Source: http://ip-updates.blogspot.com/2005/07/
Timestamp: 2019-03-21 01:00:10
Document Index: 37832854

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 1', '§ 271', '§ 271', '§ 271', '§ 271', '§271', '§ 271', '§ 271', '§ 2305']

I/P Updates: July 2005 - News and Information for the Sophisticated Intellectual Property Practitioner
News and Information for the Sophisticated Intellectual Property Practitioner USPTO Announces New Reexamination Unit --- TGIF for the Anonymous Patent Examiner Blog --- Free Spyware/Adware and Junk Removal Tools --- BusinessWeek on Brand Equity --- Control and Customer Awareness Critical to Experimental Use Exception --- U.S. Copyright Royalty Board Seeks Comments on Sound Recording Formats --- New Registered Community Design Search Capabilities Coming Soon --- Most Frequent PCT Users in 2004 --- WIPO Lauches New PCT Web Portal --- An Incremental Cost-Benefit Analysis of Worldwide Patent Coverage --- Europe Publishes R&D Intensity Figures --- Prosecution History Invokes Rule Against Recapture --- Three-Blade Propeller Design Patent Not Infringed by Four-Blade Configuration --- EC Reports on Patenting of Biotechnology in Europe --- Post-Dated Items in U.S. Trademark Document Retrieval System --- MARQUES Unveils GI Legislation Database --- .HK Registrar Offering Temporary Chinese-Language Domain Name Registrations --- Israel Named U.S. Intellectual Property Czar --- Webster U. Offers MA in Patent Agency --- Average Patent Application Backlog by USPTO Technology Center --- U.S. and Brazil Square-Off on WIPO Development Agenda --- WIPO Offers On-Line ADR Document Facility --- TGIF for Gerry Thomas, Creator of the TV Dinner --- Overlooked Counterclaim Bounces Appeal and Costs Appellant --- Foreign Software Replication No Defense to U.S. Patent Infringement --- CRS Reports on Proposed Patent Reform Legislation --- Parts-Numbering Decisions Highlight Merger Doctrine --- USPTO Announces New Interference Search Procedure --- Character Conversion in TEAS Plus U.S. Trademark Applications --- USPTO Launches Site for Small Business --- USCO Studying Satellite Statutory Licensing --- IP Justice Sponsors NGO Group Statement on WIPO Development Agenda --- Internationalized Domain Names Still Lack Formal Rules --- It's not the size of the boat that matters. . . --- Europe's Patent Failure? --- European I/P Import Exclusion for Dummies --- TGIF for "Peer-To-Patent" Taming of the Application Backlog --- European Commission Proposes New I/P Directive --- USPTO Anti-Piracy Seminar in Phoenix on July 18 --- EPO Responds to Defeat of EU Software Patentability Directicve --- USPTO Launches Pre-Appeal Brief Conference Pilot Program --- En Banc Decision Minimizes Role of Dictionaries in Patent Claim Construction --- Click Here for More Updates ---
More specifically, however, all reexaminations have been reassigned to a central reexamination unit, except for those where an initial decision has been made which will remain with the examiner originally assigned to the reexamination. The new, 20-examiner unit began operation earlier this week and is also receiving all new requests for reexamination. Prior to the new initiative, reexamination cases were assigned to examiners according to technology, and often went back to the same examiner that originally allowed the claims under reexamination. The USPTO hopes that using dedicated examiners who are assigned to the same unit will enhance the quality and reduce the time of reexaminations by allowing the USPTO to monitor reexamination operations more effectively.
Free Spyware/Adware and Junk Removal Tools
According to an October 2004 study by America Online and the National Cyber-Security Alliance, 80% of surveyed users' computers had some form of "spyware," with an average of 93 spyware components per computer. 89% of surveyed users with spyware reported that they did not know of its presence, and 95% reported that they had not given permission for it to be installed.
Your PC may well be similarly infested. But, don't panic. You can get free spyware/adware removal tools via ZDNet here and read PC Magazine's 2003 review of spyware removal tools here.
Once you get rid of the spyware, you can also get rid of all the other junk with CCleaner, and then obliterate what was left behind with Eraser.
The July 27, 2005 issue of BusinessWeek Online has a section on Brand Equity Innovation and Design. They offer this advice for Creating an Effective Brand: "First, make sure your business fundamentals, product platform, and value proposition are well in place. Without that, branding won't help."
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U.S. Copyright Royalty Board Seeks Comments on Sound Recording Formats
The Interim Chief Copyright Royalty Judge has issued a supplemental request for comments regarding rules for the delivery and format of records of use of sound recordings for statutory licenses under sections 112 and 114 of the Copyright Act. The Board found that it would be very difficult to adopt final rules on the basis of the public comments received and hopes to induce interested parties to provide more specific information regarding the burdens of data submission in the webcasting industry.
For further information, go to the new Copyright Royalty Board website at http://www.loc.gov/crb.
New Registered Community Design Search Capabilities Coming Soon
According to the latest issue of Alicante News, European Registered Community Design records will soon be fully searchable based on the bibliographic data (filing date, RCD number, products, Locarno classification), verbal elements contained in the design, and figurative elements using the Vienna Classification. "RCD-Online will be soon be available at http://oami.eu.int/en/db.htm (in English only – other linguistic versions will be available later)."
This news is significant because the Community Design Bulletin is currently searchable with only simple text queries. Since it can not be searched by date or classification, it has not been particularly useful for prior art and/or infringement clearance investigations. Hopefully, this will change when RCD-Online becomes available.
Click here for more information from Europe's "OHIM" on "Design protection of brand symbols - a useful alternative to trade mark protection?"
Click here for more information on "Regulations to Amend Implementing Regulation and Fees Regulation for Community Trade Marks – Amendments Enter into Force on 25 July 2005."
Most Frequent PCT Users in 2004
The PCT World
According to the July 2005 PCT Newsletter, 235 applicants accounted for 37,217 (33.1%) of the 112,558 international applications published in 2004. Of these 235 applicants, 183 were from one of the following three countries: the United States of America (39.1% of the total), Japan (25.5%), and Germany (13.2%). There were also 97 applicants in each of whose names 100 or more international applications were published. Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. was, for the fourth consecutive year, the largest PCT user, with 2,697 international applications published,
followed by Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. Ltd. (1,415) and Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
(1,252).
