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Staircase Pressurization Calculations Procedure | Lift (Force) | Stairs
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By: J.A. WILD, C.ENG; F.I.MECH.E. A SIMPLIFIED APPROACH TO PRESSURISATION CALCULATIONS
Copyright 2000 Flkt Woods Limted England.
This document has been produced as a general guide and its contents should not be construed as any representation on our part as to the quality or fitness of our products for any particular purpose, nor as providing advice on the design of fire and smoke control systems. You are recommended to consult your professional advisers on matters relating to the design and installation of any such systems. 2
SUMMARY Woods Technical Paper - WTP41 - 1998 Edition - traces the development of Pressurisation Systems in the control of Fire Smoke In Buildings. Based on the revised British Standard - BS5588: Part 4: 1998, Code of practice for smoke control using pressure differentials it outlines the requirement of both the various systems detailed in this Code Of Practice and the fans required to power these systems. This Paper supports WTP41 and is intended to assist engineers in designing pressurisation systems. It examines in detail the fan engineering problems raised by the new Code, and suggests a simplified method for quickly estimating the air volume rates required useful at the early stage of the project. 1.0 INTRODUCTION BS5588: Part 4: 1998, brought together the pressurisation requirement of earlier Codes Of Practice, (BS5588 Part 4: 1978 & BS5588 Part 5: 1991) and added three additional scenarios - making a total of five classes of pressurisation systems. These five classes of system are outlined in Table 1 below - detailed in Figs. 1 to 5.
Area of Use Residential, sheltered housing & Buildings with three door protection.
Requirement of System To maintain pressure of 50Pa when all doors are closed To maintain velocity of 0.75m/s through open Fire Floor Door Door Status - See Fig 1 To maintain pressure at 50Pa when all doors are closed To maintain velocity of 2.0m/s through open Fire Floor Door Door Status - See Fig 2 To maintain pressure of 50Pa with all doors closed To maintain velocity of 0.75m/s through open Fire Floor Door To maintain pressure of 10Pa with final Exit Door Open Door Status - See Fig. 3 As above (C) Door Status - See Fig. 4 As above (C) Door Status - See Fig. 5
Protection of firefighting shafts
Commercial premises (using simultaneous evacuation)
Hotels, hostels and institutional-type buildings, excluding those in Class A Buildings using phased evacuation
TABLE 1 - CLASS OF SYSTEMS
Supply Air Pressure relief 50 Pa Pressure relief Supply Air
Air/smoke release
Fire Floor Open 0.75 m/s
Mode 1 - Pressure criterion all doors closed
Mode 2 - Velocity Criterion
Fig 1 Class A System - Staircase only
Supply Air Pressure relief + 50 Pa
Pressure relief Supply Air
Fire Fighting Stairs
Fire Floor 2.0 m/s
Mode 3 Fire Fighting - Velocity Criterion
Fig 2 Class B System - Fire Fighting Stairs and Lift
Pressure relief +50 Pa Supply Air
Fire Floor 0.75 m/s
+10Pa
Mode 1 - All doors closed
Mode 2 - Pressure Criterion
Fig 3 Class C System - Staircase only pressurised
Pressure relief +50 Pa
Fire Floor 0.75 m/s Open
Mode 1 - Pressure Criterion
Fig 4 Class D System - Staircase only pressurised
Open Fire Floor Open 0.75 m/s
Fig 5 - Class E Systems - Staircase only pressurised
The requirements of these Fire Pressurisation System classes produce a wide range of variation in the leakage paths from the pressurised spaces. Fortunately, a number of these leakage paths are common to more than one system, and hence a degree of standardisation becomes possible. These common features are listed below:-
ALL CLASSES of system have a PRESSURE CRITERION of 50Pa with ALL DOORS CLOSED (Mode 1) CLASS A SYSTEMS - have a velocity criterion of 0.75m/s through the OPEN FIRE DOOR (Mode 2) with ALL other DOORS CLOSED. CLASS B SYSTEMS - have a VELOCITY CRITERION of 2.0m/s through the OPEN FIRE FLOOR DOOR (Mode 3) with the FINAL EXIT DOOR OPEN CLASS B SYSTEMS - have a PRESSURE CRITERION of 50Pa in the FIRE FIGHTING LIFT at all times.
CLASS C SYSTEMS - have a PRESSURE CRITERION of 10Pa with the FINAL EXIT DOOR OPEN, AND a VELOCITY CRITERION of 0.75m/s through the OPEN FIRE FLOOR DOOR with ALL OTHER DOORS CLOSED (Mode 2). CLASS D SYSTEMS - have a PRESSURE CRITERION of 10Pa AND a VELOCITY CRITERION of 0.75 m/s through the OPEN FIRE FLOOR DOOR with the FINAL EXIT DOOR OPEN (Mode 2) CLASS E SYSTEMS - have a PRESSURE CRITERION of 10Pa with the FINAL EXIT and TWO NON FIRE FLOOR DOORS OPEN, AND a VELOCITY CRITERION of 0.75 m/s through the OPEN FIRE FLOOR DOOR with the FINAL EXIT and ONE NON FIRE FLOOR DOOR OPEN LIFT SHAFTS - have a top vent aperture of 0.1m2 in addition to the lift doors.
2.0 BASIC PRINCIPLES & FAN ENGINEERING The two BASIC PRINCIPLES which control the design and ultimately the satisfactory functioning of a PRESSURISATION SYSTEM for Smoke Control were defined by J.H. Klote as being:(1) That airflow can control smoke movement if the average VELOCITY is of sufficient magnitude (VELOCITY CRITERION) That PRESSURE differences across barriers can act to control smoke movement (PRESSURE CRITERION)
The VELOCITY CRITERION usually, but not always, establishes both the air quantity requirement and the airflow patterns for the system, where NATURAL EXHAUST from the fire floor is used.
