Source: http://www.google.com/patents/US20030088290?dq=7,682,496
Timestamp: 2015-07-31 03:47:30
Document Index: 742230967

Matched Legal Cases: ['art 204', 'art 204', 'art 204', 'art 204', 'art 204', 'art 500', 'art 500', 'art 500', 'art 700', 'art 900']

Patent US20030088290 - Centralized management system for programmable medical devices - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsA centralized management system for medical devices includes a network, a central server coupled to the network, and a medical device programmer coupled to the network. The central server includes at least one prescription system for prescribing at least one programmable parameter of a medical device...http://www.google.com/patents/US20030088290?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US20030088290 - Centralized management system for programmable medical devicesAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS20030088290 A1Publication typeApplicationApplication numberUS 10/008,354Publication dateMay 8, 2003Filing dateNov 7, 2001Priority dateNov 7, 2001Also published asUS7383088, US8755897, US20080077031Publication number008354, 10008354, US 2003/0088290 A1, US 2003/088290 A1, US 20030088290 A1, US 20030088290A1, US 2003088290 A1, US 2003088290A1, US-A1-20030088290, US-A1-2003088290, US2003/0088290A1, US2003/088290A1, US20030088290 A1, US20030088290A1, US2003088290 A1, US2003088290A1InventorsJulio Spinelli, Qingsheng ZhuOriginal AssigneeSpinelli Julio C., Qingsheng ZhuExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (5), Referenced by (42), Classifications (15), Legal Events (2) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetCentralized management system for programmable medical devices
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0015]FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a centralized management system for implantable medical devices that have at least one parameter that is programmable based upon at least one characteristic of a patient, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention; [0016]FIG. 2 is a block diagram including one implantable medical device from FIG. 1; [0017]FIG. 3 is a block diagram including one medical device programmer from FIG. 1; [0018]FIG. 4 is a block diagram including the central server from FIG. 1; [0019]FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating prescription system selection logic of the centralized management system of FIG. 1, which allows a user to select a customized prescription system defined by that user, or to select one of a plurality of expert prescription systems; [0020]FIG. 6 is a block diagram representing a custom prescription system defined by a user for determining a set of parameters for use in programming an implantable medical device; [0021]FIG. 7 is a flow chart illustrating exemplary logic for programming an implantable medical device using the custom prescription system of FIG. 6; [0022]FIG. 8 is a block diagram representing an expert prescription system defined by an expert for determining a set of parameters for use in programming an implantable medical device; and [0023]FIG. 9 is a flow chart illustrating exemplary logic for programming an implantable medical device using the expert prescription system of FIG. 8. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0024] In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof, and in which is shown by way of illustration specific embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. In the drawings, like numerals refer to like components throughout the views. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention, and it is to be understood that the embodiments may be combined, or that other embodiments may be utilized and that structural, logical and electrical changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The following description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents. [0025] Referring to FIG. 1, a centralized management system 100 for implantable medical devices is shown, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. System 100 includes a network 102, a central server 104 coupled to network 102, one or more medical device programmers 106 coupled to network 102, and one or more expert clients 108 also coupled to network 102. In system 100, each medical device programmer 106 and each expert client 108 is capable of communicating with central server 104 via network 102. In another embodiment of the invention, system 100 does not include any of the expert clients. [0026] In one embodiment, network 102 is a wide area network (WAN) that allows for bidirectional communications to occur over a wide geographic area. For example, network 102 may include point-to-point unswitched private communication lines such as T1 or T3 lines, or switched lines like those of the public switched telephone network (PSTN), ISDN lines, etc. For another example, network 102 includes the Internet. Using a WAN eliminates or reduces any geographic restrictions placed on the locations of central server 104, medical device programmer(s) 106, and expert client(s) 108, and any two of these components can be physically located close to one another, far from one another, or any distance in between. In various embodiments, the communications between central server 104, programmer(s) 106 and expert client(s) 108 takes place over an electrical, optical, radio-frequency (RF), or wireless communication medium, or a combination of such communication mediums. [0027] In another embodiment, network 102 is a local area network (LAN) that allows for communications to occur over a local geographic area, such as within a building or complex. For example, network 102 may include an Ethernet or token ring network in a hospital or hospital complex. In yet another embodiment, network 102 is a metropolitan area network (MAN) generally covering a metropolitan geographic area such as a city, town or county. [0028] Central server 104 hosts at least one prescription system for prescribing at least one programmable parameter of a medical device based on at least one characteristic of a patient. The at least one patient characteristic is received by central server 104 from any of the medical device programmers 106 via network 102, and the at least one prescribed programmable parameter is then transmitted back to that programmer via network 102 for use in programming a medical device that will provide therapy for the patient. Thus, by executing a prescription system, central server 104 is capable of prescribing one or more programmable parameters for a medical device based upon at least one characteristic of a patient. In one embodiment, central server 104 includes a computer system and software that are dedicated to hosting the at least one prescription system. In another embodiment, central server 104 includes software