Source: http://www.science.gov/topicpages/0-9/4-t+treaty+alien.html
Timestamp: 2016-10-25 05:14:47
Document Index: 541886085

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 1630', '§ 41', '§ 41', '§ 41', '§ 41', '§ 1', '§ 300', '§ 120', '§ 1308', '§ 1308', '§ 1308', '§ 1308', '§ 1308', '§ 120', '§ 120', '§ 120', '§ 120', '§ 1', '§ 1', '§ 1', '§ 1', '§ 1', 'art 249', 'art 249', 'art 249', 'art 249']

4-t treaty alien: Topics by Science.gov
Sample records for 4-t treaty alien
... 32 National Defense 6 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Class 4-T: Treaty alien. 1630.46 Section 1630.46 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense SELECTIVE SERVICE SYSTEM CLASSIFICATION RULES § 1630.46 Class 4-T: Treaty alien. In Class 4-T shall be placed any registrant who is an alien...
22 CFR 41.51 - Treaty trader, treaty investor, or treaty alien in a specialty occupation.
... international exchange of items of trade for consideration between the United States and the treaty country... immediate exchange of items of trade. This exchange must be traceable and identifiable. Title to the trade...) Presents to a consular officer evidence of the alien's academic or other qualifying credentials as...
... established in connection with continuous activities in such areas as product improvement, quality control, or... to ensure a continuous flow of trade items between the United States and the treaty country. This continuous flow contemplates numerous exchanges over time rather than a single transaction, regardless of...
... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Exemption by law or treaty from passport and... Required for Certain Nonimmigrants § 41.1 Exemption by law or treaty from passport and visa requirements... Atlantic Treaty (TIAS 2978; 5 U.S.T. 875.) (f) Aliens entering pursuant to International Boundary and...
... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Exemption by law or treaty from passport and... Required for Certain Nonimmigrants § 41.1 Exemption by law or treaty from passport and visa requirements... Atlantic Treaty (TIAS 2978; 5 U.S.T. 875.) (f) Aliens entering pursuant to International Boundary and...
... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Exemption by law or treaty from passport and... Required for Certain Nonimmigrants § 41.1 Exemption by law or treaty from passport and visa requirements... Atlantic Treaty (TIAS 2978; 5 U.S.T. 875.) (f) Aliens entering pursuant to International Boundary and...
... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Exemption by law or treaty from passport and... Required for Certain Nonimmigrants § 41.1 Exemption by law or treaty from passport and visa requirements... Atlantic Treaty (TIAS 2978; 5 U.S.T. 875.) (f) Aliens entering pursuant to International Boundary and...
..., greater weight is given to more numerous exchanges of larger value. In the case of smaller businesses, an... provisions of INA 101(a)(15)(E). (4) Representative of foreign information media. Representatives of foreign information media shall first be considered for possible classification as nonimmigrants under the...
8 CFR 319.5 - Public international organizations in which the U.S. participates by treaty or statute.
... 8 Aliens and Nationality 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Public international organizations in which the U.S. participates by treaty or statute. 319.5 Section 319.5 Aliens and Nationality DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY NATIONALITY REGULATIONS SPECIAL CLASSES OF PERSONS WHO MAY BE NATURALIZED: SPOUSES...
... 8 Aliens and Nationality 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Public international organizations in which the U.S. participates by treaty or statute. 319.5 Section 319.5 Aliens and Nationality DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY NATIONALITY REGULATIONS SPECIAL CLASSES OF PERSONS WHO MAY BE NATURALIZED: SPOUSES...
Stutzle, W.; Jasani, B.; Cowen, R.
The foremost challenge of this age and the next is to harness our political resources to prevent the East-West relationship from turning into a conflict. Among the measures employed to stabilize the strategic relationship, the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty is of profound importance. It codifies the central principle of the nuclear age: a co-operative approach in limiting offensive and defensive strategic forces. This principle has been challenged-both by failures in East and West to resist the allure of technology and by a more general errosion of political will to tackle together the problems of the nuclear offence-defence relationship. This paper makes a contribution to the debate over the strategic relationship, in particular the role of the ABM Treaty. It is first in a series of Strategic Issue Papers (SIP) that address topical issues of international peace and security. In order to contribute to a better understanding of the problems involved and to stimulate debate, SIPRI has produced this book before the commencement of the third ABM Treaty Review Conference.
