Source: https://www.scribd.com/document/80199098/Remedies-Kovacic-Fleischer-Spring-2003-2
Timestamp: 2017-04-29 06:12:45
Document Index: 628210000

Matched Legal Cases: ['§1292', '§ 1292', '§ 1291', '§ 1292', '§1292', '§1292', '§1292', '§1292']

Remedies Kovacic-Fleischer Spring 2003 2 | Damages
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a. Historical Background i. Difference between law and equity 1. Law- wins judgment, order that P is entitled to something. a. jury trial mandated by constitution. b. legal judgment is final. c. is in res d. to enforce legal judgment, if D doesn’t pay, send out sheriff to get sheriff’s lien 2. Equity- order by a court to do or not to do something a. order in persona b. judge decided c. always has something to do with legal remedies being inadequate d. if person disobeys, court can punish or coerce using contempt e. orders can be modified (unlike law which is final) because courts have continuous jurisdiction in equity. b. Temporary Relief i. two types of labels: preliminary and permanent injunctions AND temporary restraining orders ii. Standards for Issuance 1. Temporary Restraining Order: (preliminary relief) a. Elements i. likelihood of success on the merits ii. irreparable injury (goes to the idea that legal remedy is inadequate) iii. balancing of harm to P with harm to D (allows court to consider “seriousness of question” instead of only likelihood of success on the merits; ie if more harm to P than to D if order does not issue, then need a little less likelihood of success on the merits) iv. balance effect of ruling on public interest v. maintaining the status quo vi. enforceability of injunction by court vii. bond b. Timing elements: can be very fast, sought before trial i. TRO lasts 10 days (Rule 65 FRCP), can be renewed for another 10 days c. Ex parte issuance: TRO can be issued ex parte (w/o notice to the other side) if there will be irreparable harm if the TRO is not issued ex parte. in emergency situations when other party not able to get notice, or endangers person by giving notice.
Civil Procedure rule 65 (b) TRO may be granted w/o written or oral notice only if: 1. it clearly appears from specific facts shown by affidavit or verified complaint that immediate and irreparable injury, loss or damage will result to the applicant before the adverse party or that party’s attorney can be heard in opposition AND 2. the applicant’s attorney certifies to the court the efforts made to give notice. 2. Preliminary Injunction (preliminary relief) a. Elements: i. likelihood of success on the merits ii. irreparable injury to P iii. balancing of harm between P and D iv. public interest v. maintaining status quo vi. enforceability of injunction vii. bond viii. **NOTICE § (preliminary injunctions cannot be issued ex parte) b. Timing: i. lasts until verdict at trial iii. Bonds 1. Rule 65c: No restraining order or preliminary injunction shall issue except upon the giving of security by the applicant, in such a sum as the court deems proper, for payment of such costs and damages as may be incurred or suffered by any party who is found to have been wrongfully enjoined or restrained. No such security shall be required of the United States or of an officer or agency thereof. 2. Purpose: to protect person being enjoined for damages. 3. not required for permanent injunction b/c judge has made final decision, no danger in D being injured from wrong decision being made 4. bonds requirement is mandatory BUT amount of bond is discretionary : is required, but there are exceptions. “sum that judge seems fit” means bonds can be issued as zero, or waives bond. Set these low for indigent defendants, public interest defendant etc. 5. Injunction bond rule: party injured by issuance of injunction later determined to be erroneous has no action for damages in absence of bond 6. Bond Requirement Rule: Purpose of the rule is to cap the amount of recovery at the
amount of the bond.
7. When a court dispenses with a bond, the enjoined party is entitled to seek the full
measure of the damages it sustained by reason of the wrongfully issued preliminary injunction. (so to protect themselves, moving party may want to post a bond even if it is not required) 8. If a judge denies the preliminary relief, you have not paid the bond yet. The moving party is the party who posts bond. The non-moving party can seek a stay and then post
c. Society’s cost in deterring valid suits where Ps cannot post bond is greater than the cost of a D is wrongfully enjoined. balancing of public interest 5. D brings suit too late. Some Js call it a sliding scale (balancing. you will have two bonds paid – one in the lower court and one in the Court of Appeals Temporary Relief Review:
A. Harm to P must tip so much in the favor or the moving party. Bond – 65(c) (SEVENTH SHOWING) a. Idea: Can’t raise issue that is inconsistent with other action that you would expect other party to rely on and that they did rely on. P is entitled to backpay or frontpay which is considered equitable relief.
B. they want to go to trial and not have any preliminary relief. Laches. **bond and status quo are NOT considered in permanent injunctions ii. Elements: 1. Governed by 65(c) Preliminary Injunctions – 7 showings 1. 1. More immediacy 5. D can argue that issuing of bond is so harmful that it outweighs Ps harm. Child support is also an example of money awarded in equity. inexcusable/unreasonable delay on the part of P bringing suit b. Can be modified b/c courts have continuing J? d. It is up to the judge what factors weigh into the scale. So. Court can post the bond at 0 for indigent Ps. Estoppel. ie.????? 1. Mandatory/Discretionary b. they are taking away the injunction bond rule that limits the payout to the amount of the bond. success on the merits (must win the case) 2. When companies don’t post bond.
c. Permanent Injunctions i. enforceability 6. ?? permanent injunction is permanent.bond. balancing of harm to D 4. Instead. issued after trial. Elements: a. not sure what factor weighs where). Equitable orders can include awards of money (Palmyra School District). Ps are estopped from raising issue that is inconsistent with action they took which they expected other party to rely 3
. Under Title VII. 2. d. Governed by 65(b) 2. e. Timing Issues: 1. defendant is prejudiced by this delay (undue prejudice) ii. Equitable Defenses i.is equivalent to statue of limitation in legal action. Alternative Test 4. 3.
