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Denburg v. Parker Chapin, 82 N.Y.2d 375 | Casetext Search + Citator
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Full title:HOWARD S. DENBURG, Respondent, v. PARKER CHAPIN FLATTAU KLIMPL, Appellant
Date published: Nov 18, 1993
82 N.Y.2d 375 (N.Y. 1993)
Summary of this case from Karas v. Rosenman
Decided November 18, 1993
Parker Chapin Flattau Klimpl, New York City (Alvin M. Stein, Mark Abramowitz and Amos Alter of counsel), appellant pro se. Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver Jacobson, New York City (Sheldon Raab, Honey L. Kober and Dino Fusco of counsel), for respondent.
In this dispute between a law firm and a former partner, we agree with the Appellate Division that a provision in the partnership agreement requiring certain payments upon a partner's withdrawal is unenforceable under Cohen v Lord, Day Lord ( 75 N.Y.2d 95). Nevertheless, we conclude that the Appellate Division erred in granting the former partner's summary judgment motion because there are disputed factual issues surrounding a purported settlement agreement. Accordingly, we modify and remit to the trial court for further proceedings.
In 1983, the partners in the Manhattan law firm Parker Chapin Flattau Klimpl — including plaintiff — executed an amended partnership agreement requiring withdrawing partners to pay certain specified sums to the partnership upon demand. In substance, subparagraph 18 (a) of the agreement provided that if a withdrawing partner practiced law in the private sector prior to July 1988, the former partner had to pay the firm greater of (i) 12.5% of the firm's profits allocated to the partner over the two previous years or (ii) 12.5% of billings to former Parker Chapin clients made by the partner's new firm over the ensuing two years. The agreement provided an exception to this requirement, however, for departing partners whose previous year's profit allocation was less than $85,000 — but only if the partner's new firm did no work for Parker Chapin clients over the next two years. The agreement also provided that the firm could apply the partner's capital account — which would otherwise have been disbursed at the end of the fifth fiscal year after withdrawal — to satisfy the partner's obligation.
Subparagraph 18 (a) is quoted at 184 A.D.2d 343, 343-344.
The matter was dormant until February 1990 — two months after our decision in Cohen v Lord, Day Lord ( 75 N.Y.2d 95, supra) — when plaintiff commenced an action against Parker Chapin asserting four causes of action. The first sought a declaration that subparagraph 18 (a) was void as against public policy and directing defendant to repay sums illegally withheld, alleged to be at least $24,800; the second was for breach of the contract provision that would ordinarily require the capital account to be disbursed at the end of the fifth fiscal year following withdrawal; the third sought an accounting; and the fourth was for an "account stated."
On plaintiff's appeal, the Appellate Division modified by granting him summary judgment on the first three causes of action and remitting for an accounting. It held that while paragraph 18 might have had as an incidental objective the recoupment of partnership liabilities in connection with the firm's relocation, its principal function was to prevent withdrawing partners from competing with the firm, and was thus as much an improper forfeiture-for-competition provision as the one in Cohen.
In response to defendant's settlement argument, the court observed that even if plaintiff did agree to set off his capital account as alleged, it was "merely repetitive of, and no more enforceable than" the provision in subparagraph 18 (a) permitting the firm to apply the capital account in satisfaction of the obligations arising under the paragraph ( 184 A.D.2d, at 345). Accordingly, the court remitted for an accounting (third cause of action). Finally, the parties have consented to dismissal of the account stated claim.
Analysis begins with Cohen v Lord, Day Lord. There, we held that DR 2-108 (A) of the Code of Professional Responsibility — which states that a lawyer may not "participate in a partnership or employment agreement with another lawyer that restricts the right of a lawyer to practice law after the termination of a relationship created by the agreement" — reflects public policy, rendering certain anticompetition clauses void and unenforceable.
As we made clear, restrictions on the practice of law, which include "financial disincentives" against competition as well as outright prohibitions, are objectionable primarily because they interfere with the client's choice of counsel: a clause that penalizes a competing attorney by requiring forfeiture of income could "functionally and realistically discourage" a withdrawing partner from serving clients who might wish to be represented by that lawyer ( 75 N.Y.2d, at 98).
