Source: http://www.google.com/patents/US20060202818?ie=ISO-8859-1&dq=6,548,982
Timestamp: 2014-11-28 21:13:37
Document Index: 13220962

Matched Legal Cases: ['Application No. 2003', 'Application No. 20040180668', 'Application No. 20040239508', 'Application No. 2005', 'Application No. 2005', 'Application No. 20040192352', 'Application No. 20050257752']

Patent US20060202818 - Pet tracking systems, other tracking systems, and portable virtual fence - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsA tracking system includes a global positioning system (GPS) module and a modem for mobile communications both attached to a pet (or other trackee), and a virtual fence (which includes a base station sending a signal to a certain range and a receiver attached to the pet (or other trackee) and receiving...http://www.google.com/patents/US20060202818?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US20060202818 - Pet tracking systems, other tracking systems, and portable virtual fenceAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS20060202818 A1Publication typeApplicationApplication numberUS 11/368,628Publication dateSep 14, 2006Filing dateMar 7, 2006Priority dateMar 9, 2005Also published asUS7411492, WO2006098930A2, WO2006098930A3Publication number11368628, 368628, US 2006/0202818 A1, US 2006/202818 A1, US 20060202818 A1, US 20060202818A1, US 2006202818 A1, US 2006202818A1, US-A1-20060202818, US-A1-2006202818, US2006/0202818A1, US2006/202818A1, US20060202818 A1, US20060202818A1, US2006202818 A1, US2006202818A1InventorsStephen GreenbergOriginal AssigneeGreenberg Stephen JExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManReferenced by (17), Classifications (28), Legal Events (5) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetPet tracking systems, other tracking systems, and portable virtual fenceUS 20060202818 A1Abstract A tracking system includes a global positioning system (GPS) module and a modem for mobile communications both attached to a pet (or other trackee), and a virtual fence (which includes a base station sending a signal to a certain range and a receiver attached to the pet (or other trackee) and receiving the signal sent by a base station when the receiver is within the range of the base station). A portable virtual fence system includes a signal-sending base station, and a signal-receiver worn by a to-be-fenced pet or other trackee. Advantageously, the base station is portable. Images(13) Claims(41)
1. A tracking system, comprising: a global positioning system (GPS) module attached to a trackee; a modem for mobile communications attached to the trackee; a virtual fence comprising (1) a base station sending at least one signal to a certain range and (2) a receiver attached to the trackee and receiving the at least one signal sent by a base station when the receiver is within the range of the base station. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the trackee is an animate subject. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the trackee is an animal which is a pet. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the trackee is a human. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the trackee is an inanimate object. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the inanimate object is a stolen possession. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the trackee is trackable within a building. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the modem for mobile communications is a modem for a GSM protocol or a modem for a CDMA protocol. 9. The system of claim 1, including a GSM modem. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the module and the modem are associated with the trackee by one selected from the group consisting of: a collar, a tag and a wearable device not removable by the wearer. 11. The system of claim 1, including a battery power source. 12. The system of claim 1, wherein the signal sent by the base station is an RF signal. 13. The system of claim 1, wherein the trackee is a pet and the signal range is adjustable between about 50 to about 300 feet. 14. The system of claim 1, wherein the GSM is selectively employed when GPS coordinates are not available. 15. The system of claim 1, further comprising a light system which is selectively activatable and which is attached to the trackee. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the light system comprises at least one light emitting diode (LED) that emits light while the missing trackee is being tracked. 17. The system of claim 1, wherein the virtual fence is a portable virtual fence. 18. The tracking system of claim 1, including a multi-mode system comprising: a first mode which is a low-power mode which operates while a signal is received indicating that the receiver on the trackee remains within range of the base station; a second mode which is a standby mode; a third mode which is a lost trackee mode which is activated upon user authorization. 19. The tracking system of claim 18, wherein the user authorization is in affirmative response to an inquiry for whether the pet should be tracked. 20. The tracking system of claim 18, wherein the user authorization is by the user reporting loss of the trackee. 21. The tracking system of claim 18, wherein the standby mode is engaged when no signal indicating that the receiver on the trackee remains within range of the base station is received. 22. The tracking system of claim 18, wherein the standby mode is engaged during a walk mode when a switch on the base station sends a signal acknowledging that the receiver will be leaving the range of the base station. 23. The tracking system of claim 18, wherein a signal indicating that the receiver on the trackee remains within range of the base station is at a first frequency, and a signal acknowledging that the receiver is leaving the range of the base station is at a second frequency which is different from the first frequency; and the standby mode is engaged upon (1) non-receipt of the first frequency signal indicating that the receiver on the trackee remains within range of the base station or (2) receipt of the second frequency signal. 24. The tracking system of claim 23, including a switch on the base station for a user to activate the second frequency signal when taking the trackee for a walk out of range of the base station. 25. The tracking system of claim 18, wherein the lost pet mode includes a GPS mode and a GSM tracking mode, wherein GPS mode is primarily used and GSM tracking mode is used only when GPS mode is not operational. 26. The method of claim 18, wherein the multi-mode system further includes a fourth mode which is a battery alert, wherein a message is sent to the appropriate person advising him or her to effect a battery change. 27. A portable virtual fence system, comprising: a signal-sending base station, wherein the base station is portable; and a signal-receiver worn by a to-be-fenced trackee. 28. The portable virtual fence system of claim 27, wherein the signal is an RF signal. 29. The portable virtual fence system of claim 27, including a switch on the base station for a user to switch the RF signal from �low-power� to �standby� mode. 30. A method of tracking a trackee, comprising: (1) attaching to the trackee a global positioning system (GPS) module and a GSM modem or CDMA modem; (2) setting up a base station in an intended safe location for the trackee, wherein the base station emits at least one signal received by a receiver on the trackee; (3) when the trackee is missing from the intended location, tracking the missing trackee. 31. The tracking method of claim 30, wherein the trackee is a pet. 32. The tracking method of claim 30, wherein tracking step comprises at least one operation performed from a location remote from the animal. 33. The method of claim 30, wherein a position of the missing trackee is obtained. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the position of the missing trackee is obtained while the missing trackee is unreachable by a GPS mode. 35. The method of claim 30, including switching from a GPS mode to a GSM mode only when the GPS mode is not operational. 36. The method of claim 30, further comprising attaching to the trackee a light system which is selectively activatable. 37. The method of claim 36, wherein the light system comprises at least one light emitting diode (LED) that emits light while the missing animal is being tracked. 38. The method of claim 30, including a multi-mode system comprising: a first mode which is a low-power mode which operates while a signal is received indicating that the receiver on the trackee remains within range of the base station; a second mode which is a standby mode; a third mode which is a lost trackee mode which is activated upon user authorization. 39. The method of claim 30, wherein the lost trackee mode includes a GPS mode and a GSM tracking mode, wherein GPS mode is primarily used and GSM tracking mode is used only when GPS mode is not operational. 40. The method of claim 38, wherein the multi-mode system further includes a fourth mode which is a battery alert, wherein a message is sent to the appropriate person advising him or her to effect a battery change. 41. The tracking system of claim 1, wherein the at least one signal sent by the base station is an RF signal, and as long as the receiver on the trackee is receiving the at least one RF signal from the base station, all other power-using internal components worn on the trackee are in a state of shut-down to conserve energy.
RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims benefit of U.S. provisional application Nos. 60/659,428 filed Mar. 9, 2005; 60/668,982 filed Apr. 7, 2005 and 60/670,687 filed Apr. 13, 2005.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to securing and tracking pets, people and objects, and especially to virtual fencing. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Some work already has been done to design various tracking systems in which global positioning satellite (GPS) tracking technology is used. Some examples are as follows. U.S. Pat. No. 5,504,591 issued Apr. 2, 1996 to Chapman, for �Global status and position reporting system.�
U.S. Pat. No. 6,172,640 issued Jan. 9, 2001 to Durst et al., for �Pet locator.� Use of a global positioning satellite system (50) is disclosed. U.S. patent application published Feb. 21, 2002, by Marlena Edwards, discloses �Animal collar including tracking and location device.� The animal collar is provided with a global positioning (GPS) unit that communicates with GPS satellites to determine the geographic coordinates of the animal collar. U.S. Pat. No. 6,720,879 issued Apr. 13, 2004 to Edwards for �Animal Collar including tracking and location device.�
U.S. Pat. No. 6,236,358 issued May 22, 2001 to Durst et al., for �Mobile object locator.�
U.S. Pat. No. 6,421,001 issued Jul. 16, 2002 to Durst et al., for �Object locator.�
U.S. Pat. No. 6,441,778 issued Aug. 27, 2002 to Durst et al., for �Pet locator.�
U.S. Pat. No. 6,480,147 issued Nov. 12, 2002 to Durst et al., for �Portable position determining device.�
U.S. Pat. No. 6,510,380 issued Jan. 21, 2003 to Curatolo et al., for �Security and tracking system.�
U.S. Pat. No. 6,518,919 issued Feb. 11, 2003 to Durst et al., for �Mobile object locator.�
U.S. Patent Application No. 2003/0109988 was published Jun. 12, 2003 by Geissler et al., for �Three-dimensional GPS-assisted tracking device.�
WO 03/058273 A1 was published 17 Jul. 2003 for �Method and system for locating a specific animal from a distance,� by Karst. U.S. Pat. No. 6,606,556 issued Aug. 12, 2003 to Curatolo et al., for �Security and tracking system.�
U.S. Pat. No. 6,693,585 issued Feb. 17, 2004 to MacLeod for �Self-contained selectively activated mobile object position reporting device with reduced power consumption and minimized wireless service fees.�
U.S. Pat. No. 6,700,492 issued Mar. 2, 2004 to Touchton et al., for �Satellite animal containment system with programmable boundaries.�
In an article dated Sep. 15, 2004, PetsMobility announced a cellular telephone for pets called PetsMobility� PetsCell� that is said will allow pet owners to talk to their pets. Also, if their pet is lost and someone finds their pet wandering the streets, supposedly the stranger will approach the pet and press a button on the pet's collar to cause a call to be made to the pet owner, which seemingly is only a high-tech variation of a normal pet-identification tag. The PetsCell� two-way communication device is said to be optionally available with an optional GPS tracking chip and a fibre optic camera for search and rescue applications. U.S. Patent Application No. 20040180668 published Sep. 16, 2004, by Dean Owens et al., discloses an �Auxiliary switch-activated GPS-equipped wireless phone� which is said to accommodate applications such as Alzheimer patients, truck-tracking, kid-tracking, and pet-tracking. U.S. Patent Application No. 20040239508 published Dec. 2, 2004, by Masao Kaneko, discloses a �Position movement alarm system� for a child, a wanderer, or a pet animal using GPS satellites and cellular phone system. U.S. Patent Application No. 2005/0001814 was published Jan. 6, 2005 by Anton et al., for �Location tracking device.�
U.S. Patent Application No. 2005/0035865 was published Feb. 17, 2005 by Brennan et al., for �Pet locator system.�
Another, non-GPS communication network has been known, namely, GSM. The following is mentioned as background regarding GSM technology: WO 03/079773 was published 2 Oct. 2003 by Thorstensen et al., for �A system and method for tracking individuals.�
U.S. Pat. No. 6,771,213 issued Aug. 3, 2004 to Durst et al., for �Object locator.�
U.S. Patent Application No. 20040192352 published Sep. 30, 2004 by Vallstrom et al., is for �Energy efficient object location reporting system.�
U.S. Pat. No. 6,859,171 issued Feb. 22, 2005 to Durst et al., for �Mobile object location.�
The following are also mentioned as background: U.S. Pat. No. 5,603,094 issued Feb. 11, 1997 to Greear, Jr., for �Animal tracking system with transmitter attachable to an animal's collar.�
U.S. Patent Application No. 20050257752, was published Nov. 24, 2005 by Langer for �Pet accessory with wireless telephonic voice transmitter.�
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present inventor has recognized that reliance entirely upon GPS-tracking for tracking missing pets, missing people and missing personal property is problematic, because who or what is missing may be somewhere unreachable by GPS-signals, and he has provided a strategic solution of mixed-use of GPS and GSM-tracking, namely, as a first resort using GPS tracking whenever available and, when GPS tracking is not available, automatically resorting to GSM tracking. In a first preferred embodiment, the invention provides a tracking system, comprising: a global positioning system (GPS) module attached to a trackee (such as, e.g., an animate subject (such as, e.g., e.g., an animal which is a pet, an animal which is livestock, a human, etc.); an inanimate object (such as, e.g. a stolen possession)); a modem for mobile communications (such as, e.g., a modem for a GSM protocol; a modem for a CDMA protocol, etc., preferably, a GSM modem) attached to the trackee; and, a virtual fence comprising (1) a base station sending at least one signal (such as, e.g., at least one radio frequency (RF) signal) to a certain range and (2) a receiver attached to the trackee and receiving the at least one signal sent by a base station when the receiver is within the range of the base station. In another preferred embodiment, the invention provides a portable virtual fence system, comprising: a signal-sending base station, wherein the base station is portable; and a signal-receiver worn by a to-be-fenced trackee. The invention also provides, in another preferred embodiment, a method of tracking a trackee (such as, e.g., an animate subject (such as, e.g., e.g., an animal which is a pet, an animal which is livestock, a human, etc.); an inanimate object (such as, e.g. a stolen possession)), comprising: (1) attaching to the trackee a global positioning system (GPS) module and a GSM modem or CDMA modem; (2) setting up a base station in an intended safe location for the trackee, wherein the base station emits a signal received by a receiver on the trackee; (3) when the trackee is missing from the intended location, tracking the missing trackee (such as, e.g., a tracking step that comprises at least one operation performed from a location remote from the animal). By the inventive tracking method, preferably a position of the missing trackee is obtained (such as, e.g., obtaining the position of the missing trackee while the missing trackee is unreachable by a GPS mode).
