Source: https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/891/732/176104/
Timestamp: 2019-08-25 03:28:45
Document Index: 553724771

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 2113', '§ 2113', '§ 2113', '§ 2113', '§ 2113', '§ 3013', '§ 3013']

United States of America, Plaintiff-appellee, v. Donald Jay Gregory, Defendant-appellant, 891 F.2d 732 (9th Cir. 1989) :: Justia
Justia › US Law › Case Law › Federal Courts › Courts of Appeals › Ninth Circuit › 1989 › United States of America, Plaintiff-appellee, v. Donald Jay Gregory, Defendant-appellant
United States of America, Plaintiff-appellee, v. Donald Jay Gregory, Defendant-appellant, 891 F.2d 732 (9th Cir. 1989)
US Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit - 891 F.2d 732 (9th Cir. 1989)
Argued and Submitted Sept. 13, 1989. Decided Dec. 8, 1989
Bedford Douglass, Jr., Mesa, Ariz., for defendant-appellant.
Darcy A. Cerow, Linda A. Akers, Asst. U.S. Attys., Phoenix, Ariz., for plaintiff-appellee.
Donald J. Gregory appeals his conviction for one count of bank robbery in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a). Gregory contends that the district court erred by not instructing the jury on the lesser included offense of bank larceny and by not suppressing identification evidence and statements elicited by police questioning.I
Gregory contends that the district court erred by refusing to give the jury his requested instruction on the offense of bank larceny, 18 U.S.C. § 2113(b), as a lesser offense necessarily included in bank robbery, 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a). Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 31(c) provides that " [t]he defendant may be found guilty of an offense necessarily included in the offense charged." Whether one offense is "necessarily included" in another is reviewed de novo. United States v. Brown, 761 F.2d 1272, 1278 (9th Cir. 1985).
Our circuit originally held that a lesser included offense is one that possesses an "inherent relationship" to the greater crime charged. See United States v. Lopez, 885 F.2d 1428, 1436 (9th Cir. 1989). Our "inherent relationship" test, however, has been rejected by the Supreme Court in Schmuck v. United States, --- U.S. ----, 109 S. Ct. 1443, 1450, 103 L. Ed. 2d 734 (1989) in favor of the "elements" test. See Lopez, at 1436. Under the elements test, a lesser offense cannot contain an element not required for the greater offense. Id. at 1436, quoting Schmuck, 109 S. Ct. at 1450. Schmuck clearly requires that the elements of the lesser crime must form a subset of those of the charged offense in order for the lesser offense to be included in the greater one.
We are now required to decide for the first time since Schmuck whether bank robbery necessarily includes bank larceny as a lesser offense.1 Bank robbery is defined as taking or attempting to take "by force and violence, or by intimidation ... or ... by extortion" anything of value from the "care, custody, control, management, or possession of, any bank, credit union, or any savings and loan association...." 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a). Bank larceny, by contrast, is defined as taking and carrying away "with intent to steal or purloin, any ... thing of value ... in the care, custody, control, management, or possession of any bank, credit union, or any savings and loan association...." 18 U.S.C. § 2113(b) (emphasis added). Bank larceny, therefore, contains a specific intent element which need not be proved in the bank robbery context. The elements of Gregory's alleged lesser offense do not constitute a subset of the elements of the crime with which he was actually charged. See Lopez, at 1436. We thus hold that bank larceny cannot be "necessarily included" in bank robbery. Accordingly, the district court did not err in refusing Gregory's lesser included offense instruction.
Gregory contends that the district court erred by admitting two witnesses' in-court identifications of him because prior out-of-court identification procedures tainted the in-court identifications. The admission of in-court identification testimony is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Browne, 829 F.2d 760, 764 (9th Cir. 1987), cert. denied, 485 U.S. 991, 108 S. Ct. 1298, 99 L. Ed. 2d 508 (1988).
Even if the identification procedure is impermissibly suggestive, the identification itself is admissible if it is nonetheless reliable. United States v. Givens, 767 F.2d 574, 581 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 953, 106 S. Ct. 321, 88 L. Ed. 2d 304 (1985). Even assuming that the photospread lineup was impermissibly suggestive, the in-court identifications of Gregory appear to be reliable in light of the analysis set forth in Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S. 188, 199-200, 93 S. Ct. 375, 382-383, 34 L. Ed. 2d 401 (1972).2 Both witnesses observed the robber at close range for approximately 30 seconds. Because they were aware that a robbery was in progress, both witnesses focused on the robber's face. Shortly after the robbery, both witnesses described the robber to the police. Less than one week after the robbery, the two identified with certainty the robber from a photo spread. The witnesses' observation of the robber and later identification of Gregory resemble other identifications found to be reliable. Cf. United States v. Monks, 774 F.2d 945, 947 (9th Cir. 1985). We hold that the district court did not abuse its discretion in allowing the two witnesses to identify Gregory in court.
Gregory contends that the district court erred by admitting statements he made to FBI agents because he was subjected to custodial interrogation without first being admonished regarding his constitutional rights as required by Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1966). The district court's decision that Gregory was not in custody is reviewed for clear error. United States v. Hudgens, 798 F.2d 1234, 1236 (1986).
Whether an individual is in custody for purposes of Miranda depends on the totality of the circumstances at the time he is restrained. United States v. Allen, 699 F.2d 453, 458 (9th Cir. 1982). To determine whether Gregory was in custody while the FBI agents were questioning him, we consider whether a reasonable person in Gregory's position would conclude that he was not free to leave. Hudgens, 798 F.2d at 1236 (quoting United States v. Booth, 669 F.2d 1231, 1235 (9th Cir. 1981)).
The district court concluded that Gregory was not in custody because he consented to be interviewed in his house, he was interviewed in the presence of his wife, the interview lasted only a brief time, and no coercion or force was used.3 Although the agents initially drew their guns, they returned them to their holsters prior to the interview. They stated that they wanted to question Gregory about some robberies committed in Phoenix and they made no suggestion that Gregory would not be free to leave. The entire interview lasted only a few minutes. Based on this evidence we hold that the district court's finding that Gregory was not in custody was not clearly erroneous.
Gregory was ordered to pay a special assessment fee of $50 pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3013. Our circuit has held that the special assessment pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3013 violates the origination clause of the Constitution, article I, section 7. United States v. Munoz-Flores, 863 F.2d 654 (9th Cir. 1988). Although Gregory did not argue the issue in his appeal, we raise it sua sponte. See Shah v. United States, 878 F.2d 1156, 1163 (9th Cir. 1989). We therefore reverse that part of Gregory's sentence and remand to the district court to vacate the assessment.
Applying the inherent relationship test, our circuit once stated in dictum that larceny "will always be a lesser included offense of burglary." United States v. Johnson, 637 F.2d 1224, 1234 (9th Cir. 1980) (holding that assault with a dangerous weapon is inherently related to assault resulting in serious bodily injury)
The district court analyzed the totality of the circumstances using the five factors set forth in Booth:
Hudgens, 798 F.2d at 1236, citing Booth, 669 F.2d at 1235.