Source: http://www.google.com/patents/US6614384?dq=6,240,376
Timestamp: 2017-10-21 09:20:35
Document Index: 797973558

Matched Legal Cases: ['art 1508', 'arts 1508', 'art 1508', 'art 1508', 'art 1508', 'art 1508', 'art 1508', 'art 1508', 'art 1508', 'art 1508', 'art 1508', 'art 1508']

Patent US6614384 - System and method for detecting an intruder using impulse radio technology - Google Patents
An intrusion detection system and method are provided that can utilize impulse radio technology to detect when an intruder has entered a protection zone. In addition, the intrusion detection system and method can utilize impulse radio technology to determine a location of the intruder within the protection...http://www.google.com/patents/US6614384?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US6614384 - System and method for detecting an intruder using impulse radio technology
Publication number US6614384 B2
Application number US 09/952,206
Also published as US6822604, US7129886, US7541968, US20020130807, US20040021599, US20050083199, US20080111686, WO2002023218A2, WO2002023218A3
Publication number 09952206, 952206, US 6614384 B2, US 6614384B2, US-B2-6614384, US6614384 B2, US6614384B2
Inventors David J. Hall, Scott M. Yano, Hans G. Schantz
Patent Citations (23), Non-Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (121), Classifications (36), Legal Events (5)
US 6614384 B2
a transmitting impulse radio unit for transmitting an impulse radio signal including a series of impulses;
a receiving impulse radio unit for receiving the impulse radio signal at and after a predetermined time and generating a first waveform which is a time domain representation of the received impulse radio signal that indicates an actual distortion of the transmitted impulse radio signal that was transmitted within a protection zone at and after the predetermined time;
said receiving impulse radio unit for receiving the impulse radio signal at and after a subsequent time and generating a second waveform which is a time domain representation of the received impulse radio signal that indicates an actual distortion of the transmitted impulse radio signal that was transmitted within the protection zone at and after the subsequent time; and
a processor for comparing the first waveform to the second waveform to determine whether there is a change between the first waveform and the second waveform caused by an intruder entering the protection zone.
2. The security system of claim 1, wherein said change between the first waveform and the second waveform is a multipath reflection part caused by the intruder.
transmitting, from a transmitting impulse radio unit, an impulse radio signal including a series of impulses;
receiving, at a receiving impulse radio unit during a first interval of time, the impulse radio signal;
generating, at the receiving impulse radio unit, a first waveform which is a time domain representation of the received impulse radio signal that indicates an actual distortion of the transmitted impulse radio signal that was transmitted within a protection zone during the first interval of time;
receiving, at the receiving impulse radio unit during a second interval of time, the impulse radio signal;
generating, at the receiving impulse radio unit, a second waveform which is a time domain representation of the received impulse radio signal that indicates an actual distortion of the transmitted impulse radio signal that was transmitted within the protection zone during the second interval of time; and
comparing the first waveform to the second waveform to determine whether there is a change between the first waveform and the second waveform caused by the intruder entering the protection zone.
8. The method of claim 7, further comprising the step of determining a distance between the intruder and the receiving impulse radio unit by calculating an elapsed time between an initial wavefront and a multipath reflection part of the second waveform caused by the intruder.
