Source: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2009-title45/html/USCODE-2009-title45-chap9.htm
Timestamp: 2014-12-23 05:16:50
Document Index: 17661436

Matched Legal Cases: ['§201', '§1', '§1', '§209', '§8', '§9', '§210', '§10', '§1', '§2', '§2', '§215', '§1', '§2', '§2', '§2', '§3', '§4', '§5', '§6', '§7', '§8', '§9', '§10', '§11', '§12', '§13', '§14', '§2', '§201', '§10', '§111', '§1', '§101', '§228', '§101', '§1', '§1', '§1', '§1', '§25', '§13', '§1', '§1', '§6', '§1', '§401', '§120', '§408', '§4', '§703', '§708', '§301', '§326', '§2', '§101', '§101', '§2', '§2', '§1', '§205', '§2', '§2', '§401', '§1', '§1', '§1', '§1', '§201', '§102', '§102', '§2', '§2', '§1', '§101', '§3', '§1', '§207', '§1', '§6', '§1', '§4', '§1', '§1', '§2', '§211', '§1', '§3', '§1', '§201', '§103', '§301', '§104', '§1', '§1', '§1', '§1', '§1', '§104', '§601', '§4', '§1', '§625', '§1', '§212', '§4', '§408', '§3', '§104', '§404', '§408', '§2', '§4', '§106', '§3', '§6', '§4', '§108', '§202', '§6', '§25', '§3', '§7', '§228', '§212', '§4', '§1', '§228', '§101', '§5', '§1', '§12', '§4', '§213', '§2', '§11', '§6', '§5', '§8', '§106', '§401', '§2', '§120', '§2', '§4', '§2', '§3', '§211', '§3', '§5', '§111', '§326', '§3', '§201', '§105', '§301', '§151', '§105', '§3', '§3', '§1', '§2', '§104', '§6', '§1', '§7', '§1', '§8', '§1', '§214', '§106', '§4', '§9', '§1', '§26', '§107', '§10', '§1', '§1', '§1', '§127', '§5', '§5', '§3', '§8', '§108', '§106', '§11', '§1', '§215', '§12', '§1', '§4', '§13', '§1', '§4', '§14', '§1', '§15', '§1', '§104', '§7', '§2', '§3', '§5', '§16', '§1', '§17', '§1', '§24', '§18', '§1', '§19', '§1', '§11', '§109', '§20', '§15', '§4', '§8', '§110', '§21', '§105', '§111', '§129', '§22', '§201', '§25', '§25', '§25', '§25', '§25', '§25', '§3', '§5', '§107', '§4', '§409', '§7', '§7', '§108', '§7', '§4', '§105', '§21', '§105', '§105', '§2', '§5', '§4', '§107', '§201', '§6', '§108', '§105', '§6', '§3', '§101', '§1', '§101', '§4', '§1116', '§615', '§402', '§2', '§7304', '§10208', '§323', '§151', '§4024', '§797', '§301', '§601', '§1201', '§228', '§323', '§323', '§323', '§402', '§1116', '§1116', '§2', '§1116']

CHAPTER 9 - RETIREMENT OF RAILROAD EMPLOYEES
CHAPTER 9—RETIREMENT OF RAILROAD EMPLOYEES
SUBCHAPTER I—RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1934
201 to 214. Omitted or Repealed.
SUBCHAPTER II—RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1935
215 to 228. Omitted.
SUBCHAPTER III—RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1937
228a to 228z–1. Omitted or Repealed.
SUBCHAPTER IV—RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT OF 1974
231.Definitions.
231a.Annuity eligibility requirements.
231b.Computation of annuities.
231c.Computation of spouse and survivor annuities.
231d.Annuity beginning and ending dates.
231e.Lump sum payments.
231f.Railroad Retirement Board.
231f–1.Annual actuarial report.
231g.Court jurisdiction.
231h.Returns of compensation; conclusiveness.
231i.Erroneous payments.
231j.Waiver of annuities.
231k.Incompetence.
231l.Penalties.
231m.Assignability; exemption from levy.
231n.Railroad Retirement Account.
231n–1.Social Security Equivalent Benefit Account.
231o.Private pensions.
231p.Free transportation.
231q.Crediting service under Social Security Act.
231r.Automatic benefit eligibility requirement adjustments.
231s.Separability.
231t.Short title.
231u.Benefit preservation.
231v.Computation and certification of account benefit ratios.
§§201 to 208. Omitted
Sections 201 to 208, sections 1 to 8, respectively, of act June 27, 1934, ch. 868, §1, 48 Stat. 1283–1286, were omitted pursuant to the decision in the case of Railroad Retirement Board v. Alton R. Co. (Dist. of Col., 1935), 295 U.S. 330, 55 S.Ct. 758, 79 L.Ed. 1468, declaring this subchapter unconstitutional.
Section 201 defined terms for purposes of this subchapter.
Section 202 stated purposes of this subchapter and required a special report to be sent from the Railroad Retirement Board to the President.
Section 203 related to annuities paid under this subchapter.
Section 204 related to compulsory retirement.
Section 205 related to employee contributions.
Section 206 related to existing pension systems.
Section 207 related to employee representatives.
Section 208 related to retirement fund established under this subchapter.
Provisions relating to refund of sums paid by railroads and other carriers of the United States under this subchapter were contained in act June 1, 1938, ch. 315, §§1, 2, 52 Stat. 608.
§209. Repealed. Pub. L. 89–554, §8(a), Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 649
Section, act June 27, 1934, ch. 868, §9, 48 Stat. 1287, established a Railroad Retirement Board and set out its functions.
§§210 to 214. Omitted
Sections 210 to 214, sections 10 to 14, respectively, of act June 27, 1934, ch. 868, §10, 48 Stat. 1288, 1289, were omitted as unconstitutional. See section 201 of this title.
This subchapter was comprised of act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, §§1–14, 49 Stat. 967 to 973, known as the Railroad Retirement Act of 1935, and was amended in its entirety and completely revised by act June 24, 1937, ch. 382, 50 Stat. 307. The act, as amended and revised, was redesignated the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 and was classified to subchapter III of this chapter. The Railroad Retirement Act of 1935 continued in effect with respect to individuals granted annuities prior to enactment of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937. It was specifically amended by act June 11, 1940, ch. 307, §2, 54 Stat. 264, and by act Aug. 13, 1940, ch. 664, §§2, 3, 54 Stat. 785.
§§215 to 228. Omitted
Sections 215 to 228 were omitted pursuant to the amendment and revision of act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812 by act June 24, 1937, ch. 382, 50 Stat. 307, known as the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937.
Section 215, acts Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, §1, 49 Stat. 967; June 11, 1940, ch. 307, §2, 54 Stat. 264; Aug. 13, 1940, ch. 664, §§2, 3, 54 Stat. 780, defined terms for purposes of this subchapter.
Section 216, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, §2, 49 Stat. 968, related to reductions in annuities of employees working beyond age sixty-five.
Section 217, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, §3, 49 Stat. 969, related to employees eligible for annuities under this subchapter.
Section 218, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, §4, 49 Stat. 969, related to annuities to representatives under this subchapter.
Section 219, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, §5, 49 Stat. 970, related to death payments under this subchapter.
Section 220, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, §6, 49 Stat. 970, related to establishment of Railroad Retirement Board.
Section 221, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, §7, 49 Stat. 971, related to issuance of a special report on retirement system by Board.
Section 222, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, §8, 49 Stat. 972, related to establishment of Investigation Commission.
Section 223, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, §9, 49 Stat. 973, related to court jurisdiction under this subchapter.
Section 224, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, §10, 49 Stat. 973, related to assignability of annuity payments.
Section 225, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, §11, 49 Stat. 973, related to penalties under this subchapter.
Section 226, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, §12, 49 Stat. 973, related to separability of provisions.
Section 227, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, §13, 49 Stat. 973, related to authorization of appropriations under this subchapter.
