Source: http://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2015/0064123.html
Timestamp: 2019-10-15 21:14:54
Document Index: 272802428

Matched Legal Cases: ['Application No. 61', 'Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60', 'Application No. 61', 'Application No. 61', 'Application No. 61']

HIGH ENERGY VISIBLE LIGHT FILTER SYSTEMS WITH YELLOWNESS INDEX VALUES - HIGH PERFORMANCE OPTICS, INC.
HIGH ENERGY VISIBLE LIGHT FILTER SYSTEMS WITH YELLOWNESS INDEX VALUES
United States Patent Application 20150064123
The present invention relates to ophthalmic and non-ophthalmic systems with blue light filtering and Yellowness Index ranges. UV and IR filtering are also included. Industrial applications are also outlined in the invention.
Ishak, Andrew W. (Havre de Grace, MD, US)
Mcginnis, Sean P. (Roanoke, VA, US)
Packard, Michael B. (Cincinnati, OH, US)
14/497013
HIGH PERFORMANCE OPTICS, INC.
548/402, 548/419, 585/26
A61K8/31; A61K8/34; A61K8/49; A61K8/58; A61K8/81; A61Q17/04
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1. A dermatological product that contains a filter that inhibits transmission of light having a wavelength in the 450+/−50 nm range; wherein the filter comprises a dye having a Soret band.
2. The product of claim 1 wherein the product is incorporated in a skin product, hair product, suntan product, sunscreen product, lip stick, lip balm, anti-ageing dermatology product, oil product, acne product, skin cream, skin lotion, or skin disease product.
3. The product of claim 1, wherein the filter inhibits 5-60% of light having a wavelength of 450+/−50 nm.
4. The product of claim 1, wherein the filter inhibits 5-90% of light having a wavelength of 430+/−30 nm.
5. The product of claim 1, wherein the filter comprises a porphyrin dye or porphyrin derivative.
6. The product of claim 5, wherein the porphyrin dye or porphyrin derivative is selected from the group consisting of: diprotonated-tetraphenylporphyrin; magnesium octaethylporphyrin; magnesium octaethylporphyrin (MgOEP); magnesium tetramesitylporphyrin (MgTMP); magnesium tetraphenylporphyrin (MgTPP); octaethylporphyrin; phthalocyanine (Pc); porphin; tetra-t-butylazaporphine; tetrakis(2,6-dichlorphenyl)porphyrin; tetrakis(o-aminophenyl)porphyrin; tetramesitylporphyrin (TMP); tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP); zinc octaethylporphyrin (ZnOEP); zinc tetramesitylporphyrin (ZnTMP); zinc tetramesitylporphyrin radical cation; and zinc tetrapheynlporphyrin (ZnTPP).
7. The product of claim 1, wherein the filter further comprises a synthetic or non-synthetic antioxidant.
8. The product of claim 1, wherein the filter further comprises a natural or synthetic or derivative of a carotenoid.
9. The product of claim 1, wherein the filter is a synthetic or non-synthetic pigment.
10. The product of claim 2, further comprising UVA and UVB inhibitors. Paragraph 171, 249.
11. The product of claim 2, further comprising infra-red radiation inhibitors.
12. The product of claim 1, wherein the filter inhibits 5-90% of light having a wavelength of 430+/−20 nm.
13. The product of claim 1, wherein the filter inhibits 5-90% of light having a wavelength of 430+/−10 nm.
14. The product Of claim 1, wherein the filter is incorporated into PVA or PV 3.
15. The product of claim 1, wherein the filter inhibits light by absorption, reflection, interference or any combination thereof.
16. The product of claim 1, wherein the filter is an organic or inorganic compound.
17. The product of claim 1, wherein the filter further comprises lutein, zeaxanthin, melanin or any combination thereof.
This application claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/174,998 filed on Jul. 1, 2011. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/174,998 claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/361,677, filed Jul. 6, 2010. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/174,998 is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/933,069 filed on Oct. 31, 2007, which claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/761,892 filed Jun. 12, 2007, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/378,317 filed Mar. 20, 2006 and which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/812,628 filed Jun. 12, 2006. Application Ser. No. 11/933,069 is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/892,460 filed Aug. 23, 2007, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/839,432 filed Aug. 23, 2006, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/841,502 filed Sep. 1, 2006, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/861,247 filed Nov. 28, 2006. Application Ser. No. 11/933,069 also claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/978,175 filed Oct. 8, 2007. U.S. application Ser. No. 13/174,998 also claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/440,941 filed on Feb. 9, 2011; U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/415,890 filed on Nov. 22, 2010; and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/377,603 filed on Aug. 27, 2010. All of these applications are incorporated by reference in their entireties.
Electromagnetic radiation from the sun continuously bombards the Earth's atmosphere. Light is made up of electromagnetic radiation that travels in waves. The electromagnetic spectrum includes radio waves, millimeter waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultra-violet (UVA and UVB), x-rays, and gamma rays. The visible light spectrum includes the longest visible light wavelength of approximately 700 nm and the shortest of approximately 400 nm (nanometers or 10−9 meters). Blue light wavelengths fall in the approximate range of 400 nm to 500 nm. For the ultra-violet bands, UVB wavelengths are from 290 nm to 320 nm, and UVA wavelengths are from 320 nm to 400 nm. Gamma and x-rays make up the higher frequencies of this spectrum and are absorbed by the atmosphere. The wavelength spectrum of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is 100-400 nm. Most UVR wavelengths are absorbed by the atmosphere, except where there are areas of stratospheric ozone depletion. Over the last 20 years, there has been documented depletion of the ozone layer primarily due to industrial pollution. Increased exposure to UVR has broad public health implications as an increased burden of UVR ocular and skin disease is to be expected.
Cataracts and macular degeneration are widely thought to result from photochemical damage to the intraocular lens and retina, respectively. Blue light exposure has also been shown to accelerate proliferation of uveal melanoma cells. The most energetic photons in the visible spectrum have wavelengths between 380 and 500 nm and are perceived as violet or blue. The wavelength dependence of phototoxicity summed over all mechanisms is often represented as an action spectrum, such as is described in Mainster and Sparrow, “How Much Blue Light Should an IOL Transmit?” Br. J. Ophthalmol., 2003, v. 87, pp. 1523-29 and FIG. 6. In eyes without an intraocular lens (aphakic eyes), light with wavelengths shorter than 400 nm can cause damage. In phakic eyes, this light is absorbed by the intraocular lens and therefore does not contribute to retinal phototoxicity; however it can cause optical degradation of the lens or cataracts.
The pupil of the eye responds to the photopic retinal illuminance, in trolands (a unit of conventional retinal illuminance; a method for correcting photometric measurements of luminance values impinging on the human eye by scaling them by the effective pupil size), which is the product of the incident flux with the wavelength-dependent sensitivity of the retina and the projected area of the pupil. This sensitivity is described in Wyszecki and Stiles, Color Science: Concepts and Methods, Quantitative Data and Formulae (Wiley: New York) 1982, esp. pages 102-107.
Current research strongly supports the premise that short wavelength visible light (blue light) having a wavelength of approximately 400-500 nm could be a contributing cause of AMD (age related macular degeneration). It is believed that the highest level of blue light absorption occurs in a region around 430 nm, such as 400-460 nm. Research further suggests that blue light worsens other causative factors in AMD, such as heredity, tobacco smoke, and excessive alcohol consumption.
Drusen hinder or block the RPE layer from providing the proper nutrients to the photoreceptors, which leads to damage or even death of these cells. To further complicate this process, it appears that when lipofuscin absorbs blue light in high quantities it becomes toxic, causing further damage and/or death of the RPE cells. It is believed that the lipofuscin constituent A2E is at least partly responsible for the short wavelength sensitivity of RPE cells. A2E has been shown to be maximally excited by blue light; the photochemical events resulting from such excitation can lead to cell death. See, for example, Janet R. Sparrow et al., “Blue light-absorbing intraocular lens and retinal pigment epithelium protection in vitro,” J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 2004, vol. 30, pp. 873-78.
1) Waste buildup occurs within the pigment epithelial level starting from infancy throughout life.
The lighting and vision care industries have standards as to human vision exposure to UVA and UVB radiation. Surprisingly, no such standard is in place with regard to blue light. For example, in the common fluorescent tubes available today, the glass envelope mostly blocks ultra-violet light but blue light is transmitted with little attenuation. In some cases, the envelope is designed to have enhanced transmission in the blue region of the spectrum. Such artificial sources of light hazard may also cause eye damage.
Balancing the range and amount of blocked blue light may be difficult, as blocking and/or inhibiting blue light affects color balance, color vision if one looks through the optical device, and the color in which the optical device is perceived. For example, shooting glasses appear bright yellow and block blue light. The shooting glasses often cause certain colors to become more apparent when one is looking into a blue sky, allowing for the shooter to see the object being targeted sooner and more accurately. While this works well for shooting glasses, it would be unacceptable for many ophthalmic applications. In particular, such ophthalmic systems may be cosmetically unappealing because of a yellow or amber tint that is produced in lenses by blue blocking More specifically, one common technique for blue blocking involves tinting or dyeing lenses with a blue blocking tint, such as BPI Filter Vision 450 or BPI Diamond Dye 500. The tinting may be accomplished, for example, by immersing the lens in a heated tint pot containing a blue blocking dye solution for some predetermined period of time. Typically, the solution has a yellow or amber color and thus imparts a yellow or amber tint to the lens. To many people, the appearance of this yellow or amber tint may be undesirable cosmetically. Moreover, the tint may interfere with the normal color perception of a lens user, making it difficult, for example, to correctly perceive the color of a traffic light or sign.
It has been found that conventional blue-blocking reduces visible transmission, which in turn stimulates dilation of the pupil. Dilation of the pupil increases the flux of light to the internal eye structures including the intraocular lens and retina. Since the radiant flux to these structures increases as the square of the pupil diameter, a lens that blocks half of the blue light but, with reduced visible transmission, relaxes the pupil from 2 mm to 3 mm diameter will actually increase the dose of blue photons to the retina by 12.5%. Protection of the retina from phototoxic light depends on the amount of this light that impinges on the retina, which depends on the transmission properties of the ocular media and also on the dynamic aperture of the pupil. Previous work to date has been silent on the contribution of the pupil to prophylaxis of phototoxic blue light.
Another problem•with conventional blue-blocking is that it can degrade night vision. Blue light is more important for low-light level or scotopic vision than for bright light or photopic vision, a result which is expressed quantitatively in the luminous sensitivity spectra for scotopic and photopic vision. Photochemical and oxidative reactions cause the absorption of 400 to 450 nm light by intraocular lens tissue to increase naturally with age. Although the number of rod photoreceptors on the retina that are responsible for low-light vision also decreases with age, the increased absorption by the intraocular lens is important to degrading night vision. For example, scotopic visual sensitivity is reduced by 33% in a 53 year-old intraocular lens and 75% in a 75 year-old lens. The tension between retinal protection and scotopic sensitivity is further described in Mainster and Sparrow, “How Much Light Should and IOL Transmit?” Br. J. Ophthalmol., 2003, v. 87, pp. 1523-29.
In order to provide this optimal ophthalmic system it is desirable to include standardized Yellowness Index ranges, whereby the upper end of said range closely borders a cosmetically unacceptable yellow color.
This need exists as more and more data is pointing to blue light as one of the possible contributory factors in macular degeneration (the leading cause of blindness in the industrialized world) and other retinal diseases such as uveal melanoma referenced in entirety in “The Effect of Blue Light Exposure in an Ocular Melanoma Animal Model” J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2009; 28(1): 48.
An ophthalmic lens is provided specifically adapted through use of a dye to selectively inhibit transmission of visible light between 450±50 nm, wherein the lens has a yellowness index not more than 35.0.
It is further provided a lens as described above that inhibits at least 5%, preferably at least 10%, more preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 30%, or more preferably at least 40% of light having a wavelength of X±15 nm of light having a wavelength of X±15 nm, where X is a wavelength in the range of 415-485 nm.
Also provided is a lens as described above that selectively inhibits transmission of at least two different ranges of wavelengths selected from the range of 450±50 nm.
A lens as described above is provided that blocks at least 5%, preferably at least 10%, more preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 30%, or more preferably at least 40% of light having a wavelength of X1±15 nm, and at least 40% of the light having a wavelength of X2±15 nm, where X1 is a wavelength in the range of 415-485 nm and X2 is a wavelength different from X1 and in the range of 415-485 nm.
A lens as described above is provided that transmits at least 80% of all light wavelengths in the range of 400-500 nm, except light wavelengths at X1±15 nm and X2±15 nm, where X1 is a wavelength in the range of 415-485 nm and X2 is a wavelength different from X1 and in the range of 415-485 nm.
It is further provided a lens as described above where the lens is a contact lens. The contact lens may have a yellowness index of not more than 27.5 or more preferably not more than 20.0
A lens as described above is provided where the lens is a contact lens and blocks at least 5%, preferably at least 10%, more preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 30% or more preferably at least 40% of light having a wavelength of X±15 nm of light having a wavelength of 450±50 nm, while having a luminous transmission of at least 80%.
A lens as described above is provided where the lens is a contact lens and selectively inhibits visible light between 430±30 nm. This contact lens may also block at least 5%, preferably at least 10%, more preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 30%, more preferably at least 40%, or more preferably at least 50% of light having a wavelength of X±15 nm % of light having a wavelength of 430±30 nm, while having a luminous transmission of at least 80%.
A lens as described above is provided where the lens is a contact lens and selectively inhibits visible light between 435±20 nm.
A lens as described above is provided where the lens is a spectacle lens and has a yellowness index not more than 15.0 or preferably not more than 12.5 or more preferably not more than 10.0.
A lens as described above is provided where the lens is a spectacle lens and blocks at least 5%, preferably at least 10%, more preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 30%, or more preferably at least 40% % of light having a wavelength of 450±50 nm, while having a luminous transmission of at least 80%.
