Source: https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2019/s7138/amendment/original
Timestamp: 2020-04-04 20:39:58
Document Index: 216812333

Matched Legal Cases: ['Art 2', '§20', '§  2', '§ 20', '§ 21', '§  22', '§ 23', '§  24', '§ 2', '§  20']

NY State Senate Bill S7138
senate Bill S7138
Get Status Alerts for S7138
Feb 10, 2020 print number 7138a
Feb 10, 2020 amend and recommit to education
S7138 - Details
Add Art 2-A §§20 - 24, Ed L
S7138 - Summary
Enacts the student suicide prevention act, requiring local educational agencies to produce policies, procedures, and guidelines which direct teachers and other school employees on how to respond to students who have demonstrated suicidal thoughts or intentions.
S7138 - Sponsor Memo
BILL NUMBER: S7138
To provide requirements to local governing board or body of a local
educational agency that serves students in grades 7 to 12, to adopt a
policy on student suicide prevention, intervention, and postvention.
Section one of the bill provides the rationale for the need for local
governing board or body of a local educational agency that serves
students in grades 7 to 12 to have policy related to youth suicide
prevention and crisis response.
Section two of the bill provides definitions of related terms.
Section three of the bill states that all local governing board or body
of a local educational agency that serves students in grades 7 to 12
should, before the beginning of the 2020-21 school year, adopt a policy
on student suicide prevention, intervention, and postvention in grades 7
to 12, inclusive. Further, it directs the policy to be inclusive of high
risk groups. Additionally, section 3 includes a declaration that no
cause of action is created based on the requirements of this bill, nor
is a specific duty of care created.  Finally, it requires a review of
the policy at minimum every fifth year.
According to the New York State Office of Mental Health, suicide has
recently become the tenth leading cause of death in the United States,
surpassing the death rate by motor vehicles accidents, homicides, and
breast cancer. Although according to the Center for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC), New York State has one of the lowest suicide rates in
the nation, 8.6 per 100,000, the high population of New York makes it
among the top six states for the number of suicide deaths. Further, New
York State has seen a 32% increase of deaths by suicide throughout the
last decade. Each year, 4,600 children and teens, age 10-19, die by
suicide making it the second leading cause of death for that age group.
The CDC also reports that among high school students in New York State,
in 2017, 17.4% seriously considered suicide, and 10.1% have made non-fa-
tal suicide attempts.
Schools play a critical role in suicide prevention and intervention
efforts for youth in crisis. When a youth is in crisis, it is essential
for the adults around them to be equipped to see the issue and respond
appropriately, and for the young person to be able to access resources
that provide them the care they need to feel support and safe. School
aged youth spend at least 1/3 of their day in schools, giving teachers,
administrators, and other school staff the unique ability to provide a
This is new legislation for 2020
S7138 - Bill Text download pdf
the "student suicide prevention act".
§  2. The education law is amended by adding a new article 2-A to read
SECTION 20. LEGISLATIVE INTENT.
22. POLICIES, PROCEDURES, AND GUIDELINES.
23. APPLICATION.
24. SEVERABILITY AND CONSTRUCTION.
§ 20. LEGISLATIVE INTENT.  THE  LEGISLATURE  FINDS  AND  DECLARES  THE
FOLLOWING:  1.    ACCORDING TO DATA FROM THE FEDERAL CENTERS FOR DISEASE
CONTROL AND PREVENTION AS REPORTED IN THE  YEAR  TWO  THOUSAND  SIXTEEN,
SUICIDE  IS THE SECOND LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH FOR YOUTH AND YOUNG ADULTS
TEN TO TWENTY-FOUR YEARS OF AGE, INCLUSIVE, IN BOTH  THE  UNITED  STATES
AND IN NEW YORK STATE.
2.  AS  CHILDREN  AND  TEENS SPEND A SIGNIFICANT AMOUNT OF THEIR YOUNG
LIVES IN SCHOOL, THE PERSONNEL WHO INTERACT WITH THEM ON A  DAILY  BASIS
ARE  ESSENTIAL  GATEKEEPERS FOR RECOGNIZING WARNING SIGNS OF SUICIDE AND
MAKING THE APPROPRIATE REFERRALS FOR HELP.
