Source: http://www.google.com/patents/US7889964?dq=6008737
Timestamp: 2014-07-26 07:40:46
Document Index: 213251758

Matched Legal Cases: ['art 1903', 'application No. 07021583', 'application No. 200480033609', 'application No. 00966775', 'application No. 99', 'application No. 99', 'application No. 00966775', 'application No. 07021582', 'application No. 07021583', 'application No. 00966775', 'application No. 07021583', 'application No. 00966775', 'application No. 07021582', 'application No. 07021583', 'application No. 99', 'application No. 99']

Patent US7889964 - Closed caption tagging system - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign in<nobr>Advanced Patent Search</nobr>PatentsTags are inserted into a broadcast stream. The tags contain command and control information that a receiver acts upon. For example, tags may indicate start and end points of a program segment. The receiver may skip the segment automatically or in response to the viewer pressing a button. Or, the receiver...http://www.google.com/patents/US7889964?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US7889964 - Closed caption tagging systemAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS7889964 B1Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 09/665,921Publication dateFeb 15, 2011Filing dateSep 20, 2000Priority dateJul 30, 1998Also published asCN1694515A, CN100379273C, DE60045248D1, EP1214842A1, EP1214842B1, EP1885127A2, EP1885127A3, EP1885128A2, EP1885128A3, EP2200296A2, EP2200296A3, US7986868, US8036514, US8453193, US8620144, US8660410, US20050262539, US20050278747, US20100080529, US20110126107, US20110135276, US20110200300, US20120027383, US20120114301, US20120213494, US20130243393, WO2001022729A1Publication number09665921, 665921, US 7889964 B1, US 7889964B1, US-B1-7889964, US7889964 B1, US7889964B1InventorsJim Barton, Kevin Smith, David Chamberlin, Howard LookOriginal AssigneeTivo Inc.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (77), Non-Patent Citations (23), Referenced by (17), Classifications (106), Legal Events (5) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetClosed caption tagging systemUS 7889964 B1Abstract Tags are inserted into a broadcast stream. The tags contain command and control information that a receiver acts upon. For example, tags may indicate start and end points of a program segment. The receiver may skip the segment automatically or in response to the viewer pressing a button. Or, the receiver may automatically replace commercial segments with new segments. As another example, menus, icons, and Web pages may be displayed based on tags. If a menu requires that the viewer exit from playback of program material, the receiver returns the viewer back to the same exit point when the interaction is complete. Menus and icons may be used to generate leads, generate sales, and schedule the recording of programs. As another example, an icon is displayed to indicate that an advertised program is available for recording. The viewer presses a single button to cause the receiver to schedule the recording.
1. A method for video frame-specific tagging of media streams with tag translation at a receiver, comprising:
receiving a media stream at a receiver, the media stream comprising at least: a) a plurality of video frames; and b) a plurality of video frame-specific tags within the media stream, the video frame-specific tags including at least command and control information instructing said receiver to perform certain actions;
storing said media stream on one or more storage devices at said receiver;
detecting the video frame-specific tags within said media stream, each of the video frame-specific tags specific to a particular video frame of the media stream;
processing the video frame-specific tags within the media stream;
performing appropriate actions in response to the video frame-specific tags within the media stream, based at least on the command and control information instructing said receiver to perform the certain actions; and
displaying program material in said stored media stream from said one or more storage devices to a viewer.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the video frame-specific tags indicate at least a start point and an end point of a program segment within a media stream.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein displaying the program material comprises skipping over said program segment in response to receiving viewer input, based at least on the start point and the end point indicated by the video frame-specific tags.
4. The method of claim 2, wherein displaying the program material comprises automatically skipping said program segment based at least on the start point and the end point indicated by the video frame-specific tags.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein said processing step displays a menu to the viewer based at least on information included in one or more of the video frame-specific tags.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein said processing step records a current program in said media stream on said one or more storage devices based at least on information included in one or more of the video frame-specific tags.
7. The method of claim 1, said processing step further comprising:
displaying multiple icons to a viewer;
accepting viewer input information;
scrolling through said multiple icons based on the viewer input information;
selecting a particular icon based on the viewer input information; and
performing an action associated with the selected icon.
wherein said processing step displays an icon to a viewer based at least on information included in one or more of the video frame-specific tags;
in response to accepting viewer input information, performing one or more actions based on the tag information;
saving an exit point in the program material prior to performing the one or more actions; and
returning to said exit point upon completion of the one or more actions.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein performing the one or more actions further comprises:
presenting a plurality of menus to the viewer for generating a lead; and
forwarding contact information of the viewer to a third party upon viewer approval.
10. The method of claim 8, wherein performing the one or more actions further comprises:
presenting a plurality of menus to the viewer for generating a sale of an advertised product or service; and
forwarding purchase information of the viewer to a proper merchant.
11. The method of claim 8, wherein performing the one or more actions further comprises:
presenting a set of program recording options to the viewer; and
scheduling program material based on recording options selected.
12. The method of claim 8, wherein performing the one or more actions further comprises:
presenting content of a Web site's Web page to the viewer based on the viewer input information; and
interacting with said Web site based on the viewer input information.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein said video frame-specific tags allow a system administrator to remotely configure said receiver.
marking indexes in said media stream based at least on information included in one or more of the video frame-specific tags; and
jumping to an index selected by the viewer.
15. An apparatus for video frame specific tagging of television audio and video broadcast streams with tag translation at a receiver, comprising:
one or more storage devices at a receiver;
a module that receives a media stream at said receiver, the media stream comprising at least: a) a plurality of video frames; and b) a plurality of video frame-specific tags within the media stream, the video frame-specific tags including at least command and control information instructing said receiver to perform certain actions;
a module that stores said media stream on said one or more storage devices;
a module that detects the video frame-specific tags within the media stream, each of the video frame-specific tags specific to a particular video frame of the media stream;
a module that processes the video frame-specific tags within the media stream;
a module that performs appropriate actions in response to the video frame-specific tags within the media stream, based at least on the command and control information instructing said receiver to perform the certain actions; and
a module that displays program material in said stored media stream from said one or more storage devices to a viewer.
16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the video frame-specific tags indicate at least a start point and an end point of a program segment within a media stream.
17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein said module that displays the program material skips over said program segment in response to receiving viewer input, based at least on the start point and the end point indicated by the video frame-specific tags.
18. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein said module that displays the program material automatically skips said program segment based at least on the start point and the end point indicated by the video frame-specific tags.
19. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein said module that processes said tags displays a menu to the viewer based at least on information included in one or more of the video frame-specific tags.
20. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein said module that processes said tags records a current program in said media stream on said one or more storage devices based on information included in one or more of the video frame-specific tags.
