Source: http://www.google.de/patents/US7987371
Timestamp: 2013-05-21 14:11:51
Document Index: 10221593

Matched Legal Cases: ['Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60', 'Application No. 96919405', 'Application No. 07112420', 'Application No. 96919405']

Patent US7987371 - Optimization methods for the insertion, protection, and detection of digital ... - Google PatenteSuche Bilder Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive Mehr » Erweiterte Patentsuche | Webprotokoll | Anmelden Erweiterte Patentsuche PatenteDisclosed herein are methods and systems for encoding digital watermarks into content signals. Also disclosed are systems and methods for detecting and/or verifying digital watermarks in content signals. According to one embodiment, a system for encoding of digital watermark information includes: a window...http://www.google.de/patents/US7987371?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US7987371 - Optimization methods for the insertion, protection, and detection of digital watermarks in digital data Ver�ffentlichungsnummerUS7987371 B2PublikationstypErteilung Anmeldenummer12/217,834 Ver�ffentlichungsdatum26. Juli 2011Eingetragen9. Juli 2008 Priorit�tsdatum2. Juli 1996Auch ver�ffentlicht unterUS5889868US6522767US20090037740WO1998002864A1 ErfinderScott A. MoskowitzUrspr�nglich Bevollm�chtigterWistaria Trading, Inc. US-Klassifikation713/176382/100Internationale KlassifikationH04L9/32G06K9/30 UnternehmensklassifikationH04N21/23892H04N21/8358H04L9/32 Europ�ische KlassifikationH04L9/32H04N21/2389BH04N21/8358ReferenzenPatentzitate (99)Nichtpatentzitate (218)Externe LinksUSPTO USPTO-Zuordnung EspacenetOptimization methods for the insertion, protection, and detection of digital watermarks in digital dataUS 7987371 B2 Zusammenfassung Disclosed herein are methods and systems for encoding digital watermarks into content signals. Also disclosed are systems and methods for detecting and/or verifying digital watermarks in content signals. According to one embodiment, a system for encoding of digital watermark information includes: a window identifier for identifying a sample window in the signal; an interval calculator for determining a quantization interval of the sample window; and a sampler for normalizing the sample window to provide normalized samples. According to another embodiment, a system for pre-analyzing a digital signal for encoding at least one digital watermark using a digital filter is disclosed. According to another embodiment, a method for pre-analyzing a digital signal for encoding digital watermarks comprises: (1) providing a digital signal; (2) providing a digital filter to be applied to the digital signal; and (3) identifying an area of the digital signal that will be affected by the digital filter based on at least one measurable difference between the digital signal and a counterpart of the digital signal selected from the group consisting of the digital signal as transmitted, the digital signal as stored in a medium, and the digital signal as played backed. According to another embodiment, a method for encoding a watermark in a content signal includes the steps of (1) splitting a watermark bit stream; and (2) encoding at least half of the watermark bit stream in the content signal using inverted instances of the watermark bit stream. Other methods and systems for encoding/decoding digital watermarks are also disclosed.
1. A method for generating a digital watermark message encoded digital data signal, comprising:
obtaining a digital data signal;
identifying, with a processor, a plurality of candidate bits in said digital data signal;
obtaining a digital watermark message to be encoded; and
encoding said digital watermark message in a first encoding bit set consisting of all or less than all of said plurality of candidate bits.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein said identifying comprises:
generating a psychoacoustic model of said digital data signal.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein said identifying comprises:
generating a psychovisual model of the digital data signal.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein said digital data signal comprises compressed digital data.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein said encoding results in a first digital watermark message encoded digital data signal, and further comprising:
generating a second watermark message encoded digital data signal, by obtaining a second digital watermark message and encoding said second digital watermark message in a second encoding bit set consisting of all or less than all of said plurality of candidate bits of said digital data signal.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein said obtaining is based on at least one criterion, and further comprising selecting said at least one criterion from a group consisting of a geographical territory identification, a transaction identification, an individual identification, a use limitation, and a signal domain.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein said first encoding bit set consists of less than all of said plurality of candidate bits.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein bits of said first encoding bit set have a common property and no other bit of said plurality of candidate bits has said common property.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein said common property is at least one of a sequential relationship, a linear relationship, and a logically-ordered relationship.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein a subset of said plurality of the candidate bits share at least one function.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein said at least one function are selected from the group consisting of mapping, error correction, and signal processing.
selectively adding noise to said digital data signal.
13. The method of claim 1 further comprising performing both said identifying and said encoding in the same digital data processing machine.