Here are the 35 most frequent PCT users for 2004, listing applicant country of residence and
number of applications published:
1. Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. NL 2,697
2. Matsushita Electric
Industrial Co. Ltd. JP 1,415
3. Siemens Aktiengesellschaft DE 1,252
4. Fujitsu Ltd. JP 970
5. Robert Bosch GmbH DE 791
6. Sony Corp. JP 753
7. Nokia Oyj FI 733
8. Motorola, Inc. US 618
9. BASF Aktiengesellschaft DE 588
10. Bayer DE + others 548
11. 3M Innovative Properties Co. US 525
12. DaimlerChrysler AG DE 491
13. Infineon Technologies AG DE 461
14. Intel Corp. US 459
15. International Business Machines Corp. US 425
16. Qualcomm Inc. US 407
17. E.I. Du Pont de Nemours and Co. US 395
18. Thomson Licensing S.A. FR 392
19. Honeywell International Inc. US 380
20. Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. US 379
21. The Procter & Gamble Co. US 367
22. Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson (publ) SE 364
23. Philips Intellectual Property & Standards GmbH DE 357
24. Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha JP 344
25. Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha JP 306
26. LG Electronics Inc. KR 305
27. Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. KR 292
28. Scimed Life Systems, Inc. US 279
29. The Regents of the University of California US 278
30. Medtronic, Inc. US 264
31. AstraZeneca AB SE 254
32. Japan Science and Technology Agency JP 253
33. Tokyo Electron Ltd. JP 237
34. Canon Kabushiki Kaisha JP 222
35. NEC Corp. JP 221
WIPO Lauches New PCT Web Portal
WIPO has launched a new web portal for all patent and PCT-related services and activities. Information on PCT filing and all PCT services are available through the new portal. In addition, a PCT Online File Inspection System is available for testing and comments, along with sections on patent data, statistics and current issues.
An Incremental Cost-Benefit Analysis of Worldwide Patent Coverage
In "Patent Filing Strategies for Pharmaceutical Products: A Simple Cost-Benefit Analysis Based on Filing Costs and Pharmaceutical Sales," AIPLA QJ (Spring 2005), Robert Silverman, General Counsel at Millenium Pharmaceuticals, looks at what countries should be protected in order to get the most bang for the pharmaceutical patent buck. His analysis starts with a "Return Value Score," or RVS, that divides each country's pharmacetical sales by its patent filing cost. He then divides the 44 countries that he considered into 4 groups depending upon their RVS:
Group A - all counries, average RVS=1.6 (99% market coverage, $283,000 filing cost)
Group B - all countries with an RVS=10 or greater, RVS=138 (95%, $96,000)
Group C - PCT member countries with an RVS=10 or greater, RVS=161 (93%, $81,000)
Group D - All countries with an RVS of 20 or greater, RVS=206 (91%, $62,000)
These numbers, along with his estimated PCT national stage filing cost data, result in the following chart showing Percent Market Coverage and PCT National Stage Cost for each Group:
Mr. Silverman draws two conclusions from this chart. First, selecting option B over option D, increases filing costs about 35% in order to gain exclusivity in only about an extra 4% of the world market. Second, the cost of exclusity increases dramatically for anything over about 95% of the world market.
He goes on to explain why reducing translation cost (such as by reducing the number of pages in the speciification) is not likely to matter when the RVS for a particular country is well below a minimum RVS, such as 138 for Group B. However, when the analysis is focussed on just European Patent Convention members, the high translation costs for Sweden, Denmark, Hungary, and Finland, mean that "omission of these four countries might make sense in a European-lite strategy."
Furthermore, since most of the revenue attributable to a European pharmaceutical patent is produced during the period of the so-called "Supplementary Protection Certificate," patents in Denmark, Finland, Slovakia, Latvia, and Estonia can have a negative net present value. However, the NPV calculation can be highly sensitive to certain variables, especially in countries where the NPV is only slightly negative.
Nonetheless, there are still big differences in the patent strategies of pharmaceutical companies. Some companies routinely file patent applications in fifty to seventy countries while others file in over ninety countries.
Europe Publishes R&D Intensity Figures
The European Commission published its "Key Figures 2005 on science, technology and innovation" on July 19, 2005, revealing stagnation in research and development (R&D) investment in the EU and U.S.
In a presentation entitled "Wake-Up Call for Knowledge Europe," EU Science and Research Commissioner Janez Potocnik reportedly described the numbers as 'particularly worrying'. The figures show that EU R&D intensity, growth of R&D investment as a % of GDP, is close to stagnation. China's R&D intensity, on the other hand, has been growing at around 10 per cent annually since 1997. According to Potocnik, "If current trends for both China and the EU-25 hold on in the coming years, China will have caught up with the EU by 2010 in terms of the share of GDP allocated to R&D."
Europe devotes a much lower share of its wealth to R&D than the US and Japan (1.93% of GDP in the EU in 2003, as compared to 2.59% in the US and 3.15% in Japan). While China has lower R&D intensity (1.31% of GDP in 2003) it grew at about 10% per year between 1997 and 2002. If these trends in the EU and China continue, China will be spending the same amount of GDP on research as the EU in 2010 – about 2.2%.
Prosecution History Invokes Rule Against Recapture
In North American Container, Inc. v. Plastipak Packaging, Inc., et al. (Fed. Cir., July 14, 2005), the court invaildated reissue claims 29-42 of U.S. Reissue Patent 36,639 (left) for violating the rule against recapture.
During prosecution of the parent application, the originally-filed claims were rejected as obvious over Dechene (middle) in view of Jakobsen (right). In response to the original rejection, the applicant amended his claims by specifying that the shape of the inner walls in his invention was "generally convex." The applicant also distinguished the claimed invention from the prior art by making the following argument:
The independent Claims 15, 24 and 33 have been amended to refer to the convex
nature of the inner wall portions of the central re-entrant portion (i.e. those
wall portions disposed inwardly of the lowermost points of the base upon which
the container rests) . . . . The shape of the base as now defined in the claims
differs from those of both the Dechenne patent [middle], wherein the corresponding wall portions 3 are slightly concave . . . and the Jakobsen patent [right], wherein the
entire re-entrant portion is clearly concave in its entirety. This is also
generally true of all of the prior art known to the applicant and/or referred to
During reissue, the applicant added new claims which deleted the claim language "inner wall portions are generally convex" because, according to the patentee, "the invention is not limited to such a structure." Protests were filed under 37 C.F.R. § 1.291(a) by manufacturers and
distributors of bottles against the newly added claims, alleging violation of the recapture rule on the ground that "subject matter which the reissue applicant has intentionally removed from the reissue claims . . . is the same subject matter that was introduced during prosecution of the original patent in order to distinguish over the prior art." However, the examiner rejected the protests, stating that the reissue claims "are considered to be of intermediate scope and the deleted language such as that directed to the convexity of the inner wall . . . are not considered to be critical limitations." ’ The examiner then allowed the newly added claims and U.S. Patent 5,072,841 patent was reissued as Reissue Patent 36,639.