21. The apparatus of claim 15, said module that processes said tags further comprising:
a module that displays multiple icons to a viewer;
a module that accepts viewer input information;
a module that scrolls through said multiple icons based on the viewer input information;
a module that selects a particular icon based on the viewer input information; and
a module that performs an action associated with the selected icon.
wherein said module that processes said tags displays an icon to a viewer based at least on information included in one or more of the video frame-specific tags;
a module that performs one or more actions based on the tag information in response to accepting the viewer input information;
wherein said module that displays program material saves an exit point in the program material prior to performance of the one or more actions; and
wherein said module that displays program material returns to said exit point upon completion of the one or more actions.
a module that presents a plurality of menus to the viewer for generating a lead; and
a module that forwards contact information of the viewer to a third party upon viewer approval.
a module that presents a plurality of menus to the viewer for generating a sale of an advertised product or service; and
a module that forwards purchase information of the viewer to a proper merchant.
25. The apparatus of claim 22, further comprising:
a module that presents a set of program recording options to the viewer; and
a module that schedules program material based on recording options selected.
a module that presents content of a Web site's Web page to the viewer based on the viewer input information; and
a module that interacts with said Web site based on the viewer input information.
27. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the video specific-frame tags allow a system administrator to remotely configure said receiver.
a module that marks indexes in said media stream based on at least on information included in one or more of the video frame-specific tags; and
a module that jumps to an index selected by a viewer.
29. A program storage medium readable by a computer, tangibly embodying a program of instructions executable by the computer to perform method steps for video frame-specific tagging of television audio and video broadcast streams with tag translation at a receiver, comprising:
receiving said media stream at a receiver, the media stream comprising at least: a) a plurality of video frames; and b) a plurality of video frame-specific tags within the media stream, the video frame-specific tags including at least command and control information instructing said receiver to perform certain actions;
30. The program storage medium of claim 29, wherein the video frame-specific tags indicate at least a start point and an end point of a program segment within a media stream.
31. The program storage medium of claim 30, wherein displaying the program material comprises skipping over said program segment in response to receiving viewer input, based at least on the start point and the end point indicated by the video frame-specific tags.
32. The program storage medium of claim 30, wherein displaying the program material comprises automatically skipping said program segment based at least on the start point and the end point indicated by the video frame-specific tags.
33. The program storage medium of claim 29, wherein said processing step displays a menu to the viewer based at least on information included in one or more of the video frame-specific tags.
34. The program storage medium of claim 29, wherein said processing step records a current program in said media stream on said one or more storage devices based on information included in a tag.
35. The program storage medium of claim 29, said processing step further comprising:
36. The program storage medium of claim 29, further comprising:
in response to accepting the viewer input information, performing one or more actions based on the tag information;
37. The program storage medium of claim 36, wherein performing the one or more actions further comprises:
38. The program storage medium of claim 36, wherein performing the one or more actions further comprises:
39. The program storage medium of claim 36, wherein performing the one or more actions further comprises:
40. The program storage medium of claim 36, wherein performing the one or more actions further comprises:
41. The program storage medium of claim 29, wherein said video frame-specific tags allow a system administrator to remotely configure said receiver.
42. The program storage medium of claim 29, further comprising:
jumping to an index selected by a viewer.
The invention relates to the processing of multimedia audio and video streams. More particularly, the invention relates to the tagging of multimedia audio and video television streams.
Digital Video Recorders (DVR) have recently entered into the marketplace. DVRs allow the viewer to store TV programs on a hard disk. This has freed the viewer from the magnetic tape realm. Viewers can pause, rewind, and fast forward live broadcast programs. However, the functionality of DVRs extends beyond recording programs.
Having programs stored locally in a digital form gives the programmer many more options than were previously available. Advertisements (commercials) can now be dynamically replaced and specifically targeted to the particular viewer based on his or her viewing habits. The commercials can be stored locally on the viewer's DVR and shown at any time.
DVRs allow interactive programming with the viewer. Generally, promotions for future shows are displayed to viewers during the normal broadcast programs. Viewers must then remember the date, time, and channel that the program will be aired on to record or view the program. DVRs allow the viewer to schedule the recording of the program immediately.
The only drawback is that the current generation of DVRs do not have the capability to interact with the viewer at this level. There is no means by which to notify the DVR that commercials are directly tied to a certain program or other advertisements. Further, there is no way to tell the DVR that a commercial can be replaced.
It would be advantageous to provide a closed caption tagging system that gives the content provider the ability to send frame specific data across broadcast media. It would further be advantageous to provide a closed caption tagging system that allows the receiver to dynamically interact with the viewer and configure itself based on program content.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The invention provides a closed caption tagging system. The invention allows content providers to send frame specific data and commands integrated into video and audio television streams across broadcast media. In addition, the invention allows the receiver to dynamically interact with the viewer and configure itself based on video and audio stream content.
A preferred embodiment of the invention provides a mechanism for inserting tags into an audio or video television broadcast stream. Tags are inserted into the broadcast stream prior to or at the time of transmission. The tags contain command and control information that the receiver translates and acts upon.
The receiver receives the broadcast stream and detects and processes the tags within the broadcast stream. The broadcast stream is stored on a storage device that resides on the receiver. Program material from the broadcast stream is played back to the viewer from the storage device.
During the tag processing stage, the receiver performs the appropriate actions in response to the tags. The tags offer a great amount of flexibility to the content provider or system administrator to create a limitless amount of operations.
Tags indicate the start and end points of a program segment. The receiver skips over a program segment during playback in response to the viewer pressing a button on a remote input device. The receiver also automatically skips over program segments depending on the viewer's preferences.
Program segments such as commercials are automatically replaced by the receiver with new program segments. New program segments are selected based on various criteria such as the locale, time of day, program material, viewer's viewing habits, viewer's program preferences, or the viewer's personal information. The new program segments are stored remotely or locally on the receiver.
Menus, icons, and Web pages are displayed to the viewer based on information included in a tag. The viewer interacts with the menu, icon, or Web page through an input device. The receiver performs the actions associated with the menu, icon, or Web page and the viewer's input. If a menu or action requires that the viewer exit from the playback of the program material, then the receiver saves the exit point and returns the viewer back to the same exit point when the viewer has completed the interaction session.
Menus and icons are used to generate leads, generate sales, and schedule the recording of programs. A one-touch recording option is provided. An icon is displayed to the viewer telling the viewer that an advertised program is available for recording at a future time. The viewer presses a single button on an input device causing the receiver to schedule the program for recording. The receiver will also record the current program in the broadcast stream onto the storage device based on information included in a tag.
Tags are used to create indexes in program material. This allows the viewer to jump to particular indexes in a program.
