Source: http://docplayer.net/1931330-Medicare-entitlement-age.html
Timestamp: 2016-10-22 22:02:17
Document Index: 793498650

Matched Legal Cases: ['art 1', 'arts 2', 'arts 8', 'art 4', 'art 5', 'art 6', 'art 7', 'art 9', 'art 1']

⭐MEDICARE ENTITLEMENT AGE
MEDICARE ENTITLEMENT AGE
Download "MEDICARE ENTITLEMENT AGE"
1 MEDICARE ENTITLEMENT AGE I OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL AUGUST 1993 OEI2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PURPOSE To assess the results of gradually raising the entitlement age for Medicare to 67 to make it consistent with the increased Social Security retirement age in the 21st Century. BACKGROUND The Medicare program pays for medical expenses of persons age 65 or older and for the disabled. In 1992, the Hospital Insurance portion of Medicare covered 31 million aged and 4 million disabled individuals and Imade payments of $85.0 billion. The Supplemental Medical Insurance portion covered 33.8 million individuals, with program expenditures of $5(1.8 billion. Historically, Social Security and Medicare have been closely linked. one example of this is that both Social Security and Medicare established 65 as their entitlement age. The Social Security Amendments of 1983 increased the age of entitlement for Social Security unreduced benefits from 65 to 67 over the period 2003 through 2027, as one of several methods to strengthen the solvency of the Social Security Trust Fund. However, the age of entitlement for Medicare remained unchanged. Recent concerns about the solvency of the Medicare Trust Funds, large deficits in the Federal budget, a growing interest in reforming the nation s health care financing systems, and general awareness of longer life expectancies make it important to reexamine the effects of coordinating Social Security and Medicare entitlement ages. METHODOLOGY We conducted literature reviews to examine the relationships of government retirement and health insuranm systems, life expectancies, economic trends, and factors which could nffect the availability and utilization of health insurance. The Health Car-e Financing Administration (HCFA) Office of the Actuary provided us with projected Medicare Hospital Insurance Trust Fund savings which would result if the Medicare entitlement age were gradually raised to 67 following the same schedule as the Social Security program. We performed several analyses of the projected savings in order to explain the significance of these estimates in today s dollars. We examined various factors contributing to the uncertainty of the projected savings and analyzed the impact of a higher entitlement :~ge on Medicare beneficiaries. i3 FINDINGS Gradually changing the Medicare enticement age to 67 would save ~he Hospital Ikwrance T)-ust Fund more than three quurlen of u lrillion dollan over a 30 year period beginning in the year The projected savings are $446 billion for the 25 year transition period, years 2003 through During the five years immediately after full implementation of the policy, years 2028 through 2032, the savings would be $324 billion. The savings for the 30 year period, years 2003 through 2032, would be $770 billion. The annual savings would be approximately $65 billion per year in the years immediately after the entitlement age reached 67. In today s terms, this amounts to between $4.7 and $15.7 billion per year, depending on the measure used. Medicare Hospital Insurance expenditures would be reduced by 3.4 percent and the trust fund deficit by 5.() percent for the year The Medicare Supplementmy amounts. Medical Insurance program would ako save sipificant If the entitlement age hnci heen changed to age 67 in 1991, Supplemental Medical Insurance savings would have been $2.4 billion that year. Estimates of Jiulure savingf ure imprecise due 10 a number of uncertainties about which we can make only rough assump~ions. Actual savings will depenci on future prices, utilization patterns, work patterns, availability of employer provided insurance, and advances in health care technologies. l%e impact of raking the enlitlemeru age on fulure Medicare bene~ciaries is not known. Howeve~ provkiing subs~an~iul advance notice OJlhe change, as has been done by Social Security, can reduce polential negative coruequence.s. From our discussion of savings, it is obvious that increasing Medicare s entitlement age wollld contribute to a healthier Trust Fund. This is not an insignificant consideration, in light of estimates that the Medicare Trust Fund will become insolvent in However, other effects that raising the entitlement :lge would have on future beneficiaries, such as changes in their access to needed medical services, are difficult to preciict. The irmpact woliiliciepend on whether they work longer, ii4 have access to other insurance, or delay health care until they are entitled to Medicare. If enacted, this change wolild have to take into account alternative sources of financing that woljld be available to those who would be denied Medicare coverage. Furthermore, a phased-in transition which parallels Social Security s is essential if such a change is adopted. This would ensure that those affected would have appropriate advance warning of the change in time for them to make alternative