Source: http://ca.findacase.com/research/wfrmDocViewer.aspx/xq/fac.20091207_0015590.ECA.htm/qx
Timestamp: 2016-10-28 23:34:30
Document Index: 376976666

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 667', '§ 2254', '§ 2254', '§ 2254', 'art, 169', '§ 1638', '§1649', '§ 2254', '§ 636']

| Goldsmith v. Walker
Goldsmith v. Walker
JAMES K. GOLDSMITH, PETITIONER,v.JAMES WALKER, WARDEN, RESPONDENT.*FN1
Petitioner James Goldsmith is currently incarcerated at the California State Prison -Sacramento, in Represa, California. He was convicted by a jury of one count of receiving stolen property and one count of possessing drug paraphernalia in Sacramento County Superior Court on February 26, 2004. Because he had previously been convicted of five robberies, he was sentenced for the most recent offenses under California's "Three Strikes Law" (Cal. Penal Code. §§ 667(b)-(i), 1170.12). He is currently serving a sentence of twenty-nine-years-to-life and has filed a second amended petition for writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 challenging his 2004 conviction and sentence. (See Docket 1.)
Respondent has filed an answer to the second amended petition in which he contends that petitioner failed to timely comply with California's state court filing rules, resulting in a procedural default that bars federal consideration of his claims. (See Dkt. 21 at 11-15.) In the alternative, respondent asserts that petitioner's claims are without merit. (See id. at 15-23.)
Although petitioner did not file a traverse to respondent's answer, the briefing is nevertheless complete and this matter is ripe for review. The Court, having thoroughly considered the record, recommends the Court find that the second amended petition is procedurally barred as untimely. Petitioner's procedural default is a fully sufficient basis for denial of his petition. But even if petitioner attempts to make, and if this Court permits him to make, a belated showing to avoid his procedural default, his second amended petition must fail on the merits. Under either basis, this action should be dismissed with prejudice. This disposition mirrors the rulings of the Sacramento County Superior Court.
Petitioner is challenging his 2004 conviction for possession of stolen property and possession of drug paraphernalia, which resulted in a twenty-nine-year-to-life prison sentence under California's Three Strikes Law. The California Court of Appeal summarized the facts of these offenses as follows:
At approximately noon on August 24, 2003, Nou Lee parked her 1989 light blue Toyota Camry at Arden Fair Mall in Sacramento. She returned around 2:30 p.m. to find her car had been stolen and notified mall security and the police of the theft. Around 3:30 a.m. the following morning, Sacramento Police Officer Michael Smith recognized Lee's car being driven on Grand Avenue in Sacramento. Officer Smith caught up to the car and ran a record check that confirmed it was Lee's stolen car. The driver then pulled over to the side of the road on Cypress Street without Officer Smith having to activate his lights or sirens.
Officer Smith arrested and searched defendant, who was driving Lee's car. The officer found a glass pipe commonly used to smoke rock cocaine in defendant's jacket pocket. There was no key in the ignition, nor anywhere else in the car. Defendant had a small "master lock key," but no other keys, in his possession. Officer Smith testified that Toyota Camrys are frequently stolen because they can easily be started with a shaved key, knife or scissors, and that the "master lock key" found on defendant could be used to start a Toyota Camry.
After his arrest, defendant told Officer Smith that about an hour earlier, he had rented the car for $10 from a person he knew as "Woo-Woo." "Woo-Woo" had started the car and then pulled the key out of the ignition before giving defendant the car. Defendant had used the "master lock key" found in his pocket to turn off the car on Cypress Street. Defendant told the officer that he did not know the car was stolen but had felt "something was wrong with the vehicle." Defendant admitted ownership of the pipe.
Ester Montaie was riding as a passenger in the Camry at the time of the stop. Montaie testified that in the early morning of August 25, 2003, she was walking back from the store when she noticed defendant standing in front of his mother's house on Clay Street. Defendant was standing by his Cadillac at the time, which she was aware did not run. She had seen him earlier that night, however, sitting in the Camry with a woman. She asked defendant for a ride to Cypress Street. Defendant walked her over to the Camry, started it, and drove her to Cypress Street. After they were stopped by police, defendant told her the car was stolen. She was upset because she was on parole and could be found in violation for being in a stolen vehicle.
