Source: http://www.google.com/patents/US8152957?dq=%235,519,867
Timestamp: 2017-07-24 22:46:09
Document Index: 327341874

Matched Legal Cases: ['Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60']

Patent US8152957 - Fabric creped absorbent sheet with variable local basis weight - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsAn absorbent cellulosic sheet having a variable local basis weight includes a papermaking-fiber reticulum provided with (a) a plurality of elongated densified regions of compressed papermaking fibers, the densified regions being oriented generally along the machine direction (MD) of the sheet and having...http://www.google.com/patents/US8152957?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US8152957 - Fabric creped absorbent sheet with variable local basis weightAdvanced Patent SearchTry the new Google Patents, with machine-classified Google Scholar results, and Japanese and South Korean patents.Publication numberUS8152957 B2Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 12/924,233Publication dateApr 10, 2012Filing dateSep 23, 2010Priority dateOct 7, 2002Fee statusPaidAlso published asUS7494563, US7820008, US8257552, US8328985, US8398818, US8524040, US20080029235, US20090120598, US20090159223, US20110011545, US20120145344, US20120180967, US20120199300Publication number12924233, 924233, US 8152957 B2, US 8152957B2, US-B2-8152957, US8152957 B2, US8152957B2InventorsSteven L. Edwards, Guy H. Super, Stephen J. McCullough, Ronald R. Reeb, Hung Liang Chou, Kang Chang Yeh, John H. Dwiggins, Frank D. HarperOriginal AssigneeGeorgia-Pacific Consumer Products LpExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (335), Non-Patent Citations (7), Referenced by (57), Classifications (19), Legal Events (1) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetFabric creped absorbent sheet with variable local basis weight
US 8152957 B2Abstract
An absorbent cellulosic sheet having a variable local basis weight includes a papermaking-fiber reticulum provided with (a) a plurality of elongated densified regions of compressed papermaking fibers, the densified regions being oriented generally along the machine direction (MD) of the sheet and having a relatively low local basis weight, as well as leading and trailing edges at their longitudinal extremities, and (b) a plurality of fiber-enriched, pileated regions connected with the plurality of elongated densified regions, the pileated regions having (i) a relatively high local basis weight and (ii) a plurality of cross-machine direction (CD) extending crests having concamerated CD profiles such that the extending crests of the pileated regions are arcuate and extend around the leading and trailing edges of the plurality of elongated densified regions.
1. An absorbent cellulosic sheet having a variable local basis weight, the sheet comprising:
a papermaking-fiber reticulum provided with:
(a) a plurality of elongated densified regions of compressed papermaking fibers, the densified regions being oriented generally along the machine direction (MD) of the sheet and having a relatively low local basis weight, as well as leading and trailing edges at their longitudinal extremities; and
(b) a plurality of fiber-enriched, pileated regions connected with the plurality of elongated densified regions, the pileated regions having (i) a relatively high local basis weight and (ii) a plurality of cross-machine direction (CD) extending crests having concamerated CD profiles such that the extending crests of the pileated regions are arcuate and extend around corresponding leading and trailing edges of the plurality of elongated densified regions.
2. The absorbent cellulosic sheet according to claim 1, wherein representative areas within the fiber-enriched regions exhibit a characteristic local basis weight at least 25% higher than a characteristic local basis weight of representative areas within the densified regions.
3. The absorbent cellulosic sheet according to claim 2, wherein the characteristic local basis weight of representative areas within the fiber-enriched regions is at least 35% higher than the characteristic local basis weight of representative areas within the densified regions.
4. The absorbent cellulosic sheet according to claim 2, wherein the characteristic local basis weight of representative areas within the fiber-enriched regions is at least 50% higher than the characteristic local basis weight of representative areas within the densified regions.
5. The absorbent cellulosic sheet according to claim 2, wherein the characteristic local basis weight of representative areas within the fiber-enriched regions is at least 75% higher than the characteristic local basis weight of representative areas within the densified regions.