health insurance arrangements.... Ill5 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PAGE INTRODUCTION FINDINGS Year Hospital Insurance Savings Annual Savings. Savings as a Percent of Expenditures Savings as a Percent of Deficit Supplemental Meciical ]nsurdnce Savings Uncertainties of Savings Estimates Impact onbeneficiaries APPENDICES khngevity Increases A-1 B: Savings Projection s b-l C Annual Deficits C-l D. Bibliogmphy D-l6 INTRODUCTION PURPOSE To assess the results of gradually raising the entitlement age for Medicare to 67 to make it consistent with the increased Social Security retirement age in the 21st Century. BACKGROUND The Social Security Act, [Public Law (P. L.) ], and related laws established a number of Federal programs, including Social Security Retirement Insurance benefits and the Medicare program. The Retirement Insurance benet its program (Social Security) insures and provides monthly benefits (unreduced if taken at age 65) to individual and their dependents when the individual retires or redl]ces their income to levels that permit these payments. The benefits are funded through the tax contributions paid by employers, employees, and self-employed individuals. The Medicare program is a health insurance program that provides payments for medical expenses incurred by Social Security retirees ages 65 or older, some disabled beneficiaries, and for some other individuals with chronic life-threatening illnesses. The Medicare prograln is administered by the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA). Medicare paylnents are funded through taxes paid by employers, employees, and self-employed individuals, with some funding from general revenues. Additional funding is obtainecl through monthly medical insurance premiums paid by Medicare beneficiaries who elect this coverage. The Medicare program has two parts. Hospital Insurance, or Part A, and %pplementary Medical ]nsurance, or Part B. The Hospital Insurance program pays for inpatient hospital services, inpatient care provided in skilled nursing facilities, home health care, and hospice care. Program Trustees reported that in Calendar Year 1992, approxi]nately 31 million aged and 4 million disabled individuals were covered. In 1992, total incolme was $93.8 billion while expenditures were :lpproximately $85.() billion. The Supplementary Medic:~l [nsurance program pays for physicians services, outpatient hospital services, ciurable medical equipment, laboratory services, and other medical services and supplies. Program Trustees reported that in 1992, approximately 33.8 million individuals were covered. Income in 1992 was $57.2 billion (or $57.3 billion rounding individual income amounts). General revenues 17 provided $41.4 billion or 72.3 percent of this income. Premiums paid by enrollees provided another $14.1 billion or approximately 24.6 percent of the income for 1992 and the remaining $1.8 billion or 3.1 percent was from accumulated interest and other income. Expenditures for 1992 were approximately $50.8 billion. Establishing 65 as the Entitlement Age: For Social Securily Otto von Bisrnarck of Germany is general]y recognized as establishing the first compulsory old-age insurance program. That program established 70 as the retirement age. This was later reduced to age 65 in Britain followed suit in 1925 by establishing 65 as its program retirement age. A 1935 survey of State old-age insurance laws showed that 29 out of 42 States (69 percent) selected 65 as the eligibility age for their pensions. The Social Security Act, enacted in 1935, established 65 as the normal retirement age. In addition, The Railroad Retirement Act (P.L ) enacted in 1934 and subsequent legislation, used 65 as the retirement age. Our research shows that the original selection of 65 for the %cial Security retirement age was somewhat arbitrary. in the 1930 s, the planners of Social Security considered the retirement age of 65 to represent a good compromise between the higher costs associated with paying benefits at age 60, and the limited eligibility for these benefits which would occur, due to shorter life spans, if age 70 was selected. For Medicare In the 1930 s the President s acivisors considered establishing a Federal health insurance program as purt of the Social Security legislation. However, due to significant Congressional opp~~sition to this proposal, health insurance coverage was not included in the Social Security legislation. In the next three decades, Congress considered various legislative proposals for some form of Federal health insurance coverage. Health insurance bills were submitted in the 1960 s to cover medical expenses for elderly individuals.. In 1961, the Forand hill was introduced in Congress. This bill proposed Federal health insurance of hospital and nursing home expenses incurred old-age benefici~lries.. In 1963, the King-Anderson bill was introduced in Congress. This bill sought to provide hospital and related services to aged beneficiaries covered under the Social Security system. The Congressional hearings on this legislation established that 65 should be the age of entitlement for these benefits. No ages above 65 were discussed. Entitlement ages below 65 were discounted because a lower age wollld