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1 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC Second edition Information technology Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information Part 7: Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) Technologies de l'information Codage générique des images animées et du son associé Partie 7: Codage du son avancé (AAC) Reference number ISO/IEC 2003
2 Provläsningsexemplar / Preview PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat accepts no liability in this area. Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated. Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. ISO/IEC 2003 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISO's member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel Fax Web Published in Switzerland ii ISO/IEC 2003 All rights reserved
3 Contents Page Foreword... vi Introduction... vii 1 Scope MPEG-2 AAC Tools Overview Normative references Terms and definitions Symbols and abbreviations Arithmetic operators Logical operators Relational operators Bitwise operators Assignment Mnemonics Constants Method of describing bitstream syntax Syntax Audio Data Interchange Format, ADIF Audio Data Transport Stream, ADTS Fixed Header of ADTS Variable Header of ADTS Error Detection Raw Data Profiles Profiles Main Low complexity Scalable sampling rate Naming convention for MPEG-2 AAC decoders and bitstreams Minimum decoder capability for specified number of main audio channels and profile Profile dependent tool parameters Profile interoperability Interoperability of bitstreams and decoders General information Audio Data Interchange Format (ADIF) and Audio Data Transport Stream (ADTS) Definitions Overview Audio Data Interchange Format ADIF Audio Data Transport Stream ADTS Decoding of raw data Definitions Buffer requirements Decoding process Decoding of a single_channel_element() (SCE), a channel_pair_element() (CPE) or an individual_channel_stream() (ICS) Definitions Decoding process Windows and window sequences Scalefactor bands and grouping Order of spectral coefficients in spectral_data() Output word length Matrix-mixdown method ISO/IEC 2003 All rights reserved iii
4 Provläsningsexemplar / Preview 8.4 Low Frequency Enhancement Channel (LFE) General Program Config Element (PCE) Implicit and defined channel configurations Data Stream Element (DSE) Data elements Decoding process Fill element (FIL) Fill element including Dynamic Range Control (DRC) Decoding process DRC decoding process Persistence of DRC information Tables Figures Noiseless coding Tool description Definitions Data elements Help elements Decoding process Tables Quantization Tool description Definitions Help elements Decoding process Scalefactors Tool description Definitions Data functions Data elements Help elements Decoding process Scalefactor bands Decoding of scalefactors Applying scalefactors Joint coding M/S stereo Tool description Definitions Decoding process Intensity stereo Tool description Definitions Decoding process Integration with intra channel prediction tool Coupling channel Tool description Definitions Decoding process Tables Prediction Tool description Definitions Data elements Decoding process Predictor side information...87 iv ISO/IEC 2003 All rights reserved
5 Predictor processing Predictor reset Diagrams Temporal Noise Shaping (TNS) Tool description Definitions Data elements Decoding process Filterbank and block switching Tool description Definitions Data elements Decoding process IMDCT Windowing and block switching Overlapping and adding with previous window sequence Gain control Tool description Definitions Data elements Help elements Decoding process Gain control data decoding Gain control function setting Gain control windowing and overlapping Synthesis filter Diagrams Tables Annex A (normative) Huffman Codebook Tables Annex B (informative) Information on unused codebooks Annex C (informative) Encoder C.1 Psychoacoustic model C.2 Gain control C.3 Filterbank and block switching C.4 Prediction C.5 Temporal Noise Shaping (TNS) C.6 Joint coding C.7 Quantization C.8 Noiseless coding Annex D (informative) Patent holders D.1 List of patent holders Annex E (informative) Registration procedure E.1 Procedure for the request of a Registered Identifier (RID) E.2 Responsibilities of the Registration Authority E.3 Contact information of the Registration Authority E.4 Responsibilities of parties requesting an RID E.5 Appeal procedure for denied applications Annex F (informative) Registration application form Annex G (informative) Registration Authority Bibliography ISO/IEC 2003 All rights reserved v
