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Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. Consultative document. Fundamental review of the trading book - PDF
Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. Consultative document. Fundamental review of the trading book
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1 Basel Committee on Banking Supervision Consultative document Fundamental review of the trading book May 20122 3 Copies of publications are available from: Bank for International Settlements Communications CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland Fax: and This publication is available on the BIS website (www.bis.org). Bank for International Settlements All rights reserved. Brief excerpts may be reproduced or translated provided the source is stated. ISBN print: ISBN web:4 5 Contents Executive summary Shortcomings of the framework exposed by the financial crisis Weaknesses in the design of the regulatory capital framework Weaknesses in risk measurement Weaknesses in valuation practices Initial policy responses The 2009 revisions to the market risk framework ( Basel 2.5 ) Relevant aspects of the Basel III reforms Drawbacks of the current market risk regime Towards a revised framework Reassessment of the boundary The purpose, limitations, and desirable properties of a new boundary Options for a new boundary to address current observed weaknesses Choice of risk metric and calibration to stressed conditions Moving to expected shortfall Calibration to stressed conditions Factoring in market liquidity Assessing market liquidity Incorporating the assessment of market liquidity into trading book capital requirements Treatment of hedging and diversification Relationship between standardised and internal models-based approaches Calibration Mandatory standardised measurement Floor (or surcharge) based on the standardised approach Revised models-based approach The overall approach to internal models-based risk measurement Defining the scope of instruments eligible for internal models treatment (steps 1 and 2) Identification of eligible and ineligible trading desks Definition of trading desk for the purposes of step Identification of modellable and non-modellable risk factors (step 3) Capitalisation of non-modellable risk factors at eligible trading desks Capitalisation of modellable risk factors at eligible trading desks Choice of risk measure and approach to measurement Calibration and parameters of the ES measure...36 Fundamental review of the trading book i6 4.5.3 Conversion of trading desks into risk factor classes for capital calculation Discrete credit risk modelling Treatment of risk position/hedge rollover within internal models Calculation and aggregation of capital requirements across risk classes: treatment of hedging and diversification Ongoing monitoring of approved models Revised standardised approach The partial risk factor approach The fuller risk factor approach Comparison of the two approaches Annex 1: Lessons from the crisis Annex 2: Lessons from the academic literature and banks risk management practices Annex 3: Comparison of the current trading evidence and valuation-based boundaries Annex 4: Further detail on the Committee s proposed approach to factoring in market liquidity Annex 5: Internal models-based approach: Stressed ES Annex 6: Derivations and examples of the partial risk factor approach Annex 7: Fuller risk factor approach Glossary Summary of questions ii Fundamental review of the trading book7 Trading Book Group of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision Co-chairs: Mr Alan Adkins, Financial Services Authority, London, and Ms Norah Barger, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Washington, DC Belgium Mr Marc Peters National Bank of Belgium, Brussels Brazil Ms Danielle Barcos Nunes Central Bank of Brazil Canada Mr Grahame Johnson Bank of Canada, Ottawa Mr Greg Caldwell Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions Canada, Ottawa China Ms Yuan Yuan Yang China Banking Regulatory Commission, Beijing France Mr Olivier Prato French Prudential Supervisory Authority, Paris Germany Mr Karsten Stickelmann Deutsche Bundesbank, Frankfurt Mr Rüdiger Gebhard Italy Mr Filippo Calabresi Bank of Italy, Rome Japan Mr Tomoki Tanemura Bank of Japan, Tokyo Mr Atsushi Kitano Federal Financial Supervisory Authority, Bonn Financial Services Agency, Tokyo Korea Mr Young-Chul Han Bank of Korea, Seoul Ms Jiyoung Yang Financial Supervisory Service, Seoul Mexico Mr Fernando Avila Bank of Mexico, Mexico City Netherlands Ms Hildegard Montsma Netherlands Bank, Amsterdam Russia Mr Oleg Letyagin Central Bank of the Russian Federation, Moscow Singapore Mr Shaji Chandrasenan Monetary Authority of Singapore South Africa Mr Rob Urry South African Reserve Bank, Pretoria Spain Mr Federico Cabañas Bank of Spain, Madrid Lejarraga Sweden Ms Charlotta Mankert Finansinspektionen, Stockholm Mr Johannes Forss Sveriges Riksbank, Stockholm Sandahl Switzerland Ms Barbara Graf Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority, Berne Mr Christoph Baumann Swiss National Bank, Zurich Turkey Ms Sidika Karakoç Banking Regulation and Supervision Agency, Ankara United Kingdom Mr Vasileios Madouros Bank of England, London Mr Simon Dixon Financial Services Authority, London United States Mr Jason J Wu Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Washington, DC Mr John Kambhu Federal Reserve Bank of New York Mr Karl Reitz Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Washington, DC Mr Roger Tufts Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, Washington, DC Fundamental review of the trading book iii8 EU Mr Kai Gereon Spitzer European Commission, Brussels Financial Stability Institute Secretariat Mr Stefan Hohl Mr Martin Birn Mr