FIG. 12 is a block schematic diagram of a closed caption parser according to the invention;
FIG. 13 is a block schematic diagram of a high level view of a preferred embodiment of the invention utilizing a VCR as an integral component of the invention according to the invention;
FIG. 14 is a block schematic diagram of a preferred embodiment of the invention for inserting tags into a video stream according to the invention;
FIG. 15 is a block schematic diagram of a server-based preferred embodiment of the invention for inserting tags into a video stream according to the invention;
FIG. 16 is a diagram of a user interface for inserting tags into a video stream according to the invention;
FIG. 17 is a diagram of a screen with an alert icon displayed in the lower left corner of the screen according to the invention;
FIG. 18 is a block schematic diagram of the transmission route of a video stream according to the invention;
FIG. 19 is a block schematic diagram of the tagging of the start and end of a program segment of a video stream and the playback of a new program segment according to the invention;
FIG. 20 is a block schematic diagram of a preferred embodiment of the invention that interprets tags inserted into a video stream according to the invention;
FIG. 21 is a diagram of a screen displaying program recording options according to the invention;
FIG. 22 is a diagram of a viewer remote control device according to the invention; and
FIG. 23 is a block schematic diagram of a series of screens for lead and sale generation according to the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The invention is embodied in a closed caption tagging system. A system according to the invention allows content providers to send frame specific data and commands integrated into video and audio television streams across broadcast media. The invention additionally allows the receiver to dynamically interact with the viewer and configure itself based on video and audio stream content.
A preferred embodiment of the invention provides a tagging and interpretation system that allows a content provider to tag, in a frame specific manner, video and audio streams transmitted over television broadcast media. A receiver interprets and acts upon the tags embedded in the received stream. The tag data allow the receiver to dynamically interact with the viewer through menus and action icons. The tags also provide for the dynamic configuration of the receiver.
A binary search can be performed on a stored file to index into a stream. Each stream is stored as a sequence of fixed-size segments enabling fast binary searches because of the uniform timestamping. If the user wants to start in the middle of the program, the system performs a binary search of the stored segments until it finds the appropriate spot, obtaining the desired results with a minimal amount of information. If the signal were instead stored as an MPEG stream, it would be necessary to linearly parse the stream from the beginning to find the desired location.
With respect to FIGS. 5 and 6, the program logic reads accumulated events in the event buffer 602 when it is interrupted by the Media Switch 601. From these events the program logic generates a sequence of logical segments 603 which correspond to the parsed MPEG segments 615. The program logic converts the offset 502 into the actual address 610 of each segment, and records the event length 609 using the last cached event. If the stream was produced by encoding an analog signal, it will not contain Program Time Stamp (PTS) values, which are used by the decoders to properly present the resulting output. Thus, the program logic uses the generated time stamp 504 to calculate a simulated PTS for each segment and places that into the logical segment timestamp 607. In the case of a digital TV stream, PTS values are already encoded in the stream. The program logic extracts this information and places it in the logical segment timestamp 607.
The parser 705 parses the input data stream from the MPEG encoder 703, audio encoder 704 and VBI decoder 702, or from the transport demultiplexor in the case of a digital TV stream. The parser 705 detects the beginning of all of the important events in a video or audio stream, the start of all of the frames, the start of sequence headers�all of the pieces of information that the program logic needs to know about in order to both properly play back and perform special effects on the stream, e.g. fast forward, reverse, play, pause, fast/slow play, indexing, and fast/slow reverse play.
Referring to FIG. 11, a PullSwitch is added 1104 which outputs to the sink 1105. The sink 1105 calls nextFullBuf and releaseEmptyBuf to get or return buffers from the PullSwitch 1104. The PullSwitch 1104 can have any number of inputs. One input could be an ActionClip 1113. The remote control can switch between input sources. The control object 1114 sends an event to the PullSwitch 1104, telling it to switch. It will switch from the current input source to whatever input source the control object selects.
Although the invention is described herein with reference to the preferred embodiment, one skilled in the art will readily appreciate that other applications may be substituted for those set forth herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. For example, the invention can be used in the detection of gambling casino crime. The input section of the invention is connected to the casino's video surveillance system. Recorded video is cached and simultaneously output to external VCRs. The user can switch to any video feed and examine (i.e., rewind, play, slow play, fast forward, etc.) a specific segment of the recorded video while the external VCRs are being loaded with the real-time input video.
Video Stream Tag Architecture
Referring again to FIG. 12, tags are abstract events which occur in a television stream 1201. They may be embedded in the VBI of an analog signal, or in a private data channel in an MPEG2 multiplex. As described above, tags can be embedded in the closed caption (CC) fields and extracted into a circular buffer 1203 or memory allocation schema. The word parser 1204 identifies unique tags during its scan of the CC data. Tags are interspersed with the standard CC control codes. Tags may also be generated implicitly, for instance, based on the current time and program being viewed.
The invention provides a mechanism called the TiVo Video Tag Authoring (TVTAG) system for inserting tags (TiVo tags) into a video stream prior to broadcast. With respect to FIGS. 14, 16, and 17, the TVTAG system consists of a video output source 1401, a compatible device for inserting Vertical Blanking Interval (VBI) closed-captioning information and outputting captioned video 1402, a video monitor 1405, and a software program for controlling the VBI insertion device to incorporate tag data objects in the form of closed-caption information in the video stream 1406. The tagged video is retransmitted immediately 1404 or stored on a suitable medium 1403 for later transmission.
The TVTAG software 1406, in its most basic implementation, is responsible for controlling the VBI Insertion device 1402. The TVTAG software 1406 communicates with the VBI insertion device 1402 by means of standard computer interfaces and device control code protocols. When an operator observing the video monitor 1405 determines that the desired tag insertion point has been reached, he presses a key, causing the TiVo tag data object to be generated, transmitted to the VBI insertion device 1402, and incorporated in the video stream for transmission 1404 or storage 1403.
The TVTAG software has the additional capability of controlling the video input source 1401 and the video output storage device 1403. The operator selects the particular video 1602 and has the ability to pause the video input stream to facilitate overlaying a graphic element 1702 on the monitor, and positioning it by means of a pointing device, such as a mouse. The positioning of the graphic element 1702 is also accomplished through the operator interface 1601. The operator inputs the position of the graphic using the X position 1605 and the Y position 1604.
The graphic element and positioning information are then incorporated in the TiVo tag data object (discussed below) and the time-code or frame of the video noted. When the operator is satisfied, playback and record are resumed. The tag is then issued through the insertion device with the highest degree of accuracy.
Referring to FIG. 15, in another preferred embodiment of the TVTAG system, the software program takes the form of a standard Internet protocol Web page displayed to operator(s) 1505. The Web page causes the TiVo tag object to be generated by a script running on a remote server 1504. The server 1504 controls the VBI insertion device 1502, the video source 1501, and recording devices 1503. The remote operator(s) 1505 can receive from the server 1504 a low or high-bandwidth version of the video stream for use as a reference for tag insertion. Once the necessary tag data object information has been generated and transmitted, it can be batch-processed at a later time by the server 1504.
