Source: http://mi.findacase.com/research/wfrmDocViewer.aspx/xq/fac.20170626_0002029.EMI.htm/qx
Timestamp: 2017-08-23 17:32:42
Document Index: 307680002

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 5861', '§ 5861', '§ 922', '§ 842', '§ 538', '§ 542', '§ 542', '§ 542', '§ 333', '§ 542', '§ 542', '§ 542', '§ 9', '§ 542', '§ 846', '§ 922', '§ 841', '§ 542', '§ 542', '§ 922', '§ 542', '§ 922', '§ 922', '§ 542']

D-1, JOSHUA RAGLAND, Defendant.
OPINION AND ORDER DENYING DEFENDANT'S MOTION FOR INJUNCTIVE RELIEF [51], AND FINDING MOOT DEFENDANT'S MOTION TO COMPEL [62], AMENDED MOTION TO COMPEL [63], AND MOTION FOR DISCLOSURE [65]
The Government charged Defendant Joshua Ragland in a four-count indictment with Count One: manufacture of a destructive device, 26 U.S.C. § 5861(f); Count Two: possession of an unregistered destructive device, 26 U.S.C. § 5861(d); Count Three: possession of a destructive device by a prohibited person, 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(3); and Count Four: possession of explosive materials by a prohibited person that created a substantial risk of injury to another person, including a public safety officer performing duties, 18 U.S.C. §§ 842(i)(3), 844(f)(2). Ragland asks the Court to enjoin the prosecution of Counts Three and Four. For the reasons stated below, the Court will deny the motion.
The Government alleges the following facts. An explosion near Ragland's property injured a 29-year-old man. While investigating the explosion, the police searched Ragland's home and premises. They recovered five manufactured destructive devices, and explosive material similar to black powder. Also, the officers discovered marijuana plants growing in Ragland's enclosed backyard, and marijuana plants that were "curing" in his basement.
The Government alleges that Ragland manufactured the destructive devices by filling small, metal CO2 cartridges with the explosive material and connecting them to a Christmas bulb, speaker wire, 9-volt battery, and metal connectors. According to the Government, Ragland attached the devices to trip wires and planted them in his yard, a nearby alley, and near his fence. Additionally, the Government contends that Ragland placed broken glass, boards with protruding nails, and additional trip wires in the same areas. The Government submits that Ragland told officers that he possessed a medical marijuana card, he used marijuana on a regular basis, and he planted the explosive devices to deter others from stealing his marijuana. ECF 60, PgID 197.
In a 2014, Congress passed an appropriations rider that related to federal marijuana prosecutions. Pub. L. No. 113-235, 128 Stat. 2130, § 538. It provided that "[n]one of the funds made available in this Act to the Department of Justice may be used, with respect to [medical marijuana states including Michigan] to prevent such States from implementing their own laws that authorize the use, distribution, possession, or cultivation of medical marijuana." Id. Congress passed essentially the same rider in 2015; it became commonly known as "§ 542." Pub. L. No. 114-113 § 542, 129 Stat. 2242, 2332-33 (2015). Section 542 remains in effect today.
Ragland argues that § 542 prohibits the DOJ from spending funds to prosecute him on Counts Three and Four, which require the use of marijuana as an element of proof. According to Ragland, his use of marijuana is legal under Michigan's Medical Marijuana Act, Mich. Comp. Laws § 333.26422. Since § 542 bars DOJ from spending funds to prevent implementation of Michigan's laws that authorize the "use . . . of medical marijuana, " Ragland reasons that § 542 therefore bars DOJ from spending funds to prosecute him for Counts Three and Four.
At the outset, the Court notes that Ragland seeks an extraordinary form of relief. "In almost all federal criminal prosecutions, injunctive relief will not be appropriate." United States v. McIntosh, 833 F.3d 1163, 1172 (9th Cir. 2016). Generally, federal courts refuse to enjoin federal criminal prosecutions absent "exceptional circumstances." Ackerman v. Int'l Longshoremen's & Warehousemen's Union, 187 F.2d 860, 863 (9th Cir. 1951) (reversing district court's injunction of criminal prosecution); see also Stolt-Nielsen, S.A. v. United States, 442 F.3d 177, 187 (3d Cir. 2006), as amended (May 16, 2006) (reversing district court's criminal prosecution injunction because "non-prosecution agreements may not form the basis for enjoining indictments before they issue"); Deaver v. Seymour, 822 F.2d 66, 68 (D.C. Cir. 1987) (holding that "extraordinary circumstances where the danger of irreparable loss" of a constitutional right is "both great and immediate" may justify an injunction of a criminal prosecution) (quoting Fenner v. Boykin, 271 U.S. 240, 243 (1926)).
