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ECMA-349. Data Interchange on 120 mm and 80 mm Optical Disk using +R Format Capacity: 4,7 and 1,46 Gbytes per Side. (Recording speed up to 16X) - PDF
ECMA-349. Data Interchange on 120 mm and 80 mm Optical Disk using +R Format Capacity: 4,7 and 1,46 Gbytes per Side. (Recording speed up to 16X)
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1 ECMA-349 4th Edition June 2008 Data Interchange on 120 mm and 80 mm Optical Disk using +R Format Capacity: 4,7 and 1,46 Gbytes per Side (Recording speed up to 16X)2 COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT Ecma International 20083 Standard ECMA th Edition - June 2008 Data Interchange on 120 mm and 80 mm Optical Disk using +R Format Capacity: 4,7 and 1,46 Gbytes per Side (Recording speed up to 16X) Ecma International Rue du Rhône 114 CH-1204 Geneva T/F: /014 .5 Introduction Ecma Technical Committee TC31 was established in 1984 for the standardization of Optical Disks and Optical Disk Cartridges (ODC). Since its establishment, the Committee has made major contributions to ISO/IEC toward the development of International Standards for 80 mm, 90 mm, 120 mm, 300 mm, and 356 mm media. Numerous standards have been developed by TC31 and published by Ecma, almost all of which have also been adopted by ISO/IEC under the fast-track procedure as International Standards. In April 2003 a group of Companies proposed to TC31 to develop a standard for 120 mm recordable optical disks using the WORM recording technology and based on the DVD Read-Only standard (ECMA-267) and the +RW format (ECMA-337). TC31 adopted this project and started the work that has resulted in the first edition of ECMA-349. This Ecma Standard specifies two Types of recordable optical disks, one (Type S) making use of recording on only a single side of the disk and yielding a nominal capacity of 4,7 or 1,46 Gbytes per disk and the other (Type D) making use of recording on both sides of the disk and yielding a nominal capacity of 9,4 or 2,92 Gbytes per disk. In December 2003 a proposal was made to TC31 to update this Ecma Standard for recording speeds up to 8 times the Reference velocity. TC31 adopted this project which has resulted in the second edition of ECMA-349. In February 2005 a proposal was made to TC31 to update this Ecma Standard for recording speeds up to 16 times the Reference velocity and to facilitate the application of the Video Content Protection System. This Ecma Standard, taken together with a standard for volume and file structure, such as for instance developed in Ecma Technical Committee TC15, provides the requirements for information interchange between systems. This Ecma Standard has been adopted by the General Assembly of June 2008.6 7 Table of contents Section 1 General 1 1 Scope 1 2 Conformance Optical Disk Generating system Receiving system Compatibility statement 1 3 References 2 4 Definitions Channel bit Clamping Zone Digital Sum Value (DSV) Disk Reference Plane dummy substrate entrance surface field groove interleaving mark Multi-session disk Physical Sector recording layer Reed-Solomon code (RS) Reference velocity Single-session disk session space substrate track track pitch VCPS 4 - i -8 4.23 wobble zone 4 5 Conventions and notations Representation of numbers Names 4 6 Abbreviations and acronyms 4 7 General description of the optical disk 5 8 General Requirements Environments Test environment Operating environment Storage environment Transportation Safety requirements Flammability Light fastness 7 9 Reference Drive Optical system Optical beam Read channel Disk clamping Rotation of the disk Wobble channel (Read channel 2) Tracking channel (Read channel 2) Reference servo systems Normalized servo transfer function Reference Servo for Axial Tracking Reference Servo for Radial Tracking 11 Section 2 Dimensional, mechanical and physical characteristics of the disk Dimensional characteristics Reference Planes Overall dimensions First transition area Second transition area Clamping Zone 15 - ii -9 10.6 Third transition area Information Zone Rim Area Remark on tolerances Mechanical characteristics Mass Moment of inertia Dynamic imbalance Axial runout Tracking requirements at the Reference velocity (CLV) Tracking requirements at RPM (CAV) Radial runout Tracking requirements at the Reference velocity (CLV) Tracking requirements at RPM (CAV) Optical characteristics in the Information Zone Index of refraction Thickness of the substrate Reflectivity Birefringence Angular deviation 19 Section 3 Format of information Data format Data Frames Identification Data (ID) ID Error Detection Code (IED) RSV Error Detection Code (EDC) Scrambled Frames ECC Blocks Recording Frames Modulation and NRZI conversion Physical Sectors Layout of a Recording UNit (RUN) Recording Unit position d.c. component suppression control Track format