Source: http://docplayer.net/28960781-Russian-federation-federal-law-on-protection-of-competition.html
Timestamp: 2018-09-25 04:25:49
Document Index: 364663881

Matched Legal Cases: ['art 3', 'art 6', 'arts 1', 'art 2', 'art 1', 'arts 5', 'art 1', 'art 1', 'art; 9', 'art 1', 'art 1', 'art 1', 'art; 7', 'arts 1', 'arts 2', 'art 1', 'arts 1', 'arts 1', 'art 1', 'art 1', 'art 1', 'arts 2', 'art 1', 'art 1', 'arts 2', 'art 2', 'art 2']

Russian Federation Federal Law on Protection of Competition - PDF
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1 2012/SOM1/CPLG/037 Agenda Item: 8 Russian Federation Federal Law on Protection of Competition Purpose: Information Submitted by: Russia Competition Policy and Law Group Meeting Moscow, Russia February 2012
2 FEDERAL LAW ON PROTECTION OF COMPETITION 135-FZ OF JULY 26 TH, 2006 (AS AMENDED IN 2011)
3 2 RUSSIAN FEDERATION FEDERAL LAW ON PROTECTION OF COMPETITION Adopted by the State Duma on July 8, 2006 Approved by the Federation Council on July 14, 2006 Chapter 1. General Provisions (as amended in 2011) Article 1. Subject and Objectives of this Federal Law 1. The Federal Law determines organizational and legal basis for protection of competition including prevention and restriction of: 1) monopolistic activity and unfair competition; 2) prevention, restriction, elimination of competition by federal executive authorities, public authorities of the subjects of the Russian Federation, bodies of local self-government, other bodies or organizations exercising the functions of the above-mentioned bodies, as well as public extra-budgetary funds, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. 2. Objectives of this Federal Law are to ensure common economic area, free movement of goods, protection of competition, and freedom of economic activity in the Russian Federation and to create conditions for effective functioning of the goods markets. Article 2. Antimonopoly Legislation of the Russian Federation and Other Statutory Legal Acts on Protection of Competition. 1. The antimonopoly legislation of the Russian Federation (further on referred to as referred to as antimonopoly legislation) is based on the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and consists of this Federal Law, other Federal Laws regulating relations stated in Article 3 of this Federal Law. 2. Relations stated in Article 3 of this Federal Law may be regulated by Regulations of the Russian Federation Government, statutory legal acts of the Federal Antimonopoly body in cases directly provided for in the antimonopoly legislation. 3. If an International Treaty of the Russian Federation establishes different rules than those provided for by this Federal Law, the rules provided for by the International Treaty of the Russian Federation are applied. Article 3. Sphere of Application of this Federal Law 1. This Federal Law is applied to the relations which are connected with protection of competition, including prevention and restriction of monopolistic activity and unfair competition
4 3 and in which Russian legal persons and foreign legal persons, organizations, federal executive authorities, public authorities of the subjects of the Russian Federation, bodies of local selfgovernment, other bodies or organizations exercising the functions of the above-mentioned bodies, as well as public extra-budgetary funds, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, physical persons, including individual entrepreneurs are involved. 2. Provisions of this Federal Law are applicable to the agreements reached between Russian and (or) foreign persons or organizations outside the Russian Federation, as well as to actions performed by them, if such agreements or actions affect the state of competition in the Russian Federation. Article 4. Basic Definitions Used in this Federal Law The following basic definitions are used in this Federal Law: 1) goods are the objects of civil rights (including work, service, and financial service) intended for sale, exchange or trade in another form; 2) financial service is a banking service, an insurance service, a service in the securities market, a leasing service, as well as a service provided by a financial organization and connected with attracting and allocating funds of legal and physical persons; 3) substitute goods are goods that can be compared by their functional purpose, application, qualitative and technical characteristics, price and other parameters in such a manner that purchaser actually substitutes or is ready to substitute one commodity with another in the process of consumption (including consumption for production purposes); 4) goods market is an area of circulation of a commodity (including commodity of foreign manufacture), which cannot be substituted by another commodity, or substitute goods (further on referred to as referred to as a certain commodity), within the frames of which (including geographical frames) basing on economic, technical or other possibility, or expediency the purchaser can obtain the commodity and this possibility or expediency is absent outside its frames; 5) an economic entity a commercial organization, a non-commercial organisation involved in an income-generating activity, an individual entrepreneur, another physical person that is not registered as an individual entrepreneur but is involved in a professional income-generating activity, in accordance with the federal laws on the basis of state registration and (or) a license as well as due to membership in a self-regulated organisation; 6) financial organization is an economic entity providing financial services: a credit institution, microfinance organisation, credit consumer cooperative, insurer, insurance broker, mutual insurance association, stock exchange, monetary exchange, pawnshop, leasing company, non-governmental pension fund, management company of investment fund, management company of unit investment fund, specialized depositary of investment fund, specialized depositary of unit investment fund, specialized depositary of non-governmental pension fund, professional Participant of the securities market; 7) competition is a rivalry between economic entities during which the independent actions of each of them exclude or restrict the possibility for each of them to influence unilaterally on the general conditions of circulation of commodities in the relevant goods market; 8) discriminatory conditions are conditions of access to a goods market, conditions of production, exchange, consumption, purchase, sale, another way of transfer of goods, when an economic entity or several economic entities are placed at a competitive disadvantage in comparison with another economic entity or the other economic entities; 9) unfair competition is any actions of economic entities (groups of persons) aimed at getting benefits while exercising business activity, contradicting with the legislation of the Russian Federation, business traditions, requirements of respectability, rationality and equity and
