered it beyond his powers to perform Effects: a. knowing and intending the effects which naturally and necessarily arise from such act or omission
a.debtor bears risk of loss (even when there is fortuitous event) b. insist on specific performance (art 1233) b.
equivalent Attach and execute debtor's property which is not exempt (art 2236) Accion subrogatoria (art 1171) 5
. subject matter is generic. were
inevitable REQUIREMENTS (Nakpil & Sons vs. CA): 1. 3. personal obligation):
1. The debtor must be free from any participation in. substitute. the effect: is as if there is no default
2. Exemption – a) when expressly declared by law ( bad faith. Delay/ Mora . Creditor is guilty of default when he unjustifiably refuses to accept payment or performance at the time payment/performance can be done Effects: (1) (2) responsibility of debtor is reduced to fraud and gross negligence debtor is exempted from risk of loss of thing / creditor bears risk of loss
(3) expenses by debtor for preservation of thing after delay is chargeable to creditor (4) (5) (6) if obligation bears interest. Fortuitous Events . The event must be such as to render it impossible for the debtor to fulfill his obligation in a normal manner 4. or aggravation of injury to the creditor Rule on Fortuitous Event:
Exact performance . or which though foreseen.event which could not be foreseen.CIVIL LAW MEMORY AID OBLICON
1. The cause of the breach of the obligation must be independent of the will of the debtor 2. 2. debtor does not have to pay from time of delay creditor liable for damages debtor may relieve himself of obligation by consigning the thing
Compensatio morae – both parties are in default (in reciprocal obligations). The event must be either unforeseeable or unavoidable 3. stipulation.specific. General Rule – no liability for fortuitous event
2. debtor is in delay ) b) c) when expressly declared by stipulation or contract when nature of obligation requires assumption of risk
REMEDIES OF CREDITORS .non fulfillment with respect to time
Mora accepiendi – default on part of creditor.generally transmissible (except: law.
Demandability . Debtor's assets are insufficient e. 2. The creditor has no other legal remedy e. Pure – demandable at once. 3.pure.CIVIL LAW MEMORY AID OBLICON
Requisites: a. effectivity is retroactive no retroactivity with reference to fruits or interest & prescription creditor may preserve rights
. There is a failure of the debtor to collect his own debt from 3rd persons either
through malice or negligence d. The creditor is prejudiced by the debtor's act which are in favor of 3rd parties
and rescission will benefit the creditor d.divisible or indivisible e. giving advantage to other persons
c. The debtor has performed an act subsequent to the contract. Plurality of object .simple.simple. The debt is due and demandable
c. no term.
5. Suspensive – happening of condition gives rise to obligation Effects: 1. Performance . conditional or with a term b. Sanctions for breach . no condition (2). joint or solidary d. alternative or facultative c.
Accion directa (arts 1729 & 1652) Accion pauliana Requisites: a. Creditor must have right of return against debtor b. The right of account is not purely personal
4. There is a credit in favor of plaintiff b. Plurality of subject . Conditional .with or without a penal clause
(1). The debtor's acts are fraudulent DIFFERENT KINDS OF OBLIGATIONS CATEGORIES:
a.A condition is a future and an uncertain event or a past event unknown to the parties Kinds: i.
With term -
a) Positive – extinguished if time expires or indubitable of condition to
b) Negative – effective from moment of time elapsed or evident it can't
happen vii. Resolutory – happening of condition extinguishes obligation Effects: 1. no retroactive effect 2. Casual – dependent on chance or hazard v.void iv. or any of parties vi. Impossible and illegal –
(1) To do . Potestative – dependent on sole will of 1 party. Mixed – chance. restore to each other what was received plus interest/fruits iii. obligation extinguished 3. The condition happens
ii. There is an obligation to deliver a determinate thing
3. improvement of the subject matter pending the happening of suspensive condition/ term Loss/ Impairment w/ fault or at expense of obligor/ usufructuary Indemnity & damages Improvement specific performance rescission & damages If it improved at the expense of the debtor. he shall have no other right than that granted to the usufructuary. There is a suspensive condition 2. deterioration or improvement before the happening of the condition 4. There is loss. (art 1189) Creditor to bear damages Creditor gets it
REQUISITES FOR THE AFOREMENTIONED RULE: 1.
debtor – recovery of payment by mistake or even w/o mistake
Rules on loss.both the condition and the obligation are void (2) Not to do –disregard the condition. impairment. if on part of debtor & suspensive . the obligation is still valid
.CIVIL LAW MEMORY AID OBLICON
e) art 1180 WHEN DEBTOR LOSES RIGHT TO PERIOD: a. d. Alternative – bound by different prestations but only one is due Right of choice: General rule: right of choice belongs to debtor a. b. remedy: a) b) agreement among parties court shall fix period of payment when parties unable to agree
Kinds: a. past & uncertain.thru fault or fortuitous event violate undertaking in consideration of extension of period attempts to abscond
(4). 3rd paragraph d) art 1687. 3rd. e. Day certain – that which must necessarily come. 2nd paragraph c) art 1191. c.CIVIL LAW MEMORY AID OBLICON
Impossible condition – physically not feasible Illegal condition – prohibited by law. insolvency of debtor. good custom. 2nd. Suspensive ( ex die ) – takes effect on the day stipulated
WHEN COURTS MAY FIX PERIOD: a) art 1197
b) art 1197. the choice is with debtor
. public policy and morals (3). although it may not be known when
b. Facultative – only one prestation has been agreed upon but another may be given in substitution Effect of loss or deterioration thru negligence. Resolutory ( in diem ) – takes effect at once but terminate upon arrival of the day certain. unless security provided did not deliver security impaired security. delay or fraud of obligor:
a) of thing intended as substitute . With a period – future & certain.no liability b) of the substitute after substitution is made – with liability
(5). payable when able When stipulation says “payable when able “ – it is with a period.
