Source: http://www.google.com/patents/US5981454?dq=6,548,982
Timestamp: 2017-08-18 04:28:18
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Patent US5981454 - Post clean treatment composition comprising an organic acid and hydroxylamine - Google Patents
A composition for removal of chemical residues from metal or dielectric surfaces or for chemical mechanical polishing of a copper surface is an aqueous solution with a pH between about 3.5 and about 7. The composition contains a monofuctional, difunctional or trifunctional organic acid and a buffering...http://www.google.com/patents/US5981454?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US5981454 - Post clean treatment composition comprising an organic acid and hydroxylamine
Publication number US5981454 A
Application number US 08/801,911
Priority date Jun 21, 1993
Also published as DE69816219D1, DE69816219T2, EP0909311A1, EP0909311A4, EP0909311B1, US6156661, WO1998036045A1
Publication number 08801911, 801911, US 5981454 A, US 5981454A, US-A-5981454, US5981454 A, US5981454A
Inventors Robert J. Small
Original Assignee Ekc Technology, Inc.
Patent Citations (28), Non-Patent Citations (21), Referenced by (272), Classifications (100), Legal Events (6)
Post clean treatment composition comprising an organic acid and hydroxylamine
US 5981454 A
A composition for removal of chemical residues from metal or dielectric surfaces or for chemical mechanical polishing of a copper surface is an aqueous solution with a pH between about 3.5 and about 7. The composition contains a monofuctional, difunctional or trifunctional organic acid and a buffering amount of a quaternary amine, ammonium hydroxide, hydroxylamine, hydroxylamine salt, hydrazine or hydrazine salt base. A method in accordance with the invention for removal of chemical residues from a metal or dielectric surface comprises contacting the metal or dielectric surface with the above composition for a time sufficient to remove the chemical residues. A method in accordance with the invention for chemical mechanical polishing of a copper surface comprises applying the above composition to the copper surface, and polishing the surface in the presence of the composition.
1. A composition for removal of chemical residues from metal or dielectric surfaces, the chemical residues having been applied in a previous process step, and for stopping further chemical effects from the chemical residues, which comprises an aqueous solution with a pH between about 4 and about 6 and containing:
(a) a monofunctional, difunctional or trifunctional organic acid selected from the group consisting of formic, acetic, propionic, n-butyric, isobutyric, benzoic, ascorbic, gluconic, malic, malonic, oxalic, succinic, tartaric, citric and gallic acids; and
(b) a buffering amount of hydroxylamine.
2. The composition of claim 1 in which the organic acid is citric acid.
3. The composition of claim 2 in which the citric acid is present in an amount of from about 2 to about 11 weight percent.
4. The composition of claim 1 additionally comprising a buffering amount of a quaternary amine, ammonium hydroxide, hydroxylamine salt, hydrazine or hydrazine salt base.
5. The composition of claim 1 in which the organic acid is present in an amount of from about 1 weight percent to about 25 weight percent.
6. The composition of claim 1 additionally comprising:
(c) an ammonium peroxydisulfate, peracetic acid, urea hydroperoxide, sodium percarbonate or sodium perborate oxidizing agent.
7. The composition of claim 1 additionally comprising:
(c) a chelation agent which will complex with transition metal ions and mobile ions.
8. The composition of claim 7 in which the chelation agent is ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid, an oxime, 8-hydroxy quinoline, a polyalkylene polyamine or a crown ether.
This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/826,257, filed Mar. 27, 1997, which is in turn a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/443,265, filed May 17, 1995, now abandoned, which is in turn a division of application Ser. No. 08/078,657, filed Jun. 21, 1993.
Newer methods to etch, planarize and to clean the wafers after each of these critical steps must be developed. This invention deals with a new method for treating (preparing) a wafer after a wet chemistry process step (post etch residue cleaning step, PER). Specifically this invention deals with removing residual amines from amine-based wet chemical treatment. Usually the amine based chemistries are used to remove post etch residues ("polymer residues", "fences", vails, etc.). These chemical compositions are also applicable to post CMP cleaning and for polishing copper wafers in CMP planarization.
