Source: http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1996-20962014000100017&lng=pt&nrm=iso&tlng=en
Timestamp: 2018-06-22 11:11:58
Document Index: 333892842

Matched Legal Cases: ['Art 64', 'art 27', 'Art 26', 'art 62', 'Art 16', 'art 43', 'art 44', 'Arts 6', 'arts 3']

Magnus Killander*; Bright Nkrumah**
The regional African human rights system has witnessed significant developments since the adoption of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (African Charter) in 1981. This article reflects on the human rights developments within the African Union (AU) in 2012 and 201 3. The focus is on the work of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (African Commission), the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights (African Court) and the African Committee on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (African Children's Committee). The article also briefly considers the activities of the African Peer Review Mechanism (ARPM) and the African Union (AU) political organs in relation to human rights.
Highlights during the years in review include the entry into force in 2012 of the AU Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally-Displaced Persons in Africa (Kampala Convention) which provides a normative framework for the protection of internally-displaced persons (IDPs). The year 2012 also marked the 25th anniversary of the establishment of the main regional human rights monitoring body, the African Commission. The year 2013 marked the 10th anniversary of the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (African Women's Protocol) which, by the end of 2013 has been ratified by 36 AU member states. The year 2013 also marked the 50th anniversary of the establishment of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), which was transformed into the AU in 2002.
2 African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights
In its decisions on the African Commission's Activity Reports, the Executive Council has repeatedly called on the AU Commission to 'expedite recruitment for the Secretariat ... to enable the ACHPR effectively deliver on the mandate entrusted to it'.6 The AU approved a staffing structure for the Secretariat in 2009. However, the AU Commission has still not expedited action for the recruitment of staff to the Commission's Secretariat.7 While the financial allocation to the Commission in the AU budget has increased significantly in recent years,8 such that the total budget for the Commission for 2013 was close to US $8,5 million, the Commission has expressed concern that no funds for programme activities as allocated in the AU budget was released to the Commission in 2013.9 The budget for 2014 was reduced to US $4 million as an operational budget (from member states) and US $1,5 million as programme budget (from partners).
The consideration of state reports constitutes one of the key aspects of the African Commission's mandate. The African Charter and the African Women's Protocol oblige all states to submit reports to the Commission every two years on the steps taken to implement the provisions of these instruments.10
In 2012 the Commission considered and adopted concluding observations on the state reports of Angola, Sudan and Côte d'Ivoire,11 and in 2013 on Cameroon, Gabon and Uganda. Consideration of the state reports of Liberia, Mozambique, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (Western Sahara), Malawi, Sierra Leone and Uganda were pending as of the end of 2013. The reports submitted by four countries, Côte d'Ivoire, Liberia, Malawi and Sierra Leone were initial reports, thus bringing down the number of countries which have never submitted a report to the Commission to seven.12 The only state report so far that covers implementation of the African Women's Protocol is the report of Malawi.13
In promoting and protecting women's sexual and health rights, the Commission adopted the Resolution on Involuntary Sterilisation and the Protection of Human Rights in Access to HIV Services.17 It noted that access to the enjoyment of sexual and reproductive health rights of women in Africa was limited due to harmful practices in addition to HIV-related stigma, discrimination and prejudices. It further expressed concern about the various reports of coerced or involuntary sterilisation of women living with HIV. Against this background, the Commission called on states to put in place mechanisms to ensure that women living with HIV are not subjected to pressure or undue inducement by health care providers in order to secure consent for sterilisation.
With the aim of promoting gender equality and improving women's political and socio-economic status, the Resolution on Women's Rights to Land and Productive Resources was adopted.18 In this Resolution, the Commission expressed its concern on how women are still deprived of their right to own property and land, although most states have ratified the African Women's Protocol and other instruments on women's rights. The Commission urged states to repeal discriminatory laws and to abolish harmful social practices that have a negative impact on or limit women's access to the use and control of land.
