Source: http://www.docstoc.com/docs/77149897/Communication-Network-Having-A-Plurality-Of-Bridging-Nodes-Which-Transmits-A-Polling-Message-With-Backward-Learning-Technique-To-Determine-Communication-Pathway---Patent-7899951
Timestamp: 2014-07-29 18:39:28
Document Index: 746369957

Matched Legal Cases: ['art 1', 'art 1', 'art 2', 'art 3', 'art 4', 'art 6', 'art 7', 'art 8', 'art 9', 'art 5']

Communication Network Having A Plurality Of Bridging Nodes Which Transmits A Polling Message With Backward Learning Technique To Determine Communication Pathway - Patent 7899951
United States Patent: 7899951
7,899,951
Communication network having a plurality of bridging nodes which transmits
a polling message with backward learning technique to determine
is achieved by using the network of intermediate base stations to
Mahany; Ronald L. (Cedar Rapids, IA), Meier; Robert C. (Cedar Rapids, IA), Luse; Ronald E. (Marion, IA)
12/193,168
11009338Dec., 20047415548
10123873Apr., 20026895450
09060287Apr., 19986374311
08395555Feb., 19955740366
08255848Jun., 19945394436
07970411Nov., 1992
07968990Oct., 1992
07769425Oct., 1991
PCT/US92/08610Oct., 1992
08545108Oct., 19955940771
07974102Sep., 1992
07907927Jun., 1992
07857603Mar., 1992
PCT/US92/03982May., 1992
07802348Dec., 1991
07790946Nov., 1991
710/18  ; 370/329; 370/351; 375/132; 375/220; 455/342; 455/517; 455/524; 709/227; 710/46; 713/320; 713/321; 713/323; 713/324
G06F 13/372&amp;nbsp(20060101); G06F 3/00&amp;nbsp(20060101)
710/18,46 709/227,304 713/320-324 455/342,517,524 375/132,202,220 370/329,351
4804954
5696468
6928275
0 490 441
62-37008
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1991. U.S. Pat. No. 6,374,311 is also a continuation-in-part of U.S.
application Ser. No. 08/545,108, filed Oct. 19, 1995, now U.S. Pat. No.
5,940,771, which is a continuation of: 1) U.S. application Ser. No.
07/947,102, filed Sep. 14, 1992, now abandoned; and 2) U.S. application
Ser. No. 07/907,927, filed Jun. 30, 1992, now abandoned. Application Ser.
No. 07/947,102 is also a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No.
07/907,927. Application Ser. No. 07/907,927 is a continuation-in-part of:
1) U.S. application Ser. No. 07/857,603, filed Mar. 30, 1992, now
abandoned; 2) PCT Application No. US92/03982, filed May 13, 1992, now
abandoned; 3) U.S. application Ser. No. 07/769,425, filed Oct. 1, 1991,
now abandoned; and 4) U.S. application Ser. No. 07/802,348, filed Dec. 4,
1991, now abandoned, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application
Ser. No. 07/790,946, filed Nov. 12, 1991, now abandoned. Each of the
above-mentioned applications is hereby incorporated herein by reference
This application is also related to application Ser. No. 10/965,991 filed
Oct. 15, 2004.
1.  A terminal node for use in a multi-hop data communication network having RF capability and a plurality of bridging nodes that operate to dynamically create and revise
communication pathways between nodes in the network, where the terminal node operates to, at least: receive a first message from a bridging node of the plurality of bridging nodes;  and responsive at least in part to the received first message,
communicate a second message to the bridging node, where the second message comprises characteristics that are used by the bridging node, through a backward learning technique, to independently create and/or maintain locally stored information that
specifies how communication traffic should flow through the bridging node.
2.  The terminal node of claim 1, where the first message comprises information that is based, at least in part, on communication link conditions.
3.  The terminal node of claim 1, where the first message comprises a HELLO message.
4.  The terminal node of claim 1, where the first message comprises a polling message.
5.  The terminal node of claim 1, where the first message is a first particular type of message, and wherein the terminal node operates to periodically receive messages of the first particular type at substantially constant periodic intervals.
6.  The terminal node of claim 5, wherein each of at least a portion of the substantially constant periodic intervals comprises a random component that is calculated prior to transmission of a respective message of the first particular type.
7.  The terminal node of claim 5, wherein each of at least a portion of the substantially constant periodic intervals comprises a random component that is calculated by both the bridging node and the terminal node prior to transmission of a
respective message of the first particular type.
8.  The terminal node of claim 1, where the first message comprises a beacon message.
9.  The terminal node of claim 1, where the first message is a first particular type of message and comprises timing information, and wherein the terminal node operates to synchronize reception of a future message of the first particular type
based, at least in part, on said timing information.
10.  The terminal node of claim 1, wherein the terminal node operates to: determine communication link conditions;  and generate the second message based, at least in part, on the determined communication link conditions.
11.  The terminal node of claim 10, wherein the terminal node operates to determine information to include in the second message based, at least in part, on the determined communication link conditions.
12.  The terminal node of claim 10, wherein the terminal node operates to address the second message to the bridging node based, at least in part, on the determined communication link conditions.
13.  The terminal node of claim 1, where the second message comprises characteristics that cause the bridging node to enter and/or maintain information of the terminal node in a routing table.
14.  The terminal node of claim 1, where the second message comprises characteristics that cause the bridging node to communicate a third message to a third node of the communication network.
15.  The terminal node of claim 14, where the third node is a second bridging node of the communication network.
16.  The terminal node of claim 15, where the third message comprises characteristics that cause the second bridging node to enter and/or maintain locally stored information that specifies how communication traffic should flow through the second
bridging node.