Track shape 28 - iii -10 14.2 Track path Track pitch Track layout ADIP information Physical format information in ADIP 32 Section 4 Format of the Information Zone General description of the Information Zone Layout of the Information Zone of a Single-session disk Physical Sector Numbers (PSNs) Inner Drive Area Initial Zone Inner Disk Test Zone Count Zone Run-in Inner Disk Count Zone Inner Disk Administration Zone Table of Contents (TOC) Zone Table of Contents Blocks Recorded Area Indicators Lead-in Zone Guard Zone Reserved Zone Reserved Zone Inner Disk Identification Zone Reserved Zone Reference Code Zone Buffer Zone Control Data Zone Physical format information Disk manufacturing information Content provider information Buffer Zone Data Zone Lead-out Zone Buffer Zone Outer Disk Identification Zone 63 - iv -11 20.3 Guard Zone Outer Drive Area Outer Disk Administration Zone Outer Disk Count Zone Outer Disk Test Zone Guard Zone Multi-session Layout Intro Buffer Zone A Inner Session Identification Zone Session Control Data Zone Buffer Zone B Data Zone Closure Buffer Zone C Outer Session Identification Zone Sequential recording in Fragments Opening a Session Incomplete Fragment Reserved Fragments Recording User Data in Fragments Closing a Fragment Closing a Session Lead-in/Intro Zone Closure Zone Finalizing the disk Assignment of Logical Sector Numbers (LSNs) Disk Control Blocks General format of Disk Control Blocks Format of the Session DCB (SDCB) Session Items 73 Section 5 Characteristics of the groove General Method of testing Environment 76 - v -12 27.2 Reference Drive Optics and mechanics Read power Read channels Tracking Definition of signals Characteristics of the groove signals Phase depth Push-pull signal Track Cross signal Normalized wobble signal Characteristics of the wobble 78 Section 6 Characteristics of the recording layer Method of testing Environment Reference Drive Optics and mechanics Read power Read channels Tracking Scanning velocity Write conditions Write pulse waveform Write power Write power dependency on wavelength Write power window Measurement conditions Characteristics of the recorded signals Channel bit length Definition of signals High frequency signals (HF) Modulated amplitude Signal asymmetry Normalized Slicing Level jump Jitter Track Cross signal Read stability Additional testing conditions 84 - vi -13 31.1 Test environment Optics Definition of signals Modulated amplitude Signal asymmetry Jitter Track Cross signal Differential phase tracking error signal Tangential push-pull signal Quality of the recording layer Defects Data errors 86 Section 7 Characteristics of user data Method of testing Environment Reference Drive Optics and mechanics Read power Read channels Error correction Tracking Minimum quality of a Recording Unit Tracking User-written data 88 Annex A (normative) 80 mm +R disk 89 Annex B (normative) Structure for Extended format information in the Data Zone 93 Annex C (normative) Measurement of light reflectivity 97 Annex D (normative) Measurement of birefringence 99 Annex E (normative) Measuring conditions for operation signals 101 Annex F (normative) Measurement of the differential phase tracking error 105 Annex G (normative) The write pulse wave form for testing 109 Annex H (normative) 8-to-16 Modulation vii -14 Annex I (normative) Optimum Power Control and Recording Conditions 125 Annex J (informative) Running OPC 129 Annex K (informative) Wavelength dependency 131 Annex L (informative) Explanation about the usage of the reference servos 135 Annex M (informative) Measurement of the groove wobble amplitude 141 Annex N (informative) Light fastness of the disk 143 Annex O (informative) Transportation 145 Annex P (informative) Video Content Protection System 147 Annex Q (informative) How to use the Physical format information in ADIP 149 Annex R (informative) Values to be implemented in Existing and Future Specifications viii -15 Section 1 General 1 Scope This Ecma Standard specifies the mechanical, physical and optical characteristics of 120 mm recordable optical disks with capacities of 4,7 Gbytes and 9,4 Gbytes. It specifies the quality of the recorded and unrecorded signals, the format of the data and the recording method, thereby allowing for information interchange by means of such disks. The data can be written once and read many times using a non-reversible method. These disks are identified as +R. This Ecma Standard also specifies 80 mm disks with capacities of 1,46 Gbytes and 2,92 Gbytes. These disks shall have the same characteristics as the 120 mm disks, except for some parameters related to the smaller dimensions. All parameters unique for the 80 mm disks are specified in Annex A. This Ecma Standard specifies two related but different Types of this disk (see Clause 7), the conditions for conformance, the environments in which the disk is to be tested, operated and stored, the mechanical, physical and dimensional characteristics of the disk, so as to provide mechanical interchange between data processing systems, the format of the information on the disk, including the physical disposition of the tracks and sectors, the error correcting codes and the coding method, the characteristics of the signals recorded on the disk, thus enabling data processing systems to read the data from the disk. This Ecma Standard provides for the interchange of disks between optical disk drives. Together with a standard for volume and file structure, it provides for full data interchange between data processing systems. 