Source: https://www.scribd.com/doc/43174261/Chapter-08-Flight-Manuals
Timestamp: 2018-05-27 01:42:56
Document Index: 709341353

Matched Legal Cases: ['art 91', 'art 21', 'art 91', 'arts 21', 'art 43', 'art 91', 'art 91', 'art 91', 'art 91', 'art 91', 'art 91', 'art 91', 'art 43', 'art 91', 'art 91', 'art 43', 'art 43', 'art 65', 'art 39', 'art 91', 'art 121', 'art 43', 'art 43', 'art 91']

Chapter 08 -Flight Manuals | Stall (Fluid Mechanics) | Federal Aviation Administration
Chapter 08 -Flight Manuals
Uploaded by princegodnil
Flight Manuals and
Each aircraft comes with documentation and a set of manuals
with which a pilot must be familiar in order to ﬂy that aircraft.
This chapter covers airplane ﬂight manuals (AFM), the
pilot’s operating handbook (POH), and aircraft documents
pertaining to ownership, airworthiness, maintenance, and
operations with inoperative equipment. Knowledge of these
required documents and manuals is essential for a pilot to
conduct a safe ﬂight.
Flight manuals and operating handbooks are concise reference
books that provide speciﬁc information about a particular
aircraft or subject. They contain basic facts, information,
and/or instructions for the pilot about the operation of an
aircraft, ﬂying techniques, etc., and are intended to be kept
at hand for ready reference.
If a manual does not indicate a speciﬁc aircraft registration and serial number. diameter of the rotor system. weight and loading distribution. a statement must be included on the title page indicating that sections of the document are FAA approved as the AFM. propeller ground clearance. each section also contains a table of contents for that section. and Maintenance. Limitations. Performance. which identiﬁes the order of the entire manual by section number and title. The typical AFM/POH contains the following nine sections: General. and cannot be substituted for the AFM/POH. and placards. overall length. An AFM contains the operating procedures and limitations of that aircraft. 1 prepared by the General Aviation Manufacturers Association (GAMA). Airspeed Airspeed limitations are shown on the airspeed indicator (ASI) by color coding and on placards or graphs in the aircraft. General (Section 1) The General section provides the basic descriptive information on the airframe and powerplant(s). At the option of the manufacturer. Originally. The POH is a document developed by the aircraft manufacturer and contains FAA approved AFM information. 1 established a standardized format for all general aviation airplane and helicopter ﬂight manuals. 2-1. 3-1. Systems Description. This is called the never-exceed speed (VNE). abbreviations. The manual is not pproved by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and is not speciﬁc to an individual aircraft. Manufacturers also have the option of including additional sections. . such as the equipment installed and weight and balance information. minimum turning radius. A yellow arc indicates the speed range between maximum structural cruising speed (VNO) and VNE. main landing gear track width. explanations of symbology. each manual is unique and contains speciﬁc information about a particular aircraft. The POH for most light aircraft built after 1975 is also designated as the FAA-approved ﬂight manual. metric and other conversion tables may also be included. Preliminary Pages While the AFM/POH may appear similar for the same make and model of aircraft. For airplanes the ﬂap operating range is depicted by the white arc. Some manuals include a three-dimensional drawing of the aircraft that provides dimensions of various components. color-coding. A pilot must comply with this information which is speciﬁc to a particular make and model aircraft. 1-2. The manual provides general information about the operation of an aircraft. wheelbase length. and wing area. etc. Service. This book contains the information and instructions required to operate an aircraft safely. The last segment of the General section contains deﬁnitions. If the manual is published in loose-leaf form. If “POH” is used in the main title. and then only with caution. and the lower end at the stalling speed with the landing gear and ﬂaps in the landing conﬁguration (VSO). Normal Procedures. such as one on Safety and Operational Tips or an alphabetical index at the end of the POH. ﬂight manuals followed whatever format and content the manufacturer felt was appropriate. Manufacturers are required to include the serial number and registration on the title page to identify the aircraft to which the manual belongs. and Supplements. Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 91 requires that pilots comply with the operating limitations speciﬁed in the approved ﬂight manuals. or both. Usually. systems. Speciﬁcation No. each section is usually marked with a divider tab indicating the section number or title. and ﬂight. Page numbers reﬂect the section and page within that section (1-1. This section serves as a quick reference and helps a pilot become familiar with the aircraft. maximum propeller diameter. and some of the terminology used in the POH. but this changed with the acceptance of Speciﬁcation No. 8-2 Most manufacturers include a table of contents. Limitations (Section 2) The Limitations section contains only those limitations required by regulation or that are necessary for the safe operation of the aircraft. is not kept current. Included are such items as wingspan. Handling. it is limited to general study purposes only. [Figure 8-1] A red line on the ASI shows the airspeed limit beyond which structural damage could occur. Operation of an airplane in the yellow airspeed arc is for smooth air only.The aircraft owner/information manual is a document developed by the manufacturer and contains general information about the make and model of aircraft.). and basic placards. It includes operating limitations. and the lower end at stalling speed at maximum weight with the landing gear and ﬂaps retracted (VS1). Weight and Balance/Equipment List. The Emergency Procedures section may have a red tab for quick identiﬁcation and reference. powerplant. instrument markings. with the upper end at VNO. A green arc depicts the normal operating speed range. usually by serial number. with the upper end at the maximum ﬂap extended speed (VFE). and equipment. An AFM is a document developed by the manufacturer and approved by the FAA. powerplant. Some of the limitation areas are: airspeed. markings. maximum height. Emergency Procedures.
