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1 EN V2.1.1 ( ) EUROPEAN STANDARD Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Radio Frequency Identification Equipment operating in the band 865 MHz to 868 MHz with power levels up to 2 W and in the band 915 MHz to 921 MHz with power levels up to 4 W; Part 1: Technical requirements and methods of measurement
2 2 EN V2.1.1 ( ) Reference REN/ERM-TG Keywords ID, radio, RFID, SRD 650 Route des Lucioles F Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE Tel.: Fax: Siret N NAF 742 C Association à but non lucratif enregistrée à la Sous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N 7803/88 Important notice The present document can be downloaded from: The present document may be made available in electronic versions and/or in print. The content of any electronic and/or print versions of the present document shall not be modified without the prior written authorization of. In case of any existing or perceived difference in contents between such versions and/or in print, the only prevailing document is the print of the Portable Document Format (PDF) version kept on a specific network drive within Secretariat. Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status. Information on the current status of this and other documents is available at If you find errors in the present document, please send your comment to one of the following services: Copyright Notification No part may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm except as authorized by written permission of. The content of the PDF version shall not be modified without the written authorization of. The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media. European Telecommunications Standards Institute All rights reserved. DECT TM, PLUGTESTS TM, UMTS TM and the logo are Trade Marks of registered for the benefit of its Members. 3GPP TM and LTE are Trade Marks of registered for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP Organizational Partners. GSM and the GSM logo are Trade Marks registered and owned by the GSM Association.
3 3 EN V2.1.1 ( ) Contents Intellectual Property Rights... 7 Foreword... 7 Modal verbs terminology... 7 Introduction Scope References Normative references Informative references Definitions, symbols and abbreviations Definitions Symbols Abbreviations Technical requirement specifications General requirements Presentation of equipment for testing purposes Choice of model for testing Operational frequency ranges Lower band a Upper band b Channel range Testing of operational frequencies Number of samples for testing Test mode Testing of equipment with alternative power levels Testing of equipment that does not have an external 50 Ω RF connector (integral antenna equipment) Equipment with an internal permanent or temporary antenna connector Equipment with a temporary antenna connector Mechanical and electrical design General Controls Transmitter shut-off facility Declarations by the provider Auxiliary test equipment Test conditions, power sources and ambient temperatures Normal and extreme test conditions Test power sources External test power source Internal test power source Normal test conditions Normal temperature and humidity Normal test power source Mains voltage Regulated lead-acid battery power sources Other power sources Extreme test conditions Extreme temperatures Procedure for tests at extreme temperatures Procedure for equipment designed for continuous operation Procedure for equipment designed for intermittent operation Extreme temperature ranges Extreme test source voltages... 18
4 4 EN V2.1.1 ( ) Mains voltage Regulated lead-acid battery power sources and gel-cell battery power sources Power sources using other types of batteries Other power sources General conditions Normal test signals and test modulation Normal test signals for data Artificial antenna Test fixture Test sites and general arrangements for radiated measurements Modes of operation of the transmitter Measuring receiver Measurement uncertainty Methods of measurement and limits for transmitter parameters Frequency error for mains operated equipment Definition Method of measurement of frequency error Limits Frequency stability under low voltage conditions Definition Method of measurement Limits Radiated power (e.r.p.) Definition Method of measurement Radiated measurement Conducted measurement Limits Operation in the lower band Operation in the upper band Transmitter spectrum mask Definition Method of measurement Limits Limits for lower band Limits for upper band Unwanted emissions in the spurious domain Definition Method of measurement Method of measuring the power level in a specified load, clause 8.5.2, a) i) Method of measuring the effective radiated power, clause 8.5.2, a) ii) Method of measuring effective radiated power, clause 8.5.2, b) Limits Transmission times Definition Method of measurement Limits Mitigation using DAA Set-up for tests Tests for Mitigation Method Tests for Mitigation Method Limits Receiver parameters Co-channel rejection Definition Method of measurement Method of measuring radiated signals Method of measuring using power splitter Limits... 37
5 5 EN V2.1.1 ( ) 9.2 Adjacent channel selectivity Definition Method of measurement Method of measuring radiated signals Method of measuring using power splitter Limits Blocking or desensitization Definition Method of measurement Method of measuring radiated signals Method of measuring using power splitter Limits Spurious emissions Definition Method of measurement Method of measuring the power level in a specified load, clause 9.4.2, a) i) Method of measuring the effective radiated power, clause 9.4.2, a) ii) Method of measuring the effective radiated power, clause 9.4.2, b) Limits Limits and methods of measurement for tag emissions Radiated power (e.r.p.) Definition Method of measurement Method of measuring the power in an un-modulated sub-carrier, clause , a) Method of measuring the power in a modulated sub-carrier, clause , b) Limits Unwanted emissions Definition Method of measurement Limits Lower band Upper band Annex A (normative): Radiated measurement A.1 Test sites and general arrangements for measurements involving the use of radiated fields A.1.1 Anechoic chamber A.1.2 Anechoic chamber with a conductive ground plane A.1.3 Open Area Test Site (OATS) A.1.4 Test antenna A.1.5 Substitution antenna A.1.6 Measuring antenna A.1.7 Stripline arrangement A General A Description A Calibration A Mode of use A.2 Guidance on the use of radiation test sites A.2.1 Verification of the test site A.2.2 Preparation of the EUT A.2.3 Power supplies to the EUT A.2.4 Range length A.2.5 Site preparation A.3 Coupling of signals A.3.1 General A.3.2 Data signals A.4 Standard test position A.5 Test fixture A.5.1 Description... 56
6 6 EN V2.1.1 ( ) A.5.2 A.5.3 Calibration Mode of use Annex B (normative): Mitigation technique B.1 Introduction B.2 Principle of operation B.3 Method 1 - Scanning band 918 MHz MHz B.4 Method 2 - Scanning band 921 MHz MHz B.5 Technical requirements B.6 Requirements for Method B.7 Requirements for Method Annex C (informative): Bibliography History... 63
7 7 EN V2.1.1 ( ) Intellectual Property Rights IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to. The information pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for members and non-members, and can be found in SR : "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to in respect of standards", which is available from the Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the Web server ( Pursuant to the IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by. No guarantee can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in SR (or the updates on the Web server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document. Foreword This European Standard (EN) has been produced by Technical Committee Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM). The present document is part 1 of a multi-part deliverable covering Radio Frequency Identification Equipment operating in the band 865 MHz to 868 MHz with power levels up to 2 W and in the band 915 MHz to 921 MHz with power levels up to 4 W e.r.p., as identified below: Part 1: Part 2: "Technical requirements and methods of measurement"; "Harmonized EN covering the essential requirements of article 3.2 of the R&TTE Directive". National transposition dates Date of adoption of this EN: 16 February 2015 Date of latest announcement of this EN (doa): 31 May 2015 Date of latest publication of new National Standard or endorsement of this EN (dop/e): 30 November 2015 Date of withdrawal of any conflicting National Standard (dow): 30 November 2015 Modal verbs terminology In the present document "shall", "shall not", "should", "should not", "may", "may not", "need", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and "cannot" are to be interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of provisions). "must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in deliverables except when used in direct citation. Introduction The present document includes improvements to the previous version of the standard that take advantage of technical developments within the RFID industry. In addition it includes provisions for RFID to operate in a new band at 915 MHz to 921 MHz at power levels up to 4 W e.r.p. Annex A provides normative specifications concerning radiated measurements. Annex B provides normative specifications for the mitigation technique for sharing spectrum with ER-GSM.
8 8 EN V2.1.1 ( ) 1 Scope The present document covers the minimum characteristics considered necessary in order to make the best use of the available frequencies. It does not necessarily include all the characteristics that may be required by a user, nor does it necessarily represent the optimum performance achievable. Radio frequency identification products covered within the present document are considered by definition short-range devices. Power limits up to a maximum. of 2 W e.r.p. are specified for this equipment in the frequency band 865 MHz to 868 MHz and up to a maximum of 4 W e.r.p. in the frequency band 915 MHz to 921 MHz. The present document applies to RFID interrogators and tags operating together as a system. For each specified band, four high power channels are made available for use by interrogators. The tags respond with a modulated signal preferably in the adjacent low power channels. Interrogators may be used with either integral or external antennas. ElectroMagnetic Compatibility (EMC) requirements are covered by EN [i.1] and EN [i.2]. The types of equipment covered by the present document are as follows: fixed interrogators; portable interrogators; batteryless tags; battery assisted tags; battery powered tags. 2 References 2.1 Normative references References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the reference document (including any amendments) applies. Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, cannot guarantee their long term validity. The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document. [1] TR (V1.4.1) (all parts): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Uncertainties in the measurement of mobile radio equipment characteristics". [2] TR (V1.2.1) (all parts): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Improvement on Radiated Methods of Measurement (using test site) and evaluation of the corresponding measurement uncertainties". [3] ANSI C : "American National Standard for Calibration of Antennas Used for Radiated Emission Measurements in Electromagnetic Interference". [4] TS (V11.5.0) ( ): "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Mobile radio interface layer 3 specification; Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol (3GPP TS version Release 11)".
9 9 EN V2.1.1 ( ) [5] Technical Report FTZ No 512 TB 9: "Construction of a Stripline". 2.2 Informative references References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the reference document (including any amendments) applies. NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, cannot guarantee their long term validity. The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the user with regard to a particular subject area. [i.1] [i.2] [i.3] [i.4] [i.5] [i.6] EN : "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); ElectroMagnetic Compatibility (EMC) standard for radio equipment and services; Part 1: Common technical requirements". EN : "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); ElectroMagnetic Compatibility (EMC) standard for radio equipment and services; Part 3: Specific conditions for Short-Range Devices (SRD) operating on frequencies between 9 khz and 246 GHz". Directive 1999/5/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 1999 on radio equipment and telecommunications terminal equipment and the mutual recognition of their conformity (R&TTE Directive). IEC Appendix J Second edition (1988): "Methods of measurement for radio equipment used in the mobile services. Part 3: Receivers for A3E or F3E emissions" (pages 156 to 164). Void. TS (V1.2.2): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Methods, parameters and test procedures for cognitive interference mitigation towards ER-GSM for use by UHF RFID using Detect-And-Avoid (DAA) or other similar techniques". [i.7] EIRENE System Requirements Specification Version Definitions, symbols and abbreviations 3.1 Definitions For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply: adaptive frequency agility: technique that allows an interrogator to change its frequency of operation automatically from one channel to another assigned frequency band: frequency band within which the emission by a device is authorized battery assisted tag: transponder that includes a battery to enhance its receive performance and power its internal circuitry batteryless tag: transponder that derives all of the power necessary for its operation from the field generated by an interrogator battery powered tag: transponder that uses the power from its battery to perform all of its operational functions conducted measurements: measurements which are made using a direct 50 connection to the equipment under test dedicated antenna: removable antenna supplied and type tested with the radio equipment, designed as an indispensable part of the equipment
10 10 EN V2.1.1 ( ) dense interrogator mode: RFID operating mode in which multiple interrogators can transmit simultaneously in the same channel while tags respond in the adjacent channels effective radiated power: product of the power supplied to the antenna and its gain relative to a half wave dipole in the direction of maximum gain ER-GSM: extended band of 918 MHz to 960 MHz used by the railways external antenna: antenna that may be connected to an interrogator via its external connector Full Tests (FT): all tests specified in the present document global scroll: mode in which an interrogator is able to read the same tag continuously for test purposes only applications integral antenna: permanent fixed antenna, which may be built-in, designed as an indispensable part of the equipment interrogator: equipment that will activate an adjacent tag and read its data NOTE: It may also enter or modify the information in a tag. Limited Tests (LT): limited tests (see clauses to of the present document) are as follows: transmitter frequency error and frequency stability under low voltage conditions for mains operated equipment, see clause 8.1 of the present document; transmitter frequency stability under low voltage conditions, see clause 8.2 of the present document; transmitter effective radiated power, see clause 8.3 of the present document. lower band: frequency range 865,0 MHz to 868,0 MHz designated for use by RFID provider: means the manufacturer, or his authorized representative or the person responsible for placing on the market radiated measurements: measurements which involve the absolute measurement of a radiated field R-GSM: interoperable band of 921 MHz to 960 MHz used by the railways scan mode: specific test mode of an interrogator that detects a signal on a pre-selected channel and transmits automatically on another channel NOTE: See clause B.1.3. tag: transponder that holds data and responds to an interrogation signal talk mode: transmission of intentional radiation by an interrogator upper band: the frequency range 915,0 MHz to 921,0 MHz designated for use by RFID 3.2 Symbols For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply: db decibel d distance C Total cable loss in db L f frequency measured under normal test conditions fc centre frequency of carrier transmitted by interrogator fe the maximum frequency drift as measured in clause b) G Gain of a circular antenna in dbic IC Ω Ohms λ wavelength
11 11 EN V2.1.1 ( ) 3.3 Abbreviations For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: ANSI ARFCN BCCH BER BTS BW CEPT DAA e.r.p. EMC emf ERC ER-GSM EUT FM FT FTZ GSM-R IE LT OATS ppm R&TTE RBW RF RFID R-GSM SRD TCH TX VSWR American National Standards Institute Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number Broadcast Control CHannel Bit Error Ratio Base Transceiver Station Bandwidth European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications administrations Detect And Avoid effective radiated power ElectroMagnetic Compatibility electromotive force European Radio communication Committee Extended Railways GSM Equipment Under Test Frequency Modulation Full Tests Foreign Trade Zone (sometimes called Free Trade Zone) Global System for Mobile communication for Railways applications Information Element Limited Tests Open Area Test Site part per million Radio and Telecommunications Terminal Equipment Resolution Bandwidth Radio Frequency Radio Frequency Identification Railway GSM Short Range Device Traffic Channel Transmitter Voltage Standing Wave Ratio 4 Technical requirement specifications 4.1 General requirements Interrogators shall transmit on any of the high power channels specified in clause for the purpose of communicating with tags at power levels up to the limits specified in clause When operating in the lower band, 865 MHz to 868 MHz, an interrogator may transmit a continuous signal on any of the high power channels for a period not exceeding the limit defined in clause At the end of the transmission the interrogator shall not transmit again on the same channel for the period defined in clause Alternatively the interrogator may switch immediately to any one of the other high power channels and send a further continuous transmission in accordance with the requirements of clause There is no limit to the number of times that this process may be repeated. For the lower band interrogators shall support trigger techniques that indicate the presence or arrival of objects that may be tagged. Irrespective of the application, an interrogator operating in the lower band shall stop transmitting after it has ceased to read any further tags, as specified in clause For operation in the upper band, 915 MHz to 921 MHz, interrogators shall transmit on any of the high power channels but for no longer than is necessary to complete the intended operation.
