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⭐Construction Focus Four: Caught In or Between Hazards
Construction Focus Four: Caught In or Between Hazards
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1 OSHA Training Institute Construction Focus Four: Caught In or Between Hazards INSTRUCTOR GUIDE OSHA Directorate of Training and Education April 20112 3 Construction Focus Four: Caught-In or -Between Hazards Table of Contents TRAINER PREPARATION GUIDANCE... i Online Resources...ii Overview... 1 Topic 1: What is a caught-in or -between hazard?... 3 A. Definition... 3 B. Examples... 4 C. Statistics... 6 Topic 2. What are common types of caught-in or -between hazards in construction?... 7 A. Machinery that has unguarded moving parts... 7 B. Buried in or by... 9 C. Pinned between Topic 3. How can I protect myself from caught-in or -between hazards? A. Use machinery that is properly guarded B. Ensure that machinery is supported, secured or otherwise made safe C. Protect yourself from being pinned between equipment D. Protect yourself on excavation sites E. Training Topic 4. What is my employer required to do to protect workers from caught-in or between hazards? A. Provide guards on power tools and other equipment with moving parts B. Support, secure or otherwise make safe equipment having parts C. Take measures to prevent workers being crushed by heavy equipment D. Take measures to prevent workers from being pinned between equipment.. 15 E. Provide protection for workers during trenching and excavation work F. Provide means to avoid the collapse of structures scaffolds G. Provide means to avoid workers being crushed by collapsing walls H. Designate a competent person I. Provide training for workers Summary References/Sources APPENDIX Appendix A: Caught-In or -Between Hazards Lesson Test...A1 Appendix B: Review Exercise...B1 Appendix C: Student Handouts...C1 04/20114 Construction Focus Four: Caught-In or -Between Hazards 04/2011 Page ii5 Construction Focus Four: Caught-In or -Between Hazards TRAINER PREPARATION GUIDANCE The Construction Focus Four: Caught-In or -Between Hazards lesson is part of the 4-hour block consisting of segments on each of the Focus Four Hazards: Falls, Caught-In or -Between, Struck-By and Electrocution. Because most construction fatalities are caused by fall hazards, falls must be covered for at least one hour, and we recommend at least one hour and 15 minutes. The other focus four hazards lessons, such as this one, must be covered for a minimum of one-half hour each. This training is developed to be used in both the 10- and 30-hour OSHA Outreach Training programs and if applicable, for other safety and health training purposes. Using the Instructor Guide (IG): The IG consists of instructions for trainer preparation, resources, a lesson plan, references, and Appendices. The IG contains content, activities and notes for the instructor. It is not intended to be a script that is read verbatim to the students. Rather, instructors should review the entire guide (including referenced materials and internet links) prior to conducting training, and use it as a resource in their planning and presentation. The learning objectives and testing: The Construction Focus Four: Caught-In or -Between Hazards lesson segment was developed based on the terminal (TO) and enabling objectives (EO) below. These objectives are the expected student outcomes; therefore, 1) the instructor may not vary from these objectives when planning the training session; and 2) the objectives must be measured by testing the student s achievement. A test is provided in Appendix A; however, the trainer may develop a modified set of test questions to meet the needs of the audience as well as to measure the student s achievement of the stated objectives. TO: Given current OSHA and industry information regarding construction worksite illnesses, injuries and/or fatalities, the student will be able to recognize Caught-in or -between hazards in construction. Specifically, the student will be able to: EO 1: Identify common caught-in or -between hazards EO 2: Describe types of caught-in or -between hazards EO 3: Protect themselves from caught-in or -between hazards EO 4: Recognize employer requirements to protect workers from caught-in or -between hazards Using the Slid Presentation: The Microsoft PowerPoint 2003 presentation file consists of caught-in or - between hazard recognition photos which the trainer may use as an activity during the session. The presentation format is one slide asking if students recognize any hazards followed by a slide displaying the same photo containing the answer. The instructor may add additional slides to the presentation based on the lesson content or use their own slides, if appropriate to the lesson content. Appendices: Provided in the Appendices