3. IN A NATIONAL SURVEY CONDUCTED BY THE JASON FOUNDATION,  A  TEACHER
WAS  IDENTIFIED AS THE NUMBER ONE PERSON TO WHOM A STUDENT WOULD TURN TO
HELP A FRIEND WHO MIGHT BE SUICIDAL. IT IS IMPERATIVE THAT WHEN A  YOUNG
PERSON  COMES  TO  A  TEACHER  FOR HELP, SUCH TEACHER HAS THE KNOWLEDGE,
TOOLS, AND RESOURCES TO RESPOND CORRECTLY.
4. IN THE YEAR TWO THOUSAND EIGHTEEN, THE FEDERAL CENTERS FOR  DISEASE
CONTROL  AND  PREVENTION  FOUND  IN  ITS YOUTH RISK BEHAVIOR SURVEY THAT
LBD14667-01-0
S. 7138                             2
LESBIAN, GAY, AND BISEXUAL YOUTH ARE ALMOST FOUR TIMES  MORE  LIKELY  TO
SERIOUSLY CONSIDER ATTEMPTING SUICIDE, HAVE MADE A SUICIDE PLAN, OR HAVE
ATTEMPTED SUICIDE, THAN THEIR HETEROSEXUAL PEERS.
5.  THERE  ARE  NATIONAL  HOTLINES AVAILABLE TO HELP ADULTS AND YOUTH,
INCLUDING LESBIAN, GAY,  BISEXUAL,  TRANSGENDER,  QUEER  OR  QUESTIONING
(LGBTQ) YOUTH, WHO ARE EXPERIENCING SUICIDAL IDEATION OR WHO ARE WORRIED
ABOUT A FAMILY MEMBER OR PEER WHO MAY BE AT RISK, INCLUDING THE NATIONAL
SUICIDE  PREVENTION  LIFELINE,  THE CRISIS TEXT LINE, THE TREVOR PROJECT
LIFELINE, AND TREVORCHAT.
6. ACCORDING TO THE FAMILY  ACCEPTANCE  PROJECT,  RESEARCH  HAS  FOUND
THAT,  FOR  AN  LGBTQ  YOUTH,  HAVING  AT LEAST ONE SUPPORTIVE ADULT CAN
REDUCE THE YOUTH'S RISK OF SUICIDE.
7. NEW YORK STATE SCHOOLS FACE THE SERIOUS ISSUES OF STUDENTS AT  HIGH
RISK  OF  SUICIDE AND DEATH BY SUICIDE IN THE SCHOOL COMMUNITIES. SCHOOL
PERSONNEL MUST BE SUPPORTED BY  CLEAR  POLICIES  AND  PROCEDURES,  WHICH
SERVE AS AN EASILY-ACCESSIBLE ROADMAP, ELIMINATE CONFUSION OVER EDUCATOR
ROLES  AND  THE  REFERRAL PROCESS, AND EQUIP EDUCATORS WITH THE TOOLS TO
RESPOND SAFELY WHEN A SUICIDE DOES OCCUR IN THE SCHOOL COMMUNITY.
§ 21. DEFINITIONS. FOR THE PURPOSES OF  THIS  ARTICLE,  THE  FOLLOWING
TERMS  SHALL  HAVE THE FOLLOWING MEANINGS: 1. "CRISIS SITUATION" MEANS A
SITUATION WHERE A TEACHER OR OTHER  LOCAL  EDUCATIONAL  AGENCY  EMPLOYEE
BELIEVES  A  STUDENT  OR  OTHER  INDIVIDUAL  IS  IN IMMINENT DANGER OF A
2. "LGBTQ" MEANS INDIVIDUALS WHO IDENTIFY, WITH REGARDS TO GENDER,  AS
BEING LESBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, TRANSGENDER, QUEER OR QUESTIONING.
3.  "LOCAL EDUCATIONAL AGENCY" MEANS A SCHOOL DISTRICT, BOARD OF COOP-
ERATIVE EDUCATIONAL SERVICES, SCHOOL, OR THE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT.