12 12 EN V2.1.1 ( ) In some member states the upper sub-band 918 MHz to 921 MHz is allocated to the railways for ER-GSM. Where this applies sharing of this sub-band by RFID with ER-GSM is permitted provided RFID systems operate in accordance with agreed mitigation techniques. These are specified in clause 8.7 and annex B and require interrogators to use ER-GSM receiver(s), or equivalent, covering either the frequency range 918 MHz to 925 MHz or R-GSM receivers covering the frequency range 921 MHz to 925 MHz. Each interrogator may be fitted with its own (E)R-GSM receiver module. Alternatively it is permissible for a single (E)R-GSM receiver to monitor BCCH messages and serve all of the interrogators on a site. Where this applies the antenna of the (E)R-GSM receiver shall be positioned to ensure maximum coverage. In some member states parts of the upper band are allocated for the exclusive use of the military and government services. This applies predominantly to the lower sub-band 915 MHz to 918 MHz. Interrogators capable of operating in this band shall provide a means to prevent operation at the restricted frequencies in the applicable member states. In a preferred method of operation tags, that are activated by an interrogator transmitting in a high power channel, respond in the adjacent low power channels. This technique is called the dense interrogator mode. It has the benefit of separating the frequencies of transmission of the interrogators and tags, allowing multiple interrogators to share the same channel thereby improving system performance. It also minimizes the generation of inter-modulation products, which may disrupt the behaviour of tags. Interrogators may also operate in a presence sensing mode in which they periodically transmit to determine whether tags have entered their interrogation zones. When operating in this mode, interrogators shall restrict the length of each transmission to less than 1 s and the period between successive transmissions shall be no less than 100 ms. Once an interrogator has determined the presence of tags, it will commence its reading routine. It is permissible for interrogators to transmit simultaneously in both the lower and upper bands. 4.2 Presentation of equipment for testing purposes Equipment submitted for testing shall fulfil the requirements of the present document on all frequencies over which it is intended to operate. Providers shall select frequencies of operation in accordance with the channel plans defined in clause and in accordance with the power levels defined in clause If equipment is designed to operate with different carrier powers, measurement of each parameter of the transmitter shall be performed at the highest power level in each band at which the interrogator is intended to operate. To simplify and harmonize the testing procedures between the different testing laboratories, measurements shall be performed according to the present document on samples of equipment as defined in clauses to 4.5. These clauses are intended to give confidence that the requirements set out in the present document have been met without the necessity of performing the full measurements at all frequencies Choice of model for testing The provider shall supply one or more samples of the equipment, as appropriate, for testing. If an equipment has several optional features considered not to affect the RF parameters then tests need only be performed on the equipment configured with that combination of features considered to be the most complex, as proposed by the provider and agreed by the test laboratory. In the case of hand portable equipment without a 50 Ω external antenna connector, see clause Operational frequency ranges Lower band Interrogators operating in the lower band shall use any of the four specified high power channels illustrated in figure 1. The centre frequency of the lowest channel shall be 865,7 MHz and the band width of each high power channel shall be 200 khz. The remaining three high power channels shall be spaced at equal intervals of 600 khz. Tags should respond in the dense interrogator mode within the low power channels. A diagram of the channel plan for the lower band is shown in figure 1.
13 13 EN V2.1.1 ( ) Figure 1: Channel plan for lower band a Upper band For the upper band the centre frequency of the lowest channel shall be 916,3 MHz and the band width of each high power channel shall be 400 khz. The remaining three high power channels shall be spaced at equal intervals of 1,2 MHz. Tags shall respond in the dense interrogator mode within the low power channels. A diagram of the channel plan for the upper band is shown in figure 2. Interrogator signal Tag response Channels MHz MHz Figure 2: Channel plan for upper band b Channel range When submitting equipment for testing, the provider shall state the frequencies of the band(s) and channels on which the interrogator will operate. The provider shall also confirm that the interrogator shall operate on each of the declared channels without any change to the circuit or trimming of discrete components. Trimming is an act by which the value (in this case relating to frequency) of a component is changed within the circuit. This act may include the physical alteration, substitution (by components of similar size and type) or activation/de-activation (via the setting of soldered bridges) of components Testing of operational frequencies Figures 3 and 4 show the centre frequencies of the four high power channels permitted for use by interrogators within the two bands designated for RFID. Full (FT) and Limited (LT) Tests, as defined in clause 3.1, shall be carried out in the applicable channels at the frequencies shown in figures 3 and 4.
14 14 EN V2.1.1 ( ) Legend: LT: Limited tests, see clause 3.1. FT: Full tests, see clause 3.1. Figure 3: Tests on a single sample for equipment in the lower band Figure 4: Tests on a single sample for equipment in the upper band Number of samples for testing Interrogators shall be submitted for test such that they may be configured to operate on each of the four high power channels within the relevant band(s) as specified in figures 3 and 4. It is only necessary for one sample of equipment to be tested. The provider shall supply a quantity of at least 3 pre-programmed tags with each interrogator that is submitted for test Test mode The interrogator shall include a suitable test mode to permit testing of the parameters defined in clauses 8 and 9. The test mode shall be readily controlled by means, for example, of an external PC or terminal unit. The test mode shall include the features listed below: It shall be possible to set the interrogator to transmit a continuously un-modulated carrier on any one of the declared channels of operation. While the interrogator is transmitting on a preset channel, it shall be possible to read and log the identity of any valid tags that are present in the interrogation field. It shall be possible to cause the interrogator to transmit normal test signals continuously as defined in clause at its maximum data rate as declared by the provider. It shall be possible to configure a tag in a test mode such that, in the presence of an interrogation field, it transmits a continuous modulated response. Alternatively this requirement may be satisfied by a suitably configured test tag with an output that is representative of the production version. If an interrogator is intended to operate in the upper band in a country where ER-GSM has been allocated, then a means shall be provided to verify correct operation of the mitigation technique specified in clause 8.7.
15 15 EN V2.1.1 ( ) Testing of equipment with alternative power levels If a family of equipment has alternative output power levels provided by the use of separate power modules or add-on stages, then each module or add-on stage shall be tested in combination with the equipment. The necessary number of samples and additional tests can be proposed by the provider and shall be agreed by the test laboratory based on the requirements of clause Testing of equipment that does not have an external 50 Ω RF connector (integral antenna equipment) Equipment with an internal permanent or temporary antenna connector The means to access and/or implement the internal permanent or temporary antenna connector shall be stated by the provider with the aid of a diagram. The fact that use has been made of the internal antenna connection, or of a temporary connection, to facilitate measurements shall be recorded in the test report. No connection shall be made to any internal permanent or temporary antenna connector during the performance of radiated emissions measurements, unless such action forms an essential part of the normal intended operation of the equipment as declared by the provider Equipment with a temporary antenna connector The provider may submit one set of equipment with the normal antenna connected, to enable the radiated measurements to be made. The provider shall attend the test laboratory at the conclusion of the radiated measurements, to disconnect the antenna and fit the temporary connector. The testing laboratory staff shall not connect or disconnect any temporary antenna connector. Alternatively, the provider may submit two sets of equipment to the test laboratory, one fitted with a temporary antenna connector with the antenna disconnected and the other with the antenna connected. Equipment shall be used for the appropriate tests. The provider shall declare that the two sets of equipment are identical in all respects. 4.3 Mechanical and electrical design General The equipment submitted by the provider shall be designed, constructed and manufactured in accordance with good engineering practice, and with the aim of minimizing harmful interference to other equipment and services. Interrogators shall operate with the correct power source Controls Those controls, which if maladjusted, may increase the interfering potential of the equipment, shall not be easily accessible to the user Transmitter shut-off facility If the interrogator is equipped with an automatic transmitter shut-off facility, where appropriate, it should be made inoperative for the duration of the test. 4.4 Declarations by the provider The provider shall declare all necessary information concerning the equipment in respect of the technical requirements set out in the present document.
16 16 EN V2.1.1 ( ) 4.5 Auxiliary test equipment All necessary test signal sources including sample tags and setting up information shall accompany the equipment when it is submitted for testing. 5 Test conditions, power sources and ambient temperatures 5.1 Normal and extreme test conditions Testing shall be performed under normal test conditions, and also, where stated, under extreme test conditions. The test conditions and procedures shall be as specified in clauses 5.2 to Test power sources The equipment shall be tested using the appropriate test power source as specified in clauses or Where equipment can be powered using either external or internal power sources, then equipment shall be tested using the external test power source as specified in clause then repeated using the internal power source as specified in clause The test power source used shall be stated External test power source During tests the power source of the equipment shall be replaced by an external test power source capable of producing normal and extreme test voltages as specified in clauses and The internal impedance of the external test power source shall be low enough for its effect on the test results to be negligible. For the purpose of the tests, the voltage of the external test power source shall be measured at the input terminals of the equipment. The external test power source shall be suitably de-coupled and applied as close to the equipment battery terminals as practicable. For radiated measurements any external power leads should be arranged so as not to affect the measurements. During tests the voltages of the external test power source shall be within a tolerance < ±1 % relative to the voltage at the beginning of each test Internal test power source For radiated measurements on portable equipment with an integral antenna, fully charged internal batteries shall be used. The batteries used should be as supplied or recommended by the provider. If internal batteries are used, at the end of each test the voltage shall be within a tolerance of < ±5 % relative to the voltage at the beginning of each test. If appropriate, the external test power source may replace the supplied or recommended internal batteries at the required voltage. For conducted measurements or where a test fixture is used, this shall be stated in the test report. 5.3 Normal test conditions Normal temperature and humidity The normal temperature and humidity conditions for tests shall be any convenient combination of temperature and humidity within the following ranges: temperature: +15 C to +35 C; relative humidity: 20 % to 75 %.
17 17 EN V2.1.1 ( ) When it is impracticable to carry out tests under these conditions, a note to this effect stating the ambient temperature and relative humidity during the tests shall be recorded in the test report Normal test power source Mains voltage The normal test voltage for equipment to be connected to the mains shall be the nominal mains voltage. For the purpose of the present document, the nominal voltage shall be the declared voltage, or any of the declared voltages, for which the equipment was designed. The frequency of the test power source corresponding to the ac mains shall be between 49 Hz and 51 Hz Regulated lead-acid battery power sources When the radio equipment is intended for operation with the usual types of regulated lead-acid battery power source, the normal test voltage shall be 1,1 multiplied by the nominal voltage of the battery (6 V, 12 V, etc.) Other power sources For operation from other power sources or types of battery (primary or secondary), the normal test voltage shall be that declared by the equipment provider and where appropriate agreed by the accredited test laboratory. Such values shall be stated. 5.4 Extreme test conditions Extreme temperatures Procedure for tests at extreme temperatures Before measurements are made, the equipment shall have reached thermal balance in the test chamber. The equipment shall be switched off during the temperature-stabilizing period. In the case of equipment containing temperature stabilization circuits designed to operate continuously, the temperature stabilization circuits shall be switched on for 15 min after thermal balance has been obtained, and the equipment shall then meet the specified requirements. If thermal balance is not checked by measurements, a temperature-stabilizing period of at least one hour, or such period as may be decided by the accredited test laboratory, shall be allowed. The sequence of measurements shall be chosen, and the humidity content in the test chamber shall be controlled so that excessive condensation does not occur Procedure for equipment designed for continuous operation If the provider states that the equipment is designed for continuous operation, the test procedure shall be as follows: before tests at the upper extreme temperature, the equipment shall be placed in the test chamber and left until thermal balance is attained. The equipment shall then be switched on in the "tag not present" condition for a period of half an hour after which the equipment shall meet the specified requirements in its operational mode; for tests at the lower extreme temperature, the equipment shall be left in the test chamber until thermal balance is attained, then switched to the "tag not present" condition for a period of one minute after which the equipment shall meet the specified requirements in its operational mode.
