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1 EUROPEAN COMMISSION Directorate-General for Education and Culture Lifelong Learning : policies and programme Higher education; "Erasmus" Lifelong Learning Programme STATISTICAL OVERVIEW OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DECENTRALISED ACTIONS IN THE ERASMUS PROGRAMME IN 27/28 Student mobility (studies and placements) Staff mobility (teaching assignments and staff training) Erasmus Intensive Language Courses Erasmus Intensive Programmes Preparatory visits
2 Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ERASMUS STUDENT MOBILITY STUDENT MOBILITY SINCE 1987 AND FORECAST OUTGOING STUDENT MOBILITY INCOMING STUDENT MOBILITY DURATION STUDENTS WITH SPECIAL NEEDS RECOGNITION OF STUDENT MOBILITY (ECTS) ERASMUS STAFF MOBILITY ERASMUS STAFF MOBILITY FOR TEACHING ASSIGNMENTS TEACHER MOBILITY (TEACHING ASSIGNMENTS) SINCE OUTGOING STAFF MOBILITY FOR TEACHING ASSIGNMENTS INCOMING STAFF MOBILITY FOR TEACHING ASSIGNMENTS SUBJECT AREAS DURATION OF TEACHING ASSIGNMENTS TEACHERS WITH SPECIAL NEEDS ERASMUS STAFF MOBILITY FOR STAFF TRAINING STAFF MOBILITY FOR STAFF TRAINING SINCE OUTGOING STAFF MOBILITY FOR STAFF TRAINING INCOMING STAFF MOBILITY FOR STAFF TRAINING STAFF COMPOSITION IN STAFF TRAINING STAFF TRAINING SECTORS DURATION OF STAFF TRAINING STAFF WITH SPECIAL NEEDS ERASMUS INTENSIVE LANGUAGE COURSES ERASMUS INTENSIVE LANGUAGE COURSES SINCE PARTICIPATION IN EILC INCOMING EILC PARTICIPANTS OUTGOING EILC PARTICIPANTS TYPES OF EILC RECOGNITION OF EILC ERASMUS INTENSIVE PROGRAMMES NUMBER OF INTENSIVE PROGRAMMES PARTICIPATION IN INTENSIVE PROGRAMMES SUBJECT AREAS OF INTENSIVE PROGRAMMES DURATION OF INTENSIVE PROGRAMMES ERASMUS PREPARATORY VISITS
3 List of charts Chart 1: Erasmus student mobility 1987/88 27/ Chart 2: Erasmus student mobility 1987/88 212/ Chart 3: Age distribution of Erasmus students...13 Chart 4: Outgoing Erasmus students from EUR31: 2/1-27/ Chart 5: Share of SMS and SMP per home country 27/ Chart 6: Erasmus students as proportion of the student population: EUR Chart 7: Erasmus students as proportion of the graduates: EUR Chart 8: Incoming Erasmus students from EUR31: 2/1-27/ Chart 9: Outgoing Incoming Erasmus students from EUR31: 27/ Chart 1: Share of incoming Erasmus students 27/8 and share of EUR31 student population 27, by country...2 Chart 11: Average duration per student 1994/95 27/ Chart 12: Average duration (SMS and SMP) in months per home country 27/8..21 Chart 13: Average duration (SMS and SMP) in months per host country 27/ Chart 14: Outgoing Erasmus teachers from EUR31: 2/1-27/ Chart 15: Age distribution of Erasmus teachers...26 Chart 16: Student mobility for studies (SMS) and staff mobility for teaching assignments (STA): increase/decrease 27/8, EUR Chart 17: Erasmus teaching staff as a proportion of academic staff population: EUR Chart 18: Incoming teachers EUR31: 2/1 27/ Chart 19: Outgoing and incoming staff mobility for teaching assignments (STA), EUR31, 27/8...3 Chart 2: Share of staff mobility for teaching assignments per subject area 27/ Chart 21: Erasmus teachers subject areas: 2/1 27/ Chart 22: Student and teacher mobility subject areas 27/ Chart 23: Average duration of teaching assignments (STA), 2/1 27/ Chart 24: Average duration of teaching assignments (STA), 27/8 by home country...33 Chart 25: Outgoing Erasmus staff mobility for staff training from EUR31: 27/8.36 Chart 26: Incoming staff mobility for staff training EUR31: 27/ Chart 27: Share of staff mobility for teaching assignments (STA) and staff mobility for staff training (STT) EUR31: 27/ Chart 28: Incoming staff from enterprises from EUR31 (by home country), 27/838 Chart 29: Outgoing and incoming staff mobility for staff training (STT) EUR31, 27/ Chart 3: Average duration (STT) in days per home country, 27/ Chart 31: Participation in EILC, Chart 32: Incoming EILC participants Chart 33: EILC students as % of incoming Erasmus students to LWUTL...44 Chart 34: Average Outgoing EILC participants, Chart 35: EILC participants as % of Erasmus outgoing students going to LWUTL...46 Chart 36: Number of Intensive Programmes per coordinating country 27/ Chart 37: Number of Intensive Programmes Chart 38: Number of IP students per coordination country 27/ Chart 39: Number of IP teachers per coordinating country 27/ Chart 4: Share of type of IP participants per coordinating country 27/ Chart 41: Share of IPs per first subject area 27/
4 Chart 42: Average duration of the IP in days per coordinating country 27/ Chart 43: Number of preparatory visits per home country 27/
5 ACRONYMS USED IN THIS REPORT ECTS European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System EILC Erasmus Intensive Language Courses EUR31 the 31 participating countries in Erasmus EUC Erasmus University Charter HEI Higher education institution/s LLP Lifelong Learning Programme LWUTL Less widely used and taught languages SMS Student mobility for studies SMP Student mobility for placements STA Staff mobility for teaching assignment STT Staff mobility for staff training IP Intensive Programmes PV Preparatory Visits Country acronyms BE België (NL)/ Belgique (FR)/ Belgien (DE) BG Balgarija CZ Česká republika DK Danmark DE Deutschland EE Eesti GR Ellada ES España FR France IE Éire / Ireland IT Italia CH Schweiz / Suisse CY Kypros / Kibris LV Latvija LT Lietuva LU Luxembourg HU Magyarország MT Malta NL Nederland AT Österreich PL Polska PT Portugal RO România SI Slovenija SK Slovenská republika / Slovensko FI Suomi / Finland SE Sverige UK United Kingdom IS Ísland LI Liechtenstein NO Norge TR Türkiye 5