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a flow chart of an inventive tracking system in which GSM is used, including a start step (100); a read SMS step (110); a go to track step (115); a read GPS/send SMS step (120); a test that GPS integrity is good step (125); a read every 90 seconds step (130); a send SMS step (140); a read GSM position step (150); a send cell position info step (160); a read every 90 seconds step (170); a send SMS step (180); and a 15 minute-based step (135). FIG. 2 is a summary flow chart useable with FIG. 1. In FIG. 2, the system progresses from standby mode (200), to reading SMS (210) to checking GSM/GPS track (220), to tracking (230) 15 minutes later, to an endpoint (240). FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an inventive device to be worn by a trackee (such as, e.g., on a collar) in an inventive tracking system using GPS and GSM. The device of FIG. 3 comprises GSM (301), SIM (303), GPS (302), microprocessor (304), flashlight (306), battery (310) and optional photovoltaic charger (305) which are connected as shown. FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic drawing of a collar 400 wearable by a trackee for practice of the invention. FIG. 5 (not drawn to scale) is a diagram of an inventive tracking system comprising a collar 400 and a signal-emitting base station B. FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing the trackee 600, human user 601, base station B and service center C. FIG. 7 is a functional flowchart for an embodiment of the invention comprising a tracker unit 700, a base station (701), and a server (702). FIG. 8 is a front perspective view of an embodiment of an inventive module 800, in assembled form. FIG. 8A is a back view of module 800 of FIG. 8. FIG. 8B is an exploded view of module 800. FIG. 8C is a side view of module 800 of FIG. 8. FIG. 8D is a top (front) view corresponding to FIG. 8C. FIG. 9 is a front perspective view of an embodiment of an inventive base station 900, in assembled form (antenna not shown in FIG. 9). FIG. 9B is a rotated view of the base station 900 of FIG. 9. FIG. 9B is a top view of the base station 900 of FIG. 9, and FIG. 9C is a side view of the base station 900 of FIG. 9. FIG. 9D is an exploded perspective view of base station 900 of FIGS. 9-9C.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT The invention provides certain methods, systems, products and devices especially suited for recovering a �trackee� (such as trackee 600 in FIG. 6). �Trackee� herein broadly refers to a living being or inanimate object which, or who, is wanted to be retained in a certain physical place and, if missing, to be tracked and retrieved. Examples of a trackee are, e.g., an animate subject (such as an animal which is a pet, a human, etc.); an inanimate object (such as, e.g. a stolen possession), etc. It is particularly preferred to be able to track a missing trackee who otherwise would be in a location not reachable by GPS, such as, e.g., within a building, etc. However, tracking of a missing trackee is not limited to non-GPS-reachable locations, and a missing trackee may be tracked while in an area reachable by GPS. It will be appreciated that a missing trackee (such as a missing pet, etc.) will not naturally confine itself or himself or herself to an area reachable by GPS, and therefore, it is especially important for a tracking system to be able to reach a missing trackee even if the missing trackee is out of reach of GPS. In certain embodiments of the invention, a missing trackee may be trackable underground (such as, e.g., underground); underwater (such as, e.g. underwater); etc. A �user� (such as user 601 in FIG. 6) mentioned herein refers to a responsible human who is responsible for or cares for the trackee, such as, e.g., a pet-owner in the case of a pet as a trackee; a parent in the case of a child as a trackee; etc. The invention in one embodiment may be appreciated with reference to FIG. 6 which is a diagram showing that the essential elements for an inventive tracking system are: a signal-emitting base station B; a trackee 600 who physically wears a tracking device comprising at least (1) a receiver for the signal emitted by the base station and (2) a mixed GPS/GSM tracking system wherein GPS is a first-resort and if GPS is unavailable GSM is resorted to; a service center C; and a human user 601. When the trackee 600 is in the trackee's intended area (i.e., within the range of the base station B), automated communication 600-B occurs between the trackee 600 and the base station B. If automated communication 600-B is not being detected, service center C becomes aware (via automated communication 600-C between the trackee 600 and the service center C) of the absence of automated communication 600-B and service center C communicates 601-C with the human user 601. Upon authorization by the human user 601, the mode of the automated communication 600-C between the service center C and the trackee 600 changes from standby mode to tracking mode. Modes are discussed further below. In FIG. 6, the solid lines 600-B, 600-C and 601-C represent automated communication. Additionally, a human user 601 who is seeking his lost pet 600 typically visually searches for his pet 600 and eventually when he is close enough establishes personal communication 600-601 with the pet 600. In FIG. 6, the human user 601 may have non-automated communication 601-C with the service center C, such as by telephoning the service center operator for instructions on where to seek the missing pet 600. It should be appreciated that variations in the types of communication are permissible in FIG. 6, for more or less automated approaches, and more or less service-center involvement, depending on the equipment the user 601 has and the user's preferences. For example, if a user 601 has suitable equipment, he may want to receive automated communication C-601 from the service center which will display for him as a map showing his missing pet 600's current location. Usually in most current phones, the screen is too small to receive a map, and therefore a physical address is sent. However, if the user 601 has only access to a phone which cannot receive a map or a physical address (e.g., 12 Elm Street), then he may want an operator at the service center C to talk him through the pursuit of the missing pet 600. For the global positioning system (GPS) module used in the invention, GPS modules are known and commercially available. Examples of a GPS module are, e.g., Motorola's Encore GPS module, or other commercially available modules that pick up a GPS signal. In the invention, a modem for mobile communications is used. Modems for mobile communications are known, such as, e.g., a GSM modem or a CDMA modem. GSM is the preferred modem for mobile communications (e.g., GSM tracking under the trade name Cambridge Positioning Systems and MATRIX). CDMA is a GSM-alternative and also is commercially-available. Where GSM has been mentioned herein, CDMA also may be alternately substituted even if not expressly recited. If a further substitute to GSM and CDMA is developed, that also may be suitable for use in the present invention. In the present invention, use of GSM (or CDMA) is selective and as a second-resort, namely, when GPS coordinates are not available. When GPS coordinates are available, the GPS route is used. In