A lens as described above is provided where the lens is a spectacle lens and selectively inhibits visible light between 430±30 nm. This spectacle lens may also block at least 5%, preferably at least 10%, more preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 30%, more preferably at least 40%, or more preferably at least 50% of light having a wavelength of 430±30 nm, while having a luminous transmission of at least 80%.
A lens as described above is provided where the lens is a spectacle lens and selectively inhibits visible light between 435±20 nm.
A lens as described above is provided where the lens is an intraocular lens. The contact lens may have a yellowness index of not more than 35.0 or preferably not more than 23.0 or more preferably not more than 15.0.
A lens as described above is provided where the lens is an intraocular lens and blocks at least 5%, preferably at least 10%, more preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 30%, or more preferably at least 40% of light having a wavelength of 450±50 nm, while having a luminous transmission of at least 80%.
A lens as described above is provided where the lens is an intraocular lens and selectively inhibits visible light between 430±30 nm. This an intraocular may also block at least 5%, preferably at least 10%, more preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 30%, more preferably at least 40%, or more preferably at least 50% of light having a wavelength of 430±30 nm, while having a luminous transmission of at least 80%.
A lens as described above is provided where the lens is an intraocular lens and selectively inhibits visible light between 435±20 nm.
A lens as described above is provided that may also selectively inhibit transmission of light within the UV wavelength range.
A lens as described above is provided where the lens contains a dye that causes the lens to selectively inhibit transmission of visible light between 450±50 nm. The dye may be selected from the following: bilirubin; chlorophyll a, diethyl ether; chlorophyll a, methanol; chlorophyll b; diprotonated-tetraphenylporphyrin; hematin; magnesium octaethylporphyrin; magnesium octaethylporphyrin (MgOEP); magnesium phthalocyanine (MgPc), PrOH; magnesium phthalocyanine (MgPc), pyridine; magnesium tetramesitylporphyrin (MgTMP); magnesium tetraphenylporphyrin (MgTPP); octaethylporphyrin; phthalocyanine (Pc); porphin; tetra-t-butylazaporphine; tetra-t-butylnaphthalocyanine; tetrakis(2,6-dichlorphenyl)porphyrin; tetrakis(o-aminophenyl)porphyrin; tetramesitylporphyrin (TMP); tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP); vitamin B12; zinc octaethylporphyrin (ZnOEP); zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc), pyridine; zinc tetramesitylporphyrin (ZnTMP); zinc tetramesitylporphyrin radical cation; zinc tetrapheynlporphyrin (ZnTPP); perylene and derivatives thereof.
A lens as described above is provided where the lens contains a dye where the dye is perylene or magnesium tetramesitylporphyrin (MgTMP) or magnesium tetraphenylporphyrin (MgTPP).
A non-ophthalmic material is provided specifically adapted to selectively inhibit transmission of visible light between 450±50 nm, wherein the lens has a yellowness index not more than 35.0.
A non-ophthalmic material as described above is provided that blocks at least 5%, preferably at least 10%, more preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 30%, or more preferably at least 40% of light having a wavelength of 450±50 nm, while having a luminous transmission of at least 80%.
A non-ophthalmic material as described above is provided that selectively inhibits visible light between 430±30 nm.
A non-ophthalmic material as described above is provided that selectively inhibits visible light between 435±20 nm.
A non-ophthalmic material as described above is provided where the yellowness index is not more than 23.0 or preferably not more than 15.0.
FIG. 1A shows an example of an ophthalmic system including a posterior blue blocking component and an anterior color balancing component.
FIG. 1B shows another example of an ophthalmic system including a posterior blue blocking component and an anterior color balancing component.
FIG. 7A illustrates an exemplary combination of a blue blocking component, a color balancing component, and an ophthalmic component.
FIG. 7B illustrates another exemplary combination of a blue blocking component, a color balancing component, and an ophthalmic component.
FIG. 7C illustrates another exemplary combination of a blue blocking component, a color balancing component, and an ophthalmic component.
FIG. 8A shows an example of an ophthalmic system including a multi-functional blue blocking and color-balancing component.
FIG. 8B shows another example of an ophthalmic system including a multi-functional blue blocking and color-balancing component.
FIG. 34A shows pupil diameter as a function of field illuminance.
FIG. 34B shows pupil area as a function of field illuminance.
FIG. 36 shows the transmission spectrum of a film according to the present invention with a perylene concentration about 2.27 times higher than that illustrated in the previous figure.
FIG. 40 shows a histogram of color shifts for a perylene-dyed substrate according to the present invention.
FIG. 41 shows the transmission spectrum of a system according to the present invention.
FIG. 42 shows a histogram summarizing color distortion of a device according to the present invention for Munsell tiles in daylight.
FIG. 43A shows representative series of skin reflectance spectra from subjects of different races.
FIG. 43B shows another representative series of skin reflectance spectra from subjects of different races.
FIG. 49A shows a double selective filter with two peaks within the visible light spectrum along with some or all UV protection.
FIG. 49B shows a double selective filter with two peaks within the visible light spectrum along with some or all UV protection.
FIG. 49C shows a double selective filter with two peaks within the visible light spectrum along with some or all UV protection.
FIG. 49D shows a double selective filter with two peaks within the visible light spectrum along with some or all UV protection.
FIG. 49E shows a double selective filter with two peaks within the visible light spectrum along with some or all UV protection.
FIG. 49F shows a double selective filter with two peaks within the visible light spectrum along with some or all UV protection.
FIG. 49G shows a double selective filter with two peaks within the visible light spectrum along with some or all UV protection.
FIG. 49H shows a double selective filter with two peaks within the visible light spectrum along with some or all UV protection.
FIG. 49I shows a double selective filter with two peaks within the visible light spectrum along with some or all UV protection.
FIG. 49J shows a double selective filter with two peaks within the visible light spectrum along with some or all UV protection.
FIG. 49K shows a double selective filter with two peaks within the visible light spectrum along with some or all UV protection.
FIG. 49L shows a double selective filter with two peaks within the visible light spectrum along with some or all UV protection.
FIG. 49M shows a double selective filter with two peaks within the visible light spectrum along with some or all UV protection.
FIG. 49N shows a double selective filter with two peaks within the visible light spectrum along with some or all UV protection.
FIG. 49O shows a double selective filter with two peaks within the visible light spectrum along with some or all UV protection.
FIG. 50 shows the UV/visible light, excitation, and emission spectra of A2E in methanol.
FIG. 51 shows cell viability in irradiated (430 nm) cultures of ARPE-19 cells.
FIG. 52 shows quantification of viable RPE cells after A2E accumulation and blue light illumination (430 nm).
FIG. 53 shows the transmission spectra of MgTPP and Perylene in polycarbonate.
FIG. 54 shows transmission spectra of MgTPP and Perylene for example lenses.
More specifically, embodiments of the invention may provide effective blue blocking in combination with color balancing. “Color balancing” or “color balanced” as used herein means that the yellow or amber color, or other unwanted effect of blue blocking is reduced, offset, neutralized or otherwise compensated for so as to produce a cosmetically acceptable result, without at the same time reducing the effectiveness of the blue blocking. For example, wavelengths at or near 400-460 nm may be blocked or reduced in intensity. •In particular, for example, wavelengths at or near 420-440 nm may be blocked or reduced in intensity. Furthermore, transmission of unblocked wavelengths may remain at a high level, for example at least 80%. Additionally, to an external viewer, the ophthalmic system may look clear or mostly clear. For a system user, color perception may be normal or acceptable.
An “ophthalmic system” as used here includes prescription or non-prescription ophthalmic lenses used, e.g., for clear or tinted glasses (or spectacles), sunglasses, contact lenses with and without visibility and/or cosmetic tinting, intra-ocular lenses (IOLs), corneal grafts, corneal inlays, corneal on-lays, and electro-active ophthalmic devices and may be treated or processed or combined with other components to provide desired functionalities described in further detail herein. Embodiments of the invention can be formulated so as to allow being applied directly into corneal tissue.
As discussed previously, techniques for blue blocking are known. The known techniques to block blue light wavelengths include absorption, reflection, interference or any combination thereof. As discussed earlier, according to one technique, a lens may be tinted/dyed with a blue blocking tint, such as BPI Filter Vision 450 or BPI Diamond Dye 500, in a suitable proportion or concentration. The tinting may be accomplished, for example, by immersing the lens in a heated tint pot containing a blue blocking dye solution for some predetermined period of time. According to another technique, a filter is used for blue blocking. The filter could include, for example, organic or inorganic compounds exhibiting absorption and/or reflection of and/or interference with blue light wavelengths. The filter could comprise multiple thin layers or coatings of organic and/or inorganic substances. Each layer may have properties, which, either individually or in combination with other layers, absorbs, reflects or interferes with light having blue light wavelengths. Rugate notch filters are one example of blue blocking filters. Rugate filters are single thin films of inorganic dielectrics in which the refractive index oscillates continuously between high and low values. Fabricated by the co-deposition of two materials of different refractive index (e.g. SiO2 and TiO2), rugate filters are known to have very well defined stop-bands for wavelength blocking, with very little attenuation outside the band. The construction parameters of the filter (oscillation period, refractive index modulation, number of refractive index oscillations) determine the performance parameters of the filter (center of the stop-band, width of the stop band, transmission within the band). Rugate filters are disclosed in more detail in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,984,038 and 7,066,596, each of which is by reference in its entirety. Another technique for blue blocking is the use of multi-layer dielectric stacks. Multi-layer dielectric stacks are fabricated by depositing discrete layers of alternating high and low refractive index materials. Similarly to rugate filters, design parameters such as individual layer thickness, individual layer refractive index, and number of layer repetitions determine the performance parameters for multi-layer dielectric stacks.
Color balancing may comprise imparting, for example, a suitable proportion or concentration of blue tinting/dye, or a suitable combination of red and green tinting/dyes to the color-balancing component, such that when viewed by an external observer, the ophthalmic system as a whole has a cosmetically acceptable appearance. For example, the ophthalmic system as a whole may look clear r mostly clear.
FIG. 1A shows an ophthalmic system including a posterior blue blocking component 101 and an anterior color balancing component 102. Each component has a concave posterior side or surface 110, 115 and a convex anterior side or surface 120, 125. In system 100, the posterior blue blocking component 101 may be or include an ophthalmic component, such as a single vision lens, wafer or optical pre-form. The single vision lens, wafer or optical pre-form may be tinted or dyed to perform blue blocking. The anterior color balancing component 102 may comprise a surface cast layer, applied to the single vision lens, wafer or optical pre-form according to known techniques. For example, the surface cast layer may be affixed or bonded to the single vision lens, wafer or optical pre-form using visible or UV light, or a combination of the two.
The surface cast layer may be treated with color balancing additives after it is applied to the single vision lens, wafer or optical pre-form that has already been processed to make it blue blocking. For example, the blue blocking single vision lens, wafer or optical pre-form with the surface cast layer on its convex surface may be immersed in a heated tint pot which has the appropriate proportions and concentrations of color balancing dyes in a solution. The surface cast layer will take up the color balancing dyes from the solution. To prevent the blue blocking single vision lens, wafer or optical pre-form from absorbing any of the color balancing dyes, its concave surface may be masked or sealed off with a dye resist, e.g. tape or wax or other coating. This is illustrated in FIG. 2, which shows an ophthalmic system 100 with a dye resist 201 on the concave surface of the single vision lens, wafer or optical pre-form 101. The edges of the single vision lens, wafer or optical pre-form may be left uncoated to allow them to become cosmetically color adjusted. This may be preferable for negative focal lenses having thick edges.
It should be understood that the surface cast layer could be used in combination with a multi-focal, rather than a single vision, lens, wafer or optical pre-form. In addition, the surface cast layer could be used to add power to a single vision lens, wafer or optical pre-form, including multi-focal power, thus converting the single vision lens, wafer or optical perform to a multi-focal lens, with either a lined or progressive type addition. Of course, the surface cast layer could also be designed to add little or no power to the single vision lens, wafer or optical pre-form.
Referring now to FIG. 5, an ophthalmic system 500 may comprise two ophthalmic components, one blue blocking and the other color balancing. For example, a first ophthalmic component 501 could be a back single vision or concave surface multi-focal lens, wafer or optical pre-form, dyed/tinted with the appropriate blue blocking tint to achieve the desired level of blue blocking. A second ophthalmic component 503 could be a front single vision or convex surface multi-focal lens, wafer or optical pre-form, bonded or affixed to the back single vision or concave surface multi-focal lens, wafer or optical pre-form, for example using a UV or visible curable adhesive 502. The front single vision or convex surface multi-focal lens, wafer or optical pre-form could be rendered color balancing either before or after it was bonded with the back single vision or concave surface multi-focal lens, wafer or optical pre-form. If after, the front single vision or convex surface multi-focal lens, wafer or optical pre-form could be rendered color balancing, for example, by techniques described above. For example, the back single vision or concave surface multi-focal lens, wafer or optical pre-form may be masked or coated with a dye resist to prevent it taking up color balancing dyes. Then, the bonded back and front portions may be together placed in a heated tint pot containing a suitable solution of color balancing dyes, allowing the front portion to take up color balancing eyes.
To quantify the effectiveness of a color balancing component, it may be useful to observe light reflected and/or transmitted by a substrate of an ophthalmic material. The observed light may be characterized by its CIE coordinates to indicate the color of observed light; •by comparing these coordinates to the CIE coordinates of the incident light, it is possible to determine how much the color of the light was shifted due to the reflection/transmission. White light is defined to have CIE coordinates of (0.33, 0.33). Thus, the closer an observed light's CIE coordinates are to (0.33, 0.33), the “more white” it will appear to an observer. To characterize the color shifting or balancing performed by a lens, (0.33, 0.33) white light may be directed at the lens, and the CIE of reflected and transmitted light observed. If the transmitted light has a CIE of about (0.33, 0.33), there will be no color shifting, and items viewed through the lens will have a natural appearance, i.e., the color will not be shifted relative to items observed without the lens. Similarly, if the reflected light has a CIE of about (0.33, 0.33), the lens will have a natural cosmetic appearance, i.e., it will not appear tinted to an observer viewing a user of the lens or ophthalmic system. Thus, it is desirable for transmitted and reflected light to have a CIE as close to (0.33, 0.33) as possible.