include too lmnny individuals who were still working.8 In 1965, Congress en:~cted Health Insurance forthe Aged legislation [Medicare (P.L. W-97)]. Ourreview of C(Jngl-ession:~ lcommittee reports shows that entitlement ages other th:tn 65 were not seriously considered. The hearings included discussions that workers generally retire at age 65 and are then in need of the basic protection that would be provided in the proposed Medicare legislation. Legidalion Increasing lhe Social Secunly Retirement Age In the early 1980 s the Social Security Trust Fund was rapidly depleting its resources to pay benefits. The President established the National Commission on Social Security Reform. This hi-partisan Commission issued a report in January 1983 to the White House and to Congress. The report recommended the gradual increase in the Social Security retirement age. Factors cited by Commission members include: older workers will be in greater demand in future years; the ratio of younger workers to retirees will decline after the turn of the century, causing significant increases in taxes. An increased age (for Social Security entitlement) would reduce this burden; and future beneficiaries can adjust to an increased age (for Social Security entitlement) if they are given sufficient notice. In 1983, Congress enacted the Social %curity Amendments of 1983 (P.L ), which instituted a number of measures to strengthen the solvency of the Social Security Trust Fund. One of these measures was to increase the retirement age over the period 2003 through 2027 for unreduced monthly benefits (Table 1). Table 1 =1:.....!.F~lR~t!!irniritAi{ ::I:EtiveD tes SCHEDULE FOR INCREASING SOCIAL SECURITY RETIREMENT AGE E:: ~ /02/38-01/01/39 03/02/03-03/01/04 r ~65,~s-:ri~-~~ri~n~h~ --- l 01/02/39-01/01/40 ~65 yrs and 4 months 05/02/04-05/01/ /02/40-01/01/41 ~65 yrs and 6 lmonths 07/02/05-07/01/ /02/41-01/01/4; yrs and 8 months 09/02/06-09/01/ E 01/02/42-01/01/43 65 y-s and 1() months. I 11/02/07-11/01/08. : 01/02/43-01 /01/55 66 yrs, 01/02/09-01/01/21 01/02/55-01/01/56 ~66 yrs and 2 months ~03;02/21-03/01./ ~...<... _. 01/02/56-01/01/57 I 66 yrs..l and 4 months j 05/02/22-05/01/23 39 SCHEDULE FOR INCREASING SOCIAL SECURITY RETIREMENT AGE k:::==::ffce~t:g;cge-:: Hective Dates 01/02/57-01/01/58 IL i$: :s: n i~ -rn( = I 01/02/58-01/01/59 ~09/02/24-09/01/25 IL k i S n non [ I l~: ---~--y:~~~months ths I 01/02/60 and later ~G7 yrs... 01/02/27 and later. This change was made in recognition of two primary factors: people are living longer- (Appendix A, Chart 1), and 8 increasing the retirement age would provicie for the financial integrity of the program. During consideration of this legislation, the Senate proposed an amendment that would have shifted the age of eligibility for Medicare in tandem with the increased Social Security retirement age. The Senate report stated, The minimum age for eligibility for Medicare benefits wollld continue to be tied to the age at which unreduced retirement benefits are first available. This amendment was not adopted; therefore, no change was made to the eligibility age for Medicare benefits. However, this amendment proposal did affirm the belief by some members of Congress that there is a historical relationship between the eligibility age for Social Security and Medicare benefits. METHODOLOGY Literature Review We researched the legislative history of the Social Security and Medicare entitlement ages. We also conducted literature reviews to learn about the relationships ofi government retirement and health insurance systems, both foreign and domestic; life expectancies; economic trends; and factors which could affect the availability and utilization of health insurance. HCFA s Acluuriul Projection At our request, and working in consultation with our office, the HCFA Office of the Actualy provided us with projected Medicare Hospital Insurance Trust Fund savings which would result if the Meciicare entitlement age was made to correspond to the age of entitlement to full Social Security benefits. This projection takes into account such factors as: reimbursements rates for aged insured beneficiaries; the size of the 410 population whose benefits would be delayed; health care utilization rates; increasing medical costs; and average hourly earnings increases. The Actuary s estimate covers ye:~rs 2003 through 2032, Years 2003 through 2027 are the transition years, during which the Medicare entitlement would be gradually increased if it followed the same schedule as the age of entitlement for full Social Security benefits. At the beginning of year 2027, the entitlement age would reach age 67; no further increases wou]d occur after that date. The years 2028 through 2032 make up the five year period immediately following this transition period. Appendix B, Charts 2 and 3 provide a comparison between expenditures reduced by the projected savings and expenditures under current law, and a summary of Hospital Insurance Trust Fund savings for the 30 year period. Appendix C, Charts 8 and 9 reflect Trust Fund expenditures and income, and compare the Trust Fund deficit under the current law and the age 67 proposal for the years 2028 through Portraying Savings in Today k Terms Because the gradual change in the