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PARENTS WHO LACK CAPACITY TO CONDUCT PUBLIC LAW PROCEEDINGS - PDF
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1 PARENTS WHO LACK CAPACITY TO CONDUCT PUBLIC LAW PROCEEDINGS The difficult issues arising in public law care cases where a parent lacks capacity to conduct the proceedings were referred to the Family Justice Council for consideration by the Family Procedure Rules Committee. There have been a number of developments which render such consideration timely: the decision of the Court of Appeal in RP v Nottingham CC and Another (2008) (EWCA Civ 462); the emphasis on pre-proceedings work with parents contained in the Public Law Outline issued in April 2008; the implementation of the Mental Capacity Act We are grateful for the views of those Local FJCs and individuals identified in Appendix 1 and the ready cooperation of the Official Solicitor, through his representative Helen Clift. This guidance does not address the position of a parent who lacks capacity to conduct litigation only by reason of their age. What follows is an attempt to summarise current good practice in procedural terms. 1. The Family Proceedings Rules 1991 as amended define protected party as a party or an intended party, who lacks capacity within the meaning of the Mental Capacity Act 2005 to conduct the proceedings. The Mental Capacity Act at s1 sets out the 12 general principle that a person must be assumed to have capacity unless it is established that he lacks capacity. At s2(1) it provides that a person lacks capacity in relation to a matter if, at the material time, he is unable to make a decision for himself in relation to the matter because of an impairment of or disturbance in the functioning of the mind or brain, whether the impairment or disturbance is permanent or temporary. There are parents whose lack of litigation capacity is lifelong, for example those with profound learning disabilities or is likely to be permanent, for example where it is the result of a neuro-degenerative illness such as multiple sclerosis or dementia. There are other individuals whose lack of capacity is associated with, for example, specific acute periods of mental illness or following brain injury, and who may regain capacity as their health improves. Thus litigation capacity may sometimes fluctuate and indeed in some individuals it may be affected by the stress of proceedings. There are also cases where a party s capacity to conduct the proceedings is open to debate between competent experts. These, for obvious reasons, are difficult cases. The BMA and the Law Society has published helpful guidance: Assessment of Mental Capacity, A Practical Guide for Doctors and Lawyers (now in its 3 rd edition). Pre- proceedings 2. There are many groups of parents who are vulnerable in the context of social work involvement. This paper purports only to deal with a limited and specific group, those whose disabilities are sufficiently severe that they lack the capacity to conduct legal 23 proceedings. Thus for example the detailed guidance issued by the DCSF in 2007 entitled Good Practice in Working with Parents with a Learning Disability is useful by way of background and in terms of setting broad standards for Local Authorities to achieve but it does not directly address the issue of parents who lack litigation capacity. 3. Obviously it is important that a parent s particular difficulties are recognised and properly taken into account from the outset of the Local Authority s involvement. However, as the Official Solicitor advises This recognition should not..focus on the issue of litigation capacity, as a) the intention is to try and work with the parents to avert litigation, and b) to concentrate on the issue of litigation capacity can give rise to the risk that a parent feels that the local authority is seeking to disempower the parent in the decision making process with regard to the child. Whilst an early cognitive functioning assessment could not provide a definitive diagnosis, it may be particularly helpful in enabling the Local Authority to undertake parenting and other social work assessments on an informed basis. 4. If a parent s difficulties are not recognised, any assessment conducted by the Local Authority may be vitiated and will certainly be susceptible to subsequent challenge. There will also be unnecessary delay in ensuring that an appropriate assessment of the parent's own need for support is obtained e.g. under s47 of the National Health Service and Community Care Act4 5. Where a parent lacks litigation capacity it must be appreciated that it is very improbable that s/he has the capacity to consent to their child being accommodated under s20 of the Children Act. If the child is plainly at risk, the Local Authority should issue care proceedings, particularly where the child is very young. That affords the dual safeguard of legal representation of the parents and court oversight. We hope that forthcoming DCSF guidance to Local Authorities may address this, among the other complex issues relating to s20 accommodation 6. Once it is clear that proceedings are likely to be necessary, the Local Authority must bear in mind that the PLO will require the Local Authority to file a case summary which includes a summary of any concerns which the Local Authority may have about the mental capacity of an adult to care for the child or prepare for the proceedings. In the Nottingham case, Wall LJ concluded that judgments on litigation capacity should not be made by social workers from the child protection team. He suggested that where a Local Authority had such concerns prior to the issue of proceedings it should refer the parent to the Adult Learning Disability Team (or presumably an appropriate mental health resource) for help and advice. If that team thinks that further investigations are required it can undertake them; it should moreover, have the necessary contacts and resources to commission a report The referrals proposed will not necessarily provide information which clarifies the issue of litigation capacity because the person referred may not meet the criteria for the service or may not take up the referral. But if a referral does prove successful and proceedings are subsequently issued, the more detailed information will enhance the 45 parent s solicitors ability to advise and to address the question of a litigation friend promptly. 