Source: https://manifestinjustice.us/2011/09/
Timestamp: 2020-01-28 08:38:18
Document Index: 293577315

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 11', '§ 11', '§ 11', '§ 11', '§ 11', '§ 30', '§ 9', '§ 30', '§ 9', '§ 30', '§ 9', '§ 30', '§ 30', '§ 11', '§ 44', '§ 44', '§ 44', '§ 11', '§ 11', '§ 11', '§ 11', '§ 11', '§ 11', '§ 11', '§ 11', '§ 11', '§ 102', '§ 11', '§ 11', '§ 9', '§ 9', '§ 11', '§ 11', '§ 9', '§ 11', '§ 11', '§ 11', '§ 11', '§ 11', '§ 11', '§ 11', '§ 11', '§ 11', '§ 11', '§ 11', '§ 11', '§ 11', '§ 9', '§ 9', '§ 11', '§ 11', '§ 11', '§ 11', '§ 11', '§ 11', '§ 11', '§ 11', '§ 11', '§ 9', '§ 11', '§ 11', '§ 11', '§ 9', '§ 11', '§ 11', '§ 11', '§ 50', '§ 11', '§ 11', '§ 9', '§ 11']

September 28, 2011 by nootkabear
Epic Stakes in Mortgage War
Feds want billions from banks that sold Fannie, Freddie risky securities.
To hear Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac tell it, they were hoodwinked by Wall Street, the unwitting buyers of $200 billion worth of lousy mortgage-backed securities. From the investment banks’ point of view, the two were the most sophisticated investors around and knew exactly what they were getting into.
Ultimately, the Federal Housing Finance Agency’s (FHFA) recent lawsuits against 18 of the world’s largest financial institutions on behalf of Fannie and Freddie may come down to one basic question: disclosure. Did the banks omit or misstate material information about the securities they sold to Fannie and Freddie?
The stakes are high. With Fannie and Freddie’s future existence still tenuous, the suits, filed in New York federal and state courts and federal court in Connecticut, could provide a lifeline — a way to recoup some of the $160 billion the entities have cost taxpayers to date. But critics argue that Fannie and Freddie have no one to blame for their losses but themselves and that the suits themselves could destabilize the economy.
An intense legal fight is taking shape, with the government represented by a team from Quinn Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivan led by Philippe Selendy, a veteran litigator in the residential mortgage-backed securities arena. Counsel retained by the defendants include Brendan Sullivan and David Aufhauser of Williams & Connolly and Brian Pastuszenski of Goodwin Procter for Bank of America Corp.; Jay Kasner, the head of Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom’s securities class action defense group and Skadden partner Scott Musoff for UBS Americas Inc.; and Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison Chairman Brad Karp for Citigroup Inc.
“Clearly this will be a battle of the heavyweights,” said Jacob Frenkel, who heads the securities enforcement practice at Potomac, Md.-based Shulman Rogers Gandal Pordy & Ecker and is not involved in the litigation. “This is one of those bouts where the federal deficit would be reduced by selling tickets to the arguments.”
The FHFA, which became conservator of Fannie and Freddie in 2008 after the $5.3 trillion government-sponsored enterprises faced insolvency, is suing the megabanks under the Securities Act of 1933 for passing off subprime mortgages as AAA-graded investments. The 88-page complaint against Bank of America contains typical allegations. According to the housing agency, BoA misrepresented key data about 23 residential mortgage-based securities it sold for $6 billion to Fannie and Freddie from 2005 to 2007.
For example, the FHFA contends that the percent of properties that were owner-occupied was “materially false and inflated.” Owner occupancy is one risk predictor, since people are more likely to make payments and maintain a home if they live there. One prospectus stated that 4.45% of the underlying properties were not owner-occupied, but the housing agency claims the actual number was more than 15%.
Another risk predictor is the loan-to-value ratio. BoA in another prospectus claimed that none of the ­underlying properties had loans that exceeded the value of the property. The housing agency asserts that in fact 11.13% of the mortgages were for more than the homes were worth. The complaint also alleges that BoA disregarded evidence from third-party due diligence providers showing “a high percentage of defective or at least questionable loans.”
The FHFA said Fannie and Freddie themselves “had no access to borrower loan files,” and therefore had no way to evaluate what they were getting up close. Instead, they “reasonably relied on [Bank of America Securities’] knowledge and their express representations made prior to the closing of the securitizations.”
If Fannie and Freddie had known the true quality of the underlying mortgages, the complaint states again and again, they never would have bought the securities. “Fannie Mae’s and Freddie Mac’s losses have been much greater than they would have been if the mortgage loans had the credit quality represented in the Registrations Statements.”
Bank of America doesn’t see it this way. In a statement, the company called Fannie and Freddie “among the most sophisticated, powerful and ­heavily regulated financial institutions in the U.S. mortgage finance system.” In the past, BoA said, the two have publicly acknowledged “that their losses in the mortgage-backed securities market were due to the unprecedented downturn in housing prices and other economic factors, including sustained high unemployment.
“Also, they claimed to understand the risks inherent in investing in subprime and alt-A securities and, in fact, continued to invest heavily in those securities even after their regulator told Freddie that it did not have the risk management capabilities to do so. Despite this, [Fannie and Freddie] are now seeking to hold other market participants responsible for their losses,” BoA said.
Onlookers also find it hard to believe that Fannie and Freddie had no idea what they were buying. “Fannie and Freddie knew perfectly well how weak the loans were,” said Peter Wallison, who is co-director of the American Enterprise Institute’s program on financial policy studies and served as general counsel of the U.S. Treasury Department from 1981 to 1985. Wallison noted that investment banks put together the pools of mortgages specifically for Fannie and Freddie — “the most sophisticated experts in mortgages and the quality of mortgages. They had to know what was in the pools,” he said.
In a statement released on Sept. 6, four days after the cases were filed, the FHFA acknowledged that the securities were customized for Fannie and Freddie, but said that was irrelevant. “It does not matter how ‘big’ or ‘sophisticated’ a security purchaser is, the seller has a legal responsibility to accurately represent the characteristics of the loans backing the securities being sold.”
USING THE ’33 ACT
The key here is that the suits were filed under the Securities Act of 1933, a little-used statute that’s limited to buyers — like Fannie and Freddie — that purchased an initial securities offering, as opposed to in a secondary market such as a stock exchange.
Unlike more commonly invoked securities fraud laws, the 1933 act does not require a showing of intent to defraud or recklessness, said Peter Henning, a professor at Wayne State University Law School. Nor does the government have to prove that Fannie and Freddie relied on the misleading or omitted information.
What matters is simply whether the securities’ registration statement or prospectus was inaccurate — or, as Section 11 of the act puts it, “contained an untrue statement of a material fact or omitted to state a material fact…necessary to make the statements therein not misleading.”
“It all depends on materiality,” Hen­ning said. If [the government] can show there was a material misstatement, liability is easy to establish after that.”
The banks will “find it tough to win a motion to dismiss,” he said, because courts at the outset tend to take a broad view of whether omitted or misstated facts could be material to a reasonable investor. “That can be difficult to determine without a case going to trial,” Henning said. “There are very few cases in which the court found something is not material,” at least initially.
The remedy is the difference between the securities’ purchase price and its remaining value. As the housing agency noted in its Sept. 6 statement, press reports that it is “seeking nearly $200 billion in damages or recoveries are excessive; such numbers reflect the original amount of such securities purchased, not the losses incurred or the potential recoveries.”
In the BoA complaint, for example, the FHFA said Fannie and Freddie suffered “hundreds of millions of dollars in damages.” The statute allows cases to be brought in state or federal court, and the government is trying its luck in both venues.
The majority of the cases — 13 of them — are in U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York, where Bank of America, Barclays Bank PLC, Citigroup, Credit Suisse Holdings (USA) Inc., Deutsche Bank A.G., First Horizon National Corp., Goldman Sachs & Co., HSBC North America Holdings Inc., JPMorgan Chase & Co., Merrill Lynch & Co., Nomura Holding America Inc. and Société Génerale S.A. were all sued on Sept. 2. The complaint against UBS was filed there on July 27. (It’s not clear why it came first, but may be due to the statute of limitations.)
Judge Lewis Kaplan last week in an order wrote that the cases “appear to bear substantial similarities.” He asked all counsel to submit a joint report by Oct. 19 “describing the respects in which these cases are similar and the respects in which they differ” and proposing “means by which the cases can be most efficiently and conveniently handled.”
In New York state court, cases were filed against Ally Financial Inc., Countrywide Financial Corp., General Electric Co. and Morgan Stanley. The Royal Bank of Scotland Group PLC is being sued in Connecticut federal court. In addition, a total of 135 individuals who signed the registration statements are named in the suits, though they face no allegations of specific wrongdoing other than signing the forms.
