Source: https://www.scribd.com/document/149080801/Oblicon-Ateneo-pdf
Timestamp: 2017-04-25 10:04:02
Document Index: 267158743

Matched Legal Cases: ['Art. 1156', 'Arts 1165', 'Art 1233', 'Art 1191', 'Art 1170', 'Arts 1193', 'art 1241', 'arty 5', 'Art 1312', 'Art 1314', 'ART 1312', 'arty 6', 'Art 1331', 'Art 1338', 'art 1381', 'art 1382', 'Art 1191', 'Art 1381', 'art 1526']

ScribdBrowseInterestsPolitics & Current AffairsCareer & MoneyPersonal GrowthFictionHealth & FitnessLifestyleEntertainmentBiographies & HistoryScience & TechBrowse byBooksAudiobooksNews & MagazinesSheet MusicBrowse allUploadSign inJoinOblicon-Ateneo.pdfUploaded by Clea Borja CabueñasLaw Of ObligationsDebtorCreditorNegligenceDamages0.0 (0)DownloadEmbedDescription: ATENEO NOTESView MoreATENEO NOTESCopyright: Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)List price: $0.00Download as PDF, TXT or read online from ScribdFlag for inappropriate contentATENEO CENTRAL BAR OPERATIONS 2007 Civil Law SUMMER REVIEWEROBLIGATIONS AND CONTRACTS TITLE 1 - OBLIGATION • Art. 1156. An obligation is a juridical necessity to give, to do or not to do. (n) • neither party may unilaterally evade his obligation in the contract, unless: a. Contract authorizes it b. Other party assents Parties may freely enter into any stipulations provided they are not contrary to law, morals, good customs, public order or public policy
embellishment or completion.
Deleted: Corliss v. REMEDIES OF THE CREDITOR IN CASE OF NONPERFORMANCE (See Arts 1165 – 1168) 1. negligence or contravention of the tenor of the obligation. It is synonymous to bad faith TYPES OF FRAUD 1. DUTIES OF DEBTOR IN AN OBLIGATION TO GIVE A GENERIC THING 1. 37-38) 4. To deliver the thing itself 5. To pay damages in case of breach of the obligation by reason of delay. 812 [1924[– It implies some kind of malice or dishonesty and it cannot cover cases of mistake and errors of judgment made in good faith. the whole world
Right pertaining to a person over a specific thing. possessing such capacity. he might and ought to have foreseen the danger.. • Accessories – things joined to. negligence or contravention of the tenor of the obligation. 1170 – 1174) 1. fraud. Ex:key of a house. (8 Manresa 72) O’leary Macondray & Co. or included with the principal thing for its better use. in the execution of the contract 3. Incidental Fraud (Dolo Incidente): fraud in performance of obligation already existing because of a contract Page 106 of 297
QuickTime™ and a ic TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.. 45 Phil. Voluntary – debtor in the performance of the obligation is guilty of: • fraud (Dolo) • negligence (culpa) • delay (mora) • contravention of the tenor of the obligation • NOTE: debtor is liable for damages 2. 2003 ed.Civil Law Summer Reviewer
against a definite person or group of persons Right pertaining to a person to demand from another. the fulfillment of the prestation to give. Causal Fraud (Dolo Causante): fraud employed 2. without a definite passive subject against whom the right may be personally enforced
3. to do or not to do. Equivalent Performance: damages
BREACH OF OBLIGATIONS (See Arts. Involuntary – debtor is unable to comply with his obligation due to fortuitous event/s • NOTE: debtor is not liable for damages FRAUD (Dolo) • It is the deliberate or intentional evasion of the normal fulfillment of an obligation. as a definite passive subject.¶ ¶
. Ex: air conditioner in a car. Specific Performance: Performance by the debtor of the prestation itself 2. To deliver the thing which is neither of superior nor of inferior quality 2. Manila Railroad – The law presumes or requires a man to possess ordinary capacity to avoid harming his neighbors unless a clear and manifest incapacity is shown and the law does not hold him liable for unintentional injury unless. To deliver its accessions and accessories • Accessions – additions to or improvements upon a thing. fraud. To pay damages in case of breach of the obligation by reason of delay. frame of a picture (De Leon. Substitute Performance: someone else performs or something else is performed at the expense of debtor 3. pp.
Legal Delay/ Default – failure to perform an obligation on time which failure constitutes a Page 107 of 297
NEGLIGENCE • Consists in the omission of that diligence which is required by the nature of the obligation and corresponds with the circumstances of the persons. NEGLIGENCE Fraud There is deliberate intention to cause damage. Liability may be mitigated. voidable contract Gives rise to a right of an innocent party to annul the contract
FRAUD V. 1170) Present during the performance of a preexisting obligation Purpose is to evade the normal fulfillment of the obligation Causal Fraud (Art. he cannot recover. of the time and of the place. 1338) Present during the perfection of a contract Incidental Fraud (Art. Liability cannot be mitigated. Waiver for future negligence may be allowed in certain cases
NOTE: Future fraud cannot be waived. REMEDIES OF DEFRAUDED PARTY • Insist on specific performance (Art 1233) • Resolve contract (Art 1191) • Claim damages.Civil Law Summer Reviewer
• Fraud in the Performance (Art.
Negligence There is no deliberate intention to cause damage.
are needed to see this picture. Ordinary Delay – failure to perform an obligation on time 2. the law does not prohibit renunciation of the action for damages on the ground of fraud already committed. KINDS OF NEGLIGENCE 1. DISTINGUISHED Culpa Aquiliana Culpa Contractual Negligence is Negligence merely an substantive and incident of performance independent of an obligation There may or may There is a pre-existing not be a pre-existing contractual relation contractual obligation Source of the Source of the obligation obligation is the is the breach of the negligence itself contractual obligation Negligence must be Proof of existing of the proved contract and its breach is prima facie sufficient to warrant recovery in the Diligence in the Diligence and selection and selection of the supervision of the supervision is not employees is a employees available as a defense defense EFFECTS OF CONTRIBUTORY NEGLIGENCE OF THE CREDITOR • GENERAL RULE: Reduces or mitigates the damages which he can recover • EXCEPTION: If the negligent act or omission of the creditor is the proximate cause of the event which led to the damage or injury complained of. Contractual Negligence (Culpa Contractual)negligence in the performance of a contract QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
. DELAY (MORA) 1. 1344) Present during the perfection of a contract • NOTE: Negligence can be waived except in cases where the nature of the obligation or public policy requires another standard of care. in either case
KINDS OF NEGLIGENCE. EXCEPTIONS: Nature of Obligation of a Common carrier
Results in vitiation of consent.source of obligation 2. However. Waiver for future fraud is void. Quasi-Delict (Culpa aquiliana/culpa extra contractual).
demandable and liquidated. neither party incurs in delay if the other does not comply or is not ready to comply in a proper manner with what is incumbent upon him. was inevitable Page 108 of 297
. Debtor is exempted from risk of loss of thing. and 4. b. From the moment one of the parties fulfills his obligation. or which though foreseen. 2. (De Leon. Mora Accipiendi – default on part of creditor when he unjustifiably refuses to accept the performance of the obligation. Debtor is toguilty of breach of the obligation b. and c. he will be in default. Liability: If obligation to pay money. Resolution (Art 1170. If obligation bears interest. Performance must be simultaneous unless different dates for the performance of the obligation were fixed by the parties
CESSATION OF THE EFFECTS OF MORA: • renunciation (express or implied) • prescription • NOTE: There is no delay in negative obligations and natural obligations. delay by the other begins. Compensatio morae – both parties are in default (in reciprocal obligations). Creditor refuses the performance without just cause • EFFECTS: a. liable for fortuitous events. Debtor fails to perform his positive obligation on the date agreed upon. Creditor liable for damages f. There must be a demand. When the obligation or the law expressly so declare. judicial or extra-judicial. debtor does not have to pay from time of delay e. 2215[4]) d. In other obligations. p.. A demand (not merely a reminder or notice). Responsibility of debtor is limited to fraud and gross negligence b. KINDS OF DELAY 1. 3. There must be non-performance. • EXCEPTIONS (no demand necessary) a. • REQUISITES: a.Civil Law Summer Reviewer
breach of the obligation. Expenses by debtor for preservation of thing after delay is chargeable to creditor d. 2003 ed. When demand would be useless. interest runs from the filing of the complaint. When from the nature and the circumstances of the obligation it appears that the designation of the time when the thing is to be delivered or the service is to be rendered was a controlling motive for the establishment of the contract. If debtor can prove that loss would have resulted even if he had not been in default. Failure of the debtor to comply with such demand. The obligation must be due. c. there is no actionable default on the part of both parties • Rule in Reciprocal Obligations: In reciprocal obligations. as when the obligor has rendered it beyond his power to perform • EFFECTS: QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed see this picture. enforceable and already liquidated or determinate in amount. Offer of performance by the debtor b. a.must pay interest. 42) REQUISITES OF DELAY 1. pay damages. in proper cases) 2. the court may equitably mitigate the damages (Art. Offer must be to comply with the prestation as it should be performed c. made by the creditor upon the debtor to fulfill. Obligations to deliver a determinate thing. FORTUITOUS EVENT – An event which could not be foreseen. • GENERAL RULE: Those obliged to deliver or to do something incur in delay from the time the obligee judicially or extrajudicially demands from them the fulfillment of their obligation. creditor bears risk of loss c. or b. or c. unless demand is not required. Mora Solvendi– default on the part of the debtor: • Mora Solvendi Ex re – default in real obligations • Mora Solvendi Ex persona – default in personal obligations • REQUISITES: a. Obligation must be due. Debtor may relieve himself of obligation by consigning the thing 3. perform or comply with his obligation otherwise. If no extra-judicial demand.