In Cohen, we voided a provision that required withdrawing partners to relinquish their share of revenues earned but uncollected by the firm if they worked in private practice or as in-house counsel in any State where the firm had an office, or in neighboring States. We concluded that the "significant monetary penalty it exacts, if the withdrawing partner practices competitively with the former firm, constitutes an impermissible restriction on the practice of law." ( 75 N.Y.2d, at 98.)
We acknowledged, however, a law firm's legitimate interest in its own survival and economic well-being and cautioned against a "categorical interpretation or application" of the decision ( 75 N.Y.2d, at 101-102). Parker Chapin thus argues that subparagraph 18 (a) had the legitimate purpose of assuring some restitution to the firm by partners who abandoned the enterprise just as the firm undertook extraordinary relocation expenses. Defendant emphasizes the limited duration of the clause, and argues that no anticompetitive effect was intended or realized because of the modest sums involved and the fact that plaintiff, as well as other partners, did leave the firm notwithstanding the clause.
While defendant criticizes the Appellate Division's finding ( 184 A.D.2d, at 345) that the "principal function" of the clause was to discourage competition — it argues that the intended function is a fact issue — we note that in the present context focus should essentially be not on the intent of the clause but on its effect.
Even crediting Parker Chapin's assertions as to the purpose of subparagraph 18 (a), we conclude that its effect is to improperly deter competition and thus impinge upon clients' choice of counsel. First, it applies only to lawyers continuing in private practice — and thus potentially in competition with the firm — but not other practitioners (for example, government lawyers) who do not threaten the firm's client base. Ability to pay cannot explain this discrimination because a departing partner becoming a high-paid corporate officer or embarking on a lucrative business venture is exempt from the required payment but an attorney starting a sole practice is not.
The provision, moreover, requires a departing partner to pay the greater of two amounts, one computed on the basis of billings to former clients of the firm. This bears little relation to the purported compensatory purpose of the clause and instead exacts an amount directly proportional to the success of a departing partner's competitive efforts. Finally, the clause exempts partners who received relatively lower earnings — but only if no Parker Chapin clients are served. A junior partner changing firms might well insist that a Parker Chapin client not come along.
Defendant's argument that the amount at issue is insubstantial, and indeed would not (and did not) discourage partners from leaving the firm or serving former clients, is similarly unpersuasive. A clause that is facially invalid cannot be saved merely because some partners chose to absorb the penalty imposed. Indeed, the partner in Cohen also left his firm, and we voided the clause. Nor is the sum involved here — about $25,000 — insubstantial. Finally, while the limited duration may be evidence of the firm's intent, the effect of the clause nevertheless impacts substantially during the five years it operates (compare, Jacob v Norris, McLaughlin Marcus, 128 N.J. 10, 607 A.2d 142 [voiding financial disincentive that operates for one year after departure]). Moreover, if a short duration were dispositive a firm could evade the law by periodically reexecuting partnership agreements containing short-term forfeiture-for-competition clauses.
Conspicuously absent from the dissent is any discussion of the terms of the disputed clause. Apparently, so long as the law firm can articulate an economic justification for a forfeiture (see, dissenting opn, at 386 [quoting from the Rosenzweig affidavit]), the dissent would hold that Cohen is inapplicable — even if competitors are the only ones affected. Neither defendant nor the dissent has adequately explained how the present clause is tailored to the concerns that purportedly inspired it.
Initially, we note the Appellate Division erred in its suggestion that plaintiff's alleged agreement to forgo his capital account balance in satisfaction of his paragraph 18 obligation was "merely repetitive of," and thus "no more enforceable than," the clause's set-off provision. Plaintiff's obligation under paragraph 18 was not measured by the balance in the capital account, but by a computation based on previous profit allocations or future billings to ex-Parker Chapin clients. Although the firm had a "lien" on the account to discharge plaintiff's obligation, the firm could insist upon additional payment if the balance were insufficient. It was in this context that, when asked to provide a list of billings to former Parker Chapin clients, plaintiff allegedly agreed to relinquish his account to settle the matter. Manifestly, that alleged agreement was not merely duplicative of the set-off provision.