the last one must still be given substitute does not have to be given. the principal must still be given d) Right to choose may be given either d) The right of choice is given only to the debtor to debtor or creditor (6). the one. perform
what is left. Demand on one produces delay only with respect to the debt
. the creditor is entitled to damages (4) if some are lost. The effect is that the debtor loses the right of choice
(2) if the choice is limited because of the creditor's acts. expressly or impliedly DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN ALTERNATIVE AND FACULTATIVE OBLIGATIONS ALTERNATIVE a) Various things are due but the giving principally of one is sufficient b) If one of prestations is illegal.CIVIL LAW MEMORY AID OBLICON
(1) If only 1 is left either because of fortuitous events or due to debtor's acts. the debtor can choose from the remaining
b. the choice is with creditor
(1) if one or some are lost due to fortuitous event. nullity of P carries with it nullity of S c) If it is impossible to give all except c) If it is impossible to give the principal. Joint – presumption when 2 or more creditors or 2 or more debtors concur in one and the same obligation Effects: a. the creditor chooses the remainder (2) if one or some is lost because of the fault of debtor. others may be valid but obligation remains FACULTATIVE a) Only one thing is due but a substitute may be given to render payment/fulfillment easy b) If principal obligations is void and there is no necessity of giving the substitute. the creditor may choose the value of any if some
is lost due to debtor's fault. the obligation is extinguished
Requisites for making the choice: a) Made properly so that creditor or his agent will actually know b) Made with full knowledge that a selection is indeed being made c) Made voluntarily and freely d) Made in due time – before or upon maturity e) Made to all proper persons f) Made w/o conditions unless agreed by the creditor
g) May be waived. the creditor may choose either
the remainder or the value of any which disappeared. obligation is extinguished (5) if all is lost due to creditor's fault. if it is impossible to give the substitute. the creditor chooses the remainder
(4) if all is lost due to fortuitous event. the debtor has the right of
(3) if all are lost due to debtor. and damages in either case
(3) if all is lost due to the debtor's fault.
insolvency of one – others are liable for share pro-rata c. Insolvency of one debtor does not affect other debtors (7). if different terms & conditions – collect only what is due. Interruption in payment by one does not benefit or prejudice the other c. accomplices. and accessories of a felony 5. Death of 1 solidary creditor transmits share to heirs (but collectively) 2. Debtor may pay any of the solidary creditors
b. Solidary – must be expressed in stipulation or provided by law or by nature of obligation
a. Interruption of prescription to one creditor affects all 3. bailees in commodatum Effects: a. later on collect from any
d. payment made before debt is due. liability of principals. Each creditor represents the other in the act of recovery of payment 3. no reimbursement if payment is made after prescription or became illegal
d. obligations arising from tort 2. Conventional – agreed upon by the parties e. legal provisions regarding obligation of devisees and legatees 4. remission made after payment is made – co-debtor still entitled to reimbursement
. otherwise – interest can be charged
b. or the part of the debtors and the
d. Vices of one debtor to creditor has no effect on the others d. Legal – imposed by law
Instances where law imposes solidary obligation: 1. Credit is divided equally between creditors as among themselves 4. Passive – on the part of debtors or obligors
Effects: 1. obligations arising from quasi-contracts 3. no interest can be charged.CIVIL LAW MEMORY AID OBLICON
b. Each debtor may be requested to pay whole obligation with right to recover from codebtors 2. Mixed – on the part of the obligors and obligees. Active – on the part of creditor or obligee
Effects: 1. Interest from delay on 1 debtor is borne by all
Exclusive . principal cannot be
demanded. except: Penalty is joint or cumulative
2. c. damage & interest g. only penalty can be demanded. CHARACTERISTICS OF PENAL CLAUSES
. penalty provided is iniquitous/unconscionable EXTINGUISHMENT OF OBLIGATIONS Modes of Extinguishment of Obligation: 1. Subsidiary . nature of obligation – susceptible of partial fulfillment (9). if with fault – there is liability (also for damage and interest) c. Indivisible – one not capable of partial performance a. not susceptible of partial performance c. With penal clause . intention of parties (10). execution of certain no of days work b. refusal to pay penalty with dolo ( not of creditor )
Causes for reduction of penalty: a. Stipulation – granting right b. provided by law d.takes place of damage. cases: a.an accessory undertaking to assume greater liability in case of breach. to give definite things b. loss due to fortuitous event after default – there is liability (because of default)
(8). fault of any debtor – every one is responsible – price. effect of insolvency or death of co-debtor – still liable for whole amount f. if without fault – no liability b.CIVIL LAW MEMORY AID OBLICON
damage can only be demanded in the ff.As a general rule. Divisible – obligation that is capable of partial performance a. partial/irregular performance b. expressed by metrical units c. complete/ personal defense – total or partial ( up to amount of share only ) if not
personal to him Effect of loss or impossibility of the prestation:
or anyone interested in the fulfillment of the obligation.must be made by proper party to proper party
(1) Payor
(a) Payor . Incapacitated person kept the thing delivered. 7.