2 Conformance 2.1 Optical Disk A claim of conformance with this Ecma Standard shall specify the Type implemented. An optical disk shall be in conformance with this Ecma Standard if it meets all mandatory requirements specified for its Type. 2.2 Generating system A generating system shall be in conformance with this Ecma Standard if the optical disk it generates is in accordance with Receiving system A receiving system shall be in conformance with this Ecma Standard if it is able to handle both Types of optical disk according to Compatibility statement A claim of conformance by a Generating or Receiving system with this Ecma Standard shall include a statement listing any other standards supported. This statement shall specify the numbers of the standards, the optical disk types supported (where appropriate) and whether support includes reading only or both reading and writing16 3 References ECMA-43 8-bit Coded Character Set Structure and Rules (ISO/IEC 4873:1991) ECMA mm DVD Read-Only Disk (ISO/IEC 16448:2002) ECMA mm DVD Read-Only Disk (ISO/IEC 16449:2002) ECMA-287 Safety of Electronic Equipment ECMA-337 Data Interchange on 120 mm and 80 mm Optical Disk using +RW Format - Capacity: 4,7 and 1,46 Gbytes per Side (Recording speed up to 4X) (ISO/IEC 17341:2006) ECMA-364 Data Interchange on 120 mm and 80 mm Optical Disk using +R DL Format - Capacity: 8,55 and 2,66 Gbytes per Side (Recording speed up to 16X) (ISO/IEC 25434:2007) ECMA-371 Data Interchange on 120 mm and 80 mm Optical Disk using +RW HS Format - Capacity: 4,7 and 1,46 Gbytes per Side (Recording speed up to 8X) (ISO/IEC 26925:2006) ECMA-374 Data Interchange on 120 mm and 80 mm Optical Disk using +RW DL Format - Capacity: 8,55 and 2,66 Gbytes per Side (Recording speed 2,4X) (ISO/IEC 29642:2007) Unauthorized copying and/or redistribution of video data that is recorded in the DVD+R/+RW Video Format can be prevented by applying the Video Content Protection System as referred to in Annex P. 4 Definitions For the purpose of this Ecma Standard the following definitions apply: 4.1 Channel bit The elements by which the binary values ZERO and ONE are represented by marks and spaces on the disk. 4.2 Clamping Zone The annular part of the disk within which the clamping force is applied by the clamping device. 4.3 Digital Sum Value (DSV) The arithmetic sum obtained from a bit stream by allocating the decimal value +1 to bits set to ONE and the decimal value 1 to bits set to ZERO. 4.4 Disk Reference Plane A plane defined by the perfectly flat annular surface of an ideal spindle onto which the clamping Zone of the disk is clamped, and which is normal to the axis of rotation. 4.5 dummy substrate A layer which may be transparent or not, provided for the mechanical support of the disk and, in some cases, of the recording layer as well. 4.6 entrance surface The surface of the disk onto which the optical beam first impinges. 4.7 field A subdivision of a sector17 4.8 groove A trench-like feature of the disk, applied before the recording of any information, and used to define the track location. The groove is located nearer to the entrance surface than the so-called land in between the grooves. The recording is made on the groove. 4.9 interleaving The process of reallocating the physical sequence of units of data so as to render the data more immune to burst errors mark A non-reversible feature of the recording layer which may take the form of less reflective area, a pit, or any other type or form that can be sensed by the optical system. The pattern of marks and spaces represents the data on the disk Multi-session disk A disk containing more than one set of Lead-in/Intro, Data, and Lead-out/Closure Zones Physical Sector The smallest addressable part of a track in the Information Zone of a disk that can be accessed independently of other addressable parts of the Zone recording layer A layer of the disk on which data is written during manufacture and / or use Reed-Solomon code (RS) An error detection and / or correction code Reference velocity The Reference velocity is the linear velocity that results in the nominal Channel bit rate of 26, Mbit/s Single-session disk A disk containing a Lead-in Zone, one