Source: http://www.codices.coe.int/NXT/gateway.dll/CODICES/constitutions/ENG/EUR/LIE
Timestamp: 2017-07-25 10:38:50
Document Index: 722879303

Matched Legal Cases: ['Art. 1', 'Art. 2', 'Art. 3', 'Art. 4', 'Art. 5', 'Art. 6', 'Art. 7', 'Art. 8', 'Art. 9', 'Art. 10', 'Art. 92', 'Art. 11', 'Art. 96', 'Art. 12', 'Art. 13', 'Art. 13', 'Art. 14', 'Art. 15', 'Art. 16', 'Art. 17', 'Art. 18', 'Art. 19', 'Art. 20', 'Art. 21', 'Art. 22', 'Art. 23', 'Art. 24', 'Art. 25', 'Art. 26', 'Art. 27', 'Art. 28', 'Art. 29', 'Art. 30', 'Art. 31', 'Art. 32', 'Art. 33', 'Art. 34', 'Art. 35', 'Art. 36', 'Art. 37', 'Art. 38', 'Art. 39', 'Art. 40', 'Art. 41', 'Art. 42', 'Art. 43', 'Art. 44', 'Art. 45', 'Art. 46', 'Art. 47', 'Art. 48', 'Art. 49', 'Art. 50', 'Art. 51', 'Art. 13', 'Art. 52', 'Art. 535', 'Art. 54', 'Art. 55', 'Art. 56', 'Art. 57', 'Art. 58', 'Art. 596', 'Art. 60', 'Art. 617', 'Art. 62', 'Art. 63', 'Art. 63', 'Art. 63', 'Art. 64', 'Art. 65', 'Art. 66', 'Art. 66', 'Art. 8', 'Art. 64', 'Art. 67', 'Art. 68', 'Art. 69', 'Art. 70', 'Art. 69', 'Art. 71', 'Art. 72', 'Art. 73', 'Art. 74', 'Art. 75', 'Art. 76', 'Art. 77', 'Art. 78', 'Art. 79', 'Art. 80', 'Art. 79', 'Art. 79', 'Art. 79', 'Art. 8126', 'Art. 82', 'Art. 8327', 'Art. 8428', 'Art. 8529', 'Art. 86', 'Art. 87', 'Art. 8830', 'Art. 89', 'Art. 9031', 'Art. 9132', 'Art. 92', 'Art. 93', 'Art. 94', 'Art. 95', 'Art. 11', 'Art. 96', 'Art. 9736', 'Art. 98', 'Art. 99', 'Art. 100', 'Art. 101', 'Art. 102', 'Art. 103', 'Art. 104', 'Art. 105', 'Art. 96', 'Art. 102', 'Art. 106', 'Art. 107', 'Art. 108', 'Art. 109', 'Art. 110', 'Art. 111', 'Art. 112', 'Art. 64', 'Art. 66', 'Art. 113', 'Art. 113', 'Art. 112', 'Art. 13']

of 5 October 1921 We, John II, by the Grace of God, Prince Regnant of Liechtenstein, Duke of Troppau, Count of Rietberg, etc. etc. etc. make known that the Constitution of 26 September 1862 has been modified by Us with the assent of Our Diet as follows:
Art. 1 1) The Principality of Liechtenstein is a State consisting of two regions with eleven communes. It is based upon the principle of enabling the people residing within its borders to live in peace and freedom. The region of Vaduz (Oberland) consists of the communes of Vaduz, Balzers, Planken, Schaan, Triesen and Triesenberg; the region of Schellenberg (Unterland) consists of the communes of Eschen, Gamprin, Mauren, Ruggell and Schellenberg.
Art. 2 The Principality is a constitutional, hereditary monarchy on a democratic and parliamentary basis (Arts. 79 and 80), the power of the State is inherent in and issues from the Prince Regnant and the People and shall be exercised by both in accordance with the provisions of the present Constitution.
