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Submitted by carman on Tue, 03/01/2011 - 18:32 The British Standards, Code of Practice, ASTM and other international standards has solid foundation in construction industry and are used to control and standardlize worldwide construction projects. These standards list out the comprehensive requirements, testing procedure and acceptance criteria for each kind of work. The project engineers and staff should be well aware of these standards in relation to their trade of work by studying the requirements from time to time when they meet the terms in the drawings and specifications and ideally a set of the commonly used Standards should be readily available for reference.
To achieve a construction contract successfully with profits, necessary running costs are unavoidable and the staff’s overhead is one of the main issues. As the rule “the right man on the right job” applies, the range of work found in today’s projects is however so wide that the employment of experienced expertise, professional staff and qualified workers is often essential for the running of a successful project.
The following international engineering and testing standards are commonly quoted in engineering specifications for both civil engineering and building contracts . Project professionals should be well aware of these standards in relation to their trade of work by studying the requirements from time to time when they meet the terms in the drawings and specifications .
Even though the standards are updated when required, the criteria of some specific international standards are often conservative with a high factor of safety . Although standards and quality needs to be kept, a common dispute in construction projects revolves around the strict compliance to these standards with contractors often using time as their bargaining chip.
1. British Standards ( BS )
BS 873 Road traffic signs and internally illuminated bollards
BS 903 : Part C2 : 1982 Determination of volume resistivity
BS 1070 : 1973(1979) Specification for black paint (tar-based)
BS 1155 : 1986 Specification for natural rubber compounds
BS 1181 : 1989 Specification for clay flue linings and flue terminals
BS 1191 Specification for gypsum building plasters
BS 1203 : 1979 Specification for synthetic resin adhesives (phenolic and aminoplastic) for plywood
BS 1204 Synthetic resin adhesives (phenolic and aminoplastic) for wood
BS 1212 : Part 2 : 1990 Specification for diaphragm type float operated valves (copper alloy body) (excluding floats)
BS 1212 : Part 3 : 1990 Specification for diaphragm type float operated valves (plastic bodied) for cold water services only (excluding floats)
BS 1470 : 1987 Specification for wrought aluminium and aluminium alloys for general engineering purposes : plate , sheet and strip
BS 1474 : 1987 Specification for wrought aluminium and aluminium alloys for general engineering purposes : bars , extruded round tubes and sections
BS 1494 : Part 2 : 1967 Sundry fixings
BS 1924 : 1990 Stabilized materials for civil engineering purposes
BS 2000 Methods of test for petroleum and its products
Methods 620A to 620D : 1980 Determination of density of solid plastics excluding cellular plastics (immersion method) .
Determination of plastics (sink-float method) .
Determination of density of solid plastics excluding cellular plastics (density gradient column method)
BS 3382 : Part 1 & 2 : 1961 Cadmium on steel components
Zinc on steel components
BS 4449 : 1978(1984)
( excluding AMD 4337 and AMD 4540 and clauses 12.2.1 and 12.2.2 ) Specification for hot rolled steel bars for the reinforcement of concrete
BS 4604 Specification for the use of high strength friction grip bolts in structural steelwork
BS 4604 : Part 1 : 1970 General grade
BS 5896 : 1980 Specification for high tensile steel wire and strand for the prestressing of concrete
BS 5911 Precast concrete pipes , fittings and ancillary products
BS 6405 : 1984 Specification for non-calibrated short link steel chain ( grade 30 ) for general engineering purposes : class 1 and 2
BS 6463 Quicklime , hydrated lime and natural calcium carbonate
BS 6463 : Part 1 : 1984 Methods of sampling
BS 8005 : Part 1 : 1987 Guide to new sewerage construction
2. Code of Practice ( CP )
CP 144 Roof coverings
CP 144 : Part 4 : 1970 Mastic asphalt . Metric units
3. American Society for Testing and Materials ( ASTM ) Standards
ASTM A 775M-86 Specification for epoxy-coated reinforcing steel bars
ASTM C 127-88 Test method for specific gravity and absorption of coarse aggregate
ASTM C 128-88 Test method for specific gravity and absorption of fine aggregate
ASTM C 131-81(1987) Test method for resistance to degradation of small-size coarse aggregate by abrasion and impact in the Los Angeles Machine
ASTM C 136-84a Method for sieve analysis of fine and coarse aggregates
ASTM C 188-84 Test method for density of hydraulic cement
ASTM C 939-87 Test method of flow of grout for preplaced- aggregate concrete
ASTM D 5-86 Test method for penetration of bituminous materials
ASTM D 113-86 Test method for ductility of bituminous materials
ASTM D 140-88 Method for sampling bituminous materials
ASTM D 242-85 Specification for mineral filler for bituminous paving mixtures
ASTM D 546-88 Method for sieve analysis of mineral filler for road and paving materials
ASTM D 854-83 Test method for specific gravity of soils
ASTM D 946-82 Specification for penetration-graded asphalt cement for use in pavement construction
ASTM D 979-87 Method for sampling bituminous paving mixtures
ASTM D 1559-82 Test method for resistance to plastic flow of bituminous mixtures using Marshall apparatus
ASTM D 1754-87 Test method for effect of heat and air on asphaltic materials ( thin-film over test )
ASTM D 2000-86 Classification system for rubber products in automobile applications
ASTM D 2027-76(1986) Specification for cutback asphalt ( medium-curing type )
ASTM D 2041-78 Test method for theoretical maximum specific gravity of bituminous paving mixtures
ASTM D 2042-81(1985) Test method for solubility of asphalt materials in trichloroethylene
ASTM D 2171-88 Test method for viscosity of asphalts by vacuum capillary
ASTM D 2172-88 Test method for quantitative extraction of bitumen from bituminous paving mixtures
ASTM D 2726-88 Test method for bulk specific gravity of compacted bituminous mixtures using saturated surface-dry specimens
ASTM D 3203-88 Test method for percent air voids in compacted dense and open bituminous paving mixtures
ASTM D 3289-85 Test method for specific gravity or density of semi-solid and solid bituminous materials by nickel crucible