As developed at common law, there was a distinction between the settlement devices of "accord and satisfaction" and "substituted agreement." An accord and satisfaction, as its name implies, has two components. An accord is an agreement that a stipulated performance will be accepted, in the future, in lieu of an existing claim (Werking v Amity Estates, 2 N.Y.2d 43, 51, appeal dismissed and cert denied 353 U.S. 933; Reilly v Barrett, 220 N.Y. 170, 172-173; General Obligations Law § 15-501). Execution of the agreement is a satisfaction (Reilly v Barrett, 220 N.Y., at 173). The distinctive feature of an accord and satisfaction is that the obligee does not intend to discharge the existing claim merely upon the making of the accord; what is bargained for is the performance, or satisfaction. If the satisfaction is not tendered, the obligee may sue under the original claim or for breach of the accord (Plant City Steel Corp. v National Mach. Exch., 23 N.Y.2d 472, 478; General Obligations Law § 15-501).
By contrast, the parties may intend that a new agreement, though executory, will immediately discharge the existing obligation (see, e.g., Morehouse v Second Natl. Bank, 98 N.Y. 503, 509). That is a substituted agreement (Calamari and Perillo, Contracts § 21-4, at 869 [3d ed]). Whether a particular arrangement is an accord or a substituted agreement hinges on the parties' intent, determination of which may be aided by certain presumptions (Goldbard v Empire State Mut. Life Ins. Co., 5 A.D.2d 230, 234 [Breitel, J.]). In the present case, the litigants' analyses center on the doctrine of accord and satisfaction, indicating no dispute about the parties' intent in that regard.
Historically, executory accords were not enforceable; although the underlying obligation remained in effect, an accord without satisfaction was not binding (see, Larscy v Hogan Sons, 239 N.Y. 298, 301-302; Reilly v Barrett, 220 N.Y., at 173). Upon recommendation of the Law Revision Commission, however, the Legislature in 1937 discarded the common-law rule, and now an executory accord is enforceable so long as "the promise of the party against whom it is sought to enforce the accord is in writing and signed by such party" (General Obligations Law § 15-501). By implication, the common-law rule survives to the extent an executory accord is not reduced to writing.
Similarly, other factual issues must be resolved before the alleged settlement agreement may be given effect. Plaintiff contends, for example, that the purpose of his discussion with Rosenzweig was to quantify the amount owed, and that he never intended to surrender the right to challenge the validity of the paragraph 18. Plaintiff is correct that the parties' intent governs the scope of an accord (see, Werking v Amity Estates, 2 N.Y.2d, at 52). To effectuate the settlement agreement, however, the trial court would not have to find that plaintiff had a specific intent to relinquish a potential challenge to the clause's validity; indeed, inasmuch as Cohen was not decided until well after the parties' discussion, it is unlikely they had any intent with regard to that issue. Rather, it would be sufficient to find that plaintiff intended to conclude the matter and that he did not specifically reserve a challenge to the clause's validity (see, Matter of Olympic Tower Assocs. v City of New York, 81 N.Y.2d, at 963).
Finally, plaintiff argues that the unenforceability of paragraph 18 on public policy grounds renders any settlement of a claim arising under that paragraph likewise unenforceable, noting that were the rule otherwise, "the parties could by their private agreement waive the illegality and evade the prohibition against the original contract." (Sweinhart v Bamberger, 166 Misc. 256, 259; see, Restatement of Contracts § 590; 14 Williston, Contracts § 1629, at 9-10 [3d ed 1972].) While some bargains are so offensive to society that courts will not entertain the action — essentially leaving the parties where they are (see, e.g., McConnell v Commonwealth Pictures Corp., 7 N.Y.2d 465, 467; Flegenheimer v Brogan, 284 N.Y. 268, 272-273) — in other cases an illegal agreement is not so repugnant and may be enforced (see, Lloyd Capital Corp. v Pat Henchar, Inc., 80 N.Y.2d 124, 127-128). It is all a matter of degree.
