Source: https://www.scribd.com/document/116205569/Code-of-Practice-for-the-Design-and-Installation-of-Anchors
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Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors | Anchor | Safety
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 FOREWORD ............................................................................... 1 STATUS AND SCOPE OF THIS CODE OF PRACTICE ......................... 3 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 9 DEFINITIONS ............................................................................. 13 BACKGROUND TO THE CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS DIRECTIVE ....... 19 TYPES OF ANCHORS COVERED BY THIS CODE OF PRACTICE .......... 23
ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES .................................................. 29 DESIGN AND SPECIFICATION OF ANCHORS .................................. 35 INFORMATION SUPPLIED BY ANCHOR MANUFACTURER/SUPPLIER .... 56 INSTALLATION OF ANCHORS IN CONCRETE ................................... 60 SUPERVISION AND INSPECTION OF ANCHORS ............................. 63
TESTING OF ANCHORS .............................................................. 66 CERTIFICATION OF DESIGN AND INSTALLATION ........................... 68 CHANGE MANAGEMENT — ALTERNATIVE ANCHORS ...................... 69
APPENDIX A: RECOMMENDED FORMS FOR THE DESIGN AND INSTALLATION OF ANCHORS.. 71 APPENDIX B: EXAMPLE OF EUROPEAN TECHNICAL APPROVAL DOCUMENT (ETA) ................ 78 APPENDIX C: INFORMATION SOURCES ......................................................................... 92
3. Health and Welfare at Work (General Application) (Amendment) Regulations 2007 (S. referred to as the Construction Safety Advisory Committee. 504 of 2006). Notice of publication of this code of practice was published in the Iris Oifigiúil of Friday 14th May 2010. Part 3 (Regulations 24 to 29 in relation to the general duties of contractors and others) and Part 4 (Regulation 30 in relation to site safety and access to construction sites. section 61 of the 2005 Act provides as follows: 61. in accordance with section 60 of the Safety.I. Chapter 1 of Part 2 (sections 8 to 12 in relation to the general duties of employers) and Chapter 2 of Part 2 (sections 13 to 15 in relation to the general duties of employees etc. 299 of 2007) as amended by the Safety. No. Regulation 43 in relation to construction of temporary structures and Regulation 44 in relation to avoidance of danger from collapse of structure) of the Safety. the Construction Industry Federation. Regulation 42 in relation to projecting nails and loose material. 732 of 2007). Regulation 40 in relation to lighting of workplaces. specifiers and installers of metal anchors on the requirements and prohibitions set out in the relevant statutory provisions.) of the Safety. Health and Welfare at Work Act 2005.I. As regards the use of codes of practice in criminal proceedings. this code of practice provides practical guidance as to the observance of the provisions of: 1. publishes this code of practice entitled Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors. Regulation 35 in relation to protection from falling material and protective safety helmets. In particular. Health and Welfare at Work (Construction) Regulations 2006 (S. Part 3 (Regulations 74 to 93 in relation to electricity) and Part 4 (Regulations 94 to 119 in relation to work at height) of the Safety. No. but not exclusively. No. Health and Welfare at Work Act 2005 (No.
2. Chapter 3 of Part 2 (Regulations 62 to 67 in relation to personal protective equipment). with the consent of Dara Calleary TD. 10 of 2005).Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors
The Health and Safety Authority.I. Minister Minister for Labour Affairs and for Public Service Transformation and following public consultation (including consultation with the statutory Advisory Committee on Construction Safety. The aim of this code of practice is to provide practical guidance to designers.(1) Where in proceedings for an offence under this Act relating to an alleged contravention of any requirement or prohibition imposed by or under a relevant statutory provision being a provision for which a code of practice had been published or approved by the Authority under section 60 at the
Section 1 | Page 1
. Part 2 (Regulations 6 to 23 in relation to design and management).
This code of practice comes into operation on Monday 17th May 2010. Chapter 2 of Part 2 (Regulations 27 to 61 in relation to the use of work equipment). Health and Welfare at Work (General Application) Regulations 2007 (S. the Irish Congress of Trade Unions and the general public).
(2)(b) Where it is proved that any act or omission of the defendant alleged to constitute the contravention— (i) is a failure to observe a code of practice referred to in subsection (1). (3) A document bearing the seal of the Authority and purporting to be a code of practice or part of a code of practice published or approved of by the Authority under this section shall be admissible as evidence in any proceedings under this Act. the code of practice shall be admissible in evidence.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors time of the alleged contravention. subsection (2) shall have effect with respect to that code of practice in relation to those proceedings. (2)(a) Where a code of practice referred to in subsection (1) appears to the court to give practical guidance as to the observance of the requirement or prohibition alleged to have been contravened. or (ii) is a compliance with that code of practice. then such failure or compliance is admissible in evidence.
Robert Roe Assistant Chief Executive Officer and Secretary to the Board
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The code is intended to provide practical guidance on the procedures for safe design and installation of anchors in accordance with the Safety. or (c) comply with an appropriate Irish Standard or Irish Agrément Board Certificate or with an alternative national technical specification of any State which is a contracting part to the Agreement on the European Economic Area. Part D of the Building Regulations (Amendment) (No. No. Health and Welfare at Work (Construction) Regulations 2006 (S. as well as relevant provisions of the Safety. Health and Welfare at Work Act 2005 (No. 423 of 2008). However. or (b) comply with an appropriate harmonized standard. In particular sections D1 and D3 are relevant to the design and installation of anchors: D1 All works to which these Regulations apply shall be carried out with proper materials and in a workmanlike manner. No. You are not obliged to follow the practical guidance outlined in this code of practice or to complete of the various forms contained within. then compliance or noncompliance with those provisions of the code may be admissible in evidence in any criminal proceedings.I. 10 of 2005) and the Safety. No. a person who follows the approach outlined in this code will normally be doing enough to comply with legislation. No. A failure to observe any part of this code of practice will not of itself render a person liable to civil or criminal proceedings. Health and Welfare at Work (General Application) (Amendment) Regulations 2007 (S. 249 of 2000) relates to materials and workmanship. 2) Regulations 2000 (S. Where the code gives practical guidance on the observance of any of the relevant statutory provisions. Health and Welfare at Work Act 2005. No. It may be acceptable for duty holders to take an alternative approach that deals with the relevant provisions covered in this code.I. European technical approval or national technical specification as defined in article 4(2) of the Construction Products Directive. In this case duty holders will need to satisfy themselves that their alternative approach is equivalent with that outlined in the code.
In this Part “proper materials” means materials which are fit for the use for which they are intended and for the conditions in which they are to be used. 504 of 2006) as amended by the Safety.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors
STATUS AND SCOPE OF THIS CODE OF PRACTICE
This code of practice is published by the Health and Safety Authority in accordance with section 60 of the Safety.I. 732 of 2007). and includes materials which— (a) bear a CE Marking in accordance with the provisions of the Construction Products Directive. 130 of 2008) and Safety.I. which provides in use an equivalent level of safety and suitability.I.
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.I. Health and Welfare at Work (Construction)(Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S. Health and Welfare at Work (Construction)(Amendment)(No 2) Regulations 2008 (S. Health and Welfare at Work (General Application) Regulations 2007 (S. 299 of 2007) as amended by the Safety. No.
the principality of Liechtenstein.I. The anchors considered here are in accordance with the European Communities (Construction Products) Regulations 1992 (S. No. For the purposes of this code Safety Critical Situations will mean: where the failure of such connections would cause risk of human injury or death. The connection of structural steel beams or columns to concrete members may be considered Safety Critical Situations. as published in the Official Journal of the European Communities (OJ L1/9 of 3 January.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors “Agreement on the European Economic Area” means the Agreement on the European Economic Area between the European Communities. which together implement the European Communities Construction Products Directive. the Kingdom of Sweden and the Swiss confederation. No. the Republic of Iceland. 198 of 1992) and European Communities (Construction Products)(Amendment) Regulations 1994 (S. the Kingdom of Norway. The European Technical Approval guideline documents define Safety Critical Situations as being ‘where the failure of such connections would cause risk to human life and/or considerable economic consequences’.” This code of practice particularly applies to the design and installation of anchors that are used in Safety Critical Situations. formwork. The designer must always complete a design risk assessment in order to verify if the application is a Safety Critical Situation. Given the importance of the reliability and stability of the anchor in protecting the safety. the Republic of Finland. In concrete structures many forms of shuttering.1: Examples of Safety Critical Situations
The use of chemical resin to provide postinstalled reinforcement bars in a concrete structure may be a Safety Critical Situation if the bars are subjected to high-tensile loads. each anchor used in a structural capacity is required to have a European Technical Approval (ETA).
Structural connection in concrete
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. health and welfare of persons. Owing to the vast range of applications for anchors it is impossible to create a complete list of cases where anchorages would be considered to be safety critical. Table 2.I. This code of practice therefore provides guidance and examples of cases where anchorages could be safety critical. their Member States and the Republic of Austria. temporary propping and temporary supports fixed to concrete may be considered Safety Critical Situations. 210 of 1994). The anchor should be designed in accordance with the design method specified in the ETA and installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. 1994).
grills and fencing fixed to concrete may be considered Safety Critical Situations.
Signs and ancillary structures Plant and equipment Barriers
Lifting devices Tie systems
This guidance is intended to help the designer and installer to identify the type of applications that are safety critical. You should take into account if there is redundancy in the proposed system when determining if the anchor is safety critical.
Systems suspended from concrete such as heavy ceilings. Your particular application has to be assessed on a site-specific basis to determine if it is a Safety Critical Situation. Fall arrest anchor points and ladder support ties fixed to concrete may be considered Safety Critical Situations.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors
Roof structures that are connected to concrete members may be considered Safety Critical Situations. balustrades. gates. Cladding systems such as curtain walling. heating and ventilation installations and sprinkler systems may be considered Safety Critical Situations. Heavy railings. brick support systems. Crash barriers and barricades fixed to concrete may be considered Safety Critical Situations.
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. Post-installed lifting devices in concrete members may be considered Safety Critical Situations. Various types of balconies. Large signage and gantries fixed to concrete may be considered Safety Critical Situations. Heavy cranes and machinery fixed to concrete may be considered Safety Critical Situations. canopies and awnings connected to concrete structures may be considered Safety Critical Situations. It is not intended as a definitive list of applications. Any system that does not include an element of redundancy should be considered to be safety critical.
Cantilevered steelwork
Elevator and escalator installations fixed to concrete may be considered Safety Critical Situations. Scaffolding ties fixed to concrete may be considered Safety Critical Situations. mechanical and electrical installations. stone support systems and glazing support systems fixed to concrete may be considered Safety Critical Situations.
completes form FM-02 (Appendix A). •	Completes a design risk assessment to determine if it is a Safety Critical •	Gathers all necessary information to design the anchor. The following panels set out the role of the designer.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors The examples given in Table 2. Situation.