In addition to the markings listed above. Other items that can be included in this area are the minimum and maximum oil and fuel pressures. Manifold pressure gauge (top) and tachometer (bottom). The location of the reference datum used in balance computations is included in this section. but rather in the weight and balance section of the AFM/POH. A blue radial line is used to indicate single-engine best rate of climb speed at maximum weight at sea level (VYSE). and normal operating range markings on oil gauge. 140 TAS 25 100 120 20 45 50 Engine rpm is indicated on the tachometer The Powerplant Limitations portion describes operating limitations on an aircraft’s reciprocating or turbine engine(s). Multi-engine airpseed indicator. [Figure 8-4] Some instruments may have a yellow arc to indicate a caution area. [Figure 8-3] All reciprocating-engine powered aircraft must have a revolutions per minute (rpm) indicator for each engine. These include limitations for takeoff power. Both instruments depict the maximum operating limit with 40 IN Hg ALg . which is the maximum power the engine can produce without any restrictions and is depicted by a green arc. Single-engine airpseed indicator. and maximum normal operating power. maximum continuous power. 10 Powerplant 35 MANIFOLD PRESSURE PR 15 Figure 8-2. Figure 8-1. 8-3 . 30 I5 I0 5 3 20 RPM HUNDREDS 25 I I0 HOURS AVOID CONTINUOUS OPERATION BETWEEN 2250 AND 2350 RPM 30 35 Figure 8-4. as well as the center of gravity (CG) range. and propeller operating limits. oil and fuel grades. Minimum. Weight and balance computations are not provided in this area. small multi-engine airplanes will have a red radial line to indicate single-engine minimum controllable airspeed (VMC).Oil Gauge Single-Engine Airspeed Indicator Maximum 245 II5 I00 P P R 60 S E T 200 E °F M I50 P I00 75 I 20 S Normal operating range S OIL 0 Minimum Figure 8-3. Manifold Pressure Gauge 60 80 200 160 140 200 40 AIRSPEED IRS KNOTS KNO a red radial line and the normal operating range with a green arc. Aircraft equipped with a constant-speed propeller or rotor system use a manifold pressure gauge to monitor power output and a tachometer to monitor propeller or rotor speed. [Figure 8-2] Multiengine Airspeed Indicator IAS 260 180 160 25 0 Weight and Loading Distribution Weight and Loading Distribution contains the maximum certiﬁcated weights. maximum.
Placards Most aircraft display one or more placards that contain information having a direct bearing on the safe operation of the aircraft. Aircraft Performance. Handling. and landing performance. To be prepared for emergency situations. engine. and Maintenance (Section 8) The Handling. and data for determining takeoff and climb performance.Flight Limits Flight Limits list authorized maneuvers with appropriate entry speeds. before landing. starting engine. refer to the appropriate checklist. always use the appropriate checklists when available. refer to Chapter 6. and any additional performance information the manufacturer deems important to pilot ability to safely operate the aircraft. but all contain the same basic information. before taxiing. stall speeds in various conﬁgurations. and post ﬂight procedures. Manufacturers may first show an emergency checklist in an abbreviated form. Some of the emergencies covered include: engine failure. To avoid missing important steps. Manufacturers include sample weight and balance problems. The procedures for inflight engine restarting and ditching may also be included. . and graphs vary in style. memorize the immediate action items and. Service. It also indicates those maneuvers that are prohibited. Performance (Section 5) The Performance section contains all the information required by the aircraft certiﬁcation regulations. after completion. For example. ﬁre. Examples of the performance information found in most ﬂight manuals include a graph or table for converting calibrated airspeed to true airspeed. [Figure 8-5] recommended procedures for handling malfunctions that are not considered emergencies. taxiing. propeller. and tables. For more information on aircraft systems. Consistent adherence to approved checklists is a sign of a disciplined and competent pilot. as well as operational limitations such as ﬂight into known icing conditions. An Ampliﬁed Procedures area follows the checklists to provide more detailed information about the various previously mentioned procedures. climb. before takeoff. Figure 8-6 is an example of a typical performance graph. Emergency Procedures (Section 3) Checklists describing the recommended procedures and airspeeds for coping with various types of emergencies or critical situations are located in the Emergency Procedures section. Weight and Balance. cruise performance. and Maintenance section describes the maintenance and inspections recommended by the manufacturer (and the regulations). graphs. a manufacturer might assume an experienced pilot will be reading the information for an advanced aircraft. These placards are located in conspicuous places and are reproduced in the Limitations section or as directed by an Airworthiness Directive (AD). such as spins or acrobatic ﬂight. with the order of items reﬂecting the sequence of action. The next area consists of several checklists that may include preﬂight inspection. cruise. balked landing. tables. Performance charts. Systems Description (Section 7) This section describes the aircraft systems in a manner appropriate to the pilot most likely to operate the aircraft. ﬂight load factor limits. Weight and balance is discussed in greater detail in Chapter 9. after landing. Ampliﬁed checklists that provide additional information on the procedures follow the abbreviated checklist.” This subsection describes 8-4 Weight and Balance/Equipment List (Section 6) The Weight and Balance/Equipment List section contains all the information required by the FAA to calculate the weight and balance of an aircraft. before starting procedures. or components. Normal Procedures (Section 4) This section begins with a list of the airspeeds for normal operations. Additional maintenance or inspections may be required by the issuance of AD applicable to the airframe. refer to Chapter 10. Placards are used to depict aircraft limitations. Aircraft Systems. and kinds of operation limits. For more information on use of the charts. Manufacturers may include an optional subsection titled “Abnormal Procedures. Figure 8-5. and system failure. descent. Service.
