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Timestamp: 2018-11-18 17:08:56
Document Index: 479084986

Matched Legal Cases: ['art 191', 'art 194', 'art 191', 'art 194', 'art 191', 'art 194']

Contractor Report - Permanent Markers Monument Survey - Waste Isolation Pilot Plant | Igneous Rock | Epigraphy
Contractor Report - Permanent Markers Monument Survey - Waste Isolation Pilot Plant
Contractor Report - Permanent Markers Monument Sur...
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1-Narra.
Chapter III Igneous Rocks
A 08 Geography _ Environment - Final _3
CR 1993 Joyce Reynolds
rock brochure
Waste Isolation Pilot Plant Carlsbad, New Mexico
Prepared for: Westinghouse Government Environmental Services Company Waste Isolation Division P.O. Box 2078 Carlsbad, New Mexico 88221
Prepared by: John Hart and Associates, P.A. 2815 Candelaria Road, N.W. Albuquerque, New Mexico 87107 (505) 344-7868
Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 Related DOE Commitments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Study Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2.0 Survey Rationale and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2.1 Selection of Monument Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2.2 Survey Site Selection Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2.3 Background Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.4 Site Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.5 Measurements and Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3.0 Survey Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3.1 Site Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3.2 Rock Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3.3 Methods and Forms of Inscription . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3.4 Aspect and Level of Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3.5 Inscription Condition and Visibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3.6 Petroglyph Ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 4.0 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 Durability of Rock Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 Effects of Aspect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 Rates of Erosion of Inscriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 Effects of Inscription Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 Importance of Contrast in Color and Texture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 Rock Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 Form of Inscriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 Additional Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 11 11 11 12 12 14 14 14 14
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Attachment 1, Report Photographs Attachment 2, Site Reports
John Hart and Associates, P.A.
Features of Petroglyphs at Surveyed Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Monument Survey Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
The Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) has been constructed by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) in southeastern New Mexico as a disposal facility for transuranic (TRU) wastes. The WIPP is subject to the provisions of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) environmental protection standards defined in 40 CFR Part 191 (EPA, 1993) and compliance certification criteria set forth in 40 CFR Part 194 (EPA, 1998). These standards and compliance criteria include requirements pertaining to the implementation of a system of passive institutional controls (PICs) for the WIPP. PICs are required by 40 CFR 191.14(c) and 40 CFR 194.43. The primary purpose of the PICs program is to provide a permanent record that identifies the location of the repository and its dangers, thus reducing the likelihood of inadvertent human intrusion into the repository. The EPA regulations specify that radioactive waste disposal systems must be designated by multiple PICs including permanent markers and long-term records. The DOE Carlsbad Area Office (CAO) is currently implementing programs to ensure full compliance with the provisions of these standards and compliance criteria. As part of this implementation activity, alternative materials for the construction of permanent markers are being investigated. One of the considerations important to the selection of markers materials is the ability of the marker material to be inscribed with warning messages and the durability of these messages over very long time frames. In its Compliance Certification Application (CCA) for the WIPP (DOE, 1996), the DOE provides details regarding the implementation of the permanent markers program. An important objective of the program is to develop information useful in optimizing the design of the marker systems by evaluating alternative configurations, alternative materials and aid in the development of final designs. One related activity identified in the CCA is the survey of monuments within 150 miles of the WIPP site, to obtain any information useful in the selection of markers materials and the development of markers designs.1 This report documents the results of a survey performed by John Hart and Associates, P.A. of Albuquerque, New Mexico, working under contract to the Westinghouse Government Environmental Services Company, LLC in the summer of 2000. The objective of this survey was to collect and compile information relevant to the assessment of the durability of ancient inscriptions made on various rock types.
Several of the sites surveyed for this report are outside the 150-mile zone surrounding the WIPP. These sites were included in the survey as the number of available sites within the 150mile zone is limited. These sites provide relevant information within similar climatological zones. 1
Related DOE Commitments
The WIPP Compliance Certification Application (CCA) includes a DOE commitment to perform a survey of monuments within a given area surrounding the WIPP site. The DOE commitment is in regard to testing to take place during the disposal phase; it is quoted below. The major subjects which may be evaluated during this testing program are: • Survey representative monuments within a 150 mile radius of the WIPP to more extensively evaluate the climatic environmental affects on granite.
In regard to the timing of this activity, the DOE states: The following activities described in Appendix PIC will be addressed in the first five years of WIPP operation: Survey stone monuments within a 150 mile radius of WIPP to evaluate the environmental affects on various types of granite (blue, gray, black etc.).
1.2 Study Objectives The objective of the survey was to determine how well various rock types, within similar climatological zones, have performed as media for inscriptions in terms of both legibility and durability. The assumption inherent in this objective is that old inscriptions in rock are analogs for the WIPP permanent markers; therefore, the older the inscription, the greater the relevance. The study objective includes increasing the understanding of the effects of several independent factors that affect rock inscriptions – rock texture and hardness, intrinsic rock durability, location and orientation (aspect) of inscriptions, and climate and weathering processes. Specific objectives that derive from these general objectives include documenting: C C C C rock properties inscription characteristics apparent age of inscriptions exposures to and processes of weathering and erosion
2.0 Survey Rationale and Methods
The rationale for the performance of the survey and the methods employed are described in this section. The rationale discussion addresses the selection of monument types, site selection criteria, and background studies. The methods discussion addresses site access factors and a description of measurements taken and observations made in the field.
Selection of Monument Types
The CCA commitment, discussed in Section 1.1 above, to perform a monument survey contains little guidance regarding the definition of “monument” and what types of monument should be surveyed. The term “monument” is commonly used to mean a grave marker or historical marker. Restricting the term to those meanings would limit the types of monuments to those erected during the historic period, say the last four hundred years. To determine whether any inscriptions are analogous in durability to that sought for the WIPP permanent markers, the definition of “monument” for this study was interpreted to include any material bearing an inscription, regardless of message or intent, that has remained in place and exposed to the elements for longer than the historic period. Using this definition, the monuments that were left were those most analogous to the WIPP permanent markers – petroglyphs of prehistoric age and fully exposed to environmental stresses.
Survey Site Selection Criteria
Sites included in the survey were selected on the basis of their individual relevance to the WIPP permanent marker performance requirements (set forth in the Draft Permanent Markers Implementation Plan (DOE, 1999)), similarities in material types to rock materials considered for use at the WIPP site, similar climatological setting, maximum age, and the least amount of preservation or restoration. Specifically: 1. Sites were limited to those that contain rock types that might be used in the permanent markers. Included were sites with durable sandstone, fine-grain igneous rocks (basalt, rhyolite, andesite) and coarse-grain igneous rock (e.g.; granite, diorite). Sites were limited to those that are located in arid to semi-arid climates at elevations up to those that sustain pinon-juniper woodlands, but not higher elevations that receive more rainfall and support larger trees. Sites were selected from those known or suspected to contain inscriptions that are at least 600 years old, with preference given to the oldest sites.
Sites were eliminated from consideration if they had received major restoration or artificial preservation (measures other than protection from vandalism or collection). Sites were limited to those that contain rock inscriptions (petroglyphs); rock paintings (pictographs) were considered to be irrelevant to the WIPP permanent marker design because all messages on WIPP markers are planned to be inscribed.
Given the survey site selection criteria, background studies were focused on publicly available information sources, principally archeological reports and publications that deal with preColumbian cultures and rock art. Contacts were made with state and federal parks, the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, the U.S. Forest Service, the Western Archeological and Conservation Center in Tucson, Arizona, and the Rock Art Museum in Tempe, Arizona. The Museum of New Mexico Laboratory of Anthropology provided the majority of background information used in this survey; direct personal assistance was received from Curtis Schaafsma, Curator of Anthropology, and Polly Schaafsma, both of whom shared their own extensive experience with southwest rock art as well as the Laboratory’s field records of their own surveys of many of these sites.