•	Decides an anchor is required. •	If designing the anchor. completes form FM-02 (Appendix A) and sends
this or a computer printout to the designer for approval. the anchor supplier and the anchor installer when fixing mechanical plant to the underside of a concrete slab. (Appendix A) or a drawing to communicate the requirements.
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. undertake the design. •	Assists in the design of the anchor if requested and if competent to •	Advises on alternative anchors. •	If designing the anchor. In this example the equipment will be suspended from the slab within a service void that is above a corridor in a building. there is often a single design taking the worst-case loading. using form FM-01 •	If the anchor manufacturer/supplier is assisting in the design.1 demonstrate the range of applications in which anchors are used. This design is then applied to all instances of that application on the project. the designer
must approve the design.
Anchor Manufacturer/Supplier
•	Provides information on available/suitable anchors. While there may be hundreds of anchors used in a particular application.
there is one design and therefore one design form to be completed by the anchor specifier. Alternatively the information can be communicated by including the anchor requirements on drawings. For each application there will generally be one anchor design. European Technical Approval (ETA) Currently there are only ETAs for structural connections in concrete. The anchor manufacturer must be consulted on the use of the anchor outside of its ETA. The second form (Anchor/FM-02) communicates the anchor specification to the contractor. •	If there are installation problems on site. •	Installs the anchor in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. The capacity of the specified connection must be fully assessed and agreed as being adequate between the anchor specifier and the anchor manufacturer.
contractor and anchor designer. the anchor specifier may specify the use of an anchor in a base material other than concrete. The third form (Anchor/FM-03) is used as a checklist by the contractor supervising the installation of the anchor on site. Even though there may be several hundred of these anchors installed. Alternatively the information can be communicated using the anchor manufacturer’s computer printout or hand calculations. specify or install anchors for use in a Safety Critical Situation that do not have an ETA or that are to be installed in any base material other than concrete. Anchor technology is continually evolving and new solutions are being developed for
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. Therefore it is generally not acceptable to design. This is primarily due to the current lack of reliable load data for anchors in base materials such as masonry or brickwork. In such cases the anchor specifier must satisfy himself or herself that the capacity of the connection (anchor and base material) specified is sufficient to support the design loads adequately.
Sample forms are provided in Appendix A. without site-specific testing. which will specify the anchor that is to be used on site. then discusses these with the •	Supervises installation and completes form FM-03 (Appendix A). In the event that it is not practicable to install an anchor in concrete. They are not mandatory forms and anchor specifiers and installers may use their own versions.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors
Anchor Installer
•	Purchases the correct anchor. The first form (Anchor/FM-01) helps the designer to gather the information that is necessary to complete the anchor design. which may be used communicating the specification and correct installation of the anchor.
The design of the connection must be clearly and unambiguously communicated to the anchor installer. The design of the anchor is a critical element in the integrity of the structure and contributes to its stability and robustness. verifiable calculations and drawings are to be prepared by the anchor specifier. which provide important information applicable to all roles.
Road Map to this Code of Practice All persons to whom this code applies should have a good knowledge of Sections 1 to 7. It is also assumed that the anchor installation is undertaken by trained personnel under the supervision of the site engineer. Accordingly. This is a particular requirement where the connection design deviates from its ETA.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors masonry.
Designer •	Section 8 – Design and
specification of anchors •	Section 9 – Information supplied by anchor manufacturer/supplier •	Section 13 – Certification of design and installation •	Section 14 – Change management
Anchor Manufacturer/Supplier •	Section 8 – Design and
Anchor Installer •	Section 9 – Information supplied by •	Section 10 – Installation of anchors
in concrete •	Section 12 – Testing of anchors anchor manufacturer/supplier
Contractor •	Section 9 – Information supplied by •	Section 11 – Supervision and
anchor manufacturer/supplier inspection of anchors •	Section 13 – Certification of design and installation •	Section 14 – Change management
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. it has been assumed that the design of the anchorages and the specification of the anchor are under the control of an engineer experienced in anchorages and concrete work. to ensure that the specifications are effectively implemented. taking account of all the loads and load paths acting on the anchor. in accordance with the design method in the Guideline for European Technical Approval (ETAG). Specific duty holders should also refer to the following sections. Once these anchors have received an ETA they will be available to anchor specifiers to design for use in masonry. Edition 2007. Guideline for European Technical Approval of Metal Anchors for Use in Concrete (ETAG 001. Part 1) states: In setting out the assessment and design procedures in this Guideline.
The first method is called Global Safety Factor and has been in use for many years. The second method is called Partial Safety Factor: this relatively new method follows the European design standards and is the method used for anchors with ETA. sizes and functions.
There are two different design methods for the type of anchors considered in this code of practice. The item to be fixed to the base material.). z Anchors with ETA are manufactured to a high standard and are only awarded an ETA after rigorous testing. The material into which the anchor is installed.
Anchors play an important role in construction:
Every connection has four components: z Anchor: z Base material: z Interaction: z Fixture: There is a wide variety of types. 3: The interaction between the anchor and the base material (pullout and shear capacity. 4: The item you are fixing. however. The interaction between the anchor and the base material. etc. z There is a wide variety of anchors available for different applications. they are completely different and care needs to be taken to ensure that you are using the correct information when designing. maybe a steel baseplate.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors
z They allow for the speedy connection of two or more structural elements.
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A connection is made up of four components: 1: The anchor (that’s me!). 2: The base material that you will fix the anchor into (generally concrete). Both methods are valid. usually concrete. usually a steel member.
but it takes more design analysis. You then examine different modes of failure for the anchor under each load direction:
Using Partial Safety Factor can result in a more economic design.
Partial Safety Factors (Used for Safety Critical Situations)
This method is based on Partial Safety Factors and is sometimes referred to as Concrete Capacity Method.
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. When using this method you must use UNFACTORED DESIGN ACTIONS. Use this approach only when the anchor being considered does not have an ETA. When using this method you must use FACTORED DESIGN ACTIONS.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors
Global Safety Factors (Used for Non-Safety Critical Situations)
This design approach is based on Global Safety Factors. You have to consider different factors of safety for (1) the base material and (2) the anchor material. You consider a single (global) factor of safety for the performance of both the base material and the anchor.
Unfactored Design Actions must be compared to the Recommended Loads stated in the technical manual for the particular anchor. The contractor must ensure that the anchor installer has the most up-to-date information for the installation of the anchor. z If the anchor specifier is using a Partial Safety Factor design approach. z Use of a wrong drilling system. Common errors that can occur on site include: z Use of a drill bit with the wrong diameter. For example: z If the anchor specifier is using a Global Safety Factor design approach. z Anchor manufacturers often give technical data relating to the ultimate resistance or characteristic resistance of the anchor. z Failure to clean the hole. as per the manufacturer’s instructions. Different types of anchor have specific requirements for the correct installation. Each of these errors could seriously affect the performance and capacity of the installed
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. This information must not be used in any anchor design. To achieve this. Once the chosen design method has been fully completed. z Hammering in an anchor that should be installed by rotation. The anchor specifier must detail the anchor explicitly. for example not using a torque wrench for torque controlled expansion anchors. The anchor specifier needs to establish which design method is most appropriate for the connection. so that the correct anchor is procured and installed.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors Irrespective of the design method used. for example anchor rod for a bonded anchor. During the design process the anchor specifier must strictly comply with the chosen design method. Loads will change during the construction process and the anchor specifier needs to ensure that the most onerous load conditions have been considered. irrespective of the design method chosen. then the anchor may not have the capacity determined by the anchor specifier. in particular by using the capacities stated in the ETA for both the chosen anchor and the design method. At this stage the anchor can be installed by the contractor on site. The anchor specifier needs to consider all loads that will act on an anchor and the direction of these loads. the anchor specifier needs to conclude the design process by specifying the anchor. z Use of wrong setting tools. the anchor specifier should use the full anchor designation that is in the anchor manufacturer’s technical manual. the Factored Design Actions must be compared to the Design Resistance for the particular anchor. for example in case of undercut anchors. all anchor specifiers need to ensure that they have up-to-date technical data from the anchor supplier for the particular anchor being considered. if cleaning is required by the manufacturer. for example anchor is not flush with the concrete surface in cases where required. z Installation of the anchor such that the fixture cannot be installed without significant manipulations. If these are not followed.
Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors anchor. Table 7.1 details information that the anchor specifier should provide to the anchor installer in order to prevent these errors occurring on site (see Section 7). The anchor supplier should make technical information available to both the anchor specifier and the anchor installer to allow them to undertake their tasks. Specifiers and installers should consult with the anchor manufacturer if there is any doubt as to the choice of the appropriate anchor or the correct installation procedures.
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The following definitions relate to this code of practice. “Admissible loading” means the load allowed for a fastener under service conditions as per a design code. For anchors designed in accordance with the Concrete Capacity Method, loads are factored by the appropriate factor of safety. The loading can be applied in different directions: z Axial (tension or compression): Load application in the direction of the axis of the anchor. z Shear: Direction of load application is perpendicular to the axis of the anchor. z Combined tension and shear: Combination of tensile and shear loading applied simultaneously. z Bending: Shear with lever arm applied to an anchor (e.g. a stand-off detail). “Anchor” means a manufactured, assembled component for achieving a connection between the base material and the fixture. Under the Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act 2005, an anchor is considered to be an article. There are currently four main types of anchor: z Torque-controlled expansion anchors. z Undercut anchors. z Deformation-controlled expansion anchors. z Bonded anchors. “Anchor installer” means a competent person or organisation who installs anchors. “Anchor manufacturer/supplier” means a competent person or organisation who designs, manufactures, imports or supplies anchors. An anchor manufacturer could also be an anchor specifier. “Anchor specifier” means a competent person or organisation who designs the connection and specifies an anchor. “Article” means: z Any plant, machine, machinery, appliance, apparatus, tool or any other work equipment for use or operation (whether exclusively or not) by persons at work. z Any article designed for use as a component in, part of or to control any such plant, machine, machinery, appliance, apparatus, work equipment, tool or any other work equipment. z Any other product used by persons at work.
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Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors “Base material” means the material into which the anchor is installed. In the context of this code of practice the only base material currently considered is concrete. The concrete may be cracked (in the tensile zone of the concrete member) or non-cracked (in the compression zone of the concrete member). “Client” means any person engaged in trade, business or other undertaking who commissions or procures the carrying out of a project or who undertakes a project directly for the purpose of such trade, business or undertaking. “Competent person” means a person who, having regard to the task he or she is required to perform and taking account of the size or hazards (or both of them) of the undertaking or establishment in which he or she undertakes work, the person possesses sufficient training, experience and knowledge appropriate to the nature of the work to be undertaken. “Concrete Capacity Method” means the Partial Safety Factor design method for connections under due consideration of the safety and design concept within the scope of the European Technical Approvals of anchors. “Concrete strength (fck,cylinder or fck,cube)” refers to the strength of the concrete base material into which the anchor is to be installed. The nominal characteristic strength is given for both 150mm Ø concrete cylinder test specimens and 150mm concrete cube test specimens. In Ireland the nominal characteristic concrete compressive strength is based on concrete cube strength. The concrete strength designation is listed as C followed by two numbers. The first number refers to the cylinder strength and the second to the cube strength, as illustrated below. You will generally refer to the second number.
