Source: http://www.patentsencyclopedia.com/app/20130059116
Timestamp: 2018-04-25 08:05:40
Document Index: 639007569

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IPC8 Class: AD04H112FI
Patent application number: 20130059116
1. A water vapor-permeable barrier unit, constructed with at least one piece of shoe reinforcement material, in which the shoe reinforcement material has a fiber composite with a first fiber component and a second fiber component, having two fiber parts, in which: the first fiber component has a first melting point and a first softening temperature range lying beneath it and a second fiber part of the second fiber component has a second melting point and a second softening temperature range lying beneath it; the first melting point and the first softening temperature range are higher than the second melting temperature and the second softening temperature range; the first fiber part of the second fiber component has a higher melting point and a higher softening temperature range lying beneath it than the second fiber part; and the fiber composite, is thermally bonded, while retaining water-vapor-permeability in the thermally bonded area, as a result of thermal activation of the second fiber part of the second fiber component, with an adhesive softening temperature lying in the second softening temperature range; and in which the barrier unit is designed at least as part of a water vapor-permeable composite shoe sole with at least one through hole extending through the thickness of the composite shoe sole; and the barrier unit is designed, so that its shoe-reinforcement material, after preparation of the composite shoe sole, closes off at least one through hole as a barrier against penetration of foreign objects through the at least one through hole and therefore through the composite shoe sole.
2. A barrier unit according to claim 1, in which the first fiber component and the first fiber part of the second fiber component have essentially the same first melting point and essentially the same first softening temperature range lying beneath it, which are higher than the second melting point and the second softening temperature range lying beneath it of the second fiber part of the second fiber component.
3. A barrier unit according to claim 1, in which at least some of the fiber components of the fiber composite are glued to one another by at least partial softening of the second fiber component.
4. A barrier unit according to claim 1, in which the fiber composite is a textile.
5. A barrier unit according to claim 4, in which the fiber composite is a woven, warp-knit, knit, non-woven fabric, felt, mesh or lay.
6. A barrier unit according to claim 5, in which the fiber composite is a mechanically bonded non-woven material.
7. A barrier unit according to claim 6, in which the fiber composite is a needled felt.
8. A barrier unit according to claim 1, in which at least part of the second fiber component, and optionally the second fiber part of the second fiber component, can be thermally activated at a temperature in the range between 80.degree. C. and 230.degree. C.
9. A barrier unit according to claim 1, in which the first fiber component, and optionally the first fiber part of the second fiber component, are melt-resistant at a temperature of at least 130.degree. C.
10. A barrier unit according to claim 9, in which the first fiber component, and optionally the first fiber part of the second fiber component, are melt-resistant at a temperature of at least 170.degree. C.
11. A barrier unit according to claim 10, in which the first fiber composite, and optionally the first fiber part of the second fiber component, are melt-resistant at a temperature of at least 250.degree. C.
12. A barrier unit according to claim 1, in which the first fiber component, and optionally the first fiber part of the second fiber component, is chosen from the material group comprising natural fibers, synthetic fibers, metal fibers, glass fibers, carbon fibers, and mixtures thereof.
13. A barrier unit according to claim 1, in which the second fiber component, and optionally the second fiber part of the second fiber component, is constructed with at least one synthetic fiber.
14. A barrier unit according to claim 1, in which at least one of the two fiber components, and optionally at least one of the two fiber parts of the second fiber component, is chosen from the material group comprising polyolefins, polyamide, copolyamide, viscose, polyurethane, polyacrylic, polybutyelene terephthalate, and mixtures thereof.
15. A barrier unit according to claim 14 in which the polyolefin is chosen from polyethylene and polypropylene.
16. A barrier unit according to claim 12, in which the first fiber component, and optionally the first fiber part of the second fiber component, is chosen from the material group polyester and copolyester.
17. A barrier unit according to claim 12, in which at least the second fiber component, and optionally at least the second fiber part of the second fiber component, has at least one thermoplastic material.
18. A barrier unit according to claim 17, in which the second fiber component, and optionally the second fiber part of the second fiber component, is chosen from the material group polyamide, copolyamide, polybutylene phthalate, and polyolefin.
19. A barrier unit according to claim 17, in which the second fiber component, and optionally the second fiber part of the second fiber component, is chosen from the material group polyester and copolyester.
20. A barrier unit according to claim 19, in which both fiber parts of the second fiber component are made of polyester, whereby the polyester of the second fiber part has a lower melting point with a softening temperature range below it than the polyester of the first fiber part.
21. A barrier unit according to claim 1, in which at least the second fiber component has a core-shell structure, and the second fiber part forms the shell.
22. A barrier unit according to claim 1, in which at least the second fiber component has a side-to-side structure, one side of which is constructed with the second fiber part of the second fiber component.
23. A barrier unit according to claim 1, in which the second fiber component has a weight percentage, with respect to the basis weight of the fiber composite, in the range from 10% to 90%.
24. A barrier unit according to claim 23, in which the second fiber component has a weight percentage, with respect to the basis weight of the fiber composite, in the range from 10% to 60%.
25. A barrier unit according to claim 24, in which the second fiber component has a weight percentage, with respect to the basis weight of the fiber composite, of 50%.
26. A barrier unit according to claim 24, in which the second fiber component has a weight percentage, with respect to the basis weight of the fiber composite, of 20%.
27. A barrier unit according to claim 1, in which, for both fiber components, and optionally the two fiber parts of the second fiber component, fiber materials are chosen, whose melting points differ by at least 20 C°.
28. A barrier unit according to claim 1 that is thermally bonded over at least part of its thickness.
29. A barrier unit according to claim 1 that is thermally bonded over at least part of its thickness and compressed for surface smoothing on at least one surface by means of pressure and temperature.
30. A barrier unit according to claim 1, finished with one or more agents from the material group water-repellants, dirt-repellants, oil-repellants, antibacterial agents, deodorants, and combinations thereof.
31. A barrier unit according to claim 1, in which the stabilizing material is treated to be water-repellant, dirt-repellent, oil-repellent, antibacterial, and/or against odor.
32. A barrier unit according to claim 1, with a water-vapor permeability of at least 4000 g/m2-24 h.
33. A barrier unit according to claim 32, with a water-vapor permeability of at least 7000 g/m2-24 h.
34. A barrier unit according to claim 33, with a water-vapor permeability of at least 10,000 g/m2-24 h.
35. A barrier unit according to claim 1, with a thickness in the range from at least 1 mm to 5 mm.
36. A barrier unit according to claim 35, with a thickness in the range from at least 1 mm to 2.5 mm.
37. A barrier unit according to claim 36, with a thickness in the range from at least 1 mm to 1.5 mm.
38. A barrier unit having a fiber composite with two fiber components, in which: a first fiber component consists of polyester and has a first melting point and a first softening-temperature range lying below it; the second fiber component has a core-shell structure and a first polyester fiber part forming the core and a second polyester fiber part forming the shell; the second fiber part has a second melting point and a second softening-temperature range lying below it, whereby the first melting point and the first softening temperature-range are higher than the second melting point and the second softening-temperature range; the first fiber part has a higher melting point and a higher softening-temperature range than the second fiber part; the fiber composite is thermally bonded, while retaining water-vapor permeablity in the thermally bonded area, as a result of thermal activation of the second fiber part of the second fiber component with an adhesive softening temperature lying in the second softening-temperature range; and the fiber component is a needled felt that is compressed on at least one of its surfaces by pressure and temperature.
39. A barrier unit according to claim 38, obtained by surface compression of a surface of the fiber composite with a surface pressure in the range from 1.5 N/cm2 to 4 N/cm2 at a temperature of 230.degree. C. for 10 s.
40. A barrier unit according to claim 1, in which at least one reinforcement device is assigned to at least one piece of the shoe-reinforcement material.
41. A barrier unit according to claim 40, in which the at least one reinforcement device is designed in such a way that at least 15% of the area of the forefoot area of the composite shoe sole is water-vapor-permeable.
42. A barrier unit according to claim 41, in which the at least one reinforcement device is designed in such a way that at least 25% of the area of the forefoot area of the composite shoe sole is water-vapor-permeable.
43. A barrier unit according to claim 42, in which the at least one reinforcement device is designed in such a way that at least 40% of the area of the forefoot area of the composite shoe sole is water-vapor-permeable.
44. A barrier unit according to claim 43, in which the at least one reinforcement device is designed in such a way at least 50% of the area of the forefoot area of the composite shoe sole is water-vapor-permeable.
45. A barrier unit according to claim 44, in which the at least one reinforcement device is designed in such a way that at least 60% of the area of the forefoot area of the composite shoe sole is water-vapor-permeable.
46. A barrier unit according to claim 45, in which the at least one reinforcement device is designed in such a way that at least 75% of the area of the forefoot area of the composite shoe sole is water-vapor-permeable.
47. A barrier unit according to claim 40, in which the at least one reinforcement device is designed in such a way that at least 15% of the area of the midfoot area of the composite shoe sole is water-vapor-permeable.
48. A barrier unit according to claim 47, in which the at least one reinforcement device is designed in such a way that at least 25% of the area of the midfoot area of the composite shoe sole is water-vapor-permeable.
49. A barrier unit according to claim 48, in which the at least one reinforcement device is designed in such a way that at least 40% of the area of the midfoot area of the composite shoe sole is water-vapor-permeable.
50. A barrier unit according to claim 49, in which the at least one reinforcement device is designed in such a way that at least 50% of the area of the midfoot area of the composite shoe sole is water-vapor-permeable.