4. "SUICIDE INTERVENTION" MEANS SPECIFIC ACTIONS SCHOOLS CAN  TAKE  IN
RESPONSE  TO  SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR BY A STUDENT, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
A. STUDENT SUPERVISION;
B. NOTIFICATION OF PARENTS OR GUARDIANS;
C. CRISIS SITUATION RESPONSE PROTOCOLS;
D. WHEN AND HOW TO REQUEST AN IMMEDIATE MENTAL  HEALTH  ASSESSMENT  OR
E.  SCHOOL  RE-ENTRY  PROCEDURES  FOLLOWING  A  STUDENT  MENTAL HEALTH
5. "SUICIDE  POSTVENTION"  MEANS  PLANNED  SUPPORT  AND  INTERVENTIONS
SCHOOLS  CAN  IMPLEMENT  AFTER  A  SUICIDE ATTEMPT OR SUICIDE DEATH OF A
MEMBER OF THE SCHOOL COMMUNITY THAT ARE DESIGNED TO:
A. REDUCE THE RISK OF THE SPREAD OF SUICIDAL THOUGHTS OR INTENTIONS;
B. PROVIDE SUPPORT FOR AFFECTED STUDENTS AND SCHOOL-BASED PERSONNEL;
C. ADDRESS THE SOCIAL STIGMA ASSOCIATED WITH SUICIDE; AND
D. DISSEMINATE FACTUAL INFORMATION ABOUT SUICIDE AND ITS PREVENTION.
6. "SUICIDE PREVENTION" MEANS SPECIFIC ACTIONS  SCHOOLS  CAN  TAKE  TO
RECOGNIZE AND REDUCE SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO:
A.  IDENTIFYING  RISKS  AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS FOR SUICIDE AND SUICIDE
B. ESTABLISHING A PROCESS BY WHICH STUDENTS ARE REFERRED TO  A  MENTAL
AND BEHAVIORAL HEALTH PROVIDER FOR HELP;
C.  MAKING  AVAILABLE  SCHOOL-BASED  AND COMMUNITY-BASED MENTAL HEALTH
D. PROVIDING THE LOCATION OF AVAILABLE ONLINE  AND  COMMUNITY  SUICIDE
PREVENTION RESOURCES, INCLUDING LOCAL CRISIS CENTERS AND HOTLINES;
S. 7138                             3
E.  ADOPTING  POLICIES  AND  PROTOCOLS  REGARDING  SUICIDE PREVENTION,
INTERVENTION, AND POSTVENTION, SCHOOL SAFETY,  AND  RESPONSE  TO  CRISIS
F.  TRAINING  FOR SCHOOL PERSONNEL WHO INTERACT DIRECTLY WITH STUDENTS
IN RECOGNIZING SUICIDE RISKS AND WARNING SIGNS AND HOW TO REFER STUDENTS
FOR FURTHER ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION; AND
G. INSTRUCTION TO STUDENTS IN PROBLEM-SOLVING  AND  COPING  SKILLS  TO
PROMOTE  STUDENTS'  MENTAL, EMOTIONAL, AND SOCIAL HEALTH AND WELL-BEING,
AND INSTRUCTION IN RECOGNIZING AND APPROPRIATELY RESPONDING TO SIGNS  OF
SUICIDAL INTENT IN OTHERS.
