Source: http://openjurist.org/634/f2d/120/ettinger-v-central-penn-national-bank
Timestamp: 2016-10-25 15:50:36
Document Index: 732927438

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 9', '§ 9', '§ 9', '§ 9', '§ 9', '§ 9', '§ 9', '§ 9', '§ 9', '§ 403', '§ 101', '§ 9', '§ 9', '§ 9', '§ 9', '§ 9', '§ 9306']

634 F. 2d 120 - Ettinger v. Central Penn National Bank HomeFederal Reporter, Second Series 634 F.2d.
A state in defining the limits of adherence to precedent may make a choice for itself between the principle of forward operation and that of relation backward. It may say that decisions of its highest court, though later overruled, are law nonetheless for intermediate transactions.... The choice for any state may be determined by the juristic philosophy of the judges of her courts, their conceptions of law, its origin and nature. We review not the wisdom of their philosophies, but the legality of their acts.
Id. at 364-65, 53 S.Ct. at 148 (citations omitted). But it remained for Linkletter v. Walker, 381 U.S. 618, 85 S.Ct. 1731, 14 L.Ed.2d 601 (1965), which extended limited retroactive effect to the rule of Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 81 S.Ct. 1684, 6 L.Ed.2d 1081 (1961), to usher in a new era of jurisprudential thought about prospectivity.
A galaxy of notions relating to limited retroactivity have appeared,4 and at least three basic concepts can be gleaned from the decisions. The analysis employed by the district court in this case is generally described as "purely prospective": the new rule does not apply to the litigants before the court, but only to future litigants.5 A second type applies the new precept to the litigants immediately before the court with an announcement that the court will apply the new rule to events that occur after the date of the decision.6 The third type has been described as "prospective-prospective": the new precept will take effect at some time in the future, usually contingent upon failure of a legislative body to act.7
Although we recognize that the Supreme Court has expressed reservations about applying a decision purely prospectively, see Stovall v. Denno, 388 U.S. 293, 301, 87 S.Ct. 1967, 1972, 18 L.Ed.2d 1199 (1967), it has done so when faced with the proper circumstances. In England v. Louisiana State Board of Medical Examiners, 375 U.S. 411, 419, 84 S.Ct. 461, 466, 11 L.Ed.2d 440 (1964), for example, the Court held that a party who presents his federal claims in state court pursuant to a federal court decision to abstain is foreclosed from relitigating the federal claims in federal court. Nevertheless, the Court refused to apply the new rule to the case before it because the law had been unclear. Id. at 422-23, 84 S.Ct. at 468; see also Linkletter v. Walker, 381 U.S. 618, 622 n.3, 85 S.Ct. 1731, 1733, 14 L.Ed.2d 601 (1965). This court also has applied decisions purely prospectively. Domeracki v. Humble Oil & Refining Co., 443 F.2d 1245, 1252 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 404 U.S. 883, 92 S.Ct. 212, 30 L.Ed.2d 165 (1971). We therefore reject the argument by amicus that Article III circumscribes the effect a federal court may give to its decisions.8
Although this case arises out of federal subject matter jurisdiction created by the Bankruptcy Act, the rights and liabilities at issue were created by Pennsylvania law. See In re Royal Electrotype Corp., 485 F.2d 394, 395 (3d Cir. 1973); Massaglia v. Commissioner, 286 F.2d 258, 261 (10th Cir. 1961). Because the construction of relevant Pennsylvania statutes by Pennsylvania courts controls, we must also look to Pennsylvania law to determine whether the district court's construction of § 9-306 should be accorded retroactive effect. We therefore must examine Pennsylvania decisions addressing the retroactivity vel non of decisions construing Pennsylvania statutes.
The general precept in Pennsylvania is that "the construction placed upon a statute by the courts becomes a part of the act, from the very beginning. And when former decisions are overruled, the reconsidered pronouncement becomes the law of the statute from the date of its enactment." Buradus v. General Cement Products Co., 159 Pa.Super. 501, 504, 48 A.2d 883, 885 (1946) (citations omitted), aff'd, 356 Pa. 349, 52 A.2d 205 (1947) (per curiam) (adopting superior court's opinion). The vitality of the Buradus rule was reaffirmed as recently as 1966 when the Pennsylvania Supreme Court explained: "Unless vested rights are affected, a court's interpretation of a statute is considered to have been the law from its enactment date, despite contrary intervening holdings." Kuchinic v. McCrory, 422 Pa. 620, 625, 222 A.2d 897, 900 (1966) (citation omitted); see also DeMartino v. Zurich Ins. Co., 307 F.Supp. 571, 573 (W.D.Pa.1969), aff'd sub nom. Aceto v. Zurich Ins. Co., 440 F.2d 1320 (3d Cir. 1971); Harry C. Erb, Inc. v. Shell Construction Co., 206 Pa.Super. 388, 389-90, 213 A.2d 383, 383 (1965).