6 Provläsningsexemplar / Preview Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work. In the field of information technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC 1. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of the joint technical committee is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the joint technical committee are circulated to national bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the national bodies casting a vote. ISO/IEC was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology, Subcommittee SC 29, Coding of audio, picture, multimedia and hypermedia information. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO/IEC :1997), which has been technically revised. ISO/IEC consists of the following parts, under the general title Information technology Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information: Part 1: Systems Part 2: Video Part 3: Audio Part 4: Conformance testing Part 5: Software simulation Part 6: Extensions for DSM-CC Part 7: Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) Part 9: Extension for real time interface for systems decoders Part 10: Conformance extensions for Digital Storage Media Command and Control (DSM-CC) Part 11: IPMP on MPEG-2 systems vi ISO/IEC 2003 All rights reserved
7 Introduction The standardization body ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 11, also known as the Moving Pictures Experts Group (MPEG), was established in 1988 to specify digital video and audio coding schemes at low data rates. MPEG completed its first phase of audio specifications (MPEG-1) in November 1992, ISO/IEC In its second phase of development, the MPEG Audio subgroup defined a multichannel extension to MPEG-1 audio that is backwards compatible with existing MPEG-1 systems (MPEG-2 BC) and defined an audio coding standard at lower sampling frequencies than MPEG-1, ISO/IEC ISO/IEC 2003 All rights reserved vii
9 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD Information technology Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information Part 7: Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) 1 Scope This International Standard describes the MPEG-2 audio non-backwards compatible standard called MPEG-2 Advanced Audio Coding, AAC [1], a higher quality multichannel standard than achievable while requiring MPEG-1 backwards compatibility. This MPEG-2 AAC audio standard allows for ITU-R indistinguishable quality according to [2] at data rates of 320 kbit/s for five full-bandwidth channel audio signals. The AAC decoding process makes use of a number of required tools and a number of optional tools. Table 1 lists the tools and their status as required or optional. Required tools are mandatory in any possible profile. Optional tools may not be required in some profiles. Table 1 AAC decoder tools Tool Name Bitstream Formatter Noiseless Decoding Inverse quantization Rescaling M/S Prediction Intensity Dependently switched coupling TNS Filterbank / block switching Gain control Independently switched coupling Required / Optional Required Required Required Required Optional Optional Optional Optional Optional Required Optional Optional 1.1 MPEG-2 AAC Tools Overview The basic structure of the MPEG-2 AAC system is shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2. As is shown in Table 1, there are both required and optional tools in the decoder. The data flow in this diagram is from left to right, top to bottom. The functions of the decoder are to find the description of the quantized audio spectra in the bitstream, decode the quantized values and other reconstruction information, reconstruct the quantized spectra, process the reconstructed spectra through whatever tools are active in the bitstream in order to arrive at the actual signal spectra as described by the input bitstream, and finally convert the frequency domain spectra to the time domain, with or without an optional gain control tool. Following the initial reconstruction and scaling of the spectrum reconstruction, there are many optional tools that modify one or more of the spectra in order to provide more efficient coding. For each of the optional tools that operate in the spectral domain, the option to pass through is retained, and in all cases where a spectral operation is omitted, the spectra at its input are passed directly through the tool without modification. The input to the bitstream demultiplexer tool is the MPEG-2 AAC bitstream. The demultiplexer separates the parts of the MPEG-AAC data stream into the parts for each tool, and provides each of the tools with the bitstream information related to that tool. ISO/IEC 2003 All rights reserved 1