Section 228, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, §14, 49 Stat. 973, related to short title of this subchapter.
Effect of Amendments to Section 215 of This Title
Act June 11, 1940, ch. 307, §2, 54 Stat. 264, provided that the amendment of section 215 of this title by act June 11, 1940, was to have the same effect as if it had been part of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1935 from its enactment on Aug. 29, 1935.
Short Title; Continuation and Effect of Railroad Retirement Act of 1935
Act June 24, 1937, ch. 382, §§201–205, 50 Stat. 318, 319, as amended by acts Oct. 8, 1940, ch. 757, title VI, pt. II, 54 Stat. 1014; Apr. 8, 1942, ch. 227, §10, 56 Stat. 207; Oct. 30, 1966, Pub. L. 89–700, title I, §111, 80 Stat. 1085, provided that act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, §§1 to 14, 49 Stat. 967 to 973, comprising subchapter II of this chapter, as in effect prior to amendment by act June 24, 1937, was to be known as the Railroad Retirement Act of 1935 and that such act, as amended by act June 24, 1937, was to be known as the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937, set out transitional provisions for adjudication of claims under both the Railroad Retirement Acts of 1935 and 1937, and provided that the enactment of act June 24, 1937 was to have no effect on members of the Railroad Retirement Board in office on June 24, 1937, except that persons experienced in railroad service were to be retained in the employ of the Board, even if unqualified for service under the civil service law and rules, where the Board determined that they possessed the necessary qualifications.
This subchapter was comprised of act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, as restated by act June 24, 1937, ch. 382, 50 Stat. 307, known as the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937. The Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 was amended in its entirety and completely revised by Pub. L. 93–445, title I, §101, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1305, effective Jan. 1, 1975. The act, as amended and revised by Pub. L. 93–445, was redesignated the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 and is classified to subchapter IV of this chapter.
§§228a to 228c–1. Omitted
Sections 228a to 228c–1 were omitted pursuant to the amendment and revision of act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, by Pub. L. 93–445, title I, §101, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1305, known as the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974.
Section 228a, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, §1, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, §1, 50 Stat. 307; amended June 11, 1940, ch. 307, §1, 54 Stat. 264; Aug. 13, 1940, ch. 664, §§1, 3, 54 Stat. 785, 786; Oct. 10, 1940, ch. 842, §25, 54 Stat. 1100; Apr. 8, 1942, ch. 227, §13, 56 Stat. 209; July 31, 1946, ch. 709, §§1, 2, 201 to 204, 60 Stat. 722, 725 to 727; Oct. 30, 1951, ch. 632, §1, 65 Stat. 683; July 18, 1952, ch. 945, §6(d)(1), 66 Stat. 777; Aug. 31, 1954, ch. 1164, pt. I, §1, 68 Stat. 1038; Sept. 1, 1954, ch. 1206, title IV, §401(a), 68 Stat. 1097; Aug. 1, 1956, ch. 836, title I, §120(a), 70 Stat. 836; Aug. 1, 1956, ch. 837, title IV, §408(c), 70 Stat. 877; Aug. 30, 1957, Pub. L. 85–238, §4(a), 71 Stat. 520; Aug. 28, 1958, Pub. L. 85–840, title VII, §703, 72 Stat. 1056; Sept. 13, 1960, Pub. L. 86–778, title VII, §708, 74 Stat. 997; June 30, 1961, Pub. L. 87–64, title III, §301, 75 Stat. 142; July 30, 1965, Pub. L. 89–97, title III, §326(a), 79 Stat. 400; Sept. 29, 1965, Pub. L. 89–212, §2(f), 79 Stat. 860; Oct. 30, 1966, Pub. L. 89–700, title I, §101, 80 Stat. 1079; Feb. 15, 1968, Pub. L. 90–257, title I, §101, 82 Stat. 16; Oct. 22, 1968, Pub. L. 90–624, §2, 82 Stat. 1316, defined terms for purposes of this subchapter. See section 231 of this title.
Section 228b, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, §2, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, §1, 50 Stat. 309; amended July 31, 1946, ch. 709, §§205, 206, 60 Stat. 727, 728; Oct. 30, 1951, ch. 632, §§2, 3, 5, 65 Stat. 683; Aug. 31, 1954, ch. 1164, pt. I, §§2, 3, 68 Stat. 1038; Sept. 1, 1954, ch. 1206, title IV, §401(b), 68 Stat. 1097; Aug. 12, 1955, ch. 869, §1, 69 Stat. 715; May 19, 1959, Pub. L. 86–28, pt. I, §1, 73 Stat. 25; Sept. 22, 1961, Pub. L. 87–285, §§1, 2, 75 Stat. 585; Sept. 29, 1965, Pub. L. 89–212, §1, 79 Stat. 858; Oct. 30, 1966, Pub. L. 89–699, title II, §201(a), 80 Stat. 1075; Oct. 30, 1966, Pub. L. 89–700, title I, §102, 80 Stat. 1079; Feb. 15, 1968; Pub. L. 90–257, title I, §§102, 103, 82 Stat. 16; Aug. 12, 1970, Pub. L. 91–377, §2, 84 Stat. 791; July 2, 1971, Pub. L. 92–46, §2, 85 Stat. 101; Oct. 4, 1972, Pub. L. 92–460, §1(b), (c), 86 Stat. 765; July 10, 1973, Pub. L. 93–69, title I, §§101, 104(b), (c), 87 Stat. 162, 164, related to eligibility of individuals for annuities under this subchapter. See section 231a of this title.
Section 228c, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, §3, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, §1, 50 Stat. 310; amended July 31, 1946, ch. 709, §§207–211, 60 Stat. 728, 729; June 23, 1948, ch. 608, §1, 62 Stat. 576; Oct. 30, 1951, ch. 632; §§6–10, 65 Stat. 684; June 16, 1954, ch. 300, §1, 68 Stat. 250; Aug. 31, 1954, ch. 1164, pt. I, §§4–7, 68 Stat. 1038, 1039; Aug. 7, 1956, ch. 1022, §1, 70 Stat. 1076; Sept. 6, 1958, Pub. L. 85–927, pt. I, §1, 72 Stat. 1778; May 19, 1959, Pub. L. 86–28, pt. I, §2, 73 Stat. 26; Sept. 13, 1960, Pub. L. 86–778, title II, §211(o)(1), 74 Stat. 958; Oct. 5, 1963, Pub. L. 88–133, title I, §§1, 2, 77 Stat. 219; Sept. 29, 1965, Pub. L. 89–212, §3(a), (b), 79 Stat. 860; Oct. 30, 1966, Pub. L. 89–699, title I, §1, title II, §201(b), (c), 80 Stat. 1073, 1075, 1076; Oct. 30, 1966, Pub. L. 89–700, title I, §103, title III, §301(i), (iv)(a), 80 Stat. 1080, 1088; Feb. 15, 1968, Pub. L. 90–257, title I, §104, 82 Stat. 17; Mar. 17, 1970, Pub. L. 91–215, §§1, 2, 84 Stat. 70; Aug. 12, 1970, Pub. L. 91–377, §1, 84 Stat. 791, July 2, 1971, Pub. L. 92–46, §1, 85 Stat. 101; Oct. 4, 1972, Pub. L. 92–460, §1(a), (d), 86 Stat. 765; July 6, 1973, Pub. L. 93–58, §1, 87 Stat. 141; July 10, 1973, Pub. L. 93–69, title I, §104(a), 87 Stat. 163; Oct. 16, 1974, Pub. L. 93–445, title VI, §601, 88 Stat. 1360, related to computation of annuities under this subchapter. See section 231b of this title.
