Source: https://patents.google.com/patent/US8515883B2/en
Timestamp: 2019-05-26 15:22:47
Document Index: 125959501

Matched Legal Cases: ['art1', 'art1', 'art1', 'art1', 'art1', 'art1', 'art1', 'art1', 'art1', 'art1', 'art1', 'art1', 'art1', 'art1', 'art1', 'art1', 'art1']

US8515883B2 - Systems and methods for generating missing rules matching a minimal set of objects - Google Patents
Systems and methods for generating missing rules matching a minimal set of objects Download PDF
US8515883B2
US8515883B2 US13/020,203 US201113020203A US8515883B2 US 8515883 B2 US8515883 B2 US 8515883B2 US 201113020203 A US201113020203 A US 201113020203A US 8515883 B2 US8515883 B2 US 8515883B2
US13/020,203
US20120203583A1 (en
2011-02-03 Priority to US13/020,203 priority Critical patent/US8515883B2/en
2011-02-07 Assigned to INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION reassignment INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: JUNKER, ULRICH M.
2012-08-09 Publication of US20120203583A1 publication Critical patent/US20120203583A1/en
2013-08-20 Publication of US8515883B2 publication Critical patent/US8515883B2/en
A rule is a statement that defines or constrains some aspect of an organization. In practice, the rule is implemented so as to control the behavior of the organization. Accordingly, the rule describes the operations, definitions and constraints that apply to the organization. The rules can apply to people, processes, corporate behavior and computing systems in the organization. The rules are typically put in place to help the organization achieve its goals. For example, a rule might state that “a loan is to be rejected if a prospective borrower has a credit score below a certain value”.
The present invention generally concerns implementing systems and methods for finding missing rules within a business rule project (i.e., a set of business rules defining aspects of a complex case). The phase “business rule”, as used herein, refers to a statement that defines or constrains some aspect of a business organization. A complex case is heterogeneous (i.e., a complex case involves an unbounded number of objects). Accordingly, a complex case has a variable scope. Since the complex case has a variable scope, it can not be adequately characterized in a Cartesian space. The complex case can be described by a plurality of sub-cases having fixed scopes. The fixed scope of a sub-case describes the number and types of the objects thereof. The fixed scope has a corresponding structure. The structure defines how the objects of the fixed scope are connected. Notably, not all sub-cases have fixed scopes that are admissible for a business rule project (i.e., not all fixed scopes describe a sufficient number and types of objects for making a decision for the complex case). Also, sub-cases having fixed scopes can be adequately characterized in Cartesian spaces.
Method embodiments of the present invention generally involve: receiving information describing first scopes that are admissible for a business rule project; receiving information describing a business rule project; generating an expanded set of scope descriptions by adding descriptions of second scope covered by the business rule project to the descriptions of the first scopes; producing an implicit description (e.g., a constraint graph) of the scope described by expanded set of scope descriptions; use the implicit description to identify at least one most-general scope that is incomplete (“the incomplete most-general scope”); identify a case of the incomplete most-general scope that is not treated by the business rules of the business rule project and/or any missing business rules that have been previously generated; and generating a generalized missing business rule using a description of the missing case and a description of the incomplete most-general scope. The generalized business rule can then be added to a set of business rules. The set of business rules are then used to control operations of a business organization.
set ‘ShoppingCart1’ to a shopping cart;
set ‘Product1’ to a camcorder in the items of ShoppingCart1;
the format of Product1 is “HD”
set the bonus points of ‘the shopping cart’ to 50.
set ‘Product1’ to a television in the items of ShoppingCart1;
the screen size of Product1 is at least 50
set the bonus points of ‘the shopping cart’ to 100.
The above-provided BUSINESS RULE 2 makes a decision for the complex case if two (2) conditions are met. More particularly, the BUSINESS RULE 2 allocates one hundred (100) bonus points to an account if a shopping cart includes a television and the television has a screen size equal to or greater than fifty inches (50″). Embodiments of the present invention are not limited in this regard.
set ‘Product2’ to a camcorder in the items of ShoppingCart1;
the screen size of Product1 is at least 50 and
the format of Product2 is “HD”
set the bonus points of ‘the shopping cart’ to 200.