§  22. POLICIES, PROCEDURES, AND GUIDELINES. 1. THE GOVERNING BOARD OR
BODY OF EVERY LOCAL EDUCATIONAL AGENCY THAT SERVES  STUDENTS  IN  GRADES
SEVEN  TO  TWELVE, INCLUSIVE, SHALL, BEFORE THE FIRST DAY OF AUGUST, TWO
THOUSAND TWENTY, ADOPT POLICIES, PROCEDURES, AND GUIDELINES  ON  STUDENT
SUICIDE  PREVENTION,  INTERVENTION, AND POSTVENTION FOR STUDENTS IN SUCH
GRADES. SUCH POLICIES, PROCEDURES, AND GUIDELINES SHALL BE DEVELOPED  IN
CONSULTATION  WITH  SCHOOL  AND  COMMUNITY STAKEHOLDERS, SCHOOL-EMPLOYED
MENTAL HEALTH PROFESSIONALS, AND SUICIDE PREVENTION EXPERTS,  AND  SHALL
A.  METHODS  TO INCREASE AWARENESS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SUICIDE
AND SUICIDE RISK FACTORS INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO:
I. MENTAL HEALTH AND SUBSTANCE USE CONDITIONS;
II. CHILDHOOD ABUSE, NEGLECT, OR TRAUMA;
III. PROLONGED STRESS,  SUCH  AS  BULLYING,  HARASSMENT,  RELATIONSHIP
STRESS, OR OTHER STRESSFUL LIFE EVENTS;
IV. EXPOSURE TO ANOTHER PERSON'S SUICIDE, OR SENSATIONALIZED OR GRAPH-
IC ACCOUNTS OF SUICIDE; AND
V.  PREVIOUS SUICIDE ATTEMPTS OR HISTORY OF SUICIDE WITHIN A STUDENT'S
B. IDENTIFICATION OF TRAINING  OPPORTUNITIES  ON  RECOGNIZING  SUICIDE
RISKS, AND REFERRAL PROCEDURES AVAILABLE TO SCHOOL EMPLOYEES;
C.  AVAILABILITY  OF  EXPERTISE  FROM  SCHOOL  EMPLOYEES WHO HAVE BEEN
TRAINED IN RECOGNIZING SUICIDE RISKS, AND REFERRAL PROCEDURES;
D. HOW SCHOOL EMPLOYEES SHOULD  RESPOND  TO  SUSPICION,  CONCERNS,  OR
WARNING SIGNS OF SUICIDE IN STUDENTS;
E.  HOW  SCHOOL EMPLOYEES SHOULD RESPOND TO A CRISIS SITUATION WHERE A
STUDENT IS IN IMMINENT DANGER TO HIMSELF OR HERSELF;
F. POLICIES AND PROTOCOLS FOR COMMUNICATION  WITH  PARENTS,  INCLUDING
THOSE  THAT  SPECIFY  WHAT  TO DO IF PARENTAL NOTIFICATION IS NOT IN THE
BEST INTEREST OF THE STUDENT;
G. COUNSELING SERVICES AVAILABLE WITHIN THE SCHOOL  FOR  STUDENTS  AND
THEIR FAMILIES THAT ARE RELATED TO SUICIDE PREVENTION;
H.  AVAILABILITY  OF  INFORMATION  CONCERNING  CRISIS SITUATION INTER-
VENTION, SUICIDE PREVENTION, AND MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES IN THE COMMUNITY
FOR STUDENTS AND THEIR FAMILIES AND SCHOOL EMPLOYEES;
I. IDENTIFICATION  AND  DEVELOPMENT  OF  PARTNERSHIPS  WITH  COMMUNITY
ORGANIZATIONS  AND  AGENCIES  FOR REFERRAL OF STUDENTS TO HEALTH, MENTAL
HEALTH, SUBSTANCE USE, AND SOCIAL SUPPORT SERVICES,  INCLUDING  DEVELOP-
MENT  OF  AT  LEAST  ONE  MEMORANDUM  OF UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN THE LOCAL
EDUCATION AGENCY AND SUCH AN ORGANIZATION OR AGENCY IN THE COMMUNITY  OR
J.  DEVELOPMENT OF A PLAN TO ASSIST SURVIVORS OF ATTEMPTED SUICIDE AND
TO ASSIST STUDENTS AND SCHOOL EMPLOYEES  IN  COPING  WITH  AN  ATTEMPTED
SUICIDE OR A SUICIDE DEATH WITHIN THE SCHOOL COMMUNITY; AND
K.  DEVELOPMENT  OF ANY OTHER RELATED PROGRAM OR ACTIVITY FOR STUDENTS
OR SCHOOL EMPLOYEES.