6 Erasmus key figures from the academic year 27/28 (rounded figures) 183 Erasmus students of which 163 students studying abroad 2 students doing traineeships (placements) abroad 32 Erasmus staff doing 27 teaching assignments abroad 5 staff training periods abroad 257 Erasmus intensive programmes 3 Erasmus intensive language courses 2 5 higher education institutions participate in Erasmus The source of the data used in this report is based on the statistical reports of the Erasmus National Agencies of the 31 countries participating in the Erasmus programme. The reports contain the statistical results of the Erasmus decentralised activities in 27/8. The European Commission cannot guarantee the exactness of the data despite its best efforts. More information on the Erasmus programme and extracts of this report and its annexes can be found at ec.europa.eu/education/erasmus 6
7 Executive summary 1 Student mobility (for studies and placements) in 27/8 The total number of Erasmus students was 182,697, an annual increase of 14.7% when comparing 27/8 Erasmus mobility (for studies and placements) with 26/7 Erasmus mobility (only studies), but 5.9 % when taking previous Leonardo da Vinci student placement mobility into account 2. Germany was the biggest student sender followed by France and Spain. All the countries, except Malta and Norway, experienced growth in outgoing student mobility. The annual growth rate was highest in Luxembourg followed by Turkey. Spain, France and Germany, in this order, are the biggest recipients of Erasmus students. There was a rise in the number of incoming students in all 31 participating countries, except in Iceland. The imbalance between incoming and outgoing students is significant in many countries. The levels of incoming and outgoing students are most balanced in Austria, Liechtenstein and Greece. About.85 % of the total student population in the 31 participating countries were Erasmus students. However, taking into account the average study duration of approximately 4-5 years, it may be estimated that around 4 % of all European students participate in the Erasmus programme at some stage during their studies. The countries sending most Erasmus students as a share of their student population are Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, Austria, the Czech Republic and Spain. The average duration of Erasmus student mobility was 6.2 months. 165 students with special needs (severe disability) participated in the Erasmus programme, which is about.9% of all Erasmus students. This is an increase of 17 % on the previous year. 1 Since the academic year 27/8, the first year of the Lifelong Learning Programme, the traditional Erasmus student mobility for studies was complemented by Erasmus student mobility for placements allowing students to undertake a placement in an enterprise or other organisations abroad. The report analyses the overall student mobility trends including both mobility types (section 1.), it also analyses separately the trends in Erasmus student mobility for studies (section 1.1) and in Erasmus student mobility for placements (section 1.2). 2 The initial figure of 14.4 student placements under Leonardo da Vinci in 26/7 was revised due to the submission of final data. 7
8 Staff mobility (teaching assignments and staff training) Staff mobility for teaching assignments in 27/8 The number of Erasmus teaching assignments has been steadily increasing in recent years. In 27/8 the number of teaching assignments was 27,157 a 5.2 % increase compared to the previous year. Germany, Spain and Poland, in this order, are the biggest sending countries. All countries except Belgium, Germany, Greece, Malta, Austria, Romania and Sweden experienced an annual growth in outgoing teachers for teaching assignments. The annual increase was highest in Bulgaria, followed by Poland and Latvia. Germany, France and Italy are the top recipients of Erasmus teachers for teaching assignments. The highest annual increase in incoming teachers was in Iceland and Malta. Six countries had a decrease in the number of incoming teachers. Erasmus teachers accounted for 2 % of the total academic staff population in the 31 participating countries, a higher proportion than in student mobility. The Czech Republic, Finland and Liechtenstein stand out as the countries with the highest proportion of outgoing Erasmus teachers. The subject area groups that have the most Erasmus teachers are "Humanities and Arts", "Social sciences, Business and Law", "Engineering, Manufacturing and Construction". The less common subject areas are Education, Agriculture and Veterinary and Health and Welfare. Four disabled teachers undertook teaching assignments abroad. Staff mobility for staff training The new mobility opportunity in Erasmus, staff mobility for training, was taken up by 4,883 participants (mostly HEI staff), which is 15.24% of the total Erasmus staff mobility. 54 staff members from enterprises also went to higher education institutions abroad for training. Poland, Latvia and Finland, in this order, sent the highest number of staff abroad. The UK, Germany, and Spain, in this order, are the top recipients of Erasmus staff. The main staff training sector is by far the educational sector followed by the professional, scientific and technical sector and the arts and entertainment sector. 8
