Source: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2014.185.01.0001.01.ENG
Timestamp: 2017-08-24 06:42:09
Document Index: 631144440

Matched Legal Cases: ['arts 1', 'arts 1', 'arts 1', 'art 10', 'art 11', 'art 12', 'art 2', 'art 3', 'art 4', 'art 5', 'art 6', 'art 7', 'art 8', 'art 9', 'art 1']

EUR-Lex - 32014R0650 - EN - EUR-Lex
EUR-Lex - 32014R0650 - EN
Document 32014R0650
Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 650/2014 of 4 June 2014 laying down implementing technical standards with regard to the format, structure, contents list and annual publication date of the information to be disclosed by competent authorities in accordance with Directive 2013/36/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council Text with EEA relevance
OJ L 185, 25.6.2014, p. 1–50 (BG, ES, CS, DA, DE, ET, EL, EN, FR, HR, IT, LV, LT, HU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SL, FI, SV)
ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg_impl/2014/650/oj
of 4 June 2014
laying down implementing technical standards with regard to the format, structure, contents list and annual publication date of the information to be disclosed by competent authorities in accordance with Directive 2013/36/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council
Having regard to Directive 2013/36/EU of 26 June 2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council on access to the activity of credit institutions and the prudential supervision of credit institutions and investment firms amending Directive 2002/87/EC and repealing Directives 2006/48/EC and 2006/49/EC (1), and in particular Article 143(3) thereof,
Directive 2013/36/EU requires competent authorities to disclose certain information in order for the internal banking market to operate with increasing effectiveness and for citizens of the Union to have adequate levels of transparency. The information disclosed should be sufficient to enable a meaningful comparison of the approaches adopted by the competent authorities of the different Member States.
In order to further facilitate this assessment, information from all competent authorities should be published in a common format, updated regularly and made accessible at a single electronic location. While the supervisory disclosure requirements in Title VIII of Directive 2013/36/EU extend across the field of prudential regulation, as a first step these technical standards focus on the supervisory responsibilities which stem from that Directive and from Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council (2).
The EBA has conducted open public consultations on the draft implementing technical standards on which this Regulation is based, analysed the potential related costs and benefits, and requested the opinion of the Banking Stakeholder Group established in accordance with Article 37 of Regulation (EU) No 1093/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council (3).
Competent authorities shall, pursuant to Article 143(1)(a) of Directive 2013/36/EU, publish the information on texts of laws, regulations, administrative rules and general guidance adopted in their Member State in the field of prudential regulation using the applicable forms set out in parts 1 to 8 of Annex I.
Competent authorities shall, pursuant to Article 143(1)(b) of Directive 2013/36/EU, publish the information on the manner of exercising the options and discretions available in Union law using the applicable forms set out in Parts 1 to 12 of Annex II.
Competent authorities shall, pursuant to Article 143(1)(c) of Directive 2013/36/EU, publish information on the general criteria and methodologies they use in the supervisory review and evaluation referred to in Article 97 of that Directive using the form set out in Annex III.
Competent authorities shall, pursuant to Article 143(1)(d) of Directive 2013/36/EU, publish the information on aggregate statistical data on key aspects of the implementation of the prudential framework using the forms set out in parts 1 to 6 of Annex IV.
Annual publication date
Competent authorities shall publish the information listed in Article 143(1) of Directive 2013/36/EU at a single electronic location for the first time by 31 July 2014.
Competent authorities shall update the information referred to in point (d) of Article 143(1) of that Directive by 31 July each year based on the position as at 31 December of the preceding year.
Competent authorities shall update the information referred to in points (a) to (c) of Article 143(1) of that Directive regularly, and no later than by 31 July of each year, unless there is no change in the information published.
This Regulation shall enter into force on the the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union.
Done at Brussels, 4 June 2014.
Transposition of Directive 2013/36/EU
Specific disclosure requirements applied to institutions
Qualifying holdings in a credit institution
Transposition of provisions of Directive 2013/36/EU
Provisions of Directive 2013/36/EU
Available in EN (Y/N)
Date of the last update of information in this template
Requirements for access to the activity of credit institutions
Articles 8 to 27
General requirements for access to the activity of credit institutions
Articles 8 to 21
Qualifying holding in a credit institution
Articles 22 to 27
Articles 28 to 32
Provisions concerning the freedom of establishment and the freedom to provide services
Articles 33 to 46
Articles 33 to 34
The right of establishment of credit institutions
Articles 35 to 38
Articles 40 to 46
Articles 47 to 48
Articles 49 to 142
Articles 49 to 72
Competence and duties of home and host Member States
Articles 49 to 52
Exchange of information and professional secrecy
Articles 53 to 62
Duty of persons responsible for the legal control of annual and consolidated accounts
Supervisory powers, powers to impose penalties and right of appeal
Articles 64 to 72
Articles 73 to 110
Arrangements, processes and mechanisms of institutions
Articles 74 to 96
Articles 97 to 101
Supervisory measures and powers
Articles 102 to 107
Articles 108 to 110
Articles 111 to 127
Principles for conducting supervision on a consolidated basis
Articles 111 to 118
Financial holding companies, mixed financial holding companies and mixed-activity holding companies
Articles 119 to 127
Articles 128 to 142
Articles 128 to 134
Setting and calculating countercyclical capital buffers
Articles 135 to 140
Articles 141 to 142
Disclosure by competent authorities
Articles 143 to 144
Amendments of Directive 2002/87/EC
Articles 151 to 165
Transitional provisions on the supervision of institutions exercising the freedom of establishment and the freedom to provide services
Articles 151 to 159
Transitional provisions for capital buffers
Articles 161 to 165
Supervisory approach for the approval of the use of Internal Ratings Based (IRB) Approach to calculate minimum capital requirements for credit risk
Minimum documentation to be provided by the institutions applying for the use of IRB approach
Description of the assessment process conducted by the competent authority (use of self assessment, reliance on external auditors and on-site-inspections) and main criteria of the assessment
Form of the decisions taken by the competent authority and communication of the decisions to applicants
Supervisory approach for the approval of the use of Advanced Measurement Approach (AMA) to calculate minimum capital requirements for operational risk
Minimum documentation to be provided by the institutions applying for the use of AMA approach
Information to be provided by the competent authority
Date of the last update of the information in this template
Article 153(5)
Has the competent authority published guidance to specify how institutions should take into account the factors referred to in paragraph 5 of Article 153 when assigning risk weights to specialised lending exposures?