Another preferred embodiment of the invention integrates the software with popular non-linear video editing systems as a �plug-in�, thereby allowing the TiVo tag data objects to be inserted during the video production process. In this embodiment, the non-linear editing system serves as the source and storage system controller and also provides graphic placement facilities, allowing frame-accurate placement of the TiVo tag data object.
With respect to FIG. 18, tags are integrated into the video stream before or at the video source 1801. The video stream is then transmitted via satellite 1802, cable or other terrestrial transmission method 1803. The receiver 1804 receives the video stream, recognizes the tags and performs the appropriate actions in response to the tags. The viewer sees the resultant video stream via the monitor or television set 1805.
The invention provides an architecture that supports taking various actions based on tags in the video stream. Some examples of the flexibility that TiVo tags offer are:
It is desirable to know when a network promotion is being viewed so that the viewer might be presented with an option to record the program at some future time. TiVo tags are added into the promotion that indicate the date, time, and channel when the program airs. Active promos are described in further detail below. A common problem is the baseball game overrun problem. VCRs and Digital Video Recorders (DVR) cut off the end of the baseball game whenever the game runs over the advertised time slot. A TiVo tag is sent in the video stream indicating that the recording needs to continue. A TiVo tag is also sent telling the system to stop the recording because the game has ended. Boxing matches often end abruptly, causing VCRs and DVRs to record fill-in programs for the rest of the reserved time period. A TiVo tag is sent to indicate that the program has ended, telling the system to stop the recording. Referring to FIG. 19, advertisements are tagged so a locally or remotely stored advertisement might be shown instead of a national or out of the area advertisement. Within the video stream 1901, the program segment 1902 (commercial or other program segment) to be overlaid is tagged using techniques such as the TVTAG system described above. The TiVo tags tell the invention 1905 the start and end points of the old program segment 1902. A single tag 1903 can be added that tells the invention 1905 the duration of the old program segment 1902 or a tag is added at the beginning 1903 and end 1904 of the old program segment to indicate the start and end of the segment 1902. When the TiVo tag is detected, the invention 1905 finds the new program segment 1906 and simply plays it back in place of the old program segment 1902, reverting to the original program 1901 when playback is completed. The viewer 1907 never notices the transition. There are three options at this point:
1) The system 1905 can continue to cache the original program, so if the viewer 1907 rewinds the program 1901 and plays it again, he sees the overlaid segment; 2) The old program segment 1902 is replaced in the cache too, so the viewer never sees the overlaid segment; or 3) The system caches the original segment 1902 and reinterprets the tags on playback. However, without intelligent tag prefetching, this only works correctly if the viewer backs up far enough so the system sees the first tag in the overlaid segment. This problem is solved by adding the length of the old program segment to the start 1903 and end 1904 tag. Another approach is to match tags so that the start tag 1903 identifies the end tag 1904 to the system. The system 1905 knows that it should be looking for another tag when it fast forwards or rewinds over one of the tags. The pair of tags 1903, 1904 include a unique identifier. The system 1905 can then search ahead or behind for the matching tag and replace the old program. There is a limit to the amount of time or length of frames that the system can conduct the prefetch. This can be included in the tag or standardized. Including the limit in the tag is the most flexible approach. The program segment to be played back is selected based, for example, on locale, the time of day, program material, or on the preference engine (described in application Ser. No. 09/422,121 owned by the Applicant). Using the preference engine, the appropriate program segment from local or server storage 1906 is selected according to the viewer's profile. The profile contains the viewer's viewing habits, program preferences, and other personal information. The stored program segments 1906 have program objects describing their features as well, which are searched for best match versus the preference vector.
Clearly, there must be a rotation mechanism among commercials to avoid ad burnout. The preference vector can be further biased by generating an error vector versus the program data for the currently viewed program, and using this error vector to bias the match against the commercial inventory on disk 1906. For example, if the viewer is watching a soap opera and the viewer's preference vector is oriented towards sports shows, then the invention will select the beer commercial in favor of the diaper commercial.
A tag can also be used to make conditional choices. The tag contains a preference weighting of its own. In this case, the preference weighting is compared to the preference vector and a high correlation causes the invention to leave the commercial alone. A low correlation invokes the method above.
NOTE: In all of these cases the system 1905 has more than enough time to make a decision. The structure of the pipeline routinely buffers � second of video, giving lots of time between input and output to change the stream. If more time is needed, add buffering to the pipeline. If playing back off disk, then the system creates the same time delay by reading ahead in the stream.
Also note that commercials can also be detected using the method described in application Ser. No. 09/187,967 entitled �Analog Video Tagging and Encoding System,� also owned by the Applicant. The same type of substitution described above can be used when tags described the aforementioned application are used.
With respect to FIGS. 19 and 22, tags allow the incorporation of commercial �zapping.� Since tags can be used to mark the beginning 1903 and ending 1904 points of a commercial, they can be skipped as well as preempted. The viewer simply presses the jump button 2205 on the remote control 2201. The system searches for the end tag and resumes playback at the frame following the frame associated with the tag. The number of commercials skipped is dependent upon the amount of video stream buffered. Depending on the viewer's preset preferences, the system 1905 itself can skip commercials on live or prerecorded programs stored in memory 1906. Skipping commercials on live video just requires a larger amount of buffering in the pipeline as described above. Allowing the system to skip commercials on recorded programs presents the viewer with a continuous showing of the program without any commercial interruptions.
Tags are added to program material to act as indexes. The viewer, for example, can jump to each index within the program by pressing the jump button 2205 on the remote control 2201. Tags are also used for system functions. As noted above, the system locally stores program material for its own use. The system 1905 must somehow receive the program material. This is done by tuning in to a particular channel at off hours. The system 1905 searches for the tag in the stream 1901 that tells it to start recording. The recording is comprised of a number of program segments delimited by tags 1903, 1904 that identify the content and possibly a preference vector. A tag at the end of the stream tells the system 1905 to stop recording. The program segments are stored locally 1906 and indexed for later use as described above. The invention incorporates the following design points:
The design provides for a clear separation of mechanism and policy. Internally, tags are viewed as abstract events which trigger policy modules. Mapping of received tag information to these internal abstractions is the responsibility of the source pipeline object. Abstract tags are stored in the PesBuf stream as if they were just another segment. This allows the handling of arbitrary sized tags with precise timing information. It also allows tags to persist as part of recorded programs, so that proper actions are taken no matter when the program is viewed. Tags may update information about the current program, future programs, etc. This information is preserved for recorded programs. Tags can be logged as they pass through the system. It also possible to upload this information. It may not be necessary to preserve all information associated with a tag. Tags can be generated based on separate timelines. For example, using a network station log to generate tags based on time and network being viewed. Time-based tags are preserved in recorded streams.
Time-Based Tags
Referring to FIG. 20, time-based tags are handled by a Time-based Tag Recognizer 2012. This object 2012 listens for channel change events and, when a known network is switched to, attempts to retrieve a �time log� for that network. If one is present, the object 2012 builds a tag schedule based on the current time. As the time occurs for each tag, the object 2012 sends an event to the source object 2001 indicating the tag to be inserted. The source object 2001 inserts the tag into the next available position in the current PesBuf under construction. The next �available� position may be determined based on frame boundaries or other conditions.