6. The absorbent cellulosic sheet according to claim 2, wherein the characteristic local basis weight of representative areas within the fiber-enriched regions is at least 100% higher than the characteristic local basis weight of representative areas within the densified regions.
7. The absorbent cellulosic sheet according to claim 2, wherein the characteristic local basis weight of representative areas within the fiber-enriched regions is at least 150% higher than the characteristic local basis weight of representative areas within the densified regions.
8. The absorbent cellulosic sheet according to claim 2, wherein the characteristic local basis weight of representative areas within the fiber-enriched regions is from 25% to 200% higher than the characteristic local basis weight of representative areas within the densified regions.
9. An absorbent cellulosic sheet having a variable local basis weight, the sheet comprising:
a papermaking-fiber reticulum provided with (i) a plurality of fiber-enriched pileated regions of a relatively high local basis weight each extending a distance in the cross-machine direction (CD) of the sheet and having a fiber bias toward the CD of the sheet adjacent to (ii) a plurality of elongated densified regions of a relatively low local basis weight each extending a distance in the machine direction (MD) of the sheet, the densified regions being arranged in a repeating pattern having leading and trailing edges, such that the densified regions are longitudinally staggered with respect to each other,
wherein the fiber-enriched regions are interspersed between and connected with the densified regions, and
wherein the densified regions occupy from about 5% to about 30% of the area of the sheet, and the fiber-enriched regions occupy from about 95% to about 50% of the area of the sheet.
10. An absorbent cellulosic sheet having a variable local basis weight, the sheet comprising:
(i) a plurality of fiber-enriched regions of a relatively high local basis weight each extending a distance in the cross-machine direction (CD) of the sheet; and
(ii) a plurality of elongated densified regions of a low basis weight each extending a distance in the machine direction (MD) of the sheet, the densified regions being arranged in a repeating pattern having leading and trailing edges, such that the densified regions are longitudinally staggered with respect to each other,
wherein the fiber-enriched regions are interspersed between and connected with the densified regions,
wherein the densified regions occupy from about 5% to about 30% of the area of the sheet, and the fiber-enriched regions occupy from about 95% to about 50% of the area of the sheet, and
wherein representative areas within the fiber-enriched regions exhibit a characteristic local basis weight at least 25% higher than a characteristic local basis weight of representative areas within the densified regions.
11. The absorbent cellulosic sheet according to claim 10, wherein the characteristic local basis weight of representative areas within the fiber-enriched regions is at least 35% higher than the characteristic local basis weight of representative areas within the densified regions.
12. The absorbent cellulosic sheet according to claim 10, wherein the characteristic local basis weight of representative areas within the fiber-enriched regions is at least 50% higher than the characteristic local basis weight of representative areas within the densified regions.
13. The absorbent cellulosic sheet according to claim 10, wherein the characteristic local basis weight of representative areas within the fiber-enriched regions is at least 75% higher than the characteristic local basis weight of representative areas within the densified regions.
14. The absorbent cellulosic sheet according to claim 10, wherein the characteristic local basis weight of representative areas within the fiber-enriched regions is at least 100% higher than the characteristic local basis weight of representative areas within the densified regions.
15. The absorbent cellulosic sheet according to claim 10, wherein the characteristic local basis weight of representative areas within the fiber-enriched regions is at least 150% higher than the characteristic local basis weight of representative areas within the densified regions.
16. The absorbent cellulosic sheet according to claim 10, wherein the characteristic local basis weight of representative areas within the fiber-enriched regions is from 25% to 200% higher than the characteristic local basis weight of representative areas within the densified regions.
17. An absorbent cellulosic sheet having a variable local basis weight, the sheet comprising:
wherein the distance that the fiber-enriched regions extend in the CD is from about 0.25 to about 3 times the distance that the densified regions extend in the MD.