18 18 EN V2.1.1 ( ) Procedure for equipment designed for intermittent operation If the provider states that the equipment is designed for intermittent operation, the test procedure shall be as follows: prior to tests at the upper extreme temperature, the equipment shall be placed in the test chamber and left until thermal balance is attained in the oven. The equipment shall then either: - transmit on and off according to the intended operational cycle of the interrogator for a period of five minutes; or if the providers declared "on" period exceeds one minute: - transmit in the on condition for a period not exceeding one minute, followed by a period in the off or standby mode for four minutes; after which the equipment shall meet the specified requirements. For tests at the lower extreme temperature the equipment shall be left in the test chamber until thermal balance is attained, after which the equipment shall meet the specified requirements when switched on in the transmit mode Extreme temperature ranges For tests at extreme temperatures, measurements shall be made in accordance with the procedures specified in clause , at the upper and lower temperatures of one of the ranges specified in table 1. Table 1: Extreme temperature ranges Category Temperature range Category I (General): -20 C to +55 C Category II (Portable equipment): -10 C to +55 C Category III (Equipment for normal indoor use): 0 C to +35 C NOTE: The term "equipment for normal indoor use" is taken to mean that the room temperature is controlled and the minimum indoor temperature is equal to or greater than 5 C. In order to comply with the present document, the device shall meet the requirements over the appropriate temperature range stated in table 1. However, the provider may specify an alternative temperature range than those stated in table Extreme test source voltages Mains voltage The extreme test voltages for equipment to be connected to an ac mains source shall be the nominal mains voltage ±10 % Regulated lead-acid battery power sources and gel-cell battery power sources When the radio equipment is intended for operation with the usual type of regulated lead-acid battery power sources, the extreme test voltages shall be 1,3 and 0,9 multiplied by the nominal voltage of the battery (6 V, 12 V, etc.). For float charge applications using "gel-cell" type batteries, the extreme test voltages shall be 1,15 and 0,85 multiplied by the nominal voltage of the declared battery voltage Power sources using other types of batteries The lower extreme test voltages for equipment with power sources using batteries shall be as follows: for equipment with a battery indicator, the end point voltage as indicated;
19 19 EN V2.1.1 ( ) for equipment without a battery indicator, the following end point voltage shall be used: - for the Leclanché or the lithium type of battery: 0,85 multiplied by the nominal voltage of the battery; - for the nickel-cadmium type of battery: 0,9 multiplied by the nominal voltage of the battery; for other types of battery, the lower extreme test voltage for the discharged condition shall be declared by the equipment provider. The nominal voltage is considered to be the upper extreme test voltage in this case Other power sources For equipment using other power sources, or capable of being operated from a variety of power sources, the extreme test voltages shall be those agreed between the equipment provider and the accredited test laboratory and shall be recorded in the test report. 6 General conditions 6.1 Normal test signals and test modulation The test-modulating signal is a signal that modulates a carrier and is dependent upon the type of equipment under test and also the measurement to be performed Normal test signals for data Normal test signals shall represent the normal modulated carriers received both by the receiver of an interrogator and by a tag. They correspond to a single message triggered either manually or automatically. They are used for receiver methods of measurement where there is a need to transmit repeatedly a single message. This is achieved using a combined encoder and signal generator (for example a tag or interrogator) that shall be capable of supplying the test signal. Details of the test signal, including the data rate, modulation scheme and protocol, shall be supplied by the provider and described in the test report. 6.2 Artificial antenna Where applicable, tests shall be carried out using an artificial antenna, which shall be a substantially non-reactive non-radiating load of 50 Ω connected to the antenna connector. The Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) at the 50 Ω connector shall not be greater than 1,2: 1 over the frequency range of the measurement. 6.3 Test fixture With equipment intended for use with an integral antenna, and not equipped with a 50 Ω RF output connector, the provider may supply a test fixture (see also clause 4.2.6). This test fixture is a radio frequency coupling device for substituting the integral antenna with a 50 Ω radio frequency terminal at the working frequencies of the equipment under test. This allows certain measurements to be performed using conducted measurement methods. However, only relative measurements may be performed. In addition, the test fixture shall provide, where applicable: a connection to an external power supply; a connection to a data interface.
20 20 EN V2.1.1 ( ) The performance characteristics of the test fixture shall conform to the following basic parameters: the circuitry associated with the RF coupling shall contain no active or non-linear devices; the coupling loss shall not influence the measuring results; the coupling loss shall be independent of the position of the test fixture and be unaffected by the proximity of surrounding objects or people; the coupling loss shall be reproducible when the equipment under test is removed and replaced; the coupling loss shall remain substantially constant when the environmental conditions are varied. 6.4 Test sites and general arrangements for radiated measurements For guidance on radiation test sites, see annex A. Detailed descriptions of the radiated measurement arrangements are included in this annex. 6.5 Modes of operation of the transmitter For the purposes of the measurements according to the present document there should be a means to operate the transmitter in an un-modulated state. The provider may also decide the method of achieving an un-modulated carrier, or special types of modulation patterns, the details of which shall be described in the test report. It may involve suitable temporary internal modifications of the equipment under test. If it is not possible to provide an un-modulated carrier then this shall be stated. For purposes of testing, the interrogator under test shall internally generate the normal test signal as defined in clause Measuring receiver The term measuring receiver refers to either a frequency selective voltmeter or a spectrum analyser. The reference bandwidth of the measuring receiver shall be as given in table 2. Table 2: Reference bandwidth of measuring receiver Frequency being measured: f Measuring receiver bandwidth (6 db) Spectrum analyser bandwidth (3 db) 25 MHz f < MHz 120 khz 100 khz MHz f 1 MHz 1 MHz 7 Measurement uncertainty Interpretation of the results recorded in the test report for the measurements described in the present document shall be as follows: the measured value related to the corresponding limit shall be used to decide whether an equipment meets the requirements of the present document; the value of the measurement uncertainty for the measurement of each parameter shall be separately included in the test report; the value of the measurement uncertainty shall be, for each measurement, equal to or lower than the figures in table 3.
21 21 EN V2.1.1 ( ) Table 3: Measurement uncertainty Parameter Uncertainty RF frequency ± RF power, conducted ±0,75 db RF power, radiated, valid up to 12,75 GHz ±6 db Maximum frequency deviation for FM ±5 % Two-signal measurements ±4 db Time ±5 % Temperature ±1 K Humidity ±5 % For the test methods, according to the present document the uncertainty figures shall be calculated according to the methods described in TR [1] and shall correspond to an expansion factor (coverage factor) k = 1,96 or k = 2 (which provide confidence levels of respectively 95 % and 95,45 % in cases where the distributions characterizing the actual measurement uncertainties are normal (Gaussian)). Table 3 is based on such expansion factors. The particular expansion factor used for the evaluation of the measurement uncertainty shall be stated. 8 Methods of measurement and limits for transmitter parameters Where the interrogator is designed with an adjustable carrier, then all transmitter parameters shall be measured using the highest power level. The equipment shall then be set to the lowest carrier power setting and the measurements for spurious emissions shall be repeated (see clause 8.5). 8.1 Frequency error for mains operated equipment Definition The frequency error, known as frequency drift, is the difference between the frequency of the device under test measured under normal test conditions (see clause 5.3) and the frequency measured under extreme test conditions (see clause 5.4) Method of measurement of frequency error The measurements shall be made with the interrogator set to transmit a continuous un-modulated carrier and performed at each of the applicable frequencies specified in clause a) Under normal test conditions: - The signal transmitted by the interrogator shall be connected by suitable means to the input of a frequency counter. The frequency displayed on the frequency counter shall be recorded. b) Under extreme test conditions: - For each combination of extreme voltage and temperature (see clause 5.4) the frequency displayed on the frequency counter shall be recorded. Four values shall be measured Limits The maximum permitted frequency error, defined as the absolute value of fe-f, shall not exceed ±10 ppm relative to the nominal centre frequency of each of the applicable channels, where: f = the frequency measured under normal test conditions (see clause 8.1.2, a)).
22 22 EN V2.1.1 ( ) fe = the maximum frequency drift as measured in clause 8.1.2, b). NOTE: Where multiple interrogators are co-located, tighter limits may be necessary to avoid unacceptable beat tones. 8.2 Frequency stability under low voltage conditions Definition The frequency stability under low voltage conditions is the ability of the equipment to remain within its permitted frequency limits when the battery voltage falls below the lower extreme voltage level Method of measurement This test is for battery operated equipment. The measurement shall be made under normal temperature and humidity conditions (see clause 5.3.1). Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: An interrogator shall be set up to transmit a continuous un-modulated carrier. The signal transmitted by the interrogator shall be connected by suitable means to the input of a frequency counter. The frequency displayed on the frequency counter shall be recorded. The voltage from the test power source shall be reduced below the lower extreme test voltage limit towards zero. Whilst the voltage is reduced the carrier frequency shall be monitored Limits The equipment shall either: transmit with a carrier frequency within the limits of ±10 ppm whilst the radiated or conducted power is below the spurious emission limits; or automatically cease to function below the provider's declared operating voltage. NOTE: Where multiple interrogators are co-located, tighter limits may be necessary to avoid unacceptable beat tones. 8.3 Radiated power (e.r.p.) This measurement shall apply to equipment with an integral antenna and to equipment supplied with an external antenna. Both radiated and conducted methods of measurement are permitted. Where the conducted method is used the conducted power shall be adjusted to take into account the gain of the antenna and be stated as e.r.p. If the equipment is designed to operate with different carrier powers in different bands, the provider shall declare the rated power for each of the bands Definition The effective radiated power is the product of the power supplied to the antenna and its gain relative to a half wave dipole in the direction of maximum gain in the absence of modulation Method of measurement These measurements shall be performed with an un-modulated carrier at the highest power level in each band at which the transmitter is intended to operate. If an RFID system includes active components between the interrogator and its antenna, the interrogator and the active components shall be subjected to extreme temperature tests.
23 23 EN V2.1.1 ( ) For both methods of measurement the measuring receiver shall be set up in accordance with the requirements of clause Radiated measurement This measurement shall be carried out under normal test conditions only (see clause 5.3). The following steps shall be carried out in each of the bands specified in figures 2 and 3 in which the interrogator is designed to operate. Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: Step 5: Step 6: Step 7: Step 8: Step 9: Step 10: Step 11: Step 12: Step 13: Step 14: On a test site, selected from annex A, the interrogator shall be placed at the specified height on a support, as specified in annex A, and in the position closest to normal use as declared by the provider. A test antenna shall be oriented initially for vertical polarization and shall be chosen to correspond to the carrier frequency of the interrogator. The output of the test antenna shall be connected to a measuring receiver. The interrogator shall be set to transmit continuously, without modulation, on one of the high power channels in the selected band. The measuring receiver shall be positioned in the far field as defined in annex A and tuned to the frequency of the transmission under test. The test antenna shall be raised and lowered through the specified heights until the maximum signal level is detected by the measuring receiver. The interrogator shall then be rotated through 360º in the horizontal plane, until the maximum signal level is detected by the measuring receiver. The test antenna shall be raised and lowered again through the specified heights until the maximum signal level is detected by the measuring receiver. The maximum signal level detected by the measuring receiver shall be noted. The antenna of the interrogator shall be rotated in the horizontal plane in both directions to positions where the signal at the measuring receiver is reduced by 3 db. The total angle of rotation (which is the horizontal beamwidth of the antenna) shall be recorded. The interrogator shall be replaced by a substitution antenna as defined in clause A.1.5. The substitution antenna shall be connected to a calibrated signal generator. The substitution antenna shall be orientated for vertical polarization and the length of the substitution antenna shall be adjusted to correspond to the frequency of transmission of the interrogator. If necessary, the setting of the input attenuator of the measuring receiver shall be adjusted in order to increase the sensitivity of the measuring receiver. The test antenna shall be raised and lowered through the specified heights to ensure that the maximum signal is received. The input signal to the substitution antenna shall be adjusted to give a level at the measuring receiver that is equal to the radiated power previously measured from the interrogator, corrected for any change to the setting of the input attenuator to the measuring receiver. The input level to the substitution antenna shall be recorded as power level, corrected for any change of input attenuator setting of the measuring receiver. The measurement shall be repeated with the test antenna and the substitution antenna orientated for horizontal polarization. The measure of the effective radiated power is the larger of the two levels recorded at the input to the substitution antenna, corrected if necessary for the gain of the substitution antenna. With the interrogator fitted into a suitable test fixture, the relative change of the effective radiated power between normal and extreme test conditions (see clauses and applied simultaneously) shall be compared. Any increase in the radiated power under extreme test conditions shall not cause the level to exceed the limit specified in clause
24 24 EN V2.1.1 ( ) Conducted measurement Where an interrogator is fitted with an external antenna connector it is permissible to measure the conducted power. In this case the provider shall declare the maximum gain and beamwidth(s) of the external antenna(s) at the time that the equipment is presented for test. The following steps shall be carried out in each of the bands specified in figures 2 and 3 in which the interrogator is designed to operate. Step 1: The transmitter shall be configured to operate on one of the high power channels in the selected band and shall be connected to an artificial antenna (see clause 6.2). The carrier or mean power delivered to this artificial antenna shall be measured under normal test conditions (see clause 5.3). Step 2: The measurement shall be repeated under extreme test conditions (see clauses and applied simultaneously). Step 3: The recorded value shall be corrected for each of the antenna gains and be stated in e.r.p. To calculate the allowed conducted power with a circularly polarized antenna, the following formula shall be used: dbm Where: P C = interrogator conducted transmit power in dbm; G IC = antenna gain of a circular antenna in dbic; C L = total cable loss in db. Step 4: Where the interrogator switches between multiple transmitter outputs, the power level shall be measured at each output Limits Operation in the lower band The effective radiated power on each of the four high power channels specified in figure 2 shall not exceed 33 dbm e.r.p. The beamwidth(s) of the antenna(s) in the horizontal orientation shall comply with the following limits: For transmissions 500 mw e.r.p. there shall be no restriction on beamwidth. For transmissions of > 500 mw e.r.p. to mw e.r.p. beamwidths shall be 180º. For transmissions of > mw e.r.p. to mw e.r.p. beamwidths shall be 90º Operation in the upper band The effective radiated power on each of the four high power channels specified in figure 2 shall not exceed 36 dbm e.r.p. The beamwidth(s) of the antenna(s) in the horizontal orientation shall comply with the following limits: For transmissions mw e.r.p. there shall be no restriction on beamwidth. For transmissions of > mw e.r.p. to mw e.r.p. beamwidths shall be 180º. For transmissions of > mw e.r.p. to mw e.r.p. beamwidths shall be 90º.