The above-provided BUSINESS RULE 3 makes a decision for a sub-case if three (3) conditions are met. More particularly, the BUSINESS RULE 3 allocates two hundred (200) bonus points to an account if: a shopping cart includes a television and a camcorder; the television has a screen size equal to or greater than fifty inches (50″); and the camcorder is an HD camcorder. Notably, the business rule is applicable to the first sub-case having fixed scope 102 of FIG. 1. Embodiments of the present invention are not limited in this regard. In order to be effective, “exceptional circumstance” business rules are assigned a higher priority than other business rules for the corresponding sub-case.
As also shown in FIG. 3, a plurality of business rules are missing in the business rule project. For example, three (3) business rules are missing. A first business rule is missing that makes decisions for sub-cases in which shopping carts consist of non-HD camcorders. A second business rule is missing that makes decisions for sub-cases in which shopping carts consist of televisions with screen sizes less than fifty inches (50″). A third business rule is missing that makes decisions for sub-cases in which shopping carts consist of non-HD camcorders and televisions with screen sizes less than fifty inches (50″). Even if zero discounts or bonus points are to be awarded in the scenarios having missing business rules, it may be preferable to add business rules to a business rule project for awarding zero discounts and/or bonus points as they make the decision making process explicit. A complete description of the decision-making process has numerous advantages for decision management and decision making as it permits explanation generation or an informed change of business rules.
set ‘Camcorder1’ to a camcorder in the items of ShoppingCart1;
set ‘Television1’ to a television in the items of ShoppingCart1;
the format of Camcorder1 is not “HD” and
<action>.
Although BUSINESS RULE 4 has been added to the business rule project, the business rule project is incomplete since BUSINESS RULE 4 does not make decisions in sceneries where a shopping cart includes only a non-HD camcorder or a television with a screen size less than fifty inches (50″). Completeness of the business rule project will only be achieved when missing business rules associated with scopes 104 and 106 are added thereto. The missing business rule associated with scope 104 can include the following BUSINESS RULE 5. The missing business rule associated with scope 106 can include the following BUSINESS RULE 6.
there is no television in the items of ShoppingCart1;
the format of Camcorder1 is not “HD”
there is no camcorder in the items of ShoppingCart1;
Notably, BUSINESS RULE 5 and BUSINESS RULE 6 cannot be determined using the above-identified existing methods. The above-identified existing methods do not explain how to generate non-existence-conditions such as “there is no television in the items of ShoppingCart1” or “there is no camcorder in the items of ShoppingCart1”.
The above-identified existing methods requires an enumeration of all scopes and the detection of missing rules associated with each scope. For relatively large business rule projects, the process for generating missing business rules is a costly process with an exponential number of missing business rules in an exponential number of scopes. For example, the above-described given business rule project can have business rules added thereto that treat other products (e.g., computers, printers and scanners). The business rules added to the business rule project (“the added business rules”) make decisions for allocating bonus points to customer accounts in scenarios where a shopping cart includes one or more of the other products. Each of the added business rules has a similar form as BUSINESS RULE 1 and BUSINESS RULE 2. As such, each of the added business rules determines if a condition is met by matching a shopping cart and a single product in the shopping cart. Hence, if there are K products, the business rule project will contain K rules (plus BUSINESS RULE 3 which makes decisions relating to exceptional circumstances). In this scenario, the business rule project has two to the power of K (i.e., 2K) scopes. The business rule project also has missing rules for each of the 2K scopes. This explosion of scopes for which business rules need to exist (“business rule scopes”) is in sharp contrast with the capability of business rules to represent business policies in a compact form. Indeed, the explosion of business rule scopes annihilates the advantages of business rules to represent complex business policies in a compact form.
the screen size of Television) is less than 50
The missing business rules, that are generated by the present invention, treat cases of larger scopes. Some of the cases treated by the missing business rules may also be treated by the original rules of a business rule project. For example, as shown in FIG. 4, generalized BUSINESS RULE 7 treats shopping carts containing a non-HD camcorder and a television having a screen size greater than fifty inches (50″). FIG. 4 also shows that the original BUSINESS RULE 2 already treats cases in which shopping carts containing a non-HD camcorder and a television having a screen size greater than fifty inches (50″). Such overlapping coverage of business rules is inevitable when business rules associated with different scopes are matching objects of a merged scope. The overlapping coverage occurs between: original business rules associated with different scopes; missing business rules associated with different scopes; and missing business rules and original business rules associated with different scopes. The present invention allows overlaps in coverage between a missing business rule and an original business rule if the original business rule matches at least one object that is not matched by the missing business rule. A missing business rule must not overlap with an original business rule if the original business rule has the same scope or a smaller scope.