that executes on a computer system that runs other applications. Central server 104 may thus include a combination of hardware and software, or software only. Central server 104, and its operation in system 100, is described further below. [0029] Each medical device programmer 106 communicates at least one characteristic of a patient to central server 104 via network 102, and receives at least one prescribed programmable parameter of a medical device from central server 104 via network 102. Each medical device programmer 106 receives the at least one characteristic from any or all of a number of different sources (described below), and uses the at least one prescribed parameter to program an implantable medical device 110 coupled to the programmer 106. Each medical device programmer 106, and its operation in system 100, is described further below. [0030] As illustrated in FIG. 1, each medical device programmer 106 allows a medical practitioner (e.g., a physician, nurse, technician, etc.) to program an implantable medical device 110. In one embodiment, each implantable medical device 110 is a cardiac rhythm management (CRM) implantable device such as a pacer, a cardioverter or defibrillator, a pacer/defibrillator, or another type of CRM implantable device such as a drug delivery or another type of implantable medical device used to diagnose or treat cardiac arrhythmias. [0031] In another embodiment, any or all of medical device programmers 106 is coupled to, and is capable of programming, another type of implantable medical device that is programmed according to the individual characteristics of the patient, but is not used to diagnose or treat cardiac arrhythmias. For example, any or all of programmers 106 may be coupled to, and be capable of programming, an implantable drug delivery device that is not used for CRM purposes. In yet another embodiment, any or all of programmers 106 is coupled to, and is capable of programming, a non-implantable medical device that is programmed according to the individual characteristics of the patient. For example, any or all of programmers 106 may be coupled to, and be capable of programming, an external pacer that is disposed on the chest of a patient in order to deliver therapeutic pace pulses. [0032] In one embodiment, centralized management system 100 is capable of programming just one type of medical device. For example, system 100 could be capable of programming only a particular type of pacer. In another embodiment, system 100 can program more than one type of medical device. In this embodiment, any of multiple types of medical devices can be programmed using any of medical device programmers 106. For example, a practitioner equipped with a programmer 106 can use central server 104 to prescribe a first set of programming parameters to program a pacer for a first patient, and a second set of programming parameters to program a defibrillator (or another type of pacer) for a second patient. In one embodiment, programmer 106 identifies the type of medical device being programmed (e.g., from a user input), and transmits that information to the central server. [0033] Note that a CRM or non-CRM implantable medical device is programmable by an appropriate medical device programmer 106 regardless of whether or not that device has actually been implanted into the body of a patient. For example, an implantable pacer can be programmed before that pacer is implanted into the body of a patient, and can also be programmed when that pacer is outside the body (e.g., before being implanted). Thus, an “implantable” medical device refers to a medical device that is capable of being implanted into the body of a patient, regardless of whether or not that device is actually implanted. In the embodiment of FIG. 1, system 100 includes one or more expert clients 108. [0034] Each expert client 108 is used by an expert to define and/or update an expert prescription system that is hosted by central server 104, via network 102. Each expert prescription system is configured by the respective expert to prescribe one or more programmable parameters for a medical device (or different types of medical devices) based on at least one characteristic of a patient, in accordance with the expert's knowledge and skills. In one embodiment, each expert client 108 includes a workstation, personal computer or other computing device that is programmed to perform the functions described herein. In another embodiment, one or more expert clients 108 are hosted by the computer system that serves as central server 104. Each expert client 108, and its operation, is described further below. [0035] In another embodiment, system 100 does not include any expert clients 108. In such an embodiment, information representing each expert's knowledge and skills may be entered directly into central server 104 to define or update the prescription system of that expert. For example, an expert could develop an expert system offline, and that expert system could be loaded onto central server 104 using a magnetic or optical disc, or other medium for data exchange. Alternatively, if central server 104 does not include any expert prescription systems, information representing an expert's knowledge and skills would not be needed. [0036] Thus, FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment of a centralized management system 100 for implantable medical devices 110, which includes a network 102, a central server 104, one or more medical device programmers 106, and one or more expert clients 108. Central server 104 includes at least one prescription system for prescribing at least one programmable parameter of a medical device based on at least one characteristic of a patient. Each medical device programmer 106 is configured to transmit at least one characteristic of a patient to central server 104 via network 102, to receive at least one programmable parameter from central server 104 via network 102, and to program an implantable medical device 110 using the at least one programmable parameter. The components of centralized management system 100 are now described in further detail. While the following discussion often refers to devices 110 as being implantable medical devices, devices 110 can be any type of medical device that is programmable based on at least one characteristic of a patient. [0037] Referring to FIG. 2, a block diagram 200 shows an exemplary implantable medical device 110, in accordance with one embodiment of system 100. Implantable medical device 110 is configured to communicate with one of medical device programmers 106 via a communications link 202. In one embodiment, link 202 uses radio-frequency (RF) signals that can pass through the body of a patient when device 110 is implanted. In another embodiment, link 106 uses optical signals than can pass through the patient's body when device 