Montaie admitted at trial that she had been drinking beer and smoked rock cocaine earlier in the evening on August 24, 2003. She had smoked .1 gram from a "baby jar" pipe. At trial, she was shown the pipe found in defendant's pocket. Montaie said it was not hers and identified it as a "straight shooter" pipe. Shanean Washington, who lived across the street from defendant and considered defendant to be "kind of like a godfather" to her, testified she saw a transaction between defendant and "Woo-Woo" wherein something exchanged hands between the men and, thereafter, "Woo-Woo" left defendant with the Camry. Washington said "Woo-Woo" would always start the car and keep the key in case the car was not returned and he needed to retrieve it.
Fay Pruitt, defendant's sister, testified she saw defendant outside her house on the night of August 24, 2003. Defendant was talking to his friend when someone drove up and asked defendant if he wanted to drive the car.
(Dkt. 22, Lodged Document 4 at 2-4.)
Petitioner was convicted by jury of receiving a stolen vehicle (a felony) and possessing drug paraphernalia (a misdemeanor). Because petitioner had previously been convicted of five robberies, for which he served four prison terms, and the court found these convictions qualified as strikes under California's "Three Strikes Law," he was sentenced to twenty-nine-years-to-life.
Petitioner timely appealed his conviction and sentence to the California Court of Appeal, Third Appellate Division, raising issues not included in this federal petition. The Court of Appeal affirmed the trial court's judgment in an unpublished decision on July 18, 2005. (See id.) Petitioner did not file a petition for review in the California Supreme Court. Accordingly, the Court of Appeal's decision became final.
On September 29, 2005, petitioner filed a petition for habeas corpus in the California Supreme Court, raising four grounds for relief. (See Dkt. 22, LD 5.) Again, none of these claims have been included in any of the prior federal petitions filed in this Court. The California Supreme Court denied this petition on July 19, 2006. (See id., LD 6.)
On January 9, 2007, petitioner filed his second state court petition for habeas corpus, this time in the Sacramento County Superior Court, presenting two claims for relief. (See id., LD 7 at 3(5) -- 4(11).) Those claims are described, infra. The superior court denied the petition on February 9, 2007, both on procedural grounds and on the merits. The court held the petition was filed fifteen months after the judgment was entered and was therefore untimely. (See id., LD 8 at 1.) The court cited In re Robbins, 18 Cal.4th 770, 811-812, 812 n.32 (1998), and In re Clark, 5 Cal.4th 750, 774-775 (1993), to support its decision. While reiterating that the petition was time-barred and that petitioner had set forth no explanation for his delay, it found that petitioner also failed to set forth a prima facie case. (See id. at 2.)
Petitioner presented the same two claims for relief to the California Supreme Court on March 14, 2007. (See id., LD 9.) On July 18, 2007, the California Supreme Court denied petitioner's state petition without explanation, with citations to In re Robbins and In re Clark. (See id., LD 10.) Petitioner's second amended petition presents in this Court the same two grounds for relief he presented in his 2007 state habeas petition. (See Dkt. 13 at 5(1)-5(9).)
1. Petitioner contends that his right to due process of law was violated when the trial court abused its discretion by violating the terms of a prior 1980 negotiated plea agreement;
2. Petitioner contends that he received ineffective assistance [of] counsel: a) [when] trial counsel was ineffective when he failed to ascertain whether the 1980 plea-bargained convictions were "strikes" under California law; [and] b) [when] trial counsel was ineffective when he failed to enlist the services of an expert witness.
(Dkt. 13 at 5(1), 5(6) and 5(9).)
Respondent concedes that petitioner has exhausted both claims for relief, but contends that these claims are not properly before this Court and, in the alternative, that his claims are without merit. (See Dkt. 21 at 5.)
In each case, the petitioner has the burden of establishing that the state court decision was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254; Baylor v. Estelle, 94 F.3d 1321, 1325 (9th Cir. 1996). To determine whether the petitioner has met this burden, a federal habeas court normally looks to the last reasoned state court decision, which in this case is the Sacramento County Superior Court decision. See Ylst v. Nunnemaker, 501 U.S. 797, 803-04 (1991); Medley v. Runnels, 506 F.3d 857, 862 (9th Cir. 2007). (See Dkt. 22, LD 8.)
