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REDUCING VULNERABILITY OF BUILDINGS TO FLOOD DAMAGE Guidance On Building In Flood Prone Areas - PDF
REDUCING VULNERABILITY OF BUILDINGS TO FLOOD DAMAGE Guidance On Building In Flood Prone Areas
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1 REDUCING VULNERABILITY OF BUILDINGS TO FLOOD DAMAGE Guidance On Building In Flood Prone Areas2 Prepared for the Hawkesbury-Nepean Floodplain Management Steering Committee In April 2007, sections within the former Department of Natural Resources NSW where incorporated within the new Department of Environment and Climate Change NSW. Disclaimer: Any representation, statement, opinion or advice expressed or implied in this publication is made in good faith on the basis that the State of New South Wales, its agents or employees are not liable (whether by negligence, lack of care or otherwise) to any person for any damage or loss whatsoever which has occurred or may occur in relation to that person taking or not taking (as the case may be) action in respect of any representations, statement or advice referred to above. The Building Guidelines suggest ways to achieve a reasonable level of protection against serious damage to a house subjected to a combination of water velocity and depth. They aim to provide a higher degree of protection against structural flood damage than exists with a traditional house. Nevertheless: individual designs and quality of buildings and specific flood conditions may lead to some damage still occurring. In rare cases, serious damage may still occur; damage may occur as a result of water contact and floating debris mobilised by floodwaters.3 REDUCING VULNERABILITY OF BUILDINGS TO FLOOD DAMAGE Guidance On Building In Flood Prone Areas4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS These guidelines have been produced through the Hawkesbury-Nepean Floodplain Management Steering Committee. The contribution from the many sources involved in their production is gratefully acknowledged. Special acknowledgment is given to the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) for their valued contribution to the guidelines under a partnership arrangement with the Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Natural Resources (DIPNR). CSIRO provided substantial advice on the behaviour of materials under immersion and flood conditions which forms the basis of these guidelines. In addition, CSIRO undertook specific materials testing, computer flow modelling, and derived the equivalent N classification design procedure. Significant contributors to these guidelines were: Department of Natural Resources The University of New South Wales (via the Australian Centre for Construction Innovation) The University of Newcastle Granger Consulting Coffey Geosciences Napier and Blakeley Macquarie University In addition, the contributions of the following Department of Natural Resources Project Team Staff are acknowledged: Arthur Low, David Avery and Catherine Gillespie Alan Jeffery and Sandra Wilson Appreciation is also given to: material and product manufacturers and suppliers for their information and advice builders and contractors for access to sites, and suppliers of photographs. In 2006 the three guidelines covering Landuse Planning, Building Construction and Subdivision Design for development on flood prone land received two awards from Emergency Management Australia - the NSW Safer Communities Award and a highly commended Australian Safer Communities Award for pre-disaster activities. In 2007 the three guidelines covering Landuse Planning, Building Construction and Subdivision Design for development on flood prone land won the Projects and Reports section of the Engineering Excellence Awards conducted by the Sydney Division of Engineers Australia. Hawkesbury-Nepean Floodplain Management Steering Committee, Parramatta, June This booklet is copyright under the Berne Convention. Copying of this booklet is permitted providing that the meaning is unchanged and the source is acknowledged. ISBN Illustrations by Greg Gaul and Metro Graphics Group ii5 FOREWORD Floodplains provide land for both urban and rural development, however, there remains an everpresent risk in occupying land which is subject to flooding, even if that flooding occurs only rarely. Land-use planning for new areas provides opportunities to locate development to limit vulnerability to flooding and enable flood-aware design and materials to be incorporated into the construction of new subdivisions and homes. In this way, we can better manage future flood risk so that potential losses and damages are reduced. In the floodplain downstream of Warragamba Dam, the potential for serious flood damages and losses following severe flooding of the Hawkesbury-Nepean River first became apparent during studies in the early 1990s. A strategy was required to ensure that should a flood event occur, that all loss, both personal and economic be minimised. The NSW Government has addressed this flood risk by allocating over $71 million to the Hawkesbury-Nepean Floodplain Management Strategy. A Steering Committee which included key government agencies, local councils and