As shown in FIG. 5, the hardware entities 514 can include a disk drive unit 516 comprising a computer-readable storage medium 518 on which is stored one or more sets of instructions 520 (e.g., software code) configured to implement one or more of the methodologies, procedures, or functions described herein. The instructions 520 can also reside, completely or at least partially, within the memory 512, the CPU 506, ASM 530, ISDG 532, MCD 534 and/or MRG 536 during execution thereof by the computing system 500. The components 512, 506, 530, 534 and/or 536 also can constitute machine-readable media. The term “machine-readable media”, as used here, refers to a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) that store the one or more sets of instructions 520. The term “machine-readable media”, as used here, also refers to any medium that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying a set of instructions 320 for execution by the computing system 500 and that cause the computing system 500 to perform any one or more of the methodologies of the present disclosure.
After receiving the two (2) inputs, the ASM 530 generates an expanded set of scope descriptions by adding descriptions of the scopes covered by the business rule project to the scope descriptions of the first input. Subsequent to generating the expanded set of scope descriptions, the ASM 530 produces an implicit description of the scopes described by the expanded set of scope descriptions. The implicit description is in the form of a constraint graph. Constraint graphs are well known to persons having ordinary skill in the art, and therefore will not be described herein. The constraint graph is referred to herein as an “admissible scope graph”. The admissible scope graph is then communicated from ASM 530 to ISDG 532.
At ISDG 532, the admissible scope graph is used to identify at least one most-general scope that covers a case which is not treated by a business rule of the business rule project. The identified case is referred to herein as a “missing case” of a most-general scope. For example, a most-general scope is defined by the following objects: a shopping cart; and a camcorder added to the shopping cart. An attribute of the camcorder is to be used for determining if bonus points are to be awarded to a customer. The attribute is selected to include the format supported by the camcorder. The format is specified as an HD format and a non-HD format. A business rule exists in the business rule project that is capable of making a decision in scenarios where a shopping cart includes an HD camcorder. However, a business rule does not exist within the business rule project that is capable of making a decision in scenarios where a shopping cart includes a non-HD camcorder. As such, the most-general scope is an incomplete scope (“a most-general incomplete scope”). Embodiments of the present invention are not limited in this regard.
At MCD 534, operations are performed to identify a case of the most-incomplete scope that is not treated by a business rule of a business rule project. The identified case is referred to herein as “a missing case”. Information identifying and describing the missing case is then communicated from MCD 534 to MRG 536. MRG 536 generates a generalized missing business rule using the description of the missing case and a description of the incomplete most-general scope.
Referring now to FIG. 7, there is provided a more detailed block diagram of ASM 530. As shown in FIG. 7, ASM 530 comprises extractors 702, 708, data stores 704, 710, Constraint Graph Generators (CGG) 706, 712 and a disjunction generator 714. As noted above, ASM 530 is configured to receive two (2) inputs. The inputs include information describing scopes that are admissible for a business rule project and information describing the business rule project. The input information can be in the form of a set of kernels. The term “kernel”, as used herein, refers to a list of objects defining a scope which may be incomplete, i.e., the scope may contain objects which are not identified in a kernel. In this scenario, each of the extractors 702, 708 is a kernel extractor.
An exemplary constraint graph 800 generated by CGG 706 is provided in FIG. 8. As shown in FIG. 8, the objects are represented in the constraint graph 800 by leaf nodes 802, 804 labeled with distinct object names. Leaf node 802 is labeled with distinct object name “ShoppingCart1”. Lead node 804 is labeled with distinct object name “Television1”. Each of the nodes 810, 812 in the constraint graph 800 represents the membership of an object represented by it's child node 802, 804 to an indicated type. Node 810 is labeled with a type membership predicate “is a television”. Node 812 is labeled with a type membership predicate “is a shopping cart”. Node 806 represents a value of an attribute for an object represented by it's child node 802. Node 806 is labeled “items”. Nodes 808 represents a containment relationship between the collection represented by it's left child node 806 and the object represented by its right child node 804. Node 808 is labeled “contains”. Each of the nodes 814, 816 represent conjunctions of the propositions that are represented by their child nodes 812/814 or 808/810. Nodes 814, 816 are each labeled “and”.