18. The absorbent sheet according to claim 17, wherein the fiber-enriched regions are pileated regions having a plurality of macrofolds.
19. The absorbent sheet according to claim 17, wherein the densified regions have an MD/CD aspect ratio of greater than 2.
20. The absorbent sheet according to claim 17, wherein the densified regions have an MD/CD aspect ratio of greater than 3.
21. The absorbent sheet according to claim 17, wherein the densified regions have an MD/CD aspect ratio of between about 2 and 6.
22. An absorbent cellulosic sheet having a variable local basis weight, the sheet comprising:
(b) a plurality of fiber-enriched, pileated regions connected with the plurality of elongated densified regions, the pileated regions having (i) a relatively high local basis weight and (ii) a plurality of cross-machine direction (CD) extending crests having concamerated CD profiles such that the extending crests of the pileated regions arch around corresponding leading and trailing edges of the plurality of elongated densified regions.
23. The absorbent cellulosic sheet according to claim 22, wherein representative areas within the fiber-enriched regions exhibit a characteristic local basis weight at least 25% higher than a characteristic local basis weight of representative areas within the densified regions.
24. The absorbent cellulosic sheet according to claim 23, wherein the characteristic local basis weight of representative areas within the fiber-enriched regions is at least 35% higher than the characteristic local basis weight of representative areas within the densified regions.
25. The absorbent cellulosic sheet according to claim 23, wherein the characteristic local basis weight of representative areas within the fiber-enriched regions is at least 50% higher than the characteristic local basis weight of representative areas within the densified regions.
26. The absorbent cellulosic sheet according to claim 23, wherein the characteristic local basis weight of representative areas within the fiber-enriched regions is at least 75% higher than the characteristic local basis weight of representative areas within the densified regions.
27. The absorbent cellulosic sheet according to claim 23, wherein the characteristic local basis weight of representative areas within the fiber-enriched regions is at least 100% higher than the characteristic local basis weight of representative areas within the densified regions.
28. The absorbent cellulosic sheet according to claim 23, wherein the characteristic local basis weight of representative areas within the fiber-enriched regions is at least 150% higher than the characteristic local basis weight of representative areas within the densified regions.
29. The absorbent cellulosic sheet according to claim 23, wherein the characteristic local basis weight of representative areas within the fiber-enriched regions is from 25% to 200% higher than the characteristic local basis weight of representative areas within the densified regions.
This application is a divisional patent application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/319,508, filed Jan. 8, 2009, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,820,008, which was a divisional patent application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/804,246, filed May 16, 2007, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,494,563, which application claims the benefit of the filing date of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/808,863, filed May 26, 2006. The priorities of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/319,508 and No. 11/804,246 and that of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/808,863 are hereby claimed and the disclosures thereof are incorporated into this application by reference.
U.S. application Ser. No. 11/804,246 is also a continuation-in part of the following United States Patent Applications: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/679,862 (United States Patent Application Publication No. US 2004-0238135), entitled “Fabric Crepe Process for Making Absorbent Sheet”, filed Oct. 6, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,399,378, which application was based upon U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/416,666, filed Oct. 7, 2002; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/108,375 (United States Patent Application Publication No. US 2005-0217814), entitled “Fabric Crepe/Draw Process for Producing Absorbent Sheet”, filed Apr. 18, 2005 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,789,995, which application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/679,862, filed Oct. 6, 2003 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,399,378; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/108,458 (United States Patent Application Publication No. US 2005-0241787), entitled “Fabric Crepe and In Fabric Drying Process for Producing Absorbent Sheet”, filed Apr. 18, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,442,278, which application was based upon U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/563,519, filed Apr. 19, 2004; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/402,609 (United States Patent Application Publication No. US 2006-0237154), entitled “Multi-Ply Paper Towel With Absorbent Core”, filed Apr. 12, 2006 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,662,257, which application was based upon U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/673,492, filed Apr. 21, 2005; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/104,014 (United States Patent Application Publication No. US 2005-0241786), entitled “Wet-Pressed Tissue and Towel Products With Elevated CD Stretch and Low Tensile Ratios Made With a High Solids Fabric Crepe Process”, filed Apr. 12, 2005 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,588,660, which application was based upon U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/562,025, filed Apr. 14, 2004; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/451,111 (United States Patent Application Publication No. US 2006-0289134), entitled “Method of Making Fabric-Creped Sheet for Dispensers”, filed Jun. 12, 2006 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,585,389, which application was based upon U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/693,699, filed Jun. 24, 2005. The priorities of the foregoing applications are hereby claimed and their disclosures incorporated herein by reference.