7. Good Local Authority practice would include: 7.1. Jointly agreed referral and assessment procedures between Children s Social Care Services and Adult Learning Disability teams/mental Health Services and any other partner agencies e.g. maternity services. This is likely to involve commissioning decisions at a senior level The Social Inclusion Unit s Think Family and the Department of Health s A Fair access to Services guidance provide important guidance when assessing thresholds for adult social care services. In particular, when adult services are deciding whether the threshold is reached for the provision of a service, they should take into consideration that a lower threshold will be appropriate in recognition of the additional pressures and needs for assistance of a person with a learning disability or mental health problem who has parental responsibilities. However, experience in many different areas shows that the threshold for qualification for adult services remains very high. We hope that Local FJCs may address this issue with Local Authority representatives so that local good practice may be shared and some degree of consistency achieved The identification and assessment of children who may be suffering significant harm as the carer of a parent with a mental illness. Great care and sensitivity is required in making such assessments of the needs of the child under the Carers 56 legislation in parallel with the family support and child protection sections of the Children Act An enquiry of mental health services to ascertain whether a lay advocate is already working with the parent. If so, it would be proper to enquire also whether any expression of views has been made and whether this document deals with the issues of who should be the individual s litigation friend if they lack capacity or their views as to who should care for their child if such a situation arose Otherwise, a lay advocate specialising in learning difficulties/mental health issues should be provided to support the parent during meetings such as child protection conferences, FGCs and with legal representatives. Continuity of lay advocate is important as is specialist training in child protection issues and access to specialist advice. We are aware that lay advocacy services are not available in all areas and that many lay advocates lack knowledge or experience of court proceedings. There may be a role for Local FJCs in identifying and promoting awareness of existing lay advocacy services and in supporting appropriate training The provision of all relevant documentation in an accessible form. [The FJC has supported the publication of suitable booklets about care proceedings for parents with learning difficulties which are currently being translated into a wide range of languages. They can be downloaded from the publications page of the FJC website at The speedy referral of a parent for legal advice, about their litigation capacity as well as the case as a whole, as soon as serious concerns about their parenting are 67 identified, perhaps via the Local Authority Legal Department who can provide a list of local Children Panel solicitors. Legal help is available for those who are financially eligible in public law cases and covers the initial meeting with the solicitor and follow up advice and assistance as appropriate, including correspondence and liaising with the local authority. 8. Caution is necessary before sending a Pre proceedings letter to a parent who may a lack capacity. Such correspondence could easily exacerbate mental health difficulties. Each case must be considered on its own facts and it may well be that personal discussion, involving an advocate and/or legal representative, should be favoured over the sending of such a letter. We are aware that additional non means and merits tested funding for legal help in public law cases only becomes available where the local authority has given written notice of proceedings in accordance with the DCSF/Welsh Assembly government guidance. Whilst written notice would usually take the form of a standard preproceedings letter, any written notice in accordance with the guidance and tailored as appropriate would satisfy the LSC criteria. Thus where a parent lacks capacity, personal discussion and explanation of a notice would suffice, provided a copy were forwarded to their solicitor by the local authority, or indeed handed to them if they are present during the discussion. Once proceedings are issued - The Local Authority 78 9. The Local Authority issuing care proceedings should complete Section 5 of the Case Summary (concerns re: mental health) attaching any available evidence as to any potential lack of litigation capacity and within Section 6 of their Case Summary, should identify the directions sought to resolve this issue 10. The Local Authority Allocation Record and Timetable for the Child should indicate a request for immediate transfer with a First Hearing in the Care Centre if there is evidence as to lack of capacity to conduct the proceedings and the need for an appointment of a litigation friend Family Proceedings Courts 11. If there is evidence as to lack of parental capacity to conduct the proceedings, the FPC should transfer the case immediately for first appointment in the Care Centre. 12. If there is insufficient information for the FPC allocator to make a properly informed decision, the FPC should retain the case and give Directions in order to fulfil its duty to investigate the issue of capacity at the earliest opportunity (unless there are other grounds which require the case to be transferred to the Care Centre). 