community representatives, oversaw the implementation of the Strategy. Under the Committee s guidance, improved flood warning and emergency response measures, upgraded evacuation routes, recovery planning and a regional floodplain management study have been put in place. A key component of the regional floodplain management study is a suite of three guidelines on land use planning, subdivision and building on flood prone land. These guidelines accord with the Government s Flood Prone Land Policy and the NSW Floodplain Development Manual (2005). They have been produced by staff of the Department of Natural Resources, working under the oversight of the Steering Committee, with technical assistance from the CSIRO, Macquarie, New South Wales and Newcastle Universities, and a number of specialist consultants. The three documents provide guidance to councils and others involved in land-use planning on flood hazards and risks and suggest practical and cost-effective means to reduce the risk both to occupants and to new buildings on flood prone land. Although specifically designed to address the unique flooding of the Hawkesbury-Nepean valley, they include information which can be readily applied to other floodplains where new development is proposed. The guidelines will prove to be a valuable source of reference and information for councils and others involved in planning and building new development on flood prone land. Application of the guidelines can only result in safer communities and a more rapid recovery following flood events. Brian Dooley Chairman Hawkesbury-Nepean Floodplain Management Steering Committee iii6 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS FOREWORD TABLE OF CONTENTS ii iii iv Erosion Collapse of Soils on Saturation Piping Failures Batter Slumping Shrink/Swell Movements 44 FIGURES AND TABLES CONTEXT 1 INTRODUCTION The Flood Problem Controlling the Flood Problem Why these Guidelines? The Scope of these Guidelines Flood Terminology The Building Code of Australia 6 2 CONTROLLING RISK EXPOSURE THROUGH FLOOD- AWARE DESIGN Flood Impacts on Domestic Housing What is Flood-Aware Housing? Cost Comparison of Flood-Aware Housing Design with Standard Construction Building Components and Flood-Aware Design Key Recommendations 23 3 VULNERABILITY OF HOUSING TO FLOODS Damage from Water Forces Hydrostatic Forces - From Still Water Hydrodynamic Forces - From Moving Water Debris Impact Forces Designing for Water Forces Designing for Hydrostatic Forces The Need to Balance Water Levels How Does Water Enter Traditional Houses? Methods to Balance Water Levels Counteracting Uplift Forces Designing for Hydrodynamic Forces Determining the Design Water Velocity Designing for Water Velocity Forces Designing for Debris Impact Forces Damage from Contact with Water Depth of Water Construction Details and Materials Used Period of Immersion Contaminants and Substances in the Water Damage to Foundations from Geotechnical Failure 42 v ix 4 GENERAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION CONSIDERATIONS Site Factors Elevation of Land Avoid Areas of Flowing Water Shape and Orientation of Building Build on Well-Drained Ground Foundations Erosion Control Local Drainage Issues Housing Types Individual Dwellings The Single-Storey House The Two-Storey or Split-Level House The High-Set (or Elevated) House Larger Scale Housing Villas and Town Houses Multi-Storey Units Damage Cost Comparisons Construction Materials Selecting Appropriate Materials Component Materials Fastenings and Adhesives Types of House Construction Traditional House Construction Concrete Panel Housing Blockwork Construction Other House Construction Types Minimising Water Retention and Absorbency Maximising Drying Rates 66 5 STRUCTURAL COMPONENT DESIGN Foundations Problems Design Suggestions General Foundation Issues Slab-on-ground and Raft Foundations Pier and Beam Bored Piles Material Selection Comparative Costs Suspended Floors Problems Design Suggestions Sub-Floor Drainage Sub-Floor Ventilation Insulation of Floors Material Selection 80 iv7 General Supporting Members Flooring Comparative Costs External Brick Walls and Cladding Problems Design Suggestions Resisting Water Forces Differential Settlement of Foundations Material Selection Comparative Costs Wall Frames and Wall Cavities Problems Design Suggestions Material Selection Comparative Costs House Insulation Problems Design Suggestions Material Selection Comparative Costs Internal Linings to Walls Problems Design Suggestions Material Selection Comparative Costs Ceilings Problems Design Suggestions Material Selection Comparative Costs Roofs Problems Design Suggestions Material Selection Comparative Costs NON-STRUCTURAL COMPONENT DESIGN Joinery and Fittings Problems Design Suggestions Material Selection Floor Coverings Problems Design Suggestions Material Selection Comparative Costs Electrical Services Problems Design Suggestions Material Selection Comparative Costs Sewerage Systems Problems Design Suggestions Backcharging of Sewerage System Damage to Septic and Sewerage System Components Material Selection Comparative Costs Water Supply Problems Design Suggestions Material Selection Comparative Costs Storage