Under the recapture rule, a patentee is precluded "from regaining the subject matter that he surrendered in an effort to obtain allowance of the original claims." The Federal Circuit applies the recapture rule as a three-step process:
first, determine whether, and in what respect, the reissue claims are broader in scope than the original patent claims;
In applying that process in this case, the court did not give any deference to the Examiner's analysis of criticality:
The examiner’s basis for denying the protests filed against the reissue claims,
i.e., that the claims "are considered to be of intermediate scope and the
deleted language . . . directed to the convexity of the inner wall . . . are not
considered to be critical limitations," demonstrates the examiner’s inattention
to the rule against recapture. For the reasons set forth above, the deleted
language was critical in that it allowed the applicant to overcome the Dechenne
reference. Moreover, that the reissue claims, looked at as a whole, may be of
"intermediate scope" is irrelevant. As the district court recognized, the
recapture rule is applied on a limitation-by-limitation basis, and the
applicant’s deletion of the "generally convex" limitation clearly broadened the
"inner wall" limitation. Thus, reissue claims 29-42 are invalid for violating
the rule against recapture.
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Archived updates for Tuesday, July 26, 2005
EC Reports on Patenting of Biotechnology in Europe
As a follow-up to its first report in 2002, the European Commission has now adopted a second report (COM(2005)312) to the Council and European Parliament covering developments and implications of patent law in the field of biotechnology and genetic engineering. The latest report focuses on issues in the area of patents relating to gene sequences and the patentability of inventions relating to stem cells. It also reports on the implementation of Directive 98/44/EC on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions.
The report looks at whether patents on gene sequences (DNA sequences) should be allowed according to the classical model of patent claim, whereby a first inventor can claim an invention which covers possible future uses of that sequence, or whether the patent should be restricted so that only the specific use disclosed in the patent application can be claimed (“purpose-bound
protection”). It concludes that "the Commission does not at present intend to take a position on the validity of transposition according to the choice between classical and limited scope of
protection for gene sequences. The Commission will, nonetheless, continue to monitor
whether there are any economic consequences of possible divergences between Member
States’ legislation."
With regard to stem cells, the report notes a distinction between totipotent stem cells, which are capable of developing into a human being, and pluripotent stem cells, which are not:
The provisions of the Directive are clear in relation to totipotent stem cells, since each cell could develop into a human being on its own and under Article 5(1) the human body at the various stages of its formation and development cannot constitute a patentable invention. This principle has been reiterated in the practice notice issued by the UK patent office in April 2003.
For pluripotent embryonic stem cells the situation is more complex. The Group of Experts considered that the question of patenting was closely linked to the definition of what constitutes an embryo, and the scope of research allowed, which is determined by national legislation. As regards research funding under the European framework programmes, such funding may be available for projects involving human embryonic stem cell research on a case by case basis.
In the light of the clear divergences which currently exist between Member States as regards the acceptability of research relating to embryonic stem cells, the continuing and rapid developments in this field, and the fact that the Directive itself provides for Member States to refuse patents on grounds of public order or morality under Article 6(1), the Commission considers that it is premature to give further definition or provide for further harmonisation in this area. At the same time the Commission will monitor developments taking into account both the ethical aspects and the potential impact on competitiveness. It has launched a study looking at the ethical and legal aspects of stem cell patenting.
Click here for the European Commission's webpage on biotechnology inventions.
Post-Dated Items in U.S. Trademark Document Retrieval System
Anne Downey, of Downey & Downey, reports on the INTA Listserv that "Regarding post-dated Notices of Allowance, I was told by a PTO representative that the PTO is aware of the issue. The NOAs get printed in advance andsometimes are mailed out prior to the NOA date. They are not uploaded into the Trademark Document Retrieval ("TDR") database until the NOA date occurs."
The TDR system displays the electronic file wrapper of U.S. Trademark applications and applications for Extensions of Protection, as well as U.S. Trademark Registrations. It also displays information contained in the USPTO records regarding International Registrations and applications for International Registration filed under the Madrid system through the U.S. Currently, you can access almost all pending applications and all Madrid Protocol filings, and many registrations, via TDR.
The USPTO is in the process of converting all remaining registrations into a digital format, so as to permit future TDR access. This conversion process is expected to take several years. Please consult the frequently asked questions for more information regarding what is available in TDR.
Archived updates for Monday, July 25, 2005
MARQUES Unveils GI Legislation Database
According to the July 24, 2005 issue of Managing Intellectual Property, the MARQUES association of European trade mark owners, has launched a database of legislation covering geographical indications (GIs). The database reportedly includes information on international agreements, EU regulations, and national legislation on GIs in 22 European jurisdictions, and is available to MARQUES members online here.
Get a free trial of "Managing Intellectual Property" here.
.HK Registrar Offering Temporary Chinese-Language Domain Name Registrations
According to the July 24, 2005 issue of Managing Intellectual Property, the registrar for the .hk domain, is running a Chinese domain name trial until December 29 this year, and plans to launch the service properly next year.
"CDN" domain name registartions from Hong Kong Domain Name Registration must include at least one Chinese character, either traditional or simplified, and can also contain Roman characters. Anyone can apply for a Chinese character .hk domain during the trial period, and there is no charge. But all registrations will be deleted on December 29.
Unfortunately, so-called "internationalized domain names" still lack formal rules from ICANN.
Israel Named U.S. Intellectual Property Czar
On July 22, 2005, the U.S. Department of Commerce announced that Chris Israel has been tapped as the new Coordinator of International Intellectual Property Enforcement. Israel will head the international work of the National Intellectual Property Law Enforcement Coordination Council (NIPLECC) and coordinate and supervise international intellectual property protection plans among other agencies.
Since 2004, Israel has served as Deputy Chief of Staff for the Secretary of Commerce. Prior to becoming Deputy Chief of Staff, he was Deputy Assistant Secretary for Technology Policy at the Commerce Department. Before joining the Commerce Department, Israel was a public policy executive at Time Warner. He has also worked as legislative aide to Representatives Jan Meyers and Todd Tiahrt. Israel received his B.A. from the University of Kansas and his M.B.A. from the George Washington University.
The National Intellectual Property Law Enforcement Coordination Council's mission is to coordinate domestic and international intellectual property law enforcement among federal and foreign entities. The Council consists of the following seven officials: the Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property and Director of the United States Patent and Trademark Office; the Assistant Attorney General, Criminal Division; the Under Secretary of State for Economic, Business, and Agricultural Affairs; a Deputy United States Trade Representative; the Commissioner of Customs; the Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade; and in a consulting capacity, the Register of Copyrights.
Webster U. Offers MA in Patent Agency
Webster University of St. Louis is offering a Master of Arts in Patent Agency. According to their program description, the global legal community is experiencing an increasing demand for intellectual property law services, thereby resulting in an increasing demand for patent agents knowledgeable in the field of intellectual property law. The patent agency program prepares students who have a science or engineering background to practice as patent agents before the United States Patent and Trademark Office in patent cases:
The program provides the theoretical and practical knowledge needed to
enter the field of patent agency well-prepared to prepare and prosecute patent
cases. [Since] the written portion of the Patent Agent Bar Examination has
recently been eliminated. . . many patent agents who pass the
examination could be entering the work force with virtually no preparation in
patent application drafting. A course of study that teaches students the art of
patent drafting, such as this one, will likely result in the student being more
competent, marketable, and hopefully, more highly compensated.
