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1 EVERYONE'S RESPONSIBILITY Guideline for Working with Asbestos March 20082 Guidelines For Working With Asbestos Workplace Safety & Health Division York Avenue Winnipeg, Manitoba R3C 0P8 March 20083 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION... 1 WORKPLACE SAFETY AND HEALTH REGULATION REQUIREMENTS... 1 OBJECTIVES, APPLICATION AND DEFINITIONS... 2 OBJECTIVES... 2 APPLICATION... 2 DEFINITIONS... 2 GENERAL DUTIES... 4 GENERAL DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS... 4 GENERAL DUTIES OF WORKERS... 4 EXPOSURE LIMITS... 4 OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMIT... 4 POST ABATEMENT EXPOSURE LIMIT... 4 MONITORING THE WORKPLACE... 5 GENERAL... 5 MONITORING PLAN... 5 AREA MONITORING... 6 PERSONAL MONITORING... 6 MEASUREMENT METHOD... 6 RECORD KEEPING... 7 APPLICATION OF MONITORING DATA... 7 PREVENTATIVE METHODS... 9 ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS... 9 METHODS OF CONTROL... 9 ASBESTOS CONTROL PROGRAM... 9 DESIGN AND INSTALLATION LOCAL EXHAUST VENTILATION GENERAL VENTILATION INFORMATION, LABELLING, EDUCATION AND TRAINING LABELING OF PRODUCTS AND RISK AREAS EDUCATION AND TRAINING PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT RESPIRATORS PROTECTIVE CLOTHING CLEANING OF WORKPLACE GENERAL FLOORS WALLS Guideline For Working With Asbestos5 MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT OVERHEAD STRUCTURES VACUUM CLEANING EQUIPMENT ASBESTOS CEMENT FINISHING OPERATIONS WITHIN THE WORKPLACE FRICTION MATERIALS USE OF FRICTION MATERIAL IN WORKSHOPS SERVICING OF BRAKES AND CLUTCHES IN GARAGES AND WORKSHOPS WASTE DISPOSAL DISPOSAL OF ASBESTOS WASTE WASTE MINIMIZATION LOOSE FIBRE, CUTTINGS, AND FLOOR SWEEPINGS WASTE MATERIALS FROM REPAIRING OR REMOVING THERMAL INSULATION NON-FRIABLE ASBESTOS MATERIALS LABELING AND ISOLATION OF WASTE TRANSPORT OF WASTE PROCEDURE AT THE DISPOSAL SITE PROCEDURES FOR REMOVAL GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF WORK PROCEDURES FOR TYPE 1 REMOVAL PROCEDURES FOR TYPE 2 REMOVAL PROCEDURES FOR TYPE 3 REMOVAL MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE GENERAL REQUIREMENTS PRE-PLACEMENT EXAMINATION PERIODIC FOLLOW-UP EXAMINATION APPENDICES Appendix A: Table 1 - Assigned Protection Factors Appendix B: Table 2 - Maximum Use Concentration Guideline For Working With Asbestos6 INTRODUCTION Introduction This guideline provides general information and minimum requirements for employers, workers, consultants, abatement contractors and others concerned with the use, storage, handling, removal and disposal of asbestos at a workplace. Workplace Safety and Health Regulation Requirements The Workplace Safety and Health Act (W210), and Parts 36 & 37 of the Workplace Safety and Health Regulation (M.R. 217/2006) require employers and workplace parties to take specific actions when a potential health risk is present in the workplace. This guideline explains the duties of workplace parties when asbestos is present, including: monitoring exposure limits labelling training personal protection waste disposal removal procedures handling products containing asbestos medical surveillance Guideline For Working With Asbestos 17 OBJECTIVES, APPLICATION AND DEFINITIONS Objectives Application Definitions The objective of this guideline is to provide information to: a) prevent exposure to airborne asbestos fibres at work b) prevent harmful health effects to employees exposed to airborne asbestos fibres c) provide practical control procedures and practices to minimize exposure to asbestos d) provide specific procedures for asbestos removal This guideline applies to all workplaces where asbestos or asbestos-containing materials are used, stored, handled or demolished. It also applies to workplaces where concentrations of airborne asbestos fibres are produced, or where asbestos waste is produced, stored or disposed of, and may include: a) manufacture of materials or products containing asbestos b) use or application of asbestos-containing material c) stripping, repair or maintenance of asbestos-containing material d) demolition of a plant or structure with asbestos-containing material e) transportation, storage and handling of asbestos or asbestos-containing material f) custodial and service activities in buildings containing asbestos g) maintenance and renovation to ductwork/hvac systems in buildings containing friable sprayed asbestos material Amended water water with the addition of either 50 per cent polyethylene ester and 50 per cent polyethylene ether, or other non-sudsing type soap, at a concentration of approximately 50 ml/litre of water Asbestos the fibrous form of crocidolite, amosite, chrysotile, anthophyllite, actinolite, tremolite or a mixture containing any of those minerals Asbestos-containing material a) a friable material containing 0.1 per cent or greater asbestos b) a non-friable material containing 1.0 per cent or greater asbestos Asbestos dust particles of asbestos or settled particles of asbestos which may become airborne in the workplace Guideline For Working With Asbestos 28 Asbestos fibre a particle form of asbestos greater than five micrometres in length, with a