Absorbing dyes may be included in the substrate material of an ophthalmic lens by injection molding the dye into the substrate material to produce lenses with specific light transmission and absorption properties. These dye materials can absorb at the fundamental peak wavelength of the dye or at shorter resonance wavelengths due to the presence of a Soret band typically found in porphyrin materials. Exemplary ophthalmic materials include various glasses and polymers such as CR-39®, TRIVEX, polycarbonate, polymethylmethacrylate, silicone, and fluoro-polymers, though other materials may be used and are known for various ophthalmic systems.
By way of example only, GENTEX day material E465 (available from Gentex Corp., Zeeland, Mich.) transmittance and absorbance is shown in FIGS. 10-11. The Absorbance (A) is related to the transmittance (T) by the equation, A=log10(1/T). In this case, the transmittance is between 0 and 1 (O<T<1). Often transmittance is express as a percentage, i.e., 0%<T<100%. The E465 dye blocks those wavelengths less than 465 and is normally provided to block these wavelengths with high optical density (OD>4). Similar products are available to block other wavelengths. For example, E420 from GENTEX blocks wavelengths below 420 nm. Other exemplary dyes include porphyrins, perylene, and similar dyes that can absorb at blue wavelengths.
The absorbance at shorter wavelengths can be reduced by a reduction of the dye concentration. This and other dye materials can achieve a transmittance of −50% in the 430 nm region. FIG. 12 shows the transmittance of a polycarbonate substrate with a dye concentration suitable for absorbing in the 430 nm range, and with some absorption in the range of 420-440 nm. This was achieved by reducing the concentration of the dye and including the effects of a polycarbonate substrate. The rear surface is at this point not antireflection coated.
A reduction in short-wavelength transmission in an ophthalmic system may be useful in reducing cell death due to photoelectric effects in the eye, such as excitation of A2E, a lipofuscin fluorophore. It has been shown that reducing incident light at 430±30 nm by about 50% can reduce cell death by about 80%. See, for example, Janet R. Sparrow et al., “Blue light-absorbing intraocular lens and retinal pigment epithelium protection in vitro,” J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 2004, vol. 30, pp. 873-78, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. It is further believed that reducing the amount of blue light, such as light in the 430-460 nm range, by as little as 5% may similarly reduce cell death and/or degeneration, and therefore prevent or reduce the adverse effects of conditions such as atrophic age-related macular degeneration.
Although an absorbing dye may be used to block undesirable wavelengths of light, the dye may produce a color tint in the lens as a side effect. For example, many blue blocking ophthalmic lenses have a yellow coloring that is often undesirable and/or aesthetically displeasing. To offset this coloring, a color balancing coating may be applied to one or both surfaces of a substrate including the absorbing dye therein.
In systems according to the embodiments of the present invention, AR coatings or other color balancing films may be combined with an absorbing dye to allow for simultaneous absorption of blue wavelength light, typically in the 430 nm region, and increased transmittance. As previously described, elimination of the light in the 430 nm region alone typically results in a lens that has some residual color cast. To spectrally tailor the light to achieve a color neutral transmittance, at least one of the AR coatings may be modified to adjust the overall transmitted color of the light. In ophthalmic systems according to the embodiments of the invention, this adjustment may be performed on the front surface of the lens to create the following lens structure:
Thus, optical films and/or coatings such as AR coatings may be used to fine-tune the overall spectral response of a lens having an absorbing dye. Transmission variation across the visible spectrum is well known and varies as a function of the thickness and number of layers in the optical coating. In embodiments of the invention one or more layers can be used to provide the needed adjustment of the spectral properties.
In an exemplary system, color variation is produced by a single layer of TiO2 (a common AR coating material). FIG. 16 shows the spectral transmittance of a 106 nm thick single layer of TiO2. The color plot of this same layer is shown in FIG. 17. The CIE color coordinates (x, y) 1710 shown for the transmitted light are (0.33 1, 0.345). The reflected light had CIE coordinates of (0.353, 0.251) 1720, resulting in a purplish-pink color.
In systems according to embodiments of the invention, a blue-absorbing dye may be combined with a coating or other film to provide a blue blocking, color balanced system. The coating may be an AR coating on the front surface that is modified to correct the color of the transmitted and/or reflected light. The transmittance and color plot of an exemplary AR coating are shown in FIGS. 20 and 21, respectively. In FIG. 21, the transmitted light exhibited CIE coordinates of (0.334, 0.333) 2110, and the reflected light had CIE coordinates of (0.335, 0.342) 2120. FIGS. 22 and 23 show the transmittance and color plot, respectively, for a polycarbonate substrate having a blue absorbing dye without an AR coating. The dyed substrate absorbs most strongly in the 430 nm region, including some absorption in the 420-440 nm region. In FIG. 23, the transmitted light exhibited CIE coordinates of (0.342, 0.346) 2310, and the reflected light had CIE coordinates of (0.335, 0.339) 2320. The dyed substrate may be combined with an appropriate AR coating as illustrated in FIGS. 20-21 to increase the overall transmittance of the system. The transmittance and color plot for a dyed substrate having a rear AR coating are shown in FIGS. 24 and 25, respectively. In FIG. 25, the transmitted light exhibited CIE coordinates of (0.342, 0.348) 2510, and the reflected light had CIE coordinates of (0.322, 0.308) 2520.
An AR coating also may be applied to the front of an ophthalmic system (i.e., the surface farthest from the eye of a wearer of the system), resulting in the transmittance and color plot shown in FIGS. 26 and 27, respectively. Although the system exhibits a high transmission and transmitted light is relatively neutral, the reflected light has a CIE of (0.249, 0.090) 2720. Therefore, to more completely color balance the effects of the blue absorbing dye, the front AR coating may be modified to achieve the desired color balance to produce a color neutral configuration. The transmittance and the color plot of this configuration are shown in FIGS. 28 and 29 respectively. In this configuration, both the transmitted and reflected light may be optimized to achieve color neutrality. It may be preferred for the interior reflected light to be about 6%. Should the reflectivity level be annoying to the wearer of the system, the reflection can be further reduced by way of adding an additional different absorbing dye into the lens substrate that would absorb a different wavelength of visible light. However, the design of this configuration achieves remarkable performance and satisfies the need for a blue blocking, color balanced ophthalmic system as described herein. The total transmittance is over 90% and both the transmitted and reflected colors are quite close to the color neutral white point. As shown in FIG. 29, the reflected light has a CIE of (0.334, 0.334) 2920, and the transmitted light has a CIE of (0.341, 0.345) 2910, indicating little or no color shifting.
The combination of a front and rear AR coating may be referred to as a dielectric stack, and various materials and thicknesses may be used to further alter the transmissive and reflective characteristics of an ophthalmic system. For example, the front AR coating and/or the rear AR coating may be made of different thicknesses and/or materials to achieve a particular color balancing effect. In some cases, the materials used to create the dielectric stack may not be materials traditionally used to create antireflective coatings. That is, the color balancing coatings may correct the color shift caused by a blue absorbing dye in the substrate without performing an anti-reflective function.
Any of the above-disclosed structures and techniques may be employed in an ophthalmic system according to embodiments of the present invention to perform blocking of blue light wavelengths at or near 400-460 nm. For example, in embodiments the wavelengths of blue light blocked may be within a predetermined range. In embodiments, the range may be 430±30 nm. In other embodiments, the range may be 430±20 nm. In still other embodiments, the range may be 430±10 nm. In embodiments, the ophthalmic system may limit transmission of blue wavelengths within the above defined ranges to substantially 90% of incident wavelengths. In embodiments, the ophthalmic system may limit transmission of blue wavelengths within the above-defined ranges to substantially 80% of incident wavelengths. In other embodiments, the ophthalmic system may limit transmission of the blue wavelengths within the above-defined ranges to substantially 70% of incident wavelengths. In other embodiments, the ophthalmic system may limit transmission of the blue wavelengths within the above-defined ranges to substantially 60% of incident wavelengths. In other embodiments, the ophthalmic system may limit transmission of the blue wavelengths within the above-defined ranges to substantially 50% of incident wavelengths. In other embodiments, the ophthalmic system may limit transmission of the blue wavelengths within the above-defined ranges to substantially 40% of incident wavelengths. In still other embodiments, the ophthalmic system may limit transmission of the blue wavelengths within the above-defined ranges to substantially 30% of incident wavelengths. In still other embodiments, the ophthalmic system may limit transmission of the blue wavelengths within the above-defined ranges to substantially 20% of incident wavelengths. In still other embodiments, the ophthalmic system may limit transmission of the blue wavelengths within the above-defined ranges to substantially 10% of incident wavelengths. In still other embodiments, the ophthalmic system may limit transmission of the blue wavelengths within the above-defined ranges to substantially 5% of incident wavelengths. In still other embodiments, the ophthalmic system may limit transmission of the blue wavelengths within the above-defined ranges to substantially 1% of incident wavelengths. In still other embodiments, the ophthalmic system may limit transmission of the blue wavelengths within the above-defined ranges to substantially 0% of incident wavelengths. Stated otherwise, attenuation by the ophthalmic system of the electromagnetic spectrum at wavelengths in the above-specified ranges may be at least 10%; or at least 20%; or at least 30%; or at least 40%; or at least 50%; or at least 60%; or at least 70%; or at least 80%; or at least 90%; or at least 95%; or at least 99%; or substantially 100%.
In some cases it may be particularly desirable to filter a relatively small portion of the blue spectrum, such as the 400-460 nm region. For example, it has been found that blocking too much of the blue spectrum can interfere with scotopic vision and circadian rhythms. Conventional blue blocking ophthalmic lenses typically block a much larger amount of a wide range of the blue spectrum, which can adversely affect the wearer's “biological clock” and have other adverse effects. Thus, it may be desirable to block a relatively narrow range of the blue spectrum as described herein. Exemplary systems that may filter a relatively small amount of light in a relatively small range include system that block or absorb 5-50%, 5-20%, and 5-10% of light having a wavelength of 400-460 nm, 410-450 nm, and 420-440 nm.
Any of the above-disclosed ophthalmic system may be incorporated into an article of eyewear, including externally-worn eyewear such as eyeglasses, sunglasses, goggles or contact lenses. In such eyewear, because the blue-blocking component of the systems is posterior to the color balancing component, the blue-blocking component will always be closer to the eye than the color-balancing component when the eyewear is worn. The ophthalmic system may also be used in such articles of manufacture as surgically implantable intraocular lenses.
Several embodiments use a film to block the blue light. The film in an ophthalmic or other system may selectively inhibit at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, and/or at least 50% of blue light within the 400-460 nm range. As used herein, a film “selectively inhibits” a wavelength range if it inhibits at least some transmission within the range, while having little or no effect on transmission of visible wavelengths outside the range. The film and/or a system incorporating the film may be color balanced to allow for being perception by an observer and/or user as colorless. Systems incorporating a film according to embodiments of the present invention may have a scotopic luminous transmission of 85% or better of visible light, and further allow someone looking through the film or system to have mostly normal color vision.
FIG. 30 shows an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. A film 3002 may be disposed between two layers or regions of one or more base materials 3001, 3003. As further described herein, the film may contain a dye that selectively inhibits certain wavelengths of light. The base material or materials may be any material suitable for a lens, ophthalmic system, window, or other system in which the film may be disposed.
The optical transmission characteristic of an exemplary film according to an embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. 31 where about 50% of blue light in the range of 430±10 nm is blocked, while imparting minimal losses on other wavelengths within the visible spectrum. The transmission shown in FIG. 31 is exemplary, and it will be understood that for many applications it may be desirable to selectively inhibit less than 50% of blue light, and/or the specific wavelengths inhibited may vary. It is believed that in many applications cell death may be reduced or prevented by blocking less than 50% of blue light. For example, it may be preferred to selectively inhibit about 40%, more preferably about 30%, more preferably about 20%, more preferably about 10%, and more preferably about 5% of light in the 400-460 nm range. Selectively inhibiting a smaller amount of light may allow for prevention of damage due to high-energy light, while being minimal enough that the inhibition does not adversely affect scotopic vision and/or circadian cycles in a user of the system.
FIG. 32 shows a film 3201 incorporated into an ophthalmic lens 3200 according to an embodiment of the present invention, where it is sandwiched between layers of ophthalmic material 3202, 3203. The thickness of the front layer of ophthalmic material is, by way of example only, in the range of 200 microns to 1,000 microns.
Similarly, FIG. 33 shows an exemplary system 3300, such as an automotive windshield, according to embodiments of the present invention. A film 3301 may be incorporated into the system 3300, where it is sandwiched between layers of base material 3302, 3303. For example, where the system 3300 is an automotive windshield, the base material 3302, 3303 may be windshield glass as is commonly used. It will be understood that in various other systems, including visual, display, ophthalmic, and other systems, different base materials may be used without departing from the scope of embodiments of the present invention.
In an embodiment, a system according to the invention may be operated in an environment where the relevant emitted visible light has a very specific spectrum. In such a regime, it may be desirable to tailor a film's filtering effect to optimize the light transmitted, reflected, or emitted by the item. This may be the case, for example, where the color of the transmitted, reflected, or emitted light is of primary concern. For example, when a film according to embodiments of the present invention is used in or with a camera flash or flash filter, it may be desirable for the perceived color of the image or print to be as close to true color as possible. As another example, a film according to embodiments of the present invention may be used in instrumentation for observing the back of a patient's eye for disease. In such a system, it may be preferable for the film not to interfere with the true and observed color of the retina. As another example, certain forms of artificial lighting may benefit from a wavelength-customized filter utilizing the inventive film.