Shooting down the ABM Treaty
Mendelsohn, J.; Rhinelander, J.B.
The Clinton administration is on a path to undermine the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty by proposing {open_quotes}clarifications{close_quotes} to the treaty that would permit the deployment of an extensive, highly capable anti-theater ballistic missile (ATBM) defense system.
Zens, Kyra D; Farber, Donna L
Influenza A virus is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly among young children and the elderly. Current vaccines induce neutralizing antibody responses directed toward highly variable viral surface proteins, resulting in limited heterosubtypic protection to new viral serotypes. By contrast, memory CD4 T cells recognize conserved viral proteins and are cross-reactive to multiple influenza strains. In humans, virus-specific memory CD4 T cells were found to be the protective correlate in human influenza challenge studies, suggesting their key role in protective immunity. In mouse models, memory CD4 T cells can mediate protective responses to secondary influenza infection independent of B cells or CD8 T cells, and can influence innate immune responses. Importantly, a newly defined, tissue-resident CD4 memory population has been demonstrated to be retained in lung tissue and promote optimal protective responses to an influenza infection. Here, we review the current state of results regarding the generation of memory CD4 T cells following primary influenza infection, mechanisms for their enhanced efficacy in protection from secondary challenge including their phenotype, localization, and function in the context of both mouse models and human infection. We also discuss the generation of memory CD4 T cells in response to influenza vaccines and its future implications for vaccinology. PMID:25005927
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization at 40.
Surveys the history of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's (NATO) on the 40th anniversary of the signing of the Treaty. Highlights milestones in the Organization's history of dealing with the Soviet Union, from containment to the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty. Discusses needs, tasks, and challenges that NATO faces in the 1990s.…
Questions and Answers on Treaty Rights.
National Coalition to Support Indian Treaties, Seattle, WA.
Treaties have been upheld in the U.S. Constitution as "the supreme law of the land". U.S. courts have repeatedly recognized Indian nations as sovereign and, consequently, treaties between Indian nations and the United States have the dignity as well as the full force and effect of any other international agreement. While many treaties over the…
A Study of Resident Fee Status for Certain Nonimmigrant Aliens. A Report in Response to Senate Resolution 1975-144.
In recent years there have been a number of proposals to extend resident tuition and fee status to certain groups of foreign nationals (E-1) in the State of Washington. An E-1 national is "any nonimmigrant alien entitled to enter the United States under and in pursuance of the provisions of a treaty of commerce and navigation between the United…
Star Wars testing and the ABM treaty
In the defense authorization act, Congress has limited testing of the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) to those tests described by the Defense Department as within the bounds of the traditional interpretation of the treaty through fiscal year 1988. For the moment, the administration cannot move to implement its broad interpretation of the ABM Treaty, which would allow unlimited testing of exotic-technology Star Wars systems. Unfortunately, this victory over the broad interpretation is threatened by the administration's twisting of the traditional view. By stretching ambiguities in the treaty's language, the Defense Department is attempting to justify tests that press far into grey areas. A strong case can be made that some of the tests currently planned are likely to violate a reasonable reading of the traditional interpretation of the treaty. Other planned tests, while complying with the letter of the treaty, are clear efforts to circumvent the agreement's intent, undermining the effectiveness of the treaty regime. If the US justifies such tests by making unverifiable distinctions and exploiting loopholes, we will have no grounds for complaint when the USSR does the same, and we will ultimately lose the security benefits provided by the ABM Treaty. To clarify the compliance issues raised by SDI's current plans, this analysis describes the major past and planned SDI tests that may affect the ABM Treaty Regime.
... 26 Internal Revenue 8 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Effective dates (temporary). 1.846-4T Section 1.846-4T Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (CONTINUED) INCOME TAX (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES Other Insurance Companies § 1.846-4T Effective dates (temporary). (a) . For...
50 CFR 300.95 - Treaty Indian fisheries.
... or engaged in any activity related to fishing the treaty Indian identification required by 25 CFR 249... REGULATIONS Fraser River Sockeye and Pink Salmon Fisheries § 300.95 Treaty Indian fisheries. (a) Any treaty Indian must comply with this section when fishing for sockeye and pink salmon at the treaty Indian...
