Source: https://fr.scribd.com/document/419296710/Rafiekian-Govt-Proposed-Jury-Instructions
Timestamp: 2019-09-23 11:03:12
Document Index: 49843220

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 951', '§ 371', '§ 618', '§ 31', '§ 612', '§ 612', '§ 612', '§ 612', '§ 612', '§ 612', '§ 612', '§ 612', '§ 612', '§ 612', '§ 951', '§ 73', '§ 1603', '§ 1603', '§ 1603', '§ 1603', '§ 612', '§ 614', '§ 614', '§ 614', '§ 611', '§ 611', '§ 611', '§ 611', '§ 611', '§ 611', '§ 611', '§ 611', '§ 611', '§ 613', '§ 5']

Rafiekian - Govt Proposed Jury Instructions | Conspiration (Criminel) | Conspiration civile
US v Rafiekian - Govt Proposed Jury Instructions; DE 344
enregistrerEnregistrer Rafiekian - Govt Proposed Jury Instructions pour plus tard
United States v. Gene Arthur Boyd, 972 F.2d 342, 4th Cir. (1992)
United States v. Wayne Trought, 11th Cir. (2010)
1548 - Ross Acquittal
United States v. James Wagner McCormick (Three Cases). United States of America v. Percy Perrine Carter, (Three Cases). United States of America v. Louis Martin Weinstein, (Two Cases), 565 F.2d 286, 4th Cir. (1978)
Case 1:18-cr-00457-AJT Document 344 Filed 07/21/19 Page 1 of 21 PageID# 4603
) No. 1:18-CR-457-AJT
BIJAN RAFIEKIAN, )
GOVERNMENT’S SUPPLEMENTAL PROPOSED JURY INSTRUCTIONS
The government hereby submits the following supplemental proposed jury instructions,
which are identical to the instructions submitted in docket entry 343.
Case 1:18-cr-00457-AJT Document 344 Filed 07/21/19 Page 2 of 21 PageID# 4604
Nature of the Offense Charged – Count One
Count One of the Indictment charges that:
From at least July 2016, through at least March 2017, in the Eastern District of Virginia
and elsewhere, the defendant, BIJAN RAFIEKIAN, together with others known and unknown,
knowingly and intentionally conspired:
(1) To knowingly act and cause others to act in the United States as an agent of a
foreign government without prior notification to the Attorney General, in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 951; and
(2) To willfully make in a document filed with or furnished to the Attorney
General under the provisions of the Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA)
a false statement of a material fact, and to willfully omit from the document a
material fact required to be stated therein, and to willfully omit from the
document a material fact or a copy of a material document necessary to make
the statements therein and the copies of documents furnished therewith not
A conspiracy is a kind of criminal partnership—a combination or agreement of two or
more persons to join together to accomplish some unlawful purpose. There are two objects of
the conspiracy charged in Count One: first, the defendant is accused of having conspired to
knowingly act or cause others to act in the United States as an agent of a foreign government
Case 1:18-cr-00457-AJT Document 344 Filed 07/21/19 Page 3 of 21 PageID# 4605
without prior notification to the Attorney General in violation of Title 18, United States Code,
Section 951, and, second, the defendant is accused of having conspired to make false statements
and willful omissions in a FARA filing, in violation of Title 22, United States Code, Section
618(a)(2).
(All in violation of Title 18, United States Code, Sections 371, 951 and
Title 22, United States Code Section 618(a)(2).
Case 1:18-cr-00457-AJT Document 344 Filed 07/21/19 Page 4 of 21 PageID# 4606
Statutes Defining the Offenses – Count One
Title 18, United States Code, Section 371 provides, in part, that:
United States . . . or any agency thereof in any manner or for any purpose,
and one or more of such persons do any act to effect the object of the
conspiracy, each
Title 18, United States Code, Section 951 provides, in part, that:
Whoever, other than a diplomatic or consular officer or attaché, acts in the
United States as an agent of a foreign government without prior notification
Title 22, United States Code, Section 618(a)(2) provides, in part, that:
Any person who in any registration statement or supplement thereto or in
any other document filed with or furnished to the Attorney General under
the provisions of this subchapter willfully makes a false statement of a
material fact or willfully omits any material fact required to be stated therein
or willfully omits a material fact or a copy of a material document necessary
to make the statements therein and the copies of documents furnished
therewith not misleading
18 U.S.C §§ 371, 951; 22 U.S.C § 618(a)(2).
Case 1:18-cr-00457-AJT Document 344 Filed 07/21/19 Page 5 of 21 PageID# 4607
Essential Elements of the Charged Offense – Count One
The essential elements of conspiracy to act as an agent of a foreign government and to
make false statements and willful omissions in a FARA filing, each of which the Government
must prove beyond a reasonable doubt, are as follows:
First, that the conspiracy, agreement, or understanding to act as an agent of a foreign
government or to make false statements and willful omissions in a FARA filing, as described in
the Indictment, was formed, reached, or entered into by two or more persons;
Second, that at some time during the existence or life of the conspiracy, agreement, or
understanding, the defendant, BIJAN RAFIEKIAN, knew the purpose of the conspiracy,
agreement, or understanding;
Third, that with knowledge of the purpose of the conspiracy, agreement, or
understanding, the defendant, BIJAN RAFIEKIAN, then deliberately joined the conspiracy,
agreement, or understanding; and
Fourth, that at some time during the existence or life of the conspiracy, agreement, or
the Indictment and did so in order to further or advance the purpose of the agreement.
2 Fed. Jury Prac. & Instr. § 31:03 (6th ed.)
Case 1:18-cr-00457-AJT Document 344 Filed 07/21/19 Page 6 of 21 PageID# 4608
Elements of the Conspiracy’s Objects –
Making False Statements and Willful Omissions in a FARA Filing
In Count One, the government has alleged that one of the objects of the conspiracy was to
make false statements and willful omissions in a FARA filing. For Count One, the government
does not have to prove that the defendant committed this crime; only that this was an object of
the conspiracy. In considering whether this was an object of the conspiracy, the following legal
principles and definitions apply.
The elements of the crime of making false statements and willful omissions in a FARA
First, that the defendant made a false statement of a material fact, omitted a material fact
required to be stated, or omitted a material fact necessary to the make the statements not
Second, that the defendant made such a statement in a document filed with or furnished
to the Attorney General under FARA; and
Third, that the defendant acted willfully.
22 U.S.C. §§ 612 & 618(a)(2).
Case 1:18-cr-00457-AJT Document 344 Filed 07/21/19 Page 7 of 21 PageID# 4609
“Material” – Defined
For purposes of Count One, a statement is “material” if it has a natural tendency to
influence a governmental action or is capable of influencing a governmental action. It is not
necessary for the government to prove that the statement here charged actually did influence a
United States v. Stover, 499 F. App’x 267, 273 (4th Cir. 2012) (affirming proposed instruction);
see also United States v. Garcia-Ochoa, 607 F.3d 371, 375 (4th Cir. 2010) (first sentence), cert.
denied, 562 U.S. 975 (2010); United States v. Hamilton, 699 F.3d 356, 362 (4th Cir. 2012)
(second sentence).
For purposes of Count One, Congress has stated in FARA that the following information
is material:
1. The name of every foreign principal for whom the registrant is acting,
assuming or purporting to act or has agreed to act; [22 U.S.C. § 612(a)(3)]
2. The extent, if any, to which each such foreign principal is supervised,
directed, owned, controlled, financed, or subsidized, in whole or in part, by
any government of a foreign country or foreign political party, or by any other
foreign principal; [22 U.S.C. § 612(a)(3)]
3. Copies of each written agreement and the terms and conditions of each oral
agreement, including all modifications of such agreements; [22 U.S.C.
§ 612(a)(4)]
Case 1:18-cr-00457-AJT Document 344 Filed 07/21/19 Page 8 of 21 PageID# 4610
4. Where no contract exists, a full statement of all the circumstances, by reason
of which the registrant is an agent of a foreign principal; [22 U.S.C.
5. A comprehensive statement of the nature and method of performance of each
such contract, and of the activity or activities engaged in by the registrant as
agent of a foreign principal for each such foreign principal, including a
detailed statement of any such activity which is a political activity; [22 U.S.C.
