Source: https://patents.google.com/patent/DE69930527T2/en
Timestamp: 2020-02-18 23:36:12
Document Index: 192208833

Matched Legal Cases: ['art 410', 'arts 210', 'arts 230', 'art 236', 'art 274', 'art 272', 'art 274', 'art 274', 'arts 274', 'arts 274', 'art 278']

DE69930527T2 - Rake receiver - Google Patents
DE69930527T2
DE69930527T2 DE1999630527 DE69930527T DE69930527T2 DE 69930527 T2 DE69930527 T2 DE 69930527T2 DE 1999630527 DE1999630527 DE 1999630527 DE 69930527 T DE69930527 T DE 69930527T DE 69930527 T2 DE69930527 T2 DE 69930527T2
DE1999630527
DE69930527D1 (en
1998-09-14 Priority to FI981977A priority Critical patent/FI106897B/en
1998-09-14 Priority to FI981977 priority
1999-09-14 Application filed by Nokia Oyj filed Critical Nokia Oyj
1999-09-14 Priority to PCT/FI1999/000749 priority patent/WO2000016494A1/en
2006-05-11 Publication of DE69930527D1 publication Critical patent/DE69930527D1/en
2007-03-08 Publication of DE69930527T2 publication Critical patent/DE69930527T2/en
The The invention relates to a RAKE receiver of a radio system, which a code division multiple access, CDMA) method.
In Radio systems are diversity methods of various types to increase the Coverage area and / or system capacity. So far it this publication is concerned, space diversity, d. H. Antenna diversity, polarization diversity and multipath diversity of interest. Space diversity means that antennas are positioned sufficiently far from each other to sufficient decorrelation between via the separate antennas to reach received signals. An interesting kind of polarization diversity represents implicit polarization when a signal is on a polarization plane is sent, but received by cross-polarized antennas becomes. Mehrwegweg Diverity means diversity, which by means of multiple paths is generated propagated signal components, this diversity usable in a system, such as a CDMA system, where the bandwidth of a signal is much wider than the coherent bandwidth a channel.
In A CDMA system is a RAKE receiver for separating over multiple paths spread signal components used during reception. In general have to the signal components then at least by using a part a spreading code, d. H. separated by a chip. The RAKE receiver includes rake fingers and in each of these fingers finds despreading and diversity combination instead. In addition, the recipient includes one Delay estimator with a matched filter (or matched filter) for each antenna branch and one Assignment block for the RAKE fingers. In the matched filter will be a signal which by a spreading code that has been used for signal spreading is, was corrected by various delays, wherein the timing of the spreading code then in steps, for example changed by a chip becomes. Once the correlation is big, one is about multipath found propagated signal component, which then received by means of the detected delay can be.
In "Space-Time Optimum Combining for CDMA Communications ", X. Bernstein and A.M. Haimovich, Wireless Personal Communications 3: 73-89, In 1996, combining becomes spatial and temporal processing to increase the capacity of a CDMA based wireless communication system. Especially space-time diversity (space-time diversity), cascade of optimal spatial Diversity (RAKE) with temporal processing (or Cascade Optimum Spatial diversity (RAKE) temporal), cascade of optimal spatial and optimal temporal processing (or Cascade Optimum Spatial-Optimum temporal) and optimum processing in the common area (resp. Joint Domain Optimum Processing).
On contains the radio path the signal in addition to the useful signal also noise and interference, caused by other users or systems. In Systems that use diversity can have the influence of noise and disorders for example, by a combination method acc. the maximum ratio (resp. Maximum Ratio Combining, MRC), according to this Procedures are over separate antennas received signals in relation to the signal power weighted in the separate antenna branches. However, this sets Procedure that precedes the disorder each antenna independent is. This requirement is in practice in cellular radio networks not always fulfilled, but it can be assumed that the same disturbance exists on each antenna is.
A such restriction does not exist in the combination method with interference rejection (or interference Rejection Combining, IRC). However, this procedure was only in Systems that use time-division multiple access (or Time Division Multiple Access, TDMA) method is used, these systems often are unable to over Separate multipath propagated signal components.
The IRC method here means adaptive beamforming (optimal combination of signals), through which the signal power in relation to Performance of the fault and noise is maximized, i. H. a signal-to-noise ratio (resp. Signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio, SINR) is maximized.
