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SIL Levels | Prevention | Safety
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Safety Integrity Level Accoarding IEC 61508 and IEC 61511
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UNDERSTANDING SAFETY INTEGRITY LEVEL
S p e c i a l A p p l i cat i o n S e r i e s
more than 90% of all applications are not safety-related. and the protective “armoring” of personnel and equipment. the more reliable the instrument. IEC 61511 is particularly important as it is written specifically for the Process Industries. the more reliable the device. i. safety penetrates far deeper into more complex manufacturing infrastructures. 72 million gallons of fuel ignited causing a shock that registered 2. Nothing is more important than safety to the process control industries. Although the safety issues addressed are critical to users with installations like Emergency Shutdown Systems (ESD). High temperature and pressure. After years of work by the ISA SP84 committee. IEC 61508 and IEC 61511 have recently come together to yield a safety standard that the world is embracing. The New Standards in Safety Protecting People Profitability Productivity and the Environment Buncefield Petrol Depot Explosion I M I L E S T O N E TUV (Bavaria) Microcomputers in Safety-Related Systems (1984) Health & Safety Executive (UK): Programmable Electronic Systems in Safety Related Applications (1987) OSHA (29 CFR 1910.e. Those people are now using the SIL data as an indicator for reliability.2 THE NEW STANDARDS IN SAFETY On the morning of 12/11/05. Reliability. This standard quantifies safety issues as never before. Today. .. flammable and toxic materials are just some of the issues faced on a daily basis. the better the numbers.119) (1992): Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals Instrument Society of America ANSI/ISA 84 (2004): Safety Instrumented Systems for the Process Industries International Electrotechnical Commission (1998-2003) IEC 61508 (2000): A general approach to Functional Safety Systems IEC 61511 (2003): Process sector implementation of IEC 61508 ndustrial safety in pre-digital eras centered mainly around safe work practices. the reliability defined in this specification is being used by all users to separate great products from good ones. Reliability is a key component of safety. the safer the critical process.4 on the Richter scale. Texas City and Bhopal are what the information in this brochure is meant to prevent. Catastrophic events like Buncefield. productivity and profitability as well. hazardous materials control. extending its protective influence all the way to a company’s bottom line. Contemporary safety systems reduce risk with operational advancements that frequently improve reliability. Although this brochure targets safety applications and installations like Emergency Shutdown Systems. SIL (Safety Integrity Level) and SFF (Safe Failure Fraction) are two of the key values that customers can use as an objective comparison of instrument reliability from various suppliers. the largest detonation since the end of WWII rocked the Buncefield Petrol Depot north of London.
All safety standards exist to reduce risk. the risk reduction allocated to it determines its safety integrity level (SIL). it can be determined whether they are below acceptable levels. is to reduce risk to an acceptable or tolerable level. safety can be defined as “freedom from unacceptable risk. such an analysis may range from a simplified screening to a rigorous Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) engineering study. shutdown systems and external response measures which prevent or mitigate a hazardous event. including a hazard and risk assessment. As the number of protection layers and their reliabilities increase. Depending upon the complexity of the process operations and the severity of its inherent risks. then. If the study concludes that existing protection is insufficient.3 Understanding Risk. MITIGATION LAYERS External response layers Mitigate hazardous occurrences. Much evaluation work. Hazards Analysis. In this context. Figure A shows the succession of safety layers in order of their activation. and finally by a safety shutdown system. safety exists in protective layers: a sequence of mechanical devices. Figure A Layers of Protection* PREVENTION LAYERS In-plant response layers Prevent hazardous occurrences. The foundation for any modern safety system. including reviewing process. tolerable or unacceptable. If one of the protection layers is a safety instrumented function (SIF). safety. More realistically. The levels of protective layers required is determined by conducting an analysis of a process’s hazards and risks known as a Process Hazards Analysis (PHA). instrumental and managerial factors. *The above chart is based upon a Layers Of Protection Analysis (LOPA) as described in IEC 61511 part 3 Annex F. the safety of the process increases. by the Basic Process Control System (BPCS). has to be performed by the customer to identify the overall risk reduction requirements and to allocate these to independent protection layers (IPL). No single safety measure can eliminate risk and protect a plant and its personnel against harm or mitigate the spread of harm if a hazardous incident occurs. Layered Protection. . If one protection layer fails. a Safety Instrumented System (SIS) will be required. mechanical. risk can be categorized as being either negligible. electrical. The goal of eliminating risk and bringing about a state of absolute safety is not attainable. which is inherent wherever manufacturing or processing occurs.” The formula for risk is: RISK = HAZARD FREQUENCY x HAZARD CONSEQUENCE Risk can be minimized initially by inherently safe process design. Once risks and hazards have been assessed. process controls. successive layers will be available to take the process to a safe state. For this reason.