Fabric creping has been employed in connection with papermaking processes which include mechanical or compactive dewatering of the paper web as a means to influence product properties. See U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,689,119 and 4,551,199 of Weldon; 4,849,054 of Klowak; and 6,287,426 of Edwards et al. Operation of fabric creping processes has been hampered by the difficulty of effectively transferring a web of high or intermediate consistency to a dryer. Further U.S. patents relating to fabric creping include the following: U.S. Pat. No. 4,834,838; U.S. Pat. No. 4,482,429 as well as U.S. Pat. No. 4,445,638. Note also, U.S. Pat. No. 6,350,349 to Hermans et al., which discloses wet transfer of a web from a rotating transfer surface to a fabric.
In connection with papermaking processes, fabric molding has also been employed as a means to provide texture and bulk. In this respect, there is seen in U.S. Pat. No. 6,610,173 to Lindsay et al. a method for imprinting a paper web during a wet pressing event which results in asymmetrical protrusions corresponding to the deflection conduits of a deflection member. The '173 patent reports that a differential velocity transfer during a pressing event serves to improve the molding and imprinting of a web with a deflection member. The tissue webs produced are reported as having particular sets of physical and geometrical properties, such as a pattern densified network and a repeating pattern of protrusions having asymmetrical structures. With respect to wet-molding of a web using textured fabrics, see also, the following U.S. Pat. No. 6,017,417 and No. 5,672,248 both to Wendt et al.; No. 5,505,818 to Hermans et al. and No. 4,637,859 to Trokhan. With respect to the use of fabrics used to impart texture to a mostly dry sheet, see U.S. Pat. No. 6,585,855 to Drew et al., as well as United States Publication No. US 2003/0000664.
Through-air-dried (TAD), creped products are disclosed in the following patents: U.S. Pat. No. 3,994,771 to Morgan, Jr. et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,102,737 to Morton; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,529,480 to Trokhan. The processes described in these patents comprise, very generally, forming a web on a foraminous support, thermally pre-drying the web, applying the web to a Yankee dryer with a nip defined, in part, by an impression fabric, and creping the product from the Yankee dryer. A relatively uniformly permeable web is typically required, making it difficult to employ recycle furnish at levels that may be desired. Transfer to the Yankee typically takes place at web consistencies of from about 60% to about 70%.
The products are produced in a variety of forms suitable for paper tissue or paper towel, and have remarkable absorbency over a wide range of basis weights exhibiting, for example, POROFIL® void volumes of over 7 g/g even at high basis weights. With respect to tissue products, the sheet of the invention has surprising softness at high tensile, offering a combination of properties particularly sought in the industry. With respect to towel products, the absorbent sheet of the invention makes it possible to employ large amounts of recycle fiber without abandoning softness or absorbency requirements. Again, this is a significant advance over existing art.