Karl Cordewener Financial Stability Institute, Bank for International Settlements, Basel Secretariat of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, Bank for International Settlements, Basel Other contributors to the drafting of the consultative document Mr Philippe Durand (French Prudential Supervisory Authority, Paris) Mr Klaus Duellmann (Deutsche Bundesbank, Frankfurt) Mr Derek Nesbitt (Financial Services Authority, London) Mr Matthew Osborne (Financial Services Authority, London) Mr Johannes Reeder (Federal Financial Supervisory Authority, Bonn) Mr Dwight Smith (Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Washington, DC) iv Fundamental review of the trading book9 Abbreviations CDS CRM CTP CVA ES GAAP IFRS IRC MTM OTC P&L PVBP RWA SDR SMM VaR Credit default swap Comprehensive risk measure Correlation trading portfolio Credit valuation adjustment Expected shortfall Generally Accepted Accounting Principles International Financial Reporting Standards Incremental risk charge Mark-to-market Over-the-counter Profit and loss Present value of a basis point Risk-weighted assets Special drawing rights Standardised measurement method Value-at-risk Fundamental review of the trading book v10 11 Fundamental review of the trading book Executive summary This consultative document presents the initial policy proposals emerging from the Basel Committee s 1 ( the Committee ) fundamental review of trading book capital requirements. 2 These proposals will strengthen capital standards for market risk, and thereby contribute to a more resilient banking sector. The policy directions set out in this paper form part of the Committee s broader agenda of reforming bank regulatory standards to address the lessons of the financial crisis. These initial proposals build on the series of important reforms that the Committee has already delivered through Basel III 3 and set out the key approaches under consideration by the Committee to revise the market risk framework. These proposals also reflect the Committee s increased focus on achieving a regulatory framework that can be implemented consistently by supervisors and which achieves comparable levels of capital across jurisdictions. 4 The Committee s policy orientations with regard to the trading book are a vital element of the objective to achieve comparability of capital outcomes across banks, particularly those which are most systemically important. Background The financial crisis exposed material weaknesses in the overall design of the framework for capitalising trading activities and the level of capital requirements for trading activities proved insufficient to absorb losses. As an important response to the crisis, the Committee introduced a set of revisions to the market risk framework in July (part of the Basel 2.5 rules). These sought to reduce the cyclicality of the market risk framework and increase the overall level of capital, with particular focus on instruments exposed to credit risk (including securitisations), where the previous regime had been found especially lacking The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision provides a forum for regular cooperation on banking supervisory matters. It seeks to promote and strengthen supervisory and risk management practices globally. The Committee comprises representatives from Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, Hong Kong SAR, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. Observers on the Basel Committee are: the European Banking Authority, the European Central Bank, the European Commission, the Financial Stability Institute and the International Monetary Fund. Throughout this consultative paper, the term trading book capital requirements is used as a shorthand to refer to capital charges against market risk in the trading book as well as FX and commodity risk in the banking book. Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, Basel III: A global regulatory framework for more resilient banks and banking systems (revised June 2011), June 2011 (www.bis.org/publ/bcbs189.pdf). Remarks of Stefan Ingves, Talk is cheap putting policies into practice, November 2011 (www.bis.org/speeches/sp htm). Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, Revisions to the Basel II market risk framework, updated as of 31 December 2010, February 2011 (www.bis.org/publ/bcbs193.pdf). Fundamental review of the trading book 112 However, the Committee recognised at the time that the Basel 2.5 revisions did not fully address the shortcomings of the framework. As a result, the Committee initiated a fundamental review of the trading book regime, beginning with an assessment of what went wrong. The fundamental review seeks to address shortcomings in the overall design of the regime as well as weaknesses in risk measurement under both the internal models-based and standardised approaches. This consultative paper sets out the direction the Committee intends to take in tackling the structural weaknesses of the regime, in order to solicit stakeholders comments before proposing more concrete revisions to the market risk capital framework. Key areas of Committee focus The Committee has focused on the following key areas in its review: The trading book/banking book boundary The Committee believes that its definition of the regulatory boundary has been a source of weakness in the design of the current regime. A key determinant of the boundary is banks intent to trade, an inherently subjective criterion that has proved difficult to police and insufficiently restrictive from a prudential perspective in some jurisdictions. Coupled with large differences in capital requirements against similar types of risk on either side of the boundary, the overall capital framework proved susceptible to arbitrage. While the