If performance is done also with debtor's consent . VALID IF: 1. 4. 3.only the creditor's consent. Insofar as the payment has been beneficial to him PAYMENT TO A 3RD PARTY NOT AUTHORIZED.if any of the ff. performance is total
(c) anyone in possession of the credit . in any other
the repayment is only to the extent that the payment has been beneficial to debtor (2) Payee
(a) payee . it must have redounded to the obligee's benefit and only to the extent of such benefit it falls under art 1241. or 2. 5. can be anyone as long as it is with the creditor's consent
(b) 3RD person pays/performs . ii. concur:
i.CIVIL LAW MEMORY AID OBLICON
2. With respect to prestation itself: (1) identity (2) integrity or completeness (3) indivisibility
1. or agent (b) 3rd person . With respect to parties .the one performing. VALID IF PROVED & ONLY TO THE EXTENT OF BENEFIT. par 1.but will apply only if debt has not been
previously garnished PAYMENT MADE TO AN INCAPACITATED PERSON .3 .creditor or obligee or successor in interest of transferee. he can be the debtor himself or his heirs or assigns
or his agent.the benefit is total so. PAYMENT OR PERFORMANCE – delivery of money and performance. 9. There is subrogation except if the 3rd person intended it to be a donation
(c) 3rd person pays/performs with consent of creditor but not with debtor's consent.
.2. 8.he takes the place of the debtor.
Loss of the thing due Condonation or remission of debt Confusion or merger of rights Compensation Novation Annulment Rescission Fulfillment of resolutory condition manner of the obligation REQUISITES FOR VALID PAYMENT/PERFORMANCE A. 6.
out of 2 or more debts owing the same creditor: stipulation or application of party given benefit of period – OK.must be according to the obligation
Where payment should be made: 1. Payment by debtor must be made in good faith 2. Creditor must be in possession of the credit & not merely the evidence of indebtedness
C. 3rd person acquires the creditor’s rights 2. After payment. less damages suffered by the obligee 2.Special Forms:
a.time stipulated Effect of payment – extinguish obligation Except: order to retain debt SUBSTANTIAL PERFORMANCE 1. Requisites: 1. In the place designated in the obligation
2. to be valid: must be debtor’s choice or w/ consent of debtor Requisites for the Application of payment: 13
. Right to rescind cannot be used for slight breach SPECIAL RULES/FORMS OF PAYMENT . By creditor’s conduct. Obligor may recover as though there has been strict and complete fulfillment. Omission/Defect is technical or unimportant 4. Creditor ratifies payment to 3rd person
3. Deviation is slight 3. debtor has been led to make the payment (estoppel) PAYMENT MADE IN GOOD FAITH TO A PERSON IN POSSESSION OF CREDIT SHALL RELEASE DEBTOR. In other case – in the place of the domicile of the debtor Time of payment . With respect to time and place of payment . Must not be so material that intention of parties is not attained Effect of Substantial performance in good faith 1. Attempt in Good Faith to perform without willful or intentional departure 2. Application of Payments – the designation of the debt which payment shall be
made. If there is no express stipulation and the undertaking is to deliver a specific thing
– at the place where the thing might be at the moment the obligation was constituted 3.CIVIL LAW MEMORY AID OBLICON
PRESUMED IF:
extinguish up to amount of property unless w/ contrary stipulation. If debts are of the same nature and burden. is made by operation of law WHO MAKES APPLICATION: General Rule: Debtor Exception: Creditor – a) Debtor without protest accepts receipt in which creditor specified expressly and unmistakably the obligation to which such payment was to be applied – debtor in this case renounced the right of choice b) When monthly statements were made by the bank specifying the application and the debtor signed said statements approving the status of her account as thus sent to her monthly by the bank IN CASE NO APPLICATION HAS BEEN MADE 1.CIVIL LAW MEMORY AID OBLICON
1. 4. Debtor makes the designation
2. for a sale presupposes the consent of both parties 2) If dacion will not prejudice the other creditors 3) If debtor is not judicially declared insolvent
. If not. If neither the debtor nor creditor has made the application or if the application is
not valid. Payment is not enough to extinguish all debts
HOW APPLICATION IS MADE: 1. Apply payment to the most onerous
2. 3. A special form of payment because 1 element of payment is missing: IDENTITY • • Governed by law on sales Conditions for a valid dacion:
1) If creditor consents. then application. 2. Dacion en Pago – mode of extinguishing an obligation whereby the debtor alienates
in favor of the creditor property for the satisfaction of monetary debt. creditor makes it by so stating in the receipt that he issues – unless there
is cause for invalidating the contract
3. application shall be made to all
Various debts of the same kind Same debtor Same creditor
All debts must be due Exception: there may be application of payment even if all debts are not yet due if: a) parties so stipulate b) when application of payment is made by the party for whose benefit the term has been constituted 5.
they are merely assignees with authority to sell b) Debtor is released up to the amount of the net proceeds of the sale. generally requires prior tender of payment REQUISITES OF VALID CONSIGNATION: (1) Existence of valid debt (2) Consignation was made because of some legal cause previous valid tender was unjustly refused or circumstances making previous tender exempt
Prior Notice of Consignation had been given to the person interested in performance of obligation (1st notice) actual deposit/Consignation with proper judicial authorities subsequent notice of Consignation (2nd notice)
Effects: Extinguishment of obligation (1) Debtor may ask judge to order cancellation of obligation
c. Consignation
Tender -the act of offering the creditor what is due him together with a demand that the creditor accept the same (When creditor refuses w/o just cause to accept payment. extinguish up to amount of net proceeds ( unless w/ contrary stipulation ) Kinds:
1. Voluntary – agreement of creditors REQUISITES FOR VOLUNTARY ASSIGNMENT a) More than 1 debt b) More than 1 creditor c) Complete or partial insolvency of debtor d) Abandonment of all debtor’s property not exempt from execution e) Acceptance or consent on the part of the creditors EFFECTS: a) Creditors do not become the owner. he becomes in mora accepiendi & debtor is released from responsibility if he consigns the thing or sum due) Consignation – the act of depositing the thing due with the court or judicial authorities whenever the creditor cannot accept or refuses to accept payment. Legal – governed by the insolvency law
2. Cession/Assignment in Favor of creditors – the process by which debtor transfer
all the properties not subject to execution in favor of creditors is that the latter may sell them and thus. apply the proceeds to their credits. or in default of agreement. in the order ordinarily established by law
d. unless there is a stipulation to the contrary c) Creditors will collect credits in the order of preference agreed upon.