4 Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS) The Safety Instrumented System (SIS) plays a vital role in providing a protective layer around industrial process systems. . etc. When pressure rises above the normal set points a pressure-sensing instrument detects the increase. The specific safety hazard is overpressure of the vessel. or intermittently like a car’s air bag. Process controls are “suitable for use” within a given SIL environment. Figure B Process schematic showing functional separation of SIS (red) and BPCS (blue). SIS • SIF • SIL R E L AT I O N S H I P SIS SIF 1 SIL 2 SIF 2 SIL 2 SIF 3 SIL 2 Figure C Every SIS has one or more safety functions (SIFs) and each affords a measure of risk reduction indicated by its safety integrity level (SIL). When HIPPS is implemented. A Safety Instrumented Function (SIF) is a safety function with a specified Safety Integrity Level which is implemented by a SIS in order to achieve or maintain a safe state. The SIS and the equipment do NOT have an assigned SIL. the increased availability and use of this reliability data has allowed the traditional example above to be improved using HIPPS (High Integrity Process Pressure System) to eliminate even the risk of venting to the environment. emergency or safety shutdown system. Whether called an SIS. and final elements act in concert to detect a hazard and bring the process to a safe state. the Safety Instrumented Functions it implements. switching devices) for final control function SIF: Safety Instrumented Functions. a SIF may operate continuously like a car’s steering. A safety function operating in the demand mode is only performed when required in order to transfer the Equipment Under Control (EUC) into a specified state. or use a relief valve. Logic (PLC. In fact.) then opens a vent valve to return the system to a safe state. its purpose is to take process to a “safe state” when pre-determined set points have been exceeded or when safe operating conditions have been transgressed. interfacing and power • Actuators (valves. logic solver. A SIS is comprised of safety functions (see SIF below) with sensors. Here’s an example of a SIF: A process vessel sustains a buildup of pressure which opens a vent valve. logic solvers and actuators. hard-wired. the system controls are so thorough and reliable that there is no need to vent. A safety function operating in continuous mode operates to retain the EUC within its safe state. Like the safety features on an automobile. Figure B shows its basic components: • Sensors for signal input and power • Input signal interfacing and processing • Logic solver with power and communications • Output signal processing. Figure C shows the relationship between SIS. A SIF’s sensors. and the Safety Integrity Level that’s assigned to each Safety Instrumented Function. relay. or a safety interlock.