The 36 credit hours required for the M.A. degree include the following courses:
LEGL 5000 Introduction to Legal Studies (Requisite Course)
LEGL 5260 Methods of Legal Research and Writing I
LEGL 5900 Foundations of Intellectual Property Law
LEGL 5910 Patent Law
LEGL 5920 Patent Drafting
LEGL 5930 Patent Prosecution
LEGL 5940 Patent Law Regulations, Procedures, and Ethics
LEGL 5950 Patent Litigation in the Federal Circuit
LEGL 6030 Integrated Practices in Patent Agency
Average Patent Application Backlog by USPTO Technology Center
Dennis Crouch at the Patently-O Blog has taken the USPTO's “average filing date of applications receiving a first office action” and calculated an average backlog, in months, for each technology center. The backlog ranges from a low of 10 months for plant patent applications in TC 1660 to a high of 40 months for multiplex communication patent applications in TC 2660. Dennis adds that
Although this is unconfirmed, I believe that these numbers are somewhat
skewed because they include continuing applications that generally have a
shorter delay before receiving a first office action. As such, the expected delay for a newly filed non-continuation may be greater than that listed. Nonetheless, the table is useful for providing a new applicant a better estimate of the expected timetable.
Dennis also notes that Stephen Nipper's Invent Blog has provided a concise explanation of how to use the pendency table here and John Doll, the PTO’s Acting Commissioner for Patents recently gave a presentation on this and other topics at the NAPP meeting here.
Nice blogging, guys.
According to a July 21, 2005 report from Intellectual Property Watch, "the United States put a political stake in the ground" at the start of day two of a meeting on reform of the World Intellectual Property Organisation by calling for the meeting to recommend moving development issues to an existing technical committee:
The U.S. proposal is in marked contrast to a proposal put forward on day one by Brazil on behalf of 14 countries referred to as the "Friends of Development." The original Friends of Development proposal was introduced at the 2004 WIPO General Assembly last Fall, which mandated that an Intersessional Intergovernmental Meeting (IIM) discuss the proposal and make a recommendation by the end of July for the 2005 General Assembly. The current 20-22 July IIM is the third and final three-day meeting since April.
The U.S. suggestion to move development issues to the Permanent Committee on Cooperation for Development Related to Intellectual Property (PCIPD) reflects a proposal put forward at the April IIM by the United Kingdom. Canada proposed at the last meeting of the PCIPD – which followed immediately after the April IIM – that the body be reorganised to address broader concepts.
Brazil, India and others have argued repeatedly that the fundamental changes they are calling for must reach beyond the PCIPD into a range of committees and procedures at WIPO. “I think the U.S. totally rejects anything that changes this organization’s modus operandi that helps developing countries,” a Brazilian delegate charged. “I hope I am not correct.”
The U.S. delegate assured Brazil that his government has expressed a “willingness to discuss” development issues and fully supports U.N. efforts. But he said the United States disagrees with the premises upon which Friends of Development proposal is based – that WIPO has not dealt with development issues, and that intellectual property rights have not been positive for innovation.
The access to knowledge treaty, sometimes referred to as the A2K treaty, would ensure this information remains public, feeding science and research, Brazil said. WIPO must address this problem, he said, adding, “We believe an access to knowledge treaty is the real power tool that WIPO should pursue.” Brazil’s delegate cited “worrisome” legislation in the United States that encourages the transfer of more research from universities to private sector, which he said would lead to more monopolies and less innovation.
The United States said it cannot support the proposal, and that it “strongly disagrees” with the principles underlying it and views it as “unnecessary.” Intellectual property has been a strong driver of innovation rather than an impediment, the U.S. said.
The European Union could be the wild-card in the debate, as the United Kingdom’s statement did not reject the access to knowledge treaty proposal, and said WIPO has a role in the debate. On Thursday, the European Union proposed that talks on a stronger development-oriented agenda for the World Intellectual Property Organisation be continued through 2006.
Intellectual Property Watch is a non-profit independent news service reporting on the interests and behind-the-scenes dynamics that influence the design and implementation of international intellectual property policies. They are funded through a combination of grants from private philanthropic foundations, individual donations and subscriptions and received start-up funding through the Center for International Environmental Law, supported by the Open Society Institute and the Rockefeller Foundation.
Click here to get free e-mail notifications for new reports from Intellectual Property Watch.
Archived updates for Thursday, July 21, 2005
Overlooked Counterclaim Bounces Appeal and Costs Appellant
In Enzo Biochem, Inc. v. Gen-Probe, Inc., et al. (Fed. Cir., July 13, 2005), the trial judge concluded its hearing by asking the parties "if there is anything that I have missed in my rulings that I should rule upon." Both counsel responded that the court had covered all the issues raised, and Enzo’s counsel indicated that it would appeal the decision. The judge then stated that he would "enter a summary order . . . that will enable you to proceed with dispatch in the Federal Court of Appeals on your rights if I have erred" and the clerk of the district court entered judgment under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 58 holding that all claims of the ’659 patent were invalid and that "the case was closed."
Gen-Probe moved to dismiss the appeal, arguing that its remaining unadjudicated counterclaim of unenforceability for inequitable conduct rendered the district court’s judgment nonfinal. The court agreed with Gen-Probe that its pending unenforceability counterclaim renders the district court’s judgment nonfinal for purposes of appeal:
Although it is true that the district court here did make a clear statement that the case was at an end, it was mistaken, because an unadjudicated counterclaim remained. Gen-Probe’s brief to this court, supported by the record, and unrefuted by Enzo, makes that clear. While it is, to say the least, regrettable that a party with a remaining counterclaim that it wishes to pursue, as well as its opponent, leaves a trial judge with the impression that no claims remain in the case, we have no choice
but to take cognizance of the nonfinality created by the unquestioned existence
of that counterclaim.
Notheless, after awarding costs, the court granted Enzo leave to seek remedial action in the district court and thereafter reinstate the appeal if and when the judgment becomes final.
Haven't these folks heard of the Take Your Adversary to Lunch program?
Foreign Software Replication No Defense to U.S. Patent Infringement
AT&T Corp. v. Microsoft Corp. (July 13, 2005) the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit affirmed a holding that Microsoft was liable for infringement of AT&T’s United States Reissue Patent 32,580 under 35 U.S.C. § 271(f) for copies of the Windows® operating system that had been replicated abroad from a master version sent from the United States.
Under § 271(f), "whoever without authority supplies or causes to be supplied in or from the United States all or a substantial portion of the components of a patented invention . . . in such manner as to actively induce the combination of such components outside of the United States in a manner that would infringe the patent if such combination occurred within the United States, shall be liable as an infringer." During the course of AT&T’s suit against Microsoft for patent infringement, Microsoft moved in limine to exclude evidence of purported liability under 35 U.S.C. § 271(f) arising from foreign sales of Windows®. Microsoft argued that even if the Windows® software were a "component," no actual components had been "supplied" from the United States as required by § 271(f) because the copies of Windows® installed on the foreign-assembled computers had all been made abroad.