51. A barrier unit according to claim 50, in which the at least one reinforcement device is designed in such a way that at least 60% of the area of the midfoot area of the composite shoe sole is water-vapor-permeable.
52. A barrier unit according to claim 51, in which the at least one reinforcement device is designed in such a way that at least 75% of the area of the midfoot area of the composite shoe sole is water-vapor-permeable.
53. A barrier unit according to claim 40, in which the at least one reinforcement device is designed in such a way that at least 15% of the area of the front half of the longitudinal extent of the composite shoe sole is water-vapor-permeable.
54. A barrier unit according to claim 53, in which the at least one reinforcement device is designed in such a way that at least 25% of the area of the front half of the longitudinal extent of the composite shoe sole is water-vapor-permeable.
55. A barrier unit according to claim 54, in which the at least one reinforcement device is designed in such a way that at least 40% of the area of the front half of the longitudinal extent of the composite shoe sole is water-vapor-permeable.
56. A barrier unit according to claim 55, in which the at least one reinforcement device is designed in such a way that at least 60% of the area of the front half of the longitudinal extent of the composite shoe sole is water-vapor-permeable.
57. A barrier unit according to claim 56, in which the at least one reinforcement device is designed in such a way that at least 75% of the area of the front half of the longitudinal extent of the composite shoe sole is water-vapor-permeable.
58. A barrier unit according to claim 50, in which the at least one reinforcement device is designed in such a way that at least 15% of the longitudinal extent of the composite shoe sole minus the heel area is water-vapor-permeable.
59. A barrier unit according to claim 58, in which the at least one reinforcement device is designed in such a way that, at least 25% of the longitudinal extent of the composite shoe sole minus the heel area is water-vapor-permeable.
60. A barrier unit according to claim 59 in which the at least one reinforcement device is designed in such a way that at least 40% of the longitudinal extent of the composite shoe sole minus the heel area is water-vapor-permeable.
61. A barrier unit according to claim 60, in which the at least one reinforcement device is designed in such a way that at least 60% of the longitudinal extent of the composite shoe sole minus the heel area is water-vapor-permeable.
62. A barrier unit according to claim 61, in which the at least one reinforcement device is designed in such a way that at least 75% of the longitudinal extent of the composite shoe sole minus the heel area is water-vapor-permeable.
63. A barrier unit according to claim 40, in which the reinforcement device is provided with at least one opening that, after preparation of the composite shoe sole, forms at least one part of the through hole and is closed with the shoe-reinforcement material.
64. A barrier unit according to claim 63, in which the reinforcement device has a number of openings, all of which are closed with one piece of the shoe-reinforcement material.
65. A barrier unit according to claim 63, in which the reinforcement device has a number of openings that are each closed with a piece of the barrier unit.
66. A barrier unit according to claim 40, in which the reinforcement device is designed in the shape of a sole or partial sole.
67. A barrier unit according to claim 40, in which the reinforcement device has at least one reinforcement frame that stabilizes at least the composite shoe sole.
68. A barrier unit according to claim 67, in which the reinforcement frame can be fitted into the at least one through hole or into at least one of the through holes of the composite shoe sole.
69. A barrier unit according to claim 40, in which the at least one opening has an area of at least 1 cm.sup.2.
70. A barrier unit according to claim 69, in which the at least one opening has an area of at least 5 cm.sup.2.
71. A barrier unit according to claim 70, in which the at least one opening has an area of at least 8 cm2 to 15 cm.sup.2.
72. A barrier unit according to claim 70, in which the at least one opening has an area of at least 20 cm.sup.2.
73. A barrier unit according to claim 72, in which the at least one opening has an area of at least 40 cm.sup.2.
74. A barrier unit according to claim 40, in which the reinforcement device is constructed with at least one reinforcement bar that is arranged on at least one surface of the shoe-reinforcement material and at least partly bridges the area of opening.
75. A barrier unit according to claim 40, in which the reinforcement device is constructed with at least one reinforcement frame and at least one reinforcement bar arranged on it, whereby the reinforcement bar is arranged on at least one surface of the shoe-reinforcement material and at least partially bridges the area of the opening.
76. A barrier unit according to claim 74, in which the reinforcement device has several reinforcement bars that form a grid-like structure on at least one surface of the shoe-reinforcement material.
77. A barrier unit according to claim 40, in which the reinforcement device is constructed with at least one thermoplastic material.
78. A barrier unit according to claim 40, in which the reinforcement device and the shoe-reinforcement material are at least partially joined to each other.
79. A barrier unit according to claim 78, in which the reinforcement device and the shoe-reinforcement material are joined to each other by means of at least one joining technique chosen from gluing, welding, molding on, molding around, vulcanizing on and vulcanizing around.
80. A barrier unit according to claim 40, in which the barrier unit forms the composite shoe sole.
81. A barrier unit according to claim 40, in which the reinforcement device of the barrier unit is designed as an outsole.
82. A barrier unit according to claim 40, in which the barrier unit and the outsole form the composite shoe sole.
[0001] The present application is a continuation application of allowed U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/281,510 filed Sep. 3, 2008, further claims the benefit of PCT/EP2007/001819 filed Mar. 2, 2007, and further claims the benefit of German Patent Application No. DE 10 2006 009 974.5 filed Mar. 3, 2006.
[0003] The need to decide, as an alternative, either on a waterproof shoe bottom structure that blocks sweat moisture or on one permeable to sweat moisture, but also water-permeable, no longer exists, since there have been shoe-bottom structures that are waterproof, despite water vapor-permeability, specifically based on the use of a perforated outsole or one provided with through holes and a waterproof, water vapor-permeable functional layer arranged above it, for example, in the form of a membrane, Documents EP 0,275,644 A2, EP 0,382,904 A2, EP 1,506,723 A2, EP 0,858,270 B1, DE 100 36 100 C1, EP 959,704 B1, WO 2004/028,284 A1, DE 20 2004 08539 U1, and WO 2005/065479 A1 provide examples.
[0023] In one embodiment of the shoe-reinforcement material according to the invention, its fiber composite is a textile fabric, which can be a woven, warp-knit, knit, or non-woven fabric, or a felt, mesh, or lay. In a practical embodiment, the fiber composite is a mechanically strengthened non-woven material, in which mechanical bonding can be achieved by needling of the fiber composite. Water-jet bonding can also be used for mechanical bonding of the fiber composite, where, instead of true needles, water jets are used for mechanical bonding entanglement of the fibers of the fiber composite.
[0039] In one embodiment of the invention, the materials of the two fiber components, and optionally for the two fiber parts of the second fiber component, are chosen in such a way that their melting points differ by at least 20 C°.
[0135] FIG. 14c shows the shoe depicted in FIG. 13 provided with another example of a composite sole according to the invention.
[0163] shows a composite sole in another embodiment.
[0165] shows a composite shoe sole in another embodiment.
[0183] In the case of material 5, in one embodiment of the invention, the needle-bonded and thermally bonded non-woven material, which also has very good reinforcement, is then subjected to hydrophobic finishing, for example, by a dipping process in a liquid that causes hydrophobization, in order to minimize the suction effects of the non-woven material. After the hydrophobization bath, the non-woven material is dried under the influence of heat, during which the hydrophobic property of the applied finishing is further improved. After the drying process, the non-woven material passes through sizing rollers, in which a final thickness of, say, 1.5 mm is set.
[0184] In order to achieve a particularly smooth surface, the non-woven material is then exposed to temperature and pressure again, in order to melt the fiber parts, namely the second fiber component in the shell of the bico on the surface of the non-woven and to press it against a very smooth surface by means of pressure applied simultaneously. This occurs either with appropriate calendering devices or by means of a heated compression die, whereby a separation material layer can be introduced between the non-woven and the heated pressure plate, which can be silicone paper or Teflon, for example.
[0185] Surface smoothing by thermal surface compression is performed on only one area of both surfaces of the non-woven material, depending on the desired properties of the barrier material.
[0186] As already shown by the comparison table, the non-woven material so produced has high stability against a tearing load and possesses good puncture resistance, which is important when the material is used as a barrier material to protect a membrane.
[0187] The material 5 just described represents a first embodiment example of the barrier material used according to the invention, in which both fiber components consist of polyester, both fiber components have a weight percentage of 50% in the total fiber composite, and the second fiber component is a polyester core-shell fiber of the bico type.
[0188] Additional embodiment examples of the barrier material used according to the invention will now be considered briefly:
[0189] A shoe-reinforcement material in which both fiber components consist of polyester and have a weight percentage of 50% each in the total fiber composite, and the second fiber component is a bico of polyester of the side-by-side type.
[0190] Except for the special bico structure, the shoe-reinforcement material according to embodiment example 2 is produced in the same way and has the same properties as the shoe-reinforcement material according to embodiment example 1 with a bico fiber of the core-shell type.
[0191] A shoe reinforcement material, in which both fiber components each have a weight percentage of 50% and the first fiber component 2 is a polyester and the second fiber 3 component is a polypropylene.
[0192] In this embodiment example, no bico is used, but a single-component fiber is used instead as second fiber component. For production of the fiber composite, only two fiber components with different melting points are chosen. In this case, the polyester fiber (with a melting point of about 230° C.) with a weight fraction of 50% represents the support component, whereas the polypropylene fiber, also with a weight fraction of 50%, has a lower melting point of about 130° C. and therefore represents the gluable bonding component. The production process otherwise runs as in embodiment example 1. In comparison with embodiment example 2, the non-woven according to embodiment example 3 has lower heat stability, but it can also be produced using lower temperatures.
[0193] A shoe-reinforcement material with a percentage of 80% polyester as the first fiber component 2 and a polyester core-shell bico as the second fiber component 3.
