Source: https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Domain_awam
Timestamp: 2019-07-20 18:23:02
Document Index: 172174106

Matched Legal Cases: ['§3', '§105', '§7', '§10', '§10', '§58', '§3', '§15', '§27']

Wikipedia:Domain awam - Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu, ensiklopedia bebas
Sila lihat juga rencana ensiklopedia mengenai domain awam.
Bagi Wikipedia, domain awam terdiri daripada kesemua karya bebas hak cipta: sesiapa pun boleh menggunakannya dalam mana-mana satu cara dan untuk mana-mana satu tujuan, asalkan nama pengarang atau sumber karya diberikan untuk mengelakkan sebarang penjiplakan.
Secara amnya, domain awam ditakrifkan (umpamanya, oleh Pejabat Hak Cipta Amerika Syarikat) sebagai keseluruh karya-karya yang tidak mempunyai hak cipta, ia itu:
karya yang tidak layak untuk dihakciptakan; atau
karya yang mempunyai hak cipta yang telah tamat tempohnya.
Bagaimanapun, tiadanya perkara seperti domain awam dalam Internet. Perjanjian antarabangsa, seperti Konvensyen Berne, tidak mengatasi ataupun menggantikan undang-undang tempatan. Sehingga hari ini, tidak adanya "Undang-undang Hak Cipta Antarabangsa" yang sah dan yang mengatasi undang-undang tempatan. Oleh sebab itu, negara-negara penandatangan Konvensyen Berne telah menyesuaikan undang-undang mereka untuk mematuhi piawai minimum yang ditentukan oleh perjanjian, seringnya dengan peruntukan-peruntukan yang lebih kuat daripada apa yang diperlukan. Sama ada sesuatu karya merupakan bebas hak cipta di sebahagian negara-negara tergantungnya kepada undang-undang negara-negara masing-masing.
Wikipedia dan perbadanannya yang sah, iaitu Yayasan WikiMedia, berasas di Florida, Amerika Syarikat. Walaupun undang-undang kekadangnya tidak begitu jelas mengenai mana satu undang-undang harus dipergunakan dalam Internet, undang-undang utama bagi Wikipedia ialah undang-undang Amerika Syarikat. Walau bagaimanapun khusus buat Wikipedia bahasa Melayu, undang-undang utama di sini adalah undang-undang Malaysia. Bagi pengguna-pengguna kandungan Wikipedia, mereka harus mematuhi undang-undang negara masing-masing.
Di dalam Amerika Syarikat, mana-mana satu karya yang diterbitkan sebelum 1 Januari 1923 di mana-mana sahaja di dalam dunia ini merupakan karya dalam domain awam. Bagaimanapun, negara-negara yang lain tidak harus diikati oleh tarikh 1923 ini. Kerumitan-kerumitan tertimbul sewaktu kes-kes yang khas dipertimbangkan, seperti sewaktu mencuba menentukan sama ada sebuah karya yang diterbitkan selepas tahun 1923 boleh dianggap sebagai karya dalam domain awam di Amerika Syarikat, ataupun sewaktu mengendalikan karya-karya yang tidak pernah diterbit. Sewaktu sebuah karya bukannya diterbitkan di Amerika Syarikat, tetapi di dalam negara yang lain, undang-undang hak cipta negara itu juga harus diambil kira. Pengguna-pengguna kandungan Wikipedia akan mendapati bahawa penjelasan di sini amat berguna.
Di Malaysia pula, kesemua karya yang layak mendapat hak cipta dilindungi secara automatik dari tarikh penghasilannya selama 50 tahun sebelum menjadi domain umum. Undang-undang ini termaktub dalam Akta Hakcipta 1987.
