Source: http://www.google.com/patents/US20020161387?dq=5,490,216
Timestamp: 2017-05-28 05:18:33
Document Index: 733299022

Matched Legal Cases: ['art 5', 'art 6', 'arts 6', 'art 6', 'arts 5', 'arts 5']

Patent US20020161387 - Safety trocar with progressive cutting tip guards and gas jet tissue deflector - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsA surgical device for endoscopic surgical procedures capable of preventing injuries to internal organs during insertion. The surgical device can include one or more of the following: at least one sharp bladed edge, a mechanical tissue protection device that includes a series of thin plastic guards sliding...http://www.google.com/patents/US20020161387?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US20020161387 - Safety trocar with progressive cutting tip guards and gas jet tissue deflectorAdvanced Patent SearchTry the new Google Patents, with machine-classified Google Scholar results, and Japanese and South Korean patents.Publication numberUS20020161387 A1Publication typeApplicationApplication numberUS 10/092,560Publication dateOct 31, 2002Filing dateMar 8, 2002Priority dateJun 22, 2000Also published asCA2477934A1, CN1638835A, CN100515512C, EP1483010A1, EP1483010A4, WO2003075999A1Publication number092560, 10092560, US 2002/0161387 A1, US 2002/161387 A1, US 20020161387 A1, US 20020161387A1, US 2002161387 A1, US 2002161387A1, US-A1-20020161387, US-A1-2002161387, US2002/0161387A1, US2002/161387A1, US20020161387 A1, US20020161387A1, US2002161387 A1, US2002161387A1InventorsErnesto BlancoOriginal AssigneeBlanco Ernesto E.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (99), Referenced by (45), Classifications (12), Legal Events (1) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetSafety trocar with progressive cutting tip guards and gas jet tissue deflector
US 20020161387 A1Abstract
A surgical device for endoscopic surgical procedures capable of preventing injuries to internal organs during insertion. The surgical device can include one or more of the following: at least one sharp bladed edge, a mechanical tissue protection device that includes a series of thin plastic guards sliding along the sides of the blade edges and having an angle between their edges smaller than that of the at least blade edge, one or more fixed conical deflectors to expand the cut tissue passage leaving the guards to contact tissue contact only at their tips, an insufflation passage configured to transport fluid into the body cavity during penetration, a locking system for the guards that prevents accidental reuse of the cutting features, and/or an ergonomic design which facilitates handling. Images(17) Claims(33)
1. A surgical device, comprising: a handle configured to be gripped; a cylinder penetrator attached to said handle; and a substantially planar blade having at least a first blade edge, said blade being attached to a distal end of said cylinder penetrator and oriented substantially parallel to a main axis of said cylinder penetrator and configured to produce a substantially planar opening in a body tissue for an insertion of a surgical cannula. 2. The surgical device according to claim 1, further comprising: said blade having a first and second blade edge, wherein: said blade being oriented substantially parallel to said main axis of said cylinder penetrator. 3. The surgical device according to claim 2, wherein a tip portion of said blade is substantially located along said main axis of said cylinder penetrator. 4. The surgical device according to claim 1, further comprising a guard moveable with respect to said blade to cover said at least first blade edge. 5. A surgical device, comprising: a handle configured to be gripped; a cylinder penetrator having a main axis and attached to said handle; a substantially planar blade having a cutting tip located at a distal end of said cylinder penetrator; and an insufflation passageway configured to discharge a pressurized fluid while said cutting tip is inside a body tissue and transport said pressurized fluid across said body tissue when said cutting tip substantially penetrates the body tissue. 6. The surgical device according to claim 5, wherein said surgical device further comprises: an external reservoir configured to supply said insufflation passageway with said pressurized fluid. 7. The surgical device according to claim 6, wherein said surgical device further comprises: a check valve between said insufflation passageway and an exterior of the surgical device, configured to prevent leakage from said insufflation passageway. 8. The surgical device according to claim 5, wherein said insufflation chamber is configured to pressurize during an insertion of said cutting tip into said body tissue. 9. The surgical device according to claim 5, wherein said pressurized fluid is a gas. 10. The surgical device according to claim 7, wherein said check valve is a flap valve. 11. The surgical device according to claim 5, wherein said insufflation passageway passes through said cylinder penetrator. 12. The surgical device according to claim 5, wherein: said planar blade includes a plurality of cutting edges configured to intersect substantially at the main axis of said cylinder penetrator; and said insufflation passageway is defined in part by said blades. 13. A surgical device, comprising: a handle configured to be gripped; a cylinder penetrator having a main axis and attached to said handle; a substantially planar blade having a cutting tip located at a distal end of said cylinder penetrator; a tissue expander located at a distal end of said cylinder penetrator and configured to expand a tissue cut by said cutting tip for insertion of said cylinder penetrator; and a guard configured to expose said cutting tip while said cutting tip is beginning to cut a tissue layer and while said cutting tip is in said tissue layer, and to progressively cover the end of said cutting tip immediately after a most distal point of said cutting tip has substantially passed through said tissue layer 14. The surgical device of claim 13, wherein said blade comprises: a plurality of blade edges configured to intersect at a position distal to said cylinder penetrator and substantially along said main axis. 15. The surgical device of claim 14, wherein said guard comprises: a safety guard positioned substantially parallel to said blade. 16. The surgical device of claim 15, wherein said guard further has a safety guard edge angle smaller than a blade edge angle of said blade. 17. The surgical device of claim 13, further comprising: a spring configured to allow translation of said guard responsive to a force generated during a driving of said cutting tip into and through said tissue layer. 18. The surgical device of claim 13, wherein said tissue expander further comprises: tissue expander faces located slightly proximal to said cutting tip. 19. The surgical device of claim 13, further comprising: a penetration monitor configured to indicate a position of said guard relative to said cutting tip. 20. A surgical device, comprising: a handle configured to be gripped; a cylinder penetrator having a main axis and attached to said handle; a substantially planar blade having a cutting tip located at a distal end of said cylinder penetrator; a tissue expander configured to expand a tissue cut by said cutting tip for insertion of said cylinder penetrator; and a guard configured to have substantially no contact with said tissue during a penetration of said tissue by said cutting tip. 21. The surgical device of claim 20, wherein said guards are slidably affixed between said tissue expander and said cutting tip. 22. A surgical device, comprising: a handle configured to be gripped; a cylinder penetrator having a main axis and attached to said handle; a substantially planar blade cutting tip located at a distal end of said cylinder penetrator; a guard configured to slidably cover and uncover said cutting tip; and a locking mechanism configured to hinder an accidental uncovering of said cutting tip by said guard. 23. A surgical device, comprising: a handle configured to be gripped; a cylinder penetrator having a main axis and attached to said handle; a substantially planar blade cutting tip located at a distal end of said cylinder penetrator wherein said handle includes at least one side horn configured to facilitate pushing, pulling, rotation, and tilting of said surgical device. 24. The surgical device of claim 23, further comprising: a cannula attached to a removable portion of said handle. 25. A surgical device, comprising: means for gripping said surgical device; means for passing an object of interest into a substantially planar hole; means for cutting said hole for insertion of said means for passing; and means for halting said means for cutting. 26. The surgical device of claim 25, wherein said means for halting comprises: means for guarding said means for cutting. 27. The surgical device of claim 25, wherein said means for halting comprises: means for insufflating a tissue beneath said means for cutting. 28. A method of inserting a cannula into an individual, comprising steps of: cutting a substantially planar hole in a body tissue layer using a cutting tip, said hole being suitable for the insertion of a cannula; forcing simultaneously a pressurized fluid into said hole thereby inserting said pressurized fluid beneath said body tissue layer; and halting said cutting. 29. The method according to claim 28, wherein said pressurized fluid is a gas. 30. The method according to claim 28, wherein said cutting tip is a blade edge of a substantially planar blade. 31. The surgical device according to claim 5, wherein said at least first blade edge is positioned so as to intersect with said main axis of said cylinder penetrator. 32. The surgical device according to claim 1, wherein said cylinder penetrator is hollow. 33. The surgical device according to claim 1, wherein said first blade has two cutting edges.