[0194] In this embodiment example, production again occurs as in embodiment example 1, the only difference being that the percentage of second fiber component forming the bonding component is changed. Its weight percentage is now only 20% compared to 80% of the weight formed by the first fiber component 2, which has a higher melting point. Because of the proportionate reduction in bonding component, the stabilizing effect of the obtained shoe-reinforcement material is reduced. This can be advantageous when a non-woven material with high mechanical lifetime combined with increased flexibility is required. The temperature resistance of this non-woven material corresponds to that of the first embodiment example.
[0195] Some embodiment examples of a composite shoe sole and a barrier unit and details of it are now considered by means of FIGS. 4 through 12.
[0196] FIG. 4 shows a partial cross-section through a composite shoe sole 21 with an underlying outsole 23 and a shoe-reinforcement device 25 situated above it, before this composite shoe sole 21 is provided with a barrier material. The outsole 23 and the shoe-reinforcement device 25 each have openings 27 and 29, which together form a passage 31 through the total thickness of the composite shoe sole 21. The passage 31 is therefore formed by the intersection surface of the two passage openings 27, 29. To complete this composite shoe sole 21, barrier material 33 (not shown in FIG. 4) is placed in the passage opening 29 or arranged above it.
[0197] FIG. 5 shows an example of a barrier unit 35 with a piece of barrier material 33 held by a reinforcement device 25.
[0198] In one embodiment, the reinforcement device is molded around the peripheral area of the piece of barrier material 33 or molded onto it, so that the material of the reinforcement device 25 penetrates into the fiber structure of the barrier material 33 and is cured there and forms a solid composite.
[0199] As a material for molding the reinforcement device or molding onto the reinforcement device, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) is suitable, which leads to very good enclosure of the barrier material, and is well bonded to it.
[0200] In another embodiment, the shoe-reinforcement material 33 is glued to the reinforcement device 25. The reinforcement device 25 preferably has a reinforcement frame 147 that stabilizes at least the composite shoe sole 21.
[0201] FIG. 6 shows a barrier unit 35 in which a piece of barrier material 33 is enclosed by a reinforcement device 25 in the sense that the edge area of the barrier material 33 is not only surrounded by the reinforcement device 25, but also held on both surfaces.
[0202] FIG. 7 shows a barrier unit 35 in which a piece of stabilizing material 33 is held by a reinforcement device 25. The shoe-reinforcement material 33 is provided on at least on one surface with at least one reinforcement bar, which at least partially bridges the area of the opening. The at least one reinforcement bar 37 is preferably arranged on a bottom facing the outsole.
[0203] FIG. 8 shows a barrier unit 35 in which a piece of shoe-reinforcement material 33 is provided with a reinforcement device 25 in the form of at least one reinforcement bar 37. The reinforcement bar 37 is arranged on at least one surface of the shoe-reinforcement material 33, preferably on the surface directed downward toward the outsole 23.
[0204] FIG. 9 shows a barrier unit 35 in which a piece of shoe-reinforcement material 33 is provided with a reinforcement device 25, so that the shoe-reinforcement material 33 is applied to at least one surface of the reinforcement device 25. The shoe-reinforcement material 33 then covers the passage opening 29.
[0205] FIG. 10 shows a composite shoe sole 21 according to FIG. 4 that has a barrier unit 35 according to FIG. 5 above the outsole 23.
[0206] For all the above described embodiments according to FIGS. 4 through 10, it is true that the bonding material during molding on, molding around, or gluing between the barrier material 33 and the reinforcement device 25 not only adheres to the surfaces being joined, but also penetrates into the fiber structure and cures there. The fiber structure is therefore additionally strengthened in its joining area.
[0207] Two embodiments of reinforcement-bar patterns of reinforcement bars 37 applied to a surface of the barrier material 33 are shown in FIGS. 11 and 12. Whereas in the case of FIG. 11, three individual bars 37a, 37b, and 37c are arranged in a T-shaped mutual arrangement on a circular surface 43, for example, the bottom of barrier material 33, which corresponds to a through hole of the composite shoe sole 21, for example, by gluing onto the bottom of the barrier material, in the case of FIG. 12, a reinforcement bar device in the form of a reinforcement mesh 37d is provided.
[0208] Embodiments of shoes designed according to the invention will now be explained with reference to FIGS. 13 through 29, whereby their individual components will also be considered, especially in connection with the corresponding composite shoe sole 21.
[0209] FIG. 13 shows, in a perspective oblique view from the bottom, an embodiment example of a shoe 101 according to the invention with a shaft 103 and a composite shoe sole 105 according to the invention. The shoe 101 has a forefoot area 107, a midfoot area 109, a heel area 111, and a foot-insertion opening 113. The composite shoe sole 105 has a multipart outsole 117 on its bottom, which has an outsole part 117a in the heel area, an outsole part 117b in the area of the ball of the foot, and an outsole part 117c in the toe area of the composite shoe sole 105. These outsole parts 117 are attached to the bottom of a reinforcement device 119 that has a heel area 119a, a midfoot area 119b, and a forefoot area 119c. The composite shoe sole 105 will be further explained in detail with reference to the following diagrams.
[0210] Additional components of the composite shoe sole 105 can be damping sole parts 121a and 121b, which are applied in the heel area 111 and in the forefoot area 107 on the top of the reinforcement device 119. The outsole 117 and the reinforcement device 119 have passage openings that form through holes through the composite shoe sole. These through holes are covered by barrier materials 33a-33d in a water-vapor-permeable manner.
[0211] FIG. 14a shows the shoe 101 according to FIG. 13 in a manufacturing stage in which the shaft 103 and the composite shoe sole 105 are still separate from each other. The shaft 103 is provided on its lower end area on the sole side with a shaft bottom 221 that has a waterproof, water-vapor-permeable shaft-bottom functional layer, which can be a waterproof, water-vapor-permeable membrane. The functional layer is preferably a component of a multilayer functional-layer laminate that has at least one protective layer, for example, a textile backing, as processing protection, in addition to the functional layer. The shaft bottom 115 can also be provided with a shaft-mounting sole. However, there is also the possibility of assigning the function of shaft-mounting sole to the functional-layer laminate. The composite shoe sole also has the through holes 31 already mentioned in FIG. 8, which are covered with barrier material parts 33a-33d. The bars 37 are shown within the peripheral edge of the corresponding through holes. In other embodiments, three through holes or two through holes or one through hole can be provided. In another embodiment, more than four through holes are provided. The composite shoe sole 105 can be attached to the shaft end on the sole side either by molding on or gluing, in order to produce the state according to FIG. 12. For a detailed explanation of the functional layer and its laminate and the connection with the mounting sole, the description and FIGS. 22 through 27 are referred to.
[0212] FIG. 14b shows the same shoe structure as in FIG. 14a, with the difference that the shoe in FIG. 13a has four through holes 31, whereas the shoe according to FIG. 14b is equipped with two through holes 31. It can be seen here that the bars 37 are arranged within the peripheral edge of the corresponding through hole 31 and do not form a limitation of the through hole 31. The area of a through hole is determined minus the total area of the bars bridging it, since this bar surface blocks water-vapor transport.
[0213] FIG. 14c also shows the same shoe structure as in FIG. 14a, in which the four through holes 31 in this embodiment are free of reinforcement bars 37. The through holes 31 can then be closed, as in FIGS. 14a and 14b, with one or more pieces of reinforcement material 33.
[0214] FIG. 15 shows a composite shoe sole 105 with a top lying away from the outsole 117. The reinforcement device 119 is covered in its middle area 119b and its forefoot area 119c with several pieces 33a, 33b, 33c, and 33d of the barrier material 33 with which through holes of the composite shoe sole 105 not visible in FIG. 15 are covered. In the heel area and in the forefoot area of the composite shoe sole 105, a damping sole part 121a and 121b is applied to the top of the reinforcement device 119, essentially over the entire surface in the heel area and with recesses in the forefoot area wherever the barrier material parts 33b, 33c and 33d are situated.
[0215] Since the outsole parts of the outsole 117, the reinforcement device 119, and the damping sole parts 121a and 121b have different functions within the composite shoe sole, they are appropriately also constructed with different materials. The outsole parts that are supposed to have good abrasion resistance, consist, for example, of a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) or rubber. "Thermoplastic polyurethane" is the term for a number of different polyurethanes that can have different properties. For an outsole, a thermoplastic polyurethane can be chosen with high stability and slip resistance. The damping sole parts 121a and 121b, which are supposed to produce shock absorption during walking movements of the user of the shoe, consist of correspondingly elastically compliant material, for example, ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) or polyurethane (PU). The reinforcement device 119, which serves as a holder for the non-coherent outsole parts 117a, 117b, 117c and for the also non-coherent damping sole parts 121a, 121b and serves as a reinforcement element for the entire composite shoe sole 105, and is supposed to have corresponding elastic rigidity, consists of at least one thermoplastic material. Examples of appropriate thermoplastics are polyethylene, polyamide, polyamide (PA), polyester (PET), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polyvinylchloride (PVC). Other appropriate materials are rubber, thermoplastic rubber (TR), and polyurethane (PU). Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) is also suitable.
