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EXPERT REVIEW PANEL ON GREATER NEW ORLEANS HURRICANE AND STORM DAMAGE RISK REDUCTION SYSTEM DESIGN GUIDELINES: Final Report - PDF
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1 EXPERT REVIEW PANEL ON GREATER NEW ORLEANS HURRICANE AND STORM DAMAGE RISK REDUCTION SYSTEM DESIGN GUIDELINES: Final Report May 21, 2014 Produced for and Funded by: Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority of Louisiana2 This page was intentionally left blank.3 PAGE i TABLE OF CONTENTS Figures... iii Tables... iii Acknowledgements... iv Executive Summary... v Introduction...1 Why Peer Review?... 2 Peer Review Process... 3 Review of Design Guidelines...5 Hydrology and Hydrodynamics... 5 Storm Surge and Wave Modeling: Background... 5 Storm Surge and Wave Modeling: Comments... 5 Storm Surge and Wave Modeling: Conclusions and Recommendations... 6 Geotechnical Engineering... 8 Differential Settlement: Background... 8 Differential Settlement: Comments... 8 Long-Term Stability of Earthen Levees: Background Long-Term Stability of Earthen Levees: Comments Geotechnical Engineering Conclusions and Recommendations Structural Engineering Corrosion Protection: Background Corrosion Protection: Comments Spiral Welded Pipe: Background Spiral Welded Pipe: Comments Allowable Wall Deflection: Background Allowable Wall Deflection: Comments Structural Engineering Conclusions and Recommendations Resiliency Overtopping and Armoring: Background Overtopping and Armoring: Comments Design Check for Resiliency: Background Design Check for Resiliency: Comments Resiliency Conclusions and Recommendations... 214 PAGE ii Implementation of Design Guidelines Design and Construction Evolving Nature of HSDRRS-DG Level of Protection Contracting Strategies System Considerations Operations and Maintenance Actual versus Estimated Cost Fundamentally Federal Operations System Operations System Monitoring and Remote Operations Emergency Operations and Contingency Planning Risk-based O&M Communications and Coordination Risk Communication Internal Communication and Coordination Summary Recommendations Preparing for the Future Conclusions References Appendix A: Review Panelist Bios Appendix B: Policy Considerations... 375 PAGE iii FIGURES Figure 1. HSDRRS map and components, from 1 Figure 2. Review panelists visit the Inner Harbor Navigation Canal Surge Barrier Figure 3. Calculated angular distortions, based on measured settlements at different benchmark locations (represented by lines of the graph), in the GIWW pump station at the West Closure Complex. Data provided by USACE, plotted by Panel Chair Bob Gilbert Figure 4. Differential settlement at transition between T-Wall for Lake Borgne Closure (background) and earthen Levee for New Orleans east back segment (foreground) - Taken by R. Gilbert on July 16, Figure 5. Shallow slope failure near toe of earthen levee for New Orleans east back segment. Numbered arrows indicate sampling locations for a previous study. (Provided by R. Brouillette, CPRA) Figure 6. Inner Harbor Navigation Canal, Lake Borgne Basin Standard HSDRRS design criteria for the resiliency design checks Figure 7. Lake Borgne Area -- Approved design check waiver for the resiliency design checks TABLES Table 1. IHNC Surge Barrier Resiliency design checks Proposed changes (approved waiver May )6 PAGE iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This document was prepared by the review panel members: Robert B. Bob Gilbert, Ph.D., P.E. (University of Texas), Thomas Tom W. Wells, P.E. (WS Nelson Inc.), William Bill H. Espey, Jr. Ph.D., P.E. (RPS Espey Inc.), Sandra K. Knight, Ph.D., P.E (WaterWonks LLC), James Jim T. Kirby, Ph.D. (University of Delaware), and Clinton Clint S. Willson, Ph.D., P.E., with support from F. Ryan Clark and Jena Milliner of The Water Institute of the Gulf (the Institute), as a product of the Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority (CPRA) Task Order 10: Hurricane and Storm Damage Risk Reduction System (HSDRRS) Review. Bios of the reviewers can be found in Appendix A. Staff of the United States Army Corps of Engineers provided assistance on the field visits to selected components of the Hurricane and Storm Damage Risk Reduction System. This effort was funded by CPRA of Louisiana and overseen by members of the CPRA Liaison Team (John Monzon and Rickey Brouillette). Internal Water Institute review was provided by Denise J. Reed, Ph.D. and Ehab A. Meselhe, Ph.D., P.E.. External Peer Review was provided by William Billy L. Edge, Ph.D., P.E.7 PAGE v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report presents the results from an independent technical peer review of the design guidelines used to develop the New Orleans Hurricane and Storm Damage Risk Reduction System (HSDRRS). In 2007, USACE developed HSDRRS Design