inventive methods, devices, systems, and products, it is preferred to switch from a GPS mode to a GSM mode only when the GPS mode is not operational. Using GSM in such a non-preferential way as a second resort provides unique advantages, especially the ability to track a missing pet or other missing trackee when a GPS-only tracking system otherwise would be �blind� to the missing trackee. In FIG. 4, mixed use of GPS and GSM is intended to be communicated and GPS and GSM are not shown in a literal way. In the invention, the GPS module and the modem for mobile communications are associated with the trackee in a manner that is not particularly limited, such as, e.g., using a collar, a tag, a wearable device not removable by the wearer, etc. The manner of associating the GPS module and the modem to the trackee is selected with reference to the nature of the trackee and the application. For example, where the trackee is a pet dog, a collar or tag is preferably used. FIG. 4 shows an example of a collar 400, including a GPS component and a GSM component (the GPS component being used preferentially and the GSM component being used as a second resort when GPS is unavailable), an antenna 401 and power source 402 (preferably a battery (such as, e.g., a lithium polymer ion battery)). A collar is only shown by way of example and the invention is not limited to being practiced with collars. The components that the trackee wears may, for example, be formed into a unit, which unit is attachable to a collar. When the trackee is a pet, preferably the components worn by the trackee are housed in a chew-proof unit or otherwise protected from destruction by the trackee. A preferred material for making a chewproof unit is a chewproof plastic, most preferably Surlyn plastic made by Dupont. Where the trackee is a human (such as an offender) who may have motivation to defeat a tracking system by removal, or where the trackee is a valuable object which could be stolen, a locking system may additionally be used, as needed. In certain embodiments, maximum concealment of the placement of the GPS module, the GSM modem, the antenna and other components on the trackee may be advantageous. For powering the GPS module and the modem worn by the trackee, a power source (402) is used, preferably a battery power source (such as, e.g., a 3.7 volt battery; a lithium polymer ion battery, etc.). The power source (402) is provided in proximity to the GPS module and the modem. The position of power source 402 in FIG. 4 is not limited to the placement shown, and any proximate placement of the power source to the components being powered is permissible. Referring to FIG. 5, in the invention, a base station B is used. The base station B emits at least a first signal (such as, preferably, a radio frequency (RF) signal) which first signal is receivable by a receiver worn on the trackee 500, provided that the receiver is in range of the base station B emitting the first signal. The range of the base station B in FIG. 5 is shown by the dotted-line circle. A distance (preferably a range of distances) that a signal reaches from the base station B is selected based mainly on the nature of the trackee 500 (such as a pet, an item of personal property to be protected from theft, a human being, etc.) and the area in which the trackee is wanted to be confined. For example, when the trackee 500 is a pet, preferably the signal is a signal having an adjustable range, such as a signal adjustable in a range of about a minimum of 50 feet from the base station B to a maximum of about 300 feet from the base station B. However, in other embodiments, different signal ranges may be used. For example, for a pet living on a large property, a larger maximum distance than 300 feet may be wanted. In FIG. 5, the trackee 500 is drawn as a 4-legged animal, but it should be appreciated that the trackee is not so limited and can be a person, an inanimate object, etc. The base station B that has been mentioned for use in the invention, preferably is physically placed in an indoor or protected location, such as, e.g., inside the residence. For properties on which the residence is not centrally located, if wanted, the base station B may be placed in a protected location other than inside the residence and, if necessary, a housing for the base station B may be constructed. The base station B preferably is �portable,� namely, is of a size, shape and detachability which permits its movement with relative ease by the user, such as for easy movement, in a usual family automobile or vehicle, requiring no more space than a piece of luggage. For example, the desired movement may be between a main residence and alternately a vacation spot. A �portable� base station B means that it may be moved without any digging activity. It will be appreciated that the base station B may, in less preferred embodiments, be non-portable. When the base station B is made portable, advantageously there may thereby be provided a portable virtual fence. An example of using a signal-sending base station with a receiver on a trackee is the following multi-mode system, which comprises: a first mode which is a low-power mode which operates while a signal is received indicating that the receiver on the trackee remains within range of the base station; a second mode which is a standby mode (such as, e.g., a standby mode that is engaged when no signal indicating that the receiver on the trackee remains within range of the base station is received; a standby mode that is engaged during a walk mode when a switch on the base station sends a signal acknowledging that the receiver will be leaving the range of the base station; etc.); and a third mode which is a lost trackee mode which is activated upon user authorization. (such as, e.g., user authorization which is a user's affirmative response to an inquiry to the user for whether the pet should be tracked; user authorization which is the user reporting loss of the trackee, etc.). One example of using a standby mode is as follows. A signal indicating that the receiver on the trackee remains within range of the base station is at a first frequency. A signal acknowledging that the receiver is leaving the range of the base station is at a second frequency which is different from the first frequency. The standby mode is engaged upon (1) non-receipt of the first frequency signal indicating that the receiver on the trackee remains within range of the base station or (2) receipt of the second frequency signal. The second frequency signal may be activatable via a switch on the base station so that a user switching the switch activates the second frequency signal when taking the trackee for a walk out of range of the base station. The base station may include a switch on the base station for a user to switch the signal from low-power to standby mode. Including such a switch on the base station by which a user can switch to change the signal from low-power to standby mode, is particularly suited to providing a system useable as a portable virtual fence. Examples of a lost trackee mode are a lost trackee mode including a GPS mode with a GSM tracking mode; a lost trackee mode including a GPS mode with a CDMA tracking mode; etc. Preferably, lost trackee mode includes a GPS mode and a GSM