9 Erasmus Intensive Language Courses in 27/8 A total of 4,894 Erasmus students took part in EILC, which represents an annual increase of 4.1 %. Since 1999, 23,48 Erasmus students benefited from EILC. In 27/8, 33 courses took place in the 23 countries. The vast majority of the courses were offered during the summer. Winter courses were organised in the majority of the participating countries. 6.2 % of the Erasmus students going to the 23 countries organising EILC attended an EILC. As in previous years EILC courses in Italy were the most popular among students followed by Portugal and Belgium (Flemish Community). The highest absolute numbers of EILC students came from Germany. However, when comparing the EILC participation with the number of outgoing students to the countries organising an EILC, Latvia, Estonia and Cyprus have the highest percentage of Erasmus students taking part in EILC. Performance of students is being assessed, and certifications and ECTS credits are issued in the majority of the countries. 9
10 Erasmus Intensive Programmes in 27/8 257 Intensive Programmes were organised. The largest number of programmes were organised by higher education institutions in France, Austria and Belgium. Cyprus and Luxembourg were the only countries which did not organise an IP. In total 11,822 students and teachers participated in the Intensive Programmes, more precisely 9,41 students and 2,781 teachers. Highest number of students participated in Intensive Programmes coordinated by French, Belgian and Austrian higher education institutions. 77% of the students taking part in IPs were mobile students (incoming students) and 23% of the student participants from the organizing institution (home students). The main subject areas groups were Social Sciences, Business and Law ; Engineering, Manufacturing and Construction and Humanities and Arts. The least common areas are Services and Education. The average duration was 12 days. Erasmus Preparatory Visits in 27/8 56 Erasmus preparatory visits took place. Germany funded the highest number of visits, followed by Ireland and Lithuania. More than half of the countries did not fund preparatory visits. The average duration of the visits was 4.4 days. 1
11 1. Erasmus Student Mobility Student mobility since 1987 and forecast The Erasmus programme was established in 1987 and during the 21 year period, over million students have benefited from the programme (see table 1 in the annex). Since the establishment of the programme, Germany (289, %), France (288, %) and Spain (26, %) have moved the most students. The Erasmus programme has gone through several phases: Erasmus 1987/ /9 (3 years) with 32,614 mobile students Erasmus 199/ /95 (5 years) with 251,683 mobile students Socrates I Erasmus 1995/ / (5 years) with 455,782 mobile students Socrates II Erasmus 2/1 26/7 (7 years) with 943,849 mobile students The academic year 27/8 was the first year of Erasmus under the newly established Lifelong Learning Programme and in the first year 182,697 students went abroad to study or to do a placement in an enterprise. During this year about 2,5 higher education institutions sent students abroad and 2,464 institutions received Erasmus students. Chart 1: Erasmus student mobility 1987/88 27/8 Erasmus student mobility 1987/88-27/ Number of students / / /9 199/ / / / / / / / / / 2/1 21/2 22/3 23/4 24/5 25/6 26/7 27/8 Total number Student mobility under LLP/Erasmus consists of the traditional student mobility for studies (SMS) and student mobility for placements (SMP). 11
12 Since the start of the Erasmus programme in 1987 the numbers have increased every year, with the exception of 1996/97 4. The growth rate was obviously highest in the beginning (chart 1). The annual increase in 27/8 was 14.7% when comparing 27/8 Erasmus mobility (for studies and placements) with 26/7 Erasmus mobility (only study). The increase can be explained by the introduction of the new Erasmus action "Student mobility for placements". However, when taking the 13,153 student placement mobilities under the Leonardo da Vinci in 26/7 into account the annual increase is 5.9%. The aim set out in the Decision of the European Parliament and of the Council for the Lifelong Learning Programme is to reach at least 3 million individual participants in student mobility under the Erasmus programme and its predecessor programmes by In 22, one million Erasmus students had participated in the Erasmus programme and the 2 million mark has been reached in 29. In order to reach the 3 million target by 212, an annual increase of about 7.5 % is needed, which is considerably higher than the current trend. It is likely that, without additional efforts, the target will be reached only in the subsequent academic year, as based on the extrapolation of existing trends there will be a shortage of approximately 115, students (chart 2). Chart 2: Erasmus student mobility 1987/88 212/13 3, Erasmus student mobility 1987/88-212/13 28, 26, 24, 22, 1 mio 3 mio 2 mio Needed trend Short of ~115. Number of students 2, 18, 16, 14, 12, 1.86 mio Current trend 1, 8, 6, 4, 2, 1987/ / / 9 199/ / / / / / / / / / 2/ 1 21/2 22/ 3 23/ 4 24/5 25/ 6 26/7 27/ 8 28/ 9 29/1 21/ / /13 To r each the 3 MIO 3,244 9,914 19,456 27,96 36,314 51,694 62,362 73,47 84,642 79,874 85,999 97,61 17, ,92 115, , , ,37 154, , , ,34 21, , , ,854 Cur r ent tr end 3,244 9,914 19,456 27,96 36,314 51,694 62,362 73,47 84,642 79,874 85,999 97,61 17, ,92 115, , , ,37 154, , , , ,656 24,31 211, , /97 was a year of preparation for the Institutional Contract the successor of the Inter-University Cooperation Programmes (ICP) which may have contributed to a decrease in mobility that year. 5 Decision No 172/26/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 November 26 establishing an action programme in the field of lifelong learning, Article 21a. 12