14. The method of claim 1 wherein said first encoded bit set consists of all of said plurality of candidate bits.
15. The method of claim 1, wherein a subset of said plurality of the candidate bits are the range of at least one function applied to said digital data signal.
16. The method of claim 1, wherein a subset of said plurality of the candidate bits are the range of at least one function applied to a domain.
17. A process for generating a digital watermark message encoded digital signal, comprising:
identifying, with a processor, at least one candidate bit of said digital signal;
generating a key; and
manipulating said at least one candidate bit with said key.
18. The process of claim 17, wherein said identifying manipulated comprises:
generating a psychoacoustic model of said digital signal.
19. The process of claim 17, wherein said identifying comprises:
generating a psychovisual model of said digital signal.
20. The process of claim 17, wherein said digital signal comprises compressed digital data.
21. The method of claim 17 wherein said manipulating results in a first digital watermark message encoded digital signal, and further comprising:
generating a second watermark message encoded digital data signal, by generating a second key that is different from said key, and manipulating said at least one candidate bit with said second key.
22. The process of claim 17, wherein said key is generated based upon at least one criterion, and said at least one criterion selected from the group consisting of a geographical territory identification, a transaction identification, an individual identification, a use limitation, and a signal domain.
23. The process of claim 17, wherein said at least one candidate bit comprises a plurality of candidate bits.
24. The process of claim 23, further comprising manipulating a subset of said plurality of candidate bits with said key.
25. The process of claim 23, further comprising selecting said subset based upon ability of bits of said subset to survive a test of robustness.
26. The process of claim 17 further comprising performing both said identifying and said manipulating in the same digital data processing machine.
27. An article of manufacture comprising a non-transitory machine readable medium, having thereon stored instructions adapted to be executed by a processor, which instructions when executed result in a process comprising:
obtaining a model for a data signal wherein the model describes watermarking parameters;
generating a watermark to be embedded in the data signal; and
embedding the generated watermark using the obtained model of the data signal to create a watermarked data signal.
28. The article of manufacture of claim 27, wherein said obtaining comprises:
generating a psychoacoustic model for the data signal.
29. The article of manufacture of claim 27, wherein said obtaining comprises:
retrieving a stored psychoacoustic model for the data signal.
30. The article of manufacture of claim 27, wherein said obtaining comprises:
generating a psychovisual model for the data signal.
31. The article of manufacture of claim 27, wherein said obtaining comprises:
retrieving a stored psychovisual model for the data signal.
32. The method of claim 27, wherein said embedding is based upon at least one criterion, and said at least one criterion are selected from the group consisting of a geographical territory identification, a transaction identification, an individual identification, a use limitation, and a signal domain.
33. The article of claim 27 operatively coupled to a digital processing machine including said processor for performing said instructions.
34. The article of claim 27 wherein said data signal is a digital data signal.
35. An article of manufacture comprising a non-transitory machine readable medium, having thereon stored instructions adapted to be executed by a processor, which instructions when executed result in a process comprising:
identifying a plurality of candidate bits in the data signal that can be manipulated during encoding;
generating at least one watermark;
determining which of said plurality of candidate bits to manipulate; and
encoding the at least one watermark in the determined candidate bits.
36. The article of manufacture of claim 25, wherein said generating is based on at least one criterion, and the at least one criterion includes at least one characteristic of the data signal.
37. The article of manufacture of claim 35, wherein said determining comprises:
selecting candidate bits that provide optimal locations for the at least one watermark.
38. The article of manufacture of claim 35, wherein said instructions further comprise inverting at least a portion of one of said at least one watermark.
39. The article of manufacture of claim 35, wherein said instructions further comprise decoding the at least one watermark from the data signal.
40. The article of manufacture of claim 39, wherein said instructions further comprise:
determining if an attempt to decode the at least one watermark is unauthorized; and
degrading the watermarked data signal if said attempt is determined to be unauthorized.
41. The article of manufacture of claim 39, wherein the step of decoding the at least one watermark from the data signal comprises:
determining if fewer than all of the at least one watermark are decoded during an attempt to decode the watermarked data signal; and
degrading the watermarked data signal responsive to determining that fewer than all the at least one watermark are decoded from the watermarked data signal.
42. The article of manufacture of claim 39, wherein said decoding is asymmetric.
43. The article of manufacture of claim 35, wherein said instructions further comprise storing at least one key corresponding to each of the at least one watermark wherein each one of said at least one key comprises a greater number of bits than the corresponding watermark.