The Role of the Source Object
The source object 2001 is responsible for inserting tags into the PesBuf stream it produces. This is assuming there are separate source objects for analog input and digital TV sources.
There are a number of different ways that tags may appear in an analog stream:
Within the EDS field. Implicitly using the CC field. Modulated onto the VBI, perhaps using the ATVEF specification. Time Based In a digital TV stream, or after conversion to MPEG from analog:
In-band, using TiVo Tagging Technology. MPEG2 Private data channel. MPEG2 stream features (frame boundaries, etc.). Time-based tags. The source object 2001 is not responsible for parsing the tags and taking any actions. Instead, the source object 2001 should solely be responsible for recognizing potential tags in the stream and adding them to the PesBuf stream.
Tag Recognition and Action
Conceptually, all tags may be broken up into two broad groups: those that require action upon reception, such as recording a program; and those that require action upon presentation, i.e., when the program is viewed.
Reception Tag Handling
Tags that require action upon reception are handled as follows: a new Reception Tag Mechanism subclass 2003 of the TmkPushSwitch class 2002 is created. As input streams pass through this class 2003 between the source object 2001 and the program cache transform 2013, the class 2003 recognizes reception tags and takes appropriate actions.
Reception tags are generally handled once and then disabled.
Presentation Tag Handling
Tags that require actions upon presentation are handled as follows: a new Presentation Tag Mechanism subclass 2007 of the TmkPullSwitch class 2008 is created. As output streams pass through this class 2007 between the program cache transform 2013 and the sink object 2011, the class 2007 recognizes presentation tags and takes appropriate actions.
Tag Policy Handling
Tag reception handling is only permitted if there is a TagReceptionPolicy object 2009 present for the current channel. Tag presentation handling is only permitted if there is a TagPresentationPolicy object 2010 for the source channel.
The TagPolicy objects describe which tags are to be recognized, and what actions are allowed.
When an input channel change occurs, the reception tag object is notified, and it fetches the TagReceptionPolicy object 2009 (if any) for that channel, and obeys the defined policy.
When an output channel change occurs, the presentation tag object is notified, and it fetches the TagPresentationPolicy object 2010 (if any) for that channel, and obeys the defined policy.
Tag Logging
The reception of tags may be logged into the database. This only occurs if a TagReceptionPolicy object 2009 is present, and the tag logging attribute is set. As an example, the logging attribute might be set, but no reception actions allowed to be performed. This allows passive logging of activity in the input stream.
Pipeline Processing Changes
It is important to support updates of information about the current showing. The following strategy is proposed:
Whenever the input source is changed or a new showing starts, a copy is made of the showing object, and all further operations in the pipeline work off this copy. Update tags are reception tags; if permitted by policy, the copied showing object is updated. If the current showing is to be recorded, the copy of the showing object is saved with it, so that the saved program has the proper information saved with it. The original showing object is not modified by this process. The recorder must be cognizant of changes to the showing object, so that it doesn't, for instance, cut off the baseball game early.
Tag Interpretation vs. Tag State Machine
Tags are extremely flexible in that, once the TagPolicy object has been used to identify a valid tag, standardized abstract tags are interpreted by the Tag Interpreter 2005 and operational tags are executed by the TiVo Tag State Machine 2006. Interpreted tags trigger a predefined set of actions. Each set of actions have been preprogrammed into the system.
State machine tags are operational tags that do not carry executable code, but perform program steps. This allows the tag originator to combine these tags to perform customized actions on the TiVo system. State machine tags can be used to achieve the same results as an interpreted tag, but have the flexibility to dynamically change the set of actions performed.
Abstract Interpreted Tags
The set of available abstract tags is defined in a table called the Tag/Action table. This table is typically stored in a database object. There are a small number of abstract actions defined. These actions fall into three general categories:
Viewer visible actions (may include interaction). Meta-information about the stream (channel, time, duration, etc.). TiVo control tags. Tags which cause a change to the on-disk database, or cause implicit recording, must be validated. This is accomplished through control tags.
Viewer Visible Tags
This tag indicates that the viewer is to be presented with a choice. The data associated with the tag indicates what the choice is, and other interesting data, such as presentation style. A menu has an associated inactivity timeout.
The idea of the menu tag is that the viewer is offered a choice. If the viewer isn't present, or is uninterested, the menu should disappear quickly. The menu policy may or may not be to pause the current program. The presentation of the menu does not have to be a list.
Push Alternate Program Conditional
This tag indicates that some alternate program should be played if some condition is true. The condition is analyzed by the policy module. It may always be true.
Pop Alternate Program Conditional
This tag reverts to the previous program. If a program ends, then the alternate program stack is popped automatically. All alternate programs are popped if the channel is changed or the viewer enters the TiVo Central menu area.
Alternate programs are a way of inserting arbitrary sequences into the viewed stream. The conditional data is not evaluated at the top level. Instead, the policy module must examine this data to make choices. This, for example, can be used to create �telescoping� ads.
Show Indicator Conditional
This tag causes an indication to be drawn on the screen. Indicators are named, and the set of active indicators may be queried at any time. The tag or tag policy may indicate a timeout value at which time the indicator is derived.
Clear Indicator Conditional
This tag causes an active indication to be removed. All indicators are cleared if the channel is changed or the viewer enters the TiVo Central menu area.
Indicators are another way to offer a choice to the viewer without interrupting program flow. They may also be used to indicate conditions in the stream that may be of interest. For example, �Active Promo� is created by providing a program object ID as part of the tag data, allowing that program to be selected. If the viewer hits a particular key while the indicator is up, then the program is scheduled for recording.
Meta-Information Tags
Current Showing Information
This tag is a general bucket for information about the current showing. Each tag typically communicates one piece of information, such as the start time, end time, duration, etc. This tag can be used to �lengthen� a recording of an event.
Future Showing Information
This tag is similar to the above, but contains information about a future showing. There are two circumstances of interest:
The information refers to some showing already resident in the database. The database object is updated as appropriate. The information refers to a non-existent showing. A new showing object is created and initialized from the tag.
TiVo Control Tags
Authorize Modification
This tag is generally encrypted with the current month's security key. The lifetime of the authorization is set by policy, probably to an hour or two. Thus, the tag needs to be continually rebroadcast if modifications to local TiVo system states are permitted.
The idea of this tag is to avoid malicious (or accidental) attacks using inherently insecure tag mechanisms such as EDS. If a network provides EDS information, we first want to ensure that their tags are accurate and that attacks on the tag delivery system are unlikely. Then, we would work with that network to provide an authorization system that carouseled authorization tags on just that network. Unauthorized tags should never be inserted into the PES stream by the source object.