Guidelines (HSDRRS-DG) in order to ensure that consistent state-of-practice techniques were used in engineering, designing, and constructing the components of the system. The HSDRRS-DG have been revised several times since The HSDRRS system has been designed and constructed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) using methods and techniques outlined in HSDRRS guidelines. As the HSDRRS design and construction process moved forward, USACE granted several waivers to address construction schedules, resources, and costs constraints. The State of Louisiana, through the Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority (CPRA), will be charged with operations and maintenance of the HSDRRS and requested this review of the guidelines and waivers. The peer review panel consisted of six technical experts familiar with the HSDRRS and the state-ofpractice for the design of coastal and riverine flood-protection systems. This panel was tasked with the following objectives: 1. Assess the assumptions and analysis approaches in the 2007 HSDRRS -DG and whether they are consistent and appropriate within the current state-of-practice of engineering; 2. Assess the justification for exceptions and waivers, and whether they could result in an impact on component and system performance, operations and maintenance, risk, or reliability. The process included panel review of documents and background material, touring the HSDRRS, meeting in Baton Rouge and preparing this report. The panel concludes that the assumptions and analysis approaches in HSDRRS-DG are both consistent and appropriate within the current state-of-practice of engineering. The panel also concludes that the justifications for waivers to these HSDRRS-DG were generally appropriate with the exception of the waiver for adding sacrificial steel rather than coating steel piles for corrosion protection. This waiver concerning corrosion protection is inconsistent with the current state-of-practice of engineering in this region. Finally, the panel concludes that the waivers in total will not negatively impact the performance of the system performance in a hurricane, its risk, or its reliability, provided that uncertain design assumptions, particularly those concerning corrosion rates and ground settlements, are consistently monitored and mitigated if necessary over the design service life. The panel has identified several design issues, however, that will affect the cost and effort required to operate and maintain this system. Specific areas of concern for operation and maintenance, and the responsibility for it, include the following: 1. The need to routinely inspect the piles that were not coated for corrosion protection in order to determine their condition and, when necessary, repair them; 2. The need to remove and then replace armoring to raise subsiding levees back to proper grade; 3. The potential for differential settlement to impede operations of pumps and gates and to distress structural components; 4. The potential for shallow slope failures on earthen levees to occur years after construction and require repair;8 5. The need to update design assessments and possibly system components over the lifetime of the system as monitoring information becomes available and as new studies and data are obtained concerning surges and waves and structural and hydraulic performance. If these additional O&M issues are not addressed fully, then it is possible that the performance of the system in a hurricane could be impaired. PAGE vi The panel also concludes that implementation of the HSDRRS-DG in constructing, operating, and maintaining HSDRRS are as important to its performance as the HSDRRS-DG themselves. The major challenges in implementation are providing for effective communication and coordination between all parties responsible for the operation and maintenance of the system and clearly communicating the residual risk to the public so that the consequences of hurricane flooding are minimized. The panel offers the following major recommendations: 1. The federal and state agencies be fully transparent and persistent about communicating risk to the public. This communication program should be highly visible and active in the public eye 2. The risk assessment be periodically updated based on improvements in hydrology and hydrodynamics analytical tools like advancements in modeling and high performance computing, as well as information on sea-level rise, land subsidence, land use, and the current condition of the HSDRRS; 3. A program be developed and implemented for long-term monitoring of settlement, corrosion, structural integrity, and slope stability. It also recommends that proactive plans be developed to address potential problems that may arise during operation and maintenance of the system; 4. A risk-based asset management plan