17.  The terminal node of claim 1, where the second message comprises an attach request.
18.  The terminal node of claim 1, where the second message comprises a data packet.
19.  The terminal node of claim 1, where the first message is a first type of message, and wherein the terminal node operates to: receive another of the first type of message from a second bridging node;  and responsive, at least in part, to the
received first message and the received another of the first type of message, communicate the second message to the bridging node.
20.  The terminal node of claim 19, wherein the terminal node operates to, responsive at least in part to the received first message and the received another of the first type of message, communicate a third message to the second bridging node,
where the third message comprises characteristics that cause the second bridging node, through a backward learning technique, to independently create and/or maintain locally stored information that specifies how communication traffic should flow through
the second bridging node.
21.  A terminal node for use in a multi-hop wireless data communication network comprising a plurality of bridging nodes, where the terminal node operates to, at least: receive a first message broadcast from a bridging node of the wireless
communication network;  and responsive at least in part to the received first message, communicate a second message to the bridging node, where the second message comprises characteristics that are used by the bridging node, through a backward learning
technique, to independently create and/or maintain locally stored information that specifies how communication traffic should flow through the bridging node.
22.  The terminal node of claim 21, where the first message comprises information that is based, at least in part, on communication link conditions.
23.  The terminal node of claim 21, where the first message comprises a HELLO message.
24.  The terminal node of claim 21, where the first message comprises a polling message.
25.  The terminal node of claim 21, where the first message is a first particular type of message, and wherein the terminal node operates to periodically receive messages of the first particular type at substantially constant periodic intervals.
26.  The terminal node of claim 25, wherein each of at least a portion of the substantially constant periodic intervals comprises a random component that is calculated prior to transmission of a respective message of the first particular type.
27.  The terminal node of claim 25, wherein each of at least a portion of the substantially constant periodic intervals comprises a random component that is calculated by both the bridging node and the terminal node prior to transmission of a
28.  The terminal node of claim 21, where the first message comprises a beacon message.
29.  The terminal node of claim 21, where the first message is a first particular type of message and comprises timing information, and wherein the terminal node operates to synchronize reception of a future message of the first particular type
30.  The terminal node of claim 21, wherein the terminal node operates to: determine communication link conditions;  and generate the second message based, at least in part, on the determined communication link conditions.
31.  The terminal node of claim 30, wherein the terminal node operates to determine information to include in the second message based, at least in part, on the determined communication link conditions.
32.  The terminal node of claim 30, wherein the terminal node operates to address the second message to the bridging node based, at least in part, on the determined communication link conditions.
33.  The terminal node of claim 21, where the second message comprises characteristics that cause the bridging node to enter and/or maintain information of the terminal node in a routing table.
34.  The terminal node of claim 21, where the second message comprises characteristics that cause the bridging node to communicate a third message to a third node of the communication network.
35.  The terminal node of claim 34, where the third node is a second bridging node of the communication network.
36.  The terminal node of claim 35, where the third message comprises characteristics that cause the second bridging node to enter and/or maintain locally stored information that specifies how communication traffic should flow through the second
37.  The terminal node of claim 21, where the second message comprises an attach request.
38.  The terminal node of claim 21, where the second message comprises a data packet.
39.  The terminal node of claim 21, where the first message is a first type of message, and wherein the terminal node operates to: receive another of the first type of message from a second bridging node;  and responsive, at least in part, to
the received first message and the received another of the first type of message, communicate the second message to the bridging node.
40.  The terminal node of claim 39, wherein the terminal node operates to, responsive at least in part to the received first message and the received another of the first type of message, communicate a third message to the second bridging node,
41.  A terminal node for use in a wireless communication network, where the terminal node operates to, at least: receive a first message from a bridging node of a wireless communication network;  and responsive at least in part to the received
first message, generate a second message for the bridging node, where the second message comprises characteristics that are used by the bridging node to independently create and/or maintain locally stored information that specifies how communication
traffic should flow through the bridging node.
42.  The terminal node of claim 41, where the first message comprises information that is based, at least in part, on communication link conditions.
43.  The terminal node of claim 41, where the first message comprises a HELLO message.
44.  The terminal node of claim 41, where the first message comprises a polling message.
45.  The terminal node of claim 41, where the first message is a first particular type of message, and wherein the terminal node operates to periodically receive messages of the first particular type at substantially constant periodic intervals.
46.  The terminal node of claim 45, wherein each of at least a portion of the substantially constant periodic intervals comprises a random component that is calculated prior to transmission of a respective message of the first particular type.
47.  The terminal node of claim 45, wherein each of at least a portion of the substantially constant periodic intervals comprises a random component that is calculated by both the bridging node and the terminal node prior to transmission of a
48.  The terminal node of claim 41, where the first message comprises a beacon message.
49.  The terminal node of claim 41, where the first message is a first particular type of message and comprises timing information, and wherein the terminal node operates to synchronize reception of a future message of the first particular type
50.  The terminal node of claim 41, wherein the terminal node operates to: determine communication link conditions;  and generate the second message based, at least in part, on the determined communication link conditions.
51.  The terminal node of claim 50, wherein the terminal node operates to determine information to include in the second message based, at least in part, on the determined communication link conditions.
52.  The terminal node of claim 50, wherein the terminal node operates to address the second message to the bridging node based, at least in part, on the determined communication link conditions.
53.  The terminal node of claim 41, where the second message comprises characteristics that cause the bridging node to enter and/or maintain information of the terminal node in a routing table.
54.  The terminal node of claim 41, where the second message comprises characteristics that cause the bridging node to communicate a third message to a third node of the communication network.