Record Current Conditional
This tag causes the current program to be saved to disk starting from this point. The recording will cease when the current program ends.
Stop Recording Current Conditional
This tag ceases recording of the current program.
Record Future Conditional
A showing object ID is provided (perhaps just sent down in a Future Showing tag). The program is scheduled for recording at a background priority lower than explicit viewer selections.
Cancel Record Future Conditional
A showing object ID is provided. If a recording was scheduled by a previous tag for that object, then the recording is canceled.
These tags, and the Future Showing tag, may be inserted in an encrypted, secure format. The source object will only insert these tags in the PES stream if they are properly validated.
One of the purposes of these tags is to automatically trigger recording of TiVo inventory, such as loopsets, advertisements, interstitials, etc. A later download would cause this inventory to be �installed� and available.
Save File Conditional
This tag is used to pass data through the stream to be stored to disk. For instance, broadcast Web pages would be passed through this mechanism.
Save Object Conditional
This tag is used to pass an object through the stream to be stored to disk. Storing the object follows standard object updating rules.
The following is an example of an implementation using presentation tags inserted into the Closed Captioning (CC) part of a stream. The CC part of the stream was chosen because it is preserved when a signal is transmitted and digitized and decoded before it reaches the user's receiver. There are no guarantees on the rest of the VBI signal. Many of the satellite systems strip out everything except the closed captioning when encoding into MPEG-2.
There is a severe bandwidth limitation on the CC stream. The data rate for the CC stream is two 7-bit bytes every video frame. Furthermore, to avoid collision with the control codes, the data must start at 0x20, thus effectively limiting it to about 6.5-bit bytes (truncate to 6-bit bytes for simplicity). Therefore, the bandwidth is roughly 360 bits/second. This rate gets further reduced if the channel is shared with real CC data. In addition, extra control codes need to be sent down to prevent CC-enabled televisions from attempting to display the TiVo tags as CC text.
Basic Tag Layout
This section describes how the tags are laid out in the closed captioning stream. It assumes a general familiarity with the closed captioning specification, though this is not crucial.
Making Tags Invisible
A TiVo Tag placed in a stream should not affect the display on a closed captioning enabled television. This is achieved by first sending down a �resume caption loading� command (twice for fault tolerance), followed by a string of characters that describes the tag followed by an �erase nondisplayed memory� command (twice for fault tolerance). What this does is to load text into offscreen memory, and then clear the memory. A regular TV with closed captioning enabled will not display this text (as per EIA-701 standard).
This works as long as the closed captioning decoder is not in �roll-up� or �scrolling� mode. In this mode, a �resume caption loading� command would cause the text to be erased. To solve this problem, TiVo Tags will be accepted and recognized even if they are sent to the second closed captioning channel. This way, even if closed captioning channel 1 is set up with scrolling text, we can still send the tag through closed captioning channel 2.
Tag Encoding
The text sent with a TiVo Tag consists of the letters �Tt�, followed by a single character indicating the length of the tag, followed by the tag contents, followed by a CRC for the tag contents. The letters �Tt� are sufficiently unique that it is unlikely to encounter these in normal CC data. Furthermore, normal CC data always starts with a position control code to indicate where on the screen the text is displayed. Since we are not displaying onscreen, there is no need for this positioning data. Therefore, the likelihood of encountering a �Tt� immediately after a �resume caption loading� control code is sufficiently rare that we can almost guarantee that this combination is a TiVo tag (though the implementation still will not count on this to be true).
The single character indicating the length of the tag is computed by adding the tag length to 0x20. If the length is 3 characters, for example, then the length character used is 0x23 (�#�). So as not to limit the implementation to a length of 95 (since there are only 96 characters in the character set), the maximum length is defined as 63. If longer tags are needed, then an interpretation for the other 32 possible values for the length character can be added.
The possible values for the tag itself are defined in the Tag Types section below.
The CRC is the 16 bit CRC-CCITT (i.e., polynomial=x^16+x^12+x^5+1). It is placed in the stream as three separate characters. The first character is computed by adding 0x20 to the most significant six bits of the CRC. The next character is computed by adding 0x20 to the next six bits of the CRC. The last character is computed by adding 0x20 to the last four bits of the CRC.
This section details an example of a TiVo Tag. Note that every tag sequence begins with at least one byte indicating the tag type.
iPreview Tag
With respect to FIG. 17, an iPreview tag contains four pieces of information. The first is the 32 bit program ID of the program being previewed. The second contains how much longer the promotion is going to last. The third piece is where on the screen 1701 to place an iPreview alert 1702 and the last piece is what size iPreview alert to use.
The screen location for the iPreview alert is a fraction of the screen resolution in width and height. The X coordinate uses 9 bits to divide the width, so the final coordinate is given as: X=(x_resolution/511)*xval. If the xval is given as 10, on a 720�486 screen (using CCIR656 resolution), the X coordinate would be 14. The Y coordinate uses 8 bits to divide the height, so the final coordinate is given as: Y=(y_resolution/255)*yval. The X,Y coordinates indicate the location of the upper-left corner of the bug graphic.
If the value of X and Y are set to the maximum possible values (i.e., x=511, y=255), then this indicates that the author is giving the system the job of determining its position. The system will place the bug at a predetermined default position. The rationale for using the max values to indicate the default position is that it is never expected that a �real� position will be set to these values since that would put the entire bug graphic offscreen.
The size field is a four bit number that indicates what size any alert graphic should be. The 16 possible values of this field correspond to predefined graphic sizes that the settop boxes should be prepared to provide.
The timeout is a ten bit number indicating the number of frames left in the promotion. This puts a 34 second lifetime limit on this tag. If a promotion is longer, then the tag needs to be repeated. Note that the timeout was �artificially limited� to 10 bits to limit exposure to errors. This is to limit the effect it will have on subsequent commercials if an author puts a malformed timeout in the tag.
The version is a versioning number used to identify the promo itself. Instead of bit-packing this number (and thus limiting it to 6 bits), the full closed captioning character set is used, which results in 96 possibilities instead of 64 (2^6). The version number thus needs to be within the range 0-95.
The reserved character is currently unused. This character needs to exist so that the control codes end up properly aligned on the 2-byte boundaries.
The first character of an iPreview tag is always �i�.