Onlookers believe that one potential weakness in the government’s case is the pending investigation of Fannie and Freddie by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. “On the one hand we have the FHFA looking to recoup losses from the likes of JPMorgan and Goldman Sachs, but then we also have the SEC investigating whether Fannie and Freddie mislead investors about the status of their own books,” said Hugh Totten, a partner at Chicago-based business litigation firm Valorem Law Group, who is not involved in the cases. Totten predicted the SEC matter would soon settle with minimal penalties, but said nonetheless it “weakens Fannie and Freddie’s position that the banks are to blame.”
POLITICALLY POTENT?
But David Reiss, a professor at Brooklyn Law School, said that, although the argument that “it’s hypocritical to claim you were deceived if you deceived people, too” may be good politics for the banks, it may be legally irrelevant. “They’re two different things,” he said.
The housing agency “would be derelict in its duty if it didn’t pursue the claims” against the banks, Reiss said, but he wondered if the argument that the suits could destabilize the banking industry might prove politically potent.
For example, one analyst, Paul Miller of FBR Capital Markets & Co., wrote in a client note that the suits “drain capital from the banking system, and they cause banks to overly tighten credit standards, which pushes potential home buyers onto the sidelines,” according to Bloomberg. Miller wrote the plaintiffs were “acting in their own self-interest as opposed to that of the broader U.S. economy.”
The FHFA was quick to answer its critics: “Some have claimed that these suits will disrupt economic recovery, or endanger the targeted banks, or increase their cost of capital. While everyone is concerned with these important issues, the long-term stability and resilience of the nation’s financial system depends on investors being able to trust that the securities sold in this country adhere to applicable laws.”
Still, David Min, associate director for financial markets policy at the Center for American Progress, noted that there is at least an element of self-interest to the suits. “This is all happening against the backdrop of Fannie and Freddie reform,” he said. “If FHFA is able to recover a lot of money, that may reduce the amount Fannie and Freddie will cost taxpayers, and it strengthens the argument that they should stick around. If they don’t win, it strengthens the camp that wants to get rid of them.”
This article originally appeared in The National Law Journal.
Posted in law, legal	| Tagged Mortgage Crisis | Leave a comment
September 24, 2011 by nootkabear
Docket: 20091025
Opinion Date: July 29, 2011
Judge: Durrant
Areas of Law: Commercial Law, Consumer Law, Trusts & Estates
David Pyper hired attorney Justin Bond to represent him in a probate matter. Bond’s law firm subsequently sued Pyper to obtain payment of the attorney fees. The district court entered a judgment in favor of the law firm for $10,577. To satisfy the judgment, Bond filed a lien against a house owned by Pyper that was worth approximately $125,000. Bond was the only bidder at the sheriff’s sale auctioning Pyper’s home and purchased Pyper’s home for $329. Pyper later communicated his desire to redeem his property to Dale Dorius, another attorney at the firm, but was unable to speak to Bond after several attempts. After the redemption period expired, the deed to Pyper’s home was transferred to Bond. Pyper subsequently filed a petition seeking to set aside the sheriff’s sale of his property. The district court set aside the sheriff’s sale. The court of appeals affirmed. The Supreme Court affirmed, holding the court of appeals did not err in (1) concluding that gross inadequacy of price together with slight circumstances of unfairness may justify setting aside a sheriff’s sale and (2) affirming the district court’s conclusion that Bond and Dorius’s conduct created, at least, slight circumstances of unfairness.
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Posted in Judges, Latest Rulings, law, legal	| Tagged Court, Foreclosures, Rulings | Leave a comment
In re SGE Mortgage Funding Corp., 278 BR 653 – Bankr. Court, MD Georgia 2001278 B.R. 653 (2001)
SGE Mortgage Funding Corporation, Plaintiff, v. Accent Mortgage Services, Inc., et al., Defendants.
Bankruptcy No. 99-71191. Adversary No. 00-7013
United States Bankruptcy Court, M.D. Georgia, Valdosta Division.
654*654 Ben F. Easterlin, IV, King & Spalding, Atlanta, GA, Ward Stone, Jr., Stone & Baxter, LLP, Macon, GA, for debtor.
Wesley J. Boyer, Katz, Flatau, Popson & Boyer, LLC, Ed S. Sell, III, Sell & Melton, Macon, GA, William B. Brown, George H. Myshrall, Jr., Heyman & Sizemore, LLC, Kevin B. Buice, Mary Grace Diehl, Linda K. Klein, Davis K. Loftin, Lynwood A. Maddox, Richard B. Maner, C. LeeAnn McCurry, Thomas Rosseland, Gregory G. Schultz, Thomas Paty Stamps, L. Matt Wilson, Atlanta, GA, Richard Farnsworth, Ray S. Smith, III, Tucker, GA, David A. Garland, Albany, GA, Anna S. Gorman, Poyner & Spruill LLP, Charlotte, NC, Joseph B. Gray, Jr., Render M. Heard, Jr., Carter & Richbourg, L.L.P., 655*655 Melinda Banks Phillips, Rob Reinhardt, John S. Sims, Jr., John C. Spurlin, Tifton, GA, Richard A. Greenberg, Tallahassee, FL, Stephen D. Lerner, Gregory A. Ruehlmann, Cincinnati, OH, James R. Marshall, Decatur, GA, William C. McCalley, Moultrie, GA, Fife M. Whiteside, Columbus, GA, for defendants.
Andrew J. Ekonomou, Michael G. Lambros, Boyce, Ekonomou & Atkinson, Atlanta, GA, Ward Stone, Jr., Mark S. Watson, Stone & Baxter, LLP, Macon, GA, for plaintiff.
JOHN T. LANEY, III, Bankruptcy Judge.
On July 13, 2001, the court held a hearing on the motions for partial summary judgment of First Family Financial Services, Inc., Associates Financial Services of America, Inc., and Associates Home Equity Services, Inc., (collectively, “Associates”), and the Committee of Investors Holding Unsecured Claims (“Committee”). The parties filed briefs, response briefs, affidavits and stipulations of fact. At the conclusion of the hearing, the court took the motions for partial summary judgment under advisement. The court has considered the parties’ briefs, affidavits, stipulations of fact, oral arguments, and the applicable statutory and case law. For reasons that follow, the court will grant in part and deny in part, the Associates’ motion and will deny the Committee’s motion.
The prepetition debtor, SGE Mortgage Funding Corporation (“SGE”), was a residential mortgage broker licensed in Georgia. A large portion of SGE’s business involved SGE’s solicitation and origination of loans to potential borrowers desiring to obtain loans secured by real estate. SGE funded its mortgage loan origination business through cash investments made by individual investors. The transactions between SGE and these investors were memorialized in a written contract (“Investor Contract”). (Doc. # 559, Exh. “A”).[1]
Each Investor Contract provided that the investor would loan SGE a certain amount of money. SGE would utilize these funds in its lending business to individual borrowers. In return for the investors’ loan, SGE would pay the investor a monthly amount based on an interest rate designated in the Contract. (Exh. “A” at ¶ 1).
Each Investor Contract also identified a specific borrower and loan which SGE represented that it had made using the investor’s funds. If for some reason, the loan to the borrower did not close, the Contract provided that the funds advanced to SGE by the investor would either be returned to the investor or the funds would be used for some other transaction. Upon closing the loan to the specific borrower identified, the Contract further provided that SGE would “transfer and assign all of its right, title, and interest in and to Borrower’s Note and deed to secure debt to [the] [investor].” (Id. at ¶ 5). This transfer and assignment was to be recorded in the county where the real estate was located. Although the loan documents were to remain the property of SGE, these documents were to serve “as collateral . . . for 656*656 repayment of the debt owed by [SGE] to [the] [investor].” (Id.). Moreover, the Contract required SGE to deliver the original documents to the investor if the investor so requested. Unless the investor requested otherwise, SGE would serve as the servicing agent for the loan that SGE had made to the borrower with the investor’s funds. (Id. at ¶¶ 2-5).
The Associates are consumer lending companies licensed in Georgia. One aspect of the Associates’ business is to make bulk purchases of portfolios of real estate loans from mortgage brokers. All three of the Associates entities engaged in bulk purchases of loans from SGE. First Family Financial Services purchased approximately 230 mortgage loans for which it paid SGE approximately $3.5 million. (Id. at ¶ 23). Associates Financial Services of America purchased approximately 30 mortgage loans from SGE at a purchase price of approximately $1.3 million. (Id. at ¶ 24). Associates Home Equity Services paid SGE approximately $564,000.00 for approximately 26 loans it purchased from SGE. (Id. at ¶ 25). The transactions between these entities and SGE were memorialized into written agreements. (Doc. # 559, Exh. “B”, “C” and “D”). After the Associates purchased the loans from SGE, the Associates assumed all aspects of loan management. (Doc. # 559 at ¶ 19).