2.1 VELOCITY CRITERION The air quantity required to maintain an air velocity through the open fire floor door can be calculated by: Q Q A V = A x V ----------------------------------------------------------------- EQUATION 1 = volume of air through open door (m3/s) = area of single leaf door (m2) = air velocity specified by Code Of Practice (m/s)
The two air velocities specified in BS5588: Part 4: 1998 are:Means of Escape Systems A.C.E.D Fire Fighting System B This provides the quantity of air onto the fire floor. 2.1.1 EXHAUST VENT FROM FIRE FLOOR To maintain these VELOCITY CRITERION it is necessary to provide a low resistance path for the air to leave the building via. the fire floor. This can be achieved by either NATURAL or POWERED venting. Where direct NATURAL venting is used the area of the vent or opening is given by: A = Q 2.5 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- EQUATION 2 - 0.75m/s - 2.00m/s
Where NATURAL venting, using a common duct connecting several floors is necessary, the area A of the ducting is given by: A = Q 2.0 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- EQUATION 3 A Q = = area of ducting (m2) volume of airflow through open fire floor door (m3\s)
Where POWERED venting is used the exhaust fan must be sized to extract the volume of air flowing through the open fire floor door, against the calculated resistance of the exhaust ductwork system. In addition, exhaust fans - both run and standby - are required to survive the following TEMPERATURE/TIME specification. SPRINKLERED BUILDING UN-SPRINKLERED BUILDING 300C for 2 hours 600C for 2 hours
The quantity of air required from the SUPPLY fan is arrived at by adding to this airflow through the open fire door, the air quantity that will be escaping through other leakage areas in the pressurised space. These are operating Mode 2 (Escape) and Mode 3 (Fire Fighting) of the system.
2.2 PRESSURE CRITERION The quantity of air required to maintain the PRESSURE CRITERION can be calculated by:Q Q AE p = = = = 0.83 AE p0.5 ------------------------------------------------------ EQUATION 4 volume flow of air required (m3/s) effective leakage area (m2) - (See Table 2) pressure specified by Code Of Practice (Pa)
This will deal with the known leakage from the pressurised space. The unknown leakages are allowed for by adding 50% - recommended in the Code Of Practice - to the resulting air quantity. Hence Equation 4 becomes:Q = 0.83 AE p0.5 x 1.50 --------------------------------------------- EQUATION 5
There are two pressure criterion specified in BS5588: Part 4: 1998 All Doors Closed Certain Doors Open 50Pa 10Pa
Hence to make this equation work we need to establish AE - the effective leakage area from the pressurised space. There are three possible open/door configurations.
For single openings AE = A1 2 For several openings in parallel AE = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4 For several openings in series AE = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 A1 2 A2 2 A32 A42
- EQUATION 7
- EQUATION 8
These open/door configurations are discussed in more detail in WTP41 2.2.1 PRESSURE RELIEF DAMPER Generally the air volume required to achieve the VELOCITY CRITERION or PRESSURE CRITERION when doors are OPEN exceed that necessary to establish the PRESSURE CRITERION when all doors are CLOSED (DETECTION PHASE). To prevent the build-up of excessive pressures in the pressurised space (escape routes) when all doors are CLOSED (+ 60Pa in BS5588:Part 4:1998), a pressure relief damper is required between the pressurised space and an area of zero pressure (usually outside the building).
The area of this pressure relief damper can be calculated using the following expression A = Q 0.83 x p 0.5 ----------------------------------------------------------- EQUATION 9
area of pressure relief (m2) volume flow of air to be released (m3/s) maximum allowable pressure (60Pa) Designers often use 50Pa for safety Equation 9 is a transposition of Equation 4
2.3 LEAKAGE POINTS The various leakage points which occur in a pressurisation system are discussed below:2.3.1 Closed Doors The effective leakage area from the system when all the doors are closed can be established by using the values in TABLE 2 with equations (4) (5) and (6). These values only apply to the door types and sizes shown. This is operating Mode 1 of the system.
TYPE OF CLOSED DOORS AND OTHER LEAKAGE ROUTES Single leaf in frame opening into pressurised space Single leaf in frame opening outwards Double leaf with or without central rebate Lift Door Lift Top Vent Open Lift Door Class B Systems (with lift cage at that floor) Open Door Single Leaf
SIZE 2m x 0.8m 2m x 0.8m 2m x 1.6m 2m High x 1m Wide -
CRACK LENGTH (m) 5.6 5.6 9.2 8.0 -
LEAKAGE AREA (m2) 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.06 0.1 0.15 1.60
2m High x 1m 6.0 Wide (around lift cage) 2m x 0.8m -
TABLE 2 - TYPICAL LEAKAGE AREAS AROUND CLOSED DOORS, OPEN DOORS, AND OTHER LEAKAGE ROUTES.
2.3.2 Open Final Exit door
+50 Pa Open p1
V = 0.75 m/s Fire Door
Open Staircase Accommodation
FIG. 6 - AIRFLOW THROUGH OPEN EXIT DOOR The volume of air that will leak through the FINAL EXIT DOOR will be determined by two factors:1) 2) The area of the door opening m2 The residue pressure in the stairwell (p1) Pa
The residue pressure in the stairwell (p1) is that required to produce the air velocity, demanded by the Code Of Practice, through the fire floor to outside the building. Hence (p1) is determined by the number of openings through which the air passes and the air velocity. For the example above. Area of Fire Floor Door A1 Door Velocity V Volume flow of Air - A x V Area of Air/Smoke Release Vent = Q/2.5 = A2 To calculate residue pressure (p1) AE = = = = = 1.6m2 0.75m/s 1.20m3/s 0.48m2
(using Equation (4) and (8)) =
1 + A1 2 Q 0.83 x AE
1 + 1 1.62 0.482 1.2 083 x 0.458
0.458m2
9.96Pa (Say 10Pa)
To calculate volume airflow through open final exit door Q = 0.83 Ap
= 0.83 x 1.6 x 10
4.19m3/s
Table 3 has been prepared using equations 4 & 9 in this way. It shows the air leakage through open exit doors of different sizes (m2), under various door/vent systems for the two door velocities (0.75m/s Escape) and (2.0m/s Fire Fighting) specified in BS5588: Part 4: 1998.