13 1..2 Outgoing student mobility In the academic year 27/8, the first year of the Lifelong Learning Programme, 182,697 students went to another European country for a study or a placement period. The biggest share of outgoing Erasmus students came from Germany (26, %), France (25, %) and Spain (24, %). When comparing to the Erasmus mobility data from 26/7, the annual growth rate was highest in Luxembourg (118.82%), followed by Turkey (over 6%). The growth rate was also high in Liechtenstein (46.7 %). The annual growth rate in the 12 EU Member States which joined the EU in 24 and 27 was about 16 %. Of the 31 participating countries, only Malta and Norway experienced a decline in the total numbers of outgoing students for studies and placements (see chart 3). Approximately 56.5 % of Erasmus students are undergraduate students, 41.7 % graduate students and under 1.8 % doctoral students. The average age of Erasmus students in 27/8 was 22 years, ranging from 15 years to 69 years. Chart 3 represents the age distribution of Erasmus students. Chart 3: Age distribution of Erasmus students Age distribution of Erasmus students 4, 35, 3, 25, Number of students 2, 15, 1, 5, Students ,61 23,5 38,1 38,7 32,4 19,3 1,8 5,62 3,15 1,79 1, Approximately 62 % of Erasmus students are females. This percentage is slightly higher than the proportion of female students of the total EU27 student population in 27 (55.2 %) 6. 6 Eurostat 27 data 13
14 Chart 4: Outgoing Erasmus students from EUR31: 2/1-27/8 Outgoing Erasmus students from EUR31: 2/1-27/8 Number of students 26, 24, 22, 2, 18, 16, 14, 12, 1, 8, 6, 4, 2, 2/1 21/2 22/3 23/4 24/5 25/6 26/7 27/8 BE BG CZ DK DE EE GR ES FR IE IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK IS LI NO TR 2/1 4, ,1 1,75 15, ,868 17,158 17,161 1,648 13, ,1 92 4,162 3,24 3,691 2,569 1, ,286 2,726 9, ,7 21/2 4, ,533 1,752 16, ,974 17,43 18,149 1,77 13, , ,244 3,24 4,323 2,825 1, ,291 2,633 8, /3 4, ,2 1,845 18, ,115 18,258 19,365 1,627 15, , , ,241 3,325 5,419 3,172 2, ,42 2,656 7, ,1 23/4 4, ,589 1,686 2, ,385 2,34 2,981 1,75 16, , , ,388 3,721 6,276 3,782 3, ,951 2,667 7, ,156 24/5 4, ,178 1,793 22, ,491 2,819 21,561 1,572 16, , , ,743 3,89 8,39 3,845 2, ,932 2,698 7, ,279 1,142 25/6 4, ,725 1,682 23, ,714 22,891 22,51 1,567 16, , , ,491 3,971 9,974 4,312 3, ,165 3,851 2,53 7, ,852 26/7 5, ,79 1,587 23, ,465 22,322 22,981 1,524 17, , , ,52 4,32 11,219 4,424 3, ,346 3,773 2,532 7, ,257 4,438 27/8 5,386 1,14 5,587 1,996 26, ,468 24,984 25,945 1,817 18, ,187 2, , ,986 4,68 12,854 4,753 3,379 1,192 1,697 3,952 2,541 1, ,154 7,119 14
15 Chart 5 shows the share of student mobility for studies and placements for the participating countries. Liechtenstein, the UK and the Netherlands have the highest share of placement students. On average student mobility for placements represents 11% of all Erasmus student mobility. Chart 5: Share of SMS and SMP per home country 27/8 Share of SMS and SMP per home country 27/28 3, 25, 2, SMP SMS 15, 1, 5, BE BG CZ DK DE EE GR ES FR IE IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK IS LI NO TR , ,877 3, , , SMP SMS 4,781 1,78 5,335 1,674 23, ,38 23,1 22,55 1,514 17, , , ,699 4,133 11,87 4,471 2,953 1,18 1,452 3,265 2,348 7, ,13 6,274 Chart 6 compares the latest Erasmus data (27/8) with the latest EUR31 7 student population data and shows that the number of Erasmus students per year as a proportion of the student population is on average.85 % in the 31 participating countries 8. Taking into account the average study duration of approximately 4-5 years, it may be estimated that around 4 % of European students will participate in the Erasmus programme at some stage during their studies. 7 Eurostat 27 data. 8 Here, Erasmus students are divided by the total student population in each country. The total EUR31 student population according to Eurostat 27 data was around 21.5 million students. 15
16 Chart 6: Erasmus students as proportion of the student population: EUR31 Erasmus students as proportion of the student population: EUR % in 27/8 Average in 27/ BE BG CZ DK DE EE GR ES FR IE IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK IS LI NO TR % in 27/8 Average in 27/ Apart from the very small states, Luxembourg and Liechtenstein with one HEI only, Austria is the best performing country in terms of outgoing Erasmus student mobility with more than double the average rate, followed by the Czech Republic and Spain. Out of the 31 participating countries 2 match or are above the average and 1 countries are below the average namely Turkey, Romania, Greece, the UK, Bulgaria, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Cyprus and Slovak Republic (see table 2 in the annex). Another method to determine the relative position of a county would be to compare Erasmus students to the number of graduates at Bachelor and Master levels. According to Eurostat, higher education graduates in 27 accounted for over 4.32 million in the participating countries (EUR31). If we compare that figure with the number of Erasmus students in 27/8, then Erasmus students can be said to be about 4.23 % of all graduates. Chart 7 shows that more than half of the participating countries are above the average. Out of the 31 countries the following 13 are below the average: the UK, Romania, Turkey, Bulgaria, Poland, Ireland, Norway, Cyprus, Slovak Republic, Denmark, Greece, France and Sweden. When compared to chart 6 (Erasmus students as a proportion of the student population) some countries such as Greece, Italy, Hungary, Finland and Sweden are performing better when Erasmus student participation is compared with the number of graduates. 16
