Source: https://casebook.icrc.org/print/21079
Timestamp: 2020-05-31 02:56:02
Document Index: 658548484

Matched Legal Cases: ['Application no. 47708', '§ 143', '§ 77', 'Art. 2', 'Art. 2', 'Art. 51', 'Art. 4', 'Art. 4', 'Art. 43', 'Arts 49', 'Arts 50', 'Arts 121', 'Arts 131', 'Art. 87', 'Art. 2', 'Arts 49', 'Arts 50', 'Arts 121', 'Arts 131', 'Art. 87', 'Art. 2', 'ART/470']

Home > ECHR, Jaloud v. The Netherlands
[Source: Jaloud v. the Netherlands, European Court of Human Rights, Grand Chamber, Application no. 47708/08, Judgment, Strasbourg, 20 November 2014; references partially omitted. Available at http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-148367 [1]]
56. As to the occupation of Iraq between 1 May 2003 and 28 June 2004, see generally Al-Skeini and Others v. the United Kingdom [See Case: ECHR, Al-Skeini et al. v. UK [2], paras 10-19] […]
The basis for sending Netherlands troops to Iraq is to be found in United Nations Security Council Resolution 1483 [See Case: Iraq, Occupation and Peacebuilding, Doc. A [3]]. […]
142. Turning first to the international-law background, the Court points out that the status of “occupying power” within the meaning of Article 42 of the Hague Regulations, or lack of it, is not per se determinative. Although it found that concept relevant in Al-Skeini (See Case: ECHR, Al-Skeini et al. v. UK [2], para. § 143) and in Al‑Jedda v. the United Kingdom (See Case: ECHR, Al-Jedda v. UK [4], para. § 77), the Court did not need to have recourse to it in finding that the responsibility of Turkey was engaged in respect of events in northern Cyprus, or that of Russia in respect of the situation in Moldovan territory east of the Dniester.
a. (Paras 53-56) How would you classify the situation at the time of the incident? Was the territory in which it took place occupied? If so, by whom? Was the Netherlands a party to the conflict? (GC I-IV, Art. 2 [5])
b. (Paras 57, 87, 141-142) Is Security Council Resolution 1483 binding in its recognition of certain States as occupying Powers and others as not being occupying powers? In the view of the Court? In your view? Does such a determination influence the human rights obligations of the Netherlands? (GC I-IV, Art. 2 [5])
c. (Para. 59) What are the main differences between the two paradigms? In regard to targeting? Choice of weapons (such as tear gas)? Proportionality assessment? Precautionary measures (such as warning)? Do soldiers have to take the same precautionary measures as commanders? To what extent can a soldier rely on a superior’s command? (P I, Art. 51 [6], 52 [7] and 57 [8])
a.Under IHL, how would you classify the Netherlands forces? ICDC personnel? (Para. 99) People passing through the checkpoint? (GC III, Art. 4 [9]; GC IV, Art. 4 [10]; P I, Art. 43 [11], 50 [12] and 61-67 [13])
c. Compare the present case to Al-Skeini et al. v. UK [2]. What are the differences between the two? How did the approach of the Court regarding extraterritorial application of human rights evolve?
a. Does IHL contain any general obligation to investigate deaths caused by the use of lethal force by state authorities? Does it contain an obligation to investigate the deaths of soldiers killed on the battlefield? Of civilians killed in the conduct of hostilities? Incidentally killed during an attack directed at a legitimate target? Of civilians killed during a law enforcement operation in an occupied territory? Of persons who die in detention or internment? Does IHL contain an obligation to conduct investigations into alleged violations of IHL? Into alleged grave breaches of IHL? (GC I, Arts 49 [14] and 50 [15]; GC II, Arts 50 [16] and 51 [17]; GC III, Arts 121 [18], 129 [19] and 130 [20]; GC IV, Arts 131 [21], 146 [22] and 147 [23]; P I, Art. 87 [24])
b. Are the obligations to investigate the same under IHL and under Art. 2 of the ECHR? What are the aims of the investigations under IHL and under the ECHR? Does IHL give any information on the requirements the investigation has to meet? May the ECHR be used to specify these missing requirements under IHL? On when an enquiry must be conducted? On how it must be conducted? (GC I, Arts 49 [14] and 50 [15]; GC II, Arts 50 [16] and 51 [17]; GC III, Arts 121 [18], 129 [19] and 130 [20]; GC IV, Arts 131 [21], 146 [22]and 147 [23]; P I, Art. 87 [24]; ECHR, Art. 2)
Source URL: https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/echr-jaloud-v-netherlands
[1] http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-148367
[2] https://www.icrc.org/casebook/doc/case-study/echr-al-skeini-et-al-v-uk.htm
[3] https://www.icrc.org/casebook/doc/case-study/iraq-peacebuilding-case-study.htm
[4] https://www.icrc.org/casebook/doc/case-study/echr-al-jedda-v-uk.htm
[5] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=41229BA1D6F7E573C12563CD00519E4A
[6] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=4BEBD9920AE0AEAEC12563CD0051DC9E
[7] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/ART/470-750067?OpenDocument
[8] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=50FB5579FB098FAAC12563CD0051DD7C
[9] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=2F681B08868538C2C12563CD0051AA8D
[12] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=E1F8F99C4C3F8FE4C12563CD0051DC8A
[13] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=C65187DA1AFE6706C12563CD0051DE4A
[14] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=3F6C2B8B20272F58C12563CD0051A2BB
[15] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=8DE472A17F7E30AFC12563CD0051A2D6
[16] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=58854E245CB34B82C12563CD0051A8E4
[17] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=14F60F779A9C29F2C12563CD0051A8FF
[18] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=343A776AFC5D068CC12563CD0051B502
[19] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=C083F579BD003884C12563CD0051B5D3
[20] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=DD77A07DBDF8B9A2C12563CD0051B5EC
[21] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=608F302D3CA40960C12563CD0051C504
[23] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=F8D322BF3C0216B2C12563CD0051C654
[24] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=C203555D5F233D81C12563CD0051E1FE