Table 3 can be used to quickly estimate this air leakage for this component. RESIDE AREA OFOPEN EXIT m2 CATEGORY SYSTEM STAIRCASE PRESSURE 1.00 1.60 2.00 2.50 3.00 (Pa) AIR LEAKAGE m3/s 1 Door + Vent 9.96 2.62 4.19 5.23 6.55 7.86 Escape 2 Doors + Vent 10.80 2.72 4.36 5.45 6.82 8.18 Only 3 Doors + Vent 11.56 2.82 4.51 5.64 7.05 8.47
1 Door + Vent 2 Doors + Vent 3 Doors + Vent
14.80 20.00 26.40
3.19 3.71 4.26
5.10 6.38 7.98 9.58 5.93 7.42 9.28 11.13 6.82 8.53 10.66 12.79
TABLE 3 - AIRFLOW LEAKAGE THROUGH OPEN FINAL EXIT DOOR Powered Exhaust The air leakage volumes in TABLE 3 assume a natural EXIT VENT from the fire room sized as specified in BS5588: Part 4: 1998. (i.e. A = Q/2.5) - See also Paragraph 2.1.1. When powered exhaust from the fire room is being used, the high temperature exhaust fan will be selected to deal with what would have been the exit vent resistance. Under these circumstances the air leakage volume through the final exit door will be for our purposes, equal to the air volume through the fire floor door. The effect, therefore, of using Powered Exhaust will be to reduce the volume required from the pressurisation supply fan, and could result in the OPEN DOOR - PRESSURE CRITERION STATUS determining the size of the supply air fan. 2.3.3 Leakage Through Open Doors On Non-Fire Floors
Open Open Open P2 FIRE FLOOR V = 0.75 m/s Air/smoke release
Open P2 FIRE FLOOR 10 Pa Air/smoke release
Velocity Criterion
FIG. 7 - AIRFLOW LEAKAGE THROUGH OPEN NON-FIRE FLOOR DOORS
This situation only arises on CLASS E Systems - Fig. 7 above, hence when P =10Pa(max.) and v = 0.75m/s. Table D3 - BS 5588: Part 4: 1998 provides information on expected leakage through various building structures. Assuming average leakage through floors, and loose walls, in rooms 3m high, the airflow leakage for rooms of increasing area can be estimated using Equation 4. TABLE 4, details the results, and can be used to estimate this leakage component.
ROOM AREA (m2) Less than 50m2 100m2 400m2 900m2 1600m2
ROOM PRESSURE (P2) Pa 10 10 10 10 10
ROOM LEAKAGE AREA AEm2 0.034 0.0524 0.1256 0.2186 0.3344
AIRFLOW LEAKAGE m3/s 0.09 0.137 0.33 0.574 0.877
TABLE 4 - AIRFLOW LEAKAGE THROUGH NON-FIRE FLOOR ROOMS Of course, air leakage through walls and floors can be very variable. The parameters used in compiling Table 4 have been selected to be on the safe side. No allowance has been made for leakage around windows - double glazing is assumed. To be absolutely safe - one could apply the + 50% rule to these leakage values discussed in Paragraph 2.2, but this is left to the designers discretion. 2.3.4 Lift Shafts
Lift for Vent (a) Closed lift door (b)
Open lift doors (c) Lift Cage
Structure loss. (d)
FIG. 8 - LEAKAGE PATHS FROM LIFT SHAFTS
There are four possible leakage paths from and into lift shafts, as shown on Fig. 8, and the lift shaft itself can be pressurised (Class B Systems) or un-pressurised (Class A, C, D & E System). (a) Lift Top Vent
There is usually a vent of 0.1m2 at the top of each lift shaft to compensate for the movements of the lift cage and provide a degree of smoke clearance from the un-pressurised lift shaft. (This leakage area of 0.1m2 has been included in TABLE 2 Page 10 & n17 for convenience). With Class A,C, D and E Systems, where the lift shaft remains un-pressurised, this lift top vent will usually be in SERIES with the lift doors. Therefore, AE, the effective area of this arrangement can be determined using Equation 8. However, AE calculated in this way will usually be less than the smallest area in the series - always the 0.1m2 vent. So for convenience, this value could be used in the estimation. With CLASS B - Fire Fighting Systems - where the lift shaft itself is pressurised, there will be no airflow across the lift/lobby doors !. Hence the lift top vent will be the major leakage point from the lift shaft. To eliminate this leakage point, on CLASS B Systems, some authorities have allowed a Pressure Relief Damper to be fitted set to open at 50Pa. This reduces the volume of air required to the lift shaft. (b) Closed Lift Doors
The leakage area (AE) around closed lift doors can be assessed from Table 2. and the airflow leakage calculated using Equations (4) and (8). (c) Open Lift Doors
The firemans lift has been used to bring men and equipment to the floor immediately below the fire floor. The lift cage will be stopped at that floor with the draft door open. The leakage area (AE) around open lift doors (Class B System) will be the perimeter of the door times the gap between the door frame and lift cage (say 6,000mm x 25mm). Hence for a lift door of 2m high x 1m wide AE = 6m x 0.025m = 0.15m2/s 2 (This leakage area of 0.15m has been included in TABLE 2 on Pages 10 and 17 for convenience) The airflow leakage into the lift lobby can now be calculated using Equation (4) (d) Lift Shaft Walls
Lift shaft walls are unlikely to be plastered and finished on their internal surfaces, however they could be so finished, and hence sealed on their external surfaces. In addition, one face of the lift shaft will house the lift doors which may open onto the pressurised lobby. Other faces of the lift shaft could abut pressurised spaces. In short, not all lift shafts will have leakage - and not all lift shafts will have leakage on all surfaces. Adding +50% to the volume of air being supplied to the lift shaft may be sufficient to deal with this leakage path, during the initial estimation of fan volume requirement.
TABLE 5 provides a method of allowing for lift shaft structural leakage. The air leakage values (m3/s) have been calculated using Equation 4. They are based on the assumed leakage through three sides of a 2m x 2m lift shaft with a leakage ratio of 0.84 x 10-3 from Table D3 on page 52 of BS5588: Part 4: 1998, pressurised to 50Pa LIFT SHAFT HEIGHT (m) Less than 12 18 24 30 LIFT SHAFT (m) 2x2 LIFT SHAFT PRESSURE (Pa) 50 LEAKAGE AIRFLOW LEAKAGE (m2) (m2/s) 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.15 0.35m3/s 0.53m3/s 0.70m3/s 0.88m3/s
TABLE 5 - AIRFLOW LEAKAGE THROUGH PRESSURISED LIFT SHAFT WALLS We now we have the tools to enable an assessment of the air quantity requirement of a particular system be made, and hence the size of both the supply fan and ductwork. These EQUATIONS and TABLES developed in this paper are, for convenience summarised on the next page.