Another aspect of the invention is directed to a tissue base sheet exhibiting softness, elevated bulk and high strength. Thus, the inventive absorbent sheet may be in the form of a tissue base sheet wherein the fiber is predominantly hardwood fiber and the sheet has a bulk of at least 5 ((mils/8 plies)/(lb/ream)), or in the form of a tissue base sheet wherein the fiber is predominantly hardwood fiber, and the sheet has a bulk of at least 6 ((mils/8 plies)/(lb/ream)). Typically, the sheet has a bulk of equal to or greater than 5 and up to about 8 ((mils/8 plies)/(lb/ream)), and is incorporated into a two-ply tissue product. The invention sheet is likewise provided in the form of a tissue base sheet wherein the fiber is predominantly hardwood fiber and the sheet has a normalized Geometric Mean (GM) tensile strength of greater than 21 ((g/3″)/(lbs/ream)) and a bulk of at least 5 ((mils/8 plies)/(lb/ream)) up to about 10 ((mils/8 plies)/(lb/ream)). Typically, the tissue sheet has a normalized GM tensile of greater than 21 ((g/3″)/(lbs/ream)) and up to about 30 ((g/3″)/(lbs/ream)).
Such sheets may include at least 30% recycle fiber, at least 40% recycle fiber. In some cases, at least 50% by weight of the fiber is recycle fiber. As much as 75% or 100% by weight recycle fiber may be employed. Typically, the base sheet has a bulk of greater than 2.5 ((mils/8 plies)/(lb/ream)), such as a bulk of greater than 2.5 mils/8 plies/lb/ream up to about 3 ((mils/8 plies)/(lb/ream)). In some cases, having a bulk of at least 2.75 ((mils/8 plies)/(lb/ream)) is desirable.
While any suitable repeating pattern may be employed, the linear arrays of densified regions have an MD repeat frequency of from about 50 meter−1 to about 200 meter-1, such as an MD repeat frequency of from about 75 meter−1 to about 175 meter−1 or an MD repeat frequency of from about 90 meter−1 to about 150 meter−1. The densified regions of the linear arrays of the sheet have a CD repeat frequency of from about 100 meter−1 to about 500 meter−1; typically, a CD repeat frequency of from about 150 meter−1 to about 300 meter-1; such as a CD repeat frequency of from about 175 meter−1 to about 250 meter−1.
Characteristic local basis weights and differences therebetween are calculated by measuring the local basis weight at two or more representative low basis weight areas within the low basis weight regions and comparing the average basis weight to the average basis weight at two or more representative areas within the relatively high local basis weight regions. For example, if the representative areas within the low basis weight regions have an average basis weight of 15 lbs/3000 ft ream and the average measured local basis weight for the representative areas within the relatively high local basis regions is 20 lbs/3000 ft2 ream, the representative areas within high local basis weight regions have a characteristic basis weight of ((20−15)/15)×100% or 33% higher than the representative areas within the low basis weight regions. Preferably, the local basis weight is measured using a beta particle attenuation technique as described herein.
MD bending length (cm) is determined in accordance with ASTM test method D 1388-96, cantilever option. Reported bending lengths refer to MD bending lengths unless a CD bending length is expressly specified. The MD bending length test was performed with a Cantilever Bending Tester available from Research Dimensions, 1720 Oakridge Road, Neenah, Wis., 54956, which is substantially the apparatus shown in the ASTM test method, item 6. The instrument is placed on a level stable surface, horizontal position being confirmed by a built in leveling bubble. The bend angle indicator is set at 41.5° below the level of the sample table. This is accomplished by setting the knife edge appropriately. The sample is cut with a one inch JD strip cutter available from Thwing-Albert Instrument Company, 14 Collins Avenue, W. Berlin, N.J. 08091. Six (6) samples are cut as 1 inch×8 inch machine direction specimens. Samples are conditioned at 23° C.±1° C. (73.4° F.±1.8° F.) at 50% relative humidity for at least two hours. For machine direction specimens, the longer dimension is parallel to the machine direction. The specimens should be flat, free of wrinkles, bends or tears. The Yankee side of the specimens is also labeled. The specimen is placed on the horizontal platform of the tester aligning the edge of the specimen with the right hand edge. The movable slide is placed on the specimen, being careful not to change its initial position. The right edge of the sample and the movable slide should be set at the right edge of the horizontal platform. The movable slide is displaced to the right in a smooth, slow manner at approximately 5 inches/minute until the specimen touches the knife edge. The overhang length is recorded to the nearest 0.1 cm. This is done by reading the left edge of the movable slide. Three specimens are preferably run with the Yankee side up and three specimens are preferably run with the Yankee side down on the horizontal platform. The MD bending length is reported as the average overhang length in centimeters divided by two to account for bending axis location.