TROs – 7 showings 1. inadequate legal remedy 3.
2. D actually relies on d. Temporary Restraining Order 1. b. Unclean Hands
1. loosing party may try to get the appeals court to redefine the TRO as a preliminary injunction b/c §1292 allows appeals of preliminary injunctions. they need to redefine a TRO as a preliminary injunction because they are appealable under § 1292. Subject matter jurisdiction is lacking for a federal court to hear an appeal for a TRO.
2. b. loosing party cannot appeal the TRO b/c no jurisdiction. Appeals) i. Elements: a. If the public interest is involved. which justifies denying relief c. For a federal court to hear it. D claims P has been engaged in misconduct (unlawful or unconscionable) wrt same action b. Structural Injunctions . Not a final judgment so not appealable (28 U. c. This could leave D with a windfall.making changes within the structure of an institution f.
e. giving all relief look to see whether have had enough hearings for it to be preliminary injunction. § 1291) but interlocutory judgments are appealable (under § 1292). i. they are estopped from pursuing an injunction against D). NOT appealable to b/c §1292 does not give jurisdiction to appeals courts for TROs. misconduct has to be related to the suit at hand. If someone wins a TRO. Reasonably e. the losing party typically CANNOT appeal because it is not: a. 3.
.C. Judicial Review of Equitable Orders (Stays. if TRO is issued. they will not touch the case. You get it redefined if it really looks like a preliminary injunction and the court of appeals can redefine it. D is detrimented f. unjust iii. a. 4. Elements: a. These are jurisdictional statutes. If court finds unclean hands. P comes to court after engaging in shocking conduct related to the subject matter. where P lent money for Ds to build it.on and the other party did rely on it. the court typically will not dismiss because of unclean hands. and watched construction. (café building on Ps property by D. To determine whether it is TRO or not: look to see whether exceeded length of time of TRO whether the TRO is behaving like preliminary injunction. P expected D to rely on these actions/statements c. P has acted or spoken out about present fact (at issue?) b.S. 2.
Permanent Injunctions 1. if TRO is denied.(if you are D. the losing party moves to dissolve in the trial court (whether ex parte or the person was there). If you have an ex parte TRO. Contempt
i. likelihood that injunction will be reversed!) ii. the D (original non-moving party. likelihood that party seeking the stay will prevail on the merits of the appeal (ie. If a preliminary injunction is denied. a. file for preliminary injunction hearing b. TROs cannot go straight to an appellate court. motion to dissolve. if TRO is granted. If a preliminary injunction is granted. there is PJ over D and the D should obey the TRO. ii. irreparable injury to D (to moving party for stay) iii. a. They must go to the same judge unless it is relabeled a preliminary injunction. Same showings as preliminary injuctions. If the TRO is not dissolved. d. same requirements for a stay as above b. D (loosing party) can appeal under 28 §1292. need it to stay the same until appeal to ensure appeal is still good). balance of harm to P (that equities tip in favor of D than P) iv.
3. a. iii. b. loosing party can ask for stay. b. iv. If the TRO is denied. To get stay pending appeal. when D appeals. If D cannot appeal it. P can appeal under 28 §1292. Preliminary Injunctions 1. he asks for a stay pending appeal. bond?? 2. can ask for injunction pending appeal.ii. or if denied. public interest v. If permanent injunction is denied. bond requirement under FRCP 62d? 2. a. Order to consider: a. direct or indirect
. P can ask for injunction pending appeal.
g. status quo. If permanent injunction is granted. vi. party now asking for stay) must show: i. the D should move to dissolve the TRO. they can move toward the preliminary injunction phase. and D is served. the P (loosing party) will file motion for preliminary injunction and set the date for the hearing. iii. asking for motion to reconsider. same elements as permanent injunction requirements. but will object to judge who granted TRO. They must be brought through preliminary injunction. argue that status quo will not remain the same. the loosing party (D) will not be able to appeal.
coercive. party who won order files contempt order (“order to show cause for why other party should not be held in contempt”). Ds not diligent in obeying the order or disobeys v. Civil or Criminal1. compensatory. not meant to overcompensate a.1. it is criminal contempt. jail time. P no longer entitled to the benefit. don’t advise client to not comply with the order c.
2. even if the injunction was found to be wrongfully issued. then it is criminal contempt. direct. 2. D has the “key”/power to do or not do something to stop the contempt-D can get out as soon as he complies with court order.