Although not shown in FIG. 8, it should be understood that nodes labeled with an “or” represent disjunctions of the propositions that are represented by their child nodes. If there are multiple objects of same type such as “Television1”, “Television2” and “Television3” in the items of the shopping cart, disequality constraints of the form “Television1 is different to Television2”, “Television1 is different to Television3” and “Television2 is different to Television3” may be added to the constraint graph to ensure that all the objects are different.
At the disjunction generator 714, the constraint graphs are processed to produce a scope constraint graph representing all admissible scopes for a business rule project. The scope constraint graph is generated by building the disjunctions of the constraint graphs received from CGGs 706, 712. The term “disjunction”, as used herein, refers to a proposition that is true if one of the disjuncts is true and it is false if all the disjuncts are false.
The scope constraint graph is then output from the disjunction generator 714 to ISDG 532. The ISDG 532 labels the nodes of the scope constraint graph in a way that respects the operations represented by the nodes. The scope constraint graph is also referred to herein as an “admissible scope graph”.
A schematic illustration of an exemplary labeled scope constraint graph 1000 is provided in FIG. 10. As shown in FIG. 10, node 812 is labeled with “true” since it's child node 802 is labeled with a shopping cart. Each of the nodes 814, 816, 1002, 908, 910 is labeled by the conjunction of the truth values of its child nodes 808/810, 904/906, 812/814, 812/814/908 or 812/908. A scope satisfies the scope constraint graph 1000 if the root node 912 of the scope constraint graph 1000 is labeled with “true”.
Hence, the set of first kernels includes essential information if the existing business rules do not reflect the admissible scopes. As the set of first kernels represents additional information, this information may itself be incomplete or not be available in all circumstances. It may even be difficult to assume that the set of first kernels defines the scopes of cases that are treated by the business rules of the business rule project. ASM 530 addresses these difficulties by completing the scope constraint graph (e.g., scope constraint graph 900 of FIG. 9) with the scopes of cases treated by the business rules of the business rule project (“rule scopes”), as described above. Consequently, ASM 530 produces a scope constraint graph for the rule scopes which has the same form as the scope constraint graph for the admissible scopes.
SGS 1106 inspects the truth values of all nodes of the incomplete scope graph that represent atomic formulae. The phrase “atomic formulae”, as used herein, refers to boolean expressions, such as “Television1 is a television” and “the items of ShoppingCart1 contain Television)”. The phase “atomic formulae” does not refer to disjunctions, conjunctions, and negations. If a node is labeled by “true”, SGS 1106 extracts the boolean expression represented by the node. If the node is labeled by “false”, SGS 1106 extracts the boolean expression represented by the node and negates the boolean expression. As a result of the truth value processing, a set of boolean expressions describing the incomplete scope is obtained. For example, the following BOOLEAN EXPRESSIONS is obtained.
If an admissible scope “s” is complete, then all larger scopes “S” (i.e., more specific admissible scopes) are complete as well. In this regard, it should be understood that the case having scope “S” can be reduced to a sub-case having scope “s” simply by removing all objects that are in scope “S”, but not in the scope “s”. As scope “s” is complete, the business rule project contains a business rule “BR” that treats the sub-case. The present invention only considers business rules that, when treating a case, also treat all larger cases. Hence, the business rule “BR” not only treats the sub-case, but also the larger case having the specific scope “S”. Consequently, the more specific scope “S” is complete as well. Hence, if an admissible scope is complete, all larger scopes are complete as well. If an admissible scope is incomplete, then all smaller scopes (i.e., more general admissible scopes) are incomplete as well. Based on these properties, conflict-set minimizer 1108 simply seeks some most-general admissible scope that is a sub-scope of the detected incomplete scope.