SEMI CMP User & Suppler Workshop; October 18-19, Austin, Tex.
It reduces or eliminates corrosion problems
It lowers mobile and transition metal ions
In accordance with the invention, a composition for removal of chemical residues from metal or dielectric surfaces or for chemical mechanical polishing of a copper surface is an aqueous solution with a pH between about 3.5 and about 7. The composition contains a monofunctional, difunctional or trifunctional organic acid and a buffering amount of a quaternary amine, ammonium hydroxide, hydroxylamine, hydroxylamine salt, hydrazine or hydrazine salt base. A method in accordance with the invention for removal of chemical residues from a metal or dielectric surface comprises contacting the metal or dielectric surface with the above composition for a time sufficient to remove the chemical residues. A method in accordance with the invention for chemical mechanical polishing of a copper surface comprises applying the above composition to the copper surface, and polishing the surface in the presence of the composition.
FIGS. 5A-5C are scanning electron micrographs (SEMs) of comparative results obtained with and without use of the Post Clean Treatment of this invention.
8. Prevent amine precipate from forming, as possibly seen in IPA rinses.
Post Etch Residue Chemistry Neutralization
R--NH2 +H2 O→R--NH3 + +-OH
One possible mechanism for this attack is that Al2 O3, an amphoteric material, can be removed by acids having a pH <4 or bases having a pH >10:
Al+3OH- +H2 O→Al(OH)4 --- +H2
Isopropyl alcohol rinse solutions are flammable, and the chemical is on the SARA Title III list The carbonated water rinse solutions have only limited neutralization capacity because of the limited CO2 solubility in water.
There are five mechanisms for removing impurities particles and/or ions) from the wafer surfaces:
The mechanism for dielectric polishing is still being developed, but the polishing process appears to involve two concurrent processes; a mechanical process involving plastic deformation of the surface and, chemical attack by hydroxide (- OH) to form silanol bonds.
TABLE 1______________________________________SiO2 + 2H2 O    <═>           Si(OH)4(aq)                     pH < 9 log Ks = -2.7                                     eq. 1  Si(OH)4 + - OH <═> SiO(OH)3 -  + ph > 9 log                                     Ks = -1.7 eq. 2    2H2 O  SiO(OH)3 - ═> polynuclear ph > 10.5  eq. 3    species  Si(OH)4 + O2 ═> (HO)3 Si--   eq. 4    O--Si    (OH)3 + H2 O______________________________________
If the pH is too high the polynuclear species may start to precipitate in an unpredictable manner. There is also the possibility of an oxidation process to form Si--O--Si bonds, eq. 4.
There are other important features of the silicon surface that will influence the etch rates and final surface conditions; (metal contamination and possibly micro scratches). As mentioned above, the typical silicon surface is terminated (covered) with --OH groups under neutral or basic conditions. The silicon surface is hydrophilic (the surface is "wettable"). These groups activate the surface to a number of possible chemical or physioabsorbtion phenomena. The Si--OH groups impair a weak acid effect which allows for the formation of salts and to exchange the proton (H+) for various metals (similar to the ion exchange resins). These SiO- and Si--OH groups can also act as ligands for complexing Al, Fe, Cu, Sn and Ca. Of course the surface is very dipolar and so electrostatic charges can accumulate or be dissipated depending on the bulk solution's pH, ion concentration or charge. This accumulated surface charge can be measured as the Zeta potential.