Committee considered the possibility of removing the boundary altogether, it concluded that a boundary will likely have to be retained for practical reasons. The Committee is now putting forth for consideration two alternative boundary definitions: Trading evidence -based boundary: Under this approach the boundary would be defined not only by banks intent, but also by evidence of their ability to trade and risk manage the instrument on a trading desk. Any item included in the regulatory trading book would need to be marked to market daily with changes in fair value recognised in earnings. Stricter, more objective requirements would be used to ensure robust and consistent enforcement. Tight limits to banks ability to shift instruments across the boundary following initial classification would also be introduced. Fundamental to this proposal is a view that a bank s intention to trade backed up by evidence of this intent and a regulatory requirement to keep items in the regulatory trading book once they are placed there is the relevant characteristic for determining capital requirements. In some jurisdictions, application of this type of definition of the boundary could result in regulatory trading books that are considerably narrower than at present. Valuation-based boundary: This proposal would move away from the concept of trading intent and construct a boundary that seeks to align the design and structure of regulatory capital requirements with the risks posed to a bank s regulatory capital resources. Fundamental to this proposal is a view that capital requirements for market risk should apply when changes in the fair value of financial instruments, whether recognised in earnings or flowing directly to equity, pose risks to the regulatory and accounting solvency of banks. This definition of the boundary would likely result in a larger regulatory trading book, but not necessarily in a much wider scope of application for market risk models or necessarily lower capital requirements. 2 Fundamental review of the trading book13 Stressed calibration The Committee recognises the importance of ensuring that regulatory capital is sufficient in periods of significant market stress. As the crisis showed, it is precisely during stress periods that capital is most critical to absorb losses. Furthermore, a reduction in the cyclicality of market risk capital charges remains a key objective of the Committee. Consistent with the direction taken in Basel 2.5, the Committee intends to address both issues by moving to a capital framework that is calibrated to a period of significant financial stress in both the internal models-based and standardised approaches. Moving from value-at-risk to expected shortfall A number of weaknesses have been identified with using value-at-risk (VaR) for determining regulatory capital requirements, including its inability to capture tail risk. For this reason, the Committee has considered alternative risk metrics, in particular expected shortfall (ES). ES measures the riskiness of a position by considering both the size and the likelihood of losses above a certain confidence level. In other words, it is the expected value of those losses beyond a given confidence level. The Committee recognises that moving to ES could entail certain operational challenges; nonetheless it believes that these are outweighed by the benefits of replacing VaR with a measure that better captures tail risk. Accordingly, the Committee is proposing the use of ES for the internal models-based approach and also intends to determine risk weights for the standardised approach using an ES methodology. A comprehensive incorporation of the risk of market illiquidity The Committee recognises the importance of incorporating the risk of market illiquidity as a key consideration in banks regulatory capital requirements for trading portfolios. Before the introduction of the Basel 2.5 changes, the entire market risk framework was based on an assumption that trading book risk positions were liquid, ie that banks could exit or hedge these positions over a 10-day horizon. The recent crisis proved this assumption to be false. As liquidity conditions deteriorated during the crisis, banks were forced to hold risk positions for much longer than originally expected and incurred large losses due to fluctuations in liquidity premia and associated changes in market prices. Basel 2.5 partly incorporated the risk of market illiquidity into modelling requirements for default and credit migration risk through the incremental risk charge (IRC) and the comprehensive risk measure (CRM). The Committee s proposed approach to factor in market liquidity risk comprehensively in the revised market risk regime consists of three elements: First, operationalising an assessment of market liquidity for regulatory capital purposes. The Committee proposes that this assessment be based on the concept of liquidity horizons, defined as the time required to exit or hedge a risk position in a stressed market environment without materially affecting market prices. Banks exposures would be assigned into five liquidity horizon categories, ranging from 10 days to one year. Second, incorporating varying liquidity horizons in the regulatory market risk metric to capitalise the risk that banks might be unable to exit or hedge risk positions over a short time period (the assumption embedded in the 10-day VaR treatment for market risk). Third, incorporating capital add-ons for jumps in liquidity premia, which would apply only if certain criteria were met. These criteria would seek to identify the set of instruments that could become particularly illiquid, but where the market risk metric, even with extended liquidity horizons, would not sufficiently capture the risk to solvency from