110 is implanted. Thus, programmer 106 and implantable medical device 110 can communicate regardless of whether or not device 110 is implanted in a patient. These communications support monitoring, diagnostic and programming functions of device 110. [0038] In this embodiment, implantable medical device 110 is a pacer that is operatively coupled to a patient's heart 204 by a pacing lead 206. The components of implantable medical device 110 include, for example, an atrial sense amplifier 208, a ventricular sense amplifier 210, an atrial stimulating circuit 212, a ventricular stimulating circuit 214, a controller 216, a memory 218, and an input/output (I/O) interface 220. Device 110 may also include other components that are known to people of ordinary skill in the art, such as an accelerometer (not shown) for measuring patient activity. The components of implantable medical device 110 are housed within an implantable housing (indicated by the broken lined box in FIG. 1.) that is implanted in the patient's chest cavity (e.g., in the pectoral region). [0039] Atrial sense amplifier 208, ventricular sense amplifier 210, atrial stimulating circuit 212 and ventricular stimulating circuit 214 are operatively coupled to pacing lead 206 via a pair of conductors 222. Pacing lead 206 includes an atrial sensing electrode 224 and atrial stimulating electrode 226 adapted to be disposed in the right atrial chamber of heart 204, and a ventricular sensing electrode 228 and ventricular stimulating electrode 230 adapted to be disposed in the right ventricular chamber of heart 204. Sensed atrial and ventricular electrical signals generated by sensing electrodes 224 and 228 are applied to atrial and ventricular sense amplifiers 208 and 210, respectively. Atrial and ventricular stimulating signals generated by atrial and ventricular stimulating circuits 212 and 214 are applied to atrial and ventricular stimulating electrodes 226 and 230, respectively. Atrial sense amplifier 208, ventricular sense amplifier 210, atrial stimulating circuit 212, and ventricular stimulating circuit 214, are also each operatively coupled to controller 216. [0040] Controller 216 includes a micro-controller or microprocessor which is configured to execute a program stored in a read-only memory (ROM) portion of memory 218, and to read and write data to and from a random access memory (RAM) portion of memory 218. In one embodiment, memory 218 also includes an electrically-erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM) portion that is used by the micro-controller or microprocessor for storing and retrieving one or more programmable parameters for the medical device. By executing the program stored in memory 218, controller 216 is configured to process the atrial and ventricular electrical signals from atrial and ventricular sense amplifiers 208 and 210, and to provide control signals to atrial and ventricular stimulating circuits 212 and 214. In response, stimulating circuits 212 and 214 provide stimulating pulses to heart 204 via atrial and ventricular stimulating electrodes 226 and 230 at appropriate times. In other embodiments, controller 216 may include other types of control logic elements or circuitry. [0041] Implantable medical device 110 is capable of delivering therapy to the patient in a manner that depends on one or more parameters than can be programmed by the patient's physician or other medical practitioner using medical device programmer 106. For example, in one embodiment, device 110 is a pacer capable of delivering therapy to heart 204 that has one or more programmable parameters such as an atrioventricular (AV) delay, an LV offset, a target heart rate, whether or not to turn on rate smoothing, smoothing percentage for increasing rate, smoothing percentage for decreasing rate, etc. When any of these or other programmable parameters is downloaded to implantable medical device 110 from medical device programmer 106, controller 216 stores the received parameter value(s) in memory 218. Then, during operation of device 110, controller 216 reads the programmable parameters from memory 218, and uses those values to adjust the operations of device 110. [0042] The implantable medical device shown in FIG. 2 is a dual-chamber pacemaker, since pacemaking functions are provided to both atrial and ventricular chambers of the heart. In another embodiment, one or more of the implantable medical devices is another type of pacemaker, such as a single-chamber pacemaker that senses electrical signals and provides stimulating pulses to a single chamber of the heart. In another embodiment, one or more of the implantable medical devices is another type of CRM device, such as a defibrillator, a pacer/defibrillator, a drug delivery device or another implantable medical device used for diagnosing or treating cardiac arrhythmias. In another embodiment, one or more of the implantable medical devices is a non-CRM implantable medical device such as an implantable drug delivery device not used for CRM purposes. In yet another embodiment, any or all of the medical devices programmed by programmer(s) 106 is a non-implantable medical device that is programmed according to the individual characteristics of the patient. In each case, the medical device includes a memory such as memory 218 in which one or more programmable parameters downloaded from programmer 106 is stored for later use. [0043] Referring to FIG. 3, a block diagram 300 shows one of medical device programmers 106, in accordance with one embodiment of system 100. Programmer 106 is configured to communicate with one of implantable medical devices 110 via communications link 202. In one embodiment, programmer 106 is electrically coupled to a wand 302 that can be moved into close proximity with a patient 304 to allow RF, optical or a combination of RF and optical signals to pass between wand 302 and a medical device 110 implanted in the patient. Programmer 106 is also configured to communicate with central server 104 via network 102. [0044] In this embodiment, medical device programmer 106 includes a processor 306 and a memory 308 coupled to processor 306 via a communications bus 310. By executing a program stored in memory 308, processor 306 is configured to perform the functions described herein. Programmer 106 also includes an implantable device interface 312, a network interface 314, a user input device interface 316, and a user output device interface 318, each of which is coupled to processor 306 via bus 310. Implantable device interface 312 is coupled to wand 302 to allow processor 306 to communicate with medical device 110. Network interface 314 is coupled to network 102 to allow processor 306 to communicate with central server 104. User input device interface 316 is coupled to one or more user input devices 320 to allow processor 306 to receive inputs from a user (e.g., medical