Why Do Countries Commit to Human Rights Treaties?
This article examines states' decisions to commit to human rights treaties. It argues that the effect of a treaty on a state--and hence the state's willingness to commit to it--is largely determined by the domestic enforcement of the treaty and the treaty's collateral consequences. These broad claims give rise to several specific predictions. For…
In April, negotiators from more than 160 countries will meet in New York to decide the fate of the 25-year-old Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). Under the agreement`s unusual terms, signatories must decide whether to extend it indefinitely, extend it for a specified period or abandon it. Supporters of a permanent NPT, including the United States, warn that instability in the post-Cold War era makes it all the more necessary to prevent rogue nations or terrorists from acquiring nuclear weapons. Critics, especially countries without nuclear weapons, say the treaty unfairly guarantees military superiority to the NPT`s five-member {open_quotes}nuclear club.{close_quotes} They also charge the nuclear powers, especially the United States and Russia, with not living up to the treaty`s requirement that they vigorously seek to halt the arms race and eliminate nuclear weapons.
Honouring indigenous treaty rights for climate justice
Mantyka-Pringle, C. S.; Westman, C. N.; Kythreotis, A. P.; Schindler, D. W.
Expansion of the oil sands industry in Canada has caused land destruction and social friction. Canada could become a leader in climate governance by honouring treaty commitments made with indigenous peoples.
Allergen-Specific CD4(+) T Cells in Human Asthma.
Ling, Morris F; Luster, Andrew D
In allergic asthma, aeroallergen exposure of sensitized individuals mobilizes robust innate and adaptive airway immune responses, stimulating eosinophilic airway inflammation and the activation and infiltration of allergen-specific CD4(+) T cells into the airways. Allergen-specific CD4(+) T cells are thought to be central players in the asthmatic response as they specifically recognize the allergen and initiate and orchestrate the asthmatic inflammatory response. In this article, we briefly review the role of allergen-specific CD4(+) T cells in the pathogenesis of human allergic airway inflammation in allergic individuals, discuss the use of allergen-major histocompatibility complex class II tetramers to characterize allergen-specific CD4(+) T cells, and highlight current gaps in knowledge and directions for future research pertaining to the role of allergen-specific CD4(+) T cells in human asthma. PMID:27027948
Impact of sepsis on CD4 T cell immunity
Cabrera-Perez, Javier; Condotta, Stephanie A.; Badovinac, Vladimir P.; Griffith, Thomas S.
Sepsis remains the primary cause of death from infection in hospital patients, despite improvements in antibiotics and intensive-care practices. Patients who survive severe sepsis can display suppressed immune function, often manifested as an increased susceptibility to (and mortality from) nosocomial infections. Not only is there a significant reduction in the number of various immune cell populations during sepsis, but there is also decreased function in the remaining lymphocytes. Within the immune system, CD4 T cells are important players in the proper development of numerous cellular and humoral immune responses. Despite sufficient clinical evidence of CD4 T cell loss in septic patients of all ages, the impact of sepsis on CD4 T cell responses is not well understood. Recent findings suggest that CD4 T cell impairment is a multipronged problem that results from initial sepsis-induced cell loss. However, the subsequent lymphopenia-induced numerical recovery of the CD4 T cell compartment leads to intrinsic alterations in phenotype and effector function, reduced repertoire diversity, changes in the composition of naive antigen-specific CD4 T cell pools, and changes in the representation of different CD4 T cell subpopulations (e.g., increases in Treg frequency). This review focuses on sepsis-induced alterations within the CD4 T cell compartment that influence the ability of the immune system to control secondary heterologous infections. The understanding of how sepsis affects CD4 T cells through their numerical loss and recovery, as well as function, is important in the development of future treatments designed to restore CD4 T cells to their presepsis state. PMID:24791959
Treaty verification with an uncertain partner
A simple model is used to analyze the performance of a system for verifying compliance with an arms control treaty. Blue and Red are partners in to a treaty. Blue prefers to comply, but is uncertain whether Red similarly prefers compliance (in the absence of threatened violation detection). Blue's uncertainty is modeled as a probability distribution over three different Red types: Violators, Compilers, and Deterrables. Criteria are derived to determine the level at which Blue should set his detection threshold, and when it is best for Blue not to verify at all. The results involve both game-theoretic and Bayes solutions. 9 refs., 14 figs.