However, before SGE sold these loans to the Associates and other bulk purchasers, SGE had been engaged in a classic Ponzi scheme. Upon closing a mortgage loan to an individual borrower, SGE would assign that loan to not only one investor, but numerous investors. Like many Ponzi schemes, SGE used funds obtained from later investors to pay the monthly principal and interest payments due to the earlier investors. SGE drew the Associates into its fraudulent scheme by selling loans to the Associates which SGE had “double-booked” to numerous investors.
On September 27, 1999, an involuntary petition under Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code (“Code”) was commenced against SGE. On December 10, 1999, this case was converted to a Chapter 11 case. On June 28, 2000, SGE as debtor-in-possession, filed this adversary proceeding to determine the validity, priority, and extent of the interest in the loans claimed by the investors and the bulk purchasers. Numerous investors and consumer lending companies such as the Associates were named as defendants.
After several months of discovery, the Committee and the Associates filed motions for partial summary judgment to which several consumer lending companies, investors, and SGE responded. These motions present two issues: (1) whether the Uniform Commercial Code (“UCC”) or the Georgia real estate recording statutes (“recording statutes”) governs the priority of interests in the loan transactions; and (2) whether the Associates are holders in due course of the loans they purchased from SGE.
In dealing with motions for summary judgment, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56 is made applicable to adversary proceedings in bankruptcy cases by Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 7056. Summary judgment is proper “if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed R. Civ. P. 56(c); Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). Like a district court, a bankruptcy court must determine that there are no 657*657 issues of material fact and accept all undisputed facts as true in order to find that summary judgment is warranted as a matter of law. Gray v. Manklow (In re Optical Technologies, Inc.), 246 F.3d 1332, 1334 (11th Cir.2001). An issue is “material” if it affects the outcome of the case under the applicable law. Redwing Carriers, Inc. v. Saraland Apartments, 94 F.3d 1489, 1496 (11th Cir.1996).
In the typical motion for summary judgment, the court must apply the undisputed facts to the applicable law. However, the first issue before the court requires it to determine which law is the applicable law.
The Committee and the Carlyle/Casko investor entity (“Carlyle/Casko Investors”[2]), argue that the recording statutes, not the UCC, is the applicable law. The Committee contends that the investors and bulk purchasers, such as the Associates, failed to record the assignments of the deeds to secure debt. As a result, these entities have no ownership interest in the loans superior to that of the trustee. Therefore, the Committee and the Carlyle/Casko Investors contend that the loans are property of the estate. The Committee also argues that the Associates’ interests are likewise unperfected. Although the Associates may have purchased the notes of which they have possession, the Committee contends that the Associates failure to record the assignments is fatal to their perfection.
The Associates and SGE argue that the UCC is the applicable law. Although real estate was involved in the transactions between SGE and the investors, the Associates contend that the UCC governs because the transactions entailed the transfer of promissory notes, which are negotiable instruments.[3]
Similar to the Carlyle/Casko Investors, individual investors James and Debra Mills (“Mills”) filed a response to the Associates’ and the Committee’s motions maintaining that the UCC is not the applicable law. The Mills assert that the mortgages assigned to them by SGE were not included in the ones that SGE assigned to the Associates in their bulk purchase. Even if this is not the case, the Mills argue that SGE executed an assignment of the actual security deed to them which they then recorded. Under the applicable recording statutes, the Mills maintain that recording the deed and assignment is sufficient to perfect their interest. The Mills further insist that having possession of the original notes is not necessary to perfect their interest in the collateral.
Under Georgia law, transactions that result in the “creation or transfer of an interest in or lien on real estate . . .” are excluded from Article 9 of the UCC. O.C.G.A. § 11-9-104(h) (1994 & Supp.2000). Therefore, the focal point of the issue before the court is whether the transactions between SGE, the Associates, and the investor entities create or transfer an interest in real estate.
The Associates rely on the case of Chen v. Profit Sharing Plan, 216 Ga.App. 878, 456 S.E.2d 237 (1995). In a case involving 658*658 a transaction similar to the one between SGE and the investor entities, the Georgia court of appeals concluded that the parties’ transaction did not involve a creation or transfer of an interest in real estate. See Chen, 216 Ga.App. at 881, 456 S.E.2d at 241. Therefore, the court held that the UCC was the applicable law. Id.
In Chen, Blankenship granted a security interest in his real property to Chen. This security interest was evidenced by Blankenship’s executing a promissory note and security deed to Chen. Under the terms of the promissory note, Blankenship was to pay Chen 120 monthly installments. Before Chen received the first payment from Blankenship, Chen entered into an agreement with the Profit Sharing Plan (“Plan”). In exchange for a loan from Plan, Chen assigned it the first 60 payments under the Blankenship note. Chen also assigned to Plan the Blankenship note and security deed. In addition to these assignments, Chen executed a document which provided that Plan would be the servicing agent of the Blankenship note. Plan agreed to reassign the note and security deed to Chen after Plan received the 60 payments. Id. at 879, 456 S.E.2d at 239.
Approximately two years after this agreement, Plan made another loan to Chen whereby Chen pledged the Blankenship note and security deed as collateral. Chen executed a transfer and assignment of the note and security deed. Along with the transfer and assignment, Chen also executed an addendum in which Chen agreed to sell the remaining 60 installments to Plan. The addendum contained a default provision allowing Plan to retain the collateral in the event Chen failed to make the payments. After making 18 payments to Plan, Chen defaulted on the second loan and Plan sent a letter to Chen indicating its intent to retain the collateral. Id. at 878-79, 456 S.E.2d at 239.
The central issue in Chen was whether Plan’s letter to Chen was adequate notice under O.C.G.A. § 11-9-505(2). The trial court found that the notice did satisfy the requirements of § 11-9-505(2). Id. at 882, 456 S.E.2d at 241. On appeal, Plan argued that Chen was not entitled to notice under § 11-9-505(2) because pursuant to § 11-9-104(h), the transaction was excluded from Article 9 of the UCC.
Reversing the trial court, the court of appeals rejected Plan’s argument that its transaction with Chen was excluded from Article 9. Id. at 881, 456 S.E.2d at 241. The court concluded that this transaction did not involve the “creation” or “transfer” of an interest in real estate, but instead involved the “pledge of collateral or `lien’ against negotiable instruments.” Id. The court explained that a “pledge creates a lien on the property by the pledgee while legal title remains in the pledgor.” Id. Simply stated, “possession passes, but not title.” Id. As to the transfer and assignment that Chen executed, the court analyzed the documents which were executed and concluded that these acts were done so that Plan could hold the security deed and note as security for the loan. Id. Furthermore, “title to these instruments never vested in Profit . . . [therefore,] [Plan] only acquired a lien against the commercial paper, i.e., the security deed and note.” Id. Accordingly, the court held that Article 9 of the Georgia Commercial Code was applicable to the transaction. Id.
Chen is consistent with the vast majority cases and commentators who have dealt with this issue. See Fogler v. Casa Grande Cotton Finance Co. (In re Allen), 134 B.R. 373 (9th Cir. BAP 1991); Ryan v. Zinker (In re Sprint Mortgage Bankers Corp.), 177 B.R. 4 (E.D.N.Y.1995); First National Bank of Boston v. Larson (In re 659*659 Kennedy Mortgage Company), 17 B.R. 957 (Bankr.D.N.J.1982); Army National Bank v. Equity Developers, Inc., 245 Kan. 3, 774 P.2d 919 (1989); Rodney v. Arizona Bank, 172 Ariz. 221, 836 P.2d 434 (1992); 4 James J. White & Robert S. Summers, Uniform Commercial Code, § 30-7 at 45-49 (4th ed.1995); Jan Z. Krasnowiecki, et al., The Kennedy Mortgage Co. Case: New Light Shed on the Position of Mortgage Warehousing Banks, 56 AM. BANKR. L.J. 325 (1982).
Most of the above authorities base their reasoning on UCC § 9-102(3) and Official Comment 4 to that subsection which makes Article 9 applicable to “realty paper.” See e.g., In re Allen, 134 B.R. at 375; White & Summers, supra, § 30-7 at 45. In pertinent part, Official Comment 4 provides:
[T]he owner of Blackacre borrows $10,000 from his neighbor and secures his note by a mortgage on Blackacre. [Article 9] is not applicable to the creation of the real estate mortgage. However, when the mortgagee in turn pledges this note and mortgage to secure his own obligation to X, [Article 9] is applicable to the security interest thus created in the note.[4]
In following Comment 4 to UCC § 9-102(3), courts generally have concluded that Article 9 governs perfection in a note secured by a real estate mortgage and that no action needs to be taken with regard to the mortgage; it is best “to concentrate on the note.” Allen, 134 B.R. at 375; see also Rodney, 172 Ariz. at 223, 836 P.2d at 436 (holding “that a debt for purchase of real property (and the promissory note that is evidence of that debt) cannot be separated from the mortgage (or deed of trust) securing that debt.”).