6. A detailed statement of every activity which the registrant is performing or is
assuming or purporting or has agreed to perform for himself or any other
person other than a foreign principal and which requires his registration
hereunder, including a detailed statement of any such activity which is a
political activity; [22 U.S.C. § 612(a)(6)]
7. The name, business, and residence addresses, and if an individual, the
nationality, of any person other than a foreign principal for whom the
registrant is acting, assuming or purporting to act or has agreed to act under
such circumstances as require his registration hereunder; the extent to which
each such person is supervised, directed, owned, controlled, financed, or
subsidized, in whole or in part, by any government of a foreign country or
foreign political party or by any other foreign principal; [22 U.S.C.
§ 612(a)(7)]
8. A detailed statement of the money and other things of value spent or disposed
of by the registrant during the preceding sixty days in furtherance of or in
Case 1:18-cr-00457-AJT Document 344 Filed 07/21/19 Page 9 of 21 PageID# 4611
connection with activities which require his registration hereunder and which
have been undertaken by him either as an agent of a foreign principal or for
himself or any other person or in connection with any activities relating to his
becoming an agent of such principal, [22 U.S.C. § 612(a)(8)]
9. Copies of each written agreement and the terms and conditions of each oral
agreement, including all modifications of such agreements, or, where no
contract exists, a full statement of all the circumstances, by reason of which
the registrant is performing or assuming or purporting or has agreed to
perform for himself or for a foreign principal or for any person other than a
foreign principal any activities which require his registration hereunder; [22
U.S.C. § 612(a)(9)]
10. Anything else required to be listed on the FARA forms; and [22 U.S.C.
§§ 612(a)(10); 612(b)]
11. Any further statements and documents as are necessary to make the
statements made in the registration statement and supplements thereto, and the
copies of documents furnished therewith, not misleading. [22 U.S.C.
§ 612(a)(11)]
It is for you to determine, however, whether any of the statements in the FARA filings
that the government has alleged were false were material false statements.
Case 1:18-cr-00457-AJT Document 344 Filed 07/21/19 Page 10 of 21 PageID# 4612
Elements of the Conspiracy’s Objects – Acting as an Agent of a Foreign Government
In Count One, the government has also alleged that a second object of the conspiracy was
to knowingly act or cause others to act in the United States as an agent of a foreign government,
that is, the Government of Turkey, without prior notification to the Attorney General. For Count
One, the government does not have to prove that the defendant committed this crime; only that
this was an object of the conspiracy. In considering whether this was an object of the
conspiracy, the legal principles and definitions applicable to the offense charged in Count Two
of the Indictment apply. I will explain Count Two and those principles and definitions now.
Case 1:18-cr-00457-AJT Document 344 Filed 07/21/19 Page 11 of 21 PageID# 4613
Nature of the Charged Offense – Count Two
(Acting in the United States as an Agent of a Foreign Government)
From approximately July 2016 through approximately March 2017, in the Eastern District
of Virginia and elsewhere, the defendant, BIJAN RAFIEKIAN, knowingly acted and caused others
to act in the United States as an agent of a foreign government, that is, the Government of Turkey,
without prior notification to the Attorney General, as required by law.
(All in violation of Title 18, United States Code, Sections 951 and 2)
Case 1:18-cr-00457-AJT Document 344 Filed 07/21/19 Page 12 of 21 PageID# 4614
Statute Defining the Offense – Count Two
to the Attorney General shall be guilty of an offense against the United
18 U.S.C. § 951(a).
Case 1:18-cr-00457-AJT Document 344 Filed 07/21/19 Page 13 of 21 PageID# 4615
Essential Elements of the Charged Offense – Count Two
The essential elements of knowingly acting or causing others to act in the United States
as an agent of a foreign government, each of which the Government must prove beyond a
reasonable doubt, are as follows:
First, that the defendant, BIJAN RAFIEKIAN, acted or caused others to act in the United
States as an agent of a foreign government except as engaged in a legal commercial transaction;
Second, that the defendant, BIJAN RAFIEKIAN, failed to notify the Attorney General of
the United States that he would be acting in the United States as an agent of the foreign
government prior to so acting;
Third, that the defendant, BIJAN RAFIEKIAN, acted knowingly.