If so, please provide the reference to the national guidance
[reference to national text]
Is the national guidance available in English?
Article 201(2)
Publication of the list of financial institutions that are eligible providers of unfunded credit protection or guiding criteria for identifying these financial institutions
Competent authorities shall publish and maintain the list of financial institutions that are eligible providers of unfunded credit protection under point (f) of Article 201(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 or the guiding criteria for identifying such eligible providers
List of the financial institutions or guiding criteria for their identification
[free text - a hyperlink to such list or guiding criteria on the competent authority's website can be provided]
Description of the applicable prudential requirements
Competent authorities shall publish a description of the applicable prudential requirements together with the list of the eligible financial institutions or the guiding criteria for identifying these financial institutions
Description of the prudential requirements applied by the competent authority
Article 227(2)(e)
Condition for applying a 0 % volatility adjustment
Under the Financial collateral Comprehensive Method institutions may apply a 0 % volatility adjustment provided that the transaction is settled in a settlement system proven for that type of transaction
Detailed description on how the competent authority considers the settlement system as a proven system
Article 227(2)(f)
Under the Financial collateral Comprehensive Method institutions may apply a 0 % volatility adjustment provided that the documentation covering the agreement or transaction is standard market documentation for repurchase transactions or securities lending or borrowing transactions in the securities concerned
Specification of the documentation to be considered as standard market documentation
Article 229(1)
Valuation principles for immovable property collateral under the IRB approach
The immovable property may be valued by an independent valuer at or at less than the mortgage lending value in the Member States that have laid down rigorous criteria for the assessment of this mortgage lending value in statutory or regulatory provisions
Criteria set out in the national legislation for the assessment of the mortgage lending value
Article 106(1)(a)
Competent authorities may require institutions to publish information referred to in Part Eight of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 more than once per year, and to set deadlines for publication
Frequency and deadlines for publication applicable to institutions
Article 106(1)(b)
Competent authorities may require institutions to use specific media and locations for publications other than the financial statements
Types of specific media to be used by institutions
Significant subsidiaries and those which are of material significance for their local market shall disclose information specified in Part Eight of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 on an individual or sub-consolidated basis.
Criteria applied by the competent authority to assess the significance of a subsidiary
(Individual waivers for subsidiaries)
Exemption from the application on an individual basis of prudential requirements set out in Parts Two to Five and Eight of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013
The waiver may be granted to any subsidiary provided that there is no current or foreseen material practical or legal impediment to the prompt transfer of own funds or repayment of liabilities by its parent undertaking pursuant to point (a) of Article 7(1).
Criteria applied by the competent authority to assess that there is no obstacle to the prompt transfer of own funds or repayment of liabilities
(Individual waivers for parent institutions)
The waiver may be granted to a parent institution provided that there is no current or foreseen material practical or legal impediment to the prompt transfer of own funds or repayment of liabilities to the parent institution pursuant to point (a) of Article 7(3).
(Individual consolidation method)
Permission granted to parent institutions to incorporate subsidiaries in the calculation of their prudential requirements set out in Parts Two to Five and Eight of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013
The permission is granted only where the parent institution demonstrates fully to the competent authorities that there is no current or foreseen material practical or legal impediment to the prompt transfer of own funds, or repayment of liabilities when due by the subsidiary incorporated in the calculation of requirements to its parent institution pursuant to Article 9(2).
(Liquidity waivers for subsidiaries)
Exemption from the application on an individual basis of liquidity requirements set out in Part Six of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013
The waiver may be granted to institutions within a sub-group provided that these institutions have entered into contracts that, to the satisfaction of the competent authorities, provide for the free movement of funds between them to enable them to meet their individual and joint obligations as they become due pursuant to point (c) of Article 8(1).
Criteria applied by the competent authority to assess whether the contracts provide for free movement of funds between the institutions in a liquidity sub-group
(Credit institutions permanently affiliated to a central body)
Exemption from the application on an individual basis of prudential requirements set out in Parts Two to Eight of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013
Member States may maintain and make use of existing national legislation regarding the application of the waiver as long as it does not conflict with the Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 or Directive 2013/36/EU
Applicable national law / regulation regarding the application of the waiver
For competent authorities granting no waiver or permission the cells shall be put in orange
Assessment criteria and information that is necessary for assessing the suitability of the proposed acquirer seeking to acquire a credit institution and the financial soundness of the proposed acquisition
Description on how the competent authority assesses the integrity of the proposed acquirer
Description on how the competent authority assesses the professional competence of the proposed acquirer
Practical details on the cooperation process between competent authorities pursuant to Article 24 of Directive 2013/36/EU
Reputation, knowledge, skills and experience of any member of the management body or senior management who will direct the business of the credit institution
Description on how the competent authority assesses the reputation, knowledge, skills and experience of members of management body and senior managers
Article 23(1)(c)
Description on how the competent authority assesses the financial soundness of the proposed acquirer
Article 23(1)(d)
Compliance of the credit institution with the prudential requirements
Description on how the competent authority assesses whether or not the credit institution will be able to comply with the prudential requirements
Article 23(1)(e)
Description on how the competent authority assesses whether or not there are reasonable grounds to suspect money laundering or terrorist financing
List specifying the information to be provided to the competent authorities at the time of notification
List of information that must be provided by the proposed acquirer at the time of notification in order for the competent authority to carry out the assessment of the proposed acquirer and the proposed acquisition
Implementation of the reporting on financial information in accordance with the Commission Implementing Regulation (EC) No 650/2014
Is the application of the requirement set out in Article 99(2) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 extended to institutions which do not apply international accounting standards as applicable under Regulation (EC) No 1606/2002?
If so, what accounting frameworks apply to these institutions?
If so, which is the level of application of the reporting? (solo/consolidated/sub-consolidated basis)
Is the application of requirements set out in Article 99(2) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 extended to financial entities other than credit institutions or investment firms?
If so, what types of financial entities (e.g. financial firms) are subject to these reporting requirements?
If so, what is the size of these financial entities in terms of total balance sheet (on a solo basis)?
Are XBRL standards used for submitting the reporting to the competent authority?