At its 54th ordinary session in November 2013, the Commission adopted a resolution calling on Kenya to implement the decision of the Commission in the Endorois case, adopted by the Commission in 2009. This followed the oral hearing on implementation held at the Commission's 53rd ordinary session in April 2013 and a workshop held by the Commission's working group on indigenous populations/ communities in Nairobi in September 2013. The resolution was the result of Kenya's failure to submit a road-map for implementation as agreed at the oral hearing in April 2013.20
The AU political organs sometimes request the African Commission to undertake fact-finding missions. Thus, the Commission undertook a fact-finding mission to Algeria in September 2012, investigating the situation in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), as requested by the AU Assembly in January 2012.28 SADR, an AU member state also known as the Western Sahara, is occupied by Morocco. The delegation did not receive any response from the Moroccan authorities in relation to gaining access to the territory and therefore had to limit its visit to Algeria.
The AU Assembly in 2012 called on the African Commission to investigate the 'massive violations of human rights' committed against the Mali military and civilians in Aguel'hoc in January 2012.29 A fact-finding mission was deployed by the Commission from 3 to 7 June 2013 and a report submitted to the Executive Council.30
The Commission in 2011 for the first time decided on the merits in a case concerning the violation of women's rights, Communication 323/06, Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights and Interights v Egypt. The complaint was filed on behalf of four women who were sexually abused during a demonstration in Cairo regarding a referendum on the amendment of the Egyptian Constitution. The complainants claimed that the first victim's clothes were torn, documents seized and her private parts fondled.32 The second, third and fourth victims, all journalists covering the protest, were beaten and sexually harassed by unidentified men and security officers.33 They also alleged that, when the victims lodged their complaints, they received threats to withdraw the case.34 Their complaints were rejected on the basis that the offenders could not be identified.35 The Commission held that the physical, mental and sexual harm inflicted on the victims affected their physical and mental well-being in violation of the right to health.36 The Commission ordered Egypt to conduct an investigation into the violation and to pay adequate compensation to each of the victims.37
At its 10th extraordinary session, the Commission also decided Communication 277/2003, Spilg & Others v Botswana.38 The complaint concerned the death penalty in Botswana, an issue which previously has been considered by the Commission in the Bosch case.39 The complainants alleged that the victim was wrongfully sentenced to death by hanging for the murder of a police officer. Botswana argued that the communication was instituted by non-nationals and, for that reason, the Commission did not have jurisdiction. Botswana further averred that the imposition of the death penalty was reasonable if the crime is of the most serious nature and due process for safeguards is in place.40 In responding to Botswana's first argument, the Commission held that limiting the authorship of communications to citizens is not in line with the African Charter.41 On the merits, the Commission held that, while hanging as a method of execution could constitute a violation of the prohibition on cruel, inhuman or degrading punishment, it had not been shown to constitute such punishment in this case. However, not to inform relatives of the imminent execution constituted a violation of article 5 of the African Charter. The Commission urged Botswana to impose a moratorium on executions with a view to abolishing the death penalty.42
At the session, the Commission also considered the implementation of its decision in Good v Botswana. After the decision was adopted, Botswana, through a diplomatic note, informed the Commission that 'it is not bound by the decision of the Commission'. The Commission called on the Executive Council to take 'appropriate action' against Botswana in its 32nd-33rd Activity Report. The Executive Council did not take any action against Botswana at the meeting at which it adopted the Activity Report. However, in a more recent decision, it has made general calls on states to comply with the decision of the Commission.49
The Commission also decided to refer Communication 381/09, Centre for Minority Rights Development (CEMIRIDE) and Minority Rights Group v Kenya, to the African Court, basing the referral on non-compliance with provisional measures adopted by the Commission in 2009.50
Communication 295/04, Kazingachire & Others v Zimbabwe, was filed by the Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum on behalf of four victims. The complaint relates to allegations of wrongful killings and unfair compensation. The complainants argued that on 10 January 2001, a child who was a passenger in his father's car was mistakenly shot and killed by four policemen. The second victim, a motor mechanic, was wrongfully arrested and shot in the head at point blank range by police officers. The third victim, a student, while travelling by train, was assaulted and strangled to death by army officers due to his political affiliation. The complainants further submitted that the fourth victim was beaten to death by police officers during a student riot. The African Commission held that Zimbabwe's accountability system for excessive use of force by law enforcement officers was inadequate and violated the African Charter.51 The Commission further held that Zimbabwe had failed to provide remedies and had thus violated articles 1 and 4 of the African Charter.52 The Commission requested Zimbabwe to pay compensatory damages to the next of kin and legal heirs of the four deceased persons.