receiving, at a second receiving impulse radio unit during the first interval of time, the impulse radio signal;
generating, at the second receiving impulse radio unit, a first waveform which is a time domain representation of the received impulse radio signal that indicates an actual distortion of the transmitted impulse radio signal that was transmitted within the protection zone during the first interval of time;
receiving, at the second receiving impulse radio unit during the second interval of time, the impulse radio signal;
generating, at the second receiving impulse radio unit, a second waveform which is a time domain representation of the received impulse radio signal that indicates an actual distortion of the transmitted impulse radio signal that was transmitted within the protection zone during the second interval of time;
comparing the first waveform to the second waveform both of which were generated by the second receiving impulse radio unit to determine whether there is a change caused by the intruder entering the protection zone;
determining a distance between the intruder and the second receiving impulse radio unit by calculating an elapsed time between an initial wavefront and a multipath reflection part of the second waveform generated by the second receiving impulse radio unit that was caused by the intruder;
receiving, at a third receiving impulse radio unit during the first interval of time, the impulse radio signal;
generating, at the third receiving impulse radio unit, a first waveform which is a time domain representation of the received impulse radio signal that indicates an actual distortion of the transmitted impulse radio signal that was transmitted within the protection zone during the first interval of time;
receiving, at the third receiving impulse radio unit during the second interval of time, the impulse radio signal;
generating, at the third receiving impulse radio unit, a second waveform which is a time domain representation of the received impulse radio signal that indicates an actual distortion of the transmitted impulse radio signal that was transmitted within the protection zone during the second interval of time;
comparing the first waveform to the second waveform both of which were generated by the third receiving impulse radio unit to determine whether there is a change caused by the intruder entering the protection zone;
determining a distance between the intruder and the third receiving impulse radio unit by calculating an elapsed time between an initial wavefront and a multipath reflection part of the second waveform generated by the third receiving impulse radio unit that was caused by the intruder; and
determining a current position of the intruder in the protection zone using the determined distances between the intruder and the first, second and third receiving impulse radio units.
10. The method of claim 7, further comprising the step of enabling a current position of the intruder to be determined within the protection zone by utilizing at least one more receiving impulse radio unit that interacts with the transmitting impulse radio unit.
determining a current position of a test subject by utilizing at least two more receiving impulse radio units; and
tracking the movement of the test subject to outline the shape of the protection zone.
13. The method of claim 7, further comprising the step of alerting security personnel when the intruder has entered the protection zone.
a transmitting impulse radio unit that transmits an impulse radio signal;
a plurality of receiving impulse radio units each of which receives the impulse radio signal at and after a predetermined time and generates a first waveform which is a time domain representation of the received impulse radio signal that indicates an actual distortion of the transmitted impulse radio signal that was transmitted within a protection zone at and after the predetermined time;
each of said plurality of receiving impulse radio units receives the impulse radio signal at and after a subsequent time and generates a second waveform which is a time domain representation of the received impulse radio signal that indicates an actual distortion of the transmitted impulse radio signal that was transmitted within the protection zone at and after the subsequent time, each receiving impulse radio unit further includes:
a processor compares the first waveform to the second waveform to determine whether an intruder entered the protection zone and then determines a distance between the intruder and the respective receiving impulse radio unit by calculating an elapsed time between an initial wavefront and a multipath reflection part of the second waveform generated by the respective receiving impulse radio unit caused by the intruder;
each of said plurality of receiving impulse radio units transmits the determined distance between the intruder and the respective receiving impulse radio unit to said transmitting impulse radio unit; and
said transmitting impulse radio unit calculates a current position of the intruder using the determined distances.
15. The security system of claim 14, wherein said transmitting impulse radio unit interacts with each of the receiving impulse radio units to track the movement of a test subject and create a shape of the protection zone.
a transmitting impulse radio unit that transmits an impulse radio signal including a series of impulses; and
a receiving impulse radio unit that compares at least two waveforms each of which is a time domain representation of the received impulse radio signal that indicates an actual distortion of the transmitted impulse radio signal that was transmitted during a predetermined time interval within a protection zone to determine whether the protection zone has been breached by an intruder.
19. The intrusion detection system of claim 18, further comprising at least one more receiving impulse radio units that interact with and enable the transmitting impulse radio unit to determine a current position of the intruder within the protection zone.
For analysis purposes, it is convenient to model pulse waveforms in an ideal manner. For example, the transmitted waveform produced by supplying a step function into an ultra-wideband antenna may be modeled as a Gaussian monocycle. A Gaussian monocycle (normalized to a peak value of 1) may be described by: f mono  ( t ) =   ( t σ )   - t 2 2  σ 2
The power special density of the Gaussian monocycle is shown in FIG. 1F, along with spectrums for the Gaussian pulse, triplet, and quadlet. The corresponding equation for the Gaussian monocycle is: F mono  ( f ) = ( 2   π ) 3 2  σ   f    - 2  ( π   σ   f ) 2
The center frequency (fc), or frequency of peak spectral density, of the Gaussian monocycle is: f c = 1 2   π   σ
The signal of an uncoded, unmodulated pulse train may be expressed: s  ( t ) = ( - 1 ) f  a  ∑ j  ω  ( ct - jT f , b )
The energy spectrum of a pulse train signal over a frequency bandwidth of interest may be determined by summing the phasors of the pulses at each frequency, using the following equation: A  ( ω ) =  ∑ i = 1 n    jΔ   t n 
where A(ω) is the amplitude of the spectral response at a given frequency . . . ω is the frequency being analyzed (2πf), Δt is the relative time delay of each pulse from the start of time period, and n is the total number of pulses in the pulse train.