Earlier we mentioned how a Hazard and Risk Assessment study will determine the need for an SIS. Standards require the assignment of a target SIL for any new or retrofitted SIF within the SIS. A simplified version is shown in Figure D. IEC61508-4 defines “fault tolerance” as the “ability of a functional unit to continue to perform a required function in the presence of faults or errors. it is accurate to say a device is “suitable for use within a given SIL environment.” For example. This ensures that the SIS can mitigate the assigned process risk. A hardware fault tolerance of 0 means that if there is one fault. to what extent can the process be expected to fail safely? These questions are answered through the assignment of a target Safety Integrity Level (SIL). The higher the SIL level. operation and maintenance choices must then be verified against the target SIL. the greater the impact of a failure and the lower the failure rate that is acceptable. A hardware fault tolerance of N means that N+1 faults could cause a loss of the safety function. SILs are measures of the safety risk of a given process. Technically. rather. IMPORTANT: It is incorrect to call a particular device “SIL 1” or “SIL 2.01 Parts 1–3. All of the SIS design. however. safety isn’t considered a binary attribute. hardware fault tolerance is the ability of the hardware (complete hardware and software of the transmitter) to continue to perform a required function in the presence of faults or errors.” Four Levels of Integrity. and IEC 61511 Parts 1–3.5 Safety Life Cycle. When someone does an FMEDA on a device. it is common to call the Eclipse 705 (51A) a “SIL 2 device. “the Eclipse 705 (51A) is suitable for use in a SIL 2 environment. Type B (complex devices) Table 3 from IEC-61508 Safe Failure Fraction <60% 60% to <90% 90% to <99% ≥99% Hardware Fault Tolerance 0 Not SIL 1 SIL 2 SIL 3 1 SIL 1 SIL 2 SIL 3 SIL 4 2 SIL 2 SIL 3 SIL 4 SIL 4 . the transmitter will not be able to perform its function (measure level).00.” Therefore. safety thinking categorized a process as being either safe or unsafe.” This is inaccurate because the entire control loop must be taken into account. Hardware Fault Tolerance. Historically. Safety Integrity Level is a way to indicate the tolerable failure rate of a particular safety function. This assessment is one part of a safety life cycle which all major safety standards have specified. The SIL assignment is based on the amount of risk reduction that is necessary to maintain the risk at an acceptable level. in the event of a failure. Figure D The Safety Life Cycle is a sequential approach to developing a Safety Instrumented System (SIS). IEC 61508 Part 1.” For example. The safety life cycle shows a systematic approach for the development of a SIS. it is stratified into four discrete levels of safety. Safety Integrity Level (SIL) To what extent can a process be expected to perform safely? And. Each level represents an order of magnitude of risk reduction. the resultant SFF has an associated hardware fault tolerance of 0. The assignment of the target SIL is a decision requiring the extension of the Hazards Analysis. For the new standards. References to a Safety Life Cycle can be found in ANSI/ISA 84.
The effectiveness of a SIS is described in terms of “the probability it will fail to perform its required function when it is called upon to do so. 1. Various methodologies are used for assignment of target SILs. PFDAVG (t) Eclipse Enhanced Model 705 9. risk reduction and the SIL level values.000 to 1. does not show a SIL 4. IEC 61508 provides levels of operational history required for each SIL. • Proven In Use (also called Prior Use) is typically used by a customer with a mature instrument in known processes. however. ANSI/ISA. Layer of Protection Analysis (LOPA) and Markov Analysis. the level of risk reduction afforded by the SIS and the target SIL have to be assigned.00E-03 3.9% 99 to 99. The average PFD (PFDavg) is used for SIL evaluation. It is considered less reliable when done by a device manufacturer whose data may be less relevant to the end user’s application.000 1. A systematic analysis technique is necessary to determine failure rates.00E-03 7. failure modes and the diagnostic capability as defined by IEC 61508/651511. The determination must involve people with the relevant expertise and experience. fault reporting systems and field failure data to determine if there is evidence of systematic design faults in a product. Fault Tree Analysis. revision history. It is generally considered of more value when done by users in their facility when comparing like data.00E-03 8.9% 90 to 99% PFDavg 10 to <10 -5 -4 Risk Reduction 100.000 to 100 100 to 10 Qualitative Consequence Potential for fatalities in the community Potential for multiple on-site fatalities Potential for major on-site injuries or a fatality Potential for minor on-site injuries 10-4 to <10-3 10-3 to <10-2 10 to <10 -2 -1 SIL: Safety Integrity Level.000 10.99% 99.00E-03 570 0* 51 * ** ** *-* 51A 705 Determining SIL Levels – Process When a Process Hazards Analysis (PHA) determines that a SIS is required.00E-03 2.00E-03 4. availability of the safety system. (PFD: Probability of Failure on Demand is the probability of a system failing to respond to a demand for action arising from a potentially hazardous condition. PFDavg: The average PFD used in calculating safety system reliability.00E-03 5.00E+00 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 to—Simplified Calculations.) * Both IEC and ANSI/ISA standards utilize similar tables covering the same range of PFD values.6 Figure E SIL and Related Measures* SIL 4 3 2 1 Availability >99. Effects and Diagnostic Analysis) is best when reviewed or certified by a third party like Exida or TUV although selfdeclarations can be done by the manufacturer. This approach requires sufficient product operational hours.00E-03 Methodologies used for determining SILs include—but are not limited 0. Figure E shows the relationship between PFDavg. No standard process controls have yet been defined and tested for SIL 4.” This is its Probability of Failure on Demand (PFD). . Years Determining SIL Levels – Instrumentation SIL levels for field instruments are established by one of two methods: • FMEDA (Failures Modes.000 to 10.00E-03 Probability 6. AVAILABILITY: The probability that equipment will perform its task.