Section 228c–1, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, §4, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, §1, as added Oct. 8, 1940, ch. 757, title VI, pt. II, §625, 54 Stat. 1014; amended Apr. 8, 1942, ch. 227, §§1–8, 56 Stat. 204–206; July 31, 1946, ch. 709, §212, 60 Stat. 729; Oct. 30, 1951, ch. 632, §4, 65 Stat. 683; Aug. 1, 1956, ch. 837, title IV, §408(a), (b), 70 Stat. 876; Oct. 5, 1963, Pub. L. 88–133, title I, §§3, 4, 77 Stat. 219; Oct. 30, 1966, Pub. L. 89–700, title I, §104, 80 Stat. 1081, related to consideration of time spent in military service in computation of annuities. See section 228a of this title.
Act July 31, 1946, ch. 709, §§404–407, 60 Stat. 742, provided that the rights of persons to whom pensions or annuities were awarded before July 31, 1946 were to be governed by the applicable provisions of law in effect prior to that date, that the election of a joint and survivor annuity made before July 31, 1946, by a person to whom the annuity accrued before Jan. 1, 1947, was to be given effect as though the provisions of law under which the election was made had continued to be operative, that death payments under sections 219 and 228e of this title, other than survivor annuities pursuant to an election, were to be made only with respect to deaths occurring before Jan. 1, 1947, and that any person to whom an annuity accrued before Jan. 1, 1947, and who would as of the date of the initial accrual have been entitled to an annuity in a greater amount by reason of the amendments by act July 31, 1946, had such amendments been in effect at the date of initial accrual, was to be awarded the annuity in such greater amount without additional application therefor.
Act July 31, 1946, ch. 709, §408, 60 Stat. 742, provided that no annuities accruing after July 1946 were to be reduced under section 228b(a)(3) of this title in order to compensate for an annuity terminated by recovery from a disability.
Act June 16, 1954, ch. 300, §2, 68 Stat. 250, provided that in the case of a decedent dying before July 1, 1954, so much of any annuity or pension payment due such decedent under section 228c(b) of this title, was to be paid only to the widow or widower of the decedent, if living, or to the child or children of such decedent, in the alternative, if living.
Pub. L. 92–46, §4, July 2, 1971, 85 Stat. 101, authorized the Railroad Retirement Board to make certain adjustments in allowance percentages under this subchapter, so that the percentages when applied against certain social security benefits, would result in amounts comparable to those in effect prior to the changes made by Pub. L. 92–5, Mar. 17, 1971, 85 Stat. 5, known as the Social Security Amendments of 1971.
Pub. L. 93–69, §106, July 10, 1973, 87 Stat. 165, provided that all recertifications required by reason of the amendments made by sections 104 and 105 of Pub. L. 93–69 were to be made by the Board without application therefor.
Pub. L. 92–460, §3, Oct. 4, 1972, 86 Stat. 766, provided that all recertifications required by reason of the amendments made by Pub. L. 92–460 were to be made by the Board without application therefor.
Pub. L. 92–46, §6, July 2, 1971, 85 Stat. 102, provided that all recertifications required by reason of the amendments made by Pub. L. 92–46 were to be made by the Board without application therefor.
Pub. L. 91–377, §4(b)(2), Aug. 12, 1970, 84 Stat. 792, provided that all recertifications required by reason of the amendments made by Pub. L. 91–377 to sections 228b, 228c, 228e, and 228o of this title were to be made by the Board without application therefor.
Pub. L. 90–257, §108(c), Feb. 15, 1968, 82 Stat. 23, provided that all recertifications required by reason of the amendments made by Pub. L. 90–257 to sections 228a, 228b, 228c, 228e, and 228j of this title were to be made by the Board without application therefor.
Pub. L. 89–699, §202(b), Oct. 30, 1966, 80 Stat. 1077, provided that all recertifications required by reason of the amendments made by Pub. L. 89–699 were to be made by the Board without application therefor.
Pub. L. 86–28, §6(b), Mar. 19, 1959, 73 Stat. 28, provided that all recertifications required by reason of the amendments made by Pub. L. 86–28 to sections 228b, 228c, 228e, 228s–1 and the enactment of section 228z–1 of this title were to be made by the Board without application therefor.
Act Oct. 30, 1951, ch. 632, §25(j), 65 Stat. 691, provided that all recertifications by the Board under act Oct. 30, 1951 were to be made without applications therefor unless required by reason of section 9 of act Oct. 30, 1951, in which case, recertifications were to be made only upon application therefor in such manner and form as the Board was to prescribe.
Act June 23, 1948, ch. 608, §3, 62 Stat. 577, provided in part that all recertifications required by reason of act June 23, 1948 were to be made by the Board without application therefor.
Pub. L. 91–215, §7, Mar. 17, 1970, 84 Stat. 72, placed certain limitations on the utilization of particular procedures established under the Railway Labor Act, section 151 et seq. of this title, when alterations in the provisions of this subchapter regarding certain annuity payments were being sought and placed similar limitations on the use of strikes and lockouts as labor practices when such changes were being sought.
§228d. Repealed. July 31, 1946, ch. 709, §212, 60 Stat. 729
Section, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, §4, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, §1, 50 Stat. 311, related to joint and survivor annuity.
§§228e to 228z–1. Omitted
Sections 228e to 228z–1 were omitted pursuant to the amendment and revision of act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, by Pub. L. 93–445, title I, §101, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1305, known as the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974.
Section 228e, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, §5, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, §1, 50 Stat. 312; amended Apr. 8, 1942, ch. 227, §12, 56 Stat. 208; 1946 Reorg. Plan No. 2, §4, eff. July 16, 1946; 11 F.R. 7873, 60 Stat. 1095; acts July 31, 1946, ch. 709, §213, 60 Stat. 729; June 23, 1948, ch. 608, §2, 62 Stat. 577; Oct. 30, 1951, ch. 632, §§11 to 23, 65 Stat. 685; July 18, 1952, ch. 945, §6(d)(2), (3), 66 Stat. 777; 1953 Reorg. Plan No. 1, §§5, 8, eff. Apr. 11, 1953 18 F.R. 2053, 67 Stat. 631; acts Aug. 31, 1954, ch. 1164, pt. I, §§8–14, 68 Stat. 1039; Sept. 1, 1954, ch. 1206, title I, §106(f), title IV, §401(b)–(d), 68 Stat. 1081, 1097; Aug. 12, 1955, ch. 869, §§2, 3, 69 Stat. 716; Aug. 1, 1956, ch. 836, title I, §120(b), (c), 70 Stat. 836; Aug. 7, 1956, ch. 1022, §2, 70 Stat. 1076; Aug. 30, 1957, Pub. L. 85–238, §4(b), (c), 71 Stat. 520; Sept. 6, 1958, Pub. L. 85–927, §2, 72 Stat. 1779; May 19, 1959, Pub. L. 86–28, pt. I, §3, 73 Stat. 27; Sept. 13, 1960, Pub. L. 86–778, title II, §211(o)(2), 74 Stat. 958; Sept. 22, 1961, Pub. L. 87–285, §3, 75 Stat. 585; Oct. 5, 1963, Pub. L. 88–133, title I, §§5, 6, 77 Stat. 220; July 30, 1965, Pub. L. 89–97, title I, §111(b)(2), title III, §326(b), 79 Stat. 341, 400; Sept. 29, 1965, Pub. L. 89–212, §3(c)–(e), 79 Stat. 860; Oct. 30, 1966, Pub. L. 89–699, title II, §201(d)–(f), 80 Stat. 1076; Oct. 30, 1966, Pub. L. 89–700, title I, §105, title III, §301(i), (iv)(b), (c), 80 Stat. 1082, 1088; Jan. 2, 1968, Pub. L. 90–248, title I, §151(d)(3), 81 Stat. 860; Feb. 15, 1968, Pub. L. 90–257, title I, §105, 82 Stat. 19; Aug. 12, 1970, Pub. L. 91–377, §3, 84 Stat. 791, July 2, 1971, Pub. L. 92–46, §3, 85 Stat. 101; Oct. 4, 1972, Pub. L. 92–460, §1(e), (f), 86 Stat. 766; July 6, 1973, Pub. L. 93–58, §2, 87 Stat. 141; July 10, 1973, Pub. L. 93–69, title I, §104(d), 87 Stat. 164, related to annuities and lump sum payments for survivors. See sections 231c and 231e of this title.
