Source: https://openjurist.org/957/f2d/439/united-states-v-l-bailey
Timestamp: 2019-12-08 13:09:58
Document Index: 701497619

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 2113', '§ 922', '§ 924', '§ 27', '§ 3161', '§ 3161', '§ 3161', '§ 3161', '§ 3161']

957 F2d 439 United States v. L Bailey | OpenJurist
957 F. 2d 439 - United States v. L Bailey
957 F2d 439 United States v. L Bailey
957 F.2d 439
35 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 418
Darrell L. BAILEY, Defendant-Appellant.
No. 90-3818.
Darrell L. Bailey was convicted of one count of bank robbery, using a dangerous weapon, 18 U.S.C. § 2113(d), two counts of knowingly possessing an interstate firearm after having been convicted of a felony, 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), and one count of using a firearm in the commission of a crime of violence, 18 U.S.C. § 924(c). Bailey was sentenced to 35 years of imprisonment.
In United States v. Beasley, 809 F.2d 1273, 1279 (7th Cir.1987), this court explained the procedure for using Rules 404(b) and 403:
On the record as a whole, moreover, any error was harmless. Error is harmless if we can say "the judgment was not substantially swayed by the error." United States v. Shackleford, 738 F.2d 776, 783 (7th Cir.1984) (quoting Kotteakos v. United States, 328 U.S. 750, 764, 66 S.Ct. 1239, 1247, 90 L.Ed. 1557 (1946). The government's evidence was strong enough that the verdict would almost certainly have been the same if the statement concerning the California robbery had been omitted. In addition to Bailey's detailed confession of the Chicago robbery, the government produced evidence that a gun which Bailey dropped from a window just before he was arrested was taken from the security guard at the bank in the course of the robbery, and that Bailey had over $7,000 in cash in his possession at the time of his arrest. The government also presented the testimony of three eyewitnesses who identified Bailey at trial. Other witnesses provided details of the robbery that showed Bailey's description of the robbery was accurate. FBI agents described the conditions surrounding Bailey's confession to show it was not coerced. They testified that Miranda warnings were given and that Bailey waived his rights without requesting counsel. None of the testimony was significantly called into doubt on cross-examination, and Bailey's defense consisted entirely of showing the jury that he had a scar on his face which none of the eyewitnesses had included in the description of the bank robber which they gave to the FBI. Two references to the California episode in the government closing argument were brief, casual, and clearly not prejudicial.
Bailey's second argument is that the suppression of his statement by the California court was res judicata. The issue of suppression was decided in a criminal action in which the United States was plaintiff and Bailey was defendant. The parties were identical in California and Chicago. The causes of action were not. The California case involved three robberies of banks in California. The case we have under review involved a different robbery of a different bank. For res judicata to apply, the causes of action as well as the parties, or their privies, must be identical. Gray v. Lacke, 885 F.2d 399, 405 (7th Cir.1989), cert. denied, 494 U.S. 1029, 110 S.Ct. 1476, 108 L.Ed.2d 613 (1990). Collateral estoppel (or issue preclusion) is the appropriate doctrine when different causes of action are involved, but collateral estoppel does not preclude a party from litigating an issue which was not actually litigated. When a motion is granted, as here, because of another party's default, the issue is not litigated. Grip-Pak, Inc. v. Illinois Tool Works, Inc., 694 F.2d 466, 469 (7th Cir.1982), cert. denied, 461 U.S. 958, 103 S.Ct. 2430, 77 L.Ed.2d 1317 (1983); Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 27 comment e. We note also that the California district judge seems to have limited the effect of his decision to the case before him, probably because it was decided on default. His order provided: "All items requested to be suppressed are hereby excluded from evidence at any trial in this case...." (Emphasis supplied.)
In this case, the information was filed February 1, and because defendant had previously appeared before a magistrate judge, the government concedes the speedy trial clock started February 1, 1990. See United States v. Owokoniran, 840 F.2d 373, 374 (7th Cir.1987). Defendant has argued as if it started on February 7. The trial started August 13, 1990. On account of delay resulting from the California proceedings, Judge Plunkett, to whom the case was originally assigned, entered orders excluding time from March 6 through May 15, and from June 6 through August 1. We do not know why there was no order excluding time for the same reason from May 15 through June 5, but counting only the specifically ordered exclusions, the trial started within 70 days from February 1. On motion just before trial, Judge Parsons, the trial judge, computed the elapsed time at 68 days. On appeal, the government argues for 64 days, and the defendant argues for 76 days, counting from February 7.
Bailey does not contest excluding March 6 through May 15 or June 6 through June 25. He also impliedly admits, as he must, the relevant facts not having changed, that May 15 through June 5 must be excluded. Although the government and the district court cite several subparagraphs to justify exclusion, the case is covered by § 3161(h)(1)(D), which requires exclusion for "Any period of delay resulting from other proceedings concerning the defendant, including but not limited to-- ... (D) delay resulting from trial with respect to other charges against the defendant." Soon after the information was filed, Bailey requested that he be sent to California to face charges there. In early March,1 Bailey left for California. The exclusion in § 3161(h)(1)(D) is automatic, Henderson v. United States, 476 U.S. 321, 327, 106 S.Ct. 1871, 1875, 90 L.Ed.2d 299 (1986), and includes preparation for trial regardless of whether a trial actually occurs, United States v. Montoya, 827 F.2d 143, 149-50 (7th Cir.1987), so all the time Bailey spent in being transferred to California and in facing charges there is excluded.
The issue before us is when delay resulting from trial on the California charges ended. Bailey argues that § 3161(h)(1)(D) did not apply after June 25 because on June 25, the court in the Northern District of California dismissed the California charges. The government argues that the delay resulting from trial in California did not end on June 25 because on June 25, the court issued only an oral order and the case cannot be deemed to be finally resolved until July 16 when the court issued its written order. We agree with the government because there was no judgment until July 16. Rule 32(b)(1) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure explains, "If the defendant is found not guilty or for any other reason is entitled to be discharged, judgment shall be entered accordingly. The judgment shall be signed by the judge and entered by the clerk." See also Bates v. Johnson, 901 F.2d 1424, 1428 (7th Cir.1990) ("statement in court 'is not itself an order to act or desist' "); United States v. Green, 779 F.2d 1313, 1321 (7th Cir.1985) (oral statement that court would deny defendant's motions did not stop Speedy Trial Act exclusion from running until date of written order). Although the district court in the Northern District of Illinois issued a bench warrant June 22, it would be unreasonable to expect the marshals to execute it and transport Bailey until there was a judgment or order of dismissal entered in the California court.
Thus, all the time from March 6 until July 16 (and perhaps until July 23) was properly excluded under § 3161(h)(1)(D). The time from July 16 until July 23 when Bailey was returned to Illinois should be also excluded under § 3161(h)(1)(D), which excludes "delay resulting from transportation of any defendant from another district." Giving effect to these exclusions, the trial started within 70 days from February 1, 1990.