Implementation of the reporting on own funds and own funds requirements in accordance with the Commission Implementing Regulation (EC) No 650/2014
Is the application of requirements set out in Article 99(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 extended to financial entities other than credit institutions or investment firms?
If so, what accounting frameworks apply to these financial entities?
Overview of options and discretions set out in Directive 2013/36/EU and Regulation (EU) No 575/2013
Details on specific transitional options and discretions set out in Regulation (EU) No 575/2013
Transitional provision for own funds requirements (Article 465)
Transitional treatment of unrealised losses measured at fair value (Article 467)
Transitional treatment of unrealised gains measured at fair value (Article 468)
Transitional provisions on the deductions from Common Equity Tier 1, Additional Tier 1 and Tier 2 items (Article 478)
Transitional recognition in consolidated Common Equity Tier 1 capital of instruments and items that do not qualify as minority interests (Article 479)
Transitional recognition of minority interests and qualifying Additional Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital (Article 480)
Additional transitional filters and deductions (Article 481)
Limits for grandfathering of items within Common Equity Tier 1, Additional Tier 1 and Tier 2 items (Article 486)
Details on specific non-transitional options and discretions set out in Directive 2013/36/EU and Regulation (EU) No 575/2013
Variable elements of remuneration (Article 94 of CRD)
Risk weights and criteria applied to exposures secured by mortgages on immovable property (Article 124 of CRR)
Minimum Loss Given Default (LGD) values for retail exposures secured by immovable property (Article 164 of CRR)
Nature of the option or discretion
No 575/2013
Description of the option or discretion
(Y/N/NA)
Exception to the prohibition against persons or undertakings other than credit institutions from taking deposits or other repayable funds from the public
The prohibition against persons or undertakings other than credit institutions from carrying out the business of taking deposits or other repayable funds from the public shall not apply to a Member State, a Member State’s regional or local authorities, a public international bodies of which one or more Member States are members, or to cases expressly covered by national or union law, provided that those activities are subject to regulations and controls intended to protect depositors and investors.
Member States may decide that credit institutions which do not fulfil the requirements to hold separate own funds and which were in existence on 15 December 1979 may continue to carry out their business. They may exempt such credit institutions from complying with the requirements contained in the first subparagraph of Article 13(1) of Directive 2013/36/EU.
Member States may grant authorisation to particular categories of credit institutions the initial capital of which is less that EUR 5 million, provided that the initial capital is not less than EUR 1 million and the Member State concerned notifies the Commission and EBA of their reasons for exercising that option.
Exemptions for credit institutions permanently affiliated to a central body
Competent authorities may exempt with regard to credit institutions permanently affiliated to a central body from the requirements set out in Articles 10, 12 and 13(1) of Directive 2013/36/EU.
Initial capital of particular types of investment firms
Member States may reduce the minimum amount of initial capital from EUR 125 000 to EUR 50 000 where a firm is not authorised to hold client money or securities, to deal for its own account, or to underwrite issues on a firm commitment basis.
Investment firms’ initial capital grandfathering clause
Member States may continue authorising investment firm and firms covered by Article 30 of Directive 2013/36/EU which were in existence on or before 31 December 1995, the own funds of which are less than the initial capital levels specified for them in Article 28(2), Article 29(1) or (3) or Article 30 of that Directive.
Powers of the competent authorities of host Member States
Reporting requirements to host competent authorities
The competent authorities of host Member States may, for information, statistical or supervisory purposes, require that all credit institutions having branches within their territories shall report to them periodically on their activities in those host Member States, in particular to assess whether a branch is significant in accordance with Article 51(1) of Directive 2013/36/EU.
Article 94(1)(g)(i)
Variable elements of remuneration
Member States may set a maximum percentage for the variable component lower than 100 % of the fixed component of the total remuneration for each individual.
Cf. Part 10
Article 94(1)(g)(ii)
Member States may allow shareholders or owners or members of institutions to approve a higher maximum level of the ratio between the fixed and the variable components of remuneration provided the overall level of the variable component shall not exceed 200 % of the fixed component of the total remuneration for each individual. Member State may set a lower maximum percentage.
Article 94(1)(g)(iii)
Member States may allow institutions to apply the discount rate referred to in the second subparagraph of Article 94(1)(g)(iii) to a maximum of 25 % of total variable remuneration provided it is paid in instruments that are deferred for a period of not less than 5 years. Member States may set a lower maximum percentage.
Article 94(1)(l)
Member States or their competent authorities may place restrictions on the types and designs of instruments referred to in Article 94(1)(l) or prohibit certain instruments as appropriate.
Application of SREP to institutions with similar risk profiles
Where the competent authorities determine under Article 97 that institutions with similar risk profiles such as similar business models or geographical location of exposures, are or might be exposed to similar risks or pose similar risks to the financial system, they may apply the supervisory review and evaluation process referred to in Article 97 to those institutions in a similar or identical manner.
Article 129(2)
Exemption from the requirement to maintain a capital conservation buffer for small and medium-sized investment firms
By way of derogation from paragraph 1 of Article 129, a Member State may exempt small and medium-sized investment firms from the requirements set out in that paragraph if such an exemption does not threaten the stability of the financial system of that Member State.
Article 130(2)
Exemption from the requirement to maintain a countercyclical capital buffer for small and medium-sized investment firms
By way of derogation from paragraph 1 of Article 130, a Member State may exempt small and medium-sized investment firms from the requirements set out in that paragraph if such an exemption does not threaten the stability of the financial system of that Member State.
Article 133(18)
Member States may apply a systemic risk buffer to all exposures.
Article 134(1)
Other Member States may recognise the systemic risk buffer rate set according to Article 133 and may apply that buffer rate to domestically authorised institutions for the exposures located in the Member State setting that buffer rate.
Article 152 first paragraph
Transitional provisions on reporting requirements to host competent authorities
The competent authorities of host Member States may, for statistical purposes, require that all credit institutions having branches within their territories shall report to them periodically on their activities in those host Member States.
Article 152 second paragraph
Host Member States may require that branches of credit institutions from other Member States provide the same information as they require from national credit institutions for that purpose.
Article 160(6)
Member States may impose a shorter transitional period for capital buffers than that specified in paragraphs 1 to 4 of Article 160. Such a shorter transitional period may be recognised by other Member States.
