Source: https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/860/999/465285/
Timestamp: 2019-09-22 03:51:33
Document Index: 533449663

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 1291', '§ 881', '§ 1608', '§ 1618', '§ 1491', '§ 1608', '§ 1607', '§ 1608', '§ 1609', '§ 1618', '§ 1618', '§ 1491', '§ 1491', '§ 881', '§ 881', '§ 1607', '§ 1608', '§ 1609', '§ 1595', '§ 881', '§ 1983', '§ 1608']

Jim Floyd, Petitioner-appellee, v. United States of America, Respondent-appellant, 860 F.2d 999 (10th Cir. 1988) :: Justia
Justia › US Law › Case Law › Federal Courts › Courts of Appeals › Tenth Circuit › 1988 › Jim Floyd, Petitioner-appellee, v. United States of America, Respondent-appellant
Jim Floyd, Petitioner-appellee, v. United States of America, Respondent-appellant, 860 F.2d 999 (10th Cir. 1988)
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit - 860 F.2d 999 (10th Cir. 1988) Nov. 7, 1988
This is an appeal from a district court order requiring the government to return to petitioner-appellee Jim Floyd (Floyd) $41,440 in currency. Our jurisdiction arises from 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
On September 18, 1987, Floyd filed a motion for return of the currency pursuant to Fed. R. Crim. P. 41(e).1 The government's motion to dismiss was denied, and the case proceeded to a November 23, 1987, hearing. On December 2, 1987, the government published notice indicating that it had begun administrative forfeiture proceedings on the currency as provided for by 21 U.S.C. § 881.2 On December 30, 1987, the district court entered its memorandum opinion and order which granted the Rule 41(e) motion upon a finding that Floyd's property had been illegally seized.
The trial court held that its jurisdiction was proper "based upon both Rule 41(e) and the general equitable jurisdiction of the federal courts." Floyd v. United States, 677 F. Supp. 1083, 1087 (D. Colo. 1987). The government attacks both bases. Because these are matters of first impression in the Tenth Circuit, we find it necessary to clarify the nature of Rule 41(e) jurisdiction.
The circuits that have considered the issue have generally concluded that a motion for return of property, whether based on Rule 41(e) or a court's general equitable jurisdiction, is governed by equitable principles. In re Harper, 835 F.2d 1273, 1274 (8th Cir. 1988); United States v. Martinson, 809 F.2d 1364, 1367 (9th Cir. 1987); Angel-Torres v. United States, 712 F.2d 717, 719-20 (1st Cir. 1983); Hunsucker v. Phinney, 497 F.2d 29, 34 (5th Cir. 1974), cert. denied, 420 U.S. 927, 95 S. Ct. 1124, 43 L. Ed. 2d 397 (1975); Smith v. Katzenbach, 351 F.2d 810, 814 (D.C. Cir. 1965). We hold that a trial court's decision to grant jurisdiction over a Rule 41(e) motion for return of property should be governed by equitable principles.
The trial court held specifically that a Rule 41(e) motion did not require a showing of irreparable harm, noting that the text of the rule made no mention of it. Floyd, 677 F. Supp. at 1087 n. 2. We disagree. We join with those courts cited above holding that Rule 41(e), with regard to jurisdiction, is an embodiment of equitable principles rather than a basis for jurisdiction strictly by its terms. Further, the Supreme Court has noted that irreparable injury is required to support a motion to suppress under Rule 41(e) when entertained by the court on equitable grounds in advance of any proceedings. G.M. Leasing Corp. v. United States, 429 U.S. 338, 359-60, 97 S. Ct. 619, 632, 50 L. Ed. 2d 530 (1977) (citing Hunsucker, 497 F.2d at 34). We therefore reverse the trial court and hold that a showing of irreparable harm is necessary for Rule 41(e) jurisdiction.
The government asserts that Floyd failed to pursue four available remedies at law, including the filing of (1) a claim and cost bond under 19 U.S.C. § 1608, (2) a petition for remission or mitigation of the forfeiture pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1618, (3) a petition in the United States Claims Court under 28 U.S.C. § 1491(a) (1) or (4) a state tort or replevin action. We review these remedies respectively.
(1) The government contends that Floyd had an adequate remedy at law according to 19 U.S.C. § 1608.3 The relevant statutes4 provide for two potential stages in a forfeiture situation: first, an administrative process allowing for summary forfeiture, and second, a judicial forfeiture proceeding. A claimant may invoke Sec. 1608 to end the administrative forfeiture and force the institution of judicial proceedings. The legality of a seizure may be tested in the judicial forfeiture. See One 1958 Plymouth Sedan v. Pennsylvania, 380 U.S. 693, 696, 85 S. Ct. 1246, 1248, 14 L. Ed. 2d 170 (1965) (fourth amendment exclusionary rule applies to forfeiture proceedings).