10 Provläsningsexemplar / Preview The outputs from the bitstream demultiplexer tool are: The sectioning information for the noiselessly coded spectra The noiselessly coded spectra The M/S decision information (optional) The predictor state information (optional) The intensity stereo control information and coupling channel control information (both optional) The temporal noise shaping (TNS) information (optional) The filterbank control information The gain control information (optional) The noiseless decoding tool takes information from the bitstream demultiplexer, parses that information, decodes the Huffman coded data, and reconstructs the quantized spectra and the Huffman and DPCM coded scalefactors. The inputs to the noiseless decoding tool are: The sectioning information for the noiselessly coded spectra The noiselessly coded spectra The outputs of the Noiseless Decoding tool are: The decoded integer representation of the scalefactors: The quantized values for the spectra The inverse quantizer tool takes the quantized values for the spectra, and converts the integer values to the non-scaled, reconstructed spectra. This quantizer is a non-uniform quantizer. The input to the Inverse Quantizer tool is: The quantized values for the spectra The output of the inverse quantizer tool is: The un-scaled, inversely quantized spectra The rescaling tool converts the integer representation of the scalefactors to the actual values, and multiplies the un-scaled inversely quantized spectra by the relevant scalefactors. The inputs to the rescaling tool are: The decoded integer representation of the scalefactors The un-scaled, inversely quantized spectra The output from the scalefactors tool is: The scaled, inversely quantized spectra 2 ISO/IEC 2003 All rights reserved
11 The M/S tool converts spectra pairs from Mid/Side to Left/Right under control of the M/S decision information in order to improve coding efficiency. The inputs to the M/S tool are: The M/S decision information The scaled, inversely quantized spectra related to pairs of channels The output from the M/S tool is: The scaled, inversely quantized spectra related to pairs of channels, after M/S decoding NOTE The scaled, inversely quantized spectra of individually coded channels are not processed by the M/S block, rather they are passed directly through the block without modification. If the M/S block is not active, all spectra are passed through this block unmodified. The prediction tool reverses the prediction process carried out at the encoder. This prediction process re-inserts the redundancy that was extracted by the prediction tool at the encoder, under the control of the predictor state information. This tool is implemented as a second order backward adaptive predictor. The inputs to the prediction tool are: The predictor state information The scaled, inversely quantized spectra The output from the prediction tool is: The scaled, inversely quantized spectra, after prediction is applied. NOTE If the prediction is disabled, the scaled, inversely quantized spectra are passed directly through the block without modification. The intensity stereo tool implements intensity stereo decoding on pairs of spectra. The inputs to the intensity stereo tool are: The inversely quantized spectra The intensity stereo control information The output from the intensity stereo tool is: The inversely quantized spectra after intensity channel decoding. NOTE The scaled, inversely quantized spectra of individually coded channels are passed directly through this tool without modification, if intensity stereo is not indicated. The intensity stereo tool and M/S tool are arranged so that the operation of M/S and intensity stereo are mutually exclusive on any given scalefactor band and group of one pair of spectra. The coupling tool for dependently switched coupling channels adds the relevant data from dependently switched coupling channels to the spectra, as directed by the coupling control information. The inputs to the coupling tool are: The inversely quantized spectra The coupling control information ISO/IEC 2003 All rights reserved 3
12 Provläsningsexemplar / Preview The output from the coupling tool is: The inversely quantized spectra coupled with the dependently switched coupling channels. NOTE The scaled, inversely quantized spectra are passed directly through this tool without modification, if coupling is not indicated. Depending on the coupling control information, dependently switched coupling channels might either be coupled before or after the TNS processing. The coupling tool for independently switched coupling channels adds the relevant data from independently switched coupling channels to the time signal, as directed by the coupling control information. The inputs to the coupling tool are: The time signal as output by the filterbank The coupling control information The output from the coupling tool is: The time signal coupled with the independently switched coupling channels. NOTE The time signal is passed directly through this tool without modification, if