be developed at CPRA level and implemented for the entire HSDRRS to accommodate changing conditions; 5. The state of Louisiana and the Corps work collaboratively to develop realistic cost estimates for operation and maintenance to reflect changes made during design and construction; Specific protocols be used to coordinate and communicate information between the federal, state, and local agencies before, during and after transfer of the project. For items that are not being resolved to the satisfaction of a party, the process for independent resolution laid out in the Project Partnership Agreement should be followed; and 6. The state of Louisiana work toward the formation of a public-public partnership (Federal-State) to share in future O & M Costs. Congressional authorization may be required. Less likely publicprivate partnerships to fund O & M costs should be investigated.9 PAGE 1 INTRODUCTION The State of Louisiana, through the Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority (CPRA) has been tasked with planning, designing, implementing, and maintaining coastal protection and restoration projects. CPRA s Operations Division and Southeast Louisiana Flood Protection Authority East and West (SLFPA-E and SLFPA-W) and the associated levee districts will be charged with operations and maintenance of constructed projects, which includes the responsibility of the New Orleans Hurricane and Storm Damage Risk Reduction System (HSDRRS). HSDRRS has been designed and constructed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) using methods and techniques outlined in HSDRRS -DG and waivers. The features of HSDRRS as of 2013 include: 350 miles of levees and floodwalls, including interior levees and floodwalls, hundreds of gates and structures for sealing the system; 78 pumping stations (federal and non-federal); Gulf Intracoastal Waterway West Closure Complex; Inner Harbor Navigation Canal Surge Barrier; Seabrook Floodgate Complex; and Interim closure structures and pump stations for the three outfall canals. Upon completion of the design and construction of each component of the protection system, USACE will turn the responsibilities over to the State of Louisiana. This will occur over the next few years. Figure 1. HSDRRS map and components, from In 2007, USACE developed HSDRRS-DG in order to ensure that consistent state-of-practice techniques were used in engineering, designing, and constructing the components of the system. Since then, the HSDRRS-DG have been revised several times. As HSDRRS design and construction process moved forward,10 PAGE 2 USACE granted several waivers to address construction schedules, resources, and costs constraints. For more information on HSDRRS -DG, waivers, or other related material, please refer to the USACE HSDRRS- DG website (online: Many components of HSDRRS are near completion and will soon to be turned over to CPRA. Thus, it is in CPRA s, other nonfederal sponsor s, and other stakeholder s best interests to review HSDRRS guidelines and approved waivers to ensure that state-of-the-practice methods were employed as well as to assess potential impacts on future performance, operation, and maintenance of the system. In response, CPRA contracted with the Water Institute of the Gulf (the Institute) to convene an independent review panel to review HSDRRS -DG and waivers. The Institute coordinated regularly with CPRA, convened the review panel, and developed and delivered the final report and presentation. While the HSDRRS panel took a holistic view of the system it is important to recognize that this review is only an initial step of HSDRRS review process. The goal of this panel is to identify possible technical issues and concerns with HSDRRS -DG and provide general recommendations on ways the system can be improved. With the issues and concerns identified, the groundwork is laid for more detailed future studies and reviews of the specific issues and concerns WHY PEER REVIEW? The importance of peer review is widely recognized as a means of validating technical products by engaging expert peers, which in turn helps to build credibility. By enlisting topical experts to take a critical look at HSDRRS -DG documentation, technical assumptions, design, and construction methodologies and waivers, the review process ensures CPRA receives an objective assessment of HSDRRS -DG and waivers, as well as advice on planning the system operation, maintenance, and/or improvement. Finally, peer review demonstrates that CPRA has proactively sought input and review guidance from national and international experts, prior to accepting the system as its Non-Federal Sponsor.11 PAGE 3 PEER REVIEW PROCESS CPRA contracted with the Institute to coordinate this peer review process. The Institute recruited five HSDRRS review panel members, with one person serving as panel