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BS EN 10228-12016 Non-destructive testing of steel forgings Part 1 Magnetic particle inspection BSI Standards Publication WB11885_BSI_StandardCovs_2013_AW.indd 1 15/05/2013 1506BS EN 10228-12016 BRITISH STANDARD National foreword This British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 10228-12016. It supersedes BS EN 10228-11999 which is withdrawn. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee ISE/111, Steel Castings and Forgings. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2016. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2016 ISBN 978 0 580 80529 5 ICS 77.040.20; 77.140.85 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 June 2016. Amendments issued since publication Date Text affectedBS EN 10228-12016EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 10228-1 June 2016 ICS 77.040.20; 77.140.85 Supersedes EN 10228-11999 English Version Non-destructive testing of steel forgings - Part 1 Magnetic particle inspection Essais non destructifs des pices forges - Partie 1 Contrle par magntoscopie Zerstrungsfreie Prfung von Schmiedestcken aus Stahl - Teil 1 Magnetpulverprfung This European Standard was approved by CEN on 3 October 2015. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions English, French, German. A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2016 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 10228-12016 EBS EN 10228-12016 EN 10228-12016 E 2 Contents Page European foreword . 3 1 Scope 4 2 Normative references 4 3 Items for agreement . 4 4 Test procedure . 5 4.1 General 5 4.2 Description 5 4.3 Content 5 5 Personnel qualification . 6 6 Testing system 6 6.1 Magnetizing equipment 6 6.2 Detection media . 6 6.3 Function checks . 6 7 Stage of manufacture . 6 8 Surface condition 7 8.1 General 7 8.2 Surface condition related to quality class 7 8.3 As-forged surface condition 7 9 Coverage . 7 10 Magnetization . 7 10.1 Direction of magnetization 7 10.2 Current waveform . 8 10.3 Flux density and field strength . 8 11 Use of detection media 8 12 Viewing conditions . 8 13 Classification of indications 9 14 Recording and acceptance criteria 10 15 Removal of defects . 11 16 Demagnetization 11 17 Test report 11 Annex A normative Magnetization using prods or electromagnetic yoke 13 A.1 Definition of tested area with prods or yoke . 13 A.2 Definition of search pattern and examination sequence . 14 Annex B informative Significant technical changes to the version EN 10228-11999 15 BS EN 10228-12016 EN 10228-12016 E 3 European foreword This document EN 10228-12016 has been prepared by Technical Committee ECISS/TC 111 “Steel castings and forgings”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by December 2016 and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by December 2016. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes EN 10228-11999. Annex B provides the significant technical changes to the previous version EN 10228-11999. EN 10228 consists of the following parts under the general title Non-destructive testing of steel forgings Part 1 Magnetic particle inspection; Part 2 Penetrant testing; Part 3 Ultrasonic testing of ferritic or martensitic steel forgings; Part 4 Ultrasonic testing of austenitic and austenitic-ferritic stainless steel forgings. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. BS EN 10228-12016 EN 10228-12016 E 4 1 Scope This European Standard describes techniques and acceptance criteria to be used for the magnetic particle testing of forgings manufactured from ferromagnetic materials. The method described is used for the detection of surface discontinuities. It can also detect discontinuities just below the surface but the sensitivity to such discontinuities decreases rapidly with depth. NOTE A steel forging is considered to be ferromagnetic if the magnetic flux density is greater than 1 T for a tangential magnetic field strength of 2,4 kA/m. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document including any amendments applies. EN ISO 3059, Non-destructive testing Penetrant testing and magnetic particle testing Viewing conditions ISO 3059 EN ISO 9712, Non-destructive testing Qualification and certification of NDT personnel ISO 9712 EN ISO 9934-1, Non-destructive testing Magnetic particle testing Part 1 General principles ISO 9934-1 EN ISO 9934-2, Non-destructive testing Magnetic particle testing Part 2 Detection media ISO 9934-2 EN ISO 9934-3, Non-destructive testing Magnetic particle testing Part 3 Equipment ISO 9934-3 3 Items for agreement The following aspects concerning magnetic particle inspection shall be agreed between the purchaser and the supplier at the time of enquiry and order a the manufacturing stagess at which magnetic particle inspection shall be performed see Clause 7; b the surface areas to be examined see Clause 8; c the quality class required, or the quality classes and the surface areas to which they apply see 8.2 and Clause 14; d whether the testing shall be performed with the specified detection media see 6.2; e whether a particular current waveform is required see 10.2; f the applicable recording and acceptance criteria if different from those detailed in Table 2. g whether demagnetization shall be carried out after testing, together with the maximum level of residual magnetism see Clause 16; h whether testing shall be conducted in the presence of the purchaser or his representative; BS EN 10228-12016 EN 10228-12016 E 5 i whether a written procedure shall be submitted for approval by the purchaser see Clause 4. 