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Timestamp: 2016-10-27 19:01:23
Document Index: 17883333

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 25', '§ 25', '§ 52', '§ 401', '§ 154', '§ 21', '§ 481', '§ 671', '§ 35', '§ 11', '§ 37', '§ 37']

| Parker v. Zanghi
Decided: May 9, 1957.
ROBERT PARKER, PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT,v.MICHAEL W. ZANGHI AND VINCENT RANDO, INDIVIDUALLY AND TRADING AS AMERICAN CONSTRUCTION & WRECKING CO., DEFENDANTS-RESPONDENTS
[45 NJSuper Page 169]
The Wrecking Company was awarded a contract by the Philadelphia Housing Authority under which the company agreed to buy, raze and remove six two-story houses located in Philadelphia. To secure the contract, the Wrecking Company had bid (agreed to pay) $1,010.10. The first house was razed by the company by way of experiment, in an endeavor to find out whether it would be more practical to take the other houses down in panels or salvage them as a whole. Some of the materials secured from the first house were apparently sold on the site; some (it is rather important to note) were delivered by the company in its two [45 NJSuper Page 170]
dump trucks to purchasers in Philadelphia; and some were transported in these trucks to the company's yard in Atlantic City, New Jersey, for sale there. Defendants lived and had their place of business in Atlantic City.
Were the defendants the "statutory employers" of the plaintiff under the applicable Pennsylvania statutes? 77 Purdon's Pa. Stat. Ann. , §§ 25, 52 and 462. To constitute a person a statutory employer, several conditions must exist (McDonald v. Levinson Steel Co. , 302 Pa. 287, 153 A. 424, 426 (Sup. Ct. 1930)), of which we are concerned here with only two. First -- to use the words of the statute (77 Purdon's Pa. Stat. Ann. , § 25) -- it must appear that McCormick was:
Defendants had contracted to remove from the site the six houses and the material composing them, and we think it can fairly be said that they "sublet" to McCormick "part of the work which" they had "undertaken." McCormick, by agreeing to haul off the roofs and first stories of five [45 NJSuper Page 171]
houses, took over a substantial part of the removal operation. Plaintiff does not lay great stress on this point.
Second, it must appear that the defendants, the alleged statutory employer, permitted the plaintiff to enter upon the housing site --
"for the performance upon such premises of a part of the employer's regular business entrusted to" McCormick. (Italics added.) 77 Purdon's Pa. Stat. Ann. , § 52.
It clearly was a part of defendants' regular business to sell the salvage; in this way they secured compensation for their services in razing and removing the houses -- indeed, sufficient compensation to induce them to pay $1,010.10 for the contract. Besides, it clearly was a part of their regular business as house-wreckers to see to it that the houses and the material composing them were removed from the premises. On the other hand, it must be taken as true on this motion for dismissal (there was some conflict in the testimony) that defendants had never rented tractor-trailers and never done any heavy hauling.
A new variation in the performance of the statutory employer's ordinary business or a new operation in that business should not, it seems to us, deprive the statutory employee of coverage, provided the new activity lies within the main stream of the employer's usual operations. Here the tractor-trailer can perhaps be looked upon merely as a new tool in defendants' ordinary salvaging business. In any event, if a doubt exists as to whether we should look broadly or narrowly at defendants' operations in determining what is the nature of their business, we think the broad view should be taken, for the Workmen's Compensation Act [45 NJSuper Page 172]
is to be construed liberally so as to bring the case at hand within its coverage. Davis v. City of Philadelphia , 153 Pa. Super. 645, 35 A. 2 d 77, 80 (Super. Ct. 1943).
Here was a very unusual undertaking on the part of the auctioneer, yet one which was held to have arisen (as we have put it above) within the main stream of the auctioneer's usual operations. Cf. further Haytko v. William Crabb & Co. , 17 N.J. Super. 95 (Cty. Ct. 1951, an opinion by Judge Francis).
For the reasons indicated, we think plaintiff was a "statutory employee." The second issue in the case is whether the defendant Rando is a third person who can be held for his own negligence in this common law action. Plaintiff's original complaint was against Zanghi and Rando, individually and as partners; but an amended complaint added a count against Rando solely. One of the underlying questions here is whether, as plaintiff claims, the employer-partnership is to be looked upon for the purposes of the Workmen's Compensation Act as a legal entity detached [45 NJSuper Page 173]
from its members and whether, therefore, each of the partners is, in law, a third person. Of course, if the entity theory is rejected and the partners are held to be the plaintiff's employers, then it follows -- and there is no dispute on the point -- that Rando is immune from suit here.
