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13321_1 | Textiles | Yarn
Description: 13321_1
Is13321 ( Part 1 j: ( Reaffirmed 1997
GLOSSARYOFTERMSFORGEOSYNTHETICS
PART 1 TERMS USED IN MATERIALS AND PROPERTIES
624.13 : [ 678 ] : 001.4
9 BAHADUR SHAH NEW DELHl 110002
In the formulation of this standard. was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards. Published by Rhone-Poulenc Pibres. J. the terms in use in the field relating to material and properties have been compiled and have been listed in this standard ( Part 1 ). CED 52 FOREWORD This Indian Standard by the Geosynthetics Council. ‘Standards on Geotextiles’. BS 6906 ( Part 1 ) : 1987 Method of test for geotextile Part 1 Determination of tensile properties using a wide width strip. published by British Standards Institution. NJ ( 1986 ).. assistance has been derived from the following: published by American Society of ASTM D4439 : 1987 TerminoIogy Testing Materials. Pubhshed by Prentice Hall. R.Conceiving and designing engineering structures’ by Perfetti. for geosynthetics. Published by American Society of Testing Materials. Prance ( 1982 ). 1988. after the draft Sectional Committee had been approved by the Civil Engineering finalized Division With a view to encouraging the use of geosynthetics in civil engineering related applications.Geosynthetics Sectional Committee. M. More terms as may come in the use of geosynthetics would be added in due course. Part 2 of this standard ( under preparation ) would cover terms used in functions and appbcations of geosynthetics. . Oliver Gicot and ‘Geotextiles . ‘Designing with geosynthetics by Koerner. New York.
1 Absorption 2. 2 TERMINOLOGY 2. webs. 2.2. 2.2 Calendering Process which consists of passing a sheet or fabric between heated pressure-rollers.2. thermal.1 Biodegradability Degradation of natural and synthetic geotextiles and related products with micro-organisms such as bacteria or fungi..3 also ).1. 2. the cohesion of which is achieved by addition of chemical products ( binding agents ). or baths by means of mechanical.1 Calender The process by which a liquid is drawn into and tends to fill permeable pores in a porous solid body. 2.6 Butyl Rubber A synthetic rubber based on isobutylene and a minor amount of isoprene.3 Bonding The process of combining fibres.2 Apparent Opening Size (AOS) A property which indicates the approximate largest particle that would effectively pass through the geotextile. and weathering.2 Blinding The condition whereby soil particles block the voids at the surface of a geotextile.2.12. It is vulcanizable and features low permeability to gases and water vapor and good resistance to aging.3. .3.2 Terms Starting with ‘B’ 2. the increase in mass of a porous of a solid body resulting from penetration liquid into its permeable pores.3 Chemically Bonded Non-woven Fabric Non-woven fabric.6 Clogging by mechanical action or The movement hydraulic flow of soil particles into the voids of a fabric and retention therein.IS 13321 ( Part 1 ) : 1992.4 Chlorinated Polyethylene ( CPE ) of polymers produced by chemical reaction of chlorine of the linear backbone chain of polyethylene. or films into sheets. or chemical binding. thereby reducing the hydraulic conductivity of the system.3. revolving in opposite directions. Family 2. 2.3. 2.4 Breaking Load 2.1.3. 2. 2.3. filaments.1 Terms Starting with ‘A’ 2. also. and width of a Specimen. Breaking toughness is calculated from work-to-break.2. 1 ) ( see 2. thus reducing the hydraulic conductivity of the system. 1 The load applied to a specimen in a tensile test carried to rupture ( E in Fig.3 Terms Starting with ‘C’ 2.5 Chlorosulphonated Polyethylene Family ( CSPE ) of polymers that are produced by polyethylene reacting with chlorine and sulphur dioxide.5 Breaking Toughness It is proportional to the area under the load elongation curve from the origin to the breaking point.2. A precision machine equipped with three or more heavy internally heated or cooled rolls.1. 2.2. 2.3 Atmosphere for Testing Geotextiles Air maintained 65 f 5 percent at a relative and a temperature humidity of of 21 f 2°C. This standard ( Part 1 ) covers definitions of terms used in defining raw materials and properties of geosynthetics. gauge length. Used for preparation of highly accurate continuous sheeting or plying up of rubber compounds and frictioning or coating of fabric with rubber or plastic compounds. Indian Standard GLOSSARYOF TERMSFOR PART 1 SCOPE 1 TERMS USED IN MATERIALS GEOSYNTHETICS AND PROPERTIES 2. chemicals. ( ASTM designation for this polymer is CSM ).