However, the court was not persuaded:
Were we to hold that Microsoft’s supply by exportation of the master versions of the Windows® software—specifically for the purpose of foreign replication—avoids infringement, we would be subverting the remedial nature of §271(f), permitting a
technical avoidance of the statute by ignoring the advances in a field of technology—and its associated industry practices—that developed after the enactment of § 271(f). It would be unsound to construe a statutory provision that was originally enacted to encourage advances in technology by closing a loophole, in a manner that allows the very advances in technology thus encouraged to subvert that intent. Section 271(f), if it is to remain effective, must therefore be interpreted in a manner that is appropriate to the nature of the technology at issue.
For this reason, we find Microsoft’s lock-and-key hypothetical, in which a single master key is sent abroad for mass replication, to be unpersuasive and irrelevant to this case. A lock-and-key assembly is a different type of technology from software, with different uses, such that its mode of mass production and consequent manner of supply abroad could very well be different from the way Microsoft conveniently hypothesizes it to be. While it is clear that a software manufacturer would want several million exact copies of a specific software program generated abroad for
distribution, it is unclear why a lock-and-key manufacturer would want several
million exact copies of a specific key made, as the point of having a lock-and-key assembly is to allow access control by a few keys. We prefer an interpretation of § 271(f) that is informed by actual industry practices, not by hypothetical scenarios that have no bearing on the technical realities of the invention at issue.
One commentator has already suggested that the decision could provide extraterritorial patent protection for software in Europe and elswhere. In fact, in his dissent Judge Rader clearly poited out that the judgment turned on the meaning of "supplies."
This court purports to construe that term according to its "ordinary,
contemporary, common meaning." The ordinary meaning of "supplies," however, does not include "copying," "replicating," or "reproducing" – in effect "manufacturing." The act of supplying is separate and distinct from copying,
reproducing, or manufacturing. Thus, this court provides extraterritorial
expansion to U.S. law by punishing under U.S. law "copying" that occurs abroad.
While copying in Düsseldorf or Tokyo may indeed constitute infringement, that
infringement must find its remedy under German or Japanese law.
On July 15, 2005, the Congressional Research Service of the U.S. The Library of Congress published "Patent Reform: Innovation Issues" (Order Code RL32996). The report examines the Patent Act of 2005, H.R. 2795, introduced in June 2005, which would arguably work the most sweeping reforms to the U.S. patent system since the nineteenth century. Among the more notable of these changes are a shift to a first-inventor-to-file priority system; substantive and procedural modifications to the patent law doctrines of willful infringement and inequitable conduct; and adoption of post-issuance opposition proceedings, prior user rights, and pre-issuance publication of all pending applications.
The authors conclude that many of these proposals, such as pre-issuance publication, prior user rights, and oppositions, have already been implemented in U.S. law to a more limited extent.
These and other proposed modifications, such as the first-inventor-to-file priority system and elimination of the best mode requirement, also reflect the decades-old patent practices of Europe, Japan, and our other leading trading partners. As well, many of these changes enjoy the support of diverse institutions, including the Federal Trade Commission, National Academies, economists, industry representatives, attorneys, and legal academics.
Other knowledgeable observers are nonetheless concerned that certain of these proposals would weaken the patent right, thereby diminishing needed incentives for innovation. Some also believe that changes of this magnitude, occurring at the same time, do not present the most prudent course for the patent system. Patent reform therefore confronts Congress with difficult legal, practical, and policy issues, but also with the apparent possibility for altering and potentially improving the legal regime that has long been recognized as an engine of innovation within the U.S. economy.
Get a free copy the report via the Patently-O Blog, and get more information on "The Meaning and Implications of the 2005 Patent Reform Proposals" via the Association of Patent Law Firms.
USPTO Announces New Interference Search Procedure
On July 19, 2005, the U.S. Patent and Trademark office announced a new procedure, effective June 21, 2005, for conducting "intereference searches" in order to ascertain whether any other applicant is claiming substantially the same subject matter as is being allowed in application being searched. Under the new procedure,
[w]hen an application is in condition for allowance, examiners will make an interference search by performing a text search of the U.S. patent application publication database directed to the comprehensive inventive features in the broadest claim. If the application contains a claim directed to nucleotide or peptide sequence, an interference search of the sequence database will be made. If the search results identify any potential interfering subject matter, the examiner will review the application(s) with the potential interfering subject to determine whether interfering subject matter exists.
If there is no interfering subject matter, then the examiner should prepare the application for issuance. A printout of only the database(s) searched, the query(ies) used in the interference search, and the date the interference search was performed will be made of record in the application file. The results of the interference search will not be placed in the application file.
The new interference search procedure will be incorporated in the upcoming revision of the MPEP. The Office recognizes that for interference purposes, a text search should encompass the claims of all pending U.S. applications and recently issued U.S. patents within a certain range of effective filing dates. However, since the Image File Wrapper (IFW) system does not provide for a text-searchable database encompassing unpublished pending applications, examiners currently can only perform a text search of the PGPub database as set forth above.
It is expected that in the future, there will be a new system that will permit text searches of pending unpublished applications. Once the new system is fully implemented, the interference search procedure will be revised accordingly and notice will be given as to any changes made.
Under the old intereference search procedures, examiners merely inspected all the pending prints and drawings (or all the claims if the invention is not susceptible of illustration) in the "interference files" of the relevant subclasses of the class in which the application is classified, and all other pertinent classes, whether in his or her Technology Center (TC) or elsewhere. When any of the drawings or claims shows such a condition to be likely, the corresponding file was then reviewed.
The "first-to-invent" aspect of the U.S. patent system has long been a bone of contention for the international harmonization of the patent system. Under the current U.S. procedure, interferences will not be declared between pending applications if there is a difference of more than 3 months in the effective filing dates of the oldest and the next oldest applications, in the case of inventions of a simple character, or a difference of more than 6 months in the effective filing dates of the applications in other cases, except in exceptional situations, as determined and approved by the Director. One such exceptional situation would be where one application has the earliest effective filing date based on foreign priority and the other application has the earliest effective United States filing date.
Each of the interefering applications must contain a claim to the same patentable invention (as defined in 37 CFR 1.601(n)) and each of those claims must be clearly readable upon the disclosure of that party and allowable in its application. If the applications each contain at least one claim drawn to the same patentable invention (37 CFR 1.601(n)), the examiner proceeds to propose the interference; otherwise, "one or more claims must be suggested to some or all of the parties" under MPEP § 2305. However, since two applications do not have to contain an identical claim in order to be placed in interference, the suggestion of a claim is not normally necessary.