Art. 3 The succession to the throne, hereditary in the Princely House of Liechtenstein, the coming-of-age of the Prince Regnant and of the Heir Apparent, as well as any guardianship which may be required, are to be determined by the Princely House in the form of a dynasty law.
Art. 4 1) Changes in the boundaries of the territory of the State may only be made by a law. Boundary changes between communes and the union of existing ones also require a majority decision of the citizens residing there who
Art. 5 The coat of arms of the State is that of the Princely House of Liechtenstein; the national colours are blue and red.
Art. 6 The German language is the national and official language.
Chapter II - The Prince Regnant
Art. 7 1) The Prince Regnant is the Head of State and shall exercise his sovereign authority in conformity with the provisions of the present Constitution and of the other laws.
Art. 8 1) The Prince Regnant shall represent the State in all its relations with foreign countries, without prejudice to the necessary participation of the responsible Government.
Art. 9 Every law shall require the sanction of the Prince Regnant in order to acquire validity.
Art. 10 1) The Prince Regnant shall take, through the Government, and independently of the Diet, the steps required for the implementation and enforcement of the laws, and any action required in pursuance of the powers of administration and supervision, and shall issue the requisite ordinances (Art. 92). In urgent cases he shall take the necessary measures for the security and welfare of the State.
Art. 11 The Prince Regnant shall appoint the judges in conformity with the provisions of the Constitution (Art. 96).
Art. 12 1) The Prince Regnant shall possess the prerogative of remitting, mitigating or commuting sentences which have been legally pronounced, and of quashing prosecutions that have been initiated.
Art. 13 Every successor to the throne shall, before receiving the oath of allegiance, shall declare upon his Princely honour and dignity in a written proclamation that he will govern the Principality of Liechtenstein in conformity with the Constitution and the other laws, that he will maintain its integrity, and will observe the rights of sovereignty indivisibly and in like manner.
2) Annulled2
Art. 13bis3 The Prince Regnant may entrust the next Heir Apparent of his House who has attained majority with the exercise of the sovereign powers held by him as his representative should he be temporarily prevented or in preparation for the Succession.
Art. 14 The supreme function of the State is to promote the general welfare of the People. For this purpose, the State shall provide for the institution and maintenance of law, and for the protection of the religious, moral and economic interests of the People.
Art. 15 The State shall devote particular attention to education and schooling. This must be so ordered and administered that, from the co-operation of the family, the school and the Church, the younger generation may be imbued with religious and moral principles and patriotic sentiments and may be fitted for their future occupations.
Art. 16 1) The whole field of education and schooling shall be under the supervision of the State, without prejudice to the inviolability of the doctrine of the Church.
6) Annulled4
7) Annulled5
Art. 17 1) The State shall support and promote education and schooling.6
Art. 18 The State shall be responsible for the public health system, assist institutions for the care of the sick, and seek by legislation to combat intemperance and to reform alcoholics and work-shy persons.
Art. 19 1) The State shall safeguard the right to work and shall protect the workers, especially women and young persons employed in commerce and industry.
Art. 20 1) To increase employment and to advance its economic interests, the State shall promote and assist agriculture, alpine farming, trade and industry. In particular, it shall promote insurance against damage and injuries to which workers and goods are exposed, and shall take measures to prevent such injuries and damage.
Art. 21 The State shall possess sovereign rights over waters in conformity with the laws existing or to be enacted hereafter in this matter. The utilisation and distribution of such waters and flood control measures shall be regulated by law and promoted, with due regard to the development of technology. Rights relating to electricity shall be regulated by law.
Art. 22 The State shall exercise sovereign rights over hunting, fishing and mining; when legislating on these matters, it shall protect the interests of agriculture and of communal revenues.
Art. 23 The currency and banking system shall be regulated by the State.
Art. 24 1) By enacting the necessary legislation, the State shall provide for an equitable system of taxation, which shall exempt from taxation incomes below a minimum standard of living and shall impose heavier burdens on persons in higher wealth or income brackets.