SUMMARY OF EQUATIONS EQUATION 1 To calculate air volume required to maintain VELOCITY CRITERION Q=AxV Q A V = = = air volume required area of single left door specified code velocity - m3/s - m2 - m/s
EQUATION 2/3 To calculate area of Air/Smoke Release Vents or ducting from fire floor Equation 2 AVENT = ADUCT Q 2.5 AVENT ADUCT = = area of exhaust vent area of exhaust ducting - m2 - m2
Q Q = volume of exhaust air - m3/s 2.0 EQUATION 4 To calculate air volume required to maintain PRESSURE CRITERION Equation 3 Q = 0.83AE p 0.5 Q AE p = air volume required - m3/s = effective leakage area - m2 = specified code pressure - pa
EQUATION 5 To calculate air volume required to maintain PRESSURE CRITERION - with allowance for unidentified leakage. Q = 0.83AE p
Q AE p
air volume required - m3/s effective leakage required - m2 specified code pressure - Pa
EQUATIONS 6 - 8 To access effective area (AE) of opening/doors in PARALLEL and SERIES Equation 6 7 8 - Single Openings - Parallel Openings - Series Openings = = = AE AE AE = A1 = A1 + A2 + A3 - 0.5 = 1 1 1 + 2+ 2 2 A1 A2 A3
EQUATION 9 To calculated area of PRESSURE RELIEF DAMPER A = Q A 0.5 0.83 x p Q p = = = area of pressure relief air volume to be wasted maximum pressure - m2 - m3/s - Pa
EQUATION 10 To calculate residue PRESSURE in spaces p =
Q 0.83AE
p Q AE
residue pressure - Pa air volume entering space - m3/s effective leakage area from space - m2
SUMMARY OF TABLES TABLE 2 TYPICAL LEAKAGE AREAS AROUND CLOSED DOORS, OPEN DOORS AND OTHER LEAKAGE ROUTES SIZE 2m x 800mm 2m x 800mm 2m x 1.6m 2m High x 1m Wide 2m High x 1m Wide 2m x 0.8m CRACK LENGTH (m) 5.6 5.6 9.2 8.0 6.0 LEAKAGE AREA (m) 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.06 0.1 0.15 1.60
TYPE OF CLOSED DOOR AND OTHER LEAKAGE ROUTES Single Leaf in Frame Opening into Pressurised Space Single Leaf in Frame Opening Outwards Double Leaf with or without Central Rebate Lift Door Lift Top Vent Open Lift Door Class B Systems Open Door Single Leaf TABLE 3 CATEGORY
AIRFLOW LEAKAGE THROUGH OPEN FINAL EXIT FLOOR SYSTEM
RESIDE AREA OFOPEN EXIT m2 STAIRCASE PRESSURE 1.00 1.60 2.00 2.50 3.00 (Pa) AIR LEAKAGE m3/s 1 Door + Vent 9.96 2.62 4.19 5.23 6.55 7.86 2 Doors + Vent 10.80 2.72 4.36 5.45 6.82 8.18 3 Doors + Vent 11.56 2.82 4.51 5.64 7.05 8.47 1 Door + Vent 2 Doors + Vent 3 Doors + Vent 14.80 20.00 26.40 3.19 3.71 4.26 5.10 6.38 7.98 9.58 5.93 7.42 9.28 11.13 6.82 8.53 10.66 12.79
TABLE 4 ROOM AREA (m2) Less than 50m2 100m2 400m2 900m2 1600m2 TABLE 5 LIFT SHAFT HEIGHT (m) Less than 12 18 24 30
AIRFLOW LEAKAGE THROUGH NONE FIRE FLOOR DOORS ROOM PRESSURE (p2) ROOM AIRFLOW PRESSURE (p2) LEAKAGE AREA LEAKAGE Pa m2 m3/s 10 10 10 10 10 0.034 0.0524 0.1256 0.2186 0.3344 0.09 0.137 0.33 0.574 0.877
AIRFLOW LEAKAGE THROUGH PRESSURISED LIFT SHAFT WALLS LIFT SHAFT (m) 2x2 LIFT SHAFT PRESSURE (Pa) 50 LEAKAGE AIRFLOW LEAKAGE (m2) (m2/s) 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.15
0.35m3/s 0.53m3/s 0.70m3/s 0.88m3/s
A complete and detailed calculation procedure with worked examples is outlined in BS5588: Part 4: 1998. Designers should follow this approach when seeking approval for their schemes. The examples in this paper utilise the tools described in Paragraph 2. This much simpler method developed from procedures created and used by Mr. C. H. Moss is very useful for the initial sizing and selection of the supply air fans. It will always tend to over-estimate the air supply requirements (See WTP41). The examples cover each of the five pressurisation system classes detailed in BS5588: Part 4: 1998 and include between them, all the system elements and leakage paths discussed in Paragraphs 1 & 2. They assumed NATURAL EXHAUST from the FIRE FLOOR. For convenience and clarity the EQUATIONS and TABLES used in these examples are referenced in the Right-hand Column of each page. The Code Of Practice suggests that an allowance is added to the air quantity requirements calculated to cover any airflow leakage of ductwork. Sheet metal Ductwork Builders Work Ducts + 15% + 25%
In this paper these allowances are left to the discretion of the Designers.