minimum length to diameter ratio of three to one Double-bagged in 6-mil polyethylene bags the material intended to be disposed of is placed into two polyethylene bags each of which is a minimum of six millimetres thick Decontamination unit a series of interconnected airlocks used for employee or waste decontamination Designated material a chemical or biological substance that meets criteria as a carcinogen, mutagen, respiratory sensitizer, reproductive toxin, fetotoxin or teratogen under controlled products regulations Friable material a material that when dry can be crumbled, crushed or powdered by hand pressure HEPA filter a high efficiency particulate air filter capable of removing per cent of a 0.3 micrometre aerosol Negative pressure enclosure a restricted enclosed area within a workplace where reduced pressure is created by removing air from the enclosure and passing it through a HEPA filter, to the outside of the building Non-friable material a material that when dry cannot be crumbled, crushed or powdered (i.e. vinyl asbestos floor tiles or sheets, ceiling tiles, and gaskets). Technically qualified person a person who, through education, training and experience, understands the nature, monitoring and control of health hazards associated with exposure to asbestos. Registered occupational hygienists (as registered by the Canadian Registration Board of Occupational Hygiene) and certified industrial hygienists (as certified by the American Board of Industrial Hygiene) are deemed to be technically qualified people. Guideline For Working With Asbestos 39 GENERAL DUTIES General duties of employers All employers have legal responsibilities under The Workplace Safety and Health Act and Workplace Safety and Health Regulation. Employers must inform prime contractors and subcontractors of safety and health hazards at the workplace and ensure, as much as is practical, that workers at the workplace, who are not under the employers direct control, perform their work according to requirements of the Act and regulation. General duties of workers All employees have legal responsibilities under the Workplace Safety and Health Act and regulation. When working with asbestos, employees should inform management of any changes in work processes that may result in exposure to asbestos dust. Occupational Exposure Limit EXPOSURE LIMITS Asbestos is identified as a designated material under Part 36, section 36.5(1) (b) of the Workplace Safety and Health Regulation 217/2006. The occupational exposure limit of a designated material must be as close to zero as is reasonably practicable but shall not exceed the Threshold Limit Value (TLV ) established by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). The Workplace Safety and Health Division recognizes the level as close to zero as is reasonably practicable for all forms of asbestos as 0.1 fibres per cubic centimetre of air. Post abatement exposure limit Airborne asbestos fibre concentrations must be reduced to a maximum concentration of 0.01 fibres per cubic centimetre of air for all forms of asbestos before the negative pressure enclosure is removed and workers and others are allowed to reoccupy an area where asbestos has been removed. Guideline For Working With Asbestos 410 MONITORING THE WORKPLACE General The concentration of airborne asbestos fibres must be measured in areas where a risk of exposure might occur. Requirements for monitoring are listed under Part 36 of the Workplace Safety and Health Regulation, section 36.6 (1) to (5). Area and personal monitoring must be carried out to determine the extent of exposure to airborne asbestos fibres when asbestos-containing material is used in a manner that may emit airborne dust. Bulk analysis of materials should be performed if composition data are not available. Part 37 of the Workplace Safety and Health Regulation, section 37.1 (2), states that any material suspected of containing asbestos is considered to contain asbestos until it is proven to be asbestos-free. Manufacturers of materials containing asbestos should make available any monitoring results that they have that could result from the foreseeable use and misuse of their product. The employer may use the manufacturer s data from monitoring representative exposures when assessing worker exposure. Monitoring plan Employers should develop and implement a plan to keep worker exposure to airborne asbestos fibres under control. Personal and area monitoring should be performed to measure exposure. Objectives of the monitoring program are to: a) ensure that the health of the workers is protected b) ensure that the current preventive actions are still effective c) ensure that the concentration of airborne asbestos fibres, previously measured, has dropped or remains unchanged d) ensure that any changes made in manufacturing processes or work practices do not lead to overexposure to airborne asbestos fibres e) promote use of more effective preventive measures An initial survey should be taken to: a) determine sources of exposure to airborne asbestos fibres b) decide whether a major survey or an ongoing monitoring program is needed c) establish the place and time for samples to be taken Part 36 of