I respectfully dissent, concluding that the withdrawn partner's case is meritless. The law firm partnership provision at issue should not be declared void as against public policy for it is not within the intendment or language of Cohen v Lord, Day Lord ( 75 N.Y.2d 95). The Court there expressly warned against "categorical interpretation or application" of such provisions, envisioned a flexible, practical analysis, and pinpointed the narrow effect of the adjudicated principle to the "contested clause" in the "context" of that "litigation" and "professional relationship" (id., at 102).
In this case, the Court turns away from those crucial qualifications and that admonition. The consequence of squeezing this capital account partnership provision — insofar as it affects partners who defect from the partnership and its capital obligations — into the narrow Cohen prohibition inevitably creates the eschewed absolutist universe. Ignored or bypassed are the individualized economic and professional factors, seasoned with the hoped-for but unrealized realism and practicality, that are the hallmarks of this provision, contrasted to that in Cohen. The fact that the provision here, understood and explained through appropriate extrinsic evidence, is keyed to a special, temporally limited proportionate capital leasehold risk affecting all then-liable partners, is ignored and given no weight or consideration. Those are the kind of features that the Court was concerned about when it asserted a flexible formula in Cohen to govern and guide future disputes relating to the wide variety of these extant and still adjusting and evolving provisions.
The partners here were bound by a fiduciary, contractual, long-term fiscal and professional relationship inter sese, as law partners. However, the provision that bound them together and defined the consequences when any one of them should leave the firm is sufficiently different in degree, in kind, and in litigation context and professional relationship to distinguish it from the one in Cohen v Lord, Day Lord ( 75 N.Y.2d 95, 102, supra). Here, it was formulated in 1983 to deal with a specific capital risk undertaken by all partners together and was designed to "insure that either the partners stayed together for five years to share the burden of these increased costs and expenses, or that those who chose not to do so would compensate the Firm appropriately" (affidavit of Rosenzweig; compare, Gillers, A Rule Without A Reason: [Let the market, not the bar, regulate settlements that restrict practice], 79 ABA J 118 [Oct. 1993]). Therefore, the provision at issue here should not be viewed in a vacuum, and the extrinsic evidence that legitimately explains its functional purpose cogently serves to take this provision out of the narrow, prohibited Cohen public policy blunderbuss. This one is not directed essentially at the concerns exalted in the Code of Professional Responsibility and only incidentally affects the lawyers' relationships to clients.
Moreover, to allow lawyers, like plaintiff, to use the ennobling professional objectives that underlie Cohen v Lord, Day Lord ( 75 N.Y.2d 95, supra) to unearth settled matters, and to leverage dollar differences in this fashion, is an expressly contraindicated, puristic application of the Cohen rationale and objective, that gives plaintiff an unmerited, delayed-action windfall. Here, plaintiff entered the partnership agreement in 1983, negotiated with his firm, defendant Parker Chapin, about settling the capital account in 1986, and conspicuously abandoned this apparently amicably resolved dollar battle. Then, two months after this Court's sharply divided decision in Cohen in 1990, the long gone partner resuscitated the dead-to-dormant dispute. These machinations do not foster the professionalism and the goals of the Code of Professional Responsibility that are the sole root of this Court's narrowly fashioned remedy in Cohen. Rather, they further undermine those high concerns by emphasizing and rewarding dollars over service under the aegis of public policy that is broadly superimposed over contractual arrangements between reasonable lawyers, who are part of a public profession and are or were part also of a joint economic enterprise.
I could join in the Court's remittal were I not convinced that the right result is to go the whole distance and reject plaintiff's theory outright on the ground that the contested provision of this partnership agreement is not void as violative of the kind of professionalism that the Court had in mind when it declared its public policy view in such cautious fashion in Cohen (compare, Hackett v Milbank, Tweed, Hadley McCloy, 181 A.D.2d 519, revd on other grounds 80 N.Y.2d 870).
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