However, the analysis does not end there. The court agrees with the commentators that in analyzing this issue, one must recognize that the parties to these types of transactions live in two separate worlds; the “mortgagor’s world” and the “mortgagee’s world.” See Krasnowiecki, supra, at 334. As Krasnowiecki explains:
[A]t one end are the interests of the mortgagor in the land and those who take interests in the land from the mortgagor. At the other, the interests of the mortgagee are evidenced by the note and the mortgage. . . . At the mortgagor’s end, the land can be sold subject to the mortgage (or with assumption of the mortgage), or the mortgagor may pay off the mortgage and secure a satisfaction of record and then either keep the land or sell it. . . . At the mortgagee’s end, the mortgagee . . . may sell the mortgage and note outright to someone else or he may pledge it as a security for [a] loan. . . . ” Krasnowiecki, supra, at 334. White & Summers have adopted Professor Krasnowiecki’s view. See White & Summers, supra, § 30-7 at 46.
The primary case upon which Krasnowiecki bases his position is the case of In re Kennedy Mortgage Company, 17 B.R. at 957. Kennedy’s principal activity involved originating loans to mortgage applicants. In addition to lending its own money to these mortgage applicants, Kennedy loaned funds that it obtained from various lenders. These funds were in the form of “warehousing” lines of credit. One such lender was First National Bank of Boston 660*660 (“FNBB”). In exchange for the warehousing line of credit from FNBB, Kennedy executed assignments of mortgages to FNBB which were delivered to FNBB along with the corresponding promissory notes. FNBB failed to record the assignments. Id. at 958-59.
Because the notes were negotiable instruments which are perfected by possession, the court held that FNBB was perfected by taking possession. Id. at 965. Moreover, the court concluded that FNBB’s failure to record the assignments were not fatal to FNBB’s perfection. Id. The court explained that “FNBB has a perfected lien on the note and the mortgage is only collateral to the note. The mortgage without the debt is of no effect.” Id.
The court in Kennedy also addressed the second sentence of Official Comment 4 to UCC § 9-102(3) which reads, “[t]his Article leaves to other law the question of the effect on rights under the mortgage of delivery or non-delivery of the mortgage or the recording or non-recording of the mortgagee’s interest.” The court explained that the “other law” refers to the real estate recording laws which exist to “establish priorities and rights of individuals who are affected by the chain of title or encumbrances on the real estate.” Id. at 964. In other words, the “other law” protects those in the “mortgagor’s world.” See White & Summers, supra, § 30-7 at 48. The court noted that under New Jersey real estate recording laws, mortgages and assignments of mortgages may be recorded. Kennedy at 964. However, merely because the real estate recording laws provide that assignments may be recorded, “this fact does not affect the validity of an assignment of a mortgage which has not been recorded.” Id.
Adopting the Kennedy approach as well as Krasnowiecki’s analysis, the Kansas supreme court in Army National Bank concluded that the recording statutes were intended to protect the mortgagor and those dealing with the underlying land. 245 Kan. at 15, 774 P.2d at 928.
In Army National Bank, Equibank acquired nine notes which were secured by nine corresponding mortgages on real property. In exchange for a loan from the Bank of Kansas City (“BOKC”), Equibank pledged the nine notes to BOKC and assigned the nine mortgages to BOKC. Because BOKC was a creditor of the mortgagee, not a creditor of the mortgagor, the court held that perfection could be effected only by possession of the notes. Id. at 19, 774 P.2d at 930. If BOKC had been the creditor of the mortgagor, the court noted that BOKC would have been required to record the mortgage in order to have been perfected. Id. The court explained that this approach is consistent with the purposes of the recording acts, which is to protect the interests of the mortgagor. Id.
The court notes the case of Peoples Bank of Polk County v. McDonald (In re Maryville Savings & Loan), 743 F.2d 413 (6th Cir.1984), clarified on reconsideration, 760 F.2d 119 (1985). In this case, Peoples Bank loaned money to Maryville. As collateral for this loan, Maryville assigned a mortgage and note to Peoples Bank. Peoples Bank recorded the assignment, but failed to take possession of the note. The bankruptcy court concluded that Peoples Bank did not perfect its interest. In re Maryville, 27 B.R. 701, 709 (Bankr.E.D.Tenn.1983). The district court, however, reversed the bankruptcy court and held that since the recording was accomplished, this was sufficient for perfection under Tennessee law. In re Maryville, 31 B.R. 597, 599 (E.D.Tenn.1983).
661*661 Affirming in part and reversing in part, the Sixth Circuit split the perfection of the mortgage from the perfection of the note. Maryville, 743 F.2d at 415-16 (6th Cir.1984). The court concluded that Article 9 applied to Peoples Bank’s interest in the promissory notes and, because it failed to take possession of the notes, Peoples Bank’s security interest in the notes was unperfected. Id. at 416-17. The court further concluded, however, that Article 9 did not apply to Peoples Bank’s interest in the mortgage. Therefore, because the assignments were properly recorded, Peoples Bank was perfected as to the mortgage. Id. at 417.
After the court’s ruling, the bankruptcy trustee received funds from “non-foreclosure sources.” In an attempt to clarify how these funds were to be handled, the trustee moved for reconsideration. Maryville, 760 F.2d 119, 120 (6th Cir.1985). In a supplemental opinion, the court found that the funds paid to the trustee were proceeds of the notes. Id. at 121. Because Peoples Bank failed to perfect its interest in the notes, the court held that the trustee must prevail. Id. The court noted that the result “might be to the contrary” if the funds were foreclosure funds stemming from the mortgage, an interest in which Peoples Bank was perfected. Id.
A great deal of the majority line of cases are critical of the result in Maryville. See, e.g., Allen, 134 B.R. at 375 (concluding that the result in Maryville”produces the worst of both worlds. . . .”); Army National Bank, 245 Kan. at 18, 774 P.2d at 929-30 (reasoning that “a mortgage cannot exist separately from the note it secures.”). In Army National Bank, the court explained that splitting the perfection of the note and the mortgage could create a situation whereby two separate parties are simultaneously and respectively perfected in the note and the mortgage. Id. This situation, in turn, may result in the respective parties having a “note absent its security or a mortgage which may be worthless.” Id.
White and Summers also criticize Maryville. See White & Summers, supra, § 30-7 at 49. They propose that splitting the perfection of the note and mortgage would effectively require the mortgagor to pay twice to get free and clear title to his real property. Id.
The court agrees with the reasoning of the majority line of cases and commentators. In applying that reasoning to the facts of this case, the court must first determine whether the transaction occurred in “mortgagor’s world” or the “mortgagee’s world.”
As to the transactions between SGE and the investor entities, the court finds that these transactions occurred in the world of SGE, the “mortgagee’s world.” Similar to the majority line of cases, SGE pledged the mortgages and notes as collateral for SGE’s own obligation to the investors. Although the assignments of the mortgages and the Investor Contract described the property and the individual borrower, the court nevertheless finds that the transaction occurred in SGE’s world.
At oral arguments, however, “Group C”[5] of the individual investors addressed this very point. Given the fact that the Investor Contract identifies a specific borrower and a specific tract of land, Group C argues that each investor intended to fund 662*662 a particular loan, thereby taking an interest in a particular parcel of real property. Furthermore, SGE was to return their money to them if the loan to the individual borrower failed to close. Group C argues that these facts distinguishes them from the majority line of cases.
The court acknowledges that these distinctions do not seem to be addressed by any of the cases. For example, in Chen, the underlying real estate transaction between Chen and Blankenship already had been consummated before Chen pledged the note to Profit. Therefore, unlike the investors’ loan to SGE, Profit’s loan to Chen was not contingent on whether Chen’s loan to Blankenship closed. Likewise in Sprint Mortgage, there was no attempt by the debtor/mortgagee to earmark the specific loans made to the mortgagee to the specific mortgages that the debtor assigned. Group C argues that these factual differences are sufficient to distinguish them from the majority line of cases.
Although these are meritorious distinctions, the court finds that, at all times, the investors’ interest was a money investment interest. The language of the Investor Contract is clear: “[t]he loan documents . . . shall be considered as collateral or security for only for repayment of the debt owed by [SGE] to [the investor].” (Doc. # 559, Exh. “A” at ¶ 5) (emphasis added). At all times, the investors were dealing with SGE and never took an “interest[ ] in the land from the mortgagor.” See Krasnowiecki, supra, at 334. Therefore, the court finds that SGE’s assignment to the investors did not a create or transfer an “interest in or lien on real estate. . . .” O.C.G.A. § 11-9-104(h).
