Source: http://www.google.de/patents/US8271795
Timestamp: 2017-11-24 07:13:40
Document Index: 352291544

Matched Legal Cases: ['Application No. 60', 'Application No. 96919405', 'Application No. 96919405', 'Application No. 07112420', 'Application No. 07112420', 'Application No. 96919405', 'Application No. 96919405']

Patent US8271795 - Security based on subliminal and supraliminal channels for data objects - Google Patentsuche
This invention relates to security for data objects; more particularly, the present invention relates to improved security based on subliminal and supraliminal channels for data objects. In another embodiment, a method of protecting a data object comprises: steganographically encoding a subset of candidate...http://www.google.de/patents/US8271795?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US8271795 - Security based on subliminal and supraliminal channels for data objects
Veröffentlichungsnummer US8271795 B2
Anmeldenummer US 11/518,806
Prioritätsdatum 20. Sept. 2000
Auch veröffentlicht unter US7127615, US8612765, US20020056041, US20080028222, US20120278627
Veröffentlichungsnummer 11518806, 518806, US 8271795 B2, US 8271795B2, US-B2-8271795, US8271795 B2, US8271795B2
Erfinder Scott A. Moskowitz
Ursprünglich Bevollmächtigter Blue Spike, Inc.
Patentzitate (402), Nichtpatentzitate (289), Klassifizierungen (26), Juristische Ereignisse (6)
US 8271795 B2
1. A computer-based method for securing a data signal having a signal containing bits that are suitable for manipulation and bits that are not suitable for manipulation, the method comprising:
analyzing a plurality of candidate watermark bits to identify the bits that are suitable for bit manipulation;
selecting a subset of the plurality of candidate watermark bits identified as suitable for manipulation;
manipulating the subset of the plurality of candidate watermark bits; and
associating the manipulated subset of the plurality of candidate watermark bits with the identified plurality of candidate watermark bits.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the subset of the plurality of the candidate watermark bits is identified using at least one of a psychoacoustic model, psychovisual model, or perceptibility model.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the selected subset of said plurality of candidate watermark bits shares at least one bit with other subsets of candidate watermark bits.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein any potentially selected subset of the plurality of candidate watermark bits share at least one bit with any other potentially selected subset of the plurality of candidate watermark bits.
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of manipulating the at least one subset of the plurality of candidate watermark bits comprises at least one of the following group: hashing; signing; authenticating; verifying; and, requiring bit commitment.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of associating the manipulated subset of the plurality of candidate watermark bits with the identified plurality of candidate watermark bits is a proof of bit commitment.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of associating the manipulated subset of the plurality of candidate watermark bits with the identified plurality of candidate watermark bits is a proof of zero knowledge.
8. A computer-based method for securing a steganographically encoded data signal having a signal containing bits that are suitable for manipulation and bits that are not suitable for manipulation, the method comprising:
analyzing a plurality of watermark bits in a steganographically encoded data signal to identify the bits that are suitable for bit manipulation;
selecting at least one subset of the identified plurality of watermark bits identified as suitable for manipulation;
manipulating at least one subset of the plurality of watermark bits; and
associating the manipulated subset of the plurality of watermark bits with the original unencoded data signal.
9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the watermark bits are identified using at least one of a psychoacoustic model, psychovisual model, or perceptibility model.
10. The method according to claim 8, wherein any potential selected subset of the plurality of watermark bits may share at least a single bit with any another other potential selected subset of the plurality of watermark bits.
11. The method of claim 8, wherein the step of associating the manipulated subset of the plurality of watermark bits with the original unencoded data signal suffices a bit commitment proof.
12. The method of claim 8, wherein a predetermined perceptibility threshold is used to identify the plurality of watermark bits.
13. The method of claim 8, wherein the association between the manipulated subset of the plurality of watermark bits and the original unencoded data signal includes associations between at least a plurality of the group comprising: candidate bits; watermark bits; authentication bits; verification bits; bit commitments; entropy bits; supraliminal bits; and subliminal bits.
This application Ser. No. 11/518,806, filed Sep. 11, 2006, is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/956,262, filed Sep. 20, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,127,615, issued Oct. 24, 2006, which claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/234,199, entitled “Improved Security Based on Subliminal and Supraliminal Channels for Data Objects,” filed Sep. 20, 2000. The previously identified patents and/or patent applications are hereby incorporated by reference, in their entireties.