Section 228f, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, §6, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, §1, 50 Stat. 312, related to pensions to individuals on pension or gratuity rolls of employers. See section 231o of this title.
Section 228g, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, §7, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, §1, 50 Stat. 313, related to additional pensions or gratuities by employers. See section 231o of this title.
Section 228h, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, §8, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, §1, 50 Stat. 313; amended July 31, 1946, ch. 709, §214, 60 Stat. 735; Oct. 30, 1966, Pub. L. 89–700, title I, §106, 80 Stat. 1085, related to filing of compensation returns by employers with Board. See section 231h of this title.
Section 228h–1, act Oct. 9, 1940, ch. 797, §4, 54 Stat. 1089, related to records of service and compensation prior to Jan. 1, 1937, was transferred to a note set out under section 228h of this title.
Section 228i, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, §9, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, §1, 50 Stat. 314; amended Oct. 10, 1940, ch. 842, §26, 54 Stat. 1100; Oct. 30, 1966, Pub. L. 89–700, title I, §107, 80 Stat. 1085, related to erroneous payments by the Board. See section 231i of this title.
Section 228j, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, §10, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, §1, 50 Stat. 314; amended 1940 Reorg. Plan No. III, §1(a), eff. June 30, 1940, 5 F.R. 2107, 54 Stat. 1231; acts June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 19§§1, 32(b), 62 Stat. 875, 895, 991; May 24, 1949, ch. 139, §127, 63 Stat. 107; Oct. 15, 1949, ch. 695, §5(a), 63 Stat. 880; Aug. 12, 1955, ch. 869, §5, 69 Stat. 716; Sept. 6, 1958, Pub. L. 85–927, pt. I, §3, 72 Stat. 1781; Sept. 6, 1966, Pub. L. 89–554, §8(a), 80 Stat. 660; Oct. 30, 1966, Pub. L. 89–700, title I, §108, 80 Stat. 1085; Feb. 15, 1968, Pub. L. 90–257, title I, §106, 82 Stat. 21, related to establishment of Railroad Retirement Board. See section 231f of this title.
Section 228k, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, §11, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, §1, 50 Stat. 315; amended July 31, 1946, ch. 709, §215, 60 Stat. 735, related to court jurisdiction under this subchapter. See section 231g of this title.
Section 228l, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, §12, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, §1, 50 Stat. 316 and amended Aug. 12, 1955, ch. 869, §4, 69 Stat. 716, related to assignability of annuities and pension payments under this subchapter. See section 231m of this title.
Section 228m, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, §13, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, §1, 50 Stat. 316; amended Sept. 6, 1958, Pub. L. 85–927, pt. I, §4, 72 Stat. 1781, related to penalties under this subchapter. See section 231l of this title.
Section 228n, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, §14, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, §1, 50 Stat. 316, related to separability of provisions. See section 231s of this title.
Section 228o, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, §15, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, §1, 50 Stat. 316; amended Sept. 22, 1959, Pub. L. 86–346, title I, §104(4), 73 Stat. 622; Oct. 5, 1963, Pub. L. 88–133, title I, §7(a), 77 Stat. 220; Oct. 30, 1966, Pub. L. 89–699, title I, §2, 80 Stat. 1074; Mar. 17, 1970, Pub. L. 91–215, §3, 84 Stat. 70; Aug. 12, 1970, Pub. L. 91–377, §5, 84 Stat. 792, related to establishment of Railroad Retirement Account. See section 231n of this title.
Section 228p, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, §16, as added June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, §1, 50 Stat. 317, related to authorization of appropriations under this subchapter.
Section 228q, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, §17, as added June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, §1, 50 Stat. 317; amended Oct. 30, 1951, ch. 632, §24, 65 Stat. 690, defined “employment” as used in this subchapter. See section 231q of this title.
Section 228r, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, §18, as added June 24, 1917, ch. 382, pt. I, §1, 50 Stat. 318, related to free transportation. See section 231p of this title.
Section 228s, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, §19(a), (b), as added June 24, 1917, ch. 382, pt. I, §1, as added Apr. 8, 1942, ch. 227, §11, 56 Stat. 207, 208; amended Oct. 30, 1966, Pub. L. 89–700, title I, §109, 80 Stat. 1085, related to incompetence. See section 231k of this title.
Section 228s–1, act June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, §20, as added Aug. 31, 1954, ch. 1164, pt. I, §15, 68 Stat. 1040; amended May 19, 1959, Pub. L. 86–28, pt. I, §4, 73 Stat. 28; Aug. 29, 1959, Pub. L. 86–211, §8(c), 73 Stat. 436; Oct. 30, 1966, Pub. L. 89–700, title I, §110, 80 Stat. 1085, related to waiver of annuities and pensions under this subchapter. See section 231k of this title
Section 228s–2, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, §21, as added July 30, 1965, Pub. L. 89–97, title I, §105(a)(1), 79 Stat. 335; amended July 30, 1965, Pub. L. 89–97, title I, §111(b)(1), 79 Stat. 340; Jan. 2, 1968, Pub. L. 90–248, title I, §129(c)(13), 81 Stat. 849, related to hospital insurance benefits for the aged. See section 231f of this title.
Section 228s–3, act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, §22, as added Oct. 30, 1972, Pub. L. 92–603, title II, §201(d), 86 Stat. 1373, related to hospital insurance benefits for the disabled. See section 231f of this title.
Section 228t, act Oct. 30, 1951, ch. 632, §25(d), 65 Stat. 690, related to certain retirement or survivor annuities awarded prior to Oct. 30, 1951.
Section 228u, act Oct. 30, 1951, ch. 632, §25(e), 65 Stat. 690, related to determination of entitlement to a survivor annuity.
Section 228v, act Oct. 30, 1951, ch. 632, §25(f), 65 Stat. 691, related to law governing the awards of annuities.
Section 228w, act Oct. 30, 1951, ch. 632, §25(g), 65 Stat. 691, related to increased pensions after Nov. 30, 1961.
Section 228x, act Oct. 30, 1951, ch. 632, §25(h), 65 Stat. 691, related to increased annuities under subchapter II of this chapter.
Section 228y, act Oct. 30, 1951, ch. 632, §25(i), 65 Stat. 691, related to certain reduced annuities.
Section 228z, act Aug. 7, 1956, ch. 1022, §3, 70 Stat. 1076, related to increased pensions and annuities awarded before July 1, 1956 and annuities under subchapter II of this chapter.
Section 228z–1, Pub. L. 86–28, pt. I, §5, May 19, 1959, 73 Stat. 28, related to additional increases in certain pensions and annuities.
Actuarial Soundness of the Railroad Retirement System
Pub. L. 93–69, title I, §107, July 10, 1973, 87 Stat. 165, authorized certain designated representatives of employees and representatives of carriers to submit to the Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare and the House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, no later than Apr. 1, 1974, a report containing their recommendations for restructuring the railroad retirement system to assure long-term actuarial soundness.
Adopted Child's Reentitlement to Annuity
Pub. L. 93–58, §4(b), July 6, 1973, 87 Stat. 141, provided that any child whose entitlement to an annuity under section 228e(c) of this title was terminated by reason of his or her adoption prior to July 6, 1973, and who otherwise would have been entitled to an annuity under such section for a month after July, 1973, could become reentitled to his or her annuity by proper application.
Certain Persons Becoming Employers
Act July 31, 1946, ch. 709, §409, 60 Stat. 743, provided that in the application of section 228f of this title with respect to persons who were not employers before the enactment of act July 31, 1946, the dates Jan. 1, 1946, and Jan. 1, 1947, were to be substituted for Mar. 1, 1937 and July 1, 1937, respectively.