The signal of a coded pulse train can be generally expressed by: S tr ( k )  ( t ) = ∑ j  ( - 1 ) f j ( k )  a j ( k )  ω  ( c j ( k )  t - T j ( k ) , b j ( k ) )
A pulse train with conventional ‘early-late’ time-shift modulation can be expressed: S tr ( k )  ( t ) = ∑ j  ( - 1 ) f j ( k )  a j ( k )  ω  ( c j ( k )  t - T j ( k )  δ   d [ j / N s ] ( k ) , b j ( k ) )
where k is the index of a transmitter, j is the index of a pulse within its pulse train, (−1)fj (k), aj (k), bj (k), cj (k), and ω(t, bj (k)) are the coded polarity, pulse amplitude, pulse type, pulse width, and normalized pulse waveform of the jth pulse of the kth transmitter, Tj (k) is the coded time shift of the jth pulse of the kth transmitter, δ is the time shift added when the transmitted symbol is 1 (instead of 0), d(k) is the data (i.e., 0 or 1) transmitted by the kth transmitter, and Ns is the number of pulses per symbol (e.g., bit). Similar expressions can be derived to accommodate other proposed forms of modulation.
The average output signal-to-noise ratio of the impulse radio may be calculated for randomly selected time-hopping codes as a function of the number of active users, Nu, as: SNR out  ( N u ) = ( N s  A 1  m p ) 2 σ rec 2 + N s  σ a 2  ∑ k = 2 N u   A k 2
where Ns is the number of pulses integrated per bit of information, Ak models the attenuation of transmitter k's signal over the propagation path to the receiver, and σrec 2 is the variance of the receiver noise component at the pulse train integrator output. The monocycle waveform-dependent parameters mp and σa 2 are given by m p =  ∫ - ∞ ∞  ω  ( t )  [ ω  ( t ) - ω  ( t - δ ) ]    t  and σ a 2 =  T f - 1  ∫ - ∞ ∞  [ ∫ - ∞ ∞  ω  ( t - s )  υ  ( t )    t ] 2    s ,
Where the system of FIG. 5B is a narrow band system and the delays are small relative to the data bit time, the received signal is a sum of a large number of sine waves of random amplitude and phase. In the idealized limit, the resulting envelope amplitude has been shown to follow a Rayleigh probability distribution as follows: p  ( r ) = r σ 2  exp  ( - r 2 2   σ 2 )
where r is the envelope amplitude of the combined multipath signals, and σ(2)1/2 is the RMS power of the combined multipath signals. The Rayleigh distribution curve in FIG. 5G shows that 10% of the time, the signal is more than 10 dB attenuated. This suggests that 10 dB fade margin is needed to provide 90% link availability. Values of fade margin from 10 to 40 dB have been suggested for various narrow band systems, depending on the required reliability. This characteristic has been the subject of much research and can be partially improved by such techniques as antenna and frequency diversity, but these techniques result in additional complexity and cost.