are the instructor and student copies of the lesson test, lesson activity documents along with student handouts. Refer to the Table of Contents for details. Media and/or Teaching Methods: This lesson is one of four segments covering the construction focus four hazards. It has been set up as a facilitated, interactive training session. Students are given small chunks of information, and then are able to practice their understanding of the subject matter via activities and workshops. There is a lesson test provided for each focus four segment. Ideal Setting or Conditions for the Training Session: The ideal setting is a classroom or other area where students have space to break into groups. Disclaimer: This Compliance Assistance product is not a standard or regulation, and it creates no new legal obligations. The Compliance Assistance product is advisory in nature, informational in content, and is intended to assist employers in providing a safe and healthful workplace. Pursuant to the Occupational Safety and Health Act, employers must comply with safety and health standards promulgated by OSHA or by a State with an OSHA-approved State Plan. In addition, pursuant to Section 5(a)(1), the General Duty Clause of the Act, employers must provide their employees with a workplace free from recognized hazards likely to cause death or serious physical harm. Employers can be cited for violating the General Duty Clause if there is a recognized hazard and they do not take reasonable steps to prevent or to abate the hazard. However, failure to implement these recommendations is not, in itself, a violation of the General Duty Clause. Citations can only be based on standards, regulations, and the General Duty Clause. 04/2011 Page i6 Construction Focus Four: Caught-In or -Between Hazards Online Resources OSHA etools OSHA Construction etool: OSHA Lockout/Tagout etool: OSHA Machine Guarding etool: OSHA Publications OSHA 3120 Control of Hazardous Energy (Lockout/Tagout): OSHA 2226 Excavations: OSHA 3080 Hand and Power Tools: OSHA 3150 A Guide to Scaffold Use in the Construction Industry: OSHA Quick Cards Demolition Safety Tips (also available in Spanish): Top Four Construction Hazards (also available in Spanish): Working Safely in Trenches (also available in Spanish): OSHA Safety & Health Topic Page Control of Hazardous Energy (Lockout/Tagout): Hand and Power Tools: Machine Guarding: Residential Construction Industry: Trenching and Excavation: NIOSH Safety & Health Topic Page Machine Safety: Trenching and Excavation: NIOSH Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation (FACE) Program: Electronic Library of Construction Occupational Safety & Health materials, developed by CPWR Center for Construction Research and Training, with funding from NIOSH NOTE: Materials may be copyrighted. 04/2011 Page ii7 Construction Focus Four: Caught-In or -Between Hazards Overview The purpose of this lesson is to provide workers with information that will enable them to recognize common caught-in or -between hazards at construction worksites. This Instructor Guide is intended to be used when presenting the OSHA Training Institute Construction Outreach 10- and 30-hour course. The lesson is comprised of the following four topics: 1. What is a caught-in or -between hazard? 2. What are the common types of caught-in or -between hazards in construction? 3. How can I protect myself from caught-in or -between hazards? 4. What is my employer required to do to protect workers from caught -in or -between hazards? Materials Needed Training Preparation Student Handouts Flip chart and markers Presentation slides Student handouts Student copies of planned activities Copy of the OSHA Construction Standards Copies of Fatal Facts Accident Summary(s) worksheets for students Copies of test for students Small prizes for class activities If activity files are used for hazard recognition, copy PPTinstrHazRecAlt_Ca ughtiorb_april2011.pdf and PPTstudentHazRecAlt_ CaughtIorB_April2011.p df Review Online Resources listed in this document Review OSHA Construction standards Review instructor materials on Review Exercise, Test, and Fatal Facts Accident Summary(s) in Appendices A, B, C Make copies of Review Exercise and Test for students found in Appendix A and B Make copies of Fatal Facts worksheets for students found in Appendix C The 10 Fatal Facts Accident Summary worksheets the students will complete during this session become their handouts to refer to for hazard recognition and prevention 04/2011 Page 18 Construction Focus Four: Caught-In or -Between Hazards Instruction for this session: 1. Ask the class for an example of a hazard on a construction site that could cause a worker to be caught-in or -between objects. Discuss the examples with the class. Be sure that examples of the most common caught-in or -between hazards (caught in machinery; buried in or by; crushed by; pinned between) are covered. 