2. manufactured.TS 13321 ( Part 1) : 1992 22 3 0 z a OFFS STRb I -l-l STRAIN (a) LINEAR BEHAVIOUR to/r) (b) NON-LINEAR PIG.7 Coated Fabric Fabric which has been impregnated and/or coated with a rubbery or plastic material in the form of a solution. Often referred to in hydraulic situations. 2.10 Cross Machine Direction Thickness under a specified normal to the material. dispersion. or pendicular to machine direction.3.9 Constant-Rate-of-Load Machine ( CRL ) Tensile Testing A testing machine in which the rate of increase of the load being applied to the specimen is uniform with time after the first 3 s. stress applied The direction of a geosynthetic which is perits long. The term also applies to materials resulting from the application of a preformed film to a fabric by means of calendering.3. hot melt. 2 . or powder. STRAIN (o/o) BEHAVIOUR 1 TYPICAL LOAD-STRAINGRAPHS 2.3.3.0 Compressed Thickness 2.
roving.5 Ethylene ( EPDM ) Propylene Diene Monomer A synthetic elastomer based on ethylene. rock. 2. 2. generally in length. or filaments.4 Terms Starting With ‘D’ 2. Also called filler threads or weft threads.4 Fabric Reinforcement A fabric.3 Elongation at Break The percent elongation breaking load.9 also ) For geosynthetics.5.4. e.6. can be used to manufacture films and sheeting. 2. thermal. propylene.6 Terms Starting With ‘F’ 2. 2.6. interlocking of fibres. by interlooping or comparable 2.6.4 Direction.8 EVA Family of copolymers of ethylene and vinyl acetate used for adhesives and thermoplastic modifiers. methods. and so on. usually at right angles and one set of elements are parallel to the fabric axis. Nonwoven For geotextiles. 2. 2. 2.6. 2. used with foundation.2 Elongation The increase in length produced in the gauge length of the test specimen by a tensile load. used to add structural strength to a two or more ply polymeric sheeting is referred to as Such sheet.6. 2. and combinations thereof. .3 Fabric.6. fibres.. Woven A planar textile structure produced by interlacing two or more sets of elements.8 Fill As used in textile technology refers to the threads or yarns in a fabric running at right angles to the warp. strain ).5 Fabric.5. 2. soil.3 Direction. 2.5.7 Filament Yarn The yarn made from continuous 2. the increase in length of a specimen expressed as a percentage of the original gauge length ( i.IS 13321 ( Part 1 ) : 1992 2.1 Denier The mass in grams of 9 000 m of yarn. or both. 2. accomplished by mechanical. ‘supported’. 2. a planar and essentially random textile structure produced by bonding. Cross Machine The direction manufactured perpendicular direction. Composite A textile nonwoven. to the machine or 2.4 Elongation.5. chemical. structure woven. Percent ( See 2. 2.6.1 Elastic Limit The load at the strain at which the load ceases to be linearly proportional to the strain (D in Fig.5 Terms Starting With ‘E’ 2. earth or any other geotechnical engineering related material as an integral part of the human made project structue or system. Machine In textiles. 2.5.7 Extruder A machine with a driven screw for continuous forming of rubber by forcing through a die.4. the direction in a machine-made fabric parallel to the direction of movement manufacturing the fabric followed in the machine ( synonym. lengthwise ).2 Density The mass per unit volume.5.5 Discontinuous Fibre Short textile fibre.6. corresponding to the a few centimeters 2.6 Extruded Mesh A determined or non-determined netlike polymeric material produced by a process of continuous integral extrusion. 1 (a) for the elastic region CD.17. where the elements pass each other.4.4. and a small amount of a nonconjugated diene to provide sites for vulcanization. such as yarns.6 Breaking Load The maximum load which can be withstood by specimen in a tension test. or solvent means. conducted to failure point. 3 filament fibres.5. produced or knit by combining manufacturing 2.1 Fabric.4.2 Fabric Knit A textile structure produced one or more ends of yarn material.5. scrim.