[0216] The composite shoe sole depicted in FIG. 15 is shown in an exploded view in FIG. 16, i.e., in a view in which the individual parts of the composite shoe sole 105 are shown separately from one another, except for the shoe-reinforcement material parts 33a, 33b, 33c, and 33d, which are already shown arranged on the reinforcement device parts 119b and 119c. In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 16, the reinforcement device 119 has its parts 119a, 119b, and 119c as initially separate parts that are joined to one another to reinforcement device 119 during assembly of the composite shoe sole 105, which can occur by welding or gluing of the three reinforcement-device parts to one another. As will still be explained in conjunction with FIG. 19, openings are situated beneath the barrier material parts, which, together with openings 123a, 123b, and 123c in the outsole parts 117a, 117b, and 117c, form through holes 30 of the type already explained in connection with FIG. 4, and whereby barrier material parts 33a-33d are covered in a water-vapor-permeable manner. A passage opening 125 in the heel part 119a of the reinforcement device 119 is not closed with barrier material 33, but with the full-surface damping sole part 121a. A better damping effect on the composite shoe sole 105 in the heel area of the shoe is thereby achieved, where sweat moisture removal, under some circumstances, can be less required, since foot sweat mostly forms in the forefoot and midfoot area, but not in the heel area.
[0217] The damping sole part 121b is provided with passage openings 127a, 127b, and 127c, dimensioned so that the shoe-reinforcement material parts 33b, 33c, 33d can be accommodated within an enclosing limitation edge 129a, 129b, or 129c of the reinforcement device part 119c in the passage openings 127a, 127b, and 127c.
[0218] In another embodiment, no damping sole part 121 is proposed. In this case, the parts of the reinforcement device 119a, 119b, and 119c have a flat surface without a limitation edge 129a, 129b, 129c, so that the shoe-reinforcement material 33 is positioned flush with the surface of the reinforcement device in its openings. The composite sole is only formed by the barrier unit, constructed from the shoe-reinforcement unit 33 and the reinforcement device 119, and the outsole.
[0219] The composite shoe-sole parts 105 shown in FIG. 16 are shown obliquely in FIG. 17 in an arrangement separate from one another, but in an oblique view from the bottom. It can be seen that the outsole parts 117a to 117c are provided in the usual manner with an outsole profile, in order to reduce the danger of slipping. The bottoms of the reinforcement-device parts 119a and 119e on their bottom also have several knob-like protrusions 131, which serve to accommodate complementary recesses to be seen in FIG. 16 in the tops of outsole parts 117a, 117b, and 117c for positionally correct joining of the outsole parts 117a to 117c to the corresponding reinforcement-device parts 119a and 119c. Openings 135a, 135b, 135c, and 135d are also visible in the reinforcement-device parts 119b and 119d in FIG. 17, which are covered with the corresponding shoe-reinforcement material 33a, 33b, 33c, and 33d in a water-vapor-permeable manner, so that the through holes 31 (FIG. 4) of the composite shoe sole 105 are closed in a water-vapor-permeable manner. In one embodiment, the barrier materials are arranged in such a way that their smooth surfaces are directed toward the outsole. The openings 135a to 135d are each bridged with a reinforcement mesh 137a, 137b, 137c, and 137e, which form a reinforcement structure in the area of the corresponding opening of the reinforcement device 119. These reinforcement meshes 137a-137e also act against the penetration of larger foreign objects up to the shoe-reinforcement material 33 or even farther, which could be felt as unpleasant by the user of the shoe.
[0220] In another embodiment, the barrier unit is additionally formed as an outsole with an outsole profile.
[0221] Connection elements 139 provided on the axial ends of the reinforcement part 119b on the midfoot side, must also be mentioned, which, during assembly of the reinforcement device 119 from the three reinforcement device parts 119a to 119c, can lie overlapping on the upper side of the reinforcement device parts 119a and 119c facing away from the outsole application side, in order to be attached there, for example, by welding or gluing.
[0222] FIG. 18 shows the two reinforcement device parts 119a and 119b, in an enlarged view compared to FIG. 17, before being attached to one another, whereby the openings 135b to 135d of the reinforcement device part 119c on the forefoot side and the reinforcement mesh structure situated in it can be seen particularly apparent. It is also clear that the middle reinforcement device part 119b shows a raised frame and mesh parts on the longitudinal sides. The shoe-reinforcement material piece 33a to be placed on the reinforcement device part 119b is provided on its long sides with correspondingly raised side wings 141. Through these raised parts, both the shoe-reinforcement part 119b and the barrier-material piece 33a, an adjustment to the shape of the lateral midfoot flanks is achieved. The remaining shoe-reinforcement material parts 33b to 33d are essentially flat, corresponding to the essentially flat design of the reinforcement device part 119c on the forefoot side.
[0223] FIG. 19 shows another embodiment of the forefoot area 107 and the midfoot area 109 according to FIG. 17. Here, the reinforcement device 119 is formed without reinforcement bars 37. The area of the reinforcement material 33 is then closed off flatly with the surface of the reinforcement device 119. The openings 135a-d are each equipped with continuous support protrusions 150 to accommodate the reinforcement material 33 so that it can be fit into the openings 135a-d.
[0224] It should be added in general here that the at least one opening 135a-135d of the reinforcement device 119b and 119c is bounded by the frame 147 of the reinforcement device 119 and not by the bars 37 present in the openings 135a-135d. The limitation edges 129a-129c, depicted in FIG. 17 in this embodiment, represent part of the corresponding frame 147.
[0225] It is also possible, instead of several shoe-reinforcement material parts 33b, 33c, 33d, to use a one-piece shoe-reinforcement material part. The mounting protrusions 150 and/or limitation edges 129a-129c must be configured accordingly.
[0226] Another modification of the barrier-unit part provided for the midfoot area with the reinforcement device part 119b and the shoe-reinforcement material part 33a is shown in FIGS. 20 and 21, in FIG. 20 in the finished mounted state and in FIG. 21 while these two parts are still separate from each other. In contrast to the embodiment in FIGS. 18 and 19, in the modification of FIGS. 21 and 20, the reinforcement part 119b provided for the midfoot area is provided in the middle area only with an opening and a reinforcement mesh 137a situated in it, whereas the two wing parts 143 on the long sides of the reinforcement device part 119b are designed to be continuous, i.e., have no opening, but are only provided on their bottom with reinforcement ribs 145. The shoe-reinforcement material piece 33a provided for this barrier-unit part is accordingly narrower than in the embodiments of FIGS. 18 to 19, because it does not require the side wings 141 according to FIGS. 18 and 19.
[0227] While embodiments of the composite shoe sole according to the invention 105 were explained with reference to FIGS. 15 through 21, embodiments in details of footwear according to the invention will now be explained with reference to FIGS. 22 through 29, the footwear being constructed with the composite shoe sole according to the invention. FIGS. 22, 24, and 25 show a embodiment of the footwear according to the invention in which the shaft bottom has a shaft-mounting sole and also a functional-layer laminate, while FIGS. 26 and 27 show a embodiment of footwear according to the invention in which a shaft-bottom functional layer laminate 237 simultaneously assumes the function of shaft-mounting sole 233. FIG. 28 shows another embodiment of the composite shoe sole 105.
[0228] In the two embodiments depicted in FIGS. 22 through 27, the shoe 101, in agreement with FIGS. 13 and 14a-c, has a shaft 103, which has an outer material layer 211 situated on the outside, a liner layer 213 situated on the inside, and a waterproof, water-vapor-permeable shaft functional layer 215 situated in between, for example, in the form of a membrane. The shaft functional layer 215 can be present in connection with the lining layer 213 as a two-ply laminate or as a three-ply laminate, whereby the shaft functional layer 215 is embedded between the liner layer 213 and a textile backing 214. The upper shaft end 217, depending on whether the sectional plane of the cross-sectional view depicted in FIGS. 22 and 26 lies in the forefoot area or midfoot area, is closed or open with respect to the foot-insertion opening 113 (FIG. 13). On the shaft-end area 219 on the sole side, the shaft 103 is provided with a shaft bottom 221, with which the lower end of the shaft 103 on the sole side is closed. The shaft bottom 221 has a shaft-mounting sole 223 that is connected to the shaft-end area 219 on the sole side, which occurs in the embodiments according to FIGS. 22 through 27 by means of a Strobel seam.
[0229] In the case of the embodiments of FIGS. 22, 24, and 25, in addition to the shaft-mounting sole 233, a shaft-bottom functional layer laminate 237 is provided that is arranged beneath the shaft-mounting sole 233 and extends beyond the periphery of the shaft-mounting sole 233 into the shaft-end area 219 on the sole side. The shaft-bottom functional layer laminate 237 can be a three-ply laminate in which the shaft bottom functional layer 248 is embedded between a textile backing and another textile layer. It is also possible to provide the shaft-bottom functional layer 247 only with the textile backing. The outer material layer 211 in the shaft end area 219 on the sole side is shorter than the shaft functional layer 215, so that a protrusion of the shaft functional layer 215 with respect to the outer material layer 211 is created there and exposes the outer surface of the shaft functional layer 215. Mostly for mechanical tension relief of the protrusion of the shaft functional layer 215, a mesh band 241 or another material that can be penetrated with sealant is arranged between the end 238 of the outer material layer 211 on the sole side and the end 239 of the shaft functional layer 215 on the sole side, the long side of which, facing away from the Strobel seam 237, is joined by means of a first seam 243 to the end 238 of the outer material layer 211 on the sole side, but not to the shaft functional layer 215, and whose long side, facing the Strobel seam 235, is joined by means of Strobel seam 235 to the end 239 of the shaft functional layer 215 on the sole side and to the shaft-mounting sole 233. The mesh band 241 preferably consists of a monofilament material, so that it has no water conductivity. The mesh band is preferably used for molded-on soles. If the composite sole is attached to the shaft by means of glue instead of the mesh band, the end 238 of the outer material layer 211 on the sole side can be attached by means of glue 249 to the lasting-shaft functional-layer laminate (FIG. 24). In the peripheral area 245, in which the shaft bottom functional layer laminate 237 protrudes beyond the periphery of the shaft mounting sole 233, a sealing material 248 is arranged between the shaft-bottom functional layer 237 and the end 239 of the shaft functional layer 215 on the sole side, by means of which a waterproof connection is produced between the end 239 of the shaft functional layer 215 on the sole side and the peripheral layer 245 of the shaft-bottom functional-layer laminate 237, this seal acting through the mesh band 241. The mesh band solution depicted in FIGS. 22, and 25 through 27 serves to prevent water that runs down or creeps down on the outer material layer 211 from reaching the Strobel seam 235 and advancing into the shoe interior from there. This is prevented by the fact that the end 238 of the outer material layer 211 on the sole side ends at a spacing from the end 239 of the shaft functional layer 215 on the sole side, which is bridged with the non-water-conducting mesh band 241, and the sealing material 248 is provided in the area of the protrusion of the shaft functional layer 215. The mesh band solution is known from document EP 0,298,360 B1.