S. 7138                             4
2. THE POLICIES, PROCEDURES, AND GUIDELINES ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SUBDI-
VISION ONE OF THIS SECTION SHALL SPECIFICALLY ADDRESS THE NEEDS OF HIGH-
RISK GROUPS, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE FOLLOWING:
A. YOUTH WHO HAVE LOST A FRIEND OR FAMILY MEMBER TO SUICIDE;
B.  YOUTH WITH DISABILITIES OR WITH CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS, INCLUD-
ING MENTAL HEALTH AND SUBSTANCE USE CONDITIONS;
C. YOUTH EXPERIENCING HOMELESSNESS OR IN OUT-OF-HOME SETTINGS, SUCH AS
D. LGBTQ YOUTH.
3. THE POLICIES, PROCEDURES, AND GUIDELINES ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SUBDI-
VISION ONE OF THIS SECTION SHALL BE WRITTEN  TO  ENSURE  THAT  A  SCHOOL
EMPLOYEE ACTS ONLY WITHIN THE AUTHORIZATION AND SCOPE OF SUCH EMPLOYEE'S
CREDENTIAL  OR  LICENSE.   NOTHING IN THIS SECTION SHALL BE CONSTRUED AS
AUTHORIZING OR ENCOURAGING A SCHOOL EMPLOYEE TO DIAGNOSE OR TREAT MENTAL
HEALTH CONDITIONS UNLESS SUCH EMPLOYEE IS SPECIFICALLY LICENSED PURSUANT
TO ARTICLE ONE HUNDRED SIXTY-THREE OF THIS CHAPTER, AND EMPLOYED  TO  DO
CAUSE OF ACTION MAY BE BROUGHT FOR ANY LOSS OR DAMAGE CAUSED BY ANY  ACT
OR  OMISSION RESULTING FROM THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROVISIONS OF THIS
ARTICLE, OR RESULTING FROM ANY TRAINING, OR LACK OF  TRAINING,  REQUIRED
BY  THIS  ARTICLE.  NOTHING IN THIS ARTICLE SHALL BE CONSTRUED TO IMPOSE
ANY SPECIFIC DUTY OF CARE.
5. TO ASSIST LOCAL EDUCATIONAL AGENCIES  IN  DEVELOPING  POLICIES  FOR
STUDENT  SUICIDE  PREVENTION,  THE DEPARTMENT SHALL DEVELOP AND MAINTAIN
MODEL POLICIES, PROCEDURES,  AND  GUIDELINES  IN  ACCORDANCE  WITH  THIS
SECTION  TO SERVE AS A GUIDE FOR LOCAL EDUCATIONAL AGENCIES.  SUCH MODEL
POLICIES, PROCEDURES, AND GUIDELINES SHALL BE POSTED WITHIN THIRTY  DAYS
OF  THEIR  COMPLETION  ON  THE DEPARTMENT'S INTERNET WEBSITE, ALONG WITH
RELEVANT RESOURCES AND INFORMATION TO SUPPORT SCHOOLS IN DEVELOPING  AND
IMPLEMENTING  THE  POLICIES,  PROCEDURES,  AND GUIDELINES REQUIRED UNDER
6. THE GOVERNING BOARD OR BODY OF  A  LOCAL  EDUCATIONAL  AGENCY  THAT
SERVES  STUDENTS  IN GRADES SEVEN TO TWELVE, INCLUSIVE, SHALL REVIEW, AT
MINIMUM EVERY FIFTH YEAR FOLLOWING THE EFFECTIVE DATE OF  THIS  ARTICLE,
ITS  POLICIES,  PROCEDURES, AND GUIDELINES ON STUDENT SUICIDE PREVENTION
AND, IF NECESSARY, UPDATE SUCH POLICIES, PROCEDURES, AND GUIDELINES.
§ 23. APPLICATION. THE PROVISIONS OF THIS ARTICLE SHALL APPLY  TO  ALL
PRIVATE AND PUBLIC EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN NEW YORK STATE.
§  24.  SEVERABILITY  AND CONSTRUCTION. THE PROVISIONS OF THIS ARTICLE
ANY PHRASE, CLAUSE, SENTENCE OR PROVISION OF THIS ARTICLE TO BE INVALID,
OR ITS APPLICABILITY TO ANY GOVERNMENT AGENCY, PERSON OR CIRCUMSTANCE IS
DECLARED  INVALID, THE REMAINDER OF THIS ARTICLE AND ITS RELEVANT APPLI-
CABILITY SHALL NOT BE AFFECTED. THE PROVISIONS OF THIS ARTICLE SHALL  BE
S7138A (ACTIVE) - Details
S7138A (ACTIVE) - Summary
S7138A (ACTIVE) - Sponsor Memo
BILL NUMBER: S7138A
educational agency that serves student in grades 7 to 12, to adopt a
Section 1 of the bill provides the rationale for the need for the local
governing board or body of an educational agency that serves students in
grades 7 to 12 to have policy related to youth suicide prevention and
Section 2 of the bill provides definitions of related terms.