Treatment of indirect holdings in real estate
Member States or their competent authorities may allow shares constituting an equivalent indirect holding of immovable property to be treated as a direct holding of immovable property provided that such indirect holding is specifically regulated in the national law of the Member State and, when pledged as collateral, provides equivalent protection to creditors.
Level of application of requirements
Application of requirements on an individual basis
Pending the report from the Commission in accordance with Article 508(3), competent authorities may exempt investment firms from compliance with the obligations laid down in Part Six (liquidity) taking into account the nature, scale and complexity of the investment firms’ activities.
Methods for prudential consolidation
In the case of participations or capital ties other than those referred to in paragraphs 1 and 4 of Article 18, the competent authorities shall determine whether and how consolidation is to be carried out. In particular, they may permit or require use of the equity method. That method shall not, however, constitute inclusion of the undertakings concerned in supervision on a consolidated basis.
Competent authorities shall determine whether and how consolidation is to be carried out in the following cases:
where, in the opinion of the competent authorities, an institution exercises a significant influence over one or more institutions or financial institutions, but without holding a participation or other capital ties in these institutions; and
where two or more institutions or financial institutions are placed under single management other than pursuant to a contract or clauses of their memoranda or articles of association.
In particular, the competent authorities may permit, or require use of, the method provided for in Article 12 of Directive 83/349/EEC.
Article 89(3)
for the purpose of calculating the capital requirement in accordance with Part Three of this Regulation, institutions shall apply a risk weight of 1 250 % to the greater of the following:
Own funds requirements for investment firms
Requirements for investment firms with limited authorisation to provide investment services
Competent authorities may set the own fund requirements for investment firms with limited authorisation to provide investment services as the own fund requirements that would be binding on those firms according to the national transposition measures in force on 31 December 2013 for Directive 2006/49/EC and Directive 2006/48/EC.
Calculation and reporting requirements
Article 99(3)
Reporting on own funds requirements and financial information
Competent authorities may require those credit institutions applying international accounting standards as applicable under Regulation (EC) No 1606/2002 for the reporting of own funds on a consolidated basis pursuant to Article 24(2) of this Regulation to also report financial information as laid down in paragraph 2 of this Article.
Risk weights and criteria applied to exposures secured by mortgages on immovable property
Competent authorities may set a higher risk weight or stricter criteria than those set out in Article 125(2) and Article 126(2), where appropriate, on the basis of financial stability considerations.
Cf. Part 11
Article 129(1)
Credit risk: IRB Approach
Article 164(5)
Minimum values of exposure weighted average Loss Given Default (LGD) for exposures secured by property
Based on the data collected under Article 101 and taking into account forward-looking immovable property market developments and any other relevant indicators, the competent authorities shall periodically, and at least annually, assess whether the minimum LGD values in paragraph 4 of this Article are appropriate for exposures secured by residential property or commercial immovable property located in their territory. Competent authorities may, where appropriate on the basis of financial stability considerations, set higher minimum values of exposure weighted average LGD for exposures secured by immovable property in their territory.
Cf. Part 12
Article 178(1)(b)
Competent authorities may replace the 90 days with 180 days for exposures secured by residential property or SME commercial immovable property in the retail exposure class, as well as exposures to public sector entities.
Article 284(4)
Competent authorities may require an α higher than 1.4 or permit institutions to use their own estimates in accordance with paragraph 9.
Market risk: Position risk
Article 327(2)
Netting between a convertible and an offsetting position in the underlying instrument
Competent authorities may adopt an approach under which the likelihood of a particular convertible’s being converted is taken into account or require an own funds requirement to cover any loss which conversion might entail.
Article 395(1)
Large exposure limits for exposures to institutions
Competent authorities may set a lower large exposure limit than EUR 150 000 000 for exposures to institutions.
Articles 400(2)(a) and 493(3)(a)
Exemptions or partial exemptions to large exposures limits
Competent authorities may fully or partially exempt covered bonds falling within the terms of Article 129(1), (3) and (6).
Articles 400(2)(b) and 493(3)(b)
Competent authorities may fully or partially exempt asset items constituting claims on regional governments or local authorities of Member States.
Articles 400(2)(c) and 493(3)(c)
Competent authorities may fully or partially exempt exposures incurred by an institution to its parent undertaking or subsidiaries.
Articles 400(2)(d) and 493(3)(d)
Competent authorities may fully or partially exempt exposures to regional or central credit institutions with which the credit institution is associated in a network and which are responsible for cash-clearing operations within the network.
Articles 400(2)(e) and 493(3)(e)
Competent authorities may fully or partially exempt exposures to credit institutions incurred by credit institutions, one of which operates on a non-competitive basis and provides or guarantees loans under legislative programmes or its statutes, to promote specified sectors of the economy under some form of government oversight and restrictions on the use of the loans, provided that the respective exposures arise from such loans that are passed on to the beneficiaries via credit institutions or from the guarantees of these loans.
Articles 400(2)(f) and 493(3)(f)
Competent authorities may fully or partially exempt exposures to institutions, provided that those exposures do not constitute such institutions’ own funds, do not last longer than the following business day and are not denominated in a major trading currency.
Articles 400(2)(g) and 493(3)(g)
Competent authorities may fully or partially exempt exposures to central banks in the form of required minimum reserves held at those central banks which are denominated in their national currencies.
Articles 400(2)(h) and 493(3)(h)
Competent authorities may fully or partially exempt exposures to central governments in the form of statutory liquidity requirements held in government securities which are denominated and funded in their national currencies provided that, at the discretion of the competent authority, the credit assessment of those central governments assigned by a nominated External Credit Assessment Institution is investment grade.
Articles 400(2)(i) and 493(3)(i)
Competent authorities may fully or partially exempt 50 % of medium/low risk off-balance sheet documentary credits and of medium/low risk off-balance sheet undrawn credit facilities referred to in Annex I and subject to the competent authorities’ agreement, 80 % of guarantees other than loan guarantees which have a legal or regulatory basis and are given for their members by mutual guarantee schemes possessing the status of credit institutions.