5 4 which inflicted or can inflict losses to the other economic entities-competitors or harmed or can harm their business reputation; 10) monopolistic activity is abuse by an economic entity, a group of persons of their dominant position, agreements or concerted practices prohibited by the antimonopoly legislation, as well as other actions (lack of action) recognized as monopolistic activity in accordance with the Federal Laws; 11) systematic implementation of monopolistic activity is implementation of monopolistic activity by an economic entity exposed more than two times in three years in accordance with the procedure established by this Federal Law; 12) unjustifiably high price of a financial service, unjustifiably low price of a financial service is the price of a financial service or financial services, which is established by a financial organization occupying a dominant position, and which differs considerably from the competitive price of a financial service and (or) impedes access to the goods market for the other financial organizations and (or) has negative impact on competition; 13) competitive price of a financial service is the price for which a financial service can be provided in the conditions of competition; 14) coordination of economic activity coordination of actions of economic entities by a third person, that is not a member of the same group of persons with any of such economic entities and is not involved in activities on the market, where actions of economic entities are coordinated. Actions of economic entities exercised as part of vertical agreements do not constitute coordination of economic activities; 15) antimonopoly body is the federal antimonopoly body and its territorial offices; 16) acquisition of stocks (shares in the authorized capital) of business Partnerships is purchase as well as gaining of another opportunity to exercise the voting rights given by the stocks of business Partnerships (shares in the authorized capital) on the basis of agreements on trust management, agreements on joint activity, contract of agency, other transactions, or on other grounds; 17) signs of restricting competition reduction in the number of economic entities, that are not members of the same group of persons, on a goods market, increasing or decreasing prices, which is not connected to the relevant changes in other general conditions of goods circulation on the market, a refusal of economic entities, which are not members of the same group of persons, to take independent actions on the goods market, defining general conditions of goods circulation on the goods market by an agreement between economic entities or in accordance with binding instructions from another person, or as a result of coordinating actions on a goods market by economic entities that are not members of the same group of persons, or other circumstances that create possibility for an economic entity or several economic entities to unilaterally affect the general conditions of goods circulation in the goods market, as well as setting requirements for the goods or economic entities, that are not provided for by the law of the Russian Federation, by the governmental authorities, local self-government bodies, organisations involved in providing public or municipal services when they take part in providing such services; 18) agreement is a written understanding contained in a document or several documents, as well as verbal understanding; 19) a vertical agreement an agreement between economic entities, one of which purchases the goods and the other provides (sells) the goods. An agency agreement does not constitute a vertical agreement; 20) state or municipal preferences means granting advantages to economic entities by the federal executive bodies, the authorities of the constituent territories of the Russian Federation, local self-government bodies, other agencies or organizations exercising the functions of those bodies, which put then in more advantageous conditions for economic activity, by transferring state of municipal property, other objects of civil rights or by providing property allowances; state or municipal guarantees;
6 5 21) economic concentration is transactions, other actions, which fulfillment influences on the condition of competition 22) a person that is an object of economic concentration - a person, whose stocks (shares), assets, fixed production capital and (or) intangible assets are acquired or included in the authorized capital, and (or) a person, the rights towards whom are acquired according to the procedures established by Chapter 7 of this Federal Law. Article 5. Dominant Position 1. Dominant position is recognized when position of an economic entity (a group of persons) or several economic entities (groups of persons) in the market of certain commodity giving such economic entity (a group of persons) or such economic entities (groups of persons) an opportunity to have a decisive impact on the general conditions of commodity circulation in the relevant goods market and (or) to remove other economic entities from this goods market and (or) to impede access to this goods market for the other economic entities. The position of an economic entity (except financial organizations) is recognized as dominant: 1) whose share in the certain goods market exceeds fifty per cent if only in the course of examination of the case of violation of the antimonopoly legislation or in the course of exercising state control over economic concentration it would be established that despite the excess of the aforementioned quantity position of the economic entity in the goods market is not dominant; 2) whose share in the certain goods market is less than fifty per cent in case the dominance of this economic entity was established by the antimonopoly body proceeding from stable or subjected to insignificant changes share of the economic entity in the market as compared to the shares of its competitors in this goods market, opportunities for access to this goods market of new competitors, or proceeding from other criteria characterizing goods market. 