13. If the issue of capacity to conduct the proceedings arises unexpectedly, or the mental health of a party deteriorates during proceedings being conduced within the FPC, then again directions should be given as above and if evidence of lack of capacity to 89 conduct the proceedings is available, then the case should be transferred urgently to the Care Centre. Care Centre/High Court 14. Unless the Family Proceedings Court has already given appropriate directions, on receipt of an application with evidence of lack of capacity to conduct the proceedings, the Care Centre should give directions urgently in order to resolve the identity of the litigation friend/guardian ad litem. Where appropriate, the court should explain to a parent from the outset that they may wish to identify a potential litigation friend other than the Official Solicitor. 15. If an issue of capacity to conduct the proceedings arises unexpectedly then urgent directions should be given in order to obtain an appropriate assessment and resolve the issue. 16. Standard Directions, if a professional litigation friend or the Official Solicitor is to be invited to act, should be as follows: That X (named party) forward to Y/Official Solicitor forthwith (a) a copy of the order appointing the litigation friend/inviting the Official Solicitor to act (b) a detailed letter of background information, including the stage of proceedings reached and the date of any pending hearing (c) a paginated bundle with summary, statement of issues, and chronology 910 The Parent s legal representatives 17. Local FJCs should encourage local legal practitioners to share details of local psychologists and psychiatrists who are capable of providing reliable and speedily opinions as to litigation capacity 18. The assessment of capacity to conduct the proceedings involves consideration of whether the party is capable of understanding issues with the assistance of such proper explanation from legal advisors and experts in other disciplines as the case may require. Sometimes, particularly patient, careful and repeated explanation and discussion with a solicitor/barrister, may enable a parent, with even significant degree of learning disability, to participate in proceedings without a litigation friend. By s1(2) of the Mental Capacity Act a person is not to be treated as unable to make a decision unless all practicable steps to enable him to do so have been taken without success. 19. It would be helpful if a solicitor provides a parent with accessible written information and also gives consideration as to whether a lay advocate might assist the parent during their more formal dealings with the Local Authority or in discussions with their legal representatives or during any attendance at court. 20. Once instructed, if there is doubt as to capacity to conduct proceedings, the legal representative of a party is under a duty to draw it to the attention of the Court. See 1011 para 47 Wall LJ s judgment in the Nottingham case: Both the relevant rules of Court and the leading case of Masterman-v-Lister (2003) 3 All ER 192 make it clear that once either counsel or (the solicitor) had formed the view that... (the protected party)... might not be able to give them proper instructions, and might be a person under a disability, it was their professional duty to have the question resolved as quickly as possible 21. The parent concerned should always be informed of any worries the legal representative has about their capacity to conduct the proceedings, the purpose of any assessment directed at the issue, and the implications if they are found to lack such capacity. 22. It is the responsibility of the parent s solicitor to obtain an opinion on litigation capacity. There may be occasions when it is appropriate to seek an opinion from a treating clinician. Otherwise, an appropriately qualified independent expert must be identified. The solicitor must ensure that the assessor receives appropriate and adequate information about the legal framework for the assessment. The Official Solicitor s standard letter of instruction, proformas and questions should be used. They are attached at Appendix II. Unless a treating clinician is instructed, the PLO Practice Direction in relation to Experts should be drawn to the attention of any assessor. 1112 23. Once received, the expert s report should, if possible, be explained to the parent. This can be a difficult task and the relevant expert may be able to assist as to how it can best be accomplished. The solicitor must advise the parent that s/he is entitled to dispute any opinion to the effect that they lack capacity. If the parent wishes to assert his/her own capacity the case must be listed urgently for the issue to be determined by the court. It may be necessary for the court to hear evidence from the expert and the parent concerned and any relevant witnesses. A parent may decline professional assessment. In those circumstances, it will be for the court to determine the issue on the best evidence it has available. 24. Initially the identity of the litigation friend is a question for the protected parent and his/her solicitor. It is not an inter-partes issue. The solicitor should explore whether there is any person the protected party would suggest in their circle of family and friends. If so, and the solicitor feels able to provide the certificate under Rule 9.2(7)(c) FPR 1991, then it is for the Court to decide whether or not to accept that certificate. 25. It is only if there is no-one identified to act, or the solicitor feels unable to provide the R9.2 certificate or the court refuses to accept the R9.2 certificate that the case becomes a last resort case and an invitation may need to be extended to the Official Solicitor. 