44. The article of manufacture of claim 35, wherein said instructions further comprise storing at least one key corresponding to each of the at least one watermark wherein each one of said at least one key comprises the same number of bits as the corresponding watermark.
45. The article of claim 35 operatively coupled to a digital processing machine including said processor for performing said instructions.
46. The article of claim 35 wherein said data signal is a digital data signal.
47. An article of manufacture comprising a non-transitory machine readable medium, having thereon stored instructions adapted to be executed by a processor, which instructions when executed result in a process comprising:
generating at least one watermark; and
encoding said at least one watermark in said plurality of candidate bits.
48. The article of claim 47 wherein said generating comprises generating based upon at least one characteristic of said data signal.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENTS AND APPLICATIONS This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/497,822, filed Aug. 2, 2006 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,457,962, which is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/789,711, filed Feb. 22, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,107,451, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/281,279, filed Mar. 30, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,522,767, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/677,435, filed Jul. 2, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,889,868. The previously identified patents and/or patent applications are hereby incorporated by reference, in their entireties.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/674,726, filed Jul. 2, 1996, entitled �Exchange Mechanisms for Digital Information Packages with Bandwidth Securitization, Multichannel Digital Watermarks, and Key Management� (issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,362,775); pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/999,766, filed Jul. 23, 1997, entitled �Steganographic Method and Device�; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/046,627, filed Mar. 24, 1998, entitled �Method for Combining Transfer Function with Predetermined Key Creation� (issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,598,162); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/053,628, filed Apr. 2, 1998, entitled �Multiple Transform Utilization and Application for Secure Digital Watermarking� (issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,205,249); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/281,279, filed Mar. 30, 1999, entitled �Optimization Methods for the Insertion, Protection, and Detection of Digital Watermarks in Digital Data� (issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,522,767); U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/169,274, filed Dec. 7, 1999, entitled �Systems, Methods And Devices For Trusted Transactions�; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/456,319, filed Dec. 8, 1999, entitled �Z-Transform Implementation of Digital Watermarks� (issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,853,726); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/545,589, filed Apr. 7, 2000, entitled �Method and System for Digital Watermarking� (issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,007,166); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/594,719, filed Jun. 16, 2000, entitled �Utilizing Data Reduction in Steganographic and Cryptographic Systems� (issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,123,718) (which is a continuation-in-part of International Application No. PCT/US00/06522, filed Mar. 14, 2000, which PCT application claimed priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/125,990, filed Mar. 24, 1999); International Application No. PCT/US00/21189, filed Aug. 4, 2000 (which claims priority to U.S. Patent Application No. 60/147,134, filed Aug. 4, 1999, and to U.S. Patent Application No. 60/213,489, filed Jun. 23, 2000, both of which are entitled, �A Secure Personal Content Server�), U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/657,181, filed Sep. 7, 2000, entitled �Method And Device For Monitoring And Analyzing Signals� (issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,346,472); U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/234,199, filed Sep. 20, 2000, entitled �Improved Security Based on Subliminal and Supraliminal Channels For Data Objects�; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/671,739, filed Sep. 29, 2000, entitled �Method And Device For Monitoring And Analyzing Signals,� (abandoned), U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/731,039 entitled �System and Method for Permitting Open Access to Data Objects and For Securing Data Within the Data Objects,� filed Dec. 7, 2000 (issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,177,429); and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/731,040, entitled �Systems, Methods and Devices for Trusted Transactions,� filed Dec. 7, 2000 (issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,159,116). The previously identified patents and/or patent applications are hereby incorporated by reference, in their entireties, as if fully stated herein.
In addition, this application hereby incorporates by reference, as if fully stated herein, the disclosures of U.S. Pat. No. 5,613,004 �Steganographic Method and Device�; U.S. Pat. No. 5,745,569 �Method for Stega-Cipher Protection of Computer Code�; U.S. Pat. No. 5,889,868 �Optimization Methods for the Insertion, Protection, and Detection of Digital Watermarks in Digitized Data�; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,078,664, entitled �Z-Transform Implementation of Digital Watermarks.�
Presumably, the commercial value of some works will dictate some level of piracy not detectable in practice and deemed �reasonable� by rights holders given the overall economic return. For example, there will always be fake $100 bills, LEVI'S� jeans, and Gucci� bags, given the sizes of the overall markets and potential economic returns for pirates in these markets�as there also will be unauthorized copies of works of music, operating systems (Windows� 95, etc.), video and future multimedia goods.