SIL ratings and the effects of redundancy. This reduces failures due to application issues. and the design and assembly must be “frozen in time” in such a way that no upgrades. For example. it is not automatic. A key result of the analyses is establishing a Safe Failure Fraction (SFF) for a product. A mature product must generally be used to have the required field experience. It is important to note that the most conservative approach to redundancy is to use dissimilar technologies. E3) SIL 1 SIL 2 SIL 3 While two SIL 1 devices can be used together to achieve SIL 2 and two SIL 2 devices to achieve SIL 3 (as suggested by the chart above). modifications or even configuration changes may be allowed that may render the “Proven In Use” data useless. Figure G shows the basic relationship. This number is key in reliability evaluation even for non safety-related applications. Conversely. the Eclipse 705 (51A) has a SFF of 91% with 106 Dangerous Undetected failures. Figure F Safe Failure Fraction (SFF) (for Type B. Figure F below shows the relationship of SFF values. It should be obvious that the most critical category of failures is called Dangerous Undetected (DU).7 If you are using Manufacturer’s prior use data because a selected product does not reach the required level under FMEDA analysis. be aware that there are significant requirements on the end user. Using redundancy to attain a higher SIL rating has additional requirements beyond hardware. this means that 91% of all failures are detected or safe (nuisance). The lower the number of Dangerous undetected failures the better. microprocessor-based devices) No Single Double Redundancy Redundancy Redundancy Not Allowed SIL 1 SIL 2 SIL 3 SIL 4 SIL 2 SIL 3 SIL 4 SIL 4 <60% 60%<90% 90%<99% >99% (typical competitor) (Eclipse. Figure G Failure Designation Detected Safe Nuisance Important but accepted since they are detected Undetected Nuisance Dangerous Within the SFF determination is an understanding of types of failures and the ability of the instrument to diagnose them. . Jupiter. 106 represents the remaining 9% that are dangerous and undetected (see Pages 10 & 11). It has an additional requirement of systematic safety which includes software integrity.
It is a daunting task to immediately grasp how all the various aspects of analysis fit together. A SIF’s sensors. Each level represents an order of magnitude of risk reduction. SIL (Safety Integrity Level): A way to indicate the tolerable failure rate of a particular safety function.” PHA (Process Hazards Analysis): This is where it starts. SIS (Safety Instrumented System): Its purpose is to take process to a “safe state” when pre-determined set points have been exceeded or when safe operating conditions have been transgressed. It is defined as four discrete levels of safety (1-4). SIF (Safety Instrumented Function): One loop within the SIS which is designed to achieve or maintain a safe state. It does so by utilizing SIFs. The key number in this calculation is Dangerous Undetected failures—those that are not identified and do have an effect. and final control elements act in concert to detect a hazard and bring the process to a safe state. SIL values are related to PFD and SFF. PHA will determine the need for a SIS.failure rate of all elements within a Safety Instrumented Function) is used for SIL evaluation. The claimed SIL is limited by the calculated PFD and SFF. the greater the impact of a failure and the lower the failure rate that is acceptable. SFF (Safe Failure Fraction): A number that shows the percentage of possible failures that are self-identified by the device or are safe and have no effect. It is an analysis of the process that may range from a simplified screening to a rigorous Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) engineering study. The higher the SIL level. . basic understanding of the key terms that have been discussed throughout this brochure. logic solver. It is meant to be a quick-reference for the safety “novice. What devices are used in the SIF are based on their required SIL.8 IEC 61508/61511 Tying It All Together Understanding how safety is quantified in IEC 61508/61511 can be difficult for anyone new to the concept. The average PFD (PFDavg. Following is one perspective which yields a sound. PFD (Probability of Failure on Demand): the probability a device will fail to perform its required function when it is called upon to do so.