Art. Pursue the leviable (not exempt from attachment under the law) property of the debtor. 1165[3]) EFFECT OF FORTUITOUS EVENT Determinate Generic Obligation Obligation is not Obligation is Obligation extinguished extinguished based on the rule that the genus never perishes (genus nunquam peruit)
Art. Right of the laborers or persons who furnish materials for a piece of work undertaken by a contractor to go directly to the owner for any unpaid claims due to the contractor 5. they may also impugn the acts which the debtor may have done to defraud them. (1112) Art. b. 1176 The receipt of the principal by the creditor. 2. The power to rescind obligations is implied in reciprocal ones. debtor is in delay ) 2. The creditor must have pursued first or exhausted all the properties of the debtor which are not exempt from execution. The receipt of a later installment of a debt without reservation as to prior installments. When expressly declared by stipulation or contract 3. Exact fulfillment of the obligation by specific or substitute performance with a right to damages in either case. even after he has chosen fulfillment. When nature of obligation requires assumption of risk 4. Accion directa (Arts. QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. if the latter should become impossible. and Page 109 of 297
PRINCIPLE IN ARTICLE 1176 • Before the presumption that a prior installment had been paid may arise. If it cannot be determined which of the parties first violated the contract. unless there be just cause authorizing the fixing of a period. When expressly declared by law ( bad faith. shall likewise raise the presumption that such installments have been paid. save those which are inherent in his person. He may also seek rescission. In case both parties have committed a breach of the obligation. the same shall be deemed extinguished. 1729 and 1652):Right of the lessor to go directly to sublessee for unpaid rents of the lessee. and each shall bear his own damages. if there has been no stipulation to the contrary. the liability of the first infractor shall be equitably tempered by the courts. c. subject matter is generic. 1177 The creditors. (1124) Art. (1111)
. 1192. The court shall decree the rescission claimed. The event must be either unforeseeable or unavoidable 3. (n) REMEDIES AVAILABLE TO CREDITORS FOR THE SATISFACTION OF THEIR CLAIMS 1. CA): 1. all rights acquired in virtue of an obligation are transmissible. d. 1191. The debtor to whom the right of action properly pertains must be indebted to the creditor.
Art. shall give rise to the presumption that said interest has been paid. 3. the receipt must specify the installment for which payment is made. The event must be such as to render it impossible for the debtor to fulfill his obligation in a normal manner 4. When the obligor is in default or has promised to deliver the same thing to two or more persons who do not have the same interest (Art. without reservation with respect to the interest. with the payment of damages in either case. Accion subrogatoria – to be subrogated to all the rights and actions of the debtor save those which are inherent in his person • REQUISITES: a. in accordance with Articles 1385 and 1388 and the Mortgage Law. in case one of the obligors should not comply with what is incumbent upon him. petition the court to resolve the contract. 4. after having pursued the property in possession of the debtor to satisfy their claims. The injured party may choose between the fulfillment and the rescission of the obligation. In case of reciprocal obligations. The cause of the breach of the obligation must be independent of the will of the debtor 2. The debtor must be free from any participation in. This is understood to be without prejudice to the rights of third persons who have acquired the thing. The creditor must be prejudiced by the inaction or failure of the debtor to proceed against the third person. may exercise all rights and bring all the actions of the latter for the same purpose. or aggravation of injury to the creditor RULE ON FORTUITOUS EVENT: • GENERAL RULE: No liability for fortuitous event • EXCEPTIONS: 1. 1178 Subject to the laws. The debtor's assets are insufficient to satisfy his claims.Civil Law Summer Reviewer
REQUIREMENTS: (Nakpil and Sons vs.
Performance a. Potestative – dependent on sole will of 1 party. 1179 – 1190) PURE – one whose effectivity or extinguishment does not depend upon the fulfillment or non-
REQUISITES FOR THE APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 1189 a. No retroactivity with reference to fruits or interest and prescription c. 1380-1389) • REQUISITES: a. Mixed – chance. without a penal clause PURE AND CONDITIONAL OBLIGATIONS (See Arts. solidary 4.The object is a specific or determinate thing c.Civil Law Summer Reviewer
e. There is loss. Simple b. The debtor has performed an act subsequent to the contract. b. 1189)
CHAPTER 3.DIFFERENT KINDS OF OBLIGATIONS See Arts. No retroactive effect b. DETERIORATION. alternative c. Suspensive – happening of condition gives rise to obligation • Effects: a. The obligation is subject to a suspensive condition d.1230 PRIMARY CLASSIFICATION OF OBLIGATIONS UNDER THE CIVIL CODE 1. Debtor – recovery of payment by mistake or even w/o mistake RULES ON LOSS. Obligation extinguished c. facultative 3. Effectivity retroacts to the day of the constitution of the obligation b. or any of parties 6. Accion Pauliana – asking the court to rescind or to impugn all the acts which the debtor may have done to defraud the creditors (Arts. The right of account is not purely personal 6. indivisible 5. Plurality of subject a.The obligation must be a real obligation b. Restore to each other what was received plus interest/fruits 3. 1179 . The condition is fulfilled e. 1. . Casual – dependent on chance or hazard 5. with a penal clause decompressor are needed to see this picture. b. AND IMPROVEMENTS DURING PENDENCY OF A SUSPENSIVE CONDITION (Art. With term Page 110 of 297
. Divisible b. The debtor's acts are fraudulent
fulfillment of a condition or upon the expiration of a period and is demandable at once CONDITIONAL – one whose effectivity is subordinated to the fulfillment or non-fulfillment of a future AND uncertain event or upon a past event unknown to the parties CONDITION . giving advantage to other persons c. Joint c. Sanctions for breach QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) a. Plurality of object a. pure. Creditor may preserve rights d. deterioration or improvement of the thing during the pendency of the happening of the condition 2. Resolutory – happening of condition extinguishes obligation EFFECTS: a. The creditor is prejudiced by the debtor's act which are in favor of 3rd parties and rescission will benefit the creditor d.Future and uncertain event or a past event unknown to the parties 1. conditional c. if on part of debtor and suspensive – void 4. There is a credit in favor of plaintiff b. Demandability a. 2. with a period 2. The creditor has no other legal remedy e. simple b.
the obligation is void
OBLIGATIONS WITH A PERIOD WITH A PERIOD – An obligation which depends on a future and certain event (See Arts 1193. Suspensive ( ex die ) –obligation becomes demandable on the day stipulated
WHEN COURTS MAY FIX PERIOD: 1. if obligation is divisible c. testamentary dispositions e. although it may not be known when 2.Civil Law Summer Reviewer
a. REMEDY: 1. when there is a just cause for fixing a period 4. upon the time of the very existence of the demandability or obligation itself extinguishment of an obligation Does not have any Has retroactive effect retroactive effect unless there is an agreement to the
. Court shall fix period of payment when parties unable to agree KINDS: 1. the existence of the obligation is affected When it is left exclusively to the will of the debtor. unless security provided • Did not deliver security promised • Impaired security through his own acts or through fortuitous event unless he gives new securities equally satisfactory • Violates undertaking in consideration of extension of period • Attempts to abscond
Time w/c must necessarily come although it may not be known when QuickTime™ and aan influence upon Exerts Exerts an influence TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Positive – extinguished if time expires or indubitable of condition to happen b. conditions not to do an impossible thing contrary When it is left exclusively to the will of the debtor. If the duration of the period depends upon the will of the debtor 3. 1196) WHEN STIPULATION SAYS “PAYABLE WHEN ABLE” – IT IS WITH A PERIOD. pre-existing obligation b. If the debtor binds himself when his means permit him to do so PERIOD FOR WHOSE BENEFIT • GENERAL RULE: When a period is designated for the performance or fulfillment of an obligation. If the obligation does not fix a period. PERIOD FOR THE BENEFIT OF THE CREDITOR • Creditor may demand the fulfillment of the obligation at any time but the debtor cannot compel him to accept before the expiration of the period PERIOD FOR THE BENEFIT OF THE DEBTOR • Debtor may oppose any premature demand of the creditor but he may renounce the benefit of the period by performing his obligation in advance (Manresa) WHEN DEBTOR LOSES RIGHT TO PERIOD: • Insolvency of debtor. • EXCEPTION: When it appears from the tenor of the obligation or other circumstances that the period has been established in favor of one or the other. Resolutory ( in diem ) – demandable at once but terminates upon arrival of the day certain • Day certain – that which must necessarily come. it is presumed to have been established for the benefit of both creditor and debtor. Negative – effective from moment of time elapsed or evident it can't happen IMPOSSIBLE AND ILLEGAL CONDITIONS • GENERAL RULE: They shall annul obligation which depends upon them • EXCEPTIONS: a. in simple or remuneratory donations d. In case of reciprocal obligations. but from its nature and circumstances it can be inferred that a period was intended by the parties 2. Agreement among parties 2.