17 Chart 7: Erasmus students as proportion of the graduates: EUR31 Erasmus students as proportion of the graduates: EUR % in 27 Average in% 27/ BE BG CZ DK DE EE GR ES FR IE IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK IS LI NO TR % in Average in% 27/ Incoming student mobility During the academic year 27/8, Spain (31, %) remained the most popular destination followed by France (23, %) and Germany (2, %) (see table 3 in the annex). In 27/8 all the participating countries, except Iceland (-1.22 %), experienced an annual growth in the number of incoming students for studies and placements as compared to Erasmus student mobility in the previous year. Chart 8 shows the trends in the incoming numbers since the academic year 2/1. Overall incoming mobility has increased by 64 % since 2/1 in EUR31. Despite the fact that the number of incoming students to the UK has increased the third year in a row, UK is the only country receiving lower incoming student numbers in 27/8 than compared to 2/1 ( %). The Member States which joined the EU in 24 and 27 are without a doubt attracting more incoming students, with an average annual growth rate of about %. The annual growth rate in 27/8 of incoming students was very high in Bulgaria (5.34%), Turkey (5.3%), Malta (41.39%) and Romania (39.27%). 17
18 Chart 8: Incoming Erasmus students from EUR31: 2/1-27/8 27,5 Incoming Erasmus students from EUR31: 2/1-27/8 Number of students 25, 22,5 2, 17,5 15, 12,5 1, 7,5 5, 2,5 BE BG CZ DK DE EE GR ES FR IE IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK IS LI NO TR TOTAL /1 3, ,435 15, ,32 16,979 17,642 3,166 8, ,839 2, , ,555 4,438 19, TOTAL 1/2 3, ,555 15, ,413 18,826 17,87 3,232 9, ,141 2, , ,755 4,898 17, ,1 TOTAL 2/3 4, ,887 16, ,545 21,32 18,833 3,473 1, ,355 2, , ,433 5,326 16, ,244 TOTAL 3/4 4, ,298 3,393 16, ,593 24,49 2,26 3,584 12, ,724 3,161 1,456 3, ,929 6,8 16, ,518 TOTAL 4/5 4, ,946 3,88 17, ,658 25,511 2,519 3,649 13, , ,842 3,536 2,332 4, ,351 6,626 16, , TOTAL 5/6 5, ,613 4,366 17, ,93 26,625 21,436 3,871 14, , ,965 3,744 3,63 4, ,757 7,62 16, , TOTAL 6/7 5, ,59 4,545 17, ,841 27,464 2,673 4,12 14, , ,914 3,776 3,73 4, ,998 7,359 16, ,575 1,321 TOTAL 7/8 6, ,719 5,29 2, ,299 31,129 23,172 4,522 16, , , ,712 4,419 4,446 5,583 1, ,374 8,162 19, ,847 1,982 TOTAL /1 TOTAL 1/2 TOTAL 2/3 TOTAL 3/4 TOTAL 4/5 TOTAL 5/6 TOTAL 6/7 TOTAL 7/8 18
19 Chart 9 shows the imbalance in terms of incoming and outgoing students. Of all the participating countries (EUR31) there are a number of countries with a significant imbalance in terms of incoming and outgoing numbers. For example Malta, Sweden and Denmark and Ireland have two or more incoming students for every outgoing student. The smallest imbalance between incoming and outgoing students was in Austria, Liechtenstein and Greece. Chart 9: Outgoing Incoming Erasmus students from EUR31: 27/8 Outgoing-Incoming Erasmus students from EUR31: 27/8 3, 27,5 Outgoing students Incoming students 25, 22,5 Number of students 2, 17,5 15, 12,5 1, 7,5 5, 2,5 BE BG CZ DK DE EE GR ES FR IE IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK IS LI NO TR Outgoing students 5,386 1,14 5,587 1,996 26, ,468 24,984 25,945 1,817 18, ,187 2, , ,986 4,68 12,854 4,753 3,379 1,192 1,697 3,952 2,541 1, ,154 7,119 Incoming students 6, ,719 5,29 2, ,299 31,129 23,172 4,522 16, , , ,712 4,419 4,446 5,583 1, ,374 8,162 19, ,847 1,982 The following 18 countries sent out higher numbers of students than they receive: Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Germany, Estonia, Greece, France, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Hungary, Austria, Poland, Romania, Slovenia, Slovak Republic, Liechtenstein and Turkey. In Latvia, Romania and Turkey the imbalance is more than 1 to 3. Of the Member States which joined the EU in 24 and 27, Cyprus and Malta are the only countries that received more students than they sent out. 19
20 Chart 1 provides information on the potential of countries to receive students, in other words on their absorption capacity. For each country, the chart presents: a) the country s student population as a percentage of the EUR31 total student population; b) the country s incoming Erasmus students as a percentage of the EUR31 Erasmus students. Chart 1: Share of incoming Erasmus students 27/8 and share of EUR31 student population 27, by country Share of incoming Erasmus students 27/8 and share of EUR31 student population 27, by country % of student population % of incoming Erasmus students (SMS + SMP) 12 % BE BG CZ DK DE EE GR ES FR IE IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK IS LI NO TR 1,8 1,2 1,7 1,1 1,6,3 2,8 8,2 1,1,9 9,4,1,6,9 2,, 2,7 1,2 1, 1,7 4,3,5 1, 1,4 1,9 11,,1, 1, 11,4 % of student population % of incoming Erasmus 3,4,2 2, 2,9 11,4,3 1,3 17, 12,7 2,5 8,9,2,2,6 1,2,3 4,2 2,4 2,4 3,1,6,5,4 3,5 4,5 1,5,2 1,6 1,1 students (SMS + SMP),1 The chart shows the big potential in several countries to receive more incoming students. Note, for example, the low percentage of incoming students in Turkey and Poland compared to their percentage of the student population. Bulgaria, Romania and Greece are in a similar situation. If current growth rates of incoming student continue for some year in the new member stars or candidate countries, this gap will substantially narrow down. On the other hand, about half of the participating countries have a higher percentage of incoming students than their percentage of the student population. The biggest contrasts are in Belgium, Denmark, Spain, Ireland, Austria, Finland and Sweden. 2