Water absorbency rate or WAR, is measured in seconds and is the time it takes for a sample to absorb a 0.1 gram droplet of water disposed on its surface by way of an automated syringe. The test specimens are preferably conditioned at 23° C.±1° C. (73.4±1.8° F.) at 50% relative humidity for 2 hours. For each sample, four 3×3 inch test specimens are prepared. Each specimen is placed in a sample holder such that a high intensity lamp is directed toward the specimen. 0.1 ml of water is deposited on the specimen surface and a stop watch is started. When the water is absorbed, as indicated by lack of further reflection of light from the drop, the stopwatch is stopped and the time recorded to the nearest 0.1 seconds. The procedure is repeated for each specimen and the results averaged for the sample. WAR is measured in accordance with TAPPI method T-432 cm−99.
Line Crepe=[Line Crepe Ratio−1]×100.
The void volume and/or void volume ratio as referred to hereafter, are determined by saturating a sheet with a nonpolar POROFIL® liquid and measuring the amount of liquid absorbed. The volume of liquid absorbed is equivalent to the void volume within the sheet structure. The % weight increase (PWI) is expressed as grams of liquid absorbed per gram of fiber in the sheet structure times 100, as noted hereinafter. More specifically, for each single-ply sheet sample to be tested, select eight sheets and cut out a 1 inch by 1 inch square (1 inch in the machine direction and 1 inch in the cross-machine direction). For multi-ply product samples, each ply is measured as a separate entity. Multiple samples should be separated into individual single plies and 8 sheets from each ply position used for testing. Weigh and record the dry weight of each test specimen to the nearest 0.0001 gram. Place the specimen in a dish containing POROFIL® liquid having a specific gravity of about 1.93 grams per cubic centimeter, available from Coulter Electronics Ltd., Northwell Drive, Luton, Beds, England; Part No. 9902458.) After 10 seconds, grasp the specimen at the very edge (1-2 Millimeters in) of one corner with tweezers and remove from the liquid. Hold the specimen with that corner uppermost and allow excess liquid to drip for 30 seconds. Lightly dab (less than ½ second contact) the lower corner of the specimen on #4 filter paper (Whatman Lt., Maidstone, England) in order to remove any excess of the last partial drop. Immediately weigh the specimen, within 10 seconds, recording the weight to the nearest 0.0001 gram. The PWI for each specimen, expressed as grams of POROFIL®liquid per gram of fiber, is calculated as follows:
The pulp can be mixed with strength adjusting agents such as wet strength agents, dry strength agents and debonders/softeners and so forth. Suitable wet strength agents are known to the skilled artisan. A comprehensive, but non-exhaustive, list of useful strength aids include urea-formaldehyde resins, melamine formaldehyde resins, glyoxylated polyacrylamide resins, polyamide-epichlorohydrin resins, and the like. Thermosetting polyacrylamides are produced by reacting acrylamide with diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DADMAC) to produce a cationic polyacrylamide copolymer, which is ultimately reacted with glyoxal to produce a cationic cross-linking wet strength resin, glyoxylated polyacrylamide. These materials are generally described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,556,932 to Coscia et al. and No. 3,556,933 to Williams et al., both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Resins of this type are commercially available under the trade name of PAREZ 631NC by Bayer Corporation. Different mole ratios of acrylamide/-DADMAC/glyoxal can be used to produce cross-linking resins, which are useful as wet strength agents. Furthermore, other dialdehydes can be substituted for glyoxal to produce thermosetting wet strength characteristics. Of particular utility are the polyamide-epichlorohydrin wet strength resins, an example of which is sold under the trade names Kymene 557LX and Kymene 557H by Hercules Incorporated of Wilmington, Del. and AMRES® from Georgia-Pacific Resins, Inc. These resins and the process for making the resins are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,700,623 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,772,076, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. An extensive description of polymeric-epihalohydrin resins is given in Chapter 2: Alkaline-Curing Polymeric Amine-Epichlorohydrin by Espy in Wet Strength Resins and Their Application (L. Chan, Editor, 1994), herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. A reasonably comprehensive list of wet strength resins is described by Westfelt in Cellulose Chemistry and Technology Volume 13, p. 813, 1979, which is also incorporated herein by reference.