incapacitated to receive payment at the time it is due 3. title of obligation has been lost 2. LOSS OF THE THING DUE – partial or total/ includes impossibility of performance WHEN IS THERE A LOSS: 1) When the object perishes (physically) 2) When it goes out of commerce 3) When it disappears in such a way that: its existence is unknown or it cannot be recovered WHEN IS THERE IMPOSSIBILITY OF PERFORMANCE 1) Physical impossibility 2) Legal impossibility : (a) Directly – caused as when prohibited by law (b) Indirectly – caused as when debtor is required to enter a military draft OBLIGATION TO DELIVER A SPECIFIC THING General Rule: Extinguished Exceptions: a) Debtor is at fault b) Debtor is made liable for fortuitous event because of a provision of law. after acceptance by creditor or after judge declares that consignation has been properly made – risk of loss is shifted to creditor) Consignation w/o prior tender – allowed in: 1. 2 or more creditor claiming the same right to collect 5. creditor absent or unknown/ does not appear at the place of payment 2. contractual stipulation or the nature of the obligation requires assumption of risk on part of debtor OBLIGATION TO DELIVER A GENERIC THING General Rule: Not extinguished Exceptions: a) if the generic thing is delimited b) if the generic thing has already been segregated c) monetary obligation
. refuses to issue receipt w/o just cause 4.CIVIL LAW MEMORY AID OBLICON
(2) Running of interest is suspended (3) Before creditor accepts or before judge declares consignation has been properly made. obligation remains ( debtor bears risk of loss at the meantime.
agreement is valid only if the same conditions prevailing at time of contracting continue to exist at the time of performance EFFECT OF DIFFICULTY BEYOND PARTIES’ CONTEMPLATION Rule: Obligor may be released in whole or in part REQUISITES: The event or change could not have been forseen at the time of the execution of the contract (a) The performance is extremely difficult. requires acceptance by obligor. REBUS SIC STANTIBUS . donation.CIVIL LAW MEMORY AID OBLICON
OBLIGATION TO DO General Rule: Debtor is released when prestation becomes legally or physically impossible without fault on part of debtor EFFECT OF PARTIAL LOSS – ( judicial determination of extent is necessary)
a) when loss is significant – may be enough to extinguish obligation b) when loss insignificant – not enough to extinguish obligation
WHEN THING IS LOST IN THE POSSESSION OF THE DEBTOR Presumption: Loss due to debtor’s fault ( disputable ) Exception: natural calamity. it is extinguished by impossibility) (b) The event was not due to the act of any of the parties (c) The contract is for a future prestation 4. express or implied REQUISITES: a. earthquake. Principal – accessory also condoned b. rules of donation applies. an act of liberality ) d. accessory – principal still outstanding
. Cause of consideration must be liberality (Essentially gratuitous. Waivers or remission are not to be presumed generally Forms: Extent: a. but not impossible (because if it is impossible. Obligation remitted must have been demandable at the time of remission h. Revocable – subject to rule on inofficious donation ( excessive. total of donation b. CONDONATION/REMISSION OF THE DEBT – gratuitous abandonment of debt. Parties must be capacitated and must consent. Implied – conduct is b. implied in mortis causa & expressed inter vivos e. There must be an agreement b. Formalities of a donation are required in the case of an express remission f. storm 3. otherwise there would be nothing to condone) c. There must be a subject matter (object of the remission. legitime is impaired ) & ingratitude & condition not followed
g. Express – formalities a. partial Kinds: a. right to claim. flood.
voluntary delivery of private document
a. The obligation involved must be same & identical – one obligation only d. Both debts are liquidated & demandable (determined)
e. rebuttable
2. It must take place between principal debtor & principal creditor only b.CIVIL LAW MEMORY AID OBLICON
sufficient c. it is a mode of extinguishment to the concurrent amount the obligation of persons who are in their own right reciprocally debtors or creditors REQUISITES: a. if in hands of solidary debtor . rebuttable Requisites of Implied:
1. Merger must be clear & definite c. Neither debt must be retained in a controversy commenced by 3rd person &
communicated w/ debtor (neither debt is garnished) Kinds:
a. accessory oblig. even if not equal debts – only up to concurring amount
b. presumption only. Both debts are due d. Revocable. of the same kind or quality c. COMPENSATION – Set off. Tacit – voluntary destruction of instrument by creditor. indemnity for expense of exchanges. the obligation is revived 6. if in hands of joint debtor – only his share is condoned b.in their own right and as principals b.whole debt is condoned
c. effect of delivery of evidence of indebtedness is conclusion that debt is condoned –
already conclusion.even if unknown to
parties & if payable in diff places. made to prescribe w/o demanding 5. Both debts must consist in sum of money or if consumable . as long as 5 requisites concur. conventional – agreement of parties is enough. voluntary delivery – presumption. legal – by operation of law. CONFUSION OR MERGER OF RIGHTS– character of debtor & creditor is merged in same person with respect to same obligation REQUISITES: a. if reason for confusion ceases. forget other requirement as long
as both consented
c. Of pledge – condoned. facultative – one party has choice of claiming/opposing – one who has benefit of
period may choose to compensate
. when evidence of indebtedness is w/ debtor –
presumed voluntarily delivery by creditor. Both parties must be mutually creditors and debtors .
judicial – set off.
with consent of debtor – debtor is estopped unless he reserves his right & gave notice to assignee with knowledge but w/o consent of debtor – compensation may be set up as to debts maturing prior to assignment w/o knowledge – compensation may be set-up on all debts prior to his knowledge 7. partial – when 2 debts are not of the same amount
Effect of assignment of credit to 3rd person. capacity & consent of parties to the new obligation d. upon order of the court.