Pub. L. 91–377, §7, Aug. 12, 1970, 84 Stat. 792, as amended by Pub. L. 92–46, §7, July 2, 1971, 85 Stat. 102, established a commission on railroad retirement, prescribed its composition, designated the rates of pay for its members, authorized a study of the retirement system and its financing, authorized appropriations for funding the expenses of the commission, and required that the commission submit a full report on its work no later than June 30, 1972.
Congressional Declaration of 1974 Legislative Intent
Pub. L. 93–69, title I, §108, July 10, 1973, 87 Stat. 165, provided that the Congress declared its intent to enact legislation in 1974, effective not later than Jan. 1, 1975, which would assure the long-term actuarial soundness of the railroad retirement system.
Conversion of Special Obligations in Railroad Retirement Account on Oct. 5, 1963; Interest Rate
Pub. L. 88–133, §7(b), Oct. 5, 1963, 77 Stat. 220, provided that: “The Secretary of the Treasury is authorized to retire the special obligations held by the account on the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 5, 1963] and to issue in lieu thereof special obligations with an interest rate determined as provided for in section 15(b) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937, as amended by this Act [Pub. L. 88–133].”
Determination of Amounts of Social Security Benefits
Pub. L. 91–377, §4(c), Aug. 12, 1970, 84 Stat. 792, provided that the amount by which a social security benefit computed under Pub. L. 90–248, Jan. 2, 1968, 81 Stat. 821, known as the Social Security Amendments of 1967, for purposes of Pub. L. 91–377, was to be deemed to be an amount equal to 87 per cent of such benefit computed under Pub. L. 91–172, title X, Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 737, known as the Social Security Amendments of 1969, and the amount by which an individual's social security benefit was increased by reason of the Social Security Amendments of 1969 was to be deemed to be 13 per cent of such individual's social security benefit as computed under the Social Security Amendments of 1969.
Entitlement to Annuity or Pension Under Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 as Including Entitlement Under Railroad Retirement Act of 1935
Pub. L. 89–97, title I, §105(a)(2), July 30, 1965, 79 Stat. 335, provided that for purposes of section 21 of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937, section 21 of act Aug. 29, 1935, as added by section 105(a)(1) of Pub. L. 89–97, and for certain other purposes, entitlement to an annuity or pension under this subchapter was to be deemed to include entitlement under subchapter II of this chapter.
Hospital Insurance Benefits for the Aged
Act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, §21, as added July 30, 1965, Pub. L. 89–97, title I, §105(a)(1), 79 Stat. 335, required the Railroad Retirement Board to certify to the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, in order to provide hospital insurance benefits for annuitants, pensioners, and certain other aged individuals for purposes of the Social Security program, the name of anyone aged 65 who was entitled to an annuity or pension under this subchapter, would have been so entitled had he ceased compensated service and had applied for such annuity, or bore a particular relationship to certain qualified employees, and specified such additional information as such certification was to include.
Increases in Certain Pensions and Annuities
Pub. L. 93–69, title I, §105, July 10, 1973, 87 Stat. 164, provided that if title II of the Social Security Act, section 401 et seq. of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, was amended to provide an increase in benefits at any time during the period July 1, 1973 to Dec. 31, 1974, the pension of each recipient under section 228f of this title and the annuity of each recipient under this subchapter was to be increased by an amount computed under the method set forth in section 228c(a)(6) of this title.
Pub. L. 92–460, §2 Sept. 4, 1972, 86 Stat. 766, provided for 20 per cent increases in pensions under section 228f of this title, annuities under subchapter II of this chapter, certain survivor annuities, and certain widows’ and widowers’ insurance annuities.
Pub. L. 92–46, §5, July 2, 1971, 85 Stat. 101, provided for 10 per cent increases in pensions under section 228f of this title, annuities under subchapter II of this chapter, certain survivor annuities, and certain widows’ and widowers’ insurance annuities.
Pub. L. 91–377, §4(b)(1), Aug. 12, 1970, 84 Stat. 792, provided for 15 per cent increases in pensions under section 228f of this title, annuities under subchapter II of this chapter, certain survivor annuities, and certain widows’ and widowers’ insurance annuities, provided that there would be a reduction in the amount of the increase where the recipient was also a recipient of certain social security benefits.
Pub. L. 90–257, §107, Feb. 15, 1968, 82 Stat. 22, provided for certain increases in pensions under section 228f of this title, annuities under subchapter II of this chapter, survivor annuities and widows’ and widowers’ insurance annuities, provided that there would be a reduction in the amount of the increase where the recipient was also a recipient of certain social security benefits.
Pub. L. 89–699, §201(g), Oct. 30, 1966, 80 Stat. 1077, provided for 7 per cent increases in pensions under section 228f of this title, annuities under subchapter II of this chapter, certain survivor annuities, and certain widows’ and widowers’ insurance annuities, provided that there would be a reduction in the amount of the increase where the recipient was also a recipient of certain social security benefits.
Permanency of Increases in Certain Pensions and Annuities
Pub. L. 92–460, §6, Sept. 4, 1972, 86 Stat. 767, provided that it was the policy of Congress that the 20 per cent increase in pension and annuity benefits provided by section 2 of Pub. L. 92–460, as well as the 10 per cent and 15 per cent increases provided by section 5 of Pub. L. 92–46 and section 4(b)(1) of Pub. L. 91–377, respectively, could become permanent only if measures were taken to assure that the Railroad Retirement Account would remain solvent, and required representatives of employees, retirees, and carriers to submit to Congress reports containing their recommendations for such solvency measures no later than Mar. 1, 1973, and required the Railroad Retirement Board to submit its solvency recommendations to Congress no later than Apr. 1, 1973.
Presumption of Higher Increases in Annuities
Pub. L. 90–257, §108(b), Feb. 15, 1968, 82 Stat. 23, provided that in cases where an annuity was payable in the month before the month with respect to which increases in benefits under title II of the Social Security Act, sections 401 et seq. of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, provided for by Pub. L. 90–248, Jan. 2, 1968, 81 Stat. 821, known as the Social Security Amendments of 1967, became effective in an amount determined under this subchapter, other than under the first proviso of section 228c(e) of this title, the provisions of Pub. L. 90–257 were to be presumed to provide a higher amount of increase in annuity than the provisions of the Social Security Amendments of 1967 would provide under the first proviso of section 228c(e) of this title.
Railroad Retirement and Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance System
Pub. L. 89–97, §105(c), July 30, 1965, 79 Stat. 336, provided that amendments preserving the relationship between the railroad retirement and old-age, survivors, and disability insurance systems were contained in section 326 of Pub. L. 89–97, which amended sections 228 and 228e of this title.
Transfer of Funds for Payment of Supplemental Annuities
Pub. L. 91–215, §6, Mar. 17, 1970, 84 Stat. 71, authorized the Railroad Retirement Board to request the Secretary of the Treasury to transfer from the Railroad Retirement Account to the Railroad Retirement Supplemental Account such funds as were necessary to meet the payment of the supplemental annuities pursuant to section 228c(j) of this title, as well as the administrative expenses necessarily involved for the six months following Mar. 17, 1970, and required the Board to request the return of an equal amount plus interest to the Railroad Retirement Account from the Supplemental Account within one year from Mar. 17, 1970.
Pub. L. 89–699, §3(b), Oct. 30, 1966, 80 Stat. 1075, authorized the Railroad Retirement Board to request the Secretary of the Treasury to transfer from the Railroad Retirement Account to the Railroad Retirement Supplemental Account such funds as were necessary to meet the payment of the supplemental annuities pursuant to section 228c(j) of this title, as well as the administrative expenses necessarily involved for the six months following Oct. 30, 1966, and required the Board to request the return of an equal amount plus interest to the Railroad Retirement Account from the Supplemental Account within one year from Oct. 30, 1966.
