Source: https://vdocuments.site/chinese-crackdown-on-tibetan-buddhism-chinese-crackdown-on-tibetan-buddhism-.html
Timestamp: 2020-06-01 09:23:54
Document Index: 41786228

Matched Legal Cases: ['Art. 18', 'Art. 3', 'Art.5', 'Art.9', 'Art.10', 'Art.13', 'Art.19']

CHINESE CRACKDOWN ON TIBETAN BUDDHISM / Chinese crackdown on Tibetan Buddhism – ICT-FIDH ... Dalai Lama in Tibetan hearts and minds with allegiance to the Chinese Party-state, and in - [PDF Document]
chinese crackdown on tibetan buddhism / chinese crackdown on tibetan buddhism – ict-fidh ......
CHINESE CRACKDOWN ON TIBETAN BUDDHISM / Chinese crackdown on Tibetan Buddhism – ICT-FIDH ... Dalai Lama in Tibetan hearts and minds with allegiance to the Chinese Party-state, and in
A report published for the Peoples Republic of Chinas second Universal Periodic Review
Cover photo: A Tibetan monk in front the of gates of his monastery in Barkham (in Chinese: Maerkang), in Sichuan province. He is surrounded by propaganda posters: on his right Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping and Jiang Zemin; on his left, Hu Jinatao surrounded by Tibetan women in front of the Potala Palace in Lassa (credit: Gilles Sabrie).
ICT-FIDH Chinese crackdown on Tibetan Buddhism / 3
I. Summary ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
II. State attitude towards Tibetan Buddhism ----------------------------------------------------------5
III. Developments since the 2009 Universal Periodic Review of the PRC ------------------------7
1. Measures to control reincarnation in Tibet and religious professionals -----------------7
2. Ban on Dalai Lama images ----------------------------------------------------------------------9
3. An intensification of repression since 2008 and regulatory measures ----------------------9
4. Tibetans undergo political education after pilgrimage; shift to harder line tactics ----- 12
5. Persecution of monks and nuns --------------------------------------------------------------- 12
6. Patriotic education and enforced disappearances ------------------------------------------- 14
IV. Recommendations --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16
4 / Chinese crackdown on Tibetan Buddhism ICT-FIDH
I. SummarySince February 2009, more than 120 Tibetans have set themselves on fire in Tibet, including young students, monks, nuns, farmers or nomads. In terms of frequency and geographical spread, this constitutes one of the most significant waves of self-immolation as political protest globally in the last 60 years.
There is clear evidence that there is a direct correlation between the self-immolations and unrest in Tibet and an intensified campaign against the Dalai Lama combined with the expansion of legal measures tightening state control over Tibetan religion. This has been particularly evident following the imposition of increasingly restrictive measures in the eastern Tibetan areas of Amdo and Kham, where most of the self-immolations have occurred. While the underlying policies have been in effect in Tibet since the mid-nineties, a worsening trend could be observed over the past five years since the Tibet-wide protests in 2008. Forms of protest by Tibetans against the effects of these policies have been met with further rights violations through the state, amounting to arbitrary arrests, enforced disappearances and inhumane treatment or punishment. Victims of these violations have been, to a large degree, but not exclusively, Tibetan Buddhist monks and nuns.
The measures and their underlying policies constitute grave violations of fundamental human rights standards, as enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). This report focuses on grave violations of freedom of thought, conscience and religion (Art. 18 UDHR) in Tibet as being one of the major causes for Tibetan grievances, resulting into acts of dramatic protests, such as self-immolations. The report also focuses on violations of UDHRs Art. 3 (on the right to life, liberty and security of person), Art.5 (on the right to be free from torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment), Art.9 (on the right to be free from arbitrary arrest, detention or exile), Art.10 (on the right to fair trial), Art.13 (on the right to freedom of movement) and Art.19 (on the right to freedom of opinion and expression) as consequences of state policy against Tibetan Buddhism.