The initial list of sites that met the selection criteria included 17 sites (including two sites at Rowe Mesa) in New Mexico and two in Texas (Figure 1). Of the 16 sites surveyed, five are on private or leased land, five are on public land, and six are on state or federal parks or monuments. Owners or lessees of lands with petroglyphs were contacted for permission to enter and conduct survey activities. Public agencies including the New Mexico State Land Office, the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, and the U.S. Forest Service were contacted for public land access and required fees were paid. Entry fees were paid where required for entry to parks and monuments. Three sites were eliminated from the survey. One of these (Diablo Canyon) is on public land in Texas but could not be accessed because all roads to the site cross private land and all had gates that were locked due to recent vandalism. One New Mexico private landowner refused permission to the Olive Buttes site for access for reasons not given. The third site, Luna #5, could not be found in the field.
Measurements and observations were made at each site to satisfy the specific objectives of the study as outlined above. A more detailed description of those objectives is provided below: 4
Rock properties important to the durability and inscribability of the rock included petrologic classification, texture, surface form and roughness, type and extent of weathering, and overall extent of patination (see Section 3.5 for a discussion of patination). Inscription characteristics included apparent inscription type (i.e.; chiseled, scraped, pecked), form, range of widths and depths, and aspect (direction and inclination of inscribed surface). Apparent ages of inscriptions were estimated based on the types of images, relative position of multiple layers of images, evidence of weathering within the inscription, amount of repatination and lichen growth on the inscriptions. Exposures to and processes of weathering and erosion were evaluated from the position of the petroglyphs with respect to slopes, watercourses, surrounding terrain features and the climatic zone. Observations and measurements were recorded on site data worksheets. Digital photographs were made to illustrate representative characteristics of rocks and their petroglyphs.
3.0 Survey Findings
Data collected during the survey are described in this section. The descriptions include rock types encountered, types of inscriptions, exposure of inscriptions, inscription condition, and inscription ages. Photographs of inscriptions (petroglyphs) referred to throughout this report are included as Attachment 1.
Site reports were prepared for each site visited during the survey and are included as Attachment 2 of this report. Some salient features of the sites are summarized in Table 1. 3.2 Rock Types
Petroglyphs surveyed in this study were inscribed into sandstones (six sites), fine-grained igneous and pyroclastic rocks (eight sites), and coarse-grained igneous rocks (two sites). The sandstones were all well indurated and resistant to erosion as evidenced by their positions as cliff formers or caprock on mountains. Petroglyphs were inscribed more deeply in sandstone than in the other rock types, but all rock types found in the survey preserved the inscriptions well. The only difference in durability was related to exfoliation, as discussed below.
Methods and Forms of Inscription
At all surveyed sites, pre-Columbian inscriptions had been made by pecking or scraping. Although both forms of inscription have survived for hundreds to thousands of years, the pecked images are deeper and, therefore, appear to be more durable. Pecked inscriptions are characterized by contiguous crater-shaped pits in the rock surface, each about 1-3mm wide and deep, apparently made by a pointed stone or antler struck by another stone to break out small pieces from the rock surface (Photo #1). Pecked images usually have sharply defined lateral boundaries and are 2mm or more in depth. Scraped inscriptions were apparently made by simply scratching the rock surface with a stone (Photo #2). Lateral boundaries of the scraped images were less well defined, especially on rough coarse-grained surfaces. Scraped inscriptions were less than 2mm deep, often too shallow to measure. Widths of both pecked and scraped inscriptions vary widely, depending on the image. However, none of the surveyed images were less than 3mm wide, and most were at least 5mm wide.
Table 1. Features of Petroglyphs at Surveyed Sites
Site Name And Location Mystery Stone Valencia Co., NM I-X Ranch Lincoln Co., NM Three Rivers National Rec. Site Black Mesa, Doña Ana Co., NM Petroglyph N.M., Albuquerque, NM Hueco Tanks S.P. Hudspeth Co., TX Cornudas Mtn., Otero Co., NM Eby Ranch, Faywood, NM McNaughton Ranch, Luna Co., NM City of Rocks S.P. Faywood, NM Frying Pan Canyon Luna Co., NM Tonuco Mtn., Doña Ana Co., NM El Morro N.M. Cibola Co., NM Conchas Lake S.P., San Miguel Co., NM Rowe Mesa Site #1, San Miguel Co.,NM Rowe Mesa Site #2, San Miguel Co., NM Rock Type Inscription Age(s) Anasazi to recent Archaic, Mogollon Mogollon Archaic, Mogollon Archaic, Anasazi Mogollon Archaic, Mogollon Archaic, Mogollon, Apache, recent Archaic, Mogollon Mogollon (Mimbres) Archaic, Mogollon Archaic, Mogollon Anasazi to recent Archaic, Anasazi Archaic Archaic Method of Inscription Pecked, Chiseled Pecked, Scraped Pecked, Scraped Scraped, Pecked Scraped, Pecked Pecked Scraped Pecked Level of Exposure High High to Extreme Extreme Moderate Moderate Sheltered to Slight Moderate High Condition of Inscriptions Fair Fair to Good Fair to Good Fair Fair Fair to Good Good Good to Poor
Andesite Andesite Porphyritic Andesite Porphyritic Basalt Basalt Diorite Diorite Porphyritic Rhyolitic Welded Tuff Rhyolitic Welded Tuff Rhyolitic Welded Tuff Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone Sandstone
Scraped Scraped Pecked, some Scraped Pecked Pecked, Chiseled Pecked Pecked Pecked
High Sheltered High to Extreme Moderate to High Moderate Moderate Extreme Extreme
Good to Poor Good Good Fair to Good Fair to Poor Good Fair Fair
At one site, the “Mystery Stone” in Valencia County, New Mexico, the rock is inscribed with Vshaped grooves about 2mm deep and 3-5 mm wide (Photo #3). The grooves are very uniform, straight, and consistent throughout the very large inscription. Fresh rock powder is still stuck to the bottoms of some of the grooves. It is evident that this inscription was made with a hard metallic tool. 8
Aspect and Level of Exposure
As used in this survey, aspect means the direction and inclination of the petroglyph surface. Directions and inclinations were measured by field compass and recorded according to approximate direction (e.g.; NE, W, SW) and to the nearest 10 degrees inclination from horizontal. Petroglyph aspects covered the whole range of possible direction as well as inclinations from horizontal to 20 degrees past vertical. No discernible difference in petroglyph condition was observed, based on aspect. Level of exposure is a qualitative description of the location of the petroglyphs with respect to sun, rain, wind and runoff. Extreme exposure is a condition without shelter, totally exposed to sun during all seasons and daylight hours, to wind and rain from all directions, and to local runoff. High exposure indicates shelter from wind and runoff from one half of the compass rose, but otherwise fully exposed. Moderate exposure means exposure to half the compass rose and some shelter from adjacent terrain. Slight exposures have limited direct sun and protection from all but one quadrant of wind and rain. Sheltered locations are surrounded by obstacles to wind and sun or located on the underside of inclined rocks. The differences in exposure of petroglyphs at any site did not result in measurable differences in the condition of those petroglyphs, nor were discernible differences observed between sites based on exposure.