the Workplace Safety and Health Regulation, section 36.2 (2), requires any changes in equipment, materials or work practices that may cause a change Guideline For Working With Asbestos 511 in levels of exposure to airborne asbestos fibres, be considered when reassessing potential health risks from exposure. Area Monitoring Area monitoring should be done to determine the distribution of asbestos dust: a) close to the source of emission, to evaluate dust concentrations or the effectiveness of engineering controls b) at the perimeter of each work area, to ensure containment of airborne fibres c) at various places in the working area, to identify locations of potential asbestos contamination d) in various working areas that represent typical exposures Personal monitoring Personal monitoring should be performed in the worker's breathing zone to evaluate the risk to the individual worker. Personal monitoring must be carried out while the worker is working. Personal monitoring must be done in a way that the average and, in any case, the maximum level of exposure of each worker can be determined when the concentration of airborne asbestos fibres may vary from one work operation or phase to another. Personal monitoring should be done at various times throughout the work shift and, where appropriate, should include short-term sampling during periods of peak emission. Exposure profiles of particular jobs or occupational categories should be constructed from the monitoring data of different operations and from the workers' exposure times in these jobs. Measurement method The concentration of asbestos must be measured in accordance with NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 3rd Edition, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centres for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering using: a) method 7400 or 7402 for airborne asbestos exposure analysis b) method 9000 or 9002 for bulk asbestos analysis c) an alternate method established by a recognized occupational hygiene practice Direct reading instruments, such as particle counters and dust photometers, should be used only for area monitoring and engineering applications. Guideline For Working With Asbestos 612 Direct reading instruments must be calibrated according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Monitoring results from direct reading instruments should be compared regularly to the NIOSH methods referenced above. Record keeping The employer must keep records on all parts of asbestos exposure monitoring. Records must be clearly marked to include date, work area and location. All relevant data measuring airborne asbestos fibres in the working environment should be systematically recorded. Any worker, member of the workplace safety and health committee or worker safety and health representative must have access to these records. Besides the numerical results of measurements, the monitoring data should include: a) composition and trade names of materials containing asbestos b) location, nature, dimensions and other particular features of the workplace where area measurements where made c) exact location of personal monitoring measurements and the names and job titles of the workers involved d) sources of airborne asbestos fibres, their location and the type of work being performed during sampling e) relevant information on the functioning of the process, engineering controls, ventilation and weather conditions with respect to emission of airborne asbestos fibres f) date, exact time of sampling and duration of each sampling period g) duration of the worker's exposure h) use or non-use of respiratory protection i) name of the person responsible for the sampling and analytical analysis Individual results of airborne asbestos concentration measurements and time-weighted averages must be calculated and recorded. All monitoring records must be stored and preserved by the employer for 30 years. Application of monitoring data Corrective action must be taken immediately if the occupational exposure limit is exceeded. Guideline For Working With Asbestos 713 Monitoring must be continued until it can be determined with reasonable accuracy that no worker is likely to be exposed in excess of the occupational exposure limit. Where the monitoring results show that workers are exposed to a concentration of asbestos in excess of the occupational exposure limit, the employer must inform the workers and the workplace safety and health committee or the worker safety and health representative of the action(s) to be taken. Warning signs and instructions for appropriate protection must be provided at each location where the concentration of airborne asbestos fibres exceeds the occupational exposure limit. Guideline For Working With Asbestos 814 PREVENTATIVE METHODS Alternative material Whenever possible, asbestos should be replaced by harmless or less harmful substances that offer the same technical advantages. When an alternative material is considered, all health hazards associated with the manufacture, handling, use, transportation, storage and disposal of the alternative material should be reviewed. Methods of control Appropriate measures of engineering, work