retirement age and the associated actuarial estimates span a period ot 30 years which ends 39 years from now, and because the savings are large, it is difficult to grasp the signific:~nce of the amounts calculated. We therefore performed several analyses to describe the results in today s terms and to gain additional perspective regarding the consequences of the change in entitlement age. The results are expressed as a range of estimates, reflecting the following concepts and methods. Conslanl Dollms -- First, we noted that the Actuary s projections were based on current dollars. We converted the annual savings to constant dollars using the Consumer Price Index. The rate averaged 3,92 percent. The results are found in Appendix B, Chart 4. Today s Prices -- Second, we know that medical costs generally outstrip the Consumer Price Index. For this reason, the Actuary s projections used the Prospective Payinent System mnrket basket rate and health industry wage increases to approximate health care inflation. The total average annual price increase included in the Actuary s estimates is 5,09 percent. We therefore used this rate to calculate the value of the Actuary s projected savings at today s prices. The result is found in Appendix B, Chart 5. Presenl Value -- Third, we recognize that the time value of money may be affected by factors other thnn general inilation or specific price increases. For example, economists adwxate considering the so called present value of future cash streams by taking into account the interest that could be earned by investment. The general practice is to reduce future dollar amounts to a present value which if invested today wollld grow to that future amount. A private business c:ln perf(>rm this calculation by using an interest rate at which 511 it can invest its money today. Economists generally agree that a similar adjustment should be made in analyzing government savings and expenditures, but there is no consensus on the rate that should be used. We decided to use the rate of interest projected to be earned by the Medicare Trust Funds. This rate averaged 6.32 percent. The result is found in Appendix B, Chart 6. Current Po&T -- Fourth, to gain additional perspective regarding the savings in today s terms, we prepared our own analysis of the number of Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 and 66 and calculated the Medicare Hospital Insurance payments made on their behalf in Our data was taken from the HCFA 1991 Common Working File, one percent sample (1992 data was not available). our calculations show how lmuch money would have been saved by the Medictire Hospital Insurance prog-aln if the Medicare entitlement age was raised to age 67 in We recognize that this method does not take into account the increase in the number of Medicare beneficiaries in future years, which wollld increase the estimated savings. Our estimate is intended purely as a very rough approximation of the financial ilmpact of the entitlement age change in terms that can be appreciated now. Savinxs as a Percentage of Expenditures -- We obtained from the HCFA Actuary their estimates of total Medicare Hospital Insurance expenditures under current law during the 30 year projection period based on the same factors which they used in calculating savings. This allows L]Sto express the savings as a percent of expenditures, another way to gain perspective in coming to grips with large dollar almounts in the ciistant future (Appendix B, Chart 7). We performed a silmilar analysis of 1991 expenditures for Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 and 66. While we noted above that our method understates total dollar savings because it ti~ils to take into account the increase in the beneficiary population, it seems to overstate the percentage of savings for the same reason--it does not take into account the increased use of Medicare reimbursed health services by beneficiaries over the age of 67 in the distant future. Still, it gives us another view concerning the significance of changing the entitle lnent <ige. These analyses pr(wide a range ~~t t (~urestimates of the annual savings resulting from raising the Medicare entitlement age to 67, and two estimates of the Medicare Hospital Insurance Trust Fund savings as a percentage of expenditures. Supplemenla[ Medica[ Insurance Tnst Fund The HCFA Actuary did not make long range projections for the Supplemental Medical Insurance Trust Fund. We therefore made our own estimate of savings for this program using the technique described above for the Hospital Insurance program. That is, we calculated the amount of Medicare Supplemental Medical Insurance 612 payments macleto beneficiaries aged65 and66during 1991 (1992 data was not available). This was based on the one percent sample of the Common Working File. Uncertainly AnuZYsiv In addition to putting future cash flows in today s perspective, using a range of estimates serves another purpose as well. Projections made Pzr into the future are extremely uncertain. Presenting the results as a range rather than a single amount reminds the reader of the inherent uncertainty of such projections. In the Findings section of this report, we also describe a number of factors which cannot be