Origins of the North Atlantic Treaty.
Rotter, Andrew J.
The author is persuaded that the main purpose of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was to raise the confidence of moderate ruling groups in Western Europe. Today NATO is an expression of support between troubled allies with a number of common interests. (RM)
Indian Tribal Sovereignty and Treaty Rights.
La Confluencia, Albuquerque, NM.
Legal, philosophical, legislative, historical, and international aspects of the issue of Indian tribal sovereignty and treaty rights are presented in six articles based on transcripted proceedings of a forum held at San Diego State University April 12-14, 1978. In the introduction, Sam Deloria examines various definitions of tribal sovereignty. In…
22 CFR 120.31 - North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 120.31 Section 120.31 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE INTERNATIONAL TRAFFIC IN ARMS REGULATIONS PURPOSE AND DEFINITIONS § 120.31 North Atlantic Treaty Organization. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)...
21 CFR 1308.46 - Control required under international treaty.
... 21 Food and Drugs 9 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Control required under international treaty. 1308... CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES Hearings § 1308.46 Control required under international treaty. Pursuant to section 201... under international treaties, conventions, or protocols in effect on May 1, 1971, the...
... 21 Food and Drugs 9 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Control required under international treaty. 1308... CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES Hearings § 1308.46 Control required under international treaty. Pursuant to section 201... under international treaties, conventions, or protocols in effect on May 1, 1971, the...
... 21 Food and Drugs 9 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Control required under international treaty. 1308... CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES Hearings § 1308.46 Control required under international treaty. Pursuant to section 201... under international treaties, conventions, or protocols in effect on May 1, 1971, the...
... 21 Food and Drugs 9 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Control required under international treaty. 1308... CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES Hearings § 1308.46 Control required under international treaty. Pursuant to section 201... under international treaties, conventions, or protocols in effect on May 1, 1971, the...
... 21 Food and Drugs 9 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Control required under international treaty. 1308... CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES Hearings § 1308.46 Control required under international treaty. Pursuant to section 201... international treaties, conventions, or protocols in effect on May 1, 1971, the Administrator shall issue...
... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 120.31 Section 120.31 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE INTERNATIONAL TRAFFIC IN ARMS REGULATIONS PURPOSE AND DEFINITIONS § 120.31 North Atlantic Treaty Organization. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)...
... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 120.31 Section 120.31 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE INTERNATIONAL TRAFFIC IN ARMS REGULATIONS PURPOSE AND DEFINITIONS § 120.31 North Atlantic Treaty Organization. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)...
... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 120.31 Section 120.31 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE INTERNATIONAL TRAFFIC IN ARMS REGULATIONS PURPOSE AND DEFINITIONS § 120.31 North Atlantic Treaty Organization. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)...
... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 120.31 Section 120.31 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE INTERNATIONAL TRAFFIC IN ARMS REGULATIONS PURPOSE AND DEFINITIONS § 120.31 North Atlantic Treaty Organization. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)...
48 CFR 225.7902 - Defense Trade Cooperation Treaties.
... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Defense Trade Cooperation Treaties. 225.7902 Section 225.7902 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEFENSE ACQUISITION REGULATIONS... Trade Cooperation Treaties. This section implements the Defense Trade Cooperation (DTC) Treaties...
... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Defense Trade Cooperation Treaties. 225.7902 Section 225.7902 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEFENSE ACQUISITION REGULATIONS... Trade Cooperation Treaties. This section implements the Defense Trade Cooperation (DTC) Treaties...
... 26 Internal Revenue 9 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Income affected by treaty. 1.894-1 Section 1.894-1 Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (CONTINUED) INCOME TAX (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES (CONTINUED) Miscellaneous Provisions § 1.894-1 Income affected by treaty. (a) Income exempt under treaty. Income of any kind...
... 26 Internal Revenue 9 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Income affected by treaty. 1.894-1 Section 1.894-1 Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (CONTINUED) INCOME TAX (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES Miscellaneous Provisions § 1.894-1 Income affected by treaty. (a) Income exempt under treaty. Income of any kind is not...
... 26 Internal Revenue 9 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Income affected by treaty. 1.894-1 Section 1.894-1 Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (CONTINUED) INCOME TAX (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES (CONTINUED) Miscellaneous Provisions § 1.894-1 Income affected by treaty. (a) Income exempt under treaty. Income of any kind...