[0230] Instead of the mesh band solution, all joining technologies used in the shoe industry for preferably waterproof joining of a shaft to the shaft bottom can be used. The depicted mesh band solution in FIGS. 22, 25-27 and the lasted solution in FIG. 24 are examples of embodiments.
[0231] The shaft structure depicted in FIG. 26 agrees with the shaft structure shown in FIG. 22, with the exception that no separate shaft mounting sole is provided there, but the shaft bottom functional layer laminate 237 simultaneously assumes the function of a shaft mounting sole 233. According to it, the periphery of the shaft bottom functional layer laminate 237 of the embodiment depicted in FIG. 26 is connected via Strobel seam 235 to the end 239 on the sole side of the shaft functional layer 215 and the sealing material 248 is applied in the area of the Strobel seam 235, so that the transition between the end 239 on the sole side of the shaft functional layer 215 and the peripheral area of the shaft-bottom functional layer laminate 237 is sealed completely, including the Strobel seam 235.
[0232] In both embodiments of FIGS. 22 and 26, an identically constructed composite shoe sole 105 can be used, as shown in these two diagrams. Since sectional views of shoes 101 are shown in the forefoot area in FIGS. 22 and 26, these diagrams are a sectional view of the forefoot area of the composite shoe sole 105, i.e., a sectional view along an intersection line running across the reinforcement unit part 119c intended for the forefoot area, with barrier material piece 33c inserted in its openings 135c.
[0233] The sectional view of the composite shoe sole 105 accordingly shows the reinforcement device part 119c with its opening 135c, a bar of the corresponding reinforcement mesh 137c bridging this opening, the outward protruding frame 129b, the barrier material piece 33c inserted into the frame 129b, the damping sole part 121b on the top side of the reinforcement device part 119c, and the outsole part 117b on the bottom of the reinforcement device part 119c. To this extent, the two embodiments of FIGS. 22 and 26 correspond.
[0234] FIG. 23 shows an example of a barrier unit 35 in which a piece of shoe-reinforcement material 33 is provided on the bottom with at least one reinforcement bar 37. On the surface area of the shoe-reinforcement material 33 opposite the reinforcement bar 37, an adhesive 39 is applied, by means of which the shoe-reinforcement material 33 is joined to the waterproof, water-vapor-permeable shaft bottom 221, which is situated above the barrier unit 35 outside the composite shoe sole. The glue 39 is applied in such a way that the shaft bottom 221 is joined to the shoe-reinforcement material 33 wherever no material of the reinforcement bar 37 is situated on the bottom of the shoe-reinforcement material 33. In this way, it is ensured that the water-vapor-permeability function of the shaft bottom 115 is only interfered with by glue 39 where the shoe-reinforcement material 33 cannot permit any water-vapor transport anyway, because of the arrangement of the reinforcement bar 37.
[0235] Whereas the corresponding composite shoe sole 105 in FIGS. 22 and 26 is still separated from the corresponding shaft 103, FIGS. 24, 25, and 27 show these two embodiments with the composite shoe sole 105 applied to the shaft bottom, in an enlarged view and as a cutout. In these enlarged views, the shaft-bottom functional layer 247 of the shaft-bottom functional-layer laminate 237, in all embodiments, is preferably a microporous functional layer, for example, made of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE). As already mentioned above, however, various types of functional layer materials can also be used.
[0236] In these enlarged cutout views of FIGS. 24, 25, and 27, the waterproof connection between the overlapping opposite ends of the shaft functional layer 215 and the shaft-bottom functional layer 247 created with the sealing material 248 can be seen particularly well. In addition, the inclusion of a mesh-band longitudinal side in the Strobel seam 235 can also be seen more clearly in FIGS. 25 and 27 than in FIGS. 22 and 26.
[0237] FIG. 24 shows an embodiment, in which the composite sole 105 according to the invention is attached to the shaft bottom by means of attaching glue 250. The shaft functional-layer laminate 216 is a three-ply composite with a textile layer 214, a shaft functional layer 215, and a lining layer 213. The end 238 of the outer material layer 211 on the sole side is attached with lasting glue 249 to the shaft functional-layer laminate 216.
[0238] The attaching glue 250 is applied superficially to the surface of the composite sole, except for the through holes 135 and the shoe-reinforcement material 33 arranged in the area of the through holes 135. During attachment of the composite sole to shaft bottom 221, the attaching glue 250 penetrates up to and partially into the shaft functional-layer laminate 216 and up to and partially into the edge areas of the shaft-bottom functional-layer laminate 237.
[0239] FIG. 25 is a view of the shaft structure according to FIG. 22 with a molded-on composite shoe sole. The three-ply shaft-bottom functional layer laminate 237 is then attached to the shaft-mounting sole 233, so that the textile backing 246 faces the composite sole. This is advantageous, because the sole molding material 260 penetrates more easily into the thin textile backing and can be anchored there and a firm connection to the shaft bottom functional layer 237 is created.
[0240] The barrier unit with the at least one opening 135 in the at least one piece of barrier material 33 is present as a prefabricated unit and is inserted into the injection mold before the molding process. The sole-molding material 260 is molded onto the shaft bottom accordingly, advancing up to the shaft functional-layer laminate 216 through the mesh band 241.
[0241] FIG. 27 shows an enlarged and sectional view of FIG. 26. The sole composite 105 shows an additional embodiment of the barrier unit according to the invention. The shaft-reinforcement device 119c forms a part of the composite sole 105 and does not extend here to the outer periphery of the composite sole 105. A piece of shoe-reinforcement material 33c is applied over the opening 135, so that the material 33c lies on the peripheral continuous flat limitation edge 130 of opening 135. The composite sole 105 can be attached to the shaft bottom 221 with attaching glue 250 or molded on with sole-molding material 260.
[0242] FIG. 27 also clearly shows that in the embodiment in which the shaft-bottom functional-layer laminate 237 assumes the function of a shaft-mounting sole 233, the laminate comes to lie directly above the opposite top of the shoe-reinforcement material piece 33c, which is particularly advantageous. In this case, an air cushion cannot form between the shaft bottom functional-layer laminate 237 and the barrier shoe-reinforcement piece 33c, which might adversely affect water-vapor removal, and the shoe-reinforcement material piece 33c, especially the shaft-bottom functional layer 237, are situated particularly tight against the foot sole of the user of such a shoe, which improves water-vapor removal, which is also determined by the temperature gradient existing between the shoe interior and the shoe exterior.
[0243] To produce the footwear according to the invention, the composite shoe sole 105 and the shaft 103 are prepared, whereby which the lower area of the shaft on the sole side can still remain open. The shaft 103 is then provided on its shaft end area 219 on the sole side with a shaft bottom 221, which is formed either by the shaft-bottom functional-layer laminate 237 or by such a shaft-bottom functional-layer laminate 237 and a separate shaft-mounting sole 233. As an alternative, a shaft can be prepared that is provided from the outset on its shaft-end area 219 on the sole side with a shaft-bottom functional layer laminate 237. The composite shoe sole 105 is then attached to the shaft end 219 on the sole side, which can occur either by gluing of the composite shoe sole 105 to the lower shaft end by means of an adhesive 250, or by the fact that a composite shoe sole 105 is molded onto the bottom of the shaft. The connection between the lower shaft end and the composite shoe sole 105 occurs in such a way that the shaft-bottom functional layer 239 remains unconnected to the shoe-reinforcement material 33 of the shaft-bottom composite 221 at least in the area of the through holes of the composite shoe sole 105. Because of this, the capability of the shaft-bottom functional layer 239 with respect to water-vapor permeability is fully retained in the area of the through holes 31, without being adversely affected by glue spots or other obstacles for the transport of water vapor.
[0244] FIG. 28 is a view of another embodiment of the composite sole according to the invention. The perspective view shows several openings 135 in the shoe-reinforcement device 119 that are arranged from the toe area to the heel area of the composite sole. The reinforcement material 33 is therefore also present in the heel area. The outsole is formed by the outsole parts 117.