Communication 301/05, Gabre-Selassie and IHRDA v Ethiopia, was submitted on behalf of former officials of the Mengistu (Dergue) regime. The former officials alleged that they had been arbitrarily detained since 1991. Ethiopia was found to have violated the right to an impartial hearing, trial within a reasonable time and the presumption of innocence. The Commission accordingly ordered Ethiopia to pay adequate compensation to the victims.53
Communication 285/2004, Watumbulwa v Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Communication 289/2004, Koné & Another v Cöte d'Ivoire, were struck from the list due to a lack of interest on the part of the complainants. Four other communications, two against Sudan, one against Kenya and Sudan and one against Mozambique, were also struck from the list but had as of February 2014 not been published by the Commission.
The Commission was seized of cases against Cameroon, Egypt, Nigeria and Rwanda. The Commission referred Communication 411/ 12, Gaddafi v Libya, on which it had previously ordered provisional measures, to the African Court.
A case against Egypt was deferred pending the adoption of a new constitution.65 Four cases were struck from the list due to a lack of diligent prosecution by the complainants.66
During the session, the African Commission seized eight communications,67 rejected the seizure of one,68 conducted oral hearings on the merits of one case69 and on the implementation of the Endorois case decided by the Commission in 20 09.70 Two cases were considered on the merits.71 Communication 335/07, Dabalorivhuwa Patriotic Front v South Africa, concerned discrimination and a violation of the labour rights of the Vhavenda people.72 The Commission held that article 2 of the African Charter permitted different treatment of people equally placed if such treatment is aimed at achieving a legitimate and an objective purpose.73 For this reason, the Commission concurred with the state that the different treatment was based solely on a financial decision made by the complainants and not on grounds prohibited by the Charter.74 The communication was therefore dismissed. The decision on Communication 302/05, Mamboleo v Democratic Republic of Congo, had as of February 2014 not been published by the Commission.
The African Commission seized five communications,75 declared six admissible76 and one inadmissible,77 and decided two communications on the merits.78 These decisions had as of February 2014 not been published. It is noticeable that Communication 259/ 02, Groupe de Travail sur les dossiers judiciaires stratégiques v DRC, was submitted in 2002 and that it thus took more than a decade to reach a decision on the merits of the case.
The Commission rejected a request for the reconsideration of its decision on Communication 331/06, Kamanakao Association and Others v Botswana. The communication, submitted on behalf of minorities in Botswana, called for a review of the Commission's inadmissibility decision which was based on non-exhaustion of local remedies. The complainants argued that they did not approach the Court of Appeal since it was obvious that they were bound to fail based on a judgment of the same court. The Commission held that this did 'not constitute new evidence within the meaning adopted by the Commission'.79 The Commission also considered a request for review in Communication 375/09, Echaria v Kenya, which had been declared inadmissible in 2011 for failure of submission of the case to the Commission within a reasonable time of exhaustion of local remedies.