There is illustrated schematically (and photographically) in FIGS. 13 and 14 a pattern with a plurality of repeating linear arrays 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 of compressed densified regions 14, which are oriented in the machine direction. These regions form a repeating pattern 375 corresponding to the MD knuckles of fabric 60. For purposes of convenience, pattern 375 is presented schematically in FIG. 13 and the lower part of FIG. 14 as warp arrays 1-8 and weft bars 1 a-8 a; the top of FIG. 14 is a photomicrograph of a sheet produced with this pattern. Pattern 375 thus includes a plurality of generally machine direction (MD) oriented elongated densified regions 14 of compressed papermaking fibers having a relatively low local basis weight as well as leading and trailing edges 380, 382, the densified regions being arranged in a repeating pattern of a plurality of generally parallel linear arrays 1-8, which are longitudinally staggered with respect to each other such that a plurality of intervening linear arrays are disposed between a pair of CD-aligned densified regions 384, 386. There is a plurality of fiber-enriched, pileated regions 12 having a relatively high local basis weight interspersed between and connected with the densified regions, the pileated regions having crests extending laterally in the CD. The generally parallel, longitudinal arrays of densified regions 14 are positioned and configured such that a fiber-enriched region 12 between a pair of CD-aligned densified regions extends in the CD unobstructed by leading or trailing edges 380, 382 of densified regions of at least one intervening linear array thereof. As shown, the generally parallel, longitudinal arrays of densified regions are positioned and configured such that a fiber-enriched region 12 between a pair of CD-aligned densified regions 14 extends in the CD unobstructed by leading or trailing edges of densified regions of at least two intervening linear arrays. So also, a fiber-enriched region 12 between a pair of CD-aligned densified regions 384, 386 is at least partially truncated and at least partially bordered in the MD by the leading or trailing edges of densified regions of at least one or two intervening linear arrays of the sheet at MD position 388 intermediate MD positions 380, 390 of the leading and trailing edges of the CD-aligned densified regions. The leading and trailing MD edges 392, 394 of the fiber-enriched pileated regions are generally inwardly concave such that a central MD span 396 of the fiber-enriched regions is less than an MD span 398 at the lateral extremities of the fiber-enriched areas. The elongated densified regions occupy from about 5% to about 30% of the area of the sheet and are estimated as corresponding to the MD knuckle area of the fabric employed. The pileated regions occupy from about 95% to about 50% of the area of the sheet and are estimated by the recessed areas of the fabric. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 13 and 14, the distance 400 between CD-aligned densified regions is 4.41 mm, such that the linear arrays of densified regions have an MD repeat frequency of about 225 meter−1. The densified elements of the arrays are spaced a distance 402 of about 8.8 mm, thus having an MD repeat frequency of about 110 meter−1.
Note that FIG. 19; with the suction “off” shows a slightly stronger basis weight variation (more prominent light areas) than FIG. 20 suction “on” consistent with FIGS. 22 and 23, discussed below.