[0245] FIG. 29 is a view of another embodiment of the composite sole according to the invention in a cross-sectional view. The composite sole 105 of this embodiment is quite similar to the composite sole depicted in FIG. 26. The composite sole 105 according to FIG. 29 has an outsole, whereby a cross-section through the ball of the foot area of the composite sole 105 and thereby a cross-section through the corresponding outsole part 117b is shown in this diagram. However, the disclosure according to FIG. 29 also applies to the other areas of the composite sole 105, i.e., to its midfoot part and heel part. The outsole part 117b has a tread 153 that touches the floor during walking. The sectional view of the composite sole 105 of FIG. 27 shows the reinforcement-device part 119c with its opening 135c, its upward protruding limitation edge 129b, the shoe-reinforcement material piece 33c inserted into the limitation edge 129b, the damping sole part 121b on the upper side of the reinforcement-device part 119c, and the outsole part 117b on the bottom of the reinforcement part 119c. A support element 151 is applied to the bottom of the shoe-reinforcement material piece 133c. This extends from the side of the shoe-reinforcement material 33 facing the tread to the level of tread 153, so that the shoe-reinforcement material 33 during walking is supported on the floor by the support element 151. This means that a lower free end of the support element 151 in FIG. 29 touches this surface when the shoe provided with this composite sole stands on a surface. Through this support by support element 151, during walking on such a surface, the shoe-reinforcement material piece 33c is held essentially in the position depicted in FIG. 29, so that it is prevented from bending under the load of the user of the shoe. Several support elements 151 can be arranged in opening 135c, in order to increase the support effect for the shoe-reinforcement material piece 33c and make its surface area more uniform.
[0246] The support function can also be obtained by the fact that the reinforcement bar 137 depicted in FIG. 26 is simultaneously formed as support element 151 by allowing the reinforcement bar 137c not to end at a spacing from the bottom of the outsole part 117b, which serves as a tread, but extending it to the level of this bottom. The reinforcement bar 137c is then given the dual function of reinforcement and support of the shoe-reinforcement material piece 33c. For example, the reinforcement bars 33c depicted in FIG. 10 or the reinforcement mesh 37d depicted in FIG. 11 can be formed fully or partially as support elements 151.
[0247] With the sole structure according to the invention, high water-vapor-permeability is achieved, because, on the one hand, large-surface through holes in the composite shoe sole 105 are provided and these are closed with material of high water-vapor permeability, and because, at least in the area of the through holes 31, there are no connections between the water-vapor-permeable shoe-reinforcement material 33 and the shaft-bottom functional layer 247 that prevent water-vapor exchange, and such a connection is at most present in the areas outside the through holes 31 of the composite shoe sole 105 that do not actively participate in water-vapor exchange, such as the edge areas of the composite shoe sole 105. In the structure according to the invention, the shaft-bottom functional layer 247 is also tightly arranged in the foot, which leads to accelerated water-vapor removal.
[0248] The shaft-bottom functional layer laminate 237 can be a multilayer laminate with two, three, or more layers. At least one functional layer is contained with at least one textile support for the functional layer, whereby the functional layer can be formed by a waterproof, water-vapor-permeable membrane 247, which is preferably microporous.
[0249] Test Methods
[0250] Thickness
[0251] The thickness of the barrier material according to the invention is tested according to DIN ISO 5084 (October 1996).
[0252] Puncture Resistance
[0253] The puncture resistance of the textile fabric can be measured with a measurement method employed by the EMPA ([Swiss] Federal Material Testing and Research Institute), using a test device of the Instrom tensile testing machine (model 4465). A round textile piece 13 cm in diameter is punched out with a punch and attached to a support plate in which there are 17 holes. A punch, on which 17 spike-like needles (sewing needle type 110/18) is attached and lowered at a speed of 1000 mm/min far enough that the needles pass through the textile piece into the holes of the support plate. The force for puncturing of the textile piece is measured by means of a measurement sensor (a force sensor). The result is determined from a test of three samples.
[0254] Waterproof Functional Layer/Barrier Unit
[0255] A functional layer is considered "waterproof," optionally including the seams provided on the functional layer, when it guarantees a water penetration pressure of at least 1×104 Pa. The functional-layer material preferably guarantees a water-penetration pressure of more than 1×105 Pa. The water-penetration pressure is then measured according to a test method in which distilled water, at 20±2° C., is applied to a sample of 100 cm2 of the functional layer with increasing pressure. The pressure increase of the water is 60±3 cm H2O per minute. The water-penetration pressure corresponds to the pressure at which water first appears on the other side of the sample. Details concerning the procedure are provided in ISO standard 0811 from the year 1981.
[0256] Waterproof Shoe
[0257] Whether a shoe is waterproof can be tested, for example, with a centrifugal arrangement of the type described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,329,807.
[0258] Water-Vapor Permeability of the Barrier Material
[0259] The water-vapor permeability values of the barrier material according to the invention are tested by means of the so-called beaker method according to DIN EN ISO 15496 (September 2004).
[0260] Water-Vapor Permeability of the Functional Layer
[0261] A functional layer is considered "water-vapor-permeable", if it has a water-vapor permeability number, Ret, of less than 150 m1×Pa×W-1. The water-vapor permeability is tested according to the Hohenstein skin model. This test method is described in DIN EN 31092 (February 1994) or ISO 11092 (1993).
[0262] Water-Vapor Permeability of the Shoe-Bottom Structure According to the Invention
[0263] In a embodiment of the footwear according to the invention with a shoe-bottom structure that includes the composite shoe sole and the shaft-bottom functional layer or the shaft-bottom functional layer laminate situated above it, the shoe-bottom structure has a water-vapor permeability (MVTR--moisture vapor transmission rate) in the range from 0.4 g/h to 3 g/h, which can lie in the range from 0.8 g/h to 1.5 g/h and in a practical embodiment is 1 g/h.
[0264] The gauge of water-vapor permeability of the shoe-bottom structure can be determined with the measurement method documented in EP 0,396,716 B1, which is conceived for measuring the water-vapor permeability of an entire shoe. To measure the water-vapor permeability of only the shoe-bottom structure of a shoe, the measurement method according to EP 0,396,716 B1 can also be used, in which the measurement is made with the measurement layout depicted in FIG. 1 of EP 0,396,716 B1 in two consecutive measurement scenarios, namely once for the shoe with a water-vapor-permeable shoe-bottom structure and another time for an otherwise identical shoe with a water-vapor-impermeable shoe-bottom structure. From the difference between the two measurements, the percentage of water-vapor permeability can be determined that is attributed to the water-vapor permeability of the water-vapor-permeable shoe-bottom structure.
[0265] In each measurement scenario, using the measurement method according to EP 0,396,716 B1, the following sequence of steps is used:
[0266] a) Conditioning the shoe by leaving it in an air-conditioned room (23° C., 50% relative humidity) for at least 12 hours,
[0267] b) Removing the insert sole (foot bed)
[0268] c) Lining the shoe with a waterproof, water-vapor-permeable lining material adapted to the shoe interior, which, in the area of the foot-insertion opening of the shoe, can be sealed waterproof and water-vapor-tight with a waterproof, water-vapor-impermeable sealing plug (for example, made of Plexiglas with an inflatable sleeve).
[0269] d) Filling water into the lining material and closure of the foot insertion opening of the shoe with the sealing plug.
[0270] e) Preconditioning the water-filled shoe by leaving it for a predetermined period (3 hours), whereby the temperature of the water is kept constant at 35° C. The climate of the surrounding room is also kept constant at 23° C. and 50% relative humidity. The shoe is blown against frontally by a fan during the test with a wind velocity, on average, of at least 2 m/s to 3 m/s (to destroy a resting air layer that forms around the standing shoe, which would cause a significant resistance to water-vapor passage).
[0271] f) Reweighing the shoe filled with water and sealed with the sealing plug after preconditioning (result: weight m2 (g))
[0272] g) Standing again in a 3-hour phase under the same conditions as in step e)
[0273] h) Reweighing the sealed water-filled shoe (result: weight m3 (g)) after the 3-hour test phase
[0274] i) Determining the water-vapor permeability of the shoe from the amount of water vapor that escapes through the shoe during the 3-hour test period 3 hours (m2-m3) (g) according to the relation M=(m2-m3) (g)/3(h).
[0275] After both measurement scenarios have been conducted, whereby the water-vapor permeability values are measured, on the one hand, for the entire shoe with a water-vapor-permeable shoe-bottom structure (value A) and, on the other hand, for the entire shoe with a water vapor-permeable shaft-bottom structure (value B), the water-vapor permeability value for the water vapor-permeable shoe-bottom structure alone can be determined from the difference A-B.
[0276] It is important during measurement of the water-vapor permeability of the shoe with the water-vapor-permeable shoe-bottom structure to avoid a situation, where the shoe or its sole stands directly on a closed substrate. This can be achieved by raising the shoe or by positioning the shoe on a mesh structure, so that it is ensured that the ventilation air stream can flow along--or better beneath--the outsole.
[0277] It is useful in each test layout for a certain shoe to make repeated measurements and consider the averages from them, in order to be able to estimate the measurement scatter better. At least two measurements should be made for each shoe with the measurement layout. In all measurements, a natural fluctuation of the measurement results of ±0.2 g/h around the actual value, for example, 1 g/h, should be assumed. For this example, measured values between 0.8 g/h and 1.2 g/h could therefore be determined for the identical shoe. Influencing factors for these fluctuations could be the person performing the test or the quality of sealing on the upper shaft edge. By determining several individual measured values for the same shoe, a more exact picture of the actual value can be obtained.
[0278] All values for water-vapor permeability of the shoe-bottom structure are based on a normally cut men's shoe of size 43 (French sizes), whereby the statement of the size is not standardized, and shoes of different manufacturers could come out differently.
[0279] There are essentially two possibilities for the measurement scenarios:
[0280] 1. Measuring shoes with a water vapor-permeable shaft having
[0281] 1.1 a water-vapor-permeable shoe-bottom structure;
[0282] 1.2 a water-vapor-impermeable shoe-bottom structure;
[0283] 2. Measuring shoes with a water-vapor-impermeable shaft having
[0284] 2.1 a water-vapor-permeable shoe-bottom structure,
[0285] 2.2 a water-vapor-impermeable shoe-bottom structure.