1213 26. On average, the Official Solicitor receives 20 invitations each week from courts to act as litigation friend for a parent involved in proceedings under the Children Act 1989 and the Adoption and Children Act There appear to be no records available referring to litigation friends other then the Official Solicitor, but in our combined experience such appointments are rare. 27. Unless there is clear evidence that particular information would be harmful (not simply distressing) the solicitor should inform the protected party 27.1 About the appointment of a litigation friend 27.2 About the role of a litigation friend 27.3 That the solicitor remains the protected party s solicitor although acting upon the instructions of the litigation friend That whilst the litigation friend makes decisions about the conduct of the proceedings, it is for the parent to demonstrate that he/she is able to meet the welfare needs of their child 27.5 About steps in the proceedings 27.6 Of court dates 27.7 About orders of the court. 28. If there is credible reason to suggest that a party may have regained capacity then it may be necessary for a further assessment to be conducted. The litigation friend or the protected party should seek urgent directions for the obtaining of further expert advice. In some cases it may be appropriate to ask an expert instructed during the 1314 course of the case to conduct that review depending on the nature of their primary instructions. If the party s capacity to conduct the proceedings is regained then the litigation friend/guardian ad litem should immediately apply for his or her discharge so that the party can resume personal conduct of the proceedings. The court should give priority to such an application. The Parent who acts as a Litigant in Person 29. A lack of litigation capacity must not be assumed simply because a litigant in person is difficult/hostile etc. The presumption of capacity to conduct the proceedings can only be rebutted on the balance of probabilities having regard to the evidence. 30. Where the capacity of a LIP is to be assessed, the standard letter of instruction/proforma certificate should be sent to the expert by whoever the court directs although this is likely to be the children s guardian. The letter of instruction should include the LIPs own comments on the issue. 31. In relation to the letter of instruction, additional information to the expert should include that the LIP will generally be at a disadvantage facing professional legal representatives but that this does not of itself give rise to a lack of litigation capacity. 32. If the LIP is found to lack capacity to conduct proceedings he should be informed, as directed by the court, of the issues set out at 27 above. 1415 The role of the Litigation Friend 33. If the Official Solicitor is appointed to act, guidance is set out in a Practice Note issued April 2001 The Official Solicitor: Appointment in Family Proceedings (available at 34. It would be usual for the Official Solicitor to ensure continuity of representation by instructing the solicitor chosen by the protected parent. The solicitor remains the primary point of contact for the parent. There are many obvious advantages in such a course. We accept that the Official Solicitor and indeed any other litigation friend must retain discretion to appoint an alternative solicitor where necessary, and particularly if the solicitor instructed by the protected party is not a member of the Law Society Children Panel. 35. It is the duty of any litigation friend, including the Official Solicitor, to fairly and competently conduct the proceedings on behalf of the protected party in their best interests having regard to the evidence. Given the implications of Art 6 and the disempowering effect of the involvement of a litigation friend, the role of the Official Solicitor is a complex and sensitive one. 36. The Official Solicitor will consider the protected party s views and wishes as communicated via the solicitor as the case progresses. Those views, wishes and feelings will be set out in the Official Solicitor s final statement. However they will not be determinative of the Official Solicitor s approach. Tensions will inevitably 1516 arise where the Official Solicitor s assessment of the parent s best interests in the litigation differ from the parent s own view. The views of the parent may carry greater or lesser weight depending on the stage the litigation has reached and the evidence at that time. The Official Solicitor is committed to presenting any realistic arguments and relevant evidence in relation to the issues before the court, the criterion being whether the point is reasonably arguable, not whether it is likely to succeed It is acknowledged that a parent may need to have their say in court and that they should not be discouraged from doing so orally, or in writing, in a proportionate fashion, notwithstanding any decision by the Official Solicitor or any other litigation friend not to contest the proceedings. In appropriate cases the Official Solicitor will seek the court s agreement to the parent addressing the court for that purpose. 38. There appear to be few, if any, cases where a non-professional litigation friend has been appointed to act on behalf of a parent in care proceedings. We assume that an approach similar to that adopted by the Official Solicitor would be desirable on the part of any litigation friend. 