Once an interference is declared involving an application, ex parte prosecution of the application is suspended, and the applicant need not reply to any USPTO action outstanding as of the date the interference is declared.
Character Conversion in TEAS Plus U.S. Trademark Applications
For U.S. trademark applications filed via TEAS Plus (i.e., on or after July 18, 2005) that include certain characters, the "word mark" field displayed in the Office's various databases may reflect a slightly different mark than what you actually filed. This is because some standard characters must be converted to other characters, or slightly modified, to ensure proper communication across different databases.
Specifically, (1) the € symbol is converted to ‘Euro’; (2) the ‰ symbol is converted to ‘0/00’; (3) Œ is converted to ‘OE’; (4) œ is converted to ‘oe’; and (5) some characters having a diacritical mark (e.g., an umlaut, accent, or cedilla) are converted to remove the diacritical mark; e.g., Ú is converted to U, ÿ is converted to y, and ç is converted to c. " For a complete listing of characters requiring conversion, click here.
For searching purposes, the U.S. patent and Trademark Office is warning that you "should not rely on the word mark field if any of those specific characters are part of the mark (It is not a problem for the characters identified at (5), above)." According to their latest searching instructions, only the following characters are searchable on TESS:
! # $ % & * + - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N
O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ^ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
~ € ‚ ƒ „ … † ‡ ˆ ‰ Š ‹ Œ • – — ™ š › œ Ÿ ¡ ¢ £ ¤ ¥ ¦ § ¨ © ª " ¬ ® ¯ ° ± ² ³ ´
µ ¶ · ¸ ¹ º " ¼ Ç È É Ê Ë Ì Í Î Ï Ð Ñ Ò Ó Ô Õ Ö × Ø Ù Ú Û Ü Ý Þ ß à á â ã ä å æ
ç è é ê ë ì í î ï ð ñ ò ó ô õ ö ù ú û ü ý þ ÿ
However, some of these searchable characters have special meanings on TESS. For example, the asterisk is a truncation character for the BI and TI indexes. For searches, enclose in quotes any characters that have special meanings to TESS. For example, to search for all marks containing the asterisk character in the word mark, the search *"*"*[BI] can be performed. Similarly, the search *"?"*[BI] will retrieve all marks containing the question mark.
Not all characters can be searched on TESS. The following characters cannot be searched on TESS. Search strings that include these characters, will provide undesirable results:
" ' ( ) , ; [ \ ] _ { } ‘ ’ " " ˜
Other formatting characters that cannot be printed, such as the line feed, tab, and backspace characters, also cannot be searched on TESS.
TESS is not case sensitive. UPPER CASE characters are equivalent to lower case characters for searching. Either UPPER CASE or lower case characters may be used for your search terms.
USPTO Launches Site for Small Business
The first step in protecting your business from IP theft is to protect your IP - both in the United States and in other countries where you do business and source products. The STOP! hotline provides a one-stop-shop for businesses to protect their intellectual property at home and abroad. Callers on the hotline (1-866-999-HALT) receive information from USPTO IP attorneys with regional expertise on how to protect and enforce patents, trademarks, copyrights, and trade secrets in domestic and overseas markets.
Click here for answers to frequently asked questions, and more, for small business, including "What is the Bush Administration doing to address this problem?"
IP Justice Sponsors NGO Group Statement on WIPO Development Agenda
"We, the undersigned public interest non-governmental organizations support the adoption of the proposal submitted by the Group of Friends of Development (FoD) for a Development Agenda at the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)." --from an NGO Group Statement Supporting the Friends of Development Proposal by IP Justice ("To sign on to this statement, pleasee mail Robin Gross at IP Justice, at robin@ipjustice.org byTuesday, 19 July 2005.")
Read the Principles of IP Justice:
"Copy Rights" come with "Copy Responsibilities.
Learn more from Intellectual Property Watch . . .
According to Wired News on July 16, 2005 the formal expansion of Internet domain names to include non-English characters is likely to be delayed in light of this conclusion from the United Nations' June 2005 Report of the Working Group on Internet Governance:
27. Multilingualism
Insufficient progress has been made towards multilingualization. Unresolved
issues include standards for multilingual TLDs, e-mail addresses and keyword
lookup, as well as insufficient multilingual local content. There is a lack of
"In some of the early tests ... it became clear we had opened up the opportunity for registering very misleading names," Vint Cerf, head of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, reportedly said in a conference call wrapping up ICANN's meetings lasts week in Luxembourg. Nonetheless, these, these, these ,and other registrars continue to offer multilingual domain name registration services.
These attacks are not due to technical deficiencies in either the Unicode or IDNA specifications, but due to the fact that different characters in different languages can look the same, depending on the font used. For example, Unicode character U+0430, Cyrillic small letter a ("?"), can look identical to Unicode character U+0061, Latin small letter a, ("a") which is the lowercase "a" used in English. Technically, characters that look alike in this way are known as homographs.
Although a computer may display visually identical or very similar glyphs for two different characters, these differences are still significant (to the computer, but not the user) when locating the web sites or validating certificates. Thus, the user's assumption of a one-to-one correspondence between the visual appearance of a name, and the named entity, breaks down.
For example, someone could register a domain name that appears identical to an existing domain but goes somewhere else.
For example, the spoofed domain "p?ypal.com" contains a Cyrillic a, not a Latin a. In many ways, this is not a new thing. Even staying within the old character set of A-Z, 0-9 and hyphen, G00GLE.COM is easily confused with GOOGLE.COM, for example. What was new was that the expansion of the character repertoire from a few dozen characters in a single alphabet to many thousands of characters in many scripts greatly increased the scope for homograph attacks. In general, this kind of attack is known as a "homograph spoofing attack."
On February 7, 2005, Slashdot reported that this exploit was disclosed at the hacker conference Schmoocon with an example available at http://www.shmoo.com/idn/. On browsers supporting IDNA, the URL "http://www.p?ypal.com/" (the Cyrillic ?) appears to lead to paypal.com but instead leads to a spoofed PayPal web site that says "Meeow." Mozilla Firefox, which supports IDNA, shows the page as being at the paypal.com and with a verified security certificate. Firefox displays no warnings of any sort.
Learn more about IDNs here.
It's not the size of the boat that matters. . .
This photo says it all about the recent defeat of the European software patentability directive.
European I/P Import Exclusion for Dummies
HMRC Public Notice 34 (July 2004) explains how the UK Customes service operates the European Community (EC) legislation on:
National or Community plant variety rights infringing goods;
Designations of origin or geographical indications infringing goods;
Geographical designations infringing goods; and
UK legislation on customs action in relation to goods infringing trade marks and copyright.
It also includes information on how to apply with form C1340 (Intellectual Property Rights Application) and form C1340A (Community Intellectual Property Rights Application).