Tanks Problems Design Suggestions Material Selection Comparative Costs 116 APPENDICES 117 A. Damage from Water Forces 118 A.1 Hydrostatic Forces 118 A.2 Hydrodynamic Forces 119 A.3 Damage from Water Forces 122 B. Determining the Design Water Velocity 124 B.1 Greenfield Velocity 125 B.2 Local Developed Velocity 125 C. Designing for Hydrodynamic Forces 127 C.1 Damaging Velocities 127 C.2 The Wind/Water Design Approach 128 C.3 Determining the Appropriate Flood Return Period 129 C.4 Determining the Appropriate Design Velocity 129 C.5 Example of N Classification Determination 130 C.6 Further Considerations 130 C.6.1 Flood Affected Materials 130 C.6.2 Roof Design 131 C.6.3 Racking Forces and Wall Bracing 131 C.6.4 Multi-Storey Houses 132 C.6.5 General Strengthening Details 132 C.7 Application of this Design Procedure and Cautionary Notes 132 C.8 Designing for Impact Forces 133 D. Limitations 133 D.1 Materials and Design 133 D.2 The Brick House Damage Curve 134 D.3 Use of N Classification for Water Velocity Design 135 GLOSSARY 136 RELEVANT AUSTRALIAN STANDARDS 143 REFERENCES 144 v8 FIGURES AND TABLES Figure 1.1 Figure 1.2 Figure 2 Integrated implementation process adopted for the Hawkesbury-Nepean Floodplain Management Strategy Who can the RFMS Guidance reports help? Severe structural damage to buildings of traditional design and construction 2 Figure 3 Comparison of flooding potential in New South Wales 3 Figure 4 Wet and dry flood proofing 4 Figure 5 Problem areas in the most common form of external wall construction brick veneer 8 Figure 6 Problem areas in domestic construction 8 Figure 7 Figure 8 Problem areas in intermediate floors and ceilings in two-storey houses 9 Single-storey flood aware design for low hazard areas 10 Figure 9 Two-storey flood aware design for high hazard areas 11 Figure 10 One storey vs two-storey 12 Figure 11 Traditional two-storey vs flood-aware two-storey 12 Figure 12 Traditional one storey vs flood aware one-storey 12 Figure 13 Structural components of brick walls 26 Figure 14 Hydrostatic forces 27 Figure 15 Unbalanced water forces on a wall can be very large 28 Figure 16 Collapse of walls due to hydrostatic pressure 28 Figure 17 Lightweight clad houses may float 28 Figure 18 Uplift forces on suspended floors 29 Figure 19 Levels of moving water around a house 29 Figure 20 Example of water levels around an obstruction 29 Figure 21 Direction and relative magnitude of pressures around a typical house 30 Figure 22 Water flowing between houses 30 Figure 23 Collapse of walls due to pressure surges 30 Figure 24 Flood debris at Windsor 31 Figure 25 Brick wall failure 32 Figure 26 Problems caused by differential water levels 32 Figure 27 How water enters a house 33 Figure 28 Balanced hydrostatic forces 34 Figure 29 Rates of floodwater rise 34 Figure 30 Water inlets in external brick cladding 35 Figure 31 Removable vents allow easy cleaning and flushing of the cavity 36 Figure 32 Constructing a nozzle for cleaning cavities 36 Figure 33 Use of pet doors for water entry 37 xi xii Figure 34 Tie down of bottom plates to concrete slab 38 Figure 35 Tie down of bottom plates to timber 38 Figure 36 Studs and lintels to plate connections 39 Figure 37 Using N-classifications for designing flood-aware houses 39 Figure 38 Increasing damage resulting from deeper floods 40 Figure 39 Varying periods of inundation 41 Figure 40 Principal geotechnical failure modes 42 Figure 41 Effect of building orientation and shape 47 Figure 42 Undercutting from erosion 47 Figure 43 Protective retaining walls to prevent undermining of the house 48 Figure 44 Diverting local run off 48 Figure 45 Attic space for emergency storage 49 Figure 46 Two-storey designs to suit areas with potential for deep flooding 51 Figure 47 Stairs in flood-aware housing design 52 Figure 48 The advantage of balconies on two-storey houses 52 Figure 49 Raised house construction provides a high level of protection 53 Figure 50 Higher elevation and lower flood risks 53 Figure 51 Multi-storey units 54 Figure 52 Materials used in multi-storey construction 55 Figure 53 Damage cost comparison 55 Figure 54 Testing of building components 57 Figure 55 Selecting appropriate materials 57 Figure 56 Masonry walls and absorbency 57 Figure 57 Concrete panel houses 62 Figure 58 Figure 59 The advantages of concrete panel houses 63 Plasterboard lining on concrete panel walls 63 Figure 60 Insulation incorporated into concrete panels 64 Figure 61 Concrete blockwork houses 64 Figure 62 Correction factors for drying rates 68 Figure 63 Venting a garage and sub-floor to assist drying 68 Figure 64 Hawkesbury-Nepean soil map 71 Figure 65 Deepening foundation ribs in shallow fill 76 Figure 66 Design stiffness of slab on floodplains 76 Figure 67 Raising the slab on alternative fill 77 Figure 68 Waffle pod construction 77 Figure 69 Raising the slab using waffle pods 78 Figure 70 Use of bored piles 79 Figure 71 Cupping of strip flooring after immersion 79 Figure 72 Graded sub-floor area to prevent ponding 80 Figure 73 Under floor insulation 81 vi9 Figure 74 Suspended concrete floor 81 Figure 75 Loss of strength of a sample glued timber I-beam 82 Figure 76 Building with engineered timber beams 82 Figure 