Art. 25 Public poor relief shall be administered by the communes in conformity with specific laws. The State shall be responsible, however, for the supervision of such activities. It may grant appropriate assistance to the communes, especially for the proper care of orphans, the mentally handicapped, persons suffering from incurable diseases and the aged.
Art. 26 The State shall support and promote health, old age, disability and fire insurance schemes.
Art. 27 1) The State shall provide for a rapid procedure for legal actions and the execution thereof, under conditions that will safeguard material rights; it shall also provide for a system of administrative law based on the same principles.
Chapter IV - General Rights and Obligations of Liechtenstein Citizens Article 27bis
of the Principality7 Art. 28 1) Every citizen7. shall be freely entitled to reside in any locality within the territory of the State and to acquire property of any description, provided that he observes the detailed legal regulations relating to such matters.
2) The entry and exit, stay and residence of foreigners shall be governed by international treaties and by legislation. 3) Persons staying within the territory of the Principality shall be bound to observe its laws and shall be entitled to the protection afforded by the Constitution and the other laws.
Art. 29 1) All citizens7. shall be entitled to civic rights in conformity with the provisions of the present Constitution.
2) All citizens7. who have completed their 18th year, have their normal residence in the Principality and whose right to vote has not been lost may exercise all political rights in matters of State.8
Art. 30 The conditions under which citizenship rights may be acquired or forfeited shall be determined by law.
Art. 31 1) All citizens1 shall be equal before the law. The public offices shall be equally open to them, subject to observance of the legal regulations.
Art. 32 1) Personal liberty, the immunity of the home and the inviolability of letters and written matter are guaranteed.
Art. 33 1) Nobody may be deprived of his proper judge; special tribunals may not be instituted.
Art. 34 1) The inviolability of private property is guaranteed; confiscation may only take place in such cases as determined by law.
Art. 35 1) Where necessary in the public interest, property of any kind may be compulsorily assigned or subjected to an encumbrance, against appropriate compensation, the amount of which in cases of dispute shall be determined by the courts.
Art. 36 Trade and industry shall be free within the limits prescribed by law the extent to which exclusive commercial and industrial privileges may be admissible for specified periods of time shall be regulated by law.
Art. 37 1) Freedom of belief and conscience are guaranteed for all persons.
Art. 38 The right of ownership and all other proprietary rights of ecclesiastical communities and religious associations in respect of their institutions, foundations and other possessions devoted to worship, education and charity are guaranteed. The administration of Church property in the parishes shall be regulated by a special law; the assent of the Church authorities shall be sought before the said law is promulgated.
Art. 39 The enjoyment of civil and political rights shall not be dependent on religious belief nor may the latter constitute a ground for any dereliction of civil obligations.
Art. 40 Every person shall be entitled to freely express his opinion and to communicate his ideas by word of mouth or in writing, print or pictures within the limits of the law and morality; no censorship may be exercised except in respect of public performances and exhibitions.
Art. 41 The right of free association and assembly is guaranteed within the limits prescribed by law.
Art. 42 The right to petition the Diet and the National Committee is guaranteed; not only individuals whose rights or interests are affected but also communes and corporations are entitled to have their wishes and requests brought before the Diet by a member of that body.
Art. 43 The right of complaint is guaranteed. Any citizen5 shall be entitled to lodge a complaint regarding any action or procedure on the part of a public authority which is contrary to the Constitution, the law or the official regulations and detrimental to his rights or interests. Such complaint shall be addressed to that authority which is immediately superior to the authority concerned and may, if necessary, be pursued to the highest authority, except when the right of recourse may be barred by a legal restriction. If a complaint thus submitted is rejected by the superior authority, the latter shall be bound to declare to the complaining party the reasons for its decision.
Art. 44 1) Every man fit to bear arms shall be liable, up to the completion of his 60th year, to serve in the defence of his country in the event of emergency.
Chapter V - The Diet
Art. 45 1) The Diet is the legal organ representing all the citizens6 of the Principality and as such has the duty of safeguarding and vindicating the rights and interest of the People in relation to the Government in conformity with the provisions of the present Constitution and also of promoting as far as possible the welfare of the Princely House and of the country while faithfully adhering to the principles laid down in this Constitution.