This section also describes preventive maintenance that may be accomplished by certiﬁcated pilots. indicated: 44 knots 70 Indicated stall speed 0° Flaps 0° Flaps 50 40 40° Flaps 40° Flaps 2.800 1.000 1. 8-5 . Some of this information may be supplied by the aircraft manufacturer or by the manufacturer of the optional equipment. navigation systems.440 (pounds) 60 30 0° Gross weight (pounds) 20° 40° 60° Angle of bank (degrees) Figure 8-6. and general storage procedures for the aircraft. [Figure 8-7] Safety Tips (Section 10) The Safety Tips section is an optional section containing a review of information that enhances the safe operation of the aircraft. general weather information. Autopilots.600 Stall speed (knots) Maximum weight . fuel conservation procedures. physiological factors.2. as well as the manufacturer’s recommended ground handling procedures. Supplements (Section 9) The Supplements section contains information necessary to safely and efﬁciently operate the aircraft when equipped with optional systems and equipment (not provided with the standard aircraft). Stall speed chart. The appropriate information is inserted into the ﬂight manual at the time the equipment is installed.200 2. It includes considerations for hangaring. For example. and air-conditioning systems are examples of equipment described in this section. Supplements provide information on optional equipment. high altitude operations.170 pounds Angle of bank: 20° Flap position: 40° Stall speed.EXAMPLE Stall Speed Calibrated stall speed Gross weight: 2. or cold weather operations might be discussed. tie-down. Figure 8-7.400 2.
the pink copy of the application for an Aircraft Registration Application. • The aircraft’s registration is canceled upon written request of the certiﬁcate holder. Since the aircraft is . and mailing it to: FAA Aircraft Registration Branch. The dealer must remove the certiﬁcate when the aircraft is sold.Aircraft Documents Certiﬁcate of Aircraft Registration Before an aircraft can be ﬂown legally.41. Box 25504 Oklahoma City. Upon complying with 14 CFR section 47.41 occurs.31. When one of the events listed in 14 CFR section 47. • The certificate holder loses United States citizenship. Aeronautical Center (AC) Form 8050-1. the previous owner must notify the FAA by ﬁlling in the back of the Certiﬁcate of Aircraft Registration. [Figure 8-8] The Certiﬁcate of Aircraft Registration cannot be used for operations when: • The aircraft is registered under the laws of a foreign country. see 14 CFR section 47. AC Form 8050-3. • The ownership of the aircraft is transferred. • The aircraft is totally destroyed or scrapped. but is valid only for required ﬂight tests by the manufacturer or in ﬂights that are necessary for the sale of the aircraft by the manufacturer or a dealer. AFS-750 P. must be carried in the aircraft at all times. provides authorization to operate an unregistered aircraft for a period not to exceed 90 days. Figure 8-8. OK 73125-0504 A dealer’s aircraft registration certiﬁcate is another form of registration certiﬁcate. The Certiﬁcate of Aircraft Registration. 8-6 For additional information. Certificate of Aircraft Registration.O. it must be registered with the FAA Aircraft Registry. which is issued to the owner as evidence of the registration.