25 25 EN V2.1.1 ( ) 8.4 Transmitter spectrum mask Definition The transmitter spectrum mask defines the limits within a specified frequency range for the average power of all modulated signals including all side bands associated with the carrier Method of measurement The following steps shall be carried out in each of the bands specified in figures 2 and 3 in which the interrogator is designed to operate. The RF output of the equipment shall be connected to a spectrum analyser via a 50 Ω connector. In the case of equipment with an integral antenna, the equipment shall be placed in the test fixture (see clause 6.3) and the test fixture shall be connected to the spectrum analyser. Measurements shall be made on the declared channels of operation of the interrogator on those channels requiring full tests as defined in figure 2. Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: The interrogator shall be operated at the carrier power measured under normal test conditions in clause 8.3. The attenuator shall be adjusted to give an appropriate display on the spectrum analyser screen. The interrogator shall be configured to generate a succession of modulated transmit pulses. Each transmit pulse shall be modulated by the normal test signal (see clause 6.1). The length of each transmit pulse shall be not less than 10 ms and not greater than 50 ms. The interval between successive transmit pulses shall be not less than 1 ms and shall not exceed 10 ms. The output power of the interrogator, with or without a test fixture, shall be measured using a spectrum analyser, which shall be set to the following values: a) Resolution bandwidth: 1 khz. b) Video bandwidth: Equal to the RBW. c) Sweep Time: Auto. d) Span: 1 MHz. e) Trace mode: Max. hold sufficient to capture all emissions. f) Detection mode: Average. Step 4: Step 5: NOTE: For frequencies inside fc ± 500 khz in the lower band and for frequencies inside fc ± khz in the upper band, the measured values are the absolute values. The absolute levels of RF power shall be compared to the spectrum mask at figures 5 and 6. (See note). Where the interrogator includes multiple transmitter outputs, all of the outputs shall be connected via a suitable combiner network to the spectrum analyser. With the interrogator set up as in step 1 and configured to transmit the test signal described in step 2 while in its operational mode, the spectrum mask shall be measured at the spectrum analyser. The measured values shall be adjusted to compensate for the attenuation of the combiners and compared to the spectrum mask at figures 5 and 6. If for any reason the spectrum is measured with a resolution bandwidth other than 1 khz, the measured values may be converted to the absolute values using the formula: Where: A is the value at the measured resolution bandwidth; B is the absolute value referred to a 1 khz reference bandwidth; or
26 26 EN V2.1.1 ( ) use the measured value, A, directly if the measured spectrum is a discrete spectral line (a discrete spectrum line is defined as a narrow peak with a level of at least 6 db above the average level inside the measurement bandwidth) Limits Limits for lower band For measurements performed in the lower band, the absolute levels of RF power at any frequency shall not exceed the limits defined by the envelope in the spectrum mask at figure 5 in which the Y axis is scaled in dbm e.r.p. 33 dbm 200 khz 3 dbm -46dBm -36dBm fc khz fc khz fc fc khz fc khz Lower adjacent sub-band Selected sub-band Upper adjacent sub-band NOTE: Where fc is the centre frequency of the carrier transmitted by the interrogator applicable over the frequency range fc ±500 khz. Figure 5: Spectrum mask for modulated signals in the lower band Limits for upper band For measurements performed in the upper band the absolute levels of RF power at any frequency shall not exceed the limits defined by the envelope in the spectrum mask at figure 6 in which the Y axis is scaled in dbm e.r.p.
27 27 EN V2.1.1 ( ) NOTE: Where fc is the centre frequency of the carrier transmitted by the interrogator applicable over the frequency range fc ±1 000 khz. Figure 6: Spectrum mask for modulated signals in the upper band 8.5 Unwanted emissions in the spurious domain Definition Spurious emissions are emissions at frequencies other than those of the wanted carrier frequency and its sidebands associated with normal test modulation. The following steps shall be carried out in each of the bands specified in figures 2 and 3 in which the interrogator is designed to operate Method of measurement Spurious emissions shall be measured at frequencies outside fc ± 500 khz for the lower band and frequencies outside fc ± khz for the upper band, as specified in figures 7 and 8 below. The level of spurious emissions shall be measured as: either: a) i) their power level in a specified load (conducted spurious emission); and ii) their effective radiated power when radiated by the cabinet and structure of the equipment (cabinet radiation); or b) their effective radiated power when radiated by the cabinet and the integral antenna, in the case of equipment fitted with such an antenna and no external F connector.
28 28 EN V2.1.1 ( ) Figure 7: Resolution bandwidths for spurious emission in the lower band RBW = 100 khz RBW = 10 khz RBW = 10 khz RBW = 100 khz RBW = 1 MHz 30 MHz fc khz fc khz fc fc khz fc khz 1 GHz 5 GHz Figure 8: Resolution bandwidths for spurious emission in the upper band Method of measuring the power level in a specified load, clause 8.5.2, a) i) This method shall apply only to equipment with an external antenna connector. Step 1: The interrogator shall be connected to a 50 Ω power attenuator. The output of the power attenuator shall be connected to a measuring receiver. The interrogator shall be set up to generate a succession of modulated transmit pulses as described in step 2 of clause In the event that the carrier signal from the interrogator is too high for the dynamic range of the measurement receiver, a notch filter may optionally be connected between the 50 Ω power attenuator and the measurement receiver to attenuate the carrier signal. This may be used for measurements at greater than 2 MHz from the carrier. The filter shall have a loss of less than 3 db at ±1 MHz from fc. Step 2: The measuring receiver, (see clause 6.6) shall be tuned over the frequency range of 30 MHz to 5 GHz. For each of the frequency ranges specified in figures 7 or 8 as applicable, the measuring receiver shall be set to the following values: a) Resolution bandwidth: In accordance with either figures 7 or 8 as applicable. b) Video bandwidth: Equal to the RBW. c) Sweep time: Auto. d) Span: As defined by the relevant frequency ranges in either figures 7 or 8 as applicable. e) Trace mode: Max. hold sufficient to capture emissions. f) Detection mode: Average. Step 3: Step 4: Step 5: At each frequency at which a spurious component is detected, the power level shall be recorded as the conducted spurious emission level delivered into the specified load. The measurements shall be repeated with the interrogator on stand-by. The measurements shall be adjusted to give the output power of the interrogator with its declared antenna in e.r.p.
29 29 EN V2.1.1 ( ) Method of measuring the effective radiated power, clause 8.5.2, a) ii) This method shall apply only to equipment with an external antenna connector. Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: On a test site, selected from annex A, the interrogator shall be placed at the specified height on a non-conducting support and in the position closest to normal use as declared by the provider. The antenna connector of the interrogator shall be connected to an artificial antenna (see clause 6.2). A test antenna shall be orientated for vertical polarization and the length of the test antenna shall be chosen to correspond to the instantaneous frequency of the measuring receiver. The output of the test antenna shall be connected to a measuring receiver. In the event that the carrier signal from the interrogator is too high for the dynamic range of the measurement receiver, a notch filter may optionally be connected between the test antenna and the measurement receiver to attenuate the carrier signal. This may be used for measurements at greater than 2 MHz from the carrier. The filter shall have a loss of less than 3 db at ±1 MHz from fc. Step 4: Step 5: The interrogator shall be set up to generate a succession of modulated transmit pulses as described in step 2 of clause The measuring receiver (see clause 6.6) shall be tuned over the frequency range 30 MHz to 5 GHz, but excluding the frequencies inside fc ± 500 khz for the lower band and for frequencies inside fc ± khz for the upper band. The measurements shall be performed with the measuring receiver set to the following values: a) Resolution bandwidth: In accordance with either figures 7 or 8. b) Video bandwidth: Equal to the RBW. c) Sweep time: Auto. d) Span: As defined by the relevant frequency ranges in either figures 7 or 8. e) Trace mode: Max. hold sufficient to capture emissions. f) Detection mode: Average. Step 6: Step 7: Step 8: Step 9: Step 10: Step 11: Step 12: Step 13: At each frequency at which a spurious component is detected, the test antenna shall be raised and lowered through the specified heights until a maximum signal level is detected by the measuring receiver. The interrogator shall then be rotated through 360º in the horizontal plane, until the maximum signal level is detected by the measuring receiver and the test antenna height shall be adjusted again for maximum signal level. The maximum signal level detected by the measuring receiver shall be noted. The interrogator shall be replaced by a substitution antenna as defined in clauses A.1.4 and A.1.5. The substitution antenna shall be orientated for vertical polarization and calibrated for the frequency of the spurious component detected. The substitution antenna shall be connected to a calibrated signal generator. The frequency of the calibrated signal generator shall be set in turn to the frequency of each of the spurious components detected. If necessary the input attenuator setting of the measuring receiver shall be adjusted in order to increase the sensitivity of the measuring receiver. The test antenna shall be raised and lowered through the specified range of heights to ensure that the maximum signal is received. (When a test site according to clause A.1.1 is used, the height of the antenna need not be varied).
30 30 EN V2.1.1 ( ) Step 14: Step 15: Step 16: Step 17: Step 18: The input signal to the substitution antenna shall be adjusted to give a level at the measuring receiver, that is equal to the level noted while the spurious component was measured, corrected for any change to the setting of the input attenuator of the measuring receiver. The input level to the substitution antenna shall be recorded as a power level, corrected for any change of input attenuator setting of the measuring receiver. The measurement shall be repeated with the test antenna and the substitution antenna orientated for horizontal polarization. The measure of the effective radiated power of the spurious components is the larger of the two power levels recorded for each spurious component at the input to the substitution antenna, corrected if necessary for the gain of the substitution antenna. If applicable, the measurements shall be repeated with the interrogator on standby Method of measuring effective radiated power, clause 8.5.2, b) This method shall apply only to equipment without an external antenna connector. The method of measurement shall be performed according to clause , except that the interrogator output shall be connected to the integral antenna and not to an artificial antenna Limits The level of any spurious emission, conducted or radiated, outside the relevant necessary bands shall not exceed the values given in table 4. State Table 4: Spurious emission limits in e.r.p. 47 MHz to 74 MHz 87,5 MHz to 118 MHz 174 MHz to 230 MHz 470 MHz to 862 MHz Other frequencies below MHz Frequencies above MHz Operating 4 nw (-54 dbm) 250 nw (-36 dbm) 1 µw (-30 dbm) Standby 2 nw (-57 dbm) 2 nw (-57 dbm) 20 nw (-47 dbm) 8.6 Transmission times Definition The transmission time is the period of continuous transmission generated by an interrogator. NOTE: The maximum period of continuous transmission and the period between consecutive transmissions on the same channel are specified in order to ensure most efficient use of available channels for the general benefit of all users Method of measurement This test shall apply to interrogators intended for operation in the lower band and is designed to verify that the interrogator shall transmit no longer than is necessary to perform the intended operation. The measurement shall be conducted under normal test conditions. Step 1: Step 2: On a test site, selected from annex A, the equipment shall be placed at the specified height on a non-conducting support and in the position closest to normal use as declared by the provider. The interrogator shall be configured to operate on one of the high power channels shown in figure 1. A small quantity of tags (typically up to 3) shall be positioned within the interrogation field of the interrogator. A probe shall be positioned close to the antenna of the interrogator and arranged such that it will trigger a digital storage oscilloscope.
