Source: http://www.google.com/patents/US8234097?dq=6,256,642
Timestamp: 2015-04-18 07:37:15
Document Index: 643956288

Matched Legal Cases: ['Application No. 06815884', 'Application No. 10012404', 'Application No. 03713907', 'Application No. 04812273', 'Application No. 04812273', 'Application No. 02737254', 'art 1']

Patent US8234097 - Automated systems for manufacturing patient-specific orthopedic implants and ... - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsDisclosed herein are devices, systems and methods for the automated design and manufacture of patient-specific/patient-matched orthopedic implants. While the embodiments described herein specifically pertain to unicompartmental resurfacing implants for the knee, the principles described are applicable...http://www.google.com/patents/US8234097?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US8234097 - Automated systems for manufacturing patient-specific orthopedic implants and instrumentationAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS8234097 B2Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 12/712,072Publication dateJul 31, 2012Filing dateFeb 24, 2010Priority dateMay 25, 2001Also published asEP2405865A2, US20100274534, US20130197870, WO2010099231A2, WO2010099231A3Publication number12712072, 712072, US 8234097 B2, US 8234097B2, US-B2-8234097, US8234097 B2, US8234097B2InventorsDaniel Steines, Alexey ZhuravlevOriginal AssigneeConformis, Inc.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (104), Non-Patent Citations (390), Referenced by (3), Classifications (21), Legal Events (4) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetAutomated systems for manufacturing patient-specific orthopedic implants and instrumentation
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application 61/208,440, filed Feb. 24, 2009, entitled �Automated Systems for Manufacturing Patient-Specific Orthopedic Implants and Instrumentation.�
Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS3314420Oct 23, 1961Apr 18, 1967Haeger Potteries IncProsthetic parts and methods of making the sameUS3605123Apr 29, 1969Sep 20, 1971Melpar IncBone implantUS3694820Jul 29, 1970Oct 3, 1972Nat Res DevProsthetic shoulder jointUS3798679Jul 9, 1971Mar 26, 1974Frederick EwaldJoint prosthesesUS3808606Mar 19, 1973May 7, 1974R TronzoBone implant with porous exterior surfaceUS3816855May 30, 1972Jun 18, 1974Nat Res DevKnee joint prosthesisUS3843975Apr 9, 1973Oct 29, 1974Tronzo RProsthesis for femoral shaftUS3852830Feb 15, 1973Dec 10, 1974Richards Mfg CoKnee prosthesisUS3855638May 16, 1973Dec 24, 1974Ontario Research FoundationSurgical prosthetic device with porous metal coatingUS3938198Sep 27, 1973Feb 17, 1976Cutter Laboratories, Inc.Hip joint prosthesisUS3987499Aug 9, 1974Oct 26, 1976Sybron CorporationSurgical implant and method for its productionUS3991425Nov 20, 1975Nov 16, 1976Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing CompanyProsthetic bone joint devicesUS4052753Aug 2, 1976Oct 11, 1977Dedo Richard GKnee spacer and method of reforming sliding body surfacesUS4055862Jan 23, 1976Nov 1, 1977Zimmer Usa, Inc.Human body implant of graphitic carbon fiber reinforced ultra-high molecular weight polyethyleneUS4085466Aug 4, 1977Apr 25, 1978National Research Development CorporationProsthetic joint deviceUS4098626Nov 15, 1976Jul 4, 1978Thiokol CorporationHydroxy terminated polybutadiene based polyurethane bound propellant grainsUS4164793Apr 26, 1978Aug 21, 1979Swanson Alfred BLunate implantUS4178641Dec 1, 1977Dec 18, 1979Schutt and Grundei O.H.G.Knee-joint-endoprotheseUS4203444Nov 7, 1977May 20, 1980Dyonics, Inc.Surgical instrument suitable for closed surgery such as of the kneeUS4207627Jan 18, 1979Jun 17, 1980Cloutier Jean MarieKnee prosthesisUS4213816Jun 12, 1978Jul 22, 1980Glasrock Products, Inc.Method for bonding porous coating to rigid structural memberUS4219893Sep 1, 1977Sep 2, 1980United States Surgical CorporationProsthetic knee jointUS4280231Jun 14, 1979Jul 28, 1981Swanson Alfred BElbow prosthesisUS4309778Jul 2, 1979Jan 12, 1982Biomedical Engineering Corp.New Jersey meniscal bearing knee replacementUS4340978Jun 23, 1980Jul 27, 1982Biomedical Engineering Corp.New Jersey meniscal bearing knee replacementUS4344193Nov 28, 1980Aug 17, 1982Kenny Charles HMeniscus prosthesisUS4368040Jun 1, 1981Jan 11, 1983Ipco CorporationDental impression tray for forming a dental prosthesis in situUS4436684Jun 3, 1982May 31, 1988 Title not availableUS4459985Mar 4, 1983Jul 17, 1984Howmedica Inc.For dislodging an implanted tibial prosthesisUS4502161Aug 19, 1983Mar 5, 1985Wall W HProsthetic meniscus for the repair of jointsUS4575805Aug 23, 1984Mar 11, 1986Moermann Werner HMethod and apparatus for the fabrication of custom-shaped implantsUS4586496Mar 4, 1985May 6, 1986Waldemar Link Gmbh & Co.Surgical chiselUS4594380May 1, 1985Jun 10, 1986At&T Bell LaboratoriesActive material in polyurethane matrixUS4601290Oct 11, 1983Jul 22, 1986Cabot Medical CorporationSurgical instrument for cutting body tissue from a body area having a restricted spaceUS4609551Mar 20, 1984Sep 2, 1986Arnold CaplanProcess of and material for stimulating growth of cartilage and bony tissue at anatomical sitesUS4627853May 29, 1985Dec 9, 1986American Hospital Supply CorporationMethod of producing prostheses for replacement of articular cartilage and prostheses so producedUS4655227Jun 6, 1985Apr 7, 1987Diagnospine Research Inc.Equipment for the detection of mechanical injuries in the lumbar spine of a patient, using a mathematical modelUS4699156Jun 6, 1985Oct 13, 1987Diagnospine Research Inc.Non invasive method and equipment for the detection of torsional injuries in the lumar spine of a patientUS4714472Jan 20, 1987Dec 22, 1987Osteonics Corp.Knee prosthesis with accommodation for angular misalignmentUS4714474May 12, 1986Dec 22, 1987Dow Corning Wright CorporationTibial knee joint prosthesis with removable articulating surface insertUS4769040Nov 18, 1986Sep 6, 1988Queen's University At KingstonTibial prosthesisUS4813436Jul 30, 1987Mar 21, 1989Human Performance Technologies, Inc.Motion analysis system employing various operating modesUS4822365Sep 11, 1987Apr 18, 1989Walker Peter SMethod of design of human joint prosthesisUS4823807Feb 11, 1988Apr 25, 1989Board Of Regents, Univ. Of Texas SystemSigns of disease or damage related to a jointUS4846835Jun 15, 1987Jul 11, 1989Grande Daniel ATechnique for healing lesions in cartilageUS4865607Sep 18, 1987Sep 12, 1989Ulrich WitzelTibial plate for a knee-joint endoprosthesisUS4872452Jan 9, 1989Oct 10, 1989Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing CompanyBone raspUS4880429Jul 20, 1987Nov 14, 1989Stone Kevin RPorous wedge-shaped matrix of collagen fibers interspersed with glycosaminoglycan molecules; for implanting in kneesUS4888021Feb 2, 1988Dec 19, 1989Joint Medical Products CorporationKnee and patellar prosthesisUS4936862Apr 29, 1988Jun 26, 1990Walker Peter SMethod of designing and manufacturing a human joint prosthesisUS4944757Nov 7, 1988Jul 31, 1990Martinez David MModulator knee prosthesis systemUS5021061Sep 26, 1990Jun 4, 1991Queen's University At KingstonProsthetic patello-femoral jointUS5041138Apr 17, 1989Aug 20, 1991Massachusetts Institute Of TechnologyNeomorphogenesis of cartilage in vivo from cell cultureUS5059216Sep 29, 1989Oct 22, 1991Winters Thomas FKnee joint replacement apparatusUS5067964Dec 13, 1989Nov 26, 1991Stryker CorporationArticular surface repairUS5099859Dec 6, 1988Mar 31, 1992Bell Gene DMethod and apparatus for comparative analysis of videofluoroscopic joint motionUS5108452Jan 31, 1990Apr 28, 1992Smith & Nephew Richards Inc.Modular hip prosthesisUS5123927Sep 23, 1991Jun 23, 1992University Of British ColumbiaMethod and apparatus for antibiotic knee prothesisUS5129908Jan 23, 1990Jul 14, 1992Petersen Thomas DMethod and instruments for resection of the patellaUS5133759May 24, 1991Jul 28, 1992Turner Richard HAsymmetrical femoral condye total knee arthroplasty prosthesisUS5150304Oct 25, 1990Sep 22, 1992Metalpraecis Berchem+Schaberg Gesellschaft Fur Metallformgebung MbhMethod of making an implantable joint prosthesisUS5154178Oct 9, 1990Oct 13, 1992Sri InternationalMethod and apparatus for obtaining in-vivo nmr data from a moving subjectUS5162430Nov 14, 1989Nov 10, 1992Collagen CorporationTo a synthetic hydrophilic polymer, polyoxyethylene glycol; wound healing, slow release drug deliveryUS5171322Nov 19, 1991Dec 15, 1992Kenny Charles HTo prevent and reverse changes in the kneeUS5197985Nov 16, 1990Mar 30, 1993Caplan Arnold IMethod for enhancing the implantation and differentiation of marrow-derived mesenchymal cellsUS5206023Jan 31, 1991Apr 27, 1993Robert F. ShawMethod and compositions for the treatment and repair of defects or lesions in cartilageUS5226914Nov 16, 1990Jul 13, 1993Caplan Arnold IMethod for treating connective tissue disordersUS5234433Oct 18, 1991Aug 10, 1993Kirschner Medical CorporationMethod and instrumentation for unicompartmental total knee arthroplastyUS5245282Jun 28, 1991Sep 14, 1993University Of Virginia Alumni Patents FoundationThree-dimensional magnetic resonance imagingUS5246013Jan 7, 1992Sep 21, 1993Massachusetts Institute Of TechnologyProbe, system and method for detecting cartilage degenerationUS5246530Feb 28, 1992Sep 21, 1993Dynamet IncorporatedMethod of producing porous metal surfaceUS5270300Sep 6, 1991Dec 14, 1993Robert Francis ShawMethods and compositions for the treatment and repair of defects or lesions in cartilage or boneUS5274565Oct 3, 1990Dec 28, 1993Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas SystemFor forming a prosthesisUS5282868Jun 15, 1992Feb 1, 1994Andre BahlerProsthetic arrangement for a complex joint, especially knee jointUS5288797Mar 19, 1993Feb 22, 1994Tremco Ltd.Moisture curable polyurethane compositionUS5303148Oct 30, 1990Apr 12, 1994Picker International, Inc.Voice actuated volume image controller and display controllerUS5306307Jul 22, 1991Apr 26, 1994Calcitek, Inc.Spinal disk