REQUISITES: a. compensation already perfected b. claim for future support.CIVIL LAW MEMORY AID OBLICON
not all requisites are present depositum. can there still be compensation a. taxes
d. total – when 2 debts are of the same amount f. if made after compensation took place – no effect. except: stipulation to contrary stipulation pour autri unless beneficiary consents modificatory novation only.
b. 2. valid new obligation EFFECT OF NOVATION:
a. changing object or principal conditions substituting person of debtor subrogating 3rd person in right of creditor
c. criminal offense. 3. needs pleading & proof.
extinguishment of principal carries accessory. valid obligation b. b. NOVATION – extinguishment of obligation by creating/ substituting a new one in its place a. obliged to w/c is less onerous old obligation is void
old obligation subsists if: new obligation is void or voidable but annulled already ( except: intention of parties )
. commodatum. all
requirements must concur except liquidation
e. if made before compensation took place – depends
1. intent to extinguish old obligation – expressed or implied: completely/substantially incompatible old and new obligation on every point c.
if insolvent new debtor – not responsible old debtor because obligation extinguished by valid novation unless: insolvency already existing & of public knowledge or know to him at time of delegacion
a. also nothing to novate
if old obligation has condition. creditor pays another preferred creditor even w/o debtor’s knowledge
2. subject to full reimbursement & subrogation if made w/ consent of old debtor. not presumed except as provided for in law: presumed when1. only beneficial reimbursement.
e. new debtor & creditor to consent. a. no new obligation since nothing to novate if suspensive & it never occurred –as if no obligation. full reimbursement. b.CIVIL LAW MEMORY AID OBLICON
c. REAL/OBJECTIVE – change object.
if old obligation has condition
d. clearly established
legal. not responsible since w/o his consent DELEGACION. if new is w/o condition – deemed attached to new if new obligation has condition
if resolutory: valid if suspensive & did not materialize: old obligation is enforced
a. if new debtor is insolvent. must be compatible with the new obligation. initiative is from 3rd person or new debtor.takes place by operation of law. Delegante – old debtor b. Delegado – new debtor 2. Delegatario . cause/consideration or principal condition
subrogating 3rd person to rights of creditor ( active ) conventional. person interested in fulfillment of obligation pays debt even w/o knowledge of debtor
. substituting person of debtor ( passive )
EXPROMISION. 3rd person not interested in obligation pays w/ approval of debtor
3.creditor c.agreement & consent of all parties. if w/o consent or against will . old debtor released from obligation. no need for consent.
if Resolutory & it occurred –old obligation already extinguished. PERSONAL/SUBJECTIVE 1. all parties to consent. initiative of old debtor.
Released from debt 2. Art 1314 REQUISITES OF ART 1312: 21
. heirs. can be done w/o consent of creditor 3. not left to will of one of parties
2. Mutuality – performance or validity binds both parties. to pay if insolvent
Change of debtor 1. immoral. Stipulation pour autrui REQUISITES OF STIPULATION POUR AUTRUI (1) Parties must have clearly and deliberately conferred a favor upon a 3rd person
(2) The stipulation in favor of a 3rd person should be a part of. debtor is not nec. all consequences w/c may be in keeping with good faith. debtor is released 2. usage & law
4. 1 obligation 4. Accion pauliana b.
etc.CIVIL LAW MEMORY AID OBLICON
Difference from payment by 3rd person 1.
Obligatory Force – parties are bound from perfection of contract: a. needs consent of creditor – express or implied 3. 1 is extinguished & new one created 4.
Autonomy of wills – parties may stipulate anything as long as not illegal. 2 obligations.
Relativity – binding only between the parties. 3rd person has no oblig. Accion directa c. strangers cannot demand enforcement EXCEPTION TO RELATIVITY: a. 3. Art 1312 e. not the whole contract
(3) That the favorable stipulation should not be conditioned or compensated by any kind of obligation whatsoever
(4) Neither of the contracting parties bears the legal representation or authorization
of 3rd party (5) The third person communicates his acceptance before revocation by the original parties d. new debtor is obliged to pay
PART II – CONTRACTS
Meeting of minds bet 2 parties whereby one binds himself with respect to other to give something or render some service PRINCIPAL CHARACTERISTICS:
1. their assigns. fulfill what has been expressly stipulated b.
consensual – perfected by agreement of parties 2. Gratuitous – founded on liberality 3. Remunerative – prestation is given for service previously rendered not as obligation
1. Nominate 2. a means through which future contracts may be made
1. pledge. deposit ) 3. Bilateral – both parties are required to render reciprocal prestations
As to name or designation: 1.CIVIL LAW MEMORY AID OBLICON
(2) Knowledge of the contract by a 3rd person (3) Interference by the 3rd person
KINDS OF CONTRACTS As to perfection or formation:
1. Onerous – with valuable consideration 2. may not exist on its own 3.negotiation 2. Innominate
a) Do ut des – I give that you may give b) Do ut facias – I give that you may do c) Facio ut des – I do that you may give d) Facio ut facias – I do that you may do
STAGES IN A CONTRACT: 1. accessory – depends on another contract for its existence. real – perfected by delivery ( commodatum. perfection/birth
. Preparation . Preparatory – not an end by itself. Unilateral – only one of the parties has an obligation 2. formal/solemn – perfected by conformity to essential formalities ( donation )
1. principal – contract may stand alone 2.