practitioner). User input devices 320 include, for example, one or more of a keyboard, a keypad, a mouse, a touchscreen, a microphone and voice-recognition circuit, a light pen, etc. User output device interface 318 is coupled to one or more user output devices 322 to allow processor 306 to provide outputs to the user. User output devices 322 include, for example, a display, a touchscreen, a printer, a strip-chart recorder, a speaker, etc. In FIG. 3, user input device(s) 320 and user output device(s) 322 are shown as part of programmer 106. Alternatively, any or all of the user input devices and user output devices may be external to programmer 106. [0045] Wand 302, and implantable device interface 312, allow programmer 106 to transmit one or more programmable parameters to implantable medical device 110. In addition, in one embodiment, wand 302 and interface 312 allow programmer 106 to receive signals from implantable medical device 110, such as signals representing one or more characteristics of the patient. For example, these signals could include, or be derived from, signals sensed by sensing electrodes 224 and 228 (FIG. 2), or by some other sensor implanted in the patient. [0046] User input device(s) 320 allow users (e.g., medical practitioners) to input data and/or control operations of programmer 106. For example, where programmer 106 can program more than one type of medical device, a user can actuate an input device 320 to generate an input signal specifying the type of medical device being programmed. For another example, where central server 104 hosts both expert and custom prescription systems, a user can actuate an input device 320 to select between the expert and custom prescription systems. For another example, where central server 104 hosts multiple expert prescription systems, a user can actuate an input device 320 to generate an input signal selecting one of the expert prescription systems. For yet another example, where a user can input one or more patient characteristics, the user can actuate an input device 320 to generate input signals representing at least one characteristic of patient 304. In each case, data representing the input signals is communicated by programmer 106 to central server 104 via network 102 for use by central server 104 in prescribing one or more parameters for the medical device being programmed. [0047] In one embodiment, programmer 106 also includes a patient monitoring system interface 324 that is also coupled to processor 306 via bus 310. Interface 324 is coupled to a patient monitoring system 326 to receive signals that represent at least one characteristic of patient 304. These signals are thus available to processor 306 via bus 310, and are communicated by processor 306 to central server 104 via network 102 for use by central server 104 in prescribing one or more parameters for the medical device being programmed. Patient monitoring system 326 can include, for example, a surface electrocardiograph (ECG) system having one or more sensing electrodes disposed on the patient's chest, or some other type of system for sensing or monitoring one or more characteristics of the patient 304. [0048] In one embodiment, programmer 106 includes an interface 328 to a patient records computer system 330 that is also coupled to processor 306 via bus 310. Patient records computer system 330 stores patient records, such as the medical record of patient 304. Thus, processor 306 may access the medical records of patient 304, and communicate data from this medical record to central server 104 via network 102 for use by central server 104 in prescribing one or more parameters for the medical device being programmed. This data may include, for example, general patient data such as gender, age, etc. of patient 304, or more specific patient data such as the results of a particular diagnostic test. Interface 328 may, for example, include a local area network interface 328 for accessing patient records computer system 330 over a local area network. By providing access to the patient's record, the amount of data that needs to be manually input by the medical practitioner may be decreased. In one embodiment, the medical practitioner enters information identifying the patient into programmer 106 which is used in retrieving the medical record for that patient. [0049] Thus, there are a number of ways by which programmer 106 can gather one or more characteristics of patient 304 for transmittal to central server 104. The ways include having a medical practitioner manually enter data using input device(s) 320, receiving data from implantable medical device 110, receiving data from patient monitoring system 326, and/or receiving data from patient records computer system 330. In any event, the one or more characteristics of patient 304 are communicated to central server 104 via network 102 for use in prescribing one or more parameters for programming the implantable medical device. [0050] In one embodiment, medical device programmer 106 is similar to the ZOOM™ programmer available from the Guidant Corporation of Minnesota, except for the following differences: the addition of interface 314 to central server 104; the (optional) addition of interface 324 to patient monitoring system 326; the (optional) addition of interface 328 to patient records computer system 330; and the configuration (e.g., programming) of medical device programmer 106 to perform the functions described in the present application. [0051] Referring to FIG. 4, a block diagram 400 shows central server 104, in accordance with one embodiment of system 100. Central server 104 is configured to communicate with any of medical device programmers 106 or expert clients 108 via network 102. Central server 104 is also configured to communicate with a system administration terminal 402. [0052] In this embodiment, central server 104 includes a processor 404 along with a memory 406, a network interface 408, and a terminal interface 410, each coupled to processor 404. By executing a program stored in memory 406, processor 404 is configured to perform the functions described herein. Network interface 408 is coupled to network 102 to allow processor 404 to communicate with any of programmers 106 or expert clients 108. Terminal interface 410 is coupled to terminal 402 to allow processor 404 to communicate with system administrator terminal 402. In one embodiment, processor 404 is coupled to the other components 406, 408 and 410 of central server 104 via a communications bus (not shown). [0053] Using network interface 408, processor 404 receives one or more characteristics of a patient from one of the medical device programmers 106 in centralized management system 100, and transmits at least one prescribed parameter back to that programmer 106 for use in programming an implantable medical device 110 coupled to that programmer 