All of the data fields are packed together on a bit boundary, and then broken into six bit values which are converted into characters (by adding 0x20) and transmitted. The order of the fields are as follows:
32 bits: program ID 9 bits: X location 8 bits: Y location 4 bits: graphic size 10 bits: timeout 1 character: version 1 character: reserved The data fields total 66 bits which requires 11 characters to send+1 character for version and 1 character for reserved. The exact contents of each character are:
1) 0x20+ID[31:26]
2) 0x20+ID[25:20]
3) 0x20+ID[19:14]
4) 0x20+ID[13:8]
5) 0x20+ID[7:2]
6) 0x20+ID[1:0] X[8:5]
7) 0x20+X[4:0] Y[7]
8) 0x20+Y[6:1]
9) 0x20+Y[0] size[3:0]
10) 0x20+Y[0] size[3:0] timeout[9]
11) 0x20+timeout[8:3]
12) 0x20+timeout[2:0]
13) 0x20+version
14) reserved
Including the first character �i�, the length of the iPreview tag is 14 characters+3 CRC characters. With the tag header (3 characters), this makes a total length of 20 characters which can be sent down over 10 frames. Adding another 4 frames for sending �resume caption loading� twice and �erase nondisplayed memory� twice means an iPreview tag will take 14 frames (0.47 seconds) to broadcast.
A complete iPreview tag consists of:
Resume caption loading Resume caption loading T t 1 (0x20+17=0x31=0110001=�1�) i<13 character iPreview tag>3 character CRC Erase nondisplayed memory Erase nondisplayed memory
Parity Debugging Character
Currently, the parity bit is being used as a parity bit. However, since a CRC is already included, there is no need for the error-checking capabilities of the parity bit. Taking this a step further, the parity bit can be used in a clever way. Since a closed captioning receiver should ignore any characters with an incorrect parity bit, a better use of the limited bandwidth CC channel can be had by intentionally using the wrong parity. This allows the elimination of the resume caption loading and erase nondisplayed memory characters, as well as making it easier to �intersperse� TiVo tags among existing CC data.
iPreview Viewer Interaction
Referring to FIGS. 17, 20, 21 and 22, the iPreview tag causes the Tag Interpreter 2005 to display the iPreview alert 1702 on the screen 1701. The iPreview alert 1702 tells the viewer that an active promo is available and the viewer can tell the TiVo system to record the future showing. The viewer reacts to the iPreview alert 1702 by pressing the select button 2204 on the remote control 2201.
The Tag Interpreter 2005 waits for the user input. Depending on the viewer's preset preferences, the press of the select button 2204 results in the program automatically scheduled by the Tag Interpreter 2005 for recording, resulting in a one-touch record, or the viewer is presented with a record options screen 2101. The viewer highlights the record menu item 2102 and presses the select button 2204 to have the program scheduled for recording.
The tag itself has been interpreted by the Tag Interpreter 2005. The Tag Interpreter 2005 waits for any viewer input through the remote control 2201. Once the viewer presses the select button 2204, the Tag Interpreter 2005 tells the TiVo system to schedule a recording of the program described by the 32 bit program ID in the iPreview tag.
With respect to FIGS. 20, 22, and 23, the iPreview tag is also used for other purposes. Each use is dictated by the context of the program material and the screen icon displayed. Obviously the system cannot interpret the program material, but the icon combined with the program ID tell the Tag Interpreter 2005 what action to take. Two examples are the generation of a lead and a sale.
The process of generating a lead occurs when, for example, a car ad is being played. An iPreview icon appears 2301 on the screen and the viewer knows that he can press the select button 2204 to enter an interactive menu.
A menu screen 2302 is displayed by the Tag Interpreter 2005 giving the user the choice to get more information 2303 or see a video of the car 2304. The viewer can always exit by pressing the live TV button 2202. If the viewer selects get more information 2303 with the up and down arrow button 2203 select button 2204, then the viewer's information is sent to the manufacturer 2305 by the Tag Interpreter 2005, thereby generating a lead. The viewer returns to the program by pressing the select button 2204.
Generating a sale occurs when a product, e.g., a music album ad, is advertised. The iPreview icon 2301 appears on the screen. The viewer presses the select button 2204 and a menu screen 2307 is displayed by the Tag Interpreter 2005.
The menu screen 2307 gives the viewer the choice to buy the product 2308 or to exit 2309. If the viewer selects yes 2308 to buy the product, then the Tag Interpreter 2005 sends the order to the manufacturer with the viewer's purchase information 2310. If this were a music album ad, the viewer may also be presented with a selection to view a music video by the artist.
Whenever the system returns the viewer back to the program, it returns to the exact point that the viewer had originally exited from. This gives the viewer a sense of continuity.
The concept of redirection is easily expanded to the Internet. The iPreview icon will appear as described above. When the viewer presses the select button 2204 on the remote control 2201, a Web page is then displayed to the viewer. The viewer then interacts with the Web page and when done, the system returns the viewer back to the program that he was watching at the exact point from which the viewer had exited.
Using the preference engine as noted above, the information shown to the viewer during a lead or sale generation is easily geared toward the specific viewer. The viewer's viewing habits, program preferences, and personal information are used to select the menus, choices, and screens presented to the viewer. Each menu, choice and screen has an associated program object that is compared to the viewer's preference vector.
For example, if a viewer is male and the promo is for Chevrolet, then when the viewer presses the select button, a still of a truck is displayed. If the viewer were female, then a still of a convertible would be displayed.
Note that the Tag State Machine 2006 described below is fully capable of performing the same steps as the Tag Interpreter 2005 in the above examples.
The TiVo Tag State Machine
Referring again to FIG. 20, a preferred embodiment of the invention provides a Tag State Machine (TSM) 2006 which is a mechanism for processing abstract TiVo tags that may result in viewer-visible actions by the TiVo Receiver.
A simple example is the creation of an active promo. As demonstrated above, an active promo is where a promotion for an upcoming show is broadcast and the viewer is immediately given the option of having the TiVo system record that program when it actually is broadcast.
Hidden complexities underlie this simple example: some indicator must be generated to alert the viewer to the opportunity; the indicator must be brought into view or removed with precision; accurate identification of the program in question must be provided; and the program within which the active promo appears may be viewed at a very different time then when it was broadcast.
Creation and management of the TiVo tags is also challenging. It is important to cause as little change as possible to existing broadcast practices and techniques. This means keeping the mechanism as simple as possible for both ease of integration into the broadcast stream and for robust and reliable operation.
Principles of Tags
As previously noted, it is assumed that the bandwidth available for sending tags is constrained. For example, the VBI has limited space available which is under heavy competition. Even in digital television signals, the amount of out-of-band data sent will be small since most consumers of the signal will be mainly focused on television programming options.
A tag is then a simple object of only a few bytes in size. More complex actions are built by sending multiple tags in sequence.
The nature of broadcast delivery implies that tags will get lost due to signal problems, sunspots, etc. The TSM incorporates a mechanism for handling lost tags, and insuring that no unexpected actions are taken due to lost tags.
In general, viewer-visible tag actions are relevant only to the channel on which they are received; it is assumed that tag state is discarded after a channel change.
Physical tags are translated into abstract tags by the source object 1901 receiving the physical tag. Tags are not �active agents� in that they carry no executable code; functioning the TSM may result in viewer-visible artifacts and changes, but the basic operation of the TiVo receiver system will remain unaffected by the sequence of tags. If tags could contain executable code, such as the Java byte streams contemplated by the ATVEF, the integrity of the TiVo viewing experience might be compromised by poorly written or malicious software.