. This is because criminal contempt is designed to uphold the integrity of the court. i. it is civil contempt. Practical Notes: a. ex.what happens directly in front of the judge. jail time for undetermined amount of timeii. civil contempt? civil sanctions dissolve b/c they are for the benefit of the P. Clear and convincing evidence (of Ds disobedience and that injunction applies to Ds conduct). client does not know whether or not he will be held in civil or criminal contempt until after contempt hearing b.jail time is criminal contempt if the sentence is determinate b. so they are dissolved. fine. At the same time. to benefit court’s reputation a.Purpose: to punish D. once it is no longer coercive. must be contempt hearing ii. indirect-disobeying court order outside of courtroom (this is what we’ll look at). EX: Criminal contempt: The court sentences you to criminal contempt of $500 fine. the SANCTION WILL STAND!! You must pay it nevertheless. Even if it is later reversed.must compensate based on specific relation to order violation. as long as the contempt is coercive. i. a. A clear order (valid) of the court existed ii. so.designed to coerce the D into complying with court order. What happens to the fine? (you haven’t paid it yet). The Ds or parties had knowledge of the order (enjoined party + 65(d) people) iv. your attorney is bringing a direct appeal and the D wins (injunction wrong). Court must have jurisdiction (personal and subject m) iii. can’t just set amount per occurrence. b. must be measured against Ps loss or Ds gain ii.if fine is a determinate amount ($/occurrence). d. Civil Contempt-purpose: to benefit the P a. too bad. Criminal Contempt. 3. Elements (Operation Rescue)
i. So.
What can be raised in a contempt hearing? a. courts expect parties to: i. Punitive Damages. Goals. if the order exists b. Who is bound? 1. is frivolous c. Terminology and Limits Compared in Contract and Tort i. Rule 65d: every order granting an injunction and every restraining order is binding only upon the parties to the action. agents. and upon those person in active concert or participation with them who receive actual notice of the order by persona service or otherwise. you cannot raise the merits collaterally (ie can’t raise in contempt hearing) 2. if injunction is transparently invalid or b. iv. Legal Damages a. employees. contempt hearing is a collateral hearing (b/c it is a side proceeding. their officers. if denied. EXCEPTIONS to Collateral Bar rule a. arguing the merits of the issuance of the TRO b. and attorneys. some parties argue that they are not in contempt b/c they are not bound by the contempt order. iv.iii. doesn’t directly deal with the TRO issurance) 2. general idea: D is barred from arguing in contempt hearing that the injunction or TRO was wrong or improperly issued. b/c you can raise the merits of TRO directly (in other channels). knowledge of the order c. a. move to dissolve TRO ii. ask for preliminary injunction hearing iii. arguing constitutionality of the issurance 3. violation of the order d. Collateral Bar Rule: 1. What is barred by the collateral bar rule? a. If TRO issues. or attempt to appeal under §1292 (if can get reclassified as preliminary injunction). delay or frustration by court (ie procedural blockage) II. servants.designed to punish the defendant
. the next hearing is a contempt hearing 1. Why? b/c courts want parties to go through proper channels to appeal the injunction a. jurisdiction of the court 4. if party DISOBEYS TRO. Rule 65d lists who is bound by contempt order.
Certainty. Baxendale) v. P may recover consequential damages when it is foreseeable and within the contemplation of the parties at the time of the contract.ii. economic loss. Nominal Damages. General damages.damages that arise naturally from breach of contract. medical bills. lost wages. General damages. Some will say that the amount due at the time of injury must be known at the time of injury. but when there isn’t enough evidence to prove damages iv. but sometimes considered subcategory of compensatory damages iii. P can always get damages that arise naturally from breach of K. vi. payment of interesta. limited only by forseeability wrt proximate cause. but are contemplated at the time of the making of the K. (ie damages that are within the “circle” of the contract a.pecuniary. 2.designed to make the P whole. Contract Damages1.damages that are not within in the circle of the K. b.those naturally arising from injury. Special damages (aka consequential damages). Time1. *limited by foreseeability. non-measurable amounts like pain and suffering. time value of money issue.does not need to be prove to a mathematical certainty. actual damages sometimes considered same thing as compensatory. (Hadley v. ii. Special damages.small amounts of damages given when P “wins”. Jurisdictions vary for when they allow it:
1. only need to foresee possibility of injury NOT the extent of injury. significant in defamation cases (see below). Economic Loss rule: cannot recover if loss did not happen to you. a. b. Compensatory Damages. discount future amount to present value. amount of damage. out of pocket provable damages ex. Tort Damages1. prejudgment interest. Some will look at making the P whole (P x R x T) (Most Js) Principal x Rate x Time 2. a.interest on money from the day of injury to the day of judgment i. 2. Principles of Measurement i.two types 1. (i) it is not fair to impose pre-judgment interest (ii) K-F says this does not make sense!!!!
. (Hadley v. Baxendale) 2.difficult to determine how much to pay now if owe a set amount in the future b/c interest rates/inflation rates. fact of damage.the fact that damage occurred must be proven (in order to win case) 2.
If he fails to do so. 2. the degree of reprehensibility of the Ds misconduct 2. rule: if you get the money from somewhere else. purpose is to punish or deter 2. When considering punitive damages. no recovery can be hand a. general idea: usually P recover money from the D.
vi. An injured P. When P has not actually been damaged. doctor tells P to do physical therapy to help him get better faster. whether it be in tort or K. ex. P has received money from collateral source c. Avoidable Consequences Rule1. the difference between the punitive damages awarded by the jury and the civil penalties authorized or imposed in comparable cases (ie w/ potential criminal penalties).(iii) The major uncertainty is not how much they owe but whether they are liable in the first place. This lowers the award
v. then no recovery. all Js allow post judgment interest to give incentive to pay. This raises the award. P has injury b.