Concrete strength designation (I.S. EN 206) C12/15 C20/25 C25/30 C30/37 C35/45 C40/50 C45/55 C50/60
Cylinder compressive strength (150mm) fck,cylinder 12 N/mm2 20 N/mm2 25 N/mm2 30 N/mm2 35 N/mm2 40 N/mm2 45 N/mm2 50 N/mm2
Cube compressive strength (150mm) fck,cube 15 N/mm2 25 N/mm2 30 N/mm2 37 N/mm2 45 N/mm2 50 N/mm2 55 N/mm2 60 N/mm2
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health and the environment. calculations. The six essential requirements are: z Mechanical resistance and stability. z Hygiene. to put it into context. according to which a project. is to be executed. they will not exhibit the characteristics of creep when subject to the design resistances implicit in the ETA. “Design” means the preparation of drawings. to a small degree concrete. z Safety in use. This condition afflicts plastic and some resin materials and. This code considers three basic design actions: z Tension.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors “Connection” means an assembly comprising the base material (concrete). z Shear. z Safety in case of fire. carry out or manage construction work. particulars. or any person who carries out or manages construction work for a fixed or other sum and who supplies the materials and labour (whether his or her own labour or that of another) to carry out such work or who supplies the labour only.
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. z Protection against noise. “Construction stage” means the period of time that starts when preparation of the construction site begins and ends when construction work on the project is complete. z Combined shear and tension (or bending). “Contractor” means a competent contractor or an employer whose employees undertake. z Energy economy and heat retention. the anchor or anchor group and the component/fixture fixed to the concrete. “Creep” means the condition whereby some materials may sustain a particular level of stress over the short term but will fail at significantly lower levels over the long term. “Construction Products Directive (CPD)” is the European Council Directive 89/106/ EC relating to construction products. “Design action” means the force acting on the anchor. All anchors with ETAs have satisfied sustained load tests and are suitable for long-term loadings. or any part or component of a project. “Design process” means the process for preparing and designing a project. the preambles and preliminaries of bills of quantities in so far as they contain specifications or other expressions of purpose. specifications. including alterations to the design and the design of temporary works to facilitate construction of the project.
anchor specifier or temporary works designer) takes account of the General Principles of Prevention as specified in the Safety.10)
INCREASING FORCE (kN)
Mean ultimate resistance
(from manufacturer’s tests) DO NOT USE THIS FIGURE IN DESIGN
(from statistical analysis) DO NOT USE THIS FIGURE IN DESIGN
Use this figure for Partial Safety Factor design
Use this figure for Global Safety Factor design
“Design risk assessment” means a written method by which a designer (permanent works designer. This value should be used for the Partial Safety Factor design method (Concrete Capacity Method). z Characteristic resistance: the application of a statistical coefficient to the mean ultimate resistance.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors “Design resistance” means the capacity of the anchor to resist factored design actions. z Recommended load: the application of a load partial safety factor to the design resistance to arrive at a working load for a particular anchor. This value should be used for the Global Safety Factor design method.
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Design Resistance (refer to Section 8. The design resistance of an anchor is based on the following: z Mean ultimate resistance: the mean of the test results for the maximum load sustained by a particular anchor at failure. in accordance with the Concrete Capacity Method. Health and Welfare at Work Act 2005. “Designer” means a competent person engaged in work related to the design of a project. z Design resistance: the application of a material partial safety factor to the characteristic resistance.
“Global safety factor” means the application of a single safety factor ( ) to the mean ultimate failure of the anchor. “ETA” means a European Technical Approval. A permanent works designer could be an anchor specifier. European Free Trade Association (EFTA). EOTA comprises the Approval Bodies nominated to issue European Technical Approvals (ETAs) by EU Member States and EFTA States who have contracted to the European Economic Area Agreement. The role of EOTA is primarily to monitor and progress the drafting of Guidelines for European Technical Approvals (ETAGs) and to coordinate all activities relating to the issuing of European Technical Approvals (ETAs). as detailed below. EOTA is born out of the Construction Products Directive 89/106/EC (CPD). z Partial safety factor for the applied loads. An ETA for a construction product is a favourable technical assessment of its fitness for an intended use. represented by the symbol
Partial safety factors are applicable to the Concrete Capacity Method. for concrete cone failure. “Fixture” means a component to be fixed to the concrete base material. “Permanent works designer” means a competent person engaged in the design of the permanent structure. “EOTA” is the European Organisation for Technical Approvals.
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. M Depending on the failure mode there are four partial safety factors that you need to consider: z z z z
gMs for steel failure. This determines the recommended load. g
z Partial safety factor for material failure modes. gMp gMc gMsp
for pull-out failure. for splitting failure.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors “Elongation” means the movement of the anchor under load contributed by the strain of the steel and elastic concrete strain (excluding slip of the anchor). EOTA operates in close co-operation with the European Commission. European Committee for Standardisation (CEN). European trade associations and industrial organisations. which are also present as observers at various EOTA levels. “Partial safety factor” means the strict separation of factors of safety for both the anchor materials and the applied loads. based on the contribution made by this product to the fulfillment of the six essential requirements stated in the CPD for the construction works in which the product is installed. represented by the symbol . An anchor with a current ETA has CE Marking status.
“Temporary works” means any temporary structure used to support a permanent structure while it is not self-supporting. “Temporary works designer” means a competent person engaged in the design of temporary works. “Project supervisor design process (PSDP)” means a competent person appointed by the Client under the Safety. “Temporary works erector” means a competent person whose employees undertake.
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. Health and Welfare at Work (Construction) Regulations 2006 to carry out the duties under Regulations 16 to 22. “Safety Critical Situation” means circumstances where the failure of such connections would cause risk of human injury or death.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors “Project supervisor construction stage (PSCS)” means a competent person appointed by the client under the Safety. A temporary works designer could be an anchor specifier. carry out or manage the erection of temporary works. or any person who carries out or manages the erection of temporary works for a fixed or other sum and who supplies the materials and labour (whether his or her own labour or that of another) to carry out such work or who supplies the labour only. Health and Welfare at Work (Construction) Regulations 2006 to carry out the duties under Regulations 11 to 14.
The CPD is largely aimed at governments. z Protection against noise. which has to be translated into national law by all Member States. The Directive applies to construction products used in buildings and on civil engineering projects. in this case metal anchors for use in concrete. z Safety in case of fire. BBA). The ETAG describes the necessary tests and defines the requirements. a specific Guideline for European Technical Approval (ETAG) is required in which particular characteristics are given.e. Together with the Concrete Capacity Method specified in Annex C and the data for a specific anchor from its ETA. There are numerous other European Commission documents that give assistance with particular problems. CE marking or quality assurance. The anchor specifier is directed to ETAG 001. The ETAG regulates the tasks and obligations of: z The approval bodies in the member countries (e. The ETA for a particular anchor is an important design document. Part 1. as it provides the anchor specifier with: z Confirmation that an anchor has undergone stringent testing to one or more Health and Safety Authority Section 5 | Page 19
. Annex C: Design methods for anchorages. For each construction product family. have to meet specific requirements under the six essential requirements that apply to all building products: z Mechanical resistance and stability. The CPD indicates the procedure for the verification of building products so that they are suitable for their intended application. The six essential requirements are directed at specialists for the preparation of guidelines and standards in particular.g. DIBt.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors
BACKGROUND TO THE CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS DIRECTIVE
The basic legal European Union document for building products is the Construction Products Directive (89/106/EEC) or CPD. z Safety in use. the specifier is required to design the connection for the selected anchor in the conditions in which it will be used. z The anchor manufacturer. Based on this guideline. Edition 2007: Guideline for European Technical Approval of Metal Anchors for Use in Concrete. i. for example attestation of conformity. z Hygiene. Construction products that fall within the scope of the CPD. For example. health and the environment. CSTB. IAB. z Energy economy and heat retention. the legislators of the Member States. a European Technical Approval (ETA) can be granted by an approved body for each construction product. z The approved bodies (independent test laboratories and institutions for quality assurance). ETAG 001.
which allow the anchor specifier to use the Partial Safety Factor design approach in accordance with Annex C of ETAG 001.I. tolerances.
The Characteristic Resistance of the anchor in the manufacturer’s technical data should not be used for design purposes.
The 1989 CPD has been addressed in Ireland by the European Communities (Construction Products) Regulations 1992 (S. z Requirements for minimum thickness of base material.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors of the twelve design options and will therefore function reliably and that its performance can be compared with that of others on a like for like basis. z Requirements for CE Marking. markings etc. z Clear direction as to the intended use of the anchor. 198 of 1992) and the European Section 5 | Page 20 Health and Safety Authority
. z The characteristic resistance of the anchor for tension and shear. z Technical data for the different anchor-sizes covered by the ETA. No. for example minimum depth of embedment. z The relevant partial safety factors. z The characteristics of the anchor – sizes. material values. as determined by laboratory testing. unless the appropriate partial safety factor has been applied. hole diameter and setting tools. When using a Global Safety Factor design approach use the Recommended Loads given by the manufacturer. z Details of the anchor manufacturer’s factory production controls. Each manufacturer provides Design Resistance values for their ETA anchors. z Requirements for anchor spacing and edge distances. z Installation details.
z Damage by an event to an extent disproportionate to the original cause. z Damage to other parts of the works or to fittings or installed equipment as a result of major deformation of the load-bearing construction.
3 Hygiene. z The generation and spread of fire and smoke within the whole works are limited. z Pollution or poisoning of the water or soil.I. 210 of 1994).
2 Safety in case of fire The construction works must be designed and built in such a way that in the event of an outbreak of fire: z The load-bearing capacity of the construction can be assumed for a specific period of time.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors Communities (Construction Products)(Amendment) Regulations 1994 (S. There is a link between the proposed ETAs and the CPD. z Presence of dangerous particles or gases in the air. In particular the use of anchors in accordance with the ETA provides a means for building and civil engineering works to comply with the six essential requirements of this Council Directive. Health and Safety Authority Section 5 | Page 21
. 2 (safety in case of fire) and 4 (safety in use) are of particular importance. z Occupants can leave the works or be rescued by other means. essential requirements 1 (mechanical resistance and stability). z Major deformations to an inadmissible degree.