55.  The terminal node of claim 54, where the third node is a second bridging node of the communication network.
56.  The terminal node of claim 55, where the third message comprises characteristics that cause the second bridging node to enter and/or maintain locally stored information that specifies how communication traffic should flow through the second
57.  The terminal node of claim 41, where the second message comprises an attach request.
58.  The terminal node of claim 41, where the second message comprises a data packet.
59.  The terminal node of claim 41, where the first message is a first type of message, and wherein the terminal node operates to: receive another of the first type of message from a second bridging node;  and responsive, at least in part, to
60.  The terminal node of claim 59, wherein the terminal node operates to, responsive at least in part to the received first message and the received another of the first type of message, communicate a third message to the second bridging node,
the second bridging node.  Description
In earlier RF (Radio Frequency) data communication systems, the base stations were typically connected directly to a host computer through multi-dropped connections to an Ethernet communication line.  To communicate between an RF terminal and a
host computer, in such a system, the RF terminal sends data to a base station and the base station passes the data directly to the host computer.  Communicating with a host computer through a base station in this manner is commonly known as hopping.
These earlier RF data communication systems used a single-hop method of communication.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the RF data communication system contains one or more host computers and multiple gateways, bridges, and RF terminals.  Gateways are used to pass messages to and from a host computer and the RF Network. A host port is used to provide a link between the gateway and the host computer.  In addition, gateways may include bridging functions and may pass information from one RF terminal to another.  Bridges are intermediate relay nodes which repeat data
The RF terminals are attached logically to the host computer and use a network formed by a gateway and the bridges to communicate with the host computer.  To set up the network, an optimal configuration for conducting network communication
spanning tree is created to control the flow of data communication.  To aid understanding by providing a more visual description, this configuration is referred to hereafter as a &quot;spanning tree&quot; or &quot;optimal spanning tree&quot;.
Specifically, root of the spanning tree are the gateways; the branches are the bridges; and non-bridging stations, such as RF terminals, are the leaves of the tree.  Data are sent along the branches of the newly created optimal spanning tree.
One object of the present invention is to route data efficiently, dynamically, and without looping.  Another object of the present invention is to make the routing of the data transparent to the RF terminals.  The RF terminals, transmitting data
FIG. 2 is a flow diagram illustrating a bridging node&#39;s construction and maintenance of the spanning tree.
FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram of an RF data communication system.  In one embodiment of the present invention, the RF data communication system has a host computer 10, a network controller 14 and bridges 22 and 24 attached to a data
communication link and bridges 40 and 44 are logically attached to gateway 20 by two independent RF links.  Additional bridges 46, 48, 50 and 52 are also connected to the RF Network and are shown in the FIG. 1.  Note that, although shown separate from
the host computer 10, the gateway 20 (the spanning tree root node) may be part of host computer 10.
The FIG. 1 further shows RF terminals 100 and 102 attached to bridge 22 via RF links and RF terminal 104 attached to bridge 24 via an RF link.  Also, RF terminals 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 118, and 120 can be seen logically attached to the RF
Network through their respective RF links.  The RF terminals in FIG. 1 are representative of non-bridging stations.  In alternate embodiments of the present invention, the RF Network could contain any type of device capable of supporting the functions
needed to communicate in the RF Network such as hard-wired terminals, remote printers, stationary bar code scanners, or the like.  The RF data communication system, as shown in FIG. 1, represents the configuration of the system at a discrete moment in
time after the initialization of the system.  The RF links, as shown, are dynamic and subject to change.  For example, changes in the structure of the RF data communication system can be caused by movement of the RF terminals and by interference that
affects the RF communication links.
In the preferred embodiment, the host computer 10 is an IBM 3090, the network controller 14 is a model RC3250 of the Norand Corporation, the data communication link 16 is an Ethernet link, the nodes 20, 22, 24, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50 and 52 are
intelligent base transceiver units of the type RB4000 of the Norand Corporation, and the RF terminals 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 118 and 120 are of type RT1100 of the Norand Corporation.
The optimal spanning tree, which provides the data pathways throughout the communication system, is stored and maintained by the network as a whole.  Each node in the network stores and modifies information which specifies how local communication
traffic should flow.  Optimal spanning trees assure efficient, adaptive (dynamic) routing of information without looping.
To initialize the RF data communication system, the gateway 20 and the other nodes are organized into an optimal spanning tree rooted at the gateway 20.  To form the optimal spanning tree, in the preferred embodiment the gateway 20 is assigned a
status of ATTACHED and all other bridges are assigned the status UNATTACHED.  The gateway 20 is considered attached to the spanning tree because it is the root node.  Initially, all other bridges are unattached and lack a parent in the spanning tree.  At
this point, the attached gateway node 20 periodically broadcasts a specific type of polling packet referred to hereafter as &quot;HELLO packets&quot;.  The HELLO packets can be broadcast using known methods of communicating via radio frequency (RF) link or via a
direct wire link.  In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the RF link is comprised of spread-spectrum transmissions using a polling protocol.  Although a polling protocol is preferred, a carrier-sense multiple-access (CSMA), busy-tone, or
any other protocol might also manage the communication traffic on the RF link.
HELLO packets contain 1) the address of the sender, 2) the hopping distance that the sender is from the root, 3) a source address, 4) a count of nodes in the subtree which flow through that bridge, and 5) a list of system parameters.  Each node
FIG. 2 is a flow diagram illustrating a bridge&#39;s participation in the construction and maintenance of the spanning tree.  At a block 201, the bridge begins the local construction of the spanning tree upon power-up.  Next, at a block 203, the
bridge enters the UNATTACHtD state, listening for HELLO packets (also referred to as HELLO messages herein) that are broadcast.
By listening to the HELLO messages, bridges can learn which nodes are attached to the spanning tree.  At a block 205, the bridge responds to a HELLO packet received by sending an ATTACH.request packet to the device that sent the received HELLO
packet.  The ATTACH.request packet is thereafter forwarded towards and to the root node which responds by sending an ATTACH.response packet back down towards and to the bridge.