2. Discuss Content section. 3. Show photos of caught-in or -between hazards and have the class identify the caught-in or between hazards in each. Obtain photos of activities that are relevant to the audience or use some of the photos from the Hazard Recognition slides. 4. If time permits, conduct one of the following small group activities: Accident Prevention Workshop (Determination of Accident Prevention Recommendations) Select Fatal Facts to use (see presentation file and Appendix C). Divide the class into 3 groups and have each group analyze one of the scenarios and provide recommendations for the prevention. Hazard Recognition Competition - Divide the class into two teams. Display hazard recognition photos. The first team to correctly identify a hazard in the photo gets a point highest score wins. Award a small prize (candy bar, pen, or some other small object) to the members of the winning team 5. Conduct the lesson test and discuss answers with the students NOTES: Refer to hazard recognition presentation file titled: CaughtIorB_HazRec_ ppt As an alternative, trainers can use their own photos in the hazard recognition presentation. If the presentation is used as provided, the trainer can use the activity files provided to add interactivity by having the students involved in note taking. To conduct the activity, locate and print the PDF files titled: PPTinstrHazRecAlt_CaughtIorB_A pril2011.pdf and PPTstudentHazRecAlt_CaughtIorB _April2011.pdf For group activity Accident Prevention Workshop option, use Fatal Fact Accident Summary scenarios see file: AccidentPrevWorkshop.ppt Numbers 15, 31, and 73 are suggested; see file and refer to Appendix C for answers and student worksheets. A complete set of Fatal Facts can be found at: FatalFacts.html Locate instructor and student copies of test in Appendix A. 04/2011 Page 29 Construction Focus Four: Caught-In or -Between Hazards Topic 1: What is a caught-in or -between hazard? A. Definition B. Examples C. Statistics NOTES: Content for Topic 1: A. Definition The key factor in making a determination between a Caught event and a Struck event is whether the impact of the object alone caused the injury. When the impact alone creates the injury, the event should be recorded as Struck. When the injury is created more as a result of crushing injuries between objects, the event should be recorded as Caught. Events that should be classified as Caught include: Cave-ins (trenching) Being pulled into or caught in machinery and equipment (this includes strangulation as the result of clothing caught in running machinery and equipment) Being compressed or crushed between rolling, sliding, or shifting objects such as semi-trailers and a dock wall, or between a truck frame and a hydraulic bed that is lowering Transportation accidents in which at least one vehicle was in normal operation are not included in this discussion of caught-in or between hazards. According to OSHA, caught-in or - between hazards are defined as: Injuries resulting from a person being squeezed, caught, crushed, pinched, or compressed between two or more objects, or between parts of an object. This includes individuals who get caught or crushed in operating equipment, between other mashing objects, between a moving and stationary object, or between two or more moving objects. 04/2011 Page 310 Construction Focus Four: Caught-In or -Between Hazards B. Examples Caught- in or -between hazards in construction cause accidents such as the following: A worker was ripping a 6-inch piece of wood on an unguarded compound miter saw. His left thumb was caught in the saw and amputated. An employee was performing diagnostic work on a water truck at a construction site. The worker crawled under the operating truck. The employee s work shirt collar and coveralls became caught on a projecting set screw on the rotating pump shaft. The set screw pulled him into the pump shaft. The employee died en route to the hospital. A worker climbed onto an I-beam to clean muck off the tail pulley of a conveyor belt attached to a separator. While the conveyor system was energized and in operation, the employee reached between the feed and return of the belt in front of the tail pulley with his hand to brush the muck off the belt. He was caught by the moving belt, and his hand and arm were pulled into a pinch point in the tail pulley. The employee s arm was fractured. A worker was in the bottom of a 9.5-foot deep trench, setting grade for concrete pipe while the employer was installing additional shoring. During the shoring installation, the west wall at the south end of the excavation caved-in and covered the worker. There was no shoring or protective system at the location of the trench. The employee was dug out