4 Test procedure 4.1 General Magnetic particle testing shall be performed in accordance with a written test procedure. Where specified in the enquiry or order, the written procedure shall be submitted to the purchaser for approval prior to the test. 4.2 Description This written procedure shall be one of the following a a product specification; b a procedure written specifically for the application; c this part of EN 10228 may be used if it is accompanied by testing details specific to the application. 4.3 Content The procedure shall contain the following details as minimum requirements a description of the forgings to be tested; b reference documents; c qualification of testing personnel; d stage of manufacture at which the test is carried out; e surface areas specified in terms of the applicable quality classes; f magnetizing techniques; g description of the testing equipment; h calibration and checking of equipment; i waveform and flux density and/or tangential field strength required for each technique used; j detection media, and contrast paint if used; k surface condition required; l viewing conditions; m method of marking or recording indications; n whether demagnetization is required; if so the method to be used and required maximum level of residual magnetism; o acceptance criteria; BS EN 10228-12016 EN 10228-12016 E 6 p testing report. 5 Personnel qualification Personnel shall be qualified in accordance with EN ISO 9712. 6 Testing system 6.1 Magnetizing equipment If the contact current flow prods magnetization method is used on a finished machined surface, then the prod contact points shall be checked after magnetization for damage, using an alternative magnetization technique, penetrant testing or visual examination. All equipment shall be calibrated and checked in accordance with EN ISO 9934-3. One or more of the following types of magnetizing equipment shall be used a alternating current electromagnetic yokes see Annex A; b current flow equipment with prods see Annex A; c permanent magnets; d magnetic flow equipment with flexible cable or coil; e central conductor; f magnetic induction; g equipment enabling multiple magnetizing techniques, either coincidentally or in sequence. 6.2 Detection media Detection media shall conform to the requirements detailed in EN ISO 9934-2. 6.3 Function checks A function check shall be carried out prior to the test to ensure the proper functioning of the testing system. The check shall be performed as detailed in EN ISO 9934-1. NOTE The temperature of the forging can be checked to ensure that it is within the detection media manufacturer’s specified temperature limits. 7 Stage of manufacture Where practicable, final acceptance testing shall be performed on the forging in its delivery condition see Clause 3. BS EN 10228-12016 EN 10228-12016 E 7 8 Surface condition 8.1 General Surfaces to be examined shall be clean and free from scale, oil, grease, machining marks, heavy paint and any other contaminant that could adversely affect the testing sensitivity or the interpretation of indications. Cleaning and preparation of the surfaces shall not be detrimental to the material, the surface finish or the detection media. 8.2 Surface condition related to quality class The finish of surfaces to be tested shall conform to the requirements detailed in Table 1 for the applicable quality class. Table 1 Surface condition Surface roughness parameter R a *, in μm Quality classes a1 2 3 4 6,3 R a ≤ 12,5 X X – – R a ≤ 6,3 X X X bX caX signifies the quality class that can be achieved for the specified surface finish. bQuality class not applicable to the testing of surfaces with a machining allowance greater than 3 mm per face. cQuality class not applicable to the testing of surfaces with a machining allowance greater than 1 mm per face. * Ra arithmetical mean deviation of the profile. 8.3 As-forged surface condition It is difficult to carry out a comprehensive test on a forged surface. The surface to be tested shall be prepared by shot-blasting, sand-blasting or surface grinding so that defects can be clearly distinguished from indications resulting from surface irregularities. For general applications, quality classes 1 and 2 shall be applicable. 