For some applications, it may be desirable for a system according to the present embodiments of the to electively inhibit blue light as described herein, and have a luminous transmission of less than about 85%, typically about 80-85%, across the visible spectrum. This may be the case where, for example, a base material used in the system inhibits more light across all visible wavelengths due to its higher index of refraction. As a specific example, high index (e.g., 1.7) lenses may reflect more light across wavelengths leading to a luminous transmission less than 85%.
d=4.9−3 tan h(Log(L)+1) (0.1)
L′=K′m∫Le,λV′λdλ scotopic (0.2)
where K′m is equal to 1700.06 lm/W for scotopic (night) vision, Km=683.2 lm/W for photopic (day) vision and the spectral luminous efficiency functions Vλ and V′λ define the standard photopic and scotopic observers. The luminous efficiency functions Vλ and V′λ are illustrated in, e.g., FIG. 9 of Michael Kalloniatis and Charles Luu, “Psychophysics of Vision,” available at http://webvision.med.utah.edu/Phychl. html, last visited Aug. 8, 2007, which is incorporated by reference herein.
L′=K′m∫TλLe,λV′λdλ scotopic (0.3)
Reference FIG. Photopic Ratio Scotopic Ratio
Present System 36 0.993 0.947
In contrast, a film according to embodiments of the present invention partially attenuates violet and blue light using absorptive or reflective ophthalmic elements while reducing the scotopic illuminance by no more than 15% of its unfiltered value. Surprisingly, systems according to embodiments of the present invention were found to selectively inhibit a desired region of blue light, while having little to no effect on photopic and scotopic vision.
In an embodiment, perylene (C20HI2, CAS #19855-0) is incorporated into an ophthalmic device at a concentration and thickness sufficient to absorb about two thirds of the light at its absorption maximum of 437 nm. The transmission spectrum of this device is shown in FIG. 35. The change in illuminance that results from this filter is only about 3.2% for scotopic viewing conditions and about 0.4% under photopic viewing conditions, as displayed in Table I. Increasing the concentration or thickness of perylene in the device decreases the transmission at each wavelength according to Beer's law. FIG. 36 shows the transmission spectrum of a device with a perylene concentration 2.27 times higher than that for FIG. 6. Although this device selectively blocks more of the phototoxic blue light than the device in FIG. 6, it reduces scotopic illuminance by less than 6% and photopic illuminance by less than 0.7%. Note that reflection has been removed from the spectra in FIGS. 35 and 36 to show only the effect of absorption by the dye.
Dyes other than perylene may have strong absorption in blue or roughly blue wavelength ranges and little or no absorbance in other regions of the visible spectrum. Examples of such dyes, illustrated in FIG. 46, include porphyrin, coumarin, and acridine based molecules which may be used singly or in combination to give transmission that is reduced, but not eliminated, at 400-460 nm. The methods and systems described herein therefore may use similar dyes based on other molecular structures at concentrations that mimic the transmission spectra of perylene, porphyrin, coumarin, and acridine.
According to another embodiment of the invention a dielectric coating that is partially reflective in the violet and blue spectral regions and antireflective at longer wavelengths may be applied. Methods for designing appropriate dielectric optical filters are summarized in textbooks such as Angus McLeod, Thin Film Optical Filters (McGraw-Hill: NY) 1989. An exemplary transmission spectrum for a six-layer stack of SiO2 and ZrO2 according to the present invention is shown in FIG. 37. Referring again to Table 1, it is seen that this optical filter blocks phototoxic blue and violet light while reducing scotopic illuminance by less than 5% and photopic illuminance by less than 3%.
Although many conventional blue blocking technologies attempt to inhibit as much blue light as possible, current research suggests that in many applications it may be desirable to inhibit a relatively small amount of blue light. For example, to prevent undesirable effects on scotopic vision, it may be desirable for an ophthalmic system according to embodiments of the invention to inhibit only about 30% of blue (i.e., 380-500 nm) wavelength light, or more preferably only about 20% of blue light, more preferably about 10%, and more preferably about 5%. It is believed that cell death may be reduced by inhibiting as little as 5% of blue light, while this degree of blue light reduction has little or no effect on scotopic vision and/or circadian behavior of those using the system.
As used herein, a film according to embodiments of the invention that selectively inhibits blue light is described as inhibiting an amount of light measured relative to the base system incorporating the film. For example, an ophthalmic system may use a polycarbonate or other similar base for a lens. Materials typically used for such a base may inhibit a various amount of light at visible wavelengths. If a blue-blocking film according to embodiments of the present invention is added to the system, it may selectively inhibit 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and/or 50% of all blue wavelengths, as measured relative to the amount of light that would be transmitted at the same wavelength(s) in the absence of the film.
The methods and devices disclosed herein may minimize, and preferably eliminate, the shift in color perception that results from blue-blocking. The color perceived by the human visual system results from neural processing of light signals that fall on retinal pigments with different spectral response characteristics. To describe color perception mathematically, a color space is constructed by integrating the product of three wavelength-dependent color matching functions with the spectral irradiance. The result is three numbers that characterize the perceived color. A uniform (L*, a*, b*) color space, which has been established by the Commission Internationale de L'eclairage (CIE), may be used to characterize perceived colors, although similar calculations based on alternative color standards are familiar to those practiced in the art of color science and may also be used. The (L*, a*, b*) color space defines brightness on the L* axis and color within the plane defined by the a* and b* axes. A uniform color space such as that defined by this CIE standard may be preferred for computational and comparative applications, since the Cartesian distances of the space are proportional to the magnitude of perceived color difference between two objects. The use of uniform color spaces generally is recognized in the art, such as described in Wyszecki and Stiles, Color Science: Concepts and Methods, Quantitative Data and Formulae (Wiley: New York) 1982.
An optical design according to the methods and systems described herein may use a palette of spectra that describe the visual environment. A non-limiting example of this is the Munsell matte color palette, which is comprised of 1,269 color tiles that have been established by psycho-physical experiments to be just noticeably different from each other. The spectral irradiance of these tiles is measured under standard illumination conditions. The array of color coordinates corresponding to each of these tiles illuminated by a D65 daylight illuminant in (L*, a*, b*) color space is the reference for color distortion and is shown in FIG. 38. The spectral irradiance of the color tiles is then modulated by a blue-blocking filter and a new set of color coordinates is computed. Each tile has a perceived color that is shifted by an amount corresponding to the geometric displacement of the (L*, a*, b*) coordinates. This calculation has been applied to the blue-blocking filter of Pratt, where the average color distortion is 41 just noticeable difference (JND) units in (L*, a*, b*) space. The minimum distortion caused by the Pratt filter is 19 JNDs, the maximum is 66, and the standard deviation is 7 JNDs. A histogram of the color shifts for all 1,269 color tiles is shown in FIG. 39A (top).
Embodiments of the present invention using perylene dye at two concentrations or the reflective filter described above may have substantially smaller color shifts than conventional devices whether measured as an average, minimum, or maximum distortion, as illustrated in Table II.
FIG. 40 shows a histogram of color shifts for a perylene-dyed substrate according to embodiments of the present invention whose transmission spectrum is shown in FIG. 35. Notably, the shift across all color tiles was observed to be substantially lower and narrower than those for conventional devices described by Mainster, Pratt, and the like. For example, simulation results showed (L*, a*, b*) shifts as low as 12 and 20 JNDs for films according to embodiments of the present invention, with average shifts across all tiles as low as 7-12 JNDs.
In an embodiment, a combination of reflective and absorptive elements may filter harmful blue photons while maintaining relatively high luminous transmission. This may allow a system according to embodiments of the invention to avoid or reduce pupil dilation, preserve or prevent damage to night vision, and reduce color distortion. An example of this approach combines the dielectric stacks shown in FIG. 37 with the perylene dye of FIG. 35, resulting in the transmission spectrum shown in FIG. 41. The device was observed to have a photopic transmission of 97.5%, scotopic transmission of 93.2%, and an average color shift of 11 JNDs. The histogram summarizing color distortion of this device for the Munsell tiles in daylight is shown in FIG. 42.
In another embodiment, an ophthalmic filter is external to the eye, for example a spectacle lens, goggle, visor, or the like. When a traditional filter is used, the color of the wearer's face when viewed by an external observer may be tinted by the lens, i.e., the facial coloration or skin tone typically is shifted by a blue-blocking lens when viewed by another person. This yellow discoloration that accompanies blue light absorption is often not cosmetically desirable. The procedure for minimizing this color shift is identical to that described above for the Munsell tiles, with the reflectance of the wearer's skin being substituted for those of the Munsell color tiles. The color of skin is a function of pigmentation, blood flow, and the illumination conditions. A representative series of skin reflectance spectra from subjects of different races is shown in FIGS. 43A-B. An exemplary skin reflectance spectrum for a Caucasian subject is shown in FIG. 44. The (L*, a*, b*) color coordinates of this skin in daylight (D65) illumination are (67.1, 18.9, 13.7). Interposition of the Pratt blue-blocking filter changes these color coordinates to (38.9, 17.2, 44.0), a shift of 69 JND units. The Mainster blue-blocking filter shifts the color coordinates by 17 JND units to (62.9,13.1,29.3). By contrast, a perylene filter as described herein causes a color shift of only 6 JNDs, or one third that of the Mainster filter. A summary of the cosmetic color shift of an exemplary Caucasian skin under daylight illumination using various blue-blocking filters is shown in Table III. The data shown in Table I refer are normalized to remove any effect caused by a base material.
Reference FIG. L* a* b* δ(L*, a*, b*)
Present System. 35 67 17 19 6
In an embodiment, an illuminant may be filtered to reduce but not eliminate the flux of blue light to the retina. This may be accomplished with absorptive or reflective elements between the field of view and the source of illumination using the principles described herein. For example, an architectural window may be covered with a film that contains perylene so that the transmission spectrum of the window matches that shown in FIG. 35. Such a filter typically would not induce pupil dilation when compared to an uncoated window, nor would it cause appreciable color shifts when external daylight passes through it. Blue filters according to embodiments of the present invention may be used on artificial illuminants such as fluorescent, incandescent, arc, flash, and diode lamps, displays, and the like.
Various materials may be used in making films according to embodiments of the invention. Two such exemplary materials are Poly Vinyl Alcohol (PVA) and Poly Vinyl Butyral (PVB). In the case of PVA film it may be prepared by partial or complete hydrolysis of polyvinyl acetate to remove the acetate groups. PYA film may be desirable due to beneficial film forming, emulsifying, and adhesive properties. In addition, PYA film has high tensile strength, flexibility, high temperature stability, and provides an excellent oxygen barrier.
PVB film may be prepared from a reaction of polyvinyl alcohol in butanal. PVB may be suitable for applications where high strength, optical clarity, flexibility and toughness is preferred. PVB also has excellent film forming and adhesive properties.
PYA, PVB, and other suitable films may be extruded, cast from a solution, spin coated and then cured, or dip coated and then cured. Other manufacturing methods known in the art also may be used. There are several ways of integrating the dyes needed to create the desired spectral profile of the film. Exemplary dye-integration methods include vapor deposition, chemically cross linked within the film, dissolved within small polymer micro-spheres and then integrated within the film. Suitable dyes are commercially available from companies including Keystone, BPI & Phantom.
In systems according to embodiments of the invention, both a blue blocking dye and a color balancing dye may be included in the primer coating 1802. Both the blue blocking and color balancing dyes also may be included in the hard coating 1803. The dyes need not be included in the same coating layer. For example, a blue blocking dye may be included in the hard coating 1803, and a color balancing dye included in the primer coating 1802. The color balancing dye may be included in the hard coating 1803 and the blue blocking dye in the primer coating 1802.
Primer and hard coats according to embodiments of the invention may be deposited using methods known in the art, including spin-coating, dip-coating, spray-coating, evaporation, sputtering, and chemical vapor deposition. The blue blocking and/or color balancing dyes to be included in each layer may be deposited at the same time as the layer, such as where a dye is dissolved in a liquid coating material and the resulting mixture applied to the system. The dyes also may be deposited in a separate process or sub-process, such as where a dye is sprayed onto a surface before the coat is cured or dried or applied.
The selective filter of embodiments of the present invention can also provide increased contrast sensitivity. Such a system functions to selectively filter harmful invisible and visible light while having minimal effect on photopic vision, scotopic vision, color vision, and/or circadian rhythms while maintaining acceptable or even improved contrast sensitivity. Embodiments of the invention can be formulated such that in certain embodiments the end residual color of the device to which the selective filter is applied is mostly colorless, and in other embodiments where a mostly clear residual color is not required the residual color can be yellowish. Preferably, the yellowness of the selective filter is unobjectionable to the subjective individual wearer. Yellowness can be measured quantitatively using a yellowness index such as ASTM E313-05. Preferably, the selective filter has a yellowness index that is no more than 50, 40, 35, 30, 25, 23, 20, 15, 10, 9, 7, or 5.
Embodiments of the invention could include selective light wavelength filtering embodiments such as: windows, automotive windshields, light bulbs, flash bulbs, fluorescent lighting, LED lighting, television, computer monitors, etc. Any light that impacts the retina can be selectively filtered by embodiments of the invention. Embodiments of the invention can be enabled, by way of example only, a film comprising a selective filtering dye or pigment, a dye or pigment component added after a substrate is fabricated, a dye component that is integral with the fabrication or formulation of the substrate material, synthetic or non-synthetic pigment such as melanin, lutein, or zeaxanthin, selective filtering dye or pigment provided as a visibility tint (having one or more colors) as in a contact lens, selective filtering dye or pigment provided in an ophthalmic scratch resistant coating (hard coat), selective filtering dye or pigment provided in an ophthalmic anti-reflective coat, selective light wave length filtering dye or pigment provided in a hydrophobic coating, an interference filter, selective light wavelength filter, selective light wavelength filtering dye or pigment provided in a photochromic lens, or selective light wavelength filtering dye or pigment provided in a matrix of a light bulb or tube. It should be pointed out that embodiments of the invention contemplates the selective light wavelength filter selectively filtering out one specific range of wavelengths, or multiple specific ranges of wavelengths, but never filtering out wavelengths evenly across the visible spectrum.