106. In various embodiments, network interface 408 is also involved in communicating other data between central server 104 and the programmer 106, such as signals input by a user to specify the type of medical device being programmed, to select whether to use an expert or custom prescription system, or to select which of multiple expert prescription systems to use. In one embodiment, using network interface 408, processor 404 also receives data from one or more expert clients 108 which is used for creating or updating one or more expert prescription systems stored in memory 406, in a manner that is further described below. [0054] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, central server 104 hosts a number of prescription systems, including a number of expert prescription systems 412. Each expert prescription system 412 comprises an object, including code and data, executed by processor 404 when that expert prescription system is selected. Each expert prescription system 412 is defined by an expert to prescribe at least one parameter of an implantable medical device based on at least one characteristic of a patient. For example, the expert prescription systems 412 shown in FIG. 4 were defined by an Expert A, an Expert B, and an Expert C. Although three expert prescription systems are shown, central server 104 may include fewer than or more than three expert prescription systems, each defined by an expert. As described below, a medical practitioner using a programmer 106 can select one expert prescription system 412 to use in prescribing a set of programmable parameters for the implantable medical device. By selecting such an expert prescription system, the medical practitioner is able to benefit from the knowledge and skills of the expert who defined that expert prescription system. [0055] In the embodiment of FIG. 4, each expert prescription system 412 is defined by a different expert. This embodiment accounts for the fact that the practice of medicine is not standard. In particular, Physician A may provide different advice than Physician B on the same facts, even though both physicians are experts, and the advice of each physician is sound. In one embodiment, information about the experts is stored by central server 104, and is downloaded from central server 104 to programmer 106 for presentation to the user to aid the user in selecting which expert to select. This information may include the expert's name and/or biographical information about the expert, such as information about the expert's education and/or experience. For example, a user could be presented with the choice of selecting between a first expert system that was defined by a Dr. Smith of the Mayo Clinic, or a second expert system that was defined by a Dr. Jones of the Boston Children's Hospital. [0056] In another embodiment, any or all of the expert prescription systems is defined by a group of experts. For example, the manufacturer of a particular implantable medical device could define an expert prescription system for that device that combines the knowledge and skills of a team of experts who were involved in the development of that device. For another example, a team of experts could be assigned the task of working together to define an expert prescription system for a particular medical device. In each case, a medical practitioner using system 100 could then benefit from the combined knowledge and skills of the experts. [0057] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, central server 104 also hosts a number of custom prescription systems 414. Each custom prescription system 414 comprises an object, including code and data, executed by processor 404 when that custom system is selected. Each custom prescription system 414 is defined by a user to prescribe at least one parameter of a medical device based on at least one characteristic of a patient. However, unlike expert prescription systems 412, each custom prescription system 414 can only be selected by the user who defined that system 414. For example, FIG. 4 shows two custom prescription systems 414 that were defined by a User A and a User B. In this case, User A can only access the custom prescription system defined by User A, and cannot access the custom prescription system defined by User B. Conversely, User B can only access the custom prescription system defined by User B, and cannot access the custom prescription system defined by User A. A User C cannot access the custom prescription system defined by either User A or User B. To provide this access control, each user is required to logon to system 100 using a login identification. The custom prescription aspects of system 100 are intended for medical practitioners who are familiar enough with implantable medical devices to create custom profiles for particular classes of patients for particular devices, but are not experts in the field who are in a position to give programming advice to other medical practitioners. [0058] As described above, each “user” may be a single medical practitioner. In another embodiment, each “user” may include a group of medical practitioners who are associated with each other. For example, a single “user” may include two physicians who work closely together, and who use centralized management system 100 to share programming data. In this embodiment, the association of the practitioners is used to insure the quality of the custom prescription system. Practitioners not part of the association, however, are not allowed to use the custom prescription system since that system was not created by an expert. [0059] Thus, in one embodiment, central server 104 includes or hosts a number of prescription systems, including one or more expert prescription systems and one or more custom prescription systems, that are selectable by a user to prescribe one or more programming parameters of a medical device based on at least one characteristic of a patient. The manner in which this selection occurs, in one embodiment, is illustrated in FIG. 5. [0060] Referring to FIG. 5, a flow chart 500 illustrates selection logic used by centralized management system 100 to allow a user of a medical device programmer 106 to select one of a plurality of prescription systems hosted by central server 104. At 502, a user logon to system 100 is performed. For example, a user may input his or her user name to programmer 106 using a user input device 320. For additional security, the user may also be requested to input a password. Programmer 106 communicates the user name and password to central server 104, which determines whether the user is authorized. If so, central server 104 sends a message to programmer 106 indicating that the logon was successful, and programmer 106 continues the selection logic. If not, central server 104 sends a message to programmer 106 indicating that the user is