It is not possible to find an inadmissible scope for the business rule project that satisfies all three (3) tests T1, T2 and T3 (as illustrated in FIG. 12). However, if any of the three (3) tests T1, T2 and T3 is dropped, there is an inadmissible scope satisfying the remaining tests. For example, a scope consisting of an empty shopping cart called “ShoppingCart1” and a television called “Television1” satisfies tests T1 and T2, but not test T3 since the shopping cart does not contain any item. A scope consisting of a shopping cart called “ShoppingCart1” and an object called “Television1” of an unknown type in the items of “ShoppingCart1” satisfies tests T1 and T3, but not T2 since it is not established that “Television1” is a television. Similarly, a scope consisting of an object called “ShoppingCart1” of an unknown type and an object called “Television1” of a type television which is in the items of “ShoppingCart1” satisfies tests T2 and T3, but not test T1. As all the three (3) scopes are inadmissible for the business rule project, this shows that the three (3) tests T1, T2 and T3 form a minimal subset of tests which are not satisfied by any inadmissible scope. Therefore, the tests T1, T2 and T3 represent a most-general admissible scope.
RPSF 1302 is configured to receive two (2) inputs. A first input includes information identifying and describing the incomplete most-general scope. A second input is information describing the extended business rule project. As noted above, the extended rule project contains the original business rules and generalized missing business rules which have been previously generated by MRG 536. Upon receiving the two (2) inputs, RPSF 1302 determines business rules that treat cases having the incomplete most-general scope. Thereafter, the RPSF 1302 analyzes the business rules for purposes of focusing the extended business rule project to a given scope. The analysis generally involves determining whether the scope matched by a business rule is a sub-scope of the incomplete most-general scope. In principle, this determination can be achieved by: describing the scopes matched by the business rules in the form of existential quantifiers (e.g., “there exists a shopping cart and a television in the items of the shopping-cart”); describing the incomplete most-general scope in the form of existential quantifiers; and determining whether the description of the incomplete most-general scope entails the description of the scopes matched by the business rules. The next paragraphs explain that this entailment check can be implemented by the missing-case detection technology as used in this disclosure.
As described above in relation to FIG. 5, the missing case is communicated from the MCD 534 to the MRG 536. A detailed block diagram of the MRG 536 is provided in FIG. 14. MRG 536 is generally configured for generalizing the missing case into a missing business rule by removing irrelevant tests therefrom. Removing tests increases the number of missing cases (e.g., from one (1) missing case to a group of missing cases). A group of missing cases is referred to herein as a “family of missing cases”. The family of missing cases is used to generate the missing business rule. The missing business rule treats the cases inside the family of missing cases. The family of missing cases should not include any cases that are already treated by the existing business rules in order to avoid an unjustified overgeneralization of the missing business rules. The missing-rule generator therefore needs information about the original business rules to: determine whether a test is relevant; and to avoid the introduction of an overlap between missing business rules and original business rules.
The rule generator 1404 identifies missing business rules from the business rules selected by RPSF 1402. Thereafter, the rule generator 1404 selects a missing business rule from the identified missing business rules that has the most-general conditions. The selected missing business rule is referred to herein as a “generalized missing business rule”.
In a next step 1512, the implicit description is used to identify at least one most-general scope that is incomplete (“the incomplete most-general scope”). If there is no incomplete most-general scope [1513:NO], then step 1518 is performed. In step 1518, method 1500 ends or other processing is performed. Notably, the other processing can involve using the set of business rules to control operations of a business organization. If there is an incomplete most-general scope [1513:YES], then step 1514 is performed. In step 1514, a case of the incomplete most-general scope is then identified. The case is a case that is not treated by the business rules of the business rule project and/or any missing business rules that have been previously generated.
receiving descriptions of first scopes that are admissible for a first rule project, said first rule project comprising a plurality of first rules and each of said first scopes being defined by at least one object characterizing a case;
generating an expanded set of scope descriptions by adding descriptions of second scopes covered by said first rule project to said descriptions of said first scopes;
producing an implicit description of said first and second scopes described by said expanded set of scope descriptions, said implicit description comprising a disjunction of first constraint graphs describing said first scopes and second constraint graphs describing scopes of cases treated by said plurality of first rules;
identifying an incomplete most-general scope from said first and second scopes using said implicit description, said incomplete most-general scope being a scope which is defined by a minimal set of objects, is admissible for said first rule project and covers at least one case which is not treated by a second rule project;
identifying a missing case of said incomplete most-general scope that is not treated by said first rule project;
generating a generalized missing rule using information describing said missing case and said incomplete most-general scope; and
using said generalized missing rule to control operations of a business organization.