Embodiments of the invention may utilize a proper concentration of a dye and or pigment such as, by way of example only, perylene, porphrin or their derivatives. Refer to FIG. 48 to observe varying concentration of perylene and the functional ability to block wavelengths of light at around 430 nm. The transmission level can be controlled by dye concentration. Other dye chemistries allow adjustment of the absorption peak positions.
Perylene with appropriate concentration levels provides balance in photopic, scotopic, circadian, and phototoxicity ratios while maintaining a mostly colorless appearance:
In Table IV the dye concentrations are approximately 35 ppm (2×), 15 ppm (×), 7.5 ppm (×/2), and 3.8 ppm (×/4).
Increases in contrast sensitivity are observed with appropriate concentration of perylene. See Example 2, Table VI. It should be pointed out that the family of perylene based dyes or pigments are used, by way of example only, for enabling embodiments of the invention. When such a dye is used, depending upon the embodiment or application, the dye may be formulated such that it is bonded molecularly or chemically to the substrate or a coating that is applied to the substrate such that the dye does not leach out. By way of example only, applications of this would be for use with contact lenses, IOLs, corneal in-lays, corneal on-lays, etc.
In one embodiment of the invention, a contact lens is comprised of a perylene dye formulated such that it will not leach out of the contact lens material. The dye is further formulated such that it provides a tint having a yellow cast. This yellow cast allows for the contact lens to have what is known as a handling tint for the wearer. The perylene dye or pigment further provides the selective filtering as shown by FIG. 48. This filtering provides retinal protection and enhanced contrast sensitivity without compromising in any meaningful way one's photopic vision, scotopic vision, color vision, or circadian rhythms.
In still another inventive embodiment an intraocular lens includes a selective light wavelength filter that has a yellowish tint, and that further provides the wearer improved contrast sensitivity without compromising in any meaningful way (one or more, or all of) the wearer's photopic vision, scotopic vision, color vision, or circadian rhythms. When the selective filter is utilized on or within an intraocular lens it is possible to increase the level of the dye or pigment beyond that of a spectacle lens as the cosmetics of the intraocular lens are invisible to someone looking at the wearer. This allows for the ability to increase the concentration of the dye or pigment and provides even higher levels of improved contrast sensitivity without compromising in any meaningful way (one or more, or all of) the wearer's photopic vision, scotopic vision, color vision, or circadian rhythms.
In still another embodiment of the invention, a spectacle lens includes a selective light wave length filter comprising a dye having perylene wherein the dye's formulation provides a spectacle lens that has a mostly colorless appearance. And furthermore that provides the wearer with improved contrast sensitivity without compromising in any meaningful way (one or more, or all of) the wearer's photopic vision, scotopic vision, color vision, or circadian rhythms. In this particular embodiment of the invention, the dye or pigment is imparted within a film that is located within or on the surface of the spectacle lens.
A polycarbonate lens having an integral film with varying concentrations of blue-blocking dye was fabricated and the transmission spectrum of each lens was measured as shown in FIG. 45. Perylene concentrations of 35, 15, 7.6, and 3.8 ppm (weight basis) at a lens thickness of 2.2 mm were used. Various metrics calculated for each lens are shown in Table V, with references corresponding to the reference numerals in FIG. 45. Since the selective absorbance of light depends primarily on the product of the dye concentration and coating thickness according to Beer's law, it is believed that comparable results are achievable using a hard coat and/or primer coat in conjunction with or instead of a film.
Photopic Scotopic Ratio Phototoxicity
Lens Ref. Ratio (Vλ) Ratio (V′λ) (M′λ) Ratio (Bλ)
Polycarbonate 4510 87.5% 87.1% 74.2% 85.5%
Lens (no dye)
3.8 ppm (2.2 4520 88.6% 86.9% 71.0% 78.8%
7.6 ppm (2.2 4530 87.0% 84.1% 65.9% 71.1%
15 ppm (2.2 4540 88.3% 83.8% 63.3% 63.5%
35 ppm (2.2 4550 87.7% 80.9% 61.5% 50.2%
With the exception of the 35 ppm dyed lens, all the lenses described in Table IV and FIG. 45 include a UV dye typically used in ophthalmic lens systems to inhibit UV wavelengths below 380 nm. The photopic ratio describes normal vision, and is calculated as the integral of the filter transmission spectrum and Vλ (photopic visual sensitivity) divided by the integral of unfiltered light and this same sensitivity curve. The scotopic ratio describes vision in dim lighting conditions, and is calculated as the integral of the filter transmission spectrum and V′λ, (scotopic visual sensitivity) divided by the integral of unfiltered light and this same sensitivity curve. The circadian ratio describes the effect of light on circadian rhythms, and is calculated as the integral of the filter transmission spectrum and M′λ, (melatonin suppression sensitivity) divided by the integral of unfiltered light and this same sensitivity curve. The phototoxicity ratio describes damage to the eye caused by exposure to high-energy light, and is calculated as the integral of the filter transmission and the Bλ (phakic UV-blue phototoxicity) divided by the integral of unfiltered light and this same sensitivity curve. Response functions used to calculate these values correspond to those disclosed in Mainster and Sparrow, “How Much Blue Light Should an IOL Transmit?” Br. J. Ophthalmol., 2003, v. 87, pp. 1523-29, Mainster, “Intraocular Lenses Should Block UV Radiation and Violet but not Blue Light,” Arch. Ophthal., v. 123, p. 550 (2005), and Mainster, “Violet and Blue Light Blocking Intraocular Lenses: Photoprotection vs. Photoreception”, Br. J. Ophthalmol, 2006, v. 90, pp. 784-92. For some applications, a different phototoxicity curve is appropriate but the methodology for calculation is the same. For example, for intraocular lens (IOL) applications, the aphakic phototoxicity curve should be used. Moreover, new phototoxicity curves may be applicable as the understanding of the phototoxic light mechanisms improves.
As shown by the exemplary data described above, a system according to embodiments of the present invention may selectively inhibit blue light, specifically light in the 400 nm-460 nm region, while still providing a photopic luminous transmission of at least about 85% and a phototoxicity ration of less than about 80%, more preferably less than about 70%, more preferably less than about 60%, and more preferably less than about 50%. As previously described, a photopic luminous transmission of up to 95% or more also may be achievable using the techniques described herein.
Several embodiments of the invention are specifically illustrated and/or described herein. However, it will be appreciated that modifications and variations of embodiments of the invention are covered by the above teachings and within the purview of the appended claims without departing from the spirit and intended scope of embodiments of the invention. For examples, although the methods and systems described herein have been described using examples of specific dyes, dielectric optical filters, skin tones, and illuminants, it will be understood that alternative dyes, filters, skin colors, and illuminants may be used.
Nine patients were tested for contrast sensitivity using dye concentrations of 1× and 2× against a clear filter as a control 7 of the 9 patients showed overall improved contrast sensitivity according to the Functional Acuity Contrast Test (FACT). See Table VI:
Contrast sensitivity test for dye samples with loadings of X and 2X. Test was done in February,
2007 at Vision Associaates in
Havre de Grace, Maryland by Dr. Andy Ishak.
1. Patient number 8 data was dropped. This patient was a 60 yr old, diabetic with cataracts
2. Patient 10 was tested in one eye only
3. The terms dotted and solid refer to the two eyes of the patients how they were shown on test result forms
4. The headings “NO”, refer to lenses with clear filter, ie control. The terms Lt and Dk refer to the dye leading in the tested filters.
5. For each patient, the top line is their actual score. Second line is the difference with filters versus non filtered “control”
6. Boxes marked with GREEN showed improvement boxes with RED showed negative results.
7. Total scores (line 22) add up how all patients scored on a specific test column
8. Total Difference (column 33) shows how each patient scored overall on all 5 test columns (A-E) for both eyes
9. Note: each patient (except #10) had 20 opportunities to score a difference - 2 eyes x 5 columns on the test x 2 filters
10. Better and Worse numbers (rows 27-28, columns 34-35) simply add up the opportunities that scored better with the filters or worse versus the clear control
1. 7 of the 9 patients showed overall improved contrast sensitivity results (columns 33-35)
2. Patients overall showed improvement in both eyes on 18 of the 20 opportunities (2 eyes x two filters x five FACT columns) (rows 27-28)
3. On average, patients improved by 0.3-1.4 for all 20 opportunities (row 25)
In an embodiment of the invention, an ophthalmic lens is comprised of a dye that causes the lens to selectively inhibit transmission of visible light between 450±50 nm and has a yellowness index of not more than 35.0. More preferably, the dye selectively inhibits transmission of visible light between 430±30 nm and has a yellowness index of not more than 35.0. The dye selected to inhibit transmission would also block light wavelengths across the entire range, as well providing a more focused blocking in just the preferred subset of the range. More preferably, the dye would cause the lens to block at least 5%, preferably 10%, more preferably 20%, more preferably 30%, or most preferably 40% of light having a wavelength of 450±50 nm. Further, the dye would cause the lens to block at least 5%, preferably 10%, more preferably 20%, more preferably 30%, more preferably 40%, or most preferably 50% of light having a wavelength of 430±30 nm.
As used herein, “dye” refers to a chemical or chemicals that can be added to the lens materials or coatings which absorb light at a specific wavelength or wavelengths.
It is preferred to selectively inhibit transmission of visible light between 450±50 nm because blue light wavelengths fall in the approximate range of 400 nm to 500 nm. Blue light in this range is believed to cause damage to eye cells that can result in a number of adverse conditions such as macular degeneration and other retinal disease such a uveal melanoma. Thus, it is desirable to block the specific light wavelengths that have been shown to cause adverse conditions. Further, for many applications it may be desirable to selectively inhibit less than 50% of blue light, and/or the specific wavelengths inhibited may vary. It is believed that in many applications cell death may be reduced or prevented by blocking less than 50% of blue light. For example, it may be preferred to selectively inhibit about 40%, more preferably about 30%, more preferably about 20%, more preferably about 10%, and more preferably about 5% of light. Selectively inhibiting a smaller amount of light may allow for prevention of damage due to high-energy light, while being minimal enough that the inhibition does not adversely affect scotopic vision and/or circadian cycles in a user of the system. Additionally, in some cases it may be preferred to block a lower percentage such as 5% in order to maintain a low yellowness index so as not to distort the viewer's perception of color. In other cases it may be preferable to provide more blocking, such as at 50%, where due to the nature and material of the lens, the effects of a higher yellowness index may be better tolerated or accepted by the user. In other cases, due to the type of ophthalmic lens and dye utilized, a blocking of at least 10% to at least 40% is preferred in order to strike a balance between protection from blue light waves and other concerns such as aesthetic appeal and adverse biological effects.
In some cases it may be particularly desirable to filter a relatively small portion of the blue spectrum, such as light between 430±30 nm. It has been found that blocking too much of the blue spectrum can interfere with scotopic vision and circadian rhythms. Conventional blue blocking ophthalmic lenses typically block a much larger amount of wide range of the blue spectrum, which can adversely affect the wearer's “biological clock” and have other adverse effects. Thus, it may be desirable to block a relatively narrow range of the blue spectrum as described herein. Exemplary system that may filter a relatively small range include systems block or absorb at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, or at least 50%. Further as discussed above, in some cases it may be preferred to block a lower percentage such as 5% in order to maintain a low yellowness index so as not to distort the viewer's perception of color. In other cases it may be preferable to provide more blocking, such as at 50%, where due to the nature and material of the lens, the effects of a higher yellowness index may be better tolerated or accepted by the user. In other cases, due to the type of ophthalmic lens and dye utilized, a blocking of at least 10% to at least 40% is preferred in order to strike a balance between protection from blue light wavelengths and other concerns such as aesthetic appeal and adverse biological effects.
The ophthalmic lens may be selected from prescription or non-prescription ophthalmic lenses known to those of skill in the art. By way of example, see lenses listed and described above.
Some embodiments of the invention use a dye such as bilirubin; chlorophyll a, diethyl ether; chlorophyll a, methanol; chlorophyll b; diprotonated-tetraphenylporphyrin; hematin; magnesium octaethylporphyrin; magnesium octaethylporphyrin (MgOEP); magnesium phthalocyanine (MgPc), PrOH; magnesium phthalocyanine (MgPc), pyridine; magnesium tetramesitylporphyrin (MgTMP); magnesium tetraphenylporphyrin (MgTPP); octaethylporphyrin; phthalocyanine (Pc); porphin; tetra-t-butylazaporphine; tetra-t-butylnaphthalocyanine; tetrakis(2,6-dichlorphenyl)porphyrin; tetrakis(o-aminophenyl)porphyrin; tetramesitylporphyrin (TMP); tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP); vitamin B12; zinc octaethylporphyrin (ZnOEP); zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc), pyridine; zinc tetramesitylporphyrin (ZnTMP); zinc tetramesitylporphyrin radical cation; zinc tetrapheynlporphyrin (ZnTPP); perylene and derivatives thereof, or any dye, synthetic or non-synthetic pigments, antioxidants, photochromics, visibility and/or cosmetic tint in a contact lens or any material means that elicits a yellowness index of 35.0 or less.
By way of example, in embodiments of the present invention that utilize a dye, the dye may be: within the polymer, in a film or films, in a coating or coatings, in one or more anti-reflective coatings, in one or more hard coats, in one or more primer coats, in any layer of the lens, in various concentration (ppm) based upon the yellowness index specifications, a visibility tint or tints in a contact lens, in a sunglass, incorporated in a photochromic lens, in one or more rings, zones, layers and/or peaks, a cosmetic tint or tints, varying in slope or slopes, color balancing, or any combination of the above. It is understood that the previous list is non-exclusive and is merely exemplary.
