Source: https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/997/1295/382196/
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Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 19', '§ 19', '§ 848', '§ 19', '§ 19', '§ 19', '§ 19', '§ 19', '§ 19', '§ 19', '§ 19', '§ 19', '§ 2243', '§ 19', '§ 19', '§ 19', '§ 19', '§ 19', '§ 19']

Donald Kenneth Fetterly, Petitioner/appellant, v. David Paskett, Warden, Idaho State Prisons; and Jim Jones,attorney General of the State of Idaho,respondents/appellees, 997 F.2d 1295 (9th Cir. 1993) :: Justia
Justia › US Law › Case Law › Federal Courts › Courts of Appeals › Ninth Circuit › 1993 › Donald Kenneth Fetterly, Petitioner/appellant, v. David Paskett, Warden, Idaho State Prisons; and Ji...
Donald Kenneth Fetterly, Petitioner/appellant, v. David Paskett, Warden, Idaho State Prisons; and Jim Jones,attorney General of the State of Idaho,respondents/appellees, 997 F.2d 1295 (9th Cir. 1993)
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit - 997 F.2d 1295 (9th Cir. 1993) Ninth Circuit.Argued April 10, 1991. Submission deferred April 25, 1991. Reargued and Submitted March 31, 1993. Decided July 9, 1993
* On December 15, 1983, Donald Fetterly was convicted by a jury in Idaho of the premeditated murder of Sterling Grammer. In a subsequent sentencing hearing, the trial court sitting without a jury found as statutorily aggravating circumstances that (1) the murder was especially heinous, atrocious or cruel, manifesting exceptional depravity; (2) the defendant exhibited utter disregard for human life; and (3) the murder was committed during the commission of a felony, i.e., burglary, and was accompanied by the specific intent to cause the death of a human being. See Idaho Code § 19-2515(g) (1)-(10). The trial court sentenced Fetterly pursuant to Idaho Code § 19-2515. Section 19-2515(c) provides:
Because the trial court determined that the "mitigating circumstances [found in Fetterly's favor] do not outweigh the gravity of the aggravating circumstances," it sentenced Fetterly to death. Fetterly's conviction and his death sentence were affirmed by the Supreme Court of Idaho, State v. Fetterly, 109 Idaho 766, 710 P.2d 1202 (1985), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 870, 107 S. Ct. 239, 93 L. Ed. 2d 164 (1986), and his first attempt to secure post-conviction relief was unsuccessful. State v. Fetterly, 115 Idaho 231, 766 P.2d 701 (1988), cert. denied, 492 U.S. 925, 109 S. Ct. 3262, 106 L. Ed. 2d 607 (1989).
On October 17, 1989, a second lawyer entered this case on behalf of Mr. Fetterly, Mr. Thomas J. McCabe. He was appointed pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 848(q) (4) (B), and (5), (6), (7). As Mr. McCabe stated during oral argument, he was new to the case, and thus, gave it "a fresh look." As he did, he concluded that the trial court erred with respect to the manner in which it weighed the mitigating circumstances against the aggravating ones. Instead of weighing the mitigating circumstances collectively against each of the aggravating circumstances separately, as required by Idaho Code § 19-2515(c), the sentencing judge had weighed all the mitigating circumstances against all the aggravating circumstances together as a group.
Mr. McCabe's recognition of this error was aided no doubt by the decision of the Supreme Court of Idaho in State v. Charboneau, 116 Idaho 129, 774 P.2d 299, cert. denied, 493 U.S. 923, 110 S. Ct. 290, 107 L. Ed. 2d 270 (1989). Charboneau was decided on April 4, 1989, just 6 days before Fetterly's first attorney filed Fetterly's petition for a writ of habeas corpus in federal district court, and before Mr. McCabe entered the case. In Charboneau, the Supreme Court of Idaho explicitly disapproved of the weighing approach to aggravating and mitigating circumstances taken by the sentencing judge in the instant case. The court said: "If the legislature had intended the mitigating circumstances to be weighed against all the aggravating circumstances found as a group, it would have referred to 'the aggravating circumstances found.' The plain meaning of the statute dictates our conclusion on this issue." 774 P.2d at 323.