CLASS A SYSTEM - STAIRCASE ONLY PRESSURISED
Supply Air Pressure relief 50 Pa
Air/smoke
Staircase Accommodation (all doors closed)
MODE 1 - PRESSURE CRITERION Leakage Area - 7 Single Doors opening in at 0.01m2 1 Double Door at exit AE = = = 0.07m2 0.03m2 0.10m2
= Q = 0.83 AE p 0.5 = 0.83 x 0.1 x 50 0.5 + 50%
0.586m3/s 0.880m3/s
- EQUATION 4 - EQUATION 5
Fire Floor Open 0.75m/s
MODE 2 - VELOCITY CRITERION Airflow required through open door = Q = A x V =1.6 x 0.75 = Plus all other leaks - Add Mode 1 = CALCULATE AREA OF PRESSURE RELIEF 1.20m3/s 0.88m3/s 2.08m3/s -
REFERENCE EQUATION 1
Q 0.83 x p 0.5
(2.08 - 0.88) = 0.83 x 50 0.5
CALCULATE AREA OF AIR/SMOKE RELEASE VENTS Airflow onto Fire Floor Area of Air/Smoke Release Vent = = = SUMMARY Supply Fan Duty Area of Pressure Relief Area of Air/Smoke Release = = = 2.08m3/s at 50Pa + System Resistance 0.204m2 0.48m2 1.20m3/s Q = 1.2 2.5 2.5 0.48m2 EQUATION 1 above
CLASS A SYSTEM - STAIRCASE & LOBBY PRESSURISED
Supply Air + 50 Pa
Lift Lobby Accom.
Fire Floor Air/smoke release
MODE 1 - PRESSURE CRITERION Stairs
(Stairwell and lift lobbies pressurised - No airflow across stairwell/lobby door) = 1 double door at exit = = Q = 0.83 AE p 0.5 0.83 x 0.03 x 50 0.5 + 50% = AE = 0.03m2 = 0.176m3/s = 0.264m3/s - TABLE 2
Leakage Area Airflow required
Lobbies Leakage Area = 7 double doors to accommodation at 0.03 Lift top vent AE = Q = 0.83 AE P 0.5 = 0.83 x 0.31 x 50 0.5 + 50% Total airflow required (0.264 + 2.73) (Say 3.0m3/s)
= 0.21m2 = 0.10m2 = 0.31m2
= 1.82 m3/s = 2.73m3/s
= 2.994m3/s
NOTE : 50% rule used for lift shaft leakage
Air/smoke release Fire Floor 0.75 m/s Stairs
Staircase Lift Lobby Accommodation
MODE 2 - VELOCITY CRITERION Airflow required through open fire floor door Q Plus all other leaks = = = A x V 1.6 x 0.75 Add Mode 1
- EQUATION 1 = = 1.20m3/s 3.00m3/s 4.20m3/s
CALCULATE AREA OF PRESSURE RELIEF
Q (4.20 - 3.00) 0.5 0.83 x p = 0.83 x 50 0.5 = 0.204m2- EQUATION 9
CALCULATE AREA OF AIR/SMOKE RELEASE VENT Airflow to Fire Floor Area of Air/Smoke Release Vent = 1.20m3/s - EQUATION 1
Q = 1.2 = 2.5 2.5 = = =
SUMMARY Supply Fan Duty Area of Pressure Relief Area of Air/Smoke Release Vent
4.20m3/s at 50Pa + System Resistance 0.204m2 0.48m2
CLASS B SYSTEM - FIRE FIGHTING STAIR ONLY
MODE 1 - PRESSURE CRITERION Leakage Area - 7 Single Doors opening in at 0.01m2 = 0.07m2 1 Double Door at exit = 0.03m2 AE = 0.10m2 Airflow required = Q = = 0.83 AE p 0.5 0.83 x 0.1 x 50 0.5 + 50%
= 0.586m3/s = 0.880m3/s
Fire Floor Open 2.0m/s
MODE 3 - FIRE FIGHTING - VELOCITY CRITERION Airflow through open Fire Floor Door = 1.6 x 2.0 Airflow through open exit door = Add Mode l = 3.20m3/s 5.10m3/s = 0.88m3/s 9.18m3/s
REFERENCE - EQUATION 1 - TABLE 3 (1 DOOR & VENT)
CALCULATE AREA OF PRESSURE RELIEF Area = Q 0.83 x 50 0.5 = (9.18 - 0.88) 0.83 x 50 0.5 = 1.41m2 CALCULATE AREA OF AIR/SMOKE RELEASE VENT Airflow onto Fire Floor Area of Air/Smoke = 3.20m3/s = Q = 3.2 2.5 2.5 = = = = 1.28m2 - EQUATION 1 - EQUATION 2 - EQUATION 9
Fan Duty Required Pressure Relief Area of Air/Smoke Release Vent
9.18m3/s @ 50Pa + System 1.41m2 1.28m2
CLASS B SYSTEM - FIRE FIGHTING STAIRS & LIFT
Pressure release + 50 Pa
MODE 1 - PRESSURE CRITERION ALL DOORS CLOSED (No airflow across stair/lobby doors) Stairs Leakage area Airflow to stairs = 1 double Door At Exit = Q = 0.83 AE 50 0.5 +50% = 0.03m2 = 0.176m3/s = 0.264m3/s
- TABLE 2 - EQUATION 4 - EQUATION 5
(No airflow across lift/lobby doors) = 7 single doors opening out at 0.02m2
= 0.14m2 = 0.821m3/s = 1.232m3/s
Airflow to lobbies = Q = 0.83 x 0.14 x 50 0.5 + 50% Lift Shaft Leakage area = 1 lift top vent Walls 21m high
Airflow to Lift Shaft = Q = 0.83 x 0.22 x 50 0.5 =
0.10m2 0.12m2 0.22m2 1.29m3/s
- TABLE 2 - TABLE 5 - EQUATION 4
50% allowance not required - Structure leaks allowed for direct Total Airflow Mode 1 = 1.29 + 1.23 + 0.264 = 2.78m3/s
Air/smoke Release 2.0 m/s Stairs
Accom. Stairs
MODE 3 - FIRE FIGHTING - VELOCITY CRITERION LIFT SHAFT - (Lift door open on one floor) Leakage Area - AE - 1 - Open Lift Door (2m high x 1m wide) 1 - Lift Top Vents Lift Shaft Walls - 21m high Airflows - Q = 0.83 AE 50 0.5 - Open Lift Door Lift top vents Lift shaft walls Total Airflow to lift shaft = 0.15m2 = 0.10m2 = 0.12m2 = 0.88m3/s = 0.58m3/s = 0.71 m3/s = 2.17m3/s
- TABLE 2 - TABLE 2 - TABLE 5 EQUATION 4
Note - of which 0.88m3/s will leak into the lobby and contribute to the total airflow. CALCULATED TOTAL AIRFLOW REQUIRED - MODE 3 Airflow to fire floor Airflow through open exit door Airflow to lift shaft Airflow through all other leaks (add Mode 1 minus lift shaft) minus airflow through lift door = (1.6 m2 x 2.0m/s) = 3.2m3/s - EQUATION 1 = 5.93m3/s - TABLE 3 (2 Doors & Vent) = 2.17m3/s = 1.49m3/s 12.79m3/s = 0.88m3/s = 11.91m3/s