The fact that the assignments were or were not recorded has no bearing on perfection. See Kennedy at 964. The Mills argue, however, that O.C.G.A. § 44-14-60 is specific authority governing the transfer of security deeds. They assert that this code section “fully anticipates that an assignment should be recorded.” (Mills’ Mem. In Opp’n, Doc. # 617). The court agrees with the Mills that § 44-14-60 provides the manner in which the assignment of a security deeds may be recorded. However, as the court in Kennedy recognized, “[t]he fact that [the recording statutes provide that] assignments of mortgages may be recorded does affect the validity of an assignment of a mortgage which has not been recorded.” Kennedy at 964 (emphasis added). The purpose and intent of the recording statutes are to protect those in the “mortgagor’s world.” See, e.g., Army National Bank at 19, 774 P.2d 919. These transactions occurred in the “mortgagee’s world” which is outside the scope which § 44-14-60 is intended to protect. Accordingly, the court rejects the Mills’ argument.
The court finds that Article 9 of the Georgia UCC applies to the transactions between SGE and the investor entities. As a result, the investor entities are perfected only to the extent to which they have possession of promissory notes.
The court notes that because of the fraudulent conduct of the prepetition debtor, very few if any of the investor entities are in possession of the original promissory notes. Therefore, the court realizes that this is an unfortunate result for the investor entities. However, the court must apply the law based on the facts which are presented.
The court finds that Article 9 also applies to the transactions between SGE and the Associates. Like the transactions with investor entities, the transactions between SGE and the Associates occurred in the “mortgagee’s world.” Although the notes were purchased by the Associates 663*663 and not pledged to them like the investors, this distinction is immaterial. In addition to pledging a mortgage and note, transactions within the mortgagee’s world includes “sell[ing] the mortgage and note outright. . . .” See Krasnowiecki, supra, at 334.
The court now turns the issue of whether of the Associates are holders in due course of the promissory notes which they purchased from SGE. Pursuant to O.C.G.A. § 11-3-302:[6]
(1) A holder in due course is a holder who takes the instrument:
(c) Without notice that it is overdue or has been dishonored or of any defense against or claim to it on the part of any person.
O.C.G.A. § 11-3-302(1).
A “[h]older [is defined as] a person who is in possession of a document of title or an instrument. . . .” O.C.G.A. 11-1-201(20).[7] Therefore, to the extent that the Associates are in possession of the notes which they purchased from SGE, the court finds that the Associates are “holders” as defined under Georgia law. The court will now examine the three other requirements under § 11-3-302(1).
A holder takes an instrument for value “[t]o the extent that the agreed consideration has been performed or that he acquires a security interest in or a lien on the instrument otherwise than by legal process. . . .” O.C.G.A. § 11-3-303(a).
A holder must also take the instrument in good faith. O.C.G.A. § 11-3-302(1)(b). Good faith is defined as “honesty in fact in the conduct or transaction concerned.” O.C.G.A. § 11-1-201(19). To constitute bad faith, a purchaser must have acquired the instrument “with actual knowledge of its infirmity or with a belief based on the facts or circumstances as known to [the purchaser] that there was a defense or [the purchaser] must have acted dishonestly.” Citizens & Southern Nat’l Bank v. Johnson, 214 Ga. 229, 231, 104 S.E.2d 123, 126 (1958); Commercial Credit Equipment Corp. v. Reeves, 110 Ga.App. 701, 704, 139 S.E.2d 784, 787 (1964).
Lastly, a holder must take the instrument without notice of default or defense. O.C.G.A. § 11-3-302(1)(c).
A person has “notice” of a fact when:
(a) He has actual notice of it; or
(c) From all the facts and circumstances known to him at the time in question he has reason to know that it exists.
O.C.G.A. § 11-1-201(25). See also Hopkins v. Kemp Motor Sales, Inc., 139 Ga.App. 471, 473, 228 S.E.2d 607, 609 (1976) (holding that knowledge of a fact as defined in the UCC is actual knowledge).
In this case, the Associates, the Committee, and several of the investor entities have stipulated that the Associates collectively paid SGE approximately $5.36 million for approximately 306 loans. (Doc. # 559 at ¶¶ 23-25). Therefore, the court finds that the Associates took the notes for value.
664*664 As to good faith and notice, these issues are not quite as clear. Along with their brief in support of their original motion for partial summary judgment, the Associates filed affidavits executed by Michelle A. Bryan, Marilyn D. Britwar, Kathleen A. Timkin, and Kathleen A. Larson. (Doc. # 449, Exhs. “A” & “C”-“E”). Among other things, these affidavits attested to the Associates’ good faith and lack of notice that the notes which they purchased from SGE were subject to other claims.
However, because these affidavits were not originals, but were copies of affidavits submitted in another court action, SGE objected to their being part of the record. On May 17, 2001, the court entered an order sustaining SGE’s objection and disallowing the affidavits. (Doc. # 532). Remarkably, other than these disallowed affidavits, the Associates never filed any supporting documentation attesting to their good faith and lack of notice. Furthermore, in the Committee’s response to the Associates’ original motion, the Committee submitted affidavits executed by Sanford A. Cohn and Kevin B. Buice.[8] (Doc. # 489, Exhs. “A” & “B”). These affidavits attest to a lack of good faith and notice on behalf of the Associates in their purchase of the notes from SGE. Although SGE did not submit any evidence, SGE asserts that issues of material fact exist as to good faith and notice. (Doc. # 604 at pp. 3).
The court agrees with SGE and finds that issues of material fact do exist as to good faith and notice. Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56, the moving party bears the initial burden of demonstrating the absence of any genuine issue of material fact. See Celotex, 477 U.S. at 324, 106 S.Ct. 2548; see also Clark v. Coats & Clark, Inc., 929 F.2d 604, 608 (11th Cir.1991) (holding that the moving party has the burden of establishing its right of summary judgment). In this case, the Associates have failed to carry their burden. Therefore, the court finds that issues of material fact exist as to whether the Associates took the notes which they purchased from SGE in good faith and without notice of default or defense.
The court will render a separate memorandum opinion on SGE’s motion for summary judgment.
The UCC is the applicable law to the transactions between the Associates, the investor entities, and SGE. None of these transactions involved the creation of an interest in real estate. Therefore, the court will grant the Associates’ motion for partial summary judgment as to that issue only. Regarding the issue of whether the Associates are holders in due course of the notes which they purchased from SGE, the court finds that issues of material fact exist as to the elements of good faith and notice. The court will deny the Committee’s motion for partial summary judgment.
An order in accordance with this Memorandum Opinion will be entered.
[1] The Associates and the Committee stipulate that Exhibit “A” contains some sample Investor Contracts which do not differ in any material respect from all of the Investor contracts entered into by SGE with each individual investor. (Id. Stipulations of Fact at ¶ 3). Although SGE agrees that all “known” transactions were memorialized into written contracts, SGE avers that there may exist Investor Contracts that do not mirror the language in the sample Investor Contracts. (See Doc. # 605 at ¶ ¶ 3-5).
[2] This entity consists of approximately 100 individual investors who are present and former clients of Carlyle Wealth Planning, Inc. These individuals invested approximately $6,000,000.00 in the Casko Investment Company to fund the lending to individual borrowers. SGE was the “servicing agent” for the Carlyle/Casko investments. (See Doc. # 559, Exh. “A”).
[3] The court notes that Accent Mortgage Services, Inc. (“AMS”), another consumer lending company defendant filed a response to the Committee’s Motion. In their response, AMS adopted the Associates’ brief in full. Therefore, the court’s reference to the Associates encompasses AMS as well.
[4] The court notes that Georgia, unlike many other states, has not adopted the Official Comments to the UCC. However, because O.C.G.A. § 11-9-102(3) was adopted verbatim from UCC § 102(3), due consideration is to be given to the official comments. See Roswell Bank v. Atlanta Utility Works, Inc., 149 Ga.App. 660, 255 S.E.2d 124 (1979); Warren’s Kiddie Shoppe, Inc. v. Casual Slacks, Inc., 120 Ga.App. 578, 171 S.E.2d 643 (1969).
[5] Due to the vast number of individual investors in this adversary proceeding, they have been designated either group “A”, “B”, or “C” in the court docketing system. “Group C” consists of approximately 26 individual investor entities which are represented by the law firm of Sims, Fleming & Spurlin, P.C.
[6] This is the former version of § 11-3-302 as it read prior to July 1, 1996. Because all transactions in question took place prior to July 1, 1996, the pre-1996 version is the applicable law. See Choo Choo Tire Service, Inc. v. Union Planters Nat’l Bank, 231 Ga.App. 346, 498 S.E.2d 799 (1998).
[8] The court notes that Affiant Sanford A. Cohn is an investor/claimant in this case and Affiant Kevin B. Buice is an attorney of record for numerous parties in interest. (See Exh. “A” at ¶ 11; Exh. “B” at ¶ 2).
The written notice must clearly and explicitly inform the debtor that the creditor is retaining the collateral in
Technorati Tags: Courts,Georgia,Bankruptcy,Holder,Valdosta,Injustice
satisfaction of the indebtedness.