Inscription Condition and Visibility
Several factors that affect inscription condition and visibility were observed and evaluated: inscription size, contrasts in texture and color, boundary sharpness, and mechanical weathering. The importance of inscription size is obvious; larger petroglyphs were easier to see. Inscription depths and widths affect visibility and, as stated above, were measured. Deeper inscriptions were more visible than shallow inscriptions on repatinated surfaces at close range, but wider inscriptions, regardless of depth or repatination, were more visible at a distance. Visibility of petroglyphs was strongly affected by contrasts in texture and color between the host rock and the inscription grooves, and this contrast was more important than size, width, or depth in being able to locate petroglyphs. The color and texture of rock surfaces in the Southwest that have been exposed for long periods of time are commonly darkened and muted by a patina that results from a combination of chemical and microbial processes not yet well understood. In nearly all the sites surveyed, the petroglyphs were created by breaking the patinated layer, usually the outermost 1-2 mm of darkest color, leaving a groove that is a lighter color or different texture than the undisturbed surface (Photos #4 and 5). Over time, from several hundreds to thousands of years, the inscription is repatinated; i.e., the patina reforms on the disturbed rock surface. Even if a petroglyph is relatively large, it might be easily missed if it is totally repatinated, while a very small petroglyph with sharply contrasting color or texture (no repatination) would be very visible (Photo # 6). 9
Boundary sharpness is the visible distinction between the inscription groove and the adjacent rock surface. Observations of the oldest petroglyphs, those of Archaic age, reveal that boundary sharpness deteriorates over time. Edges of grooves gradually round to a flattening transition to the uninscribed rock; in effect, the inscription broadens and its slopes flatten (Photo #7). If this loss of groove boundary sharpness is accompanied by repatination, the visibility of the inscription is greatly reduced (Photo #8). Mechanical weathering contributes gradually and on a small scale to loss of boundary sharpness, but it also acts on a larger scale in the form of scaling or exfoliation. The exfoliation process was most obvious in the intrusive igneous rocks of the Cornudas Mountain site (porphyritic diorite) and Hueco Tanks site (diorite), as shown in photos #9, 10, and 11. In exfoliation, the rock surface gradually peels away like an onionskin in thin (5-20mm) layers. Similar scaling of rock surface, although less regular, was observed in sandstone (Photo #12) and andesite (Photo #13). Inscription condition was assessed primarily on the basis of visibility but also included consideration of the groove depth and boundary sharpness. Excellent condition was reserved for petroglyphs that looked fresh and sharp, a description applicable only to historic inscriptions at El Morro, that are discounted for this study. Good condition indicates clear visibility, measurable depth, and no apparent erosion of the inscribed surface (Photo #14). Fair condition means some degradation in visibility or depth, in some cases with erosion (exfoliation or spalling) in some locations (Photo # 15, 16). Poor condition describes inscriptions that are difficult to see due to erosion, weathering, or perhaps less than typical original craftsmanship. Two sites with exposed petroglyphs on rhyolitic welded tuff had a number that were in poor condition (Photos # 17 and 18). At all other sites, petroglyphs were mostly in fair to good condition.
Petroglyph Ages
In general, absolute ages of petroglyphs are impossible to determine directly. For this survey, previous studies by Polly Schaafsma and others were used to identify the cultural periods and approximate ages of petroglyphs in the area of interest and to select the sites with the oldest (Archaic) petroglyphs (Schaafsma, 1972; Schaafsma, 1979). Curtis Schaafsma and Polly Schaafsma indicated that petroglyph ages are estimated based on correlation of images depicted in petroglyphs with identical or similar images in pottery and other artifacts on which dating techniques, such as carbon-14 isotope concentrations, have produced absolute ages (personal communication, May 18, 2000). The age of petroglyphs examined in this survey range from less than 100 years to as much as 6000 years. Emphasis was placed on Archaic age petroglyphs, ranging in age from about 1800 years to 6000 years, which were examined at 10 of the 16 sites surveyed. Petroglyphs of Mogollon and Anasazi age, about 600 to 1800 years old, were examined at 13 sites, including seven that also contain Archaic petroglyphs. The Archaic petroglyphs are called Desert Abstractions and are characterized by geometric patterns that do not represent any life form or cultural object 10
(Schaffsma, 1979). These patterns include parallel straight or wavy lines, circles in concentric or chain patterns, cross-hatched or intersecting diagonal lines, circles with radial lines, and irregular lines (Photos #19 and 20). Mogollon and Anasazi petroglyphs also include circles but are more representational, depicting human forms (anthropomorphs), animals, spirits, and weapons (Photos #21 and 22). Apache and other more recent cultures have left inscriptions at some of the sites, but they can usually be distinguished by the absence of repatination or lichens. At several sites, a type of lichen with bright chartreuse color has formed in the inscription grooves (Photos #23, 24, and 25), fixing the minimum age of the petroglyph at about 600 years, the time this lichen takes to get established on a rock surface (C. Schaafsma, personal communication, May 18, 2000). The actual ages of petroglyphs at two sites, Rowe Mesa Site #1 and #2, have been established by two independent scientific methods, carbon-14 dating and soil morphology. At these sites, the petroglyphs are on a flat sandstone surface. Over at least part of those surfaces a soil profile was developed, then partially eroded. A charcoal layer at the rock-soil contact and the soil profile morphology have independently provided ages for the underlying petroglyphs of about 5900 years (Brent Abel, USFS, personal communication, June 16, 2000)(Photos # 26 and 27).
Reasonable conclusions based on the results of the monument survey are identified in this section. Issues such as the durability of various rock types, the effects of aspect, the rates of erosion of inscriptions, the effects of inscription form, and the importance of contrast in color and texture are addressed.
Durability of Rock Types
The petroglyphs examined in this survey involved the most common types of hard rock occurring in the Southwest with the exception of granite, on which no petroglyphs of prehistoric age have been identified within a few hundred miles of the WIPP site. All the petroglyph rocks are very durable and resistant to erosion, but not all are apparently capable of preserving inscriptions for thousands of years. The intrusive igneous rocks most like granite, the porphyritic diorite of Cornudas Mountain and the diorite of Hueco Tanks, exhibited exfoliation that caused gradual loss of petroglyph inscriptions. Because exfoliation is a common weathering mechanism of intrusive igneous rocks, this class of rocks would probably not be able to keep an inscribed surface intact for more than a few thousand years. If not jointed or otherwise fractured, the other rock types (sandstone, basalt, andesite, and rhyolite/welded rhyolitic tuff) appears to weather more evenly and to be able to retain inscriptions for thousands of years. Chemical weathering rates are relatively slow in the arid Southwest climate, so all of these rock types should be able to remain chemically intact for at least 10,000 years and possibly much longer. Therefore, any of these rocks could be considered for use in the WIPP permanent markers.
The direction and inclination of the petroglyph surface has no observed effect on the longevity of the petroglyph. This conclusion seems to be contrary to logic; surfaces exposed to the prevailing wind direction should show more erosion. Nevertheless, survey observations revealed no aspect that was better for petroglyph survival than any other.
Rates of Erosion of Inscriptions
None of the survey observations were able to support a determination, or even a reasonable estimation, of erosion rates of inscriptions. Although measurements of inscription depth might have revealed differences in erosion rates according to aspect or rock type, in fact differences in inscription depth could not be attributed directly to erosion because 1) the inscription depths at each site do not vary measurably from one petroglyph to the other, and 2) the original depths of inscriptions cannot be ascertained. It is worth noting, however, that where the soil covered only 12
about half of a petroglyph at the Rowe Mesa #1 site, the inscription depths of the covered side are not measurably different from the uncovered side. Lacking any data to indicate to the contrary, it is reasonable to conclude that petroglyphs will erode at the same rate as the rest of the rock surface. Considering the fact that the petroglyph rock surfaces are generally patinated and the older petroglyph grooves are repatinated, it is apparent that the rate of inscription erosion must be less than the rate of patination, which takes hundreds to thousands of years to develop to a depth of 1-2mm. This conclusion is consistent with the fact that even scraped Archaic inscriptions less than 1mm deep have survived at least 1800 years. The apparent substantial durability of the several rock types bearing petroglyphs indicates that erosion rates of rock surfaces are slow enough to lend confidence that rock inscriptions can last at least 10,000 years. It also supports the conclusion that chemical weathering and mechanical weathering rates are very slow in the Southwest.