2.78 - (0.58 + 0.71) (from above)
CALCULATE AREA OF PRESSURE RELIEF Area of Pressure Relief = Q 0.83 x p 0.5
(11.91 - 2.78) 0.83 x 50 0.5
- EQUATION 9
CALCULATE AREA OF AIR/SMOKE RELEASE VENT Airflow to Fire Floor Area of Air/smoke Release Vent Fan Duty Required Pressure Relief Area of Air/Smoke Release Vent = 3.2m3/s - EQUATION 1 - EQUATION 2 = 3.2 = 1.28m2 2.5 = 11.91m3/s @ 50Pa + System Resistance = 1.56m2 = 1.28m2
CLASS C SYSTEM - STAIRCASE ONLY PRESSURISED
MODE 1 - PRESSURISATION CRITERION Leakage Area - 7 single doors opening in at 0.01m2 1 Double Door at exit AE Airflow required to Stairs = = Q = 0.83 AE 50 0.5 0.83 x 0.1 x 50 0.5 + 50% = 0.07 = 0.03 = 0.10m2
= 0.586m3/s = 0.88m3/s
3.10 CLASS C SYSTEM - STAIRCASE ONLY PRESSURISED
Supply Air Pressure relief Pressure relief Supply Air
Air/smoke +10 Pa Fire Floor release Open Fire Floor 0.75m/s
MODE 2 - PRESSURE CRITERION Airflow through open exit door (1.6m2) Add Mode 1 MODE 2 - VELOCITY CRITERION Airflow through open fire door Add Mode 1 Note: = (1.6x 0.75) = = 1.20m3/s 0.88m3/s 2.08m3/s = = 4.19m3/s 0.88 m3/s 5.07m3/s -
REFERENCE TABLE 3 (1 door & Vent)
Mode 2 - Pressure Criterion Determines Fan Duty
CALCULATE AREA OF PRESSURE RELIEF Area of Pressure Relief = Q = (5.07 0.88) 2 0.5 0.83 x 50 0.5 = 0.71m 0.83 x P - EQUATION 9
CALCULATE AREA OF AIR/SMOKE RELEASE VENT Airflow to fire floor Area of Air/Smoke ReleaseVent = = 1.20m3/s Q 1.2 2.5 2.5 = 0.48m2 - EQUATION 1 - EQUATION 2
Fan Duty required Area of Pressure Relief Area of Air/Smoke Release vent
5.07m3/s at 50Pa + System Resistance 0.71m2 0.48m2
CLASS D SYSTEMS - STAIRCASE ONLY PRESSURISED
MODE 1 - ALL DOORS CLOSED Leakage Area = 7 single doors to accommodation at 0.01m2 1 Double Door at Exit AE Airflow required to stairs = Q = 0.83 AE 50 0.5 = 0.83 x 0.1 x 50 0.5 + 50%
= 0.07m2 = 0.03m2 = 0.10m2
3.11 CLASS D SYSTEMS - STAIRCASE ONLY PRESSURISED
MODE 2 - PRESSURE CRITERION Airflow through open exit door (1.6m2) Add Mode 1 MODE 2 - VELOCITY CRITERION Airflow through open fire floor door Airflow through open exit door Add Mode 1 Note: = (1.6 x 0.75) = = 1.20m3/s 4.19m3/s 0.88m3/s 6.27m3/s = 4.19m3/s 0.88m3/s 5.07m3/s -
- EQUATION 1 - TABLE 3 (1 door & Vent)
Mode 2 - Velocity Criterion Determines Fan Duty
CALCULATE AREA OF PRESSURE RELIEF Area of Pressure Relief = Q = (6.25 0.88) 0.83 x p 0.5 0.83 x 50 0.5 = 0.915m2 EQUATION 9
CALCULATE AREA OF AIR/SMOKE RELEASE VENT Airflow to Fire floor Area of Air/Smoke Release Vent = = 1.20m3/s Q 1.20 2.50 2.50 = 0.48m2 Fan Duty Required Area of Pressure Relief Area of Air/Smoke Release Vent = = = 6.25m3/s @ 50Pa + System 0.915m2 0.48m2
CLASS E SYSTEMS - STAIRCASE ONLY PRESSURISED
Pressure relief 50 Pa
MODE 1 - ALL DOORS CLOSED Leakage Area = 7 single doors to accommodation at 0.01m2 1 double door at exit AE = Q = 0.83 AE 50 0.5 0.83 x 0.1 x 50 0.5
Airflow required to stairs
Supply Air Pressure relief
Fire door Air/smoke Release
Staircase Accommodation
MODE 2 - PRESSURE CRITERION Airflow through open exit door (1.6m2) Airflow through two open accommodation doors assuming open accommodation area at 900m2 Add Mode 1 MODE 2 - VELOCITY CRITERION Airflow through open fire floor door Airflow through open exit door 1.6m2
= 4.19m3/s = 0.574m3/s 0.574m3/s 0.88m3/s 6.218m3/s
REFERENCE TABLE 3 (1 door & Vent) TABLE 4 TABLE 4
= 1.6 x 0.75 = 1.20m3/s = 4.19m3/s 0.574m3/s 0.88m3/s 6.824m3/s
Airflow through open accommodation door 900m2 Add Mode 1 Note:
EQUATION 1 TABLE 3 (1 door & Vent) TABLE 4
Mode 2 = Velocity Criterion Determines Fan Duty
CALCULATE AREA OF PRESSURE RELIEF Area of Pressure Relief = Q 0.83 x p 0.5 (6.82 - 0.88) 0.83 X 50 0.5 = 1.01m2
CALCULATE AREA OF AIR/SMOKE RELIEF VENT Airflow to Fire Floor Area of Air/Smoke Relief Vent = 1.20m3/s - EQUATION 1 = Q 1.20 2.50 2.50 = 0.48m2 - EQUATION 2 3 = 6.824m /s @ 50Pa + System = 1.01m2 = 0.48m2
Fan Duty Required Area of Pressure Relief Area of Relief Vent
3.14 CLASS E SYSTEM - STAIRCASE & LOBBY PRESSURISED
Supply Air Pressure release
50 Pa FireFloor Stairs
MODE 1 - ALL DOORS CLOSED Stairs There will be no flow through Stairs/Lobby Doors Leakage Area Airflow required to (Stairs) =1 x Double Door at exit AE= 0.03m2 = Q = 0.83 AE 0.5 = 0.83 (0.03) x 50 0.5 = 0.176m3/s + 50% 0.264m3/s
Lobbies Leakage Area Airflow required to (Lobbies) = 7 x Single doors opening out at 0.02 = 0.14m2 = Q = 0.83 AE 50 0.5 = 0.83 (0.03) x 50 0.5 = 0.82m3/s + 50% = 1.23m3/s =1.494m3/s
Total Airflow Required Mode 1 = 1.23 + 0.264