and an explanation of each item in the certiﬁcate follows. The FAA does not issue any certiﬁcate of ownership or endorse any information with respect to ownership on a Certiﬁcate of Aircraft Registration. commuter. The Airworthiness Certiﬁcate must be displayed in the aircraft so it is legible to the passengers and crew whenever it is operated. 8-7 . is found to meet the requirements of 14 CFR part 21. transport categories. Requirements for registration of these aircraft differ from those of other aircraft. must meet speciﬁc criteria in order to be certiﬁcated as an experimental LSA under 14 CFR section 21. The following items must be provided: evidence of ownership of the parts or the manufacturer’s kit. A Standard Airworthiness Certificate is issued for aircraft type certiﬁcated in the normal.1. utility. but a more detailed explanation can be found on the FAA website at http//www.faa. acrobatic. Airworthiness Certiﬁcate An Airworthiness Certiﬁcate is issued by a representative of the FAA after the aircraft has been inspected. and manned free balloons. If an owner wants to register a newly manufactured LSA that will be certiﬁcated as an experimental light sport aircraft under 14 CFR section 21. an afﬁdavit stating why it is not available must be submitted on the AC Form 8050-88A. the following items must be provided: AC Form 8050-88A or its equivalent (completed by the LSA manufacturer.unregistered. The following guidelines are provided for LSA registration. it cannot be operated outside of the United States until a permanent Certiﬁcate of Aircraft Registration is received and placed in the aircraft.00 registration fee. FAA Form 8100-2. and a $5. and is in condition for safe operation. If evidence of ownership can not be supplied.gov. Figure 8-9 illustrates a Standard Airworthiness Certiﬁcate. An existing LSA that has not been issued a United States or foreign airworthiness certiﬁcate. and a $5. unless previously submitted to the Registry by the manufacturer).00 registration fee. AC Form 8050-1. Figure 8-9. NOTE: For additional information concerning the Aircraft Registration Application or the Aircraft Bill of Sale. The Airworthiness Certiﬁcate is transferred with the aircraft except when it is sold to a foreign purchaser.191(i)(2). contact the nearest FAA Flight Standards District Ofﬁce (FSDO). Standard Airworthiness Certificate.191 (i)(l) before January 31. Light Sport Aircraft (LSA) The FAA recently added a new category called Light Sport Aircraft (LSA). and does not meet the provisions of 14 CFR section 103. evidence from the manufacturer of ownership of an aircraft (kit-built or ﬂyaway). Aircraft Registration Application (AC Form 8050-1). 2008.
and LSA. All aircraft need to be inspected at least once each 12 calendar months. make. The interval depends upon the type of operations in which the aircraft is engaged. and 91. The inspection shall be performed by a certiﬁcated airframe and powerplant (A&P) mechanic who holds an inspection authorization (IA) by the manufacturer of the . time in service. and repair of an aircraft. This is inﬂuenced by the kind of operation. Registration marks consist of a series of up to ﬁve numbers or numbers and letters. such as Experimental. 2. overhaul. N2631A is the registration number assigned to this airplane. 14 CFR part 91. Nationality and Registration Marks. parts replacement. Also included are the date the certificate was issued and the signature and office identification of the FAA representative. parts catalogs. subpart E. Indicates the Airworthiness Certiﬁcate is in effect indeﬁnitely if the aircraft is maintained in accordance with 14 CFR parts 21. 5. A Special Airworthiness Certiﬁcate is issued for all aircraft certiﬁcated in other than the Standard classiﬁcations. Indicates the manufacturer. The “N” indicates the aircraft is registered in the United States. 8-8 Aircraft Maintenance Maintenance is defined as the preservation. age. Authority and Basis for Issuance. and minor maintenance at least every 100 hours. Any exemptions from the applicable airworthiness standards are brieﬂy noted here and the exemption number given. and the owner must maintain the airworthiness of the aircraft during the time between required inspections by having any defects corrected. All inspections should follow the current manufacturer’s maintenance manual. inspection. LSA receive a pink special airworthiness certiﬁcate. For example. or manufacturers that meet speciﬁc requirements of 14 CFR part 43. the Piper Cub is in the new LSA category. and other service information that should be used in maintaining the aircraft. 43. and life-limited items as applicable to the aircraft. but it was certiﬁcated as a normal aircraft during its manufacture. The word “NONE” is entered if no exemption exists. or any combination of these. Indicates the aircraft conforms to its type certiﬁcate and is considered in condition for safe operation at the time of inspection and issuance of the certiﬁcate. 3. Provisional. including the Instructions for Continued Airworthiness concerning inspections intervals. Manufacturer and Model.1. 4. Aircraft Serial Number. Regular and proper maintenance ensures that an aircraft meets an acceptable standard of airworthiness throughout its operational life. it is recommended that the local FSDO be contacted for an explanation of the pertinent airworthiness requirements and the limitations of such a certiﬁcate. A Standard Airworthiness Certificate remains in effect if the aircraft receives the required maintenance and is properly registered in the United States. Aircraft Inspections 14 CFR part 91 places primary responsibility on the owner or operator for maintaining an aircraft in an airworthy condition. Limited. Indicates the category in which the aircraft must be operated. requires the inspection of all civil aircraft at speciﬁc intervals to determine the overall condition. storage facilities. approved repair stations. Category. Terms and Conditions. Restricted.500 pounds and under) ﬂown for business or pleasure and not ﬂown for compensation or hire is required to be inspected at least annually. Certain inspections must be performed on the aircraft. number of system operations. climatic conditions. Indicates the manufacturer’s serial number assigned to the aircraft. When purchasing an aircraft classiﬁed as other than Standard. Flight safety relies in part on the condition of the aircraft. Annual Inspection Any reciprocating engine or single-engine turbojet/ turbopropeller-powered small aircraft (12. 6. Some aircraft are inspected in accordance with an inspection system set up to provide for total inspection of the aircraft on the basis of calendar time. including the replacement of parts. experience shows that aircraft need some type of preventive maintenance every 25 hours of ﬂying time or less. while inspection is required for others after each 100 hours of operation. as noted on the aircraft data plate. In this case. Manufacturers supply maintenance manuals. and construction of the aircraft. In this case. There are exceptions. which is determined by inspections performed by mechanics. and model of the aircraft. and the aircraft is registered in the United States. Although maintenance requirements vary for different types of aircraft. it must be operated in accordance with the limitations speciﬁed for the “NORMAL” category.