77 Beam failure 82 Figure 78 Blocking of nail plates 83 Figure 79 Use of steel beams 83 Figure 80 Concentrated loads 84 Figure 81 Preferred brick wall ties 86 Figure 82 Protecting garage walls 87 Figure 83 Articulated joints 88 Figure 84 Problems in wall cavities 89 Figure 85 Durable frame bracing 90 Figure 86 Providing internal access to wall cavities 91 Figure 87 Additional support for elevated plasterboard 91 Figure 88 Drainage of steel frame 91 Figure 89 Venting under windows 92 Figure 90 Internal linings 93 Figure 91 Problem of silt trapped in wall cavities 93 Figure 92 How to prevent problems from silt 93 Figure 93 Careful detailing of weepholes to avoid problems 94 Figure 94 Polystyrene insulation in walls 94 Figure 95 Problems with access to the cavity 95 Figure 96 Problems with batt insulation 96 Figure 97 Use of polystyrene insulation 97 Figure 98 Laying of wall lining panels 98 Figure 99 Panelling on the lower wall 99 Figure 100 Problems of flooded ceilings 100 Figure 101 Pressure build-up from trapped air 100 Figure 102 Ceiling vents to release air pressure 101 Figure 103 Repair of intermediate floors and ceilings 101 Figure 104 Roof design is important in resisting forces from flood waters 104 Figure 105 Reducing timber skirtings and architraves 107 Figure 106 Access beneath kitchen cabinets 108 Figure 107 Rating of doors in flood events 109 Figure 108 Timber window types 109 Figure 109 Flood compatible shelving 110 Figure 110 Elevated switchboards and meterboxes 111 Figure 111 Use of disconnector gully and grate to prevent backcharging of sewage 113 Figure 112 Exposed pipework 114 Figure 113 Rainwater tanks 115 Figure 114 Flotation of buried tanks 116 Figure 115 Protecting above ground tanks 116 FIGURES IN APPENDICES Figure 116 Figure 117 Figure 118 Figure 119 Figure 120 Figure 121 Figure 122 Hydrostatic forces result in a triangular distribution of force up the wall 118 Hydrodynamic forces result mainly from the afflux on the upstream wall of the house 120 Hydrodynamic effects from moving water 121 Pressure on walls of a house due to moving water, Water 2.4 m Deep, Pressures in Pascals 122 Brick wall bowed inwards due to water force 123 Vertical cracking at corner due to bowing of adjacent wall 123 The difference between greenfield and local velocities 125 Figure 123 Flows and loads on an individual house 126 Figure 124 Increased velocity within developments 126 Figure 125 Water velocities may cause severe damage to a brick house 127 Figure 126 Example of how velocity can be estimated to select a suitable N-classification 130 Figure 127 Racking forces on a house 131 Figure 128 LIST OF TABLES A floated house typical of that assumed for Black s curve Advantages and disadvantages of key components and designs Summary of key Recommendations for flood aware residential housing in high risk (flood) areas Velocities at which different soil types erode Material absorbency Materials for 96-hour immersion Drying times for components and cavities during winter in Sydney Potential geotechnical issues with typical soils in the Hawkesbury-Nepean area Possible actions to minimise the impact of foundation problems 74 A.2A Drag Coefficients 120 A.2B Forces on Walls 121 C.2A Wind velocity classification and equivalent water velocity 128 C.2B Basic wind/water classification determination 128 C.5 Greenfield velocities & flood level 130 C.6 Modification of N classification for construction materials 131 vii10 viii REDUCING VULNERABILITY OF BUILDINGS TO FLOOD DAMAGE11 CONTEXT12 Natural hazards including floods have the potential to threaten life and property. They impose social and economic costs on governments and the community. Indeed, flooding is recognised as the costliest natural disaster in Australia. Historically, floodplains have always attracted settlement and today they are no less in demand to meet the needs of urban expansion. Posing risks to the relatively heavily populated east coast of New South Wales, riverine flooding tends not to follow a predictable pattern, occurring at any time of year and at irregular intervals. Floodplain risk management is a compromise which trades off the benefits of human occupation of the floodplain against the risk of flooding. The risk includes the flood hazard, social, economic and environmental costs and adverse consequences of flooding. The scale and magnitude of the Hawkesbury- Nepean flood problem in the highly developed valley became apparent during studies in the early 1990 s into the safety of the Warragamba Dam wall. The landforms of the Hawkesbury- Nepean valley have created a unique flood setting that has the potential for isolating and then totally inundating long-established towns and villages. Entire towns and extensive suburbs lie well below the level of the probable maximum flood (PMF) and would experience floodwater depths of up to 2 metres in a repeat of the 1867 flood of record and up to 9 metres depth in the extremely rare PMF above the current flood planning level (based on a 1 in 100 AEP flood event). Such depths create very hazardous situations for both people and property. In order to address this problem and to protect existing and future communities and prevent an