Data Zone, and a Lead-out Zone session A continuous part of the Information Zone of the disk consisting of a Lead-in or Intro Zone, a Data Zone and a Lead-out or Closure Zone space A feature of the recording layer represented by any area between two marks which can be sensed by the optical system. The pattern of marks and spaces represents the data on the disk substrate A transparent layer of the disk, provided for mechanical support of the recording layer, through which the optical beam accesses the recording layer track A 360 turn of a continuous spiral track pitch The distance between adjacent track centrelines, measured in a radial direction18 4.22 VCPS VCPS (Video Content Protection System) defines a method to prevent unauthorized copying and/or redistribution of video data that is recorded in the DVD+R/+RW Video Format wobble A continuous sinusoidal deviation of the track from the average centreline. Location information is included as phase modulated data in the wobble zone An annular area of the disk. 5 Conventions and notations 5.1 Representation of numbers A measured value is rounded off to the least significant digit of the corresponding specified value. For instance, it implies that a specified value of 1,26 with a positive tolerance of + 0,01 and a negative tolerance of - 0,02 allows a range of measured values from 1,235 to 1,274. Numbers in decimal notations are represented by the digits 0 to 9. Numbers in hexadecimal notation are represented by the hexadecimal digits 0 to 9 and A to F in parentheses. The setting of bits is denoted by ZERO and ONE. Numbers in binary notations and bit patterns are represented by strings of digits 0 and 1, with the most significant bit shown to the left. In a pattern of n bits, bit b (n-1) shall be the most significant bit (msb) and bit b 0 shall be the least significant bit (lsb). Bit b (n-1) shall be recorded first. Negative values of numbers in binary notation are given as Two s complement. In each data field, the data is recorded so that the most significant byte (MSB), identified as Byte 0, shall be recorded first and the least significant byte (LSB) last. In a field of 8n bits, bit b (8n-1) shall be the most significant bit (msb) and bit b 0 the least significant bit (lsb). Bit b (8n-1) shall be recorded first. 5.2 Names The names of entities, e.g. specific tracks, fields, etc., are given with an initial capital. 6 Abbreviations and acronyms a.c. ADIP ASM BP BPF CAV CLD CLV cm d.c. DCB DCC DSV ECC EDC alternating current Address in Pre-groove Asymmetry Byte Position Band Pass Filter Constant Angular Velocity Constant Linear Density Constant Linear Velocity current mark direct current Disk Control Block d.c. Component suppression Control Digital Sum Value Error Correction Code Error Detection Code - 4 -19 EI HF ID IED LPF LSB lsb LSN MSB msb NA NRZ NRZI NSL NWPW OPC OTP PAA PBS PI PLL PO PP pp ps PSN PTP RIN RPM RS RSV RUN SDCB SNR SYNC TOC Extended Information High Frequency Identification Data ID Error Detection code Low Pass filter Least Significant Byte Least Significant Bit Logical Sector Number Most Significant Byte Most Significant Bit Numerical Aperture Non Return to Zero Non Return to Zero Inverted Normalized Slicing Level Normalized Write Power Window Optimum Power Control Opposite Track Path Physical Address in ADIP Polarizing Beam Splitter Parity of Inner-code Phase Locked Loop Parity of Outer-code Push-Pull peak-to-peak previous space Physical Sector Number Parallel Track Path Relative Intensity Noise Revolutions per Minute Reed-Solomon code Reserved (in use by specific applications) Recording UNit Session DCB Signal to Noise Ratio Synchronization code Table of Contents 7 General description of the optical disk The optical disk that is the subject of this Ecma Standard consists of two substrates bonded together by an adhesive layer, so that the recording layer(s) is (are) on the inside. The centring of the disk is performed on the edge of the centre hole of the assembled disk on the side currently accessed. Clamping is performed in the Clamping Zone. This Ecma Standard provides for two Types of such disks. Type S5 consists of a substrate, a single recording layer and a dummy substrate. The recording layer can be accessed from one side only. The capacity is 4,7 Gbytes for the 120 mm sized disk and 1,46 Gbytes for the 80 mm sized disk. Type D10 consists of two substrates and two recording layers. From each side of the disk only one of the recording layers can be accessed. The capacity is 9,4 Gbytes for the 120 mm sized disk and 2,92 Gbytes for the 80 mm sized disk. Data can be written onto the disk as marks in the form of low-reflective spots in the recording layer with a focused optical beam. The data can be read with a focused optical beam, using the difference in the reflectivity between recorded marks and unrecorded spaces. The beam