In a further embodiment, the dye would block 5%-40% of light having a wavelength of 450±50 nm, while have a luminous transmission of at least 80%. More preferably, the dye would block 5%-50% of light having a wavelength of 430±30 nm, while have a luminous transmission of at least 80%.
In another inventive embodiment, the dye used would cause the lens to block at least 5%•of light having a wavelength of X±15 nm, where X is a wavelength in the range of 415-485 nm. More preferably, the dye would cause the lens to block at least 10%, or more preferably 20%, or more preferably 30%, or most preferably 40% of light having a wavelength of X±15 nm.
It is a further embodiment to utilize a contact lens wherein the yellowness index is not more than 35.0, or more preferably not more than 27.5, or most preferably not more than 20.0.
For embodiments that utilize contact lenses, it may be preferred to maintain a low yellowness index of not more than 35.0 in order to avoid affecting perceived color and in order to avoid a cosmetically unappealing appearance of yellowness in the lens itself, while still maintaining protection from the blue spectrum. As contact lenses are a type of ophthalmic lens that are handled by the wearer, are small relative to spectacle lenses, and may be difficult to find if dropped, a slightly higher yellowness index may be tolerated, and perhaps even be desirable to provide a handling tint, in a contact lens as opposed to other ophthalmic lenses. However, it is still desirable to maintain a yellowness sufficiently low as to avoid undesirable cosmetic effects. Thus, a yellowness index value of no more than 35.0 is desired, as anything above this value may result in a lens that is too yellow and subsequently will not cosmetically appealing as its color may be observable even while it is in place in the user's eye. In some cases it may be preferred to maintain a yellowness index of not more than 27.5 in order to balance protection, color perception and cosmetic appeal, and in other instances a yellowness index of not more than 20.0 may be preferred.
It is a further embodiment to utilize a spectacle lens wherein the yellowness index is not more than 15.0, more preferably not more than 12.5, or most preferably not more than 10.0.
For embodiments that utilize spectacle lenses, it may be preferred to maintain a low yellowness index of not more than 15.0 in order to avoid affecting perceived color and in order to avoid a cosmetically unappealing appearance of yellowness in the spectacle lens itself, while still maintaining protection from the blue spectrum. A yellowness index value of no more than 15.0 is preferred as yellowness index values that are higher may result in a yellow tint in the spectacle lens that is cosmetically unappealing. In some cases it may be preferred to maintain a yellowness index of not more than 12.5 in order to balance protection, color perception and cosmetic appeal, and in other instances a yellowness index of not more than 10.0 may be preferred.
It is a further embodiment to utilize an intraocular lens wherein the yellowness index is not more than 23.0 or more preferably not more than 15.0.
For embodiments that utilize intraocular lenses, it may be preferred to maintain a low yellowness index of not more than 23.0 in order to avoid affecting perceived color and in order to avoid a cosmetically unappealing appearance of yellowness in the spectacle lens itself, while still maintaining protection from the blue spectrum. This value may be higher than that for other embodiments, such as spectacle lenses, as in the case of intraocular lenses the lens is implanted into the eye and thus, the concern for cosmetic appeal is somewhat lessened. In some cases it may be preferred to maintain a yellowness index of not more than 15.0 in order to balance protection, color perception and cosmetic appeal.
Furthermore, embodiments of the invention may include one or more front and/or back AR coats, film(s), primer(s), hardcoat(s), Hydrophobic coats(s), central/peripheral zone differential(s), electroactive(s), or any additional coating or layer or combination of coatings or layers.
In order to further protect the human eye from exposure to both harmful high energy visible light wavelengths and UV light and optionally IR light non-ophthalmic applications for embodiments of the invention are also included. A “non-ophthalmic system” includes any light transmissive structure, excluding ophthalmic lenses, through which light passes on its way to a viewer, as well as skin creams and lotions. By way of example only some non-ophthalmic systems may include: artificial lighting (non-sunlight), diffusers, any type of light bulb, windows, windshields, aircraft windows, instruments, operating devices and other equipment used by ophthalmologists and other eye care professionals to examine the eyes of patients, medical devices, telescopes, binoculars, hunting scopes for rifles, shotguns, and pistols, computer monitors, television sets, camera flashes, virtually any and all electronic devices that emit or transmit visible light, or any type of product or device whereby visible light is emitted or travels through said product or device whereby light from that product or device enters the human eye whether the light is filtered or not by the product or device can be enabled with embodiments of the invention. A non-ophthalmic system may further include dermatological products such as any skin or hair product, suntan and sunscreen products, lip stick, lip balm, anti-ageing products, oils, or acne products. Furthermore, military and space applications also apply as acute and/or chronic exposure to high energy visible light, UV, and also IR can potentially have a deleterious effect on soldiers and astronauts.
It is another embodiment of this invention to provide a non-ophthalmic system where the system contains at least one dye that causes the lens to selectively inhibit transmission of visible light between 450±50 nm and has a yellowness index of not more than 35.0. Preferably, the dye selectively inhibits transmission of visible light between 430±30 nm and has a yellowness index of not more than 35.0. More preferably, the dye selectively inhibits transmission of visible light between 435±20 nm and has a yellowness index of not more than 35.0. The dye selected to inhibit transmission would also block light wavelengths across the entire range, as well providing a more focused blocking in just the preferred subset of the range. More preferably, the dye would cause the lens to block at least 10%, or more preferably at least 20%, or more preferably at least 30%, or most preferably 40% of light having a wavelength of 450±50 nm while having a luminous transmission of at least 80%. Further, the dye may block at least 10%, or more preferably at least 20%, or more preferably at least 30%, or most preferably 40% light, or most preferably 50% of light having a wavelength of 430±30 nm while having a luminous transmission of at least 80%.
It is a further embodiment that the non-ophthalmic system may have a yellowness index of not more than 23.0 or more preferably not more than 15.0.
Embodiments described with respect to ophthalmic application may also be used in non-ophthalmic embodiments.
It is a further embodiment of the current invention to incorporate a unique double selective filter with two peaks within the visible light spectrum along with some or all UV protection. •The amount of selective filtering within the visible light spectrum can vary along with the slope of the spectral curve depending on the intended application of the system. This is illustrated in FIGS. 49A-O. Transmission values, as percentages, are shown for wavelengths 380-513 nm in Tables VII and VIII.
Two Peak Transmission Spectra
Peaks are modeled as gaussian curves
Transmission averages are simple averages which do NOT take into account the
sensitivity of the eye to weighting (luminous transmission)
Same peak depth
and width Vary peak depth Vary peak width
Scenario 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Average 85.0 83.0 80.0 85.0 83.0 80.0 85.0 83.0 80.0
Peak1 Scale 22 50 73 38 20 68 6 50 80
Peak2 Scale 22 50 73 5 80 80 25 50 40
St. Deviation1 2 4 6 2 4 6 6 2 8
St. Devation2 2 4 6 2 4 6 2 6 6
Wavelength T (%) T (%) T (%) T (%) T (%) T (%) T (%) T (%) T (%)
381 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
382 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
383 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
384 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
385 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
386 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
387 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
388 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
389 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
390 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
391 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
392 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
393 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
394 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
395 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
396 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
397 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
398 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
399 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
400 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 89.9
401 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 89.9
402 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 89.8
403 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 89.7
404 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 89.6
405 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 89.4
406 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 89.1
407 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 88.7
408 90.0 90.0 89.9 90.0 90.0 89.9 90.0 90.0 88.2
409 90.0 90.0 89.8 90.0 90.0 89.9 90.0 90.0 87.4
410 90.0 90.0 89.7 90.0 90.0 89.7 90.0 90.0 86.5
411 90.0 90.0 89.5 90.0 90.0 89.5 90.0 90.0 85.2
412 90.0 90.0 89.2 90.0 90.0 89.2 89.9 90.0 83.6
413 90.0 90.0 88.7 90.0 90.0 88.8 89.9 90.0 81.6
414 90.0 90.0 87.9 90.0 90.0 88.1 89.8 90.0 79.2
415 90.0 90.0 86.8 90.0 90.0 87.0 89.7 90.0 76.2
416 90.0 89.9 85.2 90.0 90.0 85.5 89.6 90.0 72.7
417 90.0 89.7 83.0 90.0 89.9 83.5 89.4 90.0 68.6
418 90.0 89.4 80.1 90.0 89.8 80.8 89.2 90.0 64.0
419 90.0 88.9 76.4 90.0 89.5 77.3 88.9 90.0 58.9
420 90.0 87.8 71.8 90.0 89.1 73.0 88.5 90.0 53.4
421 90.0 86.0 66.3 90.0 88.4 67.9 88.1 90.0 47.5
422 90.0 83.2 60.0 90.0 87.3 62.0 87.5 90.0 41.5
423 90.0 79.2 53.0 89.9 85.7 55.6 87.0 89.9 35.4
424 89.8 73.8 45.7 89.6 83.5 48.8 86.4 89.4 29.6
425 89.0 67.1. 38.4 88.3 80.8 41.9 85.8 87.8 24.2
426 87.0 59.7 31.5 84.9 77.9 35.5 85.2 83.2 19.4
427 82.9 52.3 25.6 77.7 74.9 30.0 84.7 73.8 15.4
428 76.7 45.9 20.9 67.0 72.4 25.7 84.3 59.7 12.5
429 70.6 41.5 18.0 56.5 70.6 22.9 84.1 45.9 10.6
430 68.0 40.0 17.0 52.0 70.0 22.0 84.0 40.0 10.0
431 70.6 41.5 18.0 56.5 70.6 22.9 84.1 45.9 10.6
432 76.7 45.9 20.9 67.0 72.4 25.7 84.3 59.7 12.5
433 82.9 52.3 25.6 77.7 74.9 30.0 84.7 73.8 15.4
434 87.0 59.7 31.5 84.9 77.9 35.5 85.2 83.2 19.4
435 89.0 67.1 38.4 88.3 80.8 41.9 85.8 87.8 24.2
436 89.8 73.8 45.7 89.6 83.5 48.8 86.4 89.4 29.6
437 90.0 79.2 53.0 89.9 85.7 55.6 87.0 89.9 35.4
438 90.0 83.2 60.0 90.0 87.3 62.0 87.5 90.0 41.5
439 90.0 86.0 66.3 90.0 88.4 67.9 88.1 90.0 47.5
440 90.0 87.8 71.8 90.0 89.1 73.0 88.5 90.0 53.4
441 90.0 88.9 76.4 90.0 89.5 77.3 88.9 90.0 58.9
442 90.0 89.4 80.1 90.0 89.8 80.8 89.2 90.0 64.0
443 90.0 89.7 83.0 90.0 89.9 83.5 89.4 90.0 68.6
444 90.0 89.9 85.2 90.0 90.0 85.5 89.6 90.0 72.7
445 90.0 90.0 86.8 90.0 90.0 87.0 89.7 90.0 76.2
446 90.0 90.0 87.9 90.0 90.0 88.1 89.8 90.0 79.2
447 90.0 90.0 88.7 90.0 90.0 88.8 89.9 90.0 81.6
448 90.0 90.0 89.2 90.0 90.0 89.2 89.9 90.0 83.6
449 90.0 90.0 89.5 90.0 90.0 89.5 90.0 90.0 85.2
450 90.0 90.0 89.7 90.0 90.0 89.7 90.0 90.0 86.5
451 90.0 90.0 89.8 90.0 90.0 89.9 90.0 90.0 87.4
452 90.0 90.0 89.9 90.0 90.0 89.9 90.0 90.0 88.2
453 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 88.7
454 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 89.1
455 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 89.4
456 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 89.6
457 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 89.7
458 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 89.8
459 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 89.9
460 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 89.9
461 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0
462 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0
463 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0
464 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0
465 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0
466 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0
467 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0
468 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0
469 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0
470 90.0 90.0 89.7 90.0 90.0 89.7 90.0 89.8 89.8
471 90.0 90.0 89.5 90.0 90.0 89.5 90.0 89.7 89.7
472 90.0 90.0 89.2 90.0 90.0 89.1 90.0 89.4 89.6
473 90.0 90.0 88.7 90.0 90.0 88.6 90.0 89.1 89.3
474 90.0 90.0 87.9 90.0 90.0 87.7 90.0 88.6 88.9
475 90.0 90.0 86.8 90.0 89.9 86.5 90.0 87.8 88.2
476 90.0 89.9 85.2 90.0 89.8 84.7 90.0 86.7 87.4
477 90.0 89.7 83.0 90.0 89.6 82.3 90.0 85.2 86.2
478 90.0 89.4 80.1 90.0 89.1 79.2 90.0 83.2 84.6