accurately predicted but which can greatly affect the savings achieved by increasing the entitlement age. Impact Analysis Changing the Medicare entitlelnent :Ige would have significant impact on Medicare financing. It could also affect the health care prwctices and finances of Medicare beneficiaries. Based on our ongoing research and studies of Medicare and health financing policies, we identified some of these impacts. They are briefly discussed in the Findings section of the repc~rt, We did not address the potential i!mpact that a change in the Medicare entitlement age could have on other programs su~h as Supplemental Security Income and Medicaid. However, there could be an impact on these programs if individuals of limited financial means find themselves in need of health car-e coverage and assistance income during those months before they become entitled to Medicare. our review was conducted in accorctance with the Quulily Standards for Inspection.s issued by the President s Council on Integrity and Efficiency. 713 FINDINGS Gradually changing the Medicare entitlement age to 67 would save the Hospital Insurance Trust Fund more than three quarters of a trillion dollars over a 30 year period beginning in the year According to the actuarial projection, gradually changing the Medicare entitlement age to 67, following the sa[ne schedule mandated under current law for the age of entitlement to full Social Security benefits, would reduce Medicare expenditures for the Hospital Insurance program by $446 billion during the 25 year transition period, years 2003 through During the five years immediately after full implementation of the policy, years 2028 through 2032, the savings would be $324 billion. The savings for the 30 year period, years 2003 through 2032, would be $770 billion. While there are other options available for a transition period, such as a shorter period than 25 years, for reasons discussed in the background, we have tied our projections to the %cial Security age and transition period. The annual savings would be approximately $65 billion per year in the years immediately after the entitlement age reached 67. In today s terms, thk amounts to between $4.7 and $15.7 billion per year, depending on the measure used. In the year 2028, the first year after the entitlement age reached 67, Medicare Hospital Insurance expenditures would be reduced by $60.3 billion. Five years later, in the year 2032, this would rise to $67.4 billion. To better understand the significance of these amounts, the f~~ll(nving statements express, in varying ways, the annual savings in today s terms. Corz.rlunl Do&Ks. Eliminating the effects of genera] inflation, the annual savings would be $15,7 billion. Todav.s F7ice.s. Eliminating the effects of medical inflation, the annual savings would be $10.6 billion. Present Value. The present value of annual savings, based on the average rate of interest for the Hospital Insurance Trust Fund would be $7.1 billion, Currenl Policy. li the age of entitlement ha~i been changed to 67 in 1991, the Hospital insurance Trust Fund would have saved $4.7 billion that year. s14 Medicae Hospital Insurance expenditures would be reduced by 3.4 percent. The $60.3 billion saved in the year 2028 is 3.4 percent of the estimated $1.8 trillion which would be expended by the Medicare Hospital program if the entitlement age remains at 65. The Medicare Hospital lnsurmce deficit would be reduced by 5.0 percent. We have calculated the projected deficit in the five years after the transition period before and after applying the projected benefit savings (Appendix C, Chart 9). The percentage of savings decreases fro[m 5.0 percent in 2028 to 4.3 percent in 2032, due primarily to the rapid growth in the deficit from $1.19 trillion in 2028 to $1.64 trillion in The Medicare Supplementary Medical Insurance program would also save significant amounts. As noted in the Meth~xiolc)gy section, the HCFA Actuary did not make projections of the Medicare Supplementary Meciic:ll Insurance Trust Fund expenditures that would result from a change in entitlement age. However, we calculated that if the entitlement age had been changed to age 67 in 1991, Supplelnental Medical Insurance savings, including a small number of disabled beneficiaries, would have been $2.4 billion or 6.3 percent. Estimates of future savings are imprecise due to a number of uncertainties about which we can make only rough assumptions. Estimating the financial effects of today s decision on program costs 34 years hence requires that we make a nulnber of :lssumptions about future beneficiaries use of medical services, their future :lccess to private insurance, and the future costs of medical care. For example, the nl~~del prepared by HCFA S Office of the Actuary, discussed above, assumes that beneficiaries will use services in patterns similar to today s; that most beneficiaries will continue working and purchase employer group health insurance until they become eligible for- Medicare, but some will become uninsured; and that costs of medical care will rise at moderate rates throughout the period. While we believe these to be reasonable assumptions, different conclusions would lead to different estimates. For example:. If older Americans lose