Source: https://patents.google.com/patent/US20060029343
Timestamp: 2018-02-21 13:43:13
Document Index: 611423341

Matched Legal Cases: ['art 583', 'art 585', 'art 583', 'art 585', 'art 583', 'art 583', 'art 585']

US20060029343A1 - Fiber optic article with inner region - Google Patents
Fiber optic article with inner region
US20060029343A1
US20060029343A1 US10911812 US91181204A US2006029343A1 US 20060029343 A1 US20060029343 A1 US 20060029343A1 US 10911812 US10911812 US 10911812 US 91181204 A US91181204 A US 91181204A US 2006029343 A1 US2006029343 A1 US 2006029343A1
US10911812
US7050686B2 (en )
A cladding of a fiber optic article according to the invention, such as, for example, any fiber optic articles or optical fibers described herein, can comprise a glass, as may have been discussed, for example, in part in conjunction with certain aspects of the invention noted above. A cladding can consist essentially of silica. In one practice of the invention, a second cladding can comprise a glass, which can be a silica glass doped with an index reducing material. [00191 The core of a fiber optical article according to the invention, such as, for example, any fiber optic article or fiber described herein, can have a selected numerical aperture (NA), as may have been discussed, for example, in part in conjunction with aspects of the invention noted above. In one practice of the invention, the NA can be less than 0.12; in another practice of the invention, the NA of the core can be less than 0.09; and in yet another practice of the invention the NA of the core can be less than 0.06. The cladding can consist essentially of fused silica. Where the fiber has a longitudinal axis and includes a longitudinally extending stress inducing region for providing birefringence, the inner region and the longitudinally extending region can be the same region. Alternatively or additionally, the NA can be greater than 0.01, greater than 0.02 or greater than 0.03.
It is often desirable that a fiber optic article, such as a preform or an optical fiber, comprise a plurality of selected materials so as to provide the fiber optic article with certain capabilities. For example, U.S. Pat. No 4,666,247, entitled “Multiconstituent Optical Fiber” and issued May 19, 1987 to MacChesney and Simpson, notes that an optical device, such as, for example, a glass (e.g., silica glass) based optical fiber, can beneficially include certain materials. These materials can include the “modifiers” noted in the '247 patent, which can include the 4f-type rare earths. Rare earths can be very useful in fiber lasers, amplifiers and other optical devices. A fiber can advantageously include, in addition to one of the modifiers, a second material, given the name in the '247 patent of a “homogenizer”, that can aid in having the optical fiber include a higher concentration of the modifier or that can otherwise enhance the performance of an optical device that includes one or more modifiers. The '247 patent notes the homogenizers can include elements such as B, Al, Ga, In, P, As, and Sb.
FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment of a fiber optic article 112 according to the invention. The fiber optical article 112 can include a core 120, a cladding 124 disposed about the core 120 and a second cladding 128 disposed about the cladding 124. The core 120 can have a substantially circular outer perimeter 130 that defines the cross-sectional area Al of the core 120. The cladding 124 includes an outer perimeter 134 that defines a cross-sectional area of all the area inside the bounds of the outer perimeter 134, which cross sectional area may include the cross sectional area of the core. The second cladding 128 can have an outer perimeter 138 that can also be substantially circular. The cladding 124 can contactingly surround, at least in part, the core 120 and the second cladding 128 can contactingly surround, at least in part, the cladding 124. The core 120 can have a diameter Dcore.
Addition of fluorine to the core of the fiber can help lower the NA of the core. As is understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, the NA of a fiber is related to the acceptance angle of the fiber by the formula NA=sin ⊖max, where ⊖max is the maximum angle of incidence for a ray that will be guided by the fiber. For a fiber having a first region having a step refractive index profile relative to a second region (e.g., the core relative to the cladding or first cladding relative to a second cladding) the NA can be approximated according to the formula:
NA=[(refractive index of first region)2−(refractive index of second region)2]1/2
The NA can also be measured experimentally, and measurements are preferably made to determine whether a fiber has an NA as specified herein, as the above formula is for an ideal step refractive index profile, whereas a measurement can be made on many different types of fibers (e.g., photonic bandgap fibers, which are included within the scope of the invention). Stating herein that one region of the fiber has a selected NA relative to another region of fiber means the NA obtained when the regions are adjacent such that any intervening region has little or no effect of the NA determination. Regions need not be adjacent for the forgoing to be a useful definition.
A region (e.g., the core) of a fiber according to the invention, such as the fiber 112 of FIG. 1 or any of the other fibers taught herein, may comprise a numerical aperture (NA) of less than 0.12; of no greater than 0.09; of no greater than 0.08; of no of no greater than 0.07; of no greater than 0.06; and of no greater than 0.05. In conjunction with any of the foregoing, it is noted that the NA can be at least 0.01, at least 0.02, or at least 0.03. The NA can also be from 0.05 to 0.1; from 0.06 to 0.11; from 0.07 to 0.11; or from 0.08 to 0.11. Other possibilities include a NA from 0.06 to 0.08; or from 0.05 to 0.09. The concentration of the second selected material, which reduces the index of refraction, may be selected at least in part to achieve the desired NA. Note that the NA of the core 120 can in certain circumstances actually be the NA of the core 120 relative to the cladding 124, and that in some embodiments of the invention the “pedestal” region of the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 6,411,762, disposed between the cladding 124 and the core 120 is not used to achieve a particular NA. The use of fluorine can help reduce the need for a “pedestal” or a pedestal to be of less consequence (e.g., not having as high index of refraction relative to a cladding).