If P. 2. Collateral Source Rule is good (but mention that some Js have eliminated it because of tort reform). P does not do exercises. iv. lots of courts are lowering punitive damage amounts. general rule: allows damages to be offset by the benefits that accrued from the same action 2.
b. Punitive 1. for which P has paid for (or gift okay too). Elements: a. it cannot be used to subtract from damages (with respect to what the D has to pay). This rule deals with payments to P from person other than the D. iii.computed on the judgment amount from the day the judgment is made until the day the judgment is paid i. If D. P gets less of pain and suffering award b/c he didn’t do anything to mitigate his damages. Collateral Source Rule1. 3. related to the harm d. must exercise reasonable care and diligence to
avoid or lessen the consequences of the D’s wrong. Offset the Benefits Rule is good. ii. disparity between the actual or potential harm suffered by the P and the punitive damages award (where the ratio comes in) 3. 9
1. 3. ie does not mitigate the damages. have to measure actual damage. post judgment interest. for any part of the loss incident to such failure. courts should consider three guidelines: 1. if there are no actual damages. Offset the Benefit Rule1.
exceptions: i.vii. same logic should apply. Fund is distributed to a lot of people. willful violation 3. 3. common fund: the fund is comprised of what Ps were seeking. common fund or substantial benefit a. American rule: parties pay their own attorneys fees. Substantial benefit is derived from the common fund. Lode star applies to all fee shifting statutes and is sometimes used in class actions in which there is a common fund or common benefit from which the attorneys are being paid. Liquidated Damages 1. viii. Attorney’s Fees1. Contract can provide that if you sue and I win. attorneys fees paid for (but is narrow so need to read cases on this). the rule of thumb is that the winning P recover the “lode star” (the time you spent on a matter * an hourly rate). But exceptions: 1. Majority said that private attorney general fees are not permitted. can agree to other party paying attorney fees iv. Private Attorney General Theory a. common benefit: If you have a common benefit without a fund. if in K. b. The named parties had to hire a lawyer to bring the suit. 2. a. bad faith exception-if someone brings action in bad faith. b. courts will not honor. (i)
American Rule: Client’s pay own attorneys’ fees. Tort Reform
. no punitive liquidated damages allowed--if it looks like liquidated damages provision is punitive. Some Js do allow them though. you must pay atty. b. 5.
ix. 2. Can contract for fee shifting. Not really analogous. fees. From the common fund derived the common benefit. statutes that shift fees ii. No fee shifting. 2. common fund theory-class action fund on behalf of Ps iii. Clause put into a K that sets damage amount in case of breach of K. 3. Under a fee shifting statute. Civil rights statutes actions? fully compensable?? via lode star approach (is this right?) a. statute by Congress or state legislature can provide that attorneys’ fees cannot be awarded 4.
iv. with the expectation that reduced liability would mean reduced insurance premiums and sufficient financial safety to engage in production of appropriate goods and services. 2. Contract Implied-in-Fact Elements (Contract Cause of Action)
a. Elements: a.
2. the court says that the price term is reasonable market value. b. or express K.benefits measured in different ways depending on J i. Conduct (or both parties’ conduct) implied that the services would be paid for. can tell which way it is being used by the way the court issues its opinion: is entitled to=legal judgment. Some propose that lawyer’s fees should then be paid by the losing D. Requested Services (OFFER) b. REMEDY = Fair Market Value or Reasonable Market Value of services (what the parties intended) i. Implied in fact contract. Ds enrichment is to the Plaintiff’s detriment c. a reduced attorney’s fee will result. then the party that unjustly enriched another party may be able to sue in quasi-K (ie may be a c/a where it normally does not have c/a). can be it’s own cause of action 1. 1. Kossian-sweeping up the debris case.1. if there is missing price term. P recovers the amount of money which D was benefited by unjustly. 3. Express Contract. Explanation of Theory i. if there is no implied in fact K. it would be unjust for Defendant to retain the benefit. instead court allowed quasi-K cause of action. Contract Price = Reasonable Market Value of services. d. v. value can be measured as:
. can be both legal and equitable 1.
Restitution a. Some caps apply only to damages for pain and suffering while others cover intangible damages. Defendant has been enriched by receipt of a benefit b. Concept of Benefit and the Expectation of Payment. (CONSIDERATION) d. P did not have K c/a. iii. Remedy? the amount D benefited 2. If caps are put in place. Quasi Contract.(contract implied in law)/Restitution Action 1.a contract that is implied by actions/circumstances 1. focus is on INTENT of the parties. Received Services (ACCEPTANCE) c. Tort reform was a political effort to reduce tort liability by a variety of means. order to do something=equity ii.a contract where all terms are expressed in writing or orally (ie the parties agree to contract). 4. Most direct attack on Ps has been to impose a CAP or dollar limit on amount recovered.