1 Mechanical resistance and stability The construction works must be designed and built in such a way that the loadings that are liable to act on it during its construction and use will not lead to: z Collapse of the whole or part of the work. In the context of safety in the design and installation of anchors. No. health and the environment The construction works must be designed and built in such a way that it will not be a threat to the hygiene or health of the occupants or neighbours. z Emission of dangerous radiation. in particular as a result of: z Giving off of toxic gas. z The safety of rescue teams is taken into consideration. z The spread of the fire to neighbouring construction works is limited.
5 Protection against noise The construction works must be designed and built in such a way that noise perceived by the occupants or people nearby is kept down to a level that will not threaten their health and will allow them to sleep.
4 Safety in use The construction work must be designed and built in such a way that it does not present unacceptable risks of accidents in service or in operation such as slipping. electrocution and injury from explosion. solid or liquid wastes. rest and work in satisfactory conditions.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors z Faulty elimination of waste water. smoke. z Presence of damp in parts of the works or on surfaces within the works.
6 Energy economy and heat retention The construction works and its heating. having regard to the climatic conditions of the location and the occupants. collision. burns. cooling and ventilation installations must be designed and built in such a way that the amount of energy required in use shall be low.
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. It is suitable for use in concrete or hard masonry. which may not be installed through the fixture.
z Shield-type expansion anchor. ETAG 001. as set out below.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors
TYPES OF ANCHORS COVERED BY THIS CODE OF PRACTICE
There are currently four anchor types covered by ETAG 001 for which it is possible to get an ETA. Part 2: Torque-Controlled Expansion Anchors Tightening the nut draws the tapered end of the bolt into a metal collar causing it to expand.
z Bolt-type torque-controlled expansion anchor with one or more cones. It may be installed through the fixture and is suitable for use in concrete only. Each part of ETAG 001 deals with an individual type of anchor. There are three general sub-types of the torque-controlled expansion anchor: z Sleeve-type torque-controlled expansion anchor with one or more expansion cones. The setting and resistance of the anchor is controlled by the torque applied. which may be installed through the fixture and is suitable for use in concrete only. For a well-designed anchor this will ensure the required clamping force is achieved (hence the fixture will not move) while safeguarding the bolt material from being over-stressed.
which are made to open into the undercut shape either by turning the nut to draw the tapered cone into the segments or by driving the sleeves over the tapered cone. this characterises the two main sub-types: z Undercut drilled before anchor installation. Part 3: Undercut Anchors An undercut anchor is characterised by a strong mechanical interlock provided by the undercut in the concrete base material.
ETAG 001. Although in theory several types of such anchors exist. the ‘drop-in’ type shown below is the most common.
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. The undercut may be formed by a special drilling system or by the anchor itself. The mechanical interlock is formed by segments. Part 4: Deformation-Controlled Expansion Anchors Expansion is achieved and controlled by the displacement of an expander element with respect to a sleeve or shell or vice versa. There are three sub-types of deformation controlled anchors:
z Internally threaded cone-down type (drop-in) anchor suitable for use in concrete only.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors ETAG 001.
z Undercut made during the setting of the anchor (self-undercut anchors).
z Injection type. The subtypes based on installation techniques include: z Bonded anchor. which are also based on the different techniques for mixing the bonding agent and include: z Glass or soft skin capsule.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors z Shank-down type anchor (stud anchor).
z Undercut bonded anchor. Part 5: Bonded Anchors The anchor is bonded to the base material by either a two-part resin grout or a cementitious grout. These anchors are based on a wide variety of mixing techniques and installation procedures.
ETAG 001.
z Sleeve-down type anchor. which may be introduced either in a capsule or from an injection cartridge with special mixing nozzle.
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. z Torque-controlled bonded anchor. There are sub-types.
together with valid ETA. Specifiers and installers should refer to the anchor manufacturer’s technical data for the particular anchor considered. z Vinylester. the anchor specifier should refer to the ETA and confirm that the proposed anchor is suitable for this application. z Hybrids. other configurations of anchors also fall within these categories. environment and installation conditions. the most current data should be sought from the anchor supplier prior to undertaking the design. but which have not been tested in accordance with ETAG 001 and therefore do not have an ETA. z Pure epoxy. ETAs are granted to these four different anchor types based on strict criteria set out in ETAG 001. The anchor specifier should have the current data sheet or software for the chosen anchor system. Part 5: Bonded anchors. Individual manufacturers decide which of their products to put forward for testing in order to be granted an ETA. z Cementitous. In order that the anchor specifier can be satisfied that he or she is specifying an approved anchor.
Chemical anchors are available in various forms: z Polyester. When considering a chemical anchor. For overhead applications in particular.
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. There are anchors on the Irish market that comply with the four main types. These illustrations were provided by the Construction Fixings Association and are general examples only. Creep and long-term behaviour of chemical anchors are covered in the ETA. the anchor specifier should seek competent advice on the most suitable type for the intended application.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors z Bulk mixing type. This system is not currently covered by ETAG 001. Each ETA expires after five years and the anchor manufacturer has to apply for renewal of the ETA after this period. This enables the anchor specifier to proceed with a valid design for the particular application and to specify a particular anchor. due to the problems of controlling the mix proportions and mixing technique.
z Design the anchor in accordance with
the design method in the ETA.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors
What the Anchor Specifier Should Do!
To complete a valid design the anchor specifier should:
z Obtain current technical data from the
anchor supplier. This can be confirmed by the presence of the CE Mark and the ETA number on the packaging.
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z Specify an anchor with an ETA.
z Request a valid ETA from the supplier.
Similarly the anchor installer needs to be satisfied that the anchor provided complies with the design and that the anchor has an ETA. usually the Concrete Capacity Method. then request suitable technical data from the anchor supplier to validate the design. z If there is no anchor available with an
ETA for the application concerned.
z Ensure that he or she is familiar with z Check that the anchor packaging has CE z Check the ETA Number on the z Ensure that installers have all the
necessary setting equipment and are trained in the installation of the particular type of anchor concerned.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors
What the Anchor Installer Should Do!
Before starting work on site the anchor installer should: z Confirm that the anchor type being
used satisfies the design requirements of the specifier. 2008) ETAs are valid for five years
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The ETA number will appear as follows:
ETA 08 / 1234
ETA Unique 4-digit reference number
Year that ETA is issued.g. marking affixed. in 2-digit format (e. packaging. the installation instructions.
1 Anchor Manufacturer/Anchor Supplier: Under the Safety. on the basis that the anchor is subsequently: z Specified properly by the anchor specifier. z Installed properly by the installer. Therefore it is essential that clear lines of communications are established between these different parties from the start of the project. z Anchor specifier (for permanent or temporary anchors). z Project supervisor construction stage. in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. In such a situation that person is an anchor specifier and must comply with this code of practice. Health and Welfare at Work Act 2005. Specific responsibilities for the management of health and safety during this process lie with the: z Project supervisor design process. In addition there is a duty to monitor these activities and to take remedial action if required. z Anchor manufacturer/supplier. 7. each anchor manufacturer and supplier is required to ensure that the anchors supplied are designed and manufactured so as to be safe and without risk to health. in accordance with ETAG 001 and the data contained in the ETA. for example to change the anchor type. This information may also be available in the manufacturer’s technical manual.1 General The following persons are likely to be involved during different stages of the anchor selection.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors
7. producing the correct specification and correctly installing the anchor on site. z Contractor (note that a contractor in charge of a place of work may engage other contractors to undertake the actual installation of the anchor). anchors are also governed by the provisions of the Safety. The Safety. design and installation and have responsibilities for providing the correct information. The regulations require cooperation between the different persons and the coordination of activities to avoid overlaps or gaps arising that could be confusing and/or dangerous.
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. Health and Welfare at Work (Construction) Regulations 2006 impose specific statutory duties irrespective of the contractual arrangements that may exist between the different parties. sections 16 and 17. z Anchor installer. Health and Welfare at Work Act 2005. In addition to the provisions of the 2006 Construction Regulations. Situations may arise on site where a person makes a decision in relation to the anchor.
z Installation instructions. z Design guides. Anchor manufacturers submit each anchor to undergo stringent tests to establish the parameters for its safe use. which the specifier and installer should request. including: z ETAs. z Technical manuals. In addition. you
should first check that you have the most up-to-date information. z Design data. z Installation instructions in pictogram format on the anchor packaging.
z Most anchor suppliers make information
available on their websites. supplier is all that is needed to confirm that the information you have is correct. anchor suppliers will often provide technical advice and support for the design. including anchor capacities for different load conditions.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors Anchor suppliers are required to provide such information as is necessary for the specifier and the installer to ensure the anchor’s safe installation. z Computer aided anchor design software. if the anchor is to be installed in base materials other than concrete or where the quality or strength of the base material is unknown. z Safety instructions. Therefore ETA anchors specified and installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions may not require additional site testing. This is particularly the case with anchors that have achieved European Technical Approval. without risk to safety or health. maintenance. specification and installation of their products. z Technical data sheets. Anchor suppliers have a range of information available. z Fire behaviour. dismantling or disposal. use. cleaning.
z A quick check online or a call to your
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. z Safety data sheets. z Test reports.
z Before you specify an anchor.
as far as reasonably practicable. The anchor supplier will be able to provide technical assistance to the specifier in this regard. The specifier must complete the design in accordance with the chosen design method (Global Safety Factor or Partial Safety Factor). Whether the anchors are being used in a temporary or permanent capacity is irrelevant in the context of the consequence of an anchor failure. Once the design calculations are completed and checked. so that the anchor installed on site matches the design criteria. It is important to stress that the scope of this code of practice covers the use of anchors in Safety Critical Situations where their failure may cause serious injury or death. If the specifier considers that the consequence of failure of a temporary anchor is such that serious injury or death may be likely to occur. The specifier must be satisfied that the actual partial safety factors used in the design of temporary anchors accurately reflect the specific use of the anchor on site. the specifier can proceed to specify the anchor. Anchors are often used in temporary situations to provide fixing points for units or operatives over a short duration. then this code must be followed in the design and installation of that anchor. The anchor specifier must also take into account the range of additional loads that may act on the temporary anchor during use. that any risks to safety or health are eliminated or minimised in the design. The design must take into account the most onerous loads that the anchor will be subjected to and the direction of the loads.
z Decide on the design approach: Partial
Safety Factor or Global Safety Factor. For example the base concrete material used may not have had the standard 28-day curing time and consequently the specifier should use a reduced concrete strength in calculating anchor capacities. In order to do this the anchor specifier must determine the most appropriate anchor for the particular application and determine the appropriate design method for that anchor.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors 7. The design of temporary anchors may differ slightly from permanent anchors. z Communicate the design in clear and
unambiguous terms. In this case the specifier must specify the anchor explicitly and completely.2 Anchor Specifier The anchor specifier must ensure.
When Specifying an Anchor
z Get the most up-to-date design
information from the supplier.
z Complete the design and get it checked.