It has also been determined that these Post Clean Treatment solutions can be used to perform CMP planarization of copper metal films. This type of polishing relies on the oxidation of the metal surface and the subsequent abrasion of the oxide surface with an emulsion slurry. In this mechanism, the chemistry's pH is important The general equations are (M=metal atom):
M0 →Mn+ n e-
Mn+ +[Ox]y →MOx or [M(OH)x ]
When the pH is too high (caustic), then the oxide layer may become impenetrable to the chemistry and the metal becomes passive, (Vf >Vp) and the metal polishing rate becomes slow. Metal polishing selectively to oxide generally ranges from 20 to 100:1, depending on the metal type. Tungsten metal should have selectivities >50:1 for the metal to oxide, and copper could have >140:1 metal to oxide selectivity. Etch rates can be up to 7000 Å/min. The chemical diffusion rate and the type of metal oxide surface are important to the successful planarization process. A detailed mechanism has been proposed by Kaufman, F.; J. Electrochem. Soc; 138 (11), p 3460, 1991.
Copper films present a difficult problem because it is a soft metal and is easily damaged by the slurry particles. The chemical additives can be very important to etch these imperfections.
TABLE II______________________________________    pKa1   pKa2                       pKa3______________________________________Monobasic  formic 3.8  acetic 4.8  propionic 4.9  n-butyric 4.9  isobutyric 4.8  benzoic 4.2  Dibasic  ascorbic 4.2 11.6  gluconic 3.5 4.7  malic 3.4 5.1  malonic 2.8 5.7  oxalic 1.3 4.3  succinic 4.1 5.6  tartaric 2.9 4.2  Tribasic  citric 3.1 4.8 6.9  gallic 4.2 8.9______________________________________ ##STR1## X=--OH, --NHR, --H, --Halogen, --CO2 H and --CH2 --CO2 H, --CHOH--CO2H R=generally aliphatic, H or aromatic
Another base is hydroxylamine, as the free base, which can be used in conjunction with other hydroxylamine salts (sulfate, nitrate, chloride etc.). Other bases could include hydrazine and or its salts.
It would be a benefit if the oxidizing agent could be included in one of the rinse baths. Hydrogen peroxide is one of the most common commercially available oxidizers. Hydrogen peroxide has a short shelf life and could be a too aggressive oxidizer, which would form thick metal oxide films that could interfere with subsequent processing steps.
The redox potential for hydrogen peroxide (acidic) and hydroxylamine (in acid and base) (Ev at SHE) are given:
H2 O2 →O2 +2e- Ev =+0.68
Cu+2 (NH4 OH)→Cu+ pH '9-1112 Ev =-0.08 Reduction
Cu+ (H2 SO4)→Cu+2 pH ˜0-113 Ev =+0.34 Oxidation
Other oxidizers could include ammonium peroxydisulfate, peracetic acid, urea hydroperoxide and sodium percarbonate or sodium perborate.
An added feature for this invention is to add small quantities of metal ion chelators which will form transition metal ion complexes. The chelators could include di-, tri-, tetra-, functional groups, i.e., EDTA, citric acid, oximes, lactic acid, 8-hydroxy quinoline and other well known agents that will chelate with metal ions under acid conditions. Other possible agents are polyethylene oxide, polyethyleneimine and crown ethers. These latter two compounds have varying affinity for mobile ions (Li, Na, K, and certain alkaline earth ions). Concentrations preferably vary from 0.01 to 10 wt %.