Volunteer. you cannot force someone to pay you for doing it (even if it is their duty to do the action!). There is no unjust enrichment when you volunteer. Equitable Lien. The idea of getting it back is to trace the money into an account so that the timing will show that the money was yours. d. b) Might be used instead of constructive trust if the D merely used the P’s money to make improvements on a home that D already owned. The court will assume that the money deposited is your money. the reasonable value of the services provided to D (NOT the benefit D actually got from the Ps services) (Maglica case) c. The definition requires tracing. f. c) Gives a person only a partial interest.if you are not entitled to the whole thing. sometimes value is measured as the value of the benefit conferred on the D 2. The property is “subject to a constructive trust” and D is a “constructive trustee. e. cars. Restitution: a. the amount the defendant saved (Olwell egg washing case) b. c.). Conversion (Olwell case again): benefit is measured as the value of the good at the time and place of the taking. You get what you put in or you can get appreciated value as percentage of what you put in – PRO RATA
2. stereo. but what the money was spent on (ie. etc. Text: In CT case the D has legal rights to something that in good conscience
belongs to P.you know it’s equity when it is an order to do/not do something. you no longer have title to it so the court must convey it back to you. you get equitable lien on what you are entitled to. If the person has gambled your money away. the court cannot convey it and you will no longer have priority over creditors. b.
c. but would be able to foreclose his lien to recover the money he was entitled to. Because it has changed form. 3. CANNOT get a constructive trust if you cannot trace your money (ie if money is spent already from the fund).order to convey property to be held for rightful owner a. The P would not become an owner of the D’s home. the true owner.” The D is made to transfer title to the P who is.idea: not every benefit is unjust. Constructive Trust. You can trace no just money.
a Text: Gives P a security interest in the property or gives P only part of the property rather than all of it. i. Equitable Restitution . in order to get a constructive trust must be able to trace your rights to the property. If you volunteer to do something. Three types of equitable restitution: 1.1. in the eyes of equity. homes. Money has been taken from you.
c. P must be able to trace their thing into what is not Ds. b. B. i. Ds benefit 2. payees will not be required to return the overpayment where they have changed their position such that demanding a refund would be unfair.
g. you are trying to get creditor’s rights of priority standing.
2. at Ps expense 3. Defenses 1. you get lien on your part of the whole. d.Ps money is traced back into secured debt.
Subrogation. Court implies fiction that D is holding property in trust for P. Change of Positiona. a. a) Ex: If D owes T $100 and the P pays the debt to T. and should therefore not have to pay P back. equity-remedies.
Elements: a) detrimental to payee (defendant) b) material and irrevocable such that c) money cannot be returned. ii. To constitute such a change. P obtains restitution by standing in the shoes of and pursuing the rights of someone else. e. constructive trust-usually in order to convey that what D has title of. b. Innocent Third Party Creditor13
. equitable lien. Normally. D then defends with change of position defense and must prove elements. f. subrogation. unjust for D to keep the enrichment a. by standing in T’s shoes and enforcing the debt claim T had. The payor can recover the proceeds only to the extent that the payee will not be damaged. Text: Use similar ideas as unjust enrichment to provide particular
restitution. whose debt was paid. P first proves elements of restitution. the burden in on the payee to establish that the change has been detrimental to the payee and that it was material and irrevocable such that the payee cannot be returned to the status quo.if you’re not entitled to whole thing.b.
Restitution Review: 1. law-remedy is defendant’s gain money! b. the P may be “subrogated to” T’s rights. In subrogation case. idea that D changed position based on the unjust enrichment it got. you are trying to get creditor’s rights wrt priority standing.Ps money traced into secured debt. This means he obtains restitution from D. A mere change in the form of the proceeds does not qualify when the payee has retained the value. (idea of tracing).
c. Damages-(legal action) Main idea: to make the P WHOLE (think about this with respect to how to measure damages). Where relative contributions of each party are inseparable and untraceable. there should be no recovery of profits by the P unless the D is a very serious wrongdoer. usually deals with “duty” of wife cases and that wives expect no payment when they are doing duty for husband. ii. (This makes the P whole by giving P the value it was had the action never happened!) 4. a)
b. 1. Conversion. Restatement: A creditor having a lien on another’s property who has received from a third person any benefit in discharge of the debt or lien. even though the insurer’s mistake was due to his own lack of care. Measure of damages for conversion is: fair market value at the time and place of conversion. The fair market value of property varies with the context in which the standard is applied. if the transferee made no misrepresentation and did not have notice of the transferor’s mistake. defense that it was Ds labor that really made the asset valueable. The P may also seek recovery of special or consequential damages.. Profit claims calculated by identifying and deducting legitimate business expenses from gross income.taking of someone else’s property and exercising dominion over it. IV. No Expectation of Paymenta. the court
typically measures general compensatory damages by reference to the “fair market value” of the property. 2.
3. only intent to have dominion over it. D usually has best access to that information and may be required to prove such expenses. c. is under no duty to make restitution.
Ways to measure damages: 3. Usually occurs in determination of profits. Compensatory Damages: When a P sues for interference with personal property rights.