tracking mode, wherein GPS mode is primarily used and GSM tracking mode is used only when GPS mode is not operational. A multi-mode system optionally may include a fourth mode which is a battery alert, wherein a message is sent to the appropriate person advising him or her to effect a battery change. A multi-mode system optionally may include a five mode, which is a self-test mode after a battery has been replaced. Such a self-test mode is advantageous because, when the battery is removed from the unit worn by the trackee, the unit shuts down, and, upon replacing the battery, it is advantageous for the unit to self-test. For further improving the advantageous results of using the present invention, preferably, the trackee has attached thereto one or more optional features that aid detection of if the trackee goes missing, such as an optional light system which is selectively activatable when the trackee is being searched-for (such as, e.g., a light system that comprises at least one light emitting diode (LED) that emits light while the missing trackee is being tracked); an optional audio system which is selectively activatable when the trackee is being searched-for. It is particularly preferred in the inventive tracking systems to attach, to the trackee, a light system which is selectively activatable, especially when the trackee is a pet. Some non-limiting examples are as follows, without the invention being limited to the examples. EXAMPLE 1 An inventive animal tracking system is configured according to FIGS. 1, 2 and 3, and is constructed according to the following equipment specifications: Battery: 3.7 V AH: 2.1 A Standby: �10 days Solar charger: 4.8 V GSM Frequency: 850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz GPS Frequency: 1575.42 MHz Warning devices: high-intensity LED and sounder Referring to FIGS. 1, 2 and 3, a tracking device is fitted to the collar of a dog to enable tracking and retrieving the dog should it be lost or stolen. Satellite position information as well as GSM tracking is used to send and receive commands to and from the unit fitted to the collar. System Operation Referring to FIG. 3, the system is controlled by a microprocessor 304, which acts as the housekeeper or the brain of the operation. The microprocessor 304 contains a program that controls the states and modes of the electronic devices comprising the tracking system. The microprocessor 304 generally runs in a low power or trickle mode. Referring again to FIG. 3, typical tasks for the microprocessor are waking up x times per day and doing a status check or self-test of the GSM 301, GPS 302 and SIM card 303, as well as the antennas, and the battery 310. Depending on the preset conditions, the unit sends a report of �all OK� or �battery below 50%� back to the control room or the owner. The system keeps the control centre number permanently stored and two more reprogrammable numbers of the owners. For communication, the system uses a GSM engine 301 placed into low power or semi sleep mode, to minimize power use. The system reads any incoming messages from the network with a very small delay time. The GSM unit 301 will go into full power mode when the system moves between cells and has to log onto a new cell, or when a message is received. The rest of the time, the unit remains in low-power mode as much as possible. The unit uses very low power standby power consumption. Active Mode Whenever a signal is received to track the unit, the microprocessor (304) turns all systems on as instructed, and gets a satellite fix using the GPS (302). The GPS (302) is completely switched off during normal operation (i.e., when the pet is fenced) and is only switched on during a tracking exercise. The GPS (302) needs �60-90 seconds to lock onto the satellite signals and determine a position fix (if good GPS satellite signals are received). The GPS (302) then continually tracks the position of the animal unless instructed otherwise. The GPS (302) goes into full operational mode, determines the position, and reports the position to the microprocessor (304), which in turn sends the position fix back through the GSM network. Once the position fix is acquired, the GPS (302) is placed into a power-save mode where the signal is read at small intervals in time but not continually. The calculation engine is kept running but no information is shared to the outside world. The system is still deemed active and not in sleep mode. No GPS Fix If no good signal from the GPS is found, the GPS (302) will report a last known good signal stored in memory. The GPS (302) will then report a bad signal during transmission. If the GPS (302) fails in receiving a good signal, the unit is put into a longer read cycle to save battery (310) power. The unit then occasionally switches on and tries to acquire a position fix. Switch GSM Once GPS fix is not available, the unit goes over to a full GSM (301) tracking mode where as much of the cell information available to it at that stage is sent back to a calculation engine that does the location of the device based on the network information as well as the recovered information from the tracking device. The information can be published on a map, placed on the web, made known to the owners, or kept in the control room as required. The end result is a position of �2-50 m diameter. If the GSM tracking and the GPS tracking data is only sent to the control room where it can be processed and made ready for clients, the clients with a missing pet must use the system to find the missing animal and cannot find the animal on their own. Alternately, tracking data can be sent so that the clients can find the animal on their own. Using a moving map system, the recovered position from GSM or GPS is plotted on the map, indicating the plot with a unique symbol. GPS Tracking Using GPS tracking relies on the fact that the dog is moving outside in the open and that the GPS receiver can see the satellites for a period of at least 60 seconds during the time of switch-on (which is the acquisition period on cold start after the unit has been moved to a new location). A very-high sensitivity unit preferably is used that can track the satellites when facing towards the ground. When the animal is wearing the device, the antenna will tend to point down towards the ground. Using GPS tracking, the system needs to see at least two satellites or more to do an accurate positioning by calculating the time difference between the satellite signals. Expected accuracy for a GPS system looking at the ground is �20-50 meters which is more than good enough for this application. GSM Tracking By using the GSM unit alone, use can be made of network cell information from the radio network to determine the position of the device. As the microprocessor on the tracking system is limited in size and battery power, the raw network information is sent to the control centre where a computer running a calculation engine calculates the position using the information of the known network and that recovered from the tracking device. By collecting the information in the GSM module (301) and sending the surrounding cell information back to the control room, the position of the device can be determined down to 20 meters. Some information and cooperation is required from the network