Art. 46 1) The Diet shall consist of 25 Representatives who shall be elected by the People by universal, equal, secret and direct suffrage according to the system of proportional representation. The Upper Country (Oberland) and the Lower Country (Unterland) shall each form a constituency. Of the 25 Representatives, 15 shall be elected by the Upper Country and 10 by the Lower Country.7
2) In addition to the 25 Representatives, substitutes shall be elected in each constituency. For each three Representatives in a constituency, each electoral group shall have one substitute but if an electoral group has obtained one mandate it shall have at least one substitute.8
3) Mandates shall be distributed among electoral groups which have obtained at least eight percent of the valid votes cast in the country as a whole.9
4) The members of the Gouvernment and the Courts may not be members of the Diet at the same time.10
5) Detailed regulations regarding the conduct of the elections shall be laid down in a special law.11
Art. 47 1) The Representatives shall be elected for four years, provided that the regular elections shall be held in the February or March of the year when the fourth year of their mandate ends. Representatives shall be eligible for reelection.12
2) Annulled13
Art. 48 1) The Prince Regnant has the right, subject to the exception laid down in the following paragraph, to convene the Diet, to close it, and, on warrantable grounds, which must on each occasion be communicated to the assembled Diet, to prorogue it for three months or to dissolve it. The prorogation, closing or dissolution of the Diet may only be proclaimed before the assembled Diet.14
2) In pursuance of a substantiated written request submitted by not less than 1,000 citizens entitled to vote or of a resolution adopted by the communal assemblies of not less than three communes, the Diet must be convened.1
3) Subject to the same conditions as in the preceding paragraph, 1,500 citizens entitled to vote or four communes which have adopted resolutions to that effect at their communal assemblies may demand a referendum with regard to the dissolution of the Diet.2
Art. 49 1) The regular convocation of the Diet shall be issued at the beginning of every year in the form of a Princely edict, indicating the place, day and hour of the assembly.
4) Should a Representative be prevented from attending one or several consecutive sittings, a substitute from his electoral group shall sit and vote in his place.3
Art. 50 Should the Diet be dissolved, new elections must take place within six weeks. The newly elected Representatives shall then be summoned to meet within fourteen days.
Art. 51 1) In the case of an accession to the Throne, the Diet shall be convened to an extraordinary session within 30 days for the purpose of receiving the declaration of the Prince Regnant as provided for in Art. 13 and of taking the oath of allegiance.
Art. 52 1) At its first regularly convened sitting, the Diet shall proceed, under the chairmanship of its oldest member, to the election of a President and a Vice-President from among its members to direct its business for the current year.
2) Annulled4
Art. 535 The Representatives shall be bound to attend in person at the seat of the Government in compliance with the notice of convocation. If a Representative is impeded from attending, he must, on receiving the first notice of convocation, promptly notify the Government and subsequently the President, stating the reasons preventing his attendance. If the impediment is of a permanent nature, a by-election shall be held, if the Representative cannot be replaced by the substitution system.
Art. 54 1) The Diet shall be opened with due solemnity by the Prince Regnant, in person or by his proxy. All the new members shall swear the following oath to the Prince Regnant or his proxy:"I hereby swear to observe the State Constitution and the existing laws and to promote in the Diet the welfare of the country, without any ulterior motives, to the best of my ability and conscience. So help me God."
Art. 55 The Diet shall be closed by the Prince Regnant, in person or by his proxy.
Art. 56 1) No Representative may be arrested while the Diet is in session without the assent of that body unless he is apprehended in flagrante delicto.
Art. 57 1) The members of the Diet shall vote solely according to their oath and their convictions. They shall never be made to answer for their votes; for their utterances at sittings of the Diet or its committees, they shall be responsible to the Diet alone and can never be sued before a court of justice in respect thereof.