3.15 CLASS E SYSTEM - STAIRCASE & LOBBY PRESSURISED
Pressure release Supply Air
0.75 m/s Stairs Air/smoke release
Air/smoke 10 Pa release
Staircase Lobby Accommodation
Staircase Lobby Accomodation
MODE 2 - PRESSURE CRITERION Airflow through open exit door 1.6m2 Airflow through two open accommodation doors 900m2 = (2 x 0.574) Add Mode 1 Total Airflow Airflow to Stairs Airflow to Lobbies MODE 2 - VELOCITY CRITERION Airflow through open Fire Floor Door Airflow through open exit door = 1.6 x 0.75 = (7.002-1230)
= 4.36m3/s = 1.148m3/s = 1.494m3/s = 7.002m3m/s = 5.772m3/s = 1.230m3/s
REFERENCE - TABLE 3 (2 doors & Vent) - TABLE 4
= 1.20m3/s = 4.36m3/s = 0.574m3/s = 1.494m3/s 7.628m3/s = 6.398m3/s 1.23m3/s
- EQUATION 1 - TABLE 3 (2 doors & Vent) TABLE 4
Airflow through open accommodation door 900m2 Add Mode 1 Total Airflow Airflow to Stairs Airflow to Lobbies = (7.628-1.230)
Note:(Mode 2 - Velocity Criterion Determines Fan Duty) CALCULATE AREA OF PRESSURE RELIEF Area of Pressure Relief = Q 0.83 + p 0.5 (7.628 - 1.23) 0.83 x 50 0.5 = = = 1.09m2 - EQUATION 9
CALCULATE AREA OF AIR/SMOKE RELIEF VENT Airflow to Fire floor Area of air/Smoke Relief Vent = Q 2.5 1.20m3/s b 1.20 2.50 = 0.48m2 - EQUATION 1 - EQUATION 1
7.628m3/s @ 50 Pa + System 1.09m2 0.48m2
4. FAN SELECTION The fan performance and dimensional data is included with this paper to enable designers to quickly size a suitable supply fan for a particular system. The Performance Curves are taken from Woods JM Aerofoil Fan Data and are presented as Block Curves covering the performance range of a particular fan on a Total Pressure/Volume Flow Scale. The example outlined on the curves and tables are the Class B System - Fire-fighting Stair & Lifts Fan Duty Required Fan Selected Motor Rating Physical Size (max.) Weight = = = = = 11.91m3/sec at 300Pa (Total Pressure) 90JM/25/4/6/..... 9.0kW @ 32 PA 1006mm dia. x 520mm long 183 kg
This may not be the only, or indeed, the best selection for this particular duty, but will at least allow design work to proceed whilst the selection is being refined by Woods Engineers. In addition, all fans both supply and extract, for pressurisation system, are now required to be provided with 100% Standby. Mounting the two fans in series will create additional resistance on the running fan and the fan duty will need modifying to allow for this. Again, Woods Engineers should be consulted. Woods Air Movement Engineers are trained in the application of the fans for Pressurisation System and are able to provide advice and support during the design and fan selection stages. A list of name contacts is detailed on Appendix 1.
FANS IN FIRE SAFETY - PRESSURISATION
JM Aerofoils - Supply Air Fans
50JM 2910 rev/min 40JM 2840 rev/min
0r ev - 1 /mi n 42 0r ev / 71 JM min -1 42 80 0r JM e - 1 v/mi n 44 0r ev 90 /m JM in -1 45 0r e 10 0J v/mi M n -1 45 0r ev
20 .2 .4 .6 .8 1 2 Volume Flow Rate 4 m3/s 6 8 10 20 40 60
m3/sec @ Pa Pitch Angle () rev/min @ 3m min/max 8 67 40JM/16/2/5... 2840 32 67 Code Speed dB(A) 50JM/20/2/6... 56JM/20/4/6... 63JM/20/4/6... 71JM/20/4/6... 80JM/25/4/6... 90JM/25/4/6... 2910 1420 1420 1420 1440 1450 77 73 61 64 67 69 69 69 72 75 75 79 78 83 90 91 8 24 8 38 8 36 8 36 8 36 8 32 8 32 8 32 0 1.0 2.6 2.1 4.3 1.5 4.2 2.0 6.0 3.1 8.8 4.2 11.2 6.2 15.2 9.0 22.0 17.0 44.0 50 0.95 2.5 2.0 4.2 1.4 4.0 1.8 5.6 2.8 8.4 4.0 10.8 5.9 14.6 7.0 21.0 16.6 43.4 100 0.9 2.4 1.9 4.1 1.3 3.2 1.6 5.3 2.6 8.0 3.8 10.5 5.6 14.1 8.0 20.0 16.3 42.8 200 0.8 2.25 1.8 4.0 0.7 3.0 1.3 4.6 2.2 7.3 3.0 9.6 4.7 13.2 7.0 18.5 15.9 42.0 1.6 6.3 2.0 8.0 3.8 12.0 6.0 17.5 15.1 41.0 2.5 10.5 4.5 15.5 14.7 39.5 3.5 13.5 300 0.7 2.1 1.6 3.8 400 0.5 1.85 1.5 3.6 500 1.6 1.4 3.4 Motor BT9 CT9 CT9 F2225 BT9 CT9 CT5 F2225 CT9 F2249 F2245 D132/18 F2245 D132/24
380-420 V / 50 Hz / 3 Motor Rating (kW) 0.58 1.70 1.70 3.80 0.3 1.4 0.58 2.7 1.4 4.4 2.1 6.3 2.1 9.0 Full Load Current (at 400 V) (A) 1.4 3.5 3.5 7.1 0.9 3.5 1.7 5.8 3.5 9.3 4.7 12.8 4.7 18.3 9.3 33.0 33.0 135.0 Starting Current (at 400 V) (A) 6.0 20.0 20.0 44.0 4.6 14.0 6.5 30.0 14.0 52.0 30.0 85.0 30.0 127.0 52.0 185.0 185.0 1010.0
100JM/25/4/6... 1450 125JM/40/4/9... 1470
F2249 4.4 D160/26 17.0
14.0 D200/57 17.0 38.0 W225/MF 73.0
Notes Fans detailed above are a small selection from the JM Aerofoil range, chosen to cover most Pressurisation System duties. They are not the only fans available and alternatives may better suit the requirements of a particular system, see publication JM/SS, C23a or C1a. 100 % standby can be provided by mounting JM Aerofoils in either series or parallel. Please Consult Woods technical staff for advise on fan selection.