Communication 280/03, Phutuka v DRC, was declared inadmissible after more than a decade on the Commission's roll. The Commission held an oral hearing on Communication 383/10, Al-Assad v Djibouti, and discussed follow-up on the implementation of the Commission's 2011 decision in Communication 323/06, Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights and Interights v Egypt.85
3 African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights
The Court made its first order for provisional measures in 2011 in a case submitted by the African Commission against Libya.93 The substantive case was struck from the roll by the Court in 2013 as the Court did not receive the submissions it requested from the Commission.94
Another order for provisional measures was given by the Court in application 002/2013, African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights v Libya. The case deals with the detention of Saif al Islam Gaddafi (son of late Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi). The Court held that, in view of the failure of Libya to respond to the provisional measures of the African Commission and in light of the right to a fair trial, Libya should refrain from all investigations and judicial proceedings which could cause irreparable damage to the detainee.95 After Libya refused to comply with the order of provisional measures, the Court requested the AU Assembly to call upon Libya to comply with the orders of the Court or take 'other measures as it deems appropriate'.96 As of the end of 2013, the Court had not yet ruled on the admissibility and merits of the case.
The Court also ordered provisional measures in application 006/ 2012, African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights v Kenya. The case deals with the eviction of an indigenous community from a forested area in Kenya and had been pending before the African Commission since 2009 when the Commission also issued provisional measures. The Court issued provisional measures in relation to transactions of land within the forest.97 As at the end of 2013, the Court had not yet ruled on the admissibility and merits of the case.
The Court has issued provisional measures in one case submitted by an individual applicant under article 34(6). In application 004/2013, Konaté v Burkina Faso, the editor-in-chief of a newspaper was sentenced to one year imprisonment and a fine for libel. The Court held, by majority, that to order Mr Konaté's immediate release would prejudge the merits of the case. The Court therefore only ordered provisional measures in relation to access to health care and medication as required.98
A request for an advisory opinion by the Socio-Economic Rights and Accountability Project (SERAP) was determined by the Court to fall outside the scope of the African Charter and struck off the list.99 SERAP has resubmitted an application for an advisory opinion and one of the issues before the Court is whether an NGO has standing to request an advisory opinion from the Court. A request for an advisory opinion submitted by Mali in relation to the status of prisoners in Mali incarcerated following judgments by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda was withdrawn by Mali and struck from the list.100
The 11-member African Committee on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (African Children's Committee) serves as the monitoring body of the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (African Children's Charter). Four new members were elected in May 2013 to serve for a five-year term: Sidikou Aissatou Alassane Moulaye (Niger); Suzanne Aho-Assouma (Togo); Joseph Ndayisenga (Burundi); and Azza Ashmawy (Egypt).
The African Children's Committee dedicated its 19th ordinary session in March 2012 to harmful traditional practices affecting children and also discussed the situation of disabled children. At its 21st session, the Committee adopted its Work Plan for 2012-2013. In the Plan, the Committee indicated its intention to develop general comments based on thematic issues such as 'Children of Imprisoned Mothers'. At its 22nd session, the Committee adopted a joint working plan with the AU Peace and Security Council (PSC) aimed at promoting the rights of children during armed conflicts.101 The plan was adopted pursuant to the Decision of the Executive Council at its 21st session, where the PSC and the Committee were requested to hold institutionalised consultations directed at adopting mechanisms and initiatives to promote and protect the rights of the child in armed conflict.102
The African Children's Committee is mandated by the African Children's Charter to examine state reports.103 These reports have to be submitted initially two years after the entry into force of the Charter for the state, and thereafter every three years. The state report has to set out the degree to which the provisions of the Charter are being implemented. It also has to set out the constraints or challenges affecting the fulfilment of the obligation as preserved in the Charter. The Children's Committee considered its first set of state reports in 2008 and, as of the end of 2013, of the 47 states which have ratified the Children's Charter, only 22 had submitted their initial reports.104 The initial reports of Cameroon, Niger and Senegal were considered at its 21st ordinary session.105 The Committee has issued concluding observations on all state reports except Senegal and Sudan due to additional information to be submitted by these states.