Effects of Inscription Form
The form of the inscriptions (shape, depth, and width) is remarkably consistent between generations of petroglyphs at each site and between sites for each archeological period. Petroglyphs that have familiar shapes, like circles and human bodies, are more readily recognized than irregular shapes, regardless of age. Circles exist at all the petroglyph sites, and during the field surveys a circle was frequently the first image noticed and the visual trigger to look more closely for other petroglyphs. Shapes that are similar to natural rock contours, like curves and wavy lines, are more difficult to see, especially in mid-day light. Depth of inscription, while possibly having an impact on inscription durability, has little effect on image visibility, but groove width is very important, especially on rock surfaces with more coarse textures due to either mineral particle size or surface roughness. On coarse-texture surfaces, grooves narrower than the amplitude of roughness or the largest mineral size are difficult to see, especially under low sun angles.
Importance of Contrast in Color and Texture
The contrast between color and texture of the inscription groove and the color and texture of the host rock surface is the most important factor in the visibility and legibility of petroglyphs that are inscribed into patinated rock surfaces. As important as this color contrast is in recognizing petroglyphs, its importance will be much less for any WIPP permanent marker inscriptions, which would be placed on fresh, unpatinated rock surfaces. Patination of the marker surfaces would probably develop as the same rate across the whole marker surface, including the inscription grooves, so it is unlikely that color contrast would ever contribute to the visibility of the WIPP 13
inscriptions. The primitive tools of the Archaic and Mogollon/Anasazi people were not capable of producing smooth grooves. The grooves of the recent “Mystery Stone” inscriptions are not deeper or wider than the older petroglyphs, but both the Mystery Stone grooves and historic age grooves of El Morro’s Inscription Rock are more visible because the metal tools used to create them were capable of making sharp boundaries and smooth surfaces in the grooves. The sharp edges and smooth surfaces of the grooves provide a distinct textural contrast that makes the inscription stand out visually.
Recommendations based on the monument survey are provided in this section. Recommendations are provided on rock type, form of inscriptions, and additional studies.
Rocks of hardness and durability suitable for use as WIPP permanent markers are available within a few hundred miles of the WIPP site. Basalt and sandstone are the most abundant, so one or both of these should be selected for further evaluation, including durability and inscribability testing. Granite and other intrusive igneous rocks that are susceptible to exfoliation should not be used.
Form of Inscriptions
To the extent consistent with the necessary written and symbolic warnings and messages, inscriptions should be as large as possible, with groove widths several times the largest mineral particle size. Unless the rock is very fine grained like basalt, it probably will not be practical to inscribe letters smaller than about 25mm minimum plan dimension or less than 5mm deep.
Given the consistent findings over the 16 sites included in this survey, it is anticipated that additional monument (petroglyph) surveys would not be useful. However, studies on material properties of rock and man-made materials would be useful, with emphasis on surface hardness, methods to create and preserve color contrast, and the effects of rock texture on inscribability and inscription durability.
Personal Communication between Alan K. Kuhn and Polly Schaafsma and Kurt Schaafsma, May 18, 2000. Personal Communication between Alan K. Kuhn and Brent Able, United States Forest Service, June 16, 2000. Schaafsma, Polly, 1972, Rock Art in New Mexico, New Mexico State Planning Office, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 1972. Schaafsma, Polly, 1979, Indian Rock Art of the Southwest, School of American Research, Santa Fe, New Mexico 1979. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), 1996, Compliance Certification Application (CCA), U.S. DOE, Washington, D.C. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Draft Report: Permanent Markers Implementation Plan, Aug. 31, 1999 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),1993, 40 CFR Part 191 Environmental Radiation Protection Standards for the Management and Disposal of Spent Nuclear Fuel, High-Level and Transuranic Radioactive Wastes; Final Rule, Federal Register, Vol. 5, No. 242, pp. 6639866416, December 20, 1993, Washington, D.C. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),1996, 40 CFR Part 194 Criteria for the Certification and Recertification of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant’s Compliance with the 40 CFR Part 191 Disposal Regulations: Final Rule, Federal Register, Vol. 61, No. 28, pp. 52245245, February 9, 1996, Washington, D.C. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),1998, 40 CFR Part 194 Criteria for the Certification and Recertification of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant’s Compliance with the Disposal Regulations: Certification Decision; Final Rule, Federal Register, Vol. 63, No. 95, pp. 27354-27406, May 18, 1998, Washington, D.C.
Attachment 1 Report Photographs
Photo #1. Close-up view of petroglyph pecked through patina on basalt. Petroglyph National Monument.
Photo #2. Petroglyph scraped into patina at Frying Pan Canyon.
Photo #3. Sharp V-shaped grooves of this inscription at Mystery Stone indicate that this petroglyph was made by metallic tools and is recent.
Photo #4. Petroglyphs at Cornudas Mountain, showing effects of color and texture contrasts on visibility if images.
Photo #5 – Circle image at end of pointer is repatinated to background color and texture, while images to left are unpatinated, aiding visibility. McNaughton Ranch.
Photo #6. Very small petroglyphs that visually stand out because of contracts in color and texture with surrounding rock. Frying Pan Canyon.
Photo #7. Petroglyph on horizontal surface at Rowe Site #2 with edges rounded and flattened by weathering and erosion.
Photo #8. Circle with cross, barely visible due to repatination and loss of boundary sharpness. Eby Ranch site.
Photo#9. Petroglyphs gradually being lost to exfoliation (lighter area). Cornudas Mountain Site
Photo #10. Archaic petroglyph above exfoliating surface. Cornudas Mountain.
Photo #11. Exfoliation in diorite, lower right corner, encroaching on Archaic “chain” and recent script images. Hueco State Park.
Photo #12. Remnant of inscribed surface in water course gradually being lost spalling and erosion. Frying Pan Canyon.
Photo #13. Petroglyph with left half lost to spalling. I-X Ranch.
Photo #14. Petroglyph in good condition in sandstone at Frying Pan Canyon.
Photo #15. Petroglyphs in lower part of panel are in fair condition. Cornudas Mountain.
Photo # 16. Petroglyph in fair condition, with some spalling and erosion. Tonuco Mountain.
Photo # 17. Petroglyph of concentric circles, in poor condition. Eby Ranch.
Photo # 18. Chain of circles (Archaic), with lowest two circles deteriorated to poor condition. McNaughton Ranch.
Photo #19. Archaic Desert Abstractions at Conchas Lake State Park.
Photo #20. Typical Archaic line patterns. McNaughton Ranch.
Photo #21. Mogollon images including animal, anthropomorphic, and other representational forms. Three Rivers Petroglyph National Historic Site.
Photo #22. Mogollon (Jornada) spirit mask. Black Mesa.
Photo #23. Chartreuse-colored lichens on Archaic petroglyph. Tonuco Mountain.
Photo #24. Chartreuse lichens highlighting Mogollon mask. Tonuco Mountain.
Photo # 25. Lichens growing in Archaic comb form. I-X Ranch.
Photo #26. Soil cover partially removed from petroglyphs on horizontal surface. Rowe Mesa Site #1.
Photo #27. Petroglyphs extending into the open from underneath soil cover. Rowe Mesa Site #2.