Each of the receiving impulse radio units 900 a′, 900 b′ and 900 c′ includes a processor 1408′ that respectively compares the first waveform 1502 a′, 1502 b′ and 1502 c′ and the second waveform 1504 a′, 1504 b′ and 1504 c′ to determine whether there is a change between the first waveform 1502 a′, 1502 b′ and 1502 c′ and the second waveform 1504 a′, 1504 b′ and 1504 c′ caused by an intruder 1102′ entering the protection zone 1104′. To illustrate this change between waveforms reference is made to FIGS. 18a and 18 b, where there are respectively illustrated exemplary first waveforms 1502 a′, 1502 b′, 1502 c′ and exemplary second waveforms 1504 a′, 1504 b′ and 1504 c′ that could be generated by the receiving impulse radio units 900 a′, 900 b′ and 900 c′. For instance, the receiving impulse radio unit 900 a′ would generate the first waveform 1502 a′ and the second waveform 1504 a′. Each first waveform 1502 a′, 1502 b′ and 1502 c′ has an initial wavefront 1503 a′, 1503 b′ and 1503 c′ representative of the first received impulse radio pulses of the impulse radio signal 1402′. Likewise, each second waveform 1504 a′, 1504 b′ and 1504 c′ has an initial wavefront 1506 a′, 1506 b′ and 1506 c′ representative of the first received impulse radio pulses in the subsequently received impulse radio signal 1402′. In addition, the second waveforms 1504 a′, 1504 b′ and 1504 c′ each have a multipath reflection part 1508 a′, 1508 b′ and 1508 c′ caused by the intruder 1102′ that was absent in the first waveforms 1502 a′, 1502 b′ and 1502 c′ but present in the second waveforms 1504 a′, 1504 b′ and 1504 c′. These multipath reflection parts 1508 a′, 1508 b′ and 1508 c′ are caused by the reception of the impulse radio signals 1402′ that bounced off the intruder 1102′ and passed over the indirect path 1406 a′, 1406 b′ and 1406 c′ between the transmitting impulse radio unit 1000 and the receiving impulse radio units 900 a′, 900 b′ and 900 c′. The distances “d1”, “d2” and “d3” which are the differences between the direct paths 1402′ and indirect paths 1406 a′, 1406 b′ and 1406 c′ can be calculated knowing the elapsed time “t1”, “t2” and “t3” between the initial wavefront 1506 a′, 1506 b′ and 1506 c′ and the multipath reflection part 1508 a′, 1508 b′ and 1508 c′ of the second waveforms 1504 a′, 1504 b′ and 1504 c′.
Again it should be understood that there may be many items (e.g., walls, trees, furniture . . . ) within the protection zone 1104′ that could cause a multipath reflection part in the first waveform 1502 a′, 1502 b′ and 1502 c′ and the second waveform 1504 a′, 1504 b′ and 1504 c′ but it is the difference between the two waveforms that indicates the presence of one or more intruders 1102′. Moreover, it should be noted that the shape of the protection zone 1104′ in this embodiment is basically arbitrary as compared to the specially designed shape of the protection zone 1104″ the third embodiment.
Each receiving impulse radio unit 900 a″, 900 b″ and 900 c″ receives the first impulse radio signal 1402″ and generates a first waveform 1502 a″, 1502 b″ and 1502 c″ (similar to the first waveforms 1502 a′, 1502 b′ and 1502 c′ shown in FIG. 18a). Each of the first waveforms 1502 a″, 1502 b″ and 1502 c″ is a time domain representation of the actual distortion of the transmitted Gaussian waveform after being filtered by the environment around the transmitting impulse radio unit 1000″ and each receiving impulse radio unit 900 a″, 900 b″ and 900 c″. In other words, each first waveform 1502 a″, 1502 b″ and 1502 c″ corresponds to the received impulse shape of the impulse radio signal 1402″ that is received by each receiving impulse radio unit 900 a″, 900 b″ and 900 c″ when there is no intruder 1102″ located in or near the protection zone 1104 c″.
After the generation of the first waveforms 1502 a″, 1502 b″ and 1502 c″, each receiving impulse radio unit 900 a″, 900 b″ and 900 c″ receives at a subsequent time “ts” the impulse radio signal 1402″ having a known pseudorandom sequence of pulses that are similar to the pulses initially transmitted by the transmitting impulse radio unit 1000″ during the generation of the first waveforms 1502 a″, 1502 b″ and 1502 c″. However at this time, the impulse radio signal 1402″ is transmitted within and through a protection zone 1104 c″ that does have an intruder 1102″ in or near it.