implantUS5306311Dec 17, 1991Apr 26, 1994Regen CorporationProsthetic articular cartilageUS5314478Apr 26, 1991May 24, 1994Kyocera CorporationComposite body of polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel and ceramic or metallic porous bodyUS5314482Nov 8, 1991May 24, 1994British Technology Group Ltd.Femoral component, tool and methodUS5320102Nov 18, 1992Jun 14, 1994Ciba-Geigy CorporationMethod for diagnosing proteoglycan deficiency in cartilage based on magnetic resonance image (MRI)US5326365Apr 10, 1992Jul 5, 1994Alvine Franklin GAnkle implantUS5344459Mar 17, 1993Sep 6, 1994Swartz Stephen JArthroscopically implantable prosthesisUS5360446Dec 18, 1992Nov 1, 1994Zimmer, Inc.Interactive prosthesis design system for implantable prosthesisUS5365996Jun 10, 1992Nov 22, 1994Amei Technologies Inc.Method and apparatus for making customized fixation devicesUS5368858Nov 23, 1992Nov 29, 1994Robert F. ShawMethods and compositions for the treatment and repair of defects or lesions in cartilageUS5413116Jun 24, 1993May 9, 1995BioresearchSystem for classifying degenerative joint disease conditionsUS5423828Jun 28, 1993Jun 13, 1995Bentwood Place, Inc.Method and apparatus for simplifying prosthetic joint replacementsUS5433215Aug 27, 1993Jul 18, 1995Board Of Regents, University Of Texas SystemArthroscopic indenterUS5445152Nov 23, 1992Aug 29, 1995Resonex Holding CompanyKinematic device for producing precise incremental flexing of the kneeUS5448489Oct 26, 1993Sep 5, 1995Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas SystemComputer controlled apparatusUS5468787Nov 17, 1992Nov 21, 1995Braden; MichaelAcrylate polymers with heterocyclic ringsUS5478739Oct 23, 1992Dec 26, 1995Advanced Tissue Sciences, Inc.Three-dimensional stromal cell and tissue culture systemUS5501687Nov 4, 1993Mar 26, 1996Sulzer Medizinaltechnik AgBody for distributing bone cement for the anchoring of implantsUS5503162Apr 22, 1994Apr 2, 1996Board Of Regents, University Of Texas SystemArthroscopic cartilage evaluator and method for using the sameUS5507820Jan 14, 1994Apr 16, 1996Biomedical Engineering Trust IFixed bearing joint endoprosthesisUS5510121May 4, 1995Apr 23, 1996Rhee; Woonza M.Containing a synthetic hydrophilic polymerUS5522900Dec 17, 1993Jun 4, 1996Avanta OrthopaedicsProsthetic joint and method of manufactureUS5523843Sep 9, 1993Jun 4, 1996Canon Kabushiki KaishaPosition detecting systemUS7013191 *Sep 27, 2004Mar 14, 2006Orametrix, Inc.Interactive orthodontic care system based on intra-oral scanning of teethUS7636459 *Apr 30, 2003Dec 22, 2009Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique (C.N.R.S.)High precision modeling of a body part using a 3D imaging systemUS7983777 *Aug 18, 2006Jul 19, 2011Mark MeltonSystem for biomedical implant creation and procurementUS20070118243 *Oct 16, 2006May 24, 2007Vantus Technology CorporationPersonal fit medical implants and orthopedic surgical instruments and methods for makingUS20070276501 *May 25, 2007Nov 29, 2007Spinemedica Corp.Patient-specific spinal implants and related systems and methods* Cited by examinerNon-Patent CitationsReference1Adam et al., "MR Imaging of the Knee: Three-Dimensional Volume Imaging Combined with Fast Processing," J. Compt. Asst. Tomogr., 13(6): 984-988 (1989).2Adam et al., "NMR tomography of the cartilage structures of the knee joint with 3-D volume image combined with a rapid optical-imaging computer," ROFO Fortschr. Geb. Rontgenstr. Nuklearmed., 150(1): 44-48 (1989) Abstract Only.3Adams et al., "Quantitative Imaging of Osteoarthritis," Semin Arthritis Rheum, 20(6) Suppl. 2: 26-39 (Jun. 1991).4Ahmad et al., "Biomechanical and Topographic Considerations for Autologous Osteochondral Grafting in the Knee," Am J Sports Med, 29(2): 201-206 (Mar.-Apr. 2001).5Alexander et al., "Correcting for deformation in skin-based marker systems," Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Gait and Clinical Movement Analysis Meeting, San Diego, CA (1998).6Alexander et al., "Dynamic Functional Imaging of the Musculoskeletal System," ASME Winter International Congress and Exposition, Nashville, TN (1999).7Alexander et al., "Internal to external correspondence in the analysis of lower limb bone motion," Proceedings of the 1999 ASME Summer Bioengineering Conference, Big Sky, Montana (1999).8Alexander et al., "Optimization techniques for skin deformation correction," International Symposium on 3-D Human Movement Conference, Chattanooga, TN, (1998).9Alexander et al., "State estimation theory in human movement analysis," Proceedings of the ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress (1998).10Alexander, "Estimating the motion of bones from markers on the skin," University of Illinois at Chicago (Doctoral Dissertation) (1998).11Allen et al., "Late degenerative changes after meniscectomy 5 factors affecting the knee after operations," J Bone Joint Surg 66B: 666-671 (1984).12Alley et al., "Ultrafast contrast-enhanced three dimensional MR Aagiography: State of the art," Radiographics 18: 273-285 (1998).13Andersson et al., "MacIntosh Arthroplasty in Rheumatoid Arthritis," Acta. Orthrop. Scand. 45(2):245-259 (1974).14Andriacchi et al., "Gait analysis as a tool to assess joint kinetics biomechanics of normal and pathological human articulating joints," Nijhoff, Series E 93: 83-102 (1985).15Andriacchi et al., "In vivo measurement of six-degrees-of-freedom knee movement during functional testing," Transactions of the Orthopedic Research Society 698 (1995).16Andriacchi, "Dynamics of knee Malalignment," Orthop Clin North Am 25: 395-403 (1994).17Andriacchi, et al., "A point cluster method for in vivo motion analysis: Applied to a study of knee kinematics," J. Biomech Eng 120(12): 743-749 (1998).18Andriacchi, et al., "Methods for evaluating the progression of Osterarthiritis," Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 37(2): 163-170 (2000).19Argenson et al., "Is There a Place for Patellofemoral Arthroplasty?," Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research No. 321, pp. 162-167 (1995).20Aro et al., "Clinical Use of Bone Allografts," Ann Med 25:403-412 (1993).21Bashir, "Validation of Gadolinium-Enhanced MRI of FAF Measurement in Human Cartilage," Intl. Soc. Mag. Resonance Med. (1998).22Beaulieu et al., "Dynamic imaging of glenohumeral instability with open MRI," Int. Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine Sydney, Australia (1998).23Beaulieu et al., "Glenohumeral relationships during physiological shoulder motion and stress testing: Initial experience with open MRI and active Scan-25 plane registration," Radiology (1999).24Beckmann et al., "Noninvasive 3D MR Microscopy as Tool in Pharmacological Research: Application to a Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis," Magn Reson Imaging 13(7): 1013-1017 (1995).25Billet, Philippe, French Version-"Gliding Knee Prostheses-Analysis of Mechanical Failures", Thesis, Medical School of Marseilles, 1982, 64 pages.26Billet, Philippe, French Version�"Gliding Knee Prostheses�Analysis of Mechanical Failures", Thesis, Medical School of Marseilles, 1982, 64 pages.27Billet, Philippe, Translated Version-"Gliding Knee Prostheses-Analysis of Mechanical Failures", Thesis, Medical School of Marseilles, 1982, 93 pages.28Billet, Philippe, Translated Version�"Gliding Knee Prostheses�Analysis of Mechanical Failures", Thesis, Medical School of Marseilles, 1982, 93 pages.29Blazina et al., "Patellofemoral replacement: Utilizing a customized femoral groove replacement," 5(1)53-55 (1990).30Blum et al., "Knee Arthroplasty in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis," ANN. Rheum. Dis. 33 (1): 1-11 (1974).31Bobic, "Arthroscopic osteochondral autogaft transplantation in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a preliminary clinical study," Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 3(4): 262-264 (1996).32Boe et al., "Arthroscopic partial meniscectomy in patients aged over 50," J. Bone Joint Surg 68B: 707 (1986).33Bogoch, et al., "Supracondylar Fractures of the Femur Adjacent to Resurfacing and MacIntosh Arthroplasties of the Knee in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis," Clin. Orthop. (229):213-220 (Apr. 1988).34Borthakur et al., "In Vivo Triple Quantum Filtered Sodium MRI of Human Articular Cartilage," Proc. Intl. Soc. Mag. Resonance Med., 7:549 (1999).35Brandt et al., English Translation with Certification: "CRIGOS-Development of a Compact Robot System for Image-Guided Orthopedic Surgery," Der Orthop�de, Springer-Verlag, vol. 29, No. 7, pp. 645-649 (Jul. 2000).36Brandt et al., English Translation with Certification: "CRIGOS�Development of a Compact Robot System for Image-Guided Orthopedic Surgery," Der Orthop�de, Springer-Verlag, vol. 29, No. 7, pp. 645-649 (Jul. 2000).37Brandt et al., In German: "CRIGOS-Development of a Compact Robot System for Image-Guided Orthopedic Surgery," Der Orthop�de, Springer-Verlag, vol. 29, No. 7, pp. 645-649 (Jul. 2000).38Brandt et al., In German: "CRIGOS�Development of a Compact Robot System for Image-Guided Orthopedic Surgery," Der Orthop�de, Springer-Verlag, vol. 29, No. 7, pp. 645-649 (Jul. 2000).39Bregler et al., "Recovering non-rigid 3D shape from image streams," Proc. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (Jun. 2000).40Brett et al., "Quantitative Analysis of Biomedical Images," Univ. of Manchester, Zeneca Pharmaceuticals, IBM UK, http://www.wiau.man.ac.uk/~ads/imv (1998).41Brett et al., "Quantitative Analysis of Biomedical Images," Univ. of Manchester, Zeneca Pharmaceuticals, IBM UK, http://www.wiau.man.ac.uk/�ads/imv (1998).42Brittberg et al., "A critical analysis of cartilage repair," Acta Orthop Scand 68(2): 186-191 (1997).43Brittberg et al., "Treatment of deep cartilage defects in the knee with autologous chrondrocyte transplantation," N Engl J Med 331(14): 889-895 (1994).44Broderick et al., "Severity of articular cartilage abnormality in patients with osteoarthritis: evaluation with fast spin-echo MR vs. arthroscopy," AJR 162: 99-103 (1994).45Bromberg & Sunstein LLP, Amendment After Final Rejection dated Aug. 26, 2008, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 10/305,652, 17 pages.46Bromberg & Sunstein LLP, Amendment dated Jun. 30, 2009, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 11/410,515, 18 pages.47Bromberg & Sunstein LLP, Preliminary Amendment dated Aug. 22, 2006, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 11/410,515, 10 pages.48Bromberg & Sunstein LLP, Request for Continued Examination dated May 24, 2007, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 10/305,652, 21 pages.49Bromberg & Sunstein LLP, Response to Office Action dated Aug. 13, 2007, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 10/305,652, 10 pages.50Bromberg & Sunstein LLP, Response to Office Action dated Dec. 19, 2007, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 10/305,652, 17 pages.51Bromberg & Sunstein LLP, Response to Office Action dated Jan. 9, 2009, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 10/764,010 (US Patent Publication No. US 2004/0167390), 25 pages.52Bromberg & Sunstein LLP, Supplemental Response dated May 2, 2008, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 10/305,652, 12 pages.53Brown, Ph.D., et al., "MRI Basic Principles and Applications", Second Ed., Mark A. Brown and Richard C. Semelka, 1999, Wiley-Liss Inc., Title page and Table of Contents Pages Only (ISBN 0471330620).54Burgkart et al., "Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Based Assessment of Cartilage Loss in Severe Osteoarthritis," Arth Rheum; 44(9): 2072-2077 (Sep. 2001).55Butterworth et al., "A T1O2 Dielectric-Filled Toroidal Resonator," Depts of Biomedical Engineering, Medicine, Neurology, & Center for Nuclear Imaging Research, U. of Alabama at Birmingham, USA, 1 Page (1999).56Butts et al., "Real-Time MR imaging of joint motion on an open MR imaging scanner," Radiological Society of North America, 83rd Scientific Assembly and Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL (1997).57Cameron, et al., "Review of a Failed Knee Replacement and Some Observations on the Design of a Knee Resurfacing Prosthesis," Arch. Orthop Trauma Surg. 97(2):87-89 (1980).58CAOS, "MIS meets CAOS Spring 2005 Symposium Schedule", CAOS Spring 2005 Symposium, pp. 1-9, May 19, 2005.59Carano et al., "Estimation of Erosive Changes in Rheumatoid Arthritis by Temporal Multispectral Analysis," Proc. Intl. Soc. Mag. Resonance Med., 7:408 (1999).60Carr et al., "Surface Interpolation with Radial Basis Functions for Medical Imaging," IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, IEEE, Inc. New York, vol. 16, pp. 96-107 (Feb. 1997).61Castriota-Scanderbeg et al., "Precision of Sonographic Measurement of Articular Cartilage: Inter- and Intraobserver Analysis," Skeletal Radiol 25: 545-549 (1996).62Chan et al., "Osteoarthritis of the Knee: Comparison of Radiography, CT and MR Imaging to Asses Extent and Severity," AJR Am J Roentgenol 157(4): 799-806 (1991).63Chelule et al., "Patient-Specific Template to Preserve Bone Stock in Total Knee Replacement: Preliminary Results", 15th Annual ISTA Symposium, Sep. 2002, 1 page.64Clarke et al., "Human Hip Joint Geometry and Hemiarthroplasty Selection," The Hip. C.V. Mosby, St. Louis 63-89 (1975).65Clary et al., "Experience with the MacIntosh Knee Prosthesis," South Med. J. 65(3):265-272 (1972).66Cohen et al., "Knee cartilage topography, thickness, and contact areas from MRI: in-vitro calibration and in-vivo measurements," Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 7: 95-109 (1999).67Conaty, et al., "Surgery of the Hip and Knee in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis," J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 55(2):301-314 (1973).68Creamer et al., "Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Knee: A Method of Measuring Response to Intra-Articular Treatments," Ann Rheum Dis. 378-381 (1997).69Daniel et al., "Breast cancer-gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging with a 0.5T open imager and three-point Dixon technique," Radiology 207(1): 183-190 (1998).70Dardzinski et al., "Entropy Mapping of Articular Cartilage", ISMRM Seventh Scientific Meeting, Philadelphia, PA (1999) T. 41, V. II.71Dardzinski et al., "T1-T2 Comparison in Adult Articular Cartilage," ISMRM Seventh Scientific Meeting, Philadelphia, PA (May 22-28, 1999).72De Winter et al., "The Richards Type II Patellofemoral Arthroplasty", Acta Orthop Scand 2001; 72 (5): 487-490.73Delp et al. "A Graphics-Based Software System to Develop and Analyze Models of Musculoskeletal Structures," Comput. Biol. Med., vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 21-34, 1995.74Disler et al., "Detection of knee hyaline cartilage defects using fat-suppressed three-dimensional spoiled gradient-echo MR imaging: comparison with standard MR imaging and correlation with arthroscopy," AJR 165: 377-382 (1995).75Disler et al., "Fat-suppressed three-dimensional spoiled gradient-echo MR imaging of hyaline cartilage defects in the knee: comparison with standard MR imaging and arthroscopy," AJR 167: 127-132 (1996).76Disler, "Fat-suppressed three-dimensional spoiled gradient-recalled MR imaging: assessment of articular and physeal hyaline cartilage," AJR 169: 1117-1123 (1997).77Doherty et al., Osteoarthritis, Oxford Textbook of Theumatology, Oxford University Press 959-983 (1993).78Dougados et al., "Longitudinal radiologic evaluation of osteoarthritis of the knee," J Theumatol 19: 378-384 (1992).79Du et al., "Reduction of partial-volume artifacts with zero filled interpolation in three-dimensional MR Angiography," J Magn Res Imaging 4: 733-741 (1994).80Du et al., "Vessel enhancement filtering in three-dimensional MR angiography," J. Magn Res Imaging 5: 151-157 (1995).81Dufour et al., "A Technique for the Dynamical Evaluation of the Acromiohumeral Distance of the Shoulder in the Seated Position under Open-field MRI," Proc. Intl. Soc. Mag. Resonance Med., 7:406 (1999).82Dumoulin et al., "Real-time position monitoring of invasive devises using magnetic resonance," Magn Reson Med 29: 411-5 (1993).83Dupuy et al., "Quantification of Articular Cartilage in the Knee with Three-Dimensional MR Imaging," Acad Radiol 3: 919-924 (1996).84Eckstein et al., "Determination of Knee Joint Cartilage Thickness Using Three-Dimensional Magnetic Resonance Chondro-Crassometry (3D MR-CCM)," Magn. Reson. Med. 36(2):256-265, (1996).85Eckstein et al., "Effect of Gradient and Section Orientation on Quantitative Analyses of Knee Joint Cartilage," Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 11: 161-167 (2000).86Eckstein et al., "Effect of Physical Exercise on Cartilage Volume and Thickness In Vivo: An MR Imaging Study," Radiology 207: 243-248 (1998).87Eckstein et al., "Functional Analysis of Articular Cartilage Deformation, Recovery, and Fluid Flow Following Dynamic Exercise In Vivo," Anatomy and Embryology 200: 419-424 (1999).88Eckstein et al., "In Vivo Reproducibility of Three-Dimensional Cartilage Volume and Thickness Measurements With MR Imaging", AJR 170(3): 593-597 (1998).89Eckstein et al., "Magnetic Resonance Chondro-Crassometry (MR CCM): A Method for Accurate Determination of Articular Cartilage Thickness?" Magn. Reson. Med. 35: 89-96 (1996).90Eckstein et al., "New Quantitative Approaches With 3-D MRI: Cartilage Morphology, Function and Degeneration", Medical Imaging International, Nov.-Dec. 1998.91Eckstein et al., "Side Differences of Knee Joint Cartilage Volume, Thickness, and Surface Area, and Correlation With Lower Limb Dominance-An MRI-Based Study," Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 10: 914-921 (2002).92Eckstein et al., "The Influence of Geometry on the Stress Distribution in Joints-A Finite Element Analysis," Anat Embryol, 189: 545-552 (1994).93Eckstein et al., "The Morphology of Articular Cartilage Assessed by Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Reproducibility and Anatomical Correlation," Sur. Radiol Anat 16: 429-438 (1994).94Eckstein et al., "Side Differences of Knee Joint Cartilage Volume, Thickness, and Surface Area, and Correlation With Lower Limb Dominance�An MRI-Based Study," Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 10: 914-921 (2002).95Eckstein et al., "The Influence of Geometry on the Stress Distribution in Joints�A Finite Element Analysis," Anat Embryol, 189: 545-552 (1994).96Eckstein et al., Accuracy of Cartilage Volume and Thickness Measurements with Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Clin. Orthop. 