2. The position of an economic entity (except a financial organization) whose share in the certain goods market does not exceed thirty five per cent cannot be recognized as dominant, except the cases stated in Part 3 and 6 of this Article. 3. The position of each of several economic entities (except financial organizations) is recognized dominant if all of the conditions below apply to the entity: 1) the aggregate share of not more than three economic entities, share of each of these exceeds the shares of the other economic entities in this market, exceeds fifty per cent, or the aggregate share of not more than five economic entities, the share of each of these exceeds the shares of the other economic entities in the relevant goods market, exceeds seventy per cent (this provision is not applied if the share of at least one of the aforementioned economic entities is less than eight per cent); 2) during a long period (during not less than a year or in case this period is less than a year during the period of the relevant goods market existence) the relevant sizes of such economic entities' shares are stable or subjected to insignificant changes, as well as access of new competitors to the relevant goods market is impeded; 3) the commodity sold or purchased by economic entities cannot be substituted with another commodity in the process of consumption (including consumption for production purposes), growth of the commodity price does not condition corresponding to such growth reduction in demand for this commodity, information about the price, conditions of selling or purchasing of this commodity in the relevant goods market is available to indefinite group of persons. 4. An economic entity has the right to provide evidence before court or antimonopoly body that the position of this economic entity in the goods market cannot be recognized as dominant. 5. The position of an economic entity - subject of a natural monopoly in a goods market, which is in a state of natural monopoly, is recognized dominant.
7 6 6. The Federal Laws can establish cases of recognizing as dominant the position of an economic entity whose share in the market of a certain commodity is less than thirty five per cent. 6(1). Based on the finding of its analysis of the state of competition, an antimonopoly body can find that an economic entity has dominant position if its share of the goods market is less than 35% and exceeds the shares of other economic entities in the relevant goods market, but the economic entity can exercise decisive influence upon the overall conditions of goods circulation of the goods market, provided the following conditions are observed in total: 1) an economic entity can unilaterally determine the level of goods prices and exercise decisive influence upon overall conditions of good circulation on the relevant goods market; 2) the entry of new competitors to the relevant goods market is made difficult, in particular, due to economic, technological, administrative or other restrictions; 3) the goods sold or bought by the economic entity cannot be substituted by other goods in consumption (including consumption for industrial purposes); 4) changing prices of the goods does not cause an appropriate decrease of demand for the goods.»; 6(2). An antimonopoly body can find that an economic entity has dominant position on the grounds specified in Part 6 1 of this Article, if the antimonopoly body did not find that the economic entity has dominant position on the grounds specified in Parts 1, 3 and 6 of this Article. 7. The conditions for recognizing as dominant the position of a financial organization (excluding a credit organization) are established by the Government of the Russian Federation taking into consideration the restrictions provided for by this Federal Law. The conditions for recognizing as dominant the position of a credit organization are established by the Government of the Russian Federation in agreement with the Central Bank of the Russian Federation taking into consideration the restrictions provided for by this Federal Law. The conditions for recognizing as dominant the position of a financial organization (excluding a credit organization) are established by the antimonopoly body in accordance with the procedure approved by the Government of the Russian Federation. The procedure of establishing the dominant position of a credit organization is approved by the Government of the Russian Federation in agreement with the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. The position of an business Partnership, whose share in the goods market of the Russian Federation does not exceed ten per cent in the single in the Russian Federation goods market or does not exceed twenty per cent in the goods market when the commodity circulating this market circulates as well in the other goods markets of the Russian Federation, cannot be recognized as dominant. 8. Analysing the state of competition under Clause 3 Part 2 Article 23 of this Federal Law, the antimonopoly body shall assess the circumstances affecting the state of competition, in particular, the conditions of access to the goods market, the shares of economic entities on the market of particular goods, the ratio of shares of buyers and sellers of the goods, the period when there is a possibility to exercise decisive influence upon the general conditions of goods circulation on the goods market. 9. The time-frame for analysing the state of competition is determined depending on the research purposes, specifics of the goods market and availability of information. The shortest period of analysing the state of competition for the purposes of establishing dominant position of an economic entity shall be one year or the period of existence of the goods market if less than one year. Article 6. Monopolistically High Price of Goods 1. Monopolistically high price of the goods is the price fixed by an economic entity with dominant position, if this price exceeds the sum of the necessary production and distribution