by coworkers and the fire department and survived. An employee and a co-worker were working in a 9-foot deep excavation installing water pipes, when the south side of the excavation caved in on the employee and buried him. The employee was killed. NOTES: Select examples to discuss with the class, or provide examples of accidents related to the type of work your audience does. You can locate accident summaries on OSHA s website. Go to: entsearch.html Within the keyword field, enter a keyword to be searched against. For example, to obtain accident investigations involving trenching or excavation cave-ins, enter the key word Cave-In. To view a list of key words, use the keyword list at the bottom of the Accident Investigation Search page. Another source of accident descriptions is the NIOSH Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation (FACE) Program. Go to: 04/2011 Page 411 Construction Focus Four: Caught-In or -Between Hazards Two laborers were framing out footing for foundation walls in an excavation 100-foot long by 45-foot wide by 10-foot deep. The adjacent property along the north wall of the excavation consisted of seven garages, with a 10-foot high cinderblock wall. The cinderblock wall was undermined approximately 2 feet and was not supported. The wall collapsed, crushing the laborers. One was killed and the other was taken to the hospital for back and shoulder injuries. A worker was operating a road grader when the engine died and the vehicle began to roll toward a small ravine. The employee jumped off the grader but was pulled under the grader as it overturned. He was killed when he was crushed underneath the tires. An employee was working from an aerial lift, which was in the up position, under an I-beam. He accidentally came into contact with the drive/steer lever, which made the manlift move. The employee was killed when he was pinned between the I-beam and manlift control panel. A worker was cleaning an asphalt paving spreader. Another worker was repairing a pavement roller. The roller was accidently put into motion and it rolled toward the spreader. The first employee was injured when he was pinned between the two machines. An employee was placing dunnage underneath the sheet metal. A coworker was operating a powered industrial forklift loading sheet metal onto a flatbed truck. As the coworker was loading the sheet metal onto the flatbed truck, one of the bands holding the sheet metal together either broke or the clamp was not properly secured. The back band failed and the load of sheet metal slid forward onto the employee, pinning him under the sheet metal and against a dumpster. The employee was hospitalized and treated for a fractured leg and a dislocated knee. NOTES: 04/2011 Page 512 Construction Focus Four: Caught-In or -Between Hazards C. Statistics In 2008, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reported that the total number of fatal work injuries involving caught-in or between hazards remained about the same for all of private industry as in However, the number of such fatalities has increased by approximately 10% since In 2008, the private construction industry alone accounted for 92 of the caught-in or between fatalities, or approximately 23% of the total. NOTES: For the most current statistical data, or for more detail, see: The number of fatalities involving caught-in or between hazards in the private construction industry has decreased by about 20% since The biggest decrease in caught-in or between fatalities in the private construction industry has been in excavation or trenching cave-ins. There were 44 such fatalities in 2003 and only 16 in Altogether, 975 private-industry construction workers died on the job in 2008, with 92 of them (9%) killed as a result of caught-in or between hazards. Occupational fatalities caused by caught in- or between hazards are serious concerns. This lesson will help you identify these hazards at your worksite so that you can be protected. Review Exercise Distribute Review Exercise worksheet to students. Provide time to complete the worksheet and discuss the correct answers. Locate the Review Exercise in Appendix B. 04/2011 Page 613 Construction Focus Four: Caught-In or -Between Hazards Topic 2. What are the common types of caught-in or -between hazards in construction? A. Machinery that has unguarded moving parts causing caught-in or -between incidents B. Buried in or by C. Pinned between Content for Topic 2 Some of the working conditions that contribute to caught in- or between hazards include: Machinery that has unguarded moving parts or that is not lockedout during maintenance; unprotected excavations and trenches; heavy equipment that tips over, collapsing walls during demolition; and working between moving materials and immovable structures, vehicles, or equipment. A. Machinery