[0286] Elongation and Tensile Strength
[0287] An elongation and tensile-strength test was conducted according to DIN EN ISO 13934-1 of April 1999. Instead of five samples per direction, three were used. The spacing of the clamping jaws was 100 mm in all samples.
[0288] Abrasion
[0289] With respect to abrasion resistance, for the abrasion measurements, two measurement methods were used to obtain the abrasion values in the comparison table. In the first place, a Martindale abrasion tester was used (abrasion carbon in the table), whereby, according to Standard DIN EN ISO 124940-1; -2 (April 1999), the sample being tested is rubbed against sandpaper. Three deviations from the standard are then made: firstly, sandpaper with grain 180 plus standard foam is tightened in the sample holder. Secondly, standard felt from the test sample is tightened in the sample table. Thirdly place, the sample is inspected very 700 passes and the sandpaper is changed. On the other hand, abrasion resistance was tested in wet samples (in the table "wet abrasion") according to DIN EN ISO 12947-1, -2, -4, with the deviation from the standard that the sample table with standard felt and standard wool were saturated with distilled water every 12,800 passes.
[0290] In the abrasion tests, friction movements according to Lissajous figures were conducted. Lissajous figures represent periodically repeating overall pictures with appropriate choice of the ratio of participating frequencies, which consist of individual figures offset relative to each other. Passage through one of these individual figures is referred to as a pass in conjunction with the abrasion test. In all materials 1 to 5, the number of passes the first holes occurred in the corresponding material and the material was therefore scraped through was measured. In the comparison table, two pass values are found for each of the materials formed from two abrasion tests with the same material.
[0291] Hardness
[0292] Hardness test according to Shore A and Shore D (DIN 53505, ISO 7819-1, DIN EN ISO 868)
[0293] Principle:
[0294] "Shore hardness" is understood to mean the resistance to penetration of an object of a specific shape and defined spring force. The Shore hardness is the difference between the numerical value 100 and the penetration depth of the penetration object in mm under the influence of the test force divided by the scale value 0.025 mm.
[0295] During testing according to Shore A, a truncated cone with an opening angle of 35° is used as penetration object and in Shore D, a cone with an opening angle of 30° and a tip radius of 0.1 mm is used. The penetration objects consist of polished, tempered steel.
[0296] Measurement Equation:
HS = 100 - h 0 , 025 ##EQU00001## F=550+75HSA
[0297] H in mm, F in mN
[0298] Area of Application:
[0299] Because of the different resolution of the two Shore-hardness methods in different hardness ranges, the materials with a Shore A hardness >80 are appropriately tested according to Shore D and materials with a Shore D hardness <30 according to Shore A.
[0300] Barrier Material:
[0301] A material that enables the shoe or parts/materials present in the shoe, such as outer material, sole, membrane, to be mechanically protected and resist deformation, and also penetration of external objects/foreign bodies, for example, through the sole, while retaining high water-vapor transport, i.e., high climate comfort in the shoe. The mechanical protection and resistance to deformation are mostly based on limited elongation of the barrier material.
[0302] Fiber Composite:
[0303] General term for a composite of fibers of any type. This includes leather, non-woven materials or knits consisting of metal fibers, under some circumstances, also in a blend with textile fibers, also yarns and textiles produced from yarns (fabrics).
[0304] The fiber composite must have at least two fiber components. These components can be fibers (for example, staple fibers), filaments, fiber elements, yarns, strands, etc. Each fiber component consists either of a material or contains at least two different material fractions, the one fiber part softening/melting at a lower temperature than the other fiber part (bico). Such bico fibers can have a core-shell structure--a core fiber part is enclosed with a shell fiber part here--a side-to-side structure or an island-in-the-sea structure. Such processing and machines are available from Rieter Ingolstadt, Germany and/or Schalfhorst in Monchengladbach, Germany.
[0305] The fibers can be simply spun, multifilaments, or several torn fibers with frayed ends looped to one another.
[0306] The fiber components can be uniformly or non-uniformly distributed in the fabric composite.
[0307] The entire fabric composite must preferably be temperature-stable, but at least up to 180° C.
[0308] A uniform and smooth surface on at least one side of the fiber composite is achieved by means of pressure and temperature. This smooth surface points "downward" to the ground/floor, so that a situation is achieved, in which particles/foreign objects bounce off the smooth surface better or are repelled more simply.
[0309] The properties of the surface or overall structure of the fiber composite or reinforcement material depend on the selected fibers, the temperature, the pressure, and the period over which the fiber composite was exposed to temperature and pressure.
[0310] Non-Woven Material:
[0311] Here, the fibers are laid on a conveyor belt and tangled.
[0312] Lay:
[0313] A fishnet or sieve structure of fibers. See EP 1,294,656 from Dupont.
[0314] Felt:
[0315] Wool fibers that are opened and hooked by mechanical effects.
[0316] Woven Fabric:
[0317] A fabric produced with warp and weft threads.
[0318] Woven and Knit Fabric:
[0319] A fabric formed by meshes.
[0320] Melting Point:
[0321] The melting point is the temperature at which the fiber component or fiber part becomes liquid. "Melting point" is understood, in the field of polymer or fiber structures, to mean a narrow temperature range in which the crystalline areas of the polymer or fiber structure melt and the polymer converts to the liquid state. It lies above the softening temperature range and is a significant quantity for partially crystallized polymers. "Molten" means the change of state of aggregation of a fiber or parts of a fiber at a characteristic temperature from solid to viscous/free-flowing.
[0322] Softening Temperature Range:
[0323] The second fiber component of the second fiber part must only become soft/plastic, but not liquid. This means that the softening temperature used lies below the melting point, at which the components/fractions flow. The fiber component or parts of it are preferably softened, so that the more temperature-stable component is embedded or incorporated in the softened parts.
[0324] The first softening temperature range of the first fiber component lies higher than the second softening temperature range of the second fiber component or the second fiber part of the second fiber component. The lower limit of the first softening range can lie below the upper limit of the second softening temperature range.
[0325] Adhesive Softening Temperature:
[0326] The temperature, at which softening of the second fiber component or the second fiber part occurs, in which its material exerts a gluing effect, so that at least some of the fibers of the second fiber component are thermally bonded to one another by gluing, a bonding reinforcement of the fiber component occurs, which lies above the bonding obtained in a fiber composite with the same materials for the two fiber components by purely mechanical bonding, for example, by needle bonding of the fiber composite. The adhesive softening temperature can also be chosen in such a way that softening of the fibers of the second fiber component occurs to an extent that gluing develops, not only of fibers of the second fiber component to one another, but also partial or full enclosure of the individual sites of the fibers of the first fiber composite with softened material of the fibers of the second fiber composite, i.e., partial or full embedding of those sites of the fibers in the first fiber composite in the material of the fibers of the second fiber component, so that a correspondingly increased reinforcement bonding of the fiber composite is produced.
[0327] Temperature Stability:
[0328] If the reinforcement device is molded on, the barrier material must be temperature-stable for molding. The same applies to molding (about 170° C.-180° C.) or vulcanization of the shoe sole. If the reinforcement device is to molded on, the barrier material must have a structure such that the reinforcement device can at least penetrate into the structure of the barrier material, or optionally penetrate through it.
[0329] Functional Layer/Membrane:
[0330] The shaft-bottom functional layer, and optionally the shaft functional layer, can be formed by a waterproof, water-vapor-permeable coating or a waterproof, water-vapor-permeable membrane, which can either be a microporous membrane or a membrane having no pores. In one embodiment of the invention, the membrane is expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE).
[0331] Appropriate materials for a waterproof, water-vapor-permeable functional layer include polyurethane, polypropylene, polyester, including polyether-ester and laminates thereof, as described in documents U.S. Pat. No. 4,725,418 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,493,870. However, microporous expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) is particularly preferred, as described, for example, in documents U.S. Pat. No. 3,953,366 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,187,390, and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene provided with hydrophilic impregnation agents and/or hydrophilic layers; see, for example, document U.S. Pat. No. 4,194,041. A "microporous functional layer" is understood to mean a functional layer, whose average pore size is between about 0.2 μm and about 0.3 μm.
[0332] The pore size can be measured with a Coulter Porometer (trade name) produced by Coulter Electronics, Inc., Hialeah, Fla., USA.
[0333] Barrier Unit:
[0334] The barrier unit is formed by the barrier material, and optionally by the reinforcement device in the form of at least one bar and/or a frame. The barrier unit can be present in the form of a prefabricated component.
[0335] Composite Shoe Sole:
[0336] The composite shoe sole consists of barrier material and at least one reinforcement device and at least one outsole, as well as optional additional sole layers, whereby the barrier material closes at least a through hole extending through the thickness of the composite shoe sole.
[0337] Through Hole:
[0338] A through hole is an area of the composite shoe sole through which water-vapor transport is possible. The outsole and the reinforcement device each have passage openings that overall form a through hole through the entire thickness of the composite shoe sole. The through hole is therefore formed by the intersection surface of the two passage openings. Any bars present are arranged within the peripheral edge of the corresponding through hole and do not form a limitation of the through hole. The area of the through hole is determined by subtracting the area of all bridging bars, since these bar surfaces block water-vapor transport and therefore do not represent a through hole area.
[0339] Reinforcement Device:
[0340] The reinforcement device acts as an additional reinforcement of the barrier material and is formed and applied to the barrier material, so that the water-vapor permeability of the barrier material is only slightly influenced, if at all. This is achieved by the fact that only a small area of the barrier material is covered by the reinforcement device. The reinforcement device is preferably directed downward toward the floor. The reinforcement device is primarily assigned not a protective function, but a reinforcement function.