9 Coverage Where practicable, the test shall be performed in such a way that 100 coverage of the surface to be tested is achieved. Viewing of the area under testing shall be completed before proceeding to the next area or the next stage of magnetization. 10 Magnetization 10.1 Direction of magnetization Magnetization shall be performed in accordance with the requirements detailed in EN ISO 9934-1. BS EN 10228-12016 EN 10228-12016 E 8 The surface shall be tested in at least two approximately perpendicular directions to detect defects lying in any orientation. NOTE 1 Where the probable nature and orientation of flaws in a forging can be forecast with confidence as, for example, in certain long forged parts, and where specified in the enquiry or order, magnetization can be performed in a single direction. NOTE 2 Where magnetization is performed by locally applying the current flow method or using the magnetic flow method with a portable electromagnetic yoke, the surface under examination can be marked in a grid to ensure 100 coverage. The recommended size of the grid and magnetizing directions are detailed in Annex A. 10.2 Current waveform The supplier shall decide which waveform to use unless a specific current waveform e.g. alternating current or half-wave rectified alternating current has been agreed between the purchaser and supplier. NOTE Reference can be made to EN ISO 9934-1 for guidance. 10.3 Flux density and field strength The tangential flux density shall be at least 1,0 T. The adequacy of the flux density and/or field strength shall be verified on the surface under testing, in each magnetizing direction, prior to or during the test, using one or more of the methods detailed in EN ISO 9934-3. A flux density of 1,0 T is generally achieved with a tangential field strength from 2kA/m to 6kA/m, dependent upon the magnetic permeability of the material being tested. 11 Use of detection media The continuous method of application shall be used. The ink or powder shall be applied immediately prior to and during magnetization. Magnetization shall be continued for at least two seconds after the application has ceased to allow indications to build up and for the ink, if applicable, to drain. The ink shall be thoroughly mixed prior to application. NOTE 1 Large forgings can be tested in sections to ensure adequate ink application. NOTE 2 Pre-wetting of the forging accelerates distribution of the ink. 12 Viewing conditions Viewing conditions shall be in accordance
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BSEN10228 2016
BS EN 10228-1:2016 Non-destructive testing of steel forgings Part 1: Magnetic particle inspection BSI Standards Publication WB11885_BSI_StandardCovs_2013_AW.indd 1 15/05/2013 15:06BS EN 10228-1:2016 BRITISH STANDARD National foreword This British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 10228-1:2016. It supersedes BS EN 10228-1:1999 which is withdrawn. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee ISE/111, Steel Castings and Forgings. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. © The British Standards Institution 2016. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2016 ISBN 978 0 580 80529 5 ICS 77.040.20; 77.140.85 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 June 2016. Amendments issued since publication Date Text affectedBS EN 10228-1:2016EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM EN 10228-1 June 2016 ICS 77.040.20; 77.140.85 Supersedes EN 10228-1:1999 English Version Non-destructive testing of steel forgings - Part 1: Magnetic particle inspection Essais non destructifs des pièces forgées - Partie 1 : Contrôle par magnétoscopie Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung von Schmiedestücken aus Stahl - Teil 1: Magnetpulverprüfung This European Standard was approved by CEN on 3 October 2015. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels © 2016 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 10228-1:2016 EBS EN 10228-1:2016 EN 10228-1:2016 (E) 2 Contents Page European foreword . 3 1 Scope 4 2 Normative references 4 3 Items for agreement . 4 4 Test procedure . 5 4.1 General 5 4.2 Description 5 4.3 Content 5 5 Personnel qualification . 6 6 Testing system 6 6.1 Magnetizing equipment 6 6.2 Detection media . 6 6.3 Function checks . 6 7 Stage of manufacture . 6 8 Surface condition 7 8.1 General 7 8.2 Surface condition related to quality class 7 8.3 As-forged surface condition 7 9 Coverage . 7 10 Magnetization . 7 10.1 Direction of magnetization 7 10.2 Current waveform . 8 10.3 Flux density and field strength . 8 11 Use of detection media 8 12 Viewing conditions . 8 13 Classification of indications 9 14 Recording and acceptance criteria 10 15 Removal of defects . 11 16 Demagnetization 11 17 Test report 11 Annex A (normative) Magnetization using prods or electromagnetic yoke 13 A.1 Definition of tested area with prods or yoke . 13 A.2 Definition of search pattern and examination sequence . 