practice and administrative control must be taken to eliminate or reduce worker exposure to airborne asbestos to the lowest practical level. Engineering controls should include mechanical handling, ventilation and redesign of a process to eliminate, contain or collect asbestos dust by: a) process separation, automation or enclosure b) bonding asbestos fibres with other materials to prevent dust generation c) general ventilation of the working area with clean air d) local ventilation of processes, operations, equipment and tools to prevent dust generation e) treating contaminated air before releasing it to the environment f) use of wet methods where appropriate g) separating workplaces for particular processes Appropriate safe work procedures must be followed where materials or processes may produce airborne asbestos fibres. These work procedures include: a) using and maintaining process machinery, installations, equipment, tools, local exhausts and ventilation according to instructions b) wetting asbestos products and materials at the workplace before processing, handling, using, machining, cleaning, stripping or removing c) cleaning machinery and work areas appropriately d) using personal protective equipment appropriately Asbestos control program Employers must develop and implement an asbestos control plan to reduce worker exposure to airborne asbestos fibres (according to Part 37 of the Workplace Safety and Health Regulation). The written asbestos control plan must include: a) a description of each operation where airborne asbestos fibres are Guideline For Working With Asbestos 915 released, including the processes and machinery used, the materials handled, the control devices, the number of exposed workers, the job responsibilities of each worker, the operating procedures and the maintenance practices b) a specific description of the means for controlling exposure to airborne asbestos fibres, including a description of the work practices or administrative controls c) engineering plans, material safety data sheets, study reports or other relevant technical information d) air monitoring data on the efficiency of control measures e) a detailed implementation schedule The control plan must be updated regularly to reflect the current status of technical and other developments. Where appropriate in large enterprises, specified departments, branches or people should have specific control program responsibilities, particularly involving: a) design of new buildings, equipment, processes and materials b) purchase of materials, products, machinery or equipment c) contracting for the supply and maintenance of ventilation systems and other engineering controls d) information and training given to workers e) purchase and maintenance of personal protective equipment and the instructions in its use f) co-ordination, supervision and monitoring of maintenance, renovation or demolition activities that may disturb asbestos Design and installation The materials, processes and equipment should be designed to eliminate exposure to airborne asbestos fibres or reduce exposure to the lowest practical level. Work areas must be designed, built and maintained to: a) separate the hazardous operations from the remainder of the work areas b) reduce surfaces on which asbestos dust and waste may gather c) make cleaning floors, walls, ceilings and machinery easier d) aid collection of asbestos dust that escapes unintentionally To avoid direct handling of asbestos or asbestos-containing materials, automatic processes or remote control systems should be used where practical. Where appropriate, total process enclosures, which prevent the release of asbestos fibres, should be designed and constructed. Guideline For Working With Asbestos 1016 Total process enclosures should have exhaust ventilation equipped with a HEPA filter to create a negative pressure inside the enclosure. Asbestos-containing building materials, such as boards, sheets and plates should be designed, prefabricated and packed in the workplace so that no further cutting, drilling or other machining of the material is required. Local exhaust ventilation Local exhaust ventilation equipment should be provided and maintained when total enclosure of the dust-proofing process is not practical. The local exhaust ventilation must be located as close as possible to the location of release by the use of capture hoods, booths or enclosures. All exhausted air must be passed through a HEPA filter and be discharged to the exterior of the building. Openings in enclosures must be as small as possible while still allowing access to the necessary work operation. Ventilation equipment must be constructed so that air turbulence and eddies created by the work process or by the workers do not impair the effective removal of dust. Local exhaust ventilation or other effective methods should be used for workplace operations such as: a) feeding, conveying, crushing, milling, screening, mixing or bagging of asbestos materials b) carding, spinning, weaving, sewing and cutting of asbestos textiles c) cutting, punching, drilling, sawing, grinding or machining of asbestos cement and friction materials The design of local