large fluctuations in liquidity premia. Fundamental review of the trading book 314 Additionally, the Committee is consulting on two possible options for incorporating the endogenous aspect of market liquidity. Endogenous liquidity is the component that relates to bank-specific portfolio characteristics, such as particularly large or concentrated exposures relative to the market. The main approach under consideration by the Committee to incorporate this risk would be further extension of liquidity horizons; an alternative could be application of prudent valuation adjustments specifically targeted to account for endogenous liquidity. Treatment of hedging and diversification Hedging and diversification are intrinsic to the active management of trading portfolios. Hedging, while generally risk reducing, also gives rise to basis risk 6 that must be measured and capitalised. In addition, portfolio diversification benefits, whilst seemingly risk-reducing, can disappear in times of stress. Currently, banks using the internal models-based approach are allowed large latitude to recognise the risk-reducing benefits of hedging and diversification, while recognition of such benefits is strictly limited under the standardised approach. The Committee is proposing to more closely align the treatment of hedging and diversification between the two approaches. In part, this will be achieved by constraining diversification benefits in the internal models-based approach to address the Committee s concerns that such models may significantly overestimate portfolio diversification benefits that do not materialise in times of stress. Relationship between internal models-based and standardised approaches The Committee considers the current regulatory capital framework for the trading book to have become too reliant on banks internal models that reflect a private view of risk. In addition, the potential for very large differences between standardised and internal modelsbased capital requirements for a given portfolio is a major level playing field concern and can also leave supervisors without a credible option of removing model permission when model performance is poor. To strengthen the relationship between the models-based and standardised approaches the Committee is consulting on three proposals: First, establishing a closer link between the calibration of the two approaches; Second, requiring mandatory calculation of the standardised approach by all banks; and Third, considering the merits of introducing the standardised approach as a floor 7 or surcharge to the models-based approach. Revised models-based approach The Committee has identified a number of weaknesses with risk measurement under the models-based approach. In seeking to address these problems, the Committee intends to (i) strengthen requirements for defining the scope of portfolios that will be eligible for internal 6 7 Basis risk is the risk that prices of financial instruments in a hedging strategy will move in a way that reduces the effectiveness of the hedging strategy. A floor on internal models capital charges could, for example, be set at a percentage of the capital charge under the standardised measurement method. 4 Fundamental review of the trading book15 models treatment; and (ii) strengthen the internal model standards to ensure that the output of such models reflects the full extent of trading book risk that is relevant from a regulatory capital perspective. To strengthen the criteria that banks must meet before regulatory capital can be calculated using internal models, the Committee is proposing to break the model approval process into smaller, more discrete steps, including at the trading desk level. This will allow model approval to be turned-off more easily than at present for specific trading desks that do not meet the requirements. At the trading desk level, where the bank naturally has an internal profit and loss (P&L) available, model performance can be verified more robustly. The Committee is considering two quantitative tools to measure the performance of models. First, a P&L attribution process that provides an assessment of how well a desk s risk management model captures risk factors that drive its P&L. Second, an enhanced daily backtesting framework for reconciling forecasted losses from the market risk metric with actual losses. Although the market risk regime has always required backtesting of model performance, the Committee is proposing to apply it at a more granular trading desk level in the future. Where a trading desk does not achieve acceptable P&L attribution or backtesting results, the bank would be required to calculate capital requirements for that desk using the standardised approach. To strengthen model standards, the Committee is consulting on limiting diversification benefits, moving to an expected shortfall metric and calibrating to a period of market stress. In addition, it is consulting on introducing a more robust process for assessing whether individual risk factors would be deemed as modellable by a particular bank. This would be a systematic process for identifying, recording and calculating regulatory capital against risk factors deemed not to be amenable to market risk modelling. Revised standardised approach The Committee has identified a number of important shortcomings with the current standardised approach. A standardised approach serves two main purposes. Firstly, it provides a method for calculating capital requirements for banks with business models that do not require sophisticated measurement of market risk. This is especially relevant to smaller banks with limited trading activities. Secondly, it provides a fallback in the event that a bank s internal market risk model is deemed inadequate as a whole or for specific