The bridge awaits the ATTACH.response packet at a block 207.  Upon receipt of the ATTACH.response packet, at a block 209, the bridge enters an ATTACHED state.  Thereafter, at a block 211, the bridge begins periodically broadcasting HELLO packets
and begins forwarding or relaying packets received.  Specifically, between HELLO packet broadcasts, the bridge listens for HELLO, DATA, ATTACH.request and ATTACH.response packets broadcast by other devices in the communication network.  Upon receiving
such a packet, the bridge branches to a block 213.  At the block 213, if the bridge detects that it has become detached from the spanning tree the bridge will branch back to the block 203 to establish attachment.  Note that although the illustration in
FIG. 2 places block 213 immediately after the block 211, the bridges functionality illustrated in block 213 is actually distributed throughout the flow diagram.
If at the block 213 detachment has not occurred, at a block 214, the bridge determines if the received packet is a HELLO packet.  If so, the bridge analyzes the contents of the HELLO packet at a block 215 to determine whether to change its
attachment point in the spanning tree.  In a preferred embodiment, the bridge attempts to maintain attachment to the spanning tree at the node that is logically closest to the root node.
The logical distance, in a preferred embodiment, is based upon the number of hops needed to reach the root node and the bandwidth of those hops.  The distance the attached node is away from the root node is found in the second field of the HELLO
message that is broadcast.  In another embodiment of the present invention, the bridges consider the number of nodes attached to the attached node as well as the logical distance of the attached node from the root node.  If an attached node is overloaded
with other attached nodes, the unattached bridge may request attachment to the less loaded node, or to a more loaded node as described above in networks having regions of substantial RF overlap.  In yet another embodiment, to avoid instability in the
spanning tree, the bridge would only conclude to change attachment if the logical distance of the potential replacement is greater than a threshold value.
If no change in attachment is concluded, at a block 217 the bridge branches back to the block 211.  If a determination is made to change attachment, a DETACH packet is sent to the root as illustrated at a block 219.  After sending the DETACH
packet, the bridge branches back to the block 205 to attach to the new spanning tree node.  Note that the order of shown for detachment and attachment is only illustrative and can be reversed.
Referring back to the block 214, if the received packet (at block 211) is not a HELLO packet, the bridge branches to a block 221 to forward the received packet through the spanning tree.  Afterwards, the bridge branches back to the block 211 to
Specifically, once attached, the attached bridge begins broadcasting HELLO packets (at the block 211) seeking to have all unattached bridges (or other network devices) attach to the attached bridge.  Upon receiving an ATTACH.request packet, the
bridge forwards that packet toward the root node (through the blocks 211, 213, 214 and 221.  On its path toward the root, each node records the necessary information of how to reach requesting bridge.  This process is called &quot;backward learning&quot; herein,
and is discussed more fully below.  As a result of the backward learning, once the root node receives the ATTACH.request packet, an ATTACH.response packet can be sent through the spanning tree to the bridge requesting attachment.
After attaching to an attached node, the newly attached bridge (the child) must determine its distance from the root node.  To arrive at the distance of the child from the root node, the child adds the broadcast distance of its parent from the
root node to the distance of the child from its parent.  In the preferred embodiment, the distance of a child from its parent is based on the bandwidth of the data communication link.  For example, if the child attaches to its parent via a hard-wired
link (data rate 26,000 baud), then the distance of that communication link might equal, for example, one hop.  However, if the child attaches to its parent via an RF link (data rate 9600 baud), then the distance of that communication link might
correspondingly be equal 3 hops.  The number of the hop corresponds directly to the communication speed of the link.  This may not only take into consideration baud rate, but also such factors as channel interference.
attachment to the gateway node 20.  The unattached nodes 40, 42, and 44 send ATTACH.request packets and the attached gateway node 20 acknowledges the ATTACH.request packets with local ATTACH.confirm packets.  The newly attached bridges are assigned the
status ATTACHED and begin broadcasting their own HELLO packets, looking for other unattached bridges.  Again, the remaining unattached nodes attempt to attach to the attached nodes that are logically closest to the root node.  For example, node 48 is
within range of HELLO messages from both nodes 40 and 42.  However, node 40 is three hops, via an RF link, away from the gateway root node 20 and node 42 is only one hop, via a hard-wired link, away from the gateway root node 20.  Therefore, node 48
attaches to node 42, the closest node to the gateway root node 20.
only respond to a HELLO message if the hop count in a HELLO packet is greater than a certain threshold value, CHANGE_THRESHOLD.  In the preferred embodiment, the value of the CHANGE_THRESHOLD equals 3.  In this manner, an optimal spanning tree is formed
that is capable of transmitting data without looping.
After the spanning tree is initialized, the RF terminals listen for periodically broadcasted Hello packets to determine which attached nodes are in range.  After receiving HELLO messages from attached nodes, an RF terminal responding to an
appropriate poll sends an ATTACH.request packet to attach to the node logically closest to the root.  For example, RF terminal 110 is physically closer to node 44.  However, node 44 is three hops, via an RF link, away from the gateway root node 20 and
node 42 is only one hop, via a hard-wired link, away from the gateway root node 20.  Therefore, RF terminal 110, after hearing HELLO messages from both nodes 42 and 44, attaches to node 42, the closest node to the gateway root node 20.  Similarly, RF
terminal 114 hears HELLO messages from nodes 48 and 50.  Nodes 48 and 50 are both four hops away from the gateway root node 20.  However, node 48 has two RF terminals 110 and 112 already attached to it while node 50 has only one RF terminal 116 attached
to it.  Therefore, RF terminal 114 will attach to node 50, the least busy node of equal distance to the gateway root node 20.  Attaching to the least busy node proves to be the most efficient practice when the communication system has little overlap in
the RF communication regions.  In another embodiment, however, instead of attaching to the least busy node of equal distance to the gateway root node 20, the attachment is established with the busiest node.