exhaust ventilation must be performed by a technically qualified professional engineer. Checks on the performance of the exhaust system must be made periodically with smoke tests or airflow measurements, or by comparing static pressure readings in the system with readings recorded at the same points when the system was known to be operating efficiently. Asbestos dust collected by the filtration equipment must be removed regularly by way of safe work procedures. All types of dust control equipment must be inspected by a technically qualified person. Guideline For Working With Asbestos 1117 General ventilation The work area must be supplied with clean air to replace the exhausted air and to reduce the concentration of airborne asbestos fibres. General ventilation should not be used to control exposure to airborne asbestos fibres unless local exhaust is also present. The general ventilation flow rate must be able to change the workplace air at least four times per hour. The exhausted air must pass through a HEPA filter and not be re-circulated back to the working environment, except under the following conditions: a) the concentration of airborne asbestos fibres is much less than the occupational exposure limit of 0.1 fibre per cubic centimetre of air and does not add to worker exposure b) the filtration and ventilation system is regularly checked and maintained c) the air quality is monitored by adequate instruments d) the director of the Workplace Safety and Health Division has approved the process Guideline For Working With Asbestos 1218 Labelling of products and risk areas INFORMATION, LABELLING AND TRAINING All containers of asbestos-containing materials or wastes must be labelled according to the Hazardous Products Act (Canada), the Controlled Products Regulations and the Workplace Safety and Health Regulation. All asbestos-containing materials, including waste, must be accompanied by a material safety data sheet or waste profile sheet containing similar information. All asbestos or asbestos-containing materials must be clearly identified with signs, labels or other effective means. The information on warning labels and signs must be understandable to the workers. Education and Training All workers who work with, or who work close to, asbestos or asbestoscontaining materials, must be trained by the employer on: a) sources of asbestos exposure b) possible health effects c) information on the label d) information on the material safety data sheet e) safe work procedures for use, storage, handling and disposal of asbestos f) safe work procedures where asbestos is present g) safe work procedures in case of emergency involving asbestos Workers must be informed about the significance of cigarette smoking as a risk factor in asbestos related diseases. A written, oral, visual or worker-participation approach must be used to ensure workers are aware of health risks, methods of prevention and proper work procedures. Guideline For Working With Asbestos 1319 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT Respirators Respirators must be used only as a temporary or emergency measure, not as a long-term alternative to effective engineering control. A suitable supply of respirators must be available in the workplace. Respirators must be provided to all workers where the concentration of airborne asbestos fibres exceeds or is likely to exceed the occupational exposure limit of 0.1 fibre per cubic centimetre of air. A respirator must not be shared unless it is cleaned and disinfected before a different worker uses it. All respirators must be provided and maintained by the employer without cost to the worker. Only those types of respirators tested and certified by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) in accordance with the current edition Canadian Standards Association Standard CSA Z , Selection, Use and Care of Respirators, or other device approved by the director of the Workplace Safety and Health Division may be used. All air purifying respirators must be equipped with an N, P, or R 100 filter. A respirator must be selected with an appropriate protection factor so that the wearer's exposure does not exceed 0.1 fibres per cubic centimetre of air. The protection factors (adopted in CSA Standard Z ), presented in Table 1 of this guideline must be used when selecting a respirator. The maximum use concentration for each type of respirator is listed in Table 2. The employer must provide supervision to ensure that the respirator is properly used. Workers required to wear a respirator must be adequately trained in the use, care and maintenance of that respirator. Instruction must be given on: a) reasons for using the respirator b) when to use the respirator c) how the respirator works d) how to check for proper fit e) how to perform regular servicing Guideline For Working With Asbestos 1420 f) the name of the respiratory protection program co-ordinator. A record of training must be kept for each worker. Respirators must be appropriately cleaned and serviced on a regular basis. A suitable container, such as a metal box or polyethylene bag, must be provided to store individual respirators when not in use. Respirators must be