it includes geotextiles.1 Heat Bonded 2. or system. 2. 2.7.8 Terms Starting With ‘H’ 2.7 Terms Starting With ‘G’ 2. The purposes of this treatment is the strengthening of the product.9. 2.4 also ) of of Sheeting having nominal thickness than 254 pm ( 0. rock.9.7. rock. not greater In fabric testing.9 Terms Starting With ‘I’ 2.5 Geosynthetics The generic classification of all synthetic in geotechnical engineering materials used applications.254 mm ). geogrids.9. 2.7. soil. and/or geomembranes in laminated or composite form. structure.3 Impregnated Cloth Cloth which has been dipped in an impregnating bath ( polymer resin ). for increased thereby forming a mattress bearing capacity and maneuverability on loose or compressible subsoils. structure. 2.8.9. 2. soil. 2. used to control fluid migration.8. or machine direction. l(a) 1.2 Heat Seaming The process of joining two or more thermoplastic films of sheets by heating areas in contact with each other to the temperature at which fusion occurs. or any other geotechnical engineering-related material as an integral part of a human-made project. and the use of knowledge materials of the earth’s crust to the solution engineering problems.9 Part 1) : 1992 Filling Yarn running from selvage to selvage at right angles to the warp in an woven fabric. or any other geotechnical engineering-related materia1 as an integral part of human-made project. 4 A test procedure Any permeable textile ( natural or synthetic ) used with foundation. such as film.. 2. 2. .11 Filler Cloth The deprecated term for geotextile. a tension test in which only a part of the width of the specimen is gripped in the clamps. coated or impregnated geotextile. protection against external wear.7. 2.2 Impervious or Water-tight Membrane Flexible continuous product or article.10 Film interpretation. 2. earth. to provide imperviousness usually to water.IS 13321( 2. or system. The process is usually aided by a controlled pressure. ( Usually referred to in hydraulic situations ). earth.6 Geotextile The direction of a geosynthetic which is parallel to its long.7.20.7. earth. rock. watertightness. 2.7. and in certain cases. filmgeotextile complexes.5 Initial Tensile Modulus For geotextiles the ratio of the change in tensile load to a change in strain ( slope ) of the initial portion of a load strain curve [ see A-C in Fig.3 Geogrid A deformed or nondeformed netlike polymeric material used with foundation. 2. In dielectric seaming the heat is induced within films by means of radiofrequency waves. soil.2 Geocomposite A manufactured material using geotextiles. 2.9. manufactured.1 Geocell Thermally bonded by melting the fibres to form weld points.6. 2. and geocomposites.4 Index Test which may contain a known bias but which may be used to establish an order for a set of specimens with respect to the property of interest.7.7 Geotechnics The application of scientific methods and engineering principles to the acquisition. or any other geotechnical engineering-related material as an integral part of the human-made project structure or system.4 Geomembrane An essentially impermeable membrane ( liner or barrier ) used with foundation.6.1 In-plane A threedimensional structure filled with soil. geomembranes.8 Grab Test ( See 2. geogrids.6. 2.
11 Terms Starting With ‘L’ 2.3 Polyamidel( PA ) Linear macromolecule. and used in the laboratory as a source of test specimens. 2. 2.10 Terms Starting With 6K’ 2. A family of copolymers of butadiene and acrylonitrile that can be vulcanized into tough oil-resistant compounds.2 Permittivity a materia1 fabric The maximum tensile force ( in kN ) observed during a test ( E on Fig.11.13. the chain of which is characterized by the repetition of the functional amide group C-C-O-N-H.11. combination of these latter.1 Offset Tensile Modulus For geotextiles the ratio of the change in load per unit width to a change in strain ( slope ) below the proportional limit point and above the tangent point on the load-strain curve.3 Nitrile Rubber based ( i.11. May be either aliphatic or aromatic. the direction the plane of a geotextile. under laminar flow conditions. taken for sampling or statistical examination having one or more common properties and being readily separable from other similar units.13 Terms Starting With ‘N’ 2.2 Neoprene ( Polychloroprene ) Generic name for a synthetic rubber. 2. primarily on chloroprene chlorobutadiene ). Blends with PVC are used where ozone and weathering are important requirements in addition to its inherent oil and fuel resistance. 2. 2. 2.12.1 Knitted Fabric Cloth made of a texile material. or the original material. per unit head. 2.12 Terms Starting With ‘M’ 2. arranged in successive stitches ( the term knit may also be used ).3 Maximum Load 2. in the normal direction through the fabric. 2.4 Polyester ( PES ) Linear macromolecule.IS 13321 ( Part 1 ) : 1992 2. 2. such as a sprayed-on asphalt.1 Laboratory Sample A portion of material taken to represent the lot sample. 2.12.135 Normal Direction For geotextiles.. the vohtmetric flow rate of water per unit cross-section area.13.4 Nun-woven Fabric A cloth obtained by mechanical chemical and/or thermal binding of fibres arranged to form a fabric ( fabrics excluding weaving and knitting.12.1 Mass per Unit Area The proper term to represent and compare to amount of material per unit area ( units are g/m” ). 2. but or a perpendicular to The rate of flow of a liquid through under a differential pressure.2 Machine Direction The direction in the plane of the parallel to the direction of manufacture. with barbed For a geotextile. the chain of which is characterized by at least 85 percent in mass of ester of diol and teraphthalic acid. whether prefabricated as a flexible polymeric sheeting or sprayed or coated in the field.13. 2.13. 2. 2.15.14.2 Lot A unit of production or a group of other units or packages.14 Terms Starting With ‘0’ 2.15. 2.11.4 Lapped Joint A joint made by placing one surface to be joined partly over another surface and bonding the overlapping portions.12. 2.4 Membrane A continuous sheet of material. 5 .3 Laminated Cloth Cloth to which an adhesive film has been attached either by means of heat-sealing or by application of binding agents.13.151 Permeability and/or textile ). The aims of this pretreatment are the strengthening of the product.10. protection against external wear and/ or water-tightness. 2. 1 ).1 Needle Punched MechanicalIy bonded by needling needles. 2.e.15 Terms Starting With ‘P’ 2.6 Nylon Generic name for a family of polyamide polymers characterized by the presence of the amide group C-O-N-H.15.