not authorized to use system 100. In one embodiment, system 100 presents a message on a user output device 322 to invite the unauthorized user to contact the system administrator to gain access to system 100, if that user is interested in doing so. The system administrator can then use terminal 402 to register the user as an authorized user. Alternatively, the unauthorized user can be allowed to register online to use system 100. [0061] At 504, system 100 determines whether a custom prescription system is defined for the user. For example, if the user is authorized, central server 104 determines whether any of the custom prescription systems 414 stored in memory 406 is defined for that user, and communicates the result to programmer 106. If a custom prescription system 414 is defined for the user, the user is queried at 506 to determine whether to use that custom prescription system, or an expert prescription system. For example, the query is presented to the user using a user output device 322, and the user responds using a user input device 320. Note that the user is not given the choice of using any of the other custom prescription systems since these other systems were not defined by the user, or by an expert. At 508, system 100 determines whether the user wants to use the custom prescription system. If so, then at 510, system 100 selects the custom prescription system defined for that user to prescribe one or more parameters for an implantable medical device 110 being programmed by that user. [0062] At 512, if the user wants to use an expert prescription system, or if a custom prescription system is not defined for the user, then system 100 queries the user to determine which expert to use. For example, central server 104 determines which expert prescription systems 412 are defined for the implantable medical device 110 being programmed, and communicates information about the respective experts to programmer 106 for presentation to the user using a user output device 322. The user selects which of the experts to use using a user input device 320. At 514, system 100 selects the expert prescription system based on the user's input. Thus, system 100 allows a user to select a custom prescription system defined for the user (if any), or to select one expert prescription system from a plurality of expert prescription systems. Central server 104 then uses the selected prescription system to prescribe the one or more parameters of the implantable medical device being programmed. [0063] In another embodiment, central server 104 hosts a number of expert prescription systems, but does not host any custom prescription systems. In this embodiment, flow chart 500 is modified to eliminate 504,506,508 and 510. In another embodiment, central server 104 hosts a number of custom prescription systems, but does not host any expert prescription systems. In this embodiment, flow chart 500 is modified to eliminate 506, 512 and 514. [0064] Referring to FIG. 6, a block diagram 600 represents one custom prescription system 414 hosted on central server 104, according to one embodiment of system 100. Custom prescription system 414 is an object, including code and data, defined by a user to determine a set of parameters for programming an implantable medical device. The data is illustrated using a table 602 that represents a data structure that stores information defined by the user. The first column of table 602 identifies the type of programmable medical device (e.g., “Device A”). Since the first column can have multiple entries, system 414 can be used for programming multiple types of medical devices. In another embodiment, system 414 is only used for programming one type of medical device, and the first column can be eliminated. [0065] The second column of table 602 identifies different classes of patients who may be implanted with the implantable medical device. For example, FIG. 6 indicates that two classes of patients (i.e., Classes I and II) may be implanted with Device A. The number of classes is defined by the user, and there may be fewer than or more than two classes for each device. For each class, the third column of table 602 provides a patient profile that defines that class. The profile of each class includes one or more attributes shared by patients in that class. For example, if a patient exhibits “Attribute 1” and “Attribute 2”, that patient would be classified as being of Class I. The number of attributes that make up each patient profile is defined by the user, and each profile may include fewer than or more than two attributes. [0066] Each attribute is typically a function of one or more of the patient characteristics that are communicated to central server 104 by programmer 106. For example, the function may include a determination of whether a particular characteristic is equal to a certain value (e.g., is the patient female?), is within a range of values (e.g., is the most recent measured intrinsic QRS width between 80 and 100 msec?), is less than a value (e.g., is the QRS width less than 80 msec?), is greater than a value (e.g., is the QRS width greater than 100 msec?), etc. The function may also include a function of two or more characteristics of the patient (e.g., is the patient female, and is the QRS width between 80 and 100 msec?). The attributes that make up a particular patient profile will be defined by the user. In one embodiment, programmer 106 and central server 104 cooperate to allow the user to create a patient profile (e.g., when the user selects this option on programmer 106), or to update an existing patient profile. [0067] The fourth column of table 602 specifies a set of programming parameter(s) for the implantable medical device 110 being programmed for a class of patients who exhibit the patient profile for that class. For example, assume that Device A has three programming parameters designated Parameter 1, Parameter 2 and Parameter 3. For patients classified as belonging to Class I, the parameters for programming Device A are specified as Parameter 1=Data 1, Parameter 2=Data 2 and Parameter 3=Data 3. For patients classified as belonging to Class II, the parameters for programming Device A are specified as Parameter 1=Data 4, Parameter 2=Data 5 and Parameter 3=Data 6. Note that data values may be the same or different for any of the parameters (e.g., Data 1 may or may not equal Data 4). [0068] In one embodiment, table 602 includes a fifth column for storing a patient identifier that uniquely identifies the user's patients who belong to the particular class of patients. For example, Andrew Adams and Bill Baxter have been classified as belonging to Class I for the purposes of programming Device A, while Charlie Carlson has been classified as belonging to Class II. Alternatively, another form of patient identifier (such as a patient identifier number) could be stored