[0341] Opening of the Reinforcement Device:
[0342] The at least one opening of the reinforcement device is bounded by its at least one frame. The area of an opening is determined by subtracting the area of all bridging bars.
[0343] Shoe:
[0344] A foot covering, consisting of a composite shoe sole and a closed upper (shaft).
[0345] Shoe Bottom:
[0346] The shoe bottom includes all layers beneath the foot.
[0347] Thermal Activation:
[0348] Thermal activation occurs by exposing the fiber composite to energy, which leads to an increase in temperature of the material to the softening temperature range.
[0349] Water-Permeable Composite Shoe Sole:
[0350] A composite shoe sole is tested according to the centrifuge arrangement of the type described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,329,807. Before testing, it must be ensured that any shaft-bottom functional layer present is made water-permeable. A water-permeable composite shoe sole is assumed, if this test is not passed. If necessary, the test is conducted with a colored liquid, in order to show the path of electricity through the composite shoe sole.
[0351] Laminate:
[0352] A laminate is a composite consisting of a waterproof, water-vapor-permeable functional layer with at least one textile layer. The at least one textile layer, also called a backing, primarily serves to protect the functional layer during processing. We speak here of a two-ply laminate. A three-ply laminate consists of a waterproof, water-vapor-permeable functional layer embedded between two textile layers, spot-gluing being applied between these layers.
[0353] Waterproof Functional Layer/Barrier Unit:
[0354] A functional layer is considered "waterproof," optionally including seams provided on the functional layer, if it guarantees a water penetration pressure of at least 1×104 Pa.
[0355] Top of the Composite Shoe Sole:
[0356] The "top" of the composite shoe sole is understood to mean the surface of the composite shoe sole that lies opposite the shaft bottom.
[0357] Outsole:
[0358] "Outsole" is understood to mean the part of the composite shoe sole that touches the floor/ground or produces the main contact with the floor/ground.
[0359] 1 Fiber composite
[0360] 2 First fiber component
[0361] 3 Second fiber component
[0362] 4 Core
[0363] 5 Shell
[0364] 6 Connection
[0365] 21 Composite shoe sole
[0366] 23 Outsole
[0367] 25 Shoe-reinforcement device
[0368] 27 Opening outsole
[0369] 29 Opening of shoe-reinforcement device
[0370] 31 Through hole
[0371] 33 Shoe-reinforcement material
[0372] 33a Shoe-reinforcement material
[0373] 33b Shoe-reinforcement material
[0374] 33c Shoe-reinforcement material
[0375] 33d Shoe-reinforcement material
[0376] 35 Barrier unit
[0377] 37 Reinforcement bar
[0378] 37a Individual bar
[0379] 37b Individual bar
[0380] 37c Individual bar
[0381] 37d Reinforcement mesh
[0382] 39 Glue
[0383] 43 Circular surface
[0384] 101 Shoe
[0385] 103 Shaft
[0386] 105 Composite shoe sole
[0387] 107 Forefoot area
[0388] 109 Midfoot area
[0389] 111 Heel area
[0390] 113 Foot-insertion opening
[0391] 115 Shaft bottom
[0392] 117 Multipart outsole
[0393] 117a Heel area of multipart outsole
[0394] 117b Ball-of-foot area of multipart outsole
[0395] 117c Toe area of multipart outsole
[0396] 119 Reinforcement device
[0397] 119a Heel area
[0398] 119b Midfoot area
[0399] 119c Forefoot area
[0400] 121 Damping sole part
[0401] 121a Heel area of damping sole part
[0402] 121b Midfoot area of damping sole part
[0403] [123] Outsole openings
[0404] 123a Heel area
[0405] 123b Midfoot area
[0406] 123c Forefoot area
[0407] 125 Passage opening in the heel area 119a of the reinforcement device
[0408] [127] Openings of damping sole part
[0409] 127a Heel area
[0410] 127b Midfoot area
[0411] 127c Forefoot area
[0412] [129] Limitation edge of the shoe-reinforcement device
[0413] 129a Midfoot area
[0414] 129b Forefoot area
[0415] 129c Forefoot area
[0416] 131 Protrusions
[0417] 133 Recesses
[0418] [135] Openings of reinforcement device
[0419] 135a Midfoot area
[0420] 135b Forefoot area
[0421] 135c Forefoot area
[0422] 135d Forefoot area
[0423] [137] Reinforcement mesh
[0424] 137a Midfoot area
[0425] 137b Forefoot area
[0426] 137c Forefoot area
[0427] 137d Forefoot area
[0428] 139 Connection element
[0429] 141 Side wings
[0430] 143 Wing parts of reinforcement device
[0431] 145 Reinforcement rib
[0432] 147 Fraying of the reinforcement device
[0433] 150 Support protrusion
[0434] 151 Support element
[0435] 153 Tread
[0436] 211 Outer material layer
[0437] 213 Lining layer
[0438] 214 Textile layer
[0439] 215 Shaft functional layer
[0440] 216 Shaft functional-layer laminate
[0441] 217 Upper shaft end
[0442] 219 Shaft end area on the sole side
[0443] 221 Shaft bottom
[0444] 233 Shaft mounting sole
[0445] 235 Strobel seam
[0446] 237 Shaft-bottom functional-layer laminate
[0447] 238 End of the outer material layer on the sole side
[0448] 239 End of the shaft functional layer on the sole side
[0449] 241 Seam band
[0450] 243 First seam
[0451] 244 Textile layer
[0452] 245 Peripheral layer
[0453] 246 Textile backing
[0454] 247 Membrane
[0455] 248 Sealing material
[0456] 249 Lasting glue
[0457] 250 Attaching glue
[0458] 260 Sole-molding material
[0458] COMPARATIVE TABLE Non-woven material, needle- bonded, thermally Non-woven bonded; thermal Non-woven Woven material, needle- surface material, material, bonded and compression with Split sole needle-bonded needle-bonded thermally 3.3N/cm2/ Material type leather only only bonded 230° C./10 s Material number Material 1 Material 2 Material 3 Material 4 Material 5 Material 100% leather 100% PES 100% PES PES + bico PES PES + bico PES total 100% PES total 100% PES Basis weight 2383 206 125 398 397 (g/m2) Thickness (mm) 3.36 2.96 235 1.71 1.46 MVTR (g/m2 24 h) 3323 8086 9568 9459 9881 (1) Longitudinal 1 34 55 0 0 elongation at 50 N (%) Longitudinal 2 48 79 1 0 elongation at 100 N (%) Longitudinal 2 59 104 1 0 elongation at 150 N (%) Longitudinal 3106 324 152 641 821 tensile force (N) Longitudinal 40 94 107 26 27 tensile elongation (%) Transverse 0 32 46 0 0 elongation of 50 N (%) Transverse 1 43 63 1 0 elongation of 100 N (%) Transverse 1 52 75 1 0 elongation of 150 N (%) Transverse tensile 4841 410 252 884 742 force (N) Transverse tensile 43 92 99 35 32 elongation (%) Puncture resistance 857 5 6 317 291 (N) Wet abrasion 25,600/30,100 20,600/20,600 20,700/16,500 70,200/70,200 614,000/704,000 (passes) (2) Carbon abrasion about 35,000 1,570/1,600 452/452 7,700/7,700 14,000/15,400 (passes) (2) (1) DIN EN ISO 15496 (September 2004) (2) DIN EN ISO 12947-1; -2 (April 1999)
TABLE-US-00003 Men's shoe size 42/43 (French) Test time: 3 hours All shafts constructed identically, i.e., scatter only through natural scatter of the materials (leather, textile, etc.) Shaft can be designed to be waterproof Constant water amount in all shoes Insert soles removed for the test Shoe-bottom structure in numbers 2 and 3 comparable: In no. 1, only the outsole is closed, i.e., it has no openings Air Total shoe Average value Water-vapor Sole stream Weight water-vapor of repetition permeability water- over the m2 (g) Weight m3 permeability measurements of the shoe- vapor- shaft and before (g) after the MVTR = per shoe bottom Shoe Repetition permeable? under the beginning end of the (m2 - m3)/test number structure number measurements YES/NO sole of test test time (g/h) MVTR (g/h) (g/h) 1 1 No Yes 1106.66 1097.55 3.0 3.1 0 1 2 No Yes 1103.58 1095.03 2.8 1 3 No Yes 1102.98 1094.63 2.8 1 4 No Yes 1112.44 1102.54 3.3 1 5 No Yes 1143.9 1133.75 3.4 1 6 No Yes 1108.58 1098.42 3.4 1 7 No Yes 1102.62 1094.15 2.8 1 8 No Yes 1101.78 1093.16 2.9 1 9 No Yes 1117.55 1107.86 3.2 2 1 Yes Yes 1179.2 1167.06 4.0 4.0 4.0 - 3.1 = 0.9 2 2 Yes Yes 1156.7 1144.85 4.0 2 3 Yes Yes 1144.65 1132.97 3.9 2 4 Yes Yes 1159.46 1148.3 3.7 2 5 Yes Yes 1153.56 1142.5 3.7 2 6 Yes Yes 1175.88 1163.36 4.2 2 7 Yes Yes 1173.78 1160.84 4.3 2 8 Yes Yes 1165.54 1153.05 4.2 3 1 Yes Yes 1153 1140 4.3 4.3 4.3 - 3.1 = 1.2 3 2 Yes Yes 1168.42 1156.17 4.1 3 3 Yes Yes 1160.6 1146.98 4.5 3 4 Yes Yes 1183.8 1170.5 4.4
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