trading desks or risk factors. This second purpose is of particular importance for larger or more systemically important banks. In addition, the standardised approach could allow for a harmonised reporting of risk positions in a format that is consistent across banks and jurisdictions. Apart from allowing for greater comparability across banks and jurisdictions, this could also allow for aggregation of risk positions across the banking system to obtain a macroprudential view of market risks. With those objectives in mind the Committee has adopted the following principles for the design of the revised standardised approach: simplicity, transparency and consistency, as well as improved risk sensitivity; a credible calibration; limited model reliance; and a credible fallback to internal models. In seeking to meet these objectives, the Committee proposes a partial risk factor approach as a revised standardised approach. The Committee also invites feedback on a fuller risk factor approach as an alternative. More specifically: (a) Partial risk factor approach: Instruments that exhibit similar risk characteristics would be grouped in buckets and Committee-specified risk weights would be applied to their market value. The number of buckets would be approximately 20 across five broad classes of instruments, though the exact number would be determined empirically. Hedging and diversification benefits would be better captured than at Fundamental review of the trading book 516 present by using regulatory correlation parameters. To improve risk sensitivity, instruments exposed to cross-cutting risk factors that are pervasive across the trading book (eg FX and interest rate risk) would be assigned to more than one bucket. For example, a foreign-currency equity would be assigned to the appropriate equity bucket and to a cross-cutting FX bucket. (b) Fuller risk factor approach: This alternative approach would map instruments to a set of prescribed regulatory risk factors to which shocks would be applied to calculate a capital charge for the individual risk factors. The bank would have to use a pricing model (likely its own) to determine the size of the risk positions for each instrument with respect to the applicable risk factors. Hedging would be recognised for more systematic risk factors at the risk factor level. The capital charge would be generated by subjecting the overall risk positions to a simplified regulatory aggregation algorithm. The appropriate treatment of credit A particular area of Committee focus has been the treatment of positions subject to credit risk in the trading book. Credit risk has continuous (credit spread) and discrete (default and migration) components. This has implications for the types of models that are appropriate for capturing credit risk. In practice, including default and migration risk within an integrated market risk framework introduces particular challenges and potentially makes consistent capital charges for credit risk in the banking and trading books more difficult to achieve. The Committee is therefore considering whether, under a future framework, there should continue to be a separate model for default and migration risk in the trading book. Areas outside the scope of these proposals The Committee thinks it is important to note that there are two particular areas that it has considered, but are not subject to any detailed proposals in this consultative document. Interest rate risk in the banking book Although the Committee has determined that removing the boundary between the banking book and the trading book may be impractical, it is concerned about the possibility of arbitrage across the banking book/trading book boundary. A major contributor to arbitrage opportunities are different capital treatments for the same risks on either side of the boundary. One example is interest rate risk, which is explicitly captured in the trading book under a Pillar 1 capital regime, but subject to Pillar 2 requirements in the banking book. The Committee has therefore undertaken some preliminary work on the key issues that would be associated with applying a Pillar 1 capital charge for interest rate risk in the banking book. The Committee intends to consider the timing and scope of further work in this area later in Interaction of market and counterparty risk Basel III introduced a new set of capital charges to capture the risk of changes to credit valuation adjustments (CVA). This is known as the CVA risk capital charge and will be implemented as a stand alone capital charge under Basel III, with a coordinated start date of 1 January The Committee is aware that some industry participants believe that CVA risk, as the market component of credit risk, should be captured in an integrated fashion with other forms of market risk within the market risk framework. The Committee has agreed to consider this question, but remains cautious of the degree to which these risks can be 6 Fundamental review of the trading book17 effectively captured in a single integrated modelling approach. It observes that there is no clear market standard for the treatment of CVA risk in banks internal capital. Occasionally, even within individual banks, different treatments for CVA risk seem to exist. For the time being, the Committee anticipates that open questions regarding the practicality of integrated modelling of CVA and market risk could constrain moving towards such integration. In the meantime, the industry should focus on ensuring a high-quality implementation of the new stand-alone charge on 1 January This is consistent with the Committee s broader concerns over the degree of reliance on internal models and the over-estimation of diversification benefits. For this reason, this consultative document sets out initial