8 7 costs of the goods and profit, and exceeds the price formed under competitive conditions in the goods market, with comparable composition of goods buyers or sellers, conditions of goods circulation, market entry conditions, government regulation, including taxation and customs-andtariffs regulation (further on referred to a comparable goods market), if such a market exists in the Russian Federation or abroad, including the price fixed: 1) by increasing an earlier fixed price of the goods, provided the following conditions are met in their totality: а) expenses necessary for producing and distributing the goods have remained the same or their change does not match the price change; b) the composition of goods buyers or sellers remains unchanged or changes were insignificant; c) conditions of the goods circulation on the goods market, including those caused by government regulation, including taxation and tariff regulation, have remained the same or their changes are disproportionate to the price change; 2) by maintaining or not decreasing earlier fixed prices, provided the following conditions are met in their totality: а) expenses necessary for producing and distributing the goods decreased considerably; b) the composition of goods buyers or sellers brings about a possibility to reduce the price of the goods; c) conditions of the goods circulation on the goods market, including those caused by government regulation, including taxation and tariff regulation, bring about a possibility to reduce the price of the goods. 2. If the conditions specified in Part 1 Article 13 of this Law are met, monopolistically high price shall not be recognized if the goods are the result of innovative activities: activities resulted in creating new goods that do not have substitutes, or new goods that have substitutes but productions costs are decreased and (or) the goods quality is improved. 3. The goods price is not monopolistically high is it is fixed by a natural monopoly within the rates for such goods determined in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation. 4. Monopolistically high price shall not be recognized if it does not exceed the price formed under competitive conditions in a comparable goods market. 5. Monopolistically high price shall not be recognized if fixed at the exchange, simultaneously complying with the following conditions: 1) the quantity of goods sold through the exchange, produced and (or) sold by an economic entity that has dominant position on the relevant goods market, shall be no less than the quantity set by the federal antimonopoly body and the federal executive body that regulates the field of activities, to which production of the relevant goods belongs; 2) deals are concluded by an economic entity, that has dominant position on the relevant goods market, in course of exchange trading, which meets the requirements determined by the federal antimonopoly body and the federal executive body that regulates the field of activities, to which production of the relevant goods belongs, in particular, the requirements for the minimum number of participants of exchange trading within a trading session; 3) an economic entity that has dominant position on the relevant goods market, accredited and (or) taking part in bidding (particularly, by filing the bids to a broker, brokers), shall submit a list of affiliated persons to the exchange according to the procedures specified by the federal antimonopoly body; 4) actions of an economic entity that has dominant position on the relevant goods market, and (or) its affiliated persons are not market manipulations; 5) an economic entity that has dominant position on the relevant goods market shall sell goods at the exchange regularly, with even distribution of the quantity of goods for trading sessions within a calendar month. The Government of the Russian Federation has
9 8 the right to determine the criteria of regularity and evenness of selling goods at the exchange for certain goods markets; 6) an economic entity that has dominant position on the relevant goods market shall register off-exchange transactions for supplying goods, circulated on this goods market, in the cases and according to the procedures specified by the Government of the Russian Federation; 7) the minimum size of an exchange lot does not prevent entry to the relevant goods market; 8) an economic entity, that has dominant position on the relevant goods market, sells goods at an exchange that meets the requirements of the law of the Russian Federation on organised trading, including the requirements for confidentiality of information about the persons that filed the bids, particularly, by filing the bids to a broker, brokers. 6. Monopolistically high price shall not be recognized if it is set taking into consideration the specifics of developing a reserved price for the products that are sold through the exchange, approved by the antimonopoly body. 7. Monopolistically high price shall not be recognized if it does not exceed the price set at the exchange in compliance with Parts 5 and 6 of this Article, and whereupon economic (commercial) terms of a transaction are comparable on the quantity and (or) the volume of supplied goods, the deadline for honoring the obligations, payments conditions, typically applied to such kind of transactions, as well as other reasonable conditions that can affect the price. 8. Recognising monopolistically high price of the goods under Part 1 of this Article, exchange and off-exchange price indicators on the global markets of similar goods shall be taken into consideration. Article 7. Monopolistically Low Price of Goods 1. Monopolistically low price of the goods is the price fixed by an economic entity with dominant position, if this price is below the sum of the necessary production and distribution costs of the goods and profit, and is below the price formed under competitive conditions in the goods market, with comparable composition of goods buyers or sellers, conditions of goods circulation, market entry conditions, government regulation, including taxation and customs-andtariffs regulation, if such a market exists in the Russian Federation or abroad, including the price fixed: 1) by reducing an earlier fixed price of the goods, provided the following conditions are met in their totality: а) expenses necessary for producing and distributing the goods have remained the same or their change does not match the price change; b) the composition of goods buyers or sellers remains unchanged or changes were insignificant; c) conditions of the goods circulation on the goods market, including those caused by government regulation, including taxation and tariff regulation, have remained the same or their changes are disproportionate to the price change; 2) by maintaining or not increasing earlier fixed prices, provided the following conditions are met in their totality: а) expenses necessary for producing and distributing the goods increased considerably; b) the composition of goods buyers or sellers brings about a possibility to increase the price of the goods; c) conditions of the goods circulation on the goods market, including those caused by government regulation, including taxation and tariff regulation, bring about a possibility to increase the goods price. 2. Monopolistically low price shall not be recognized if:
10 9 1) is fixed by a natural monopoly within the rates for such goods, determined in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation; 2) it is not below the price formed under competitive conditions in the comparable goods market; 3) price fixing by the goods seller has not resulted or could not have resulted in restricting competition due to fewer economic entities, not members of the same group of persons with the goods buyers or sellers, operating in the comparable goods market. Article 8. Concerted Actions of Economic Entities 1. Concerted actions of economic entities are actions of economic entities on a goods market that are exercised in the absence of an agreement and meet the totality of the following conditions: 1) the outcome of such actions meets the interests of each of the above economic entities; 2) actions are known in advance to each of participating economic entities due to a public statement made by one of them about exercising such actions; 3) actions of each of the above economic entities are caused by actions of other economic entities, participating in concerted actions, and are not due to the circumstances equally affecting all economic entities on the relevant goods market. Such circumstances, in particular, can be changing regulated tariffs, changing prices for the raw materials used to produce goods, changing prices for the goods on the global goods markets, considerable changing of the demand for the goods within no less than one year or within the period of existence of the relevant market if less than one year. 2. Exercising actions towards reaching an agreement by the persons specified in Part 1 of this Article is considered an agreement but not concerted actions. Article 9. A Group of Persons 1. A group of persons is a totality of physical persons and (or) legal entities that meet one or several characteristics out of the following ones: 1) a business entity (partnership, economic partnership) and a physical person or a legal entity if such physical person or a legal entity has, due to participation in the business entity (partnership, economic partnership) or in accordance with the authority obtained, in particular, on the basis of a written agreement, from other persons, over 50% of the total number of votes falling within voting stocks (shares) of the charter (pooled) capital of the business entity (partnership, economic partnership); 2) a business entity (partnership, economic partnership) and physical person or a legal entity if such physical person or a legal entity exercises the functions of a sole executive body of the business entity (partnership, economic partnership); 3) a business entity (partnership, economic partnership) and physical person or a legal entity if such physical person or a legal entity can give binding instructions to the business entity (partnership, economic partnership) on the basis of the charter documents of the business entity (partnership, economic partnership) or a contract concluded with the business entity (partnership, economic partnership); 4) a business entity (partnership, economic partnership), where the same physical persons form over 50% of the size of a collective executive body and (or) the Board of Directors (Supervisory Board, Board of a Fund); 5) a business entity (economic partnership) and a physical person or a legal entity, if the sole executive body of the business entity (economic partnership) is appointed or elected at the suggestion of the physical person or the legal entity; 6) a business entity and a physical person or a legal entity, if over 50% of the size of the collective executive body or the Board of Directors (Supervisory Board) of the business entity are elected at the suggestion of the physical person or the legal entity;
11 10 7) a physical person, his / her spouse, parents (including adoptive parents), children (including adopted ones), blood or non-blood brothers and sisters; 8) persons, each of whom are in a group with the same person under any of the characteristics specified in Clauses 1-7 of this Part, as well as other persons that are in a group with any of such persons under any of the characteristics specified in Clauses 1-7 of this Part; 9) a business entity (partnership, economic partnership), physical persons or legal persons, that are in a group of persons under any of the characteristics specified in Clauses 1-8 of this Part, if such persons due to their joint participation in the business entity (partnership, economic partnership) or in accordance with the authority received from other persons, have over 50% of total number of votes falling within voting stocks (shares) of the charter (pooled) capital of the business entity (partnership, economic partnership). 