This subchapter is comprised of act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, as amended in its entirety and completely revised by act June 24, 1937, ch. 382, part I, 50 Stat. 307, and as further amended in its entirety and completely revised by Pub. L. 93–445, title I, §101, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1305, eff. Jan. 1, 1975. The Act, as restated by Pub. L. 93–445, was redesignated the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974. See section 231t of this title. The Act is set out in this subchapter carrying a statutory credit showing restatement by act June 24, 1937 and a further restatement by Pub. L. 93–445 without reference to amendments made to the Act between its original enactment in 1935 and 1974. For history of the Act, credits, and note material, see subchapters II and III of this chapter.
(a)(1) The term “employer” shall include—
(2) Notwithstanding the provisions of subdivision (1) of this subsection, the term “employer” shall not include—
(b)(1) The term “employee” means (i) any individual in the service of one or more employers for compensation, (ii) any individual who is in the employment relation to one or more employers, and (iii) an employee representative: Provided, however, That the term “employee” shall include an employee of a local lodge or division defined as an employer in subsection (a) of this section only if he was in the service of or in the employment relation to an employer as defined in paragraph (i) of subsection (a)(1) of this section on or after August 29, 1935.
(2) The term “employee” shall not include any individual while such individual is engaged in the physical operations consisting of the mining of coal, the preparation of coal, the handling (other than movement by rail with standard railroad locomotives) of coal not beyond the mine tipple, or the loading of coal at the tipple.
(c) The term “employee representative” means any officer or official representative of a railway labor organization other than a labor organization included in the term “employer” as defined in subsection (a) of this section who before or after August 29, 1935, was in the service of an employer as defined in subsection (a) of this section and who is duly authorized and designated to represent employees in accordance with the Railway Labor Act, as amended [45 U.S.C. 151 et seq.], and any individual who is regularly assigned to or regularly employed by such officer or official representative in connection with the duties of his office.
(d)(1) An individual is in the service of an employer whether his service is rendered within or without the United States if—
(2) Notwithstanding the provisions of subdivision (1) of this subsection—
(e)(1) An individual shall be deemed to have been in the employment relation to an employer on August 29, 1935, if—
(2) Notwithstanding the provisions of subdivision (1) of this subsection, an individual shall not be deemed to have been in the employment relation to an employer on August 29, 1935, if before that date he was granted a pension or gratuity on the basis of which a pension was awarded to him pursuant to section 6 of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [45 U.S.C. 228f], or if during the last payroll period before August 29, 1935, in which he rendered service to an employer he was not in the service of an employer, in accordance with subsection (d) of this section, with respect to any service in such payroll period, or if he could have been in the employment relation to an employer only by reason of his having been, either before or after August 29, 1935, in the service of a local lodge or division defined as an employer in subsection (a) of this section.
(f)(1) The term “years of service” shall mean the number of years an individual as an employee shall have rendered service to one or more employers for compensation or received remuneration for time lost, and shall be computed in accordance with the provisions of section 231b(i) of this title. Twelve calendar months, consecutive or otherwise, in each of which an employee has rendered such service or received such wages for time lost, shall constitute a year of service. Ultimate fractions shall be taken at their actual value.
(2) Where service prior to August 29, 1935, may be included in the computation of years of service as provided in subdivision (3) of section 231b(i) of this title, it may be included as to—
(ii) service rendered to any express company, sleeping-car company, or carrier by railroad which was a predecessor of a company which, on August 29, 1935, was an employer as defined in paragraph (i) of subsection (a)(1) of this section, irrespective of whether such predecessor was an employer at the time such service was rendered; and
(g)(1) For purposes of section 231b(i)(2) of this title, an individual shall be deemed to have been in “military service” when commissioned or enrolled in the active service of the land or naval forces of the United States and until resignation or discharge therefrom; and the service of any individual in any reserve component of the land or naval forces of the United States, while serving in the land or naval forces of the United States for any period, even though less than thirty days, shall be deemed to have been active service in such force during such period.
(2) For purposes of section 231b(i)(2) of this title, a “war service period” shall mean (A) any war period, or (B) with respect to any particular individual, any period during which such individual (i) having been in military service at the end of a war period, was required to continue in military service, or (ii) was required by call of the President, or by any Act of Congress or regulation, order, or proclamation pursuant thereto, to enter and continue in military service, or (C) any period after September 7, 1939, with respect to which a state of national emergency was duly declared to exist which requires a strengthening of the national defense. For purposes of section 231b(i)(2) of this title, the period beginning on June 15, 1948, and ending on December 15, 1950, shall be deemed to be a war service period with respect to any individual who without intervening employment not covered by this subchapter rendered service as an employee to an employer under this subchapter in the year such individual was released from active military service or in the year immediately following such year.
(3) For purposes of section 231b(i)(2) of this title, a “war period” shall be deemed to have begun on whichever of the following dates is the earliest: (A) the date on which the Congress of the United States declared war; or (B) the date as of which the Congress of the United States declared that a state of war has existed; or (C) the date on which war was declared by one or more foreign states against the United States; or (D) the date on which any part of the United States or any territory under its jurisdiction was invaded or attacked by any armed force of one or more foreign states; or (E) the date on which the United States engaged in armed hostilities for the purpose of preserving the Union or of maintaining in any State of the Union a republican form of government.
(4) For purposes of section 231b(i)(2) of this title, a “war period” shall be deemed to have ended on the date on which hostilities ceased.
(h)(1) The term “compensation” means any form of money remuneration paid to an individual for services rendered as an employee to one or more employers or as an employee representative, including remuneration paid for time lost as an employee, but remuneration paid for time lost shall be deemed earned in the month in which such time is lost. A payment made by an employer to an individual through the employer's payroll shall be presumed, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, to be compensation for service rendered by such individual as an employee of the employer in the period with respect to which the payment is made. Compensation earned in any calendar month before 1947 shall be deemed paid in such month regardless of whether or when payment will have been in fact made, and compensation earned in any calendar year after 1946 but paid after the end of such calendar year shall be deemed to be compensation paid in the calendar year in which it will have been earned if it is so reported by the employer before February 1 of the next succeeding calendar year or if the employee establishes, subject to the provisions of section 231h of this title, the period during which such compensation will have been earned.
(2) An employee shall be deemed to be paid “for time lost” the amount he is paid by an employer with respect to an identifiable period of absence from the active service of the employer, including absence on account of personal injury, and the amount he is paid by the employer for loss of earnings resulting from his displacement to a less remunerative position or occupation. If a payment is made by an employer with respect to a personal injury and includes pay for time lost, the total payment shall be deemed to be paid for time lost unless, at the time of payment, a part of such payment is specifically apportioned to factors other than time lost, in which event only such part of the payment as is not so apportioned shall be deemed to be paid for time lost.
(3) Solely for purposes of determining amounts to be included in the compensation of an employee, the term “compensation” shall also include cash tips received by an employee in any calendar month in the course of his employment by an employer unless the amount of such cash tips is less than $20.
(5) In determining compensation, there shall be attributable as compensation paid to an employee in calendar months in which he is in military service creditable under section 231b(i)(2) of this title, in addition to any other compensation paid to him with respect to such months—
(iii) for each such calendar month after 1974, the amount which is creditable as such individual's “wages” under section 209(d) of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 409(d)].
(6) Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding subdivisions of this subsection, the term “compensation” shall not include—
(iv) remuneration for service as a delegate to a national or international convention of a railway-labor-organization employer if the individual rendering such service has not previously rendered service, other than as such a delegate, which may be included in his “years of service;”
(vi) an amount paid specifically—either as an advance, as reimbursement or allowance—for traveling or other bona fide and necessary expenses incurred or reasonably expected to be incurred in the business of the employer provided any such payment is identified by the employer either by a separate payment or by specifically indicating the separate amounts where both wages and expense reimbursement or allowance are combined in a single payment.
(7) The term “compensation” includes any separation allowance or subsistence allowance paid under any benefit schedule provided under section 701 of title VII of the Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973 [45 U.S.C. 797] 2 and any termination allowance paid under section 702 of that Act [45 U.S.C. 797a], but does not include any other benefits payable under that title [45 U.S.C. 797 et seq.]. The total amount of any subsistence allowance paid under a benefit schedule provided pursuant to section 701 of the Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973 shall be considered as having been earned in the month in which the employee first timely filed a claim for such an allowance.