that has unguarded moving parts Major Hazards: Almost all sites use machinery that has moving or rotating parts or that requires maintenance or repair at some point during construction. If machinery is not properly guarded or de-energized during maintenance or repair, injuries from caught-in or between hazards may result, ranging from amputations and fractures to death. When machines or power tools are not properly guarded, workers can get their clothing or parts of their body caught in the machines. If machines are not de-energized (locked-out) when they are being repaired, they may cycle or otherwise start up and catch a worker s body part or clothing and cause injury or death. NOTES: For additional information on Caught-In Machinery hazards, refer to list of online resources to find: OSHA Safety & Health Topic Page for Control of Hazardous Energy (Lockout/Tagout) OSHA Safety & Health Topic Page for Hand and Power Tools OSHA Safety & Health Topic Page for Machine Guarding OSHA 3120 Control of Hazardous Energy (Lockout/Tagout) OSHA 3080 Hand and Power Tools OSHA Lockout/Tagout etool OSHA Machine Guarding etool NIOSH Safety & Health Topic Page on Machine Safety Workers can be trapped and crushed under heavy equipment that tips, especially if they are thrown from the equipment. 04/2011 Page 714 Construction Focus Four: Caught-In or -Between Hazards Examples of accidents related to machinery or tools that are unguarded; machine parts that are not sufficiently supported, secured or otherwise made safe; and equipment that tips over. Classroom Exercise Fatal Facts Accident Summary Reports Discuss the following accidents and how each could have been prevented. A three-man crew was installing an underground telephone cable in a residential area. They had just completed a bore hole under a driveway using a horizontal boring machine. The bore hole rod had been removed from the hole. While the rod was still rotating, the operator straddled it and stooped over to pick it up. His trouser leg became entangled in the rotating rod and he was flipped over. He struck tools and materials, sustaining fatal injuries. A laborer was steam cleaning a scraper. The bowl apron had been left in the raised position. The hydraulically controlled apron had not been blocked to prevent it from accidently falling. The apron did fall unexpectedly and the employee was caught between the apron and the cutting edge of the scraper bowl. The apron weighed approximately 2500 pounds. An employee was driving a front-end loader up a dirt ramp onto a lowboy trailer. The tractor tread began to slide off the trailer. As the tractor began to tip, the operator, who was not wearing a seat belt, jumped from the cab. As he hit the ground, the tractor s rollover protective structure fell on top of him, crushing him. NOTES: Go to: cidentsearch.html and search by keyword for additional examples To display the slides associated with the Fatal Facts activity see file: AccidentPrevWorkshop.ppt Distribute student worksheets. Refer to Fatal Facts Accident Summary. 18 Distribute student worksheets. Refer to Fatal Facts Accident Summary. 5 Distribute student worksheets. Refer to Fatal Facts Accident Summary /2011 Page 815 Construction Focus Four: Caught-In or -Between Hazards B. Buried in or by Major Hazards: The major hazard related to buried in or by is cave-ins of unprotected trenches and excavations. Cave-ins crush or suffocate workers. In addition, trenches may contain hazardous atmospheres; workers can drown in water, sewage, or chemicals in the trenches; and if working around underground utilities, workers may also face burns, electrocution or explosions from steam, hot water, gas, or electricity. Workers who are working underneath large scaffolds may also be buried if the scaffolds collapse. Workers may be buried and crushed by walls that collapse during demolition. Examples of accidents related to buried in or by hazards Classroom Exercise Fatal Facts Accident Summary Reports Discuss the following accidents and how each could have been prevented. An employee was installing a small diameter pipe in a trench 3 feet wide, feet deep and 90 feet long. The trench was not shored or sloped nor was there a box or shield to protect the employee. Further, there was evidence of a previous cave-in. The employee apparently reentered the trench, and a second cave-in occurred, burying him. He was found face down in the bottom of the trench. An employee was working in a trench 4 feet wide and 7 feet deep. About 30 feet away a backhoe was straddling the trench. The backhoe operator noticed a large chunk of dirt falling from the side wall behind the worker in the trench. He called out a warning. Before the worker could climb out, 6 to 8 feet of the trench wall had collapsed on him and covered his body up to his neck. He suffocated before the backhoe operator could dig him out. There were no exit ladders. sloping or shoring had been used in the trench. NOTES: For additional information on trenching and excavations, see: OSHA Safety & Health Topic Page for Trenching and Excavation OSHA 2226 Excavations NIOSH Safety & Health Topic Page on Trenching and Excavation: Supported Scaffold Inspection Tips OSHA Quick Card Demolition Safety Tips OSHA Quick Card (also available in Spanish) Go to: entsearch.html and search by keyword for additional examples To display the slides associated with the Fatal Facts activity see file: AccidentPrevWorkshop.ppt Distribute student worksheets. Refer to FatalFacts Accident Summary. 