Art. 58 1) For a decision of the Diet to be valid, at least two-thirds of the statutory number of Representatives must be present and it must be adopted by an absolute majority of the members present, except as may otherwise be provided in the present Constitution or in the rules of procedure. The same rules shall apply to elections which the Diet has to undertake.
Art. 596 1) Complaints relating to elections shall be referred to the State Court.
Art. 60 The Diet shall adopt its rules of procedure by a resolution and with due regard to the provisions of the present Constitution.
Art. 617 Representatives shall receive from the State Treasury a daily allowance and travel expenses as prescribed by law.
Art. 62 In particular, the following matters shall fall within the sphere of activity of the Diet:
d) resolution on credits, loans and securities chargeable to the State and on the acquisition and alienation of landed property belonging to the admin-istrative and financial assets of the State, subject to articles 63 ter and 93; e) the resolution on the annual report furnished annually by the Government on the whole of the State administration;
Art. 63 1) The Diet shall have the right of control over the whole of the State administration,
3) Annulled9
Art. 63bis10 The Diet has the right to appoint investigational committees. It is obliged to do so when at least one quarter of the number of Representatives fixed by law requests this.
Art. 63ter11 Parliament shall appoint a finance committee to which the passing of res-olutions on the acquisition and alienation of landed property belonging to the administrative and financial assets as well as participation in the administra-tion of the financial assets may also be transferred by law.
Art. 64 1) The right of initiative with regard to legislation, that is to say, the right of introducing bills, shall appertain to:
2) If not less than 1,000 citizens entitled to vote, whose signatures and qualification to vote are duly certified by the authorities of the commune in which they reside, submit a petition in writing or if at least three communes do so in the form of resolutions of the communal assembly in similar terms requesting the enactment, amendment or revocation of a law, such petition must he debated at the next session of the Diet.12
4) A petition submitted under the right of initiative and concerning the Constitution may only be brought by not less than 1,500 citizens entitled to vote or by at least four communes.13
Art. 65 1) Without the participation of the Diet, no law may be issued, amended, or declared to be in force. For a law to become valid, it must in every case receive the assent of the Diet and be sanctioned by the Prince Regnant, countersigned by the responsible Head of the Government or his deputy and promulgated in the National Legal Gazette (Landesgesetzblatt). If the Prince does not give his assent within six months, it shall be deemed to have been refused.
Art. 66 1) Every law passed by Parliament that it does not declare to be urgent and every financial resolution that it does not declare to be urgent and that results in a new non-recurrent expenditure of at least 500,000 francs or a new annually recurrent expenditure of 250,000 francs shall be subject to a popular vote if Parliament so decides or if at least 1,000 Liechtenstein citizens eligi-ble to vote or at least three municipalities submit a request to that effect, in the manner provided for in article 64, within 30 days of the official an-nouncement of the resolution of Parliament. 2) If the issue affects the Constitution as a whole or in part, the demand for a referendum must be made by not less than 1,500 citizens with the right to vote or by not less than four communes.15
5) Resolutions on the enactment of laws subject to a referendum shall not be submitted to the Prince Regnant for sanction until the referendum has been held or until the statutory period of thirty days within which a petition for a referendum may be submitted has expired without any such action.16
Art. 66bis17 1) Any resolution of the Diet concerning assent to a treaty (Art. 8) must be submitted to a referendum if the Diet so decides or if not less than 1,500 citizens with the right to vote or not less than four communes submit a petition to that effect, according to the procedure prescribed in Art. 64, within 30 days of the official publication of the resolution of the Diet.
Art. 67 1) Unless it contains any other stipulation, a law shall come into force on the expiry of eight days after the date of its publication in the National Legal Gazette.