The African Children's Charter mandates the African Children's Committee to receive and examine communications. Akin to the jurisprudence and case law of the African Commission, the Committee's guidelines allow not only victims but other interested persons to submit a communication on behalf of the victim(s). However, according to the Guidelines for Communication, the author should be able to demonstrate that he or she is acting in the best interests of the child.106
The Children's Committee adopted its first merits decision in March 2011 in a case brought against Kenya. The case dealt with the denial of Kenyan nationality to children of Nubian descent. The Commission found Kenya in multiple violations of the African Children's Charter.107 The Committee gave Kenya six months within which to report on the implementation of the recommendations. A delegation of the Committee led by its Chairperson conducted a fact-finding mission to Kenya in February 2013 to assess the government's response to its recommendations.108
Not much has been done to implement the 2010 resolution adopted by the African Commission on closer collaboration between the Commission and the APRM process.112 A former commissioner, Julienne Ondziel Gnelenga, was on the APRM Panel of Eminent Persons until her term expired in January 2014.113
At the July 2012 summit, six new AU commissioners were elected. Aisha Abdullahi from Nigeria is the new Commissioner for Political Affairs, under which all the regional human rights bodies fall, except the African Children's Committee, which falls under the Department for Social Affairs. The new Commissioner for Social Affairs is Mustapha Kaloko from Sierra Leone.114
The draft Protocol establishes jurisdiction not only for genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes, but also other crimes such as corruption and - most controversially among states - unconstitutional changes of government. In July 2012 the Executive Council requested the AU Commission, in collaboration with the AU Commission on International Law and the African Court, to come up with a definition of unconstitutional changes of government for the Protocol.117 After receiving the report from the AU Commission, the Executive Council in January 2013 requested the African Commission in collaboration with the Peace and Security Council to look at the issue of legitimacy of popular uprisings in the context of unconstitutional changes of government and to consider the 'structural and financial implications' of giving the African Court criminal jurisdiction.118
At the July 2012 session, the Executive Council approved an AU model national law on universal jurisdiction over international crimes and encouraged member states to 'strengthen their national legislations on the prosecution of those accused of international crimes'.119
** BA (Hons) (Ghana), MPhil (Multidisciplinary Human Rights) (Pretoria); bright.nkrumahup@gmail.com
1 Assembly/AU/Dec.483.(XXI).
2 Eg, Inter-American Commission on Human Rights: 3 out of 7 commissioners http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/mandate/composition.asp;Human Rights Committee: 4 out of 18 members http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/CCPR/Pages/Membership.aspx; Committee against Torture: 2 out of 10 members http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/CAT/Pages/ Membership.aspx; UN Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: 7 out of 18 members http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/CRPD/Pages/Membership.aspx (accessed 3 April 2014).
3 Final Communiqué of the 54th ordinary session of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, para 16.
4 F Viljoen International human rights law in Africa (2012) 290.
5 11th extraordinary session, Banjul, The Gambia, 21 February to 1 March 2012; 51st ordinary session, Banjul, The Gambia, 18 April to 2 May 2012; 12th extraordinary session, Algiers, Algeria, 30 July to 4 August 2012; 52nd ordinary session, Yamoussoukro, Cöte d'Ivoire, 9-22 October 2012; 13th extraordinary session 18-25 February 2013; 53rd ordinary session, Banjul, The Gambia, 9-22 April 2013; 14th extraordinary session, Nairobi, Kenya, 20-24 July 2013; 54th ordinary session, Banjul, The Gambia, 22 October to 5 November 2013. See http://www.achpr.org/sessions (accessed 3 April 2014).
6 See eg Decision on the 34th Activity Report of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights Doc EX.CL/796(XXIII) para 8.
7 35th Activity Report of the African Commission para 30.
8 M Killander & A Abebe 'Human rights developments in the African Union during 2010 and 2011' (2012) 12 African Human Rights Law Journal 201.
9 35th Activity Report of the African Commission para 31.
10 Art 64 African Charter; art 27(1) African Women's Protocol.
11 http://www.achpr.org/sessions/51st/info/communique51/ (accessed 3 April 2014).
12 Comoros, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Guinea-Bissau, Sao Tomé and Principe and Somalia. The African Commission does not yet view South Sudan as being bound by the African Charter. 35th Activity Report of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights para 17.