31 31 EN V2.1.1 ( ) Step 3: Step 4: Step 5: Step 6: The interrogator shall initiate an interrogation sequence and the trace generated by the transmission shall be recorded on the digital storage scope. The length of the transmission shall be measured. The interrogator shall then be configured to demonstrate reading an unlimited number of tags in the interrogation field. This may be achieved either by setting the interrogator to its "global scroll" mode with a single tag in the field or by replacing the tags with a test fixture that simulates an infinite number of tags. The transmission from the interrogator shall be monitored on a digital storage oscilloscope using a probe positioned close to the antenna of the interrogator. The maximum length of continuous transmission and the interval between repeated transmissions recorded on the digital storage oscilloscope shall comply with the limits in figure Limits For interrogators designed of operate in the lower band the manufacturer shall declare that the measured length of transmission at step 3 is no greater than is required to read the tags present in the field and to verify that there are no additional tags present. In addition, the maximum length of continuous transmission and the interval between repeated transmissions measured at step 6 shall comply with the two limits in figure 9. where: the on-duration of A shall not exceed 4 s; Figure 9: Repeated transmissions on the same channel the off-duration of B shall be not less than 100 ms. In some applications (i.e. conveyor systems) it may be necessary for interrogators to transmit while tags are not present. To accommodate such requirements, manufacturers shall include within interrogators a means to minimize the overall length of transmission commensurate with the application. This may include the provision of trigger mechanisms within interrogators to initiate transmissions. It is permitted for an interrogator to switch its transmission repeatedly between channels at intervals not exceeding 4 s. An interrogator shall not return to a previous channel within a period of less than 100 ms. There is no specific limit to the length of transmission for interrogators when transmitting in upper the band. However interrogators shall transmit for no longer than is necessary to perform the intended operation. 8.7 Mitigation using DAA Set-up for tests The tests specified in this clause are intended for interrogators that will operate in the sub-band 918 MHz MHz in those member states that have adopted ER-GSM. For the purposes of this clause the following meanings shall apply: ER-GSM refers to the operation of railway GSM equipment in the extended band 918 MHz MHz. Note that an ER-GSM receiver covers the full frequency range 918 MHz MHz. R-GSM refers to the operation of railway GSM equipment in the band 921 MHz MHz.
32 32 EN V2.1.1 ( ) GSM-R is the collective term for railway GSM equipment operational in the band 918 MHz MHz. Diagrams of the set-up to perform the tests are shown in figures 10a and 10b below. Where interrogators handle both the detection of the GSM-R signals and transmissions to the tags, the diagram in figure 10a should be used. It is irrelevant whether detection of the response from the tags is on the same port or a separate port. Figure 10a: Set-up of equipment for mitigation test using splitter Some interrogators may use a separate antenna to detect the GSM-R BCCH. Where this applies, the BTS emulator shall be connected directly to the input for the GSM signal on the GSM-R receiver. The port for transmissions by the interrogator to the RFID antenna shall be connected via the attenuator to the spectrum analyser. It is irrelevant whether detection of the response from the tags is on the same port or a separate port. This is illustrated in figure 10b below. Figure 10b: Set-up of equipment for mitigation test Simulation of the BTS for GSM-R shall be by means of a Universal Radio Communications Tester or equivalent GSM-R emulator. The equipment should be configured to transmit a BCCH signal at selected frequencies within the bands specified in either clause or clause The BCCH shall contain SYSTEM INFORMATION 1, which shall include the Cell Channel Description giving details of any TCH channels and BTS operating in the ER-GSM band (see [i.4]). The GSM-R emulator shall be configured to transmit on a channel as specified in either Method 1 or Method 2 as appropriate. It shall include the information in its BCCH as specified in the following four scenarios. 1) Channel 941 (centre frequency of 918,4 MHz) included in ARFCN list. 2) Channel 948 (centre frequency of 919,8 MHz) included in ARFCN list. 3) Both channels 941 and 948 included in ARFCN list. 4) An ER-GSM BTS transmitting on channel 944 (centre frequency of 919,0 MHz) in the ARFCN list Tests for Mitigation Method 1 These tests shall be performed using an ER-GSM receiver capable of receiving BTS transmissions across the frequency range 918 MHz MHz. The tests are designed to demonstrate that the interrogator complies with the mitigation technique described in clause B.6.
33 33 EN V2.1.1 ( ) With the equipment connected in accordance with either figure 10a or figure 10b, the following tests shall be performed: Test 1 Operation with channel 941 (918,4 MHz) in the ARCFN list The purpose of this test is to confirm that the interrogator is able to detect and decode a BCCH signal at levels down to - 98 dbm. Furthermore the test will verify that, where the ER-GSM channel is within 700 khz of the centre frequency of transmission of the interrogator (918,7 MHz), it will cease to transmit at this frequency. Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7 Test 2 The interrogator shall be configured to transmit at 918,7 MHz. The interrogator shall be switched on and, after initialization, a check shall be made that the interrogator transmits at 918,7 MHz. The interrogator shall be switched off. The GSM-R emulator shall be configured to transmit a BCCH on a channel within the band 918 MHz MHz, The BCCH shall include channel 941 in its ARCFN list. The output from the GSM-R emulator shall be adjusted to give a signal level at the input to the ER-GSM receiver of -98 dbm assuming a 0 dbd antenna gain. The interrogator shall be switched on and a check shall be made that the interrogator has ceased to transmit. Without changing the settings of the GSM-R emulator, the interrogator shall be configured to transmit at 919,9 MHz. A check shall be made to verify that the interrogator transmits at 919,9 MHz. Operation with channel 948 (919,8 MHz) in the BCCH ARCFN list This test is identical to the test 1 except that it confirms correct operation of the interrogator at a transmit frequency of 919,9 MHz. Step1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7 Test 3 The interrogator shall be configured to transmit at 919,9 MHz. The interrogator shall be switched on and, after initialization, a check shall be made that the interrogator transmits at 919,9 MHz. The interrogator shall be switched off. The GSM-R emulator shall be configured to transmit a BCCH on a channel within the band 918 MHz MHz, The BCCH shall include channel 948 in its ARCFN list. The output from the GSM-R emulator shall be adjusted to give a signal level at the input to the ER-GSM receiver of -98 dbm assuming a 0 dbd antenna gain. The interrogator shall be switched on and, after initialization, a check shall be made that the interrogator does not transmit at 919,9 MHz. Without changing the settings of the GSM-R emulator, the interrogator shall be configured to transmit at 918,7 MHz. A check shall be made to verify that the interrogator transmits at 918,7 MHz. Operation with both channel 941 and channel 948 in the BCCH ARCFN list The purpose of this test is to verify that, where the ER-GSM channels are within 700 khz of either centre frequency of transmission of the interrogator (918,7 MHz or 919,9 MHz), it will cease all transmission. Step1 Step 2 The interrogator shall be configured to transmit at both 918,7 MHz and 919,9 MHz. The interrogator shall be switched on and, after initialization, a check shall be made that the interrogator is able to transmit at either 918,7 MHz or 919,9 MHz.
34 34 EN V2.1.1 ( ) Step 3 Step 4 The GSM-R emulator shall be configured to transmit a BCCH signal on a channel within the band 915 MHz MHz, The BCCH shall include both channels 941 and 948 in its ARCFN list. The output from the GSM-R emulator shall be adjusted to give a signal level at the input to the ER-GSM receiver of -98 dbm assuming a 0 dbd antenna gain. The interrogator shall be switched on and, after initialization, a check shall be made to ensure that the interrogator does not transmit at either frequency. Manufacturers shall declare that their interrogators shall automatically perform a scan of the band 918 MHz MHz as specified in clause B.3 at least once every 24 hours Tests for Mitigation Method 2 These tests shall be performed in situations where an ER-GSM receiver is unavailable and an R-GSM receiver is used to implement the mitigation technique described in clause B.7. The R-GSM receiver shall be capable of receiving BTS transmissions across the frequency range 921 MHz MHz. The tests are designed to demonstrate that in the event that ER-GSM is deployed at some point in the future, the mitigation technique will still ensure that ER-GSM is protected. With the equipment connected in accordance with either figure 10a or figure 10b, the following tests shall be performed. Test 1 Operation with channel 941 (918,4 MHz) in the ARCFN list The purpose of this test is to confirm that the interrogator is able to detect and decode a R-GSM BCCH at levels down to - 98 dbm. Furthermore the test will verify that, where an ER-GSM channel is within 700 khz of the centre frequency of transmission of the interrogator (918,7 MHz), it will cease to transmit at this frequency. Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7 Test 2 The interrogator shall be configured to transmit at 918,7 MHz. The interrogator shall be switched on and, after initialization, a check shall be made that the interrogator transmits at 918,7 MHz. The interrogator shall be switched off. The GSM-R emulator shall be configured to transmit a BCCH on a channel within the band 921 MHz MHz, The BCCH shall include channel 941 in its ARCFN list. The output from the GSM-R emulator shall be adjusted to give a signal level at the input to the R-GSM receiver of -98 dbm assuming a 0 dbd antenna gain. The interrogator shall be switched on and a check shall be made that the interrogator has ceased to transmit. Without changing the settings of the GSM-R emulator, the interrogator shall be configured to transmit at 919,9 MHz. A check shall be made to verify that the interrogator transmits at 919,9 MHz. Operation with channel 948 (919,8 MHz) in the ARCFN list This test is identical to the test 1 except that it confirms correct operation of the interrogator at a transmit frequency of 919,9 MHz. Step1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 The interrogator shall be configured to transmit at 919,9 MHz. The interrogator shall be switched on and, after initialization, a check shall be made that the interrogator transmits at 919,9 MHz. The interrogator shall be switched off. The GSM-R emulator shall be configured to transmit a BCCH on a channel within the band 921 MHz MHz, The BCCH shall include channel 948 in its ARCFN list. The output from the GSM-R emulator shall be adjusted to give a signal level at the input to the R-GSM receiver of -98 dbm assuming a 0 dbd antenna gain.
35 35 EN V2.1.1 ( ) Step 5 Step 6 Step 7 Test 3 The interrogator shall be switched on and, after initialization, a check shall be made that the interrogator does not transmit at 919,9 MHz. Without changing the settings of the GSM-R emulator, the interrogator shall be configured to transmit at 918,7 MHz. A check shall be made to verify that the interrogator transmits at 918,7 MHz. Operation with both channel 941 and channel 948 in the ARCFN list The purpose of this test is to verify that, where the ER-GSM channels are within 700 khz of either centre frequency of transmission of the interrogator (918,7 MHz or 919,9 MHz), it will cease all transmission. Step1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Test 4 The interrogator shall be configured to transmit at both 918,7 MHz. and 919,9 MHz. The interrogator shall be switched on and, after initialization, a check shall be made that the interrogator is able to transmit at either 918,7 MHz or 919,9 MHz. The GSM-R emulator shall be configured to transmit a BCCH on a channel within the band 921 MHz MHz, The BCCH shall include both channels 941 and 948 in its ARCFN list. The output from the GSM-R emulator shall be adjusted to give a signal level at the input to the R-GSM receiver of - 98 dbm assuming a 0 dbd antenna gain. The interrogator shall be switched on and, after initialization, a check shall be made to ensure that the interrogator does not transmit at either frequency. A BTS on channel 944 (centre frequency of 919,0 MHz) in the ARFCN list The purpose of this test is to demonstrate that, if at some point in the future a BTS is assigned to the ER-GSM band, its presence will be detected and the interrogator will be prevented from transmitting on both of its high power channels in the ER-GSM band. Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 The interrogator shall be configured to transmit at both 918,7 MHz and 919,9 MHz. The interrogator shall be switched off. The GSM-R emulator shall be configured to transmit a BCCH signal on a channel within the band 921 MHz MHz. The BCCH signal shall include a BTS on channel 944 (919,0 MHz) in the ARFCN list. The output from the GSM-R emulator shall be adjusted to give a signal level at the input to the R-GSM receiver of- 98 dbm assuming a 0 dbd antenna gain. The interrogator shall be switched on and, after initialization, a check shall be made to ensure that the interrogator does not transmit at either 918,7 MHz or 919,9 MHz. Manufacturers shall declare that their interrogators shall automatically perform a scan of the band 921 MHz MHz as specified in clause B.4 at least once every 24 hours Limits The GSM-R receiver and interrogator under test shall detect and decode BCCH signals correctly at levels down to -98 dbm. Method 1 For the tests in accordance with Method 1, the interrogator shall prevent transmission on either of its designated channels if they are within 700 khz of an allocated ER-GSM channel. Method 2 For the tests in accordance with Method 2 the interrogator shall prevent transmission on either of its designated channels if they are within 700 khz of an allocated ER-GSM channel. In addition the interrogator shall prevent transmission on both designated channels in the ER-GSM band if it detects that a BTS has been allocated a channel within the frequency range 918 MHz MHz. The results of the test shall be recorded in the test report.