increase in damages and losses arising from new floodplain development, the NSW Government committed $71 million over six years from 1998 to the implementation of the Hawkesbury-Nepean Floodplain Management Strategy (the Strategy). This was done in conjunction with the decision to build an auxiliary spillway to protect the dam itself. The Strategy was directed by a multi-agency Steering Committee, chaired by the Department of Natural Resources (DNR). Partner Agencies in the Hawkesbury- Nepean Floodplain Management Strategy Department of Natural Resources (DNR) Department of Planning State Emergency Service (SES) Roads and Traffic Authority (RTA) Department of Community Services (DoCS) Sydney Catchment Authority (SCA) Baulkham Hills Shire Council Blacktown City Council Gosford City Council Hawkesbury City Council Hornsby Shire Council Penrith City Council The structure for the implementation of the Strategy, including overall components and proposed outcomes which was adopted by the NSW Government in 1998, is shown in Figure 1.1. x SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION13 Figure 1.1 Integrated implementation process adopted for the Hawkesbury-Nepean Floodplain Management Strategy COMPONENTS Existing Development assure effective evacuation roads instil public awareness control flood behaviour protect critical utility and institution assets Future Development prepare a future metropolitan planning framework with best practice guidelines for local councils prepare new evacuation route plans locate and design utility and institution assets in consideration of flooding Emergency Services upgrade flood emergency planning improve flood forecasting provide effective and timely warning secure flood evacuation and address recovery Implementation management monitoring funding Regional Works REGIONAL FLOODPLAIN MANAGEMENT STUDY Regional Policy and Planning Initiatives Local Floodplain Management Plans and Policies In NSW, councils have responsibility for floodplain risk management in their areas, assisted by technical and financial support from the State Government. One of the key Strategy outputs to assist Hawkesbury-Nepean floodplain councils in this process is the Regional Floodplain Management Study (RFMS). The RFMS includes a suite of emergency management and floodplain risk management measures including guidance on land use planning, subdivision and building on flood prone land. The information provided through the RFMS facilitates informed decisionmaking about development on flood prone land to assist in reducing the increase in the adverse consequences resulting from flooding. What is the Hawkesbury-Nepean Regional Floodplain Management Study? Detailed evacuation routes upgrade program Guidance on land use planning in flood prone areas including a methodology to identify flood risk Guidance on subdivision design in flood prone areas Guidance on building in flood prone areas A flood hazard definition tool compatible with GIS Concepts for a regional public awareness program Briefing plans to assist utility providers prepare recovery plans Improving flood forecasting and flood warning SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION xi14 Figure 1.2 Who can the RFMS Guidance reports help? MANAGING FLOOD RISK THROUGH PLANNING OPPORTUNITIES GUIDANCE ON LAND USE PLANNING IN FLOOD PRONE AREAS Councils Builders Developers Surveyors Planners Building Guidelines Councils Developers Surveyors Planners Developers The guidance contained in Managing Flood Risk Through Planning Opportunities Guidance on Land Use Planning in Flood Prone Areas (referred to here as the Land Use Guidelines) aims to provide local councils, government agencies and professional planners with a regionally consistent approach to developing local policies, plans and development controls which address the hazards Subdivision Guidelines associated with the full range of flood events up to the probable maximum flood (PMF). Land Use Guidelines Councils, Planners Developers The guidance provided through the RFMS is available to guide development; in itself it does not regulate development. It offers a regionally consistent approach to floodplain risk management designed to facilitate informed decision making for strategic land use planning, infrastructure planning, subdivision design and house building on flood prone land. The guidelines provide councils, government agencies, developers, builders and the community with in-depth background information, methodologies, strategies and practical means to reduce the flood risk to new development and hence provide a more sustainable future for residents, the business community and workers. Guidance is provided on the development of flood prone land for a range of common land uses. A methodology to rate risk and define risk bands is included to assist councils in their flood risk analysis. For residential development, it proposes a series of risk bands as a tool to better manage the flood risk for the full range of floods. It is specifically aimed at all professionals involved in strategic, regional and local planning including development control. Users are strongly advised to not limit their information sources