The excess time used to reach a place where the inspection can be done must be included in computing the next 100 hours of time in service. 14 CFR section 91.500 pounds (except turbojet/ turbopropeller-powered multi-engine airplanes and turbine powered rotorcraft). Details of these requirements may be determined by reference to 14 CFR section 43. for rechargeable batteries. and related system be tested and inspected in the preceding 24 months before operated in controlled airspace under instrument ﬂight rules (IFR). The ELT must be attached to the airplane in such a manner that the probablity of damage to the transmitter in the event of crash impact is minimized.413 requires that before a transponder can be used under 14 CFR section 91.aircraft or by a certiﬁcated and appropriately rated repair station. such as water-activated batteries.500 pounds) airplanes.411 requires that the altimeter. an aircraft used for ﬂight instruction for hire. to defer repairs on nonessential equipment within the guidelines of part 91. An aircraft overdue for an annual inspection may be operated under a Special Flight Permit issued by the FAA for the purpose of ﬂying the aircraft to a location where the annual inspection can be performed. This does not apply to batteries that are essentially unaffected during storage intervals. 8-9 . all applicable ADs that are due must be complied with before the ﬂight. A period of 12 calendar months extends from any day of a month to the last day of the same month the following year. or an inspection for the issuance of an Airworthiness Certificate may be substituted for a required 100-hour inspection. An annual inspection. this allowed operations with inoperative equipment determined to be nonessential for safe ﬂight. used to carry passengers for hire. an appropriately rated FAA-certiﬁcated repair station. The preﬂight inspection is a thorough and systematic means by which a pilot determines if the aircraft is airworthy and in condition for safe operation. encoding altimeter. POHs and owner/information manuals contain a section devoted to a systematic method of performing a preﬂight inspection. At the same time. Additionally. This inspection must be performed by an FAA-certiﬁcated A&P mechanic. without an MEL. if the batteries are rechargeable): Other Inspection Programs The annual and 100-hour inspection requirements do not apply to large (over 12.215(a). Fixed and deployable automatic type transmitters must be attached to the airplane as far aft as practicable. or by the aircraft manufacturer. 50 percent of useful life of the charge) has expired. subpart E. Preﬂight Inspections Minimum Equipment Lists (MEL) and Operations With Inoperative Equipment 14 CFR requires that all aircraft instruments and installed equipment be operative prior to each departure. must also have received a 100-hour inspection. The aircraft may not be operated unless the annual inspection has been performed within the preceding 12 calendar months. When the FAA adopted the minimum equipment list (MEL) concept for 14 CFR part 91 operations. Transponder Inspection An emergency locator transmitter (ELT) is required by 14 CFR section 91. it allowed part 91 operators. it shall be tested and inspected within the preceding 24 months. or turbopropeller-powered multi-engine airplanes or to aircraft for which the owner complies with a progressive inspection program. when provided by the person giving the ﬂight instruction. and by inquiring at a local FSDO. Batteries used in the ELTs must be replaced (or recharged.207 and must be inspected within 12 calendar months after the last inspection for the following: • Proper installation • Battery corrosion • Operation of the controls and crash sensor • The presence of a sufﬁcient signal radiated from its antenna • When the transmitter has been in use for more than 1 cumulative hour.11 and 14 CFR part 91. The 100-hour limitation may be exceeded by not more than 10 hours while en route to reach a place where the inspection can be done. However. turbojets. Emergency Locator Transmitter 100-Hour Inspection All aircraft under 12. Altimeter System Inspection 14 CFR section 91. must have received a 100-hour inspection within the preceding 100 hours of time in service and have been approved for return to service. An expiration date for replacing (or recharging) the battery must be legibly marked on the outside of the transmitter and entered in the aircraft maintenance record. • When 50 percent of the battery useful life (or.