accesses the recording layer through a transparent substrate of the disk20 Figure 1 shows schematically the two Types. Entrance surface Type S5 Substrate Recording Layer Adhesive Layer Dummy Substrate Entrance surface Type D10 Substrate Recording Layer Adhesive Layer Recording Layer Substrate Entrance surface Figure 1 Types of +R disk 8 General Requirements 8.1 Environments Test environment In the test environment, the air immediately surrounding the disk shall have the following properties: temperature : 23 C ± 2 C relative humidity : 45 % to 55 % atmospheric pressure : 60 kpa to 106 kpa No condensation on the disk shall occur. Before testing, the disk shall be conditioned in this environment for 48 h minimum. It is recommended that, before testing, the entrance surface of the disk shall be cleaned according to the instructions of the manufacturer of the disk. Unless otherwise stated, all tests and measurements shall be made in this test environment Operating environment This Ecma Standard requires that a disk which meets all requirements of this Ecma Standard in the specified test environment shall provide data interchange over the specified ranges of environmental parameters in the operating environment. The operating environment is the environment where the air immediately surrounding the disk shall have the following properties: temperature : 5 C to 55 C relative humidity : 3 % to 85 % absolute humidity : 1 g/m3 to 30 g/m3 atmospheric pressure : 60 kpa to 106 kpa temperature gradient : 10 C/h max. relative humidity gradient : 10 %/h max21 No condensation on the disk shall occur. If the disk has been exposed to conditions outside those specified in this Clause, it shall be acclimatized in an allowed operating environment for at least 2 h before use Storage environment The storage environment is defined as the environment where the air immediately surrounding the disk shall have the following properties: temperature : -10 C to 55 C relative humidity : 3 % to 90 % absolute humidity : 1 g/m3 to 30 g/m3 atmospheric pressure : 60 kpa to 106 kpa temperature gradient : 15 C/h max. relative humidity gradient : 10 %/h max. No condensation on the disk shall occur Transportation This Ecma Standard does not specify requirements for transportation; guidance is given in Annex O. 8.2 Safety requirements The disk shall satisfy the safety requirements of Standard ECMA-287, when used in the intended manner or in any foreseeable use in an information processing system. 8.3 Flammability The disk and its components shall be made from materials that comply with the flammability class for HB materials, or better, as specified in Standard ECMA Light fastness The disk and its components should be made from materials that are able to withstand a certain amount of light. A method of testing such light fastness is given in Annex N. 9 Reference Drive The Reference Drive shall be used for the measurement of optical parameters for conformance with the requirements of this Ecma Standard. The critical components of this device have the characteristics specified in this Clause. 9.1 Optical system The basic set-up of the optical system of the Reference Drive used for measuring the write and read parameters is shown in Figure 2. Different components and locations of components are permitted, provided that the performance remains the same as that of the set-up in Figure 2. The optical system shall be such that the detected light reflected from the entrance surface of the disk is minimized so as not to influence the accuracy of the measurements22 G H H 1 Read Channel 1 Tangential track direction H H2 Read Channel 2 A B C D E G F A Laser diode B Collimator lens C Polarizing beam splitter D Quarter-wave plate E Objective lens F Optical disc G 4 quadrant photo detector H1, H2, H3, H4 d.c. coupled amplifiers Ia, Ib, Ic, Id Output currents from photo detector G I, I Summed output currents of H, H Figure 2 Optical system of the Reference Drive The combination of a polarizing beam splitter C and a quarter-wave plate D shall separate the entrance optical beam from the laser diode A and the reflected optical beam from the disk F. The beam splitter C shall have a p-s intensity reflectance ratio of at least Optical beam The focused optical beam used for writing and reading data shall have the following properties: a) Wavelength (λ) + 10 nm 655 nm (see Annex K) 5 nm b) Numerical aperture of the objective lens (NA) 0,65 ± 0,01 c) The objective lens shall be compensated for spherical aberrations caused by a parallel substrate with nominal thickness (0,6 mm) and nominal refractive index (1,55). d) Wave front aberration 0,033 λ rms max. e) Light intensity at the rim of the pupil of the 35 % to 50 % of the maximum intensity objective lens in the radial direction and 45 % to 60 % in the tangential direction. f) Polarization of the light Circular