contract can be enforced and not only damages. death. Equatorial v. Intelligence and free will d.
concurrence of offer & acceptance Requirements: a. civil interdiction. consummation – performance ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS:
1. definite b. unconditional
WHEN OFFER BECOMES INEFFECTIVE: 1.option may be withdrawn anytime before acceptance is communicated but not when supported by a consideration other than purchase price: option money Note: Ang Yu v. no stated fixed period
offer is made to a person present – acceptance must be made immediately
offer is made to a person absent – acceptance may be made within such time that. intentional ELEMENTS OF VALID ACCEPTANCE a. Consent – meeting of minds between parties on subject matter & cause of contract. Mayfair(264 SCRA 483) held that an option clause in order to be valid and enforceable must indicate the definite price at which the person granting the option is willing to sell. Paranaque Kings V CA (1997) states that right of first refusal may be enforced by specific performance. complete c. unequivocal b. express or implied revocation of the offer by the offeree qualified or conditional acceptance of the offer subject matter becomes illegal or impossible before acceptance is communicated
PERIOD FOR ACCEPTANCE 1. Plurality of subject b.
. Capacity c. under normal circumstances. Conformity of manifestation and cognition Note: We follow the theory of cognition and not the theory of manifestation. if not supported by a distinct consideration. CA (1994) states that a unilateral promise to buy or sell. an answer can be received from him OPTION .CIVIL LAW MEMORY AID OBLICON
3. stated fixed period in the offer 2. the offer and acceptance concur only when the offeror comes to know. may be withdrawn but may not be done whimsically or arbitrarily. 3. Cognition by the other party f. 4. Manifestation of intent of parties e. the right of the grantee here is damages and not specific performance. Under our civil law. and not when the offeree merely manifests his acceptance ELEMENTS OF VALID OFFER a. insanity or insolvency of either party before acceptance is conveyed 2.
Subsequently. 5.CIVIL LAW MEMORY AID OBLICON
PERSONS WHO CANNOT GIVE CONSENT TO A CONTRACT: 1. mistake may deprive intelligence Art 1338 . They were entered unto by a guardian and the court having jurisdiction had approved the same 3. Upon reaching age of majority – they ratify the same 2. weak mind and other similar causes. 6. 3. disease. Irresistable physical force b. Insane or demented persons Illiterates/ deaf-mutes who do not know how to write Intoxicated and under hypnotic spell Art 1331 . one that is too young to give consent is too young to be estopped. in Braganza v Villa-Abrille. but here the persons who are bound to give them support should pay therefor 4.Padilla to the effect that the minor cannot be estopped if he is too young to give consent. deaf and dumb who are unable to read and write 5. cannot without outside aid. those who by reason of age. They were contracts for necessities such as food. take care of themselves and manage their property.person under mistake. Intimidation
. Minor is estopped for having misrepresented his age and misled the other party (when age is close to age of majority as in the Mercado v Espiritu & Sia Suan v Alcantara cases) Note: In the Sia Suan v Alcantara case. there is a strong dissent by J. violence REQUISITE: a. becoming an easy prey for deceit and exploitation CAUSES WHICH VITIATE FREEDOM 1. 4. Minors 2. Minors could not be estopped DISQUALIFIED TO ENTER INTO CONTRACTS: ( contracts entered into are void ) 1. the dissent became the ruling. those under civil interdiction 2. hospitalized lepers 3. Such force is the determining cause for giving consent 2. prodigals 4.person induced by fraud (dolo causante)
Note: Dolus bonus (usual exaggerations in trade) are not in themselves fraudulent RULE ON CONTRACTS ENTERED INTO BY MINORS General Rule: VOIDABLE EXCEPTIONS: 1.
fraud 2. fictitious only – void from beginning b. CAUSA – reason why parties enter into contract
REQUISITES: a) It must exist b) It must be true c) It must be licit MOTIVE . Real and serious d. mistake 3.produce no legal effect VOID .purely private reason. presumption of validity but rebuttable PRESUMED TO EXIST . Threatened act is unjust and unlawful c. OBJECT – The prestation
REQUISITES: a) Within the commerce of man . not contrary to law. illegality does not invalidate contract except when it predetermines purpose of contract. etc. undue influence 4.
2.either existing or in potency b) c) d) e) Licit or not contrary to law. relative – there is intention to be bound but concealed. cases specified by law . morals. Produces a well grounded fear that the person making it will carry it over 3. undue influence SIMULATED CONTRACTS
a.CIVIL LAW MEMORY AID OBLICON
REQUISITE: a.burden of proof is on the person assailing its existence DOES NOT INVALIDATE CONTRACT PER SE Exceptions: 1.produce no legal effect VOIDABLE – party must prove that cause is untruthful. no prejudice to 3rd persons
2. when merged into one ABSENCE OF CAUSA ILLEGALITY OF CAUSA FALSITY OF CAUSA CAUSA NOT STATED IN CONTRACT INADEQUACY OF CAUSA VOID .contracts entered when ward suffers lesion of more than 25%
. concealed contract binds: 1. good customs Possible Determinate as to its kind or determinable w/o need to enter into a new contract Transmissible
3. Determining cause for the contract b. absolute – no intention to be bound at all.
Informal – may be entered into whatever form as long as there is consent. accident CAUSES/GROUNDS:
a. 5. Law requires contract to be in some form to be enforceable . registration of chattel mortgage.CIVIL LAW MEMORY AID OBLICON
4.contract is valid &
enforceable. donation of personal prop in excess of 5. need ratification to be enforceable
c. Formal – required by law to be in certain specified form such as: donation of real
property.000
c. needed only to bind 3rd parties
ex: public documents needed for the ff: 1.