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torque-controlled Each anchor has a unique reference number State the nominal diameter of the anchor State the drill hole diameter in the concrete State the drill hole diameter in the fixture State the length. Table 7.1: Information to be Provided to the Installer (refer to Anchor/FM-02)
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U Make: Type: Reference no. etc. In addition the supplier may provide training for the correct installation of their anchors. including the information listed in Table 7. that nothing in the manner in which the anchor is installed makes it unsafe or a risk to safety or health when used.: Diameter: Hole diameter (concrete): Hole diameter (fixture): Length: Material: Corrosion: No. State how many anchors are required State the designed distance between anchors State how close the anchor can be to the edge(s) State the minimum thickness of concrete Give the minimum strength used in the design State the depth of hole required State anchor’s ETA reference (if applicable) If the anchor has identification marks.e. state them
The specifier may use the sample form Anchor/FM-02 in Appendix A as a means of communicating the anchor design and specification to the contractor procuring the anchors and to the anchor installer. as far as reasonably practicable. the anchor specifier must specify the anchor as per the manufacturer’s designation.
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.: Markings: Torque: Setting details: Actions on anchor/capacity: Additional fixing requirements: State the name of the manufacturer Give the type of anchor. Instead. of anchors per fixture: Anchor spacing: Minimum edge distance: Minimum base material thickness: Minimum base material strength: Hole depth: ETA No. as used in the design State the grade of steel required State if the anchor is to be stainless steel.3 Anchor Installer The anchor installer must ensure. 7. The anchor supplier will be able to provide advice or guidance to the installer for the correct installation procedures.1.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors The anchor specifier should avoid using generic terms. i. such as ‘20mm chemical anchor. state them Specify the setting/tightening torque (if required) Provide specific installation requirements Provide load cases considered/capacity of anchor If you have more requirements. or similar approved’.
The anchor installer must ensure that the correct drilling and setting tools are available for the proper installation of the anchor. The PSDP should coordinate sign-off of the anchor design with the anchor specifier. prior to commencing the work. This can be done using either a permanent works design certificate or a temporary works design certificate.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors The installer must have referred to the anchor installation instructions. so as to ensure that the anchor is installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. In this context. it cannot be set in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
7. the PDSP should coordinate the activities of the anchor specifier with those of other designers. due to site conditions.
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. Installation instructions are provided on the technical data sheets and on the anchor’s packaging. for example failing to blow out the drill hole prior to setting the anchor. or with a similar project-specific certificate.
7.5 Contractor The contractor should ensure that the specified anchor is procured and that the anchor installer is trained for the correct installation of that anchor type. so that a solution can be designed and an alternative anchor or an alternative method can be specified. These are available from the anchor supplier/manufacturer. the anchor installer must be made aware of the consequences of failing to adhere to the correct installation instructions. Examples of permanent and temporary works design certificates are contained in the Guidelines on the Procurement. which are on the packaging and available from the supplier. Design and Management Requirements of the Safety Health and Welfare at Work (Construction) Regulations 2006. The conflict should be referred back to the anchor specifier and the anchor supplier. In addition the contractor should ensure that the installer is working under competent supervision. The installer should not proceed with the installation of the anchor if.4 Project Supervisor Design Process (PSDP) The PSDP has a responsibility under the Safety. The material safety data sheet should also be referred to if the anchor system includes components that could be hazardous to safety or health. coordination of their activities in relation to the design of the project with a view to protecting persons at work. The anchor installer may use the sample form Anchor/FM-03 in Appendix A as a means of recording the correct installation of the specified anchor. Steps in the installation procedure must not be omitted or partially undertaken. The person installing the anchor must have received the appropriate instructions for the correct installation of the particular anchor and the installation must be supervised by a competent person appointed by the contractor. as far as reasonably practicable. In this respect. Health and Welfare at Work (Construction) Regulations 2006 to take reasonable steps to bring about co-operation between designers on the same project and to ensure. irrespective of whether the anchors are permanent or temporary.
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.6 Project Supervisor Construction Stage (PSCS) The PSCS is required to coordinate the implementation of the Safety. The PSCS should also ensure that the appropriate contractor completes form Anchor/FM-03 (see Appendix A). The PSCS should ensure that the installation of anchors is coordinated with the activities of other contractors.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors 7. Health and Welfare at Work (Construction) Regulations 2006 and therefore the activities of contractors engaged in the installation of anchors.
having regard to the task he or she is required to perform and taking account of the size or hazards (or both of them) of the undertaking or establishment in which he or she undertakes work. a person is deemed to be a competent person where.
Experience z The anchor specifier should have experience of designing anchors of the type being considered.-(2)(a) For the purposes of the relevant statutory provisions. Alternatively it may involve attending seminars provided by anchor suppliers. the Concrete Capacity Method distinguishes between different load directions (tension.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors
DESIGN AND SPECIFICATION OF ANCHORS
8. experience and knowledge appropriate to the nature of the work to be undertaken. guidance should be sought from another specifier who has experience of the anchor type or from the anchor supplier directly. Health and Welfare at Work Act 2005 stipulates that: 2. In the context of the design or specification of anchors.1 General The information supplied here is intended to give the design engineer a basic knowledge of the design factors that need to be taken into account when selecting an anchor for any safety critical application. shear. combined tension and shear) and provides design models and
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ETAG 001. including three design methods. the employer should ensure that the person specifying the anchor has the following: Training z This may be in the form of in-house training in the use of the design software or technical manuals. In order to gain optimum performance of the anchor and at the same time an economical design.
Knowledge z The anchor specifier should have a working knowledge of the technical manuals and the design software provided. the person possesses sufficient training. Annex C. It may also be considered as formal training provided in structural design or partial safety factor design in accordance with Eurocodes. guidance should be sought from another specifier who has knowledge of the software or from the anchor supplier directly. If the anchor specifier lacks direct experience. If the anchor specifier is using particular software for the first time. The Safety. provides a sophisticated design concept.
the higher option ETA allows for increased capacities for higher concrete strength up to C50/60. z Splitting failure. If the anchor specifier has any doubt about an anchor selection he or she should always contact the manufacturer for technical advice. Using the Concrete Capacity Method in ETAG 001. z Pryout failure. ETAG 001 differentiates between anchors approved for use in both cracked and non-cracked concrete. If reinforcement is hit during the drilling process then the aborted hole should be filled with a strong nonshrink grout. it is possible to calculate the increased load capacity of an anchor installed in higher strength concrete.2. 8. mainly due to the loading of the structure (cracked concrete in the tension zone. Concrete is the base material into which most structural connections are made and for which most anchors are designed. Performance is most commonly quoted for C20/25 grade concrete.2 Cracked/Non-cracked Concrete Concrete may be cracked for a variety of reasons. The specification of the correct anchor for a specific application is something which cannot be over stressed. Annex C.1 Concrete When a mixture of cement.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors advice on the following different failure modes: z Tension load: z Steel failure. z Concrete edge failure. reinforcement does not improve anchor performance. non-cracked in the compression zone). z Pull-out/pull-through failure. In general. The correct anchor type should be selected to suit the concrete condition. 8. aggregates and water hardens and cures it becomes concrete. When selecting an anchor for a particular application there are a number of factors that need to be addressed by the anchor specifier. Steel reinforcement bars are cast in the concrete to take up the tensile forces. however. together with the ETA. z Shear load: z Steel failure. as set out below. The performance for most anchors is usually quoted for non-reinforced concrete. z Concrete cone failure.2 Type of Base Material 8.
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. Manufacturers’ performance values are generally quoted for a concrete base material. The anchor specifier should seek the most current technical data from the anchor manufacturer.2. The new hole should be located away from the aborted hole by at least the depth of the aborted hole.
in order to facilitate the use of ETA anchors. the anchor specifier may consider other options. it is not considered safe to specify or install safety critical anchors into masonry panels. Annex A: Details of tests). the anchor specifier needs to decide if there is a tensile. 8. In the case of combined loads a check must be carried out to ensure that the resolved components are less than the recommended tensile and shear loads without exceeding the capacity in the direction concerned. the applied load multiplied by a partial safety factor must be smaller than the characteristic resistance of the anchor divided by a partial safety factor. Outside the scope of this code. where the load is acting on the anchor at a distance from the surface of the base material. for all possible anchor failure modes. In addition the anchor specifier may need to consider bending moments acting on the anchor. There is currently no load data available for the design of anchors for masonry base materials and there are no anchors available with an ETA for use in masonry units produced in Ireland. masonry units may be solid or have perforations and the mortar may be weak or non-existent in parts of the joints. which exert low expansion stresses and are less likely to crack weak bricks than anchors with thick expanders. which will be covered by the principles in EOTA TR029.2. 8.3 Masonry Masonry panels can be awkward materials to fix into. thus imposing bending moments.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors 8. which are covered by ETAG 020 (Part 3 relates to plastic anchors in solid masonry panels and Part 4 to plastic anchors in hollow or perforated masonry panels). given the large variation in the strength of this base material and the difficulty in determining the resistance of the base material to anchor loads. In the case of base materials other than concrete. The manufacturers publish resistances in their technical data as a result of exhaustive tests using recognised test procedures (ETAG 001. Recommended loads are commonly derived from characteristic loads subject to a global safety factor. the most appropriate metal anchors are thin-walled sleeve anchors. such as incorporating sufficiently sized concrete pad stones into the masonry panels. Special plastic anchors may also be suitable. Bonded (especially injection-type) anchors are particularly suitable as they exert no expansion stresses in the base material and will also fill any small voids present. these anchors should be designed in accordance with their ETA.
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. there are plastic anchors for non-structural use in masonry. According to ETAG 001. It is anticipated that in the future there may be bonded anchors for use in masonry. In the interim.3 Load Type When considering the load type. If considering a mechanical anchor.4 Load Direction The magnitude of the load applied to an anchor must be less than the manufacturer’s recommended load in the direction concerned. shear or combined load acting on the anchor(s). The strength can vary from 5 to 70N/mm2. For example in the case of stand-off anchor applications. Annex C. When available. ETAs quote characteristic loads together with the partial safety factors needed to derive the design resistances of the anchor.
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5 Edge and Anchor Spacing The next step in the design process is to look at the effect of anchor spacing and edge distances on the anchor. For anchor groups. If you cannot get an anchor to work. the concrete cone capacity is determined by the tensile strength of the stress cone in the concrete surrounding the anchor. then changing to a different type of anchor may be the solution.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors Some anchors are noticeably stronger in shear than in tension. The size of the cone is a function of the setting depth and is measured by the area of the cone base at the concrete surface. When a tensile load is applied to an anchor it creates a stress cone in the concrete.
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. multiplied by the number of anchors in the group.
Not All Anchors Are The Same!