... 26 Internal Revenue 9 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Income affected by treaty. 1.894-1 Section 1.894-1 Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (CONTINUED) INCOME TAX (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES (CONTINUED) Miscellaneous Provisions § 1.894-1 Income affected by treaty. (a) Income exempt under treaty. Income of any kind...
... 26 Internal Revenue 9 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Income affected by treaty. 1.894-1 Section 1.894-1 Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (CONTINUED) INCOME TAX (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES (CONTINUED) Miscellaneous Provisions § 1.894-1 Income affected by treaty. (a) Income exempt under treaty. Income of any kind...
Functional and Phenotypic Plasticity of CD4+ T Cell Subsets
Caza, Tiffany; Landas, Steve
The remarkable plasticity of CD4+ T cells allows individuals to respond to environmental stimuli in a context-dependent manner. A balance of CD4+ T cell subsets is critical to mount responses against pathogen challenges to prevent inappropriate activation, to maintain tolerance, and to participate in antitumor immune responses. Specification of subsets is a process beginning in intrathymic development and continuing within the circulation. It is highly flexible to adapt to differences in nutrient availability and the tissue microenvironment. CD4+ T cell subsets have significant cross talk, with the ability to “dedifferentiate” given appropriate environmental signals. This ability is dependent on the metabolic status of the cell, with mTOR acting as the rheostat. Autoimmune and antitumor immune responses are regulated by the balance between regulatory T cells and Th17 cells. When a homeostatic balance of subsets is not maintained, immunopathology can result. CD4+ T cells carry complex roles within tumor microenvironments, with context-dependent immune responses influenced by oncogenic drivers and the presence of inflammation. Here, we examine the signals involved in CD4+ T cell specification towards each subset, interconnectedness of cytokine networks, impact of mTOR signaling, and cellular metabolism in lineage specification and provide a supplement describing techniques to study these processes. PMID:26583116
CD4+ T cells play a central role in controlling the adaptive immune response by secreting cytokines to activate target cells. Naïve CD4+ T cells differentiate into at least four subsets, Th1, Th2, Th17, and inducible regulatory T cells, each with unique functions for pathogen elimination. The differentiation of these subsets is induced in response to cytokine stimulation, which is translated into Stat activation, followed by induction of master regulator transcription factors. In addition to these factors, multiple other transcription factors, both subset specific and shared, are also involved in promoting subset differentiation. This review will focus on the network of transcription factors that control CD4+ T cell differentiation. PMID:24839135
The international Minamata Convention on Mercury to protect human health and the environment from anthropogenic emissions and releases of mercury and mercury compounds was formally adopted at a 10 October meeting in Minamata, Japan. The legally binding treaty, currently signed by 92 countries, comes 57 years after the government of Japan officially acknowledged, in 1956, the existence of Minamata disease, which was caused by eating seafood contaminated with methylmercury compounds discharged into Minamata Bay in southern Japan.
Verifying arms control treaties to deter violations
Strait, R.S.; Judd, B.R.
Verification has developed into a very important arms control issue. As evidenced by the recent Senate debates concerning ratification of the INF Treaty, verification can be a very controversial and emotional topic. In addition, verification's importance will surely continue for the foreseeable future. It is a major issue in the negotiations toward large reductions in strategic weapons and will gain even greater importance should deeper cuts be considered. 34 refs., 7 figs.
Adolescents' perceptions toward the internet: a 4-T framework.