4. Interference with Personal Property i. Actual value rule: where there is no real fair market value. b. although the discharge was given in mistake of the transferor as to his interests or duties. a. Equity or Restitution a. d. Fruit of Defendant’s Labors-? a. the payor is entitled to restitution. In insurance context. Court must determine what part of the profit results from D’s own independent efforts and which part results from the benefits provided by P.
If one party pays money to another party under a mistake of fact that a K or other obligation required such payment. Remedies for Selected Tortious Wrongs--Damages. the damages are measured with actual value. Intent of wrong doing not needed. insurer is entitled to restitution from the payee. e. (This makes P whole by making sure they recover over 0).
sheriff cannot get ring 2. Types of compensatory damages recoverable against replevin are: i.5. general damages for depreciation in value of the property ii. 6. attorney’s fees
2. tends to injure person’s reputation 3. Cablevision has legally protected interest in the reception. P can get lien on property and have sheriff enforce it. legal remedy must be inadequate to get equitable replevin i. c. only must be able to trace). 1. 1. the P is allowed to recover
compensatory damages for any diminution in value in fair market price of property plus loss of use damages. If D does not return the property. Why? because D didn’t gain anything. in a community 4. Interference with Dignitary Interests (DEFAMATION) i. 2. P must show that BOTH suing for damages and the remedy of legal replevin are inadequate in order to get equitable replevin. Note: in none of the cases related to damages we studied was restitution used. Fair Market Value Difference rule: value at the time of the injury-value after the injury. special damages need to be proved
. Elements of Defamation: 1.remedy for wrongful taking. When a P is granted replevin of personal property. P must show: a. legal replevin is inadequate-ex. Cablevision Example: Court held that recovery under unjust enrichment allowed.order from a court to D to give property back a. that the benefit was appreciated by D c. Replevin. there are two legal remedies for wrongful takings: damages and legal replevin. Restitution where a tortuous interference with personal property has enriched the wrongdoer. P must have title in the property to get it back via replevin. if per quod. and processing of cable system. d. Restitution
1. that the benefit was accepted by D and inequitable
b. Equitable Replevin. money damages inadequate iv. (In constructive trust. statement about a person that 2. published to third person 5. can sue for legal replevin and get judgment that says: P is entitled to the property. special damages for loss of use iii. iii. The court couldn’t order D to do anything that would help P get the value back. P doesn’t have to have title to get it back. Therefore. that a benefit was conferred on the D by P b. Legal Replevina. b.
special damages + malice. Restitution 1. a.a. malice NOT required. Presumed and punitive damages permitted. then person can recover actual damages (general and special) but NOT presumed damages. Not limited to actual damages iii. must prove malice first! ii. Public Official: i. 3) Need malice for public figure.
2) Must put on proof of the statement but not proof of the damage. if there is malice. 1. Equity 1. b. Private Person. and must prove special damages (that there was pecuniary loss) in order to win a defamation claim.
vi. Not a First A. ii. If public figure. Son of Sam statute was held unconstitutional violation of First amendment b/c restricted content based speech. After special damages are proven. if the defamation is not libel/slander per se (ie if you need to consider the surrounding circumstances) then it is per quod. venereal disease.
Per quod: 1) Requirement of special damages (pecuniary loss) defined by state statute. saw this in most of the cases. Per se: 1) Historically. The type of damages a P can recover in defamation differs depending on what their situation is: a. You do NOT need malice ii. would have to prove all of the elements (likelihood of success on the merits etc) vii. Here. Basic idea: it is VERY hard to get an injunction. if NOT malice. issue so go to the state’s remedies the courts allow. 2. Maxim: Equity does not enjoin defamation. then person can recover: presumed damages. Idea of statue was that: criminal
. b. it was lack of chastity. c. impotence. to get injunction.
iv. Damages 1. Per Quod: iii. Idea: when is it unjust to keep gain (from something damaging person?) a. the state may allow presumed damages. Per se v. it was more like false advertising. Private Person with matters of Public Concern: i. punitive damages. Exception? crazy lady-sandwich board case. etc. so court enjoined her from picketing outside law office. Private Matter:
7. Compensatory Damages (Specials): 1. Elements: Ps must prove (3) basic elements for recovery in personal injury 1. Includes emotional distress and consciousness of loss.injured party has his own cause of action a. This covers loss of
. c.sometimes has own cause of action a. Loss of Consortium i. spouse.courts and attorneys use different ways of calculating. anguish 2. Injured Person’s Family. Compensatory lump-sum awards: Traditionally awards for personal injury are aimed at compensating the victim or making good the losses proximately resulting from the injury. parent. These are usually medical expenses. Pain and Suffering. 2. General Damages: 1. including damages expected to accrue in the future. CANNOT use golden rule (which says that jury should put themselves in shoes of P). Injured Person. Generally:
A. a lawsuit
can be brought in Loss of Consortium.separate from lost wages. Compensation Elements Generally 6. P can recover loss of wages or the value of any lost time or earning capacity where injuries prevent work.loss of sexual relationship. Lost wages a. past b. Damages 1. 3.loss of companionship ii. So.