When Mr. McCabe discovered the possible presence of "Charboneau error," as it is now called in Idaho, he took two steps on behalf of his client. On June 15, 1990, he filed a second state petition for post-conviction relief alleging, inter alia, Charboneau error and ineffective assistance of counsel; and on June 20, 1990, he requested the federal district court to stay the resolution of his pending petition to allow him to exhaust Fetterly's state remedies on the newly identified issues. Mr. McCabe's goal in requesting a stay was to exhaust all his federal Constitutional claims in state court and then to present them in a single proceeding for review in the federal court. In so doing, he would have avoided any claim by Idaho that any second petition would be defective as "abusive." See McCleskey v. Zant, 499 U.S. 467, ---- - ----, 111 S. Ct. 1454, 1465-66, 113 L. Ed. 2d 517 (1991). Mr. McCabe also recognized that if he moved to amend his petition in federal court, it would have been subject to dismissal under Rose v. Lundy, 455 U.S. 509, 102 S. Ct. 1198, 71 L. Ed. 2d 379 (1982) because it contained unexhausted claims.
On June 26, 1990, the district court denied Fetterly's stay pending further argument. On August 1, 1990, the denial of the stay was made final on the ground that, as a matter of law, none of the new issues raised were matters of federal Constitutional dimension and thus were not cognizable under habeas corpus. The district court in a "sua sponte" decision stated that the Charboneau problem was exclusively a matter of state law. Fetterly v. Paskett, 744 F. Supp. 966, 976 (D. Idaho 1990) (citing Pulley v. Harris, 465 U.S. 37, 41-42, 104 S. Ct. 871, 874-875, 79 L. Ed. 2d 29 (1984)). Fetterly was not given an opportunity directly to brief or to argue this pivotal issue prior to the district court's adverse ruling. Subsequently, the district court denied Fetterly's original petition on the merits, Fetterly v. Paskett, 747 F. Supp. 594 (D. Idaho 1990), and Fetterly filed this timely appeal. One of the issues raised, and the only issue we decide in this opinion, is whether the district court abused its discretion in rejecting Fetterly's motion for a stay pending exhaustion of newly discovered issues.
On December 19, 1991, Fetterly lost his appeal. See Fetterly v. State, 121 Idaho 417, 825 P.2d 1073 (1991), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 113 S. Ct. 607, 121 L. Ed. 2d 542 (1992). In a divided opinion, the Supreme Court of Idaho determined that its holding in Charboneau constituted a "new rule." Citing Griffith v. Kentucky, 479 U.S. 314, 107 S. Ct. 708, 93 L. Ed. 2d 649 (1987) with respect to the implications of a "new rule" on retroactivity, the Supreme Court of Idaho refused to apply Idaho Code § 19-2515(c) to Fetterly's case because his case was "final prior to the issuance of Charboneau."1 Id. at 1075. The court also concluded that Fetterly's ineffective assistance of counsel claim had been waived. Id. Fetterly's subsequent petition to the United States Supreme Court for a writ of certiorari was denied on November 30, 1992. Fetterly v. Idaho, --- U.S. ----, 113 S. Ct. 607, 121 L. Ed. 2d 542 (1992).