1 Dokumen penting
2 Karya-karya yang tidak layak untuk perlindungan hak cipta
2.1 Karya-karya kerajaan
2.2 Karya-karya yang tidak berdaya cipta
3 Bilakah hak cipta tamat tempohnya?
3.1 Peraturan tempoh lebih singkat
4 Peraturan-peraturan negara yang tertentu
4.1 Hak cipta Kerajaan United Kingdom
5 Karya-karya terterbit berbanding karya-karya yang tidak diterbit
6 Pengumuman hak cipta
7 Perakaman bunyi
8 Foto-foto bangunan
9 Karya-karya perolehan dan pemulihan karya-karya dalam domain awam
10 Contoh-contoh
10.1 Imej Perang Dunia II
10.2 Imej Kanada: Yousuf Karsh
Dokumen penting[sunting sumber]
Laman ini memerlukan kemaskini dalam Bahasa Melayu piawai Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Sila membantu, bahan-bahan boleh didapati di Domain awam (Inggeris).
The Berne Convention is the primary legislative document governing international copyright. Signatory states agree to amend their legislations to meet the minimum requirements of this convention, but the convention itself is not law. Signatory countries have the right to "opt out" from some of its paragraphs, and how any particular country implements the Berne Convention is a question of local legislation. The full text of the Berne Convention is available at the WIPO web site.
The EU Copyright Directive is a binding directive for all member countries of the European Union, harmonizing the term of copyright. Individual countries have amended their laws to comply with this directive. The EU legislation web site has the full text (1993), plus a 2001 amendment modifying §3(2).
Other documents[sunting sumber]
The Universal Copyright Convention (UCC) was an alternate international copyright treaty. It prescribed less stringent protections than the Berne Convention. Since the UCC explicitly said that if a signatory of the UCC was also a signatory of the Berne Convention, the latter should prevail, and most countries have since joined the Berne Convention, the UCC is largely irrelevant today. However, the adherence dates of some states to the UCC may still be of interest.
Karya-karya yang tidak layak untuk perlindungan hak cipta[sunting sumber]
Karya-karya kerajaan[sunting sumber]
For the U.S., federal government works are not eligible for copyright protection (17 USC 105). It stands to reason that this applies world-wide, for it is not evident how the U.S. government could assert copyright in some other country over a work that cannot be copyrighted by its own laws in the originating country (the U.S.). Still, there are differing opinions, see the CENDI Copyright FAQ list, 3.1.7 and a discussion on that at the LibraryLaw BlogTemplat:Mn. For all practical purposes, however, we can assume works produced by the U.S. government or its employees in the course of their duties to be copyright-free and in the public domain world-wide.
In practice, this means that most material on *.gov and *.mil, as well as material on some *.us web sites (such as the sites of the U.S. Forest Service), are in the public domain. Please note that not all such material is in the public domain, though:
Some U.S. state governments also have web sites in the *.gov domain. State and local governments usually do retain a copyright on their works. (In fact, only the state of California routinely places most of its works into the public domain. See {{PD-CAGov}}.) 17 USC §105 only places federal documents in the public domain.
Works produced under a commission from the U.S. government by a contractor are most likely copyrighted. This typically includes any documents from research labs. The Oak Ridge National Laboratory, for instance, is operated by a contractor for the U.S. Department of Energy, but that doesn't mean the works it produces are "works of the federal government". ORNL works are copyrighted, and the U.S. government is granted a non-exclusive license to use, publish, and allow republication of such works. The precise terms vary from one lab to the next, but in general, commercial re-use of their works is prohibited.
For other countries, it may also be assumed that works that originate there and cannot be copyrighted by the respective local laws of the originating country are in the public domain world-wide. Works ineligible for copyright protection in the country of origin cannot miraculously become copyright protected in some other country. Note that other countries' governments may hold copyrights; in fact, most do so and their works are thus copyright protected.
Under U.S. law, laws themselves and legal rulings also form a special class. All current or formerly binding laws, codes, and regulations produced by government at any level and the public record of any court case are in the public domain. [1] This applies even to the laws enacted in states and municipalities that ordinarily claim copyright over their work. The US Copyright Office has interpreted this as applying to all "edicts of government" both domestic and foreign.