17. in which one out of every two carbons carries a methyl radical. is capable of tially in shape and size deforming force. 2. shown in Fig. fibres. 1 ( b ).12 Strain at 10.17.2 Seam Strength Strength of a seam measured either in shear or peel modes. rubbers.16. 1 ( b ) ]. the ratio of change in load per unit width to a stated value of strain. 2. 2.5 Specimen A specific portion of a material or laboratory sample upon which a test performed or which is taken for that purpose.18 Terms Starting With ‘T’ 2.7 Polymeric Liner Plastic or rubber sheeting used to line disposal sites. 1 ). Also to the extent to which a material is able to withstand the action of a sharp object without perforation. saturated with aliphatic hydrocarbons.17 Terms Starting With ‘S’ 2. 2.18. 2. 2. non-substitutive.7 Staple Yarn Yarn made from staple 2. 2.2 Rubber A polymeric material temperature. Also called which.15.9 Strain ( See 2. lagoons.10 Strain at Breaking Load The strain from the origia to the strain corresponding load ( AK in Fig. A macromolecular material formed by the chemical combination of monomers having either the same or different chemical composition.11 Strain at Maximum Load The strain from the origin ( A in Fig. 2. 2. 217. ( The 10 percent secant modulus is MN/AN x 100 ). g.17.10 Puncture Resistance The inherent resisting mechanism of the test specimen to the failure by a penetrating or puncturing object.16 Terms Starting With ‘R’ 2.17. ponds.16.17. Refers to natural rubber.6 Staple Short fibres ( cut fibres ) in the range 7-70 mm. 2. Plastics.1 Scrim A woven.17. of the strength of the 2.1 Resin Bonded The joining of fibers at their intersection points by resin in the formation of a nonwoven geotextile or geocomposite.. 2. 2.17.15. 1 ) to the breaking 2.156 Polymer width ) or as a percent materials. 2. open-mesh reinforcing fabric made from continuous-filament yarn. ( A in Fig. Used in the reinforcement of polymeric sheeting.4 Sheeting A form of plastic or rubber in which the thickness is very small in proportion to length and width and in which the polymer compound is present as a continuous phase throughout. ( slope ) between two points on the strain curve. 1 ) 6 2. and without further substitution.. 2. generally in isotactical arrangement.17.IS 13321 ( Part 1 ) : 1992 2.4 also ) The increase in length of a test specimen under tensile load expressed as the percentage increase in length of the initial gauge length. at room recovering substanafter removal of a both synthetic and an elastomer. kN per m of . Strength of the seams is reported either in absolute unit ( e. 2.8 SiifSness Resistance to flexure or torsion. 1 ).17.8 Polyolejine ( PO ) polyethylenes Class of polymer which includes and polypropylenes.17. canals.17. with or without fabric. Elongation The strain from the origin ( A in Fig.15. 1 ) to the strain corresponding to the maximum load ( AJ in Fig.9 Polypropylene ( PP ) Linear macromolecule. and so on. pits. 1) to the strain corresponding to 10% elongation [ point N in Fig.1 Tangent Point For geosynthetics. and textile fibres are all high-molecular-weight polymers.155 Polyethlene ( PE ) with aliphatic Linear macromolecule saturated hydrocarbons.5.15.3 Secant Tensile Modulus For geotextiles. the first point of the load strain curve at which a major decrease in slope occurs ( Point E in Fig.