479 90.0 88.9 76.4 90.0 88.2 75.1 90.0 80.7 82.5
480 90.0 87.8 71.8 90.0 86.5 70.1 90.0 77.5 80.0
481 90.0 86.0 66.3 90.0 83.6 64.0 90.0 73.8 77.0
482 90.0 83.2 60.0 90.0 79.2 57.1 90.0 69.4 73.6
483 90.0 79.2 53.0 90.0 72.7 49.5 89.9 64.7 69.7
484 89.8 73.8 45.7 89.9 64.0 41.5 89.7 59.7 65.7
485 89.0 67.1 38.4 89.8 53.4 33.5 88.9 54.7 61.7
486 87.0 59.7 31.5 89.3 41.5 25.9 86.6 50.0 58.0
487 82.9 52.3 25.6 88.4 29.6 19.4 81.9 45.9 54.7
488 76.7 45.9 20.9 87.0 19.4 14.3 74.8 42.7 52.2
489 70.6 41.5 18.0 85.6 12.5 11.1 67.9 40.7 50.6
490 68.0 40.0 17.0 85.0 10.0 10.0 65.0 40.0 50.0
491 70.6 41.5 18.0 85.6 12.5 11.1 67.9 40.7 50.6
492 76.7 45.9 20.9 87.0 19.4 14.3 74.8 42.7 52.2
493 82.9 52.3 25.6 88.4 29.6 19.4 81.9 45.9 54.7
494 87.0 59.7 31.5 89.3 41.5 25.9 86.6 50.0 58.0
495 89.0 67.1 38.4 89.8 53.4 33.5 88.9 54.7 61.7
496 89.8 73.8 45.7 89.9 64.0 41.5 89.7 59.7 65.7
497 90.0 79.2 53.0 90.0 72.7 49.5 89.9 64.7 69.7
498 90.0 83.2 60.0 90.0 79.2 57.1 90.0 69.4 73.6
499 90.0 86.0 66.3 90.0 83.6 64.0 90.0 73.8 77.0
500 90.0 87.8 71.8 90.0 86.5 70.1 90.0 77.5 80.0
501 90.0 88.9 76.4 90.0 88.2 75.1 90.0 80.7 82.5
502 90.0 89.4 80.1 90.0 89.1 79.2 90.0 83.2 84.6
503 90.0 89.7 83.0 90.0 89.6 82.3 90.0 85.2 86.2
504 90.0 89.9 85.2 90.0 89.8 84.7 90.0 86.7 87.4
505 90.0 90.0 86.8 90.0 89.9 86.5 90.0 87.8 88.2
506 90.0 90.0 87.9 90.0 90.0 87.7 90.0 88.6 88.9
507 90.0 90.0 88.7 90.0 90.0 88.6 90.0 89.1 89.3
508 90.0 90.0 89.2 90.0 90.0 89.1 90.0 89.4 89.6
509 90.0 90.0 89.5 90.0 90.0 89.5 90.0 89.7 89.7
510 90.0 90.0 89.7 90.0 90.0 89.7 90.0 89.8 89.8
511 90.0 90.0 89.8 90.0 90.0 89.8 90.0 89.9 89.9
512 90.0 90.0 89.9 90.0 90.0 89.9 90.0 89.9 90.0
513 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 89.9 90.0 90.0 90.0
Transmission averages are simple averages which do NOT take into
account the sensitivity of the eye to weighting (luminous transmission)
at 430 nm More blockage at 490 nm
Scenario 10 11 12 13 14 15
Average 84.6 83.5 82.5 84.6 83.5 82.5
Peak1 Scale 50 60 70 25 20 10
Peak2 Scale 25 20 10 50 60 70
St. Deviation1 2 4 6 2 4 6
St. Devation2 2 4 6 2 4 6
Wavelength T (%) T (%) T (%) T (%) T (%) T (%)
380 0 0 0 0 0 0
381 0 0 0 0 0 0
383 0 0 0 .0 0 0
384 0 0 0 0 0 0
385 0 0 0 0 0 0
386 0 0 0 0 0 0
387 0 0 0 0 0 0
388 0 0 0 0 0 0
389 0 0 0 0 0 0
390 0 0 0 0 0 0
391 0 0 0 0 0 0
392 0 0 0 0 0 0
393 0 0 0 0 0 0
394 0 0 0 0 0 0
395 0 0 0 0 0 0
396 0 0 0 0 0 0
397 0 0 0 0 0 0
398 0 0 0 0 0 0
399 0 0 0 0 0 0
400 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0
401 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0
402 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0
403 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0
404 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0
405 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0
406 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0
407 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0
408 90.0 90.0 89.9 90.0 90.0 90.0
409 90.0 90.0 89.8 90.0 90.0 90.0
410 90.0 90.0 89.7 90.0 90.0 90.0
411 90.0 90.0 89.5 90.0 90.0 89.9
412 90.0 90.0 89.2 90.0 90.0 89.9
413 90.0 90.0 88.7 90.0 90.0 89.8
414 90.0 90.0 88.0 90.0 90.0 89.7
415 90.0 89.9 86.9 90.0 90.0 89.6
416 90.0 89.9 85.4 90.0 90.0 89.3
417 90.0 89.7 83.3 90.0 89.9 89.0
418 90.0 89.3 80.5 90.0 89.8 88.6
419 90.0 88.6 77.0 90.0 89.5 88.1
420 90.0 87.4 72.5 90.0 89.1 87.5
421 90.0 85.2 67.3 90.0 88.4 86.8
422 90.0 81.9 61.2 90.0 87.3 85.9
423 89.9 77.0 54.6 89.9 85.7 84.9
424 89.4 70.5 47.5 89.7 83.5 83.9
425 87.8 62.5 40.5 88.9 80.8 82.9
426 83.2 53.6 33.9 86.6 77.9 82.0
427 73.8 44.7 28.2 81.9 74.9 81.2
428 59.7 37.1 23.8 74.8 72.4 80.5
429 45.9 31.8 21.0 67.9 70.6 80.1
430 40.0 30.0 20.0 65.0 70.0 80.0
431 45.9 31.8 21.0 67.9 70.6 80.1
432 59.7 37.1 23.8 74.8 72.4 80.5
433 73.8 44.7 28.2 81.9 74.9 81.2
434 83.2 53.6 33.9 86.6 77.9 82.0
435 87.8 62.5 40.5 88.9 80.8 82.9
436 89.4 70.5 47.5 89.7 83.5 83.9
437 89.9 77.0 54.6 89.9 85.7 84.9
438 90.0 81.9 61.2 90.0 87.3 85.9
439 90.0 85.2 67.3 90.0 88.4 86.8
440 90.0 87.4 72.5 90.0 89.1 87.5
441 90.0 88.6 77.0 90.0 89.5 88.1
442 90.0 89.3 80.5 90.0 89.8 88.6
443 90.0 89.7 83.3 90.0 89.9 89.0
444 90.0 89.9 85.4 90.0 90.0 89.3
445 90.0 89.9 86.9 90.0 90.0 89.6
446 90.0 90.0 88.0 90.0 90.0 89.7
447 90.0 90.0 88.7 90.0 90.0 89.8
448 90.0 90.0 89.2 90.0 90.0 89.9
449 90.0 90.0 89.5 90.0 90.0 89.9
450 90.0 90.0 89.7 90.0 90.0 90.0
451 90.0 90.0 89.8 90.0 90.0 90.0
452 90.0 90.0 89.9 90.0 90.0 90.0
453 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0
454 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0
455 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0
456 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0
457 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0
458 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0
459 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0
460 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0
461 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0
462 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0
463 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0
464 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0
465 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0
466 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0
467 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0
468 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0
469 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0
470 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 89.7
471 90.0 90.0 89.9 90.0 90.0 89.5
472 90.0 90.0 89.9 90.0 90.0 89.2
473 90.0 90.0 89.8 90.0 90.0 88.7
474 90.0 90.0 89.7 90.0 90.0 88.0
475 90.0 90.0 89.6 90.0 89.9 86.9
476 90.0 90.0 89.3 90.0 89.9 85.4
477 90.0 89.9 89.0 90.0 89.7 83.3
478 90.0 89.8 88.6 90.0 89.3 80.5
479 90.0 89.5 88.1 90.0 88.6 77.0
480 90.0 89.1 87.5 90.0 87.4 72.5
481 90.0 88.4 86.8 90.0 85.2 67.3
482 90.0 87.3 85.9 90.0 81.9 61.2
483 89.9 85.7 84.9 89.9 77.0 54.6
484 89.7 83.5 83.9 89.4 70.5 47.5
485 88.9 80.8 82.9 87.8 62.5 40.5
486 86.6 77.9 82.0 83.2 53.6 33.9
487 81.9 74.9 81.2 73.8 44.7 28.2
488 74.8 72.4 80.5 59.7 37.1 23.8
489 67.9 70.6 80.1 45.9 31.8 21.0
490 65.0 70.0 80.0 40.0 30.0 20.0
491 67.9 70.6 80.1 45.9 31.8 21.0
492 74.8 72.4 80.5 59.7 37.1 23.8
493 81.9 74.9 81.2 73.8 44.7 28.2
494 86.6 77.9 82.0 83.2 53.6 33.9
495 88.9 80.8 82.9 87.8 62.5 40.5
496 89.7 83.5 83.9 89.4 70.5 47.5
497 89.9 85.7 84.9 89.9 77.0 54.6
498 90.0 87.3 85.9 90.0 81.9 61.2
499 90.0 88.4 86.8 90.0 85.2 67.3
500 90.0 89.1 87.5 90.0 87.4 72.5
501 90.0 89.5 88.1 90.0 88.6 77.0
502 90.0 89.8 88.6 90.0 89.3 80.5
503 90.0 89.9 89.0 90.0 89.7 83.3
504 90.0 90.0 89.3 90.0 89.9 85.4
505 90.0 90.0 89.6 90.0 89.9 86.9
506 90.0 90.0 89.7 90.0 90.0 88.0
507 90.0 90.0 89.8 90.0 90.0 88.7
508 90.0 90.0 89.9 90.0 90.0 89.2
509 90.0 90.0 89.9 90.0 90.0 89.5
510 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 89.7
511 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 89.8
512 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 89.9
513 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 90.0
Thus, in a further embodiment of the invention, an ophthalmic lens may include a dye that causes the lens to selectively inhibit transmission of visible light in at least two different ranges of wavelengths selected from the range of 450±50 nm. The transmission spectrum would demonstrate two distinct valleys with a region of higher transmission between the two valleys. For example see FIG. 48A-O. More preferably, the dye would selectively inhibit transmission of visible light having a wavelength of X1±15 nm and light having a wavelength of X2±15 nm, where X1 is a wavelength in the range of 415-485 nm and X2 is a wavelength different from X1 and in the range of 415-485 nm. More preferably, the dye would cause the lens to block at least 5% or preferably 10%, or more preferably 20%, or more preferably 30%, or most preferably 40% of light within the specified wavelengths.
It is a further embodiment of the invention to use a film or more than one film in an ophthalmic or non-ophthalmic system may selectively inhibit at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, and/or at least 60% of light between about 400 nm to about 500 nm or less than 500 nm.
The invention can be enabled by various means. By way of example only the film or films could be: one or more AR coatings, more than one primer coat, more than one hard coat or scratch resistant coating, one or more hydrophobic coating(s), a cosmetic or visibility tinted contact lens (one or more colors) with either solid color or colors across the entire lens or less than the entire lens, zones of color or colors in a contact lens, or a ring or rings of color in a contact lens.
Other components of the film or films could include carotenoids, either in a natural or synthetic or derivative state. By way of example only, lutein and zeaxanthin are carotenoids and are organic pigments that occur naturally in plants. They are exclusively derived from nutritional origin and are not synthesized in the body. Lutein and zeaxanthin selectively accumulate in ocular tissues, including the lens and the macula. The macular pigment provides a protective role in inhibiting damaging wavelengths within the blue light visible spectrum. The macular pigment contains higher concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin than any other structure in the human body.
Furthermore, synthetic or non-synthetic antioxidants or derivatives can also enable the invention. By way of example only: trans-resveratrol, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), vitamins A, C, D, and E, and omega-3 fatty acids could be incorporated into the film or films. Zinc could also be incorporated into the film.
Another embodiment could include dyes, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,556,376 assigned to High Performance Optics in more than one film.
Applications for the film or films are wide reaching. Virtually any device or system that transmits light or light passes through filtered or unfiltered before reaching the eye or retina can be enabled with the invention. By way of example only: all ophthalmic devices in all materials are included such as ophthalmic prescription and non-prescription eyeglasses and sunglasses, contact lenses, IOL's, corneal implants, corneal inlays, corneal onlays, electro-active devices, photochromic glasses, all types of contact lenses, and composites.
Other applications could include by way of example only: any type of windows, automotive windshields, aircraft windows, camera flash bulbs and lenses, any type of artificial lighting fixture (either the fixture or the filament or both), fluorescent lighting or any type of diffuser, medical instruments, surgical instruments, rifle scopes, binoculars, computer monitors, televisions screens, lighted signs or any other item or system whereby light is emitted or is transmitted or passes through filtered or unfiltered.
The film or films can be made of any material or materials known in the art. U.S. Pat. No. 7,556,376 (assigned to High Performance Optics) describes various film types. Photopic luminous transmission and phototoxicity measurements are described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,556,376 assigned to High Performance Optics.
It is now well known that both UV and blue light are implicated in eye and skin disease. Blue light is implicated in retina disease, primarily macular degeneration. In the eye varying the concentration of blue light blocking dye in about the 400-460 nm range has a direct correlation with the level of retina protection. A sunglass would provide the greatest protection. For example, the Waterman's sunglass lens, U.S. Pat. No. 7,029,118 by Ishak exhibits 0.34% average blue light transmission. In designing a mostly clear ophthalmic (non-sunglass lens) lens with 80% or greater light transmission across the visible spectrum, select blue light wavelengths are targeted to maximize retinal protection and provide acceptable lens cosmetics.
Laboratory evidence by Sparrow at Columbia University has shown that that if about 50% of the blue light within the wavelength range of 430±30 nm range is blocked, RPE cell death caused by the blue light exposure may be reduced by up to 80%. This level of blocking would require a level of dye concentration that would not be acceptable in an ophthalmic eyeglass lens, especially with regard to night driving, color vision, lens cosmetics, and possibly circadian rhythms.
The UV/visible light, excitation, and emission spectra of A2E in methanol are shown in FIG. 50. The absorbance spectrum 5010 has a major peak at 435 nm and the excitation spectrum, monitored at 600 nm emission, had a maximum at 418 nm 5020.
Further laboratory evidence by Sparrow at Columbia University for High Performance Optics has shown that concentrations of blue light filtering dyes with levels as low as 1.0 ppm and 1.9 ppm can provide retinal benefit in a mostly colorless system, “Light Filtering in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cell Culture Model” Optometry and Vision Science 88; 6 (2011): 1-7, is referenced in its entirety. As shown in FIGS. 51 and 52 in this report it is possible to vary the concentration of the filter system to a level of 1.0 ppm or greater to a level of about 35 ppm as exampled with perylene dye. Any concentration level between about 1.0 ppm or greater to about 35 ppm can enable the invention. Other dyes that exhibit similar blue light blocking function could also be used with similar variable dye concentration levels.