(8) Notwithstanding any other provision of this subchapter, for the purposes of sections 231b(a)(1), 231c(a)(1), and 231c(f)(1) of this title, the term “compensation” includes any payment from any source to an employee or employee representative if such payment is subject to tax under section 3201 or 3211 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [26 U.S.C. 3201, 3211].
(i) The term “Board” means the Railroad Retirement Board.
(j) The term “company” includes corporations, associations, and joint-stock companies.
(k) The term “employee” includes an officer of an employer.
(l) The term “person” means an individual, a partnership, an association, a joint-stock company, a corporation, or the United States or any other governmental body.
(m) The term “United States,” when used in a geographical sense, means the States and the District of Columbia.
(n) The term “Social Security Act” means the Social Security Act as amended [42 U.S.C. 301 et seq.] from time to time.
(o) An individual shall be deemed to have “a current connection with the railroad industry” at the time an annuity begins to accrue to him and at death if, in any thirty consecutive calendar months before the month in which an annuity under this subchapter begins to accrue to him, or the month in which he dies if that first occurs, he will have been in service as an employee in not less than twelve calendar months and, if such thirty calendar months do not immediately precede such month, he will not have been engaged in any regular employment other than employment for an employer or employment with the Department of Transportation, the Interstate Commerce Commission, the Surface Transportation Board, the National Mediation Board, the National Transportation Safety Board, the State-owned railroad (as defined in the Alaska Railroad Transfer Act of 1982 [45 U.S.C. 1201 et seq.]), so long as it is an instrumentality of the State of Alaska, or the Railroad Retirement Board in the period before such month and after the end of such thirty months. For purposes of section 231a(b) of this title and section 231a(d) of this title only, an individual shall be deemed also to have “a current connection with the railroad industry” if, after having completed twenty-five years of service, such individual involuntarily and without fault ceased rendering service as an employee under this subchapter and did not thereafter decline an offer of employment in the same class or craft as the individual's most recent employee service. For purposes of section 231a(d) of this title only, an individual shall be deemed to have a “current connection with the railroad industry” if a pension will have been payable to that individual under the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [45 U.S.C. 228a et seq.] or a retirement annuity based on service of not less than 10 years (as computed in awarding the annuity) will have begun to accrue to that individual prior to 1948 under the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937. For the purposes of section 231a(d) of this title only, an individual shall be deemed also to have a “current connection with the railroad industry” if he will have completed ten years of service and (A) he would be neither fully nor currently insured under the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 301 et seq.] if his service as an employee after December 31, 1936, were included in the term “employment” as defined in that Act, or (B) he has no quarters of coverage under the Social Security Act.
(p) The term “annuity” means a monthly sum which is payable on the first day of each calendar month for the accrual during the preceding calendar month.
(q) The terms “quarter” and “calendar quarter” shall mean a period of three calendar months ending on March 31, June 30, September 30, or December 31.
(Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, §1, as restated June 24, 1937, ch. 382, pt. I, 50 Stat. 307, as restated Pub. L. 93–445, title I, §101, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1305; amended Pub. L. 94–547, §4(a), Oct. 18, 1976, 90 Stat. 2526; Pub. L. 97–35, title XI, §1116, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 628; Pub. L. 97–468, title VI, §615(b)(6), Jan. 14, 1983, 96 Stat. 2578; Pub. L. 98–76, title IV, §§402(a), 403(a), 410(a), Aug. 12, 1983, 97 Stat. 434, 435; Pub. L. 99–514, §2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095; Pub. L. 100–647, title VII, §7304(a), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3778; Pub. L. 101–239, title X, §10208(d)(2)(B)(ii), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2481; Pub. L. 104–88, title III, §323, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 950.)
The Railway Labor Act, referred to in subsecs. (a)(1)(v) and (c), is act May 20, 1926, ch. 347, 44 Stat. 577, as amended, which is classified principally to chapter 8 (§151 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 151 of this title and Tables.
The Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973, referred to in subsec. (h)(7), is Pub. L. 93–236, Jan. 2, 1974, 87 Stat. 985, as amended. Section 701 of title VII of the Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973 [45 U.S.C. 797] was repealed by Pub. L. 99–509, title IV, §4024(c), Oct. 21, 1986, 100 Stat. 1904, effective on the sale date (Apr. 2, 1987). Title VII of the Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973 is classified generally to subchapter VII (§797 et seq.) of chapter 16 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 701 of this title and Tables.
The Social Security Act, referred to in subsecs. (n), (o), and (r), is act Aug. 14, 1935, ch. 531, 49 Stat. 620, as amended, which is classified generally to chapter 7 (§301 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 1305 of Title 42 and Tables.
The Alaska Railroad Transfer Act of 1982, referred to in subsec. (o), is Pub. L. 97–468, title VI, §601 et seq., Jan 14, 1983, 96 Stat. 2556, as amended, which is classified principally to chapter 21 (§1201 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1201 of this title and Tables.
The Railroad Retirement Act of 1937, referred to in subsec. (o), is act Aug. 29, 1935, ch. 812, 49 Stat. 867, as amended generally by act June 24, 1937, ch. 382, part I, 50 Stat. 307, which is classified principally to subchapter III (§228a et seq.) of this chapter. The Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 was amended generally and redesignated the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 by Pub. L. 93–445, title I, Oct. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 1305. The Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 is classified generally to this subchapter. For complete classification of these Acts to the Code, see Tables.
1995—Subsec. (a)(1)(i). Pub. L. 104–88, §323(1), added cl. (i) and struck out former cl. (i) which read as follows: “any express company, sleeping car company, and carrier by railroad, subject to part I of the Interstate Commerce Act;”.
Subsec. (a)(2)(ii). Pub. L. 104–88, §323(2), substituted “Surface Transportation Board is hereby authorized and directed upon request of the Railroad Retirement Board” for “Interstate Commerce Commission is hereby authorized and directed upon request of the Board”.
Subsec. (o). Pub. L. 104–88, §323(3), inserted “the Surface Transportation Board,” after “the Interstate Commerce Commission,”.
1989—Subsec. (h)(5)(iii). Pub. L. 101–239 substituted “section 209(d)” for “the third paragraph of section 209”.
1988—Subsec. (g)(2). Pub. L. 100–647 inserted provision designating the period beginning on June 15, 1948, and ending on Dec. 15, 1950, as a war service period with respect to certain individuals.
1986—Subsec. (h)(4), (8). Pub. L. 99–514 substituted “Internal Revenue Code of 1986” for “Internal Revenue Code of 1954”.
1983—Subsec. (h)(6). Pub. L. 98–76, §402(a), struck out cl. (ii) which provided that term “compensation” would not include the voluntary payment by an employee, without deduction from the remuneration of the employee, of any tax not now or thereafter imposed with respect to the compensation of such employee, and redesignated cls. (iii) to (vii) as (ii) to (vi), respectively.
Subsec. (o). Pub. L. 97–468 inserted “the State-owned railroad (as defined in the Alaska Railroad Transfer Act of 1982 [45 U.S.C. 1201 et seq.]), so long as it is an instrumentality of the State of Alaska,” after “National Transportation Safety Board,”.
1981—Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 97–35, §1116(a), substituted “Ultimate fractions shall be taken at their actual value” for “Ultimate fractions shall be taken at their actual value, except that if the individual will have had not less than one hundred twenty-six months of service, an ultimate fraction of six months or more shall be taken as one year”.
Subsec. (o). Pub. L. 97–35, §1116(b)(2), inserted after first sentence “For purposes of section 231a(b) of this title and section 231a(d) of this title only, an individual shall be deemed also to have ‘a current connection with the railroad industry’ if, after having completed twenty-five years of service, such individual involuntarily and without fault ceased rendering service as an employee under this subchapter and did not thereafter decline an offer of employment in the same class or craft as the individual's most recent employee service. For purposes of section 231a(d) of this title only, an individual shall be deemed to have a ‘current connection with the railroad industry’ if a pension will have been payable to that individual under the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 or a retirement annuity based on service of not less than 10 years (as computed in awarding the annuity) will have begun to accrue to that individual prior to 1948 under the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937.”
