Source: https://m.openjurist.org/416/us/861
Timestamp: 2019-12-10 11:43:59
Document Index: 684485159

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 1857', '§ 1857', '§ 1857', '§ 4901', '§ 66', '§ 66', '§ 60']

416 US 861 Air Pollution Variance Board of Colorado v. Western Alfalfa Corporation | OpenJurist
416 U.S. 861 - Air Pollution Variance Board of Colorado v. Western Alfalfa Corporation
416 US 861 Air Pollution Variance Board of Colorado v. Western Alfalfa Corporation
94 S.Ct. 2114
40 L.Ed.2d 607
AIR POLLUTION VARIANCE BOARD OF the State of COLORADO, Petitioner,
WESTERN ALFALFA CORPORATION.
No. 73—690.
A state health inspector entered respondent's outdoor premises in the daylight without its knowledge or consent and without a warrant, to make an opacity test of smoke being emitted from respondent's chimneys. In a hearing requested by respondent, the Colorado Air Pollution Variance Board on the basis of such test found the emissions violated the state act, denied respondent a variance, and entered a cease-and-desist order. The County District Court set aside the Board's decision, and the Colorado Court of Appeals affirmed, holding that the test constituted an unreasonable search within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment. Held: The Fourth Amendment, made applicable to the States by the Fourteenth, does not extend to sights seen in 'the open fields,' Hester v. United States, 265 U.S. 57, 59, 44 S.Ct. 445, 446, 68 L.Ed. 898, such as here where the inspector did not enter the respondent's plant or offices but had sighted what anyone who was near the plant could see in the sky. Pp. 864—865.
William E. Tucker, Denver, Colo., for petitioner.
Edmund W. Kitch, Chicago, Ill., for the United States, as amicus curiae, by special leave of Court.
Donald D. Cawelti, Denver, Colo., for respondent.
An inspector of a division of the Colorado Department of Health entered the outdoor premises of respondent without its knowledge or consent. It was daylight
[Amicus Curiae Information from pages 862-863 intentionally omitted] and the inspector entered the yard to make a Ringelmann test1 of plumes of smoke being emitted from respondent's chimneys. Since that time Colorado has adopted a requirement for a search warrant for violations of air quality standards.2 At the time of the instant inspection the state law required no warrant and none was sought. Indeed, the inspector entered no part of respondent's plant to make the inspection.
A federal Act under the administration of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets certain air quality standards, 81 Stat. 485, 42 U.S.C. § 1857 et seq. The States have the primary responsibility to assure the maintenance of air quality standards, 42 U.S.C. § 1857c—2(a). Yet if the EPA has approved or promulgated 'an applicable implementation' plan, a State may not adopt or enforce a 'less stringent' one, 42 U.S.C. § 1857d—1. There is no conflict between a federal standard and state action, the sole question presented being whether Colorado has violated federal constitutional procedures in making the inspection in the manner described.
Respondent requested a hearing before Colorado's Air Pollution Variance Board. The Board held a hearing and found that respondent's emissions were in violation of the state Act.3 While the test challenged here was made on June 4, 1969, the Board after noting that Colorado's Health Department had been in conference with respondent 'in regard to its air pollution violations since September, 1967,' after approving the readings made by the field inspector on the day in question, and after holding that tests submitted in rebuttal by respondent were not acceptable, denied a variance and entered a cease-and-desist order. Respondent sought review in the District Court for Weld County which set aside the Board's decision. The Colorado Court of Appeals affirmed, 510 P.2d 907; and the Supreme Court denied certiorari.
The petition for certiorari which we granted, 414 U.S. 1156, 94 S.Ct. 913, 39 L.Ed.2d 108, raised three questions, presenting in differing postures questions under the Fourth Amendment, made applicable to the States by the Fourteenth. Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 81 S.Ct. 1684, 6 L.Ed.2d 1081.