Attachment 2 Site Reports
WIPP PERMANENT MARKERS MONUMENT SURVEY
SITE NAME: Three Rivers Petroglyph National Historic Site LOCATION: Otero Co., NM SITE OWNED BY: Bureau of Land Management ACCESS AUTHORIZED BY: Public access, fee paid SITE VISIT DATE: 6/14/00 BY: A. Kuhn, K. Lickliter, S. Casey MONUMENT DESCRIPTION: ROCK DESCRIPTION: AGE(S) OF PETROGLYPHS: Petroglyph Porphyritic Andesite Mogollon Pecked, some scraped
INSCRIPTION TYPE OR METHOD:
INSCRIBED SURFACE ASPECT DIRECTIONS: All directions, mostly south and southwest INCLINATIONS: 70 degrees to vertical ROCK SURFACE FORM: Varies widely from flat to curved, moderately smooth-to-rough
INSCRIPTION GROOVE FORM WIDTHS: 3-20mm DEPTHS: <2mm, most <1mm WEATHERING: PHOTOS: Rock surfaces patinated, petroglyphs not repatinated. Description Assortment of superimposed figures including Aztec-like geometrics and a rabbit. Images on adjacent boulders including representational fish, footprint, and circle with cross. Concentric circles surrounded by dots; this figure appears many places. Geometric patterns of multiple ages; pole pointing to oldest partly repatinated figure.
# ThreeR~1 ThreeR~2 ThreeR~3 ThreeR~4
This andesite has large (5-15mm) mafic phenocrysts that cause some of the narrower inscriptions grooves to be partially obscured. The petroglyphs were made by pecking or scraping only deep enough to break through the patina. There are at least two generations of petroglyphs here, as shown by the superposition of petroglyphs. This site has suffered some vandalism in the form of recent scratching of petroglyph images.
SITE NAME: Black Mesa LOCATION: Doña Ana Co., NM SITE OWNED BY: Stahmann Farms ACCESS AUTHORIZED BY: Dave Lowry, Stahmann Farms SITE VISIT DATE: 5/30/00, 6/2/00 BY: A. Kuhn, K. Lickliter MONUMENT DESCRIPTION: ROCK DESCRIPTION: AGE(S) OF PETROGLYPHS: Petroglyph Basalt Archaic, Mogollon Scraped, some pecked
INSCRIBED SURFACE ASPECT DIRECTIONS: Mostly north, east, and southeast INCLINATIONS: 80 degrees to vertical ROCK SURFACE FORM: Mostly wavy and smooth, some rough
INSCRIPTION GROOVE FORM WIDTHS: 5-30mm DEPTHS: <1mm WEATHERING: All old rock surfaces heavily repatinated, no apparent chemical weathering of the basalt minerals. Description Mogollon spirit figure on wavy surface. Archaic geometric barely visible on boulder face. Zigzag line partly repatinated. Barely visible images on boulders. Archaic image obscured by patina and shadow. Sunburst pattern on surface partly broken by spalling. Same as BlackM6. Totally repatinated image left of pencil point.
A2-3 John Hart and Associates, P.A.
# BlackM1 BlackM2 BlackM3 BlackM4 BlackM5 BlackM6 BlackM7 BlackM8
BlackM9 BlackM10 BlackM11 BlackM12 BlackM13 BlackM14 BlackM15 BlackM16
Zigzag pattern in shadow on boulder. Very faint group of images to left of pointer. Same as BlackM10. Centipede image. Same as BlackM12. Orthogonal line pattern on curved rock face below shadow, heavily repatinated. Orthogonal line pattern, repatinated, below and to right of pencil. Rock face with partially repatinated zigzag lines and unpatinated scratches made by earthmoving equipment.
This site is on Stahlmann Farms property at the foot of the east slope of Black Mesa. The petroglyphs are scattered among boulders at the foot of the slope, with heavy vegetation in many places obscuring the petroglyphs. The heavy patination makes most images difficult to see and even more difficult to photograph. All images are very shallow, made by scraping the surface which is patinated to a dark gray-black color. Some of the petroglyphs are pecked but have not broken through the patina completely. The unpatinated color of the rock is a medium-todark gray, so the patination does not produce a strong color contrast, which also makes many petroglyphs difficult to see.
SITE REPORT WIPP PERMANENT MARKERS MONUMENT SURVEY
SITE NAME: City of Rocks State Park LOCATION: Luna Co., NM SITE OWNED BY: State of New Mexico ACCESS AUTHORIZED BY: Brian Pender SITE VISIT DATE: 6/2/00 BY: A. Kuhn, K. Lickliter MONUMENT DESCRIPTION: ROCK DESCRIPTION: AGE(S) OF PETROGLYPHS: Petroglyph Rhyolitic Welded Tuff Mogollon Scraped
INSCRIBED SURFACE ASPECT DIRECTIONS: (see note) INCLINATIONS: Overhang surface ROCK SURFACE FORM: Smooth, planar
INSCRIPTION GROOVE FORM WIDTHS: 10mm DEPTHS: <2mm WEATHERING: PHOTOS: Rock surface mostly patinated, petroglyph not repatinated Description Unidentifiable image looking like an abstract hand or tree form. Same as Cityroc1. Same as Cityroc1&2 using flash. Picture of rock surface showing three different levels of patination; pencil in right hand points to most recent, ruler points to intermediate age, darks areas have oldest patina.
# Cityroc1 Cityroc2 Cityroc3 Cityrock4
This site contains several pictographs but only one petroglyph, which is inscribed on an overhanging surface in a relatively sheltered location. Patterns of patination are informative; at least three ages or levels are present.
SITE NAME: Conchas Lake State Park LOCATION: San Miguel CO., NM SITE OWNED BY: State of New Mexico ACCESS AUTHORIZED BY: Park Superintendent SITE VISIT DATE: 6/15/00 BY: A. Kuhn, K. Lickliter MONUMENT DESCRIPTION: ROCK DESCRIPTION: AGE(S) OF PETROGLYPHS: Petroglyph Sandstone Archaic, some Anasazi Pecked
INSCRIBED SURFACE ASPECT DIRECTIONS: West to south, one horizontal surface INCLINATIONS: Vertical ROCK SURFACE FORM: Curved, moderately rough; also one planar surface; horizontal surface is wavy
INSCRIPTION GROOVE FORM WIDTHS: Up to 30mm DEPTHS: 1-5mm WEATHERING: Some surfaces are patinated; others appear to be unweathered. Some petroglyphs are repatinated. Description Vertical face with concentric circles, comb patterns partly repatinated. Partly repatinated dots, more recent curved line not repatinated. Repatinated geometric figure, with fresh rock break to right. Same as Conchas1.
# Conchas1 Conchas2 Conchas3 Conchas4
Conchas6 Conchas7 Conchas8 NOTES:
Panel of geometric images partially repatinated except for more recent wavy line at right; high water indicated by top of grayish zone at bottom of photo. Same view as Conchas5 shifted to the right. Distant view of images in Conchas5&6. Distant view of images just above high water mark.
The south-facing petroglyph panel is fully repatinated. Patterns are all abstract geometrics except for one quadraped. Dominant patterns are concentric circles, diamonds cross patterns, wavy lines, dots, and parallel lines. Also, one animal form with pincers and one antlered head are probably Anasazi age. Some of the petroglyphs are below the high water line of the lake and are partially obscured with deposits from the lake water.
SITE NAME: Cornudas Mountain LOCATION: Doña Ana Co., NM SITE OWNED BY: Stahmann Farms ACCESS AUTHORIZED BY: Dave Lowry, Stahmann Farms SITE VISIT DATE: 5/30/00, 6/2/00 BY: A. Kuhn, K. Lickliter MONUMENT DESCRIPTION: ROCK DESCRIPTION: AGE(S) OF PETROGLYPHS: Petroglyph Basalt Archaic, Mogollon Scraped, Pecked
INSCRIBED SURFACE ASPECT DIRECTIONS: East, South and Southwest INCLINATIONS: 60 degrees to vertical ROCK SURFACE FORM: Smooth
INSCRIPTION GROOVE FORM WIDTHS: 5-80mm DEPTHS: <2mm WEATHERING: Older rock surfaces patinated to about 2mm. Extensive exfoliation in layers 2-10mm. Description East-facing panel with Archaic and Mogollon images scraped and pecked through patina. Closeup of Cornud1 location, showing Archaic geometrics surrounded by Mogollon anthropomorphs. Southwest-facing surface with images partly lost to exfoliation. East-facing panel with several generations of images. Chain pattern on surface substantially exfoliated.