In Godfrey v. Georgia, 446 U.S. 420, 100 S. Ct. 1759, 64 L. Ed. 2d 398 (1980), the Supreme Court held that states can impose the death penalty for certain crimes without running afoul of our Constitutional prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment, but only if the manner in which the penalty is selected "provide [s] a meaningful basis for distinguishing the few cases in which [the penalty] is imposed from the many cases in which it is not." Id. at 427, 100 S. Ct. at 1764 (emphasis added) (internal quotations omitted) (alterations in original). As pointed out by Justice Stevens, "this Court's decisions have made clear that States may impose this ultimate sentence only if they follow procedures that are designed to assure reliability in sentencing determinations." Barclay v. Florida, 463 U.S. 939, 958-59, 103 S. Ct. 3418, 3429, 77 L. Ed. 2d 1134 (1983) (Stevens, J., concurring) (emphasis added). Part of the requirement of reliability is " 'that the [aggravating and mitigating] reasons present in one case will reach a similar result to that reached under similar circumstances in another case.' " Id. at 954, 103 S. Ct. at 3427 (plurality opinion) (alterations in original) (quoting Proffitt v. Florida, 428 U.S. 242, 251, 96 S. Ct. 2960, 2966, 49 L. Ed. 2d 913 (1976) (opinion of Stewart, Powell, and Stevens, JJ.)) (internal quotations omitted).
Because Fetterly may not have been sentenced to death as prescribed by Idaho Code § 19-2515(c), this goal of similar sentences in similar cases may not have been met. If the sentencing judge did not follow Idaho's statutory procedures in Fetterly's case, others similarly sentenced in Idaho have been and will necessarily be treated differently if mitigating circumstances in their respective cases are grouped against each aggravating circumstance, rather than against the aggravating circumstances as a whole. In fact, after Charboneau the Supreme Court of Idaho has reversed several sentences for § 19-2515(c) error and remanded for resentencing. See, e.g., State v. Fain, 116 Idaho 82, 774 P.2d 252, cert. denied, 493 U.S. 917, 110 S. Ct. 277, 107 L. Ed. 2d 258 (1989); State v. Leavitt, 116 Idaho 285, 775 P.2d 599, cert. denied, 493 U.S. 923, 110 S. Ct. 290, 107 L. Ed. 2d 270 (1989); State v. Sivak, 119 Idaho 320, 806 P.2d 413 (1990); Stuart v. State, 118 Idaho 865, 801 P.2d 1216 (1990). Moreover, such an error necessarily made it harder for the mitigating circumstances found in Fetterly's favor to overcome the aggravating circumstances, because the latter were weighed as a group rather than separately as required by the controlling statute. Other persons sentenced to death in Idaho are not required to overcome this higher hurdle.
There is, of course, nothing in the Constitution of the United States that requires Idaho's legislature to approach balancing as it has done in Idaho Code § 19-2515(c). However, the failure of a state to abide by its own statutory commands may implicate a liberty interest protected by the Fourteenth Amendment against arbitrary deprivation by a state. Ninth Circuit precedent generally supports this proposition. In Ballard v. Estelle, 937 F.2d 453 (9th Cir. 1991), we said, " [Petitioner's] claim that his sentence violated California sentencing laws because a different definition of 'personal use' of a firearm was used than California has adopted in other cases sets forth a cognizable federal habeas corpus claim based on the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment." Id. at 456. See also Hernandez v. Ylst, 930 F.2d 714, 719 (9th Cir. 1991) (" [F]ederal courts sitting in habeas can and will review an application of state law for alleged constitutional violations. Federal courts [,however,] are extraordinarily chary of entertaining habeas corpus violations premised upon asserted deviations from state procedural rules." (citations omitted)). To paraphrase Hicks v. Oklahoma, 447 U.S. 343, 100 S. Ct. 2227, 65 L. Ed. 2d 175 (1980), where a state has provided a specific method for the determination of whether the death penalty shall be imposed, "it is not correct to say that the defendant's interest" in having that method adhered to "is merely a matter of state procedural law." Id. at 346, 100 S. Ct. at 2229.
The very purpose of statutes such as Idaho Code § 19-2515(c) is to comply with the exacting requirements of the Constitution of the United States as articulated by the Supreme Court in Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238, 92 S. Ct. 2726, 33 L. Ed. 2d 346 (1972) and its progeny. Moreover, when we deal with matters involving aggravating and mitigating circumstances, we are at the very core of the Supreme Court's mandate that the death penalty be determined based on the character of the offender as well as the circumstances of the offense. To quote the Court:
Woodson v. North Carolina, 428 U.S. 280, 303-05, 96 S. Ct. 2978, 2990-2992, 49 L. Ed. 2d 944 (1976) (opinion of Stewart, Powell, and Stevens, JJ.) (citations omitted). Furthermore, "Furman mandates that where discretion is afforded a sentencing body on a matter so grave as the determination of whether a human life should be taken or spared, that discretion must be suitably directed and limited so as to minimize the risk of wholly arbitrary and capricious action." Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153, 189, 96 S. Ct. 2909, 2932, 49 L. Ed. 2d 859 (1976) (opinion of Stewart, Powell, and Stevens, JJ.) (emphasis added).