TGIF for "Peer-To-Patent" Taming of the Application Backlog
According to a July 14, 2005 article in Wired Magazine, Beth Noveck, director of New York Law School's Institute for Information Law and Policy, aims to relieve the current system, in which the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office has a backlog of half a million cases. Noveck's plan would reportedly turn the review process over to tens or hundreds of thousands of experts in various fields who would collectively decide an application's fate via a massive rating system not unlike that of eBay.
"It's an interesting idea, and an interesting perspective," Acting Patent Commissioner Doll reportedly said. So-called "peer-to-patent review" is something "that could be done right now, and I'm a little surprised that somebody hasn't started a blog (for that purpose)," said Doll.
Perhaps Professor Novek could jump start the process by offering a free course on the Manual of Patent Examining Procedure. Chapter 2100 on "Patentability" alone contains 234 pages of the most fascinating information that you could ever want to know. Of course, once you add a few examinations, some hands-on training, and an apprenticeship supervisory program, the whole thing starts to look a lot like the Patent Acadamy program at the USPTO.
Besides, didn't Professor Wegner already suggest a voluntary, adjunct examination corp drawn from registered practitioners and former Examiners like himself?
Archived updates for Thursday, July 14, 2005
On 12 July 2005, the European Commission proposed a new directive on "criminal measures aimed at ensuring the enforcement of intellectual property rights." Under the proposed directive, all intentional infringements of an intellectual property right on a commercial scale, and attempting, aiding or abetting and inciting such infringements are treated as criminal offences. The proposal for a framework decision also sets a threshold for criminal penalties including at least four years' imprisonment if the offence involves a criminal organisation or if it jeopardises public health and safety. The applicable fine must be at least EUR 100 000 to EUR 300 000 for cases involving criminal organisations or posing a risk to public health and safety. However, the proposal allows Member States to apply tougher penalties.
According to the press release by the EC, "the Commission hopes that this clear political signal reflecting the determination to combat piracy and counterfeiting will be supported by concerted, long-term information campaigns by national and regional authorities and other interested parties to raise awareness, not only among key players in the fight against counterfeiting and piracy but also amongst the wider public as a whole."
Click here for a primer on European Union law.
USPTO Anti-Piracy Seminar in Phoenix on July 18
Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property Jon Dudas will open a two-day conference for small businesses on the “Global Intellectual Property Marketplace” on Monday, July 18, 2005 at the Hyatt Regency in Phoenix, AZ. During the two-day seminar, patent, trademark and copyright experts and lawyers from the USPTO will provide small- and medium-sized businesses, entrepreneurs, and independent inventors interested in manufacturing or selling their products abroad with specific details and useful tips about protecting and enforcing their intellectual property rights in the United States and around the world.
There is no charge for the conference, but seating is limited. For more information and to register, visit Phoenix Conference Registration.
EPO Responds to Defeat of EU Software Patentability Directicve
According to a statement by the President of the EPO, Alain Pompidoua, following lasts week's defeat of the European Directive on Computer-Implemented Inventions, "The European Patent Convention provides the general legal basis for the grant of European patents, whereas the objective of the directive would have been to harmonise the EU member states' rules on CII and the relevant provisions of the EPC. The EPC also governs our work in the field of CII, together with the case law of our judiciary, the Boards of Appeal of the EPO."
The press release issued on July 6, 2005 goes on to emphasize that "As with all inventions, CII are only patentable if they have technical character, are new and involve an inventive technical contribution to the prior art. Moreover, the EPO does not grant "software patents": computer programs claimed as such, algorithms or computer-implemented business methods that make no technical contribution are not considered patentable inventions under the EPC. In this respect, the practice of the EPO differs significantly from that of the United States Patent & Trademark Office."
In other words Dr. Pompidouia, the definition of "technical contribution" excludes business methods. . . .
For more thoughts along these lines, check out "A Technical Critique of Fifty (European) Software Patents," where the authors conclude that
. . . for the set of patents examined here: they are not too obvious in
general; the level of disclosure is often less than optimal, indicating the need
for reform; they are almost all for real innovations; some are too broad
technically but most are not; they do last too long, but this has little to no
apparent impact on the industry; and some software inventions need both patent
and copyright protection. Taken altogether, software patent critics do have some
valid points (especially regarding disclosure), but the accusations that they
are generally obvious, trivial, and impede progress do not stand up to scrutiny.
Under the new procedure, any applicant may file a request, with the filing of a notice of appeal and before the filing of an appeal brief, for a panel of experienced examiners to perform a detailed review of appealable (not petitionable) issues. No extensions of time are available for filing the request for review and the process does not apply to reexamination proceedings. Upon receipt of a properly filed request, a Technology Center Art Unitsupervisor will designate a panel of examiners experienced in the field oftechnology to review the applicant's remarks and the examiner's rejections. The panel will include at least a supervisor and the examiner of record. The panel will then decide if an issue for appeal is, in fact, present in the record.
Any actual issues lacking factual basis, including interpretations of the prior art teachings or claim scope as contrasted with clear error infacts, are appropriate for the traditional appeal process and submissionof the appeal brief. For grounds where a clear issue on proper interpreta-tion exists, applicant is advised to proceed to appeal with the timelyfiling of the appeal brief. This program "is not intended to be, and is not, an alternative for filing an appeal."
Prosecution on the merits is reopened and an appropriate Office communication will follow in due course. In appropriate circumstances, a proposed amendment may accompany the panel's decision proposing changes that, if accepted, may result in an indication of allowability for the contested claim(s).
A pre-appeal brief conference panel decision that the application remains under appeal is not final agency action for purposes of court review. A decision by a panel to withdraw the rejections of any or all of the claims on appeal is not a decision by apanel of the Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences, and, as such, would not result in any patent term extension of adjustment under 35 U.S.C. Sec. 154(b) (37 CFR 1.701(a)(3) and 1.702(e)). An applicant dissatisfied with the result of the appeal conference must pursue the appeal before the Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences.
The period of time for filing the appeal brief will be the later of the two-month period set in 37 CFR 41.37(a) or one month from the mail date of the decision on the request. If a request for a pre-appeal brief conference is filed with a notice of appeal, the time period set in 37 CFR 41.37(a)(1) is waived so that an appeal will not stand dismissed if an appeal brief is not filed within two months of the filing date of a notice of appeal, but is filed within one month of the decision on the request. To the extent that any other existing USPTO rule is inconsistent with this pilot program, the rule is waived until regulations directed to pre-appeal brief conferences are promulgated, or the pilot program is ended.
Under this pilot program, the request must be filed with the notice ofappeal. However, the Office is considering, as part of a more permanent implementation of the pre-appeal brief conference program, permitting applicants to file the request within two months (non-extendable) of the receipt of the notice of appeal for a fee ($130.00), in which case the period for filing an appeal brief would simply be the two-month period set in 37 CFR 41.37(a)(i.e., the mailing of a decision on the request would notprovide any new time period for filing the appeal brief).