Archaic pattern of parallel zigzag lines on partly exfoliated surface.
A2-9 John Hart and Associates, P.A.
# Cornud1 Cornud2 Cornud3 Cornud4 Cornud5
Cornud6
Cornud7 Panel of mixed images, mostly Archaic geometrics. Cornud8 Same as Cornud7. Cornud9&10 Pictographs. NOTES: This site has extensive petroglyphs of both Archaic and Jornada (Mogollon) age, mostly scraped, some pecked, through a 2mm patina layer. Extensive exfoliation affects rock surface to depths of 5-10mm. All Jornada and older petroglyphs are at least partially repatinated. This site is exposed to the south quadrants, sheltered from the north quadrants. Phenocrysts of nepheline (?) appear to control the depth of exfoliation.
SITE NAME: Eby Ranch LOCATION: Faywood, NM SITE OWNED BY: Larry Eby ACCESS AUTHORIZED BY: SITE VISIT DATE: 6/1/00 BY: A. Kuhn, K. Lickliter MONUMENT DESCRIPTION: ROCK DESCRIPTION: AGE(S) OF PETROGLYPHS:
Petroglyph Rhyolitic Welded Tuff Archaic, Mogollon, maybe some Apache, recent Pecked
INSCRIBED SURFACE ASPECT DIRECTIONS: Northwest to southwest INCLINATIONS: 45 degrees to vertical ROCK SURFACE FORM: Wavy, smooth to rough
INSCRIPTION GROOVE FORM WIDTHS: 2-80mm DEPTHS: Most <2mm, some up to 5mm WEATHERING: Old rock surfaces heavily patinated, some petroglyphs completely repatinated. Description Concentric circles completely repatinated on wavy rough surface. Hand patterns, one partly repatinated, on wavy surface. Spirit form on rough, partially fractured surface. Recent image of house on wavy rough surface. Recent house image in lower right, recent donkey in center, and repatinated circle pattern in upper left, showing contrast in appearance of very old vs. recent inscriptions. Partially repatinated geometric image.
A2-11 John Hart and Associates, P.A.
# EBY1 EBY2 EBY3 EBY4 EBY5
EBY7 EBY8 EBY9 EBY10 EBY11 EBY12 EBY13 NOTES:
Pencil and pole point to limits of large circle with horizontal line, partially repatinated, with lichen growth. Intricate diamond pattern, repatinated, with some lichen growth. Wider view of EBY8 image, with recent inscription to left. Rough patinated surface with extensive scaling of patinated surface; pinwheel and other geometric patterns. Anthropomorph to right of pencil, mostly repatinated. Repatinated circle with cross right of pencil. Repatinated concentric circles right of pencil and above pencil.
This site is on private property at the crest of a low hill capped by the welded tuff. Petroglyphs face primarily toward the western quadrants and are fully exposed to sun, wind and rain from that direction. The Archaic images and some of the Mogollon images are completely repatinated; some Mogollon images are partly repatinated. Patina development is apparently more uniform here than at other sites with the same kind of rock. Recent images were apparently made by local school children within the last 50 years.
SITE NAME: El Morro National Monument LOCATION: Cibola Co., NM SITE OWNED BY: National Park Service ACCESS AUTHORIZED BY: Public access, fee paid SITE VISIT DATE: 6/13/00 BY: A. Kuhn, K. Lickliter, S. Casey MONUMENT DESCRIPTION: ROCK DESCRIPTION: AGE(S) OF PETROGLYPHS: Petroglyph Sandstone Anasazi to recent Chiseled, pecked
INSCRIPTION TYPE OR METHOD: INSCRIBED SURFACE ASPECT DIRECTIONS: INCLINATIONS: ROCK SURFACE FORM:
East, south, west, most north Vertical
Planar, smooth-to-rough
INSCRIPTION GROOVE FORM WIDTHS: Various, up to 50mm DEPTHS: Generally 3-10mm, some larger WEATHERING: Repatinated completely on oldest petroglyphs. No repatination on historic age inscriptions. Some spalling. Lichens only on oldest petroglyph surfaces. # ElMorro1 ElMorro2 ElMorro3 ElMorro4 ElMorro5 ElMorro6 Description Patinated surface with fully-repatinated images of hands, quadrapeds, anthropomorphs. Line of mountain goats on unpatinated surface. Panel of unweathered surface with many quadraped forms. Zigzag pattern in unweathered surface. Same as ElMorro4. Concentric circles left of stick, scraped letters to right.
A2-13 John Hart and Associates, P.A.
This site has many generations of inscriptions from Anasazi to recent. Anasazi images include pecked handprints, anthropomorphic zigzag patterns, and concentric circles. Some historic age letters have dark gray-to-black lichens in them. The sandstone is very fine-grained and massive, making inscribing relatively easy compared to the other sites surveyed.
SITE NAME: Hueco Tanks State Park LOCATION: Hudspeth Co., TX SITE OWNED BY: State of Texas ACCESS AUTHORIZED BY: Public access – fee paid SITE VISIT DATE: 5/31/00 BY: A. Kuhn, K. Lickliter MONUMENT DESCRIPTION: ROCK DESCRIPTION: AGE(S) OF PETROGLYPHS: Petroglyph Diorite Mogollon Pecked
East, horizontal 60 degrees to horizontal
Wavy and smooth
INSCRIPTION GROOVE FORM WIDTHS: DEPTHS: WEATHERING:
5-20mm <1mm
Relatively uniform patination of exposed rock surfaces, exfoliation to depths of several mm. Description Two x-shaped “bird tracks” pecked into patina. Images of tracks pecked into patina, with exfoliation at upper right corner. Very faint bird tracks pecked into patina, exfoliation visible at top of photo. Circle with inscribed cross, exfoliation to upper right. Daisy chain of circles and other geometrics superimposed by recent writing; images disrupted by exfoliation at lower right.
A2-15 John Hart and Associates, P.A.
# Hueco1 Hueco2 Hueco3 Hueco4 Hueco5
Hueco6 NOTES:
Same image as Hueco5.
At this state park there are a few petroglyphs, shown above, and many pictographs not surveyed. The petroglyphs have been pecked into but not through the patina. Exfoliation is gradually removing the inscribed surfaces. Exfoliation layers are 25mm thick in most places, locally deeper.
SITE NAME: I-X Ranch LOCATION: Lincoln Co., NM SITE OWNED BY: State of New Mexico, Bill Stephenson ACCESS AUTHORIZED BY: State Land Office, Bill Stephenson SITE VISIT DATE: 6/14/00 BY: A. Kuhn, K. Lickliter, S. Casey MONUMENT DESCRIPTION: ROCK DESCRIPTION: AGE(S) OF PETROGLYPHS: Petroglyph Porphyritic Andesite Archaic, Mogollon Pecked, Scraped
INSCRIBED SURFACE ASPECT DIRECTIONS: Mostly south to southwest INCLINATIONS: 80 degrees ROCK SURFACE FORM: Planar, rough
INSCRIPTION GROOVE FORM WIDTHS: 5-50mm DEPTHS: 1-2mm WEATHERING: Oldest petroglyphs are fully repatinated. Successive generations partially repatinated. Some lichen growth in inscription grooves. Description Multiple images of different ages. Multiple images in rough, broken surface; surface spalling older than images. Older repatinated images with superimposed unrepatinated images. Broken concentric circle pattern, partly repatinated. Multiple images on fractured, partially-spalled surface, older repatinated images predominate.