– in Patrick v. WIX AUTO CO., INC., 1997 and 3 similar citations
—debtor entitled to recover damages when secured party failed to give notice of its intent to retain collateral in satisfaction of indebtedness
– in Enforcing Security Interests in Personal Property in Mississippi and 2 similar citations
—security deed and executed a transfer and assignment of the instruments to the creditor as collateral for a loan, the instruments never vested in the creditor and the transaction was not the creation or transfer of an interest in real estate under former § l1-9-104 (h); thus, where the creditor did not comply with the notice requirement of foremr § 11-9-503 (2), the debtor was …
– in Official code of Georgia annotated and 2 similar citations
This procedure protects the debtor’s right to mitigate his loss when the collateral is worth more than the debt.
– in Hansford v. Burns, 1999
T] he condition in the `ADDENDUM’providing for full and complete assignment and transfer of the collateral upon default by Chen amounted to nothing more than an unenforceable attempt at predefault waiver of the debtor’s rights under Article 9 of Georgia’s Uniform Commercial Code
– in IN RE CBGB HOLDINGS, LLC, 2010 and one similar citation
Most of the authorities are cited and stand for the undisputed proposition that the debtor’s pre-default consent to strict foreclosure is insufficient to satisfy the statutory requirements under UCC § 9-620 or its predecessor, UCC § 9-505 (2
The purpose of requiring written notice of a creditor’s proposal to retain collateral in lieu of the debt and of prohibiting waiver of such notice before default is to provide the debtor with options for reducing his loss when collateral has a value greater than the debt via redemption pursuant to § 11-9-506 or liquidation in a commercially reasonable manner as required by § 11 …
– in Official code of Georgia annotated and one similar citation
By contrast, we reversed the trial court’s grant of summary judgment to the creditor investor in Chen not because the creditor’s claim secured by realty was invalid, but because its letter to the debtor did not comply with the UCC’s notice requirements.
– in Palmetto Capital Corp. v. Smith, 2007 and one similar citation
Hansford v. Burns, 526 SE 2d 896 – Ga: Court of Appeals 1999526 S.E.2d 896 241 Ga. App. 407 (1999)
HANSFORD v. BURNS et al.
No. A99A1830.
897*897 Weinstock & Scavo, Michael Weinstock, Jeffrey P. Yashinsky, Elizabeth M. Jaffe, Mark I. Sanders, Atlanta, for appellant.
Joe M. Harris, Jr., Atlanta, John W. Mrosek, Fayetteville, for appellees.
Derrick Hansford sued Ronald Gatskie, R & G Services, Inc. and Joan and Ben Burns for various torts and alleged violations of the Commercial Code in connection with a series of secured transactions. The trial court granted the defendants’ motions for summary judgment and denied Hansford’s motion for summary judgment. Hansford appeals. Because we conclude that material questions of fact remain, we reverse.
Summary judgment is proper when there is no genuine issue of material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. OCGA § 9-11-56(c). A de novo standard of review applies to an appeal from a grant of summary judgment, and we view the evidence, and all reasonable conclusions and inferences drawn from it, in the light most favorable to the nonmovant. Matjoulis v. Integon Gen. Ins. Corp., 226 Ga.App. 459(1), 486 S.E.2d 684 (1997).
Viewed in this light, the record shows that on March 31, 1994 Joan Burns sold two dry cleaning businesses to Hansford[1] for $150,000. Hansford paid Burns $50,000 in cash and gave her an installment note for $100,000 secured by the businesses’ assets (“the first Hansford note”). Burns filed UCC-1 financing statements to perfect her security interest in the businesses. As the broker for both Joan Burns and Hansford, Ben Burns earned a commission of $10,000 which Hansford paid in full.
On July 21, 1995, Hansford sold the businesses to Gatskie for $160,000. As the broker for both Hansford and Gatskie, Ben Burns earned a commission of $16,000 which Hansford paid in cash. Gatskie paid Hansford $80,000 in cash and gave Hansford an installment note for $80,000 (“the Gatskie note”). As part of the same transaction, Hansford paid Joan Burns $64,000 which left a principal balance of $8,507.94 on the $100,000 note. Hansford gave Burns an installment note for $8,507.94 (“the second 898*898 Hansford note”) which was secured by an assignment of the $80,000 Gatskie note. In the assignment of the Gatskie note, Gatskie was directed to make payments on his $80,000 debt to Hansford directly to Burns in satisfaction of Hansford’s debt to Burns. Hansford filed UCC-1 financing statements to perfect his security interest in the businesses. Burns never filed UCC-3 forms showing that her security interest in the businesses had terminated. See OCGA § 11-9-404.
As directed, Gatskie made a number of payments to Joan Burns. Gatskie then defaulted on his debt to Hansford, leaving a principal balance of $5,771.59 on the second Hansford note. Hansford did not cure the default. On December 5, 1995, Burns sent Hansford a notice of default on the second Hansford note. On January 17, 1996, Burns filed suit on the second Hansford note, seeking the outstanding principal balance of $5,771.59 plus interest. On May 13, 1996, Hansford filed a petition for personal bankruptcy under Chapter 13 of the Bankruptcy Code. Hansford’s bankruptcy plan was confirmed on June 27, 1996. On July 17, 1996, Burns sent Hansford a notice which stated that he was in default on the second Hansford note and that if the debt were not paid within ten days, she would “commence foreclosure on the Security Agreement, and taking [sic] back the collateral which [was] secured by the UCC Financing Statement.” On September 10, 1996, Burns sent a notice to Hansford and Gatskie which stated that because they were in default on the July 21, 1995 security agreement, “and pursuant to O.C.G.A. Section 11-9-504,” Burns had “exercised her right to retake the collateral” and that unless the collateral were redeemed by September 25, Burns would “proceed to dispose of the collateral at a private sale.”
On September 26, 1996, R & G Services, which was wholly owned by Gatskie, paid Joan Burns $9,855.31.[2] In the “contract for sale of business,” Burns warranted that she had marketable title to the assets of the businesses free and clear of any other indebtedness. R & G Services immediately sold the businesses to Sarah Slaughter for $135,000. As the broker for Gatskie, Ben Burns earned a commission of $7,250. A few weeks later, Joan Burns filed UCC-3 forms “by assignment” to terminate Hansford’s security interest in the businesses.
1. The trial court erred in granting Joan Burns’ motion for summary judgment on Hansford’s claim that she wrongfully failed to terminate her security interest in the businesses.
The first Hansford note was paid in full when Hansford tendered, and Joan Burns accepted, a new note for the balance. Because there was no outstanding secured obligation under the first Hansford note, OCGA § 11-9-404 required Burns to file UCC-3 forms reflecting the termination of her security interest in the collateral (the businesses) within 60 days. There was no evidence before the trial court that Burns filed UCC-3 forms within the time allowed. Therefore Burns was not entitled to judgment as a matter of law on Hansford’s claim for OCGA § 11-9-404 statutory and actual damages.
2. The trial court erred in granting summary judgment to Joan and Ben Burns on Hansford’s claim for damages arising from the private sale of the businesses which were the collateral for the Gatskie note. The trial court concluded that Burns’ foreclosure on the businesses was authorized by OCGA § 11-9-505. Under the procedure of strict foreclosure, a creditor in possession may retain the collateral in satisfaction of the debt. OCGA § 11-9-505(2). To proceed under OCGA § 11-9-505(2), a creditor must give notice to the debtor of its proposal to retain the collateral in satisfaction of the debt. Id. The debtor then has 21 days to object to that proposal. Id. If the debtor objects, then the creditor must dispose of the collateral in compliance with OCGA § 11-9-504, that is, in a commercially reasonable manner. Id. This procedure protects the debtor’s right to mitigate his loss when the collateral is worth more than the debt. Chen v. Profit Sharing 899*899 Plan &c., 216 Ga.App. 878, 880(1), 456 S.E.2d 237 (1995).
In this case, the trial court specifically found that Burns “complied with the notice provisions of OCGA § 11-9-505(2).” Even assuming that the assignment of the Gatskie note gave Burns the authority to foreclose on the businesses, the record does not support the trial court’s finding. Burns never gave Hansford notice that she intended to retain the collateral in satisfaction of the debt. “The written notice required by OCGA § 11-9-505(2) must clearly state the creditor’s proposal to retain the collateral in satisfaction of the debt and must notify the debtor that he has 21 days in which to raise an objection to such a proposal.” (Citations omitted.) Chen, 216 Ga.App. at 880(1), 456 S.E.2d 237.