coupling is not indicated. The temporal noise shaping (TNS) tool implements a control of the fine time structure of the coding noise. In the encoder, the TNS process has flattened the temporal envelope of the signal to which it has been applied. In the decoder, the inverse process is used to restore the actual temporal envelope(s), under control of the TNS information. This is done by applying a filtering process to parts of the spectral data. The inputs to the TNS tool are: The inversely quantized spectra The TNS information The output from the TNS block is: The inversely quantized spectra NOTE If this block is disabled, the inversely quantized spectra are passed through without modification. The filterbank / block switching tool applies the inverse of the frequency mapping that was carried out in the encoder. An inverse modified discrete cosine transform (IMDCT) is used for the filterbank tool. The IMDCT can be configured to support either one set of 128 or 1024, or four sets of 32 or 256 spectral coefficients. The inputs to the filterbank tool are: The inversely quantized spectra The filterbank control information The output(s) from the filterbank tool is (are): The time domain reconstructed audio signal(s). 4 ISO/IEC 2003 All rights reserved
13 When present, the gain control tool applies a separate time domain gain control to each of 4 frequency bands that have been created by the gain control PQF filterbank in the encoder. Then, it assembles the 4 frequency bands and reconstructs the time waveform through the gain control tool s filterbank. The inputs to the gain control tool are: The time domain reconstructed audio signal(s) The gain control information The output(s) from the gain control tool is (are): The time domain reconstructed audio signal(s) If the gain control tool is not active, the time domain reconstructed audio signal(s) are passed directly from the filterbank tool to the output of the decoder. This tool is used for the scalable sampling rate (SSR) profile only. ISO/IEC 2003 All rights reserved 5
14 Provläsningsexemplar / Preview input time signal Legend: data control psychoacoustic model AAC gain control window length decision block switching filterbank threshold calculation TNS spectral processing intensity prediction bitstream formatter coded audio stream M/S scaling quantization and noiseless coding quantization Huffman coding Figure 1 MPEG-2 AAC Encoder Block Diagram 6 ISO/IEC 2003 All rights reserved
15 Legend: data control Huffman decoding inverse quantization noiseless decoding and inverse quantization rescaling M/S bitstream deformatter prediction coded audio stream intensity dependently switched coupling spectral processing TNS dependently switched coupling block switching filterbank AAC gain control independently switched coupling output time signal Figure 2 MPEG-2 AAC Decoder Block Diagram ISO/IEC 2003 All rights reserved 7
16 Provläsningsexemplar / Preview 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO/IEC :1993, Information technology Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media at up to about 1,5 Mbit/s Part 3: Audio ISO/IEC :2000, Information technology Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information: Systems ISO/IEC :1998, Information technology Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information Part 3: Audio ISO/IEC :2001, Information technology Coding of audio-visual objects Part 3: Audio 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 access unit in the case of compressed audio an access unit is an audio access unit 3.2 alias mirrored signal component resulting from sampling 3.3 analysis filterbank filterbank in the encoder that transforms a broadband PCM audio signal into a set of spectral coefficients 3.4 ancillary data part of the bitstream that might be used for transmission of ancillary data 3.5 audio access unit for AAC, an audio access unit is defined as the smallest part of the encoded bitstream which can be decoded by itself, where decoded means "fully reconstructed sound". Typically this is a segment of the encoded bitstream starting after the end of the byte containing the last bit of one ID_END id_syn_ele() through the end of the byte containing the last bit of the next ID_END id_syn_ele 3.6 audio buffer a buffer in the system target decoder (see ISO/IEC ) for storage of compressed audio data 3.7 Bark the Bark is the standard unit corresponding to one critical band width of human hearing 3.8 backward compatibility a newer coding standard is backward compatible with an older coding standard if decoders designed to operate with the older coding standard are able to continue to operate by decoding all or part of a bitstream produced according to the newer coding standard 3.9 bitrate the rate at which the compressed bitstream is delivered to the input of a decoder 8 ISO/IEC 2003 All rights reserved
