Source: https://www.scribd.com/document/1336085/description-tags-htterrorism
Timestamp: 2018-06-22 19:29:35
Document Index: 791923380

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 1232', '§ 99', '§ 1232', '§ 99', '§ 99', '§ 99', '§ 1232', '§ 99', '§ 99', '§ 99', '§ 99', '§ 99', '§ 99']

description: tags: htterrorism | Patriot Act | United States Code
description: tags: htterrorism
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Ex Parte Orders Significantly, the recent amendment to FERPA permits educational agencies and institutions to disclose – without the consent or knowledge of the student or parent – personally identifiable information from the student’s education records to the Attorney General of the United States or to his designee in response to an ex parte order in connection with the investigation or prosecution of terrorism crimes specified in sections 2332b(g)(5)(B) and 2331 of title 18, U.S. Code. 1 An ex parte order is an order issued by a court of competent jurisdiction without notice to an adverse party. In addition to allowing disclosure without prior written consent or prior notification, this provision amends FERPA’s record keeping requirements (20 U.S.C. § 1232g(b)(4); 34 C.F.R. § 99.32). As a result, FERPA, as amended, does not require a school official to record a disclosure of information from a student’s education record when the school makes that disclosure pursuant to an ex parte order. Further, an educational agency or institution that, in good faith, produces information from education records in compliance with an ex parte order issued under the amendment “shall not be liable to any person for that production.” A copy of the new statutory language follows this guidance. The Department will be working with the Department of Justice in the implementation of this new provision. In addition to this guidance, we will be amending and updating the FERPA regulations to include this new exception to the written consent requirement. You should address any questions you have on the new amendment to FERPA@ED.Gov. Lawfully Issued Subpoenas and Court Orders FERPA permits educational agencies and institutions to disclose, without consent, information from a student’s education records in order to comply with a “lawfully issued subpoena or court order” in three contexts. 20 U.S.C. § 1232g(b)(1)(J)(i) and (ii), (b)(2)(B); 34 C.F.R. § 99.31(a)(9). These three contexts are: 1. Grand Jury Subpoenas – Educational agencies and institutions may disclose education records to the entity or persons designated in a Federal grand jury subpoena. In addition, the court may order the institution not to disclose to anyone the existence or contents of the subpoena or the institution’s response. If the court so orders, then neither the prior notification requirements of § 99.31(a)(9) nor the recordation requirements at 34 C.F.R. § 99.32 would apply. 2. Law Enforcement Subpoenas – Educational agencies and institutions may disclose education records to the entity or persons designated in any other subpoena issued for a law enforcement purpose. As with Federal grand jury subpoenas, the issuing court or agency may, for good cause shown, order the
Under the health and safety exception school officials may share relevant information with “appropriate parties,” that is, those parties whose knowledge of the information is necessary to provide immediate protection of the health and safety of the student or other individuals. 20 U.S.C. § 1232g(b)(1)(I); 34 C.F.R. § 99.36(a). Typically, law enforcement officials, public health officials, and trained medical personnel are the types of parties to whom information may be disclosed under this FERPA exception. FERPA’s record keeping requirements (§ 99.32) apply to disclosures made pursuant to the health or safety exception. The educational agency or institution has the responsibility to make the initial determination of whether a disclosure is necessary to protect the health or safety of the student or other individuals. However, the Department is available to work with institutions to assist them in making such decisions in order to ensure that the disclosure comes within the exception to FERPA’s requirement of prior written consent. In short, the health or safety exception will permit the disclosure of personally identifiable information from a student’s education record without the written consent of the student in the case of an immediate threat to the health or safety of students or other individuals. Of course, a school official, based on his or her own observations, may notify law enforcement officials of suspicious activity or behavior. Nothing in FERPA prohibits a school official from disclosing to federal, State, or local law enforcement authorities information that is based on that official’s personal knowledge or observation and not from an education record. Law Enforcement Unit Records Under FERPA, schools may disclose information from “law enforcement unit records” to anyone – including federal, State, or local law enforcement authorities – without the consent of the parent or eligible student. FERPA specifically exempts from the definition of “education records” – and thereby from the privacy restrictions of FERPA – records that a law enforcement unit of a school district or postsecondary institution creates and maintains for a law enforcement purpose. A “law enforcement unit” is an individual, office, department, division, or other component of a school district or postsecondary institution – such as a unit of commissioned officers or noncommissioned security guards – that is officially authorized or designated by the school district or institution to: (1) enforce any federal, State, or local law; or (2) maintain the physical security and safe ty of the school. See 34 C.F.R. § 99.8. FERPA narrowly defines a law enforcement record as a record that is: (i) created by the law enforcement unit; (ii) created for a law enforcement purpose; and (iii) maintained by the law enforcement unit. 34 C.F.R. § 99.8(b). While other components of an educational institution generally can disclose, without student consent, student education records to school law enforcement units (under FERPA’s exception for school officials with legitimate educational interests), these records are not thereby converted into law enforcement unit records because the records were not created by the law enforcement unit. Thus, a law enforcement unit cannot disclose,
without student consent, information obtained from education records maintained by other components of an educational institution. Directory Information FERPA’s regulations define “directory information” as information contained in an education record of a student “that would not generally be considered harmful or an invasion of privacy.” 34 C.F.R. § 99.3. Specifically, “directory information” includes, but is not limited to the student’s name, address, telephone listing, electronic mail address, photograph, date and place of birth, major field of study, dates of attendance, grade level, enrollment status (e.g., undergraduate or graduate, full-time or part-time), participation in officially recognized activities or sports, weight and height of members of athletic teams, degrees, honors and awards received, and the most recent educational agency or institution attended. Id. A school may disclose “directory information” from the education records without prior consent only after giving notice to the student of its directory information policy, and providing parent s and eligible students with an opportunity to opt out of having their “directory information” disclosed. See 34 C.F.R. § 99.37. Under FERPA, a school may not comply with a request for “directory information” that is linked to other non-directory information. For instance, a school cannot disclose “directory information” on students of a certain race, gender, or national origin. However, the school could disclose “directory information” on all students (who have not opted out) to law enforcement authorities who may be requesting “directory information.” Disclosures to the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) The Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) requires foreign students attending an educational institution under an F-1 visa to sign the Form I-20. The Form I-20 contains a consent provision allowing for the disclosure of information to INS. The consent provision states that, “I authorize the named school to release any information from my records which is needed by the INS pursuant to 8 C.F.R. 214.3(g) to determine my nonimmigrant status.” This consent is sufficiently broad to permit an educational institution to release personally identifiable information of a student who has signed a Form I-20 to the INS for the purpose of allowing the INS to determine the student’s nonimmigrant status. Students that have an M-1 or J-1 visa have signed similar consents and education records on these students may also be disclosed to the INS. Finally, we anticipate there may be a need for additional guidance in the future on other INS disclosure issues.
Technical Assistance on FERPA For additional guidance on these or other provisions of FERPA contact the Family Policy Compliance Office at the following address and telephone number: Family Policy Compliance Office U.S. Department of Education 400 Maryland Avenue, SW Washington, D.C. 20202-4605 (202) 260-3887 – Telephone (202) 260-9001 – Fax Additionally, schools officials may contact the Family Policy Compliance Office by email for quick, informal responses to routine questions about FERPA. That address is: FERPA@ED.Gov. The Web site address is: www.ed.gov/offices/OM/fpco. Sincerely, /s/ LeRoy S. Rooker Director Family Policy Compliance Office
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