13 Art 26 of the African Women's Protocol obliges all state parties to 'indicate the legislative and other measures undertaken for the realisation of the rights' of women when submitting their periodic reports in accordance with art 62 of the African Charter. Although other state parties to the Protocol have failed to comply with this provision, Malawi in its 1995-2013 periodic report dedicated 45 pages to the Protocol. See Malawi (1995-2013) 'Report to the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights' http://www.achpr.org/files/sessions/55th/state-reports/1-19952013/initial_report_combined_1995_2013_eng.pdf (accessed 1 April 2014).
14 Adopted at the 52nd ordinary session, October 2012.
15 Adopted at the 53rd ordinary session, April 2013.
17 Adopted at the 54th ordinary session, November 2013.
20 Resolution Calling on the Republic of Kenya to Implement the Endorois Decision, adopted at the 54th ordinary session, November 2013.
21 See eg African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, Report of the Joint Human Rights Promotion Mission to the Republic of Chad, 11-19 March 2013, http://www.achpr.org/files/sessions/54th/mission-reports/chad-promo-2014/misrep_promo_chad_2013_eng.pdf (accessed 3 April 2014).
22 http://www.achpr.org/states/mauritania/missions/promotion_mission-2012/ (accessed 3 April 2014).
23 http://www.achpr.org/states/central-african-republic/missions/promo-2012/ (accessed 3 April 2014).
24 http://www.achpr.org/states/togo/missions/promo-2012/ (accessed 3 April 2014).
25 http://www.achpr.org/states/lesotho/missions/promo-2012/ (accessed 3 April 2014).
26 http://www.achpr.org/states/cameroon/missions/cameroon-promo-2012/ (accessed 3 April 2014).
27 http://www.achpr.org/states/chad/missions/chad-promo-2014/ (accessed 3 April 2014).
28 Report of the fact-finding mission to the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, 24-28 September 2012, http://www.achpr.org/states/sahrawi-arab-democratic-republic/missions/promotion_mission-2012/ (accessed 3 April 2014).
29 For a discussion of the situation, see B Nkrumah & F Viljoen 'Lessons from ECOWAS for the implementation of article 4(h)' in D Kuwali & F Viljoen (eds) Africa and the responsibility to protect: Article 4(h) of the African Union Constitutive Act (201 3) 261.
30 35th Activity Report para 32.
31 These cases are covered here as they had not been published at the time of the previous overview of the case law of the Commission. See Killander & Abebe (n 9 above) 199.
32 Para 6.
33 Para 11.
34 Para 20.
35 Paras 22 & 49.
36 Art 16 African Charter; para 259.
37 Para 275.
38 http://www.achpr.org/files/sessions/10th-eo/comunications/277_._03/achpreos10_277_03_eng.pdf (accessed 3 April 2014).
39 Interights & Others (on behalf of Bosch) v Botswana (2003) AHRLR 55 (ACHPR 2003).
40 Para 138.
41 Para 84.
42 Para 206.
43 This case has not been published by the Commission on its website but is included in the African Human Rights case law analyser, http://caselaw.ihrda.org/doc/288.04/ (accessed 3 March 2014). [ Links ]
44 Para 194.
45 Para 3.
46 Para 39.
47 Para 78.
48 http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71656?oid=351130&sn=Detail&pid=71656 (accessed 3 April 2014). [ Links ]
49 See EX.CL/Dec.804(XXIV).
50 See Application 006/2012, African Commission v Kenya.
51 Para 49.
52 Para 68.
53 Para 240.
54 Para 137.
55 Para 140.
56 Para 207.
57 427/12, SERAP v Nigeria; 428/12, Isaak v Eritrea; 429/12, The Ngambela of Barotseland & Others v Zambia; 430/12, Shumba & Others v Zimbabwe; 431/12, Kwayelo v Uganda; 432/12, Ngoge v Kenya; 433/12, Bialufu Ngandu Albert v Democratic Republic of the Congo; 434/1 2, Filimao Pedro Tivane v Mozambique; 435/12, Asemie v Lesotho; 436/12, Union Nationale v Gabon; 437/12, Ngoge v Kenya; 438/12, Peter Odiwuor Ngoge v Kenya.