proposals on revisions to the capital framework for capturing market risk and does not offer specific proposals for dealing with CVA risk. Nonetheless, stakeholders may wish to provide their views on whether CVA risk should be incorporated into the market risk framework and, if so, how this could be achieved in the context of the emerging revisions to the market risk framework presented in this paper. Next steps The Committee welcomes comments from the public on all aspects of this consultative document and in particular on the questions in the text (summarised at the end of this document) by 7 September 2012 by to Alternatively, comments may be sent by post to: Basel Committee on Banking Supervision Bank for International Settlements Centralbahnplatz 2 CH-4002 Basel Switzerland All comments will be published on the Bank for International Settlements website unless a commenter specifically requests confidential treatment. Once the Committee has reviewed responses, it intends to release for comment a more detailed set of proposals to amend the Basel III framework. As is its normal process, the Committee will subject such proposals to a thorough Quantitative Impact Study. Fundamental review of the trading book 718 1. Shortcomings of the framework exposed by the financial crisis The recent crisis exposed material weaknesses in the capital treatment of banks trading activities. Some of the most pressing deficiencies of the trading book regime were addressed by the July 2009 revisions to the market risk framework, 8 while others have been dealt with as part of Basel III. However, the Committee has agreed that a number of the market risk framework s fundamental shortcomings remain unaddressed and require further attention. The Committee has agreed that the future trading book regime must address the weaknesses set out below, which are discussed in more detail in Annex 1. The crisis and pre-crisis experience highlighted a number of shortcomings in the trading book regime. These can be broadly categorised into weaknesses arising from: (a) (b) (c) The overall design of the regulatory capital framework, especially the inclusion of instruments exposed to credit risk in the trading book; The risk measurement methodologies used under the models-based and standardised approaches; and The valuation framework applied to traded instruments. In combination, these shortcomings resulted in materially undercapitalised trading book exposures prior to the crisis. 1.1 Weaknesses in the design of the regulatory capital framework While the undercapitalisation of trading book exposures has often been the result of the methodologies used for risk measurement and valuation (both of which are discussed later in this section), elements of the overall design of the regime also contributed to, and amplified, the problems exposed during the crisis. These include: The role of the regulatory boundary: The Committee believes that its definition of the regulatory boundary has been a key source of weakness in the design of the current regime. A key determinant of the boundary is banks intent to trade, an inherently subjective criterion that has proved difficult to police and insufficiently restrictive from a prudential perspective in some jurisdictions. Coupled with large differences in capital requirements against similar types of risks across either side of the boundary, the capital framework proved susceptible to arbitrage. For example, prior to the crisis, it was advantageous for banks to classify an increasing number of instruments as held with trading intent (even if there was no evidence of regular trading of these instruments) in order to benefit from lower trading book capital requirements. During the crisis the opposite movement of positions from the trading book to the banking book was evident at times in some jurisdictions. The lack of credible options for the withdrawal of model approvals: The design of the current framework does not embed a clear link between the models-based and standardised approaches either in terms of calibration or in terms of the 8 Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, Revisions to the Basel II market risk framework, updated as of 31 December 2010, February 2011 (www.bis.org/publ/bcbs193.pdf). 8 Fundamental review of the trading book19 conceptual approach to risk measurement. In part as a consequence of this, a key weakness of the design of the current framework has been the lack of credible options for the withdrawal of model approval. This can be a particular problem in stress periods, where supervisors witness a deterioration in model performance at the same time as raising new capital becomes very difficult. 1.2 Weaknesses in risk measurement In addition to the flaws in the overall design of the framework, risk measurement under both the models-based and the standardised approaches proved wanting: Shortcomings of the models-based approach: The metric used to capitalise trading book exposures was the 10-day value-at-risk (VaR) computed at the 99th percentile, one-tailed confidence interval. By construction, this is a measure aimed at capturing the risk of short-term fluctuations in market prices. While a 10-day VaR might be useful for day-to-day internal risk management purposes, it is questionable whether it meets the objectives of prudential regulation which seeks to ensure that banks have sufficient capital to survive low probability, or tail, events. Weaknesses identified with the 10-day VaR metric include: its inability to adequately capture credit risk; its inability to capture market liquidity risk; the provision of incentives for banks to take on tail risk; and, in some circumstances, the inadequate capture of basis risk. Perhaps more fundamentally, the models-based capital framework for market risk relied on a bank-specific perspective of risk, which might not be adequate from the perspective of the banking system as a whole. The pro-cyclicality of VaR-based capital charges based on recent historic data and the large number and size of backtesting exceptions observed during the crisis serve to highlight regulatory concerns with continued reliance on VaR. Shortcomings of the standardised approach: Although the crisis largely brought to the fore problems with the models-based approach to market risk, the Committee has also identified important shortcomings with the standardised approach. These include a lack of risk sensitivity, a very limited recognition of hedging and diversification benefits and an inability to sufficiently capture risks associated with more complex instruments. 