# Lincoln1 Lincoln2 Lincoln3 Lincoln4 Lincoln5
Lincoln7 Lincoln8 Lincoln9 Lincoln10
Pencil pointing to Archaic repatinated circle; pole pointing to Archaic cone pattern; more recent spiral pattern at far right shows difference in patination. Totally repatinated concentric circles at left; more recent unrepatinated circles at right. Archaic comb pattern with some lichen growth. Wide angle of Lincoln8, including other comb patterns. Large south-facing panel with multiple images of at least two generations.
This site is primarily the dip slope of an andesite dike, with the dip slope containing large panels of multigenerations of petroglyphs. The oldest are fully repatinated Archaic abstract geometrics. Typical Archaic images such as concentric circles, parallel lines, and connected circles are present in at least two generations and may also have been repeated by Mogollon Indians. The large panel faces are fully exposed to the sun and to wind and rain coming from the southern quadrants.
SITE NAME: McNaughton (formerly Simmons) Ranch LOCATION: Luna Co., NM SITE OWNED BY: McNaughton ACCESS AUTHORIZED BY: Russell Baker SITE VISIT DATE: 6/1/00 BY: A. Kuhn, K. Lickliter MONUMENT DESCRIPTION: ROCK DESCRIPTION: AGE(S) OF PETROGLYPHS: Petroglyph Rhyolite (welded tuff) Archaic, Mogollon, Apache, recent Pecked
INSCRIBED SURFACE ASPECT DIRECTIONS: Primarily east to southeast, some southwest and northeast INCLINATIONS: 60 degrees to vertical ROCK SURFACE FORM: Rough wavy-to-curving surfaces
INSCRIPTION GROOVE FORM WIDTHS: 5-40mm DEPTHS: Most <1mm, some up to 3mm WEATHERING: PHOTOS: # Luna1-1 Luna1-2 Luna1-3 Luna1-4 Luna1-5 Rock surfaces moderately patinated, some spalling. Description Horned lizard on patinated surface, fragment of rock in hand shows color of fresh unpatinated rock. Multiple images, including concentric circles, on southwest-facing surface. Southeast-facing weathered surface with mostly Archaic images including concentric circles, sunbursts, and fishnet patterns. East-facing surface, partially repatinated wavy lines. Panel of mostly Archaic images with recent spray-painted graffiti, facing northeast.
A2-19 John Hart and Associates, P.A.
Luna1-6 Luna1-7 Luna1-8 Luna1-9 Luna1-10 Luna1-11 NOTES:
Set of wavy parallel lines (Archaic) on curved rough surface, with other abstract and animal images nearby. Chain pattern of circles on patinated but partly eroded surface. Abstract image on east-facing rough surface. Panel with geometric abstractions, concentric circles at end of pointer, largely obscured by surface roughness. Archaic concentric circles and diamond patterns. Archaic wavy parallel lines on rough surface.
This site contains both Archaic and Mogollon petroglyphs. The texture of the rhyolitic welded tuff makes some of the images difficult to see because the depth of inscription is less than the amplitude of surface roughness. Some vandalism has occurred recently. Pictures show that the rock is somewhat vuggy in places, making the rock more porous than it is in neighboring locations. The surfaces with petroglyphs are oriented in many different directions and seem to have no clear differences in degree of patination or amount of weathering; also no distinction in preservation of the petroglyphs based on aspect.
SITE NAME: Frying Pan Canyon LOCATION: Luna Co., NM SITE OWNED BY: Bureau of Land Management ACCESS AUTHORIZED BY: Sara Schlanger SITE VISIT DATE: 6/1/00 BY: A. Kuhn, K. Lickliter MONUMENT DESCRIPTION: ROCK DESCRIPTION: AGE(S) OF PETROGLYPHS: Petroglyph Sandstone Archaic, Mogollon Pecked
INSCRIBED SURFACE ASPECT DIRECTIONS: Northeast, southeast, south-to-west INCLINATIONS: 30 degrees to vertical, horizontal, some overhangs ROCK SURFACE FORM: Mostly planar and rough, some curved
INSCRIPTION GROOVE FORM WIDTHS: 10-15mm DEPTHS: 2mm WEATHERING: PHOTOS: Rock surfaces heavily patinated, some spalling. Description Has relief cross forms through patina, not repatinated. Wolf tracks pecked through patina, on heavily fractured surface. Concentric circles in pinwheel form on rough surface. Archaic diagonal network, linked circles and comb forms overlain by Mogollon human footprints and other life forms on rough curved surface (note spall of rock left of pointer). Starburst and other geometrics on rough fractured surface. Concentric circles on horizontal surface, slightly repatinated. Southeast-facing rough fractured surface with animal forms.
A2-21 John Hart and Associates, P.A.
# Luna2-1 Luna2-2 Luna2-3 Luna2-4
Luna2-5 Luna2-6 Luna2-7
Luna2-8 Luna2-9 Luna2-10 Luna2-11
Flat surface, rough and fractured, with Archaic and Mogollon images. Archaic cross form, Mogollon footprints and bird tracks, on rough surface. Ghost image on rough horizontal surface. Mogollon images on remnant patinated surface surrounded by spalled and scoured surfaces.
Site is located on the west slope of Frying Pan Canyon just north of an old stock tank dam. Petroglyphs are on intact rock outcrops and boulders of a hard ferruginous sandstone. All surfaces are relatively rough and fractured. Many petroglyphs on horizontal surfaces on the tops of boulders and outcrops. A combination of Archaic abstract geometrics, with Mogollon images of footprints, animals, anthropomorphs. Very few images are completely repatinated, but many are partially repatinated, especially Archaic images.
SITE NAME: Mystery Stone LOCATION: Valencia CO., NM SITE OWNED BY: State of New Mexico ACCESS AUTHORIZED BY: State Land Office SITE VISIT DATE: 6/13/00 BY: A. Kuhn, K. Lickliter, S. Casey MONUMENT DESCRIPTION: ROCK DESCRIPTION: AGE(S) OF PETROGLYPHS: Petroglyph Andesite Anasazi, recent Pecked, chiseled
INSCRIBED SURFACE ASPECT DIRECTIONS: Northwest to northeast INCLINATIONS: 10 degrees past vertical for Mystery Stone, 60-80 degrees elsewhere ROCK SURFACE FORM: Wavy to planar, and smooth
INSCRIPTION GROOVE FORM WIDTHS: Mystery Stone: V-shaped grooves 3-5mm at top Others: 10-40mm DEPTHS: Mystery Stone: 1-2mm Others: <1mm WEATHERING: Mystery Stone face slightly patinated, inscriptions unpatenated. Anasazi petroglyphs slightly repatinated. Description The “Mystery Stone” inscription. Quadraped with long tail on patinated surface with fragments of other images next to recent breaks in the rock surface. Crude face on patinated surface.
# Mystery1 Mystery2 Mystery3
The Mystery Stone has V-shaped grooves with sharply-defined sides and edges, and some rock dust can still be seen in the bottoms of the grooves. This inscription was obviously made with a metallic tool and, therefore, can’t be older than historic age or not more than 400 years. The other petroglyphs in the vicinity are crudely done and penetrate only into the patina. These are consistent with Anasazi and older petroglyphs surveyed elsewhere.
SITE NAME: Petroglyph National Monument LOCATION Albuquerque, NM SITE OWNED BY: National Park Service ACCESS AUTHORIZED BY: Public access SITE VISIT DATE: 6/12/00 BY: A. Kuhn, K. Lickliter, S. Casey MONUMENT DESCRIPTION: ROCK DESCRIPTION: AGE(S) OF PETROGLYPHS: Petroglyph Basalt Archaic, Anasazi Pecked, scraped
INSCRIBED SURFACE ASPECT DIRECTIONS: Mostly south and southeast, some northwest INCLINATIONS: 45 degrees to vertical ROCK SURFACE FORM: Planar to curved, mostly rough, some smooth
INSCRIPTION GROOVE FORM WIDTHS: Mostly 3-30mm, one image 40-110mm DEPTHS: Most <1mm, none >2mm WEATHERING: Natural rock surfaces extensively patinated. Petroglyphs unpatinated to partially repatinated. Description Various geometric images on a curved, rough surface. Partially repatinated images on a rough surface. Circles scraped partly through the patina on a curved surface. Same as #3. Abstract images on a rough, curved surface, partially repatinated. Same as #5. Large geometric pattern between walking stick and scale obscured by repatination and light reflection.