Templat:Mnb2 In that discussion it is mentioned that Germany didn't follow the rule of the shorter term. It does, though, for non-EU countries.
Karya-karya yang tidak berdaya cipta[sunting sumber]
A second category of works that in general cannot be copyright protected are those that have no (or no significant) creative content. In the U.S., the classic example is a telephone directory. The names and numbers therein are, in the doctrine of case law (e.g. Feist v. Rural), "facts that were discovered", rather than the result of a creative expression or judgment. The U.S. has explicitly rejected the position that the amount of effort involved in the discovery a fact can justify its protection. As a result of this doctrine, addresses, phone numbers, most scientific data, sports scores, the results of polls, and similar facts are exempt from copyright.
Another class of uncreative works which are unable to claim copyright protection in the U.S. are those resulting from mechanical reproduction. Following Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp., a simple reproductive photograph of a two-dimensional artwork does not give rise to a new copyright on the photograph.
It should also be noted that the exemption of reproduction photographs extends only to two-dimensional artwork in the U.S. A photograph of a three dimensional statue may acquire copyright protection even if the statue itself belongs to the public domain. Such rights derive from the creativity involved in the positioning of camera, lighting, and other variables. Furthermore, the exemption for reproductive photos is not universally recognized by other countries.
Bilakah hak cipta tamat tempohnya?[sunting sumber]
Copyright protection is granted only for a certain period of time—barring pathological cases where some work is placed under a perpetual copyright protection. Different countries have different copyright terms: in some countries, copyright expires 50 years after the author's death (also called "50 years p.m.a.", post mortem autoris; this is the minimum standard required by the Berne Convention), others have a 70-year period (70y p.m.a.), Mexico even 100y p.m.a. Many countries also have special rules, depending on when a work was first published, whether it was first published in that country or not, whether the author is known or not, and other things. For instance, a work published with a © notice in the U.S. between 1963 and 1977 (inclusive) is copyright protected in the U.S. until 95 years after the date of the initial publication. Peter Hirtle has compiled a very useful chart showing when and under what conditions the copyright of a work expires in the U.S. Many countries also know or at least knew different copyright terms for text and photographic works.
Peraturan tempoh lebih singkat[sunting sumber]
In brief: The "rule of the shorter term" says that copyright protection in any signatory country of the Berne Convention ends when the copyright expires in the originating country. This rule is not binding. The U.S. has not adopted it, the European Union and Japan have done so.
The United States does not recognize this "shorter term" rule. The European Union does, however, adopt such a rule via-a-vis non-EU members (see §7(1) of the EU Copyright Directive). Within the EU itself, however, the contrary is true: §10(1) states that longer terms already running remained in effect, and §10(2) states that the 70 year p.m.a. applied to all works protected in at least one member country. As a result, there is a transitory phase in which works that already were out of copyright in one EU country suddenly became copyright protected again in that country on July 1, 1995 because they were still protected in some other EU country. See "World-War II images" below. Japan also honors the rule of the shorter term, see §58 of the Japanese Copyright Law.
Works first published in the U.S. and no longer copyrighted there are also in the public domain in countries that do follow the rule of the shorter term. In particular, this concerns works published before 1923 in the U.S., as well as works published before 1964 in the U.S. whose copyright was not renewed, and works published up to 1977 in the U.S. without a copyright notice. These works are in the public domain in all countries that do honor the rule of the shorter term, which includes the European Union and Japan.
Peraturan-peraturan negara yang tertentu[sunting sumber]
See also Commons:Licensing.
Because copyright expiry is governed by local laws, some special noteworthy cases exist, in particular for photographs. These cases are interesting for Wikipedia if a work was not published in the U.S., because then, the law of the originating country must be examined. There is a whole slew of country-specific image copyright tags for precisely that purpose; see the list of image copyright tags. However, being in the public domain in its home country does not automatically mean that the work was also in the public domain in the U.S. Wherever these country-specific tags are used, they should be accompanied by a rationale explaining why the image is thought to be in the public domain in the U.S., too. (Remember that Wikipedia is primarily subject to U.S. law!)