only to the Land Use Guidelines, but to familiarise themselves with the concepts put forward in Designing Safer Subdivisions Guidance on Subdivision Design in Flood prone Areas and Reducing Vulnerability of Buildings to Flood Damage Guidance on Building in Flood Prone Areas, Figure 1.2. Together the three documents provide comprehensive information on how finished landforms, road layouts, building design, construction methods and materials can influence the consequences from flooding and hence flood risk. xii SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION15 DESIGNING SAFER SUBDIVISIONS GUIDANCE ON SUBDIVISION DESIGN IN FLOOD PRONE AREAS Designing Safer Subdivision Guidance on Subdivision Design in Flood Prone Areas provides practical guidance to assist in the planning and designing of safer residential subdivisions on flood prone land. Referred to here as the Subdivision Guidelines, the document aims to provide practical means to reduce the risk to life and property for new subdivisions. Although specifically written for development in the Hawkesbury-Nepean valley, it is generally applicable to all flood prone land. The Subdivision Guidelines offer increased safety for residents through the promotion of efficient design solutions, which are responsive to the varying range of flood risk. The guidelines include cost-effective and environmentally sustainable solutions to minimise future flood impacts on buildings and associated infrastructure. The Subdivision Guidelines contain detailed information regarding site preparation, road layout and drainage information relevant to professionals engaged in the planning, surveying, development and assessment of residential subdivisions on flood prone land. Users of the Subdivision Guidelines would find it beneficial to also familiarise themselves with the concepts of flood aware housing design provided in the Building Guidelines when designing or assessing flood-responsive residential subdivisions. REDUCING VULNERABILITY OF BUILDINGS TO FLOOD DAMAGE GUIDANCE ON BUILDING IN FLOOD PRONE AREAS Modern housing construction results in houses that are ill equipped to withstand inundation or fast flowing water. Given the lack of availability of comprehensive domestic flood insurance, most homeowners of flood prone property are potentially very vulnerable to major losses. Reducing Vulnerability of Buildings to Flood Damage Guidance on Building in Flood Prone Areas, referred to here as the Building Guidelines, provides specific and detailed information on house construction methods, materials, building style and design. This approach can reduce structural damage due to inundation or higher velocities and facilitate the clean up after a flood, thus reducing the costs and shortening the recovery period. The Building Guidelines include information on how flooding affects the structural components of a house. The document: highlights potential problems for houses subjected to flood water; discusses the benefits and disbenefits of choosing various materials and construction methods and discuss methods to solve those problems; provides indicative costs of adopting those solutions; and advises of the appropriate post-flood actions to repair or reinstate the damaged components. The guidance is provided for the building industry, council health and building surveyors, builders and owner builders. Assuming the appropriate zoning applies when a residential project is proposed, it is not anticipated that builders or owner-builders involved in single house projects would need to seek further information from either the Subdivision or the Land Use Guidelines. However, for larger scale housing developments or multi-unit housing, reference should be made to the relevant information contained within the companion Subdivision and Land Use Guidelines. SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION xiii16 1INTRODUCTION 1 SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION17 1.1 THE FLOOD PROBLEM In Australia, floods cause more damage on an average annual basis than any other natural disaster. Historically our towns developed on riverbanks to facilitate the shipping of goods to and from the settlements but this also left them vulnerable to inundation. It has been estimated that on average floods in New South Wales cause over $100 million of damages a year in financial terms alone. They also result in other intangible consequences such as trauma, stress and loss of memorabilia. Although different types of flooding e.g. mainstream, flash, and overland behave differently, the damage from flooding fundamentally results from the depth and duration of inundation and the velocity of the water. In severe conditions of depth and velocity an individual house can be totally destroyed. However, even in still water the house structure can easily suffer damage in excess of $20,000. This figure does not include costs for replacing any contents, (Figure 2). While there are building codes for other natural hazards including bushfires, earthquakes and cyclones, there is currently no Australian standard for building in flood prone areas. The result is that flooding is often neglected as a design consideration