In this case, the July 17, 1996 notice letter referred to “taking back the collateral” but did not say that retention of the collateral would be in satisfaction of the debt, nor did the letter refer specifically to OCGA § 11-9-505. The September 10, 1996 notice invoked OCGA § 11-9-504 and indicated that Burns had retaken the collateral and intended to sell it at a private sale. Again, the notice did not say that retention of the collateral would be in satisfaction of the debt, nor did it refer specifically to OCGA § 11-9-505. Because Burns has identified no communication which would constitute notice that the collateral would be retained in satisfaction of the debt, she did not act under the authority of OCGA § 11-9-505. Anderson, Uniform Commercial Code, Vol. 9A, § 9-505:37, p. 677. Therefore, Burns never acquired fee simple title to the businesses and could not sell them to Gatskie as she purported to do. MTI Systems Corp. v. Hatziemanuel, 151 A.D.2d 649, 542 N.Y.S.2d 710, 711 (1989) (secured party may become the legal owner of collateral after default only by retaining the collateral in satisfaction of the debt in compliance with UCC § 9-505(2) or by purchasing the collateral at a sale).
Because Burns failed to comply with the strict foreclosure procedure provided by OCGA § 11-9-505, the foreclosure was governed by OCGA § 11-9-504. Chen, 216 Ga.App. at 880(1), 456 S.E.2d 237. Any disposal of collateral under OCGA § 11-9-504 must be commercially reasonable. OCGA § 11-9-504(3). Generally, “the issue of commercial reasonableness is to be decided by the trier of fact.” ITT Terryphone Corp. v. Modems Plus, 171 Ga.App. 710, 713-714(3), 320 S.E.2d 784 (1984). In this case, the secured party (Joan Burns) sold the collateral at a private sale, and within hours the buyer (Gatskie) resold the collateral to a third party for more than 13 times what he paid. There was no evidence before the trial court that Burns solicited more than one buyer. Hansford carried his burden in opposing summary judgment of identifying evidence that the sale of the collateral was not commercially reasonable.
Where a sale of collateral does not comply with OCGA § 11-9-504, the debtor can recover actual damages under OCGA § 11-9-507 for any loss caused by an inadequate sale price. Willis v. Healthdyne, 191 Ga.App. 671, 673(1), 382 S.E.2d 651 (1989). Because Hansford raised a question of fact regarding whether Burns’ disposition of the collateral was commercially reasonable, the trial court erred in granting Burns’ motion for summary judgment on Hansford’s claim for damages from the sale of the collateral.
3. The trial court erred in granting summary judgment to Gatskie and R & G Services on Hansford’s suit on the Gatskie note. The trial court concluded that Hansford failed to properly disclose the existence of the Gatskie note to the bankruptcy court. Applying Byrd v. JRC Towne Lake, 225 Ga. App. 506, 484 S.E.2d 309 (1997), the trial court ruled that because Hansford failed to list the Gatskie note in his Chapter 13 petition, he was judicially estopped from pursuing that claim later.
The record, however, does not support the trial court’s conclusion that as a matter of law Hansford failed to disclose the claim. Before filing his Chapter 13 petition, Hansford transferred the Gatskie note to a corporation, HanJa, Inc. Before Hansford’s Chapter 13 plan was confirmed on June 27, 1996, Hansford filed an amendment to the plan which showed that within one year of filing for bankruptcy Hansford had sold a business for $80,000 cash and a promissory note of $80,000 which was in default. On February 900*900 5, 1998, after Hansford’s Chapter 13 plan was confirmed, but before all payments under the plan were completed, the bankruptcy court conducted a hearing on Hansford’s motion to employ certain counsel. After a discussion about the Gatskie note, the bankruptcy court suggested that the note should be conveyed back to Hansford and any proceeds distributed to Hansford’s creditors. On February 9, 1998, HanJa, Inc. transferred the Gatskie note to Hansford. On February 13, 1998, Hansford filed an amendment to his Chapter 13 petition, adding the Gatskie note to the schedule of debtor’s personal property as an account receivable. All of these events, which were documented in the record before the trial court, occurred before the bankruptcy case was concluded. Therefore, the trial court erred in concluding that Hansford did not disclose his claim under the Gatskie note “in the bankruptcy case” as required by Byrd. “Under such circumstances, it cannot be said as a matter of law that plaintiff intentionally attempted to manipulate and deceive the court system, or that he was attempting to make a mockery of the system through inconsistent pleading.” Johnson v. Trust Co. Bank, 223 Ga.App. 650, 651, 478 S.E.2d 629 (1996). Accordingly, the trial court erred in applying the doctrine of judicial estoppel to bar Hansford’s suit on the Gatskie note.
[1] Hansford initially bought the businesses with a partner, Vincent Cumberbatch. Cumberbatch later abandoned his share to Hansford, and Hansford took over sole responsibility for the note.
[2] The amount paid represented $5,771.59 principal balance and $484.22 interest on the second Hansford note plus $3,099.50 attorney fees.
Chen v. Profit Sharing Plan of Bohne, 456 SE 2d 237 216 Ga. App. 878 (1995)
CHEN v. PROFIT SHARING PLAN OF Dr. Donald H. BOHNE, DDS, P.A.
No. A94A2018.
Reconsideration Denied March 28, 1995.
Certiorari Denied June 1, 1995.
238*238 Ferguson & Saunders, Richard J. Storrs, Steven M. Kushner, Atlanta, for appellant.
David G. Crockett, Atlanta, for appellee.
Richard Chen brought an action against the Profit Sharing Plan of Dr. Donald H.
239*239 Bohne, DDS, P.A., by and through Dr. Donald H. Bohne, DDS, as its trustee (“the Profit Sharing Plan”), seeking (in relevant part) damages stemming from the Profit Sharing Plan’s alleged conversion of collateral worth substantially more than amounts due on the underlying debt. The facts upon opposing motions for summary judgment reveal the following:
On August 28, 1986, Chen acquired a $95,500 promissory note and security deed from Frances F. Blankenship encumbering Blankenship’s real property. This note bears interest at a rate of ten percent per annum, is based on thirty-year amortization of the loan and calls for a “balloon payment” of the remaining principal balance upon expiration of ten years. Blankenship is thus required to pay 120 consecutive monthly installments in the amount of $838.08.[1] However, before Blankenship’s first payment became due on November 1, 1986, Chen exchanged the first 60 installments due under the loan for $29,132 in cash from the Profit Sharing Plan. He also assigned the Blankenship note and security deed to the Profit Sharing Plan and executed a document entitled, “AGREEMENT,” whereby Chen assigned the Profit Sharing Plan as agent for servicing the Blankenship note and agreed to allow the Profit Sharing Plan to keep all proceeds of any foreclosure sale (regardless of surplus) resulting from default under the Blankenship note. Chen had the right to avoid any such foreclosure by either curing the default or paying the Profit Sharing Plan the “unamortized principal balance as shown on the amortization schedule, plus all advances and costs.”[2] The Profit Sharing Plan agreed to reassign the Blankenship note and security deed to Chen after receipt of the first 60 installments under the Blankenship note.
On August 22, 1988, Chen borrowed $20,000 from the Profit Sharing Plan in exchange for a $20,000 promissory note bearing interest at a rate of 21 percent per annum, providing for monthly interest payments in the amount of $368.38, “with additional payments of principal paid on any due date of interest in amounts of $1,000.00 minimum and $1,000.00 increments,” and requiring payment of the entire loan balance upon expiration of 34 months.[3] Chen pledged the Blankenship note and security deed as collateral for this loan, executing a “TRANSFER AND ASSIGNMENT” of the note and security deed and a document entitled, “ADDENDUM,” whereby Chen agreed to sell the remaining 60 installments under the Blankenship note to the Profit Sharing Plan for $29,132. This “ADDENDUM” also provides that, “[i]n the event [Chen] shall fail to make said payments under the terms and conditions of [the $20,000 promissory] note made this date[,] the assignment of the collateral shall stand and no further duty shall be held between the parties, and the transfer shall be complete in full.”
After 18 installments, Chen stopped making payments under the $20,000 promissory note in July 1990, and the Profit Sharing Plan (allegedly) posted a letter to Chen dated August 6, 1990, providing (in pertinent part) as follows: “[D]ue to [your] default, [the Profit Sharing Plan] claims all rights pursuant to various transfer agreements of promissory note and deed to secure debt from you to [the Profit Sharing Plan] which [the Profit Sharing Plan] already holds an interest. Such note and security deed originally executed by Frances F. Blankenship dated August 29, 1986 shall be subject to private sale at any time after August 20, 1990, which date is ten days subsequent to your presumed receipt of this letter allowing reasonable time 240*240 for delivery of same.” Chen denies receiving any such demand from the Profit Sharing Plan and deposes (in his affidavit) that he “never received any notice from the [Profit Sharing Plan] indicating or stating that the [Profit Sharing Plan] proposed to retain the Collateral in satisfaction of the obligation [under the $20,000 note].”