access to affordable, employer-provided health insurance as a result of early retirement, they might forgo preventive care and delay needed services until they became Medicare entitled. Costs to the program wou]d increase as beneficiaries entered the program in poorer health and in need of services which had been delayed.15 . If health care costs rise at rates far above the Consumer Price Index or Prospective Paylment System market basket rate, the program would save more than we vec:llcul:~ted by not coverin gthoseag,e d65and66.. Advances in medical technology might have an effect on our estimates as well. For example, ne\vtechn(~l(>gies tc)detect ~lndsuccessfully treat diseases might create healthier 65 and 66 year olds who use fewer services than their counterparts today. In this case, the program would save less than we ve estimated by not covering this grollp. On the other hand, demand might increase for new high technology services by 65 and 66 year olds, and Medicare would save more than we ve estimated by not covering this group. Coverage policies will also have an effect on our estimate. If Medicare coverage policies are more generous than private insurance policies, beneficiaries Imight delay some care until they become Medicare eligible and the services are covered, Our projections would then be overestimated, since the elderly w[~uld simply defer their health care consumption until older. The impact of raising the entitlement age on future Medicare beneficiaries is not known. However, providing substantial advmce notice of the change, as has been done by Social Security, can reduce potential negative consequences. Increasing Medicare s entitlement age would contribute to a healthier Trust Fund, even though the effect on the projected deficit is modest. Clearly this change would not, in and of itself, solve the fiscal crisis facing the program. Any steps that can be taken now, however, to begin to adciress the pr-ojecteci financial shortfalls in the program would help beneficiaries by ensuring the solvency of the program and potentially reduce the need to call for increased contributions from beneficiaries or taxpayers to keep the program fiscally sound. On the other hand, other considerations might argue against making such a change. A healthier Trust Fund, while not an insignificant benefit, might be outweighed by potential negative effects on beneficiaries. For example, would beneficiaries have access to other, comparable health insurance at ages 65 and 66, prior to entering the program? If not, would they delay seeking and receiving needed health care daring this time? Would the States then face adciitional costs of caring for- or insuring these older Americans? Would hospitals face larger- uncompensated care burdens? The responses to these qucsti[~ns can (~nly be speculative. This is particularly true, since both the phased in Sc~ci:~l%curity entitlement age change and health care reform efforts will almost certainly affect employment patterns and older Americans access to private health insurance at affordable prices. For example: Older Americans lmight choose to delay retirement to an older age in the future, in light of the change in Social Security entitlement age and the fact that Americans are living longer (Appendix A, Chart 1). Consequently, they may continue to be covered under their elnployer s health plan until they become 1016 eligible for Medicare. Older Americans might also feel forced to continue working in order to remain eligible for their employers group health plan.. Older Americans may continue toretire prior to becoming eligible for Social Security, as they have in the past. Upon retirement, they might continue the employer s group health plan, forego private insurance, or choose a modest insurance package. People may delay seeking needed care. This could result in increased costs once medical attention is sought, as well as personal suffering by the beneficiary. Older Americans might also seek and receive needed care, but be unable to pay for it, thus creating financial pressures on States through the Medicaid program or other State program for the uninsured, and providers. If enacted, this change would have to take into account alternative sources of financing that would be available to those who would be denied Medicare coverage. The amount of advance notice provided of the change would also affect whether negative consequences to older Americans would arise. Without advance notice, older Americans would be unable to plan for their health care needs and costs during the years that would no longer be covered by Medicare, A phased in transition, paralleling the transition to an older entitlement age for Social Security, would allow older Americans time to plan for their health care needs and expenses and help avoid undesirable consequences. 11 View more
GAO United States Government Accountability Office Report to the Chairman, Special Committee on Aging, U.S. Senate June 2011 RETIREMENT INCOME Ensuring Income throughout Retirement Requires Difficult Choices More information GAO STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT RETIREE BENEFITS. Current Funded Status of Pension and Health Benefits. Report to the Committee on Finance, U.S.