The Pennsylvania rule is subject to the exception that full retroactivity will not be accorded to the detriment of persons who have acted in reliance on the older rule. See Catherwood Trust, 405 Pa. 61, 77, 173 A.2d 86, 93 (1961). As the Pennsylvania Supreme Court stated in Kuchinic, the rule applies "(u)nless vested rights are affected." 422 Pa. at 625, 222 A.2d at 900. The determinative inquiry, therefore, is whether controlling decisions of Pennsylvania courts have interpreted § 9-306 as excluding insurance proceeds, and, if so, whether general creditors of Milne could have justifiably relied on that prior interpretation.
Prior to July 20, 1970, when the security agreement granting a security interest to the creditor bank and requiring the bankrupt to maintain insurance on the collateral was executed, no Pennsylvania court had held that insurance proceeds were not proceeds under U.C.C. § 9-306. Appellee relies on Hoffman v. Snack, 37 Pa.D. & C.2d 145 (Allegheny Cty.1964), as support for its argument that the Pennsylvania courts would not have deemed fire insurance proceeds as within § 9-306 before the decision below. We are not persuaded, however, that Hoffman is strong enough authority for this proposition to justify reliance on the narrow interpretation of § 9-306. As the district court noted, Hoffman did not address this issue, 2 B.R. at 389. Indeed, Hoffman examined the right of a secured party to intervene in an action by the debtor alleging negligent destruction of the collateral; it does not involve the right of a security holder to the proceeds of the collateral. See 37 Pa.D. & C.2d at 147.
Before 1970, appellate decisions in Rhode Island9 and Maine10 had denied "proceeds" status to insurance funds, but serious legal scholarship had been published advocating the contrary result.11 Prior to the filing of continuation statements, the North Carolina Court of Appeals12 and a series of decisions by federal bankruptcy referees in various jurisdictions had held insurance recoveries to be proceeds.13 In 1976, the second circuit handed down the first federal court of appeals decision. PPG Industries, Inc. v. Hartford Fire Insurance Co., 531 F.2d 58, 61 (2d Cir. 1976).14
Thus, by July 20, 1977, when Central Penn extended $41,762 to the bankrupt, it cannot be said that the case law was sufficiently clear that unsecured creditors in Pennsylvania could expect a secured creditor to be foreclosed from insurance proceeds under § 9-306. Indeed, in 1972 the Commissioners on Uniform State Laws had amended the Uniform Commercial Code to state explicitly that insurance payments are proceeds. The official reasons for this amendment imply an intent to make explicit what had been intended from the beginning.15 We conclude that the general Pennsylvania rule of statutory construction applies as set forth in Buradus: "the construction placed upon a statute by the courts becomes a part of the act, from the very beginning." 159 Pa.Super. at 504, 48 A.2d at 885. We are not persuaded that there could have been vested rights based on a contrary interpretation of § 9-306, because there were neither Pennsylvania decisions holding to the contrary nor legal scholarship pointing in that direction. Therefore, we cannot call into play the exception to the Pennsylvania rule under which full retroactivity is denied to those decisions that operate to the detriment of persons who have acted in reliance on an older rule. There simply was no clear "older rule" in Pennsylvania.
We are persuaded that the federal retroactivity test indicates the same result. In Chevron Oil Co. v. Huson, the Court stated:
In our cases dealing with the nonretroactivity question, we have generally considered three separate factors. First, the decision to be applied nonretroactively must establish a new principle of law, either by overruling clear past precedent on which litigants may have relied, ... or by deciding an issue of first impression whose resolution was not clearly foreshadowed .... Second, it has been stressed that "we must ... weigh the merits and demerits in each case by looking to the prior history of the rule in question, its purpose and effect, and whether retrospective operation will further or retard its operation." ... Finally, we have weighed the inequity imposed by retroactive application, for "(w)here a decision of this Court could produce substantial inequitable results if applied retroactively, there is ample basis in our cases for avoiding the 'injustice or hardship' by a holding of nonretroactivity."