operators in the areas covered. By using GSM tracking as needed, advantageously, the unit is trackable inside buildings, under roofs, even underground (e.g., parking areas). A rough indication can be sent and then followed by more detailed information using as many measurements of the surrounding cells as possible. The GSM (301) system usually goes to full power mode to recover the tracking information as the unit moves. The GSM position information typically requires almost a full SMS length to send back a single plot. The unit is programmed at the frequency or intervals the information has to be sent. Each send draws battery (310) power as the unit has to go into full transmit mode, so this feature has to be used sparingly until the recovery team or family are close to the animal. Tracking Using Lights Lights (306) are activated when the device goes into lost-pet mode. Tracking using lights (306) is especially effective at night. Bright LEDs can be seen for at least 100 meters provided that they are pointing towards the observer and are unobstructed by local objects. When the animal is hiding or inside a house, visual tracking will help locate the animal in a dark corner. Care has to be taken about using the lights (306) and the repetition frequency as these can draw a substantial current from the battery (310). Network To operate the tracking system, a very simple network system can be used. To minimize cost while still having efficiency, a single GSM modem is used, connected to a personal computer using serial or USB ports. Whenever the unit transmits, or needs to be activated, a simple command is typed on the computer and sent directly via the GSM network as a regular SMS. The SMS is processed through the service provider as any other SMS and is sent to the unit. The only drawback with such a system is that the message can wait for delivery inside the SMSC depending on the workload of the system at that time. To overcome this, the service provider can provide a different SMSC number that can be used. High priority services running for customers are available, and this application can be placed onto this system. Delivery times for most service providers were �2-5 seconds (guaranteed by most). The message is generated through the tracking device and sent back using the same way to the priority SMSC number back to the GSM modem in the control centre. This is a low-cost small tracking system. The single modem can easily handle up to 500-1,000 users with ease. Feeding the information back to a single PC allows the tracking to be done quite successfully using one modem and one PC. To expand the system, more modems are added per control room. By using port expanders or low cost PCs up to 20 modems' information can be fed to a server that processes the data coming in. When more users in other towns are added, the control rooms are set up in that town using the same system. As a recovery or tracking team is needed in most cases, the ideal place for a control centre PC is with small patrol agencies or security companies with 24-hour staff. As the system is digitally based, recording the incoming information gives full trackability. The service provider can keep a backup record that can be retrieved from the SMSC server, and the control center can log all entries, even if people do not respond to them. To provide a huge centralized control centre for the whole of the US, a dedicated line or aggregator arrangement with a service provider through an external party is used. Control Centre Computers/Servers When the modem has delivered the incoming position data from an identified device, the data is converted to a position that can be read and interpreted by humans. The information is tagged (ID) and then displayed on a map or satellite map such as Google's �keyhole�. Software such as GPSS from www.gpss.co.uk may be used. As the message is received it is converted and the map zoomed in or out and moved so that the position can be seen. A symbol is then placed at that location. If GSM tracking is used, the calculation engine on the PC (a software program) calculates the position and then converts that to a standard mapping input. The map is then manipulated in the same way as the GPS maps. Several mapping options are available. Care should be taken that the maps can move according to GPS inputs, and must be able to display more than one Id number per map. As the system grows, a dedicated server or PC can be used to process information of every area and assist with the tracking thereof. User Interface The most interactive way for users to play and test the system is to either call the operator and manually activate the signal to tell them where the animal 500 is, or to use a fully automated system where the inputs for the system can be given using a web browser, and the result displayed to the user in the form of a map on his/her personal home computer. EXAMPLE 2 Referring to FIGS. 1, 2, 3, this Example is a system that includes tracking and communication components secured to a collar worn by an animal such as a cat or dog. These tracking and communication components include a radio frequency (RF) antenna, a global positioning system (GPS) module, and a global system for mobile communications (GSM) module, all of which are powered by an on-board battery pack. The battery pack is rechargeable. An RF transmitter or transceiver is positioned on the battery pack charger, and the pet owner puts the battery pack charger within his or her residence, or within a vacation home or hotel to which he or she is traveling, or at any other suitable location where the ability to detect the unplanned absence of the pet is desired. In operation, the RF antenna on the collar is always active. While RF signals from the battery pack charger are received from RF transmitter or transceiver, the GPS module and GSM module are not operational, to conserve battery power. Once the RF receiver is out of range of the RF transmitter or transceiver, as would be the case when the cat or dog strays beyond a certain boundary (defined by the signal radius of the RF transmitter or transceiver), firmware within the collar mounted system causes the GSM modem within the GSM module to transmit, via a GSM antenna, a message to the tracking service indicating that the pet is outside the boundary area which signifies that the pet might be lost. This message is sent through the Cingular wireless network, and is of the small message system (SMS) type (text messaging). The tracking service is able to identify the missing cat or dog from the information transmitted by GSM that is obtained from the subscriber identification module (SIM), which is unique to each unit (i.e., the transmitted information from the GSM modem of each animal uniquely identifies the animal). The service then sends to the pet owner a notification that the pet may be lost. This notification can take the form of any or all of the following: 1) a text message to the owner's cell phone; an email to the owner's email address; and/or 3) a facsimile to the owner's facsimile. After the pet owner receives the message, the pet owner will then contact the service to request assistance in tracking the pet. This can be accomplished in a number of different ways. As one example, the pet owner telephones the