2) The manner and extent of the publication of laws, finance resolutions, treaties, regulations, resolutions of international organizations and of the law applicable by reason of international treaties shall be regulated by law. For the law applicable in Liechtenstein by reason of international treaties, a publication may be arranged in a simplified form, in particular as a reference publication to foreign codes.18
3) The legal regulations coming into force in future and applicable to Liechtenstein by reason of the Agreement of 2 May 1992 on the European Economic Area shall be published in an EEA compendium of laws. The manner and extent of the publication in the EEA compendium of laws shall be regulated by law.19
Art. 68 1) Without the approval of the Diet, no direct or indirect taxes or any other public dues or general levies, under any designation whatsoever, may be imposed or collected. The fact that this approval has been given must be expressly mentioned in the tax demand notice.
Art. 69 1) With regard to the State administration, the Government shall submit to the Diet for examination and approval preliminary estimates of all expenditures and revenues for the coming administrative year, accompanied by proposals for the taxation hich is to be levied.
Art. 70 The Government shall administer the financial assets of the State in accordance with principles which it shall lay down in agreement with the Diet. It shall submit a report to the Diet together with the annual accounts (Art. 69.2).
Art. 71 The National Committee (Landesausschuss) shall be constituted to act in place of the Diet for any business which requires the participation of the latter or of its committees during the period between the adjournment, closing or dissolution of the Diet and the date of its next meeting, without prejudice, however, to the provisions of Arts. 48 to 51 concerning the time limits for the reconvocation of the Diet and for the holding of new elections.
Art. 72 1) The National Committee shall be composed of the President of the Diet, who shall be represented if unable to attend by his deputy, and of four other members, to be elected by the Diet from its midst, equal consideration being given to the Upper Country (Oberland) and the Lower Country (Unterland).
Art. 73 The term of office of the National Committee shall expire when the Diet reconvenes.
Art. 74 The National Committee shall have the following special powers and duties:
Art. 75 The National Committee may not enter into any permanent obligation on behalf of the Principality and shall be responsible to the Diet for its conduct of affairs.
Art. 76 1) The meetings of the National Committee shall take place as required at the seat of the Government upon convocation by the President.
Art. 77 During the sessions of the National Committee, its members shall receive the same daily allowance and travel expenses as the members of the Diet.
Art. 78 1) Subject to the following provisions of this article, the whole of the national administration shall be conducted by the Collegial Government responsible to the Prince Regnant and the Diet in conformity with the provisions of the present Constitution and the other laws.20
2) To be dealt with independently, specific functions may be transferred by law or by legally binding authorizations to certain officials, government offices or special commissions, subject to recourse to the Collegial Government.21
3) Special commissions for dealing with complaints may be set up by law to act on behalf of the Collegial Government.22
4) For the performance of economic, social and cultural obligations, special corporations, institutions and foundations of public law may be established by legislation and placed under the supervision of the Government.23
Art. 79 24 1) The Collegial Government shall consist of the Head of the Government and four Government Councillors.
Art. 80 1) If the Government loses the confidence of the Prince Regnant or the Diet, it shall lose its power to exercise its functions. For the period until the new Government takes office, the Prince, by application of the provisions of Art. 79 Paras. 1 and 4, shall appoint an interim Government to carry out the administration of the state (Art. 79 Para. 1). After four months at the latest, the interim Government shall submit to a vote of confidence in the Diet unless the Prince has previously appointed a new Government on the Diet's recommendation (Art. 79 Para. 2).
Art. 8126 For a decision of the Collegial Government to be valid, at least four members must be present and a majority of those members present must vote in favour. In the event of a tie, the chairman has the casting vote. Voting is compulsory.
Art. 82 The grounds on which a member of the Government may be debarred from the performance of an official act or invited to abstain therefrom shall be laid down in law.
Art. 8327 Government business shall be dealt with partly on a collegial basis and partly on a departmental basis.
Art. 8428 The Collegial Government shall issue its rules of procedure in the form of a Government regulation.
Art. 8529 The Head of the Government shall preside at meetings of the Government, deal with business directly entrusted to him by the Prince Regnant, and countersign the laws and any decrees or ordinances issued by the Prince Regnant or a Regent. At public ceremonies he shall be accorded the honours prescribed by the regulations for the Representative of the Prince Regnant.