2. Prohibitions of actions (omissions) of an economic entity on a goods market established by the antimonopoly authority apply to actions (omissions) of a group of persons, unless otherwise established by the federal law. Chapter 2. Monopolistic Activity. Unfair Competition Article 10. Prohibition of Abuse of Dominant Position by an Economic Entity 1. Actions (lack of action) of an economic entity occupying a dominant position, which result or can result in prevention, restriction or elimination of competition and (or) infringement of the interests of other persons are prohibited, including the following actions (lack of action): 1) establishment and maintaining of monopolistically high or monopolistically low price for a commodity; 2) withdrawal of goods from circulation, if the result of such withdrawal is increase of price of the commodity; 3) imposing contractual terms upon a counteragent which are unprofitable for the latter or not connected with the subject of agreement (economically or technologically unjustified and (or) not provided for directly by the Federal Laws, statutory legal acts of the President of the Russian Federation, statutory legal acts of the Government of the Russian Federation, statutory legal acts of the authorized federal executive authorities or judicial acts, requirements for transferring financial assets, other property, including property rights, as well as consent to conclude a contract on conditions of including in it provisions, concerning the goods in which the counteragent is not interested and other requirements); 4) economically or technologically unjustified reduction or cutting off the production of goods if there is demand for the goods or orders for their delivery are placed and there is possibility of its profitable production, as well as if such reduction or cutting off the production of goods are not provided for directly by the Federal Laws, statutory legal acts of the President of the Russian Federation, statutory legal acts of the Government of the Russian Federation, statutory legal acts of the authorized federal executive authorities or judicial acts; 5) economically or technologically unjustified refusal or evasion form concluding a contract with individual purchasers (customers) in the case when there are possibilities for production or delivery of the relevant goods as well as if such a refusal or evasion is not provided for directly by the Federal Laws, statutory legal acts of the President of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation, authorized federal executive authorities or judicial acts; 6) economically, technologically or otherwise unjustified establishment of different prices (tariffs) for the same goods if not established otherwise by the law; 7) establishment of unjustifiably high or unjustifiably low price of a financial service by a financial organization; 8) creation of discriminatory conditions;
12 11 9) creation of barriers to entry into the goods market or leaving from the goods market for the other economic entities; 10) violation of the procedure of pricing established by statutory legal acts. 11) manipulating prices on wholesale and (or) retail markets of electric power (capacity). 2. An economic entity has the right to provide evidence that its actions (lack of action) stated in Part 1 of this Article (except actions indicated in Clauses 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 and 10 of Part 1 of this Article) can be recognized as eligible in accordance with the requirements of Part 1 of Article 13 of this Federal Law. 3. To prevent discriminatory conditions, a federal law or a normative legal act of the Government of the Russian Federation can establish the rules of non-discriminatory access to the goods markets and (or) the goods produced or sold by holders of natural monopolies, whose activities are regulated in accordance with No.147-FZ Federal Law On Natural Monopolies of 17 th August 1995, as well as infrastructure facilities used by these holders of natural monopolies directly for providing services in the field of activities of natural monopolies. The rules must contain: 1) a list of goods, infrastructure facilities, to which a non-discriminatory access shall be provided; 2)information enabling market participants to compare the conditions of goods circulation on the goods market and (or) conditions for entry to the goods market, as well as other essential information necessary for market access and (or) circulating goods in the goods market; 3) the procedures for disclosing information, specified in Clause 2 of this Part, including information about the goods produced or sold by the economic entities listed in the first paragraph of this Part, the cost of those goods, and the fee for market access, possible scope of production or distribution of the goods, and technical and technological possibilities for providing the goods; 4) the procedures for compensating economically reasonable expenses of economic entities, listed in the first paragraph of this Part, for production and (or) distribution of the relevant goods and (or) organization of market access; 5) the conditions for organizing tender procedures for access to the goods market, where the economic entities listed in the first paragraph of this Part operate, subject to economic, technological or other possibilities, if other market access procedures are not provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation; 6) the essential contract conditions and (or) standard contracts for providing access to the goods market and (or) to the goods of the economic entities listed in the first paragraph of this Part; 7) the procedures for determining consumers that will receive mandatory servicing, establishing the minimum level of service provision and the sequence of providing access to the goods market and (or) to the goods, if it is impossible to fully satisfy the needs for the goods produced and (or) distributed by the economic entities listed in the first paragraph of this Part, taking into account protection of citizens rights and legitimate interests, state security, protection of the environment and cultural values; 8) the conditions for access to the goods market, and (or) the goods and (or) infrastructure facilities of economic entities, specified in paragraph 1 of this Part, and in the established cases requirements to exercise technological and (or) technical arrangements / measures, particularly, for technological connection; 9) the requirements to the relevant goods, if not provided otherwise by the legislation of the Russian Federation. 4. Requirements of this Article are not extended over the actions on implementation of exclusive rights for the results of intellectual activity and equalized to them means of individualization of a legal person, means of individualization of production, executed works or rendered services.