is void and there is no others may be valid necessity of giving the but obligation substitute. when the law requires solidarity 3. except one. were lost. the debtor shall perform the obligation by delivering that which the creditor should choose from among the remainder or that which remainsQuickTime™ if only 1 subsists and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor • If the loss of 1 of the things occurs through are needed to see this picture.no liability • Of the substitute after substitution is made – with liability ALTERNATIVE – bound by different prestations but only one is due RIGHT OF CHOICE IN ALTERNATIVE OBLIGATIONS • As a general rule the right of choice belongs to debtor EFFECT OF LOSS OF OBJECTS OF ALTERNATIVE OBLIGATIONS 1. the choice by the creditor shall fall REQUISITES FOR MAKING THE CHOICE: 1. 1207 – 1222) JOINT – presumption when two or more creditors or two or more debtors concur in one and the same obligation
EXCEPTIONS TO THE PRESUMPTION 1. If right of choice belongs to the creditor • If 1 of the things is lost through a fortuitous event. the debtor must comply by performing that which remain • If all were lost by fault of the debtor the later is liable for the value of the last thing or service which became impossible 2. the principal must still be given d) The right of choice is given only to the debtor
JOINT AND SOLIDARY OBLIGATIONS (See Arts. Made to all proper persons 6. has disappeared with a right to damages • If all the things are lost through the fault of the debtor. the substitute does not have to be given. expressly or impliedly ALTERNATIVE vs. the last one must still be given c) If it is impossible to give the principal. Made in due time – before or upon maturity 5. through the fault of the former. nullity of P remains carries with it nullity of S c) If it is impossible to give all except one. If the right of choice belongs to the debtor • If through a fortuitous event all were lost. when the nature of the obligation requires solidarity 4.only one prestation has been agreed upon but another may be given in substitution EFFECT OF LOSS OR DETERIORA0TION THRU NEGLIGENCE. May be waived. if it is impossible to give the substitute. debtor cannot be held liable for damages • If 1 or more but not all of the things are lost or one or some but not all of the prestations cannot be performed due to fortuitous event or fault of the debtor. Made with full knowledge that a selection is indeed being made 3. when a charge or condition is imposed upon heirs or legatees and the testament expressly makes the charge or condition in solidum (Manresa) Page 112 of 297
. Made properly so that creditor or his agent will actually know 2. 1199 – 1206) FACULTATIVE . when expressly stated that there is solidarity 2. also with indemnity for damages. the fault of the debtor. Made voluntarily and freely 4. DELAY OR FRAUD OF OBLIGOR: • Of thing intended as substitute . FACULTATIVE ALTERNATIVE FACULTATIVE a) Only one thing is due a) Various things are due but but a substitute may be to render the giving principally given payment/fulfillment easy of one is sufficient b) If one of b) If principal obligations prestations is illegal. Made w/o conditions unless agreed by the creditor 7. creditor cannot hold the debtor liable for damages because the debtor can still comply with his obligation • If all things. ALTERNATIVE OBLIGATIONS (See Arts.Civil Law Summer Reviewer
upon the price of any 1 of them. the creditor may claim any of those subsisting or the price of that which.
Interruption in payment by one does not benefit or prejudice the other 3.Civil Law Summer Reviewer
5. although each for his own share. Obligations arising from quasi-contracts c. Demand on one produces delay only with respect to the debt 2. Insolvency of one debtor does not affect other debtors JOINT DIVISIBLE OBLIGATIONS 1. is also necessary for the enforcement of the obligation EFFECT OF BREACH • If one of the joint debtors fails to comply with his undertaking. The obligation can be enforced only by proceeding against all of the debtors. Each creditor can demand for the payment of his proportionate share of the credit. Liability of principals. If there are 2 or more creditors. although each for his own share. Bailees in commodatum • EFFECTS: a. damages because of the solidarilty among the breach. A joint creditor cannot act in representation of the other creditors while a joint debtor cannot be compelled to answer for the acts or liability of the other debtors JOINT INDIVISIBLE OBLIGATIONS 1. damage and interest Page 113 of 297
. when a solidary responsibility is imputed by a final judgment upon several defendants (Gutierrez v. Effect of insolvency or death of co-debtor – still liable for whole amount g. it is converted into one of indemnity for damages. Mixed – on the part of the obligors and obligees. Active – on the part of creditor or oblige • EFFECTS: • Death of 1 solidary creditor transmits share to heirs (but collectively) • Each creditor represents the other in the act of recovery of payment • Credit is divided equally between creditors as among themselves • Debtor may pay any of the solidary creditors 2. Obligations arising from tort b. Remission made after payment is made – codebtor still entitled to reimbursement f. Vices of one debtor to creditor has no effect on the others 4. Fault of any debtor – every one is responsible – price. and accessories of a felony e. Passive – on the part of debtors or obligors • EFFECTS: • Each debtor may be requested to pay whole obligation with right to recover from codebtors • Interruption of prescription to one creditor affects all • Interest from delay on 1 debtor is borne by all 3. INDIVISIBILITY SOLIDARITY Refers to the Refers to the legal tie and prestation which consequently to the QuickTime™ and a (Uncompressed) decompressor constitutes the TIFF object are needed to subjects see this picture. Legal provisions regarding obligation of devisees and legatees d. or the part of the debtors and the creditors 4. Legal – imposed by law • Instances where law imposes solidary obligation: a. while each debtor can be held liable only for the payment of his proportionate share of the debt 2. Consequently. or parties of the of the obligation obligation Plurality of subjects is Plurality of subjects is not required indispensable In case of breach. Insolvency of one – others are liable for share pro-rata c. otherwise – interest can be charged b. If different terms and conditions – collect only what is due. When there is liability on obligation is converted the part of the debtors into 1 of indemnity for because of the breach. If there are 2 or more debtors. accomplices. the fulfillment of or compliance with the obligation requires the concurrence of all the debtors. later on collect from any d. Gutierrez) EFFECTS OF JOINT LIABILITY 1. no interest can be charged. Conventional – agreed upon by the parties 5. Payment made before debt is due. the concurrence or collective act of all the creditors. No reimbursement if payment is made after prescription or became illegal e. Innocent joint debtor shall not contribute to the indemnity beyond their corresponding share of the obligation. indivisibility of the obligation is terminated debtors remains
SOLIDARY – must be expressed in stipulation or provided by law or by nature of obligation 1. the obligation can no longer be fulfilled or performed. 2.
Identity b. andcases: a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor a. Confusion or merger of rights 5. Payor . Rescission 9. Condonation or remission of debt 4. With respect to parties . Fulfillment of resolutory condition PAYMENT OR PERFORMANCE .only the creditor's consent. in any other manner of the obligation REQUISITES FOR PAYMENT/PERFORMANCE VALID
OBLIGATIONS WITH A PENAL CLAUSE (See Arts. Payee . Payee i. Penalty provided is iniquitous/ unconscionable
.takes place of damage. 1226 – 1230) WITH PENAL CLAUSE – One to which an accessory undertaking is attached for the purpose of insuring its performance by virtue of which the obligor is bound to pay a stipulated indemnity or perform a stipulated prestation in case of breach CHARACTERISTICS OF PENAL CLAUSES: 1. .creditor or obligee or successor in interest of transferee. 1223 – 1225) DIVISIBLE . concur: • It must have redounded to the obligee's • benefit and only to the extent of such benefit Page 114 of 297 CHAPTER 4. Stipulation granting are– needed to see this right picture. Loss of the thing due 3. Payment or performance 2.the one performing. Novation 7. Exclusive . only penalty can be demanded. If without fault – no liability 2. can be anyone as long as it is with the creditor's consent RD ii. except: Penalty is joint or cumulative 2. There is subrogation rd except if the 3 person intended it to be a donation iii. Subsidiary . Partial/irregular performance 2.obligation that is capable of partial performance • • • Execution of certain no of days work Expressed by metrical units Nature of obligation – susceptible of partial fulfillment – one not capable of partial 1. Integrity or completeness c. Indivisibility 2. Refusal to pay penalty c.he takes the place of the debtor. If with fault – there is liability (also for damage and interest) 3.1304
MODES OF EXTINGUISHMENT OF OBLIGATION (Art. he can be the debtor himself or his heirs or assigns or his agent.As a general rule. Annulment 8. Loss due to fortuitous event after default – there is liability (because of default) DIVISIBLE AND INDIVISIBLE OBLIGATIONS (See Arts. principal cannot be demanded.EXTINGUISHMENT OF OBLIGATIONS
See Arts. or agent rd ii. If performance is done also with debtor's consent . b. 1232 . or anyone interested in the fulfillment of the obligation. 3rd person pays/performs with consent of creditor but not with debtor's consent. Complete/ personal defense – total or partial ( up to amount of share only ) if not personal to him EFFECT OF LOSS OR IMPOSSIBILITY OF THE PRESTATION: 1. Payor i.Civil Law Summer Reviewer
h. 1231): 1. 3 person .if any of the ff. 3 person pays/performs . damage can only be demandedQuickTime™ in the ff. With dolo ( not of creditor ) CAUSES FOR REDUCTION OF PENALTY: 1. With respect to prestation itself a.must be made by proper party to proper party a.delivery of money and performance. Compensation 6. the repayment is only to the extent that the payment has been beneficial to debtor b.