[0001] The present application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/598,453, filed Jun. 22, 2000, now pending, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] 1. Field of the Invention [0003] The current invention relates to a surgical device and, more specifically, to a surgical device containing one or more design features that allow to the device to be used safely. [0004] 2. Discussion of the Background [0005] Most existing trocars used for endoscopic surgical procedures are incapable of truly effective prevention of injuries to internal organs during insertion and manipulation of the trocar. Despite intensive efforts to improve present trocar designs, the results are still dismal. Present procedures frequently injure internal organs, and the resulting wounds are sometimes serious or even fatal. The need for safer trocars is thus imperative, especially given that endoscopic surgical procedures are likely to become more widespread in the future. [0006] Endoscopic or minimally invasive surgery presents an opportunity to improve present surgical procedures and instrumentation comparable only to the revolutionary effect of the introduction of anesthetics in the 19th Century. [0007] Most present day trocars utilize a tip “shield”, or cover, for the cutting edges which is usually deployed immediately after penetration of the body cavity has taken place. Such a penetration is fraught with danger of injury to internal organs. However careful a surgeon may be during penetration of the body cavity, the resistance to penetration drops at the last instant prior to damage to the internal organs. This sudden drop in the resistance to penetration is called a “plunge effect” and occurs prior to any safety feature deployment. In some trocars, the penetration is controlled in some fashion, either taking place in small increments or under some form of approximate direct observation, estimate, or monitoring. In all cases, however, the designs result in much of the piercing tip being inserted to a dangerous depth before any protecting device is deployed. This is perhaps not surprising since, after all, a hole must be made before any protection is deployed. [0008] Since in most cases delicate organs are very close to the inside of the skin layer being pierced, it is advisable to perform the penetration after internal cavities have been filled with carbon dioxide to minimize the danger of accidental injury due to contact with the sharp piercing tip or the cutting edges of the instrument. In most cases, however, the force required for penetration and the elastic nature of the muscular layer cause a severe depression at the surgical portal, therefore bringing the penetrating tip of the instrument closer to the internal organs. In some of those cases, the sudden penetration of the cavity wall and the rapid drop in resistance allow the instrument to be propelled far deeper than desired or is possible to control. Furthermore, friction between the tissue walls and any protective device retards the deployment of the protective device, and an injury almost inevitably occurs. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0009] Accordingly, one object of this invention is to insure that such events be avoided through a surgical device in which a penetrating tip or cutting edge(s) of the instrument be kept, at all times, sufficiently distant from delicate tissues. Thus, even under dynamic conditions, the probability of injury will be reduced. [0010] A further object of this invention is to provide a surgical device wherein insufflation fluid can be driven into a patient during penetration of the body cavity by the surgical device to drive the internal organs away from the surgical device during penetration. The insufflation fluid of the present invention can either be supplied from an external pressurized reservoir, or compressed (and hence gathered) during penetration of the body cavity by the surgical device. [0011] A further object of the invention is to provide a surgical device that contains one or more cutting edge that provides low frictional forces between the cutting edge and tissue during penetration of the body cavity, thus reducing the force needed to drive the surgical device into the body cavity. [0012] A further object of the invention is to provide a surgical device that includes a protective device that deploys while remaining substantially out of contact with tissue, thus reducing frictional forces between the protective device and ensuring a controlled and advantageous deployment. [0013] A further object of the invention is to provide a surgical device that includes a protective device such as safety guards, wherein the guarding elements have an apex and the angle subscribed at the apex is smaller than the angle subscribed by the blades or cutting elements of the surgical device, thus insuring progressive coverage of the blades or cutting elements during deployment of the protective device. The term “blades” as used in the present invention is intended to mean one or more blades. [0014] A further object of this invention is to provide a surgical device with a grip mechanism that allows convenient gripping and twisting of the surgical device during penetration of the body cavity. [0015] A further object of this invention is to provide a surgical device that includes a locking system that prevents accidental reuse of the cutting elements after the tip has been used. [0016] It is therefor desired that this invention, in general, improve surgical safety. [0017] These and other objects of the invention are achieved in a first embodiment by a surgical device such as a trocar tissue penetrator including a set of thin planar arrow-pointed cutting blades joined at a cutting point coaxial and within a hollow cylinder penetrator and having the cutting edges converge at a cutting angle at the cutting point. The back outside of the set of cutting blades can be fixed to the inside of the hollow cylinder penetrator with the cutting edges fully protruding. The hollow cylinder can have its front end slotted and each segment pointed in a triangular shape and bent to fit between the blades and having its edges substantially parallel to the edges of the protruding blades but axially recessed behind such edges to act as a tissue expander to prevent contact between inside moving guards and the outside tissue. The slots between the triangularly shaped bent section tissue expanders at the end of the hollow cylinder penetrator can be wide enough to permit the passing between them and the sides of the cutting blades of a guard sheet at least as thick as the blades. A set of elongated axially bent sheet guards can be set to slide freely within the space between the sides of the cutting blades and the triangular bent segments of the hollow cylinder and having their frontal end with a tip angle profile substantially more acute than the adjacent angle of the blade edges and terminating in a very small dull round tip. The angular frontal edges of the bent sheet guards can have shallow angle ends and curving slowly toward the edges so that at no time their angle exceeds that of the adjacent cutting edges. The elongated bent sheet guards inserted between the cutting blades and the triangularly bent segments of the hollow cylinder can be attached at their opposite end to a stem which is urged toward the frontal cutting edges by a coil spring. [0018] The advantageous characteristics of this surgical device include, e.g., the following: [0019] a multiple system of sharp planar knife edges that practically eliminate lateral friction and provide a reduced resistance to penetration, thereby reducing the penetration “plunge effect” and tissue springback. [0020] a mechanical tissue protection device that includes a series of thin plastic guards sliding along the sides of the planar knives and, in a preferred embodiment, having an angle between their edges smaller than that of the cutting knife edges. It can then be shown that, with proper contouring of such plastic guard edges, it is possible to provide complete guarding between the cutting edges and the surrounding tissues from the very start of the penetration, and to do so in a truly progressive manner, without jerks or discontinuities. The progressive guarding action that results from the smaller angle between the sides of the guards than the angle between the edges of the cutting blades allows the guards to plunge into the tiny opening made by the cutting tip and instantly surround it, thereby preventing injury to internal organs during the most crucial instant of the trocar insertion. Therefore, guarding action takes place in a truly progressive manner in which, as the cutting blades continue expanding the tiny initial opening, the guards progressively advance keeping the cutting edges constantly covered outside the penetrating region and isolated from internal organs until the penetration is completed and the cannula fully inserted; [0021] one or more fixed conical deflectors to expand the cut tissue passage leaving the guards to contact tissue only at their tips, thus isolating the guards from friction against the tissue at the sides of the point of penetration. Therefore, as soon as even a minute opening is made at the tip by the cutting blades, the guards instantly plunge into the opening and prevent the blade tips from any contact with internal organs. Thus, using tissue expanders outside the guards prevents friction between the guards and the tissue, which would retard the deployment action. [0022] The use of this tissue expander allows the safety device to function without restriction, thereby