The The object of the invention is thus in a RAKE receiver, the IRC used. This is achieved by the RAKE receiver of is presented below. This RAKE receiver comprises at least two Antenna branches for receiving a radio signal; at least one RAKE fingers connected to the antenna branches for processing one over Multipath propagated signal component of the radio signal; one Delay estimator connected to the antenna branches for searching for one delay from at least one over Multipath propagated signal component and assign a RAKE finger to process the found, spread over multipath Signal component and to inform the RAKE finger on the found delay; wherein the RAKE finger comprises: a channel estimator for generating an impulse response of the channel of the found over multipath propagated signal component by means of one in the radio signal each known antenna part of the known pilot part; one Disturbance estimator for generating a disturbance signal, which is included in the radio signal of each antenna branch and from a fault and noise by subtracting a recovered one Use radio signal from the received radio signal, wherein the recovered Useful radio signal by means of the known pilot part and the estimated impulse response the channel is obtained; one connected to each antenna branch Despreader for despreading in the spread over multipath Signal component contained pilot part using a known Spread codes by means of a notified by the delay estimation means Delay; an associated with each antenna branch despreader for Despreading in the over Multipath propagated signal component contained data part under Use of the known spreading code by means of a delay estimating device notified delays. The RAKE finger also includes: a weighting coefficient part for providing each antenna branch with weighting coefficients that determine the signal-to-noise-and-noise ratio (SINR) maximize; a multiplier for multiplying the despread by the despreader in each antenna branch Pilot part with a weighting coefficient; a multiplier for multiplying by the despreader in each antenna branch despread data part having a weighting coefficient; a Antenna branching means for combining the over the received separate antenna branches and with the weighting coefficient multiplied despread pilot portion to a pilot signal; a second antenna branching means for combining the over the received separate antenna branches and with the weighting coefficient multiplied despread data part to a data signal; and the RAKE receiver further, a RAKE finger repeater for combining the data signals of the RAKE fingers operated by different delays to a summation data signal representing the received bits having.
tasks the dependent claims are in the preferred embodiments represented the invention.
The The invention is based on the fact that a RAKE receiver using IRC is formed has been.
The RAKE receiver of the invention provides the E b / I 0 ratio of a signal (energy per bit divided by power density of interference) with a value used up to two decibels better than a conventional RAKE receiver, the MRC ready.
The Invention will now be in more detail by means of preferred embodiments with reference to the appended Drawings described in which
1A and 1B illustrate a mobile telephone system;
2A shows a transmitter and a receiver of a mobile telephone system;
2 B Spreading and modulation in a transmitter is illustrated;
2C the solution according to the invention to a combined end cube, decoder and demodulation block of the receiver 2A illustrated;
3 Channels from a mobile telephone system positioned in a frame are illustrated;
4 illustrates the structure of user equipment in a simplified manner.
DETEILIERTE DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The Invention can also be applied to mobile telephone systems of various kinds be applied, the code-shared multiple access (or code Division Multiple Access, CDMA) method. The examples illustrate the use of the invention in a universal mobile telephone system, this is a broadband code shared multiple access method used direct sequence; however, without the invention to this to restrict. For example, the mobile phone systems IMT-2000, which by ARIB (Association of the Radio Industry and Business (or Association of Radio Industries and Businesses) has been developed in Japan, and the Universal Mobile Telephone System (or Universal Mobile Telephone Systems, UMTS), which is developed in Europe, systems according to the invention. The examples are based on the description of the WCDMA system, wherein additional Information in an ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) specification "The ETSI UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) ITU-R RTT Candidate Submission (Tdoc SMG2 260/98, May / June 1998) "are incorporated herein by reference is taken.
The structure of a universal mobile telephone system will be described with reference to FIGS 1A and 1B explained. 1B includes only the blocks that are essential to the description of the invention, but it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that a conventional telephone system also includes other functions and structures that need not be explained in greater detail here. The main parts of a mobile telephone system consist of a core network CN, a UMTS land-based radio access network UTRAN and a user equipment UE. The interface between the CN and UTRAN is called Iu, and the air interface between the UTRAN and the UE is called Uu.
The UTRAN includes Radio Network Subsystems (RNS). The interface between the RNAs is called lur. An RNS comprises a radio network controller RNC and one or more nodes B. The interface between the RNC and the B is called Iub. The coverage area of a node B, ie a cell, is in 1B marked C.
The description of 1A is very abstract and therefore she will be in 1B by the representation of which part of the GSM system corresponds approximately to which part of the UMTS. It should be noted that the illustration shown is in no way binding, but indicative, as the responsibilities and functions of the various parts of the UMTS are still in development.
According to the 1B may be a circuit-switched connection from a user equipment UE to a telephone 100 using a Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) 102 is connected to be built. A user equipment UE may be, for example, a fixed terminal, a terminal arranged in a vehicle or a portable terminal. The radio network infrastructure UTRAN includes radio network subsystems RNS, ie base station systems. A radio network subsystem RNS comprises a radio network controller RNC, ie a base station controller and at least one node B, ie a base station controlled by the controller.
A base station B comprises a multiplexing device 114 Transmitting / receiving devices 116 and a control unit 118 which controls the operation of the transceiver equipment 114 and the multiplexing device 116 controls. Traffic and control channels through a variety of transceivers 114 are used on a transmission link Iub by the multiplexing device 116 arranged.
From the transmitting / receiving facilities 114 the base station B, there is a connection to an antenna unit 120 , which implements a bidirectional radio link Uu with the user equipment UE. The structure of the frames (or frames) to be transmitted on the bidirectional radio link Uu is specified.
The base station controller RNS comprises a switching network 110 and a control unit 112 , The switching network 110 is used for connecting voice and data and for combining signaling circuits. The base station system, which consists of the base station B and the base station controller RNC, additionally comprises a transcoder device 108 , The distribution of tasks between the base station controller RNC and the base station B and their physical structure may vary depending on the implementation. The base station B typically belongs to the implementation of the radio away in the manner described above. The base station controller RNC typically controls things as follows: radio resources, handover between cells, power control, timing and synchronization, paging of user equipment.