1998; 352: 137-148 T. 60 V. II.97Elting et al., "Unilateral frame distraction: proximal tibial valgus osteotomy for medial gonarthritis," Contemp Orthrop 27(6): 522-524 (1993).98European Patent Office, European Search Report�Application No. EP 03790194, dated Jul. 13, 2006, 7 pages.99European Patent Office, European Search Report�International Application No. PCT/US2006/045131 dated Mar. 3, 2010, 6 pages.100European Patent Office, Extended European Search Report�European Application No. 06815884.9-2310, dated Sep. 14, 2010, 7 pages.101European Patent Office, Extended European Search Report�European Application No. 10012404.9-2310, dated Apr. 1, 2011, 7 pages.102European Patent Office, Supplementary European Search Report�Application No. 03713907.8, dated Dec. 6, 2006, 3 pages.103European Patent Office, Supplementary European Search Report�Application No. 04812273.3, dated Oct. 8, 2007, 5 pages.104European Patent Office, Supplementary European Search Report�Application No. 04812273.3-2310, dated Dec. 10, 2007, 7 pages.105European Patent Office, Supplementary Partial European Search Report�Application No. 02737254.9, dated Mar. 2, 2007, 5 pages.106Faber et al., "Gender Differences in Knee Joint Cartilage Thickness, Volume and Articular Surface Areas: Assessment With Quantitative Three-Dimensional MR Imaging," Skeletal Radiology 30 (3): 144-150 (2001).107Faber et al., "Quantitative Changes of Articular Cartilage Microstructure During Compression of an Intact Joint," Proc. Intl. Soc. Mag. Resonance Med., 7:547 (1999).108Falcao et al., "User-steered image segmentation paradigms. Live wire and live lane," Graphical Models and Image Processing 60: 233-260 (1998).109Felson et al., "Weight Loss Reduces the risk for symptomatic knee osteoarthritis in women: the Framingham study," Ann Intern Med 116: 535-539 (1992).110Gandy et al., "One-Year Longitudinal Study of Femoral Cartilage Lesions in Knee Arthritis," Proc. Intl. Soc. Mag. Resonance Med., 7:1032 (1999).111Garrett, "Osteochondral allografts for reconstruction of articular defects of the knee," Instr Course Lect 47: 517-522 (1998).112Gerscovich, "A Radiologist's Guide to the Imaging in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip," Skeletal Radiol 26: 447-456 (1997).113Ghelman et al., "Kinematics of the Knee After Prosthetic Replacements", Clin. Orthop. May 1975: (108): 149-157.114Ghosh et al., "Watershed Segmentation of High Resolution Articular Cartilage Images for Assessment of Osteoarthritis," International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Philadelphia, (1999).115Glaser et al., "Optimization and Validation of a Rapid Highresolution T1-W 3-D Flash Waterexcitation MR Sequence for the Quantitative Assessment of Articular Cartilage Volume and Thickness," Magnetic Resonance Imaging 19: 177-185 (2001).116Goodwin et al., "MR Imaging of Articular Cartilage: Striations in the Radial Layer Reflect the Fibrous Structure of Cartilage," Proc. Intl. Soc. Mag. Resonance Med., 7:546 (1999).117Gouraud, "Continuous shading of curved surfaces," IEEE Trans on Computers C-20(6) (1971).118Graichen et al., "Three-Dimensional Analysis of the Width of the Subacromial Space in Healthy Subjects and Patients With Impingement Syndrome," American Journal of Roentgenology 172: 1081-1086 (1999).119Hafez et al., "Computer Assisted Total Knee Replacement: Could a Two-Piece Custom Template Replace the Complex Conventional Instrumentations?" Session 6: Novel Instruments; Computer Aided Surgery, Session 6, vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 93-94 (Jun. 2004).120Hafez et al., "Computer-assisted Total Knee Arthroplasty Using Patient-specific Templating," Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, No. 444, pp. 184-192 (Mar. 2006).121Hall et al., "Quantitative MRI for Clinical Drug Trials of Joint Diseases; Virtual Biopsy of Articular Cartilage" NIH-FDA Conf. on Biomarkers and Surrogate Endpoints: Advancing Clinical Research and Applications (1998).122Hardy et al., "Measuring the Thickness of Articular Cartilage From MR Images," J. Magnetic Resonance Imaging 13: 120-126 (2001).123Hardy et al., "The Influence of the Resolution and Contrast on Measuring the Articular Cartilage Volume in Magnetic Resonance Images" Magn Reson Imaging. 18(8): 965-972 (Oct. 2000).124Hargreaves et al., "Imaging of articular cartilage using driven equilibrium," International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Sydney, Australia (Apr. 17-24, 1998).125Hargreaves et al., "MR Imaging of Articular Cartilage Using Driven Equilibrium," Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 42(4): 695-703 (Oct. 1999).126Hargreaves et al., "Technical considerations for DEFT imaging," International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Sydney, Australia (Apr. 17-24, 1998).127Hastings et al., "Double Hemiarthroplasty of the Knee in Rheumatoid Arthritis," A Survey of Fifty Consecutive Cases, J. Bone Joint Surg. Br. 55(1):112-118 (1973).128Haubner M, et al., "A Non-Invasive Technique for 3-Dimensional Assessment of Articular Cartilage Thickness Based on MRI Part @: Validation Using CT Arthrography," Magn Reson Imaging; 15(7): 805-813 (1997).129Haut et al., "A High Accuracy Three-Dimensional Coordinate Digitizing System for Reconstructing the Geometry of Diarthrodial Joints," J. Biomechanics 31: 571-577 (1998).130Hayes et al., "Evaluation of Articular Cartilage: Radiographic and Cross-Sectional Imaging Techniques," Radiographics 12: 409-428 (1992).131Henderson et al., "Experience with the Use of the Macintosh Prosthesis in Knees of Patients with Pheumatoid Arthritis," South. Med. J. 62(11):1311-1315 (1969).132Henkelman, "Anisotropy of NMR Properties of Tissues", Magn Res Med. 32: 592-601 (1994).133Herberhold et al., "An MR-Based Technique for Quantifying the Deformation of Articular Cartilage During Mechanical Loading in an Intact Cadaver Joint," Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 39(5): 843-850 (1998).134Herberhold, "In Situ Measurement of Articular Cartilage Deformation in Intact Femorapatellar Joints Under Static Loading", Journal of biomechanics 32: 1287-1295 (1999).135Herrmann et al., "High Resolution Imaging of Normal and Osteoarthritic Cartilage with Optical Coherence Tomogrqaphy," J. Rheumatoil 26: 627-635 (1999).136High et al., "Early Macromolecular Collagen Changes in Articular Cartilage of Osteoarthritis (OA): An In Vivo MT-MRI and Histopathologic Study," Proc. Intl. Soc. Mag. Resonance Med., 7:550 (1999).137Hohe, "Surface Size, Curvature Analysis, and Assessment of Knee Joint Incongruity With MR Imaging In Vivo", Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 47: 554-561 (2002).138Holdsworth et al., "Benefits of Articular Cartilage Imaging at 4 Tesla: An In Vivo Study of Normal Volunteers," Proc. Intl. Soc. Mag. Resonance Med., 7:1028 (1999).139Hughes et al., "Technical Note: A Technique for Measuring the Surface Area of Articular Cartilage in Acetabular Fractures," Br. J. Radiol; 67: 584-588 (1994).140Husmann et al., "Three-Dimensional Morphology of the Proximal Femur," J. Arthroplasty; 12(4): 444-450 (Jun. 1997).141Hyhlik-Durr et al., "Precision of Tibial Cartilage Morphometry with a coronal water-excitation MR sequence," European Radiology 10(2): 297-303 (2000).142Ihara H., "Double-Contrast CT Arthrography of the Cartilage of the Patellofemoral Joint," Clin. Orthop.; 198: 50-55 (Sep. 1985).143Iida et al., "Socket Location in Total Hip Replacement: Preoperative Computed Tomography and Computer Simulation" Acta Orthop Scand; 59(1): 1-5 (1998).144International Searching Authority, International Preliminary Report on Patentability�International Application No. PCT/US2006/045131, dated Jun. 5, 2008, together with the Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, 6 pages.145International Searching Authority, International Search Report�International Application No. PCT/US02/16945, dated Mar. 26, 2003, 6 pages.146International Searching Authority, International Search Report�International Application No. PCT/US03/32123, dated Mar. 17, 2004, 7 pages.147International Searching Authority, International Search Report�International Application No. PCT/US03/36079, dated Apr. 15, 2004, 7 pages.148International Searching Authority, International Search Report�International Application No. PCT/US03/38158, dated Feb. 23, 2005, 7 pages.149International Searching Authority, International Search Report�International Application No. PCT/US04/39714, dated May 13, 2005, together with the Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, 8 pages.150International Searching Authority, International Search Report�International Application No. PCT/US06/38212, dated Apr. 22, 2008, together with the Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, 7 pages.151International Searching Authority, International Search Report�International Application No. PCT/US06/45131, dated Jul. 11, 2007, together with the Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, 6 pages.152International Searching Authority, International Search Report�International Application No. PCT/US2005/042421, dated May 18, 2006, together with the Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, 7 pages.153International Searching Authority, International Search Report�International Application No. PCT/US2007/064349, dated Oct. 12, 2007, together with the Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, 20 pages.154International Searching Authority, International Search Report�International Application No. PCT/US2009/043656, dated Jul. 9, 2009, together with the Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, 8 pages.155International Searching Authority, International Search Report-International Application No. PCT/US2010/025274, dated Sep. 20, 2010, together with the Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, 18 pages.156International Searching Authority, International Search Report�International Application No. PCT/US2010/025274, dated Sep. 20, 2010, together with the Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, 18 pages.157International Searching Authority, International Search Report�International Application No. PCT/US2010/025459, dated Apr. 20, 2010, together with the Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, 15 pages.158International Searching Authority, International Search Report�International Application No. PCT/US2010/039587, dated Aug. 19, 2010, together with the Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, 15 pages.159International Searching Authority, International Search Report�International Application No. PCT/US2010/046868, dated Jan. 7, 2011, together with the Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, 11 pages.160International Searching Authority, International Search Report�International Application No. PCT/US2010/055483, dated Jul. 28, 2011, together with the Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, 9 pages.161International Searching Authority, International Search Report�International Application No. PCT/US2010/059910 dated Oct. 25, 2011, together with the Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, 9 pages.162International Searching Authority, Invitation to Pay Additional Fees�International Application No. PCT/US2007/064349 dated Aug. 7, 2007, 8 pages.163International Searching Authority, Invitation to Pay Additional Fees-International Application