Fourth, that the defendant, BIJAN RAFIEKIAN, acted or caused others to act at least in
part, as an agent for a foreign government in the Eastern District of Virginia during the time
period alleged in the indictment.
Case 1:18-cr-00457-AJT Document 344 Filed 07/21/19 Page 14 of 21 PageID# 4616
The term “legal commercial transaction” means any exchange, transfer, purchase or sale,
of any commodity, service or property of any kind, including information or intellectual property,
not prohibited by federal or state legislation or implementing regulations. [28 C.F.R. § 73.1(f)]
The government has alleged that the defendant’s conduct was not a “legal commercial
transaction” because it was prohibited under the following provisions of the Lobbying Disclosure
1. Registration forms under the Lobbying Disclosure Act must truthfully state
the name of the registrant’s client; [2 U.S.C. § 1603(b)(2)]
2. Registration forms under the Lobbying Disclosure Act must truthfully state
the name of any organization, other than the client, that contributes more than
$5,000 to the registrant or the client in the quarterly period to fund the
lobbying activities of the registrant; [2 U.S.C. § 1603(b)(3)(A)]
3. Registration forms under the Lobbying Disclosure Act must truthfully state, to
the extent practicable, specific issues that have (as of the date of the
registration) already been addressed or are likely to be addressed in lobbying
activities; and [2 U.S.C. § 1603(b)(5)(A)]
4. Registration forms under the Lobbying Disclosure Act must truthfully state
the name of each employee of the registrant who has acted or whom the
Case 1:18-cr-00457-AJT Document 344 Filed 07/21/19 Page 15 of 21 PageID# 4617
registrant expects to act as a lobbyist on behalf of the client. [2 U.S.C.
§ 1603(b)(5)(B)]
The government has also alleged that the defendant’s conduct was not a “legal
commercial transaction” because it was prohibited under the following provisions of the Foreign
Agents Registration Act (FARA):
5. No person shall act as an agent of a foreign principal unless he has filed a true
and complete FARA registration form with the Attorney General,; [22 U.S.C.
§ 612(a)]
6. No person acting as an agent of a foreign principal shall disseminate
informational materials, including op-ed articles, on behalf of a foreign
principal without filing two copies of the materials with the Attorney General
within 48 hours,; [22 U.S.C. § 614(b)]
7. No person acting as an agent of a foreign principal shall disseminate
informational materials, including op-ed articles, on behalf of the foreign
principal without labeling the materials as being disseminated on behalf of the
foreign principal,; [22 U.S.C. § 614(b)]
8. No person acting as an agent of a foreign principal shall contact any
government official, including any member of Congress, for the purpose of
lobbying in the interests of the foreign principal without informing the official
that the person is lobbying for the foreign principal,. [22 U.S.C. § 614(e)]
Case 1:18-cr-00457-AJT Document 344 Filed 07/21/19 Page 16 of 21 PageID# 4618
Legal Commercial Transaction – Agent of a Foreign Principal
For purposes of the requirements listed in numbers five though eight of Jury Instruction
number __ (“Legal Commercial Transaction”), the term “agent of a foreign principal” means any
person who both:
1. acts as an agent, representative, employee, or servant, or in any other capacity acts at the
order, request, or under the direction or control, of a foreign principal or of a person any
of whose activities are directly or indirectly supervised, directed, controlled, financed, or
subsidized in whole or in major part by a foreign principal, or agrees, consents, assumes
or purports to act as, or who holds himself out to be, whether or not pursuant to
contractual relationship, an agent of a foreign principal; and [22 U.S.C. § 611(c)(1, 2)]
2. does any of the following, directly or through any other person:
a. engages within the United States in political activities for or in the interests of
such foreign principal; [22 U.S.C. § 611(c)(1)(i)]
i. The term “political activities” includes any activity (1) intended to
influence the U.S. government or public with regard to changing U.S.