21 1..4 Duration The European average duration of Erasmus student mobility has changed little since 1994/95. A student spent on average 6.2 months on Erasmus mobility. Chart 11: Average duration per student 1994/95 27/8 Average duration per student 1994/95-27/ Months / / / / / /2 2/1 21/2 22/3 23/4 24/5 25/6 26/7 27/8 Months The average duration ranges from 3.9 months for students coming from Malta to 7.6 months for students coming from Spain (see table 4 in the annex). Chart 12: Average duration (SMS and SMP) in months per home country 27/8 Average duration (SMS and SMP) in months per home country 27/ BE BG CZ DK DE EE GR ES FR IE IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK IS LI NO TR Students stay on average longest in Italy (6.8 months) and the shortest in Cyprus (4.6 months). 21
22 Chart 13: Average duration (SMS and SMP) in months per host country 27/8 Average duration (SMS and SMP) in months per host country 27/ BE BG CZ DK DE EE GR ES FR IE IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK IS LI NO TR 22
23 1..5 Students with special needs During the academic year 27/8 165 students with special needs/severe disabilities participated in Erasmus, compared to 141 students in 26/7. This represents.9 % of all Erasmus students and an increase of 17 % from the previous academic year. The average duration abroad was 6.5 months. Italy has the highest number of students with special needs participating in the programme (32 students 19 %), followed by Germany (3 students 18 %) and Poland (21 students 13 %). Spain receives the highest number of student with special needs (34 students 21 %) followed by Germany (3 students 18 %) and France (17 students 1 %) Recognition of student mobility (ECTS) One of the fundamental principles of the Erasmus programme includes full recognition for students of satisfactorily completed courses specified in the compulsory Learning and Training Agreement. The statistical reports from the National Agencies only include information about the intended ECTS credits for each individual student participating in the programme. It should be pointed out that the data is not very reliable as many HEI do not report the intended ECTS credits systematically. The data are therefore only an indication of the credits the students will receive when returning to their home institution after a study or placement period abroad. According to the reports of the National Agencies, the weighted average of anticipated ECTS per student is 28.5 for a study period abroad and 1 for a placement period abroad. Taking into account the different duration of studies and placements the average anticipated ECTS per month is 4.4 ECTS for studies and 2.3 ECTS per month for placements. 23
24 2 Erasmus Staff Mobility Since the academic year 27/8, with the introduction of the Lifelong Learning Programme, the traditional Erasmus teacher mobility for teaching assignments abroad has been complemented by Erasmus staff mobility for staff training. Section 2.1 focuses on staff mobility for teaching assignments and section 2.2 on staff mobility for staff training (see table 5 in the annex) Erasmus Staff Mobility for teaching assignments Teacher mobility (teaching assignments) since 1997 Erasmus enables staff from higher education institutions and enterprises to spend a teaching period of one day (or at least 5 teaching hours) up to 6 weeks at a higher education institution in another participating country. The number of teachers that benefited from mobility through Erasmus has been steadily increasing during the last 11 years, from 7,797 in 1997/98 to 27,157 in 27/8 (chart 32). The growth rate in 27/8 was 5.2 %, which is lower than the previous academic year (see table 6 in the annex). More than 19, teachers have participated in the Erasmus programme since the start of the action in 1997 until 27/8. Chart 14: Erasmus teacher mobility 1997/98-27/8 Erasmus teacher mobility 1997/98-27/8 3, 25, Total EUR31 2, Number of teachers 15, 1, 5, 1997/ / / 2/1 21/2 22/3 23/4 24/5 25/6 26/7 27/8 Total EUR31 7,797 1,628 12,465 14,356 15,872 16,932 18,496 2,877 23,449 25,89 27, Outgoing staff mobility for teaching assignments Germany (2, %), Spain (2, %) and Poland (2, %) sent the highest number of teachers (see table 7 in the annex). 24
25 Chart 14: Outgoing Erasmus teachers from EUR31: 2/1-27/8 Outgoing Erasmus teachers from EUR31, 2/1-27/8 Number of teaching staff 2,75 2,5 2,25 2, 1,75 1,5 1,25 1, 75 2/1 21/2 22/3 23/4 24/5 25/6 26/7 27/ BE BG CZ DK DE EE GR ES FR IE IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK IS LI NO TK 2/ , ,348 1, , / , ,488 1, , / , ,657 1, , / , ,949 2, , , / , , ,115 2, , , , /6 1, 414 1, , ,351 2, , , , , / , , ,537 2, , , , , , ,378 27/ , , ,653 2, , , , , ,521 25