chair, to consider the following technical reports: Hurricane and Storm Damage Risk Reduction System Design Guidelines (USACE, 2007; Waiver: Resiliency Design Checks for Inner Harbor Navigation Canal, Lake Borgne Basin (USACE, 2009a); Waiver: Steel Piles Corrosion Protection (USACE, 2009b); Waiver: Use of Spiral Welded Pipe for Foundations in Southeast Louisiana Coastal Structures (USACE, 2010a); Waiver: Deflections of Proposed Inner Harbor Navigation Canal Floodwall, Lake Borgne Basin (USACE, 2010b). All of the above documents are available for download from the following website: The peer review was intended to determine the extent the HSDRRS -DG and waivers were consistent with the state of practice and whether or not there were sufficient justifications in granting the waivers, as well as to offer advice on the system s operation, maintenance, and/or improvement. Reviewers were asked to focus on: 1. Assessment of the assumptions and analysis approaches in HSDRRS -DG and whether or not they are both consistent and appropriate within current state-of-practice of engineering; 2. Assessment of justification for the exceptions and waivers, and whether or not they could result in an impact on component and/or system performance, operations and maintenance, risk, or reliability. The review material (HSDRRS -DG, waivers, etc.) was distributed to the panelists and each panelist sent his/her preliminary comments and observations to the Institute prior to the review panel meeting. The Institute compiled and organized all pre-panel meeting comments and material and organized a site visit to two HSDRRS project sites with CPRA and USACE staff to informally orient the panel members to the system. The Institute then hosted a two-day review panel in Baton Rouge and assisted the panel chair in running the meeting. The panel members wrote the review panel report and the Institute assisted with the writing and editing of their sections in consultation with the panel chair, and after External Peer Review, the Institute prepared a final report and presentation for CPRA.12 PAGE 4 Figure 2. Review panelists visit the Inner Harbor Navigation Canal Surge Barrier. Peer Reviewers Robert B. Bob Gilbert (Chair), Ph.D., P.E., University of Texas James Jim T. Kirby, Ph.D., University of Delaware Sandra K. Knight, Ph.D., P.E., WaterWonks LLC. Thomas Tom W. Wells, P.E., Waldemar S. Nelson Inc. William Bill H. Espey, P.E., R.P.S., Espey Inc. Clinton S. Clint Willson, Ph.D., P.E., The Water Institute of the Gulf13 PAGE 5 REVIEW OF DESIGN GUIDELINES The panel reviewed all the documentation provided to them. Given the length of the material and the need to focus on important technical issues, the panel identified several issues in HSDRRS-DG to review in detail based on the following criteria: 1. The issue required the granting of a waiver; 2. The issue could potentially impact system performance, operations and maintenance, risk, or reliability; 3. The issue involved a large step beyond the current state-of-practice of engineering. These technical issues are organized into the following topics: Hydrology and Hydrodynamics (H&H), Geotechnical Engineering, Structural Engineering, and Resiliency. For each topic, the background is summarized, review comments are presented, and recommendations are offered. HYDROLOGY AND HYDRODYNAMICS Storm Surge and Wave Modeling: Background The Hydrology and Hydrodynamics (H&H) analysis that was performed to establish the design basis for HSDRRS-DG incorporated a wide range of modeling improvements that represented a significant improvement in the practice of conducting a storm surge analysis. Due to the scope of the study and the need for a rapid resolution of design issues, the USACE-FEMA Joint Surge Study (JSS) necessarily carried out a number of activities, including model validation, statistical experimental design and final storm surge hazard analysis, on a compressed schedule. Storm Surge and Wave Modeling: Comments While the methodology utilized in the design of HSDRRS-DG represented a significant advancement in the state of practice for conducting hurricane surge hazards analysis, the scientific basis for performing such an analysis has seen rapid growth and evolution from the start of this analysis in 2006 to present. As a result, while the JSS method may have attained a state-of-practice status due to the magnitude and importance of HSDRRS study, there have been recent developments in the scientific understanding of, as well as the modeling techniques of, storm surge propagation. There are also gaps remaining in the existing knowledge, which could potentially be more effectively addressed in future studies. Some of the recent improvements include the availability of new data, as well as modeling and computing advances. In particular, the database for hurricane properties in