1976—Subsec. (h)(6)(vi), (vii). Pub. L. 94–547 added pars. (vi) and (vii).
Section 7304(b) of Pub. L. 100–647 provided that: “The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply with respect to annuities accruing in months after the date of enactment of this Act [Nov. 10, 1988].”
Section 402(c) of Pub. L. 98–76 provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 351 of this title] shall apply to compensation paid for services rendered after June 30, 1983.”
Section 403(c) of Pub. L. 98–76 provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 351 of this title] shall be effective August 13, 1981.”
Section 410(b) of Pub. L. 98–76 provided that: “The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply with respect to payments made on or after January 1, 1982.”
Section 1129 of Pub. L. 97–35, as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, §2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that:
“(a) Except as otherwise provided in this section, the amendments made by this subtitle [subtitle D (§§1116–1129 of title XI of Pub. L. 97–35, enacting section 231u of this title, amending this section and sections 231a to 231f, 231i, 231n, 231q, 355, and 358 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 231n of this title] shall take effect October 1, 1981, and shall apply only with respect to annuities awarded on or after that date.
“(b)(1) The amendment made by section 1116(a) of this Act [amending this section] shall take effect October 1, 1981, except that the years of service of an individual shall not be considered less after enactment of this Act [Aug. 13, 1981] for any individual who files an application before April 1, 1982 than such individual had during the month of September 1981.
“(2) The amendments made by sections 1116(b)(1), 1118(c)(2), 1119(b)(5), 1119(c), 1119(h)(3), 1119(i)(3), 1120(a), 1120(d), 1121(c)(1), 1121(c)(2), 1123, and 1125 of this Act [amending this section and sections 231b, 231c, 231d, 231e, 231i, and 231q of this title] shall take effect January 1, 1975.
“(3) The first sentence added to section 1(o) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [subsec. (o) of this section] by section 1116(b)(2) shall take effect October 1, 1981, and shall apply only with respect to individuals who did not die before that date and who ceased rendering service as an employee under the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [this subchapter] on or after October 1, 1975 or were on leave of absence or furlough on October 1, 1975. The second sentence added to section 1(o) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 by section 1116(b)(2) shall take effect October 1, 1981.
“(c) The amendment made by section 1117(a) of this Act [amending section 231a of this title] shall take effect October 1, 1981, and shall apply only with respect to individuals whose supplemental annuity closing date under section 2(b) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [section 231a(b) of this title] before the effective date of the amendment to such section by this Act did not occur before October 1, 1981.
“(d) The amendments made by section 1119(b)(1) [amending section 231c of this title] shall not apply with respect to annuities awarded on the basis of employee annuities awarded before October 1, 1981.
“(e)(1) The amendments made by sections 1118(e)(3), 1119(d)(2), 1119(h)(1), and 1119(h)(4) of this Act [amending sections 231b and 231c of this title] shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 13, 1981].
“(2) The amendment made by section 1118(d) of this Act [amending section 231b of this title] shall apply with respect to annuity increases which become effective on or after the date described in the next sentence. The date referred to in the last preceding sentence is the later of October 1, 1981 and the date (after July 1, 1981) on which there is an increase in the rate of any tax imposed under chapter 22 (relating to railroad retirement tax) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954] [chapter 22 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code]. For the purposes of the amendment made by section 1118(d), with respect to annuities awarded before October 1, 1981, the annuity portions computed under subsections (b) and (d) of section 3 of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [section 231b(b) and (d) of this title] as in effect before October 1, 1981, shall be treated as a portion of an annuity computed under section 3(b) of such Act as amended by this Act.
“(3) The amendment made by section 1118(a) of this Act [amending section 231b of this title] shall take effect on the later of October 1, 1981, and the date (after July 1, 1981) on which there is an increase in the rate of any tax imposed under chapter 22 (relating to railroad retirement tax) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [chapter 22 of Title 26], and shall apply only with respect to annuities awarded on or after the date of that taking effect.
“(f) Section 4(g) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 as amended by this Act [section 231c(g) of this title] (except subdivisions (5) and (6) of such section 4(g)) shall take effect October 1, 1981, with respect to awards made on or after that date in cases in which the employee did not begin receiving an annuity under section 2(a)(1) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [section 231a(a)(1) of this title] before October 1, 1981, and did not die before that date, and to all awards made on or after October 1, 1986. In all other awards made on or after October 1, 1981, and before October 1, 1986, for purposes of determining the initial annuity amounts only, the provisions of section 4(g) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974, as in effect before amendment by this Act shall be applicable. Initial annuity amounts determined under the preceding sentence shall be increased only by the same percentage, or percentages, as an employee's annuity amount determined under section 3(b) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [section 231b(b) of this title] is increased under section 3(g) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [section 231b(g) of this title] on or after the date on which such initial annuity amount began to accrue. Annuity amounts determined under section 4(g) of the Railway Retirement Act of 1974 before amendment by this Act or under section 207(2) of Public Law 93–445 [set out as a note below] shall be increased only by the same percentage, or percentages, as an employee's annuity amount determined under section 3(b) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 is increased under section 3(g) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 on or after October 1, 1981. Section 4(g)(5) and 4(g)(6) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974, as amended by this Act, shall take effect on October 1, 1981.
“(g) The amendments made by sections 1118(b), 1118(g), 1120(b), 1122(a)(2), 1122(b)(1), 1122(c), 1124, 1126, and 1127 of this Act [enacting section 231u of this title, amending sections 231b, 231d, 231f, and 231n of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 231n of this title] shall take effect October 1, 1981.
“(h) The amendments made by sections 1117(e)(2), 1117(f), 1118(h)(2), and 1119(i)(4) [amending sections 231a, 231b, and 231c of this title] shall take effect January 1, 1982.”
Section 4(c)(1) of Pub. L. 94–547 provided that: “The amendments made by subsection (a) of this section [amending this section] shall be effective January 1, 1975.”
Section 602(a)–(d) of Pub. L. 93–445 provided that:
“(a) The provisions of title I of this Act [enacting this subchapter] shall become effective on January 1, 1975, except as otherwise provided herein: Provided, however, That annuities awarded under section 2 of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [section 231a of this title] on the basis of an application therefor filed with the Board on or after such date may, subject to the limitations prescribed in section 5(a) of such Act [section 231d(a) of this title], begin prior to such date, except that no annuity under paragraph (ii) of section 2(a)(1) of such Act [subsec. (a)(1) of section 231a of this title] shall begin to accrue to a man prior to July 1, 1974.
“(b) The provision of section 1(o) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [section 231(o) of this title] which provides that a ‘current connection with the railroad industry’ will not be broken by ‘employment with the Department of Transportation, the Interstate Commerce Commission, the National Mediation Board, or the Railroad Retirement Board’ shall not be applicable (A) for purposes of paragraph (iv) of section 2(a)(1) of such Act [section 231a(a)(1)(iv) of this title], to an individual who became disabled, as provided for purposes of such paragraph, prior to January 1, 1975, (B) for purposes of section 2(b)(1) of such Act [section 231a(b)(1) of this title], to an individual whose annuity under section 2(a) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1937 [section 228b(a) of this title] or section 2(a)(1) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [section 231a(1) of this title] first began to accrue prior to January 1, 1975, and (C) for purposes of section 2(d)(1) [section 231a(d)(1) of this title] of such Act, to a survivor of a deceased employee if such employee died prior to January 1, 1975.
“(c) The provisions of clause (i)(B) and clause (ii)(B) of section 2(c)(1) of the Railroad Retirement Act of 1974 [subsec. (c)(1) of section 231a of this title] shall not be ap