22 Distribute student worksheets. Refer to FatalFacts Accident Summary /2011 Page 916 Construction Focus Four: Caught-In or -Between Hazards C. Pinned between Major Hazards: You can be pinned between equipment and a solid object, such as a wall or another piece of equipment; between materials being stacked or stored and a solid object, such as a wall or another piece of equipment; or between shoring and construction materials in a trench. These types of hazards can result in multiple broken bones, asphyxiation, or death. Examples of accidents related to pinned between hazards: Classroom Exercise Fatal Facts Accident Summary Reports Discuss the following accidents and how each could have been prevented. Contractor was operating a backhoe when an employee attempted to walk between the swinging superstructure of the backhoe and a concrete wall. The employee approached the backhoe from the operator s blind side; the superstructure crushed him against the wall. Four workers were in an excavation approximately 9 feet wide, 32 feet long and 7 feet deep. Steel plates being used as shoring, were placed vertically against the north and south walls of the excavation at a 30-degree angle [no horizontal braces between the plates]. The steel plate on the south wall tipped over, pinning (and killing) an employee between the steel plate and the pipe casing. The backhoe was being operated adjacent to the excavation. NOTES: For additional information on pinned between hazards, see: OSHA 3150 A Guide to Scaffold Use in the Construction Industry: sha3080.pdf Go to: entsearch.html and search by keyword for additional examples To display the slides associated with the Fatal Facts activity see file: AccidentPrevWorkshop.ppt Distribute student worksheets. Refer to FatalFacts Accident Summary. 50 Distribute student worksheets. Refer to FatalFacts Accident Summary /2011 Page 1017 Construction Focus Four: Caught-In or -Between Hazards Topic 3. How can I protect myself from caught-in or -between hazards? NOTES: A. Use Machinery that is Properly Guarded B. Use Other Methods to Ensure that Machinery Is Sufficiently Supported, Secured or Otherwise Made Safe C. Protect Yourself from Being Pinned Between Equipment, Materials, or Other Objects D. Protect Yourself on Excavation Sites E. Training CONTENT for Topic 3: A. Use machinery that is properly guarded Never remove a safety guard when a tool is being used. Hazardous moving parts of power tools and equipment need to be safeguarded. For example, belts, gears, shafts, pulleys, sprockets, spindles, drums, fly wheels, chains, or other reciprocating, rotating, or moving parts of equipment must be guarded if such parts are exposed to contact by workers. Be sure to avoid wearing loose clothing or jewelry that can be caught in moving parts. B. Use other methods to ensure that machinery is sufficiently supported, secured or otherwise made safe Make sure that your equipment is de-energized and cannot be started accidentally. First, disconnect tools when not in use, before servicing, and when changing accessories such as blades, bits, and cutters. Turn off vehicles before you do maintenance or repair work. If possible, lock out the power source to the equipment. The type of power source may be electric, pneumatic, liquid fuel, hydraulic, or powder-actuated. Lower or block the blades of bulldozers, scrapers, and similar equipment before you make repairs or when the equipment is not in use. 04/2011 Page 1118 Construction Focus Four: Caught-In or -Between Hazards C. Protect yourself from being pinned between equipment, materials, or other objects Be aware at all times of the equipment around you and stay a safe distance from it. Never place yourself between moving materials and an immovable structure, vehicle, or stacked materials Make sure that all loads carried by equipment are stable and secured Stay out of the swing radius or cranes and other equipment. Wear a seatbelt, if required, to avoid being thrown from a vehicle and then potentially being crushed by the vehicle if it tips over NOTES: D. Protect yourself on excavation sites Do not work in an unprotected trench that