for houses and the majority of contemporary houses are highly vulnerable to component damage and severe structural failure when exposed to floodwaters. Typically there are also very few measures incorporated in building requirements to protect the structure from flooding above the flood planning level. Damage from water contact alone can be quite extensive and difficult to repair. The nature and extent of flood damage on a building s load bearing components and its structural adequacy is also poorly understood. While basic information on the material suitability has been available, detailed technical information has been lacking to allow the structural system (e.g. timber frame) to be adequately evaluated and designed. This has hindered the building industry in selecting and developing alternatives, which perform better in floods, or can overcome some of the problems associated with traditional construction. 1 Figure 2 Severe structural damage to buildings of traditional design and construction SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION 218 Houses can be severely damaged by flooding even if they are located above the flood planning level. 1.2 CONTROLLING THE FLOOD PROBLEM Although flooding in Australia causes more damage annually than any other natural hazard, its nature and extent can be readily determined and therefore its impacts can be largely prevented. In recent decades, primarily because of economic and environmental constraints, the focus in New South Wales has been towards managing the consequences to limit flood damage rather than the tradition of modifying flood behaviour to decrease flooding. Planning and building controls have the potential to be far more cost-effective than engineering solutions which can eliminate more frequent flooding but have very limited scope to reduce impacts from larger floods. They also have a distinct advantage over flood modification works in that they can target specific problem areas and comprise of measures tailored to their solution. In NSW, councils have the statutory responsibility for managing floodplains and each selects a flood level as the basis for planning purposes. Commonly the 1% (or 1 in 100 AEP) flood is adopted as the basis for setting the flood planning level (FPL). As a result, new houses in many areas have their floor level at 0.5 metres (freeboard) above the 1% AEP flood level. However, this does not mean that the house is flood-free. Depending on the location in the floodplain, the probable maximum flood (PMF) level can range from less than a metre to over 10 metres above the flood planning level. Accordingly, some houses with floors constructed above the planning level can still be fully submerged by floodwaters in larger floods. Even the Hawkesbury-Nepean flood of record in 1867, which is less than a 0.5% probability event (or 1 in 200 AEP), would result in two metre deep flooding over the floor of houses with floor levels at the current 1 in 100 AEP flood level. Although the chance of floods higher than the planning level may be small, the impacts on a house and its contents may be quite severe and therefore the damage risks remain relatively high. (Figure 3). Restricting development to above the planning level can reduce the frequency of flooding, but has absolutely no effect on reducing its consequences when flooding occurs. This can only be controlled by reducing the vulnerability of assets at risk. For the majority, the home is a family s largest asset and investment and unfortunately the most vulnerable. NOTE: For the purposes of these guidelines, unless otherwise indicated, the term flood planning level refers to the elevation below which residential floor levels are not permitted (commonly the 1 in 100 AEP flood level plus a freeboard allowance). In reality, councils may have a number of flood planning levels which may dictate other flood related controls on development. More information on flood planning levels and freeboard can be found in the Land Use Guidelines Managing Flood Risk through Planning Opportunities. Figure 3 Comparison of flooding potential in New South Wales Location Windsor Depth above 100 year flood (9.1m) The PMF level at each location Penrith East Hills (6m) (5.3m) Lismore Maitland (3.6m) (2.9m) Moruya Narrabeen Lakes (1.8m) (1.2m) 100 year flood 3 SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION19 1.3 WHY THESE GUIDELINES? The primary purpose of these guidelines is to provide councils, designers, developers and the public with: information on the disadvantages of traditional timber framed house construction and practice in flood prone areas, and guidance on measures that could be taken to improve the performance of buildings both during and after a flood. Information is provided on: the performance of various types of building materials when subject to flood conditions (i.e water immersion), the performance of different types of residential building construction, special consideration for design of site foundations, likely physical damage and the typical costs associated with such damage for a range of different types of housing, use of more appropriate materials and designs for house construction to reduce