mutual: instrument includes something w/c should not be there or omit what should be there • • • mutual mistake of fact clear & convincing proof
. all other docs where amount involved is in excess of 500 ( must be written even private docs )
REFORMATION OF CONTRACTS – remedy to conform to real intention of parties due to mistake. Real – creation of real rights over immovable prop – must be written
WHEN FORM IS IMPORTANT: 1) 2) for validity (formal/solemn contracts) for enforceability (statute of frauds)
3) for convenience General Rule: contract is valid & binding in whatever form provided that 3 essential requisites concur Exception: a. power to administer property for another 4. transfer of large cattle. form is a
a. stipulation to pay interest. contract of partnership. FORM – in some kind of contracts only as contracts are generally consensual. transmission or reformation of real rights over immovables 2. cession. object &
b. inequitable conduct. Law requires contract to be in some form for convenience . cession of action of rights proceeding from an act appearing in a public inst. renunciation of hereditary rights/CPG 3. repudiation.Statute of Frauds. sale of land thru agent. fraud. contract is valid but right to enforce cannot be exercised. contracts w/c object is creation. contract of antichresis.donation & acceptance of real property b. Law requires contract to be in some form for validity .
1560. It may be set aside in whole or in part.Payments made in a state of insolvency b. simple donation inter vivos b. 4. c. prejudices claim of others (f) Provided for by law . there is meeting of minds true intention not expressed in instrument clear & convincing proof facts put in issue in pleadings
Note: prescribes in 10 years from date of execution of instrument WHEN NOT AVAILABLE: a. negligence . lack of skill. clerk. to the extent of the damage caused' REQUISITES: a. d. \ • • •
causes failure of instrument to express true intention unilateral one party was mistaken other either acted fraudulently or inequitably or knew but concealed party in good faith may ask for reformation
c. Contracts entered into by persons exercising fiduciary capacity (a) Entered into by guardian whenever ward suffers damage by more than 1/4 of value of object (b) Agreed upon in representation of absentees. 1556. 1538.CIVIL LAW MEMORY AID OBLICON
• b. 3. Contract must be rescissible (1) Under art 1381: i. bad faith of drafter. 1539. Plaintiff has no other means to obtain reparation 27
. 1534.Under art 1382 . when party has brought suit to enforce it
1. RESCISSIBLE CONTRACTS – Those which have caused a particular economic damage
either to one of the parties or to a 3rd person and which may be set aside even if valid. if absentee suffers lesion by more than ¼ of value of property (c) Contracts where rescission is based on fraud committed on creditor (accion pauliana) (d) Objects of litigation. wills when real agreement is void estoppel. others specified by law – to avoid frustration of true intent REQUISITES: 1. 5.
mistake by 3rd persons – due to ignorance. contract entered into by defendant w/o knowledge or approval of litigants or judicial authority (e) Payment by an insolvent – on debts w/c are not yet due. there is a written instrument 2. 1567 and 1659 ii. typist d. 1542.art 1526.
The things must not have been passed to 3rd parties who did not act in bad faith
d.A. if there are 2 or more alienations – liability of 1st infractor
2. defect is due to vice of
consent or legal incapacity CHARACTERISTICS: a. subject to indemnity
only. Plaintiff must be able to return whatever he may be obliged to return due to rescission
c. Effective until set aside May be assailed or attacked only in an action for that purpose
c. INTIMIDATION. thing already in possession of party in good faith. VOIDABLE CONTRACTS – intrinsic defect. valid until annulled.CIVIL LAW MEMORY AID OBLICON
REQUISITES: 1. Price with interest
Note: Mutual restitution N. Things w/c are the objects of the contract & their fruits 2. Refers to the nature of the contract 28
Can be confirmed ( Note: CONFIRMATION IS THE PROPER TERM FOR CURING THE DEFECT OF A VOIDABLE CONTRACT) d. THOSE WHERE THE CONSENT IS VITIATED BY MISTAKE. b. when: 1. Refers to the subject of the thing which is the object of the contract 2. UNDUE INFLUENCE OR FRAUD (vice of consent) VIOLENCE. THOSE WHERE ONE OF THE PARTIES IS INCAPABLE OF GIVING CONSENT TO A CONTRACT (legal incapacity) (1) minors ( below 18 ) (2) insane unless acted in lucid interval (3) deaf mute who can’t read or write (4) persons specially disqualified: civil interdiction (5) in state of drunkenness (6) in state of hypnotic spell b. Can be assailed only by the party whose consent was defective or his heirs or assigns WHAT CONTRACTS ARE VOIDABLE: a. It must be made within the prescribed period OBLIGATION CREATED BY THE RESCISSION OF THE CONTRACT: Mutual Restitution 1. creditor did not receive anything from contract
spouse. (2) (3)
Error as to legal effect . Both parties incapable of giving consent -2 minor or 2 insane persons
Note: Curable by ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 3. 5. in excess of authority conferred ( ultra vires )
2. Mistake. influence undue 4 years from time defect of consent ceases 4 years from time of discovery from time guardianship ceases
extrinsic defect. UNENFORCEABLE CONTRACT – valid but cannot compel its execution unless ratified.
Unauthorized/No sufficient authority – entered into in the name of another when: a.when it is the principal consideration of the contract
4. no authority conferred b. Obligation to do – value of service
PRESCRIPTION IN ACTION FOR ANNULMENT OF VOIDABLE CONTRACTS: Intimidation/Violence/undue Influence Mistake/Fraud Contracts entered into by minors/incapacitated persons 4 years from time defect of consent ceases 4 years from time of discovery 4 years from time guardianship ceases
3. other is induced to enter into contract w/o w/c he will not enter (dolo causante)
PERIOD TO BRING ACTION FOR ANNULMENT Intimidation. fraud Incapacity EFFECTS OF ANNULMENT: violence. ascendants or descendants (moral coercion) undue influence – person takes improper advantage of his power over will of another depriving latter of reasonable freedom of choice fraud – thru insidious words or machinations of contracting parties. Obligation to give – mutual restitution 2.CIVIL LAW MEMORY AID OBLICON
3.when mistake is mutual and frustrates the real purpose of parties violence – serious or irresistible force is employed to wrest consent
intimidation – one party is compelled by a reasonable & well-grounded fear of an imminent & grave danger upon person & property of himself.