When application of payment is made by the party for whose benefit the term has been constituted c. Incapacitated person kept the thing delivered.must be according to the obligation
Art. If neither the debtor nor creditor has made the application or if the application is not valid. Same creditor d. Creditor must be in possession of the credit and not merely the evidence of indebtedness • NOTE: With respect to time and place of payment . as the case may be. VALID IF PROVED AND ONLY TO THE EXTENT OF BENEFIT. When the obligee accepts the performance. In other case – in the place of the domicile of the debtor • Time of payment . par 1.but will apply only if debt has not been previously garnished PAYMENT MADE TO AN INCAPACITATED PERSON. debtor has been led to make the payment (estoppel) PAYMENT MADE IN GOOD FAITH TO A PERSON IN POSSESSION OF CREDIT SHALL RELEASE DEBTOR. Creditor ratifies payment to 3 person 3. the obligation is deemed fully complied with. (n) • • • • Attempt in Good Faith to perform without willful or intentional departure Deviation is slight Omission/Defect is technical or unimportant Must not be so material that intention of parties is not attained
EFFECT OF SUBSTANTIAL PERFORMANCE IN GOOD FAITH • Obligor may recover as though there has been strict and complete fulfillment. or 2. and without expressing any protest or objection. 1234. After payment. Parties so stipulate b. A debt shall not be TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor needed to see this picture. less damages suffered by the oblige • Right to rescind cannot be used for slight breach SPECIAL RULES/FORMS OF PAYMENT 1. Payment by debtor must be made in good faith 2. out of 2 or more debts owing the same creditor: stipulation or application of party given benefit of period – OK. the obligor may recover as though there had been a strict and complete fulfillment. In the place designated in the obligation 2. (n)
. been paid unlessarethe thing or service in which the obligation consists has been completely delivered or rendered. Same debtor c. is made by operation of law
WHERE PAYMENT SHOULD BE MADE 1. If not.Civil Law Summer Reviewer
It falls under art 1241. REQUISITES: 1. performance is total iii. By creditor’s conduct.the benefit is total so. VALID IF 1. Debtor makes the designation b. 3rd person acquires the creditor’s rights rd 2. If there is no express stipulation and the undertaking is to deliver a specific thing – at the place where the thing might be at the moment the obligation was constituted 3. Insofar as the payment has been beneficial to him PAYMENT TO 3 PARTY NOT AUTHORIZED.3 . 1233.time stipulated • Effect of payment – extinguish obligation Except: order to retain debt SUBSTANTIAL PERFORMANCE
QuickTime™ and a understood to have Art. All debts must be due • EXCEPTION: there may be application of payment even if all debts are not yet due if: a. less damages suffered by the obligee. 1235. then application. APPLICATION OF PAYMENTS – the designation of the debt which payment shall be made. Various debts of the same kind b. to be valid: must be debtor’s choice or w/ consent of debtor REQUISITES FOR THE APPLICATION OF PAYMENT: a. knowing its incompleteness or irregularity.2. (1157)
Art. If the obligation has been substantially performed in good faith. Anyone in possession of the credit . Payment is not enough to extinguish all debts HOW APPLICATION IS MADE: a. PRESUMED IF 1. creditor makes it by so stating in the receipt that he issues – unless there is cause for invalidating the contract c.
generally requires prior tender of payment REQUISITES OF VALID CONSIGNATION: a. More than one creditor c. Existence of valid debt b. Debtor is released up to the amount of the net proceeds of the sale. unless there is a stipulation to the contrary c. If dacion will not prejudice the other creditors c. apply the proceeds to their credits. for a sale presupposes the consent of both partie b. CESSION or ASSIGNMENT CESSION/ASSIGNMENT IN FAVOR OF CREDITORS – the process by which debtor transfer all the properties not subject to execution in favor of creditors is that the latter may sell them and thus. unless there is a contrary intention
2. If creditor consents.
. Legal – governed by the insolvency law b. he becomes in mora accepiendi and debtor is released from responsibility if he consigns the thing or sum due) CONSIGNATION – the act of depositing the thing due with the court or judicial authorities whenever the creditor cannot accept or refuses to accept payment. Debtor without protest accepts receipt in which creditor specified expressly and unmistakably the obligation to which such payment was to be applied – debtor in this case renounced the right of choice b. in the order ordinarily established by law DATION IN PAYMENT One creditor Not necessarily in state of financial difficulty Thing delivered is considered as equivalent of performance Payment extinguishes obligation to the extent of the value of the thing delivered as agreed upon. Abandonment of all debtor’s property not exempt from execution e. A special form of payment because 1 element of payment is missing: IDENTITY CONDITIONS FOR A VALID DACION: a. application shall be made to all proportionately d. Acceptance or consent on the part of the creditors EFFECTS OF ASSIGNMENT: a. CONSIGNATION TENDER -the act of offering the creditor what is due him together with a demand that the creditor accept the same (When creditor refuses w/o just cause to accept payment. When monthly statements were made by the bank specifying the application and the debtor signed said statements approving the status of her account as thus sent to her monthly by the bank d. More than one debt b. Creditors will collect credits in the order of preference agreed upon. they are merely assignees with authority to sell b. DACION EN PAGO DACION EN PAGO – mode of extinguishing an obligation whereby the debtor alienates in favor of the creditor property for the satisfaction of monetary debt. proved or implied from the conduct of the creditor CESSION IN PAYMENT Plurality of creditors Debtor must b partially or relatively insolvent Universality of property of debtor is what is ceded Merely releases debtor for net proceeds of things ceded of. Creditors do not become the owner.previous valid tender was Page 116 of 297
KINDS OF ASSIGNMENT: a. Consignation was made because of some legal cause . assigned. or in default of agreement. Complete or partial insolvency of debtor
QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. In case no application is made: • Apply payment to the most onerous • If debts are of the same nature and burden.Civil Law Summer Reviewer
• • GENERAL RULE: Debtor EXCEPTION: Creditor a. Voluntary – agreement of creditors REQUISITES OF VOLUNTARY ASSIGNMENT: a. extinguish up to amount of property unless w/ contrary stipulation. extinguish up to amount of net proceeds ( unless w/ contrary stipulation )
4. If debtor is not judicially declared insolvent • NOTE: DACION is governed by the law on sales 4.
The event or change could not have been foreseen at the time of the execution of the contract b. flood. law ii. storm 5. it is extinguished by impossibility) c. When loss is significant – may be enough to extinguish obligation b. Obligor may be released in whole or in part based on this ground. CONDONATION Page 117 of 297
. When it goes out of commerce c. REQUISITES a. When loss insignificant – not enough to extinguish obligation NOTE: judicial determination of extent is necessary
WHEN THING IS LOST IN THE POSSESSION OF THE DEBTOR • Presumption: Loss due to debtor’s fault (disputable) • Exception: natural calamity. Actual deposit/Consignation with proper judicial authorities nd e. Before creditor accepts or before judge declares consignation has been properly made. Debtor is at fault b. The performance is extremely difficult. Subsequent notice of Consignation (2 notice) EFFECTS: EXTINGUISHMENT OF OBLIGATION a. REBUS SIC STANTIBUS REBUS SIC STANTIBUS . Title of obligation has been lost 5. Physical impossibility b. Indirectly – caused as when debtor is required to enter a military draft OBLIGATION TO DELIVER A SPECIFIC THING • GENERAL RULE: Extinguished • EXCEPTIONS: a. but not impossible (because if it is impossible. Refuses to issue receipt w/o just cause d.agreement is valid only if the same conditions prevailing at time of contracting continue to exist at the time of performance. If the generic thing is delimited b. Monetary obligation OBLIGATION TO DO • GENERAL RULE: Debtor is released when prestation becomes legally or physically impossible without fault on part of debtor EFFECT OF PARTIAL LOSS a. The event was not due to the act of any of the parties d. LOSS OF THE THING DUE LOSS OF THE THING DUE – partial or total/ includes impossibility of performance WHEN IS THERE A LOSS a. obligation remains ( debtor bears risk of loss at the meantime. Debtor is made liable for fortuitous event because of a provision of law. When it disappears in such a way that: its existence is unknown or it cannot be recovered WHEN IS THERE IMPOSSIBILITY OF PERFORMANCE: a. When the object perishes (physically) b. Debtor may ask judge to order cancellation of obligation b. The contract is for a future prestation 6. after acceptance by creditor or after judge declares that consignation has been properly made – risk of loss is shifted to creditor) CONSIGNATION W/O PRIOR TENDER – allowed in: a. contractual stipulation or the nature of the obligation requires assumption of risk on part of debtor OBLIGATION TO DELIVER A GENERIC THING • GENERAL RULE: Not extinguished • EXCEPTIONS: a. Prior Notice of Consignation had been given to the person interested in performance of st obligation (1 notice) d.Civil Law Summer Reviewer
unjustly refused or circumstances making previous tender exempt c. 2 or more creditor claiming the same right to collect e. If the generic thing has already been segregated c. Incapacitated to receive payment at the time it is due c. Legal impossibility QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor i. Creditor absent or unknown/ does not appear at the place of payment b. Directly – caused as when prohibited by are needed to see this picture. earthquake. Running of interest is suspended c.