TABLE III______________________________________Chemistry       Percent in Final Sol.                          Final pH______________________________________A = 55% DGA; 10% gallic           13%            7  acid; 30% HDA; 5% H2 O  B = 27.5% DGA; 27.5% 11.5% 7.2  MEA; 30% HDA; 10% gallic  acid; 5% H2 O  C = 60% DGA; 5% catechol; 10.7% 7.1  35% HDA  D = 100% NMP 1666+% 6.2  E = 50% NMP; 50% DGA 57% 7.4______________________________________ (% in final solution = amine quantity/100 gm Post Clean Treatment + amine Abbreviations: DGA = diglycolamine; HDA = hydroxylamine (expressed as percentage of a commercially available 50 wt % aqueous solution); MEA = monoethanolamine; NMP = Nmethyl pyrrolidone
TABLE IV______________________________________       Before     After______________________________________C (8%)    Al      66.98 ± 0.814                          67.11 ± 0.1.202   Ti 2.527 ± 1.147 2.499 ± 1.038   W 440.9 ± 0.583 440.2 ± 0.562  E (10%) Al 67.50 ± 3.030 66.73 ± 2.921   Ti 2.476 ± 2.264 2.460 ± 2.313   W 443.8 ± 0.466 442.9 ± 0.348  A (8%) Al 65.16 ± 1.990 64.95 ± 1.168   Ti 2.523 ± 1.120 2.516 ± 1.147   W 429.9 ± 1.302 429.7 ± 1.279______________________________________ Within experimental error the results show that there was no loss in meta thickness. Al = Al/0.5% Cu, 5000 Å; Ti = 3000 Å; W = Ti100 Å, W5000
Patterned wafers were tested with the Post Clean Treatment solution used in Example 1 doped with amine wet chemistries to simulate the effect of hydroxylamine and/or amine wet chemistries dragout. FIG. 5A shows a patterned wafer before processing with any wet chemistry as a control. The patterned wafers were immersed in the doped solutions for 30 minutes before being rinsed with DI water. FIG. 5B shows the results obtained with the Post Clean Treatment solution of Example 1 to which was added 10 weight percent of solution E (Table III). FIG. 5C shows the results obtained with the Post Clean Treatment solution of Example 1 to which was added 8 weight percent of solution C (Table III). These SEM photographs further show that there is no attack of the metal structure after passing through the Post Clean Treatment solution "doped" with various hydroxylamine and/or amine chemistries.
The Post Clean Treatment solutions can be used as post CMP clean treatment chemistries. During CMP metal planarization the chemical-slurry solutions will damage the natural oxide films on the metal. The repair of this metal oxide layer requires an oxidizing reagent that is stable and is not going to contribute to mobile ion contamination, will not "stain" the equipment, and is generally environmentally friendly. Hydrogen peroxide systems are not stable and could form oxides several microns thick if not closely monitored.
The following data shows the effect of rinses composed of organic acids and buffered with either hydroxylamine or ammonium hydroxide to a final pH of 4.5
TABLE V______________________________________        Solution 1 Solution 2______________________________________Propionic acid 92     parts     92.5 parts  Water 808 parts 808 parts  Salicylic acid 1 part 0  Salicyclaldoxime 0.2 part 0  27% NH2 OH 31 part  50% NH2 OH   35.6  pH 4.5  4.5______________________________________
TABLE VI______________________________________        Solution 1 Solution 2______________________________________Ti coupon      -0.0071%     +0.0075%  Ti wafer no change no change______________________________________
TABLE VII______________________________________        Solution 3 Solution 4______________________________________Citric acid    75     parts     75   parts  water 825 parts 825 parts  27% NH4 OH 22.2 parts  50% NH2 OH   18.6 parts  pH 4.5  4.5______________________________________
TABLE VIII______________________________________   IPA        Solution 3                       Solution 4______________________________________Ti coupon +0.023%      +0.014%  +0.020%  Ti wafer n.d. +0.044% +0.030%______________________________________
The data shows that though there is solution C chemistry being carried into the IPA or treatment solutions there was no adverse effects (weight loss). One practiced in the art would expect no effect from the IPA rinse, because there is no water to promote the corrosive hydroxide ion, but the aqueous Post Clean Treatment solutions were able to successfully neutralize any hydroxyl/amine species formed from the solution C chemistry. Therefore there was no weight loss.
TABLE IX______________________________________  Corrosion on Metals______________________________________  Al/0.5% Cu     0 Å/min  Ti 0 Å/min  W 0 Å/min  TiW 0 Å/min______________________________________ Post Clean Treatment Solution of Example 1, Room Temp.  60 min.
It is important to know if there will be any compatibility problems between the Post Clean Treatment solutions and substrates commonly encountered in the BEOL (Back End of the Line, after metal deposition) in the semiconductor processes. These substrates can be metals (W, Ti, Al, and possibly Cu) and also dielectric materials which are usually boron phosphorus silicate glass (BPSG) (˜5 wt % for both boron and phosphorous) and tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS).