Communication between terminals and the host computer is accomplished by using the resulting RF Network.  To communicate with the host computer, an RF terminal sends a data packet in response to a poll from the bridge closest to the host
computer.  Typically, the RF terminal is attached to the bridge closest to the host computer.  However, RF terminals are constantly listening for HELLO and polling messages from other bridges and may attach to, and then communicate with, a bridge in the
table of bridges that is closer to the particular RF terminal.
Therefore, the RP Network of the present invention detects duplicate data packets.  To ensure data integrity, each set of data transmissions receives a sequence number.  The sequence numbers are continuously incremented, and duplicate sequence numbers
forwards the data packet to its child node which is along the branch destined for the RF terminal.  It is not necessary for the nodes along the branch containing the RF terminal to know the ultimate location of the RP terminal.  The forwarding of the
Communication is also possible between RF terminals.  To communicate with another RF terminal, the RF terminal sends a data packet to its attached bridge.  When the bridge receives the data packet from a terminal directed to the host computer,
the bridge checks to see if the destination address of the RF terminal is located within its routing table.  If it is, the bridge simply sends the message to the intended RF terminal.  If not, the bridge forwards the data packet to its parent node.  The
forwarding of the data packet up the branch continues until a common parent between the RF terminals is found.  Then, the common parent (often the gateway node itself) sends the data packet to the intended RF terminal via the branches of the RF Network.
During the normal operation of the RF Network, RF terminals can become lost or unattached to their attached node.  If an RF terminal becomes unattached, for whatever reason, its routing entry is purged and the RF terminal listens for HELLO or
polling messages from any attached nodes in range.  After receiving HELLO or polling messages from attached nodes, the RF terminal sends an ATTACH.request packet to the attached node closest to the root.  That attached node acknowledges the
ATTACH.request and sends the ATTACH.request packet onto the gateway root node.  Then, the gateway root node returns an end-to-end ATTACH.confirm packet.
Bridges can also become lost or unattached during normal operations of the RF Network.  If a bridge becomes lost or unattached, all routing entries containing the bridge are purged.  The bridge then broadcasts a HELLO.request with a global bridge
destination address.  Attached nodes will broadcast HELLO packets immediately if they receive an ATTACH.request packet with a global destination address.  This helps the lost node reattach.  Then, the bridge enters the LISTEN state to learn which
consisting of RS485 or ethernet wired links and single-channel direct sequenced spread spectrum links.  The network architecture is complicated by moving, hidden, and sleeping nodes.  The spread spectrum system consists of the following types of devices:
Base station--An intermediate relay node which is used to extend the range of the controller node.  Base station-to-controller or base station-to-base station links can be wired or wireless RF.
The devices are logically organized as nodes in an (optimal) spanning tree, with the controller at the root, internal nodes in base stations or controllers on branches of the tree, and terminal nodes as (possibly mobile) leaves on the tree.  Like
a sink tree, nodes closer to the root of the spanning tree are said to be &quot;downstream&quot; from nodes which are further away.  Conversely, all nodes are &quot;upstream&quot; from the root.  Packets are only sent along branches of the spanning tree.  Nodes in the
network use a &quot;BACKWARD LEARNING&quot; technique to route packets along the branches of the spanning tree.
Devices in the spanning tree are logically categorized as one of the following three node types: 1) Root (or root bridge)--A controller device which functions as the root bridge of the network spanning tree.  In the preferred embodiment, the
spanning tree has a single root node.  Initially, all controllers are root candidates from which a root node is selected.  This selection may be based on the hopping distance to the host, preset priority, random selection, etc. 2) Bridge--An internal
node in the spanning tree which is used to &quot;bridge&quot; terminal nodes together into an interconnected network.  The root node is also considered a bridge and the term &quot;bridge&quot; may be used to refer to all non-terminal nodes or all non-terminal nodes except
the root, depending on the context herein.  A bridge node consists of a network interface function and a routing function.  3) Terminal--leaf node in the spanning tree.  A terminal node can be viewed as the software entity that terminates a branch in the
A controller device contains a terminal node(s) and a bridge node.  The bridge node is the root node if the controller is functioning as the root bridge.  A base station contains a bridge node.  A terminal device contains a terminal node and must
have a network interface function.  A &quot;bridging entity&quot; refers to a bridge node or to the network interface function in a terminal.
d) Terminal mobility.  Terminals should be able to move about the RF network without losing an end-to-end connection.
h) Physical link independence.  The bridging algorithm is consistent across heterogeneous physical links.
The MAC layer is responsible for providing reliable transmission between any two nodes in the network (i.e. terminal-to-bridge).  The MAC has a channel access control component and a link control component.  The link control component facilitates
and regulates point-to-point frame transfers in the absence of collision detection.  The MAC channel access control component regulates access to the network.  Note that herein, the MAC layer is also referred to as the Data Link layer.
1.  The bridging layer uses a &quot;HELLO protocol&quot; to organize nodes in the network into an optimal spanning tree rooted at the root bridge.  The spanning tree is used to prevent loops in the topology.  Interior branches of the spanning tree are
relatively stable (i.e. controller and relay stations do not move often).  Terminals, which are leaves on the spanning three, may become unattached, and must be reattached, frequently.
2.  The bridging layer routes packets from terminals to the host, from the host to terminals, and from terminals to terminals along branches of the spanning tree.
3.  The bridging layer provides a service for storing packets for SLEEPING terminals.  Packets which cannot be delivered immediately can be saved by the bridging entity in a parent node for one or more HELLO times.