Plaintiff contends that this question whether the cause of action against Rando with respect to his negligence has been abolished by the Workmen's Compensation Act, is a matter to be determined by New Jersey law. This is to be doubted. See Restatement, Conflicts of Laws , § 401, 1948 supplement; Stacy v. Greenberg , 9 N.J. 390, 399 (1952). It is not urged by plaintiff that under the New Jersey law a partnership, formed here, has a separate jural existence for all purposes and that Pennsylvania should therefore give recognition to it in applying its Workmen's Compensation Law. Cf. Restatement, Id. , § 154.
However, we need not decide the conflicts question. So far as we have discovered, Pennsylvania has not dealt with the status of a partnership under its Workmen's Compensation Act. We shall assume that the Pennsylvania law on this point is controlling and shall also assume (thus, in effect, assuming the point plaintiff is contending for) that it is the same as New Jersey law; that is to say, that under the Pennsylvania law an employer-partnership is to be given an individuality of its own for purposes of the workmen's compensation statute. Felice v. Felice , 34 N.J. Super. 388 (App. Div. 1955). The Pennsylvania Workmen's Compensation Act, 77 Purdon's Pa. Stat. Ann. , § 21, like the New Jersey Act, N.J.S.A. 34:15-36, defines employers as "natural persons, partnerships," etc.
However, even if the partnership itself is the employer, the question still remains whether a plaintiff should be barred from suing at common law an individual partner for his allegedly tortious act committed (as was Rando's act here) in the ordinary course of the partnership business. The Pennsylvania statute, after declaring that under certain circumstances an employer will be presumed to have agreed to pay workmen's compensation, goes on to provide: [45 NJSuper Page 174]
"Such agreement * * * shall operate as a surrender by the parties thereto of their rights to any form or amount of compensation or damages for any injury or death occurring in the course of the employment, or to any method of determination thereof, other than as" fixed in the Workmen's Compensation Act. (Italics added.) 77 Purdon's Pa. Stat. Ann. , § 481.
Nor does the section of the Pennsylvania Workmen's Compensation Act dealing with the employer's right of subrogation against third parties furnish any specification as to who these third parties are (77 Purdon's Pa. Stat. Ann. , § 671):
Notwithstanding this statute, the right of action against the third party remains in the injured employee. Scalise v. F.M. Venzie & Co. , 301 Pa. 315, 152 A. 90, 92 (Sup. Ct. 1930). Further, see N.J.S.A. 34:15-40.
While there is no good reason to put any strain on this legislation so as to relieve any person from liability for a tort he has committed against the employee, nevertheless we should be mindful of the underlying objects of the legislation so as not to contract its terms unwarrantably. Caputo v. Best Foods , 17 N.J. 259, 264 (1955).
We think the problem can be brought out more sharply if, turning to the law of partnership, we consider who is liable for a partner's tort and also who is liable for workmen's compensation when a partnership is the employer. Some argument perhaps can be made that under the Uniform Partnership Act (which is in force in Pennsylvania), taking [45 NJSuper Page 175]
it literally, a partnership is liable as an entity for the negligent act of a partner committed in the ordinary course of partnership business. 59 Purdon's Pa. Stat. Ann. , § 35 (cf. § 11); N.J.S.A. 42:1-13 (cf. 42:1-6); but cf. Caplan v. Caplan , 268 N.Y. 445, 198 N.E. 23, 101 A.L.R. 1223 (Ct. App. 1935). In any event, it is clear that under that act the partners are liable for such negligence jointly and severally. 59 Purdon's Pa. Stat. Ann. , § 37; N.J.S.A. 42:1-15; Caplan v. Caplan, supra. Hence, if under the circumstances Rando may be held for the alleged tort here, then Zanghi is also answerable for it.
It is also clear that Zanghi and Rando are liable to pay workmen's compensation, even though it may be said (as we are assuming here) that the payment of compensation constitutes an obligation "of the partnership" as a separate entity. 59 Purdon's Pa. Stat. Ann. , § 37; N.J.S.A. 42:1-15; cf. Palle v. State Industrial Commission of Utah , 79 Utah 47, 7 P. 2 d 284, 288, 81 A.L.R. 1222 (Sup. Ct. 1932).
This result is, of course, in accord with that reached in jurisdictions which refuse to look upon the partnership as an entity for the purposes of the Workmen's Compensation Act. Williams v. Hartshorn , 296 N.Y. 49, 69 N.E. 2 d 557 [45 NJSuper Page 176]
(Ct. App. 1946); cf. Reed c. Industrial Accident Comm. , 10 Cal. 2 d 191, 73 P. 2 d 1212, 114 A.L.R. 720 (Sup. Ct. 1937); Brollier v. Van Alstine , 236 Mo. App. 1233, 163 S.W. 2 d 109 (Ct. App. 1942). Contra, Monson v. Arcand , 244 Minn. 440, 70 N.W. 2 d 364 (Sup. Ct. 1955).
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