26 Seven countries experienced declining or stagnating numbers in teacher mobility in 27/8 compared to the previous year. The following seven countries had declining numbers: Belgium (-1.74 %), Germany (-1.43 %), Greece ( %), Malta ( %), Austria ( %), Romania (-8.2 %) and Sweden (-4.2 %). Chart 33 shows clearly that in a majority of the participating countries the numbers have been growing in recent years. Of the EUR31 the highest relative increase was in Liechtenstein (33.3 %), Bulgaria (22.2 %) followed by Poland (21.3 %). The numbers of internationally mobile teachers from Ireland, the Netherlands, the UK and Norway are increasing again in 27/8. 61 % of Erasmus teachers are male and the average age is about 47 years, ranging from 21 year to 9 years. Female Erasmus teachers are on average younger. 41% are senior teachers (with over 2 years of experience), 39% intermediate (with over 1 years of experience) and 2% junior teachers (with less than 1 years of experience) 9. Chart 15: Age distribution of Erasmus teachers Age distribution of Erasmus teachers 1 8 Number of teachers Teachers Age The relationship between staff mobility for teaching assignments (STA) and student mobility for studies (SMS) does not appear to be simple. Chart 35 compares the percentage increase/decrease in the outgoing student mobility for studies and staff mobility for teaching assignments in 27/8. The majority of the countries have an increase both in SMS and STA (some have considerably higher growth rates in STA, others in SMS). In Belgium, France, Sweden and Liechtenstein there has been a decrease in both student and teacher mobility. In a number of countries STA and SMS are growing in opposite directions (Denmark, Greece, Ireland, Malta, Romania, Finland and Norway). The chart shows high increase in both student and teacher mobility in Luxembourg (135.9%), Turkey (68.1 %) and Iceland (6.1 %). 9 The seniority definition is just included for clarification as the age brackets were only introduced in 28/9. 26
27 Chart 16: Student mobility for studies (SMS) and staff mobility for teaching assignments (STA): increase/decrease 27/8, EUR % Student mobility for studies (SMS) and staff mobility for teaching assignements (STA): increase/decrease 27/8, EUR31 STA SMS BE BG CZ DK DE EE GR ES FR IE IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK IS LI NO TR STA -9,2 1,9 2,5-2,4,6 2,1 11,4 8,2-1,1 4,4 4,4 12,5 26,6 14, 2, 4, 44,6 1,6,4 13,5 12, 5,8-1,1 16,9,8-2,4 3,2 49, -16,7 14,3 26,7 SMS -6,6 14,9 5, 5,5-1,4 4, -6,4 3,5-1,8 -,7 2,1 14,7 2, 14,9 115,9 8,7-14,4 4,4 2,5 5,9 1,1-11,9 4,7 7,9-13,5-7,3 4, 11,1-31,8-12,3 41,4 About 2 % of academic staff population in EUR31 went on a teaching assignment with Erasmus in 27/8. It should however be pointed out that the same teachers can go abroad more than once and in 27/8 about 64% of the mobile teachers had carried out a teaching assignment before. Proportionally the mobility flows of teachers is higher than for students within Erasmus (the average proportion of student mobility in EUR31 is.85 %, see chart 6). Of the EUR31 countries, Czech Republic (11.2 %), Finland (8.3 %) and Liechtenstein (6.2 %) have the highest ratio of outgoing Erasmus teachers. Ten countries, including Turkey, Germany, Greece, Spain, Italy, Ireland, the Netherlands, Sweden, Norway and the UK, have relatively low numbers of outgoing teachers (chart 36). 27
28 Chart 17: Erasmus teaching staff as a proportion of academic staff population: EUR31 1 Erasmus teaching staff mobility flows as proportion of academic staff population: EUR % in 27/8 12. Average in 27/ BE BG CZ DK DE EE GR ES FR IE IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK IS LI NO TR % in 27/8 Average in 27/ Incoming staff mobility for teaching assignments Chart 37 shows that, as for teacher mobility, Germany (2, %), Italy (2, %) and Spain (2, %) are the three most popular destinations during the academic year 27/8. The increase in teacher mobility seems to have spread rather evenly among the countries. Incoming mobility has increased by about 9 % since 2/1. The annual increase among EUR31 countries is highest in Iceland (49 %) and Malta (44.6 %). Six of the EUR31 countries had a decrease in terms of more incoming teachers. Liechtenstein (-16.7 %) and Belgium (-9.2 %) had the biggest decrease. 1 The academic staff population data is from 27 (Source: Eurostat). 28
29 Chart 18: Incoming teachers EUR31: 2/1 27/8 Incoming teachers EUR31, 2/1-27/ /1 21/2 22/3 23/4 24/5 25/6 26/7 27/8 2. Number of teachers BE BG CZ DK DE EE GR ES FR IE IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK IS LI NO TR 2/ / / / / / / /
30 The following 2 countries received more teachers than they sent: Denmark, Germany, Estonia, Greece, France, Ireland, Italy, Cyprus, Hungary, Malta, the Netherlands, Austria, Portugal, Slovenia, Slovak Republic, Finland, Sweden, the UK, Iceland and Norway. The greatest imbalance in the ratio of incoming and outgoing teachers is 1 to 2 in Turkey. In the remaining countries the number of outgoing teachers is higher than the number of incoming teachers. This is the case for Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Spain, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Liechtenstein and Turkey (chart 38). The best balance of incoming and outgoing teachers was in Latvia, Estonia and France. Chart 19: Outgoing and incoming staff mobility for teaching assignments (STA), EUR31, 27/8 Outgoing and incoming staff mobility for teaching assignments (STA), EUR31, 27/ Outgoing teachers 27/8 Incoming teachers 27/8 2. Number of teachers BE BG CZ DK DE EE GR ES FR IE IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK IS LI NO TK Outgoing teachers 27/8 Incoming teachers 27/