Articles 400(2)(j) and 493(3)(j)
Competent authorities may fully or partially exempt legally required guarantees used when a mortgage loan financed by issuing mortgage bonds is paid to the mortgage borrower before the final registration of the mortgage in the land register, provided that the guarantee is not used as reducing the risk in calculating the risk-weighted exposure amounts.
Articles 400(2)(k) and 493(3)(k)
Competent authorities may fully or partially exempt assets items constituting claims on and other exposures to recognised exchanges.
Article 412(5)
Liquidity coverage requirement
Member States may maintain or introduce national provisions in the area of liquidity requirements before binding minimum standards for liquidity coverage requirements are specified and fully introduced in the Union in accordance with Article 460.
Member states or competent authorities may require domestically authorised institutions, or a subset of those institutions to maintain a higher liquidity coverage requirement up to 100 % until the binding minimum standard is fully introduced at a rate of 100 % in accordance with Article 460.
Article 413(3)
Stable funding requirement
Member States may maintain or introduce national provisions in the area of stable funding requirements before binding minimum standards for net stable funding requirements are specified and introduced in the Union in accordance with Article 510.
Article 415(3)
Competent authorities may continue to collect information through monitoring tools for the purpose of monitoring compliance with existing national liquidity standards, until the full introduction of binding liquidity requirements.
Article 420(2)
Liquidity outflow rate
The competent authorities may apply an outflow rate up to 5 % for trade finance off-balance sheet related products, as referred to in Article 429 and Annex 1.
Article 422(4)
Liquidity outflows on other liabilities
Competent authorities may, in the absence of a uniform definition, provide general guidance that institutions shall follow in identifying deposits maintained by the depositor in a context of an established operational relationship.
Article 465(2)
Transitional provision for own funds requirements
Competent authorities shall determine and publish the levels of the Common Equity Tier 1 and Tier 1 capital ratios in the ranges specified in Article 465(1) that institutions shall meet or exceed.
Cf. Part 2
Article 467(2)
Transitional treatment of unrealised losses measured at fair value
By way of derogation from paragraph 1 of Article 467, the competent authorities may, in cases where such treatment was applied before 1 January 2014, allow institutions not to include in any element of own funds unrealised gains or losses on exposures to central governments classified in the ‘Available for Sale’ category of EU-endorsed IAS 39.
Article 467(3)
Competent authorities shall determine and publish the applicable percentage in the ranges specified in points (a) to (d) of paragraph 2 of Article 467.
Cf. Part 3
Article 468(2)
Transitional treatment of unrealised gains measured at fair value
Competent authorities may permit institutions to include in the calculation of their Common Equity Tier 1 capital 100 % of their unrealised gains at fair value where under Article 467 institutions are required to include their unrealised losses measured at fair value in the calculation of Common Equity Tier 1 capital.
Article 468(3)
Competent authorities shall determine and publish the applicable percentage of unrealised gains in the ranges specified in points (a) to (c) of paragraph 2 of Article 468 that is removed from Common Equity Tier 1 capital.
Cf. Part 4
Article 471(1)
Exemption from deduction of equity holding in insurance companies from CET1 items
By way of derogation from Article 49(1), during the period from 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2022, competent authorities may permit institutions to not deduct equity holdings in insurance undertakings, reinsurance undertakings and insurance holding companies where the conditions set out in paragraph 1 of Article 471 are met.
Article 473(1)
Introduction of amendments to IAS 19
By way of derogation from Article 481 during the period from 1 January 2014 until 31 December 2018, competent authorities may permit institutions that prepare their accounts in conformity with the international accounting standards adopted in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 6(2) of Regulation (EC) No 1606/2002 to add to their Common Equity Tier 1 capital the applicable amount in accordance with paragraph 2 or 3 of Article 473, as applicable, multiplied by the factor applied in accordance with paragraph 4 of Article 473.
Article 478(3)
Transitional deductions from Common Equity Tier 1, Additional Tier 1 and Tier 2 items
Competent authorities shall determine and publish an applicable percentage in the ranges specified in paragraphs 1 and 2 of Article 478 for each of the following deductions:
the individual deductions required pursuant to points (a) to (h) of Article 36(1), excluding deferred tax assets that rely on future profitability and arise from temporary differences;
the aggregate amount of deferred tax assets that rely on future profitability and arise from temporary differences and the items referred to in point (i) of Article 36(1) that is required to be deducted pursuant to Article 48;
each deduction required pursuant to points (b) to (d) of Article 56;
each deduction required pursuant to points (b) to (d) of Article 66.
Cf. Part 5
Article 479(4)
Transitional recognition in consolidated Common Equity Tier 1 capital of instruments and items that do not qualify as minority interests
Competent authorities shall determine and publish the applicable percentage in the ranges specified in paragraph 3 of Article 479.
Cf. Part 6
Article 480(3)
Transitional recognition of minority interests and qualifying Additional Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital
Competent authorities shall determine and publish the value of the applicable factor in the ranges specified in paragraph 2 of Article 480.
Cf. Part 7
Article 481(3)
Additional transitional filters and deductions
For each filter or deduction referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 of Article 481, competent authorities shall determine and publish the applicable percentages in the ranges specified in paragraphs 3 and 4 of that Article
Cf. Part 8
Article 486(6)
Limits for grandfathering of items within Common Equity Tier 1, Additional Tier 1 and Tier 2 items
Competent authorities shall determine and publish the applicable percentages in the ranges specified in paragraph 5 of Article 486.
Cf. Part 9
Article 495(1)
Transitional treatment of equity exposures under the IRB approach
By way of derogation from Chapter 3 of Part Three, until 31 December 2017, the competent authorities may exempt from the IRB treatment certain categories of equity exposures held by institutions and EU subsidiaries of institutions in that Member State as at 31 December 2007.
Article 496(1)
Transitional provision on the calculation of own fund requirements for exposures in the form of covered bonds
Until 31 December 2017, competent authorities may waive in full or in part the 10 % limit for senior units issued by French Fonds Communs de Créances or by securitisation entities which are equivalent to French Fonds Communs de Créances laid down in points (d) and (f) of Article 129(1), provided that conditions specified in points (a) and (b) of Article 496(1) are fulfilled.
Article 499(3)
Transitional provision for calculating the leverage ratio
By way of derogation from Article 429(2) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013, during the period from 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2017, competent authorities may permit institutions to calculate the end-of-quarter leverage ratio where they consider that institutions may not have data of sufficiently good quality to calculate a leverage ratio that is an arithmetic mean of the monthly leverage ratios over a quarter.