becomes the authority to operate that aircraft in a condition other than originally type certiﬁcated. the deferral may be made. or indicator. .213(d) and an FAA-approved MEL. but is capable of safe ﬂight.213(d). Upon conﬁrming that daytime ﬂight with inoperative position lights is acceptable in accordance with the provisions of the MEL. or lighter-than-air aircraft operated under 14 CFR part 91 are eligible to use the maintenance deferral provisions of 14 CFR section 91. gliders. obtain maintenance prior to ﬂight. 14 CFR. This allows an aircraft that may not currently meet applicable airworthiness requirements. Its popularity is due to simplicity and minimal paperwork. There are exceptions to the use of the MEL for deferral. or to defer the item or equipment. once an operator requests an MEL. If the inoperative item is not required. For example. The deferral provision of 14 CFR section 91. The operator then develops operations and maintenance (O&M) procedures from the MMEL. The deactivation may be a process as simple as the pilot positioning a circuit breaker to the OFF position. The discussion that follows assumes that the pilot wishes to defer maintenance that would ordinarily be required prior to ﬂight. Deferral of maintenance is not to be taken lightly. the pilot would leave the position lights switch OFF. or stall warning device.The FAA has two acceptable methods of deferring maintenance on small rotorcraft. non-turbine powered airplanes. for example). preamble. particularly if other items are inoperative. In all cases. Maintenance deferrals are not used for inﬂight discrepancies. open the circuit breaker (or whatever action is called for in the procedures document). and due consideration should be given to the effect an inoperative component may have on the operation of an aircraft. the pilot would make an entry in the maintenance record or discrepancy record provided for that purpose. The use of an MEL for an aircraft operated under 14 CFR part 91 also allows for the deferral of inoperative items or equipment. and the aircraft can be safely operated without it. along with an LOA. The MEL. The manufacturer’s AFM/POH procedures are to be used in those situations. All small rotorcraft. the decision should be to cancel the ﬂight. The inoperative item shall be deactivated or removed and an INOPERATIVE placard placed near the appropriate switch. therefore. or as complex as rendering instruments or equipment totally inoperable. it must be accomplished by certiﬁcated maintenance personnel and recorded in accordance with 14 CFR part 43. If deactivation or removal involves maintenance (removal always will). This MMEL with O&M procedures now becomes the operator’s MEL.213(d) is widely used by most pilot/operators. This permit allows the aircraft to be ﬂown to another location for maintenance. the item or equipment must be placarded INOPERATIVE. the pilot would follow the requirements of 14 CFR section 91. gliders. Further information regarding MELs and operations with inoperative equipment can be found in AC 91-67. Minimum Equipment Requirements for General Aviation Operations Under CFR Part 91. or ADs. if the position lights were discovered inoperative prior to a daytime ﬂight. The item is then either repaired or deferred in accordance with the MEL. LOA. The FAA considers an approved MEL to be a supplemental type certiﬁcate (STC) issued to an aircraft by serial number and registration number. and a Letter of Authorization (LOA) is issued by the FAA.213(d). to be operated under the restrictive special terms and conditions attached to the special ﬂight permit.213(d). a special ﬂight permit can be obtained from the nearest FSDO. then the use of the MEL becomes mandatory for that aircraft. However. Using the deferral provision of 14 CFR section 91. They are the deferral provision of 14 CFR section 91. Complex maintenance tasks require a certiﬁcated and appropriately rated maintenance person to perform the deactivation. non-turbine powered airplanes. 8-10 With an approved MEL. if the position lights (installed equipment) were discovered to be inoperative prior to a daytime ﬂight. When inoperative equipment is found during preﬂight or prior to departure. and the preamble. All maintenance deferrals must be accomplished in accordance with the terms and conditions of the MEL and the operator-generated procedures document. For example. control. ﬂaps. the pilot determines whether the inoperative equipment is required by type design. or lighter-than-air aircraft operated under part 91. Upon written request by an operator. and placard the position light switch as INOPERATIVE. The primary guidance becomes the FAA-approved MEL issued to that speciﬁc operator and N-numbered aircraft. the local FSDO may issue the appropriate make and model MMEL. It. If maintenance or parts are not readily available at that location. then repairs are required to be performed prior to departure. The FAA has developed master minimum equipment lists (MMELs) for aircraft in current use. should a component fail that is not listed in the MEL as deferrable (the tachometer. and procedures document developed by the operator must be on board the aircraft when it is operated.