Legal – by operation of law. express or implied REQUISITES: a. rebuttable 2. Conventional – agreement of parties is enough. Implied – conduct is sufficient
Extent: a. If in hands of joint debtor – only his share is condoned b. Revocable. implied in mortis causa and expressed inter vivos e. CONFUSION OR MERGER CONFUSION OR MERGER OF RIGHTS– character of debtor and creditor is merged in same person with respect to same obligation
REQUISITES: a. when evidence of indebtedness is w/ debtor – presumed voluntarily delivery by creditor.in their own right and as principals b. Facultative – one party has choice of claiming/opposing one who has benefit of period may choose to compensate: i. Both debts are due d.whole debt is condoned c. Parties must be capacitated and must consent. it is a mode of extinguishment to the concurrent amount the obligation of persons who are in their own right reciprocally debtors or creditors REQUISITES: a. legitime is impaired ) and ingratitude and condition not followed g. Tacit – voluntary destruction of instrument by creditor. requires acceptance by obligor. There must be a subject matter (object of the remission. total
Kinds: a. Both debts must consist in sum of money or if consumable .Civil Law Summer Reviewer
CONDONATION/REMISSION OF THE DEBT – gratuitous abandonment of debt. donation. commodatum. presumption only. rebuttable
b. even if not equal debts – only up to concurring amount b. of the same kind or quality c. Express – formalities of donation b. accessory obligation of pledge – condoned. if reason for confusion ceases. Both parties must be mutually creditors and debtors . taxes
Forms: a. Depositum. indemnity for expense of exchanges. Revocable – subject to rule on inofficious donation ( excessive. Merger must be clear and definite c. otherwise there would be nothing to condone) c. If in hands of solidary debtor . forget other requirement as long as both consented c. Principal – accessory also condoned b. Obligation remitted must have been demandable at the time of remission h. an act of liberality ) d. COMPENSATION
COMPENSATION – Set off. Cause of consideration must be liberality (Essentially gratuitous. partial
REQUISITES OF IMPLIED CONDONATION 1. There must be an agreement b. Effect of deliveryQuickTime™ of evidence of indebtedness and a d) decompressor TIFF (Uncompresse is conclusion that debt is are needed to see this picture. Not all requisites are present ii. criminal offense. Formalities of a donation are required in the case of an express remission f. claim for future support. the obligation is revived 7.even if unknown to parties and if payable in diff places. condoned – already conclusion. as long as 5 requisites concur. right to claim. voluntary delivery of private document a. made to prescribe w/o demanding
. Both debts are liquidated and demandable (determined) e. rules of donation applies. Waivers or remission are not to be presumed generally 6. The obligation involved must be same and identical – one obligation only d. accessory – principal still outstanding c. Voluntary delivery – presumption. It must take place between principal debtor and principal creditor only b. Neither debt must be retained in a rd controversy commenced by 3 person and communicated w/ debtor (neither debt is garnished) KINDS OF COMPENSATION a.
new debtor and creditor to consent. PERSONAL/SUBJECTIVE i. needs pleading and proof. obliged to w/c is less onerous iv.takes place by operation of law. Modificatory novation only. all parties to consent. except: TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. If Suspensive and it never occurred –as if no obligation. cause/consideration or principal condition b. full reimbursement. REAL/OBJECTIVE – change object. i.creditor 3. Judicial – set off. Extinguishment of principal carries QuickTime™ and a accessory. if w/o consent or against will . Conventional . With knowledge but w/o consent of debtor – compensation may be set up as to debts maturing prior to assignment iii. not presumed except as provided for in law: PRESUMED WHENPage 119 of 297
REQUISITES: a.Civil Law Summer Reviewer
d. Delegatario . Legal . If old obligation has condition i. Delegante – old debtor 2. no need for consent. Capacity and consent of parties to the new obligation d. With consent of debtor – debtor is estopped unless he reserves his right and gave notice to assignee ii. If resolutory: valid ii. if new debtor is insolvent. clearly established 2. If made after compensation took place – no effect. only beneficial reimbursement. Subrogating 3 person to rights of creditor ( active ) 1. subject to full reimbursement and subrogation if made w/ consent of old debtor. all requirements must concur except liquidation e. if new is w/o condition – deemed attached to new e. old debtor released from obligation. if insolvent new debtor – not responsible old debtor because obligation extinguished by valid novation unless: insolvency already existing and of public knowledge or know to him at time of delegacion 1. Stipulation pour autrui unless beneficiary consents iii. If old obligation has condition. W/o knowledge – compensation may be set-up on all debts prior to his knowledge 8. Total – when 2 debts are of the same amount f. If made before compensation took place – depends i. Delegado – new debtor rd ii. If Resolutory and it occurred – old obligation already extinguished. no new obligation since nothing to novate ii. Substituting person of debtor (passive) • EXPROMISION. not responsible since w/o his consent • DELEGACION. upon order of the court. initiative of old debtor. Partial – when 2 debts are not of the same amount EFFECT OF ASSIGNMENT OF CREDIT TO 3RD PERSON. Valid new obligation EFFECTS OF NOVATION: a. Valid obligation b. compensation already perfected b. must be compatible with the new obligation. initiative is from 3rd person or new debtor. Stipulation to contrary ii. CAN THERE STILL BE COMPENSATION a. NOVATION b. If new obligation has condition i. If suspensive and did not materialize: old obligation is enforced KINDS OF NOVATION: a. Intent to extinguish old obligation – expressed or implied: completely/substantially incompatible old and new obligation on every point c. Old obligation is void
.agreement and consent of all parties. also nothing to novate d. Old obligation subsists if new obligation is void or voidable but annulled already (except: intention of parties) c.
Accion directa 3. may not exist on its own c. Mutuality – performance or validity binds both parties. not the whole contract 3. one obligation 4. As to cause a. strangers cannot demand enforcement
1. immoral. 1624 to 1627 debtor’s consent is not required transmission of right of the creditor to third person without modifying or extinguishing the obligation defects and vices in the old obligation and not cured as far as the debtor is concerned.
PRINCIPAL CHARACTERISTICS: 1. Autonomy of wills – parties may stipulate anything as long as not illegal. can be done w/o consent of creditor 3. That the favorable stipulation should not be conditioned or compensated by any kind of obligation whatsoever 4. Knowledge of the contract by a 3rd person rd 3.
b. GENERAL PROVISIONS See Arts. deposit ) c. Remunerative – prestation is given for service previously rendered not as obligation 3.
c.Civil Law Summer Reviewer
a. Preparatory – not an end by itself. not left to will of one of parties 3. As to importance or dependence of one upon another a. 6. 2. pledge. Real – perfected by delivery ( commodatum. needs consent of creditor – express or implied 3. Formal/solemn – perfected by conformity to essential formalities (donation ) 2.
Fulfill what has been expressly stipulated All consequences w/c may be in keeping with good faith. Unilateral – only one of the parties has an obligations Page 120 of 297
1. Stipulation pour autrui REQUISITES OF STIPULATION POUR AUTRUI 1. Gratuitous – founded on liberality c. Consensual – perfected by agreement of parties b. As to parties obliged a. Existence of a valid contract 2. Principal – contract may stand alone b. one is extinguished and new one created 4. The third person communicates his acceptance before revocation by the original parties 6. Interference by the 3 person KINDS OF CONTRACTS 1. Neither of the contracting parties bears the legal rd representation or authorization of 3 party 5. Accion pauliana 2. their assigns. The stipulation in favor of a 3rd person should be a part of. new debtor is obliged to pay
governed by Arts. heirs. Art 1312. 1300-1304 debtor’s consent is required extinguishes the obligation and gives rise to a new one defects and vices in the old obligation are cured takes effect upon moment of novation or subrogation
governed by Arts. Onerous – with valuable consideration b. 5. takes effect upon notification
TITLE II – C O N T R A C T S CHAPTER 1. Art 1314 REQUISITES OF ART 1312: 1. two obligations. usage and law Relativity – binding only between the parties. debtor is released
2. etc. Parties must have clearly and deliberately conferred a favor upon a 3rd person 2. 3rd person has no obligation to pay if insolvent
EXCEPTION TO RELATIVITY: 1. Accessory – depends on another contract for its existence. Obligatory Force – parties are bound from perfection of contract:
. 1305 -a1317 QuickTime™ and
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. debtor is not necessarily released from debt 2. a means through which future contracts may be made 4.
4. As to perfection or formation a.
under normal circumstances. Subject matter becomes illegal or impossible before acceptance is communicated PERIOD FOR ACCEPTANCE 1. Complete--unconditional 3. concurrence of offer and acceptance REQUIREMENTS: 1. are needed to the see this picture. an answer can be received from him • NOTE: Acceptance may be revoked before it comes to the knowledge of the offerror. Stated fixed period in the offer 2. Cognition by the other party 6. Manifestation of intent of parties 5.Offer inter praesentes must be accepted IMMEDIATELY. AMPLIFIED ACCEPTANCE • under certain circumstances. Subject Matter 3. Innominate I. Do ut facias – I give that you may do III. An acceptance which is not made in the manner prescribe by the offeror is NOT EFFECTIVE. BUT A COUNTER-OFFER which Page 121 of 297
. the contract will be perfected only upon knowledge by the offeror of the express acceptance by the offeree of the offer. which becomes a counter-offer 4. Intelligence and free will 4. Consummation – performance CHAPTER 2.Civil Law Summer Reviewer
b. Offer is made to a person absent – acceptance may be made within such time that. CA 2003 G. Capacity 3. and not when the offeree merely manifests his acceptance ELEMENTS OF VALID OFFER / ELEMENTS OF VALID ACCEPTANCE 1. Offers are not interrelated – single acceptance of each offer results in a perfected contract unless the offeror has made it clear that one is dependent upon the other and acceptance of both is necessary. Offer is made to a person present – acceptance must be made immediately b. 1318 . Preparation . RULE ON COMPLEX OFFERS 1.1355 ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS: 1.R. Plurality of subject 2. Facio ut des – I do that you may give IV. insanity or insolvency of either party before acceptance is conveyed 2. Conformity of manifestation and cognition AUTO CONTRACTS • made by a person acting in another’s name in one capacity COLLECTIVE CONTRACTS • will of majority binds a minority to an agreement notwithstanding the opposition of the latter CONTRACTS OF ADHESION • one party has already prepared form of a QuickTime™ a and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor contract. Intentional WHEN OFFER BECOMES INEFFECTIVE: 1. containing stipulations he desires.negotiation 2. Definite--unequivocal 2. Consent 2. Facio ut facias – I do that you may do STAGES IN A CONTRACT: 1. Death. Bilateral – both parties are required to render reciprocal prestations 5. Do ut des – I give that you may give II. civil interdiction.12576 . If the parties intended that there should be an express acceptance. Consideration CONSENT CONSENT – meeting of minds between parties on subject matter and cause of contract. As to name or designation a. No stated fixed period a. Perfection/birth 3. Qualified or conditional acceptance of the offer. Under our Civil Law. Offers are interrelated – contract is perfected if all the offers are accepted 2. – ESSENTIAL REQUISITES OF A CONTRACT See Arts. plus a new offer which is contained in the amplification. a mere amplification on the offer must be understood as an acceptance of the original offer. Nominate b. and he simply asks the other party to agree to them if he wants to enter into the contract • NOTE: We follow the theory of cognition and not the theory of manifestation. Express or implied revocation of the offer by the offeree 3. the offer and acceptance concur only when the offeror comes to know. Malbarosa vs.
if not supported by a distinct consideration. Those under civil interdiction 2. Illiterates/ deaf-mutes who do not know how to write 4.