4.  The bridging layer propagates lost node information throughout the spanning tree.
5.  The bridging layer maintains the spanning tree links.
6.  The bridging layer distributes network interface addresses.
A logical link control layer, also known herein as the Transport layer herein, is responsible for providing reliable transmission between any two nodes in the network (i.e., terminal-to-base station).  The data-link layer provides a
connection-oriented reliable service and a connectionless unreliable service.  The reliable service detects and discards duplicate packets and retransmits lost packets.  The unreliable services provides a datagram facility for upper layer protocols which
provide a reliable end-to-end data path.  The data-link layer provides ISO layer 2 services for terminal-to-host application sessions which run on top of an end-to-end terminal-to-host transport protocol.  However, the data-link layer provides transport
(ISO layer 4) services for sessions contained within the SST network.
For terminal-to-terminal sessions contained within the SST network, the data-link layer provides transport layer services and no additional network or transport layer is required.  In this case, the MAC, bridging, and data-link layers discussed
above can be viewed as a data-link layer, a network layer, and a transport layer, respectively.  For terminal-to-host-application sessions, higher ISO layers exist on top of the SST data-link layer and must be implemented in the terminal and host
computer, as required.  This document does not define (or restrict) those layers.  This document does discuss a fast-connect VMTP-like transport protocol which is used for transient internal terminal-to-terminal sessions.
relatively stable (i.e., the controller and base stations do not move often).  Terminals, which are leaves on the spanning tree, become unattached, and must be reattached frequently.
Network address requirements are as follows.  DLC framed contain a hop destination and source address in the DLC header.  network packets contain an end-to-end destination and a source address in the network header.  Transport messages do not
Short addresses consist of the following.  There is: an address length bit (short or long).
Short-address allocation is accomplished as follows.  Short node identifiers of root nodes are well known.  All other nodes must obtain a short node identifier from the root.  To obtain a short address, a node send an ADDRESS request packet to
MAX-ADDRESS-LIFE must be larger than ADDRESS-TIMEOUT to ensure that an address is not in use by any node when it becomes available for another node.  If the root receives an ADDRESS request from a source for which an entry exists in the address
The network layer organizes nodes into an optimal spanning tree with the controller at the root of the tree.  (Note that the spanning three identifier allows two logical trees to exist in the same coverage area.) Spanning tree organization is
Nodes in the network are generally categorized as ATTACHED or UNATTACHED.  Initially, only the root node is attached.  A single controller may be designated as the root, or multiple root candidates (i.e. controllers) may negotiate to determine
which node is the root.  Attached bridge nodes and root candidates transmit &quot;HELLO&quot; packets at calculated intervals.  The HELLO packets include:
c) a &quot;seed&quot; value from which the time schedule of future hello messages can be calculated.
d) a hello slot displacement time specifying an actual variation that will occur in the scheduled arrival of the very next hello message (the scheduled arrival being calculated from the &quot;seed&quot;).
g) a detached-node list.  Detached-node lists contain the addresses of nodes which have detached from the spanning tree.  The root maintains two lists.  A private list consists of all detached node addresses, and an advertised list consists of
the addresses of all detached nodes which have pending transport messages.  The addresses in the hello packet are equivalent to the advertised list.
Attached notes broadcast &quot;SHORT HELLO&quot; messages immediately if they receive an &quot;HELLO.request&quot; packet with a global destination address; otherwise, attached nodes will only broadcast hello messages at calculated time intervals in &quot;hello slots.&quot;
Short hello messages do not contain a pending-message or detached-node list.  Short hello messages are sent independently of regular hello messages and do not affect regular hello timing.
Unattached nodes (nodes without a parent in the spanning tree) are, initially, in an &quot;UNATTACHED LISTEN&quot; state.  During the listen state, a node learns which attached base station/controller is closest to the root node by listening to hello
messages.  After the listening period expires an unattached node sends an ATTACH.request packet to the attached node closest to the root.  The attached node immediately acknowledges the ATTACH.request, and send the ATTACH.request packet onto the root
(controller) node.  The root node returns the request as an end-to-end ATTACH.confirm packet.  If the newly-attached node is a base station, the node calculates its link distance and adds the distance to the distance of its parent before beginning to
transmit hello messages.
The end-to-end ATTACH.request functions as a discovery packet, and enables the root node to learn the address of the source node quickly.  The end-to-end ATTACH.request, when sent from a node to the root, does not always travel the entire
piggy-backed on the ATTACH.request packet must still be forwarded to the host.) This situation occurs whenever a &quot;new&quot; path has more than one node in common with the &quot;old&quot; path.
The LISTEN state ends after MIN_HELLO hello time slots if hello messages have been received from at least one node.  If no hello messages have been received the listening node waits and retries later.
Unattached nodes may broadcast a GLOBAL ATTACH.request with a multi-cast base station destination address to solicit short hello messages from attached base stations.  The net effect is that the LISTEN state may (optionally) be shortened.  (Note
that only attached base station or the controller may respond to ATTACH.requests.) Normally, this facility is reserved for base stations with children and terminals with transactions in progress.
SLEEPING terminal con temporarily store messages for later delivery.  If the count field is non-zero, the network entity in a parent node will store pending messages until 1) the message is delivered, or 2) &quot;count&quot; hello times have expired.
Transport layer data can be piggy-backed on an attached request packet from a terminal.  (i.e., an attach request/confirm can be implemented with a bit flag in the network header of a data packet.)
All messages are routed along branches of the spanning tree.  Base stations &quot;learn&quot; the address of terminals by monitoring traffic from terminals (i.e., to the root).  When a base station receives (i.e., an ATTACH.request) packet, destined for
the root, the base station creates or updates an entry in its routing table for the terminal.  The entry includes the terminal address, and the address of the base station which sent the packet (i.e., the hop address).  When a base station receives an
upstream packet (i.e., from the root, destined for a terminal) the packet is simply forwarded to the base station which is in the routing entry for the destination.  Upstream messages (i.e., to a terminal) are discarded whenever a routing entry does not
exist.  Downstream messages (i.e., from a terminal to the root) are simply forwarded to the next downstream node (i.e., the parent in the branch of the spanning tree.