g) Read power (average) 0,7 mw ± 0,1 mw (d.c. or HF modulated with a frequency >400 MHz) h) Write power and pulse width see Annex G i) Relative Intensity Noise (RIN)* of the laser diode -134 db/hz max. *RIN (db/hz) = 10 log [(a.c. light power density / Hz) / d.c. light power] - 8 -23 9.3 Read channel 1 Read channel 1 shall be provided to generate signals from the marks and spaces in the recording layer. This Read channel shall be used for reading the user-written information, using the change in reflectivity of the marks and spaces. The read amplifiers after the photo detectors in the Read channel shall have a flat response within 1 db from d.c. to 20 MHz. For measurement of jitter, the characteristics of the PLL and the slicer, etc. are specified in Annex E. 9.4 Disk clamping For measuring, the disk shall be clamped between two concentric rings covering most of the Clamping Zone (see 10.5). The top clamping area shall have the same diameters as the bottom clamping area (Figure 3). d out d in F 1 F 1 disk F 2 α Clamping shall occur between Figure 3 Clamping and chucking conditions + 0,5mm in = 22,3 mm 0,0mm d and dout = 32,7 mm + 0,0mm 0,5mm The total clamping force shall be F 1 = 2,0 N ± 0,5 N. In order to prevent warping of the disk under the moment of force generated by the clamping force and the chucking force F 2 exerted on the rim of the centre hole of the disk, F 2 shall not exceed 0,5 N (see Figure 3). The tapered cone angle, α, shall be 40,0 ± 0, Rotation of the disk The actual rotation speed for reading the disk shall be such that it results in the Reference velocity of 3,49 m/s ± 0,03 m/s at the nominal Channel bit rate of 26, Mbit/s. The direction of rotation shall be counter-clockwise when viewed from the objective lens. The actual rotation speed (vactual) for writing the disk shall be such that it includes all Primary and Upper velocities for which parameters are specified in the Physical format information in the ADIP Aux Frames in the Lead-in Zone of the disk (see and ). NOTE v The rotational speed of the disk is depending on the radial position: actual angular velocity = 60 RPM 2π r When testing the disk the actual speed is limited such that the angular velocity does not exceed RPM24 9.6 Wobble channel (Read channel 2) Read channel 2 of the drive provides the wobble signals to control the access to addressed locations on the disk during writing. The wobble signal is generated in Read Channel 2 as a signal (I 1 - I 2 ) related to the difference in the amount of light in the two halves of the exit pupil of the objective lens. The read amplifiers after the photo detectors in the Read channel shall have a flat response within 1 db from d.c. to 20 MHz. 9.7 Tracking channel (Read channel 2) Read channel 2 of the drive provides the tracking error signals to control the servos for radial tracking of the optical beam. The radial tracking error is generated in Read Channel 2 as a signal (I 1 - I 2 ) related to the difference in the amount of light in the two halves of the exit pupil of the objective lens. The method of generating the axial tracking error is not specified for the Reference Drive. 9.8 Reference servo systems Normalized servo transfer function The open-loop transfer function, H s (iω) for the axial and radial tracking servos is given by equation (1), Hs(i 3iω ω0 ω0 ) = 3 iω iω 1+ 3ω0 ω (1) where: i = 1, ω = 2π f and ω 0 = 2π f 0 and f 0 is the 0 db crossover frequency of the open-loop transfer function. The crossover frequencies of the lead-lag network of the servo are lead break frequency: f 1 = f 0 / 3 lag break frequency: f 2 = f 0 3 Another frequency of importance is the frequency f X at which a sinusoidal displacement with an amplitude equal to the maximum allowed residual tracking error e max, corresponds to the maximum expected acceleration α max. This frequency can be calculated as follows: f X = 1 2π α e max max Because the tracking error signals from the disk can have rather large variations, the tracking error signal fed into each reference servo loop shall be adjusted to a fixed level (effectively calibrating the total loop gain), such to guarantee the specified bandwidth Reference Servo for Axial Tracking The crossover frequency of the normalized servo transfer function (H s ) for axial tracking, f 0 = ω 0 / (2π) shall be given by equation (2), where α max is the maximum expected axial acceleration of 8,0 m/s 2, which is multiplied by a factor m = 1,5 for servo margin. The tracking error e max, caused by this m α max, shall be 0,20 μm. Thus the crossover frequency f 0 shall be given by 1 3 m αmax 1 3 1,5 8 f 0 = = = 2,1 khz (2) 2π e 6 max 2π 0,20 10 For an open loop transfer function H of the Reference Servo for axial tracking, 1+H is limited as schematically shown by the shaded region of Figure View more
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