eliminating one of the major deficiencies of existing trocars. In other words, the dynamic response of the guards is inherently much faster than the rate of penetration of the blades. As a result, cutting edges are never dangerously exposed to contact with internal organs, however fast the penetration rate may be; [0023] an insufflation passage configured to transport fluid into the body cavity during penetration. The insufflation passage can be pressurized either using an external reservoir or by compressing gas contained in the passage during penetration. Once an initial penetration of the epithelium has been made, fluid from the insufflation passage will drive the internal organs away from the cutting edge(s). In the case of an external carbon dioxide gas reservoir, a carbon dioxide gas valve is opened, thereby pressurizing the penetrator tubular body. Under such pressurization, since the front is enclosed by tissue, the cutting tip penetrates the tissues while the gas is prevented from exhausting, but as soon as the most minute opening starts to appear at the tip, the gas expands suddenly into the opening and forcibly deflects delicate internal organs away from the tip of the cutting surface while simultaneously the guard tips are forced through the opening by their spring. The use of a pressurized fluid (or gas) tissue deflector thus creates an organ-free zone in front of the cutting blade tips at the instant of the incipient penetration, even before the guard tips plunge into the opening. It must also be pointed out that a sudden gas expansion can also aid the deployment of the guards since the flow occurs between the cutting blades and the conical expanders, precisely where guards may be located. It could almost be said that the guards are spit out by the fluid flow. This increases the velocity of their deployment and hence the overall safety of the surgical device; [0024] a locking system for the guards, which is located at the proximal end of the instrument, prevents accidental reuse of the cutting features after the tip has been safely introduced for the first time. The locking system for the trocar guards includes a locking cylinder attached to a locking button supported by a leaf spring and inserted into a socket. The cylinder has a conical tip and a circumferential groove at the bottom and can be depressed by way of the button and engaged by the groove into a U shaped spring that will hold it down permitting it sliding motion until it comes out of the U shaped spring and is ready for locking again on its return to the initial position. If a reset action is desired it is necessary to push hard downward against the locking button and deliberately reset it for another cycle. Since the locking button is located deep within a recess at the proximal section of the handle, it demands some effort to reach and actuate, and thus it is difficult to accidentally reset. [0025] an ergonomic design which facilitates handling. The proximal hemispherical knob nestles easily into the hollow of the hand while the index and middle fingers control rotation by gripping the side horns, thereby permitting push, pull, rotation, and tilting in a very natural and comfortable manner. [0026] The most important characteristic is that, as explained before, the kinematic and functional behavior of each individual set of blade and guard pair is exactly the same in every trocar of this type. [0027] The primary difference between a single blade and a double blade trocar is the number of blades, which affect the resistance to penetration across the tissue. In the double blade embodiment the opening cut is a cross, while in the single blade it is a line. As a result, the dilation (i.e. degree of stretching of the tissue cut) is less in the case of a double blade cut than in the single blade cut. Since there will always be dilation in any trocar portal, one must review the advantages and disadvantages related to it. Highest dilation occurs when a smooth pointed conical trocar is used since there is no cut and the dilation is total. Some surgeons like that because it gives the best sealing and fixation about the portal with potentially minimum vascular injury, but it requires the highest penetration force and has other related traumatic effects plus risks of internal puncturing resulting from the high penetration force just before the instant when the front resistance ceases; i.e. a dreaded “plunge effect”. Between the maximum dilation of the portal and the dilation resulting from a four cutting edge trocar of maximum edge width, there exist the two extremes, (more than four full width cutting edges are rear). These are the two extremes of portal opening. The requirements of good sealing and high dilation are opposite to the ease of penetration since dilation and ease of penetration are opposites. There is no clear way to objectively and quantitatively ascertain the best trocar tip design for a desired entry performance. [0028] The degree of dilation could be quantitatively determined through a mathematical relationship between the summation of the linear cuts and the circumference of cannula inserted, but even if such quantitative analysis is performed it is not clear what each surgeon would prefer. [0029] Either one of the two embodiments of the trocar described above can be designed for various degrees of dilation by merely selecting the width of the blades. The two bladed embodiment could be designed with very narrow blade edge width and become a high dilation trocar. The same could be done with the single blade embodiment. It is also possible to design these trocars for maximum width blades and then install narrow blades to obtain the desired degree of dilation or ease of penetration and thus supply surgeons with custom fit instruments they may need for critical procedures. [0030] Inherently, however, within the same blade width, the double blade embodiment would be a lower dilation and easier entry trocar, while the single blade embodiment would be a high dilation and somewhat harder entry. In any case it seems preferable to design each of them for anywhere between two wide limits of dilation and ease of entry within a given gage or size. The choice between the two embodiments may depend more on manufacturing and marketing choices than on patentable features.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0031] A more complete appreciation of the invention and many of the attendant advantages thereof will be readily obtained as the same become better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein: [0032] [0032]FIG. 1 shows a general view of an example trocar in isometric pictorial form in a first embodiment according to my original concept as filed in parent application Ser. No. 09/598,453, filed Jun. 23, 2000; [0033] [0033]FIG. 2 illustrates a partial broken view of the penetrating end of the example trocar with guards removed to behind the tip knives to illustrate a shape of this embodiment more clearly; [0034] [0034]FIG. 3 shows the same end of the example trocar with the guards installed but retracted as when penetration of an example embodiment starts, and thus, the knife edges are exposed and ready to start cutting; [0035] [0035]FIG. 4 shows the tip of the guards protruding ahead of the cutting tip as when the tip had just started to pierce the abdominal cavity; [0036] [0036]FIG. 5 shows the tip of the example trocar with the guards fully extended and covering the knife edges as when completely inside of the abdominal cavity; [0037] [0037]FIG. 6 shows the example trocar tip at the moment it approaches the skin layer, and thus the guard tips are beginning to push against the skin and be retracted into the penetrator; [0038] [0038]FIG. 7 illustrates the point when, in an example embodiment, the guards are completely pushed into the retracted position and the knife tips start to cut into the tissue; [0039] [0039]FIG. 8 illustrates the point when, in an example embodiment, the knife tips have completed the passage across the tissue and begin to emerge across the endothelial layer into the abdominal cavity, and thus the tips of the guards begin to push into the incipient opening while a forceful jet of pressurized carbon dioxide gas pushes delicate internal tissues away from the immediate penetration region; [0040] [0040]FIG. 9 illustrates the point when, in an example embodiment, the tips of the guards have penetrated the opening and prevent any contact between the knife tips and the surrounding internal tissues while the exposed knife edges behind the opening continue the cutting action, and the pressurized carbon dioxide gas expansion continues to hold delicate tissues away from the cutting region; [0041] [0041]FIG. 10 illustrates, in an example embodiment, the continuing penetration, and thus the guards have penetrated almost completely, while behind them the still-exposed edges continue the cutting action and the passage of gas continues; [0042] [0042]FIG. 11 illustrates the point in an example embodiment when the penetration has been completed wherein the knife edges are fully covered by the guards and the tissue opening allows for the passage of the cannula and the insufflation continues until completed and the penetrator assembly can be removed; [0043] [0043]FIG. 12 shows the top view of an example trocar handle with a portion broken away to show some internal details; [0044] [0044]FIG. 13 illustrates a longitudinal section along a vertical plane “A-A” to exhibit most of the internal details of an example trocar handle; [0045] [0045]FIG. 14 illustrates a top view of the distal section of an example handle with the grasping