Anchors from different manufacturers may have different capacities in terms of resistance. heavy-duty sleeve anchors or thick-walled sleeve anchors. For example. For anchors in tension.
8. Before you proceed with an anchor specification you must check that the anchor can operate within its capacity. these surface areas may overlap resulting in a combined cone that will have a capacity less than the capacity of a single anchor. which will resist this applied load.
7 Load Type: Static and Dynamic Loads The data published by most manufacturers is generally quoted for predominantly static loading. Where loads are dynamic in nature. for example from concrete cone failure to pull-out failure or steel failure. 8. Not all anchors are suitable for these situations and if the design engineer is not sure of anchor selection he or she is recommended to contact the different manufacturers’ technical services.6 Effect of Increase Embedment Depth In terms of tensile load. In every case performance will increase as embedment depth increases until the mode of failure changes. a reduction must be taken into consideration because of the overlapping of the cones. z Shock loads. Therefore the distance an anchor is set from a concrete edge and neighbouring anchors must be given serious consideration in the design process. Dynamic actions are generally classified into three groups: z Fatigue loads. The main difference between static and dynamic loads is the effectiveness of inertia and damping force. These forces result from vibrating. alternating and shock loads and must be taken into account when determining applied loads. Effective embedment depth (hef)
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. The same principles apply to edge distances. the embedment depth should also be considered. z Seismic loads. extra consideration must be given. The concrete cone resistance for all anchors is calculated for the effective embedment depth hef.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors As the above diagram illustrates.
However. 8. one of the following anchors. 8. load type and magnitude. For example when zincplated steel components are fixed with stainless steel anchors the increased corrosion of the plated steel part will be minor due to its larger area. the anchor specifier should seek specialist advice.3 Stress Corrosion Stress corrosion occurs in conditions where elevated temperatures coincide with moisture and the presence of corrosive gases.1 Types of Corrosion 8. generally it is best to isolate dissimilar metals.9 Anchor Type Once all of the above criteria have been considered the next step is to select a suitable anchor. Special alloy steels are available. will be chosen.1.1.1 Bi-metallic (Galvanic Corrosion) Bi-metallic corrosion occurs when two dissimilar metals are in contact in the presence of an electrolyte.8. for example the anchor specifier can specify protective coatings or stainless steel.1.2 Chemical Corrosion Chemical corrosion occurs in high atmospheric pollution or marine environments and in this case even Grade A4 stainless steel may have a reduced life expectancy. Corrosion of the anchor can be avoided by specifying measures appropriate to the environment. 8. for example in swimming pools and road tunnels. Again it is recommended to contact the manufacturer for advice. each with its own operational principle.8.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors 8. 8. Depending on the base material. Corrosion protection requires special attention: if in doubt. depending on the particular metals in contact and their mass.8.8 Corrosion When selecting an anchor it is also important to consider the environment in which the anchor is set. Special alloy steels are available for these situations and it is recommended that the anchor specifier consult the manufacturer. anchor and edge spacing. This should be avoided as the rate of corrosion may be accelerated. Normal materials.8.
Section 8 | Page 41
. including A4 stainless steel may not be suitable.
Deformation-controlled expansion anchor
Section 8 | Page 42
Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors 8.10 Anchor Design Each manufacturer provides comprehensive technical data to anchor specifiers to allow them to complete the anchor design. In accordance with ETAG requirements the manufacturers have to undertake extensive independent testing for each anchor type. This enables the manufacturers to publish the capacity of each anchor.
Section 8 | Page 43
the design resistances for all failure modes are checked and the failure mode with the least capacity is decisive. This is represented in the figure below. Annex C: Design method ‘A’ procedure. According to ETAG 001. The ETAG documents can be downloaded free of charge from the EOTA website at www.
Section 8 | Page 44
.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors Next the anchor specifier calculates the loads acting on the anchors.eota.be.
After anchor selection it has to be shown that the design load acting on the anchor is smaller than the design resistance of the anchor.
Section 8 | Page 45
. z Pull-out failure. z Splitting failure. In Tension z Concrete cone failure (including edge and spacing effects). z Steel failure.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors
The anchor specifier needs to calculate the following possible failure modes and ensure that the design resistance of the anchor is greater than the loads applied in each case.
it will be designed and specified by the anchor manufacturer/supplier. the choice of which has considerable impact on the resultant output. All loading stages are to be identified by the anchor specifier at design stage.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors In Shear: z Steel failure (with and without lever arm). z Concrete edge failure (including edge and spacing effects).
Section 8 | Page 46
. will enable the specifier to verify the output from the design software. Knowledge of ETAG 001.
Caution should be exercised in the use of the anchor design software. These three scenarios are summarised on the following pages. z Pryout failure (including edge and spacing effects). z An anchor is being used in a Safety Critical Situation and is being designed and specified by the designer. as a number of options are presented to the anchor specifier. z An anchor is being used in a Safety Critical Situation and while the designer will identify the need for the anchor. knowledge and experience. The anchor specifier shall consider the stresses experienced by the anchor throughout its lifespan. Some manufacturers offer computer-aided software for the design of anchors according to the Partial Safety Factor design procedure.
There are three basic scenarios that can exist when specifying anchors: z An anchor is not safety critical. so that the anchor design will comply with the design assumptions and the site conditions. This greatly helps the anchor specifier to save time and costs for anchor design. The anchor specifier should ensure that the person inputting data into the computer has the requisite training. Annex C.
Supplies specified anchor to anchor installer.
Section 8 | Page 47
.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors SCENARIO 1: NON-SAFETY CRITICAL SITUATION
Decides an anchor is required.
Installs the specified anchor in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Design risk assessment determines that it is not a Safety Critical Situation.
Gathers information (FM-01 or drawing) and designs ETA anchor. Design risk assessment determines that it is a Safety Critical Situation. Can use form Anchor/FM-03 to record correct installation.
Supervises the installation of the anchor on site.
Supplies specified ETA anchor to anchor installer. SPECIFIED BY DESIGNER
Decides an anchor is required. Communicates anchor specification (FM-02).
Installs the specified ETA anchor in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
Section 8 | Page 48
.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors SCENARIO 2: SAFETY CRITICAL SITUATION.
Can use form Anchor/FM-03 to record correct installation.
Supervises the installation of the anchor on site.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors SCENARIO 3: SAFETY CRITICAL SITUATION. Design risk assessment determines that it is a Safety Critical Situation.
Gathers information (FM-01 or drawing) and issues to anchor supplier. the anchor supplier supplies specified ETA anchor to anchor installer. computer printout or calculations).
Once the ETA anchor is agreed by the designer.
Designs ETA anchor and communicates anchor specification to designer (FM-02. SPECIFIED BY ANCHOR SUPPLIER
Decides an anchor is required. Proceed when design meets design requirements.
Section 8 | Page 49
z The type of anchor being considered. This includes information on: z The concrete base material.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors
YOU WILL NEED TO GATHER THIS INFORMATION BEFORE DESIGNING AND SPECIFYING AN ANCHOR
In order to undertake an anchor design. If this information is not known. the anchor specifier will not be able to design the anchor. z The loads acting on the anchor. a minimum amount of information must be assembled beforehand.
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. z The ETA of the anchor. z How close the anchors will be to the edge of the concrete. Below is an example of the information that is required in relation to the concrete base material. z Project details. z Fire rating requirements and corrosion protection. z The anchor plate.
In particular the anchor specifier must consider edges that are closer than ten times the effective embedment depth of the anchor being considered.1 below when determining the dimensions of the anchor plate.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors The second level of information to consider is the proximity of the anchor to a concrete edge.
Section 8 | Page 51
The spacing of the anchors relative to each other affects the capacity of the anchor. Refer to Table 8.
The ETAG documents set out the different approval options available and the three main methods for designing ETA anchors.
Section 8 | Page 52
.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors The anchor specifier must identify the type of anchor. The four main types of anchor for use in concrete are detailed below. Full details are in the ETAG documents (see Appendix C: Information Sources).
Section 8 | Page 53
.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors The anchor specifier should consider the impact of fire on the performance of the anchor.
The anchor specifier must fully consider the loads that are going to act on the anchor. particularly if specifying bonded anchors. Anchor manufacturers provide specific guidance to assist the anchor specifier to identify the different load types.
particular attention should be taken in relation to the diameter of the clearance hole in the fixture and the projection of the fixture beyond the clearance hole.11 Design of the Fixture The design of the fixture is covered by separate standards and does not form part of this code of practice.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors Lastly it is important to link this design information to a particular project.
Section 8 | Page 54
. z Gather the necessary information together. If holes in the fixture are drilled. The anchor specifier can include his or her details and those of the project. Form Anchor/FM-01 provided in Appendix A will help the anchor specifier to gather the information needed to design an anchor. However. z Communicate the design in a clear and unambiguous manner. 8.1 gives guidelines for detailing the dimensions of the fixture. then the minimum projection should be 1.
Overall the steps are simple and straightforward: z Decide on the design approach to be followed.2 times the diameter of the clearance hole. z Design the anchor in accordance with the chosen design method. Table 8.
5 = 39mm 30 x 1.2 = 15mm 14 x 1.5 = 50mm
Section 8 | Page 55
.5 = 14mm 12 x 1. projection (holes drilled)
7 x 1. clearance hole diameter
7mm 9mm 12mm 14mm 17mm 18mm 20mm 22mm 26mm 30mm 33mm
Min.2 = 22mm 20 x 1.2 = 27mm 26 x 1.5 = 26mm 18 x 1.5 = 18mm 14 x 1.5.2 = 40mm
Min.2 = 9mm 9 x 1.1: Maximum Clearance Hole Diameter and Minimum Projections in Fixture Anchor diameter
6mm 8mm 10mm 12mm 15mm 16mm 18mm 20mm 24mm 27mm 30mm
Max.2 = 36mm 33 x 1.2 = 21mm 18 x 1.5 = 33mm 26 x 1.2 = 32mm 30 x 1. projection (holes punched)
7 x 1.2 = 17mm 17 x 1. then the appropriate factor is 1.2 = 11mm 12 x 1.5 = 45mm 33 x 1.5 = 21mm 17 x 1.2 = 24mm 22 x 1.5 = 30mm 22 x 1.
Table 8. The figures are rounded up to whole numbers.5 = 11mm 9 x 1.5 = 27mm 20 x 1.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors If the holes are punched.
carbon steel). please contact the supplier.1 Fixing Features z Material type used to manufacture the anchor (e. on request.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors
INFORMATION SUPPLIED BY ANCHOR MANUFACTURER/SUPPLIER
The manufacturer and supplier of the anchor have a duty to provide standard fixing details and design data to both the specifier and the installer of the anchor. Additional information regarding detailed anchor technology and design. The anchor should also be clearly labelled or marked with all relevant details required for its safe installation and intended use. where applicable. (Warning this figure should not be used in design) z Characteristic resistance. ETA reports and safety data sheets.