the region has increased as a result of events since Katrina. Improvements in knowledge of bathymetry, ground cover, and other factors as well as improvements in model gridding and handling of subgrid-scale features could possibly lead to a reduction in systematic biases noted in initial model verification studies based on Katrina, such as a consistent underprediction of surge heights along the shore of Lake Pontchartrain. While these biases may be adequately addressed at present in the HSDRRD-DG by the use of low exceedance levels in statistical estimates of surge, an improved understanding any systematic bias of available models would lead to greater confidence in establishing return periods and in assessing the need for system modifications such as levee lifts. In addition, state-of-the-art modeling has improved with the arrival of models with full coupling of wave and surge calculations, as well as full-plane wave models, ensuring that each phase of the modeling occurs in a more accurate representation and reducing the need for14 PAGE 6 guesswork in factors such as the relative timing of maximum storm and wave surge. Additional factors have come into play in recent years; for example, it has been shown in related studies for Tampa Bay that the inclusion of three-dimensionality in surge modeling, resulting in significant changes in magnitude and distribution of bottom stress in complex spatial environments, can lead to significant changes in surge predictions even in relatively shallow environments (Weisberg & Zheng, 2006). Finally, the rapid advancements in massively parallel high performance computing systems makes it possible to handle increases in the number of candidate storms in the Joint Probability Method Optimized Sampling (JPM- OS) analysis, potentially eliminating the coarse-gridding in parameter space. In general, it appears that state-of-the-art methods and models were used to develop the best available data for design decisions. It seems appropriate that the state-of-practice prior to 2005 would not be acceptable for the complexities and sheer magnitude of the project area. Not only were the models top of the line and have become the industry standard largely because of their success on this project, but more importantly, the New Orleans District sought out and used leading experts in the field. While implementing more complex models could have slowed decision making, the analysis remarkably kept pace with the design decisions. Given the complexity of the problem and solution, the more sophisticated approach was warranted. In areas of uncertainty, studies were identified for clarification or the solutions were adopted from other projects such as those in the Netherlands (e.g., the use of one-dimensional Boussinesq models, fed by output of the two-dimensional surge and wave models, to estimate wave runup and overtopping). The use of expert opinion, coupled with robust statistical analysis, attempted to fill gaps in necessary information and account for uncertainty in the design values. Storm Surge and Wave Modeling: Conclusions and Recommendations In summary, the panel concluded that the analysis to establish the H&H design basis for HSDRSS represented a massive injection of state-of-the-art modeling and analysis into the design procedure, leading to a scientific basis which greatly exceeded in scope and likely accuracy anything that had been undertaken before. This effort should be applauded for its scope, thoroughness, and willingness of participants to implement new technologies in order to conduct a study of undeniable importance. At the same time, it must be recognized that the floodgate of scientific enquiry opened by this effort and continuing due to the recognition of the problem s societal impact, has led to subsequent improvements in state-of-the-art practices that should not be overlooked in the process of the continual evaluation of HSDRSS design and performance. These advancements include the transition from a structured grid wave model (WAM-STWAVE) loosely-coupled with the ADCIRC model to an unstructured mesh wave model (UnSWAN) fully-coupled to the ADCIRC model (Dietrich et al, 2010). Therefore, the panel recommends that a process of periodic updating of the design basis for 100- and 500- year surge and wave overtopping be established in order to take advantage of improvements in understanding of: (1) hurricane climatology, (2) physics of surge and wave flows, (3) improvements in numerical techniques and implementation of closely-coupled models for surge and waves, and (4) increased scope for simulation of larger numbers of model storms, made possible by large-scale, massively parallel computer systems. Such re-analysis, performed on a recurring ten-year interval, would benefit the O&M aspects of HSDRRS by refining and providing tighter confidence