The process works as follows. If the value of a seized article does not exceed $100,000, the appropriate customs officer is required to publish for three successive weeks a notice of seizure and intent to forfeit the property. 19 U.S.C. § 1607. After the first publication of notice, a claimant has twenty days to file a claim and cost bond. 19 U.S.C. § 1608. If no such filing occurs, the property is administratively forfeited at the end of the twenty days. 19 U.S.C. § 1609. A timely filing, however, stops the administrative forfeiture, 21 C.F.R. Sec. 1316.76(b), and the matter is then transferred to the appropriate United States attorney for the institution of judicial forfeiture proceedings. 21 C.F.R. Sec. 1316.78.
(2) The government asserts that 19 U.S.C. § 1618 provided Floyd with an adequate remedy at law. Section 1618 allows an interested party to file a petition for remission or mitigation of a seizure. Section 1618 permits the Secretary of the Treasury to remit or mitigate a forfeiture if he finds that it "was incurred without wilful negligence or without any intention on the part of the petitioner to defraud the revenue or to violate the law, or finds the existence of such mitigating circumstances as to justify the remission or mitigation of such ... forfeiture." 19 U.S.C. § 1618. The government's argument is not compelling.
Section 1618 provides specific grounds for relief for claimants lacking wilful negligence or the intent to defraud the revenue or violate the law. The Secretary's discretion to consider other mitigating circumstances that may justify remission or mitigation is equitable in nature. Thus, Sec. 1618 cannot be said to provide an adequate remedy at law for a fourth amendment claim. Additionally, we have found no Sec. 1618 cases dealing with the legality of a seizure, and one court has stated that Sec. 1618 is not appropriate for testing a seizure's legality. Wiren v. Eide, 542 F.2d 757, 761 (9th Cir. 1976) (remission or mitigation of lawful seizures and forfeitures properly committed to agency discretion; determination of the propriety of the seizures and forfeitures themselves is not).
(3) The government argues that Floyd could have pursued a remedy in the United States Claims Court under 28 U.S.C. § 1491(a) (1). This Tucker Act provision grants the claims court exclusive jurisdiction to hear actions seeking monetary damages from the United States for constitutional violations. 28 U.S.C. § 1491(a) (1); Rogers v. Ink, 766 F.2d 430, 433 (10th Cir. 1985). The instant case, however, is a suit for return of property, not monetary damages.
We have indicated that one may not avoid the claims court jurisdiction by framing as equitable a claim essentially seeking money from the United States. New Mexico v. Regan, 745 F.2d 1318, 1322 (10th Cir. 1984), cert. denied, 471 U.S. 1065, 105 S. Ct. 2138, 85 L. Ed. 2d 496 (1985). In cases where claims court jurisdiction attached, however, if a plaintiff was not strictly seeking money damages, he was at least trying to enforce an alleged government debt or payment. See Jicarilla Apache Tribe v. Hodel, 821 F.2d 537, 540 (10th Cir. 1987) (plaintiff sought rescission and refund of bonus and rental payments paid to the government); Rogers, 766 F.2d at 434 (although prayer sought declaratory relief, plaintiffs asked for funds allegedly due from the United States under a federal program); Regan, 745 F.2d at 1322 (claim for past royalties and prejudgment interest allegedly due under the Mineral Act); Amalgamated Sugar Co. v. Bergland, 664 F.2d 818, 823-24 (10th Cir. 1981) (plaintiff seeking payments under federal loan program although petition framed as asking for declaration of eligibility for program).
(4) The government's final assertion that Floyd should have pursued state law remedies is without merit. Even if Floyd may seek damages from the state or municipal officers who conducted the search, such a claim is wholly different from and thus not prerequisite to a motion for return of property held by the federal government. The government claims that Floyd could have invoked a Colorado replevin procedure which provides for the return of property "that is by statute exempt from seizure." Colo.R.Civ.P. 104(b) (4). Even assuming that this procedure would apply to property in federal custody, the government offers no statutory basis for exempting this currency from seizure. We conclude that Floyd had no adequate remedy at law which would require dismissal of his Rule 41(e) motion.
While we express no opinion regarding this issue on remand, we offer guidance on the proper characterization of irreparable harm. In rejecting irreparable harm as a required element of Rule 41(e) jurisdiction, the trial court cited a case indicating that "any deliberate violation of the fourth amendment is constitutionally irreparable." Floyd, 677 F. Supp. at 1087 (citing In re Application of First United Fin. Corp., 620 F. Supp. 1450, 1452 (E.D.N.Y. 1985)). We cannot approve of the application of this statement to the instant case.