Refers to the principal conditions in an agreement Error as to person . produce legal efefcts only after ratified KINDS/VARIETIES:
1. Failure to comply with Statute of Frauds
exception: auction when recorded sale in sales book e. also estoppel sets in by accepting performance. Special promise to answer for debt. Agreement to be performed within a year after making contract b. It produces no effect whatsoever either against or in favor of anyone b. A judicial declaration to that effect is merely a declaration c. default or miscarriage of another c. Failure of defendant to object in time. good customs. Agreement for lease of property for more than 1 year & sale of real property regardless of price f. object or purpose is contrary to law. except if pari delicto will apply e. VOID OR INEXISTENT – of no legal effect
CHARACTERISTICS: a. Agreement made in consideration of promise to marry
d. Representation as to credit of another
2 WAYS OF CURING UNENFORCEABLE CONTRACTS: 1. restoration is in order. Anyone may invoke the nullity of the contract whenever its juridical effects are asserted against him KINDS OF VOID CONTRACT:
Those lacking in essential elements: no consent. Agreement for sale of goods. ratified or cured d.CIVIL LAW MEMORY AID OBLICON
a. to the presentation of parole evidence in court. it takes it out of unenforceable contracts. It cannot be confirmed. The right to set up the defense of nullity cannot be waived f. the defect of unenforceability is cured 2. There is no action for annulment necessary as such is ipso jure. Imprescriptible
g. the defect is waived
4. If performed.Contracts w/c violate any legal provision. If there is performance in either part and there is acceptance of performance. no object. morals. Ex: Contract to sell marijuana 30
. chattels or things in action at price not less than
500. Acceptance of benefits under the contract. no cause (inexistent ones) – essential formalities are not complied with ( ex: donation propter nuptias – should conform to formalities of a donation to be valid ) (a) Those w/c are absolutely simulated or fictitious – no cause (b) Those which cause or object did not exist at the time of the transaction – no cause/object (c) Those whose object is outside the commerce of man – no object (d) Those w/c contemplate an impossible service – no object (e) Those w/c intention of parties relative to principal object of the contract cannot be ascertained 2) Prohibited by law (f) Those expressly prohibited or declared void by law . whether it amounts to a crime or not
Illegal/Illicit ones – Those whose cause. public order or public policy .
labor. before it takes effect – party w/c is remorseful prevents it 2. The law will leave either side. any laborer who agreed to
receive less may still be entitled to recover the deficiency. The law will leave you where you are you where you are • Both shall be prosecuted • No confiscation • Thing/price to be confiscated in favor of government Only one party • No action for specific • No action for specific is guilty performance performance • Innocent party is entitled to • Innocent party is entitled to restitution restitution • Guilty party is not entitled to • Guilty party is not entitled to restitution restitution • Guilty party will be prosecuted • Instrument of crime will be confiscated in favor of govt PARI DELICTO DOCTRINE -both parties are guilty. Where laws are issued to protect certain sectors: consumer protection.
If purpose has not yet been accomplished & If damage has not been caused to any 3rd person Requisites: a) contract is for an illegal purpose
b) contract must be repudiated by any of the parties
accomplished or damage is caused to 3 parties
before purpose is
c) court believes that public interest will be served by allowing recovery (discretionary upon the court ) – based on remorse. pari delicto cannot apply
. usury law
a) Consumer protection – if price of commodity is determined by statute.
If one party is incapacitated. applies only to illegal contracts & not to inexistent contracts. does not apply when a superior public policy intervenes EXCEPTION TO PARI DELICTO RULE
1.CIVIL LAW MEMORY AID OBLICON
KINDS OF ILLEGAL CONTRACTS CONTRACT CONSTITUTE CONTRACT DOES NOT CRIMINAL OFFENSE CONSTITUTE CRIMINAL OFFENSE BUT IS ILLEGAL OR UNLAWFUL PER SE Parties are in • No action for specific • No action for specific pari delicto performance performance • No action for restitution on • No action for restitution on either side. those who come in equity must come with clean hands. illegality is accomplished when parties entered into contract. courts may allow recovery of money. any person
paying an amount in excess of the maximum price allowed may recover such excess
b) Labor – if law sets the minimum wage for laborers. if law set max working hours & laborer who undertakes to work longer may demand additional compensation c) Interest paid in excess of the interest allowed by the usury law may be recovered by debtor with interest from date of payment
3. no action against each other. property delivered by incapacitated person in the interest of justice.
return object of contract & fruits return price plus interest
Exception: No recovery can be had in cases where nullity of contract arose from illegality of contract where parties are in pari delicto. 2. except: a. other party is less guilty or not guilty
. incapacitated – not obliged to return what he gave but may recover what he has given b.CIVIL LAW MEMORY AID OBLICON
because an incapacitated person does not know what he is entering into. unable to understand the consequences of his own action
If agreement is not illegal per se but merely prohibited & prohibition is designated for the protection of the plaintiff – may recover what he has paid or delivered by virtue of public policy MUTUAL RESTITUTION IN VOID CONTRACTS General Rule: parties should return to each other what they have given by virtue of the void contract in case where nullity arose from defect in essential elements 1.
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