Section 3 of the bill states that the local governing board or body of
an educational agency that serves students in grades 7 to 12 should,
before the beginning of the 2020-21 school year, adopt a policy on
student suicide prevention, intervention, and postvention in grades 7 to
12, inclusive. Further, it directs the policy to be inclusive of high
cause of action is created based upon the requirements of this bill, nor
is a specific duty to care created. Finally, it requires a review of the
policy at minimum every five years.
surpassing the death rate by motor vehicle accidents, homicides and
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), New
York has one of the lowest suicide rates in the nation at 8.6 per every
100,000 people. New York's high population rate, however, makes it among
the top six states ranked by number of suicide deaths. New York has seen
a 32% increase in suicide deaths over the last decade.  The CDC further
reports that among high school students in New York in 2017, 17.4% seri-
ously considered suicide and 10.1% made non-fatal suicide attempts.
Each year, 4,600 children and teens, age 10-19, die by suicide making it
the second leading cause of death for that age group. Schools play a
critical role in suicide prevention and intervention efforts for youth
in crisis. When youths are in crisis, it is essential that the adults
around them be equipped to recognize issues and respond appropriately.
It is equally important that those in crisis be able to access resources
that provide care, support and safety. School aged youth spend at least
1/3 of their day in schools, giving teachers, administrators and other
school staff the unique ability to provide a supportive environment.
S7138A (ACTIVE) - Bill Text download pdf
7138--A
AN  ACT  to amend the education law, in relation to enacting the student
§ 2. The education law is amended by adding a new article 2-A to  read
§  20.  LEGISLATIVE  INTENT.  THE  LEGISLATURE  FINDS AND DECLARES THE
FOLLOWING: 1.  ACCORDING TO DATA FROM THE FEDERAL  CENTERS  FOR  DISEASE
CONTROL  AND  PREVENTION  AS  REPORTED IN THE YEAR TWO THOUSAND SIXTEEN,
SUICIDE IS THE SECOND LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH FOR YOUTH AND YOUNG  ADULTS
TEN  TO  TWENTY-FOUR  YEARS OF AGE, INCLUSIVE, IN BOTH THE UNITED STATES
2. AS CHILDREN AND TEENS SPEND A SIGNIFICANT  AMOUNT  OF  THEIR  YOUNG
LIVES  IN  SCHOOL, THE PERSONNEL WHO INTERACT WITH THEM ON A DAILY BASIS
ARE ESSENTIAL GATEKEEPERS FOR RECOGNIZING WARNING SIGNS OF  SUICIDE  AND
3.  IN  A NATIONAL SURVEY CONDUCTED BY THE JASON FOUNDATION, A TEACHER
WAS IDENTIFIED AS THE NUMBER ONE PERSON TO WHOM A STUDENT WOULD TURN  TO
HELP  A FRIEND WHO MIGHT BE SUICIDAL. IT IS IMPERATIVE THAT WHEN A YOUNG
PERSON COMES TO A TEACHER FOR HELP,  SUCH  TEACHER  HAS  THE  KNOWLEDGE,
LBD14667-03-0
S. 7138--A                          2
4.  IN THE YEAR TWO THOUSAND EIGHTEEN, THE FEDERAL CENTERS FOR DISEASE
CONTROL AND PREVENTION FOUND IN ITS  YOUTH  RISK  BEHAVIOR  SURVEY  THAT
LESBIAN,  GAY,  AND  BISEXUAL YOUTH ARE ALMOST FOUR TIMES MORE LIKELY TO
S. 7138--A                          3
S. 7138--A                          4
HEALTH CONDITIONS UNLESS SUCH  EMPLOYEE  IS  SPECIFICALLY  LICENSED  AND
EMPLOYED TO DO SO.