E.sub.rms=Q/(12).sup.�
S/E=[S.sub.rms/E.sub.rms].sup.2= 3/2(2.sup.2n)
S / E ⁡ ( db ) = ⁢ 10 ⁢ ⁢ log ⁡ [ ( 3 / 2 ) . sup ⁢ .1 / 2 ⁢ ( 2. ⁢ sup . n ) ] . sup ⁢ .2 = ⁢ 10 ⁢ ⁢ log ⁡ ( 3 / 2 ) + 2. ⁢ sup . n ⁢ ⁢ log ⁢ ⁢ 2 ⁢ ( or ⁢ ″ = 20 ⁢ ⁢ log ⁡ [ ( 3 / 2 ) . sup ⁢ .1 / 2 ⁢ ( 2. ⁢ sup . n ) ] ″ ) = ⁢ 6.02 ⁢ ⁢ n + 1.76 This explains the S/E ratio of 98 dB for 16-bit and 92 dB for 15-bit quantization. The 1.76 factor is established statistically as a result of peak-to-rms ratio of a sinusoidal waveform, but the factor will differ if the signal waveform differs. In complex audio signals, any distortion will exist as white noise across the audible range. Low amplitude signals may alternatively suffer from distortion.
To facilitate understanding how this does not cause audible artifacts, consider the meaning of such encoding in terms of the S/E ratio. In a normal 16-bit signal, there is a 98 dB S/E according to the equation S/E=6.02n+1.76. Consider that the encoding of watermark information looks like any other error, except it moves beyond the quantization level, out of the LSBs. If the error is of a magnitude expressed in bits, for example, 8 bits, then at that moment, the signal effectively drops to 8 bits (16−8). This corresponds to a momentary drop in S/E, referred to herein as the momentary S/E. Yet, these errors are relatively few and far between and therefore, since the signal is otherwise comprised of higher-bit samples, a �Perceived S/E� may be derived which is simply the weighted average of the samples using the �Pure S/E� (the samples without watermark information) and those with the Momentary S/E. As a direct consequence, it may be observed that as the watermark map becomes more sparse, the number of errors introduced in a given range is reduced, and the higher the perceived S/E. It also helps that the error is random, and so over time, appears as white noise, which is relatively unobtrusive. In general, it is observed that as long as introduced errors leave resulting samples within an envelope in the sample window described by minimum and maximum values, before error introduction, and the map is sufficiently sparse, the effects are not perceived.
Another aspect of optimizing the insertion of digital watermarks regards error correction. Highly redundant error codes and interleaving might create a buffer against burst errors introduced into digital watermarks through randomization attacks. A detailed description follows from the nature of a digitization system�binary data can be corrected or concealed when errors exist. Random bit errors and burst errors differ in their occurrence: Random bit errors are error bits occurring in a random manner, whereas burst errors may exist over large sequences of the binary data comprising a digitized signal. Outside the scope of the present invention are errors caused by physical objects, such as dust and fingerprints, that contribute to the creation of dropouts are different from the errors addressed herein.
Uncorrected errors can be concealed in digital systems. Concealment offers a different dynamic to establish insertion parameters for the present invention. Error concealment techniques exist because it is generally more economical to hide some errors instead of requiring overly expensive encoders and decoders and huge information overheads in digitization systems. Muting, interpolation, and methods for signal restoration (removal of noise) relate to methods suggested by the present invention to invert some percentage or number of watermarks so as to ensure that at least some or as many as half of the watermarks must still remain in the content signal to effectively eliminate the other half. To invert a watermark relative to another watermark is to inverse the mathematical or logical relationships between the two watermarks (for example, without limitation, by bit flipping, by inverting the phase relationships, or by using an inverse filter relationship). Given that a recording contains noise, whether due to watermarks or not, a restoration which �removes� such noise is likely to result in the changing of some bit of the watermark message. Therefore, by inverting every other watermark, it is possible to insure that the very act of such corrections inverts enough watermark bits to create an inverse watermark. This inversion presupposes that the optimized watermark insertion is not truly optimal, given the will of a determined pirate to remove watermarks from particularly valuable content.
In addition to the embodiments discussed above, in the same manner that the signal to be watermarked, or scrambled, may be separated in time (from the beginning to the end of the signal) into streams, as disclosed in the copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/594,719 (which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,123,718), entitled �Utilizing Data Reduction in Steganographic and Cryptographic Systems,� additional processing may occur prior to the actual embedding of the watermark (�preprocessing�) as well as after each instance of watermark embedding (�postprocessing�). The pre- and post-processing may be used to optimize the actual embedding process.
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