No. PCT/US2010/025274, dated Jun. 28, 2010, 4 pages.164International Searching Authority, Invitation to Pay Additional Fees�International Application No. PCT/US2010/025274, dated Jun. 28, 2010, 4 pages.165Irarrazabal et al., "Fast three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging," Mag Res. Med. 33: 656-662 (1995).166Jessop et al., "Follow-up of the MacIntosh Arthroplasty of the Knee Joint," Rheumatol Phys. Med. 11(5):217-224 (1972).167Johnson et al., "Development of a knee wear method based on prosthetic in vivo slip velocity," Transaction of the Orthopedic Research Society, 46th Annual Meeting (Mar. 2000).168Johnson et al., "The distribution of load across the knee. A comparison of static and dynamic measurements," J. Bone Joint Surg 62B: 346-349 (1980).169Johnson, "In vivo contact kinematics of the knee joint: Advancing the point cluster technique," Ph.D. Thesis, University of Minnesota (1999).170Jonsson et al., "Precision of Hyaline Cartilage Thickness Measurements," Acta Radiol 1992; 33(3): 234-239 (1992).171Kaneuji et al., "Three Dimensional Morphological Analysis of the Proximal Femoral Canal, Using Computer-Aided Design System, in Japanese Patients with Osteoarthrosis of the Hip," J. Orthop Sci; 5(4): 361-368 (2000).172Karvonen et al., "Articular Cartilage Defects of the Knee: Correlation Between Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Gross Pathology," Ann Rheum Dis. 49: 672-675 (1990).173Kass et al., "Snakes: Active contour models.," Int J Comput Vision 1: 321-331 (1988).174Kates, et al., "Experiences of Arthroplasty of the Rheumatoid Knee Using MacIntosh Prostheses," Ann. Rheum. Dis. 28(3):328 (1969).175Kaufman et al., "Articular Cartilage Sodium content as a function of compression" Seventh Scientific Meeting of ISMRM, p. 1022, 1999 T. 105, V. III.176Kay et al., The MacIntosh Tibial Plateau Hemiprosthesis for the Rheumatoid Knee, J. Bone Joint Surg. Br. 54(2):256-262 (1972).177Kidder et al., "3D Model Acquisition, Design, Planning and Manufacturing of Orthopaedic Devices: A Framework," Proceedings of the SPIE�Advanced Sensor and Control-System Interface, Boston, MA, vol. 2911, pp. 9-22, 21 (Nov. 1996).178Klosterman et al., "T2 Measurements in Adult Patellar Cartilage at 1.5 and 3.0 Tesla," ISMRM Seventh Scientific Meeting, Philadelphia, PA, (May 22-28, 1999).179Knauss et al., "Self-Diffusion of Water in Cartilage and Cartilage Components as Studied by Pulsed Field Gradient NMR," Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 41:285-292 (1999).180Koh et al., "Visualization by Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Focal Cartilage Lesions in the Excised Mini-Pig Knee," J. Orthop. Res; 14(4): 554-561 (Jul. 1996).181Korhonen et al., "Importance of the Superficial Tissue Layer for the Indentation Stiffness of Articular Cartilage," Med. Eng. Phys; 24(2): 99-108 (Mar. 2002).182Korkala et al., "Autogenous Osteoperiosteal Grafts in the Reconstruction of Full-Thickness Joint Surface Defects," Int. Orthop.; 15(3): 233-237 (1991).183Kshirsagar et al., "Measurement of Localized Cartilage Volume and Thickness of Human Knee Joints by Computer Analysis of Three-Dimensional Magnetic Resonance Images," Invest Radiol. 33(5): 289-299 (May 1998).184Kwak et al., "Anatomy of Human Patellofemoral Joint Articular Cartilage: Surface Curvature Analysis," J. Orthop. Res.; 15: 468-472 (1997).185LaFortune et al., "Three dimensional kinematics of the human knee during walking," J. Biomechanics 25: 347-357 (1992).186Lam et al., "X-Ray Diagnosis: A Physician's Approach", Editor Lam, 1998, Springer-Verlag publishers, Title page and Index Only (ISBN 9813083247).187Lang et al., "Functional joint imaging: a new technique integrating MRI and biomotion studies," International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Denver (Apr. 18-24, 2000).188Lang et al., Cartilage imaging: comparison of driven equilibrium with gradient-echo, SPAR, and fast spin-echo sequences. International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Sydney, Australia, (Apr. 17-24, 1998).189Lang et al., Risk factors for progression of cartilage loss: a longitudinal MRI study. European Society of Musculoskeletal Radiology, 6th Annual Meeting, Edinburgh, Scotland (1999).190Ledingham et al., "Factors affecting radiographic progression of knee osteoarthritis," Ann Rheum Dis 54: 53-58 (1995).191Leenslag et al., "A Porous Composite for Reconstruction of Meniscus Lesions," Biological and Biomechanical Perform. of Biomaterials, Elsevier Science Publishers Amsterdam pp. 147-152 (1986).192Lefebvre et al., "Automatic Three-Dimensional Reconstruction and Characterization of Articular Cartilage from High-Resolution Ultrasound Acquisitions," Ultrasound Med. Biol.; 24(9): 1369-1381 (Nov. 1998).193Li et al., A Boundary Optimization Algorithm for Delineating Brain Objects from CT Scans: Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference 1993 IEEE Conference Record, San Francisco, CA (1993).194Lin et al., "Three-Dimensional Characteristics of Cartilagenous and Bony Components of Dysplastic Hips in Children: Three-Dimensional Computed Tomography Quantitative Analysis," J. Pediatr. Orthop.; 17: 152-157 (1997).195Lorensen et al., "Marching cubes: a high resolution 3d surface construction algorithm," Comput Graph 21: 163-169 (1987).196Losch et al., "A non-invasive technique for 3-dimensional assessment of articular cartilage thickness based on MRI part 1: development of a computational method," Magn Res Imaging 15(7): 795-804 (1997).197Lu et al., "Bone position estimation from skin marker co-ordinates using globals optimization with joint constraints," J Biomechanics 32: 129-134 (1999).198Lu et al., "In vitro degradation of porous poly(L-lactic acid) foams", Biomaterials, 21(15):1595-1605, Aug. 2000.199Lucchetti et al., "Skin movement artifact assessment and compensation in the estimation of knee-joint kinematics," J Biomechanics 31: 977-984 (1998).200Lusse et al., "Measurement of Distribution of Water Content of Human Articular Cartilage Based on Transverse Relaxation Times: An In Vitro Study," Seventh Scientific Meeting of ISMRM, p. 1020 (1999).201Lynch et al., "Cartilage segmentation of 3D MRI scans of the osteoarthritic knee combining user knowledge and active contours," Proc. SPIE 3979 Medical Imaging, San Diego pp. 925-935 (Feb. 2000).202MacIntosh et al., "The Use of the Hemiarthroplasty Prosthesis for Advanced Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis of the Knee," J. of Bone & Joint Surg., vol. 54B, No. 2, pp. 244-255 (1972).203MacIntosh, "Arthroplasty of the Knee in Rheumatoid Arthritis Using the Hemiarthroplasty Prosthesis," Synovectomy and Arthroplasty in Rheumatoid Arthritis pp. 79-80, Second Int'l Symposium, Jan. 27-29, 1967 (Basle, Switzerland).204MacIntosh, "Arthroplasty of the Knee in Rheumatoid Arthritis," Proceedings and Reports of Councils and Assotions, J. Bone & Joint Surg., vol. 48B No. (1): 179 (Feb. 1996).205MacIntosh, "Hemiarthroplasty of the Knee Using a Space Occupying Prosthesis for Painful Varus and Valgus Deformities," J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. Dec. 1958:40-A:1431.206Maki et al., "SNR improvement in NMR microscopy using DEFT," J Mag Res; pp. 482-492 (1988).207Marler et al., "Soft-Tissue Augmentation with Injectable Alginate and Syngeneic Fibroblasts", Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, 105(6):2049-2058, May 2000.208Marshall et al., "Quantitation of Articular Cartilage Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Three-Dimensional Reconstruction," J. Orthop. Res.; 13: 814-823 (1995).209Matsen, III et al., "Robotic Assistance in Orthopaedic Surgery: A Proof of Principle Using Distal Femoral Arthroplasty", Clinical Ortho. and Related Research, 296:178-186 (1993).210Mattila et al., "Massive Osteoarticular Knee Allografts: Structural Changes Evaluated with CT," Radiology; 196: 657-660 (1995).211McCollum et al., "Tibial Plateau Prosthesis in Arthroplasty of the Knee," J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 1970 52(4):827-8 (Feb. 1996).212McKeever, "The Classic Tibial Plateau Prosthesis," Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. (192):3-12 (1985).213Merkle et al., "A Transceiver Coil Assembly for Hetero-Nuclear Investigations of Human Breast At 4T," Proc. Intl. Soc. Mag. Resonance Med., 7:170 (1999).214Meyer et al., "Simultaneous spatial and spectral selective excitation," Magn Res Med 15: 287-304 (1990).215Mills et al., "Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Knee: Evaluation of Meniscal Disease," Curr. Opin. Radiol. 4(6): 77-82 (1992).216Milz et al., "The Thickness of the Subchondral Plate and Its Correlation with the thickness of the Uncalcified Articular Cartilage in the Human Patella," Anat. Embryol.; 192: 437-444 (1995).217Minas, "Chondrocyte Implantation in the Repair of Chondral Lesions of the Knee: Economics and Quality of Life", Am. J. Orthop. Nov. 1998; 27: 739-744.218Modest et al., "Optical Verification of a Technique for In Situ Ultrasonic Measurement of Articular Cartilage Thickness," J. Biomechanics 22(2): 171-176 (1989).219Mollica et al., "Surgical treatment of arthritic varus knee by tibial corticotomy and angular distraction with an external fixator," Ital J Orthrop Traumatol 18(1): 17-23 (1992).220Moussa, "Rotational Malalignment and Femoral Torsion in Osteoarthritic Knees with Patellofemoral Joint Imvolvement: A CT Scan Study," Clin. Orthop.; 304: 176-183 (Jul. 1994).221Mundinger et al., "Magnetic Resonance Tomography in the Diagnosis of Peripheral Joints," Schweiz Med. Wochenschr. 