13 12 Article 11. Prohibition on Competition-Restricting Agreements between Economic Entities 1. Agreements between competing economic entities that is economic entities that sell goods on the same market, shall be recognised as cartels and shall be prohibit if such agreements lead or can lead to: 1) fixing or maintaining prices (tariffs), discounts, markups (surcharges) and (or) additions to prices; 2) increasing, reducing or maintaining prices in course of competitive bidding; 3) dividing the goods market according to a geographic principle, quantity of sales or purchases of the goods, the mix of goods or a composition of buyers or sellers (customers); 4) reducing or terminating production of the goods; 5) refusing to conclude contracts with particular sellers or buyers (customers). 2. Vertical agreements between economic entities are prohibited (except vertical agreements that are allowed under Article 12 of this Federal Law), if: 1) such agreements lead or can lead to fixing reselling prices of the goods, except if the seller fixes the maximum reselling price of the goods for a buyer; 2) such agreements obligate buyers not to sell the goods of an economic entity that is a competitor of the seller. This prohibition does not apply to the agreements about organising sales of the goods by a buyer under a trade mark or other means of individualization of the buyer or the producer. 3. Agreements between economic entities participants of wholesale and (or) retail markets of electric power (capacity), commercial infrastructure organisations, technological infrastructure organisations, network organisations - are prohibited, if such agreements lead to price manipulation on the wholesale and (or) retail markets of electric power (capacity). 4. Other agreements between economic entities are prohibited (except vertical agreements that are allowed under Article 12 of this Federal Law), if it is established that such agreements lead or can lead to restricting competition. Such agreements can include, in particular, agreements about: 1) imposing disadvantageous contract conditions upon a counteragent or irrelevant to the contract subject (unreasonable requirements to transfer financial funds, other property, particularly, property rights, as well as consent to conclude a contract subject to including provisions in the contract regarding goods, in which the counteragent is not interested, and other requirements); 2) an economic entity fixing different prices (tariffs) for the same goods without economic, technological and other justifications; 3) preventing entry / exit оf other economic entities to / from the goods market; 4) fixing terms and conditions for membership (participation) in professional and other associations. 5. Physical persons, commercial and non-commercial organisations are prohibited to coordinate economic activities of economic entities, if such coordination leads to any of the consequences specified in Parts 1-3 of this Article, that cannot be allowed under Articles 12 and 13 of this Federal Law or that are not provided for by the federal laws. 6. An economic entity can provide evidence that concluded agreements, provided for by Parts 2 4 of this Article, can be allowed under Article 12 or Part 1Article 13 of this Federal Law. 7. The provisions of this Article do not apply to agreements between economic entities of the same group of persons, if one of such economic entities has established
14 13 control with regard to another economic entity, or if such economic entities are under control of a single person, except the agreements between economic entities that are involved in the types of activities, simultaneous exercising of which is not allowed under the law of the Russian Federation. 8. In this Article, Articles 11 1 and 32 of this Federal Law, control means possibility of a physical person or a legal entity to directly or indirectly (through a legal entity or several legal entities) determine decisions made by another legal entity, through one or several following actions: 1) managing over 50% of the total number of votes falling on the voting stocks (shares) of the charter (pooled) capital of a legal entity; 2) exercising the functions of an executive body of a legal entity. 9. This Article does not apply to the agreements about providing and (or) alienating the right of using the results of intellectual activity or the means of individualization of a legal entity, the means of individualization of products, works or services. Article 11(1). Prohibition on Competition-Restricting Concerted Actions of Economic Entities 1. Concerted actions of competing economic entities shall be prohibited if such concerted actions lead to: 1) fixing or maintaining prices (tariffs), discounts, markups (surcharges) and (or) additions to prices; 2) increasing, reducing or maintaining prices in course of competitive bidding; 3) dividing the goods market according to a geographic principle, quantity of sales or purchases of the goods, the mix of goods or a composition of buyers or sellers (customers); 4) reducing or terminating production of the goods; 5) refusing to conclude contracts with particular sellers or buyers (customers), if such a refusal is not directly provided for by the federal laws. 2. Concerted actions between economic entities participants of wholesale and (or) retail markets of electric power (capacity), commercial infrastructure organisations, technological infrastructure organisations, network organisations - are prohibited, if such concerted actions lead to price manipulation on the wholesale and (or) retail markets of electric power (capacity). 3. Other concerted actions, that are not specified in Parts 1 and 2 of this Article, of competing economic entities are prohibited, if it is established that such concerted actions lead to restricting competition. Such concerted actions can include, in particular, actions towards: 1) imposing disadvantageous contract conditions upon a counteragent or irrelevant to the contract subject (unreasonable requirements to transfer financial funds, other property, particularly, property rights, as well as consent to conclude a contract subject to including provisions in the contract regarding goods, in which the counteragent is not interested, and other requirements); 2) an economic entity fixing different prices (tariffs) for the same goods without economic, technological and other justifications; 3) preventing entry / exit оf other economic entities to / from the goods market. 4. An economic entity can submit evidence that the exercised concerted actions, specified in Parts 1 3 of this Article, can be allowed under Part 1 Article 13 of this Federal Law. 5. The prohibitions specified in this Article do not apply to concerted actions of economic entities, whose combined share on the goods market does not exceed 20% and herein the share of each of them on the goods market does not exceed 8%.