The transcoder device 108 is generally as close as possible to a mobile telephone exchange 106 arranged as speech then in the form of the mobile telephone system between the transcoder 108 and the base station controller RNC can be transmitted while saving transmission capacity. The transcoder device 108 converts the various digital speech coding forms between the public switched telephone network and the radiotelephone network into a compatible form, eg from a 64 Kbit / s form of a fixed network to another (for example 13 Kbit / s) form of the cellular radio network, and vice versa. The required devices will not be further described here, but it may be noted that no data other than speech is provided by the transcoder device 108 being transformed. The control unit 112 performs call control and mobility management, collects statistical data and performs signaling.
A core network CN consists of an infrastructure belonging to a mobile telephone system outside the UTRAN. From the devices of the core network CN, illustrated 1B the mobile telephone exchange 106 and a network gateway mobile switching service 104 , which processes the connections of the mobile telephone system to the outside world, here to the public switched telephone network 102 ,
4 shows an example of the structure of a user equipment UE. The essential parts of the user equipment UE are: an interface 404 for an antenna 402 the user equipment, a transceiver 406 , a control part 410 for the user equipment and an interface 412 for a battery 414 , A user interface generally includes a display 400 , a keyboard 408 , a microphone 416 and a speaker 418 , The user equipment may be, for example, a portable mobile telephone, a telephone to be placed in a car, a terminal of a wireless local loop or data transmission equipment integrated in a computer.
2A illustrates the function of a pair of radio transceivers. A radio transmitter can be arranged in a node B or in a user equipment UE and a radio receiver in a user equipment UE or in the node B.
The upper part of the 2A shows the essential functions of a radio transmitter. Various services to be arranged on a physical channel include, for example, voice, data, moving or still video images, and control channels of the system. The figure illustrates control channel and data processing. The various services require different source coding means; For example, language requires a voice codec. For the sake of clarity, however, the source coding means are in 2A Not shown.
Pilot bits used by the receiver for channel estimation are also on the control channel 214 arranged. user data 200 are arranged on the data channel.
The different channels are then in different ways in the blocks 202A and 202B channel encoded. Channel coding includes, for example, various block codes, an example of which is Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC). In addition, convolutional coding and its various modifications such as pointwise convolutional coding or turbo coding are typically used. However, the pilot bits are not channel coded because they are intended to find out the signal distortions caused by the channel.
After the various channels have been channel coded, they are placed in an interleaver 204A and 204B nested. The goal of nesting is to allow for error correction. In interleaving, the bits of the various services are scrambled together in a predetermined manner, whereby instantaneous fading on the radio path alone does not necessarily render the transmitted information unusable for recognition. Subsequently, the interleaved bits are written in blocks by means of a spreading code 206A and 206B spread. The resulting chips are then scrambled by a scrambling code and in block 208 modulates its functions in more detail in 2 B is described. In this way, the separate signals are in buck 208 combined to be sent over the same transmitter.
Eventually, the combined signal becomes radio frequency parts 210 transfer that different leis amplifiers and bandwidth limiting filters. A closed loop control used to control transmission power generally controls a transmit power control amplifier located in that block. An analogue radio signal is then transmitted via the antennas 202 sent on the radio path Uu.
The lower part of the 2A illustrates the essential functions of a radio receiver. The radio receiver is typically a RAKE receiver. An analog radio frequency signal is from the radio path Uu via an antenna 203 receive. The signal becomes radio frequency parts 230 transmitted, which include a filter that holds frequencies outside the usable frequency band.
Subsequently, the signal is in block 228 is converted to an intermediate frequency or directly to baseband, the signal being sampled and quantized in this form. Since the signal is a multipath propagated signal, it is intended to block the signal components which have propagated along different paths 228 which block comprises the actual RAKE fingers of the prior art receiver. block 228 is in the greater detail in 2C described.
The obtained physical channel is then in a deinterleaver 226 interleaved. Subsequently, the deinterleaved physical channel is transformed into data streams of different channels in a demultiplexing device 224 divided up. Each channel becomes separate channel decode blocks 222A . 222B where the channel coding that has been used for transmission, such as block coding and convolutional coding, is being decoded. Convolutional coding is preferably decoded by a Viterbi decoder. Each transmitted channel 220A . 220B can then be transferred to the required further processing, for example, data 220 to a computer 122 transmitted, which is connected to the user equipment UE. The control channels of the system become a control part 236 of the radio receiver.
2 B illustrates in greater detail how a channel is spread and modulated by a spreading code. Left hand in the figure, a bit stream comes from the channel to block S / P, where each two-bit sequence is converted from the serial form to the parallel form, which means that one bit in the branch I of the signal and the other is transferred to the branch Q of the signal. Subsequently, the signal branches I and Q are multiplied by a spreading code c ch , whereby a relatively narrow-band information is spread to a wide frequency band. Each branch can have the same or a different spreading code. Each connection Uu has a separate spreading code or separate spreading codes, on the basis of which the receiver recognizes the transmissions intended for it. Then the signal is scrambled by multiplying it with a scrambling code c Iscramb + jc Qscramb , which is separate for each transmitter. The pulse shape of the received signal is filtered by filter p (t). Finally, the signal is modulated onto an RF carrier by multiplying its separate branches, which are shifted 90 ° from one another, to combine the branches thus obtained into a carrier ready to be transmitted on the point path Uu Omission of possible filtering and power amplification. The described modulation mode is Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK).