damage and the costs involved in their use, and post-flood reinstatement of dwellings. Figure 4 Wet and dry flood proofing The intent has been to concentrate on identifying and addressing areas which contribute significantly to flood damage to the house structure or may be crucial for structural reasons. The aim is to provide a reduction in potential damages to traditional buildings, through better designs and more careful selection of materials. The extent of damage, cost of repairs, inconvenience and cleaning required will depend on many factors including: depth and velocity of the water, period of inundation, debris loads and silt in the water, house location and its orientation to any flow, spacing of houses (which influence the velocity of the flow between buildings), materials used, construction detailing, and how quickly the house can be cleaned and completely dried out after a flood. The approach in these guidelines is to wet flood proof a house because depths of inundation are potentially high. On floodplains like the Hawkesbury-Nepean River, it is better to allow water to enter the house to avoid water loads, 1 Dry flood proofing uses levees, door seals and walls to stop water from entering the house. Wet flood proofing allows water to enter the house through vents and openings so that unbalanced water levels do not cause wall failure and major structural damage. SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION 420 New houses are the focus of these guidelines rather than retrospective flood proofing of existing houses. which can cause structural damage or collapse the walls. Flooded buildings that need only cleaning and superficial repairs can be reused quickly. In contrast, houses with major wall damage are difficult to assess structurally, and are likely to require lengthy and expensive reconstruction. An alternative approach is to dry flood proof a house. This works on the principle that actions are taken to prevent water from entering a house such as constructing permanent or temporary barriers such as levees, sandbags or door seals. While there are arguments for and against each approach, dry flood proofing measures are normally expensive, cumbersome, require maintenance and, in many cases, need the occupant to be present to seal openings prior to flooding. (Figure 4). A dry flood proofing approach is not appropriate on the Hawkesbury-Nepean floodplain where flood depths can be very large. 1.4 THE SCOPE OF THESE GUIDELINES New houses are the focus of these guidelines rather than retrospective flood proofing of existing houses by elevation or relocation. Measures to reduce flood damage are more cost-effective at the design stage. The key aim is to minimise flood damage to the structural load bearing components of a building to prevent the structure from failing and leading to costly rebuilding or even demolition. Preferably, reinstatement of a flooded home should involve little if any content replacement, cleaning and minor repairs. These guidelines are intended principally for use with traditional house construction such as double brick and framed houses clad with brick (brick veneer), fibre cement or plywood sheets, weatherboard or similar materials. Modern house construction materials are discussed and reference is made to unit and villa type construction. Although not specifically referenced, the principles and many of the recommendations provided in the guidelines are also applicable to commercial and industrial buildings. These guidelines are divided into six sections and a technical appendix. Section 1 Introduction Reviews the flood problem and how it is being addressed and why these guidelines have been produced. Section 2 Controlling Risk Exposure through Flood Aware Design Looks at areas vulnerable to floods in typical house construction, what a flood-aware house is, the cost effectiveness of these buildings and prioritises flood-aware components/design to assist with decisions about which component/ design to select. Section 3 Vulnerability of Housing to Floods and Potential Solutions Examines the types of flood damage that may be sustained. Section 4 General Design and Construction Considerations Provides advice on such issues as choosing a site, the best form of house, material selection and how to maximise the rate of drying after a flood. Section 5 Structural Component Design Looks at each of the major structural components of a house and potential problems and how to reduce the problems by better material selection and design. It also provides an indication of the cost of adopting various recommendations. Section 6 Non-Structural Component Design Considers the non-structural components of a house and better solutions to minimise expensive replacement costs after a flood. Appendices Technical considerations of flood forces Looks in depth at flood forces and how to manage them. Limitations Includes some of the assumptions used and advises of the safeguards that should be used when implementing the guidelines. Glossary Definitions of technical terms used in the guidelines. 5 SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION View more
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