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4.02.General Requirements for Concrete Piles
Material's Engr Reviewer
Compiled Materials Engineer Exam
QCS 2007 0402
Section 4 Part 02
TABLE OF CONTENTS 2. 2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.2.5 2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4 2.3.5 2.4 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.4.4 2.4.5 2.4.6 2.4.7 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR CONCRETE PILES ............................................ 2 General ........................................................................................................................ 2 Scope ...................................................................................................................... 2 References .............................................................................................................. 2 MATERIALS ................................................................................................................ 2 Cement .................................................................................................................... 2 Aggregate ................................................................................................................ 3 Water ....................................................................................................................... 3 Admixtures ............................................................................................................... 3 Steel Reinforcement and Prestressing Steel ........................................................... 3 CONCRETE MIXES FOR PILING WORK ................................................................... 3 General .................................................................................................................... 3 Grade Designation ................................................................................................... 3 Designed Mix ........................................................................................................... 3 Durability .................................................................................................................. 4 Minimum Cement .................................................................................................... 4 PLACING CONCRETE ................................................................................................ 4 General .................................................................................................................... 4 Inspection ................................................................................................................ 4 Cleanliness of Pile Bases ........................................................................................ 5 Workability of Concrete ........................................................................................... 5 Compaction ............................................................................................................. 5 Placing Concrete in Dry Borings .............................................................................. 6 Placing Concrete under Water or Drilling Fluid........................................................ 6
2. 2.1 2.1.1 1 2
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR CONCRETE PILES General Scope This part applies to cast in situ as well as precast concrete piles. Related Sections and Parts are as follows: This Section Part 1, General Requirements for Piling Works Part 3, Precast Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Piles Part 4, Bored Cast-in-Place Piles Part 5, Bored Piles Constructed Using Continuous Flight Augers and Concrete or Grout Injection through Hollow Auger Stems Part 6, Driven Cast-In-Place Piles Section 5, Concrete.
References The following Standards are referred to in this Part: ASTM C494: Standard specifications for chemical admixtures for placing in concrete C1017-92: Standard specifications for Chemical admixtures for Use in Producing Flowing Concrete
ASTM C94: Standard Specification for Ready-Mixed Concrete ASTM C685: Standard Specification for Concrete Made by Volumetric Batching and Continuous Mixing ASTM C 595: (2003) Standard Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements AASHTO: 2.2 2.2.1 1 LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications
MATERIALS Cement Cement shall be ordinary Portland, sulphate-resisting Portland, Portland blast-furnace cement or rapid-hardening Portland cement unless otherwise specified or approved. When submitting his piling method statement and programme to the Engineer, the Contractor shall also submit for approval the type of cement, other than ordinary Portland cement, he proposes to use. High alumina cement shall not be used. For cement requirements see Section 5, Part 3. The use of cement replacement materials will be permitted subject to the approval of the Engineer and provided that they can be shown to have beneficial effects on concrete impermeability, heat generation during setting and general durability. The mix proportions shall be subject to the approval of the Engineer. For requirement of cementitious additions refer to Section 5 Part 5.
3 2.2.2 1
All cement and cement replacement materials shall be separate containers according to type in waterproof stores or silos. Aggregate
Aggregates shall consist of approved, naturally occurring or crushed gravel. The Contractor shall inform the Engineer of the source of the aggregates before beginning work and provide evidence their properties and gradation. For aggregates requirements refer 5, Part 2. Water
sand and supply of regarding to Section
2.2.3 1
If water for the Works is not available from a public supply, approval shall be obtained regarding the source of water. For quality of water refer to Section 5, Part 4. Admixtures Admixtures complying with ASTM C494: Standard specifications for chemical admixtures for placing in concrete and C1017-92: Standard specifications for Chemical admixtures for Use in Producing Flowing Concrete, may be used, if approved, and shall be used as and when required by the Engineer. For use of admixtures refer to Section 5, Part 5. Steel Reinforcement and Prestressing Steel Steel reinforcement shall be stored in clean and dry conditions. It shall be clean, and free from loose rust and loose mill scale when installed in the Works. For requirements of steel reinforcement refer to Section 5, Part 11. The number of joints in longitudinal steel bars shall be kept to a minimum. Joints in reinforcement shall be such that the full strength of each bar is effective across the joint and shall be made so that there is no detrimental displacement of the reinforcement during the construction of the pile. For requirements of prestressing steel refer to Section 5, Part 18. CONCRETE MIXES FOR PILING WORK General For general requirements of concrete mixes, trial mixes, batching, mixing and transportation of fresh concrete and testing of hardened concrete refer to Section 5. Grade Designation Grades of concrete shall be denoted by the characteristic 28 day compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens in micro pascals, or by grades, in accordance with ASTM C94-94 AND C685-94. Designed Mix The Contractor shall be responsible for selecting the mix proportions to achieve the required strength and workability, but the Engineer will specify the minimum cement content and any other properties required to ensure durability. The concrete shall be Class A and shall confirm to requirements of section 8,