At The location of the described I / Q multiplexing may also be time division multiplexed where data and control channels are consecutive the time axis are arranged. However, the time difference is between the channels so small, that of an error estimated by the control channel, assumed can be the same on the data channel.
At maximum, 256 different mutually orthogonal spreading codes may typically be used simultaneously. For example, if the UMTS uses a 5 megahertz carrier at the speed of 4096 megachips per second in the downlink direction, the spreading factor 256 corresponds to the transmission rate of 32 kbit / s and, accordingly, the highest practical transmission speed is achieved by the spreading factor 4, where the data transmission speed is 2048 Kbps. Accordingly, the transmission rate on the channel varies in steps of 32, 64, 128, 156, 512, 1024, and 2048 Kbps, while the spreading factors vary with 256, 128, 64, 32, 16, 8, and 4, respectively. The data transmission speed available to the user depends on the channel coding used. For example, if 1/3 convolutional coding is used, the data transfer rate of the user is about one third of the data transfer rate of the channel. The spreading factor communicates the length of the spreading code. For example, the spreading factor 1 corresponding spreading code (1). The spreading factor 2 has two mutually orthogonal spreading codes (1, 1) and (1, -1). Further, the spreading factor 4 has four mutually orthogonal spreading codes: under a spreading code (1, 1) of There are spreading codes (1, 1, 1, 1) and (1, 1, -1, -1) at the upper level, and there are spreading codes (1, -1, 1) under a spreading code (1, -1) of another upper level , -1) and (1, -1. -1, 1). The formation of the spreading codes continues in this way if they are continued to lower levels of a code tree. The spreading codes of a certain level are mutually orthogonal. Similarly, a spreading code of a certain level is orthogonal to all spreading codes of another spreading code of the same level derived from that other spreading code to the next level.
at the transmission a symbol is multiplied by a spreading code, which causes the Data about the frequency band to be used are spread. For example when the spreading code 256 is used, a symbol becomes 256 Chips shown. Accordingly, when the spreading code 16 is used a symbol is represented by 16 chips.
3 shows an example of what kind of frame construction can be used on a physical channel. frame 340A . 340B . 340C . 340D are sequentially numbered from 1 to 72 and form a 720 ms superframe. The length of a frame 340C is 10 ms. The frame 340C is divided into 16 slots (or slots) 330A . 330B . 330C . 330D , The length of a slot 330C is 0.625 ms. A slot 330C typically corresponds to a power control period during which the power is controlled up or down, for example, by one decibel.
The physical channels are divided into two different types: dedicated Physical Data Channels (DPDCH) 310 and Dedicated Physical Control Channels (DPCCH) 312 , The dedicated physical data channels 310 be used to transport data 306 used in layer two of the Open Systems Interconnections (OSI) and above, that is, mainly for dedicated traffic channels. The dedicated physical control channels 312 transport control information that has been generated in layer 1 of the OSI. The control information comprises: a pilot part, ie pilot bits 300 to be used for channel estimation, Transmission Power Control (TPC) commands 302 and optionally a transport format identifier (or Transport Former Indicator, TFI) 304 , The transport format identifier 304 at this time informs the receiver of the transport speed used by each dedicated physical data channel in the uplink direction.
Like 3 to recognize are the dedicated physical data channels 310 and the dedicated physical control channels 312 time multiplexed into the same slot 330C in the downlink direction. In turn, in the uplink direction, the channels are transmitted in parallel in such a way that they are IQ-multiplexed (I = in-phase, Q = quadrature) in each frame 340C and transmitted using dual channel quadrature phase shift (QPSK) modulation. Once there is the intention to have additional dedicated physical data channels 310 They are code-division multiplexed into either branch I or Q of the first pair of channels.
Subsequently, will 2C the figure examines in more detail the combined descrambling, decoding and demodulation block 228 of the recipient who is in 2A shown is illustrated. However, the descrambling is not described because it is not relevant to the invention. A payload radio signal, which has been sent on the radio path Uu, propagates via multipath on a randomly fading channel 252 out. Further, with the signal additive normal-distributed noise 254 combined with a mean of 0. In addition, annoying signals that are also on a randomly dwindling channel 252 spread over multipath, combined with the signal.
Consequently, a signal to be received by the radio path Uu also contains both noise and interference besides the wanted signal. The signal is generated using at least two separate antenna branches 232A . 232B receive. The branches 232A . 232B may form an antenna array to provide antenna gain, with the separate antennas being relatively close to each other, for example at a pitch of one half wavelength. The diversity can be implemented as space or polarization Deversity.
The example of 2C illustrates the use of space diversity, with the branches 232A . 232B implemented as an adaptive antenna. The adaptive antenna is powered by antennas 232A . 232B implemented far enough from each other, which is received via these antennas, the multipath propagated signal.
The number of antennas can be L. The figure illustrates only two antennas, the first antenna 232A and the L-th antennas 232B , The two points between the antennas represent the existing antennas, which are not described for clarity. Generally, the number of antennas varies between 2 and 8.