To do determine whether the intruder 1102″ is actually within the protection zone 1104 c″ (as shown) or just near the protection zone 1104 c″, the processor 1802″ would determine the location of the intruder 1102″ and then compare this location to the two and possibly three-dimensional representation of the shape of the protection zone 1104 c″. Again, the position of intruder 1102″ can be determined by the processor 1802″ using a numerical algorithm such as Newton-Raphson method or some other techniques. Once the position and coordinates of the intruder 1102″ are determined, various filtering techniques (e.g., Kalman filter) can be used by the intrusion detection system 1100″ to track the movement of the intruder 1102″ within the protection zone 1104 c″.
Referring to FIGS. 21a-21 b, there is a flowchart illustrating the basic steps of a third embodiment of the preferred method 1600″ of the present invention. Beginning at step 2101, prior to arming the intrusion detection system 1100″, the system is put into a “learning mode”. During the “learning mode”, the test subject 2002″ traverses the perimeter 2204″ of the protection zone 1104 c″ to be protected and the intrusion detection system 1100″ would track the test subject 2002″ and build a two and possibly three-dimensional representation of the shape of the protection zone 1104 c″. The intrusion detection system 1100″ can track the test subject 2002″ in the same manner the intrusion detection system 1100′ would track an intruder 1104′ in the second embodiment.
At step 2104, the first receiving impulse radio unit 900 a″ operates to receive the impulse radio signal 1402″ and generate the first waveform 1502 a″. Again, the first receiving impulse radio unit 900 a″ receives the impulse radio signal 1402″ and generates a first waveform 1502 a″ (e.g., see first waveform 1502 a′ in FIG. 19a) that is a time domain representation of the actual distortion of the transmitted Gaussian waveform after being filtered by the environment around the transmitting impulse radio unit 1000″ and the receiving impulse radio units 900 a″, 900 b″ and 900 c″. At this time, the first waveform 1502 a″ corresponds to the received impulse shape of the impulse radio signal 1402″ that is received by the first receiving impulse radio unit 900 a″ when there is no intruder 1102″ located in or near the protection zone 1104 c″.
At step 2106, the second receiving impulse radio unit 900 b″ operates to receive the impulse radio signal 1402″ and generate the first waveform 1502 b″. Again, the second receiving impulse radio unit 900 b″ receives the impulse radio signal 1402″ and generates a first waveform 1502 b″ (e.g., see first waveform 1502 b′ in FIG. 18a) that is a time domain representation of the actual distortion of the transmitted Gaussian waveform after being filtered by the environment around the transmitting impulse radio unit 1000″ and the receiving impulse radio units 900 a″, 900 b″ and 900 c″. At this time, the first waveform 1502 b″ corresponds to the received impulse shape of the impulse radio signal 1402″ that is received by the second receiving impulse radio unit 900 b″ when there is no intruder 1102″ located in or near the protection zone 1104 c″.
At step 2108, the third receiving impulse radio unit 900 c″ operates to receive the impulse radio signal 1402″ and generate the first waveform 1502 c″. Again, the third receiving impulse radio unit 900 c″ receives the impulse radio signal 1402″ and generates a first waveform 1502 c″ (e.g., see first waveform 1502 c′ in FIG. 18a) that is a time domain representation of the actual distortion of the transmitted Gaussian waveform after being filtered by the environment around the transmitting impulse radio unit 1000″ and the receiving impulse radio units 900 a″, 900 b″ and 900 c″. At this time, the first waveform 1502 c″ corresponds to the received impulse shape of the impulse radio signal 1402″ that is received by the third receiving impulse radio unit 900 c″ when there is no intruder 1102″ located in or near the protection zone 1104 c″. It should be understood that steps 2104, 2106 and 2108 can take place in any order depending on the locations of the receiving impulse radio units 900 a″, 900 b″ and 900 c″ with respect to the location of the transmitting impulse radio unit 1000″.