FIG. 51 shows cell viability in irradiated (430 nm) cultures of ARPE-19 cells that had accumulated A2E. Filters containing variable levels of dye (approximately 1.0 ppm, 1.9 ppm, 3.8 ppm, 7.5 ppm, 15 ppm, and 35 ppm) or no dye (PC) were placed in the light path. Viability was quantified by MTT assay and the bar height is indicate of MTT absorbance and reflects viability. The mean is ±SEM of 5 experiments.
FIG. 52 shows quantification of viable RPE cells after A2E accumulation and blue light illumination (430 nm), with and without a blue-light absorbing filter placed in the light path. Filter contained variable levels of dye (approximately 1.0 ppm, 1.9 ppm, 3.8 ppm, 7.5 ppm, 15 ppm, and 35 ppm) or no dye (PC). The percent of viable cells was determined by labeling all nuclei with DAPI and the nuclei of nonviable cells with a membrane-impermeable dye. The data were normalized to values determined in the absence of a filter and are presented as percent viable cells. In FIG. 52 p<0.001 as compared to A2E, 430 nm and the mean is ±SEM of 3 experiments.
In some cases it may be particularly desirable reduce the action spectrum of A3E, which has been shown by Sparrow, “The Lipofuscin Fluorophore A2E Mediates Blue Light-Induced Damage to Retinal Pigmented Epithelial Cells,” Optometry and Vision Science 41; 7 (2000): 1981-89, to have a major peak in the absorbance spectrum at 435 nm, FIG. 50.
It is another embodiment of this invention to inhibit visible light between 435±20 nm in an ophthalmic lens such as a contact, intraocular lens or spectacle lens. Other ophthalmic lenses, for example those discussed previously, may also be utilized. It is another embodiment of this invention to inhibit visible light between 435±20 nm in a non-ophthalmic system.
Many dyes, synthetic or non-synthetic and/or any derivative(s) or combination of such can enable the embodiments of the invention whereby the absorption curve design yields on or more peaks within about the 400-460 nm range with 80% or greater visible light transmission. In other embodiments the wavelength range is about 400-500 nm. In other embodiments the wavelength range is about 400-475 nm. By way of example, the following filters, dyes, or antioxidants could be used to enable the invention: perylene; magnesium tetraphenyl porphyrin, coumarin 6, coumarin 30, yellow orange, acridyne acridyne, lutein, zeaxanthin, and melanin. Many filter(s), dye(s), or any anti-oxidant(s) can be included in one or more combinations to enable the invention. One of skill in the art, with the guidance provided herein, can select appropriate materials and incorporate them into an ophthalmic or non-ophthalmic structure in an appropriate amount.
For example, in FIG. 53 perylene and magnesium tetraphenyl porphyrin (MgTPP) are shown with varying concentration levels. Any modification of the concentration level is possible as long as light transmission of 80% or greater across the visible light transmission is achieved. In a photochromic system this would be in an unactivated (indoor) state.
In other embodiments of the invention, targeted wavelengths could be chosen to promote the integrity of the RPE and/or the macular pigment. With regard to the RPE, one or more than one lipofuscin chromophores can be targeted.
An ophthalmic system by way of example can include: a sunglass lens, eyeglass lens, photochromic lens, any type of a contact lens with and without visibility tinting and/or cosmetic tinting, intra-ocular lens, corneal onlay, corneal inlay, and electroactive lenses.
Any type of chemical hook or hooks or other method or methods or combination of methods to reduce or eliminate dye leaching in any system can be added to embodiments of the invention.
Other embodiments of the invention could include yellowness index levels such as ASTM E313-05. Preferably the selective filter has a yellowness index level that is no more than 50, 40, 35, 30, 25, 23, 20, 15, 10, 9, 7, or 5.
The invention can be enabled by any means known in the ophthalmic industry. By way of example only one or more AR coats, one or more films, one or more hard coats, one or more primer coats, one or more hydrophobic coats or any combination of coatings, films, or dyes can enable the invention.
Other embodiments of the invention include dermatologic application. By way of example only, the selective blue light filter can be included in: any skin or hair product, suntan and sunscreen products, lip stick, lip balm, anti-ageing products, oils, or acne products.
In other embodiments, non-ophthalmic systems can be enabled by the invention. Any non-ophthalmic system whereby, light transmits through or from the non-ophthalmic system can be enabled by the invention. By way of example only, a non-ophthalmic system could include: automobile windows and windshields, aircraft windows and windshields, any type of window, computer monitors, televisions, medical instruments, diagnostic instruments, lighting products, fluorescent lighting, or any type of lighting product or light diffuser.
Any amount of light that reaches the retina can be filtered by embodiments of the invention and can be included in any type of system: ophthalmic, non-ophthalmic, dermatological, or industrial.
Other embodiments of the invention include a wide variation in how the selective filter can be added to any system in varying concentrations and/or zones and/or rings. For example, in an eyeglass lens the select filter does not necessarily need to be uniform throughout the entire system or in any fixed concentration. An ophthalmic lens could have one or more zones and/or rings of varying filter concentration or any combination of such.
In other embodiments the filter can be uniform or mostly uniform throughout the system.
In other embodiments, one or more layers of the filter can be used to enable the invention.
One concern for dyes which selectively filter light in the blue region of the visible light spectrum is that this absorption may affect the color of the light in transmission. Anytime that some wavelengths are filtered relative to others, there will be a difference in the spectrum of light which enters the eye after passing through the lens (filter). Depending on the magnitude of the changes at specific wavelengths, this filtering may cause imperceptible or perceptible changes in color. While each individual's eyes are unique, the effects to an average observer can be estimated by using mathematical models which account the color perception for typical human observers.
Spectral transmission data measured using the Ocean Optics USB 200 spectrometer from 380-780 nm at 1 nm increments for perylene- and MgTMP•dyed lenses. The spectrometer software automatically calculated the average transmission, Tavg, the luminous transmission, Tv, and the color parameters L*, a*, b*, hue angle, and chroma. The transmission at 430 nm (T430), the average transmission over the range 415-430 nm (T415-430), and the yellowness index (YI) were calculated using an excel spreadsheet.
The lenses measured were demo lenses created in Fall 2010 with the following characteristics:
Perylene-dyed ODC Lens Material Semi-Finished Blanks Surfaced to 2.1 mm and backcoated (2 ppm, 3 ppm, and 4 ppm dye)
MgTMP-dyed polycarbonate molded/coated samples from NoIR at dye levels of 1.8 and 3.7 ppm.
The yellowness index was calculated using the transmission data, equation 1, and the coefficients in ASTM E313-05 see Table IX below. Yellowness index was calculated assuming a CIE-D65 light source with 1931 (2° viewing angle) standard illuminant factors.
YI=100(CXX−CZZ)/Y (1)
where X, Y, and Z are the CIE Tristimulus values and the coefficients depend on the illuminant and observer as indicated in Table IX below from the ASTM E313-05 standard. The 1964 D65 standard illuminant factors are for a 10° viewing angle. Table IX shows the coefficients of the equations for the yellowness index.
CIE Standard Illuminant and Standard Observer
Quantity C, 1931 D65, 1931 C, 1964 D65, 1964
Xn 98.074 95.047 97.285 94.811
Yn 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000
Zn 118.232 108.883 116.145 107.304
FA 0.7987 0.8105 0.7987 0.8103
FB 0.2013 0.1895 0.2013 0.1897
Cx 1.2769 1.2985 1.2871 1.3013
Cz 1.0592 1.1335 1.0781 1.1498
Residual error −0.0006 −0.0004 −0.0004 −0.0006
The summary of the measured and calculated data is shown in Tables X and XI below. The yellowness index was only calculated for a few of the samples. FIG. 54 shows the transmission spectra for representative lenses at each dye level.
T415- (E313-
Description Tavg Tv T430 430 L a* b* Hue (•) Chroma 05)
Air 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.01 0.01 0.01 68.4 0.0
c-1 87.5% 91.0% 89.6% 89.0% 96.42 −0.41 0.70 120.6 0.8 0.8
c-2 87.8% 91.1% 90.1% 89.8% 96.45 −0.29 0.48 121.0 0.6
2ppm1 87.7% 91.1% 86.2% 85.4% 96.44 −1.01 2.06 116.1 2.3 2.8
2ppm2 87.1% 91.0% 85.4% 84.3% 96.40 −1.20 2.40 116.6 2.7 3.2
2ppm3 87.7% 91.2% 86.2% 85.2% 96.47 −1.08 2.14 116.9 2.4
2ppm4 87.6% 91.1% 86.1% 84.9% 96.43 −1.10 2.18 116.8 2.4
2ppm5 87.2% 91.2% 85.4% 84.5% 96.45 −1.20 2.33 117.1 2.6
2ppm6 87.4% 91.2% 86.1% 84.9% 96.44 −1.10 2.21 116.5 2.5
2ppm7 87.6% 91.3% 86.1% 85.1% 96.49 −1.08 2.22 115.9 2.5
2ppm8 87.4% 91.1% 85.8% 84.8% 96.43 −1.14 2.27 116.7 2.5
3ppm1 86.7% 91.1% 82.9% 81.5% 96.39 −1.65 3.39 116.0 3.8 4.5
3ppm2 86.8% 91.0% 83.2% 81.7% 96.36 −1.60 3.32 115.7 3.7 4.5
3ppm3 87.0% 91.1% 83.6% 81.9% 96.42 −1.64 3.29 116.4 3.7
3ppm4 86.9% 91.1% 83.4% 82.0% 96.39 −1.60 3.24 116.3 3.6
3ppm5 86.6% 91.0% 82.6% 80.9% 96.36 −1.78 3.57 116.5 4.0
3ppm6 86.5% 91.1% 82.5% 80.8% 96.37 −1.81 3.62 116.6 4.1
3ppm7 86.5% 91.0% 82.5% 80.9% 96.35 −1.77 3.58 116.3 4.0
3ppm8 87.1% 91.1% 84.0% 82.5% 96.39 −1.51 3.10 116.0 3.4
4ppm1 85.8% 90.9% 78.9% 76.7% 96.28 −2.47 5.04 116.1 5.6 6.7
4ppm2 86.7% 91.1% 81.4% 79.5% 96.35 −2.00 4.17 115.7 4.6 5.7
4ppm3 86.6% 91.1% 80.9% 79.1% 96.38 −2.07 4.24 116.0 4.7
4ppm4 86.5% 91.0% 81.0% 79.0% 96.35 −2.09 4.30 115.9 4.8
4ppm5 86.7% 91.2% 81.6% 79.8% 96.44 −1.97 4.03 116.0 4.5
4ppm6 86.7% 91.1% 81.6% 79.7% 96.38 −1.96 4.07 115.7 4.5
4ppm7 86.6% 91.1% 81.5% 79.6% 96.38 −1.99 4.08 116.0 4.5
4ppm8 86.4% 91.0% 80.8% 78.9% 96.33 −2.08 4.30 115.8 4.8
Description Tavg Tv T430 430 L a* b* Hue Chroma 05)
air 100.0% 100.1% 100.0% 100.0% 100.03 −0.01 0.01 145.9 0
Poly Control 1 88.8% 91.6% 89.9% 89.9% 96.63 −0.18 0.68 105.3 0.7 0.9
Poly Control 2 88.9% 91.6% 89.9% 90.2% 96.67 −0.18 0.59 107.5 0.6
Mg2-1 (1.8 ppm) 87.3% 90.8% 71.9% 78.2% 96.27 −1.4 3.53 111.6 3.8 5.1
Mg2-2 86.9% 90.5% 70.6% 77.4% 96.16 −1.45 3.69 111.5 4.0 5.3
Mg2-3 87.1% 90.7% 73.6% 77.9% 96.23 −1.4 3.47 112 3.7
Mg2-4 87.0% 90.7% 72.3% 77.9% 96.2 −1.41 3.52 111.8 3.8
Mg2-5 87.1% 90.8% 72.9% 77.3% 96.25 −1.47 3.62 112.1 3.9
Mg2-6 87.1% 90.7% 72.4% 77.6% 96.24 −1.39 3.55 111.4 3.8
Mg2-7 87.0% 90.7% 74.5% 77.6% 96.23 −1.38 3.52 111.5 3.8
Mg2-8 87.1% 90.7% 73.6% 77.7% 96.24 −1.43 3.54 111.9 3.8
Mg1-1 (3.7 ppm) 85.6% 89.9% 62.1% 69.9% 95.85 −2.16 5.52 111.4 5.9 7.8
Mg1-2 85.8% 90.0% 61.9% 70.8% 95.9 −2.06 5.32 111.2 5.7 7.5
Mg1-3 85.4% 89.8% 60.6% 68.3% 95.81 −2.29 5.87 111.3 6.3
Mg1-4 85.5% 89.9% 60.5% 69.1% 95.85 −2.24 5.66 111.6 6.1
Mg1-5 85.2% 89.7% 59.2% 67.9% 95.79 −2.35 5.95 111.5 6.4
Mg1-6 85.5% 89.9% 60.6% 68.8% 95.87 −2.25 5.74 111.4 6.2
Mg1-7 85.2% 89.7% 60.9% 67.6% 95.78 −2.34 5.96 111.4 6.4
Mg1-8 85.8% 90.0% 62.0% 69.1% 95.9 −2.24 5.58 111.9 6.0
The MgTMP shows a single absorption peak at slightly lower wavelength than the perylene. The average and luminous transmission changes only slightly with different dyes and dye levels since the absorption occurs over a narrow region of blue wavelengths where the eye is not particularly sensitive. More significant differences are observed for the transmission at 430 nm and from 415-430 nm due to the absorption characteristics of the dyes. The hue angle, which corresponds to the color perceived in transmission, is similar for all cases. The chroma, which is the intensity of this color, increases with higher dye levels as does the yellowness index. This tradeoff of color intensity and yellowness versus transmission is expected.
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