2. Types of damages one can recover: i.
B. varies by J who has loss of consortium cause of action 1. future 2.loss of companionship 3. Personal Injury and Wrongful Death i. 3. Loss of Consortium: When someone is injured but not dead. child. Time losses. Pain and suffering. Medical Expenses a. 2. future ii. traditionally must be proved and calculated at trial. Expenses incurred by reason of the injury. there was statute giving profits from books to victims families. For this reason all damages for personal injury. Personal injury awards are lump-sum. Loss of Earning Capacity. past b. companionship.defendants should not profit from their bad acts.
They are writing books and gaining income from their story. You cannot just target content of speech so there are First A issues and drafting issues. answers vary for statute of limitations c. Ps estate can sue D for cause of action survival statute measuring injuries before death (to measure decedent’s loss) PLUS Ps family or estate/heirs can bring a wrongful death suit. c. A death caused by the “wrongful act” of another gives rise to an action for damages for the benefit of the decedent’s surviving dependent nextof-kin if the act is such that it would have entitled the decedent to have maintained such an action had his death not ensued iii. It shows up in Son of Sam cases for violation of dignitary interests. Wrongful Death Statute. He did not die related to the wrongful act and you need causation. This covers the point of death forward.
.allows certain relatives (listed in statute) to recover damages for death of their relative i. Survival Statute i. D hits P and P breaks an arm. P sues D’s estate.
b. If someone dies. ii. On the death of a person in whose favor or against whom a right of action has accrued for any cause prior to his death. and later dies from internal injuries sustained in the attack by D. when does statute of limitations start running?
1. allows family members/estate members to have an independent c/a for the wrongful death of dead party. one can use restitution to disgorge gain from insurance company.
ii. The spouse always has a right to bring this case. The only suit that can be brought is survivorship. D hits P and P breaks an arm. b. Civil Wrongful Death: Restitutionary Measures a. iii. and all sorts of things that go into noneconomic relationship. Only cause of action is the Survivor statute. States vary as to whether parents or children also have a loss of consortium. for all such cases. the cause of action dies with them. ii.
ii.companionship.
d. can focus on act causing injury or wrongful death. allows c/a to be brought against deceased Ds estate as well. b. We look to disgorging the gain. allows Ps family estate to bring an action that P would have brought himself if he were not dead. Examples i. Restitution
1. D hits P and P breaks an arm. and later dies from an illness unrelated to D’s attack. a. affection. Depending on how read statue. D later dies. survives in favor of or against the legal representative of the deceased.
e. the right of action. When someone is acquitted of murder but liable in civil wrongful death.
in order to prove inadequate remedy at law. Expectation Damages. If a tortfeasor murders to inherit insurance proceeds. Affirming the K. i. Buyer has spent $4.
iii. 2. damages for material breach of K d.000. *have to show that criminal law system (inadequate) is not stopping what you need stopped. The buyer will pay $50 for amount for each pillow. sue on K. b. a.$4. Equity 1. Seller has no rental or production costs. TROs can issue to help prevent/stop injury to person. must be contemplated at time of signing K. c.000 and her net would be $26.000 ($30. a. EX: You own a designer pillow company. d.
. c/a in restitution c.
V.000 . e. Plans to sell for $300 each. Had the K been performed. equity does no good b/c can’t bring person back to life. Incidental Damages. P cannot run around incurring huge expenses of doing business and expect D to pay for it. looks at the past. must be foreseeable at the time of K. in dangerous situations. TRO is short.000 in advertising to the designers.direct + incidental + consequential a. This seller
becomes a buyer of exotic silk. ask for expectation damages (or reliance damages) b.use as fallback position when expectation damages are too speculative. Restitution Damages. her gross revenue would be $30. 2. Direct Damages-damages naturally arising out of K (within the circle of the K) b. You do not add reliance to expectation.000).damages naturally arising out of K (ex. Buyer (seller of pillows) signs a contract. Idea: there is material breach of K. when someone has died. The exotic silk seller breaches the K so that the seller has to cover and buy silk at $100 per pillow. Buyer starts advertising pillows to decorators. Scenario 2: If she decided not to make pillows at all. so does not violate due process of the defendant. b. Buyer expects to sell a minimum of 100 pillows for revenue of $30. 4. before the breach--what expenses party incurred to perform the K. 3. a. Reliance Damages.000 to put her in the position she would have been in. so P has three options: a. typically a constructive
trust or statutory remedy is imposed to disgorge the gain. Consequential Damages. and reimburses them for that. b.Ds gain is given back to P.Remedial rationale: Put the P in the same position they would have been in had the contract been performed. Constitutional questions? TRO is NOT criminal in nature. Damages 1.damages not arising out of circle of K.d. you would pay her only $4.