1.3 Weaknesses in valuation practices The recent crisis highlighted the importance of robust valuation practices, especially of complex or illiquid financial instruments, in times of stress. Different valuation methodologies can have a very material impact on estimated capital resources. Therefore, in assessing capital adequacy, supervisors need to be confident that valuation methodologies are in line with prudential objectives. It is at least as important to have prudent, reliable and comparable estimates of capital resources as to have prudent, reliable and comparable estimates of capital requirements. The crisis highlighted key weaknesses in the valuation framework, including the lack of application of prudent valuation adjustments and the emergence of valuation uncertainty as a key source of solvency concerns. 2. Initial policy responses In response to the weaknesses highlighted by the crisis, the Committee agreed on a set of revisions to the market risk framework in July 2009, which have become known as Basel 2.5. These were intended to address some of the immediate concerns arising from the Fundamental review of the trading book 920 undercapitalisation of banks trading books. Moreover, some elements of the Basel III package of reforms, whilst not introducing any further amendments to the market risk framework, relate to the capitalisation of banks trading activities. 2.1 The 2009 revisions to the market risk framework ( Basel 2.5 ) The key elements of these revised market risk standards were: The introduction of the IRC: In recognition of the fact that the 10-day VaR metric does not sufficiently capture banks exposures to credit risk, the 2009 amendments introduced an additional capital charge intended to capture both default risk and credit rating migration risk. The IRC is estimated based on a one-year capital horizon at a 99.9 percent confidence level, consistent with the treatment of credit exposures in the banking book. However, it also takes into account the liquidity of individual instruments or sets of instruments. Unlike the banking book treatment of credit risk, it allows banks to estimate their own asset value correlation parameters. The introduction of stressed VaR: In addition to the 10-day VaR requirements, the 2009 amendments require banks to calculate a stressed VaR measure. The stressed VaR is intended to replicate a VaR calculation that would be generated on the bank s current portfolio if the relevant market factors were experiencing a period of stress. It should be based on the 10-day, 99th percentile, one-tailed confidence interval VaR measure, with model inputs calibrated to historical data from a continuous 12-month period of significant financial stress. The introduction of stressed VaR is intended, in part, to dampen the cyclicality of the VaR measure and to mitigate the problem of market stresses falling out of the data period used to calibrate the VaR after some time. Alignment of the treatment of securitisation exposures across the banking book and the trading book: As of July 2009, the Committee as a whole had not agreed that modelling methodologies used by banks adequately captured the risks of securitised products. As a result, it agreed to apply the standardised capital charges based on the banking book risk weights to these exposures. However, the Committee agreed on a limited exception for certain correlation trading activities, where banks are allowed by their supervisor to calculate capital charges based on the CRM. This new model is subject to a strict set of minimum requirements, including the regular application of specific, predetermined stress scenarios and a floor expressed as a percentage of the charge applicable under the standardised approach. Improved risk factor coverage of internal models: Banks are now explicitly required to incorporate all risk factors in their VaR models that are deemed relevant for pricing purposes, or to justify their omission. Basis risks are also expected to be captured by banks to the satisfaction of the supervisor, as well as event risk (not covered in IRC), which must be included in the VaR measurement. Banks can no longer rely on a surcharge model to capture these risks. Enhanced prudent valuation guidance: The Committee extended the scope of the prudent valuation guidance to all instruments subject to fair value accounting, including those in the banking book. The Committee also clarified that regulators retain the ability to require adjustments to the current value beyond those required by financial reporting standards, in particular where there is uncertainty around the current realisable value of an instrument due to illiquidity. This guidance focuses on the current valuation of the instrument and is a separate concern from the risk that market conditions and variables might change before the instrument is liquidated (or closed out). 10 Fundamental review of the trading book View more
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