36 36 EN V2.1.1 ( ) 9 Receiver parameters With the exception of clause 9.4 the receiver parameters described in the present document are for guidance only. However it should be understood that the limits recommended for these parameters were assumed by ECC during their compatibility studies. Equipment designed to limits that fall below those specified may be subject to unacceptable levels of interference in some applications. In certain applications it may be beneficial to monitor the level of interference received by an interrogator and, where the level causes a degradation in performance, switch the frequency of transmission to an alternative high power channel. 9.1 Co-channel rejection This measurement is required to ensure satisfactory operation of equipment in accordance with the channel plan Definition The co-channel rejection is a measure of the capability of the receiver in an interrogator to identify a tag while rejecting an unwanted signal from another device transmitting at approximately the same frequency Method of measurement This measurement shall be conducted under normal test conditions in each band in which the interrogator is designed to operate Method of measuring radiated signals This method is intended for interrogators that are not fitted with an external antenna connector. Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: Step 5: Step 6: Step 7: Step 8: This test may be performed either in an anechoic chamber or on an open air test site as specified in annex A. An interrogator shall be set up to operate on a known high power channel within the band in which it is designed to operate. A tag in its preferred orientation shall be moved slowly towards the interrogator in the direction of maximum gain of its antenna to a point where it is just identified. The distance d between the antenna of the interrogator and the tag shall be measured. The tag shall then be moved to a new position that is at a distance of 0,7 d from the interrogator in the direction of maximum gain of its antenna. A signal generator shall be set up at a distance of 3 m from the interrogator in the direction of maximum gain of its antenna. The test set-up shall be so arranged to minimize the field received by the tag from the signal generator. If necessary electro-magnetic absorbent material or similar shielding techniques shall be used. The signal generator shall be adjusted to radiate an unmodulated signal at a test frequency that lies at the centre frequency of the known high power channel as selected in step 1. The level of the signal generator shall be increased until the interrogator just ceases to identify the tag. The level of the signal generator shall then be reduced in 1 db steps until the interrogator just identifies the tag again. The interrogator shall be removed and replaced by a measurement antenna connected to a measuring receiver. The level of signal from the signal generator received at the measuring receiver shall be recorded. The absolute level of the signal received by the measuring receiver from the signal generator shall be not less than the limit specified in clause
37 37 EN V2.1.1 ( ) Method of measuring using power splitter Where the interrogator is fitted with an external antenna connector, the measurement may be made using a power splitter. Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: Step 5: Step 6: Step 7: Step 8: This test may be performed either in an anechoic chamber or on an open air test site as specified in annex A. An interrogator shall be set up to operate on a known high power within the band in which it is designed to operate. One input to a power splitter shall be connected to the antenna of the interrogator. The second input shall be connected to a signal generator and the third input shall be connected to the antenna connector of the interrogator. The signal generator may need to be protected by a circulator. With the signal generator switched off a tag in its preferred orientation shall be moved slowly towards the interrogator in the direction of maximum gain of its antenna to a point where it is just identified. The distance d between the antenna of the interrogator and the tag shall be measured. The tag shall then be moved to a new position that is at a distance of 0,7 d from the interrogator in the direction of maximum gain of its antenna. The signal generator shall be adjusted to produce an un-modulated signal at a test frequency that lies at the mid-point of the known high power channel as selected in step 1. The level of the signal generator shall be increased until the interrogator just ceases to identify the tag. The level of the signal generator shall then be reduced in 1 db steps until the interrogator just identifies the tag again. The level of signal from the signal generator at which this occurs shall be recorded. The level of signal from the signal generator shall be corrected to compensate for any loss in the power splitter and for the gain of the antenna used by the interrogator to give the corrected signal received by the interrogator. At the discretion of the test house the measurement may be repeated with the interrogator set to operate on other high power channels. The absolute level of the corrected signal received by the interrogator from the signal generator shall be not less than the limit specified in clause Limits The co-channel rejection of the equipment under the above specified conditions shall be sufficient to reject unwanted signals up to or equal to -35 dbm e.r.p. 9.2 Adjacent channel selectivity This measurement is required to ensure satisfactory operation of equipment in accordance with the channel plan Definition The adjacent channel selectivity is a measure of the capability of the receiver of an interrogator to identify a tag while rejecting an unwanted signal from another device transmitting in one of the adjacent high power channels. For the purpose of these tests, the adjacent channel shall be at a frequency of ±1,2 MHz from the centre frequency of the selected channel Method of measurement This measurement shall be conducted under normal test conditions and should be made in each band in which the interrogator is designed to operate.
38 38 EN V2.1.1 ( ) Method of measuring radiated signals This method is intended for interrogators that are not fitted with an external antenna connector. Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: Step 5: Step 6: Step 7: Step 8: Step 9: This test may be performed either in an anechoic chamber or on an open air test site as specified in annex A. An interrogator shall be set up to operate on a known high power channel within the band in which it is designed to operate. A tag in its preferred orientation shall be moved slowly towards the interrogator in the direction of maximum gain of its antenna to a point where it is just identified. The distance d between the antenna of the interrogator and the tag shall be measured. The tag shall then be moved to a new position that is at a distance of 0,7 d from the interrogator in the direction of maximum gain of its antenna. A signal generator shall be set up at a distance of 3 m from the interrogator in the direction of maximum gain of its antenna. The test set-up shall be so arranged to minimize the field received by the tag from the signal generator. If necessary electro-magnetic absorbent material or similar shielding techniques shall be used. Depending on the frequency selected in Step 1, if the upper adjacent high power channel exists, the signal generator shall be adjusted to radiate an un-modulated signal at a test frequency of fc + 1,2 MHz. The level of the signal generator shall be increased until the interrogator just ceases to identify the tag. The level of the signal generator shall then be reduced in 1 db steps until the interrogator just identifies the tag again. The interrogator shall be removed and replaced by a measurement antenna connected to a measuring receiver. The level of signal from the signal generator received at the measuring receiver shall be recorded. Depending on the frequency selected in step 1, if the lower adjacent high power channel exists, the measurement shall be repeated with the signal generator set to transmit at a test frequency of fc - 1,2 MHz. The absolute level of the signals received by the measuring receiver from the signal generator shall be not less than the limit specified in clause Method of measuring using power splitter Where the interrogator is fitted with an external antenna connector, the measurement may be made using a power splitter. Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: This test may be performed either in an anechoic chamber or on an open air test site as specified in annex A. An interrogator shall be set up to operate on a known high power channel within the band in which it is designed to operate. One input to a power splitter shall be connected to the antenna of the interrogator. The second input shall be connected to a signal generator and the third input shall be connected to the antenna connector of the interrogator. The signal generator may need to be protected by a circulator. With the signal generator switched off a tag in its preferred orientation shall be moved slowly towards the interrogator in the direction of maximum gain of its antenna to a point where it is just identified. The distance d between the antenna of the interrogator and the tag shall be measured. The tag shall then be moved to a new position that is at a distance of 0,7 d from the interrogator in the direction of maximum gain of its antenna. Depending on the frequency selected in step 1 if the upper adjacent high power channel exists, the signal generator shall be adjusted to radiate an un-modulated signal at a test frequency of fc + 1,2 MHz.
39 39 EN V2.1.1 ( ) Step 5: Step 6: Step 7: Step 8: Step 9: The level of the signal generator shall be increased until the interrogator just ceases to identify the tag. The level of the signal generator shall then be reduced in 1 db steps until the interrogator just identifies the tag again. The level of signal from the signal generator shall be recorded. The level of signal from the signal generator shall be corrected to compensate for any loss in the power splitter and for the gain of the antenna used by the interrogator to give the corrected signal received by the interrogator. The measurement shall be repeated with the signal generator set to transmit at the mid-point of the lower adjacent high power channel. Depending on the frequency selected in step 1, if the lower adjacent high power channel exists, the measurement shall be repeated with the signal generator set to transmit at a test frequency of fc - 1,2 MHz. The absolute level of the corrected signal received by the interrogator from the signal generator shall be not less than the limit specified in clause Limits The adjacent channel selectivity of the equipment under the above specified conditions shall be sufficient to reject unwanted signals up to or equal to -26 dbm e.r.p. 9.3 Blocking or desensitization Definition Blocking or desensitization is a measure of the capability of the receiver to identify a tag in the presence of an unwanted input signal at frequencies other than those of the spurious responses or in the adjacent channels Method of measurement This measurement shall be conducted under normal test conditions Method of measuring radiated signals Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: Step 5: Step 6: Step 7: This test may be performed either in an anechoic chamber or on an open air test site as specified in annex A. An interrogator shall be set up to operate on a known high power channel within the band in which it is designed to operate. A tag in its preferred orientation shall be moved slowly towards the interrogator in the direction of maximum gain of its antenna to a point where it is just identified. The distance d between the antenna of the interrogator and the tag shall be measured. The tag shall then be moved to a new position that is at a distance of 0,7 d from the interrogator in the direction of maximum gain of its antenna. A signal generator shall be set up at a distance of 3 m from the interrogator in the direction of maximum gain of its antenna. The signal generator shall be adjusted to radiate an un-modulated signal at a test frequency that lies 1 MHz to 10 MHz above the carrier frequency of the interrogator. The level of the signal generator shall be increased until the interrogator just ceases to identify the tag. The level of the signal generator shall then be reduced in 1 db steps until the interrogator just identifies the tag again. The interrogator shall be removed and replaced by a measurement antenna connected to a measuring receiver. The level of signal from the signal generator received at the measuring receiver shall be recorded.
40 40 EN V2.1.1 ( ) Step 8: Step 9: Step 10: The measurements shall be made at approximately, +2 MHz, +5 MHz and +10 MHz from the carrier frequency of the interrogator. The tests shall be repeated at approximately, -2 MHz, -5 MHz and -10 MHz from the carrier frequency of the interrogator. The blocking or desensitization shall be recorded as the highest level in dbm of the unwanted signal at which it is just possible to identify a tag Method of measuring using power splitter Where the interrogator is fitted with an external antenna connector, the measurement may be made using a power splitter. Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: Step 5: Step 6: Step 7: Step 8: Step 9: This test may be performed either in an anechoic chamber or on an open air test site as specified in annex A. An interrogator shall be set up to operate on a known high power within the band in which it is designed to operate. One input to a power splitter shall be connected to the antenna of the interrogator. The second input shall be connected to a signal generator and the third input shall be connected to the antenna connector of the interrogator. The signal generator may need to be protected by a circulator. With the signal generator switched off a tag in its preferred orientation shall be moved slowly towards the interrogator in the direction of maximum gain of its antenna to a point where it is just identified. The distance d between the antenna of the interrogator and the tag shall be measured. The tag shall then be moved to a new position that is at a distance of 0,7 d from the interrogator in the direction of maximum gain of its antenna. The signal generator shall be adjusted to produce an un-modulated signal at a test frequency that lies 1 MHz to 10 MHz above the carrier frequency of the interrogator. The level of the signal generator shall be increased until the interrogator just ceases to identify the tag. The level of the signal generator shall then be reduced in 1 db steps until the interrogator just identifies the tag again. The level of signal from the signal generator shall be recorded. The measurements shall be made at approximately, +2 MHz, +5 MHz and +10 MHz from the carrier frequency of the interrogator. The tests shall be repeated at approximately -2 MHz, -5 MHz and -10 MHz from the carrier frequency of the interrogator. The recorded signals from the signal generator shall be corrected to compensate for any loss in the power splitter and for the gain of the antenna used by the interrogator to give the corrected signals received by the interrogator. The blocking or desensitization shall be recorded as the highest level in dbm of the unwanted signal at which it is just possible to identify a tag Limits The blocking level of the equipment under the above specified conditions shall be equal to or greater than the following limits: For (fc ± 2MHz) For (fc ± 5MHz) For (fc ± 10MHz) -23 dbm e.r.p. -14 dbm e.r.p. -8 dbm e.r.p.
41 41 EN V2.1.1 ( ) 9.4 Spurious emissions Definition Spurious emissions from the receiver of an interrogator are emissions at any frequency when the equipment is not in the transmit mode Method of measurement The level of spurious emissions shall be measured by: either: a) i) their power level in a specified load (conducted spurious emission); and ii) their effective radiated power when radiated by the cabinet and structure of the equipment (cabinet radiation); or b) their effective radiated power when radiated by the cabinet and the integral antenna, in the case of equipment fitted with such an antenna and no external 50 Ω RF connector. This measurement shall be conducted under normal test conditions Method of measuring the power level in a specified load, clause 9.4.2, a) i) This method applies only to equipment with an external antenna connector. Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: The interrogator shall be connected to a 50 Ω attenuator. The output of the attenuator shall be connected to a measuring receiver. The receiver of the interrogator shall be switched on in each of the bands in which it is designed to operate and the measuring receiver shall be tuned over the frequency range of 9 khz to 12,75 GHz. At each frequency at which a spurious component is detected, the power level shall be recorded as the spurious level delivered into the specified load Method of measuring the effective radiated power, clause 9.4.2, a) ii) This method applies only to equipment with an external antenna socket. Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: Step 5: Step 6: On a test site, selected from annex A, the interrogator shall be placed at the specified height on a non-conducting support and in the position closest to normal use as declared by the provider. The antenna connector shall be connected to an artificial antenna (see clause 6.2). A test antenna shall be orientated for vertical polarization and the length of the test antenna shall be chosen to correspond to the instantaneous frequency of a measuring receiver. The output of the test antenna shall be connected to the measuring receiver. The interrogator shall be set up in its standby mode in each band in which it is designed to operate. and the measuring receiver shall be tuned over the frequency range 25 MHz to 12,75 GHz. At each frequency at which a spurious component is detected, the test antenna shall be raised and lowered through the specified heights until a maximum signal level is detected by the measuring receiver. When a test site according to clause A.1.1 is used, there is no need to vary the height of the antenna. The interrogator shall then be rotated through 360º in the horizontal plane, until the maximum signal level is detected by the measuring receiver. The test antenna height shall be adjusted again for maximum signal level. The maximum signal level detected by the measuring receiver shall be noted. The interrogator shall be replaced by a substitution antenna as defined in clause A.1.5.