According to the invention, signals are transmitted through the separate antenna branches 232A . 232B are weighted such that the influence of noise and disturbance can be minimized.
Once diversity is used, it is intended to minimize the correlation between the branches. Another way to implement diversity is to use polarization diversity, which receives a signal through cross-polarized antennas. Theoretically, hydrides are also possible, which means that both space and polarization diversity can be used. As an example of a solution that can be incorporated into a user equipment, a so-called patch antenna may be mentioned that has a plate of about one square inch (2.54 cm 2 ) in size, the plate having a cross-polarization plane. Another example is user equipment located in a vehicle, where implementation of space diversity is also relatively easy.
One of all L antenna branches 232A . 232B received signal is transmitted via radio frequency parts (in 2C not shown) to a delay estimator 260 transmitted to the antenna branch 232A . 232B are connected. In the delay estimator 260 is searched for the delay for the most audible via multipath propagated signal components. A rake finger 270A . 270B is assigned to process the found multipath propagated signal components. The delay estimator 260 informs each RAKE branch 270A . 270B about the found delay.
The delay estimator 260 includes a custom filter 262A . 262B for each antenna branch 232A . 232B , So is the number of custom filters 262A . 262B also L. In the matched filter 262A . 262B a predetermined number of parallel correlation calculations are performed on the received radio signals having different delays to estimate the delays of the multipath propagated signal components. At the correlation calculation, the spread pilot part included in the received radio signal is despread by a known spreading code using a predetermined delay.
An allocation means selects on the calculated correlations 264 which is arranged in the delay estimation means, at least one delay through which a multipath propagated signal component is received. The allocator places a RAKE finger 270A . 270B for processing the found signal component by informing the RAKE finger of the found delay. To make the selection, the correlation results from each matched filter 262A . 262B typically in the allocator 264 combined. If the correlation is high, a delay has been found which causes the delay of the multipath propagated signal component of the radio signal that of the signal in question to branch from the antennas in question 232A . 232B comes, represents. Generally, the strongest multipath components have the same code phase on all antennas, due to the proximity of the antennas and the fact that radio signals propagate at the speed of light.
Practically, a predetermined number of RAKE fingers 270A . 270B and / or a required number associated with the delays that exceed a predetermined threshold world in the correlation calculation. Generally, a limiting factor becomes the maximum number of RAKE fingers used 270A . 270B be. This example shows the number of associated RAKE fingers 270A . 270B indicated by the letter N. The number of signal components depends on radio conditions and, for example, on the shape of the terrain and buildings that cause reflections. In most cases, the smallest delay that is searched for multipath propagated signal components is one chip.
A rake finger 270A . 270B processes a multipath propagated signal component with a given code delay. The RAKE finger 270A . 270B includes a channel estimator 272 by which a channel impulse response is produced by a multipath propagated signal component contained in a radio signal and found by means of a known pilot part, ie, practically the complex impulse response taps of the channel.
In addition, the RAKE finger includes 270A . 270B a fault estimator 272 , by which a disturbance signal which is present in a radio signal from each antenna branch 232A . 232B is included and consists of noise and noise generated by subtracting a recovered useful radio signal from the received radio signal. The recovered useful radio signal is obtained by means of the known pilot part included in the radio signal and the estimated impulse response of the channel.
The areas that are in the 2C are drawn with dashed lines, illustrate the processing of the pilot part contained in the radio signal 274A and the processing of the data part included in the radio signal 274B ,
The RAKE finger 270A . 270B includes a despreader 276A . 276B connected to each antenna branch 232A . 232B is connected, and the spreading pilot part 274A which is included in the multipath propagated signal component by using a known spreading code with a delay provided by the delay estimator 260 was communicated, despreaded.
Accordingly, the RAKE finger includes 270A . 270B a despreader 276C . 276D connected to each antenna branch 232A . 232B is connected and the Spreizdatenteil 274B included in the multipath propagated signal component by using a known spreading code with a delay provided by the delay estimator 260 has been communicated, despread. There are L despreaders for processing both the data part and the pilot part, ie two for each antenna branch 232A . 232B in every RAKE finger 270A . 270B , Practically, during despreading, the data part or the pilot part of the signal component is multiplied by a complex conjugate of the spreading code in the correct phase position.
Overall, the situation is such that the delay estimator 260 N RAKE fingers 270A . 270B assigns to the best audible signal components. In every RAKE finger 270A . 270B become L antenna branches 232A . 232B processed. Both the pilot part of the radio signal and the data part of the radio signal are processed separately. The number N may vary depending on the circumstances, or a threshold may be set for the level of the multipath propagated signal components. If this threshold is exceeded, the RAKE finger becomes 270A . 270B informed and the reception continued. Consequently, the search for the timing is a dynamic process and so is the assignment of the RAKE fingers to be combined 270A . 270B ,
A weighting coefficient part 272 in the RAKE finger 270A . 270B forms weighting coefficients that provide the signal-to-interference-and-noise-ratio (SINR) for each antenna branch 232A . 232B maximized. This can be done, for example, by multiplying an inverse matrix of a covariance matrix of a perturbation signal resulting from perturbation and noise of the antenna branches 232A . 232B exists to be performed with an estimated impulse response of the channel. The weighting coefficients are complex.