En Banc Decision Minimizes Role of Dictionaries in Patent Claim Construction
In Phillips v. AWH Corp. (Fed. Cir., en banc, July 12, 2005), the principal issue presented to the Court was the extent to which it should resort to and rely on a patent’s specification in seeking to ascertain the proper scope of its claims:
This is hardly a new question. The role of the specification in claim construction has been an issue in patent law decisions in this country for nearly two centuries. We addressed the relationship between the specification and the claims at some length in our en banc opinion in Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc., 52 F.3d 967, 979-81 (Fed. Cir. 1995) (en banc), aff’d, 517 U.S. 370 (1996). We again summarized the applicable principles in Vitronics Corp. v. Conceptronic, Inc., 90 F.3d 1576 (Fed. Cir. 1996), and more recently in Innova/Pure Water, Inc. v. Safari Water Filtration Systems, Inc., 381 F.3d 1111 (Fed. Cir. 2004). What we said in those cases bears restating, for the basic principles of claim construction outlined there are still applicable, and we reaffirm them today. We have also previously considered the use of dictionaries in claim construction. What we have said in that regard requires clarification.
With regard to dictionaries, the court began by noting that the methodology in Texas Digital Systems, Inc. v. Telegenix, Inc., 308 F.3d 1193 (Fed. Cir. 2002) "placed too much reliance on extrinsic sources such as dictionaries, treatises, and encyclopedias and too little on intrinsic sources, in particular the specification and prosecution history." The Texas Digital approach improperly restricts the role of the specification in claim construction because it "limits the role of the specification in claim construction to serving as a check on the dictionary meaning of a claim term if the specification requires the court to conclude that fewer than all the dictionary definitions apply, or if the specification contains a sufficiently specific alternative definition or disavowal. "
The court went on to state that the purpose underlying the Texas Digital line of cases—to avoid the danger of reading limitations from the specification into the claim—is sound. However, the distinction between using the specification to interpret the meaning of a claim and importing limitations from the specification into the claim can be a difficult one to apply in practice. Nonetheless, "the line between construing terms and importing limitations can be discerned with reasonable certainty and predictability if the court’s focus remains on understanding how a person of ordinary skill in the art would understand the claim terms."
In Vitronics, this court grappled with the same problem and set forth guidelines for reaching the correct claim construction and not imposing improper limitations on claims. 90 F.3d at 1582. The underlying goal of our decision in Vitronics was to increase the likelihood that a court will comprehend how a person of ordinary skill in the art would understand the claim terms. See id. at 1584. In that process, we recognized that there is no magic formula or catechism for conducting claim construction. Nor is the court barred from considering any particular sources or required to analyze sources in any specific sequence, as long as those sources are not used to contradict claim meaning that is unambiguous in light of the intrinsic evidence. See id. at 1583-84; Intel Corp. v. VIA Techs., Inc., 319 F.3d 1357, 1367 (Fed. Cir. 2003). For example, a judge who encounters a claim term while reading a patent might consult a general purpose or specialized dictionary to begin to understand the meaning of the term, before reviewing the remainder of the patent to determine how the patentee has used the term. The sequence of steps used by the judge in consulting various sources is not important; what matters is for the court to attach the appropriate weight to be assigned to those sources in light of the statutes and policies that inform patent law. Vitronics, 90 F.3d at 1582. In Vitronics, we
did not attempt to provide a rigid algorithm for claim construction, but simply
attempted to explain why, in general, certain types of evidence are more
valuable than others. Today, we adhere to that approach and reaffirm the
approach to claim construction outlined in that case, in Markman and in Innova.
The court also cautioned against applying the maxim that "claims should be construed to preserve their validity" where a claim term in not ambiguous.
Instead, we have limited the maxim to cases in which “the court concludes, after applying all the available tools of claim construction, that the claim is still mbiguous.” Liebel-Flarsheim, 358 F.3d at 911; see also Generation II Orthonics Inc. v. Med. Tech. Inc., 263 F.3d 1356, 1365 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (“[C]laims can only be construed to preserve their validity where the proposed claim construction is ‘practicable,’ is based on sound claim construction principles, and does not revise or ignore the explicit language of the claims.”); Elekta Instrument S.A. v. O.U.R. Scientific Int’l, Inc., 214 F.3d 1302, 1309 (Fed. Cir. 2000) (“having concluded that the amended claim is susceptible of only one reasonable construction, we cannot construe the claim differently from its plain meaning in order to preserve its validity”); E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. v. Phillips Petroleum Co., 849 F.2d 1430, 1434 (Fed. Cir. 1988) (rejecting argument that limitations should be added to claims to preserve the validity of the claims). In such cases, we have looked to whether it is reasonable to infer that the PTO would not have issued an invalid patent, and that the ambiguity in the claim language should therefore be resolved in a manner that would preserve the patent’s validity.
. . .The applicability of the doctrine in a particular case therefore depends on the strength of the inference that the PTO would have recognized that one claim interpretation would render the claim invalid, and that the PTO would not have issued the patent assuming that to be the proper construction of the term.
Finally, the court chose not to address the issue of to what extent it is appropriate to accord any deference to any aspect of trial court claim construction rulings: "We therefore leave undisturbed our prior en banc decision in Cybor."
The critical language of claim 1 of U.S. Patent No. 4,677,798 (above) was "further means disposed inside the shell for increasing its load bearing capacity comprising internal steel baffles extending inwardly from the steel shell walls." The court concluded that this phrase imposed three clear requirements with respect to the baffles. First, the baffles must be made of steel. Second, they must be part of the load-bearing means for the wall section. Third, they must be pointed inward from the walls.
According to the couurt, the fact that the written description of the patent set forth multiple objectives to be served by the baffles recited in the claims confirms that the term “baffles” should not be read restrictively to require that the baffles in each case serve all of the recited functions.
Although deflecting projectiles is one of the advantages of the baffles of the ’798 patent, the patent does not require that the inward extending structures always be capable of performing that function. Accordingly, we conclude that a person of skill in the art would not interpret the disclosure and claims of the ’798 patent to mean that a structure extending inward from one of the wall faces is a “baffle” if it is at an acute or obtuse angle, but is not a “baffle” if it is disposed at a right angle. . . . Because we disagree with the district court’s claim construction, we reverse the summary judgment of noninfringement.
In their IP Law Bulletin for July 13, 2005, the attorneys at Foley and Lardner have already concluded that the "opinion does not represent a substantial change in the law regarding claim construction, but provides a useful and important summary of 10 years of claim construction precedent. Due to the Court’s emphasis on the specification and prosecution history, patent applicants seeking broad protection need to invest in careful patent prosecution. The effect of things said or left unsaid during preparation of the patent application and in responses to the PTO will be very difficult to change when it becomes time to enforce the resulting patent."
For more comentary on the decision, check out "Federal Circuit Orders Courts to Rely on Patent Language" by Brenda Sandburg in The Recorder on July 14, 2005.