42 42 EN V2.1.1 ( ) Step 7: Step 8: Step 9: Step 10: Step 11: Step 12: Step 13: The substitution antenna shall be orientated for vertical polarization and calibrated for the frequency of the spurious component detected. The substitution antenna shall be connected to a calibrated signal generator. The frequency of the calibrated signal generator shall be set to the frequency of the spurious component detected. If necessary the input attenuator setting of the measuring receiver shall be adjusted in order to increase the sensitivity of the measuring receiver. The test antenna shall be raised and lowered through the specified range of height to ensure that the maximum signal is received. The input signal to the substitution antenna shall be adjusted to give a level at the measuring receiver that is equal to the level noted while the spurious component was measured, corrected for any change to the setting of the input attenuator of the measuring receiver. The input level to the substitution antenna shall be recorded as power level, corrected for any change of input attenuator setting of the measuring receiver. The measurement shall be repeated with the test antenna and the substitution antenna orientated for horizontal polarization. The measure of the effective radiated power of the spurious components is the larger of the two power levels recorded for each spurious component at the input to the substitution antenna, corrected for the gain of the substitution antenna if necessary Method of measuring the effective radiated power, clause 9.4.2, b) This method applies only to equipment without an external antenna connector. The method of measurement shall be performed according to clause , except that the receiver input shall be connected to the integral antenna and not to an artificial antenna Limits The power of any spurious emission, radiated or conducted, shall not exceed the values given below: 2 nw e.r.p. below MHz; 20 nw e.r.p. above MHz. 10 Limits and methods of measurement for tag emissions 10.1 Radiated power (e.r.p.) Definition The effective radiated power of a tag is the power radiated by its antenna in its direction of maximum gain under specified conditions of measurement Method of measurement The measurement shall be carried out under normal conditions. These tests shall be performed only in the bands in which the tag is intended to operate.
43 43 EN V2.1.1 ( ) The measurement shall be performed using an interrogator, or an equivalent test fixture, and antenna under the same set-up conditions as used for the measurement of effective radiated power in clause 8.3. The intentional emissions from the tag shall be measured as: either: a) the power from a tag configured to emit an un-modulated sub-carrier; or b) the power from a tag configured to emit a continuous modulated response Method of measuring the power in an un-modulated sub-carrier, clause , a) This method applies to tags that may be set to emit an un-modulated sub-carrier. Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: On a test site, selected from annex A, the interrogator shall be placed at the specified height on a non-conducting support and in the position closest to normal use as declared by the provider. In each band at which the tag is capable of operating, the interrogator shall be set to transmit at a single carrier frequency "fc" on a high power channel as determined by the test house. The interrogator shall provide an initial "wake up response" to activate the tag followed by a continuous carrier at a power level of 2 W e.r.p. The tag under test shall be positioned at a distance of 20 cm from the antenna of the interrogator in its direction of maximum gain and in an orientation that provides optimum coupling with the transmitted signal. For the lower band the tag shall be configured to emit an un-modulated sub-carrier at an approximate frequency of fc ± 300 khz, or such other frequency as declared by the manufacturer. For the upper band the tag shall be configured to emit an un-modulated sub-carrier at an approximate frequency of fc ± 600 khz, or such other frequency as declared by the manufacturer. The measurement shall be carried out using a measuring receiver set to the following values: a) Resolution bandwidth: 1 khz; b) Video bandwidth: Equal to the RBW; c) Sweep time: Auto; d) Span: 1 MHz; e) Detection mode: Average. Step 5: A test antenna shall be positioned at a distance of 1 m from the tag in the direction of maximum gain of the antenna of the interrogator. The test antenna shall be connected to the measurement receiver. The test antenna shall be orientated to obtain maximum signal. A diagram of the test configuration is shown in figure 11. Figure 11: Measurement of tag emissions Step 6: Step 7: The measuring receiver shall be tuned to the frequency of the lower sub-carrier of the tag and the level of the combined emissions from both the tag and interrogator shall be recorded. The same procedure shall be repeated for the upper sub-carrier. Without moving the test antenna and the interrogator, the tag shall be removed from the proximity of the test area. The measuring receiver shall be tuned to the same frequencies as in step 6 and the levels of the emissions from the interrogator shall be recorded.
44 44 EN V2.1.1 ( ) Step 8: Step 9: The power emitted by the tag shall be determined by deducting the levels recorded in step 7 from the corresponding levels recorded in step 6. The maximum value of the upper and lower sub-carrier frequencies shall be recorded as the emitted power. In normal operation the emission from the tag is spread across the frequency range fc ± 300 khz for the lower band and fc ± 600 khz for the upper band. The power emitted shall be calculated as power spectrum density in 100 khz using the formula: A = Pc + 10 log 100 khz BW Where: - Pc is the radiated power of the unmodulated sub-carrier from the tag; - A is the absolute value of the power spectrum density referred to a 100 khz reference bandwidth; - BW is the bandwidth occupied by the tag response as defined in step Method of measuring the power in a modulated sub-carrier, clause , b) This method applies to tags that are able only to emit a modulated sub-carrier. Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: On a test site, selected from annex A, the interrogator shall be placed at the specified height on a non-conducting support and in the position closest to normal use as declared by the provider. In each band in which the tag is capable of operating the interrogatory shall be set to transmit at a single carrier frequency "fc" on a high power channel as determined by the test house. The interrogator shall provide an initial "wake up command" to activate the tag followed by a continuous carrier at a power level of 2 W e.r.p. The tag under test shall be positioned at a distance of 20 cm from the antenna of the interrogator in its direction of maximum gain and in an orientation that provides optimum coupling with the transmitted signal. The tag shall be configured to emit a continuous modulated response as described in clause For the lower band this response shall be centred at an approximate offset frequency of fc ± 300 khz, or such other frequency as declared by the manufacturer.. For the upper band this response shall be centred at an approximate offset frequency of fc ± 600 khz, or such other frequency as declared by the manufacturer. The measurement shall be carried out using a measuring receiver set to the following values: a) Resolution bandwidth: 1 khz; b) Video bandwidth: Equal to the RBW; c) Sweep time: Auto; d) Span: 1 MHz; e) Detection mode: Average. Step 5: Step 6: Step 7: A test antenna shall be positioned at a distance of 1 m from the tag in the direction of maximum gain of the antenna of the interrogator. The test antenna shall be connected to the measurement receiver. The test antenna shall be orientated to obtain maximum signal. A diagram of the test configuration is shown in figure 11. For the lower band a plot of the combined emissions from the tag and interrogator shall be recorded in increments of 3 khz across the frequency range fc khz to fc khz. For the upper band the combined emissions from the tag and interrogator shall be recorded in increments of 3 khz across the frequency range fc khz to fc khz. Without moving the test antenna and the interrogator, the tag shall be removed from the proximity of the test area. A plot shall be made of the emissions from the interrogator in increments of 3 khz over the same frequency range.
45 45 EN V2.1.1 ( ) Step 8: Step 9: Step 10: The power emitted by the tag shall be determined by deducting the levels recorded in step 7 from levels recorded in step 6 for each increment of 3 khz and summing the results to give the total power emitted by the tag. Steps 6 to 8 shall be repeated across the upper side-band frequency range. For the lower band this shall cover the range fc khz to fc khz. For the upper band this shall cover the range fc khz to fc khz. The higher of the values obtained in the upper and lower side-band frequency ranges shall be recorded as the radiated power of the tag. The radiated power of the tag as derived in step 9 may be referred to a 100 khz bandwidth using the formula: A = Pc + 10 log 100 khz BW Where: - Pc is the radiated power of the tag; - A is the absolute value of the power spectrum density referred to a 100 khz reference bandwidth; - BW is the bandwidth occupied by the tag response as defined in step Limits For the lower band the radiated power of the tag shall not exceed -20 dbm e.r.p. which is equivalent to a power spectrum density of -25 dbm/100 khz e.r.p. For the upper band the radiated power of the tag shall not exceed -10 dbm e.r.p. which is equivalent to a power spectrum density of -18 dbm/100 khz e.r.p Unwanted emissions Definition The unwanted emissions from a tag include both the out-of-band and the spurious emissions from a continuously modulated tag measured outside its wanted carrier frequency and associated sidebands when the tag is orientated for optimum coupling at a defined distance from the antenna of an interrogator, which is transmitting a continuous un-modulated carrier at a specified power level Method of measurement The measurement shall be conducted under normal conditions. The measurement shall be performed using an interrogator, or equivalent test fixture, and antenna under the same set-up conditions as used for the measurement of effective radiated power in clause 8.3. In the event that the carrier signal from the interrogator is too high for the dynamic range of the measurement receiver, a notch filter may optionally be connected between the measurement antenna and the measurement receiver to attenuate the carrier signal. This may be used for measurements at greater than 2 MHz from the carrier. The filter shall have a loss of less than 3 db at ± 1 MHz from fc. Step 1: Step 2: On a test site, selected from annex A, the interrogator shall be placed at the specified height on a non-conducting support and in the position closest to normal use as declared by the provider. In each band at which the tag is capable of operating the interrogator shall be set to transmit at a single carrier frequency "fc" on a high power channel as determined by the test house. The interrogator shall provide an initial "wake up response" to activate the tag followed by a continuous carrier at a power level of 2 W e.r.p.
46 46 EN V2.1.1 ( ) Step 3: Step 4: The tag under test shall be positioned at a distance of 20 cm from the antenna of the interrogator in its direction of maximum gain and in an orientation that provides optimum coupling with the transmitted signal. The tag shall be configured to emit a continuous modulated response as described in clause 4.2.4, at an approximate offset frequency of either fc ± 300 khz for the lower band or ± 600 khz for the upper band or such other frequency as declared by the manufacturer. The measurement shall be carried out using a measuring receiver set to the following values: a) Resolution bandwidth: In accordance with the figures 12 or 13 as applicable; b) Video bandwidth: Equal to the RBW; c) Sweep time: Auto; d) Span: As defined by the relevant frequency ranges in figure 12 or 13 as applicable; e) Trace mode: Average; f) Detection mode: Average. NOTE: See clause 10.1 for measurement of the intentional power radiated by tags. Figure 12: Resolution bandwidths for tag emissions in the lower band RBW = 100 khz RBW = 10 khz RBW = 1 khz RBW = 10 khz RBW = 100 khz RBW = 1 MHz 30 MHz fc khz fc khz fc fc khz fc khz 1 GHz 5 GHz NOTE: See clause 10.1 for measurement of the intentional power radiated by tags. Figure 13: Resolution bandwidths for tag emissions in the upper band Step 5: Step 6: A test antenna shall be positioned at a distance of 2 m from the tag in the direction of maximum gain of the antenna of the interrogator. The test antenna shall be connected to the measurement receiver. The test antenna shall be orientated to obtain maximum signal. A diagram of the test configuration is shown in figure 6. The measurement receiver shall be set to the resolution bandwidths specified in figures 12 or 13 as applicable, which are the same as the reference bandwidths. Alternatively a lower resolution bandwidth may be used to improve the measurement accuracy.
47 47 EN V2.1.1 ( ) Step 7: Step 8: Step 9: Step 10: A plot of the combined emissions from both the tag and interrogator shall be recorded. For the lower band this plot shall cover the bands from 861 MHz to fc khz and from fc khz to 871 MHz. For the upper band this plot shall cover the bands from 914 MHz to fc khz and from fc khz to 922 MHz. The tag shall be removed from the proximity of the test area. Without moving the test antenna and the interrogator a plot shall again be taken across the same frequency range. Where the specified resolution bandwidths in figures 12 or 13 are used, the unwanted emissions from the tag shall be determined by deducting the levels recorded in step 8 from levels recorded in the step 7. For resolution bandwidths outside the frequencies measured in clause 10.1, the discrete spectral components within each reference bandwidth shall be power-summed to give the corrected values for the unwanted emissions Limits Lower band For the lower band the unwanted emissions from the tag under the above specified conditions at any frequency outside the band fc khz to fc khz shall not exceed the levels defined in the spectrum mask in figure 14. NOTE 1: fc is the centre frequency of the carrier transmitted by the interrogator. NOTE 2: The transmit channel occupied by the interrogator is shown in grey. NOTE 3: All power levels in the unwanted domain relate to the resolution bandwidths in figure 12. Figure 14: Spectrum mask for tag for the lower band Upper band For the upper band the unwanted emissions from the tag under the above specified conditions at any frequency outside the band fc khz to fc khz shall not exceed the levels defined in the spectrum mask in figure 15.