estimates for 100- and 500-year surge and wave estimates on a reach by reach basis, thus providing a better basis for decisions about the need and timing for future operations such as levee lifts.15 PAGE 7 The panel also recommends that the risk assessment be periodically revised based on updates in H&H modeling (storm surge and waves, and interior drainage), as well as information on sea-level rise, land subsidence, and land use. The updated risk should be communicated clearly to the public and considered in making decisions concerning modification or maintenance of the system. In addition, the panel offers the following specific recommendations for improvement in future H&H analyses: 1. The section on H&H in the HSDRRS-DG refers to other reports, in particular, the report references Section O that captures future conditions in The panel recommends that all future conditions (e.g., land surface elevations, bathymetry, future restoration projects, and assets at risk) be carefully documented and reviewed, as these could have profound impacts on the lifecycle operations and maintenance of HSDRRS system. 2. The amount of freeboard appears to vary along certain sections of the levee and is different for walls versus levees. The panel recommends that either a table or drawing be provided that shows the existing (as-built) and future conditions of freeboard relative to the 1% and 0.2% events and explain variances. As subsidence and consolidation of materials will impact the freeboard, it is recommended that regularly scheduled surveys be conducted to update the record of the conditions. This will be critical to levee districts seeking to keep their FEMA National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) accreditation. 3. There were numerous criteria used to represent conservative estimates for H&H parameters used in designing various components of the system. For instance, the HSDRRS-DG stated that the 1% flood does not consider climate change, but sea-level rise was incorporated in the design of future conditions. The panel would like to see clarification of this issue. Also, it appeared that different percentile values of wave heights were used for earthen levees or flood walls. In addition, different percentiles were used in designing for structural resilience. The panel recommends clarifying assumptions used for each component of the system (i.e., pumps, walls, levees, armoring, and structural components) relative to both design and resiliency (e.g., overtopping, sea-level rise, surge height, waves, etc.). 4. Advances in H&H modeling should be tracked and utilized in the periodic reanalyses. Advances in high performance computing, model code developments, the effects of natural landscapes including coastal vegetation on the propagation of surge and waves, and grid geometry/ geospatial data should be incorporated into the reanalysis, and consideration should be given to the balance between computational resources, grid resolution (computational demand), and model code refinements, to ensure adequate time and budget are allocated to the periodic reanalysis process. 5. Periodic reanalyses should also include the study of the joint probability of riverine and coastal flooding for flood control features that are subject to both types of stresses (Mississippi River and Tributaries Levees, e.g.). Consideration should be given to modifications to structures and operation of flood control system upstream of New Orleans, as part of a holistic approach.16 PAGE 8 GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING The panel identified two potential issues related to geotechnical engineering that could affect the longterm performance, operation, and maintenance of the system, specifically differential settlement and long-term stability of earthen embankments. Differential Settlement: Background The Mississippi Delta area is subject to considerable regional subsidence that is spatially variable. Regional subsidence rates ranging from 0.2- to more than 0.6 inches (5-15 mm) per year were estimated by Interagency Performance Evaluation Taskforce (IPET) (2007), producing total settlements ranging from 10- to 30 inches ( mm) over the next 50 years. In addition, the added weight of new levees, flood walls, pump stations, and gate structures will lead to local consolidation of the ground surface. For example, total ground surface settlements were estimated in designing the T-Walls along Lake Pontchartrain and Vicinity (LPV) 145 and LPV 146 to be in the order of tens of inches and as much as 60 inches. The greater the total settlement, the greater the potential for differential settlement, both horizontally and vertically. Total and differential settlements are a concern for the following reasons: 1. Differential settlement horizontally can distress the structural components of flood