service center and speaks with an operator. Once the operator responds to the call, the owner identifies his or her pet by providing a personal identification number (PIN) or other secure identification code. As another example, the pet owner logs onto a web site operated by the service center, and sends a message that his or her pet is lost (such as by clicking on a button that indicates the person's pet is lost). The person is then presented with a page that allows him or her to enter identification information for the pet. As another example, the pet owner has a java script enabled telephone which allows him or her to dial up the service and enter the identification information directly. Once the service has received a communication from the pet owner that he or she requests assistance in locating their pet, the service sends a text message to the GSM module located on the pet's collar. This message causes the firmware to turn the GPS module on. (When tracking is in progress, the pet's collar is determining its location via GPS (or GMS, if GPS is not available) every 90 seconds (130, 170 in FIG. 1) for 15 minutes (135 in FIG. 1; 230 in FIG. 2). When latitude and longitude coordinates are determined at the GPS module on the pet's collar, information corresponding to these coordinates is sent as a message to the service using the GSM module. (140, 180 in FIG. 1.) The location data is transmitted to the service without ever being stored in memory on the pet's collar. Communications between the service and the pet's collar are via SMS text messaging (e.g., 120, 140, 180 in FIG. 1) over Cingular. With the coordinate information, and using mapping facilities at the service, an operator at the service is able to tell a pet owner by telephone where his or her pet is located. Further, the information the service operator is able to convey is in real time or near real time, such that a pet owner can be told, based on coordinate information obtained from the GPS and mapping software operated at the service, in which direction the cat or dog is moving. With java script enabled phones, the pet owner is simply presented with a map of where the cat or dog is located (in this way, the pet owner is serving as his or her own operator). Back up measures also are provided to assure that the tracking system of this Example functions properly. In particular, if the GPS system does not locate the cat or dog within one minute of the service sending a message requesting coordinates, GSM tracking is employed to locate the missing pet. GPS is highly accurate, but signals may not be detected when the pet is hiding in a building or in densely wooded areas. In these situations, GSM tracking, which is less accurate but which is effective in situations where GPS is ineffective, can provide information that is used by the pet owner to locate his or her pet. In this case, pet location information is provided to the pet owner from the service in the same way as set forth above in this Example 2. Also, firmware causes a light emitting diode (LED) strobe light to emit pulsed illumination from LEDs located at the cat or dog's collar, once the cat or dog is determined to be missing. The LED strobe can be turned on automatically via the messages sent from the service after the owner has contacted the service to confirm the pet is missing. The inventive system of this Example operates according to a low battery protection scheme to assure that the device remains operational. When a low battery situation is determined by the firmware at the cat or dog's collar, a message is sent by the GSM modem to the service. In response, the service sends one or more of a text message, a facsimile, and/or an email to its customer (the pet owner) to notify him or her that it is time to change and/or recharge the battery. Upon changing of the battery by the pet owner, the firmware causes a self-test to be performed, and information concerning the status of the battery and other features of the system are sent by the GSM modem to the service to indicate that the system is operational and that there is a full charge on the battery. The service then confirms this to the customer by sending to the customer one or more of a text message, a facsimile, and/or an email so that the customer is assured the system is functioning properly. The device now re-establishes itself with the base station, i.e., RF �pairing.�
EXAMPLE 3 An inventive chew-proof tracking unit attachable to a pet collar is provided in this Example. The unit attaches to a standard pet collar. When a charged battery is installed in the unit, the unit performs a self-test and sends the results, through the GSM modem, to the service center and is logged in that units data file, time and date stamped, at which time the unit is active. The unit comprises a GSM modem, a GPS module, a printed circuit board, firmware, three active antennas (RF for communication with the base station, GSM and GPS), an LCD strobe light and a battery, plus connectors, all housed in a chew proof plastic housing. The unit of this Example is used in cooperation with a base station as follows. The base station of this Example is a battery charger as well as an RF transmitter. The RF signal is modifiable by a switch by which to adjust the radius of the RF signal from about 50 feet to about 500 feet. This RF signal provides the virtual fence. When the unit's RF antenna is receiving this RF signal from the base station, the unit shuts down all other internal components to conserve energy. Thus, the battery life between charges is extended compared to if any additional power-using components were not shut-down. The longer the pet is in range of the RF signal from the base station, the longer between battery charges. If the pet leaves the virtual fence area and the RF antenna on the pet ceases to pick up the RF signal from the base station, the firmware turns on the GSM components and sends a text message to the owner's cell phone that the pet may be lost. The firmware then waits for a text message from the pet owner that in fact the pet is lost, and, upon receipt, the firmware places the unit places the unit into the lost pet mode. When this text message is received by the unit on the lost pet, the GPS module is turned on and the GPS module tries to get a longitude and latitude fix, which pinpoints the location where the pet is. The unit on the pet sends these coordinates in a text message to the service center, the user's home, or user's cell phone, where a mapping component pinpoints the location of the pet on a computer screen or cell phone screen. The owner now goes to find the lost pet. This location updates itself every 75-90 seconds, on the screen, with a color marker. If the GPS cannot get a fix within 1-2 minutes, the firmware switches to GSM triangulation, another way to get a longitude/latitude fix, using GSM cell sites. This GSM approach is less accurate than GPS, but will find the pet in areas where GPS has too weak of a signal, such as under overhangs, in buildings, etc. In lost pet mode, the firmware also turns on the strobe light so the owner will have an easier time finding the lost pet, especially at night. This lost pet mode stays on for 15 minutes. In this Example 3, the base station has a toggle switch that changes the