Section 9 | Page 56
. stainless steel. not all anchors are the same! Before you start designing please make sure you have up-to-date information and that you know how to use this information correctly. Health and Welfare at Work Act 2005 requires the anchor supplier to have this information available. on request.
If you are unsure of the capacity of the anchor you are considering. should be made readily available. z Basic loading data (for a single anchor) for each material type and size: z Mean ultimate resistance. Despite appearances. z Recommended resistance.g. (Warning this figure should not be used in design) z Design Resistance. Section 16 of the Safety.
The anchor manufacturer/supplier should readily provide. the following information for the design of anchors. 9.
z Formula for combined tensile and shear loading situation. z Concrete cone resistance as a function of embedment depth. z Anchor geometry and mechanical properties. Annex C. The anchor specifier must be competent to undertake the design of the anchor.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors z Setting details complete with dimensioned drawing. z Reduction factors as required for edge distance. spacing.
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. z Curing time and temperatures (where applicable). z Tensile and shear resistance of the steel. Each anchor manufacturer generally provides the required information in one or both of the following formats: z Technical manuals. ETAG 001. in either determining the correct or relevant information from the technical data. z Setting operations.2 Data Required for Detailed Design z Design method details (e. z Setting details. concrete strength and load direction(s). where applicable.g. in accordance with Partial Safety concept. 9. z Anchor design software. z Storage instructions (where applicable). z Setting operation detailing step-by-step procedures to install the anchor adequately. or by the correct use of the computer-aided design software provided by the anchor manufacturer. z Minimum thickness of base material. The anchor specifier should also be aware of associated information on anchor technology and design. z Installation equipment required to install anchor adequately. z Pull-out resistance or bond failure in the case of chemical anchors. z Base material suitability. ETA reports and safety data sheets. z Minimum concrete edge and spacing criteria. The following information should be clearly marked on the packaging or contained within the packaging of the anchor supplied by the manufacturer/supplier: z Size and type of anchor. Eurocode 1).
Section 9 | Page 58
. Specifiers and installers should consult with the anchor manufacturer/supplier if they have any doubt as to the choice of the appropriate anchor or about the correct installation procedures. The following chart outlines the life cycle of an anchor. The anchor manufacturer makes technical information available to both the anchor specifier and the anchor installer to allow them to undertake their tasks.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors Each anchor should be clearly marked. identifying type of anchor and manufacturer.
Section 9 | Page 59
Training from other sites may not be applicable as the installation requirements vary between different anchors.
Section 10 | Page 60
Experience z The anchor installer should have experience of installing the particular type of anchor. Section 10. having regard to the task he or she is required to perform and taking account of the size or hazards (or both of them) of the undertaking or establishment in which he or she undertakes work.
Knowledge z The anchor installer should have knowledge of the function of the anchor and the consequences if the installation procedures are not adhered to. the person possesses sufficient training.
The contractor should ensure that the person installing the anchor is competent and has the following: Training z Training in the setting of the particular anchor may be provided on site by the contractor or by the anchor supplier. If the installer has limited experience. experience and knowledge appropriate to the nature of the work to be undertaken. a person is deemed to be a competent person where. Health and Welfare at Work Act 2005 stipulates that: 2.-(2)(a) For the purposes of the relevant statutory provisions. which should be carried out in sequence so as to ensure the correct installation of the anchor.
Each anchor type will have different instructions or requirements for the correct setting of the anchor.1 provides an example of a set of instructions issued to an anchor installer.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors
INSTALLATION OF ANCHORS IN CONCRETE
The Safety. closer supervision should be provided by the contractor to ensure that the installation is correct.
Drill hole with the correct nominal diameter drill bit.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors
TOOL-UP! Each type of anchor has different steps that you have to follow when you are installing it into concrete.
2. The anchor installer should refer to the instructions provided for the particular anchor being installed.1 Installation of Torque-Controlled Anchor: Setting Operations This is an example of installation instruction for a torque-controlled expansion anchor. by checking the quality mark stamped on the drill bit shaft). blow out dust and fragments from the hole. Instructions will differ for each type of anchor or for variations of an anchor type.
10. The hole should be as close to 90o to the surface as possible. Ensure that the drill bit tolerances are inside the requirements (e. making sure to use a rotary hammer-drilling machine. When installing torque-controlled expansion anchors you will need a torque wrench.
Section 10 | Page 61
. Using a pump. Just blowing may be adequate for most mechanical anchors.g. Holes for chemical anchors need special cleaning before you put in the chemicals. Remember — check correct drilling depth and drill bit for wear as this could result in the hole being undersized. Clean the hole according to the manufacturer’s written installation instructions. 1.
3. Tighten the anchor to the recommended tightening torque. as stated by the anchor manufacturer. as shown here.
Section 10 | Page 62
. When installing the anchor make sure the nut is located on the outside tread. A torque wrench MUST be used to apply this torque.
Give your workers the correct instructions and equipment and then make sure that they are doing it correctly. then it might not be able to carry the load that it was designed for. z Anchor location. z Condition of anchor. The supervisor appointed to undertake this role by the contractor should be trained in the installation of anchors and be competent to undertake this role. z Anchor type.
Section 11 | Page 63
. z Anchor diameter and length.
z The anchor position is as per the design: z Anchor embedment.
Supervision and Inspection of Anchors
When your workers are installing anchors.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors
Close supervision of the installation of anchors is to be provided by a supervisor who is a competent member of the site management team.
The supervisor must ensure that the following issues have been adequately addressed: z The anchor type being used satisfies the design requirements of the specifier: z Anchor make. you must check that they are doing it in accordance with the instructions given. If an anchor is installed incorrectly.
z Anchor hole diameters and depths as per the manufacturer’s recommendations. including factors that affect the capacity of the anchor such as required minimum thickness of base material. The supervisor shall be required to certify that the anchor is correctly installed and suitable for loading. Proprietary anchors should never be adapted or altered. and prior to the anchor being
Section 11 | Page 64
. In this instance the anchor specifier must be made aware of and approve the proposed changes prior to the anchors being installed on site. Changes in the specification of the proprietary anchors should only be made where the proposed alternative satisfies all the original design parameters and has been approved by the anchor specifier. the supervisor should give clear instructions to the anchor installer for the correct installation of the anchor. Once the installation of the anchor has been completed. ETAG 001. In the event that the anchor hole clashes with reinforcement or other changes arise. z Condition of unit to be fixed: z Fixture condition.
z Change of requirements: z If amendments are required – due to reinforcement clash. – the proposed revised installation must be communicated to the anchor specifier for approval. quality of concrete base material etc. The supervision of the installation of the anchor is required to ensure that it is installed in accordance with: z The design. Annex C: Design methods for anchorages. z Setting out of anchors on the base material as per design.
z Installed anchor: z Correct torque. minimum edge distances and minimum spacing between the anchors. z Hole locations and diameters as per design.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors z The base material condition and hole dimensions are as specified: z Concrete strength. z Fixture type and material. This acceptance shall be recorded by completion of form Anchor/ FM-03 in Appendix A. z The manufacturer’s recommendations. gives guidance on the effects of reinforcement on the anchor design.
A similar inspection should be undertaken at each stage of subsequent loading.
Section 11 | Page 65
. should be carefully recorded and communicated to the PSCS and the anchor specifier. The supervisor shall inspect the fixture and each anchor prior to and subsequent to the load being fully transmitted into them. Any observations regarding movements. cracking. the placing of further units should not proceed and the anchor in question should be made safe until the concerns have been addressed to the satisfaction of the PSCS and the anchor specifier. If the supervisor has any concerns regarding the suitability of the anchor. rotation etc.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors subjected to the intended design loading a thorough inspection shall be undertaken.
design resistance capacity is only available for anchors with ETAs installed in concrete. The anchor specifier will then design the anchor based on the test results. Accordingly. At date of publication ETA design data is not available for anchors in other base materials. If the anchor specifier intends to design anchors that do not have an ETA. or intends to use an ETA anchor outside the scope of the approval document. as these anchors have undergone rigorous testing as part of the approval process. Situations where testing may or may not be required are summarised below.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors
On-site testing of ETA anchors is not normally required. Currently an ETA is granted for anchors used in concrete. then testing of the anchor in the specific base material will be required to determine the safe capacity of the anchor in this particular base material.
Section 12 | Page 66
the requirements and objectives of the testing should be determined in advance.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors Where tests are required. Tests to verify the quality of the anchor installation (proof load tests) should include 2. If undertaking tests to determine the capacity of a base material (ultimate load tests). refer to the anchor manufacturer. Refer to the anchor manufacturer/supplier for further information and site-specific guidance. z Condition and calibration of the test equipment. with a minimum of three tests. z Competency of the anchor tester. z Anchor type. z Level of testing (ultimate load test or proof load test). z Format and contents of the test report.
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. z Installation details. z Load direction (generally tensile tests are undertaken). at least three tests should be carried out. This will include the following considerations: z Type and condition of base material. The rate of testing should be increased if anchors fail to achieve the criteria established by the anchor specifier. z Edge distances and spacing.5 percent of the total number of anchors installed (1 in 40 anchors).
it is necessary to develop a system of certification. While the use of the suggested Health and Safety Authority (HSA) certificates is not mandatory. the PSDP will coordinate the activities of the designers (including the anchor specifier) and arrange for recertification as necessary. Design and Management Requirements of the Safety. for his or her retention. The PSDP will liaise with the PSCS to ensure effective transfer of information from the anchor specifier to the contractor and to incorporate any amendments of the Safety and Health Plan into the Safety File. contractor. PSDP and PSCS. The certification system developed for use in conjunction with this code of practice also establishes lines of communication between the different parties involved. Refer to the HSA’s Guidelines on the Procurement. Health and Welfare at Work (Construction) Regulations 2006 for further information on permanent and temporary works design certificates. On completion of the project the PSDP shall deliver the completed Safety File to the client. This record will assist the contractor to coordinate the checking of the anchor installations on site.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors
CERTIFICATION OF DESIGN AND INSTALLATION
In order to establish a formal record that the anchor system has been designed and installed to the approval of the anchor specifier. it is anticipated that the anchor specifier and PSDP would use these or an equivalent alternative so as to communicate their compliance with health and safety legislation. A design risk assessment should be produced by the anchor specifier for the use of anchors for each particular application. If amendments and redesign are required at any point during the design process or during the installation of the anchor. As the installation process moves forward the contractor will arrange for the completion of the anchor installation checklist (form Anchor/FM-03) by the installation supervisor. Anchor specifiers should use form Anchor/FM-02 to record the design of temporary and permanent anchors so that the design assumptions for anchors can be clearly communicated. The anchor specifier and PSDP should complete either a permanent works design certificate (for permanent anchors) or a temporary works design certificate (for temporary anchors).