in this field. The patient identifier information may be used by a medical practitioner to help determine the classification of a particular patient. For example, a medical practitioner who is programming Device A for Doug Duncan and believes that Mr. Duncan's condition is similar to that of Mr. Adams may want to classify Mr. Duncan in the same class as Mr. Adams. In another embodiment, table 602 does include the fifth column. [0069] Referring to FIG. 7, a flow chart 700 illustrates logic by which system 100 programs an implantable medical device 110 using a custom prescription system like that of FIG. 6. This logic is performed when the user has selected his or her custom prescription system 414. [0070] At 702, system 100 queries the user to determine what type of medical device 110 is being programmed. For example, in one embodiment, central server 104 transmits data identifying the types of medical devices specified in the first column of table 602 to programmer 106, and programmer 106 presents that data to the user on a user output device 322 and receives a signal selecting one of the device types from a user input device 320. In another embodiment, programmer 106 determines the type of medical device being programmed from a signal communicated to the programmer from the medical device. In another embodiment, system 100 only programs one type of device, and 702 is not needed. [0071] At 704 and 706, system 100 presents patient class/patient profile information for the medical device being programmed to the user, and queries the user to select a patient class based upon which patient profile best matches the profile of the patient. For example, in one embodiment, the patient class/patient profile portion of table 602 is communicated from central server 104 to programmer 106, and programmer 106 presents that information to the user on a user output device 322 and receives a signal selecting one of the classes from a user input device 320. At 708, system 100 downloads the set of programming parameters for the selected patient class from central server 104 to programmer 106. At 710, system 100 presents that set to the user on a user output device 322. At 712 and 714, system 100 queries the user to determine if these programming parameters are acceptable. If not, system 100 allows the user to modify one or more of the parameters at 716, and then returns to 712 to determine if the parameters are acceptable. Once the parameters are acceptable, system 100 uses programmer 106 to program the implantable medical device 110 using the parameters. [0072] At 720 and 722, system 100 queries the user to determine whether to update the user's custom prescription system. If not, the programming operation is complete. If so, system 100 updates the custom prescription system at 724. In one embodiment, system 100 allows the user to add an identifier for the current patient to the patient identifier field of the patient class that the current patient was determined as belonging to. In one embodiment, if any of the programming parameters was modified at 716, system 100 allows the user to define a new patient class that corresponds to the modified set of programming parameters. Once the custom prescription system is updated, the programming operation is complete. [0073] The use of custom prescription systems may be particularly advantageous or convenient for medical practitioners who practice in multiple locations (e.g., at three or four different hospitals). By using system 100, such practitioners can store programming data in central server 104 where that data is always available regardless of where they are practicing. [0074] In one embodiment, any or all of the expert prescription systems 412 is structured similarly to custom prescription systems 414, except that the person who defines and updates the expert prescription system 412 is an expert in the field. This expert can use one of expert clients 108, or can use a medical device programmer, to define or update the system 412. [0075] In another embodiment, any or all of expert prescription systems 412 comprises an artificial intelligence (AI) engine. Referring to FIG. 8, a block diagram 800 represents an expert prescription system 412 incorporating an AI engine, according to one embodiment of system 100. System 412 is an object, including code and data, defined by an expert to determine a set of parameters for programming a medical device. System 412 includes an AI engine 802, a rule database 804, a user query database 806, a patient profile database 808, and a programming parameter set database 810. AI engine 802 is built, for example, using commercially-available expert-system software. Rule database 804 stores a number of expert system rules for use by AI engine 802. User query database 806 stores a number of user query sets. Patient profile database 808 stores a number of patient profiles, such as those in FIG. 6. Programming parameter set database 810 stores a number of programming parameter sets, such as those in FIG. 6. Expert prescription system 412 is developed by having an expert work with AI engine 802 to capture the knowledge and skills of the expert. [0076] Referring to FIG. 9, a flow chart 900 illustrates logic for programming a medical device using the expert prescription system of FIG. 8. At 902, system 100 receives patient characteristic data from one or more sources. For example, programmer 106 receives data from one or more of the medical device being programmed, patient monitoring system 326, and patient records computer system 330. At 904, system 100 selects one of the user query sets stored in user query database 806. Each user query set includes one or more questions about the patient. On the first pass through this logic, in one embodiment, the selected user query set is a base set of one or more questions that the expert believes is generally needed to determine how to program the medical device. At 906, system 100 presents the selected user query set to the user using a user output device 322. At 908, system 100 receives answers to the selected user query set from the user using a user input device 320. At 910, system 100 processes the answers, and the patient data from 902, using AI engine 802 to determine one or more possible classes of patients to which the patient might belong. [0077] At 912, system 100 determines whether the patient might belong to more than a threshold number of possible classes. The threshold represents a reasonable number of possible classes that could be presented to the user to select from. In one embodiment, the threshold number is four, although other threshold numbers such as two, three, five, etc. could be used. If there are more than the threshold number of possible classes, system 100 returns to 902, so that additional data can be received from any or all of medical device 110, patient monitoring