RF signal from a virtual fence signal to a signal that tells the unit to turn on the GSM components, thereby permitting the owner to take the pet for a walk or somewhere away from the virtual fence without any unnecessary text message being generated that the pet has left the virtual fence area and sent to the owner's phone. In this Example 3, a battery monitoring system is included that sends a message to the owner's cell phone, fax and email that the battery is low and that it is time for a battery change. EXAMPLE 4 Use of Tracking Systems by Neighbors The invention may be used by neighbors in nearby homes as follows. In this Example, inventive tracking systems are used by neighbors in row-homes, town-homes, attached villas, or in other homes in close proximity. Each neighbor has his/her own base station, with its own RF signal which differs from the RF signal used by the neighbor. EXAMPLE 5 This Example addresses the situation where a pet has gotten loose, and the owner's cell phone which receives the SMS text message advising of the pet's situation is in a turned-off state. In this Example, after a predetermined period of time (such as 15 minutes), shut-down of the unit on the pet occurs, because it is wanted not to waste the unit's power. However, later, when the owner turns his or her cell phone back on, a message is sent to the unit on the pet to turn-on. EXAMPLE 6 In this Example, a feature is added on the unit worn by the pet that mimics a non-electronic pet tag or microchip, by providing a notification that displays that the pet is lost and displays a toll-free number for someone finding the pet to call. Such notification is not required to be automated or electronic and can be non-electronic, such as printed, engraved, embroidered, etc. EXAMPLE 7 Household with Multiple Pets In this Example, a household has two or more pets, each pet serviced by the pet's unique base station, so that the number of pets in a household equals the number of base stations. Each base station and each device will search for an RF signal and will pair. Once a base station-device pair is established, the paired base station will not pair with another device and the paired device will not pair with another base station. That is, there is a one-to-one pairing of base station with device. In walk mode, a base station sends a signal that is only recognized by the device with which that base station is paired. Upon one pet (or more pets, such as if two or more pets unauthorizedly exit the property together), the respective unit on each exited pet will go into lost-pet mode and each lost pet's unit will contact the pet owner to announce the situation. EXAMPLE 8 In this example, the base station is replaceable (such as if the base station is left on vacation) as an independent piece. A new base station may be purchased and will pair with any pet unit not already paired to another base station that is present. EXAMPLE 9 Power Management and Conservation A conventional tracking product worn by a pet requires much turning-on to find longitude and latitude, which results in much power usage. Typically a conventional product will deplete a battery in about 1� to 2 days. By contrast, the invention, with its inventive power management system, avoids much of the turning-on to find longitude and latitude needed by conventional systems. In this inventive Example, the lost pet mode is the most power-consuming of the modes, and power usage in that mode is minimized. By using an inventive tracking system comprising an inventive power management system, battery life on the pet unit may be extended about 8-10 fold compared to a conventional tracking system on a pet, by eliminating many of the turn-ons of the conventional systems. This extension of battery life, correspondingly, extends the battery life from a conventional product's battery life of about 1� to 2 days, to an extended life, for the invention, of about 14 to 16 days. EXAMPLE 10 In this Example, the characteristics of the property where the trackee is moving is considered. An inventive tracking system based on at least one RF signal is not limited with respect to whether the trackee encounters bodies of water. For example, the trackee wearing an RF-signal receiving device can safely move about a property with bodies of water. Preferably the device worn by the trackee is waterproof (not just water resistant), so that the trackee (such as a pet dog) can jump in water without the device needing to be removed. EXAMPLE 11 In this Example, an advantageous snap-on system is provided, for snapping the electronic device worn by a pet to a collar receiving the device. The snap-on attachment resembles a safety pin system. The device is provided with loops, like on a ball-point pen. Referring to FIGS. 8-8D, module 800 includes front housing 801, seal 802, PCB 803 (screwed down with the inner tray 804), battery 805, and battery door 806. Referring to FIGS. 8C and 8D, dimensions x, y and z are shown. EXAMPLE 11A Referring again to FIGS. 8-8D, in a preferred example, x=44 mm, y=54 mm and z=31.5 mm. EXAMPLE 12 An inventive tracking system is operated according to FIG. 7, including tracker unit (700), base station (701) and server (702), as shown. The tracker unit (700) is securely provided for wearing by a pet or other trackee. The base station (701) is established at the trackee's residence or other place where the trackee is supposed to remain without escaping. The server (702) is established at a staffed location. EXAMPLE 13 Referring to FIGS. 9-9D, an exemplary base station 900 useable in the invention may be appreciated. The base station 900 includes plug 902 by which the base station 900 is plugged into a wall outlet. The base station 900 emits at least one RF signal using the antenna 901. Referring to FIGS. 9B and 9C, dimensions x, y and z are shown for the base station 900. Referring to FIG. 9D, base station 900 is assembled as follows. Bottom housing 910 and top housing 990 are provided, and house LED lens 904. The antenna 901 folds to nest in the pack. The base station 900 is assembled with strain relief 903. A battery charging bay 991 is on the top housing 990. A dial 992 fits into the top housing 990. The dial 992 clicks into position for each range setting. Base station 900 (FIG. 9B) is manually adjustable by a user (pet owner) to a 30 foot radius, a 60 foot radius, or a 150 foot radius, depending on approximate size of the yard area in which the pet is supposed to remain. By setting the base station 900 to one of these radius settings, a first RF signal is emitted to the selected distance. Base station 900 also includes a �walk� setting (FIG. 9B). When the base station 900 is adjusted by the pet owner to the �walk� setting, the base station ceases to emit the first RF signal and instead begins to emit a second RF signal, wherein the second RF signal is of a different frequency than the first RF signal. EXAMPLE 13A Referring again to FIGS. 9-9D, in a preferred example, x=120 mm, y=120 mm and z=43 mm. It will be appreciated that variations and modifications from the embodiments set forth above may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention, and that such modifications are to be considered within the present invention. 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