Section 13 | Page 68
The flowcharts in Section 8 establish the various roles and responsibilities in the context of the scope of this code of practice. Proposed construction sequences and approaches can change when projects are awarded. Form Anchor/FM-02 in Appendix A can be used to communicate the revised anchor specification. The person instigating the change is considered to be a designer and should comply with the requirements of this code of practice. z Clashing with steel reinforcement leading to anchor holes being too short or in the wrong position. as contractors seek to amend the materials and design used to suit their preferred method of working. Irrespective of the cause of the change.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors
CHANGE MANAGEMENT — ALTERNATIVE ANCHORS
Change is an inevitable and continual process in the construction industry.
Section 14 | Page 69
. This process has to be coordinated by the PSDP. then they should be recorded on the design certificate and a full assessment of the changes should be completed by the anchor specifier. Un–communicated and/or un–documented changes can have serious consequences. The successful management of change in the design and construction process requires that procedures be established which clearly define lines of communication and responsibilities. the anchor specifier has to re–design the anchor so as to ensure that the proposed anchor satisfies the original design assumptions and will have adequate capacity to support the loads imposed. The anchor specifier can also issue hand calculations or the computer printout for the alternative anchor. The breakdown of communication and control systems can lead to significant changes taking place in the design assumptions or installation procedures without the knowledge of the anchor specifier. z A late change in the design loading information leading to under-specified anchors. Designs change when additional or new information becomes available. If changes are required to any element of the anchor design and/or installation. Some typical changes that may occur are: z Unavailability of or delay in sourcing the specified anchor leading to alternatives being used.
Appendix A | Page 70
based on the ones included in this code of practice.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors
Recommended Forms for the Design and Installation of Anchors Sample Forms:
Anchor/FM-01 (information gathering)
This form can be used to gather the information together in order to carry out an anchor design. You can use your own form or alternatively you can use the computer printout from the anchor manufacturer’s computer-aided design software or hand calculations. You may use similar forms.
Anchor/FM-03 (anchor installation)
This form can be used to check that the anchor has been installed correctly on site.
Appendix A | Page 71
Anchor/FM-02 (anchor specification)
This form can be used to communicate the anchor design. You can use your own checklist. You can use your own form or alternatively you can include the information on a drawing or sketch.
These sample forms are provided as examples.
Appendix A | Page 72
•	The designer can use this form to gather the information that will be •	If the design is going to be undertaken by another person (for example
needed to undertake the design of the anchor. the anchor supplier).Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors
This form can be used to gather the information together in order to carry out an anchor design. •	The designer can complete this form and either use it in-house or forward it to the anchor supplier. then this form is useful to communicate the particular application.
Appendix A | Page 73
This form can be used to communicate the anchor design. •	Once the specification of the anchor is agreed with the designer. •	This form should be issued to the designer and contractor.
•	If an alternative anchor is being considered.
•	If the designer has designed the anchor in-house. then this form can be used to communicate the revised specification. then he or she can use
communicate the revised specification. then the anchor supplier should use this form to communicate the specification of the anchor back to the designer. as appropriate. •	If an alternative anchor is being considered. as
•	If the designer has requested the anchor supplier to undertake the
design. then this form can be used to communicate the anchor specification to the contractor. this form to communicate the specification of the anchor to the contractor. appropriate. then this form can be used to •	This form should be issued to the anchor supplier and contractor.
Appendix A | Page 74
Appendix A | Page 75
•	The contractor can use this form to record the correct installation of the •	It is intended that the supervision of the installation would be appropriate
to the nature of the anchor. •	This form is a checklist that can be used to confirm that the anchor is being installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. •	This form does not need to be issued to other duty holders.
Appendix A | Page 76
.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors
This form can be used to check that the anchor has been installed correctly on site. anchor on site. for example if the anchor is being used in Safety Critical Situations. •	Completed copies can be kept on site.
Appendix A | Page 77
Example of European Technical Approval Document (ETA 05/0789) ETA 05/0789 is a fictitious reference number and does not relate to an actual ETA.
Appendix B | Page 78
Appendix B | Page 79
Appendix B | Page 80
Appendix B | Page 81
Appendix B | Page 82
Appendix B | Page 83
Appendix B | Page 84
Appendix B | Page 85
Appendix B | Page 86
Appendix B | Page 87
Appendix B | Page 88
Appendix B | Page 89
Appendix B | Page 90
Appendix B | Page 91
Appendix C | Page 92
No. No. 299 of 2007) Safety. Health and Welfare at Work Act 2005 (No. 504 of 2006) Safety. 130 of 2008) Safety. 423 of 2008) European Communities (Construction Products) Regulations 1992 (S.I.S. 10 of 2005) Safety.I.nsai. EN 206-1: 2002 BS EN ISO 898-1: 1999 BS 5080-1: 1993 BS 5080-2: 1986 Concrete. production and conformity Mechanical properties of fasteners made of carbon steel and alloy steel — Part 1: Bolts. 210 of 1994)
Irish Standards. No. No. 732 of 2007) Safety.I. Health and Welfare at Work (General Application) Regulations 2007 (S.irishstatutebook. Health and Welfare at Work (Construction)(Amendment)(No 2) Regulations 2008 (S. Health and Welfare at Work (Construction) Regulations 2006 (S. No. British Standards.I. No.ie I. No.ie Safety.I. Health and Welfare at Work (General Application)(Amendment) Regulations 2007 (S. Health and Welfare at Work (Construction)(Amendment) Regulations 2008 (S.I.Part 1-1 : General common rules and rules for building and civil engineering structures
BS 8110-1: 1997 EN 1990: 2002 EN 1992-1-1: 2003
Appendix C | Page 93
. screws and studs Structural fixings in concrete and masonry — Part 1: Method of test for tensile loading Methods of test for structural fixings in concrete and masonry — Part 2: Method for determination of resistance to loading in shear Structural use of concrete Basis of design for structural Eurocodes Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures .I. performance.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors
www. Specification. 198 of 1992) European Communities (Construction Products)(Amendment) Regulations 1994 (S. Codes and Other Standards
Appendix C | Page 94
. Annex B: Tests for admissible service conditions detailed information Guideline for European Technical Approval of metal anchors for use in concrete. Edition 2007
ETAG 001. Health and Welfare at Work (Construction) Regulations 2006
EOTA Publications
www. Edition 2007 ETAG 001. Edition 1997 ETAG 001. Edition 2006
EOTA TR029. Part 5: Bonded anchors Guideline for European Technical Approval of metal anchors for use in concrete.ie Guidelines to the Safety. Part 4: Deformation-controlled expansion anchors Guideline for European Technical Approval of metal anchors for use in concrete.be ETAG 001. Part 2: Torque-controlled expansion anchors Guideline for European Technical Approval of metal anchors for use in concrete. Part 3: Undercut anchors Guideline for European Technical Approval of metal anchors for use in concrete. Edition 2007 ETAG 001. Edition 2007
ETAG 020. Annex A: Details of tests Guideline for European Technical Approval of metal anchors for use in concrete. Part 1: Anchors in general Guideline for European Technical Approval of metal anchors for use in concrete.hsa.eota. Edition 2008 ETAG 001.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors DD CEN/TS 1992-4-4 2004
Design of fastenings for use in concrete Part 1: General
www. Annex C: Design methods for anchorages Guideline for European Technical Approval of plastic anchors for use in concrete and masonry for non-structural applications Design of bonded anchors
ETAG 001. Edition 2007 Guideline for European Technical Approval of metal anchors for use in concrete. Edition 2007
F.Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors
Guideline 89/106/EWG of the Council of 21 December 1988 for harmonising the legal and administrative regulations for building products in the member countries. Brussels. Silva (2006) Anchorage in Concrete Construction Construction Fixings Association’s series of guidance notes on anchor-related issues
Appendix C | Page 95
. R. Mallée and J. Interpretative documents. Construction products. Eligehausen. 16 July 1993 R. Gazette of the European Community |No. L 40 of 11 February 1989 and L 220 of 30 August 1993 Council Directive 89/106/EEC. modified by guideline 93/68/EWG of 22 July 1993.
............... 15 contractor ............................ 69 corrosion protection ............. 54 global safety factor .............................................. 66 ETAG ................ 17........................ 11...... 34 project supervisor design process 18...................... 26........11......................... 15 design resistance...19............................. 14 connection ........ 66........ 36 deformation-controlled anchors ................ 54 project supervisor construction stage 18. 29............ 43 anchor installer 11....16....... 18 projection . 46 concrete ... 41 article .. 31... 29........ 56 anchor spacing ............... 36.. 17 installation instructions . 28................... 9.. 68...... 69 edge distance ....23.. 11.... 40 EOTA ......................... 25 certification ... 41 cracked concrete ..... 30 fixture........ 26.................................................. 14............. 33............... 33 Health and Safety Authority
......... 37 load type . 10.... 68 permanent works designer... 37.37....... 45.......................... 44.16... 68. 16... 9........... 17 essential requirements ................ 15 Construction Product Directive ................... 14 competent person............................................ 68 clearance hole ........ 33.. 27............. 29.................. 57............15................. 56.......... 36 bonded anchors.. 35 Index | Page 96 design process ........ 32.......................... 36........ 56 non-cracked concrete ........ 24 design methods ..... 9.. 21. 54 client .......... 30 load direction .................... 10................................ 60..... 31... 21 ETA 4............ 37............... 29 masonry... 29....... 64.... 29...................14...........................29........ 35 SEE ALSO PARTIAL SAFETY FACTOR concrete strength ............ 56 design risk assessment ......... 60 computer-aided anchor design software 30.............. 60... 29............. 46......... 36 concrete capacity method 14.......... 13 base material ............... 4... 69 anchor supplier ......... 19. 18 SEE ALSO CONCRETE CAPACITY METHOD permanent works design certificate .. 36 partial safety factor ......................... 40 manufacturer’s instructions ..... 39 effective embedment depth ................ 64 anchor manufacturer ..... 35 anchor types ....... 11......................... 13........ 33..... 68 design change ........Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors
anchor .. 35.... 39 anchor specifier 11........... 29.......... 57........ 37 material type ...........................17........... 19 European Technical Approval .. 13 anchor design ..................... 35........... 13...................
........ Health and Welfare at Work (Construction) Regulations 2006 ..Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Anchors recommended load .... 29 sample forms ................................ 68 torque-controlled expansion anchor ............................... 24
Index | Page 97
.... 23 training ............. 18 safety data sheets ....................... 30 temporary works .... 63 supervisor ................................ 56 Safety.. 4........ 70 supervision ................. 16 safety critical situation .............................................. 64... 63.................................................. 18 temporary works design certificate........... 13 undercut anchors ......... 3... 68 technical data sheets ......... 35 types of anchors ..........30.............
ISBN No: 978-1-84496-126-5
HSA0333
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