404 U.S. at 106-07, 92 S.Ct. at 355 (citations omitted). In criminal cases, the Supreme Court generally considers three factors in resolving retroactivity issues: "(a) the purpose to be served by the new standards, (b) the extent of the reliance by law enforcement authorities on the old standards, and (c) the effect on the administration of justice of a retroactive application of the new standards." Stovall v. Denno, 388 U.S. 293, 297, 87 S.Ct. 1967, 1970, 18 L.Ed.2d 1199 (1967). This analysis is derived from Linkletter v. Walker, 381 U.S. at 628-29, 85 S.Ct. at 1731, 1737, and decisions following it. See Johnson v. New Jersey, 384 U.S. 719, 727-29, 86 S.Ct. 1772, 1777, 16 L.Ed.2d 882 (1966); Tehan v. Shott, 382 U.S. 406, 418-19, 86 S.Ct. 459, 466, 15 L.Ed.2d 453 (1966).
Viewing the circumstances of this case against the backdrop of Chevron, we are persuaded that the district court did not overrule clear past precedent on which litigants may have relied, nor, in view of the emerging professional literature and persuasive precedent, decide an issue that was not clearly foreshadowed. The court's decision was in harmony with the drafters' stated purpose, albeit subsequently announced in their 1972 amendment to § 9-306. Finally, in the absence of evidence of reliance on a contrary interpretation, coupled with "substantially inequitable results" attributable to that reliance, we ascertain no "injustice or hardship" in giving full retroactivity to the holding. Under the Supreme Court's test for retroactivity, we reach the same conclusion for the same reasons as when the Pennsylvania test is employed: there simply was no proof of the other creditors' reliance on a contrary interpretation of § 9-306.
The Bankruptcy Act was repealed by the Act of Nov. 6, 1978, Pub.L.No. 95-598, 92 Stat. 2549. The Act continues to apply to cases, like this one, initiated before the passage of the new Bankruptcy Code. See title IV, § 403, Pub.L.No. 95-598, 92 Stat. 2683 (1978) (codified at 11 U.S.C. preceding § 101). All subsequent references to title 11 are to the repealed Bankruptcy Act
Brief of amicus curiae Frankford-Quaker Grocery Company at 14. This argument relies primarily on Stovall v. Denno, 388 U.S. 293, 87 S.Ct. 1967, 18 L.Ed.2d 1199 (1967), in which the Court stated that
(s)ound policies of decisionmaking rooted in the command of Article III of the Constitution that we resolve issues solely in concrete cases or controversies, and in the possible effect upon the incentive of counsel to advance contentions requiring a change in the law, militate against denying Wade and Gilbert the benefit of today's decisions.
Id. at 301, 87 S.Ct. at 1972 (footnotes omitted) (referring to United States v. Wade, 388 U.S. 218, 87 S.Ct. 81, 17 L.Ed.2d 53, Gilbert v. California, 388 U.S. 263, 87 S.Ct. 1951, 18 L.Ed.2d 1178 (1967)).
Linkletter v. Walker, 381 U.S. 618, 622-23, 85 S.Ct. 1731, 1733, 14 L.Ed.2d 601 (1965) (quoting 1 Blackstone, Commentaries 69 (15th ed. 1809)) (footnotes omitted)
For a chart of landmark Supreme Court criminal law decisions setting forth various gradations of retroactivity, see "Retroactivity Chart" in R. Aldisert, The Judicial Process 936-38 (1976)
See United States v. Fioravanti, 412 F.2d 407, 420 (3d Cir.) (abolishing the Allen charge in this judicial circuit), cert. denied sub nom. Panaccione v. United States, 396 U.S. 837, 90 S.Ct. 97, 24 L.Ed.2d 88 (1969)
See United States v. Peltier, 422 U.S. 531, 537-38, 95 S.Ct. 2313, 2317, 45 L.Ed.2d 374 (1975); Adams v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 278, 284-85 (1972) (plurality opinion of Brennan, J.); Desist v. United States, 394 U.S. 244, 254, 89 S.Ct. 1030, 1036, 22 L.Ed.2d 248 (1969); DeStefano v. Woods, 392 U.S. 631, 635, 88 S.Ct. 2093, 20 L.Ed.2d 1308 (1968); Stovall v. Denno, 388 U.S. 293, 301, 87 S.Ct. 1967, 1972, 18 L.Ed.2d 1199 (1967); Molitor v. Kaneland Community Unit District No. 302, 18 Ill.2d 11, 28, 163 N.E.2d 89, 97 (1959)