Art. 86 1) The Head of the Government shall submit reports by word of mouth or in writing to the Prince Regnant with regard to matters placed under the authority of the Sovereign.
Art. 87 The Head of the Government shall take his oath of office before the Prince Regnant or the Regent; the other members of the Government and the State officials shall be sworn in by the Head of the Government.
Art. 8830 If the Head of the Government should be prevented from attending to his duties, the Deputy Head of the Government shall take over those functions which, according to the Constitution, expressly appertain to the Head of the Government. If the Deputy Head of the Government should also be prevented, the eldest Government Councillor shall take his place.
Art. 89 The Head of the Government shall sign the decrees and orders issued by the Government in pursuance of its decisions taken in council. He shall further exercise direct supervision over the conduct of business in the Government.
Art. 9031 1) All important matters assigned to the Government, especially the settlement of administrative disputes, shall be discussed and decided by the Government in council. Certain less important matters may be assigned by law to the appropriate members of the Government in accordance with the distribution of Government business to be dealt with independently.
Art. 9132 At the beginning of each period of office, the Collegial Government shall distribute its business between the Head of the Government and the Government Councillors to prepare the matters to be determined in council and to deal with that business which by law may be treated independently. A system of mutual deputizing shall be arranged for cases of indisposition.
Art. 92 1) The Government shall be responsible for the execution of all laws and of all such tasks as may be lawfully entrusted to it by the Prince Regnant or the Diet. To give effect to the laws, it shall issue the necessary implementation regulations which must, however, remain within the limits of the said laws.
Art. 93 The following matters in particular shall fall within the sphere of action of the Government:
a) supervision of all authorities and employees subordinate to the Govern-ment and the exercise of disciplinary powers in respect of employees; su-pervision and disciplinary powers in respect of public prosecutors shall be determined by law; b) allotment of the staff required for the Government and the other authori-ties;
c) monitoring of the prisons and overall supervision of the treatment of prisoners on remand and of convicts; d) administration of State buildings; e) monitoring of the lawful and uninterrupted conduct of business of the ordinary courts; f) submission of the report on its official activities to be presented annually to Parliament;
i) resolution on securities up to 250,000 francs, on the acquisition and al-ienation of landed property belonging to the financial assets up to 1,000,000 francs and belonging to the administrative assets up to 30,000 francs as well as, by virtue of legislative authorization, on the taking up of credits and loans. Art. 94 (33) The organization of the administration shall be established by law.
Art. 95 1) The whole administration of justice shall be carried out in the name of the Prince Regnant and the People by responsible judges appointed by the Prince Regnant (Art. 11). The decisions of the judges in the form of judgments shall be delivered and drawn up "in the name of the Prince and the People".
Art. 96 1) For the selection of judges, the Prince Regnant and the Diet shall refer to a joint commission chaired by the Prince, who shall have a casting vote. He may appoint as many members to this body as the Diet delegates representatives. The Diet shall appoint one member for each electoral group represented in it. The Government shall appoint the member of the Government responsible for supervising the administration of justice. The commission's deliberations shall be confidental. The commission may only recommend candidates to the Diet with the Prince's assent. If the Diet chooses the recommended candidate, he or she shall be appointed a judge by the Prince.
Art. 9736 1) Jurisdiction on ordinary civil and criminal matters shall be exercised in first instance by the Princely Court (Landgericht) at Vaduz, in second instance by the High Court of Appeal at Vaduz, and in third instance by the Supreme Court.
Art. 98 The handling of particular, precisely specified kinds of business pertain-ing to the administration of justice in the first instance may be assigned by means of a law to specially trained non-judicial employees of the Court of Justice who are bound by instructions (Rechtspfleger).
Art. 99 The revenue authorities and the officials of the Crown lands shall appear before the ordinary courts as plaintiffs and defendants.
Art. 100 1) The procedure in civil disputes shall be regulated in accordance with the principles of oral proceedings, direct hearings, and free evaluation of the evidence. In criminal matters, the principle of ex officio prosecution shall also apply.