policies or (2) with reference to a foreign country’s political or public
interests. [22 U.S.C. § 611(o)]
b. acts within the United States as a public relations counsel or publicity agent for or
in the interests of such foreign principal; [22 U.S.C. § 611(c)(1)(ii)]
i. The term “public-relations counsel” includes any person who engages
directly or indirectly in representing a principal in any way in any public
Case 1:18-cr-00457-AJT Document 344 Filed 07/21/19 Page 17 of 21 PageID# 4619
relations matter pertaining to political or public interests, policies, or
relations of such principal. [22 U.S.C. § 611(g)]
ii. The term “publicity agent” includes any person who engages directly or
indirectly in the publication or dissemination of oral or written information
or matter of any kind, including publication by means of periodicals,
newspapers, or otherwise. [22 U.S.C. § 611(h)]
c. within the United States disburses or dispenses contributions, money, or other
things of value for or in the interest of such foreign principal; or [22 U.S.C.
§ 611(c)(1)(iii)]
d. within the United States represents the interests of such foreign principal before
any agency or official of the Government of the United States. [22 U.S.C.
§ 611(c)(1)(iv)]
For purposes of this instruction, the term “foreign principal” includes the government of a
foreign country, a foreign political party, an individual outside of the United States unless that
individual is a U.S. citizen who lives in the United States, and entities—such as corporations,
partnerships, or organizations—that are organized under the laws of or have their principal place
of business in a foreign country. [22 U.S.C. § 611(b)(1-3)]
In this case, the government has alleged that the Government of Turkey, Kamil Ekim
Alptekin, and Inovo B.V. are foreign principals. It is for you to determine whether any of these
entities are foreign principals.
Case 1:18-cr-00457-AJT Document 344 Filed 07/21/19 Page 18 of 21 PageID# 4620
Legal Commercial Transaction – The Lobbying Disclosure Act Exception
The Lobbying Disclosure Act (“LDA”) Exception is an exception to certain requirements
under FARA. The LDA exception would apply, and therefore the defendant’s conduct would not
have been in violation of the requirements listed in numbers five though eight of Jury Instruction
number __ (“Legal Commercial Transaction”), if you find that all of the following requirements
1. FIG was engaged in lobbying activities; and
2. FIG registered under the Lobbying Disclosure Act; and
3. The Government of Turkey was not the principal beneficiary of those lobbying
4. FIG’s lobbying activities were not done at the order, request, or under the direction or
control of the Government of Turkey.
Thus, if you find that FIG engaged in lobbying, that its lobbying did not principally
benefit the government of Turkey, and that is lobbying also was not done at the request, order,
direction or control of the government of Turkey, and that FIG registered under the Lobbying
Disclosure Act, you should find that the Lobbying Disclosure Act Exception applies as to the
requirements listed in numbers five though eight of Jury Instruction number __ (“Legal
Commercial Transaction”).
Case 1:18-cr-00457-AJT Document 344 Filed 07/21/19 Page 19 of 21 PageID# 4621
However, if you find that FIG lobbied on behalf of government of Turkey, that the
government of Turkey was the principal beneficiary of FIG’s lobbying, or did not register under
the LDA, then the Lobbying Disclosure Act Exception does not apply to the requirements listed
in numbers five though eight of Jury Instruction number __ (“Legal Commercial Transaction”).
22 U.S.C. § 613(h); 28 C.F.R. § 5.307.
Case 1:18-cr-00457-AJT Document 344 Filed 07/21/19 Page 20 of 21 PageID# 4622
Evan N. Turgeon James P. Gillis
Trial Attorney Virginia Bar No. 65055
Counterintelligence John T. Gibbs
and Export Control Section Virginia Bar No. 40380
National Security Division Assistant United States Attorneys
United States Department of Justice The Justin W. Williams
950 Pennsylvania Ave., NW United States Attorney’s Office
Washington, DC 20530 2100 Jamieson Avenue
(202) 353-0176 Alexandria, VA 22314
Evan.Turgeon@usdoj.gov (703) 299-3700
(703) 299-3982 (fax)
James.P.Gillis@usdoj.gov
John.Gibbs@usdoj.gov
Case 1:18-cr-00457-AJT Document 344 Filed 07/21/19 Page 21 of 21 PageID# 4623
I hereby certify that on July 21, 2019, I electronically filed the foregoing using the
CM/ECF system, which will send a notification of such filing to counsel of record.
Faire de fausses déclarations
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