Article 500(5)
Transitional provisions for Basel I floor
The competent authorities may, after consulting EBA, waive the application of point (b) of Article 500(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 to institutions provided that all the requirements for the IRB Approach set out in Part Three, Title II, Chapter 3, Section 6 of that Regulation or the qualifying criteria for the use of the Advanced Measurement Approach set out in Part Three, Title III, Chapter 4 of that Regulation, as applicable, are met.
Information to disclose
Level of Common Equity Tier 1 capital ratio that institutions shall meet or exceed
(% within specified range)
4 % to 4,5 %
Level of Tier 1 capital ratio that institutions shall meet or exceed
5,5 % to 6 %
Regulation (EU
Applicable percentage of unrealised losses pursuant to Article 467(1) that are included in the calculation of Common Equity Tier 1 items (percentage in the ranges specified in paragraph 2 of that Article)
20 % to 100 %
40 % to 100 %
60 % to 100 %
80 % to 100 %
Applicable percentage of unrealised gains pursuant to paragraph 1 of Article 468 that are removed from the Common Equity Tier 1 items (percentage in the ranges specified in paragraph 2 of that Article)
Transitional provisions on the deductions from Common Equity Tier 1, Additional Tier 1 and Tier 2 items
Article 478(3)(a)
Deduction from Common Equity Tier 1 items (without deferred tax assets)
Does the competent authority use a single percentage for all deductions from Common Equity Tier 1 items pursuant to points (a) to (h) of Article 36(1), excluding deferred tax assets that rely on future profitability and arise from temporary differences?
Applicable percentage if a single percentage applies (percentage in the ranges specified in paragraph 1 of Article 478)
If no single percentage applies, the national texts and references to the applicable percentages shall be provided in Part 1
Article 478(3)(b)
Deduction from Common Equity Tier 1 items for deferred tax assets and items referred to point (i) of Article 36(1)
Does the competent authority use a single percentage for the deductions from Common Equity Tier 1 items of the aggregate amount of deferred tax assets that rely on future profitability and arise from temporary differences and the items referred to in point (i) of Article 36(1)?
Article 478(2)
Deduction from Common Equity Tier 1 items for deferred tax assets that existed prior to 1 January 2014
Does the competent authority apply the alternative applicable percentage for deferred tax assets that existed prior to 1 January 2014?
Applicable percentage if the alternative applies (percentage in the ranges specified in paragraph 2 of Article 478)
10 % to 100 %
70 % to 100 %
90 % to 100 %
Article 478(3)(c)
Does the competent authority use a single percentage for all deductions from Additional Tier 1 items pursuant to points (b) to (d) of Article 56?
Article 478(3)(d)
Does the competent authority use a single percentage for all deductions from Tier 2 items pursuant to points (b) to (d) of Article 66?
Applicable percentage for the recognition in consolidated Common Equity Tier 1 capital of instruments and items that do not qualify as minority interests (percentage in the ranges specified in paragraph 3 of Article 479)
Applicable factor for the recognition in consolidated own funds of minority interests and qualifying Additional Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital (number in the ranges specified in paragraph 2 of Article 480)
0,2 to 1,0
0,6 to 1,0
Article 481(1)
Adjustments referred to in Article 481(1)
Does the competent authority use a single percentage for all filters or deductions required as set out in Article 481(1)?
[Yes/No/NA]
Applicable percentage if a single percentage applies (percentage in the ranges specified in paragraph 3 of Article 481)
Article 481(2)
Adjustments referred to in Article 481(2)
Does the competent authority require or permit institutions to apply the methods referred to in Article 49(1) where the requirements laid down in point (b) of Article 49(1) are not met, rather than the deduction required pursuant to Article 36(1)?
Applicable percentage if the discretion is exercised (percentage in the ranges specified in paragraph 4 of Article 481)
Limits for grandfathering of items within CET 1, AT 1 and Tier 2 items
Applicable percentage for determining the limits for grandfathering of items within Common Equity Tier 1 items pursuant to paragraph 2 of Article 486 (percentage in the ranges specified in paragraph 5 of that Article)
60 % to 80 %
40 % to 70 %
20 % to 60 %
Applicable percentage for determining the limits for grandfathering of items within Additional Tier 1 items pursuant to paragraph 3 of Article 486 (percentage in the ranges specified in paragraph 5 of that Article)
Applicable percentage for determining the limits for grandfathering of items within Tier 2 items pursuant to paragraph 4 of Article 486 (percentage in the ranges specified in paragraph 5 of that Article)
Maximum percentage for the variable component (% of the fixed component of the total remuneration)
Maximum level of the variable component which can be approved by shareholders or owners or members of institutions (% of the fixed component of the total remuneration)
Are institutions allowed to apply a discount rate for variable remuneration?
Maximum part of the total variable remuneration to which of the discount rate applies (% of the total variable remuneration)
Risk weight applied (from 35 % to 150 %)
Date of the last change in the risk weight
Does the competent authority apply stricter criteria than those set out in Article 125(2)?
Date of the last change in those criteria
Exposures secured on commercial immovable property
Risk weight applied (from 50 % to 150 %)
Does the competent authority apply stricter criteria than those set out in Article 126(2)?