walls, gates and pump stations; 2. Differential settlement horizontally can disrupt the mechanical operation of pumps and gates; 3. Differential settlement horizontally and vertically can distress transitions between flood walls and earthen levees; and 4. Differential settlement horizontally and vertically can induce down-drag stresses in deep foundations, particularly for battered or raked piles, that exceed their structural capacity. The intention behind designing the system was to address these concerns regarding settlement. Estimates were made of total settlements. Joints and transitions were designed to accommodate differential movements. Down-drag stresses in piles were checked. Differential Settlement: Comments While the potential settlement was considered in the design phase, there remains significant uncertainty in the magnitudes of total settlement, the patterns and magnitudes of differential settlements and angular distortions, and the responses of structures and foundations to settlement over the next 50 years. Total settlements of tens of inches can readily produce horizontal angular distortions greater than what is allowable for typical structures (e.g., 2/1000 in USACE (1990)). Furthermore, mechanical systems such as pumps can be impacted by even smaller angular distortions, with allowable distortions as low as 0.2/1000. An example of data for measured settlements for the new Gulf Intracoastal Waterway (GIWW) pump station is shown in Figure 3; angular distortions between several pump bays exceeded 0.2/1000 within the first year of operation.17 PAGE 9 Figure 3. Calculated angular distortions, based on measured settlements at different benchmark locations (represented by lines of the graph), in the GIWW pump station at the West Closure Complex. Data provided by USACE, plotted by Panel Chair Bob Gilbert. An example of the effect of differential settlement on a transition is shown in Figure 4. The differential settlement between the pile-supported T-Wall in the background and the earthen levee in the foreground has already created cracks in the caulk intended to keep water from eroding the levee material underlying this concrete apron, within 3-5 years of construction. Indications of the uncertainty in down drag on piles are the substantial additions and revisions that were made to HSDRRS-DG between the interim version used to design the system (USACE 2007) and the newest version (USACE 2012). The interim 2007 version contained the following two sentences: Where levees will be raised or new embankments constructed, the adverse effects of foundation consolidation must be considered, which includes drag forces on both the sheet pile cut-off and support piles. In addition, these drag forces must be considered in settlement calculations. The updated 2012 version contains an entire section, Section 3.3.2, with six pages of guidance and a new Appendix, (Appendix F), with 144 pages.18 PAGE 10 Figure 4. Differential settlement at transition between T-Wall for Lake Borgne Closure (background) and earthen Levee for New Orleans east back segment (foreground) - Taken by R. Gilbert on July 16, Long-Term Stability of Earthen Levees: Background HSDRRS-DG provide detailed guidance on evaluating the short-term stability of levees and floodwalls under a variety of possible loading and seepage conditions during a hurricane. No guidance is provided, however, for evaluating the long-term stability of earthen embankments, including information about soil shear strengths, seepage conditions, and factors of safety. Long-Term Stability of Earthen Levees: Comments Steep and long slopes in embankments constructed with high-plasticity clays like those in HSDRRS, are prone to shallow slides occurring years or decades after construction, generally during wet periods. For example, Kayyal and Wright (1991), Wright et al. (2007) and Gregory and Bampus (2013) document nearly 100 slope failures in embankments constructed with high plasticity clays at slope angles typically around 3H:1V and as flat as 4H:1V. These types of failure are shallow (i.e., less than 10 ft. deep below the surface of the slope), correspond to a drained shear strength that is equal to or less than the fully softened strength, and correspond to seepage down the slope after rainfall events. HSDRRS has many slopes constructed from high-plasticity clays with slope angles on the order of 3H:1V. An example of a shallow failure that has already occurred is shown in Figure 5. This slope is one of the19 PAGE 11 steepest in the system, with a slope angle of about 2.8H:1V, which may be why it happened less than one year after construction. Figure 5. Shallow slope failure near toe of earthen levee for New Orleans east back segment. Numbered arrows indicate sampling locations for a previous study. (Provided by R. Brouillette, CPRA). The panel anticipates