3 2.3 2.3.1 1 2.3.2 1
2.3.3 1
Concrete Structures of AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction specifications unless otherwise specified in the contract documents. Other grades may be approved if appropriate to the work. Complete information on the mix and sources of aggregate for each grade of concrete and the water / cementecious material ratio and the proposed degree of workability shall be approved before work commences. 3 The free alkali content of the concrete mix shall be less than 3 kg per cubic metre of concrete and the alkali content shall be calculated from the formula A = Ca/100, where A is the alkali content of the concrete (kg/m3), C is the maximum expected Portland cement content of the concrete (kg/m3 ) and a is the alkali content of Portland cement (%). The latter percentage is to be the declared monthly mean alkali content + 0.1 %. Sulphate resisting cement shall confirm to ASTM C150 or C 595-86 depending on severity of exposure of piles. The Contractor shall submit the slump factor he proposes for approval before work commences. Durability For piles exposed to potentially aggressive ground or groundwater, approved measures shall be taken to ensure durability. Reference should be made to Building Research Establishment Digest 360 relating to sulphate attack coupled with the CIRIA Special Publication 31, Guide to Concrete Construction in the Gulf Region, to safeguard against chloride attack. Minimum Cement The cement content in any mix for piling work shall be not less than 475 kg/m3 for normal weight concrete. PLACING CONCRETE General The workability and method of placing and vibrating the concrete shall be such that a continuous monolithic concrete shaft of the full cross-section is formed. The concrete shall be placed without such interruption as would produce a cold joint in the pile. The method of placing shall be approved. The Contractor shall take all precautions in the design of the mix and placing of the concrete to avoid arching of the concrete in a temporary casing. No soil, liquid or other foreign matter which would adversely affect the performance of the pile shall be permitted to contaminate the concrete. Inspection Each pile bore which does not contain standing water or drilling fluid shall be inspected directly or indirectly before to concrete is placed in it. This inspection shall be carried out from the ground surface in the case of piles of less than 750 mm diameter. Torches or other approved means of lighting, measuring tapes, and a means of measuring verticality shall be provided. For piles of 750 mm diameter or larger, equipment shall be provided by the Contractor to enable his representatives and the Engineer to descend into the bore for the purpose of inspection.
4 5 2.3.4 1
2.3.5 1 2.4 2.4.1 1 2 3
Cleanliness of Pile Bases Drilled shafts or bores shall confirm to section 5, Drilled Piles and Shafts, of AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications completion of boring and where inspection of a dry pile bore indicates the necessity, loose, disturbed or softened soil shall be removed from the bore. Where pile bores contain water or drilling fluid, a cleaning process shall be employed before concrete is placed, or the concrete shall be placed by tremie method. Large debris or accumulated sediment, or both of them, shall be removed using appropriate approved methods, which shall be designed to clean while at the same time minimizing ground disturbance below the pile bases. Water or drilling fluid shall be maintained at such levels throughout and following the cleaning operation that stability of the bore is preserved. Workability of Concrete Slump measured at the time of discharge into the pile bore shall be in accordance with the standards shown in Table 2.1. The concrete shall be of the workability approved under Clause 2.3.3 when in its final position and shall remain sufficiently workable for all pile construction procedures to be safely completed. Compaction Internal vibrators may be used to compact concrete, with the approval of the Engineer obtained in advance for each specific use. Table 2.1 Standards for Concrete Slump Piling mix workability Slump Minimum ( mm) 75 Range (mm) 75-150 Placed into water-free unlined or permanently lined bore of 600 mm diameter or over, or where concrete is placed below temporary casing, and where reinforcement is widely spaced leaving ample room for free movement of concrete between bars. Where reinforcement is not spaced widely, where concrete is placed within temporary casings, where pile bore is water-free, and the diameter less than 600 mm or Where concrete is to be placed by tremie under water or drilling mud, or by pumping Typical Conditions of use
2.4.4 1 2
2.4.5 1
2.4.6 1
Placing Concrete in Dry Borings Approved measures shall be taken to ensure that the structural strength of the concrete placed in all piles is not impaired through grout loss, segregation or bleeding. Concrete shall be placed by elephant trunk, and the free fall shall not exceed 1.2 m. Placing Concrete under Water or Drilling Fluid Before placing concrete, measures shall be taken in accordance with Clause 2.4.3 to ensure that there is no accumulation of silt or other material at the base of the boring, and the Contractor shall ensure that heavily contaminated bentonite suspension, which could impair the free flow of concrete from the tremie pipe, has not accumulated in the bottom of the hole. Concrete to be placed under water or drilling fluid shall be placed by tremie and shall not be discharged freely into the water or drilling fluid. Pumping of concrete may be approved where appropriate. A sample of the bentonite suspension shall be taken from the base of the boring using an approved sampling device. If the specific gravity of the suspension exceeds 1.20 the placing of concrete shall not proceed. In this event the Contractor shall modify or replace the bentonite as approved to meet the specification. The concrete shall be a rich, coherent mix and highly workable, and cement content shall be in accordance with Clause 2.3.5. The concrete shall be placed in such a manner that segregation does not occur. The hopper and pipe of the tremie shall be clean and watertight throughout. The pipe shall extend to the base of the bore and a sliding plug or barrier shall be placed in the pipe to prevent direct contact between the first charge of concrete in the tremie and the water or drilling fluid. The pipe shall at all times penetrate the concrete which has previously been placed and shall be withdrawn at a rate such that there shall be a minimum concrete cover of 2 m over the end of the tremie pipe, until completion of concreting. A sufficient quantity of concrete shall be maintained within the pipe to ensure that the pressure from it exceeds that from the water or drilling fluid. The internal diameter of the tremie pipe shall be not less than 150 mm, and the maximum sized aggregate shall be 20 mm. It shall be so designed that external projections are minimized, allowing the tremie to pass within reinforcing cages without causing damage. The internal face of the pipe of the tremie shall be free from projections.
2 2.4.7 1
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