48 48 EN V2.1.1 ( ) NOTE 1: fc is the centre frequency of the carrier transmitted by the interrogator. NOTE 2: The transmit channel occupied by the interrogator is shown in grey. NOTE 3: All power levels in the unwanted domain relate to the resolution bandwidths in figure 13. Figure 15: Spectrum mask for tag for the upper band
49 49 EN V2.1.1 ( ) Annex A (normative): Radiated measurement This annex is applicable to the assessment of data or equipment providing a specific response. It covers test sites and methods to be used with integral antenna equipment or equipment having an antenna connector. A.1 Test sites and general arrangements for measurements involving the use of radiated fields This annex introduces three most commonly available test sites, an anechoic chamber, an anechoic chamber with a ground plane and an Open Area Test Site (OATS), which may be used for radiated tests. These test sites are generally referred to as free field test sites. Both absolute and relative measurements can be performed in these sites. Where absolute measurements are to be carried out, the chamber shall be verified. A detailed verification procedure shall be in accordance with TR [2]. NOTE: A.1.1 To ensure reproducibility and tractability of radiated measurements only these test sites should be used in measurements in accordance with the present document. Anechoic chamber An anechoic chamber is an enclosure, usually shielded, whose internal walls, floor and ceiling are covered with radio absorbing material, normally of the pyramidal urethane foam type. The chamber usually contains an antenna support at one end and a turntable at the other. A typical anechoic chamber is shown in figure A.1. Figure A.1: A typical anechoic chamber
50 50 EN V2.1.1 ( ) The chamber shielding and radio absorbing material work together to provide a controlled environment for testing purposes. This type of test chamber attempts to simulate free space conditions. The shielding provides a test space, with reduced levels of interference from ambient signals and other outside effects, whilst the radio absorbing material minimizes unwanted reflections from the walls and ceiling which can influence the measurements. In practice it is relatively easy for shielding to provide high levels (80 db to 140 db) of ambient interference rejection, normally making ambient interference negligible. A turntable is capable of rotation through 360º in the horizontal plane and it is used to support the test sample (EUT) at a suitable height (e.g. 1 m) above the ground plane. The chamber shall be large enough to allow the measuring distance of at least 3 m or 2(d 1 +d 2 ) 2 /λ (m), whichever is greater (see clause A.2.4). The distance used in actual measurements shall be recorded with the test results. The anechoic chamber generally has several advantages over other test facilities. There is minimal ambient interference, minimal floor, ceiling and wall reflections and it is independent of the weather. It does however have some disadvantages, which include limited measuring distance and limited lower frequency usage due to the size of the pyramidal absorbers. To improve low frequency performance, a combination structure of ferrite tiles and urethane foam absorbers is commonly used. All types of emission, sensitivity and immunity testing can be carried out within an anechoic chamber without limitation. A.1.2 Anechoic chamber with a conductive ground plane An anechoic chamber with a conductive ground plane is an enclosure, usually shielded, whose internal walls and ceiling are covered with radio absorbing material, normally of the pyramidal urethane foam type. The floor, which is metallic, is not covered and forms the ground plane. The chamber usually contains an antenna mast at one end and a turntable at the other. A typical anechoic chamber with a conductive ground plane is shown in figure A.2. This type of test chamber attempts to simulate an ideal Open Area Test Site whose primary characteristic is a perfectly conducting ground plane of infinite extent. Figure A.2: A typical Anechoic Chamber with a conductive ground plane
51 51 EN V2.1.1 ( ) In this facility the ground plane creates the wanted reflection path, such that the signal received by the receiving antenna is the sum of the signals from both the direct and reflected transmission paths. This creates a unique received signal level for each height of the transmitting antenna (or EUT) and the receiving antenna above the ground plane. The antenna mast provides a variable height facility (from 1 m to 4 m) so that the position of the test antenna can be optimized for maximum coupled signal between antennas or between an EUT and the test antenna. A turntable is capable of rotation through 360º in the horizontal plane and it is used to support the test sample (EUT) at a specified height, usually 1,5 m above the ground plane. The chamber shall be large enough to allow the measuring distance of at least 3 m or 2(d 1 +d 2 ) 2 /λ (m), whichever is greater (see clause A.2.4). The distance used in actual measurements shall be recorded with the test results. Emission testing involves firstly "peaking" the field strength from the EUT by raising and lowering the receiving antenna on the mast (to obtain the maximum constructive interference of the direct and reflected signals from the EUT) and then rotating the turntable for a "peak" in the azimuth plane. At this height of the test antenna on the mast, the amplitude of the received signal is noted. Secondly the EUT is replaced by a substitution antenna (positioned at the EUT's phase or volume centre) which is connected to a signal generator. The signal is again "peaked" and the signal generator output adjusted until the level, noted in stage one, is again measured on the receiving device. Receiver sensitivity tests over a ground plane also involve "peaking" the field strength by raising and lowering the test antenna on the mast to obtain the maximum constructive interference of the direct and reflected signals, this time using a measuring antenna which has been positioned where the phase or volume centre of the EUT will be during testing. A transform factor is derived. The test antenna remains at the same height for stage two, during which the measuring antenna is replaced by the EUT. The amplitude of the transmitted signal is reduced to determine the field strength level at which a specified response is obtained from the EUT. A.1.3 Open Area Test Site (OATS) An Open Area Test Site comprises a turntable at one end and an antenna mast of variable height at the other end above a ground plane, which in the ideal case, is perfectly conducting and of infinite extent. In practice, whilst good conductivity can be achieved, the ground plane size has to be limited. A typical Open Area Test Site is shown in figure A.3. Figure A.3: A typical Open Area Test Site
52 52 EN V2.1.1 ( ) The ground plane creates a wanted reflection path, such that the signal received by the receiving antenna is the sum of the signals received from the direct and reflected transmission paths. The phasing of these two signals creates a unique received level for each height of the transmitting antenna (or EUT) and the receiving antenna above the ground plane. Site qualification concerning antenna positions, turntable, measurement distance and other arrangements are same as for anechoic chamber with a ground plane. In radiated measurements an OATS is also used by the same way as anechoic chamber with a ground plane. Typical measuring arrangement common for ground plane test sites is presented in figure A.4. Figure A.4: Measuring arrangement on ground plane test site (OATS set-up for spurious emission testing) A.1.4 Test antenna A test antenna is always used in radiated test methods. In emission tests (i.e. frequency error, effective radiated power, spurious emissions and adjacent channel power) the test antenna is used to detect the field from the EUT in one stage of the measurement and from the substitution antenna in the other stage. When the test site is used for the measurement of receiver characteristics (i.e. sensitivity and various immunity parameters) the antenna is used as the transmitting device. The test antenna should be mounted on a support capable of allowing the antenna to be used in either horizontal or vertical polarization which, on ground plane sites (i.e. anechoic chambers with ground planes and Open Area Test Sites), should additionally allow the height of its centre above the ground to be varied over the specified range (usually 1 m to 4 m). In the frequency band 30 MHz to MHz, dipole antennas (constructed in accordance with ANSI C63.5 [3] are generally recommended. For frequencies of 80 MHz and above, the dipoles should have their arm lengths set for resonance at the frequency of test. Below 80 MHz, shortened arm lengths are recommended. For spurious emission testing, however, a combination of bicones and log periodic dipole array antennas (commonly termed "log periodics") could be used to cover the entire 30 MHz to MHz band. Above MHz, waveguide horns are recommended although, again, log periodics could be used. NOTE: The gain of a horn antenna is generally expressed relative to an isotropic radiator.
53 53 EN V2.1.1 ( ) A.1.5 Substitution antenna The substitution antenna is used to replace the EUT for tests in which a transmitting parameter (i.e. frequency error, effective radiated power, spurious emissions and adjacent channel power) is being measured. For measurements in the frequency band 30 MHz to MHz, the substitution antenna should be a dipole antenna (constructed in accordance with ANSI C63.5 [3]). For frequencies of 80 MHz and above, the dipoles should have their arm lengths set for resonance at the frequency of test. Below 80 MHz, shortened arm lengths are recommended. For measurements above MHz, a waveguide horn is recommended. The centre of this antenna should coincide with either the phase centre or volume centre. A.1.6 Measuring antenna The measuring antenna is used in tests on an EUT in which a receiving parameter (i.e. sensitivity and various immunity tests) is being measured. Its purpose is to enable a measurement of the electric filed strength in the vicinity of the EUT. For measurements in the frequency band 30 MHz to MHz, the measuring antenna should be a dipole antenna (constructed in accordance with ANSI C63.5 [3]). For frequencies of 80 MHz and above, the dipoles should have their arm lengths set for resonance at the frequency of test. Below 80 MHz, shortened arm lengths are recommended. The centre of this antenna should coincide with either the phase centre or volume centre (as specified in the test method) of the EUT. A.1.7 Stripline arrangement A General The stripline arrangement is a RF coupling device for coupling the integral antenna of an equipment to a 50 Ω radio frequency terminal. This allows the radiated measurements to be performed without an open air test site but in a restricted frequency range. Absolute or relative measurements can be performed; absolute measurements require a calibration of the stripline arrangement. A Description The stripline is made of three highly conductive sheets forming part of a transmission line which allows the equipment under test to be placed within a known electric field. They shall be sufficiently rigid to support the equipment under test. Two examples of stripline characteristics are given below. IEC App. J [i.4] FTZ N 512 TB 9 [5] Useful frequency range MHz 1 to 200 0,1 to Equipment size limits Length 200 mm mm (antenna included) Width 200 mm mm Height 250 mm 400 mm A Calibration The aim of calibration is to establish at any frequency a relationship between the voltage applied by the signal generator and the field strength at the designated test area inside the stripline. A Mode of use The stripline arrangement may be used for all radiated measurements within its calibrated frequency range. The method of measurement is the same as the method using an open air test site with the following change. The stripline arrangement input socket is used instead of the test antenna.
54 54 EN V2.1.1 ( ) A.2 Guidance on the use of radiation test sites This clause details procedures, test equipment arrangements and verification that should be carried out before any of the radiated tests are undertaken. These schemes are common to all types of test sites described in annex A. A.2.1 Verification of the test site No test shall be carried out on a test site which does not possess a valid certificate of verification. The verification procedures for the different types of test sites described in annex A (i.e. anechoic chamber, anechoic chamber with a ground plane and Open Area Test Site) are given in TR [2]. A.2.2 Preparation of the EUT The provider should supply information about the EUT covering the operating frequency, polarization, supply voltage(s) and the reference face. Additional information, specific to the type of EUT should include, where relevant, carrier power, channel separation, whether different operating modes are available (e.g. high and low power modes) and if operation is continuous or is subject to a maximum test duty cycle (e.g. 1 minute on, 4 minutes off). Where necessary, a mounting bracket of minimal size should be available for mounting the EUT on the turntable. This bracket should be made from low conductivity, low relative dielectric constant (i.e. less than 1,5) material(s) such as expanded polystyrene, balsa wood, etc. A.2.3 Power supplies to the EUT All tests should be performed using power supplies wherever possible, including tests on EUT designed for battery-only use. In all cases, power leads should be connected to the EUT's supply terminals (and monitored with a digital voltmeter) but the battery should remain present, electrically isolated from the rest of the equipment, possibly by putting tape over its contacts. The presence of these power cables can, however, affect the measured performance of the EUT. For this reason, they should be made to be "transparent" as far as the testing is concerned. This can be achieved by routing them away from the EUT and down to the either the screen, ground plane or facility wall (as appropriate) by the shortest possible paths. Precautions should be taken to minimize pick-up on these leads (e.g. the leads could be twisted together, loaded with ferrite beads at 0,15 metres spacing or otherwise loaded). A.2.4 Range length The range length for all these types of test facility for testing in the far-field of the EUT i.e. it should be equal to or exceed: where: d 1 d 2 λ is the largest dimension of the EUT/dipole after substitution (m); is the largest dimension of the test antenna (m); is the test frequency wavelength (m). It should be noted that in the substitution part of this measurement, where both test and substitution antennas are half wavelength dipoles, this minimum range length for far-field testing would be: 2λ
EUROPEAN STANDARD Meteorological Aids (Met Aids); Radiosondes to be used in the 400,15 MHz to 406 MHz frequency range with power levels ranging up to 200 mw; Part 1: Technical characteristics and test
EN 302 195 V2.1.1 (2016-06) HARMONISED EUROPEAN STANDARD Short Range Devices (SRD); Ultra Low Power Active Medical Implants (ULP-AMI) and accessories (ULP-AMI-P) operating in the frequency range 9 khz