All tag actions are governed by a matching policy object matched to the current channel. Any or all actions may be enabled or disabled by this object; the absence of a policy object suppresses all tag actions.
The Basic Abstract Tag
All abstract tags have a common infrastructure. The following components are present in any abstract tag:
Tag Type (1 Byte)
The type 0 is disallowed. The type 255 indicates an �extension� tag, should more than 254 tag values be required at some future time.
Tag Sequence (1 Byte)
This unsigned field is incremented for each tag that is part of a sequence. Tags which are not part of a sequence must have this field set to zero. A tag sequence of one indicates the start of a new sequence; a sequence may be any length conceptually, but it will be composed of segments of no more than 255 tags in order.
Each tag type has an implicit sequence length (which may be zero); the sequence number is introduced to handle dropouts or other forms of tag loss in the stream. In general, if a sequence error occurs, the entire tag sequence is discarded and the state machine reset.
Tags should be checksummed in the physical domain. If the checksum doesn't match, the tag is discarded by the source object. This will result in a sequence error and reset of the state machine.
Tag Timestamp (8 Bytes)
This is the synchronous time within the TV stream at which the tag was recognized. This time is synchronous to all other presentation times generated by the TiVo Receiver. This component is never sent, but is generated by the receiver itself.
Tag Data Length (2 Bytes)
This is the length of any data associated with the tag. The interpretation of this data is based on the tag type. The physical domain translator should perform some minimal error checking on the data.
The Tag State Machine
The TSM is part of the Tag Presentation Mechanism, which is in-line with video playback.
Conceptually, the TSM manages an abstract stack of integer values with at least 32 bits of precision, or sufficient size to hold an object ID. The object ID is abstract, and may or may not indicate a real object on the TiVo Receiver�it may otherwise need to be mapped to the correct object. The stack is limited in size to 255 entries to limit denial-of-service attacks.
The TSM also manages a pool of variables. Variables are named with a 2-byte integer. The variable name 0 is reserved. �User� variables may be manipulated by tag sequences; such variables lie between 1 and 2^15−1. �System� variables are maintained by the TSM, and contain values about the current TiVo Receiver, such as: the current program object ID; the TSM revision; and other useful information. These variables have names between 2^15 and 2^16−1. The number of user variables may be limited within a TSM; a TSM variable indicates what this limit is.
The tag data is a sequence of TSM commands. Execution of these commands begins when the tag is recognized and allowed. TSM commands are byte oriented and certain commands may have additional bytes to support their function.
The available TSM commands may be broken down into several classes:
Data Movement Commands push_byte push the byte following the command onto the stack. push_short push the short following the command onto the stack. push_word push the word following the command onto the stack. Variable Access Commands push_var push the variable named in the 16-bit quantity following the command. pop_var pop into the variable named in the 16-bit quantity following the command. copy_var copy into the variable named in the 16-bit quantity following the command from the stack. Stack Manipulation Commands swap swap the top two stack values. pop toss the top stack value. Arithmetic Commands add_byte add the signed byte following the command to the top of stack. add_short add the signed short following the command to the top of stack. add_word add the signed word following the command to the top of stack. and and the top and next stack entries together, pop the stack and push the new value. or or the top and next stack entries together, pop the stack and push the new value. Conditional Commands (Unsigned comparisons only) brif_zero branch to the signed 16-bit offset following the command if the top of stack is zero. brif_nz branch to the signed 16-bit offset following the command if the top of stack is not zero. brif_gt branch to the signed 16-bit offset following the command if the top of stack is greater than the next stack entry. brif_ge branch to the signed 16-bit offset following the command if the top of stack is greater than or equal to the next stack entry. brif_le branch to the signed 16-bit offset following the command if the top of stack is less than or equal to the next stack entry. brif_lt branch to the signed 16-bit offset following the command if the top of stack is less than the next stack entry. brif_set branch to the signed 16-bit offset following the command if there are bits set when the top and next stack entries are ANDed together. Action Commands exec execute tag action on the object ID named on top of stack. fin terminate tag taking no action. System Variables 32768 (TAG) value of current tag. Times in GMT: 32769 (YEAR) current year (since 0). 32770 (MONTH) current month (1-12). 32771 (DAY) day of month (1-31). 32772 (WDAY) day of week (1-7, starts Sunday). 32773 (HOUR) hour of the day (0-23). 32774 (MIN) minute of the hour (0-59). 32775 (SEC) seconds of the minute (0-59). TiVo Receiver State: 32800 (SWREL) software release (in x.x.x notation in bytes). 32801 (NTWRK) object ID of currently tuned network. 32802 (PRGRM) object ID of currently tuned program. 32803 (PSTATE) current state of output pipeline: 0 - normal playback 1 - paused 2 - slo-mo 10 - rewind speed 1 11 - rewind speed 2 . . . 20 - ff speed 1 21 - ff speed 2 . . . Tag Execution State: 32900 (IND) indicator number to display or take down. 32901 (PDURING) state of the pipeline while tag is executing. 32902 (ALTP) alternate program object ID to push on play stack. 32903 (SELOBJ) program object ID to record if indicator selected. 33000 (MENU1) string object number for menu item 1. 33001 (MENU2) string object number for menu item 2. . . . 33009 (MENU10) string object number for menu item 9. 33100 (PICT1) picture object number for menu item 1. 33101 (PICT2) picture object number for menu item 2. . . . 33109 (PICT10) picture object number for menu item 10. 33200 (MSELOBJ1) program object ID to record if menu item selected. 33201 (MSELOBJ2) program object ID to record if menu item selected. . . . 33209 (MSELOBJ10) program object ID to record if menu item selected. Tags
Push Alternate Program Pop Alternate Program (auto-pop at end of program) Raise Indicator Lower Indicator Menu
Tag Execution Policy
Execution policy is determined by the TSM. Some suggestions are:
Menus are laid out as per standard TiVo menu guidelines. In general, menus appear over live video. Selection of an item typically invokes the record dialog. It may be best to pause the pipeline during the menu operation.
With respect to FIGS. 17 and 22, indicators 1702 are lined up at the bottom of the display as small icons. During the normal viewing state, the up arrow and down arrow keys 2203 on the remote control 2201 do nothing. For indicators, up arrow 2203 circles through the indicators to the left, down arrow to the right. The selected indicator has a small square drawn around it. Pushing select 2204 initiates the action. New indicators are by default selected; if an indicator is removed, the previously selected indicator is highlighted, if any.
Alternate programs should appear as part of the video stream, and have full ff/rew controls. The skip to live button 2202 pops the alternate program stack to empty first.
One skilled in the art will readily appreciate that although the closed caption stream is specifically mentioned above, other transport methods can be used such as the EDS fields, VBI, MPEG2 private data channel, etc.
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