In an order granting summary judgment in favor of the Profit Sharing Plan, the trial court found (in pertinent part) that the Profit Sharing Plan did not wrongfully convert the Blankenship note and security deed and that the demand letter purportedly transmitted to Chen on August 6, 1990, was sufficient to satisfy the notice requirements of OCGA § 11-9-505(2). This Code subsection allows for retention of collateral (upon default) in satisfaction of an underlying debt, but only upon written notice informing the debtor that he has 21 days in which to object to any such proposed retention of collateral. Although recognizing that the August 6, 1990, letter from the Profit Sharing Plan does not explicitly inform Chen of a proposal to retain the Blankenship note and security deed in satisfaction of the underlying debt, the trial court found the letter sufficient to place Chen on notice of such a proposal because it informed Chen that the Profit Sharing Plan claims “`all rights pursuant to various transfer agreements of promissory note and deed to secure debt …'” and the “Agreement … between the parties … states `(i)n the event [Chen] shall fail to make said payments under the terms and conditions of [the $20,000 promissory] note made this date[,] the assignment of the collateral shall stand and no further duty shall be held between the parties, and the transfer shall be complete in full.'” Chen complains of this ruling on appeal. Held:
1. “OCGA § 11-9-505(2) provides for the only situation in which collateral can be retained by a secured party in satisfaction of a debt. Under that Code section, the secured party has the option of retaining the collateral in satisfaction of the obligation, provided the creditor gives written notice of such proposal if he has not signed a statement after default renouncing or modifying his rights under this subsection.” (Emphasis supplied.) Willis v. Healthdyne, Inc., 191 Ga.App. 671, 673(2), 382 S.E.2d 651. The written notice required by OCGA § 11-9-505(2) must clearly state the creditor’s proposal to retain the collateral in satisfaction of the debt and must notify the debtor that he has 21 days in which to raise an objection to such a proposal. Anderson, Uniform Commercial Code, Volume 9, § 9-505:15, p. 807. See Braswell v. American Nat. Bank, 117 Ga.App. 699, 700, 161 S.E.2d 420. Compare Motor Contract Co. of Atlanta v. Sawyer, 123 Ga.App. 207, 209(3), 180 S.E.2d 282. The purpose of requiring such written notice of a creditor’s proposal to retain collateral in lieu of the debt and of prohibiting waiver of such notice before default (in cases not involving the sale of accounts or chattel paper, OCGA § 11-9-502(2); C C Financial v. Ross, 250 Ga. 832, 833(2), 301 S.E.2d 262) is to provide the debtor with options for reducing his loss when collateral has a value greater than the debt via redemption pursuant to OCGA § 11-9-506 or liquidation in a commercially reasonable manner as required by OCGA § 11-9-504. Stensvad v. Miners etc. Bank of Roundup, 163 Mont. 409, 517 P.2d 715, 717 (1973). Allowing a debtor to reject a secured creditor’s proposal to retain collateral in lieu of debt (after default) not only protects the debtor’s right to mitigate his loss, it protects the creditor from claims of the debtor that the creditor should have disposed of the collateral. Herring Mining Co. v. Roberts Bros. Coal Co., 747 S.W.2d 616, 619 (1988). See Anderson, Uniform Commercial Code, Volume 9, § 9-505:5, p. 800.
In the case sub judice, the letter allegedly posted to Chen on August 6, 1990, neither stated a proposal for the Profit Sharing Plan to retain the collateral in satisfaction of Chen’s debt, nor advised Chen of his right to object to such disposition within 21 days after transmission of the written proposal. Moreover, the condition in the “ADDENDUM” providing for full and complete assignment and transfer of the collateral upon default by Chen amounted to nothing more than an unenforceable attempt at predefault waiver of the debtor’s rights under Article 9 of Georgia’s Uniform Commercial Code. Kellos v. Parker-Sharpe, Inc., 245 241*241 Ga. 130, 132(2), 133, 263 S.E.2d 138; GEMC Fed. Credit Union v. Shoemake, 151 Ga.App. 705(1), 706, 261 S.E.2d 443. Notwithstanding, the Profit Sharing Plan contends Chen was not entitled to notice under OCGA § 11-9-505(2) because OCGA § 11-9-104(h) specifically excludes transactions involving transfers of interests in or liens on real estate from the requirements of Article 9. This argument is without merit.
It is clear that Article 9 does not apply “to the creation or transfer of an interest in or lien on real estate….” OCGA § 11-9-104(h). However, the transaction between Chen and the Profit Sharing Plan does not involve the “creation” or “transfer” of an instrument involving an “interest in” or “lien on” real estate, it involves pledge of collateral or “lien” against negotiable instruments. “`A pledge is a bailment of personal property as a security for some debt or engagement, the property being redeemable on specified terms.’ 68 AmJur2d 876, Secured Transactions, § 50. As succinctly stated in First Nat. Bank v. Hattaway, 172 Ga. 731, 735, 158 S.E. 565 (1931) `a pledge … is property deposited with another as security for the payment of a debt.’ The essential elements of a pledge are: `1) the existence of a debt or obligation and 2) the transfer of property to the pledgee, to be held as security.’ Williams v. Espey, 11 Utah 2d 317, 358 P.2d 903 (1961)…. Regarding a pledge, possession passes, but not title. The pledge creates a lien on the property by the pledgee while legal title remains in the pledgor. Bromley v. Bromley, 106 Ga.App. 606, 608, 127 S.E.2d 836 (1962).” Shedd v. Goldsmith Chevrolet, 178 Ga.App. 554, 557(3), 343 S.E.2d 733.
Although Chen gave the Profit Sharing Plan possession of the Blankenship note and security deed and executed a “TRANSFER AND ASSIGNMENT” of these instruments to the Profit Sharing Plan, the specific language of the “ADDENDUM” executed by the parties reveals that Chen completed these acts to enable the Profit Sharing Plan to “hold the [Blankenship] note and Security Deed … as collateral for said loan….” Thus, while the Profit Sharing Plan had possession of the Blankenship security deed and note at the time of Chen’s default, title to these instruments never vested in the Profit Sharing Plan. The Profit Sharing Plan only acquired a lien against the commercial paper, i.e., the security deed and the note. Consequently, since the transaction in the case sub judice never resulted in the “creation” or “transfer” of an interest in or lien against real property, the Profit Sharing Plan was not exempt from complying with any notice provision required under Article 9 of Georgia’s Uniform Commercial Code.
The trial court erred in finding that the letter allegedly posted to Chen on August 6, 1990, complied with the notice requirements of OCGA § 11-9-505(2) and in granting summary judgment in favor of the Profit Sharing Plan. Chen is entitled to recover either damages for conversion of the collateral after default or damages prescribed by OCGA § 11-9-507(1). UIV Corp. v. Oswald, 139 Ga.App. 697, 700, 229 S.E.2d 512. See Anderson, Uniform Commercial Code, Volume 9, § 9-505:29, p. 813. Compare Willis v. Healthdyne, Inc., 191 Ga.App. 671, 382 S.E.2d 651, supra, where the debtor suffered no damage as a result of failure to provide notice pursuant to OCGA § 11-9-505(2); and Barney v. Morris, 168 Ga.App. 426, 309 S.E.2d 420, where the jury rejected the debtor’s claim for loss of profits because of a lack of notice of repossession of the collateral.
2. In light of our holding in Division 1 of this opinion, it is unnecessary to address Chen’s remaining enumeration of error.
[1] This ten-year balloon loan has an expected yield of $91,915.54. The principal balance of the loan after ten years is expected to be $86,845.81.
[2] This agreement provides an effective annual yield of more than twenty-four percent for the Profit Sharing Plan and is based on five-year amortization of a debt with an original principal balance equal to the amount the Profit Sharing Plan paid Chen for the first five years of the Blankenship loan, i.e., $29,132.
[3] According to a ledger sheet attached to the affidavit of Donald H. Bohne, DDS, the $368.38 monthly payments prescribed by this note cover only half of the monthly interest accruals on the 21 percent loan. Based on Bohne’s figures, $32,521.52 would be the amount due on the $20,000 loan upon successful completion of all 34 payments prescribed by this promissory note.
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September 21, 2011 by nootkabear
Wall Street protest enters fourth day
Posted in fraud, injustice, Judges, judicial corruption, law, legal, pro se	| Tagged Business, Collateralized debt obligation, Corrupt Judges, Credit rating agency, Deed, Deutsche Bank, Financial Services, Foreclosure, fraud, Goldman Sachs, Government, JPMorgan Chase, Law, legal, Mortgage loan, Pro Se, United States, United States Senate Homeland Security Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, Washington Mutual | 3 Comments
Posted in fraud, injustice, Judges, judicial corruption, law, legal, pro se	| Tagged Business, Collateralized debt obligation, Corrupt Judges, Credit rating agency, Deed, Deutsche Bank, Financial Services, Foreclosure, fraud, Goldman Sachs, Government, JPMorgan Chase, Law, legal, Mortgage loan, Pro Se, United States, United States Senate Homeland Security Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, Washington Mutual | Leave a comment
September 18, 2011 by nootkabear
http://www.atlawblog.com/2011/04/former-dekalb-court-clerk-sues-successor/