GAO United States Government Accountability Office Report to the Committee on Finance, U.S. Senate January 2008 STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT RETIREE BENEFITS Current Funded Status of Pension and Health Benefits More information The Role of Annuity Markets in Financing Retirement
The Role of Annuity Markets in Financing Retirement Jeffrey R. Brown Olivia S. Mitchell James M. Poterba Mark J. Warshawsky The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England 2001 Massachusetts Institute More information Converting Retirement Savings into Income: Annuities and Periodic Withdrawals
Converting Retirement Savings into Income: Annuities and Periodic Withdrawals December 1, 2008 Janemarie Mulvey Specialist in Aging Policy Patrick Purcell Specialist in Income Security Domestic Social More information The Tax Exclusion for Employer-Provided Health Insurance: Policy Issues Regarding the Repeal Debate
EMBARGOED UNTIL TUESDAY, JUNE 2 EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT COUNCIL OF ECONOMIC ADVISERS THE ECONOMIC CASE FOR HEALTH CARE REFORM JUNE 2009 EMBARGOED UNTIL TUESDAY, JUNE 2 THE ECONOMIC CASE FOR HEALTH More information INSIGHT on the Issues
INSIGHT on the Issues Social Security Disability Insurance: A Primer AARP Public Policy Institute For most U.S. workers and their families, Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI or DI) provides protection More information The Success of the U.S. Retirement System
The Success of the U.S. Retirement System Copyright 2012 by the Investment Company Institute. All rights reserved. Suggested citation: Brady, Peter, Kimberly Burham, and Sarah Holden. 2012. The Success More information TAX EXPENDITURES FOR HEALTH CARE
TAX EXPENDITURES FOR HEALTH CARE Scheduled for a Public Hearing Before the SENATE COMMITTEE ON FINANCE on July 31, 2008 Prepared by the Staff of the JOINT COMMITTEE ON TAXATION July 30, 2008 JCX-66-08 More information PRIVATE PENSIONS. Participants Need Better Information When Offered Lump Sums That Replace Their Lifetime Benefits
United States Government Accountability Office Report to the Ranking Member, Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives January 2015 PRIVATE PENSIONS Participants Need Better Information When More information GAO TAX ADMINISTRATION. Federal Payment Levy Program Measures, Performance, and Equity Can Be Improved. Report to Congressional Requesters
GAO United States General Accounting Office Report to Congressional Requesters March 2003 TAX ADMINISTRATION Federal Payment Levy Program Measures, Performance, and Equity Can Be Improved GAO-03-356 March More information The taxation of retirement saving is an important and. Taxing Retirement Income: Nonqualified Annuities and Distributions from Qualified Accounts
Taxing Retirement Income Taxing Retirement Income: Nonqualified Annuities and Distributions from Qualified Accounts Jeffrey R. Brown John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, and NBER, More information TRENDS AND ISSUES TRENDS IN HEALTH CARE SPENDING AND HEALTH INSURANCE DECEMBER 2008
TRENDS AND ISSUES DECEMBER 2008 TRENDS IN HEALTH CARE SPENDING AND HEALTH INSURANCE David P. Richardson, Ph.D. Principal Research Fellow TIAA-CREF Institute EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Recent trends in health care More information n recent years, rising health care costs in the United States have imposed tremendous economic burdens on families, employers, and governments at
c h a p t e r 7 REFORMING Health Care I n recent years, rising health care costs in the United States have imposed tremendous economic burdens on families, employers, and governments at every level. The More information CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE CBO. An Update to the Budget and Economic Outlook: 2015 to 2025. Defense 2.7 3.3 2.2 2.
CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE An Update to the Budget and Economic Outlook: 2015 to 2025 Percentage of GDP Major Health Care Programs Mandatory Spending Social Security Other More information Health Insurance: A Primer
Bernadette Fernandez Specialist in Health Care Financing February 16, 2012 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL32237 More information The Unsustainable Cost of Health Care
The Unsustainable Cost of Health Care Social Security Advisory Board, September 2009. Message from the Board As the nation once again turns its attention to the debate surrounding the reform of our country More information MEDICAID 101: A PRIMER FOR STATE LEGISLATORS January 2009
MEDICAID 101: A PRIMER FOR STATE LEGISLATORS January 2009 Sharing capitol ideas. 1 1 The Medicaid program is loved by few, criticized by many and misunderstood by most. MEDICAID 101 MEDICAID 101: A PRIMER More information Estimates for the Insurance Coverage Provisions of the Affordable Care Act Updated for the Recent Supreme Court Decision
JULY 2012 Estimates for the Insurance Coverage Provisions of the Affordable Care Act Updated for the Recent Supreme Court Decision The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) and the staff of the Joint Committee More information Health Insurance in the Small Business Market: Availability, Coverage, and the Effect of Tax Incentives
Health Insurance in the Small Business Market: Availability, Coverage, and the Effect of Tax Incentives by Quantria Strategies, LLC Cheverly, MD 20785 for Under Contract Number SBAHQ-09-Q-0018 Release More information Impact Of ACA Annual Health Insurance Tax On State Medicaid Programs
Impact Of ACA Annual Health Insurance Tax On State Medicaid Programs October 2011 Prepared for: Molina and Amerigroup Marwood makes no express or implied representation or warranty as to the accuracy, More information November 30, 2009. Sincerely,
CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE U.S. Congress Washington, DC 20515 Douglas W. Elmendorf, Director November 30, 2009 Honorable Evan Bayh United States Senate Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator: The attachment More information Better Financial Security in Retirement? Realizing the Promise of Longevity Annuities
November 214 Better Financial Security in Retirement? Realizing the Promise of Longevity Annuities Katharine G. Abraham, University of Maryland and National Bureau of Economic Research Benjamin H. Harris, More information THE RECENT SLOWDOWN IN TRENDS IN HEALTH CARE COST GROWTH AND THE ROLE OF THE AFFORDABLE CARE ACT
THE RECENT SLOWDOWN IN TRENDS IN HEALTH CARE COST GROWTH AND THE ROLE OF THE AFFORDABLE CARE ACT November 2013 Introduction and Summary The Affordable Care Act (ACA) was passed against a backdrop of decades More information Increasing the Social Security Retir&&it,Age: Older Workers : iri Physically &banding. Oktipations or,,111 Hm&$ _. q
Increasing the Social Security Retir&&it,Age: Older Workers : iri Physically &banding. Oktipations or,,111 Hm&$ _. q... When Congress passed the. Social Security, Amendments of 1983, it mandated a study More information Tax Benefits for Health Insurance and Expenses: Overview of Current Law
Tax Benefits for Health Insurance and Expenses: Overview of Current Law Janemarie Mulvey Specialist in Aging and Income Security January 11, 2011 Congressional Research Service CRS Report for Congress More information Tax Benefits for Health Insurance and Expenses: Overview of Current Law
Tax Benefits for Health Insurance and Expenses: Overview of Current Law Janemarie Mulvey Specialist in Health Care Financing January 10, 2012 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees More information California Community Colleges Making Them Stronger and More Affordable
Making Them Stronger and More Affordable By William Zumeta and Deborah Frankle March 2007 Prepared for The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation By The National Center for Public Policy and Higher Education More information ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORD PROGRAMS. Participation Has Increased, but Action Needed to Achieve Goals, Including Improved Quality of Care
United States Government Accountability Office Report to Congressional Committees March 2014 ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORD PROGRAMS Participation Has Increased, but Action Needed to Achieve Goals, Including More information 2016 © DocPlayer.net Privacy Policy | Terms of Service | Feedback