A2-25 John Hart and Associates, P.A.
# PETRNM1 PETRNM2 PETRNM3 PETRNM4 PETRNM5 PETRNM6 PETRNM7
PETRNM8 PETRNM9 PETRNM10 PETRNM11 PETRNM12 PETRNM13 PETRNM14 NOTES:
Rough surface obscuring repatinated image. Surface with variable texture and random line images with wedgeshaped piece spalled from surface. Image partially broken through patina surface. Circle with tree partially obscured by reflected sunlight. Various images pecked through patina on uneven surface. Closeup of cross form in previous photo. Geometric image partially repatinated.
Petroglyphs at this site, a side canyon of the Monument, are described by park personnel as being “a couple thousand years old.” The petroglyphs occur among scattered boulders in a narrow canyon. The level of exposure of the petroglyphs varies widely, depending on position in the canyon and orientation. Some of the photographs did not capture the image clearly, due to intense mid-day sunlight. Surfaces here are among the roughest seen at any of the surveyed sites. Several generations of petroglyphs are represented, some clearly Anasazi and others apparently older.
SITE NAME: Rowe Mesa Site #1 LOCATION: San Miguel Co., NM SITE OWNED BY: U.S. Forest Service ACCESS AUTHORIZED BY: Brent Abel, USFS SITE VISIT DATE: 6/16/00 BY: A. Kuhn, K. Lickliter MONUMENT DESCRIPTION: ROCK DESCRIPTION: AGE(S) OF PETROGLYPHS: Petroglyph Sandstone Archaic Pecked
INSCRIPTION TYPE OR METHOD: INSCRIBED SURFACE ASPECT DIRECTIONS: Horizontal INCLINATIONS: Horizontal ROCK SURFACE FORM:
Irregular, wavy
INSCRIPTION GROOVE FORM WIDTHS: 2-80mm DEPTHS: 1-4mm WEATHERING: All petroglyphs are repatinated. Iron oxide concentrated in fossil crab burrows now form resistant knobs at the surface. Description Figure that was half cover by soil (right half, below pencil) and half exposed. Except for soil in grooves of previously covered half, halves are identically preserved. Cluster of petroglyphs previously covered with soil, prior to archeological excavation. Cluster of petroglyphs not previously covered with soil. Cluster of petroglyphs on surface that is part of water course. Concentric circles, right of pencil, heavily repatinated.
A2-27 John Hart and Associates, P.A.
# Rowe A1
Rowe A2 Rowe A3 Rowe A4 Rowe A5
According to Brent Abel, soil over the petroglyphs is at least 3000 years old. Charcoal at the site has been dated at 5300 years, patina at 5970 years. In the area not previously covered by soil, some petroglyphs are repatinated, some not. Some repatinated petroglyphs have lichen growth. This site has a starburst pattern unlike patterns seen elsewhere. Solstice and equinox marks have been identified here. Site is in an area of P-J woodland with very little surface slope, but a shallow drainage course runs across this site. Most of the ground in the vicinity is soilcovered. Soil cover over the petroglyphs has been partially removed by archeologists to expose some of the buried petroglyphs, one of which was only half-buried by soil prior to excavation. The petroglyph shown in Photo #Rowe 1-1 was covered in the area next to the pencil in the photo, exposed in the other half. Petroglyphs are generally in fair condition.
SITE NAME: Rowe Mesa Site #2 LOCATION: San Miguel Co., NM SITE OWNED BY: U.S. Forest Service ACCESS AUTHORIZED BY: Brent Abel, USFS SITE VISIT DATE: 6/16/00 BY: A. Kuhn, K. Lickliter MONUMENT DESCRIPTION: ROCK DESCRIPTION: AGE(S) OF PETROGLYPHS: Petroglyph Sandstone Archaic Pecked
INSCRIPTION TYPE OR METHOD: INSCRIBED SURFACE ASPECT DIRECTIONS: Horizontal INCLINATIONS: Horizontal ROCK SURFACE FORM: Knobby, wavy
INSCRIPTION GROOVE FORM WIDTHS: 10-30mm DEPTHS: 3-5mm WEATHERING: All petroglyphs are repatinated. Rock surface is differentially weathered, leaving iron oxide concentrations around fossil crab burrows sticking up. This weathering predates the petroglyphs, as evidenced by the petroglyphs that include the fossil burrows as part of the petroglyph image. Description Cluster with “bird tracks”, sun burst, wavy lines, circle. Cluster with spiral, orthogonal lines,dendritic patterns extending under soil cover to lower left. Partially eroded petroglyphs with adjacent soil cover. Petroglyph with pencil in one groove, to illustrate depth. Petroglyph grooves across natural knob in rock.
A2-29 John Hart and Associates, P.A.
# Rowe B1 Rowe B2 Rowe B3 Rowe B4 Rowe B5
This site is similar in most respects to Rowe Mesa #1, except that there is no drainage course. Generally, the condition of the petroglyphs here is slightly poorer than at Rowe Mesa #1. The sandstone was identified by Brent Abel as the Santa Rosa Sandstone of Triassic age. It is well indurated and forms the cap rock of the mesa. The petroglyphs here, as at the nearby Rowe Mesa #1 site, may have been broadened and deepened by erosion or weathering, but the repatinated grooves of the inscriptions show that the weathering/erosion processes have been very slow.
SITE NAME: Tonuco Mountain LOCATION: Doña Ana Co., NM SITE OWNED BY: Bureau of Land Management ACCESS AUTHORIZED BY: Sara Schlanger SITE VISIT DATE: 5/30/00 BY: A. Kuhn, K. Lickliter MONUMENT DESCRIPTION: ROCK DESCRIPTION: AGE(S) OF PETROGLYPHS: Petroglyph Sandstone Archaic, Mogollon Pecked
INSCRIBED SURFACE ASPECT DIRECTIONS: All compass points INCLINATIONS: 20 degrees to vertical ROCK SURFACE FORM: Flat to wavy, smooth, some fractures
INSCRIPTION GROOVE FORM WIDTHS: 7-20mm DEPTHS: 1-5mm WEATHERING: Old rock surfaces patinated to reddish-brown to steel gray color, mottled together in some places. Extensive growth of chartreuse colored lichens. Description Concentric circles partly lost to spalling/erosion, repatinated. Diamond and orthogonal line patterns, partly repatinated. At least two generations of images, Archaic and Mogollon, latter less repatinated than former. Archaic patterns, including one dendritic pattern with lichens. Parallel wavy lines partly repatinated and lichens in grooves. Sunburst and other Archaic patterns, repatinated. Archaic geometrics, partly repatinated.
A2-31 John Hart and Associates, P.A.
# Tonuco1 Tonuco2 Tonuco3 Tonuco4 Tonuco5 Tonuco6 Tonuco7
Tonuco8 Tonuco9 NOTES:
Large boulder with mottled patination, Archaic and Mogollon images. Mogollon head with chartreuse lichens in inscription grooves.
This site is in a steep-walled canyon that runs southeast to northwest. The sandstone cap rock has broken into boulders that line the north slope of the canyon, and the petroglyphs are concentrated on a group of these boulders. The patina varies randomly from reddish-brown to steel gray, with the latter being thicker. Petroglyphs are pecked through the patina to a depth of up to 5mm. The Archaic petroglyphs are mostly completely repatinated, and the Mogollon petroglyphs are at least partly repatinated. Chartreuse lichens are common.
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