that these types of shallow failures could occur regularly over the lifetime of the system, given that such a failure has already occurred and that there are many miles of slopes that are approximately 3H:1V or steeper. While these shallow failures do not necessarily threaten the functionality of the system, they will require timely repair so that they do not progress to a global instability of the levee. They also have the potential to cause substantial damage to any roads or structures near the toe of the slope. Geotechnical Engineering Conclusions and Recommendations The panel concludes that there is significant uncertainty in the long-term performance of the geotechnical aspects of the system, specifically settlement and shallow slope stability. Therefore, the panel recommends the following for operation and maintenance: 1. A program be developed and implemented for long-term monitoring of total settlement, differential settlement, and the response of structural and mechanical systems to settlement over the lifetime of the system. The panel also recommends that proactive plans be developed to address potential settlement-induced problems that may arise during operation and maintenance of the system. These efforts should place priority on critical points, such as transitions between components.20 PAGE Long-term monitoring of slope stability be conducted over the lifetime of the system. The panel also recommends that slopes be identified and evaluated where a shallow failure could have significant consequences at the toe of the levee. Finally, the panel recommends that proactive plans be developed to address potential slope failures that may occur during the operation and maintenance of the system. STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING The panel identified three potential issues related to structural engineering that could affect the long-term performance, operation, and maintenance of the system, including waivers for corrosion protection, spiral welded pipe, and increased allowable wall deflections. Corrosion Protection: Background The conventional USACE requirement for piles, which was reflected in the original HSDRRS-DG and various standards, was to coat the piles with coal tar epoxy: HSDRRS-DG DTD 04-OCT-07: Painting. Only coal tar epoxy shall be used. This statement is repeated in Design Guidance dated June 12, Due to cost and schedule (expediency), a waiver concerning corrosion protection was requested for the construction of HSDRRS projects. The waiver requested substituting sacrificial thickness of steel for the coating. The waiver request was supported by investigations into corrosion rates and standards and approaches used in various jurisdictions and countries. Based on observed and reported corrosion rates, the waiver was granted, and an additional thickness of steel was required. The supporting investigations refer to piles embedded in various types of earth, disturbed and undisturbed, new and in-place, and various levels of corrodibility. Heavier-weight H-piles and sheetpiles were stipulated in Section 8. Recommendations of the supporting memorandum for record dated December 4, The memorandum refers to the greater corrosion rate that would occur with bare steel piles that are exposed to the atmosphere or to fresh or salty water. The memorandum indicates that exposed piles, being subject to renewable oxygen or an oxidizing environment (salt water), would corrode at a much higher rate and should be coated. The memorandum further indicates that piles supporting foundations constructed on fill or levees may eventually be exposed to the atmosphere or water/saltwater due to the settlement of the form soil on which the foundation is constructed. The memorandum describes a mitigation measure of using shear keys on each edge of the footing in order to close off the gap beneath the foundation and prevent continuous oxidation of the piles. Corrosion Protection: Comments The approach of adding sacrificial thickness to the steel piles rather than coating them for corrosion protection is inconsistent with the current state of design practice in this region. The panel is not aware of any modern designs that have used this approach for corrosion protection in the Greater New Orleans region. For the significant majority of the floodwalls constructed in southeast Louisiana, settlement of the embankment under the wall base can be expected and will probably amount to several inches. This settlement could result in a significant gap under the foundation in which the corrosive environment (i.e., air or water/saltwater) can attack the steel. The use of shear keys with a grade beam at each edge to mitigate this effect would be expensive to build and of dubious effectiveness in blocking circulation of View more
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