2. through a unit area. the force acting substantially parallel to the major axis of the test specimen.18. under the conditions of a specified test. Polymers of this type behave similarly to cross-linked rubber.20 Terms Starting With ‘W’ 2. 2. 2. Tapes are produced by slitting films of polymeric material and then stretching to 7 to 9 times its length and stability. The force reauired to either start.19.5 Temperature Stability For a geotextile.10 Tensile Test A test in which a material direction teristics.IS 13321( Part I ) : 1992 2. is substantially above the temperature encountered in waste disposal sites ( 95” C may be too high for SOme TPPs ).11 Tex Mass in grams of 1 000 m of thread.15 Thread Count The number of threads per dm in each direction with the warp mentioned first and the weft second [ e.18.18. the ratio of change in tensile force per unit width ( N/m ) to corresponding change in strain ( slope ). 2.14 Transverse Direction Synonim for cross-machine 218. is stretched in one to determine the load strain charactensile strength and elongation at 2. 2. 2.4 Tearing Strength limited upper-temperature service range which.9 Tensile Strength Is the of Geotextiles Water Vapour Transmission ( WVT) Water vapour flow normal to two parallel surfaces of a material. The maximum tensile stress per unit of original cross-sectional area applied during stretching of a specimen to break. excluding the nodes or crossmembers by which the test specimen is held in the clamps.18.2 Tear Strength The maximum force required to tear a specified specimen. break. measured to +/-3 mm or at least one row of nodes or cross-members.1 Ultraviolet Degradation direction.18.4 Wide Strip Tensile Test for Geotextiles Uniaxial tensile test in which the entire width of a 200 mm wide specimen or at least five complete tensile elements within the width of the test specimen is gripped in the clamps to ensure a gauge length of 100 mm.20. 2.18.2 Unsupported Sheeting structure when A polymeric sheeting consisting of one or more plies without a reinforcing-fabric layer or scrim. however.18.20.3 Tape A flat tape having a high ratio of width to thickness. the percentage change in tensile strength and elongation measured at a to the specified temperature as compared values obtained at the standard conditions of temperature for testing. g. 2.19 Terms Starting With ‘U 2. They have a .18.1 Tensile Modulus For geosynthetics.6 Tenacity The fibre strength expressed as force per unit linear density ( gram force per denier ).20.2 for machine direction. 2. 2.13 Transmissivity For a geotextile. 2.18. the volumetric flow rate per unit thickness under laminar flow conditions. 2. in the in-plane direction of the fabric. 2.8 Tensile Strength The breakdown of polymeric exposed to ultraviolet light.18.18. 2.20.19. 2.18. or continue or propagate-a tear in a fabric under specified conditions. 2.3 Weft Synonym for cross-machine direction.12 Thermoplastic New materials Elastomers ( TPE ) which are being developed and which are probably related to elasticized polyolefins.5 Width For a geotextile.20. 7 characteristic of a sample as distinct from a specimen and is expressed in force per unit width. the cross-direction edge-toedge measurement of a fabric in a relaxed condition on a flat surface.1 Warp Direction Synonym 2. a thread count of 80 x 40 means 80 threads ner dm in the warn and 40 threads per inch in’ the weft direction 1. 2.. This test method uses the test maximum of the tearing force as the tearing strength.18.
and is commonly expressed in joules.6 Work to Break ( W. 2.20. ( 3 ) a number of filaments laid together with more or less twist. (2) a number of filaments laid together without twist ( a zero-twist yarn ). Slit Film The woven fabric produced from slit film. 2. with multifilament with yarns produced . It may comprise ( 1 ) a number of fibres twisted together.IS 13321 ( Part 1) : 1992 2. 2.21 Terms Starting With ‘Y’ 2.20. MultiJilament The woven fabric produced yarns. LF) The total energy required to rupture a specimen in a tensile testing.7 Woven Monofilament The woven fabric produced yarns. or otherwise intertwining to form a textile fabric. 2.9 Woven. work to break is proportional to the area under the load elongation curve from the origin to the break point.8 Woven.2 Yield Point The first point of the load strain curve above the proportional ( linear ) section at which an increase in elongation occurs without a corresponding increase in load [ D in Fig.21.1 Yarn with monofilament A generic term for continuous strands of textile fibres or filaments in a form suitable for knitting. 1 (a) 1. weaving.21.20. For geosynthetics. 2.20. or ( 4 ) a single filament without twist ( a monofilament ).
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