*In the Sia Suan v Alcantara case. but here the persons who are bound to give them support should pay therefor d. one that is too young to give consent is too young to be estopped.person under mistake. Mayfair(264 SCRA 483) held that an option clause in order to be valid and enforceable must indicate the definite price at which the person granting the option is willing to sell. Art 1331 . unless it appears otherwise • Advertisement for Bidders – only invitation to make proposals and advertiser is not bound to accept the highest or lowest bidder.Civil Law Summer Reviewer
the offeror may accept or reject. guardian or legal represemtative Based upon subjective circumstance of certain person Contracts entered into are merely voidable Disqualification Restrains the very right itself Absolutely disqualified
*Ang Yu v. Art 1338 .option may be withdrawn anytime before acceptance is communicated but not when supported by a consideration other than purchase price: option money c. Irresistible physical force b. Determining cause for the contract b. RULE ON ADVERTISEMENTS AS OFFERS • Business advertisements – Not a definite offer. They were contracts for necessities such as food. They were entered unto by a guardian and the court having jurisdiction had approved the same
CAUSES WHICH VITIATE FREEDOM 1. in Braganza v Villa-Abrille. but mere invitation to make an offer. the right of the grantee here is damages and not specific performance. take care of themselves and manage their property. weak mind and other similar causes. Insane or demented persons 3. the dissent became the ruling. Minors could not be estopped.person induced by fraud (dolo causante) • NOTE: Dolus bonus (usual exaggerations in trade) are not in themselves fraudulent RULE ON CONTRACTS ENTERED INTO BY QuickTime™ and a MINORS TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Real and serious Page 122 of 297
. Subsequently. Violence • REQUISITES a. DISQUALIFIED TO ENTER INTO CONTRACTS: (contracts entered into are void) 1. Intoxicated and under hypnotic spell 5. Deaf and dumb who are unable to read and write 5. contract can be enforced and not only damages. Such force is the determining cause for giving consent 2. cannot without outside aid. Minors 2. Intimidation • REQUISITES: a. Prodigals 4. CA (1994) states that a unilateral promise to buy or sell. Upon reaching age of majority – they ratify the same b. disease. Hospitalized lepers 3. becoming an easy prey for deceit and exploitation Incapacity Restrains the exercise of the right to contract May still enter into contract through parent. • GENERAL RULE : VOIDABLE • EXCEPTIONS: a. there is a strong dissent by J. Equatorial v. mistake may deprive intelligence 6.Padilla to the effect that the minor cannot be estopped if he is too young to give consent. Threatened act is unjust and unlawful c. Those who by reason of age. Minor is estopped for having misrepresented his age and misled the other party (when age is close to age of majority as in the Mercado v Espiritu and Sia Suan v Alcantara cases. unless appears otherwise OPTION . Paranaque Kings V CA (1997) states that right of PERSONS WHO CANNOT GIVE CONSENT TO A CONTRACT: 1. may be withdrawn but may not be done whimsically or arbitrarily.
good customs 3. the loan which it derived its life and existence (ex: mortgage or pledge)
THINGS WHICH CANNOT BE THE OBJECT OF CONTRACT: 1. Relative – there is intention to be bound but concealed. fictitious only – void from beginning 2. etc.produce no legal effect Void . contract of partnership. Accessory – identical with cause of principal contract. Remuneratory contracts – the service or benefit remunerated 3. Licit or not contrary to law. objects which are not possible of determination as to their kind CAUSA CAUSA
CHAPTER 3. contract of antichresis. impossible things or services 6. illegality does not invalidate contract except when it predetermines purpose of contract.Civil Law Summer Reviewer
d.produce no legal effect Voidable – party must prove that cause is untruthful. It must be licit MOTIVE • purely private reason. Informal – may be entered into whatever form as long as there is consent. Formal – required by law to be in certain specified form such as: donation of real property. morals. Produces a well grounded fear that the person making it will carry it over 3.contracts entered when ward suffers lesion of more than 25%
immediate. Onerous contracts – the prestation of promise of a thing or service by the other 2. Undue influence SIMULATED CONTRACTS 1. morals. stipulation to pay interest. No prejudice to 3rd persons b. when merged into one Cause Direct and most proximate reason of a contract Objective and juridical reason of contract Cause us always same for each contracting party • Motive or
NOTE: Legality or illegality of cause affects the existence of validity of the contract. Pure Beneficence – mere liberality of the donor or benefactor 4. Absolute – no intention to be bound at all. It must be true 3. form is a manner in which a contract is executed or manifested 1. OBJECT REQUISITES: 1. good TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. 1356 . transfer of large cattle. sale of land thru agent. Determinate as to its kind or determinable w/o need to enter into a new contract 5.burden of proof is on the person assailing its existence Does not Invalidate Contract per se Exceptions: • fraud • mistake • undue influence • cases specified by law . except in cases expressly authorized by law QuickTime™ and a 4. Within the commerce of man .1358 FORM – in some kind of contracts only as contracts are generally consensual. registration of chattel Page 123 of 297
. object and cause 2. services which are contrary to law.either existing or in potency 2. customs. Transmissible
Absence Of Causa Illegality Of Causa Falsity Of Causa Causa Not Stated In Contract Inadequacy Of Causa Void . future inheritance. direct and most proximate reason why parties enter into contract • REQUISITES: 1. Not contrary to law. public order or public policy 5. It must exist 2. Possible 4. Legality or illegality of motive does not affect the existence or validity of contract
CAUSA IN SOME CONTRACTS: 1. – FORM OF CONTRACTS See Arts. presumption of validity but rebuttable Presumed to Exist . intransmissible rights 3. concealed contract binds: a. things which are outside the commerce of men 2.
. v. There is a written instrument b. clerk. Clear and convincing proof e. Facts put in issue in pleadings • NOTE: prescribes in 10 years from date of execution of instrument WHEN REFORMATION NOT AVAILABLE: 1. donation of personal prop in excess of 5. . Estoppel when party has brought suit to enforce it
CHAPTER 5. typist 4. True intention not expressed in instrument d. contract is valid but right to enforce cannot be exercised. other either acted fraudulently or inequitably or knew but concealed c. Real – creation of real rights over immovable prop must be written WHEN FORM IS IMPORTANT: 1. For enforceability (statute of frauds) 3. repudiation. clear and convincing proof d. 1359 .Civil Law Summer Reviewer
mortgage. needed only to bind 3rd parties Ex: public documents needed for the ff: i. negligence . There is meeting of minds c.1379
CHAPTER 6.000 3. Mutual: instrument includes something w/c should not be there or omit what should be there a. Under art 1381: Contracts entered into by persons exercising fiduciary capacity: Page 124 of 297
CHAPTER 4. 1370 . renunciation of hereditary rights/CPG iii. 1370 . fraud. need ratification to be enforceable c.contract is valid and enforceable. For convenience • • GENERAL RULE: contract is valid and binding in whatever form provided that 3 essential requisites concur EXCEPTIONS a. to the extent of the damage caused' REQUISITES: a. It may be set aside in whole or in part. Cession. Contracts w/c object is creation. Others specified by law – to avoid frustration of true intent • Requisites: a.Statute of Frauds. lack of skill. Power to administer property for another iv. Wills 3. When real agreement is void 4. RESCISSIBLE CONTRACTS – Those which have caused a particular economic damage rd either to one of the parties or to a 3 person and which may be set aside even if valid. causes failure of instrument to express true intention 2.donation and acceptance of real property b. Contract must be rescissible i. Cession of action of rights proceeding from an act appearing in a public inst. Law requires contract to be in some form for validity .DEFECTIVE CONTRACTS See Arts. Simple donation inter vivos 2. Law requires contract to be in some form for convenience . For validity (formal/solemn contracts) 2. transmission or reformation of real rights over immovables ii. Mutual b. party in good faith may ask for reformation 3. – REFORMATION OF INSTRUMENTS See Arts. Mistake of fact c. – INTERPRETATION OF CONTRACTS See Arts. All other docs where amount involved is in excess of 500 ( must be written even private docs ) NOTE: RA 8792 (E-COMMERCE ACT) – formal requirements to make contracts effective as against third persons and to establish the existence of acontract are deemed complied with provided that the electronic document is unaltered and can be authenticated as to be useable for future reference. Unilateral a. inequitable conduct.1422 KINDS OF DEFECTIVE CONTRACTS: 1. Law requires contract to be in some form to be enforceable . one party was mistaken b. QuickTime™ and a
CAUSES/GROUNDS: 1. Mistake by 3rd persons – due to ignorance.1369 REFORMATION OF CONTRACTS – remedy to conform to real intention of parties due to mistake. bad faith of drafter.