Finally, AEDPA requires federal courts to give considerable deference to state court decisions, and state courts' factual findings are presumed correct. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1). Federal courts are also bound by a state's interpretation of its own laws. See Murtishaw v. Woodford, 255 F.3d 926, 964 (9th Cir. 2001) (citing Powell v. Ducharme, 998 F.2d 710, 713 (9th Cir. 1993)). Thus, while our review of the record is conducted independently with regard to some claims, we continue to show deference to the state court's ultimate decision. See Pirtle v. Morgan, 313 F.3d 1160, 1167 (9th Cir. 2002).
Respondent contends this Court is barred from reviewing both of petitioner's federal claims for relief on the ground that he procedurally defaulted in state court when he waited fifteen months from the date of the judgment to file his state habeas corpus petition. Respondent's contention echoes the rulings of the state courts, which dismissed petitioner's claims under Robbins and Clark on the grounds that the petition was time-barred. See Thorson v. Palmer, 479 F.3d 643, 644-45 (9th Cir. 2007) (holding that California Supreme Court's citation to Robbins was "a clear ruling that [the] petition was untimely"); see also Park v. California, 202 F.3d 1146, 1152 n.3 (9th Cir. 2000) (finding Clark "dealt specifically with the bar of untimeliness"). The trial court held, in the alternative, that petitioner failed to make a prima facie case. (See Dkt. 22, LD 8.)
It is a state court's prerogative to decline to review a claim based upon a procedural default. See generally Wainwright v. Sykes, 433 U.S. 72 (1977). Absent several well-established exceptions, federal courts are barred from reviewing a federal question decided by a state court when the decision "rests on a state law ground that is independent of the federal question and adequate to support the judgment." Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 729 (1991). To be "independent," the state rule must not be "interwoven with the federal law." Park, 202 F.3d at 1152 (quoting Michigan v. Long, 463 U.S. 1032, 1040-41 (1983)). To be "adequate" the state rule must be "well-established and consistently applied." Bennett v. Mueller, 322 F.3d 573, 583 (9th Cir. 2003) (citing Poland v. Stewart, 169 F.3d 573, 577 (9th Cir. 1999)).
Even if the relevant state procedural rule is found to be independent and adequate, the federal courts will reach the merits of the claim if the prisoner can demonstrate: 1) cause for the default and actual prejudice as a result of the alleged violation of federal law; or 2) that failure to consider the claims will result in a fundamental miscarriage of justice. Coleman, 501 U.S. at 750.
The state procedural rule at issue in this case is California's timeliness rule which bars habeas petitions that are filed in state courts after "substantial delay." See King v. Lamarque, 464 F.3d 963, 966 (9th Cir. 2006). Procedural default rulings on this basis in California state courts, however, have been rejected as "inadequate" by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. See King, 464 F.3d at 966 (citing Morales v. Calderon, 85 F.3d 1387, 1392 (9th Cir. 1996)) (stating "[t]he rule's ambiguity is not clarified by the California Supreme Court's application of the timeliness bar, in part because the court rejects cases without explanation, only citing Clark and Robbins, as it did here."). Post-King, this Court is required to engage in a burden-shifting process to determine whether any procedural rule, in this case California's timeliness rule, was "adequate" at the time it was applied. See Bennett, 322 F.3d at 585-86. The burden-shifting process begins when a respondent asserts an independent and adequate state procedural ground as an affirmative defense. The burden then shifts to petitioner to present "specific factual allegations that demonstrate the inadequacy of the state procedure, including citation to authority demonstrating inconsistent application of the rule." Id. at 586. Respondent then bears "the ultimate burden of proving the adequacy" of the state procedural rule. Id. at 585-86.