Beta particles are produced when an unstable nucleus with either too many protons or neutrons spontaneously decays to yield a more stable element. This process can produce either positive or negative particles. When a radioactive element with too many protons undergoes beta decay, a proton is converted into a neutron, emitting a positively charged beta particle or positron (β+) and a neutrino. Conversely, a radioactive element with too may neutrons undergoes beta decay by converting a neutron to a proton, emitting a negatively charged beta particle or negatron (β−) and an antineutrino. Promethium (61 147Pm) undergoes negative beta decay.
I=I 0 e −βρt =I 0 e −βw (1)
β is the effective beta mass absorption coefficient in cm2/g
ρ is the density in g/cm3
B1. and Lay.
FP Softness 18.8 to 19.4
CD Wet Tensile-Finch (g/3″)
high elements double hearts
Crp. (%)
Fir (%)
(min 325)
MacBeth 3100 L*
MacBeth 3100 A*
MacBeth 3100 B*
AVE Bending
MacBeth 3100 L* UV
MacBeth 3100 A* UV
MacBeth 3100 B* UV
Length - MD (cm)
AVE Bending Length-MD (cm)
Line Crepe (%)
Caliper Gain/% Reel
Besides better caliper and tensile control, a papermachine can be made much more productive. For example, on a 15 lb towel base sheet using a 44 M fabric 57% line crepe was required for a final caliper of 94. The multilayer W013 fabric produced a caliper of 103 at about 34% line crepe. Using these approximate values, a paper machine with a 6000 fpm wet-end speed limit would have a speed limit of 3825 fpm at the reel to meet a 94 caliper target for the base sheet with the 44M fabric. However, use of the W013 fabric can yield nearly 10 points of caliper, which should make it possible to speed up the reel to 4475 (6000/1.34 versus 6000/1.57) fpm.
In many cases, the fabric creping techniques revealed in the following co-pending applications will be especially suitable for making products: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/678,669, entitled “Method of Controlling Adhesive Build-Up on a Yankee Dryer”; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/451,112 (Publication No. US 2006-0289133), filed Jun. 12, 2006, entitled “Fabric-Creped Sheet for Dispensers”; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/451,111, filed Jun. 12, 2006 (Publication No. US 2006-0289134), entitled “Method of Making Fabric-creped Sheet for Dispensers”; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/402,609 (Publication No. US 2006-0237154), filed Apr. 12, 2006, entitled “Multi-Ply Paper Towel With Absorbent Core”; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/151,761, filed Jun. 14, 2005 (Publication No. US 2005/0279471), entitled “High Solids Fabric-crepe Process for Producing Absorbent Sheet with In-Fabric Drying”; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/108,458, filed Apr. 18, 2005 (Publication No. US 2005-0241787), entitled “Fabric-Crepe and In Fabric Drying Process for Producing Absorbent Sheet”; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/108,375, filed Apr. 18, 2005 (Publication No. US 2005-0217814), entitled “Fabric-Crepe/Draw Process for Producing Absorbent Sheet”; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/104,014, filed Apr. 12, 2005 (Publication No. US 2005-0241786), entitled “Wet-Pressed Tissue and Towel Products With Elevated CD Stretch and Low Tensile Ratios Made With a High Solids Fabric-Crepe Process”; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/679,862 (Publication No. US 2004-0238135), filed Oct. 6, 2003, entitled “Fabric-crepe Process for Making Absorbent Sheet”; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/903,789, filed Feb. 27, 2007, entitled “Fabric Crepe Process With Prolonged Production Cycle”; and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/808,863, filed May 26, 2006, entitled “Fabric-creped Absorbent Sheet with Variable Local Basis Weight”. The applications referred to immediately above are particularly relevant to the selection of machinery, materials, processing conditions, and so forth, as to fabric creped products of the present invention, and the disclosures of these applications are incorporated herein by reference.
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D21F11/145, Y10T428/24479, D21H21/20, D21H27/40, Y10T428/24455, D21F11/14, Y10T428/24612European ClassificationD21F11/14, D21F11/00E, D21F11/14B, D21H25/00BLegal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionSep 23, 2015FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services