Nonperformance by the other is not important Applies to both unilateral and reciprocal obligations Even a third person who is prejudiced by the contract may demand the rescission of the contract. thing already in possession of party in good faith. subject to indemnity only. if absentee suffers lesion by more than ¼ of value of property 3. Effective until set aside b. prejudices claim of others 6. Plaintiff must be able to return whatever he may be obliged to return due to rescission 3.Civil Law Summer Reviewer
1. if there are 2 st or more alienations – liability of 1 infractor BADGES OF FRAUD QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) a. 1538. 1539. sale upon credit by an insolvent debtor d. Under art 1382 . Provided for by law . It must be made within the prescribed period (of 4 years) e. Court cannot grant extension of time for fulfillment of the obligation Its purpose is to seek reparation for the damage or injury caused. Price with interest MUTUAL RESTITUTION NOT APPLICABLE WHEN a. Entered into by guardian whenever ward suffers damage by more than 1/4 of value of object 2. inadequate or fictitious b. transfer was made by a debtor after a suit has been begun and while it is pending against him c. Plaintiff has no other means to obtain reparation. 1534. Can be confirmed ( NOTE: confirmation is the proper term for curing the defect of a voidable contract) d. transfer made between father and son where there is present any of the above circumstances g. failure of the vendee to take exclusive possession of the property Rescission in Art 1191 It is a principal action retaliatory in character Only ground is nonperformance of one’s obligation or what is incumbent upon him Applies only to reciprocal obligation Only a party to the contract may demand fulfillment or seek the rescission of the contract Court may fix a period or grant extension of time for the fulfillment of the obligation Its purpose is to cancel the contract Rescission Proper in Art 1381 it is a subsidiary remedy There are 5 grounds to rescind. defect is due to vice of consent or legal incapacity • CHARACTERISTICS: a. Payment by an insolvent – on debts w/c are not yet due. May be assailed or attacked only in an action for that purpose c. In state of drunkenness f.Payments made in a state of insolvency 1. 2. Insane unless acted in lucid interval c. Persons specially disqualified: interdiction e. transfer of all his property by a debtor when he is financially embarrassed or insolvent f. contract entered into by defendant w/o knowledge or approval of litigants or judicial authority 5. 1560. VOIDABLE CONTRACTS – intrinsic defect. valid until annulled. Agreed upon in representation of absentees. 1567 and 1659 ii. creditor did not receive anything from contract b. Minors ( below 18 ) b. The things must not have been passed to 3rd parties who did not act in bad faith 4. consideration of decompressor the conveyance is are needed to see this picture.art 1526. Things w/c are the objects of the contract and their fruits b. evidence of indebtedness or complete insolvency
2. 1556. thus allowing partial rescission of the contract
OBLIGATION CREATED BY THE RESCISSION OF THE CONTRACT: Mutual Restitution a. Can be assailed only by the party whose consent was defective or his heirs or assigns WHAT CONTRACTS ARE VOIDABLE: a. In state of hypnotic spell Page 125 of 297
. Contracts where rescission is based on fraud committed on creditor (accion pauliana) 4. Objects of litigation. Deaf mute who can’t read or write d. 1542.
fraud – 4 years from time of discovery iii. but without interest thereon. Incapacity . knowledge of reason rendering contract voidable ii. RATIFICATION • REQUISITES i. FRAUD • thru insidious words or machinations of contracting parties. Mistake. but the person obliged to return the same can be held liable only for the value of the thing at the time of the loss. 3. iii. LOSS OF THE THING which is the object of the contract through fraud or fault of the person who is entitled to annul the contract • NOTE: Object is lost through a fortuitous event.
CAUSES OF EXTINCTION OF ACTION TO ANNUL a. CA. discovery of fraud must be reckoned to have taken place from the time the document was registered in the office of the register of deeds. LAWFUL misrepresentation NOTE: Expression of an opinion – not fraud unless made by expert and other party relied on the former’s special knowledge Fraud by third person – does not vitiate consent.when it is the principal consideration of the contract e. Registration constitutes constructive notice to the whole world b. the injured party must have executed an act which expressly or impliedly conveys an intention to waive his right c. Refers to the nature of the contract c. Intimidation.Civil Law Summer Reviewer
MISTAKE • false belief into something • REQUISITES: a. PRESCRIPTION . Error as to legal effect . Error as to person . The doctrine on reluctant consent provides that a contract is still valid even if one of the parties entered it against his wishes or even against his better judgment. Page 126 of 297
. undue influence 4 years from time defect of consent ceases ii.Period to bring an action for Annulment i. exaggeration of its god qualities and giving it qualities it does not have. Refers to the subject of the thing which is the object of the contract b. only action for damages except if there is collusion between one party and the third person. contract is decompressor are needed see this picture. holds the guilty party liable for DAMAGES (Art. Incidental Fraud (dolo incidente) – deception which are not serious and without which the other party would still have entered into the contract. 76 SCRA 514. mutual between parties. 1344) c. such reason must have ceased. the contract can still be annulled.From time guardianship ceases Carantes vs. VOIDABLE (Art. or resulted to substantial mistake. except in case of ratification effected by the guardian to contracts entered into by an incapacitated.to1338) b. ascendants or descendants (moral coercion) UNDUE INFLUENCE • person takes improper advantage of his power over will of another depriving latter of reasonable freedom of choice Martinez vs. Refers to the principal conditions in an agreement d. • Ratification cleanses the contract of its defects from the moment it was constituted. Causal Fraud (dolo causante) – deception of serious charcter without which the other party QuickTime™ and a would TIFF not(Uncompressed) have entered into. spouse.when mistake is mutual and frustrates the real purpose of parties VIOLENCE • serious or irresistible force is employed to wrest consent INTIMIDATION • one party is compelled by a reasonable and wellgrounded fear of an imminent and grave danger upon person and property of himself. 12 Phil 252. UNENFORCEABLE CONTRACT – valid but cannot compel its execution unless ratified. other is induced to enter into contract w/o w/c he will not enter (dolo causante) KINDS OF FRAUD IN THE PERFORMANCE OF OBLIGATION OR CONTRACTS a. Contracts are also valid even though they are entered into by one of the parties without hope of advantage or profit. Tolerated Fraud – includes minimizing the defects of the thing. violence. Hongkong and Shanghai Bank.
Anyone may invoke the nullity of the contract whenever its juridical effects are asserted against him KINDS OF VOID CONTRACT: a. it takes it out of unenforceable contracts. ratified or cured d.Failure to comply with Statute of Frauds i. Those whose object is outside the commerce of man – no object iv. Unauthorized or No sufficient authority – entered into in the name of another when: i. Imprescriptible Page 127 of 297 g. VOID OR INEXISTENT – of no legal effect CHARACTERISTICS: a. It cannot be confirmed. Those w/c contemplate an impossible service – no object v. Curable by Acknowledgment . the defect of unenforceability is cured b. In excess of authority conferred ( ultra vires) b. chattels or things in action at price not less than 500. Prohibited by law c. good customs. no object. whether it amounts to a crime or not d. exception: auction when recorded sale in sales book v. morals. produce legal effects only after ratified KINDS: a. public order or public policy . Those expressly prohibited or declared void by law . Those lacking in essential elements: no consent. If performed.Both parties incapable of giving consent -2 minor or 2 insane persons c. Those which cause or object did not exist at the time of the transaction – no cause/object iii. A judicial declaration to QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) that effect is merely decompressor a declaration are needed to see this picture. object or purpose is contrary to law. to the presentation of parole evidence in court. default or miscarriage of another iii. Illegal/Illicit ones – Those whose cause.Contracts w/c violate any legal provision. Agreement to be performed within a year after making contract ii. except if pari delicto will apply e. Agreement for lease of property for more than one year and sale of real property regardless of price vi. Failure of defendant to object in time. If there is performance in either part and there is acceptance of performance. Representation as to credit of another TWO WAYS OF CURING UNENFORCEABLE CONTRACTS: a. It produces no effect whatsoever either against or in favor of anyone b. no cause (inexistent ones) – essential formalities are not complied with ( ex: donation propter nuptias – should conform to formalities of a donation to be valid ) i. No authority conferred ii. Agreement for sale of goods. c. Curable by Ratification . Acceptance of benefits under the contract. Ex: Contract to sell marijuana
. There is no action for annulment necessary as such is ipso jure. Those w/c are absolutely simulated or fictitious – no cause ii. Special promise to answer for debt. the defect is waived 4. The right to set up the defense of nullity cannot be waived f. restoration is in order. Agreement made in consideration of promise to marry iv. also estoppel sets in by accepting performance. Those w/c intention of parties relative to principal object of the contract cannot be ascertained b.Civil Law Summer Reviewer
extrinsic defect.