Remedies for Contractual Relationships a. (Puts P in the position as if there had been no K). specific performance (equitable relief). finding someone else to sell goods to when buyer breaches K) c.
value as represented/promised . often expectation damages do not cover everything like emotional damages. Theory is critiqued because non-breaching party in the same position. material breach. if value of what you were supposed to get is greater than K price. Efficient Breach Theory. but this is only true if K value is the same as what you thought you were getting. and you thought you were getting land work 50k) ii. pay damages so as to put the party in the position as if the K had occurred. if P induced by fraud to enter into K. P has two options. undue influence. Damages for Fraudulently Induced Ks 1. prompt notice (not unreasonable delay) c. if you get this. out of pocket. can’t make improvements or any material changes that change nature of the house so that can’t restore to status quo. Specific Performance. fatal flaw in K (fraud. you pay damages and the damages put the non breaching party in the same position as if the K had been performed. Efficient Breach of K: (Law and Economics Theory – Chicago School) In this society. the option of efficient breach is no longer available. It regards the breach as efficient only if the breaching party can earn or save enough by breaching to pay all the damages caused by that beach and then pays those damages.equitable remedy for breach of K. Here. you are no worse off that b/c you are getting what you paid for.K price-actual value 1. etc. Society as a whole is better off. does not affirm the K i.Idea: either party can breach the K. (ie if you had k for 50k land. b/c once you order specific performance. they can sue damages measured by(depending on J): i. 2. Sometimes it is more efficient for parties to breach than to honor the contract. restore the status quo Rescission at law v. legal remedy must be inadequate iii. 1. 1. Rescission and Restitution : general idea: can rescind the K in certain instances and sue in restitution c/a 1.actual value/value what you received (majority rule). benefit of the bargain. mutual mistake) b. But. It does not relieve the D from liability for his breach.ii.
3. d. iv. b. ***NOTE: this is another reason why in order to get specific performance the legal remedy must be inadequate. Disaffirming the K i. Elements of Rescission: a. then value of promise represented minus what you received is the measure to make person whole.
we say that there could be a social utility in breaching Ks. if P affirms the K.to affirm the K. disaffirm the K a. Rescission at Equity-
Do not need to elect remedies before trial. must show that legal remedy is inadequate 2. note: cover takes away consequential damages (b/c if cover. Election of Remedies1. for breach of K . P must elect one remedy. ex. must be contemplated at time of K. lost profits is consequential damage c. 2. 1. 2. then go sue in law for amount of money paid. still get profit from sale). court will order return of property and money. Damages1. prompt notification c.profits .cost of cover-K price ii. c.say “I’m willing to tender the property”. i. 2. be contemplated at the time of K. Restitution. can recover direct damages (expectation.cost of finding cover/transporting new goods/mitigation.?? 1. Rescission at equity. ii. b. I want my money. Specific Performance. no affirming of K d. price of cover is considered direct damage because is dealing directly with the K. consequential damages. In pleading. material breach of K b. measured as matter of certainty. ie. but P may not recover double recovery. status quo iii. but cannot have a double recovery. buyer wants their money back.
. you can plead inconsistent remedies.Rescission at law-tender property first. incidental damages. stereo case where court ordered specific performance b/c the stereo was unique. incidental) and consequential damages a. expectation damages (must have causation and certainty!) i. Consequential damages: must be caused the breach. Idea: seller wants property back. b. when have double recovery. ii. made over lots of years etc. Personal Property i. Need to rescind K a. 3.making both parties carry out the contract. Breach of K Damages for Sales/Personal property a. direct damages.
Direct damages = $25.can sue using restitution c/a 1.000. sue for damages) a.000. HYPOS FOR SERVICES 1. 22
. Direct damages = NONE (he was better off) b. Law does not like to force people to work together when they may be unhappy. Her duty to mitigate involves looking for another job. cost of finding job 2. BUT where good is very specific (made only for one person). Under discrimination laws. concern? economic waste/windfall to P.000.000 .when buyer breaches. get the difference in price sold for and K. restitution action to get back what he conferred on D. the top remedy was reinstatement. Putting aside delays. cost of repair (cost of completing house to specifications) b. She finds another accounting job for $75. he got a job for $120. a. If P gets the value of repair (which could be significantly higher than diminution in value). sue for damages 1. Client firing lawyer case? lawyer wants to say material breach of K.chose to stay with services K. Firm fires her before she starts. travel for interviews. there are no teeth to antidiscrimination laws.3. D could have said that P gave him no valuable services! iii. Without reinstatement.$75.
A. typical remedy is to sell good elsewhere. c. chose to keep house. seems like economic waste to actually fix the whole house. Incidental = resume.000 ($100. like Title VII. Services i. Jane is hired by accounting firm for $100. and can’t be resold b/c of it. she only has to look for a job of a similar nature. court says when it’s a K for a personal matter. Action by seller. 2. In the case of personal services. Also. This is not right--restitution is giving P back the reasonable value of services to the D. Without this. case where seeking TRO forcing store to stay in the mall. Emotional damages? a. d. they Ps may have windfall if they don’t fix the problem. a. cost of diminution in house value c. if Paul were fired. the value to repair is so high wrt cost of whole house. This is really specific performance.000. Paul could not get specific performance to get hired back. you can get damages for emotional distress (baby daycare case). How are damages measured? (house w/ hump case. people can hire or fire for discrimination and pay damages.000) b. then court will order buyer to pay for and take the goods.
ii. Specific Performance 1. Under common law. What does P get back? value of his services 2. Restitution. Damages. Paul Leder was fired by Research Tech and had job for $100.
usually courts will not specifically enforce contracts for personal services. court denied the TRO b/c couldn’t show all of the elements (found not likelihood of success on the merits). 4. 2. idea: don’t want to force specific performance of service b/c may do a bad job if they are forced to do it!
.a. need to be able to show that legal remedy is inadequate. 3. but does enforce K for commercial services.
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