In Australia, the copyright on published photographs taken before May 1, 1969 expired 50 years after the creation. (For photographs taken later, it expired 50 years after the first publication.) As a result of the Australia-U.S. Free Trade Agreement (AUSFTA), new legislation became effective on January 1, 2005, extending the copyright term (also on photographs) generally to 70 years p.m.a, but explicitly ruling out a revival of copyright on works whose copyright had already expired. Any published photographs created before January 1, 1955 are thus in the public domain in Australia. The same also holds true for other works, which were protected 50 years p.m.a. prior to January 1, 2005: any work of an author who died before January 1, 1955 is in the public domain in Australia. See Infosheet G-23: Duration of Copyright by the Australian Copyright Council. These rules even apply for works where the government holds the copyright, i.e. that are under Crown copyright. (There is the template {{PD-Australia}} for tagging such images.) See also copyright expiration in Australia.
In Canada, any photograph created (not published!) before January 1, 1949 and not covered by Crown copyright is in the public domain. This is a consequence of the Canadian Bill C-32: An Act to Amend the Copyright Act, which replaced the old rule for photographs ("copyright expires 50 years after creation of the work") by 50 years p.m.a., but not retroactively applying the new rule to works that were already in the public domain by the effective date of the bill, January 1, 1999 (see [3] at the bottom). Wikipedia has the template {{PD-Canada}} for tagging such images.
January 1, 1996 is the date the U.S. Uruguay Round Agreements Act (URAA) became effective. The URAA implemented TRIPS, part of the Uruguay Round of the GATT negotiations, in U.S. law. The URAA essentially is codified in U.S. law in 17 USC 104a. It had the effect of automatically restoring copyrights of works that were still copyrighted in their country of origin but whose copyright had lapsed in the U.S. due to non-compliance with technical formalities such as proper registration of the copyright with the U.S. Copyright Office. Since works that have entered the public domain in their country of origin prior to January 1, 1996 are not eligible to this copyright restoration, such works remain in the public domain in the U.S. This, however, is valid only in cases where the U.S. federal copyright law (17 USC) applies. There are some specialized cases that are subject to state law, where other rules may apply (see the section on sound recordings below).
Hak cipta Kerajaan United Kingdom[sunting sumber]
Karya-karya terterbit berbanding karya-karya yang tidak diterbit[sunting sumber]
So far, we have only considered published works. What does published mean? A work is published when it is made accessible in some non-ephemeral form to the public at large with the consent of its author. Ephemeral forms of making the work accessible do not constitute publication. To quote the Berne Convention, §3.3:
As long as a work is not published, it is unpublished. (Also note that by publication, the work must be made accessible to the general public. Hanging a painting on one's bedroom wall does not constitute publication. It is unclear how to interpret the Berne Convention's phrasing on art exhibitions and building construction. How else could one "publish" such works if not by exhibiting or building them?)
One possibility is a photograph that was never published while it would have been copyright protected, turns up later in some collection, and then is published. Of course, it ceases to be an unpublished work at that moment. The rules of the U.S. copyright law are as follows:
The Berne Convention leaves it to any signatory country to make its own rules regarding unpublished anonymous works (see §15(4)). Unpublished works by a known author, however, are subject to the same minimum protection (50 years p.m.a) as published works.
Pengumuman hak cipta[sunting sumber]
Pendek kata: tidak diperlukan lagi.
Perakaman bunyi[sunting sumber]
In brief: the copyright situation in the U.S. depends on state law for records made prior to February 15, 1972.