Typically the fiber (e.g., the core of the fiber) will comprise from 10% to 25% by weight of P2O5; from 0.5% to 5% by weight of Yb2O3; from 0% to 0.7% by weight of Er2O3; and from 0.1% to 3.5% by weight of F. In certain embodiments, a fiber optic article (e.g., the core of an optical fiber) can comprise at least 1%, at least 3%, or at least 5% by weight of fluorine. A glass host material, (e.g., SiO2) typically makes up any remainder of material one or more of the foregoing. The core may be essentially free of aluminum. In one embodiment of the invention, the fiber (e.g., the core of the fiber) can comprise from 0 to 4.9×1019 erbium atoms (e.g., Er3+ ions) per cubic centimeter and from 3.3×1019 to 3.4×1020 ytterbium atoms (e.g., Yb3+ ions) per cubic centimeter. Such a fiber can also include a concentration of phosphorus, which can be incorporated into a compound, such as, for example, P2O5. Typically, the concentration of ytterbium atoms or ions is higher than the concentration of erbium atoms or ions. The ratio of ytterbium ions to erbium ions can be, for example, at least 2:1, at least 6:1, at least 10:1; at least 12:1, at least 15:1; or at least 20:1. The concentration in weight percent of Er2O3 is typically higher than the concentration in weight percent of Yb2O3.
Both of the foregoing can be applicable. For example, the inner part 583 can include a first selected material (e.g., P in the form of P2 O5) that is also included in the outer part 585 but in a substantially different concentration (e.g., the inner part 583 can comprise 10-20 weight % of P2O5 and the outer part can comprise 0-10 weight % of P2O5 and the outer part 585 can comprise a second selected material (e.g., 0-10 weight of GeO2) of which the inner part 583 is substantially free. Preferably, the inner part 583 of the inner region 570 comprises an index of refraction that is substantially the same as an index of refraction comprised by the outer part 585 of the inner region 570. This can be achieved by proper selection of the concentrations of the material in each of the inner and outer parts of the inner region 570.
V=(NA×radius of the core×2π)/free space wavelength of light
In various embodiments of the invention, the birefringence of a fiber according to the present invention (birefringence can be the birefringence of the fiber at the first wavelength or, in other practice of the invention can be the birefringence as measured at 633 nm) can be no less than 1×10−4; no less than 1.5×10−4; no less than 2×10−4; no less than 3×10−4; no less than 4×10−4; no less than 5×10−4; or no less than 6×10−4. Alternatively, the birefringence can be no greater than 1×10−4; no greater than 1.5×10−4; no greater than 2×10−4; no greater than 3×10−4; no greater than 4×10−4; no greater than; no greater than 5×10−4; or no greater than 6×10−4. The birefringence can be from 1×10−4 to 6×10−4, or from 1×10−4 to 3×10−4, or from 3×10−4 to 6×10−4, or from 2×10−4 to 5×10−4.
35. An optical fiber, comprising:
a core comprising a concentration of at least one rare earth for providing light having a first wavelength responsive to said fiber being pumped by light having a second wavelength that is different than said first wavelength;
an inner region disposed about said core, said inner region comprising a silica glass;
a cladding disposed about said inner region, said cladding comprising silica;
wherein the index of refraction of the second cladding is less than that of the cladding, the index of refraction of the cladding is less than that of the inner region, and the index of refraction of the inner region is less than that of the core; and
wherein said core comprises a V-number at said first wavelength of greater than 2.405 and wherein said core comprises a numerical aperture (NA) of less than 0.12.
36. The optical fiber of claim 35 wherein said V-number is at least 3.
37. The optical fiber of claim 35 wherein said NA is less than 0.09.
38. The optical fiber of claim 59 wherein said concentration of erbium includes a concentration of erbium ions and said concentration of ytterbium includes a concentration of ytterbium ions that is at least two times greater than said concentration of erbium ions.
39-58. (canceled)
59. The optical fiber of claim 35 wherein said concentration of at least one rare earth comprises a concentration of ytterbium and a concentration of erbium.
60. The optical fiber of claim 59 comprising a third cladding disposed about said second cladding, said third cladding comprising a fluorinated polymer and having an index of refraction that is less than the index of refraction of said second cladding.
61. The optical fiber of claim 60 wherein said second cladding comprises silica glass and at least one index reducing material.
62. The optical fiber of claim 61 wherein said cladding consists essentially of silica.
63. The optical fiber of claim 35 wherein said at least one rare earth comprises ytterbium.
64. The optical fiber of claim 35 wherein said at least one rare earth comprises erbium.
65. The optical fiber of claim 35 wherein said cladding consists essentially of silica.
66. The optical fiber of claim 35 wherein said second cladding comprises silica glass and at least one index reducing material.
67. The optical fiber of claim 35 comprising a third cladding disposed about said second cladding, said third cladding comprising a fluorinated polymer and having an index of refraction that is less than the index of refraction of said second cladding.
68. The optical fiber of claim 35 wherein said concentration of at least one rare earth comprises a concentration of thulium.
69. The optical fiber of claim 68 wherein said second cladding comprises a glass.
70. The optical fiber of claim 69 comprising a third cladding disposed about said second cladding, said third cladding comprising a fluorinated polymer and having an index of refraction that is less than the index of refraction of said second cladding.
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Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:FARRONI, JULIA A;MANYAM, UPENDRA H;JACOBSON, NILS;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:015417/0253;SIGNING DATES FROM 20040914 TO 20041129