15 14 6. This Article does not apply to concerted actions of economic entities members of the same group of persons, if one of such economic entities has established control with regard to another economic entity or if such economic entities are under control of a third person. Article 12. Permissibility of Vertical Agreements 1. Vertical agreements in written form (except vertical agreements between financial organizations) are permitted if these agreements are agreements of commercial concession. 2. Vertical agreements between economic entities (except vertical agreements between financial organizations) are permitted if the share of each economic entity in any goods market does not exceed twenty percent. Article 13. Permissibility of Actions (lack of action), Agreements, Concerted Practices, Transactions, Other Actions 1. Actions (lack of action) of economic entities provided for in Part 1 of Article 10 of this Federal Law (except actions (lack of action) stated in Clauses 1 (except fixing or maintaining price of the goods, which are the results of innovative activities), 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 and 10 of Part 1 of Article 10 of this Federal Law), agreements and concerted actions provided for in Parts 2-4 Article 11, Article 11(1) deals, other actions provided for in Articles of this Federal Law can be recognized as permissible if such actions (lack of action), agreements and concerted practices, transactions, other actions do not create for particular persons opportunity to eliminate competition in the relevant goods market, do not impose restrictions superfluous for achievement of the goal of these actions (lack of action), agreements and concerted practices, transactions, other actions on the participants or third persons and also if they result or can result in: 1) perfection of production, sale of goods or stimulation of technical, economic progress or rising competitive capacity of the Russian goods in the world market 2) obtaining by consumers of benefits (advantages) which are proportionate to the benefits (advantages) obtained by the economic entities in the result of actions (lack of action), agreements and concerted practices, transactions, other actions. 1(1). Agreements of economic entities about joint activities that can lead to the consequences specified in Part 1 Article 11 of this Federal Law, can be allowed, if such agreements do not create possibility for certain persons to eliminate competition on the relevant goods market, do not impose restrictions upon third parties, and in general can be: 1) Improving production, sales of goods, or stimulating technical, economic progress, or participants making direct investments in the Russian Federation (particularly, introducing new production capacities, modernising the current production capacities); 2) Buyers obtaining advantages (benefits) comparable with advantages (benefits), proportionate to the advantages (benefits) obtained by economic entities as a result of actions (omissions), agreements and concerted actions, transactions. 2. The Government of the Russian Federation has the right to determine the cases of permissibility of agreements and concerted practices meeting the conditions stated in Clauses 1 and 2 of Part 1 of this Article (general exemptions). General exemptions, concerning agreements and concerted practices indicated in Parts 2-5 Article 11 of this Federal Law, are defined by the Government of the Russian Federation on proposal of the federal antimonopoly body, are introduced for a specific period of time and provide for: 1) type of agreement or concerted practice; 2) conditions which cannot be considered as permissible in regard to such agreements or
16 15 concerted practices; 3) obligatory conditions for ensuring competition which should be contained in such agreements; 4) obligatory conditions under which such concerted practices are permissible. 3. General exemptions can provide, alongside with the conditions indicated in Part 2 of this Article, and for other conditions, that agreements and concerted practices should meet. Article 14. Prohibition of Unfair Competition 1. Unfair competition is not permitted, including: 1) dissemination of false, inaccurate, or distorted information, which can inflict losses on economic entity or cause damage to its business reputation; 2) misrepresentation concerning the nature, method, and place of manufacture, consumer characteristics, quality and quantity of а commodity or concerning its producers; 3) incorrect comparison of the products by an economic entity, manufactured or sold by it, with the products manufactured or sold by other economic entities; 4) sale, exchange or other way of input of a commodity into circulation if there was illegal use of the results of intellectual activity and equalized to them means of individualization of a legal person, means of individualization of production, works, services; 5) illegal receipt, use, and disclosure of information constituting commercial, official or other protected by law secret. 2. Unfair competition, related to acquisition and use of exclusive rights for the means of individualization of a legal person, means of individualization of production, works, and services is not permitted. 3. Decision of the Federal Antimonopoly body concerning violation of the provisions of Part 2 of this Article concerning acquisition and use of exclusive rights to a trademark is sent by an interested Party to the federal executive authority for intellectual property for recognizing invalid the legal protection granted to this trademark. Chapter 3. Prohibition of Acts, Actions (Inactions), Agreements, Concerted Practices of Federal executive authorities, Public Authorities of the Subjects of the Russian Federation, Bodies of Local Self-Government, Other Bodies or Organizations Exercising the Functions of the Above-Mentioned Bodies, Organisations Involved in Providing Public or Municipal Services as well as Public Extra-budgetary Funds, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation that Restrict Competition Article 15. Prohibition of Acts and Actions (Inactions) of Federal executive authorities, Public Authorities of the Subjects of the Russian Federation, Bodies of Local Self-Government, Other Bodies or Organizations Exercising the Functions of the Above-Mentioned Bodies, Organisations Involved in Providing Public or Municipal Services as well as Public Extra-budgetary Funds, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation that Restrict Competition 1. It is forbidden for the federal executive authorities, public authorities of the subjects of the Russian Federation, bodies of local self-government, other bodies or organizations exercising the functions of the above-mentioned bodies, organisations involved in providing public or municipal services as well as public extra-budgetary funds, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation to pass acts and (or) exercise actions lack of action) which lead or can lead to prevention, restriction, elimination of competition, except the cases of passing acts or exercising of actions (lack of action) provided for by the Federal Laws, in particular, the following is forbidden:
THE ECONOMIC CODE OF UKRAINE. ( Verkhovna Rada Herald (VRH), 2003, Vol. 18, Vol. 19-20, Vol. 21-22, p.144 )
THE ECONOMIC CODE OF UKRAINE ( Verkhovna Rada Herald (VRH), 2003, Vol. 18, Vol. 19-20, Vol. 21-22, p.144 ) { Amended pursuant to the Laws N 2424-IV ( 2424-15 ) dated 04.02.2005, VRH, 2005, Vol. 11, p.205;