Here, respondent fulfilled his initial burden by pleading as an affirmative defense in his answer "the existence of an independent and adequate state procedural ground" --California's rule against filing state habeas corpus petitions after substantial delay. (See Dkt. 21 at 12-13.) The burden then shifted to petitioner to challenge the independency and/or adequacy of that rule. Bennett, 322 F.3d at 586. If petitioner had challenged the adequacy of the state's timeliness rule, the burden would then have shifted back to respondent to show how the rule has become adequate post-Clark. See King, 464 F.3d at 967. Petitioner, however, failed to file any documents in response to respondent's affirmative defense and, thus, he failed to meet his burden under Bennett.
Nor has petitioner demonstrated, or even alleged, that he falls within the exception to the procedural default doctrine -- cause and prejudice. See Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 750 (1991). Because petitioner has not established cause to excuse his procedural default, this court need not reach the prejudice prong of this inquiry. See Smith v. Murray, 447 U.S. 527, 533 (1986). Finally, petitioner has not alleged or demonstrated that a fundamental miscarriage of justice would result if his federal claims were not reviewed, as this category of claims is reserved for "extraordinary instances when a constitutional violation probably has caused the conviction of one innocent of the crime." McCleskey v. Zant, 499 U.S. 467, 494 (1991). There is no evidence in the record to support a claim of innocence.
Thus, under the burden-shifting process described in Bennett, petitioner's failure to present a challenge to the state court's procedural bar ruling requires this Court to sustain the dismissal of his claims on that basis. This is consistent with the federal court's obligation to give considerable deference to state court decisions. See Section IV at. 8, supra.
Petitioner's procedural default is a fully sufficient basis for denial of his petition in this Court. But even if petitioner attempts to make, and if this Court permits him to make, a belated showing to avoid his procedural default, and if he is successful on that issue, his second amended petition must fail on the merits, for the reasons discussed below.
Petitioner's asserts that the trial court failed to comply with the negotiated terms of his 1980 plea agreement, thereby violating his federal constitutional due process rights. (See Dkt. 13 at 5(1).) Petitioner maintains that when he pled guilty in 1980, "he was informed of only one direct, consequential effect that his 1980 plea of guilty would have on any future felony conviction: that his 1980 convictions, via, plea settlement, could enhance the prison term of a future felony conviction from one to five years." (Id. at 5(2).) Thus, when the trial court relied upon these prior felonies as strikes, petitioner claims the court breached the terms of his plea agreement. He contends he is now entitled to specific performance, pursuant to Brown v. Poole, 337 F.3d 1155 (9th Cir. 2003), which held that a prosecutor's oral promise during the plea colloquy is part of the contract between the defendant and the State and entitles a defendant to specific performance of the promise.
Respondent contends not only that petitioner fails to establish a due process violation due to the alleged plea agreement breach, but that the state court's decision denying this claim was neither contrary to nor an unreasonable application of clearly established law. (See Dkt. 21 at 16-17.)
Although a criminal defendant has a due process right to enforce the terms of a plea agreement, there is no evidence in this case to support petitioner's expectation about how future sentences would be decided, nor is there any evidence to support that such expectations were part of the plea agreement. See Santobello v. New York, 404 U.S. 257, 261-62 (1971) (stating that "[t]he determination of [defendant's] rights and responsibilities under the plea agreement is controlled by the principles of fundamental fairness imposed by the Due Process Clause").
Moreover, it is clearly established federal law that the interpretation of state court plea agreements, and all contractual obligations resulting there-from, are generally matters of state law. See Buckley v. Terhune, 441 F.3d 688, 694-695 (9th Cir.2006) (citing Ricketts v. Adamson, 483 U.S. 1, 6 n.3 (1987)). "Plea agreements are contractual in nature and are measured by contract law standards." Brown v. Poole, 337 F.3d 1155, 1159 (9th Cir. 2003) (quoting United States v. De La Fuente, 8 F.3d 1333, 1337 (9th Cir. 1993)). California law requires that courts first look to the plain meaning of the agreement's language. See Buckley, 441 F.3d at 695 (citing Cal. Civ.Code §§ 1638, 1644). Where the language is ambiguous, the terms "must be interpreted in the sense in which the promisor believed, at the time of making it, that the promisee understood it." Cal. Civ. Code. §1649. "The inquiry considers not the subjective belief of the promisor but, rather, the 'objectively reasonable' expectation of the promisee." Buckley, 441 F.3d at 695 (quoting Bank of the West v. Superior Court, 2 Cal.4th 1254, 1265 (1992)).