failure modes.00E-03 8. The following explanations of key FMEDA data for SIL-suitable Magnetrol controls can be used as reference: • FAIL DANGEROUS DETECTED (λdd) Dangerous failures detected by internal diagnostics or a connected logic solver. SIL 2 if it is one-out-of-two devices used.9 FMEDA Device Data Assessing SIL-Suitable Controls A Failure Modes. • PFDavg Average probability of failure on demand. • FAIL SAFE (λsd & λsu) Safe Failures (detected & undetected) that cause system to enter the fail-safe state without a demand from the process. • FITs Column one shows failure rates are shown as Failures in Time (FITs) where 1 FIT = 1 × 10-9 failures per hour.g. • FAIL DANGEROUS UNDETECTED (λdu) Dangerous failures that are not detected by the device. 3 or 4).processor on board. measured in terms of average probability of failure to perform a safety function on demand and in terms of the safe failure fraction.” meaning: SIL 1 if the device is one-out-of-one device used.00E-03 5. Redundant sensors can increase the SIL. Type “B” units have a microprocessor on board and the failure mode of a component is not well defined. it is often stated as “1 as 1oo1 /2 as 1oo2.00E-03 4.00E-03 6.00E-03 3. and diagnostic capability of a device. It corresponds to a measure of its inability to perform the intended function in a safe time frame. • SFF Safe Failure Fraction is a percentage of Safe failures as compared to all failures: SFF = 1 . Eclipse® 705). . • INSTRUMENT TYPE Type “A” units are devices without a complex micro.00E-03 2. on-line diagnostics. for example. 2. • SIL A device’s Safety Integrity Level per IEC 61511. means that 91% of the possible failures are self-identified by the device or are safe and have no effect. and all possible failures on each component can be defined. The following pages show data for specific devices.. • PROOF TEST INTERVAL The frequency of manual testing to detect any failures not detected by automatic. A second failure rate column has been added showing Annual data as it is also a commonly used value. Effects and Diagnostic Analysis (FMEDA) is a detailed performance evaluation that estimates the failure rates.λdu / λtotal A SFF of 91% for the Eclipse 705-51A. the safety-related function is supposed to detect).00E+00 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Proof Test Interval (Years) 9 10 the probability a safety-related function will fail to respond when a demand occurs (in occurrence of a potential dangerous situation. The safety integrity PFDAVG(t) Eclipse Enhanced Model 705 705-510*-*** 705-51A*-*** Probability level corresponds to the range of safety integrity values (SIL 1.00E-03 1. • MTBF Mean Time Between Failure is calculated from FMEDA FITs 1 data using the formula: (λdd + λdu + λsd + λsu) * (1E-9) * 8760 • SERIES The brand and model designation of the control (e.00E-03 0.00E-03 7. It represents 9.