FIGS. 1, 3 and 4 relate to one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a detector system which may be used in connection with the embodiment of FIGS. 1, 3 and 4, or may be used with another embodiment of the present invention.
Different synchronizers may be used for different applications. The simplest synchronizer calculates the offset in sample from the beginning of the track, and creates a sync signal based on a pattern of the offset. This is extremely efficient, but may only be suitable when the decode target can be restored to its original time base and length. Variations on this system may use a signal feature (instead of the beginning of the track) to start the sync pattern—especially with images.
The embedder may use a frequency domain transformation to weight the strengths of different frequency bands (see, for example, FIG. 4). The psychoacoustic/psychovisual model matches the candidate window with rejection criteria and can make a decision to embed or not, and may possibly make decisions about embedding relative to a predetermined perceptibility threshold. For instance, a decision to embed less than all candidates or embed in some logical pattern that can be later determined for detection or decoding operations. The magnitude sequencer may pick some even numbers of magnitudes of frequency components and modify them to match the current bit. Imagine a sequence of 6 magnitudes:
A bit may be determined by reading the number of ratios less than (or more than) 1.0. In this case, the count is 3 for the number of ratios less than 1 (namely, 0.87, 0.75, and 0.41), so the bit is determined by X mod 2, which, in this case, equals 1. The strength may be defined as the size of the ratio closest to 1 (namely, 1.02) minus 1 (in this case 0.02, or 1.02−1=0.02). This is the amount of change necessary to change the bit encoding. The embedder may have a minimum strength that it allows for a particular signal (e.g., 0.2).
Digital watermarking algorithms may be optimized to generate a watermark or watermarks that are embedded in a given sample stream. Optimal watermarking can be done depending on the signal stream, images, audio, video and may be optimized for robustness, like an ROW (“robust open watermark”), or security, a forensic or fragile watermark. (See generally, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/594,719, entitled “Utilizing Data Reduction in Steganographic and Cryptographic Systems” (hereinafter, “Data Reduction”), as filed Jun. 16, 2000 (issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,123,718 on Oct. 17, 2006), which application is incorporated by reference herein, in its entirety.) The limitation of absolute imperceptibility is removed once a supraliminal channel is utilized. This limitation acts as a roadblock to further increasing the robustness; if perceptibility for part but not all of the security is dependent on perceptible supraliminal information, better verification of the subliminal channel can be handled with the additional data payload afforded above a “predetermined perceptibility threshold.” Utilization of watermark synchronization information or some other detection assistance (for example, statistical or stochastic assumptions about where a watermark is likely to be) may be used to increase the speed and performance of authentication. (See, e.g., the Drawings). Where authorization is dependent on the successful detection or decoding (“reading” or interpreting the actual watermark message) of any given embedded watermark, however, efficiency in detecting or decoding becomes a priority.
Design considerations may be altered in order to change the degree of robustness (the survivability of the watermark measured against signal degradation), security (the difficulty in removal or successful obscuring of the watermark), and perceptibility (the limitation of observable cover signal degradation). Visible uniqueness may also be achieved by altering design considerations. For instance, a perceptibly unique tagging mechanism is typically based on observable features of both intended recipients and third party observers, given consideration for ease-of-recognition. Uniquely identifying tags can be used in such a manner as to enable quick authentication checks that are nonobvious to casual observers (for instance, bar code-like or glyph-like information used for postage. An observer cannot read a glyph datum, but a computer or specialized detector can. At the same time, the existence of the datum indicates some functionality generally unknown or unreadable to casual observers, except that it affirms payment, such as with postage, or enables a device to evaluate the visible data.). Ideally, the unique tag should be difficult to reproduce (e.g., magnetic strips, difficult-to-copy color schemes, physically unique material in currency, or a holographic image). Last, physical identifiers must be sufficiently cost-effective to represent a fair cost and computational expense for the value of the item to be protected. There are both methods for changing some characteristic of a perceptible feature in a signal (luminescence or chromatics), or substituting data for separate identifiable data (an actual logo or tag). Changing a perceptible feature allows for a closer link between the identifying mark and the characteristics of the signal, and when ciphered can be made to act as a tamper-proofing element of the signal. In either case, imperceptibility is not a consideration. Moreover, application of transfer function-based changes to subsets of the signal data enable randomly generated weighting of how the data is outputted. A cryptographically generated key may be associated with the data weighting, to enable noise like distortions to be introduced into the signal. (See generally U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/046,627, entitled “Method for Combining Transfer Function with Predetermined Key Creation”, filed Mar. 24, 1998 (issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,598,162 on Jun. 23, 2003), which application is incorporated by reference herein, in its entirety).