horns to facilitate manipulation; [0046] [0046]FIG. 15 illustrates an end view of the distal section of an example handle as seen from the right showing also a partial broken section detail of the flap valve pivot and lever; [0047] [0047]FIG. 16 illustrates a partial isometric view of the example locking mechanism for the guards stem showing some of the elements within the proximal section of the handle as in Section “A-A” on FIG. 13; [0048] [0048]FIG. 17 illustrates an exploded view of some of the example elements of the guards' stem locking mechanism in an example spatial relationship; [0049] [0049]FIG. 18 illustrates an example locking mechanism in a locked position; [0050] [0050]FIG. 19 illustrates an example locking mechanism having been unlocked and ready for the start of penetration; [0051] [0051]FIG. 20 illustrates how pushing the guards against the skin has forced their stem towards the right; [0052] [0052]FIG. 21 illustrates a position of the stem where the guards are completely retracted and the knife edges fully exposed for cutting; [0053] [0053]FIG. 22 illustrates a position of the locking mechanism after the full release of the guards into the abdominal cavity and the locking of their stem back to its initial position shown in FIG. 18; [0054] [0054]FIG. 23 shows a general view of an example trocar in isometric pictorial form according to the second embodiment of the present invention; [0055] [0055]FIG. 24 illustrates a partial broken view of the penetrating end of the example trocar with guards removed to behind the tip knives to illustrate a shape of this embodiment more clearly; [0056] [0056]FIG. 25 shows the same end of the example trocar with the guards installed but retracted as when penetration of an example embodiment starts, and thus, the knife edges are exposed and ready to start cutting; [0057] [0057]FIG. 26 shows the tip of the guards protruding ahead of the cutting tip as when the tip had just started to pierce the abdominal cavity; [0058] [0058]FIG. 27 shows the tip of the example trocar with the guards fully extended and covering the knife edges as when completely inside of the abdominal cavity; [0059] [0059]FIG. 28 shows the example trocar tip at the moment it approaches the skin layer, and thus the guard tips are beginning to push against the skin and be retracted into the penetrator; [0060] [0060]FIG. 29 illustrates the point when, in the example embodiment, the guards are completely pushed into the retracted position and the knife tips start to cut into the tissue; [0061] [0061]FIG. 30 illustrates the point when, in the example embodiment, the knife tips have completed the passage across the tissue and begin to emerge across the endothelial layer into the abdominal cavity, and thus the tips of the guards begin to push into the incipient opening while a forceful jet of pressurized carbon dioxide gas pushes delicate internal tissues away from the immediate penetration region; [0062] [0062]FIG. 31 illustrates the point when, in the example embodiment, the tips of the guards have penetrated the opening and prevent any contact between the knife tips and the surrounding internal tissues while the exposed knife edges behind the opening continue the cutting action, and the pressurized carbon dioxide gas expansion continues to hold delicate tissues away from the cutting region; [0063] [0063]FIG. 32 illustrates, in the second embodiment, the continuing penetration, and thus the guards have penetrated almost completely, while behind them the still-exposed edges continue the cutting action and the passage of gas continues; [0064] [0064]FIG. 33 illustrates the point in the second embodiment of the present invention when the penetration has been completed. The knife edges are fully covered by the guards and the tissue opening allows for the passage of the cannula and the insufflation continues until completed and the penetrator assembly can be removed.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0065] Referring now to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals designate identical or corresponding parts throughout the several views, and more particularly to FIG. 1 thereof, wherein in the first embodiment a cannula 2 is firmly attached to a distal section of a handle which is formed from two segments, the distal one 6 externally containing gripping horns 6 a, insufflation device 11, and flap valve lever 12, and a proximal handle section 5 in the shape of a hemispherical knob to facilitate its pushing with the palm of the hand. This section also contains a depression 9 with a flat bottom 9 a, and external mechanisms including a button 7 inserted for sliding into a slot 8 to monitor and control the position of safety guards at the extreme distal end of cannula 2. The safety mechanisms protruding distally from cannula 2 include conical tissue expanders 4, and safety guards 3 intended to cover a set of knives (not visible in this FIG. 1). Those are the externally visible features of this invention. [0066] [0066]FIG. 2 shows details at the penetrating distal end of the trocar. A hollow outside cylinder 2 is the cannula which is firmly attached to the distal section of the handle 6 as was described in FIG. 1. Inside of the cannula 2, there is another hollow cylinder 13 which is the penetrator. This is the removable part which is attached to the proximal section of the handle 5, and can be removed after the penetration is completed to allow for the introduction of surgical instruments. The cannula 2 has its distal end beveled as shown by 2 a to facilitate its introduction across the tissue opening with minimal resistance. The penetrator hollow cylinder 13 has its distal end formed as a plurality of conical segment expanders 4 which are spaced by slots 4 a to allow for the protrusion of pointed flat knives 14 joined at the center of the instrument and resembling thin arrowheads joined at a center. As shown in FIG. 2, the knives are positioned into the penetrator hollow cylinder 13 to a depth shown at 14 a. The knife edges outside the slots 4 a between the conical segment expanders protrude a substantial distance to insure adequate cutting. The set of knives is assembled into the penetrator cylinder 13 by spot welds 15, or by other similar mechanism. Right behind the crossing of the knife blades can be seen the plastic guard tips 3 a. In FIG. 2, the guards are shown as removed from the knives so as to facilitate the understanding of their shapes and relationship to the knives. The subassembly of the guards 3 is part of a support disk 16 which in turn is part of the guards hollow stem 17 connecting them to an actuator spring and locking mechanism at the proximal section of the handle (not shown here). In the real instrument, the guard tips 3 a are inserted around the knife blades which fit into the narrow spaces 3 b between the guards. The guards are then assembled by being pushed forward until they protrude between the blade sides and the conical expander slots 4 a as can be shown in FIG. 3 below. In FIG. 3, the tips of the guards are barely visible because the guards are retracted as when the trocar is first pushed against the skin. [0067] [0067]FIG. 4 shows the tips of the guards 3 a protruding ahead of the tip of the knives and covering them. A short distance behind the tips of the guards 3 a the edges of the knives 14 are exposed and capable of cutting. FIG. 4 shows the configuration of the trocar cutting tip right after initiation of the penetration across the abdominal tissue. At that instant, the guard tiny tips 3 a plunge across the start of the opening and quickly cover the sharp cutting point while the exposed knife edges continue cutting inside the skin until the penetration is complete as shown in FIG. 5. FIG. 5 shows how the front end of the example trocar looks after the penetration into the abdominal cavity has been completed. At that time all edges of the cutting knives are covered by the fully extended guards and the whole penetrator assembly can be pulled out with the proximal sector of the handle. [0068] As will be shown later, in one aspect of the invention, at the instant when the first perforation of the abdominal wall was made, a forceful jet of carbon dioxide gas can be issued across the perforation to deflect away any delicate organs close to the knives tip while simultaneously the guard tips entered the opening to cover the point of the knife edges. [0069] The operations just described above are a critical part of this invention, therefore they will best be described through the sequence of figures from FIG. 6 through to FIG. 11. [0070] [0070]FIG. 6 represents the example trocar guard tips 3 a as they begin to contact the skin layer 20. The internal organs are shown at the left side as 25. At this instant, the skin outside layer is deflected under the force of the guard tips which are urged forward by their spring. As the trocar is pushed forward, the guards will be forced into the penetrator 13 and displace the base disk 16 and guard stem 17 toward the right against the force of their spring. [0071] [0071]FIG. 7 shows the guards 3 already completely retracted into the penetrator 13, and the knife edges 14 completely exposed. At that instant, the point of the knives begins to cut and penetrate at 21 into the outside tissue layer. As shown in FIG. 7, the cutting pathway of the cutting tip/knife edge is of a smaller diameter than the inner diameter of the cannula 2. At that time, the carbon dioxide gas is allowed to pressurize the inside of the penetrator 13, and while some gas may escape at first, the tissues around the tip will seal the flow until the cutting tip starts to