TERMINAL-TO-TERMINAL COMMUNICATIONS is accomplished by routing all terminal-to-terminal traffic through the nearest common ancestor.  In the worst case, the root is the nearest common ancestor.  A &quot;ADDRESS SERVER&quot; facilitates terminal-to-terminal
entry for the terminal is deleted and the DETACH packet is forwarded, c) if the lost node is a child base station node then all routing entries which specify that base station as the next hop are deleted and a DETACH packet is generated for each lost
IN GENERAL, WHENEVER A NODE DISCOVERS THAT A TERMINAL IS DETACHED, IT PURGES ITS ROUTING ENTRY FOR THE TERMINAL.  WHENEVER A NODE DISCOVERS THAT A BASE STATION IS DETACHED, IT PURGES ALL ROUTING ENTRIES CONTAINING THE BASE STATION.  ONLY ENTRIES
FOR UPSTREAM NODES ARE DELETED.
tables and no longer forward packets along the old path.  At least one node, the root, must be in both the old and new path.  A new path is established as soon as an end-to-end attach request packet from the terminal reaches a node which was also in the
parent.  The terminal becomes UNATTACHED when a) its address appears in the detached list of a hello message from an ode other than its parent, or b) HELLO-RETRY-MAX hello messages are missed.  The total number of hello slots spend in the LISTEN state is
If a node in the ATTACHED LISTEN state discovers a path to the root which is CHANGE-THRESHOLD shorter, it can attach to the shorter path.  Periodically, SLEEPING terminals must enter the ATTACHED LEARN state to discovery any changes (i.e.,
shorter paths) in the network topology.
All attached non-terminal nodes broadcast periodic &quot;hello&quot; messages indiscrete &quot;hello slots&quot; at calculated intervals.  Base station nodes learn which hello slots are busy and refrain from transmitting during busy hello slots.
guarantee randomization.  Nodes can execute the algorithm i times to determine the time (and seed) if the i-the hello message from the transmitter.
After attached, a base station chooses a random initial seed and a non-busy hello slot and broadcasts a hello message in that slot.  The base station chooses succeeding hello slots by executing the randomization algorithm.  If an execution of the
algorithm chooses a busy slot, the next free slot is used and a hello &quot;displacement&quot; field indicates the offset from a calculated slot.  Cumulative delays are not allowed (i.e., contention delays during the i hello transmission do not effect the time of
the i+1 hello transmission).
A node initially synchronizes on a hello message from its parent.  A SLEEPING node can power-down with an active timer interrupt to wake it just before the next expected hello message.  The network entity in base station nodes can store messages
for SLEEPING nodes and transmit them immediately following the hello messages.  This implementation enables SLEEPING terminals to receive unsolicited messages.  (Note that the network layer always tries to deliver messages immediately, before storing
them.) Retries for pending messages are transmitted in a round-robin order when messages are pending for more than one destination.
The &quot;handle&quot; designates the connection type, and is the connection identifier for TCP-like connections.
UNITDATA messages do not require a response.  UNITDATA is used to send messages to a host which is capable of supporting end-to-end host-to-terminal transport connections.
TCP-like transport connections are used for message transmission over long-lived connections.  The connections may be terminal-to-root or terminal-to-terminal (i.e., base stations are not involved in the transport connection).
wait a MAX-PACKET-LIFE time, before requesting a connection, to guarantee that initial sequence numbers are unambiguous.  Sequence numbers are incremented modulo MAX-SEQ, where MAX-SEQ is large enough to insure that duplicate sequence numbers do not
exist in the network.  Packet types for establishing and breaking connections are defined as in TCP.
A MAX_TP_LIFE timeout is associated with transport connections.  Transport connection records are purged after a MAX_TP_LIFE time expires without activity on the connection.  The transport entity in a terminal can ensure that its transport
connection will not be lost by transmitting an empty time-fill transport packet whenever TP_TIMEOUT time expires without activity.
re-sends the message, it will follow the new path.
Access to the network communications channel is regulated in several ways: executing the full CSMA algorithm (see MAC layer above).  The sender retransmits unacknowledged messages until a RETRY_MAX count is exhausted.
The node identifier part of the DLC address is initially all 0&#39;s for all nodes except the root node.  The all 0&#39;s address is used by a node to send and received data-link frames until a unique node identifier is passed to the DLC entity in the
Well-known names too are bound to network addresses in several ways: The network address and TRANSPORT ACCESS ID of a name server, contained in the root, is well-known by all nodes.  A node can register a well-known name with the name server
contained in the root node.  A node can request the network access address of another application from the name server by using the well-known name of the application.  Possible Extensions.
Base station-to-base station traffic could also be routed through the controller if the backward learning algorithm included base station nodes.  (Each base station would simply have to remember which direction on its branch of the spanning tree
to send data directed toward another base station.)
In a preferred embodiment, the data to be sent through the RF communication link is segmented into a plurality of DATA packets and is then transmitted.  Upon receipt, the DATA packets are reassembled for use or storage.  Data segmentation of the
RF link provides better communication channel efficiency by reducing the amount of data loss in the network.  For example, because collisions between transmissions on an RF link cannot be completely avoided, sending the data in small segments results in
an overall decrease in data loss in the network, i.e., only the small segments which collide have to be re-sent.