Aerofoils (L Type)
BT,CT,F22,D80,D90,DF112 FRAMES 1 HOLE 20 DIA. (END OF BOX) TO SUIT CM16 OR PG11 GLAND FOR AUXILIARY CABLES C LENGTH OF GUARD 31JM TO 100JM - 137mm 48J & 60J - 212mm E DF132,D160,DF132,DF160 FRAMES 40 DIA. HOLES FOR CONDUIT. 2 EACH SIDE SUITABLE FOR PG29 OR 1.5" BT,CT,F22,D80,D90,DF112 FRAMES 23 DIA. HOLES FOR CONDUIT. 2 EACH SIDE SUITABLE FOR CM20 OR PG16 S No. OF HOLES T DIA. EQUISPACED ON H PCD. FOOT POSITION FOR VERTICAL MOUNTING
IMPERIAL SIZES T/Box D160,D180,D200, D225 FRAMES 2-HOLES TAPPED PG29 OTHER SIZES AVAILABLE TO ORDER
B OVER FLANGES
AIRFLOW FORM A AIRFLOW FORM B
GUARDS OPTIONAL
L CRS K CRS M
Code 31JM 40JM 45JM
Motor Frame CT5 D80 BT9 CT5 F2229 DF112 CT9 F2225 F2229 DF112 BT9 CT9 F2245 F2229 D90 DF112 CT5 F2225 F2249 DF112 DF160 CT9 F2249 DF132 F2249 D132 DF132 F2245 D132 DF160 F2249 D160 DF160 D160/LBK D200/57 W200/LF W200/LF W200/LF W200/LF
DIMENSION REFERENCE (mm) A 315 315 400 400 450 450 500 500 500 500 560 560 560 560 560 560 630 630 630 630 630 710 710 710 B 395 395 480 480 530 530 594 594 594 594 654 654 654 654 654 654 724 724 724 724 724 804 804 804 C 375 375 375 375 520 520 375 520 520 520 375 375 520 520 520 520 375 520 520 520 625 375 520 520 520 520 520 520 520 625 520 625 625 711 914 813 813 914 D 235 235 279 279 306 306 338 338 338 338 368 368 368 368 368 368 403 403 403 403 440 443 443 480 488 525 525 538 575 575 588 625 625 753 753 753 910 910 E 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3 2.5 3 3 4 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 4 4 3 3 4 3 5 5 3 5 5 3 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 G 175 175 225 225 255 255 290 290 290 290 330 330 330 330 330 330 375 375 375 375 375 415 415 415 485 485 485 491 491 491 547 547 547 H 355 355 450 450 500 500 560 560 560 560 620 620 620 620 620 620 690 690 690 690 690 770 770 770 860 860 860 970 970 970 1070 1070 1070 1289 1289 1289 1626 1626 K 289 289 289 289 434 434 289 434 434 434 289 289 434 434 434 434 289 434 434 434 529 259 404 404 404 404 404 444 444 549 444 539 549 574 777 674 674 775 L 265 265 350 350 400 400 450 450 450 450 510 510 510 510 510 510 580 580 580 580 580 660 660 660 750 750 750 850 850 850 950 950 950 M 315 315 400 400 450 450 500 500 500 500 560 560 560 560 560 560 630 630 630 630 630 710 710 710 800 800 800 900 900 900 1000 1000 1000 N 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 12 12 10 12 12 14 14 14 14 14 P 200 200 250 250 280 280 315 315 315 315 355 355 355 355 355 355 400 400 400 400 400 440 440 440 510 510 510 518 518 518 574 574 574 737 737 737 921 921 S 8 8 8 8 8 8 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 20 20 20 12 12 T 10 10 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 15 15 15 15 15 15 18 18 18 18 18 V 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 86 86 86 87 87
Weight (kg) 27 31 26 30 55 72 34 54 65 77 34 38 56 67 58 80 52 70 81 96 234 54 85 147 94 163 194 88 183 280 107 268 317 287 562 638 676 904
56JM
71JM
800 894 800 894 800 894 900 1006 900 1006 900 1006 1000 1106 1000 1106 1000 1106 1219 1357 1219 1357 1219 1357 1524 1694 1524 1694
48J 60J 75J 1/2
1143 1219 1143 1219 1143 1219 1422 1524 1422 1524
Note : For vertical mounting details of 48J and 60J - please enquire For 'S' type dimensions, please enquire
LIST OF WOODS AIR MOVEMENT LIMITED SMOKE CONTROL CONTACTS
01206 544122
0181 776 7303
Mr J Heyward
02 920 618626
Mr G Dutton
0121 359 6633
Mr R Dann
0161 848 0341
Mr A Cuthbertson
Ref: WTP 42
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