Thus, in order to demonstrate that there was in fact a breach, petitioner would need to point to some language to show that a particular term in his plea agreement had been breached. As stated above, petitioner claims that "he was informed of only one direct, consequential effect that his 1980 plea of guilty would have on any future felony conviction: that his 1980 convictions, via, plea settlement, could enhance his prison term of a future felony from one to five years." (Dkt. 13 at 5(2).) Petitioner has presented no document or record citation to support that statement, however.
In addressing this precise issue, the Sacramento County Superior Court held, in a well-reasoned opinion, that:
[petitioner] does not state that the exact language of the court or anyone at the change of plea hearing in the cases was that the convictions could not be used in the future for any purpose other than a one-to-five-year enhancement; rather, his claim is only that he was told that a one-to-five-year enhancement was a possible future consequence of the plea. That is not a promise that the convictions could not be used for any other purpose in the future. Nor does petitioner attach a copy of the reporter's transcript for the change of plea hearing in Sacramento County Superior Court Case Nos. CR 58371 and CR 58454, to show that he was made such a promise. Nor does the court's own copy of the reporter's transcript for the change of plea hearing, which is missing page [5], show that anyone at any time ever mentioned that the plea could have consequences of any kind at all in a future prosecution (compare Brown v. Poole (9th Cir. 2003), 337 F.3d 1155 [defendant who was promised release after serving certain number of years in prison disciplinary-free was entitled to specific enforcement, on federal habeas corpus]).
As the burden is on petitioner to show that any promise was ever made at all, that his convictions upon his plea would not be able to be used in any fashion other than as a one-to-five-year prior enhancement, and he has failed to meet this burden, he would not be entitled to relief even if his claim was not barred under Robbins/Clark..
(Dkt. 22, LD 8 at 2.)
As the state court found, there is no basis in the record to support a reasonable inference that the plea agreement carried a guarantee of any type of sentencing limitation. Even if there was a discussion on the record on the missing page 5 regarding the use of this conviction in the future, this does not rise to the level of guarantee that those convictions would not be used for any other purpose. In Brown, the prosecutor stated:
[n]ow, if you behave yourself at the state prison, as most people do, and I am inclined to believe that you will, you are going to get out in half the time. You get half of that 15 years off, or half of that 17 years off with the imposition of the extra two years, for good time/work-time credits. That's up to you.
337 F.3d at 1157-58 (emphasis added).
The prosecutor in Brown promised the defendant that he would "get out in half the time" if he behaved himself in prison. Id. at 1158. Unlike Brown, there is no evidence that the prosecutor in this case promised petitioner his four 1980 convictions would not be used for any other purpose in the future. To the extent petitioner believed the plea colloquy guaranteed him this limitation, he has failed to demonstrate that such a term existed in his plea agreement. Accordingly, the state court's decision denying this claim is neither contrary to nor an unreasonable application of clearly established Supreme Court precedent. Petitioner has failed to satisfy his burden of showing he is entitled to the issuance of the writ. See Silva v. Woodford, 279 F.3d 825, 835 (9th Cir. 2002) (petitioner's burden to show he is in custody in violation of the constitution).
B. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel (Plea Agreement)
Petitioner claims that counsel was ineffective when "he failed to ascertain whether the 1980 plea-bargained convictions were 'strikes' under California law." (Dkt. 13 at 5(6).) Respondent contends that because the 1980 convictions were correctly considered strikes, it would have been futile for defense counsel to challenge their use, and defense counsel's representation therefore cannot be considered ineffective. (Dkt. 21 at 20.)
In order to establish ineffective assistance of counsel, petitioner must demonstrate that counsel's representation fell below the objective standard of reasonableness and that the deficient performance affected the result of the proceeding. United States v. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687-88. A strong presumption exists that counsel's conduct falls within the wide-range of reasonable professional assistance. Id. at 689. To demonstrate prejudice, "[t]he defendant must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different." Id. at 694. The United States Supreme Court defines "reasonable probability" as a "probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome." Id.