If purpose has not yet been accomplished and If damage has not been caused to any 3rd person OTHER EXCEPTIONS: a. No confiscation
a. No action for specific performance b. No action for specific performance b. 313 RPC) even if gambling is prohibited. agreement or contract which is not illegal per se and the prohibition is esigned for the protection of the plaintiff e. The law will leave you where you are i. any laborer who agreed to receive less may still be entitled to recover the deficiency. payment of money or delivery of property for an illegal purpose. where the party who paid or delivered repudiates the contract before
. courts may allow recovery of money. No action for specific performance h.Civil Law Summer Reviewer
the purpose has been accomplished. No action for restitution on either side. No action for specific performance b. If one party is incapacitated. Payment of Usurious interest b. Instrument of crime will be confiscated in favor of gov’t. USURY LAW a. if law set max working hours and laborer who undertakes to work longer may demand additional compensation c. property delivered by incapacitated person in the interest of justice. Guilty party is not entitled to restitution d. Guilty party is not entitled to restitution
KINDS OF ILLEGAL CONTRACTS PARI DELICTO DOCTRINE • Both parties are guilty. payment of any amount in excess of the maximum price of any article or commodity fixed by law or regulation by competent authority f. before it takes effect – party w/c is remorseful prevents it WHERE LAWS ARE ISSUED TO PROTECT CERTAIN SECTORS: CONSUMER PROTECTION. Guilty party will be prosecuted e. applies only to illegal contracts and not to inexistent contracts. illegality is accomplished when parties entered into contract. Consumer protection – if price of commodity is determined by statute.
a. any person paying an amount in excess of the maximum price allowed may recover such excess b. payment of money or delivery of property made by an incapacitated person d. • EXCEPTION are TO PARI DELICTO RULE . REQUISITES OF ILLEGAL CONTRACTS: a. Both shall be prosecuted j. The law will leave you where you are c. one who lost in gambling because of fraudulent schemes practiced on him is allowed to recover his losses (Art. Innocent party is entitled to restitution c. No action for restitution on either side. Thing/price to be confiscated in favor of government a. Contract is for an illegal purpose b. no action against each other. pari delicto cannot apply because an Page 128 of 297
a. contract whereby a laborer undertakes to work longer than the maximum number of hours fixed by law g. Court believes that public interest will be served by allowing recovery (discretionary upon the court ) – based on remorse. does not apply when a QuickTime™ and a superior public policy intervenes TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor needed to see this picture. Contract must be repudiated by any of the parties before purpose is accomplished or damage is caused to 3rd parties c. Interest paid in excess of the interest allowed by the usury law may be recovered by debtor with interest from date of payment EFFECTS OF ILLEGAL CONTRACTS a. LABOR. those who come in equity must come with clean hands. Labor – if law sets the minimum wage for laborers. or before any damage has been caused to a 3rd person c. Innocent party is entitled to restitution c.
but which the debtor may perform voluntarily.
. If agreement is not illegal per se but merely prohibited and prohibition is designated for the protection of the plaintiff – may recover what he has paid or delivered by virtue of public policy MUTUAL RESTITUTION IN VOID CONTRACTS • GENERAL RULE: parties should return to each other what they have given by virtue of the void contract in case • Where nullity arose from defect in essential elements a. • The binding tie of these obligations is in the conscience of man. obligation hasare failed 6. unable to understand the consequences of his own action b. by exercising due diligence. could or should have been done earlier. return price plus interest • EXCEPTION: No recovery can be had in cases where nullity of contract arose from illegality of contract where parties are in pari delicto. • It is patrimonial. estoppel by silence d. Estoppel by laches LACHES OR STALE DEMANDS LACHES • Failure or neglect. other party is less guilty or not guilty TITLE 3. giving rise to the situation of which complaint is made and for which the complaint seeks a remedy 2. the complainant having knowledge or notice. and presupposes a prestation.1430 NATURAL OBLIGATIONS • they are real obligations to which the law denies an action. they do not have the necessary efficacy to give rise to an action. except: a.Civil Law Summer Reviewer
incapacitated person does not know what he is entering into. or of one under whom he claims. injury to the defendant in the event relief is accorded to the complainant. for an unreasonable and unexplained length of time to do that which. lack of knowledge or notice on the part of the defendant that the complainant would assert the right on which he bases his suit 4. Estoppel by judgment d. estoppel by acceptance of benefits 2. conduct on part of the defendant. reimbursement of a third person for a debt that has prescribed 3. Performance after the civil obligation has prescribed 2. estoppel in pais (by conduct) c. return object of contract and fruits b. incapacitated – not obliged to return what he gave but may recover what he has given b. – NATURAL OBLIGATIONS See Arts. payment by heir of debt exceeding value of property inherited 7. Estoppel by deed b. EXAMPLES OF NATURAL OBLIGATIONS ENUMERATED UNDER THE CIVIL CODE: 1. or the suit in not held to be barred. payment of legacy after will have been declared voi 1. of the defendant’s conduct and having been afforded the opportunity to institute a suit 3. Technical estoppel a. Estoppel by record c. 1423 . it is negligence or omission to assert a right within reasonable time warranting a presumption that the party entitled to assert it either has abandoned it or declined to assert it • ELEMENTS 1. restitution by minor after annulment of contract 4. Performance after action to enforce civil QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor needed to see this picture. for under the law. Delivery by minor of money or fungible thing in fulfillment of obligation 5. delay in asserting the complainant’s rights.
a condition or state by virtue of which an admission or representation is redered conclusive upon the person making it and cannot be denied or disproved as against the person relying thereon.1439 ESTOPPEL .Civil Law Summer Reviewer
TITLE 4. – ESTOPPEL See Arts.
. 1431 .
Documents Similar To Oblicon-Ateneo.pdfSkip carousel63711688 Oblicon Memory Aid AteneoObliconoblicon memory aid14007472 Oblicon ReviewerOBLICONcontractsobliconobliconOblicon Syllabus DLSU FEU Dela Cruz 2011Ateneo 2007 Commercial Law (Negotiable Instruments Law)99258162 SALES Memory Aidnegotiable law memo aidNegotiable instruments lawSan Beda Obligations ContractsAteneo Central Bar Operations 2007 Civil Law Summer Revieweradvance accounting 2 by guerreroNegotiable Instruments Law ReviewerUtopia Corporation Law Reviewer 2008Corporation Law Memory Aid San BedaNegotin Notes by AngelAteneo Central Bar Operations 2007 Civil Law Summer ReviewerNegotiable Instrument Law PhilippinesSan Beda Partnership177529658-Obligations-and-Contracts-Jurado-Reviewer.pdfAteneo Central Bar Operations 2007 Civil Law Summer ReviewerOblicon-Jurado-FinalCivil Code Book 4 Codal2012 Ateneo LawTaxation Law Summer ReviewerOBLICON - Sta Maria Reviewer 2010-2011Oblicon ReviewerDocuments About Law Of ObligationsSkip carouselOgden v. Saunders, 25 U.S. 213 (1827)In Re Stewart Foods, Inc., Formerly Known as Stewart Sandwiches, Incorporated, Debtor. Stewart Foods, Inc., Formerly Known as Stewart Sandwiches, Incorporated v. Theodore J. Broecker, and United States Trustee, Party in Interest, 64 F.3d 141, 4th Cir. (1995)Fidelity & Deposit Co. of Md. v. Arenz, 290 U.S. 66 (1933)Hawthorne v. Calef, 69 U.S. 10 (1865)United States v. Thomas, 82 U.S. 337 (1873)Penniman's Case, 103 U.S. 714 (1881)Henderson v. Wadsworth, 115 U.S. 264 (1885)JACKSONVILLE, &C., RR CO. v. United States, 118 U.S. 626 (1886)Missouri Ex Rel. Harshman v. Winterbottom, 123 U.S. 215 (1887)National Surety Co. v. Architectural Decorating Co., 226 U.S. 276 (1912)Tradewell Foods, Inc. v. New York Credit Men's Adjustment Bureau, Inc., 179 F.2d 567, 2d Cir. (1950)Sims v. United States of America War Shipping Administration, 186 F.2d 972, 3rd Cir. (1951)10-11-2016 ECF 1413 USA v RYAN BUNDY - Notice Titled Entry of PaymentMore From Clea Borja CabueñasSkip carousel1. Political Law.doc1Pimentel vs Ochoa case1.docxPimentel vs Ochoa case1.docxPimentel vs Ochoa case.docxPimentel vs Ochoa.docx-Alvarez-vs-PICOP case digest.docx07 Palermo v. Pyramid Insurance.doc4. Cruz v Sec. of DENR.docxPhilippine National Bank vs. Hon. Judge Javier Pabalan.docxWoodridge school inc vs ARB Construction.docxVda. De Tan Toco vs. Municipal Council of Iloilo.docxProvince of Zamboanga Del Norte vs. City of Zamboanga et.al.docxIgnacio vs. Director of Lands.docxVda. De Tan Toco vs. Municipal Council of Iloilo.docxmun of cavite vs. rojas.docxLand Bank of the Philippines vs. Republic of the Philippines.docxMIAA vs. CA.docxPasay City Government vs. CFI.docxEspiritu vs. Municipal Council of Pozorrubo.docxmun of cavite vs. rojas.docx5. Carino vs. Insular Government.docxAccretion and Accession case digest.docxMANILA MAHOGANY MANUFACTURING CORPORATION case digest.docxThe City of Angeles vs. CA.docxPhil Fisheries vs. CA.docxIgnacio vs. Director of Lands.docxLaurel vs. Garcia.docxIgnacio vs. Director of Lands.docxCriminal Law1-2.pdf