This study could be viewed as one of the initial attempts to probe adolescents' general perceptions toward the Internet. Through interviewing 40 adolescents in Taiwan, this study found the following 4-T categories for interpreting their perceptions toward the Internet, which included Technology, Tool, Toy, and Travel. Most adolescents perceived the Internet as a tool, implying that these adolescents, in general, held pragmatic views about the Internet. This paper further proposes a framework to elaborate the 4-T categories. The framework consists of the following two axes: one axis probably shows the ontology of the Internet, ranging from a "product" to a "process," whereas the other axis indicates the perceived feature of the Internet, varying from "functional" to "technical." It is finally suggested to carefully investigate the effects of people's Internet perceptions on their behaviors, as well as psychological and cognitive activities in Internet-related environments. PMID:15331033
Assessing Proposals for New Global Health Treaties: An Analytic Framework
Røttingen, John-Arne; Frenk, Julio
We have presented an analytic framework and 4 criteria for assessing when global health treaties have reasonable prospects of yielding net positive effects. First, there must be a significant transnational dimension to the problem being addressed. Second, the goals should justify the coercive nature of treaties. Third, proposed global health treaties should have a reasonable chance of achieving benefits. Fourth, treaties should be the best commitment mechanism among the many competing alternatives. Applying this analytic framework to 9 recent calls for new global health treaties revealed that none fully meet the 4 criteria. Efforts aiming to better use or revise existing international instruments may be more productive than is advocating new treaties. PMID:26066926
Hoffman, Steven J; Røttingen, John-Arne; Frenk, Julio
Vaughan, Thomas; DelaBarre, Lance; Snyder, Carl; Tian, Jinfeng; Akgun, Can; Shrivastava, Devashish; Liu, Wanzahn; Olson, Chris; Adriany, Gregor; Strupp, John; Andersen, Peter; Gopinath, Anand; van de Moortele, Pierre-Francois; Garwood, Michael; Ugurbil, Kamil
This work reports the preliminary results of the first human images at the new high-field benchmark of 9.4T. A 65-cm-diameter bore magnet was used together with an asymmetric 40-cm-diameter head gradient and shim set. A multichannel transmission line (transverse electromagnetic (TEM)) head coil was driven by a programmable parallel transceiver to control the relative phase and magnitude of each channel independently. These new RF field control methods facilitated compensation for RF artifacts attributed to destructive interference patterns, in order to achieve homogeneous 9.4T head images or localize anatomic targets. Prior to FDA investigational device exemptions (IDEs) and internal review board (IRB)-approved human studies, preliminary RF safety studies were performed on porcine models. These data are reported together with exit interview results from the first 44 human volunteers. Although several points for improvement are discussed, the preliminary results demonstrate the feasibility of safe and successful human imaging at 9.4T. PMID:17075852
CD4(+) T helper (Th) cells play a central role in the adaptive immune response by providing help to B cells and cytotoxic T cells and by releasing different types of cytokines in tissues to mediate protection against a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms. These functions are performed by different types of Th cells endowed with distinct migratory capacities and effector functions. Here we discuss how studies of the human T cell response to microbes have advanced our understanding of Th cell functional heterogeneity, in particular with the discovery of a distinct Th1 subset involved in the response to Mycobacteria and the characterization of two types of Th17 cells specific for extracellular bacteria or fungi. We also review new approaches to dissect at the clonal level the human CD4(+) T cell response induced by pathogens or vaccines that have revealed an unexpected degree of intraclonal diversification and propose a progressive and selective model of CD4(+) T cell differentiation. PMID:27168241
Explaining patterns in the ratification of global environmental treaties
A study was made of the ratification behavior of 160 countries with respect to 38 global environmental treaties. The study identifies and explains patterns in the ratification of treaties, providing two means of assessing the likelihood that any given country will support global environmental treaties. National ratification totals reveal a pattern of high ratification by countries in Western Europe, North America, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand. A country's standing within the range of high to low ratification rates can be explained by the statistical model developed in the study. This research allows one to identify countries likely to support global environmental treaties.
Senators appear skeptical of ABM treaty modifications
At a March 10 Senate Foreign Relations Committee hearing, several senators questioned the wisdom of the Clinton administration`s proposal to try to {open_quotes}clarify{close_quotes} a key provision in the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty that would permit the development and deployment of highly capable theater ballistic missile interceptors. The senators stressed that the executive branch should not try to change the pact in this manner without Senate approval. In response to questions, Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA) Director John Holum said without the proposed changes, the United States may not test new anti-tactical ballistic missile (ATBM) defense systems currently under development.
...) (u&a grounds for groundfish); 50 CFR 300.64(i) (u&a grounds for halibut)). The u&a grounds recognized... valid treaty Indian identification card issued pursuant to 25 CFR part 249, subpart A, is prima facie... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 13 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Pacific Coast Treaty Indian rights....
Understanding Indian Treaties as Law: Peace and Friendship.