A sound recording is different from a musical work. A musical work would be a composition (notes and words). Publicly performing a musical work does not constitute "publication" in the sense of the copyright law. (Presumably, a musical work is published when the score sheets are published.) Making a sound recording of a performance of a musical work requires the permission of the performer. (17 USC 1101) Performing a musical work requires the authorization of the copyright holder of that musical work. (17 USC 106(4)) Distributing phonorecords made from a performance of a musical work also requires the authorization of the copyright holder of the work performed. (17 USC 106(3)). A sound recording is copyrighted seperately from the musical work it records. Publicly distributing phonorecords of the sound recording constitutes publication of the sound recording. (17 USC 101)
Sound recordings made prior to February 15, 1972 are not covered by U.S. federal copyright law. They are, however, subject to U.S. state common or statutory laws until February 15, 2067.Templat:Mn On that date, federal copyright law will preempt state law, i.e., federal law will supersede any state laws in matters concerning the copyright of such sound recordings, and such sound recordings will then enter the public domain in the U.S., as federal law explicitly states that no such recordings "shall be subject to copyright under this title before, on, or after" that date. (17 USC 301(c)) Sound recordings made on or after February 15, 1972 are covered by 17 USC (that is, the federal copyright law), and state law is irrelevant for such later recordings.
An illustrative case in the U.S. showing some of the complexities of determining the copyright status of even old recordings is Capitol Records v. Naxos of America, decided by the U.S. Court of Appeals, 2nd Circuit on April 5, 2005. Briefly, that decision about old recordings that were made in the United Kingdom in the 1930s and that had entered the public domain there in the 1980s (50 years after their creation) stated that these were still eligible for copyright protection under the common law of the state of New York, even though they were in the public domain in the UK prior to January 1, 1996 and thus not eligible to copyright restoration under the URAA. The reason given was precisely that records from the 1930s were not covered by federal law and the URAA and its cut-off date did not apply to state law.
Templat:Mnb2 That date originally was February 15, 2047 (75 years after 1972), but was extended by 20 years in 1998 by the CTEA.
Foto-foto bangunan[sunting sumber]
Briefly: photographs of civilian buildings from public places are ok in many, but not all countries.
Buildings are works subject to copyright in the U.S. according to 17 USC 102(a)(8) since the Architectural Works Copyright Protection Act was passed in 1990. It applies to all buildings that were completed (not begun) after December 1, 1990, or where the plans were published after that date. However, the U.S. federal copyright law explicitly exempts photographs of such copyrighted buildings from the copyright of the building in 17 USC 120(a). Anyone may take photographs of buildings from public places. The photographer holds the exclusive copyright to such an image (the architect or owner of the building has no say whatsoever), and may publish the image in any way. In German copyright law, this is called "Panoramafreiheit". Not all countries recognize this right; in France, for instance, the copyright holder of a building has the right to control the distribution of photographs of the building. (The famous example is the illumination of the Eiffel Tower, which is copyrighted. Nighttime photos of the illuminated Eiffel Tower may only be published with the consent of the company running it.)
Karya-karya perolehan dan pemulihan karya-karya dalam domain awam[sunting sumber]
Briefly: may give rise to new copyright on the new work, but not on the public domain original.
A work that is derived or adapted from a public domain work can itself be protected by copyright only to the extent that the derived work contains elements of originality contributed by the author of the derived work. For example, an abstract painting of a famous photograph would be protectible, as is the distinctive rendition of the Star Spangled Banner performed by Jimmy Hendrix. The protection available to these works does not remove the underlying work from the public domain, and the author of the derivation has no cause of action against another person who makes a derivation of the same public domain work.
Imej Perang Dunia II[sunting sumber]
In brief: are copyrighted.
The issue of German photographs from World War II has created some confusion. Are they still copyrighted? What about governmental images (such as propaganda)?
However, with the EU Copyright Directive from 1993, which became effective in Germany on July 1, 1995, these works suddenly became copyright protected again, until 70 years p.m.a! This was caused by Spain's longer copyright term of 70 years p.m.a. (see the old Spanish copyright law Ley 22/1987, §27) suddenly superseding Germany's old "25 years"-rule that had been governing World-War-II-era images. As a result, a 1943 image that had been in the public domain since 1968 became copyright protected again in 1995 with the EU term of 70y p.m.a. See this German article for the details.