At step 2116, the processor 1408 a″ within the first receiving impulse radio unit 900 a″ operates to compare the first waveform 1502 a″ and the second waveform 1504 a″ to determine whether there is a change between the first waveform 1502 a″ and the second waveform 1504 a″ caused by an intruder 1102″ coming near or entering the protection zone 1104 c″. In the present example, there is a change between the first waveform 1502 a″ and the second waveform 1504 a″ because an intruder 1102″ was not present when the first waveform 1502 a″ was generated but the intruder 1102″ was present when the second waveform 1504 a″ was generated by the first receiving impulse radio unit 900 a″ (e.g., see first waveform 1502 a′ and second waveform 1504 a′ in FIGS. 18a-18 b). This change is noticeable due to the presence of the multipath reflection part 1508 a″ caused by the intruder 1102″. Of course, the first receiving impulse radio unit 900 a″ may generate many second waveforms at step 2110 in which there is no difference or very little difference with a first waveform because an intruder 1102″ was not present. If an intruder 1102″ is not within or near the protection zone 1104 c″ then the method 1600″ returns to and repeats steps 2110 and 2116 until an intruder 1102″ is determined to be within or near the protection zone 1104 c″.
At step 2118, if the intruder 1102″ is determined to be within or near the protection zone 1104 c″, the processor 1408 a″ could then calculate the distance “d1” between direct and indirect paths by knowing the elapsed time “t1” between the initial wavefront 1506 a″ and the multipath reflection part 1508 a″ of the second waveform 1504 a″ (e.g., see second waveform 1504 a′ in FIG. 18b). For instance, the distance “d1” can be calculated to be 0.984 feet for each nanosecond in the elapsed time “t1” between the initial wavefront 1506 a″ and the multipath reflection part 1508 a″ of the second waveform 1504 a″ (e.g., see second waveform 1504 a′ in FIG. 18b). Again, a determination as to whether the intruder 1104″ is actually inside the specially shaped protection zone 1104 c″ is made later at step 2130 by the processor 1802″ associated with the transmitting impulse radio unit 1000″.
At step 2120, the processor 1408 b″ within the second receiving impulse radio unit 900 b″ operates to compare the first waveform 1502 b″ and the second waveform 1504 b″ to determine whether there is a change between the first waveform 1502 b″ and the second waveform 1504 b″ caused by an intruder 1102″ coming near or entering the protection zone 1104 c″. In the present example, there is a change between the first waveform 1502 b″ and the second waveform 1504 b″ because an intruder 1102″ was not present when the first waveform 1502 b″ was generated but the intruder 1102″ was present when the second waveform 1504 b″ was generated by the second receiving impulse radio unit 900 b″ (e.g., see first waveform 1502 b′ and second waveform 1504 b′ in FIGS. 18a-18 b). This change is noticeable due to the presence of the multipath reflection part 1508 b″ caused by the intruder 1102″. Of course, the second receiving impulse radio unit 900 b″ may generate many second waveforms at step 2112 in which there is no difference or very little difference with a first waveform because an intruder 1102″ was not present. If an intruder 1102″ is not within or near the protection zone 1104 c″ then the method 1600″ returns to and repeats steps 2112 and 2120 until an intruder 1102″ is determined to be within or near the protection zone 1104 c″.
At step 2122, if the intruder 1102″ is determined to be within or near the protection zone 1104 c″, the processor 1408 b″ could then calculate the distance “d2” between direct and indirect paths by knowing the elapsed time “t2”, between the initial wavefront 1506 b″ and the multipath reflection part 1508 b″ of the second waveform 1504 b″ (e.g., see second waveform 1504 b′ in FIG. 18b). For instance, the distance “d2” can be calculated to be 0.984 feet for each nanosecond in the elapsed time “t2” between the initial wavefront 1506 b″ and the multipath reflection part 1508 b″ of the second waveform 1504 b″ (e.g., see second waveform 1504 b′ in FIG. 18b). Again, a determination as to whether the intruder 1104″ is actually inside the specially shaped protection zone 1104 c″ is made later at step 2030 by the processor 1802″ associated with the transmitting impulse radio unit 1000″.