emerge across the internal abdominal wall. [0072] [0072]FIG. 8 shows the onset of penetration. At that instant, the cutting tip point 14 b has made a very minute perforation 23 and, because of the presence of the guard tips 3 a, there is enough space to allow a fluid flow (shown here as a gas jet 24) to issue out and cause the displacement of nearby internal organ tissues 25 a, while simultaneously the guard tips 3 a expand the opening urged by their spring pushing at 17 and plunge through the perforation effectively covering the cutting tip 14 b. [0073] [0073]FIG. 9 shows the result of the action described above. The gas jet 24 continues issuing and driving internal organs 25 a farther away while the guard tips 3 a completely enclose the cutting tip 14 b. All danger to internal tissues has passed. The extremely quick flow of the gas and the action of the guard tips make the manipulation factors of this trocar the safest to master easily. The force or speed of the penetration action are, within reason, almost immaterial. [0074] [0074]FIG. 10 shows the penetration process. The cannula 2 is partly introduced across the tissue 27 and the guard tips 3 a continue advancing and protecting the internal tissues from the knife edges while the portions of the edges not yet covered by the guards 14 a are seen cutting the remainder of the opening ahead of the cannula, and the tissue expanders 4 facilitate penetration by protecting the guards from tissue friction. At this point of the penetration the flow of carbon dioxide gas 24 is fairly unimpeded and performs the insufflation stage of the process, driving internal organs 25 a farther away from the trocar portal. [0075] [0075]FIG. 11 shows the trocar after full insertion and in the last stage of insufflation. The knife edges are now fully covered by the guards, and the cannula 2 is seen fully inserted across the tissue. The insufflation continues until completed and then the penetrator 13 is removed to allow the insertion of surgical instruments across the cannula. Having described in sequential detail the insertion, guarding, and insufflation operations, and the mechanical parts that perform them it remains to describe the additional way by which all that is accomplished. The mechanisms that allow this are located in the handle of the instrument. [0076] [0076]FIG. 12 is a top view of the trocar showing some of the external parts as well as a partial broken view of some interior parts. The body of the handle is made out of plastic and has two main segments. The proximal segment 5 is designed to fit into the palm of the hand and has a proximal end of hemispherical shape with a depression of arcuate profile 9 at the top terminating at a flat surface 9 a where the guard stem controls are located. Those controls are recessed into the flat depression 9 a to prevent unwanted actuation, and include a double slot with vertical slots 8 and 8 a into which is inserted a button 7 and its rectangular guiding shank 7 a. The button 7 is capable of vertical and horizontal movement, the latter movement being limited between arrows 7 b and 7 c as will be described later. The proximal segment 5 is assembled as an integral part of the penetrator system. Its distal end 51 forms the interface between the two segments of the handle. [0077] The distal segment 6 of the handle has two lateral protruding horns 6 b to facilitate its manipulation during penetration and orientation. The two handle segments 5 and 6 are locked together during usage by way of a bayonet stud 29 and slot 29 a. During insertion the stud 29 on part 5 is aligned with the slot 29 a on part 6, pushed, and turned clockwise, until the stud locks the two segments firmly, the knob on 5 and the horns 6 b provide a good grasp for that operation. The slot 29 a has a slant at the transversal direction running slightly away from the interface 51 so as to insure that the turning-locking motion will assure a firm and stable connection. This will be discussed further in reference to FIG. 14. [0078] The partial broken section at the top left of the distal segment 6 is intended to show the operation of the flap valve 32, which acts as a check valve in the illustrated embodiment. The valve has a shaft 34 pivoted between the upper 6 and lower 6 a portions of the handle and is urged to rotate counterclockwise by a torsional spring 33 located around the shaft 34. The shaft of the flap valve is firmly attached to the valve and can be rotated from outside the body segment 6 as will be shown later on FIG. 14. An external lock allows the valve to remain open during desufflation if turned hard to its stop position 32 a shown in dotted lines. As shown in the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 12, the valve has been opened by the insertion of the penetrator 13. In other cases, the valve could be opened for surgical or visualization instruments. When left to itself, the valve will turn counterclockwise and snap shut against the face of seal 35 which serves as face seal for the valve and lip seal for the penetrator 13. The left end of FIG. 12 shows how the cannula 2 is attached to the handle segment 6 by way of a flange 37, and prevented from leaking by an “O” ring 36. In the same FIG. 12 is shown how the carbon dioxide gas spigot manual valve 11 is mounted at one side of the top of segment 6. [0079] [0079]FIG. 13 is a longitudinal vertical cross section along a plane “A-A” to show the internal details of the handle. As can be noticed, the two segments of the handle include a top and a bottom part split along a horizontal plane for fabrication, one becoming 5 and 5 a, and the other 6 and 6 a, and after each segment has been fitted with the internal parts at assembly the two halves of each segment are permanently bonded together. Each of the two segments is assembled separately since they must be detached and attached during usage. The penetrator segment is only used to make the entry portal, but it must be emphasized that it is such step that involves the greatest risk. [0080] The distal segment made of parts 6 and 6 a houses the cannula 2 and all the gas infusion and valving. The connection of the cannula to the segment part 6 was described before. FIG. 13 shows the gas connector or layer 11 a to which the gas line is affixed. The valve system is bonded via a conical stem 11 b into a boss on plane 10 so the incoming gas flows in the direction of arrow 30 and pressurizes the space between the inlet and the seal 35 from where it can enter the openings 38 around the penetrator 13 walls and fill the space between lip seals 40 and 41. Since the lip seals are oriented toward the front the pressure will open lip seal 40 but not lip seal 41 and the gas will fill and pressurize the entire space along the penetrator 13, not being able to escape when the trocar tip has been inserted into the tissue, however, as soon as the smallest opening is made by the point of the blades the gas will escape as a jet and deflect the surrounding internal organs away from the entry portal. Lip seal 40 is intended to prevent back flow from the penetrator in case of accidental opening or leakage across the gas valve during a procedure. In such a case, the pressurized volume of gas within the penetrator 13 will suffice to insure the safe deflection of nearby tissues even before the tips of the guards 3 a plunge into the opening. The guard stem 17 is completely sealed at the front by disk 16 and thereby its interior can be at atmospheric pressure, however, since it must slide back and forth with the guards it must also be supported at the proximal end and must be guided over a stationary hollow steel stud 44 inserted into it to a minimal depth of four diameters. The proximal end of stud 44 is flared to provide fixation between parts 5 and 5 a of the proximal hemispherical knob. A hole 56 on the hollow stud 44 serves to provide air passage in and out of the stud when the guards stem moves back and forth acting as a piston pump. The hole 56 should pass through the stud and be of a diameter such as not to impede flow and dampen the sliding action of the guard stem. Compression coil spring 47 mounted around stud 44 serves to provide the required force to urge the guards stem in the distal direction. The proximal end of the penetrator outside cylinder 13 is flared at 43 for fixation onto the proximal handle segment parts 5 and 5 a. It is also sealed at the front by an “O” ring 42 to insure that no leakage of gas would occur even if seal 35 should leak: flared tubular assemblies like 43 are not reliable seals. [0081] The proximal handle segment formed by 5 and 5 a is attached to the penetrator 13 and contains all its functional and control elements. The guards stem 17 has at its proximal end a shallow cylindrical depression into which a thin ring 45 a which is part of leaf spring 45 is affixed. The exact configuration of the locking system to which the spring 45 belongs can be seen in FIGS. 16 and 17, and its function in the sequence of FIGS. 18 through 22. FIG. 17 is an exploded view of some of the elements of the locking system in their proper relationship. At assembly, the button 7 is inserted across slot 8 on the top surface 9 a on FIG. 13 and the locking cylinder 48, which has a circumferential groove 48 a and a conical end 48 c is pushed up along the stem 7 b against the bottom of the rectangular guide 7 a thereby assembling button 7 into the slot 8 a. As the assembly continues the lower tip of stem 7 b is pushed hard against the punched hole 45 d of the leaf spring until groove 7 c is gripped by the lateral tabs at 45 d and the assembly of the button is complete. If now the open