This unit presents information on Native American treaties as a basis for rational thought on current controversies over these treaties' status. The unit contains three sections with five lesson plans each. Each lesson includes student material, goals, vocabulary, and questions for discussion. Section 1 covers (1) the purposes of government, and…
76 FR 72245 - Implementation of Defense Trade Cooperation Treaties
...The Department of State is proposing to amend the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) to implement the Defense Trade Cooperation Treaty between the United States and Australia and the Defense Trade Cooperation Treaty between the United States and the United Kingdom, and identify via a supplement the defense articles and defense services that may not be exported pursuant to the......
...) (u&a grounds for groundfish); 50 CFR 300.64(i) (u&a grounds for halibut)). The u&a grounds recognized... valid treaty Indian identification card issued pursuant to 25 CFR part 249, subpart A, is prima facie... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 13 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Pacific Coast Treaty Indian rights....
...) (u&a grounds for groundfish); 50 CFR 300.64(i) (u&a grounds for halibut)). The u&a grounds recognized... valid treaty Indian identification card issued pursuant to 25 CFR part 249, subpart A, is prima facie... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 13 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Pacific Coast Treaty Indian rights....
...) (u&a grounds for groundfish); 50 CFR 300.64(i) (u&a grounds for halibut)). The u&a grounds recognized... valid treaty Indian identification card issued pursuant to 25 CFR part 249, subpart A, is prima facie... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 9 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Pacific Coast Treaty Indian rights....
The Seven Nations of Canada: An Alliance and a Treaty.
Provides cultural and historical context for understanding the Seven Nations Treaty of 1796. Clarifies terms of the treaty that continues to provide a source of conflict between the Mohawk Nation and the State of New York, e.g., the 1974 reoccupation of some Adirondak land by a Mohawk group. (JHZ)
... or engaged in any activity related to fishing the treaty Indian identification required by 25 CFR 249... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Treaty Indian fisheries. 300.95 Section 300.95 Wildlife and Fisheries INTERNATIONAL FISHING AND RELATED ACTIVITIES INTERNATIONAL...
... or engaged in any activity related to fishing the treaty Indian identification required by 25 CFR 249... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 9 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Treaty Indian fisheries. 300.95 Section 300.95 Wildlife and Fisheries INTERNATIONAL FISHING AND RELATED ACTIVITIES INTERNATIONAL...
... or engaged in any activity related to fishing the treaty Indian identification required by 25 CFR 249... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 11 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Treaty Indian fisheries. 300.95 Section 300.95 Wildlife and Fisheries INTERNATIONAL FISHING AND RELATED ACTIVITIES INTERNATIONAL...
Lessons in American Indian History. IV: The Treaties
Weewish Tree, 1975
There were 271 treaties made between the United States Government and many Indian Nations, promising friendship and peaceful interaction, but treaty amendments and outright violations on the part of the United States led to war and loss of Indian Nation lands. (JC)
Functional aortic stiffness: role of CD4+ T lymphocytes
Majeed, Beenish A.; Eberson, Lance S.; Tawinwung, Supannikar; Larmonier, Nicolas; Secomb, Timothy W.; Larson, Douglas F.
The immune system is suggested to be essential in vascular remodeling and stiffening. To study the dependence upon lymphocytes in vascular stiffening, we compared an angiotensin II-model of vascular stiffening in normal C57BL/6J mice with lymphocyte-deficient RAG 1−/− mice and additionally characterized the component of vascular stiffness due to vasoconstriction vs. vascular remodeling. Chronic angiotensin II increased aortic pulse wave velocity, effective wall stiffness, and effective Young's modulus in C57BL/6J mice by three-fold but caused no change in the RAG 1−/− mice. These functional measurements were supported by aortic morphometric analysis. Adoptive transfer of CD4+ T helper lymphocytes restored the angiotensin II-mediated aortic stiffening in the RAG 1−/− mice. In order to account for the hydraulic vs. material effects of angiotensin II on pulse wave velocity, subcutaneous osmotic pumps were removed after 21 days of angiotensin II-infusion in the WT mice to achieve normotensive values. The pulse wave velocity (PWV) decreased from three- to two-fold above baseline values up to 7 days following pump removal. This study supports the pivotal role of the CD4+ T-lymphocytes in angiotensin II-mediated vascular stiffening and that angiotensin II-mediated aortic stiffening is due to the additive effect of active vascular smooth muscle vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling. PMID:26379554