In response to these imperatives, Idaho's legislature has "directed" the manner in which aggravating and mitigating circumstances shall be weighed, and it has "limited" imposition of the death penalty to those specific situations where "the trial court finds that all the mitigating circumstances do not outweigh the gravity of each of the aggravating circumstances found." Charboneau, 116 Idaho 129, 774 P.2d at 323 (Bistline, J., dissenting). For whatever reason, Idaho has chosen to prohibit the grouping of aggravating circumstances in connection with their weighing against whatever elements of mitigation that appear in a given case; and " [w]hen the weighing process itself has been skewed, only constitutional harmless error analysis or reweighing at the trial or appellate level suffices to guarantee that the defendant received an individualized sentence." Stringer v. Black, --- U.S. ----, ----, 112 S. Ct. 1130, 1137, 117 L. Ed. 2d 367 (1992). Thus, we conclude that Fetterly's motion for a stay was predicated on a cognizable claim that in enacting and enforcing § 19-2515(c), Idaho has created a liberty interest protected under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
In the light of the foregoing, we respectfully conclude that for two reasons it was an abuse of discretion for the district court to deny Fetterly's request for a stay. First, contrary to the district court's view that the sentencing court's failure to follow Idaho Code § 19-2515(c) does not raise an issue cognizable under habeas, we conclude it does. Our conclusion in this respect rejects the district court's legal reason for its denial. A decision based on a misapprehension of the law may constitute an abuse of discretion. Northern Alaska Envtl. Ctr. v. Lujan, 961 F.2d 886, 889 (9th Cir. 1992). Second, Fetterly was represented through the filing of his petition in federal district court by the same attorney who represented him when the Charboneau error may have been committed. As Fetterly now states, this raises the specter of ineffective assistance of counsel. If Fetterly has lost the benefit of Idaho Code § 19-2515(c), it may be because of an omission by his original attorney to spot the error of the sentencing judge. Under the circumstances, we believe the only appropriate course for the district court was to allow Fetterly's new attorney to advance claims missed by the attorney who overlooked them. We note that Fetterly's original attorney bowed out of the case after Mr. McCabe's discoveries. In this respect, we follow the text of the federal habeas statute which enjoins us to "dispose of the matter as law and justice require." 28 U.S.C. § 2243 (emphasis added). See Withrow v. Williams, --- U.S. ----, ----, 113 S. Ct. 1745, 1766, 123 L. Ed. 2d 407 (1993) (Scalia, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part).
Given the growing tendency of the Supreme Court to shut the door on second petitions even when issues were defaulted due to errors by counsel, see Keeney v. Tamayo-Reyes, *-"-- U.S. ----, ---- n. 5, 112 S. Ct. 1715, 1720 n. 5, 118 L. Ed. 2d 318 (1992), it is understandable that Mr. McCabe wished to bring all his claims in one pending proceeding rather than move to dismiss and start again when he had fully exhausted his new issues. There is nothing at all in this record to suggest that the motion for a stay was brought to delay, to vex, or to harass, or that the request was an abuse of the writ. See Sanders v. United States, 373 U.S. 1, 18, 83 S. Ct. 1068, 1078, 10 L. Ed. 2d 148 (1963) ("Nothing in the traditions of habeas corpus requires the federal courts to tolerate needless piecemeal litigation, to entertain collateral proceedings whose only purpose is to vex, harass, or delay."). Moreover, were we to close the door on Fetterly at this juncture, he would no doubt file a second petition in the district court based on these same claims. If so, we would see the same claims again, but they would be encumbered with all the new issues that come with subsequent petitions.