31 2.1.4 Subject areas The subject areas that have the most Erasmus teachers are Humanities and Arts (26%), Social Sciences, Business and Law (25%), Engineering, Manufacturing and Construction (15%). Education, Agriculture and Veterinary and Health and Welfare are less common subject areas. Similar trends can be noted when looking at the total duration of teaching assignments where Humanities and Arts takes the first place, Social Sciences, Business and Law the second place and Engineering, Manufacturing and Construction the third place. Chart 2: Share of staff mobility for teaching assignments per subject area 27/28 Share of staff mobility for teaching assignments per subject area 27/28 Services; 2,2% Not known or unspecified;,47% Health and Welfare; 8,2% Education; 7,75% Agriculture and Veterinary; 3,39% Engineering, Manufacturing and Construction; 15,14% Humanities and Arts; 26,26% Science, Mathematics and Computing; 12,39% Social sciences, Business and Law; 24,37% Chart 4 consists of more or less straight lines, revealing, as in student mobility, the stability in the distribution of subject areas over time. There were no major changes between the academic year 26/7 and 27/8. 31
32 Chart 21: Erasmus teachers subject areas: 2/1 27/8 11 Erasmus teachers subject areas: 2/1-27/8 % Art, humanities and languages Business and social sciences Engineering and architecture Other subjects Education and teacher training Medical sciences Natural sciences Maths and computing Law 2/1 21/2 22/3 23/4 24/5 25/6 26/7 27/8 Art, humanities and languages Business and social sciences Engineering and architecture Other subjects Education and teacher training Medical sciences Natural sciences Maths and computing Law If compared with student mobility for studies, Erasmus staff mobility for teaching assignments are relatively more represented in all subject areas but Social Sciences, Business and Law (chart 41). Chart 22: Student and teacher mobility subject areas 27/8 Student and teacher mobility subject areas 27/ Student mobility Teacher mobility 3 % Social Sciences, Business and Law Art, Humanities and Languages Engineering and Architecture Science, Mathematics and Computing Health and Welfare Education and Teacher training Student mobility Teacher mobility Agriculture and Veterinary 11 In chart 38, other subjects comprises general programmes, agricultural science, personal services and unspecified areas of study. 32
33 2.1.5 Duration of teaching assignments Chart 23 shows that the European average duration of an Erasmus teaching assignment has decreased from 6.9 days in 2/1 to 5.5 days in 27/8. Chart 23: Average duration of teaching assignments (STA), 2/1 27/8 Average duration of teaching assignments (STA), 2/1-27/8 8 7 Nr. of days 6 Number of days /1 21/2 22/3 23/4 24/5 25/6 26/7 27/8 Nr. of days 6,9 7,2 6,7 6,4 6,2 6,4 6,3 5,5 The duration varies between countries, ranging from almost 1 days for teachers travelling from Iceland to about 1 day for Dutch and French teachers (see chart 24 and table 8 in the annex). Chart 24: Average duration of teaching assignments (STA), 27/8 by home country 12 Average duration of teaching assignments, in days per home country 27/ BE BG CZ DK DE EE GR ES FR IE IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK IS LI NO TR The teachers stay on average longest in Malta (over 6 days) and shortest in Romania (4.3 days). The total number of teaching days is highest in Germany (17,38 days), France (15,12 days) and Italy (14,487 days). 33
34 2.1.6 Teachers with special needs During the academic year 27/8 four disabled teachers participated in the Erasmus programme, from Lithuania, Germany and Italy. The average duration of stay was 6.5 days. 34
35 2.2 Erasmus Staff Mobility for staff training Staff mobility for staff training since 27 The academic year 27/8 was the first year of the Erasmus action staff mobility for staff training which allows both teachers, other higher education staff and staff from enterprises (only in 27/8) to spend a period of training between 1 week (5 working days) and 6 weeks in an enterprise or organisation such as a higher education institution in another participating country. With the introduction of this action, Erasmus now addresses all staff in higher education Outgoing staff mobility for staff training The new possibility of staff mobility for training abroad was taken up by 4,883 participants in 27/8. Both academic staff and non-academic staff from central administration and support services, such as international officers, participated in it. In 27/8 staff members from enterprises could also go to higher education institutions abroad for training. The majority of the outgoing staff came from Poland ( %), Latvia ( %) and Finland ( %) (see chart 25). Approximately 66 % of Erasmus staff training mobility participants are female and the average age is about 4 years, ranging from 2 year to 72 years. About.3 % of academic staff population in EUR31 went on staff training with Erasmus in 27/ Incoming staff mobility for staff training Chart 26 shows that the United Kingdom ( %), Germany ( %), and Spain ( %) are the three most popular destinations for staff training during the academic year 27/8. 35