First, neither of the parties suggest nor did the trial court hold in this case that any alleged fourth amendment violation was deliberate. Secondly, the Supreme Court has established that the exclusionary rule does not apply to all situations where an individual's fourth amendment rights have been violated. See United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897, 104 S. Ct. 3405, 82 L. Ed. 2d 677 (1984) (fruits of illegal search not suppressed when officer reasonably relied on facially valid warrant issued by a detached and neutral magistrate); Nix v. Williams, 467 U.S. 431, 447, 104 S. Ct. 2501, 2511, 81 L. Ed. 2d 377 (1984) (illegally seized evidence not suppressed "if the government can prove that the evidence would have been obtained inevitably"). Rule 41(e) is intended to implement the exclusionary rule. E.g., United States v. Jackson, 544 F.2d 407, 409 (9th Cir. 1976). Considering the exceptions to that rule, it cannot be said that every individual whose fourth amendment rights are violated suffers irreparable harm such that Rule 41(e)'s remedial provisions are triggered.
Finally, the district court's approach in In re Application of First United Fin. Corp. does not reflect the proper role of irreparable harm in Rule 41(e) actions. That harm does not refer to the invasion of privacy occasioned by a wrongful search. While such harm may be redressed,6 it has never been the role of the exclusionary rule, and thus Rule 41(e), to do so. See U.S. v. Calandra, 414 U.S. 338 at 347, 94 S. Ct. 613, 619, 38 L. Ed. 2d 561 (1974) (purpose of exclusionary rule is to deter future unlawful conduct, not to redress the injury to the privacy of the search victim). Instead, irreparable harm refers to circumstances in which a Rule 41(e) movant cannot wait for a legal remedy, thus justifying the court's equitable jurisdiction. See, e.g., Pieper v. United States, 604 F.2d 1131, 1134 (8th Cir. 1979) (irreparable harm if criminal indictment based on illegally seized evidence appears imminent); In re Worksite Inspection of Quality Prods., Inc., 592 F.2d 611, 616 (1st Cir. 1979) (availability and adequacy of statutory procedures affect irreparable harm finding); Mr. Lucky Messenger Serv., Inc. v. United States, 587 F.2d 15, 18 (8th Cir. 1978) (irreparable harm may exist if Rule 41(e) movant needs funds to satisfy tax liability). On remand, the trial court should consider irreparable harm in this light and not with regard to the harm wrought by an allegedly wrongful search.
We reject the government argument that Rule 41(e) jurisdiction depends on the existence of a criminal proceeding. A number of circuits that have discussed Rule 41(e) have held or implied that a 41(e) motion may derive jurisdiction independent of any criminal action. See In re Harper, 835 F.2d at 1274; Martinson, 809 F.2d at 1366-67; Angel-Torres, 712 F.2d at 719; Richey v. Smith, 515 F.2d 1239, 1243 (5th Cir. 1975). Moreover, the Supreme Court has recognized that Rule 41(e) motions may exist apart from criminal actions. In DiBella v. United States, 369 U.S. 121, 82 S. Ct. 654, 7 L. Ed. 2d 614 (1962), the Court discussed the independence of Rule 41(e) actions with regard to their appealability. According to the Court, pre-indictment motions to suppress evidence in a forthcoming criminal trial are not sufficiently independent of the criminal proceeding to merit immediate appellate review. DiBella, 369 U.S. at 129, 82 S. Ct. at 659. "Only if the motion is solely for return of property and is in no way tied to a criminal prosecution in esse against the movant can the proceedings be regarded as independent." Id. at 131-32, 82 S. Ct. at 660-61.
The government cites In re Seizure Warrant, 830 F.2d 372 (D.C. Cir. 1987), in support of its claim. There, pursuant to a warrant issued under 21 U.S.C. § 881, a Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) agent seized appellant's bank account for its suspected connection to drug trafficking. The appellant then filed a Rule 41(e) motion seeking a return of the property. The court quoted Fed. R. Crim. P. 54(b) (5) which states in relevant part that " [the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure] are not applicable to ... civil forfeiture of property for violation of a statute of the United States." Fed. R. Crim. P. 54(b) (5). Thus, according to the court, because section 881 forfeiture is civil in nature and there was no related criminal proceeding, Rule 41(e) was inapplicable. In re Seizure Warrant, 830 F.2d at 374. Because we believe this reflects an erroneous construction of Rule 54(b) (5), we decline to follow it.