In re Jeruzal, 269 Minn. 183, 195-96, 130 N.W.2d 473, 481 (1964) (adopting the Restatement of Trusts rule relating to Totten trusts); Spanel v. Mounds View School District, 264 Minn. 279, 281, 293-94, 118 N.W.2d 795, 796, 803 (1962) (overruling tort immunity of school districts); see also Schaefer, The Control of "Sunbursts": Techniques of Prospective Overruling, 42 N.Y.U.L.Rev. 631 (1967)
Other decisions are collected in Currier, Time and Change in Judge-Made Law: Prospective Overruling, 51 Va.L.Rev. 201 (1965)
Universal C.I.T. Credit Corp. v. Prudential Investment Corp., 101 R.I. 287, 292-94, 222 A.2d 571, 575 (1966)
Quigley v. Caron, 247 A.2d 94, 96 (Me.1968). See also In re Hix, 9 U.C.C.Rep.Serv. 925, 927-28 (S.D.Ohio 1969) (bankruptcy referee); In re Levine, 6 U.C.C.Rep.Serv. 238, 241 (D.Conn.1969) (bankruptcy referee)
See Henson, Insurance Proceeds as "Proceeds" Under Article 9, 18 Cath.U.L.Rev. 453, 457-59 (1969); see also Gillombardo, The Treatment of Uniform Commercial Code Proceeds in Bankruptcy: A Proposed Redraft of Section 9-306, 38 U.Cin.L.Rev. 1, 2-4 (1969); 65 Mich.L.Rev. 1514, 1521 (1967)
Northside Properties, Inc. v. Ko-Ko Mart, Inc., 28 N.C.App. 532, 539, 222 S.E.2d 267, 271-72, review denied, 289 N.C. 615, 223 S.E.2d 392 (1976)
Fireman's Fund American Ins. Co. v. Ken-Lori Knits, Inc., 399 F.Supp. 286, 290-91 (E.D.N.Y.1975); PPG Industries, Inc. v. Hartford Fire Insurance Co., 384 F.Supp. 91, 96-97 (S.D.N.Y.1974), aff'd, 531 F.2d 58 (2d Cir. 1976); In re Hunter, 9 U.C.C.Rep.Serv. 928, 929 (S.D.Ohio 1971) (bankruptcy referee); but see White v. Household Finance Corp., 158 Ind.App. 394, 406 & n.9, 302 N.E.2d 828, 836 & n.9 (1973); In re Waltman, 18 U.C.C.Rep.Serv. 576, 579 (S.D.Ala.1975) (bankruptcy referee); Distributor's Warehouse, Inc. v. Madison Auto Parts & Service Corp., 8 U.C.C.Rep.Serv. 569, 573-74 (Wisc.Cir.Ct., Dade Cty.1970)
See also Note, Security Interests in Insurance Payments on Destroyed Collateral as "Proceeds" and their Priority under the Federal Tax Lien Act of 1966, 45 Fordham L.Rev. 596, 599, 616-24 (1976). In the same year as the Second Circuit's decision, two bankruptcy judges held to the contrary. In re Whitacre, 21 U.C.C.Rep.Serv. 1169, 1175 (S.D.Ohio 1976) (bankruptcy referee); In re Parks, 19 U.C.C.Rep.Serv. 334, 335 (E.D.Tenn.1976) (bankruptcy referee)
The official text of § 9-306(1) was amended in 1972 to state:
"Proceeds" includes whatever is received upon the sale, exchange, collection or other disposition of collateral or proceeds. Insurance payable by reason of loss or damage to the collateral is proceeds, except to the extent that it is payable to a person other than a party to the security agreement. Money, checks, deposit accounts, and the like are "cash proceeds." All other proceeds are "non-cash proceeds."
U.C.C. § 9-306(1). The comment accompanying the amendment says that it "is intended to overrule various cases to the effect that proceeds of insurance on collateral are not proceeds of the collateral." U.C.C. § 9-306 (Official Reasons for 1972 Change). The 1972 Official Comment explains subsection (1) by noting: "It makes clear that insurance proceeds from casualty loss of collateral are proceeds within the meaning of this section." U.C.C. § 9-306, 1972 Official Comment No. 1 (1980 version). Pennsylvania has not yet adopted this amendment, but because the drafters characterized it as "mak(ing) clear" their initial intent, it is a persuasive indication of the meaning of 12A Pa.Stat.Ann. § 9-306 (recodified at 13 Pa.Cons.Stat.Ann. § 9306). See PPG Industries, 531 F.2d at 61.