1 Sir Robert Megarry V-C said in Re E (mental health patient) [1984] 1 All ER at pages The main function of a next friend appears to be to carry on the litigation on behalf of the plaintiff and in his best interests. For this purpose the next friend must make all the decisions that the plaintiff would have made, had be been able. The next friend may, on behalf of the plaintiff, do anything which the Rules of the Supreme Court require or authorise the plaintiff to do, though the next friend must act by a solicitor: see Ord 80, r2. It is the next friend who is responsible to the court for the propriety and the progress of the proceedings. The next friend does not, however, become a litigant himself. [added emphasis] 1617 The giving of evidence 39. There is a distinction between the capacity to conduct proceedings and the competence to give evidence. It should not be assumed that a parent who lacks litigation capacity cannot give evidence. There may be occasions, for example during a fact finding hearing where a child has suffered injury or has been sexually abused, where a parent s factual evidence of events may be very important for the protection of the child. The court should strive to facilitate the giving of the best possible evidence by any parent with a disability who is competent to give evidence by the use of special measures and/or a Registered Witness Intermediary. In relation to the latter, for further information see Interveners 40. This paper is concerned principally with parents who lack capacity. There may also be circumstances in which an intervener to the proceedings, for example someone who is a potential perpetrator of injuries to a child, either does not have the capacity to conduct the proceedings or is a child and not able, having regard to their understanding, to give instructions in relation to the proceedings. Very similar considerations, for example as to the role of the party's solicitor would apply The role of the Independent Reviewing Officer 41. There is an important role for the IRO in ensuring that the Local Authority takes the right decision in the interests of the child whilst ensuring that due consideration is given to the wishes and feelings of a parent who lacks capacity and may find 1718 participation in Statutory Reviews difficult. Unless a parent already has an independent advocate, a referral to such services should be made by the IRO prior rot the review taking place 42. We would expect an IRO to question vigorously the legal status of any child accommodated under s20 where it appears that a parent may lack litigation capacity. 43. If the child becomes/remain looked after following the proceedings, the fact of parental lack of litigation capacity should be identified and recorded on the face of any final order as a specific issue for consideration by the IRO. It will then be for the IRO to consider carefully how the parent may most appropriately be involved in future reviewing processes. Conclusion We trust that this guidance will prove helpful. We would welcome any comments upon its implementation and any suggestions for improvement or amendment which may be sent to for the attention of HHJ Newton. The Family Justice Council April 2010 Appendix I - list of respondents Appendix II - Official Solicitor proformas 1819 Appendix 1 List of respondents District Judge Gordon Ashton (Court of Protection) Avon LFJC Humberside LFJC Lancashire LFJC Manchester LFJC Merseyside LFJC Northants LFJC Northumbria LFJC SE Wales LFJC Staffordshire LFJC Surrey LFJC June Thoburn (member Norfolk LFJC) 1920 Appendix 2 1. Certificate as to capacity to conduct proceedings 2. Letter to independent expert 3. Letter to treating clinician Terminology: The term presently in use in the Family Procedure Rules is guardian ad litem. The guidance uses the term litigation friend. In either case, the basis for appointment is the same 2021 [Ref: ] CERTIFICATE AS TO CAPACITY TO CONDUCT PROCEEDINGS *You should read the whole of this form and the attached notes for guidance before completing this form. Please answer all questions as fully as you can. Name of person concerned: Date of birth: The proceedings are.. (and see paragraph 3 below) Insert your full name and address (including postcode) Give your professional qualifications I of 1. Nature of your professional relationship with the person concerned: I have acted as practitioner for the person concerned since. and last assessed him/her on or I assessed the person concerned on.. following a referral from For a definition of a person who lacks capacity see note 2 attached AND in my opinion.. is capable (within the meaning of the Mental Capacity Act 2005) of conducting the proceedings* 2122 or lacks capacity (within the meaning of the Mental Capacity Act 2005) to conduct the proceedings* (*strike through as appropriate) If in your opinion is a person who lacks capacity to conduct the proceedings please answer questions 2-8 below 2. The person concerned has the following impairment of, or disturbance in the functioning of, the mind or brain (see note 2): this has lasted since: 3. As a result, the person concerned is incapable of conducting the proceedings described below and/or in the attached letter of instructions. 2223 because (please tick as many boxes as apply) he or she is unable to understand the following relevant information (please give details): and/or he or she is unable to retain that information (please give details) and/or he or she is unable to use or weigh the following information as part of the process of making the decisions in the conduct of the proceedings: or for cases where the person can in fact understand, retain and use / weigh the information he or she is unable to communicate his or her decisions by any means at all (please give details): 2324 4. Do you consider that the person concerned might regain or develop capacity to conduct the proceedings in the future - happen Yes No - please state why and give an indication of when this might - please state why 5. Is the person concerned capable of discussing the proceedings with my representative or with a solicitor instructed by me? YES NO Please comment 6. If so, is such discussion likely to affect him/her detrimentally and if so, in what way? YES NO Please comment 2425 7. Has the person concerned made you aware of any views that he / she has in relation to the proceedings? 8. Any additional comments Statement of Truth: I confirm that insofar as the facts stated in this certificate are within my own knowledge I have made clear which they are and I believe them to be true and that the opinions I have expressed represent my true professional opinion. Signed Dated 25 View more
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