Moreover, "[i]f a state court has already rejected an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, a federal court may [only] grant habeas relief if the decision was 'contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States." Id. at 5 (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1)). This Court's review of an ineffective assistance of counsel claim is therefore "doubly deferential" under AEDPA. See Yarborough v. Gentry, 540 U.S. 1, 6, (2003) (per curium).
The Sacramento County Superior Court considered this claim and found that petitioner failed to set forth a prima facie case for relief as he failed to show that his underlying claim had merit. (See Dkt. 22, LD 8 at 2.) It is clear from the California Court of Appeal opinion on direct review that defense counsel together with the trial court worked diligently to resolve the sentencing issues in this case. (See id., LD 4 at 4-9.) To now claim defense counsel was ineffective in researching and handling this aspect of his case is baseless. Because petitioner fails to show that the state court's decision was contrary to or an unreasonable application of Strickland, I recommend the court deny petitioner's claim.
C. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel (Expert Witness)
Petitioner claims that counsel was ineffective when "he failed to enlist the services of an expert witness." (Dkt. 13 at 5(9).) Specifically, he asserts defense counsel failed to elicit testimony from an expert witness regarding the effects of alcohol, rock cocaine, and sleep deprivation on a person's perception. Such testimony would allegedly have undermined one of the prosecution's key witnesses and shown that she was imagining and hallucinating that he had made incriminating statements to her. (See id. at 12.) Respondent contends not only that petitioner's claim is without merit, but that the state court's opinion on this issue was neither contrary to nor an unreasonable application of Strickland.(See Dkt. 21 at 20-22.)
The Sacramento County Superior Court considered this claim and found not only that petitioner was time-barred, but that his claim was without merit. The court stated that petitioner failed to:
.attach an affidavit from an expert witness, setting forth what the expert would have testified to had the expert been called at trial. Nor does petitioner show that even if presented at trial, that it would have been reasonably probable to have made a difference in the outcome of the trial. The witness admitted on the witness stand that she had been drinking, had not slept for two days, and had smoked crack cocaine before the incident occurred, and a reasonable layperson would not have needed an expert to explain that these could have affected her perception. Further, an officer testified that as soon as he pulled the car over, he placed the witness in his patrol car, and the witness immediately told him that petitioner had told her that the car was stolen and that she was on parole, and that she was clear in her statement. An expert's testimony on the effects of the drugs and sleep deprivation would not likely have affected the credibility of the witness any further than the witness's own admission about taking the drugs and being sleep deprived. As such, even if the claim were not barred under Robbins/Clark, it would fail in any event (.Strickland v. Washington (1984) 466 U.S. 668).
(Dkt. 22, LD 8 at 3.) There is no evidence in the second amended petition or elsewhere in the record to support petitioner's assertion that defense counsel was ineffective in failing to put on an expert witness to contradict Ms. Montaie's testimony. See Kimmelman v. Morrison, 477 U.S. 365, 381 (1986) ("the defendant bears the burden of proving that counsel's representation was unreasonable under prevailing professional norms and that the challenged action was not sound strategy"). Because petitioner fails to show that the state court's decision on this issue was contrary to or an unreasonable application of Strickland, I recommend the court deny this claim as well.
For all of these reasons, I recommend this Court find that: (1) petitioner's procedural default in state court is a fully sufficient basis for denial of his petition; and (2) even in the absence of any procedural default, his second amended petition must fail on the merits. Accordingly, I recommend the Court find that the Sacramento County Superior Court's Order denying petitioner's claims of denial of due process and ineffective assistance of counsel was not contrary to, or an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law. The Court should therefore enter an Order accepting and adopting this Report and Recommendation, denying the second amended petition, and directing that judgment be entered dismissing this action with prejudice.
This Report and Recommendation is submitted to the United States District Judge assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(l). Within twenty (20) days of being served with this Report and Recommendation, any party may file written objections with this Court and serve a copy on all parties. Such a document should be captioned "Objections to Magistrate Judge's Report and Recommendation." Either party may then respond to the other party's objections with fourteen (14) days of being served a copy of such written objections. Failure to file objections within the specified time may waive the right to appeal the District Court's Order. See Martinez v. Ylst, 951 F.2d 1153 (9th Cir. 1991). A proposed Order accompanies this Report and Recommendation.