17 3.10 bitstream; stream an ordered series of bits that forms the coded representation of the data 3.11 bitstream verifier a process by which it is possible to test and verify that all the requirements specified in this part of ISO/IEC are met by the bitstream 3.12 block companding normalising of the digital representation of an audio signal within a certain time period 3.13 byte aligned a bit in a coded bitstream is byte-aligned if its position is a multiple of 8-bits from either the first bit in the stream for the Audio Data Interchange Format (see subclause 6.1) or the first bit in the syncword for the Audio Data Transport Stream Format (see subclause 6.2) 3.14 byte sequence of 8-bits 3.15 centre channel an audio presentation channel used to stabilise the central component of the frontal stereo image 3.16 channel a sequence of data representing an audio signal intended to be reproduced at one listening position 3.17 coded audio bitstream a coded representation of an audio signal 3.18 coded representation a data element as represented in its encoded form 3.19 compression reduction in the number of bits used to represent an item of data 3.20 constant bitrate operation where the bitrate is constant from start to finish of the coded bitstream 3.21 CRC the Cyclic Redundancy Check to verify the correctness of data 3.22 critical band this unit of bandwidth represents the standard unit of bandwidth expressed in human auditory terms, corresponding to a fixed length on the human cochlea. It is approximately equal to 100 Hz at low frequencies and 1/3 octave at higher frequencies, above approximately 700 Hz ISO/IEC 2003 All rights reserved 9
18 Provläsningsexemplar / Preview 3.23 data element an item of data as represented before encoding and after decoding 3.24 decoded stream the decoded reconstruction of a compressed bitstream 3.25 decoder an embodiment of a decoding process 3.26 decoding (process) the process defined in this part of ISO/IEC that reads an input coded bitstream and outputs decoded audio samples 3.27 digital storage media; DSM a digital storage or transmission device or system 3.28 discrete cosine transform; DCT either the forward discrete cosine transform or the inverse discrete cosine transform. The DCT is an invertible, discrete orthogonal transformation 3.29 downmix a matrixing of n channels to obtain less than n channels 3.30 editing the process by which one or more coded bitstreams are manipulated to produce a new coded bitstream. Conforming edited bitstreams must meet the requirements defined in this part of ISO/IEC encoder an embodiment of an encoding process 3.32 encoding (process) a process, not specified in ISO/IEC 13818, that reads a stream of input audio samples and produces a valid coded bitstream as defined in this part of ISO/IEC entropy coding variable length lossless coding of the digital representation of a signal to reduce statistical redundancy 3.34 FFT Fast Fourier Transformation. A fast algorithm for performing a discrete Fourier transform (an orthogonal transform) 3.35 filterbank a set of band-pass filters covering the entire audio frequency range 10 ISO/IEC 2003 All rights reserved
19 3.36 flag a variable which can take one of only the two values defined in this specification 3.37 forward compatibility a newer coding standard is forward compatible with an older coding standard if decoders designed to operate with the newer coding standard are able to decode bitstreams of the older coding standard 3.38 frame a part of the audio signal that corresponds to audio PCM samples from an audio access unit 3.39 Fs sampling frequency 3.40 Hann window a time function applied sample-by-sample to a block of audio samples before Fourier transformation 3.41 Huffman coding a specific method for entropy coding 3.42 hybrid filterbank a serial combination of subband filterbank and MDCT 3.43 IDCT Inverse Discrete Cosine Transform 3.44 IMDCT Inverse Modified Discrete Cosine Transform 3.45 intensity stereo a method of exploiting stereo irrelevance or redundancy in stereophonic audio programmes based on retaining at high frequencies only the energy envelope of the right and left channels 3.46 joint stereo coding any method that exploits stereophonic irrelevance or stereophonic redundancy 3.47 joint stereo mode a mode of the audio coding algorithm using joint stereo coding 3.48 low frequency enhancement (LFE) channel a limited bandwidth channel for low frequency audio effects in a multichannel system 3.49 main audio channels all channels represented by either single_channel_element()'s channel_pair_elements (see subclause 8.2.1) (see subclause 8.2.1) or ISO/IEC 2003 All rights reserved 11
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