• Contact Magnetrol for complete FMEDA reports. TA2 Thermal Mass Flow Meter TA2 thermal mass flow meter provides reliable flow measurement of air and gases. Single-stage External Cage Float Level Switches These field-proven switches are self-contained units designed for external mounting on the side of a vessel. Set up in as few as two steps without level movement. Twin. vapor. The flow-through upper gap allows up to a 125" (318 cm) separation between switch points. Single-stage Displacer Level Switches Models A10. or interface detection. 24 VDC input power. relay plus mA signal for flow trending/indication. Temperature compensation provides repeatable switch operation with varying process temperature. PACTware DTM interface. A15 and External Caged Displacer Switches offer reliable and repeatable operation in sumps. A tip sensitive lower gap allows measurement to within ¼" of the vessel bottom. level.3 GHz offers superior performance in applications of turbulence. Jupiter® Magnetostrictive Level Transmitter A loop-powered level transmitter with HART communications. Thermatel TD Series Flow. Microprocessor-based. the Eclipse radar transmitter will continue to provide an accurate 4-20 mA output signal. Displacer switches offer flexibility in application and are not affected by dirty liquids. Integral or remote electronics. Pre-calibrated and configured for the user’s application. or interface detection. though other proof test intervals can be applied. Echotel® Compact Ultrasonic Level Switches Echotel Models 940/941 switches are economical and compact integral mount units. E3 offers stable.8/6. AMS and PACTware compatible. Echotel Dual Point Ultrasonic Level Switches Echotel Model 962 switches are designed for dual point level measurement or pump control. Series and Description Eclipse Guided Wave Radar Level Transmitter The Model 705 is a 24 VDC loop-powered transmitter that utilizes a variety of Coaxial. redundant. Gas or liquid flow applications. The performance of the Model 705 is not process dependent. Over 30 models of mechanical switches have proven their reliability and repeatability for decades in numerous applications. It offers faster response time. high turndown and low pressure drop. coating. 24 VDC. HART. An adjustable time delay is provided for reliable measurement in turbulent processes. • Failure rates expressed in FITS and Annual. Magnetic level Indicator combined with an Eclipse Guided Wave Radar Transmitter. level. turbulence or agitation. • PFDavg is calculated according to a proof test interval of one year. and Single rod probes. LCD display and push buttons for simple configuration. These switches utilize pulsed signal technology for superior performance in difficult process conditions. reliable 4-20 mA output in most applications. Pulsar® Thru-Air Radar Level Transmitter Pulsar is the latest loop-powered. buildup and some foam. Echotel Single Point Ultrasonic Level Switches Echotel Model 961 switches feature advanced self-testing that continuously monitors the electronics. Modulevel® Displacer Level Transmitter E3 takes displacer transmitters to the next level. In the event of float failure. 5. Aurora® Magnetic Level Indicator Aurora is a patented. Level Interface Switches With continuous self diagnostics these switches provide reliable operation for flow. thru-air radar transmitter. transducer and piezoelectric crystals. Provides excellent low flow sensitivity. foam. and it is capable of measuring low dielectric liquids or solids. easy operation and is not process dependent. tank or bridle. including interface. It may be externally mounted to a MLI or directly into a vessel. • Transmitter failure rates assume the logic solver can detect both over-scale and under-scale currents. Thermatel TG Series Flow.10 SIL-Suitable Controls ® • The SIL indicated below is per IEC 61508/61511. Model 705 (510) 705 (51A) RX5 TRANSMITTERS E3 (HART) 705 (510) 705 (51A) 20X/22X/24X 26X TA2 (HART) 940 Relay 941 Current Shift 961-5 Current Shift 961-2/7 Relay 962-5 Current Shift SWITCHES 962-2/7 Relay Low Level (SPDT) Low Level (DPDT) Low Level (DPDT) High Level (DPDT) TD1 TD2 TG1/TG2 . storage and process vessels. Level Interface Switches Providing a two-wire intrinsically safe circuit between the probe and remote DIN rail enclosure these switches are suitable for liquid or gas flow.