14 Annex B (informative) Significant technical changes to the version EN 10228-1:1999 15 BS EN 10228-1:2016 EN 10228-1:2016 (E) 3 European foreword This document (EN 10228-1:2016) has been prepared by Technical Committee ECISS/TC 111 “Steel castings and forgings”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by December 2016 and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by December 2016. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes EN 10228-1:1999. Annex B provides the significant technical changes to the previous version EN 10228-1:1999. EN 10228 consists of the following parts under the general title Non-destructive testing of steel forgings: — Part 1: Magnetic particle inspection; — Part 2: Penetrant testing; — Part 3: Ultrasonic testing of ferritic or martensitic steel forgings; — Part 4: Ultrasonic testing of austenitic and austenitic-ferritic stainless steel forgings. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. BS EN 10228-1:2016 EN 10228-1:2016 (E) 4 1 Scope This European Standard describes techniques and acceptance criteria to be used for the magnetic particle testing of forgings manufactured from ferromagnetic materials. The method described is used for the detection of surface discontinuities. It can also detect discontinuities just below the surface but the sensitivity to such discontinuities decreases rapidly with depth. NOTE A steel forging is considered to be ferromagnetic if the magnetic flux density is greater than 1 T for a tangential magnetic field strength of 2,4 kA/m. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN ISO 3059, Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing and magnetic particle testing — Viewing conditions (ISO 3059) EN ISO 9712, Non-destructive testing — Qualification and certification of NDT personnel (ISO 9712) EN ISO 9934-1, Non-destructive testing — Magnetic particle testing — Part 1: General principles (ISO 9934-1) EN ISO 9934-2, Non-destructive testing — Magnetic particle testing — Part 2: Detection media (ISO 9934-2) EN ISO 9934-3, Non-destructive testing — Magnetic particle testing — Part 3: Equipment (ISO 9934-3) 3 Items for agreement The following aspects concerning magnetic particle inspection shall be agreed between the purchaser and the supplier at the time of enquiry and order: a) the manufacturing stages(s) at which magnetic particle inspection shall be performed (see Clause 7); b) the surface areas to be examined (see Clause 8); c) the quality class required, or the quality classes and the surface areas to which they apply (see 8.2 and Clause 14); d) whether the testing shall be performed with the specified detection media (see 6.2); e) whether a particular current waveform is required (see 10.2); f) the applicable recording and acceptance criteria if different from those detailed in Table 2. g) whether demagnetization shall be carried out after testing, together with the maximum level of residual magnetism (see Clause 16); h) whether testing shall be conducted in the presence of the purchaser or his representative; BS EN 10228-1:2016 EN 10228-1:2016 (E) 5 i) whether a written procedure shall be submitted for approval by the purchaser (see Clause 4). 4 Test procedure 4.1 General Magnetic particle testing shall be performed in accordance with a written test procedure. Where specified in the enquiry or order, the written procedure shall be submitted to the purchaser for approval prior to the test. 4.2 Description This written procedure shall be one of the following: a) a product specification; b) a procedure written specifically for the application; c) this part of EN 10228 may be used if it is accompanied by testing details specific to the application. 4.3 Content The procedure shall contain the following details as minimum requirements: a) description of the forgings to be tested; b) reference documents; c) qualification of testing personnel; d) stage of manufacture at which the test is carried out; e) surface areas specified in terms of the applicable quality classes; f) magnetizing technique(s); g) description of the testing equipment; h) calibration and checking of equipment; i) waveform and flux density and/or tangential field strength required for each technique used; j) detection media, and contrast paint if used; k) surface condition required; l) viewing conditions; m) method of marking or recording indications; n) whether demagnetization is required; if so the method to be used and required maximum level of residual magnetism; o) acceptance criteria; BS EN 10228-1:2016 EN 10228-1:2016 (E) 6 p) testing report. 5 Personnel qualification Personnel shall be qualified in accordance with EN ISO 9712. 6 Testing system 6.1 Magnetizing equipment If the contact current flow (prods) magnetization method is used on a finished machined surface, then the prod contact points shall be checked after magnetization for damage, using an alternative magnetization technique, penetrant testing or visual examination. All equipment shall be calibrated and checked in accordance with EN ISO 9934-3. One or more of the following types of magnetizing equipment shall be used: a) alternating current electromagnetic yokes (see Annex A); b) current flow equipment with prods (see Annex A); c) permanent magnets; d) magnetic flow equipment with flexible cable or coil; e) central conductor; f) magnetic induction; g) equipment enabling multiple magnetizing techniques, either coincidentally or in sequence. 