The Government argues, however, that § 542 "contains no express grant of authority to enforce the provision." ECF 60, PgID 203-04. The argument is unavailing because a "court sitting in equity cannot 'ignore the judgment of Congress, deliberately expressed in legislation.'" United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Co-op., 532 U.S. 483, 497 (2001) (quoting Virginian Ry. Co. v. Sys. Fed'n No. 40, 300 U.S. 515, 551 (1937)). "It is 'emphatically . . . the exclusive province of the Congress not only to formulate legislative policies and mandate programs and projects, but also to establish their relative priority for the Nation. Once Congress, exercising its delegated powers, has decided the order of priorities in a given area, it is for . . . the courts to enforce them when enforcement is sought.'" Tenn. Valley Auth. v. Hill, 437 U.S. 153, 194 (1978).
Contrary to the Government's assertion, therefore, an injunction may certainly be warranted when a federal criminal prosecution runs afoul of a Congressional appropriation of funds. McIntosh, 833 F.3d at 1175. The Appropriations Clause provides that "[n]o Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law[.]" U.S. Const. art. I, § 9, cl. 7. "The Appropriations Clause plays a critical role in the Constitution's separation of powers, " McIntosh, 833 F.3d at 1175, because it ensures "that public funds will be spent according to the letter of the difficult judgments reached by Congress as to the common good and not according to the individual favor of Government agents." Office of Pers. Mgmt. v. Richmond, 496 U.S. 414, 425 (1990). "[I]f DOJ were spending money in violation of § 542, it would be drawing funds from the Treasury without authorization by statute and thus violating the Appropriations Clause." McIntosh, 833 F.3d at 1175. Therefore "federal criminal defendants may seek to enjoin the expenditure of those funds[.]" Id. at 1173-74.
In McIntosh, the Ninth Circuit consolidated appeals from numerous federal criminal defendants indicted for various infractions of the Controlled Substances Act (CSA): conspiracy to manufacture, to possess with intent to distribute, and to distribute more than 1, 000 marijuana plants in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846, 841(a)(1), 841(b)(1)(A); and maintaining a drug-involved premise, possessing a firearm in furtherance of a Title 21 offense, and being a felon in possession of a firearm in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1), 924(c)(1)(A)(i), and 21 U.S.C. §§ 841, 856(a)(1). 833 F.3d at 1169. The district courts denied the defendants' motions to enjoin the prosecutions. But the McIntosh court reversed, and determined that "§ 542 prohibits DOJ from spending money on actions that prevent the Medical Marijuana States' giving practical effect to their state laws that authorize the use, distribution, possession, or cultivation of medical marijuana." 833 F.3d at 1176.
The Sixth Circuit has not directly addressed whether § 542 bars federal marijuana prosecutions. But at least one respected judge on our court followed the Ninth Circuit's approach. See United States v. Samp, No. 16-CR-20263, 2017 WL 1164453, at *2 (E.D. Mich. Mar. 29, 2017). In Samp, the Government charged the defendant with possession of a firearm while being an unlawful user of a controlled substance, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(3). Id. The Court noted that "[a]lthough the Government is not attempting to directly prosecute [the defendant] for his medical marijuana business, which would be in direct violation of § 542, [the § 922(g)(3) charge] accomplishes materially the same effect. Accordingly, if [defendant] fully complied with the Michigan medical marijuana law, then the Government's prosecution of [§ 922(g)(3)] is in violation of § 542." Id. After an evidentiary hearing, the Samp court determined that the defendant had not strictly complied with Michigan's medical marijuana laws and denied the motion for an injunction. Id. at *8.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Both McIntosh and Samp are thoughtful and persuasive opinions. But one key factor distinguishes both of those cases from Ragland&#39;s: in both McIntosh and Samp, the Government had charged the defendants with conduct that-but for the element of marijuana use-would have been completely legal. For example, in Samp, the court noted that "[t]he Government has not alleged that [defendant&#39;s] possession of the firearms was unlawful apart from his medical marijuana business." Samp, 2017 WL 1164453, at *2. The same was true in McIntosh: the Government charged the defendants with possession of marijuana in violation of the CSA and ...