Minimum Loss Given Default (LGD) values for retail exposures secured by immovable property
Minimum value of the exposure weighted average LGD for retail exposures secured by residential property and not benefiting from guarantees from central governments
Minimum LGD value applied (% higher than 10 %)
Date of the last change in the value
Minimum value of the exposure weighted average LGD for retail exposures secured by commercial immovable property and not benefiting from guarantees from central governments
Minimum LGD value applied (% higher than 15 %)
Scope of application of SREP
Description of the guidance of the competent authority on the scope of application of SREP including:
guidance specifying what entities are covered by/excluded from SREP
a high-level overview of how the competent authority takes into account the principle of proportionality when considering the scope of SREP
[free text or reference or hyperlink to such guidance]
Description of the guidance of the competent authority on individual risk assessment including:
a high-level overview of the risk assessment process
a high-level overview of how the competent authority takes into account the principle of proportionality when assessing individual risks
a high-level overview of the criteria used and scoring methodology applied by the competent authority for assessing individual risks
Description of the guidance of the competent authority on the review and evaluation of the internal capital adequacy assessment process (ICAAP) as part of the SREP for assessing the reliability of the ICAAP calculations for determining the own fund requirements to cover individual capital risks including:
an overview of the process to be followed by institutions for implementing the ICAAP
an overview of the methodology applied by the competent authority to review the ICAAP of institutions
information on whether an independent review of the ICAAP is required from the competent authority
Description of the guidance of the competent authority on the overall SREP assessment and supervisory measures taken by the competent authority on the basis of the overall SREP assessment
Data on national financial sector (year 20XX)
Reference to COREP template (1)
Number and size of credit institutions
Number of credit institutions (1)
Total assets (in MEUR) (2)
Total assets as % of GDP
Number and size of foreign credit institutions
From EEA countries
Number of branches (3)
Total assets of branches (in MEUR)
Number of subsidiaries (4)
Total assets of subsidiaries (in MEUR)
Total capital and capital requirements of credit institutions
Total Common Equity Tier 1 capital as % of total capital
CA1 (row 020 / row 010)
Total Additional Tier 1 capital as % of total capital
CA1 (row 530 / row 010)
Total Tier 2 capital as % of total capital
CA1 (row 750 / row 010)
Total capital requirements (in MEUR)
CA2 (row 010) (1) 8 %
CA3 (row 050)
Number and size of investment firms
Number of investment firms (1)
Total capital and capital requirements of investment firms
The figure includes domestically incorporated institutions, branches of the EEA as well as non-EEA institutions. Any number of places of business set up in the respective country by an institution with headquarters in another country, is counted as one institution. The definition includes branches/subsidiaries of foreign institutions but not foreign branches/subsidiaries of domestic institutions (host country approach).
Non-consolidated data required. Calculated on a residential basis (host country approach, with a population that corresponds to the principles, as laid down under (1)).
Any number of places of business set up in the same country by a credit institution with headquarters in another country should be counted as a single branch
Any subsidiary of a subsidiary undertaking shall be regarded as a subsidiary of the parent undertaking which is at the head of those undertakings
Data on credit risk (year 20XX)
Reference to COREP template (3)
Credit institutions: Own funds requirements for credit risk
% of total own funds requirements
CA2 (row 040) / (row 010)
Credit institutions: breakdown by approach
% based on the total number of credit institutions (2)
Foundation Internal Ratings Based Approach (FIRB)
% based on total own funds requirements for credit risk
CA2 (row 050) / (row 040)
CR IRB, Foundation IRB (row 010, col 260) / CA2 (row 040)
CR IRB, Advanced IRB (row 010, col 260) / CA2 (row 040)
Credit institutions: breakdown by IRB exposure class
% based on total IRB risk weighted exposure amount
IRB Approach when neither own estimates of Loss Given Default nor conversion factors are used
CA2 (row 260 / row 010)
CA2 (row 270 / row 010)
CA2 (row 280 / row 010)
CA2 (row 290 / row 010)
CA2 (row 300 / row 010)
IRB approach when own estimates of Loss Given Default and/or conversion factors are used
CA2 (row 320 / row 010)
CA2 (row 330 / row 010)
CA2 (row 340 / row 010)
CA2 (row 350 / row 010)
CA2 (row 360 / row 010)
CA2 (row 370 / row 010)
CA2 (row 380 / row 010)
CA2 (row 390 / row 010)
CA2 (row 400 / row 010)
CA2 (row 410 / row 010)
CA2 (row 420 / row 010)
CA2 (row 430 / row 010)
CA2 (row 450 / row 010)
Credit institutions: breakdown by SA exposure class (2)
% based on total SA risk weighted exposure amount
CA2 (row 070 / row 010)
CA2 (row 080 / row 010)
CA2 (row 090 / row 010)
CA2 (row 100 / row 010)
CA2 (row 110 / row 010)
CA2 (row 120 / row 010)
CA2 (row 130 / row 010)
CA2 (row 140 / row 010)
CA2 (row 150 / row 010)
CA2 (row 160 / row 010)
CA2 (row 170 / row 010)
CA2 (row 180 / row 010)
CA2 (row 190 / row 010)
CA2 (row 200 / row 010)
CA2 (row 210 / row 010)
CA2 (row 211 / row 010)
CA2 (row 220 / row 010)
Credit institutions: breakdown by credit risk mitigation (CRM) approach
Financial collateral simple method
Financial collateral comprehensive method
Investment firms: Own funds requirements for credit risk
Investment firms: breakdown by approach
% based on the total number of investment firms (2)
(CA2 (row 050) / (row 040)
(CA2 (row 240) / row 040)
Additional information on securitisation
Credit institutions: originator
Total amount of securitisation exposures originated on balance sheet and off-balance sheet
CR SEC SA (row 030, col 010) + CR SEC IRB (row 030, col 010)
Total amount of securitisation positions retained (securitisation positions - original exposure pre conversion factors) on balance sheet and off-balance sheet
CR SEC SA (row 030, col 050) + CR SEC IRB (row 030, col 050)
Exposures and losses from lending collateralised by immovable property
Use of residential property as collateral
Sum of exposures secured by residential property
CR IP Losses (row 010, col 050)
CR IP Losses (row 010, col 010)
Of which: immovable property valued with mortgage lending value
CR IP Losses (row 010, col 020)
CR IP Losses (row 010, col 030)
CR IP Losses (row 010, col 040)
Use of commercial immovable property as collateral
Sum of exposures secured by immovable commercial property
CR IP Losses (row 020, col 050)
CR IP Losses (row 020, col 010)
CR IP Losses (row 020, col 020)
CR IP Losses (row 020, col 030)
CR IP Losses (row 020, col 040)
Data on market risk (year 20XX)
Reference to COREP template (5)
Credit institutions: Own funds requirements for market risk
CA2 (row 520) / (row 010)
% based on the total number of credit institutions (4)
% based on total own funds requirements for market risk
CA2 (row 530) / (row 520)
CA2 (row 580) / (row 520)
Investment firms: Own funds requirements for market risk
% based on the total number of investment firms (4)