2. The system according to claim 1, wherein said second rule project includes at least one rule comprising said first rule project.
producing an implicit description of said first and second scopes described by said expanded set of scope descriptions;
using said generalized missing rule to control operations of a business organization;
wherein said implicit description is in the form of a constraint graph; and
wherein said electronic circuit is further caused to generate said constraint graph by:
generating a first constraint graph using said information describing said first scopes;
generating a second constraint graph using said information describing said first rule project; and
generating a third constraint graph by building a disjunction of said first and second constraint graphs, said third constraint graph including information representing all scopes that are admissible for said first rule project.
wherein said electronic circuit identifies said incomplete most-general scope by:
generating a rule-inhibition graph including information representing at least one case which is not covered by said first and second scopes described by said expanded set of scope descriptions;
generating an incomplete scope graph by building a conjunction of said rule-inhibition graph and said implicit description which is in the form of a constraint graph;
using said incomplete scope graph to identify an incomplete scope;
generating an inadmissible scope graph by negating said constraint graph; and
using said incomplete scope and said inadmissible scope graph to identify said incomplete most-general scope.
5. The system according to claim 1, wherein said electronic circuit identifies said missing case by determining a plurality of second rules using information describing said second rule project and said incomplete most-general scope, said second rule project comprising said plurality of first rules and at least one previously generated missing rule, and said plurality of second rules treating cases having said incomplete most-general scope.
6. The system according to claim 5, wherein said second rule project comprises a plurality of previously generated missing rules which differ in scope.
7. The system according to claim 5, wherein said electronic circuit is further caused to determine if a scope matched by a rule of said plurality of second rules is a sub-scope of said incomplete most-general scope.
8. The system according to claim 7, wherein said electronic circuit is further caused to discard said rule if it is determined that said scope matched by said rule is not a sub-scope of said incomplete most-general scope.
9. The system according to claim 7, wherein said electronic circuit is further caused to determine if said rule treats a missing case of said incomplete most-general scope.
10. The system according to claim 7, wherein said electronic circuit is further caused to retain said rule if it is determined that said scope matched by said rule is a sub-scope of said incomplete most-general scope.
using said generalized missing rule to control operations of a business organization wherein said electronic circuit generates said generalized missing rule by:
determining a plurality of second rules that treat cases having said incomplete most-general scope or sub-scopes of the incomplete most-general scope;
analyzing said plurality of second rules to identify third rules that treat said missing case; and
selecting a fourth rule from said third rules that has the most-general conditions thereof.
12. The system according to claim 1, wherein said electronic circuit is further caused to generate all missing rules of said first rule project which have most-general scopes and most-general conditions.
13. The system according to claim 12, wherein said plurality of generalized missing rules are generated by adding said generalized rule to said second rule project.
14. The system according to claim 13, wherein said plurality of generalized missing rules are generated by iteratively performing at least said identifying said incomplete most-general scope step, said identifying said missing case step, said generating said generalized missing rule step, and said adding step until said second rule project has no incomplete most-general scopes.
US13/020,203 2011-02-03 2011-02-03 Systems and methods for generating missing rules matching a minimal set of objects Active 2031-11-20 US8515883B2 (en)
US13/020,203 US8515883B2 (en) 2011-02-03 2011-02-03 Systems and methods for generating missing rules matching a minimal set of objects
US13/417,432 US9324044B2 (en) 2011-02-03 2012-03-12 Methods for generating missing rules matching a minimal set of objects
US13/417,432 Continuation US9324044B2 (en) 2011-02-03 2012-03-12 Methods for generating missing rules matching a minimal set of objects
US20120203583A1 US20120203583A1 (en) 2012-08-09
US8515883B2 true US8515883B2 (en) 2013-08-20
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US13/020,203 Active 2031-11-20 US8515883B2 (en) 2011-02-03 2011-02-03 Systems and methods for generating missing rules matching a minimal set of objects
US13/417,432 Active 2034-01-19 US9324044B2 (en) 2011-02-03 2012-03-12 Methods for generating missing rules matching a minimal set of objects
US (2) US8515883B2 (en)
2011-02-03 US US13/020,203 patent/US8515883B2/en active Active
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Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:JUNKER, ULRICH M.;REEL/FRAME:025754/0265