hollow cylinder 45 a is snapped onto the surface depression at the proximal end of stem 17, the button 7 becomes axially fixed to stem 17 and will follow its back and forth motion in response to coil spring 47 and the forces at the tip of the guards. FIG. 16 shows the assembly of the U spring 46 to the lower inside of 5 by the use of screw 50. FIG. 16 does not show button 7 for the sake of clarity, but it shows flat spring 45 pushing up against the bottom of the U spring 46. If the assembly of the button 7 and the locking cylinder 48 was shown there, it would be evident that the button would be pushed upwards and the locking cylinder 48 would be forcibly inserted into the round socket 8 b, thereby preventing any motion of the flat spring 45 and the guards stem 17 attached to it by ring 45 a. That is the situation depicted on FIG. 13. [0082] [0082]FIGS. 18 through 22 describe an operation of an example locking system in detail, as follows. In the position illustrated in FIG. 18 the system is locked: the guards stem and the guards cannot move at all since the cylinder 48 is inserted into the round socket 8 b. FIG. 19 shows what happens when button 7 is pushed down. When that is done the conical end 48 c of cylinder 48 opens the U spring 46 and the spring then snaps close into the groove 48 a thereby disengaging the locking cylinder from the round socket 8 b. The system is then unlocked. The trocar is said to be “armed”, and able to permit the motion of the guards backwards, exposing the cutting blades for penetration of the skin. That is the position depicted on FIG. 6. The following discussion is directed to the embodiment shown in FIG. 20. The penetrating force against the skin pushes on the guards and the guards stem 17, and the connecting flat spring 45 moves the button 7 proximally. The rectangular slide section 7 a enters the space between guides 8 a, and soon afterwards, the locking cylinder groove 48 a disengages from the open end of the U spring 46, and the spring 45 pushing upwards against the stem groove 7 c forces the top of the locking cylinder to snap against the underside of the groove 8 a. In that position, the locking cylinder 48 is free to continue sliding along the underside of groove 8 a as shown in FIG. 21 until the initial penetration is made and the force of the coil spring 47 urges the guards stem 17 and the flat spring 45 to return the button 7 to its initial position, at which time the locking cylinder will pass freely over the U spring 46 and snap back into the round socket 8 b locking the system into the “safe position” where the guards cannot move accidentally. FIG. 22 shows the completion of the cycle back to the initial configuration of FIG. 18. [0083] A quick review of the provided example locking system from the user viewpoint reveals that the operations include “arming” the trocar by pushing down on the button at the top of the handle at position 7′ shown in FIG. 12, until it “snaps” down; then pushing the trocar against the skin and watching or listening to the position of the button as it slides towards 7′ and then “snaps” to its initial position 7′. That will be the indication of having completed the penetration. If, for any reason, button 7 were pushed down accidentally, it could be reset to the “safe” condition by merely moving it in the direction to 7′ and then releasing it. It should then get snap-locked at a high level in position 7′, and could not be moved without first pushing it down. [0084] The details of operation of the example flap valve, its design, and locking for deflation are seen in FIGS. 14 and 15. FIG. 14 shows the top view of the handle distal segment, previously presented in FIG. 12 as a partial broken section to show the interior details. FIG. 14, however, is intended to show the external operative controls on this segment of the handle in the interest of the user. The flap valve lever 12 is shown in the closed position as it should be when the penetrator is removed. The lever is attached to a shaft 34 whose opposite end is attached to the flap 32 as seen in FIG. 15. The insertion of the internal trocar elements is performed when the top 6 and bottom 6 a of each handle segment are separated prior to their being bonded along plane 6 d. [0085] [0085]FIG. 15, as explained before, is the end view of the example embodiment previously illustrated in FIG. 14 as seen from the right side. That is how the distal segment of the handle will appear when the proximal segment is removed. The flap valve external lever knob 53 is provided with a small depression 54 at its bottom to allow it to be held open when the depression is forcibly made to engage a small knob 54 a protruding from the flat surface 10 after the lever has been turned in the direction of arrow 52. That is the desufflation position of the valve which allows the surgeon to use both hands to massage the insufflated region and expel the gas retained by the patient at the end of the procedure. The arc of rotation needed for the lever to engage the protruding knob 54 a is labeled as 55. This locking position is not reached by the lever when the valve is opened by the insertion of the penetrator. The locking of the valve has to be done by the forceful and deliberate action of the surgeon. The small angle 52 shown at the bayonet locking stud 29 refers to the desirable slant for the groove 29 so as to insure that the locking force increases sufficiently to prevent accidental loosening between the proximal and the distal segments of the handle. The elasticity of the locking elements determines the exact angle to be used, which should be somewhere between 2 and 5 degrees to account for tolerance errors. The infusion valve 11, its lever 11 c, and its lever connector 11 a are shown on FIG. 14. In FIG. 15, the opening of the valve is indicated by arrow 11 d. FIG. 15 also shows a broken section of the valve shaft 34, its top “O” ring seal 34 a, and its torsion spring 33 inserted into a slot in the operating bracket of valve 32. In the same FIG. 15, the seal 35 is seen, as well as the front surface 51 a of the distal handle segment, which contacts the mating surface 51 of the proximal segment. [0086] Referring now to FIGS. 23-33, wherein like reference numerals designate identical or corresponding parts throughout the several views, and more particularly to FIG. 23 thereof, wherein a cannula 2 is firmly attached to a distal section of a handle which is formed from two segments, the distal one 6 externally containing gripping horns 6 a, insufflation device 11, and flap valve lever 12, and a proximal handle section 5 in the shape of a hemispherical knob to facilitate its pushing with the palm of the hand. This section also contains a depression 9 with a flat bottom 9 a, and external mechanisms including a button 7 inserted for sliding into a slot 8 to monitor and control the position of safety guards at the extreme distal end of cannula 2. The safety mechanisms protruding distally from cannula 2 include conical tissue expanders 4, and safety guards 3 intended to cover a set of knives (not visible in this FIG. 23). Those are the externally visible features of this invention. [0087] [0087]FIG. 24 shows details at the penetrating distal end of the trocar. A hollow outside cylinder 2 is the cannula which is firmly attached to the distal section of the handle 6 as was described in FIG. 23. Inside of the cannula 2, there is another hollow cylinder 13 which is the penetrator. This is the removable part which is attached to the proximal section of the handle 5, and can be removed after the penetration is completed to allow for the introduction of surgical instruments. The cannula 2 has its distal end beveled as shown by 2 a to facilitate its introduction across the tissue opening with minimal resistance. The penetrator hollow cylinder 13 has its distal end formed as a plurality of conical segment expanders 4 which are spaced by slots 4 a to allow for the protrusion of a pointed flat knife 14 joined at the center of the instrument and resembling thin arrowheads joined at a center. As shown in FIG. 24, the knife is positioned into the penetrator hollow cylinder 13 to a depth shown at 14 a. The knife edges outside the slots 4 a between the conical segment expanders protrude a substantial distance to insure adequate cutting. The knife is assembled into the penetrator cylinder 13 by spot welds 15, or by other similar mechanism. Right behind the blade of the knife can be seen the plastic guard tips 3 a. In FIG. 24, the guards are shown as removed from the knife so as to facilitate the understanding of their shapes and relationship to the knife. The subassembly of the guards 3 is part of a support disk 16 which in turn is part of the guards hollow stem 17 connecting them to an actuator spring and locking mechanism at the proximal section of the handle (not shown here). In the real instrument, the guard tips 3 a are inserted around the blades of the knife which fit into the narrow spaces 3 b between the guards. The guards are then assembled by being pushed forward until they protrude between the blade sides and the conical expander slots 4 a as can be shown in FIG. 25 below. In FIG. 25, the tips of the guards are barely visible because the guards are retracted as when the trocar is first pushed against the skin. [0088] [0088]FIG. 26 shows the tips of the guards 3 a protruding ahead of the tip of the knife and covering it. A short distance behind the tips of the guards 3 a the edges of the knife 14 are exposed and capable of cutting. FIG. 26 shows the configuration of the trocar cutting tip right after initiation of the penetration across the abdominal