Data on operational risk (year 20XX)
Reference to COREP template (7)
Credit institutions: Own funds requirements for operational risk
CA2 (row 590) / (row 010)
% based on the total number of credit institutions (6)
Standardised Approach (TSA) / Alternative Standardised Approach (ASA)
% based on total own funds requirements for operational risk
CA2 (row 600) / (row 590)
CA2 (row 610) / (row 590)
CA2 (row 620) / (row 590)
Credit institutions: Losses due to operational risk
Credit institutions: total gross loss
Total gross loss as % of total gross income
OPR Details (row 920, col 080) / OPR ((sum (row 010 to row 130), col 030)
Investment firms: Own funds requirements for operational risk
% based on the total number of investment firms (6)
Investment firms: Losses due to operational risk
Investment firms: total gross loss
Data on supervisory measures and administrative penalties (year 20XX)
Supervisory actions and measures (8)
Number of on-site inspections
Number of overall assessments performed
Supervisory measures taken in accordance with Article 102(1)(a)
Total number of supervisory measures taken in accordance with Article 104(1) of Directive 2013/36/EU:
to hold own funds in excess of the minimum capital requirements [Article 104(1)(a)]
to reinforce governance arrangements and internal capital management [Article 104(1)(b)]
to present a plan to restore compliance with supervisory requirements [Article 104(1)(c)]
to apply a specific provisioning policy or treatment of assets [Article 104(1)(d)]
to restrict/limit business or activities [Article 104(1)(e)]
to reduce the risk inherent in the activities, products and systems [Article 104(1)(f)]
to limit variable remuneration [Article 104(1)(g)]
to strengthen own funds by using net profits [Article 104(1)(h)]
to restrict/prohibit distributions or interest payments [Article 104(1)(i)]
to impose additional or more frequent reporting requirements [Article 104(1)(j)]
to impose specific liquidity requirements [Article 104(1)(k)]
to impose additional disclosure requirements [Article 104(1)(l)]
Number and nature of other supervisory measures taken (not listed in Article 104(1) of Directive 2013/36/EU)
Supervisory measures taken in accordance with Article 102(1)(b) and other provisions of Directive 2013/36/EU or Regulation (EU) No 575/2013
Supervisory actions and measures (9)
Administrative penalties (for breaches of authorisation/ acquisitions of qualifying holding requirements)
Total number of administrative penalties from Article 66(2) of Directive 2013/36/EU applied:
public statements identifying the natural/legal person responsible and the nature of the breach [Article 66(2)(a)]
orders requiring the natural/legal person responsible to cease the conduct and to desist from a repetition of that conduct [Article 66(2)(b)]
administrative pecuniary penalties imposed on legal/natural person [points (c) to (e) of Article 66(2)]
suspensions of the voting rights of shareholders [Article 66 (2)(f)]
Number and nature of other administrative penalties applied (not specified in Article 66(2) of Directive 2013/36/EU)
Administrative penalties (for other breaches of requirements imposed by Directive 2013/36/EU or Regulation (EU) No 575/2013)
Total number of administrative penalties from Article 67(2) of Directive 2013/36/EU applied:
public statements identifying the natural/legal person responsible and the nature of the breach [Article 67(2)(a)]
orders requiring the natural/legal person responsible to cease the conduct and to desist from a repetition of that conduct [Article 67(2)(b)]
withdrawals of authorisation of credit institution [Article 67(2)(c)]
temporary bans against natural person from exercising functions in credit institutions [Article 67(2)(d)]
administrative pecuniary penalties imposed on legal/natural person [points (e) to (g) of Article 67(2)]
Number and nature of other administrative penalties applied (not specified in Article 67(2) of Directive 2013/36/EU)
administrative pecuniary penalties imposed on a legal person [points (c) to (e) of Article 66(2)]
suspensions of the voting rights of shareholders [Article 66(2)(f)]
withdrawals of authorisation of investment firms [Article 67(2)(c)]
temporary bans against natural person from exercising functions in investment firms [Article 67(2)(d)]
Due to differences in national regulations as well as in supervisory practices and approaches across the Member States the figures provided in this table might not allow for a meaningful comparison between countries and any conclusions without carefully considering these differences can be misleading
Data on waivers (year 20XX)
Exemption from the application on an individual basis of prudential requirements set out in Parts Two to Five, Seven and Eight of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013
Legal reference in Regulation (EU) No 575/2013
(waivers for subsidiaries)
(waivers for parent institutions)
Total number of waivers granted
Number of waivers granted to parent institutions with have or hold participations in subsidiaries established in third countries
Total amount of consolidated own funds held in the subsidiaries established in third countries (in MEUR)
Percentage of the total consolidated own funds held in subsidiaries established in third countries (%)
Percentage of the consolidated own funds requirements allocated to subsidiaries established in third countries (%)
Total number of permissions granted
Number of permissions granted to parent institutions to incorporarte subsidiaries established in third countries in the calculation of their requirement
Number of waivers granted pursuant to Article 8(2) where all institutions within a single liquidity sub-group are authorised in the same Member State
Number of waivers granted pursuant to Article 8(1) where all institutions within a single liquidity sub-group are authorised in several Member States
Number of waivers granted pursuant to Article 8(3) to institutions which are members of the same Institutional Protection Scheme
Number of waivers granted to credit institutions permanently affiliated to a central body
Number of waivers granted to central bodies
(1) Reference data from COREP templates pursuant to the Commission implementing Regulation (EU) No 650/2014
(2) where an institution uses more than one approach, the institution shall be counted in each of these approaches
(3) Reference data from COREP templates pursuant to the Commission implementing Regulation (EU) No 650/2014
(4) where an institution uses more than one approach, the institution shall be counted in each of these approaches
(5) Reference data from COREP templates pursuant to the Commission implementing Regulation (EU) No 650/2014
(6) where an institution uses more than one approach, the institution shall be counted in each of these approaches
(7) Reference data from COREP templates pursuant to the Commission implementing Regulation (EU) No 650/2014
(8) Due to differences in national regulations as well as in supervisory practices and approaches across the Member States the figures provided in this table might not allow for a meaningful comparison between countries and any conclusions without carefully considering these differences can be misleading
(9) Due to differences in national regulations as well as in supervisory practices and approaches across the Member States the figures provided in this table might not allow for a meaningful comparison between countries and any conclusions without carefully considering these differences can be misleading