Fed. R. Crim. P. 54 describes the courts and proceedings that will be governed by the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. Because section 881 forfeitures are civil rather than criminal in nature, see United States v. $39,000 in Canadian Currency, 801 F.2d 1210 (10th Cir. 1986), Rule 54(b) (5) provides that criminal rules will not be applicable in civil forfeitures of property. According to the definitions of terms following the rule, a civil action "refers to a civil action in a district court." Fed. R. Crim. P. 54 (Application of Terms). Thus, Rule 54(b) (5) stands for the proposition that the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure will not govern a judicial civil forfeiture proceeding in district court. While Congress may wish to, rule 54(b) (5) says nothing about what remedies are available to an individual like Floyd whose property is held prior to the initiation of forfeiture proceedings of any kind.
The government claims that regardless of the initial propriety of Rule 41(e) jurisdiction, the trial court lost that jurisdiction upon the government's filing of notice of an administrative forfeiture. In contrast, the trial court held that Floyd's Rule 41(e) remedy would not be precluded since he filed his motion before the government's initiation of the administrative forfeiture. Floyd,, 677 F. Supp. at 1087. Both approaches sanction a pure race to file or publish notice; a race we have disapproved. While we modify the trial court's analysis, that court did not abuse its discretion by retaining jurisdiction in this case.
The government cites In re Harper, 835 F.2d 1273 (8th Cir. 1988), where the government commenced an administrative forfeiture after the claimant had filed a Rule 41(e) motion. The claimant in Harper failed to respond to the published notice of the administrative forfeiture within the time required by statute, and the forfeiture was completed. The trial court subsequently dismissed the Rule 41(e) motion and was affirmed on appeal. Id. at 1274. The government argues that this case controls our ruling. We disagree.
The statute and regulations governing 21 U.S.C. § 881 forfeitures provide for notice to interested parties of the government's intent to seek forfeiture of the property. See 19 U.S.C. § 1607; 19 C.F.R. Sec. 162.45(b) (1). A claimant has twenty days from the date of first publication of notice to file a claim and cost bond. 19 U.S.C. § 1608. If the claimant so responds, the matter is referred to a United States attorney for institution of judicial forfeiture proceedings. Id. Otherwise, the forfeiture is complete when the twenty-day period elapses. 19 U.S.C. § 1609.
The statutory notice serves at least two important purposes. It informs an interested party of the government's intent to seek forfeiture. Prior to publication of notice, an administrative officer may presumably conclude that the facts do not warrant such action. Second, formal notice begins the statutory period in which the administrative forfeiture will either be completed or will proceed to judicial forfeiture. Because of the importance of notice, we cannot agree with the government that a forfeiture was in any meaningful sense instituted on September 21, 1987, when agent Canty merely forwarded papers to Washington. The administrative forfeiture mechanism begins with the publication of notice. United States v. United States Currency in the Amount of $2,857.00, 754 F.2d 208, 212 (7th Cir. 1985). According to the trial court record, notice was first published in the December 2, 1987, edition of U.S.A. Today.
Forfeiture proceedings arising out of drug offenses are governed by the same statutory provisions, 19 U.S.C. § 1595 et seq., as apply to customs forfeitures. 21 U.S.C. § 881(d); Bramble v. Richardson, 498 F.2d 968, 969 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 419 U.S. 1069, 95 S. Ct. 656, 42 L. Ed. 2d 665 (1974)
While jurisdiction should not depend on a pure race, the Supreme Court has noted that a claimant may file a Rule 41(e) motion in order "to trigger rapid filing of a forfeiture action...." United States v. $8,850, 461 U.S. 555, 569, 103 S. Ct. 2005, 2014, 76 L. Ed. 2d 143 (1983)
See 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (action of state or local officers); Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Fed. Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388, 91 S. Ct. 1999, 29 L. Ed. 2d 619 (1971) (federal officers)
The court in Harper also stated that " [t]o do so would be the equivalent of impermissibly using the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure to attack a civil forfeiture." Harper, 835 F.2d at 1274 (citing In re Seizure Warrant) . To the extent Harper relies on Rule 54(b) (5) rather than equitable concerns to deny jurisdiction, we decline to follow it in accordance with our analysis in Part B
The analysis here is similar to the discussion in Part (A.) (1.) above regarding the adequacy of a remedy pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1608. We discuss it separately in order to address the effect of In re Harper
The trial court indicated that DEA agents participated in the search. See Floyd, 677 F. Supp. at 1086. As the government points out, however, there seems to be no dispute that the federal agents took custody of the currency after the search in question. See Reply Brief of Appellant at 1-2