The pilot part 274A that by the despreader 276A . 276B in each antenna branch 232A . 232B has been despread, using the included weighting coefficients by using a multiplier 284A . 284B in the rake finger 270A . 270B is arranged multiplied. Accordingly, the data part 274B that by the despreader 276C . 276D in each antenna branch 232A . 232B has been despread, with the obtained weighting coefficient by using a multiplier 284C . 284D multiplied. Accordingly, the signal components including the pilot part and the signal components including the data part are separately multiplied by the same weighting coefficients.
An antenna branch repeater 278A who's last in the RAKE finger 270A . 270B is arranged, combines the despread pilot parts 274A passing over the separate antenna branches 232A . 232B received and multiplied by a weighting coefficient, to a pilot signal.
Accordingly, an antenna branch repeater combines 278B the despread data parts 274B passing over the separate antenna branches 232A . 232B received and multiplied by a weighting coefficient, to a data signal.
The RAKE receiver additionally includes a RAKE finger repeater 280B containing the data signals of the RAKE fingers 270A . 270B , which operate with different delays, combined into a summed data signal representing the received bits. The data bits will then be corresponding 2A from block 228 to block 226 transferred to be deinterleaved.
Of the represented receiver is for use both at a base station and at one User equipment suitable. This means that both I / Q multiplexing as well as time-multiplexing of a data channel and a control channel possible are.
Between the antenna branch repeater 278A . 278B and the RAKE finger repeater 280A . 280B it can be a real part 278A . 278B which removes the imaginary part of the combined signal of each antenna branch, since the imaginary part represents an error term generated in the channel estimation.
In a preferred embodiment, the RAKE receiver comprises a RAKE finger repeater 280A showing the pilot signals of the RAKE fingers 270A . 270B , which operate with different delays, combine to sum a sum pilot signal representing the received pilot bits. This sum pilot signal can become an estimator 282 for the signal-to-interference ratio, which estimates the signal-to-interference ratio of the channel. The closed-loop power control can be controlled by means of the signal-to-noise ratio of the channel obtained. This is in block 282 of the 2C illustrated by the text TPC (Transmission Power Control).
The invention is preferably implemented by software, wherein at least part of the functions described in block 228 are to be replaced by software to be executed by a processor. However, the delay estimator becomes 260 , which requires a high computing capacity, preferably implemented as a user-specific integrated circuit (or Application Specific Integrated Circuit, ASIC). The others in block 228 can also be implemented by means of device solutions that provide the required functionality, such as an ASIC or a discrete logic device.
A method for calculating the weighting coefficients that maximize the SINR is shown next, assuming that the impulse response h and the covariance matrix R uu of the perturbation and noise are known. Thus, a method of estimating h and R uu using known pilot bits contained in a signal is illustrated. The representation is a complex baseband signal model on the symbol layer for processing the signal. In the illustration, the bold terms illustrate a vertical vector or matrix. It is assumed that N multipath propagated signals of interest (SOI) have been found on the time axis by means of matched filters and each signal component has been received via L separate antennas. The L complex channel taps of the Nth multipath propagated signal component are indicated by vectors h n having a length L. The multiple access interference (MAI) caused by other users, multi-path interference, and noise are indicated by a vector u n , called an L-variant complex normal distributed process with spatial, possibly color covariance R uu , n = E [u n u n H ] is modeled. The signal received by the L antennas is displayed by means of a vector r n . An information symbol of the Mth user from an alphabet of size M is displayed by means of the term s m .
The Assumption of a normal distribution (or Gaussian distribution) for the despread MAI is valid for a large number of spreading factors having different lengths.
Thus, each symbol period is discretized into K samples, and the vector r n can be represented in the following form: r n [k] = h n s m [k] + u n [k], k = 1, ..., K (1)
By stacking each of the N vectors into vectors having a length LN, a more compact notation is obtained: r [k] = hs m [k] + u [k], k = 1, ..., K (2)
The normally distributed noise variables u n [k] and u [k] are uncorrelated via the sample instantaneous values and also over the different multipath propagated signal components of the SOI: R uu [k] = E [u [k] u '' [k]] = diag (R uu, I [k], ..., R uu, N [k]) (3)
Assuming that the symbols s m are equally probable and the channel parameters h and the covariance matrix R uu [k] of the noise and the noise are both known, the optimal demodulation includes the maximization of the logarithmic probability function (I · I indicates a determinant):
Assuming that the symbols have the same energy, formula 4 can be developed into the form:
where the N weighting coefficients that minimize the perturbation
, and the vectors s m and t have a length K with elements s m [k], respectively
Accordingly, the IRC RAKE receiver illustrated above may be decomposed into N temporal RAKE fingers, each of which provides a spatial IRC on the L antenna inputs using weighting coefficients
performs. The outputs of the RAKE fingers are summed, ie combined, and a correlation detector is applied to determine a value for the symbols s m that allows the largest symbol correlation metric.