is 5 feet deep or more. The type of protection may be one of the following: Sloping or benching. Sloping is cutting back the sides of the trench to a safe angle so it won t collapse. Benching uses a series of steps that approximate the safe sloping angle. The angle depends on the soil type. Trench box or shield. These do not prevent cave-ins but protect the workers who are in them if a cave-in happens. Shoring. Shoring are wooden structures or mechanical or hydraulic systems that support the sides of an excavation. Enter or exit a trench or excavation only by using a ladder, stairway or properly designed ramp that is placed within the protected area of the trench. Do not work outside of the confines of the protection system! E. Training Make sure you have the proper training on the equipment and hazards of your job so that you can do your work safely. 04/2011 Page 1219 Construction Focus Four: Caught-In or -Between Hazards Topic 4. What is my employer required to do to protect workers from caught-in or between hazards? A. Provide guards on power tools and other equipment with moving parts B. Support, secure or otherwise make safe equipment having parts that workers could be caught between C. Take measures to prevent workers from being crushed by heavy equipment that tips over D. Take measures to prevent workers from being pinned between equipment and a solid object E. Provide protection for workers during trenching and excavation work F. Provide means to avoid the collapse of structures scaffolds G. Provide means to avoid workers being crushed by collapsing walls during demolition or other construction activities H. Designate a competent person I. Provide training for workers NOTES: This section highlights selected requirements only and is not a comprehensive coverage of the standards. OSHA construction standards that have requirements designed to reduce the occurrence of caught-in or between hazards can be found in 29 CFR 1926: Subpart I Tools Hand and Power; Subpart L Scaffolds; Subpart N Cranes, Derricks, Hoists, Elevators, and Conveyors; Subpart O Motor Vehicles, Mechanical Equipment, and Marine Operations; Subpart P Excavations; Subpart Q Concrete and Masonry Construction; Subpart W Rollover Protective Structures; Overhead Protection; and Subpart T Demolition CONTENT for Topic 4: A. Provide guards on power tools and other equipment with moving parts OSHA standards require your employer to ensure that hand-held power tools are fitted with guards and safety switches. The type of guard will be determined by the power source of the tool (electric, pneumatic, liquid fuel, hydraulic, or powder-actuated). Exposed moving parts of power tools, such as belts, gears, shafts, pulleys, etc. must be guarded. Points-ofoperation where the work is actually performed on the materials must also be guarded. Power saws are a primary type of equipment that requires a point-ofoperation guard. In-running nip points, such as where the sanding belt runs onto a pulley in a belt sanding machine, must also be guarded. Guards are also required on other equipment with moving parts, such as chain drives on cranes, to which workers may be exposed. 04/2011 Page 1320 Construction Focus Four: Caught-In or -Between Hazards B. Support, secure or otherwise make safe equipment having parts that workers could be caught between Your employer should provide a lock-out/tag-out program or equivalent system to ensure that equipment is not accidentally energized during maintenance or repair. Lockout/tagout procedures are specifically required for equipment used in concrete and masonry operations. Bulldozer and scraper blades, end-loader buckets, dump bodies, and similar equipment must be blocked or fully lowered when being repaired or not in use. NOTES: C. Take measures to prevent workers being crushed by heavy equipment that tips over The best way to prevent workers being crushed by heavy equipment that tips over is to prevent the equipment from tipping over in the first place. For examples, cranes can tip over if the load capacity is exceeded, or the ground is not level or too soft. OSHA requires that your employer designate a competent person to inspect crane operations to identify working conditions that are hazardous to workers, including ensuring that the support surface is firm and able to support the load. Your employer must make sure that material handling equipment is equipped with rollover protective structures. OSHA standards require that motor vehicles, forklifts, and earthmoving equipment must be equipped with seat belts. Your employer must require their use. The use of seat belts will prevent workers being thrown from a vehicle or equipment and subsequently being crushed when the vehicle or equipment tips over. 04/2011 Page 14 View more
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