4) In criminal matters, justice shall be administered in the first instance at the Court of Justice by the same, if applicable by the Criminal Court or by the Juvenile Court. Art. 101 1) The President of the Court of Justice shall exercise supervision over the Judges of the Court of Justice.
Art. 102 1) The Administrative Court shall consist of five Judges and five alter-nate Judges appointed by the Reigning Prince (article 96). The majority of the Judges must have Liechtenstein citizenship. The majority of the Judges must be versed in the law.
6) By means of a law, the power to approve certain measures relating to international administrative assistance proceedings may be granted to a Judge of the Administrative Court, and the possibility of direct appeal to the Administrative Court may be provided regarding decrees issued in such proceedings by the first-instance authority. Art. 103 Detailed instructions regarding procedure, abstention, allowances to be paid to the members, and fees to be paid by the parties involved shall be laid down in a separate law.
Art. 104 1) A State Court shall be established by a special law as a court of public law to protect rights accorded by the Constitution, to decide in conflicts of jurisdiction between the law courts and the administrative authorities and to act as a disciplinary court for members of the Government.
Art. 105 The State Court shall consist of five judges and substitutes appointed by the Prince Regnant (Art. 96). The President of the State Court and the majority of the judges must possess Liechtenstein citizenship. Furthermore, the provisions of Art. 102 apply mutatis mutandis.
Art. 106 Open-ended judicial positions may only be created with the consent of Parliament.
Art. 107 The organization of the authorities shall be determined by legislation. Subject to treaty obligations, all authorities must have their seat within the territory of the State; collegial authorities must include at least a majority of Liechtenstein citizens.
Art. 108 The organization of the authorities shall be determined by legislation. All authorities must have their seat within the territory of the State; collegial authorities must include at least a majority of natives of Liechtenstein.
Art. 109 1) The State, the communes and other corporations, establishments and foundations of public law are liable for damage caused to third persons by individuals acting as their bodies who in their official capacity act illegally. In the case of wilful damage or gross negligence, restitution by the responsible persons is reserved.
Art. 110 1) Provisions concerning the number, organization and duties of the communes in their own sphere of action and in that assigned to them shall be laid down in the laws.
d) the right of the commune to grant citizenship and the freedom of citizens7 of the Principality to reside in any commune.
Art. 111 Every citizen of Liechtenstein who is eighteen years of age and residing in a commune but who does not yet possess the right to vote or to take part in elections may vote or take part in elections in communal affairs.
Art. 112 1) The present Constitution shall be universally binding after its promulgation as a fundamental law of the country. 2) Any amendments to or universally binding interpretations of this fundamental law may be proposed either by the Government or by the Diet or through the initiative procedure (Art. 64). These shall require the approval of the Diet, either by the unanimous vote of the members present or by a majority of three-quarters of the members present at two successive sittings of the Diet, where appropriate a referendum (Art. 66) and in any event the subsequent assent of the Prince Regnant, with the exception of the procedure to abolish the Monarchy (Art. 113).
Art. 113 1) Not less than 1,500 citizens as a minimum requirement have the right to introduce an initiative to abolish the Monarchy. In the event of this proposal being accepeted by the People, the Diet shall draw up a new, republican Constitution and submit it to a referendum after one year at the earliest and two years at the latest. The Prince Regnant has the right to submit a new Constitution for the same referendum. The procedure specified in the following therefore replaces the procedure to amend the Constitution laid down in Art. 112 Para. 2.
I charge you with the public communication of these My decisions. Felsberg, 2nd October 1921
Pursuant to Art. 13 of the Constitution of the Principality of Liechtenstein adopted by the Diet of My Principality at its meeting of the 24 of August 1921 and approved by Me, I entrust you, My Dear Nephew, with the signature on My Behalf of the new Constitutional Deed on My Birthday, the 5th of October 1921, at Vaduz, the capital of My Principality. I remain, My Dear Nephew, always your most affectionate Uncle.