Similarly, choosing smaller data packets for transmission also reduces the amount of data loss by reducing the inherent effects of perturbations and fluctuations found in RF communication links.  In particular, RF signals are inherently subject
to what is termed &quot;multi-path fading.&quot; A signal received by a receiver is a composite of all signals that have reached that receiver by taking all available paths from the transmitter.  The received signal is therefore often referred to as a &quot;composite
signal&quot; which has a power envelope equal to the vector sum of the individual components of the multi-path signals received.  If the signals making up the composite signal are of amplitudes that add &quot;out of phase&quot;, the desired data signal decreases in
amplitude.  If the signal amplitudes are approximately equal, an effective null (no detectable signal at the receiver) results.  This condition is termed &quot;fading&quot;.
and the transmitter causes the receiver to experience rapid fluctuations in signal energy.  Such rapid fluctuations can cause fading and result in the loss of data if the amplitude of the received signal falls below the sensitivity of the receiver.
data packet can be initiated and completed before the relative movement between the receiver and transmitter exceeds the &quot;small distance&quot;, data loss to fading is unlikely to occur.  The maximum &quot;small distance&quot; wherein a high degree of correlation exists
As expressed in wavelengths of the carrier frequency, the correlation distance is one half (1/2) of the wavelength, while a more conservative value is one quarter (1/4) of the wavelength.  Taking this correlation distance into consideration, the
size of the data packet for segmentation purposes can be calculated.  For example, at 915 MHz (a preferred RF transmission frequency), a quarter wavelength is about 8.2 centimeters.  A mobile radio moving at ten (10) miles per hour, or 447 centimeters
per second, travels the quarter wavelength in about 18.3 milliseconds.  In such an environment, as long as the segment packet size remains under 18.3 milliseconds, fading does not pose any problems.  In a preferred embodiment, five (5) millisecond data
packet segments are chosen which provides a quasi-static multipath communication environment.
In a preferred embodiment, each base station broadcasts HELLO messages about every two (2) seconds.  If upon power up, two base stations choose to broadcast at the exact same broadcast, collisions between HELLO messages would occur and continue
to occur in a lock-step fashion upon each broadcast.  To prevent such an occurrence, each base station chooses a pseudo-random offset from the 2 second base time between HELLO messages to actually broadcast the HELLO message.  For example, instead of
beginning each HELLO message broadcast at exactly 2 seconds after the last, the base station might pseudo-randomly offset the 2 seconds by a negative (-) value of 0.2, yielding a broadcast at 1.8 seconds.  Because every base station generates a different
pseudo-random offset generation, the problem of lock-stepping collisions is avoided.
Additionally, instead of using a true randomization, a pseudo-random offset is used which bases all pseudo-random offset calculations on a seed value (the &quot;seed&quot;).  The &quot;seed&quot; is broadcast in each HELLO message so that the timing of the next
HELLO message may be calculated by any listening mobile terminal.  The use of the seed, and pseudo random offset generation, allows the terminal to &quot;sleep&quot; (enter an energy and CPU saving mode) between HELLO messages and be able to &quot;wake up&quot; (dedicate
energy and CPU concentration on RF reception) and stay awake for the minimal time needed to receive the next HELLO message.  The relationship between the time that a base station must remain awake to the time it may sleep is called the &quot;duty cycle&quot;.
Using a 2 second HELLO to HELLO message timing with a pseudo-random offset range of +/-1/3 of a second, the preferred embodiment has achieved a very low duty cycle.  Further details of this timing can be found in the Bridge Layer Specification in
In addition, Appendix A provides a list of the program modules which are found in microfiche Appendix B. These modules comprise an exemplary computer program listing of the source code (&quot;C&quot; programming language) used by the network controllers
and intelligent base transceivers of the present invention.  Note that the term &quot;AMX&quot; found in Appendices A and B refers to the operating system software used.  &quot;AMX&quot; is a multi-tasking operating system from KADAK Products, Ltd., Vancouver, B.C., Canada. Appendix C, D, E, F, and G provide system specifications for the SST Network Architecture, SST Network Frame Format, Bridging Layer, MAC Layer, and Physical Layer of one embodiment of the present invention.
Communication network having a plurality of bridging nodes which transmits a polling message with backward learning technique to determine communication pathway, Mahany, et al., Ronald L. Mahany, Robert C. Meier, Ronald E. Luse, Application number 12 193-168, Electrical Computers And Digital Data Processing Systems: Input Output, Multiplex Communications, Pulse Or Digital Communications, Telecommunications, Electrical Computers And Digital Processing Systems: Multicomputer Data Transferring
STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENTN/ABACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONIn a typical radio data communication system having one or more host computers and multiple RF terminals, communication between a host computer and an RF terminal is provided by one or more base stations. Depending upon the application and theoperating conditions, a large number of these base stations may be required to adequately serve the system. For example, a radio data communication system installed in a large factory may require dozens of base stations in order to cover the entirefactory floor.In earlier RF (Radio Frequency) data communication systems, the base stations were typically connected directly to a host computer through multi-dropped connections to an Ethernet communication line. To communicate between an RF terminal and ahost computer, in such a system, the RF terminal sends data to a base station and the base station passes the data directly to the host computer. Communicating with a host computer through a base station in this manner is commonly known as hopping. These earlier RF data communication systems used a single-hop method of communication.In order to cover a larger area with an RF data communication system and to take advantage of the deregulation of the spread-spectrum radio frequencies, later-developed RF data communication systems are organized into layers of base stations. Asin earlier RF data communications systems, a typical system includes multiple base stations which communicate directly with the RF terminals and the host computer. In addition, the system also includes intermediate stations that communicate with the RFterminals, the multiple base stations, and other intermediate stations. In such a system, communication from an RF terminal to a host computer may be achieved, for example, by having the RF terminal send data to an intermediate station, the intermediatestation send the data to a base station, and the base station send
Bridging to XD - TeraGrid Forum
Bridging_the_Communication_Gap_SWPBIS_and_NNPS_5_23_05