Under the circumstances, the appropriate remedy at this juncture is to issue a limited remand to the district court with orders to permit Fetterly to amend his petition to add newly exhausted claims and to proceed accordingly. Because there is no petition before us in which his claims of § 19-2515(c) error and related ineffective counsel are spelled out, we reiterate that we are in no position to render an informed opinion on the merits of these subjects. All we are competent to adjudicate is whether it was error to deny Fetterly's motion for a stay. Moreover, the Charboneau issue is shrouded by other legal issues that are best litigated in district court. Is Fetterly precluded from raising his Idaho Code § 19-2515(c) issue by virtue of Idaho Code § 19-2719, which requires that all challenges to a conviction and sentence be raised in a timely petition for post-conviction relief under penalty of forfeiture of those claims? Was Fetterly defaulted by the Supreme Court of Idaho on procedural grounds? If so, can he demonstrate "cause" and "actual prejudice" or a "fundamental miscarriage of justice" that would relieve him of this procedural default? Murray v. Carrier, 477 U.S. 478, 495-96, 106 S. Ct. 2639, 2649, 91 L. Ed. 2d 397 (1986). Does Charboneau represent a "new rule" of constitutional interpretation as claimed by the Supreme Court of Idaho, or does this label misunderstand the "new rule" doctrine? Does Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 109 S. Ct. 1060, 103 L. Ed. 2d 334 (1989) stand in Fetterly's way as claimed by Idaho's Attorney General? Did the Supreme Court of Idaho misapprehend federal law in connection with retroactivity? Was Idaho compelled by the Constitution of the United States to apply the plain meaning of Idaho Code § 19-2515(c) to Fetterly notwithstanding the finality of his case? Were any errors committed by the sentencing court adequately remedied by the opinion of the Supreme Court of Idaho? See Barclay v. Florida, 463 U.S. at 956-58, 103 S. Ct. at 3428-3429. These and any other issues raised by Fetterly's amended petition if germane shall be litigated in the trial court.
REMANDED for further proceedings in accord with this opinion. When such proceedings have been concluded, the parties shall promptly so notify this court by filing with the Clerk of this court a copy of the district court's final decision. This filing shall be accompanied by a copy of any notice of appeal from that decision filed with the Clerk of the district court pursuant to Fed. R. App. P. 3 and 4. Fetterly's remaining issues remain with this court, but submission of them for decision is hereby ordered deferred.
The "new rule" doctrine on which the Supreme Court of Idaho relied relates to "new constitutional rule [s] of criminal procedure." Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 299, 109 S. Ct. 1060, 1069, 103 L. Ed. 2d 334 (1989) (emphasis added). The holding in Charboneau is not connected to any Constitutional commands. In addition, the United States Supreme Court has described a "new rule" as a ground-breaking rule not dictated by precedent. See Penry v. Lynaugh, 492 U.S. 302, 314, 109 S. Ct. 2934, 2944, 106 L. Ed. 2d 256 (1989). The Idaho Supreme Court opinion describes Fetterly's claim as one that should have been known immediately after his trial
It appears that Fetterly did not seek to take advantage of any new rights or opportunities created by Charboneau, but only of an existing right stated in the statute itself. Idaho Code § 19-2515(c). Thus it is difficult for us to understand why the Idaho Supreme Court utilized a retroactivity analysis. There may, however, have existed some other reason to deny Fetterly the benefit of the statute, such as procedural default as outlined by Justice Johnson in his separate opinion concurring in the result based on Idaho Code § 19-2719. Fetterly, 121 Idaho 417, 825 P.2d at 1075 (Johnson, J., concurring). We mention our concerns because of the rule that any independent state ground barring federal habeas consideration be both "adequate" and "independent." Coleman v. Thompson, --- U.S. ----, ---- - ----, 111 S. Ct. 2546, 2553-54, 115 L. Ed. 2d 640 (1991).