6.2 Detection media Detection media shall conform to the requirements detailed in EN ISO 9934-2. 6.3 Function checks A function check shall be carried out prior to the test to ensure the proper functioning of the testing system. The check shall be performed as detailed in EN ISO 9934-1. NOTE The temperature of the forging can be checked to ensure that it is within the detection media manufacturer’s specified temperature limits. 7 Stage of manufacture Where practicable, final acceptance testing shall be performed on the forging in its delivery condition (see Clause 3). BS EN 10228-1:2016 EN 10228-1:2016 (E) 7 8 Surface condition 8.1 General Surfaces to be examined shall be clean and free from scale, oil, grease, machining marks, heavy paint and any other contaminant that could adversely affect the testing sensitivity or the interpretation of indications. Cleaning and preparation of the surfaces shall not be detrimental to the material, the surface finish or the detection media. 8.2 Surface condition related to quality class The finish of surfaces to be tested shall conform to the requirements detailed in Table 1 for the applicable quality class. Table 1 — Surface condition Surface roughness parameter R a *), in μm Quality classes a1 2 3 4 6,3 R a ≤ 12,5 X X – – R a ≤ 6,3 X X X bX caX signifies the quality class that can be achieved for the specified surface finish. bQuality class not applicable to the testing of surfaces with a machining allowance greater than 3 mm per face. cQuality class not applicable to the testing of surfaces with a machining allowance greater than 1 mm per face. *) Ra = arithmetical mean deviation of the profile. 8.3 As-forged surface condition It is difficult to carry out a comprehensive test on a forged surface. The surface to be tested shall be prepared by shot-blasting, sand-blasting or surface grinding so that defects can be clearly distinguished from indications resulting from surface irregularities. For general applications, quality classes 1 and 2 shall be applicable. 9 Coverage Where practicable, the test shall be performed in such a way that 100 % coverage of the surface to be tested is achieved. Viewing of the area under testing shall be completed before proceeding to the next area or the next stage of magnetization. 10 Magnetization 10.1 Direction of magnetization Magnetization shall be performed in accordance with the requirements detailed in EN ISO 9934-1. BS EN 10228-1:2016 EN 10228-1:2016 (E) 8 The surface shall be tested in at least two approximately perpendicular directions to detect defects lying in any orientation. NOTE 1 Where the probable nature and orientation of flaws in a forging can be forecast with confidence as, for example, in certain long forged parts, and where specified in the enquiry or order, magnetization can be performed in a single direction. NOTE 2 Where magnetization is performed by locally applying the current flow method or using the magnetic flow method with a portable electromagnetic yoke, the surface under examination can be marked in a grid to ensure 100 % coverage. The recommended size of the grid and magnetizing directions are detailed in Annex A. 10.2 Current waveform The supplier shall decide which waveform to use unless a specific current waveform (e.g. alternating current or half-wave rectified alternating current) has been agreed between the purchaser and supplier. NOTE Reference can be made to EN ISO 9934-1 for guidance. 10.3 Flux density and field strength The tangential flux density shall be at least 1,0 T. The adequacy of the flux density and/or field strength shall be verified on the surface under testing, in each magnetizing direction, prior to or during the test, using one or more of the methods detailed in EN ISO 9934-3. A flux density of 1,0 T is generally achieved with a tangential field strength from 2kA/m to 6kA/m, dependent upon the magnetic permeability of the material being tested. 11 Use of detection media The continuous method of application shall be used. The ink or powder shall be applied immediately prior to and during magnetization. Magnetization shall be continued for at least two seconds after the application has ceased to allow indications to build up and for the ink, if applicable, to drain. The ink shall be thoroughly mixed prior to application. NOTE 1 Large forgings can be tested in sections to ensure adequate ink application. NOTE 2 Pre-wetting of the forging accelerates distribution of the ink. 12 Viewing conditions Viewing conditions shall be in accordance
本文标题：BS EN 10228-1-2016
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