reﬂectors. or ﬂight deck interior when removal or disassembly of any primary structure or operating system is not required. • Cleaning or replacing fuel and oil strainers or ﬁlter elements. Replenishing hydraulic ﬂuid in the hydraulic reservoir. balloon baskets.” 2. reﬁnishing decorative coating of fuselage. such as “changed oil (Shell Aero-50) at 2. Preventive maintenance is considered to be simple or minor preservation operations and the replacement of small standard parts. and fairings. the balloon manufacturer’s instructions) not requiring load tape repair or replacement. ﬂight deck. replacing defective safety wiring or cotter keys. electrical equipment. • Replacing safety belts. and lenses of position and landing lights. Remember. servicing landing gear shock struts by adding oil. The date of completion of the work performed. and microwave frequency distance measuring equipment (DME). 3. cowlings. etc. • Replacing wheels and skis where no weight-andbalance computation is involved. replacing any hose connection. simple repairs to fairings. except hydraulic connections. and installation does not involve the disassembly of the existing tank ﬁller opening. servicing batteries. replacing side windows where that work does not interfere with the structure or any operating system such as controls. Allowed items of preventative maintenance are listed and limited to the items of 14 CFR part 43. • The interchange of balloon baskets and burners on envelopes when the basket or burner is designated as interchangeable in the balloon type certiﬁcate data and the baskets and burners are speciﬁcally designed for quick removal and installation. and type of certiﬁcate held. The approved unit must be designed to be readily and repeatedly removed and replaced. fairings. prefabricated fuel lines may be replaced. servicing gear wheel bearings. signature. and Alternation. and small patches and reinforcements not changing the contour to interfere with proper air ﬂow. installation. however. excluding automatic ﬂight control systems.Preventive Maintenance of any primary structure or operating system or interfere with an operating system or affect the primary structure of the aircraft. and pertinent instructions must be provided. or balloon basket interior when the repair does not require disassembly 8-11 .345 hours. replacing or cleaning spark plugs and setting of spark plug gap clearance. troubleshooting and repairing broken circuits in landing light wiring circuits. The entry of the pilot’s name. cabin. repairing upholstery and decorative furnishings of the cabin. not involving complex assembly operations. not involving disassembly of any primary structure or operating system. A description of the work. • The installations of anti-misfueling devices to reduce the diameter of fuel tank ﬁller openings only if the speciﬁc device has been made a part of the aircraft type certiﬁcate data by the aircraft manufacturer. The entry must include: 1. and in accordance with. • Removing and replacing self-contained. front instrument panel-mounted navigation and communication devices employing tray-mounted connectors that connect the unit when the unit is installed into the instrument panel. cowlings. Maintenance. certiﬁcate number. Rebuilding. lubrication not requiring disassembly other than removal of nonstructural items such as cover plates. which should be consulted for a more in-depth look at preventive maintenance a pilot can perform on an aircraft. transponders. replacing any cowling not requiring removal of the propeller or disconnection of ﬂight controls. wings. the making of small fabric repairs to envelopes (as deﬁned in. cowlings. applying preservative or protective material to components where no disassembly of any primary structure or operating system is involved and where such coating is not prohibited or is not contrary to good practices. the aircraft manufacturer has provided FAA-approved instructions for installation of the speciﬁc device. seats or seat parts with replacement parts approved for the aircraft. preventive maintenance is limited to work that does not involve complex assembly operations and includes: • • Removal. bulbs. air. Preventive Maintenance. Maintenance Entries All pilots who maintain or perform preventive maintenance must make an entry in the maintenance record of the aircraft. landing gear. or both. tail group surfaces (excluding balanced control surfaces). adjustment of nonstructural standard fasteners incidental to operations. In the case of balloons. cleaning of balloon burner pilot and main nozzles in accordance with the balloon manufacturer’s instructions. Examples of Preventive Maintenance The following examples of preventive maintenance are taken from 14 CFR Part 43. and repair of landing gear tires and shock cords. nonstructural cover plates. appendix A(c). making small. making simple fabric patches not requiring rib stitching or the removal of structural parts or control surfaces.
or for evacuating an aircraft from an area of impending danger. Those of a less urgent nature requiring compliance within a speciﬁed period of time ADs are regulatory and shall be complied with unless a speciﬁc exemption is granted. or a representative of the Administrator. meaning the particular inspection shall be accomplished and recorded . excluding student pilots. Major Repair and Alteration. may require the notiﬁcation of the issuing authority. Major repairs or alterations shall be approved for return to service on FAA Form 337. Minor repairs and minor alterations may be approved for return to service with a proper entry in the maintenance records by an FAAcertiﬁcated A&P mechanic or an appropriately certiﬁcated repair station. (Sport pilots operating LSA should refer to 14 CFR part 65 for maintenance privileges. The special ﬂight permit is issued to allow the aircraft to be ﬂown to a base where repairs. ADs are divided into two categories: 1. an FAA-certiﬁcated A&P mechanic holding an IA. contains a list of the operations that are considered to be preventive maintenance. Those of an emergency nature requiring immediate compliance prior to further ﬂight 2. or 135. Airworthiness Certiﬁcation of Aircraft and Related Products. and microwave frequency DME) only if no disassembly of the unit is required and pertinent instructions are provided. • Updating self-contained.2. refer to the operating limitations issued to that aircraft. transponders. 14 CFR part 39 and Airworthiness Directives (ADs) deﬁne the authority and responsibility of the Administrator for requiring the necessary corrective action. for delivering or exporting the aircraft. 