If the multi-path interference of the SOI can be neglected, for example, if the processing gain is large enough, the R uu, n is substantially the same in all N-fingers, meaning that it only needs to be estimated and inverted once. If the perturbation covariance matrix is spatially white, ie R uu, n = Id, then IRC becomes MRC since w n [k] = h n . A direct matrix inversion (DMI) of the matrix R uu, n can be avoided if recursive algorithms such as Least Mean Square (LMS) or Recursive Least Square (RLS) are used. Accordingly, the receiver can be constructed such that the noise elimination method can be changed according to circumstances between the MRC and IRC. When the data transmission speeds are high, the interference is colored and therefore IRC is used and, accordingly, MRC is used at low data rates. In principle, MRC is only a special case of IRC, which means that the method to be used can always be IRC.
Assuming that h and R uu are known, a channel estimate of the vector h having a restructured maximum likelihood (ML) and an estimate of the covariance matrix R uu using the channel estimation performed are next presented. As noted above, I / Q multiplexing is used in the uplink direction with the data channel multiplexed onto branch I and the control channel multiplexed onto branch Q. The control channel also includes a previously known pilot part. Both channels can be separated from one another by despreading with orthogonal spreading codes. The symbol-layer signal model is obtained from Equation 1, in which it is written separately for each part, I and Q, using BPSK symbols s m E {-1, 1}. It is further assumed that the index k now refers to the bit index of the symbol sequence. K bits of the DP CCH are now collected in a slot.
It was previously assumed that the channel parameters h and the interference covariance R uu are known. It is now assumed that, moreover, no a priori information about the spatial structure is available, which means that the optimal channel estimators are generated according to the maximum likelihood principle. The vector r [k], k = 1, ... K and the pilot bits s p [k] of the DPCCH within a slot are used to generate ML estimates [h ^, R ^ uu ] which are the common minimizers of the logarithmic probability function are:
This ML estimation problem is separable. If ML is given, the estimate will be h ^, the vector will be R ^ uu :
and the ML estimate h ^ is obtained as a minimizer of the cost function (I · I denotes the derivative term):
F is minimized for the selection: h = r ^ H sr (9)
A linear channel estimator based on pilot bits has been described above. It is for the expert obvious, the well-known advanced channel estimation method, such as methods that use the data channel, as well can be applied well to the method of the invention.
In the radio system described, interference may be caused by the frequency band adjacent to the traffic channel in certain situations, this interference being known as Adjacent Channel Power (ACP). The adjacent frequency band may be the WCDMA frequency band adjacent to the operator, the WCDMA frequency band from another operator, or a frequency band from another system, for example the GSM system. The problem may cause blocking in the cell in the uplink direction. For example, assume that a high-efficiency GSM transmitter causes ACP in a RAKE receiver operating at a high data rate, ie, a low spreading ratio, on a 5 MHz frequency band. The ACP (like disturbances in general) must be above the noise level so that it can be eliminated. According to the invention, a disturbance signal that is generated by the disturbance estimation device 272 has been generated, then a disturbance caused by the adjacent frequency band of the payload channel, ie, adjacent channel power, whose diametrical effect can be thus eliminated. Shrinkage of the cell due to ACP can thus be prevented.
Although the invention has been described above with reference to the example of the accompanying drawings, it is clear that the invention is not limited thereto, but in many ways may be varied within the scope of the inventive idea of the appended claims.
A RAKE receiver comprising: at least two antenna branches ( 232A . 232B ) for receiving a radio signal; at least one with the antenna branches ( 232A . 232B ) connected RAKE fingers ( 270A . 270B ) for processing a multipath propagated signal component of the radio signal; one with the antenna branches ( 232A . 232B ) associated delay estimation device ( 270 ) for searching for a delay of at least one multipath propagated signal component and for assigning a RAKE finger ( 270A . 270B ) for processing the retrieved multipath propagated signal component and informing the RAKE finger ( 270A . 270B ) about the delay found; wherein the RAKE finger comprises: a channel estimator ( 272 ) for generating an impulse response of the channel of the found multipath propagated signal component by means of each in the radio signal of an antenna branch ( 232A . 232B ) contained known pilot part; a fault estimator ( 272 ) for generating a noise signal which is present in the radio signal of each antenna branch ( 232A . 232B ) and consists of interference and noise by subtracting a recovered desired radio signal from the received radio signal, wherein the recovered desired radio signal is obtained by means of the known pilot part and the estimated impulse response of the channel; one with each antenna branch ( 232A . 232B ) first despreader ( 276A . 276B ) for despreading the pilot part contained in the multipath propagated signal component ( 274A ) using a known spreading code by means of a delay estimator ( 260 ) notified delay; one with each antenna branch ( 232A . 232B ) second despreader ( 276C . 276D ) for despreading the data part contained in the multipath propagated signal component ( 274B ) using the known spreading code by means of a delay estimator ( 260 ), a weighting coefficient part ( 272 ) for providing each antenna branch ( 232A . 232B ) with weighting coefficients maximizing the signal-to-noise ratio (SINR); characterized in that the RAKE finger ( 270A . 270B ) also comprises: a multiplier ( 284A . 284B ) for multiplying by the despreader ( 276A . 276B ) in each antenna branch ( 232A . 232B ) despread pilot part ( 274A ) with a weighting coefficient; a multiplier ( 284C . 284D ) for multiplying by the despreader ( 276C . 276D ) in each antenna branch ( 232A . 232B ) despread data part ( 274B ) with a weighting coefficient; a first antenna branch repeater device ( 278A ) for combining over the separate antenna branches ( 232A . 232B ) and multiplied by the weighting coefficient multiplied despread pilot part ( 274A ) to a pilot signal; a second antenna branch repeater device ( 278B ) for combining over the separate antenna branches ( 232A . 232B ) and multiplied by the weighting coefficient multiplied despread data part ( 274B ) to a data signal; and the RAKE receiver further comprises a RAKE finger repeater ( 280B ) for combining the data signals of the different delay operated RAKE fingers ( 270A . 270B ) to a summation data signal representing the received bits.