In general, such images cannot be tagged as being in the public domain. However, fair use cases can be made in many cases (historical images, no other way to obtain equivalent illustrations).
Imej Kanada: Yousuf Karsh[sunting sumber]
Image:Albert Einstein by Yousuf Karsh.jpg, from [5]. This image has generated a lot of discussion at the Commons, with an anon claiming it was copyrighted, and, more recently, another (German) user trying to get the image deleted (again) as a copyvio. The pertinent discussion is in chronological order at first deletion discussion, asking the LAC for confirmation, a second deletion discussion, and then at a third discussion. Finally, on November 16, 2005, the image was tagged both as {{PD-Canada}} and {{imagevio}} here on the English Wikipedia.
The image was definitely published in Karsh, Y.: Portraits of Greatness, University of Toronto Press, Toronto 1959, and Thomas Nelson & Sons, London, 1959, p. 68. (See [6].) Whether that is the first publication of the image is unknown. Following Peter Hirtle's chart, and even assuming the first publishing occurred in Canada, the image was still copyrighted in Canada on January 1, 1996 (its copyright in Canada expired on December 31, 1998) and thus is still copyrighted in the U.S. The simultaneous publishing of the book also in the UK makes it copyrighted there, and by extension through the EU Copyright Directive all over the European Union. Unless the EU would also consider it a Canadian work, in which case the "rule of the shorter term", which the EU does apply to non-EU countries, might make it copyright-free there—but that's a stretch and would depend on whether the Canadian and UK publishing occurred within 30 days (and hence be "simultaneous") or not. CameraPress in London does claim copyright on this image. If this image was even published (or should that be "first published"?) in the U.S., it would definitely be copyrighted in the U.S. While one would have to check whether its copyright was renewed to be absolutely sure, it's a fairly safe bet that the Karsh Estate did do so.
Image:Winston Churchill 1941 photo by Yousuf Karsh.jpg (on the Commons), from [7]. It turns out that this was first published on the cover of Life, a U.S. magazine, in 1941 or 1942. (See e.g. [8].) There, too, a check whether the copyright was renewed would be needed, but it would be a surprise if it wasn't. That image is most probably also still copyrighted. However, since that image is so important in Karsh's career and is discussed in detail at Yousuf Karsh, it could be salvaged by re-uploading it to the English Wikipedia and making a fair use claim for its use in the Karsh article.
Image:VerePonsonby.jpg from [9]. According to [10], this was (first) published in newspapers across Canada and Britain. Its Canadian copyright expired on December 31, 1983, and it is thus likely to be in the public domain in the U.S., too. (Not copyrighted anymore on January 1, 1996.) However, if there is a UK copyright on it, or if it was (simultaneously, first?) published in the U.S., it might nevertheless be copyrighted in the U.S.
Image:PaulRobesonByYousufKarsh.jpg, from [11]. Image from 1938, published in Karsh, Y.: Faces of Destiny, Ziff-Davies Publishing, New York 1946, and George G. Harrap, London, 1946. Original copyright registered with the U.S. Copyright Office on December 16, 1946 (Registration Number A9354), renewed December 3, 1974 (Registration Number R592433). See [12]. Therefore, copyright on this work (and all the images included therein, assuming that was their original publication) expires in the U.S. only on December 31, 2041.
Wikipedia: Hak cipta
Wikipedia: FAQ hak cipta
Wikipedia: Menyumbang karya kepada domain awam
Wikipedia: Teg-teg hak cipta imej
Wikipedia: Sumber-sumber domain awam
Diambil daripada "https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Domain_awam&oldid=3935699"
Laman ini kali terakhir disunting pada 21:36, 20 Februari 2017.