Within the limits of the experiment there was no significant changes in film thickness. The initial mean TEOS thickness value was 5119 Å (std. dev. 144.6 Å, 3σ) with a final mean value of 5128 Å (std. dev. 145.3 Å, 3σ). The BPSG means thickness values (before) were 3095 Å (std. dev. 215 Å, 3σ)
TABLE X______________________________________     BPSG             TEOSMetal (ppb) before  after      before                                after______________________________________Na          44      63         43    52  K 8 23 11 15  Fe 91 105 96 106  Cu 5 5 5 5  Pb 189 196 202 201  Mn 5 5 5 5  Zn 14 17 17 18  Ni 10 5 13 16______________________________________
TABLE XI______________________________________                Thermal Oxide                before                      after______________________________________Post Clean Treatment Solution            K         60      <20  of Example 1  DI water K 60 600  Post Clean Treatment Solution Ca 80 10  of Example 1  DI water Ca 80 6200  Post Clean Treatment Solution Fe 700 50  of Example 1  DI water Fe 700 2300______________________________________
TABLE XII______________________________________          BPSG      TEOS          before                after   before  after______________________________________Post Clean Treatment Solution A            800     200     2600  90  DI water 600 500 2500 800______________________________________
As the results show, the wafers processed through the Post Clean Treatment solution of Example 1 had significantly lower residual metal ions left on the wafer surface.
In summary, the Post Clean Treatment solution of this invention is aqueous, non flammable and DI water drain compatible (no special EPA handling is required). It effectively rinses traces of amine and basic (>7 pH) chemistries from wafer surfaces, thus eliminating the corrosion possibility of amine based chemistries and excess OH- ions from a DI water rinse. The Post Clean Treatment solution can be used after pre-diffusion cleans, pre-implantion cleans and pre-deposition cleans under essentially the same conditions described above. The solution can also be used for post chemical mechanical polishing cleaning, and as a chemical mechanical polishing solution for copper substrates.
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U.S. Classification 510/175, 510/255, 134/2, 510/259, 134/41, 510/264, 510/254, 257/E21.304, 134/40, 134/3
International Classification B24B37/04, H01L21/304, H01L21/308, C23G1/00, C23F3/06, C11D7/26, C11D7/50, H01L21/3213, C23G1/20, H01L21/3105, C11D7/06, C11D7/34, C11D7/32, C09D9/00, C23G1/10, H01L21/02, H01L21/306, C11D11/00, C11D3/30, B08B3/08, C11D3/43, H01L21/321, G03F7/42
Cooperative Classification C11D7/06, C11D3/43, C23F3/06, C11D7/34, B08B3/08, C23G1/00, G03F7/423, C11D7/3263, C11D11/0047, C11D7/3209, G03F7/42, C11D7/265, B24B37/042, C11D7/3218, C11D7/3254, C23G1/103, C11D7/267, H01L21/02065, C09D9/00, H01L21/3212, H01L21/02074, C11D7/3227, C11D7/3245, H01L21/0206, C11D7/263, C11D7/5013, C11D3/30, C11D7/32, C11D7/3272, C11D7/3281, G03F7/425, C11D11/0029, C23G1/205, H01L21/02071
European Classification H01L21/02F4B4, C11D7/26H, C11D7/32B, C23G1/00, C11D7/32E, B24B37/04B, C11D7/06, C23G1/10B, C11D7/32, C11D3/43, C23G1/20B, C23F3/06, G03F7/42L3, C11D11/00B2D8, C11D7/32F, C11D7/32G, C11D7/50A4, G03F7/42, C11D7/32A, G03F7/42L2, H01L21/02F4D2, C11D7/26E, C11D7/32C, C09D9/00, H01L21/02F4B, C11D3/30, C11D7/32H, C11D7/26C, H01L21/321P2, C11D11/00B2D2, H01L21/02F4D4, C11D7/32K, B08B3/08
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May 23, 2007 SULP Surcharge for late payment