tissue. At that instant, the guard tiny tips 3 a plunge across the start of the opening and quickly cover the sharp cutting point while the exposed knife edges continue cutting inside the skin until the penetration is complete as shown in FIG. 27. FIG. 27 shows how the front end of the example trocar looks after the penetration into the abdominal cavity has been completed. At that time all edges of the cutting knife are covered by the fully extended guards and the whole penetrator assembly can be pulled out with the proximal sector of the handle. [0089] As will be shown later, in one embodiment, at the instant when the first perforation of the abdominal wall was made, a forceful jet of carbon dioxide gas issued across the perforation to deflect away any delicate organs close to the knives tip while simultaneously the guard tips entered the opening to cover the point of the edges of the knife. [0090] The operations just described above are a critical part of this invention, therefore they will best be described through the sequence of figures from FIG. 28 through to FIG. 33. [0091] [0091]FIG. 28 represents the example trocar guard tips 3 a as they begin to contact the skin layer 20. The internal organs are shown at the left side as 25. At this instant, the skin outside layer is deflected under the force of the guard tips which are urged forward by their spring. As the trocar is pushed forward, the guards will be forced into the penetrator 13 and displace the base disk 16 and guard stem 17 toward the right against the force of their spring. [0092] [0092]FIG. 29 shows the guards 3 already completely retracted into the penetrator 13, and the knife edges 14 completely exposed. At that instant, the point of the knife begins to cut and penetrate at 21 into the outside tissue layer. As shown in FIG. 29, the cutting pathway of the cutting tip/knife edge is of a smaller width than the inner diameter of the cannula 2. At that time, the carbon dioxide gas is allowed to pressurize the inside of the penetrator 13, and while some gas may escape at first, the tissues around the tip will seal the flow until the cutting tip starts to emerge across the internal abdominal wall. [0093] [0093]FIG. 30 shows the onset of penetration. At that instant, the cutting tip point 14 b has made a very minute perforation 23 and, because of the presence of the guard tips 3 a, there is enough space to allow a fluid flow (shown here as a gas jet 24) to issue out and cause the displacement of nearby internal organ tissues 25 a, while simultaneously the guard tips 3 a expand the opening urged by their spring pushing at 17 and plunge through the perforation effectively covering the cutting tip 14 b. [0094] [0094]FIG. 31 shows the result of the action described above. The gas jet 24 continues issuing and driving internal organs 25 a farther away while the guard tips 3 a completely enclose the cutting tip 14 b. All danger to internal tissues has passed. The extremely quick flow of the gas and the action of the guard tips make the manipulation factors of this trocar the safest to master easily. The force or speed of the penetration action are, within reason, almost immaterial. [0095] [0095]FIG. 32 shows the penetration process. The cannula 2 is partly introduced across the tissue 27 and the guard tips 3 a continue advancing and protecting the internal tissues from the knife edges while the portions of the edges not yet covered by the guards 14 a are seen cutting the remainder of the opening ahead of the cannula, and the tissue expanders 4 facilitate penetration by protecting the guards from tissue friction. At this point of the penetration the flow of carbon dioxide gas 24 is fairly unimpeded and performs the insufflation stage of the process, driving internal organs 25 a farther away from the trocar portal. [0096] [0096]FIG. 33 shows the trocar after full insertion and in the last stage of insufflation. The knife edges are now fully covered by the guards, and the cannula 2 is seen fully inserted across the tissue. The insufflation continues until completed and then the penetrator 13 is removed to allow the insertion of surgical instruments across the cannula. [0097] Having described in sequential detail the insertion, guarding, and insufflation operations, and the mechanical parts that perform them it remains to describe the additional way by which all that is accomplished. The mechanisms that allow this are located in the handle of the instrument. [0098] Operation of the device shown in FIGS. 11-33 function in the same manner as that described with respect to FIGS. 12-22 above with respect to the first embodiment developed by the inventor of the present application, with the exception that a single blade is utilized rather than a pair of blades. [0099] Obviously, numerous modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore understood that within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein. In particular, it is understood that the present invention may be practiced by adoption of aspects of the present invention without adoption of the invention as a whole. Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS4528 *May 16, 1846 James wilsonUS4529 *May 16, 1846 Improvement in propellers for vesselsUS7153 *Mar 5, 1850 Improved scraper for removing snow from iceUS19609 *Mar 9, 1858Himself And JI-l lawrenceUS19639 *Mar 16, 1858 The glasses op vault-coversUS23257 *Mar 15, 1859 StereoscopeUS23259 *Mar 15, 1859 Car-brakeUS41907 *Mar 15, 1864 Improvement in collarettesUS45846 *Jan 10, 1865 Improvement in the manufacture of prussian blueUS77637 *May 5, 1868 Improved bolt-cutterUS188247 *Jun 6, 1876Mar 13, 1877 Improvement in gang-plowsUS217395 *Mar 6, 1879Jul 8, 1879 Improvement in balance steam-valvesUS229518 *Jul 6, 1880 IslandUS229590 *Nov 18, 1879Jul 6, 1880 Machine for filling cans with meatUS562459 *Aug 6, 1894Jun 23, 1896 Washing utensilUS1380447 *Jun 14, 1919Jun 7, 1921Protein Products CorpTrocarUS2882598 *Feb 27, 1956Apr 21, 1959Bernard GordonCutting deviceUS3584624 *Feb 24, 1969Jun 15, 1971Ciutiis Vincent L DeFlexible intravenous catheter provided with cutting tip meansUS4091537 *Apr 26, 1977May 30, 1978Stevenson Machine ShopSafety utility knifeUS4393587 *Apr 23, 1981Jul 19, 1983Kloosterman William ASpring shielded safety knifeUS4499898 *Aug 23, 1982Feb 19, 1985Koi AssociatesSurgical knife with controllably extendable blade and gauge thereforUS4523379 *May 2, 1984Jun 18, 1985TeknaKnife with retractable sheathUS4525773 *Apr 20, 1983Jun 25, 1985Kurt HesseLight fixtureUS4601710 *Aug 6, 1984Jul 22, 1986Endotherapeutics CorporationTrocar assemblyUS5009643 *Aug 9, 1989Apr 23, 1991Richard Wolf Medical Instruments Corp.Self-retaining electrically insulative trocar sleeve and trocarUS5030206 *Feb 16, 1990Jul 9, 1991United States Surgical CorporationTrocarUS5104382 *Jan 15, 1991Apr 14, 1992Ethicon, Inc.TrocarUS5114407 *Aug 30, 1990May 19, 1992Ethicon, Inc.Safety mechanism for trocarUS5116353 *Oct 5, 1990May 26, 1992United States Surgical CorporationSafety trocarUS5209737 *Jul 18, 1991May 11, 1993Applied Medical Resources, Inc.Lever actuated septum sealUS5215526 *May 15, 1991Jun 1, 1993Ethicon, Inc.Safety trocarUS5224952 *Oct 20, 1992Jul 6, 1993Ethicon, Inc.Safety trocarUS5279567 *Jul 2, 1992Jan 18, 1994Conmed CorporationTrocar and tube with pressure signalUS5282788 *Mar 20, 1992Feb 1, 1994Wilk Peter JMethod and device for obtaining continued transdermal accessUS5312413 *Feb 10, 1992May 17, 1994Eaton Alexander MInstrumentation for ophthalmic surgery and method of using the sameUS5314417 *Dec 22, 1992May 24, 1994Ethicon, Inc.Safety trocarUS5320610 *Apr 15, 1992Jun 14, 1994Inbae YoonAutomatic retractable trocar with safety shield and method of useUS5324268 *Dec 16, 1991Jun 28, 1994Inbae YoonTrocar with safety shieldUS5324280 *Apr 2, 1990Jun 28, 1994Alza CorporationOsmotic dosage system for delivering a formulation comprising liquid carrier and drugUS5385553 *Jun 15, 1993Jan 31, 1995Applied Medical Resources CorporationTrocar with floating septum sealUS5387197 *Feb 25, 1993Feb 7, 1995Ethicon, Inc.Trocar safety shield locking mechanismUS5391153 *Apr 9, 1993Feb 21, 1995Habley Medical Technology CorporationTrocar with linear movement sealUS5399167 *May 24, 1993Mar 21, 1995Ethicon, Inc.Safety trocarUS5411515 *Jul 29, 1993May 2, 1995Habley Medical Technology CorporationObturator with rotating, self-locking and resettable safety shieldUS5417316 *Mar 18, 1993May 23, 1995Authentication Technologies, Inc.Capacitive verification device for a security thread embedded within currency paperUS5417705 *Jun 11, 1993May 23, 1995Habley Medical Technology Corp.Obturator with rotating, resettable safety shieldUS5423796 *Oct 8, 1993Jun 13, 1995United States Surgical CorporationTrocar with electrical tissue penetration indicatorUS5431676 *Mar 5, 1993Jul 11, 1995Innerdyne Medical, Inc.Trocar system having expandable portUS5522833 *Aug 29, 1994Jun 4, 1996Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.Retractable obturator for a trocarUS5536256 *Feb 14, 1994Jul 16, 1996Yoon; InbaeAutomatic retractable safety penetrating instrumentUS5538509 *Jan 31, 1994Jul 23, 1996Richard-Allan Medical Industries, Inc.Trocar assemblyUS5591193 *May 10, 1995Jan 7, 1997Yoon; InbaeRetractable safety penetrating instrument for portal sleeve introductionUS5607396 *May 10, 1995Mar 4, 1997Yoon; InbaeRetractable safety penetrating instrument for portal sleeve introductionUS5607440 *Jun 2, 1995Mar 4, 1997Endoscopic Concepts, Inc.Trocar with lockable shieldUS5609604 *Oct 16, 1995Mar 11, 1997Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.Trocar with improved blade attachmentUS5618271 *May 10, 1995Apr 8, 