system 326, patient records computer system 330, and the user. Note that the user query set selected at 904 will often contain fewer questions for the user at this stage, since the user has already answered some questions and system 100 is now trying to narrow the number of possible patient classifications. This iterative process continues until system 100 narrows the number of possible classes to less than or equal to the threshold number. [0078] At 914, system 100 determines whether there are more than one, but no more than the threshold number, of possible classes to which the patient might belong. If so, at 916, system 100 presents patient class/patient profile data for all of the possible classes to the user to give the user the opportunity to manually select from among these classes. For example, if the threshold number is four, then the user could be presented with two, three or four possible patient profiles. At 918, system 100 determines if the user wants to select one of the possible classes. The user can input his or her decision using a user input device 320. If not, system 100 returns to 902 to gather additional information in an attempt to further narrow the number of possible classes. If so, system 100 downloads the set of programming parameters for the selected class from central server 104 to programmer 106 at 922, queries the user to determine if these parameters are acceptable at 924 and 926, and programs the implantable medical device using the programming parameters if acceptable at 928. If the parameters are not acceptable, system 100 queries the user to determine if the user wants to try another prescription system at 930 and, if so, returns to the selection logic (FIG. 5). [0079] At 914, system 100 determines whether there is one and only one possible class to which the patient might belong. If so, system 100 performs the programming procedure of 922, 924, 926, 928, 930 described above. If, however, system 100 is unable to determine any possible classes to which the patient might belong, then the query “Patient classification not available. Try again?” is presented to the user at 932, and system 100 either allows the user to try another prescription system, or ends without programming the medical device. [0080] In the embodiment of FIG. 9, the user is not given the option of modifying the set of programming parameters determined by the expert prescription system. This prevents the user from modifying the set in an improper manner. In another embodiment, the user is given the option of modifying the set of programming parameters determined by the expert prescription system as was discussed in relation to 716 in FIG. 7. In either case, however, the user is not given the ability of modifying the prescription system defined by the expert. [0081] In one embodiment, the administrator of system 100 contracts with a number of experts to define the expert prescription systems, and to update the expert prescription systems at predetermined intervals. For example, a particular expert may be given an obligation to update the expert prescription system that she created every six months. This will help to insure that the expert prescription systems reflect the current state of the art. Client systems 108 allow the experts to update their prescription systems conveniently. In one embodiment, each expert prescription system includes a “valid” flag which is set to an invalid state if the expert prescription system is not updated by the expert in a timely fashion, and system 100 prevents the selection of any expert prescription system which is not valid. By enlisting experts to create and update the expert prescription systems, the knowledge and skills of the experts can be leveraged by being made available to any users of system 100. [0082] To update an expert prescription system, an expert may, for example, use the AI engine 802 to add a new rule to rule database 804, to delete a rule from rule database 804, or to modify a rule in rule database 804. For example, an expert may learn that it is important to determine another piece of information about a patient in order to prescribe a set of programming parameters, or may learn that another set of programming parameters provides improved therapy for a particular class of patient. By working with AI engine 802, the expert can change or update the rules in rule database 804 to reflect this new knowledge. [0083] In one embodiment, central server 104 further includes a prescription verification system that is used to help insure that the custom and/or expert prescription systems are acceptable. In one embodiment, the prescription verification system includes a set of rules, or an AI system, that is used to evaluate a prescription system. For example, one of the rules could be that a pacemaker may not be set to operate in a monitoring mode only. Generally, these rules are designed to catch major problems in the definition of the prescription systems that would be obviously incorrect to a person of skill in the art, rather than trying to catch subtle errors. In one embodiment, if the prescription verification system finds a violation of any of the rules, system 100 attempts to alert the physician (e.g., by automatically paging or sending an email to the physician). In another embodiment, system 100 does not allow the user or expert to define or update the prescription system if a rule violation is detected. In another embodiment, system 100 informs the user or expert when a rule violation is detected, and requests confirmation from the user or expert before modifying the prescription system. Conclusion [0084] The above description and the accompanying drawings are intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive. Many other embodiments will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reviewing the above description. For example, while the above description concentrates on the programming of implantable medical devices, system 100 may be used for programming non-implantable medical devices. Also, while some of the functions of system 100 are described as being performed by a medical device programmer, the central server or an expert client, it should be understood that the distribution of the functions within system 100 can be modified as would be apparent to a person of skill in the art. Further, while this application describes particular embodiments of the custom prescription systems and expert prescription systems, it should be understood that these prescription systems can be defined in a number of different ways by the users and by the experts. For example, a user could also use an expert system to help define his or her custom prescription system. The scope of the present invention should therefore be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. 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