At step 2124, the processor 1408 c″ within the third receiving impulse radio unit 900 c″ operates to compare the first waveform 1502 c″ and the second waveform 1504 c″ to determine whether there is a change between the first waveform 1502 c″ and the second waveform 1504 c″ caused by an intruder 1102″ coming near or entering the protection zone 1104 c″. In the present example, there is a change between the first waveform 1502 c″ and the second waveform 1504 c″ because an intruder 1102″ was not present when the first waveform 1502 c″ was generated but the intruder 1102″ was present when the second waveform 1504 c″ was generated by the third receiving impulse radio unit 900 c″ (e.g., see first waveform 1502 c′ and second waveform 1504 c′ in FIGS. 18a-18 b). This change is noticeable due to the presence of the multipath reflection part 1508 c″ caused by the intruder 1102″. Of course, the third receiving impulse radio unit 900 c″ may generate many second waveforms at step 2314 in which there is no difference or very little difference with a first waveform because an intruder 1102″ was not present. If an intruder 1102″ is not within or near the protection zone 1104 c″ then the method 1600″ returns to and repeats steps 2114 and 2124 until an intruder 1102″ is determined to be within or near the protection zone 1104 c″.
At step 2126, if the intruder 1102″ is determined to be within or near the protection zone 1104 c″, the processor 1408 c″ could then calculate the distance “d3” between direct and indirect paths by knowing the elapsed time “t3” between the initial wavefront 1506 c″ and the multipath reflection part 1508 c″ of the second waveform 1504 c″ (e.g., see second waveform 1504 c′ in FIG. 18b). For instance, the distance “d3” can be calculated to be 0.984 feet for each nanosecond in the elapsed time “t3” between the initial wavefront 1506 c″ and the multipath reflection part 1508 c″ of the second waveform 1504 c″ (e.g., see second waveform 1504 c′ in FIG. 18b). Again, a determination as to whether the intruder 1104″ is actually inside the specially shaped protection zone 1104 c″ is made later at step 2030 by the processor 1802″ associated with the transmitting impulse radio unit 1000″.
At step 2132, once the position and coordinates of the intruder 1102″ are determined at step 2130, then various filtering techniques (e.g., Kalman filter) can be used by the intrusion detection system 1100″ to track the movement of the intruder 1102″ within the protection zone 1104 c″.
At step 2134, the intrusion detection system 1100″ sounds an alarm and/or informs remote security personnel when there is an intruder 1102″ located within (or near) the protection zone 1104 c″. For extra security, the intrusion detection system 1100″ can use impulse radio technology to alert the remote security personnel.
Referring to FIG. 22, there is illustrated a diagram of the intrusion detection system 1100, 1100′ and 1100″ that uses one or more directive antennas 2202. As shown, the transmitting impulse radio unit 1000, 1000′ and 1000″ (only one shown) can use the directive antenna 2202 (only one shown) to transmit the impulse radio signal in a predetermined direction such that radar is sensitive in a particular area 2204 (see solid line) and not sensitive in another area 2206 (see dashed line). In particular, the intrusion detection system 1100, 1100′ and 1100″ that uses an directive antenna 2202 can make the radar sensitive in a particular area 2204 to detect a person 2208 or a dangerous animal 2210 that is not supposed to be located in that area 2204 and at the same time the directive antenna 2202 does not make the radar sensitive in another area 2206 in which the dangerous animal 2210 is suppose to be located. It should be understood that the directive antenna 2202 can take many different forms including, for example, a 180° directive antenna and a 90° directive antenna. Moreover, it should also be understood that a directional antenna 2202 could be placed at the receiving impulse radio unit 900, 900′ and 900″ or at both the receiving and transmitting impulse radio units.
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U.S. Classification 342/28, 342/465, 342/450, 342/21, 342/27, 342/126, 375/130, 375/140, 342/463, 342/118, 342/59
International Classification G01S7/285, G01S13/02, G01S13/00, G01S13/42, G01S13/87, G01S7/292, G01S7/282, G01S13/04
Cooperative Classification G01S13/003, G01S7/292, G01S13/42, G01S13/878, G01S13/04, G08B13/187, G01S13/0209, G01S7/282, G01S7/285, H04B2001/6908
European Classification G08B13/187, G01S7/285, G01S13/42, G01S7/292, G01S7/282, G01S13/02B, G01S13/04
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:HALL, DAVID J.;YANO, SCOTT M.;SCHANTZ, HANS G.;REEL/FRAME:012638/0927;SIGNING DATES FROM 20011120 TO 20011129