1997Yoon; InbaeRetractable safety penetrating instrument for portal sleeve introductionUS5620456 *Oct 20, 1995Apr 15, 1997Lasersurge, Inc.Trocar assemblyUS5624459 *Jan 26, 1995Apr 29, 1997Symbiosis CorporationTrocar having an improved cutting tip configurationUS5626598 *Apr 12, 1995May 6, 1997United States Surgical CorporationRetracting tip trocar assemblyUS5628732 *Jan 19, 1996May 13, 1997Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.Trocar with improved universal sealUS5634934 *May 20, 1994Jun 3, 1997Yoon; InbaeRetractable safety penetrating instrument for portal sleeve introductionUS5637096 *Mar 7, 1994Jun 10, 1997Yoon; InbaeSafety needleUS5645076 *Mar 15, 1995Jul 8, 1997Yoon; InbaeAutomatic retractable safety penetrating instrumentUS5709671 *Oct 16, 1995Jan 20, 1998Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.Trocar having an improved tip configurationUS5738663 *Dec 15, 1995Apr 14, 1998Icu Medical, Inc.Medical valve with fluid escape spaceUS5772660 *Apr 14, 1997Jun 30, 1998United States Surgical CorporationTrocar assembly with electrocautery penetrating tipUS5776112 *Apr 8, 1997Jul 7, 1998Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.Trocar having an improved tip configurationUS5779624 *Dec 5, 1996Jul 14, 1998Boston Scientific CorporationSigmoid splint device for endoscopyUS5860996 *Apr 29, 1997Jan 19, 1999United States Surgical CorporationOptical trocarUS5865812 *Mar 19, 1997Feb 2, 1999United States Surgical CorporationFluid flow control apparatus for surgical cannulaeUS5868773 *Jun 7, 1995Feb 9, 1999Endoscopic Concepts, Inc.Shielded trocar with safety locking mechanismUS5878501 *Aug 8, 1997Mar 9, 1999The Stanley WorksUtility knife with retractable blade guardUS5879332 *Mar 26, 1997Mar 9, 1999Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.Trocar having protector with flexible endUS5882340 *Jul 2, 1997Mar 16, 1999Yoon; InbaePenetrating instrument having an expandable anchoring portion for triggering protrusion of a safety member and/or retraction of a penetrating memberUS5904699 *Sep 19, 1997May 18, 1999Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.Trocar for penetration and skin incisionUS5916232 *Oct 10, 1997Jun 29, 1999Applied Medical Resources CorporationAsymmetrical obturatorUS6017328 *Aug 12, 1996Jan 25, 2000Magnolia Medical, LlcDevice for subcutaneous medication deliveryUS6017356 *Sep 19, 1997Jan 25, 2000Ethicon Endo-Surgery Inc.Method for using a trocar for penetration and skin incisionUS6019748 *Apr 6, 1998Feb 1, 2000Icu Medical, Inc.Medical valve with fluid escape spaceUS6030402 *Apr 23, 1998Feb 29, 2000Thompson; Ronald J.Apparatus and methods for the penetration of tissue, and the creation of an opening thereinUS6063099 *Aug 12, 1998May 16, 2000Endoscopic Concepts, Inc.Dilating trocar shield with blade tipUS6080174 *Apr 19, 1995Jun 27, 2000Innerdyne, Inc.Trocar system having expandable portUS6197041 *Sep 15, 1993Mar 6, 2001United States Surgical CorporationTrocarUS6238407 *Oct 11, 1995May 29, 2001Neosurg Technologies, Inc.Safety shielded reusable trocarUS6364372 *Nov 19, 1999Apr 2, 2002Ali MarandiFitting with integral half clampUS6572592 *May 9, 2000Jun 3, 2003Icu Medical, Inc.Medical valve and method of useUS6582415 *May 2, 2000Jun 24, 2003Thomas A. FowlesSliding reconstitution device for a diluent containerUS6595955 *Mar 15, 2001Jul 22, 2003Specialized Health Products, Inc.Safety shield for medical needlesUS6599273 *Jan 20, 2000Jul 29, 2003Icu Medical, Inc.Fluid transfer device and method of useUS6682509 *Nov 19, 2001Jan 27, 2004Icu Medical, Inc.Medical valve and method of useUS6758833 *May 22, 2002Jul 6, 2004Icu Medical, Inc.Medical valueUS7074216 *Mar 26, 2002Jul 11, 2006Baxter International Inc.Sliding reconstitution device for a diluent containerUS20030060770 *Oct 4, 2002Mar 27, 2003Conmed CorporationTrocar systemUS20040034364 *Aug 16, 2002Feb 19, 2004Snyder Stephen J.Endoscopic cannula fixation systemUS20040078003 *Nov 25, 2003Apr 22, 2004Smith Daniel K.Resettable safety shield for medical needlesUS20050065541 *Sep 24, 2003Mar 24, 2005Alb Associates, LlcGuarded surgical scalpel with blade stripper lock to prevent accidental or inadvertent ejection of the bladeUS20050070943 *Sep 17, 2004Mar 31, 2005Hueil Geoffrey C.Instrument lock assembly for trocarUS20050070946 *Sep 17, 2004Mar 31, 2005Franer Paul T.Reinforced seal assemblyUS20050070947 *Sep 17, 2004Mar 31, 2005Franer Paul T.Rotational latching system for a trocar* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS7182752May 17, 2003Feb 27, 2007Surgiquest, IncorporatedContinuous gas flow trocar assemblyUS7285112Dec 18, 2003Oct 23, 2007Surgiquest, IncorporatedGas flow trocar arrangementUS7338473Feb 11, 2004Mar 4, 2008Surgiquest, IncorporatedPneumoseal trocar arrangementUS7854724Sep 8, 2006Dec 21, 2010Surgiquest, Inc.Trocar assembly with pneumatic sealingUS7976501Dec 7, 2007Jul 12, 2011Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.Trocar seal with reduced contact areaUS7981092May 8, 2008Jul 19, 2011Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.Vibratory trocarUS8100929Jun 29, 2007Jan 24, 2012Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.Duckbill seal with fluid drainage featureUS8216189Sep 8, 2006Jul 10, 2012Surgiquest, Inc.Continuous gas flow trocar assemblyUS8273060Apr 28, 2008Sep 25, 2012Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.Fluid removal in a surgical access deviceUS8568362Jul 31, 2009Oct 29, 2013Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.Surgical access device with sorbentsUS8579807Apr 28, 2008Nov 12, 2013Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.Absorbing fluids in a surgical access deviceUS8623039 *Mar 18, 2013Jan 7, 2014Seiko Epson CorporationFluid injection deviceUS8636686Oct 12, 2010Jan 28, 2014Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.Surgical access deviceUS8657843Apr 18, 2008Feb 25, 2014Applied Medical Resources CorporationShield lockout for bladed obturator and trocarsUS8672890Jun 24, 2011Mar 18, 2014Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.Trocar seal with reduced contact areaUS8690831Apr 25, 2008Apr 8, 2014Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.Gas jet fluid removal in a trocarUS8771307Jan 18, 2012Jul 8, 2014Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.Duckbill seal with fluid drainage featureUS8795223Mar 7, 2012Aug 5, 2014Surgiquest, Inc.Trocar assembly with pneumatic sealingUS8801741May 3, 2007Aug 12, 2014Applied Medical Resources CorporationFlat blade shielded obturatorUS8870747Apr 28, 2008Oct 28, 2014Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.Scraping fluid removal in a surgical access deviceUS8974481 *May 2, 2007Mar 10, 2015Gimmi GmbhInstrument for producing a skin opening for minimally invasive surgeryUS9033929Sep 7, 2012May 19, 2015Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.Fluid removal in a surgical access deviceUS9066748Dec 2, 2013Jun 30, 2015Seiko Epson CorporationFluid injection deviceUS9289228May 22, 2015Mar 22, 2016Seiko Epson CorporationFluid injection deviceUS9320651 *Sep 10, 2009Apr 26, 2016Core Surgical LimitedSurgical knife handle and knifeUS9358041Apr 28, 2008Jun 7, 2016Ethicon Endo-Surgery, LlcWicking fluid management in a surgical access deviceUS9474548Feb 24, 2014Oct 25, 2016Applied Medical Resources CorporationShield lockout for bladed obturator and trocarsUS9597112Oct 8, 2010Mar 21, 2017Surgiquest, Inc.Low-profile surgical access devices with anchoringUS20040204671 *May 17, 2003Oct 14, 2004Stubbs Jack B.Continuous gas flow trocar assemblyUS20040230155 *Mar 5, 2004Nov 18, 2004Erblan Surgical Inc.Insufflator and method of useUS20040230160 *Mar 4, 2004Nov 18, 2004Erblan Surgical Inc.Safety trocar including sealing memberUS20050004512 *Feb 11, 2004Jan 6, 2005Campbell Michael J.Pneumoseal trocar arrangementUS20050015043 *Dec 18, 2003Jan 20, 2005Stubbs Jack B.Gas flow trocar arrangementUS20070088275 *Sep 8, 2006Apr 19, 2007Ralph StearnsTrocar assembly with pneumatic sealingUS20070260274 *May 2, 2007Nov 8, 2007Gimmi GmbhInstrument for producing a skin opening for minimally invasive surgeryUS20070260275 *May 3, 2007Nov 8, 2007Applied Medical Resources CorporationFlat blade shielded obturatorUS20080171988 *Oct 31, 2007Jul 17, 2008Erblan Surgical, Inc.Double-cone sphincter introducer assembly and integrated valve assemblyUS20090149813 *Dec 7, 2007Jun 11, 2009Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.Trocar seal with reduced contact areaUS20100022958 *Jul 31, 2009Jan 28, 2010Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.Surgical access devices with sorbentsUS20120191114 *Sep 9, 2009Jul 26, 2012E-Medix LimitedSurgical Knife Handle and KnifeUS20130218184 *Mar 18, 2013Aug 22, 2013Seiko Epson CorporationFluid injection deviceUSD700326Aug 17, 2011Feb 25, 2014Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.Trocar housingUSD735852Jul 27, 2012Aug 4, 2015Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc.Fluid removerUSD736926Jan 17, 2014Aug 18, 2015Ethicon Endo-Sugery, Inc.Trocar housingWO2014118752A3 *Jan 31, 2014Nov 20, 2014Medi-Line S.R.L.Laparoscopic trocar* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification606/185, 606/167International ClassificationA61B17/00, A61B17/34Cooperative ClassificationA61B17/3494, A61B2017/00544, A61B17/3474, A61B2017/346, A61B17/3417, A61B17/3496European ClassificationA61B17/34S, A61B17/34S2Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionMay 13, 2004ASAssignmentOwner name: ERBLAN SURGICAL INC., MASSACHUSETTSFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BLANCO, ERNESTO E.;REEL/FRAME:015333/0781Effective date: 20040327RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services