129. A special ﬂight permit may be issued to allow the operation of an overweight aircraft for ﬂight beyond its normal range over water or land areas where adequate landing facilities or fuel is not available. propeller. 8-12 Special Flight Permits A special ﬂight permit is a Special Airworthiness Certiﬁcate authorizing operation of an aircraft that does not currently meet applicable airworthiness requirements but is safe for a speciﬁc ﬂight. ADs are used to notify aircraft owners and other interested persons of unsafe conditions and to specify the conditions under which the product may continue to be operated. an operational check must be performed in accordance with applicable sections of 14 CFR part 91. front instrument panelmounted air traffic control (ATC) navigational software databases (excluding those of automatic ﬂight control systems. Certiﬁcated pilots. or maintenance can be performed. appendix A. The unsafe condition may exist because of a design defect. • Inspection and maintenance tasks prescribed and specifically identified as preventive maintenance in a primary category aircraft type certificate or supplemental type certiﬁcate holder’s approved special inspection and preventive maintenance program when accomplished on a primary category aircraft. may perform preventive maintenance on any aircraft that is owned or operated by them provided that aircraft is not used in air carrier service or 14 CFR part 121. If a special ﬂight permit is needed. alterations. including those ADs that require recurrent or continuing action.) 14 CFR part 43.Prior to the unit’s intended use. For modifications of experimental aircraft. [Figure 8-10] Airworthiness Directives (ADs) A primary safety function of the FAA is to require correction of unsafe conditions found in an aircraft. prior to the unit’s intended use. aircraft engine. A pilot holding a sport pilot certiﬁcate may perform preventive maintenance on an aircraft owned or operated by that pilot if that aircraft is issued a special airworthiness certiﬁcate in the LSA category. 14 CFR part 43. sport pilots. describes the alterations and repairs considered major. and replacing magnetic chip detectors. For example. maintenance. an FAA inspector may personally inspect the aircraft. assistance and the necessary forms may be obtained from the local FSDO or Designated Airworthiness Representative (DAR). Before the permit is issued. or appliance when such conditions exist and are likely to exist or develop in other products of the same design. The inspection shall be recorded in the aircraft records. or require it to be inspected by an FAA-certiﬁcated A&P mechanic or an appropriately certiﬁcated repair station to determine its safety for the intended ﬂight. appendix A. an operational check must be performed in accordance with the applicable sections of 14 CFR part 91 on checking. removing. Modiﬁcations in accordance with FAA Order 8130. or other causes. and recreational pilots. It is the responsibility of the aircraft owner or operator to ensure compliance with all pertinent ADs. by an appropriately rated certiﬁcated repair station. an AD may require a repetitive inspection each 50 hours of operation. Repairs and Alterations Repairs and alterations are classiﬁed as either major or minor.
and propeller maintenance records. For current information on how to order paper copies of AD books and the AD Biweekly visit the FAA online regulatory and guidance library at: http://rgl. All ADs and the AD Biweekly are free on the Internet at http://rgl. 14 CFR section 91.500 pounds or less maximum certiﬁcated takeoff weight) and ADs applicable to all helicopters. every 50 hours of time in service.faa.faa. engine. Paper copies of the Summary of Airworthiness Directives and the AD Biweekly may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents. • Keeping abreast of current regulations concerning the operation and maintenance of the aircraft. or of the sale or export of the aircraft. including compliance with all applicable ADs. To help determine if an AD applies to an amateur-built aircraft. FAA Form 8130-7. Owners/operators are reminded there is no provision to overﬂy the maximum hour requirement of an AD unless it is speciﬁcally written into the AD.) 8-13 . including the method of compliance. and certiﬁcate number of the repair station or mechanic who performed the work. the AD number and revision date. Mailing paper copies of ADs will be discontinued when the e-mail system is proven to be effective.gov. For ready reference. the FAA made ADs available through e-mail. aircraft and helicopter books contain all ADs applicable to small aircraft (12.41.417 requires a record to be maintained that shows the current status of applicable ADs. and assuring that maintenance is properly recorded. In July of 2007. or of the loss of the eligibility to register an aircraft. the signature. The large aircraft books contain all ADs applicable to large aircraft. if recurring.gov. • Maintaining the aircraft in an airworthy condition.Figure 8-10. The small Aircraft Owner/Operator Responsibilities The registered owner/operator of an aircraft is responsible for: • Having a current Airworthiness Certiﬁcate and a Certiﬁcate of Aircraft Registration in the aircraft. The Summary contains all the valid ADs previously published and is divided into two areas. next due date and time. many aircraft owners have a chronological listing of the pertinent ADs in the back of their aircraft. Individuals can enroll for the email service at the link above. Special Airworthiness Certificate. • Notifying the FAA Aircraft Registry immediately of any change of permanent mailing address. kind of certiﬁcate. (Refer to 14 CFR section 47. contact the local FSDO.
if operated outside of the United States. the pilot can make good ﬂight decisions. including emergency locator transmitter (ELT). a pilot can maintain his or her aircraft in an airworthy condition.• Having a current Federal Communications Commission (FCC) radio station license if equipped with radios. By learning what preventive maintenance is allowed on the aircraft. 8-14 . and performance characteristics of the aircraft. limitations. By understanding the operations. ﬂight manuals and aircraft documentation are essential tools used to reach that goal. The goal of every pilot is a safe ﬂight. Chapter Summary Knowledge of an aircraft’s AFM/POH and documents such as ADs help a pilot to have ready access to pertinent information needed to safely ﬂy a particular aircraft.
Documents Similar To PHAK - Chapter 08
aeromar11
Los 022 Atpl_a (Prior to Npa-fcl 25)
HAC11-001RevNC
AIAA_CUDBF
FFQP Turn Performance
Standard Practices Del Motor TSIO-550-G (IMPORTANTE)
Aerodynamic (Flybest)