ICT-FIDH Chinese crackdown on Tibetan Buddhism / 5
II. State attitude towards Tibetan BuddhismThe PRCs tight control over religious practice and teachings in Tibetan areas is based upon maintaining the supremacy and authority of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Although Chinas constitution states that citizens of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) have freedom of religious belief, the Party defines as acceptable religious behaviour and religion as what does not interfere with or challenge the legitimacy and status of the Party. If the authorities regard the exercise of religious freedom as detrimental to the broader political concerns of the state, it will duly be suppressed. It remains impossible to challenge or question the constitution in a court of law in China.
The twin policies of fast-track development and virulent public denunciation of the Dalai Lama, formally outlined in the mid-1990s, remain the guiding principle of Chinas management of Tibet issues. The theoretical underpinnings of hostility towards religion emerged in the late 1990s/early 2000s when it became clear through official statements that the CCPs position was that because of its link to the Dalai Lama, religious belief in Tibet was inherently antagonistic not just to socialism but also to the Chinese state.1
The Partys role in controlling Tibetan Buddhism has been emphasized by the top echelons of the CCP leadership. At a critical meeting setting policy on Tibet over the next decade, President and Party Secretary Hu Jintao referred to the high political priority of guiding Tibetan Buddhism to keep in line with the socialist society. (Xinhua, January 22, 2011).
From 1994 onwards, the Chinese authorities launched a particularly aggressive campaign against the Dalai Lama, including prohibitions on the display of photographs representing him and obligation for monks and nuns to denounce the Dalai Lama. While the policies were first implemented in the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR), they have gradually been imposed in the eastern areas of the Tibetan plateau, where previously there was more space and scope for Tibetans to express themselves and practice their religion in comparison with the TAR.
Many Tibetans who have self-immolated have sought to underline the religious context of their acts. Some have died with their hands clasped in prayer, while many of those who have self-immolated have done so beside a stupa (reliquary building), monastery or nunnery. Others have self-immolated during important prayer ceremonies.2 Overwhelmingly, Tibetans who have set fire to themselves and who have risked their lives in peaceful protest have called for the Dalai Lama to be allowed to return to Tibet.
1. In 2000, the then Party Secretary Chen Kuiyuan addressed Party cadres on the theoretical underpinnings of the CCPs approach to religion, saying: Because of their religious belief, many people are following the Dalai Lama in splitting the motherland and doing what is endangering socialism. Cited by Professor Robert Barnett in estrictions and their Anomalies: The Third Forum and the Regulation of Religion in Tibet, in Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, 41, 4, 45-107 (2012).
2. In one such incident, two Tibetans set fire to themselves and died on February 24 and 25 (2013) at monasteries in eastern Tibet where numbers of religious pilgrims had gathered for prayer ceremonies on the second to last and last day of Losar, a period of particular religious significance for Tibetans. International Campaign for Tibet, 25 February, 2013: Two Tibetans self-immolate at monasteries during prayer ceremonies in Amdo.
6 / Chinese crackdown on Tibetan Buddhism ICT-FIDH
Since 2008, when mostly peaceful protests swept across Tibet in March/April, the environment for Tibetan Buddhism deteriorated significantly. The Chinese authorities have moved from instilling an oppressive environment in monasteries, nunneries and lay society to one that can be more accurately characterized as totalitarian - an approach in which the state recognizes no limits to its authority, imposes a climate of fear, and strives to regulate every aspect of public and private life.3
This report documents how the Chinese government has adopted a more pervasive and systematic approach to patriotic education and a dramatic increase in work teams and Party cadres in rural areas of Tibet. In what the CCP characterize as a war against secessionist sabotage,4 the Chinese government seeks to undermine Tibetan Buddhist practice, replace loyalty to the Dalai Lama in Tibetan hearts and minds with allegiance to the Chinese Party-state, and in doing so, to undermine Tibetan national identity at its roots.
Over the past two decades this approach has led to the development of administrative and legal mechanisms that enable the authorities to clamp down on any religious activities viewed as a threat to social stability an
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