58 MT Kamminga 'State succession in respect of human rights treaties' (1996) 7 European journal of International Law 481-482.
59 'NGOs urge South Sudan to ratify African Charter' 15 April 2014, http://talkofsudan.com/ngos-urge-south-sudan-to-ratify-african-charter/ (accessed 29 April 2014). See also http://www.radiomiraya.org/news-202/south-sudan/12299-parliament-ratifies-african-charter-on-rights,-workers-bill.html#gsc.tab=0 (accessed 3 March 2014). [ Links ]
60 339/07, Okiring and Aguipo v Uganda; 387/2010, Yamgnane v Togo.
61 386/10, Redress v Sudan.
62 270/03, Access to justice v Nigeria.
63 Para 67.
64 Para 77.
65 355/08, Ezzat and Enayet v Egypt.
66 290/04, Open Society justice Initiative v Cameroon; 336/07, Aftrademop and Global Welfare v Cameroon; 321/06, Law Society of Zimbabwe v Zimbabwe; 407/11, Margayan and Sargsyan v Kenya.
67 439/12, Ngoge v Kenya; 441/12, Ngoge v Kenya; 442/12, Ngoge v Kenya; 443/13, Issa v Sudan; 421/12, Khadafi v Libya; 447/1 3, Oun v Libya; 448/1 3, Daou v Libya; 449/1 3, Khadafi v Libya.
68 440/12, Ngoge v Kenya.
69 385/10, ICj-Kenya v Kenya.
70 Centre for Minority Rights Development and Minority Rights Group (on behalf of Endorois Welfare Council) v Kenya.
71 302/05, Mamboleo v Democratic Republic of Congo; 335/07, Dabalorivhuwa Patriotic Front v South Africa.
72 Para 2.
73 Para 117.
74 Para 119.
75 444/1 3, Masuku v Swaziland; 445/1 3, Human Rights Council & Others v Ethiopia; 446/13, Williams & Others v Zimbabwe; 451/13-452/13, Obi & Others v Nigeria; 452/1 3, Askouri and Nasr v Sudan.
76 426/12, Uwimana-Nkusi and Mukakibibi v Rwanda; 419/12, The indigenous peoples of the lower Omo v Ethiopia; 389/10, Mbiankeu v Cameroon; 392/10, Muhayeyezu v Rwanda; 408/11, Ushiye v DRC; 370/09, Social and Economic Rights Action Centre v Nigeria.
77 41 3/12, Mendes v Angola.
78 259/02, Groupe de Travail sur les dossiers judiciaires stratégiques v DRC; 320/06, Mamboundou v Gabon.
79 Para 17.
80 453/13 Rasolovoahangy v Madagascar; 454/13, Ningo v Cameroon; 455/13, Mohamed v Ethiopia; 456/13, Uko v South Africa; 458/13, Ngoge v Kenya; 459/13, Hurman v Mauritius.
81 457/13, Mwandi v DRC.
82 354/07, Al-Shatir & Others v Egypt; 398/11, IHRDA and Congolese Human Rights Observatory v Congo; 401/11, Abdallah v Sudan; 424/12, Mahmoud and Abdel-Rahman v Egypt.
83 274/03 & 282/03, Interights & Others v DRC; 328/06, Front for the Liberation of the State of Cabinda v Angola; 368/09, Radi & Others v Sudan; 409/12, Tembani and Freeth v Zimbabwe & 13 Others.
84 W Spies & B Freeth 'ACHPR unable to intervene over SADC Tribunal - AfriForum' http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/twitter.com/page71654?oid=559617&sn=Detail&pid=71654 (accessed 23 March 2014).
85 The African Commission's decision in the case is discussed above under the December 2011 session.
86 Assembly/AU/ /Dec.416-449(XIX) 40.
87 Decision on the election of one judge of the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights, EX.CL/Dec.763(XXII).