121(15): 517-527 (1991) (Abstract Only).222Myers et al., "Experimental Assessment by High Frequency Ultrasound of Articular Cartilage Thickness and Osteoarthritic Changes," J. Rheumatol; 22: 109-116 (1995).223Nelson et al., "Arthroplasty and Arthrodesis of the Knee Joint," Orthop. Clin. North Am. 2 (1): 245-64 (1971).224Nieminen et al., "T2 Indicates Incompletely the Biomechanical Status of Enzymatically Degraded Articular Cartilage of 9.4T," Proc. Intl. Soc. Mag. Resonance Med., 7:551 (1999).225Nishii et al., "Three Dimensional Evaluation of the Acetabular and Femoral Articular Cartilage in the Osteoarthritis of the Hip Joint," Proc. Intl. Soc. Mag. Resonance Med., 7:1030 (1999).226Nizard, "Role of tibial osteotomy in the treatment of medical femorotibial osteoarthritis," Rev Rhum Engl Ed 65(7-9): 443-446 (1998).227Noll et al., "Homodyne detection in magnetic resonance imaging," IEEE Trans Med Imag 10(2): 154-163 (1991).228Ogilvie-Harris et al., "Arthroscopic management of the degenerative knee," Arthroscopy 7: 151-157 (1991).229Parkkinen et al., "A Mechanical Apparatus With Microprocessor Controlled Stress Profile for Cyclic Compression of Cultured Articular Cartilage Explants," J. Biomech.; 22 (11-12): 1285-1290 (1989).230Pearle et al., "Use of an external MR-tracking coil for active scan plane registration during dynamic Musculoskeletal MR imaging in a vertically open MR unit," American Roentgen Ray Society, San Francisco, CA (1998).231Peterfy et al., "Emerging Applications of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Evaluation of Articular Cartilage," Radiol Clin North Am.; 34(2): 195-213 (Mar. 1996).232Peterfy et al., "MR Imaging of the arthritic knee: improved discrimination of cartilage, synovium, and effusion with pulsed saturation transfer and fat-suppressed TI-weighted sequences," Radiology 191(2): 413-419 (1994).233Peterfy et al., "Quantification of articular cartilage in the knee with pulsed saturation transfer subtraction and fat-suppressed MR imaging: optimization and validation," Radiology 192(2): 485-491 (1994).234Peterfy et al., "Quantification of the volume of articular cartilage in the carpophalangeal joints of the hand: accuracy and precision of three-dimensional MR imaging," AJR 165: 371-375 (1995).235Pilch et al., "Assessment of Cartilage Volume in the Femorotibial Joint With Magnetic Resonance Imaging and 3D Computer Reconstruction," J. Rheumatol. 21(12): 2307-2319 (1994).236Piplani et al., "Articular cartilage volume in the knee: semi-automated determination from three-dimensional reformations of MR images," Radiology 198: 855-859 (1996).237Platt et al., "Mould Arthroplasty of the Knee: A Ten-Yr Follow-up Study," Oxford Regional Rheumatic Diseases Resch. Ctre, J. of Bone & Joint Surg., vol. 51B, pp. 76-87 (1969).238Porter et al., "MacIntosh Arthroplasty: A Long-Term Review," J. R. Coll. Surg. Edin. (192):199-201 (1988).239Portheine et al., "CT-Based Planning and Individual Template Navigation in TKA", Navigation and Robotics in Total Joint and Spine Surgery, Springer, 48:336-342 (2004).240Portheine et al., "Development of a Clinical Demonstrator for Computer Assisted Orthopedic Surgery with CT Image Based Individual Templates." in Lemke HU, Vannier MW, Inamura K (eds). Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery. Amsterdam, Elsevier 944-949, 1997.241Potter et al., "Arthroplasty of the Knee in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis: A Follow-up Study After Implantation of the McKeever and MacIntosh Prostheses," J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 54(1):1-24 (1972).242Potter et al., "Magnetic resonance imaging of articular cartilage in the knee: an evaluation with use of fast-spin-echo imaging," J Bone Joint Surg 80-A(9): 1276-1284 (1998).243Potter et al., "Sensitivity of Quantitative NMR Imaging to Matrix Composition in Engineered Cartilage Tissue" Proc. Intl. Soc. Mag. Resonance Med., 7:552 (1999).244Potter, "Arthroplasty of the Knee With Tibial Metallic Implants of the McKeever and MacIntosh Design," Sug. Clin. North Am. 49(4):903-915 (1969).245Probst et al., "Technique for Measuring the Area of Canine Articular Surfaces," Am. J. Vet. Res. 48(4): 608-609 (1987).246Prodromos et al., "A relationship between gait and clinical changes following high tibial osteotomy," J Bone Joint Surg 67A: 1188-1194 (1985).247Radermacher et al., "Computer Assisted Orthopedic Surgery by Means of Individual Templates �Aspects and Analysis of Potential Applications �" Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Medical Robotics and Computer Assisted Surgery, vol. 1: Sessions I-III, MRCAS '94, Pittsburgh, PA, pp. 42-48 (Sep. 22-24, 1994).248Radermacher et al., "Computer Integrated Orthopedic Surgery�Connection of Planning and Execution in Surgical Inventions." In Taylor, R., Lavallee, S., Burdea G. Mosges, R. (eds). Computer Integrated Surgery. Cambridge, MIT press 451-463, 1996.249Radermacher et al., "CT Image Based Planning and Execution of Interventions in Orthopedic Surgery Using Individual Templates�Experimental Results and Aspects of Clinical Applications." in Nolte LP, Ganz, R. (eds). CAOS�Computer Assisted Orthopaedic Surgery. Bern, Hans Huber (in Press) 1998.250Radermacher et al., "Image Guided Orthopedic Surgery Using Individual Templates�Experimental Results and Aspects of the Development of a Demonstrator for Pelvis Surgery." In Troccaz J. Grimson E., Mosges R (eds). Computer Vision, Virtual Reality and Robotics in Medicine and Medical Robotics and Computer Assisted Surgery, Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Berlin, Springer-Verlag 606-615, 1997.251Radermacher et al., "Technique for Better Execution of CT Scan Planned Orthopedic Surgery on Bone Structures." In Lemke HW, Inamura, K., Jaffe, CC, Vannier, MW (eds). Computer Assisted Radiology, Berlin, Springer 933-938, 1995.252Radermacher, "Computer Assisted Orthopaedic Surgery With Image Based Individual Templates" Clinical Orthopaedics, Sep. 1998, vol. 354, pp. 28-38.253Radermacher, English Translation: Helmholtz Institute of Biomedical Technology, "Computer-Assisted Planning and Execution of Orthopedic Surgery Using Individual Surgical Templates", May 18, 1999.254Radermacher, German Version: Helmholtz Institute of Biomedical Technology, "Computer-Assisted Planning and Execution of Orthopedic Surgery Using Individual Surgical Templates", May 18, 1999.255Radin et al., "Mechanical Determination of Osteoarthrosis," Sem Arthr Rheum 21(3): 12-21 (1991).256Radin et al., Characteristics of Joint Loading as it Applies to Osteoarthrosis in: Mow VC, Woo S.Y., Ratcliffe T., eds. Symposium on Biomechanics of Diathrodial Joints, vol. 2, New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, pp. 437-451 (1990).257Ranawat et al., "Macintosh Hemiarthroplasty in Rheumatoid Knee," Acta Orthop Belg., 39 (1): 1-11 (1973).258Recht et al., "Accuracy of fat-suppressed three-dimensional spoiled gradient-echo FLASH MR imaging in the detection of patellofemoral articular cartilage abnormalities," Radiology 198: 209-212 (1996).259Recht et al., "MR imaging of articular cartilage: current status and future directions," AJR 163: 283-290 (1994).260Reiser et al., "Magnetic Resonance in Cartilaginous Lesions of the Knee Joint With Three-Dimensional Gradient-Echo Imaging," Skeletal Radiol. 17(7): 465-471, (1988).261Ritter et al., "Postoperative alignment of total knee replacement," Clin Orthop 299: 153-156 (1994).262Robarts Research Institute, Abstract #1028 (1999).263Robson et al., "A Combined Analysis and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technique for Computerized Automatic Measurement of Cartilage Thickness in Distal Interphalangeal Joint," Magnetic Resonance Imaging 13(5): 709-718 (1995).264Rushfeldt et al., "Improved Techniques for Measuring In Vitro the Geometry and Pressure Distribution in the Human Acetabulum�1. Ultrasonic Measurement of Acetabular Surfaces, Sphericity and Cartilage Thickness," J. Biomech; 14(4): 253-260 (1981).265Saied, "Assessment of Articular Cartilage and Subchondral Bone: Subtle and Progressive Changes in Experimental Osteoarthritis Using 50 MHz Echography In Vitro", J. Bone Miner Res. 1997; 12(9): 1378-1386.266Saito et al., "New algorithms for Euclidean distance transformation of an�dimensional digitized picture with applications," Pattern Recognition 27(11): 1551-1565 (1994).267Schiffers et al., English Translation with Certification: "Planning and execution of orthopedic surgery using individualized templates," Der Orthop�de, Springer-Verlag, vol. 29, No. 7, pp. 636-640, (Jul. 2000).268Schiffers et al., In German: "Planning and execution of orthopedic surgery using individualized templates," Der Orthop�de, Springer-Verlag, vol. 29, No. 7, pp. 636-640, (Jul. 2000).269Schipplein et al., "Interaction between active and passive knee stabilizers during level walking," J Orthop Res 9: 113-119 (1991).270Schorn et al., "MacIntosh Arthroplasty in Rheumatoid Arthritis," Rheumatol Rehabil. Aug. 1978:17(3):155-163.271Schouten et al., "A 12 year follow up study in the general population on prognostic factors of cartilage loss in osteoarthritis of the knee," Ann Rheum Dis 51: 932-937 (1992).272Shapiro et al., "In-Vivo Evaluation of Human Cartilage Compression and Recovery using 1H and 23Na MRI," Proc. Intl. Soc. Mag. Resonance Med., 7:548 (1999).273Sharif et al., "Serum hyaluronic acid level as a predictor of disease progression in osteoarthritis of the knee," Arthritis Rheum 38: 760-767 (1995).274Sharma et al., "Knee adduction moment, serum hyaluronic acid level, and disease severity in medial tibiofemoral osteoarthritis," Arthritis and Rheumatism 41(7): 1233-40 (1998).275Shoup et al., "The driven equilibrium Fourier transform NMR technique: an experimental study," J Mag Res p. 298-310 (1972).276Sittek et al., "Assessment of Normal Patellar Cartilage Volume and Thickness Using MRI: an Analysis of Currently Available Pulse Sequences", Skeletal Radiol 1996; 25: 55-61.277Slemenda et al., "Lower extremity lean tissue mass strength predict increases in pain and in functional impairment in knee osteoarthritis," Arthritis Rheum 39(suppl): S212 (1996).278Slemenda et al., "Lower extremity strength, lean tissue mass and bone density in progression of knee osteoarthritis," Arthritis Rheum 39(suppl): S169 (1996).279Slone et al., "Body