RAKE receiver according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises a RAKE finger repeater device ( 280A ) for combining the pilot signals of the RAKE fingers operated by different delays ( 270A . 270B ) comprising a sum pilot signal representing the received pilot bits.
RAKE receiver according to claim 2, characterized in that it comprises an estimating device ( 282 ) for estimating the signal-to-interference ratio of the channel used to receive the sum pilot signal ( 280A ) is configured.
RAKE receiver according to claim 3, characterized in that the estimating device ( 282 ) is configured to perform the power control in a closed loop by means of the obtained signal-to-interference ratio of the channel.
RAKE receiver according to claim 1, characterized in that the delay estimator ( 260 ) comprises: a matched filter ( 262A . 262B ) for each antenna branch ( 232A . 232B ) for performing a predetermined number of parallel correlation calculations for the received radio signal by different delays, whereby the pilot part contained in the received radio signal is despread in the correlation calculation by a known spreading code using a predetermined delay; an allocation device ( 264 ) for selecting at least one delay for each antenna branch ( 232A . 232B ) based on the calculated correlations by means of which the multipath propagated signal component is received and for assigning the RAKE finger ( 270A . 270B ) by informing him of the delay found.
RAKE receiver according to claim 1, characterized in that the antenna branches ( 232A . 232B ) to provide an antenna gain to provide an antenna gain.
RAKE receiver according to claim 1, characterized in that the antenna branches ( 232A . 232B ) Are diversity branches.
RAKE receiver according to claim 1, characterized in that the antenna branches ( 232A . 232B ) are antennas implemented by space diversity.
RAKE receiver according to claim 1, characterized in that the antenna branches ( 232A . 232B ) are antennas implemented by polarization diversity.
RAKE receiver according to claim 1, characterized in that the channel estimator ( 272 ) is configured to perform the channel estimation according to the principle of optimum highest probability.
RAKE receiver according to claim 1, characterized in that the weighting coefficient part ( 272 ) is configured to form the signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio for each antenna branch ( 232A . 232B ) maximizing weighting coefficients by multiplying an inverse matrix of a covariance matrix resulting from an interference signal of the antenna branches ( 232A . 232B ) with an estimated impulse response of the channel.
RAKE receiver according to claim 11, characterized in that the weighting coefficient part ( 272 ) is configured to use a maximum likelihood optimal by the method in a channel estimator ( 272 ) for estimating the noise and covariance matrix.
RAKE receiver according to claim 1, characterized in that the Störschätzeinrichtung ( 272 ) is configured to generate a spurious signal having a disturbance caused by the adjacent frequency band of the desired channel, ie, adjacent channel power.
DE1999630527 1998-09-14 1999-09-14 Rake receiver Expired - Lifetime DE69930527T2 (en)
FI981977A FI106897B (en) 1998-09-14 1998-09-14 RAKE receiver
FI981977 1998-09-14
PCT/FI1999/000749 WO2000016494A1 (en) 1998-09-14 1999-09-14 Rake receiver
DE69930527D1 DE69930527D1 (en) 2006-05-11
DE69930527T2 true DE69930527T2 (en) 2007-03-08
ID=8552484
DE1999630527 Expired - Lifetime DE69930527T2 (en) 1998-09-14 1999-09-14 Rake receiver
US (1) US6215814B1 (en)
EP (1) EP1040591B1 (en)
JP (1) JP2002525905A (en)
CN (1) CN1131600C (en)
AT (1) AT321379T (en)
AU (1) AU5749199A (en)
DE (1) DE69930527T2 (en)
ES (1) ES2258853T3 (en)
FI (1) FI106897B (en)
NO (1) NO20002221L (en)
WO (1) WO2000016494A1 (en)
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1998-09-14 FI FI981977A patent/FI106897B/en active
1999-09-14 DE DE1999630527 patent/DE69930527T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
1999-09-14 AT AT99944664T patent/AT321379T/en not_active IP Right Cessation
1999-09-14 JP JP2000570913A patent/JP2002525905A/en active Pending
1999-09-14 EP EP19990944664 patent/EP1040591B1/en not_active Not-in-force
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2000-05-15 US US09/571,138 patent/US6215814B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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CN1277759A (en) 2000-12-20
JP2002525905A (en) 2002-08-13
NO20002221L (en) 2000-05-12
US6215814B1 (en) 2001-04-10
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WO2000016494A1 (en) 2000-03-23
NO20002221D0 (en) 2000-04-28
JP2007535835A (en) 2007-12-06 Continuous interference cancellation in general purpose RAKE receiver architecture
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