88 http://www.fhr.org.za/latest_news/fhrs-preferred-candidate-justice-bernard-ngoepe-both-vice-pr/ (accessed 3 April 2014).
89 African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights 'Cases and decisions' http://www.african-court.org/en/index.php/2012-03-04-06-06-00/all-cases-and-decisions (accessed 3 April 2014).
90 001/2011, Femi Falana v African Union, judgment of 26 June 2012.
91 001 /2013, Mtingwi v Malawi, judgment of 15 March 2013.
92 009 & 011/2011 Tanganyika Law Society and The Legal and Human Rights Centre and Reverend Christopher Mtikila v Tanzania, judgment of 4 June 2012.
93 See Killander & Abebe (n 9 above) 215.
94 004/2011, African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights v Libya, order of 15 March 2013.
95 002/2013, African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights v Libya, order of provisional measures, 15 March 2013, para 18.
96 http://www.africancourt.org/en/images/documents/Reports/AFCHPR_Interim_Report__Non_compliance_by_a_State__-_Libya.pdf (accessed 10 March 2014) 3.
97 006/2012, African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights v Kenya, order of provisional measures, 15 March 2013.
98 Provisional measures order, 4 October 2013.
99 Request for advisory opinion 001/2012 by Socio-Economic Rights & Accountability Project, order of 15 March 2013.
100 Demande d'avis consultative 001/2011 par la République du Mali, ordonnance, 30 March 2012.
101 Draft Programme of Work, http://acerwc.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Program-of-Work-22nd-ACERWC-Session-2013-English.pdf 2 (accessed 10 March 2014).
102 K Ngankam 'Press statement of the 420th meeting of the PSC on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (ACERWC)' http://acerwc.org/ (accessed 10 March 2014).
103 See art 43 of the African Children's Charter.
104 http://acerwc.org/member-states/state-reports/initial-reports/ (accessed 10 March 2014).
105 EX.CL/744 (XXI).
106 See ch 2(1)(2) of the Guidelines for the Consideration of Communications provided for under art 44 of the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, ACERWC/8/4.
107 Arts 6(2), (3) & (4); arts 3, 14(2), (b), (c) & (g) & 11 (3) African Children's Charter.
108 D Rachuonyo 'Nubians in Kenya: A people denied' http://thinkafricapress.com/kenya/people-denied-nubians-kibera (accessed 10 March 2014).
109 Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Mali, Mauritius, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tomé and Principe, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia.
110 Communiqué issued at the end of the 18th summit of the Committee of Heads of State and Government participating in the African Peer Review Mechanism (APR Forum) http://aprm-au.org/sites/default/files/18TH%20APR%20FORUM%20-%20COMMUNIQUE_1.pdf (accessed 10 March 2014).
111 African Peer Review Mechanism, The United Republic of Tanzania, country review report 17, January 2013, http://aprmtoolkit.saiia.org.za/tanzania (accessed 10 March 2014).
112 See Killander & Abebe (n 9 above).
113 Communiqué issued at the end of the 20th summit of the Committee of Heads of State and Government participating in the African Peer Review Mechanism (APR Forum) para 29.
114 Decision on the election of the commissioners of the African Union, EX.CL/ Dec.725XXI).
115 On the proposed Protocol, see J Biegon & M Killander 'Human rights developments in the African Union during 2009' (2010) 10 African Human Rights Law Journal 212 231; Killander & Abebe (n 9 above) 221.
116 See Exp/Min/IV/Rev.7.
117 Decision on the Protocol on amendments to the Protocol on the Statute of the African Court of Justice and Human Rights, Doc EX.CL/741(XXI)a, EX.CL/Dec 706(XXI).
118 Decision on the Draft Protocol on the Amendments to the Protocol on the Statute of the African Court of Justice and Human Rights, EX.CL/Dec.766(XXII).
119 Decision on the African Union model national law on universal jurisdiction over international crimes, Doc EX.CL/731(XXI)c, EX.CL/Dec.708(XXI).