maintained according to procedures described in Canadian Standards Association Standard CSA Z and the manufacturer s specifications. An ongoing record must be kept for each worker who is required to wear a respirator, listing the type of respirator issued, the dates on which it is cleaned and serviced and the dates of new filter installation. Use of respiratory protection should be recorded on the monitoring records of exposure for that job. Protective clothing If personal clothing may be contaminated with asbestos, the employer must provide appropriate work clothing. When the use of a respirator is required, protective clothing must also be provided and worn. Protective clothing, including appropriate head covering, must completely cover all parts of the body. Separate locker rooms must be provided to store contaminated protective clothing and clean personal clothing. Workplaces where the concentration of airborne asbestos fibres is likely to exceed the occupational exposure limit must have a shower and washroom facility located between the contaminated work area and the clean locker rooms. Guideline For Working With Asbestos 1521 A vacuum cleaner equipped with a HEPA filter must be located at the entrance to the shower room where protective clothing is to be removed. Regular inspection and cleaning of the shower and locker rooms must be performed to ensure they remain asbestos-free. Protective clothing must not be worn outside the contaminated work area or locker rooms. If protective clothing is to be reused, the employer must provide for the laundering of the protective clothing. Reusable protective clothing must be laundered under controlled conditions to prevent the release of airborne asbestos fibres during handling, transport and laundering. Contaminated protective clothing that is sent for laundering outside the workplace must be double-bagged in 6-mil polyethylene bags. The polyethylene bags must be clearly identified as containing asbestoscontaminated clothing. When a laundry company is contracted, the employer must ensure that the company fully understands the precautions necessary for handling asbestoscontaminated clothing. The laundering of protective clothing in workers' homes is prohibited. Guideline For Working With Asbestos 1622 CLEANING OF WORKPLACE General Floors Walls Employers must ensure that work areas are kept as clean and free of asbestos waste as possible. All equipment and building interiors must be kept free from the accumulation of asbestos dust. Cleaning must be done by a vacuum cleaner equipped with a HEPA filter, or by wet mopping, wet sweeping, or wet wiping. Protective clothing and respirators must be worn when the cleaning process may include exposure to asbestos in excess of the occupational exposure limit. When practical, cleaning should be done when no other workers are present. When it is necessary for other workers to be present, those workers must also wear protective equipment. Floors must be kept clean of accumulated asbestos and waste materials. Floor cleaning must be done by a vacuum cleaner equipped with a HEPA filter, or by wet mopping, wet sweeping, or wet wiping. Floor surfaces must be kept in good repair. Cracked or broken floor surfaces must be repaired. Concrete surfaces should be treated to produce a surface that can be effectively cleaned. New buildings should be constructed with smooth walls. Walls of existing buildings should be made as smooth as is practical. Walls should be cleaned with a vacuum cleaner equipped with a HEPA filter or by another means that does not create airborne asbestos. Ensure wastewater does not dry out before disposal. Guideline For Working With Asbestos 1723 Machinery and equipment Cleaning should be done, wherever practical, by a vacuum cleaner equipped with a HEPA filter, or by wet mopping, or wet wiping. Where machinery is fitted with exhaust ventilation equipment, the ventilation equipment must be operating while cleaning is done. Overhead structures Overhead structures of new buildings should be constructed with smooth surfaces and high ledges should be avoided. Accumulated asbestos and waste material should be removed by a vacuum cleaner equipped with a HEPA filter, or by wet mopping, wet sweeping, or wet wiping. Polyethylene sheeting should be used to cover equipment and surfaces below when overhead cleaning is done. Vacuum cleaning equipment Use only a vacuum clean equipped with a HEPA filter for collecting asbestos dust and waste. The vacuum cleaner must be designed to keep the dust from escaping back into the workplace. The vacuum bags should be disposable. The vacuum cleaner must be removed from the workplace immediately if the vacuum bag bursts. All burst bags and their contents must be double-bagged in 6-mil polyethylene bags by an operator wearing protective clothing and respiratory equipment. The interior of the vacuum cleaner must then be cleared of asbestos with the use of another a vacuum cleaner equipped with a HEPA filter or by wet wiping. The collected material must be disposed of according to the requirements of this guideline. Guideline For Working With Asbestos 18 View more
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