CT: A Practical Approach", Editor Slone, 1999 McGraw-Hill publishers, Title page and Table of Contents pgs. Only (ISBN 007058219).280Solloway et al., "The use of active shape models for making thickness measurements of articular cartilage from MR images," Mag Res Med 37: 943-952 (1997).281Soslowsky et al., "Articular Geometry of the Glenohumeral Joint," Clin. Orthop.; 285: 181-190 (Dec. 1992).282Spoor et al., "Rigid body motion calculated from spatial coordinates of markers," J. Biomechanics 13: 391-393 (1980).283Stammberger et al., "A Method for Quantifying Time Dependent Changes in MR Signal Intensity of Articular Cartilage as a Function of Tissue Deformation in Intact Joints" Medical Engineering & Physics 20: 741-749 (1998).284Stammberger et al., "A New Method for 3D Cartilage Thickness Measurement with MRI, Based on Euclidean Distance Transformation, and its Reproducibility in the Living," Proc. Intl. Soc. Mag. Resonance Med., 6:562 (1998).285Stammberger et al., "Determination of 3D cartilage thickness data from MR imaging: computational method and reproducibility in the living," Mag Res Med 41: 529-536 (1999).286Stammberger et al., "Elastic Registration of 3D Cartilage Surfaces From MR Image Data for Detecting Local Changes of the Cartilage Thickness," Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 44: 592-601 (2000).287Stammberger et al., "Interobserver to reproducibility of quantitative cartilage measurements: Comparison of B-spline snakes and manual segmentation," Mag Res Imaging 17: 1033-1042 (1999).288Stauffer et al., "The MacIntosh Prosthesis. Prospective Clinical and Gait Evaluation," Arch. Surg. 110(6):717-720 (1975).289Steines et al., "Measuring volume of articular cartilage defects in osteoarthritis using MRI," ACR 64th Annual Scientific Meeting, Philadelphia, (Oct. 2000).290Steines et al., "Segmentation of osteoarthritis femoral cartilage from MR images," CARS�Computer-Assisted Radiology and Surgery, pp. 578-583, San Francisco (2000).291Steines et al., Segmentation of osteoarthritic femoral cartilage using live wire, Proc. Intl. Soc. Mag. Resonance Med., 8:220 (2000).292Stevenson et al., "The fate of articular cartilage after transplantation of fresh and cryopreserved tissue-antigen-matched and mismatched osteochondral allografts in dogs," J. Bone Joint Surg 71(9): 1297-1307 (1989).293Stout et al., "X-Ray Structure Determination: A Practical Guide", 2nd Ed. Editors Stout and Jensen, 1989, John Wiley & Sons, Title page and Table of Contents pgs. Only (ISBN 0471607118).294Sunstein Kann Murphy & Timbers LLP, Amendment dated Apr. 6, 2011 pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 11/410,515, 12 pages.295Sunstein Kann Murphy & Timbers LLP, Amendment dated Feb. 2, 2011 pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 11/769,434, 44 pages.296Sunstein Kann Murphy & Timbers LLP, Amendment dated Jan. 11, 2010, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 10/160,667, 12 pages.297Sunstein Kann Murphy & Timbers LLP, Amendment dated Jun. 28, 2010 pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 11/410,515, 16 pages.298Sunstein Kann Murphy & Timbers LLP, Preliminary Amendment dated Aug. 12, 2011, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 13/017,886, 13 pages.299Sunstein Kann Murphy & Timbers LLP, Preliminary Amendment dated Jul. 31, 2009 pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 11/769,434, 44 pages.300Sunstein Kann Murphy & Timbers LLP, Preliminary Amendment dated Jul. 31, 2009, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 11/739,326, 19 pages.301Sunstein Kann Murphy & Timbers LLP, Request for Continued Examination and Response dated Aug. 27, 2009 pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 10/752,438, 22 pages.302Sunstein Kann Murphy & Timbers LLP, Request for Continued Examination and Response dated Jul. 27, 2009 pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 10/997,407, 26 pages.303Sunstein Kann Murphy & Timbers LLP, Request for Continued Examination and Response dated Oct. 26, 2009, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 10/704,208, 17 pages.304Sunstein Kann Murphy & Timbers LLP, Response to Office Action dated Apr. 20, 2010, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 11/739,326, 22 pages.305Sunstein Kann Murphy & Timbers LLP, Response to Office Action dated Aug. 2, 2010, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 12/317,472, 15 pages.306Sunstein Kann Murphy & Timbers LLP, Response to Office Action dated Aug. 4, 2009, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 10/704,325, 15 pages.307Sunstein Kann Murphy & Timbers LLP, Response to Office Action dated Aug. 6, 2009, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 10/681,749, 18 pages.308Sunstein Kann Murphy & Timbers LLP, Response to Office Action dated Dec. 6, 2010, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 12/853,599, 16 pages.309Sunstein Kann Murphy & Timbers LLP, Response to Office Action dated Jul. 30, 2009, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 11/537,318, 9 pages.310Sunstein Kann Murphy & Timbers LLP, Response to Office Action dated May 17, 2010, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 10,764,010, 21 pages.311Sunstein Kann Murphy & Timbers LLP, Response to Office Action dated Nov. 25, 2008, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 10/681,750, 17 pages.312Sunstein Kann Murphy & Timbers LLP, Supplemental Amendment dated Aug. 26, 2009, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 11/410,515, 11 pages.313Sunstein Kann Murphy & Timbers LLP, Supplemental Amendment dated Sep. 21, 2009, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 11/410,515, 11 pages.314Taha et al., "Modeling and Design of a Custom Made Cranium Implant for Large Skull Reconstruction Before a Tumor Removal", Phidias Newsletter No. 6, pp. 3, 6, Jun. 2001. Retrieved from the Internet: URL:http://www.materialise.com/medical/files/pdf.315Tamez-Pena et al., MRI Isotropic Resolution Reconstruction from two Orthogonal Scans:, Proceedings of the SPIE�The International Society for Optical Engineering SOIE-OMT. vol. 4322, pp. 87-97, 2001.316Tebben et al., "Three-Dimensional Computerized Reconstruction. Illustration of Incremental Articular Cartilage Thinning," Invest. Radiol. 32(8): 475-484 (1997).317Thoma et al., English Translation with Certification: "Custom-made knee endoprosthetics using subtraction data of three-dimensional CT scans�A new approach," Der Orthop�de, Springer-Verlag, vol. 29, No. 7, pp. 641-644, (Jul. 2000).318Thoma et al., English Translation with Certification: "Use of a New Subtraction Procedure Based on Three-Dimensional CT Scans for the Individual Treatment of Bone Defects in the Hip and Knee," Journal DGPW, No. 17, pp. 27-28 (May 1999).319Thoma et al., In German: "Custom-made knee endoprosthetics using subtraction data of three-dimensional CT scans�A new approach," Der Orthop�de, Springer-Verlag, vol. 29, No. 7, pp. 641-644, (Jul. 2000).320Thoma et al., In German: "Use of a New Subtraction Procedure Based on Three-Dimensional CT Scans for the Individual Treatment of Bone Defects in the Hip and Knee," Journal DGPW, No. 17, pp. 27-28 (May 1999).321Tieschky et al., "Repeatability of patellar cartilage thickness patterns in the living, using a fat-suppressed magnetic resonance imaging sequence with short acquisition time and three-dimensional data processing," J. Orthop Res 15(6): 808-813 (1997).322Tomasi et al., "Shape and motion from image streams under orthography�a factorization method," Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 90(21): 9795-9802 (1993).323Tsai et al., "Application of a flexible loop-gap resonator for MR imaging of articular cartilage at 3.TO," International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Denver (Apr. 24-28, 2000) 8:2127.324Tyler et al., "Detection and Monitoring of Progressive Degeneration of Osteoarthritic Cartilage by MRI," Acta Orthop Scand 1995; 66 Suppl. 266: 130-138 (1995).325United States Patent and Trademark Office, Notice of Allowance dated Aug. 5, 2011, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 10/764,010, 14 pages.326United States Patent and Trademark Office, Notice of Allowance dated Dec. 16, 2010, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 10/764,010, 11 pages.327United States Patent and Trademark Office, Notice of Allowance dated May 17, 2010, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 10/704,325, 20 pages.328United States Patent and Trademark Office, Notice of Allowance dated Nov. 24, 2010, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 11/739,326, 8 pages.329United States Patent and Trademark Office, Notice of Allowance dated Sep. 14, 2011, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 12/853,599, 9 pages.330United States Patent and Trademark Office, Office Action dated Apr. 18, 2011, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 12/464,763, 13 pages.331United States Patent and Trademark Office, Office Action dated Apr. 20, 2010, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 11/739,326, 13 pages.332United States Patent and Trademark Office, Office Action dated Apr. 24, 2009, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 10/704,208, 23 pages.333United States Patent and Trademark Office, Office Action dated Apr. 26, 2010, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 10/160,667, 11 pages.334United States Patent and Trademark Office, Office Action dated Aug. 13, 2007, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 10/305,652, 6 pages.335United States Patent and Trademark Office, Office Action dated Aug. 2, 2010 pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 11/769,434, 83 pages.336United States Patent and Trademark Office, Office Action dated Aug. 2, 2010, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 12/317,472, 7 pages.337United States Patent and Trademark Office, Office Action dated Aug. 4, 