The present invention, as a radical departure from the art, seeks to combine the benefits of steganographic ciphering with observable cryptographic protocols. Steganographic ciphering is limited by the channel signal's capacity for imperceptibly embedding data. Identifiable uniqueness lacks such a limitation. Given the breadth of perceptible identifier authentication devices, the security features of digital watermarks can be added to increase the overall security of given objects. The overall ease of implementation is often overlooked in the design of security architectures. The design of a security architecture must take into account the security applied, the value of the objects being protected, the cost associated with the security's renewability, and the difficulty of defeating the security. Measured in computational terms, security must be flexible enough to address new problems. Whereas cryptography represents mathematically provable measures of difficulty in discovering the secret key or keys, steganography serves to bridge cryptography with perceptibility of the watermarked signal. Asymmetric watermarking algorithms are available in systems where the embedding and detection of watermarks utilizes nonlinear relationships between how the signal was sampled and encoded. Certain signal processing schemes, including linear time invariant approaches, can provide adequate nonlinearity to enable public key watermarking schemes. Public key watermarking enables detection of the watermark but not access or detection of the watermark bits to preserve the integrity of the watermark. Hiding a watermark bit or bits in whitened noise or nondeterministic locations in a signal is discussed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/456,319, entitled “Z-Transform Implementation of Digital Watermarks,” filed Dec. 8, 1999 (issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,853,726 on Feb. 8, 2005), which application is incorporated by reference herein, in its entirety.
A number of specific problems exist in the art where combining imperceptible embedding techniques with perceptible security protocols to enhance the security of any given object, including objects represented in physical media. Overall security can be increased in systems where both confusion and diffusion can be optimized. Confusion applies to the ability to hide relationships between the plaintext, ciphertext, and the key. Diffusion enables relationships between the plain text and key to be spread over the ciphertext. Because mathematical proofs rely heavily on credibility, the present invention seeks to leverage the benefits of steganographic ciphering in enabling successful subliminal channels with the notion of a supraliminal channel for handling limitations placed on the subliminal channel (by perceptibility, robustness, and security). The real limitation on the supraliminal channel is to enhance, not to obscure, the security of the data object. Similarly, in straight application of cryptographic protocols, cipher design is intended to make confusion and diffusion iteratively useful in reducing processing overhead. That is, to confuse the pirate by making encryptions look like entropy, or diffuse the encryption making the entire message more difficult to decrypt, or do both in an iterative fashion. If the application is primarily a visible mark type the visible mark is helped by the difficulty of discovering the imperceptible data or the way in which the bits are iteratively integrated into both perceptible and imperceptible domains—and cryptographically stored on a predetermined key. Alternatively, the opposite can be true to reduce the lack of imperceptible candidate bits alone in making a given signal unique.
A visible watermark has application to screening in much the same way as robust open watermarks (ROW). (For a discussion of ROWs, see pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/594,719, filed Jun. 16, 2000 (issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,123,718 on Oct. 17, 2006), entitled “Utilizing Data Reduction in Steganographic and Cryptographic Systems” (which is a continuation-in-part of PCT application No. PCT/US00/06522, filed Mar. 14, 2000, which PCT application claimed priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/125,990, filed Mar. 24, 1999), and PCT Application No. PCT/US00/21189, filed Aug. 4, 2000 (which claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 60/147,134, filed Aug. 4, 1999, and to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 60/213,489, filed Jun. 23, 2000 (issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,475,246 on Jan. 6, 2009), both of which are entitled, “A Secure Personal Content Server”). The previously identified patents and/or patent applications are hereby incorporated by reference, in their entireties.)
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US-Klassifikation 713/179
Internationale Klassifikation G06Q20/38, G06Q30/06, H04L29/06, H04L9/32, G06F21/00
Unternehmensklassifikation G06Q20/3823, G06T1/0071, H04L63/0428, H04L2209/608, H04L2463/102, G06F2221/0737, H04K1/00, G06Q30/06, H04L2463/101, H04L9/3236, G06F21/10, H04L63/12
Europäische Klassifikation H04L9/32M, G06Q20/3823, G06T1/00W6M, G06Q30/06, H04L63/04B, G06F21/10, H04L63/12, H04K1/00
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