The main thrust of the opinion of the Court of Appeals is directed at the Fourth Amendment problem. It held that under Camara v. Municipal Court, 387 U.S. 523, 87 S.Ct. 1727, 18 L.Ed.2d 930, and See v. City of Seattle, 387 U.S. 541, 87 S.Ct. 1737, 18 L.Ed.2d 943, the act of conducting the tests on the premises of respondent without either a warrant or the consent of anyone from respondent constituted an unreasonable search within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment. We adhere to Camara and See but we think they are not applicable here. The field inspector did not enter the plant or offices. He was not inspecting stacks.4 boilers, scrubbers, flues, grates, or furnaces; nor was his inspection related to respondent's files or papers. He had sighted what anyone in the city who was near the plant could see in the sky—plumes of smoke. The Court in Hester v. United States, 265 U.S. 57, 59, 44 S.Ct. 445, 446, 68 L.Ed. 898, speaking through Mr. Justice Holmes, refused to extend the Fourth Amendment to sights seen in 'the open fields.' The field inspector was on respondent's property but we are not advised that he was on premises from which the public was excluded. Under the Noise Control Act of 1972, 86 Stat. 1234, 42 U.S.C. § 4901 et seq. (1970 ed., Supp. II), an inspector may enter a railroad right-of-way to determine whether noise standards are being violated. The invasion of privacy in either that case or the present one, if it can be said to exist, is abstract and theoretical. The EPA regulation for conducting an opacity test requires the inspecotr to stand at a distance equivalent to approximately two stack heights away but not more than a quarter of a mile from the base of the stack with the sun to his back from a vantage point perpendicular to the plume; and he must take at least 25 readings, recording the data at 15- to 30-second intervals. Depending upon the layout of the plant, the inspector may operate within or without the premises but in either case he is well within the 'open fields' exception to the Fourth Amendment approved in Hester.
The Court of Appeals went on to say that since respondent was not aware that the inspector had been on the premises until the cease-and-desist notice, the hearing it received 'lacked the fundamental elements of due process of law, since the secret nature of the investigation foreclosed Western from putting on any rebuttal evidence.'5
Whether the Court referred to Colorado 'due process' or Fourteenth Amendment 'due process' is not clear.6 If it is the former, the question is a matter of state law beyond our purview. Since we are unsure of the grounds of that ruling we intimate no opinion on that issue. But on our remand we leave open that7 and any other questions that may be lurking in the case.
This test is prescribed by Colo.Rev.Stat.Ann. § 66—29—5 (Supp.1967). It requires a trained inspector to stand in a position where he has an unobstructed view of the smoke plume, observe the smoke, and rate it according to the opacity scale of the Ringelmann chart. The person using the chart matches the color and density of the smoke plume with the numbered example on the chart. The Ringelmann test is generally sanctioned for use in measuring air pollution. See cases collected in Portland v. Fry Roofing Co., 3 Or.App. 352, 355—358, 472 P.2d 826, 827—829.
Colo.Rev.Stat.Ann. § 66—29—8(2)(d) (Supp.1969).
EPA studies indicate that tests of stacks are expensive and may require 300 man-hours of skilled work. 39 Fed.Reg. 9309. And see Schulze, The Economics of Environmental Quality Measurement, 23 J. Air Poll. Control Assn. 671 (1973); 40 CFR § 60.85, Method 9.
510 P.2d, at 909.
In the District Court's opinion it is said that one challenge to the hearing before the Variance Board was 'whether or not due process of law and equal protection of the law contrary to the 14th Amendment of the Constitution of the United States and Section 25, Article 2 of the Constitution of the State of Colorado was denied' by the Board. App. 136.
See California v. Krivda, 409 U.S. 33, 93 S.Ct. 32, 34 L.Ed.2d 45; Department of Mental Hygiene v. Kirchner, 380 U.S. 194, 85 S.Ct. 871, 13 L.Ed.2d 753; Minnesota v. National Tea Co., 309 U.S. 551, 60 S.Ct. 676, 84 L.Ed. 920.