2009, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 10/704,325, 11 pages.338United States Patent and Trademark Office, Office Action dated Aug. 5, 2010, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 10/997,407, 12 pages.339United States Patent and Trademark Office, Office Action dated Aug. 6, 2009, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 10/681,749, 6 pages.340United States Patent and Trademark Office, Office Action dated Dec. 19, 2007, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 10/305,652, 6 pages.341United States Patent and Trademark Office, Office Action dated Dec. 28, 2009, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 11/410,515, 43 pages.342United States Patent and Trademark Office, Office Action dated Dec. 30, 2008, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 11/410,515, 32 pages.343United States Patent and Trademark Office, Office Action dated Dec. 30, 2009, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 10/704,208, 10 pages.344United States Patent and Trademark Office, Office Action dated Dec. 6, 2010, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 12/853,599, 11 pages.345United States Patent and Trademark Office, Office Action dated Feb. 10, 2011, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 12/317,416, 10 pages.346United States Patent and Trademark Office, Office Action dated Feb. 22, 2011, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 11/602,713, 10 pages.347United States Patent and Trademark Office, Office Action dated Feb. 24, 2011, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 12/317,472, 12 pages.348United States Patent and Trademark Office, Office Action dated Jan. 9, 2009, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 10/764,010 (US Patent Publication No. US 2004/0167390), 11 pages.349United States Patent and Trademark Office, Office Action dated Jul. 23, 2010, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 12/317,416, 7 pages.350United States Patent and Trademark Office, Office Action dated Jul. 29, 2008, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 10/305,652, 10 pages.351United States Patent and Trademark Office, Office Action dated Jul. 30, 2009, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 11/537,318, 56 pages.352United States Patent and Trademark Office, Office Action dated Jul. 9, 2009, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 10/160,667, 5 pages.353United States Patent and Trademark Office, Office Action dated Jun. 23, 2011 pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 11/410,515, 13 pages.354United States Patent and Trademark Office, Office Action dated Jun. 28, 2010, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 10/752,438, 9 pages.355United States Patent and Trademark Office, Office Action dated Jun. 3, 2010, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 11/537,318, 10 pages.356United States Patent and Trademark Office, Office Action dated Mar. 2, 2011, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 10/752,438, 8 pages.357United States Patent and Trademark Office, Office Action dated Mar. 4, 2010, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 11/688,340, 15 pages.358United States Patent and Trademark Office, Office Action dated May 17, 2010, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 10/764,010, 12 pages.359United States Patent and Trademark Office, Office Action dated May 26, 2010, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 11/602,713, 10 pages.360United States Patent and Trademark Office, Office Action dated Nov. 10, 2009 pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 10/752,438, 8 pages.361United States Patent and Trademark Office, Office Action dated Nov. 24, 2009 pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 10/997,407, 14 pages.362United States Patent and Trademark Office, Office Action dated Nov. 25, 2008, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 10/681,750, 21 pages.363United States Patent and Trademark Office, Office Action dated Oct. 23, 2009, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 10/764,010 (US Patent Publication No. US 2004/0167390), 13 pages.364United States Patent and Trademark Office, Office Action dated Oct. 6, 2010 pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 11/410,515, 20 pages.365United States Patent and Trademark Office, Office Action dated Sep. 15, 2010, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 10/704,208, 13 pages.366United States Patent and Trademark Office, Office Action dated Sep. 15, 2011, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 10/997,407, 13 pages.367United States Patent and Trademark Office, Office Action dated Sep. 22, 2009, pertaining to U.S. Appl. No. 10/681,750, 21 pages.368Van der Linden et al., "MR Imaging of Hyaline Cartilage at 0.5 T: A Quantitative and Qualitative in vitro Evaluation of Three Types of Sequences" pp. 297-305 (Jun. 1998).369Van Leersum et al., "Thickness of Patellofemoral Articular Cartilage as Measured on MR Imaging: Sequence Comparison of accuracy, reproducibility, and interobserver variation," Skeletal Radiol 1995; 24: 431-435 (1995).370Vandeberg et al., "Assessment of Knee Cartilage in Cadavers with Dual-Detector Sprial CT ARthrography and MR Imaging", Radiology, Feb. 2002: 222(2): 430-435 T. 195, V.V.371Velyvis et al., "Evaluation of Articular Cartilage with Delayed Gd(DTPA)2-Enhanced MRI: Promise and Pitfalls," Proc. Intl. Soc. Mag. Resonance Med., 7:554 (1999).372Wang et al., "The influence of walking mechanics and time on the results of proximal tibial osteotomy," J. Bone Joint Surg 72A: 905-909 (1990).373Warfield et al., "Adaptive Template Moderated Spatially Varying Statistical Classification," Proc. First International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted, MICCAI, pp. 231-238 (1998).374Warfield et al., "Adaptive, Template Moderated Spatially Varying Statistical Classification," Medical Image Analysis 4(1): 43-55 (2000).375Warfield et al., "Automatic Segmentation of MRI of the Knee," ISMRM Sixth Scientific Meeting and Exhibition p. 563, Sydney, Australia (Apr. 17-24, 1998).376Waterton et al., "Diurnal variation in the femoral articular cartilage of the knee in young adult humans," Mag Res Med 43: 126-132 (2000).377Waterton et al., "Magnetic Resonance Methods for Measurement of Disease Progression in Rheumatoid Arthritis," Mag. Res. Imaging; 11: 1033-1038 (1993).378Watson et al., "MR Protocols for Imaging the Guinea Pig Knee," Mag. Res. Imaging 15(8): 957-970 (1997).379Wayne et al., "Finite Element Analyses of Repaired Articular Surfaces," Proc. Instn. Mech. Eng.; 205(3): 155-162 (1991).380Wayne et al., "Measurement of Articular Cartilage Thickness in the Articulated Knee," ANN Biomed Eng.; 26(1): 96-102 (1998).381Wiese et al., "Biomaterial properties and biocompatibility in cell culture of a novel self-inflating hydrogel tissue expander", J. Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 54(2):179-188, Nov. 2000.382Wolff et al., "Magnetization transfer contrast: MR imaging of the knee," Radiology 179: 623-628 (1991).383Wordsworth et al., "MacIntosh Arthroplasty for the Rheumatoid Knee: A 10-year Follow Up," Ann. Rheum. Dis. 44(11):738-741 (1985).384Worring et al., "Digital curvature estimation. CVGIP," Image Understanding 58(3): 366-382 (1993).385Yan, "Measuring changes in local volumetric bone density," new approaches to quantitative computed tomography, Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University (1998).386Yao et al., "Incidental magnetization transfer contrast in fast spin-echo imaging of cartilage," J. Magn Reson Imaging 6(1): 180-184 (1996).387Yao et al., "MR imaging of joints: analytic optimization of GRE techniques at 1.5T," AJR 158(2): 339-345 (1992).388Yasuda et al., "A 10 to 15 year follow up observation of high tibial osteotomy in medial compartment osteoarthritis," Clin Orthop 282: 186-195 (1992).389Yusof et al., "Preparation and characterization of chitin beads as a wound dressing precursor", J. Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 54(1):59-68, Oct. 2000.390Zimmer, Inc., "There's a New Addition to the Flex Family! The Zimmer� Unicompartmental Knee System", pp. 1-8 (2004).Referenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS8652148 *Feb 21, 2011Feb 18, 2014Zimmer, Inc.Tracked cartilage repair systemUS20110208256 *Feb 21, 2011Aug 25, 2011Zimmer, Inc.Tracked cartilage repair systemUS20130197870 *Jul 30, 2012Aug 1, 2013Conformis, Inc.Automated Systems for Manufacturing Patient-Specific Orthopedic Implants and Instrumentation* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification703/1, 703/11, 128/898International ClassificationG06F17/50, A61B19/00Cooperative ClassificationA61B17/1675, A61F2/38, A61F2002/3895, A61B2019/508, A61F2/30942, A61F2002/30945, A61F2002/30943, A61B17/1662, A61B2017/00526, A61F2002/30952, G06F17/50, A61F2002/30878, A61F2002/30948European ClassificationA61B17/16S8, A61F2/38, A61F2/30M2Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionAug 1, 2014ASAssignmentEffective date: 20140730Owner name: CONFORMIS, INC., MASSACHUSETTSFree format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:VENTURE LENDING & LEASING V, INC. & VENTURE LENDING & LEASINGVI, INC.;REEL/FRAME:033460/0396Oct 15, 2013CCCertificate of correctionFeb 23, 2011ASAssignmentOwner name: VENTURE LENDING & LEASING V, INC., CALIFORNIAFree format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:CONFORMIS, INC.;REEL/FRAME:025833/0753Effective date: 20110216Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:CONFORMIS, INC.;REEL/FRAME:025833/0753Effective date: 20110216Owner name: VENTURE LENDING & LEASING VI, INC., CALIFORNIAApr 12, 2010ASAssignmentFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:STEINES, DANIEL;ZHURAVLEV, ALEXEY;SIGNING DATES FROM 20100406 TO 20100407;REEL/FRAME:024215/0857Owner name: CONFORMIS, INC., MASSACHUSETTSRotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services