61E-04 1.90E-04 1.15E-04 3.11 SIL (1oo1) 1 2 Instrument Type B B SFF PFDavg Fail Dangerous Undetected FITs ANNUAL 183 106 1.91E-03 865 7.7% 8.5% 76.1% 82.69E-04 9.64E-04 1.69E-04 1 B 73.00E+00 0.0% 8.5% 91.01E-05 3.71E-03 3.91E-03 1.29E-04 Fail Dangerous Detected FITs ANNUAL 567 650 4.45E-04 183 106 218 123 1.69E-03 3.31E-04 000E-00 4.0% 1.23E-03 1.77E-04 1.97E-04 7.71E-03 84.73 E-03 170 1.3% 73.17E-03 3.03E-04 1 B 79.3% 2.56E-04 9.29E-04 1.67E-03 2.23E-03 .97E-03 5.06E-03 218 1.4% 1.97E-04 8.60E-03 9.42E-03 91 91 96 106 110 130 35 38 15 0 65 46 7.11E-03 6.69E-03 Fail Safe All FITS ANNUAL 431 424 3.06E-04 4.4% 5.07E-04 1.06E-04 4.01E-03 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 B B B B B B A A A A B B 92.64E-05 7.78E-03 3.60E-03 9.00E+00 6.17 E-04 540 4.05E-04 24 43 36 40 42 52 11 8 40 28 140 161 2.5% 91.08E-03 567 650 698 793 4.69E-04 4.50E-05 1.13E-04 7.95E-03 431 424 421 413 3.33E-04 1.8% 86.0% 83.4% 92.49E-03 1 2 1 2 B B B B 84.75E-03 2 B 92.70 E-03 314 2.45E-04 1.21E-03 3.7% 90.58E-04 2.6% 68.52E-03 3.87E-04 2.41E-03 220 191 288 351 362 427 0 0 71 98 252 390 1.01E-03 188 165E-03 255 2.95E-04 59 5.68E-04 4.93E-03 1.41E-04 9.69E-03 6.22E-04 8.50E-04 2.10E-04 3.50E-04 3.77E-04 3.76E-04 1.60E-04 5.94 E-03 308 2.14E-03 3.72E-04 222 1.7% 9.62E-03 1 B 88.97E-03 5.29E-04 9.78E-03 3.04E-04 115 1.31E-04 4.8% 91.74E-03 0.0% 91.07E-03 3.23E-04 6.07E-04 3.7% 91.2% 77.82E-05 3.58E-03 800 7.7% 69.
... United Arab Emirates INDIA: C-20 Community Centre • Janakpuri......... Ontario L4K 1X7 CHINA: Plant 6..com Factory Mutual process safety ...................com for more information on SIL-suitable Magnetrol controls including complete FMEDA reports...gov Center for Chemical Process Safety ...................09......icheme.......................... Units 1 & 2 • Concord....93 BRAZIL: Av.ch/home ISA standards & bookstore .......... SIL and general process safety we recommend these online resources: Subject: www: IEC standards & bookstore................hse........... Box 293671 • Dubai.isa. All rights reserved.....................iec... Aurora® and Jupiter® are trademarks of Magnetrol International.... For further information regarding SIS.... Santa Fé..gov................................................ 191.............................................. 12 • 20159 Milano SINGAPORE: 33 Ubi Avenue 3 • #05-10 Vertex • Singapore 408868 UNITED KINGDOM: Regent Business Centre • Jubilee Road • Burgess Hill............................... Dr................ New Delhi 110 058 ITALIA: Via Arese....ihs.........aiche......11 • Fax: 052 45...........................................org CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS 5300 Belmont Road • Downers Grove.. Modulevel®.. Thermatel®.......O... PACTware™ is trademark of PACTware Consortium Copyright © 2011 Magnetrol International........ P..tuv-global................org Exida engineering guides........... Pulsar®........exida.....com EUROPEAN HEADQUARTERS Heikensstraat 6 • 9240 Zele..fm global...... Eclipse®......................................................................................................... Osasco • São Paulo CEP 06278-010 CANADA: 145 Jardin Drive.com UK Health & Safety Executive . Belgium Phone: 052 45................. Bulletin: 41-299...................S p e c i a l A p p l i cat i o n S e r i e s Visit magnetrol........ Echotel®..com TUV functional safety services..........osha... Huajin Road • Minhang District • Shanghai 201109 DEUTSCHLAND: Alte Ziegelei 2–4 • D-51491 Overath DUBAI: DAFZA Office 5AE 722..................... No....global....3 • Effective: January 2011 ....com • info@magnetrol.. Mauro Lindemberg Monteiro • 185-Jd.. West Sussex RH15 9TL Magnetrol & Magnetrol logotype.. Illinois 60515-4499 USA Phone: 630-969-4000 • Fax: 630-969-9489 magnetrol..........org IHS/Global engineering documents....................................... Printed in the USA.11........com OSHA process safety standards.................................uk Institution of Chemical Engineers ......
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