Source: https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/542/969/25409/
Timestamp: 2019-08-21 11:35:51
Document Index: 152363237

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 1981', '§ 1981', '§ 1985', '§ 1983', '§ 1983', '§ 1983', '§ 1983']

Samuel Colaizzi and Samuel Indovina, Plaintiffs-appellants, v. Daniel Walker, Governor, State of Illinois, et al.,defendants-appellees, 542 F.2d 969 (7th Cir. 1976) :: Justia
Justia › US Law › Case Law › Federal Courts › Courts of Appeals › Seventh Circuit › 1976 › Samuel Colaizzi and Samuel Indovina, Plaintiffs-appellants, v. Daniel Walker, Governor, State of Ill...
Samuel Colaizzi and Samuel Indovina, Plaintiffs-appellants, v. Daniel Walker, Governor, State of Illinois, et al.,defendants-appellees, 542 F.2d 969 (7th Cir. 1976)
US Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit - 542 F.2d 969 (7th Cir. 1976)
Argued Feb. 26, 1976. Decided Sept. 14, 1976
We agree that the complaint stated no cause of action based on 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981 and 1985. No racial or otherwise class-based invidiously discriminatory animus is alleged. See Runyon v. McCrary, --- U.S. ----, 96 S. Ct. 2586, 49 L. Ed. 2d --- (1976) (§ 1981); Griffin v. Breckenridge, 403 U.S. 88, 102, 91 S. Ct. 1790, 29 L. Ed. 2d 338 (1971) (§ 1985). Appellant's boiler-plate pleading fails to state a claim under these statutes.
The most serious issue for resolution under Count I is whether Colaizzi and Indovina were deprived of a constitutionally protected liberty interest when Governor Walker issued the press releases without giving them notice or opportunity to be heard. It is important at this juncture to note that plaintiffs do not allege a property interest in their jobs such that mere termination without more would have required procedural due process safeguards. Compare Board of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 576-78, 92 S. Ct. 2701, 33 L. Ed. 2d 548 (1972) with Perry v. Sindermann, 408 U.S. 593, 599-603, 92 S. Ct. 264, 33 L. Ed. 2d 570 (1972). Nor do plaintiffs allege that they were discharged as a penalty for the exercise of any constitutional right. The issue is whether Governor Walker's published allegations under the circumstances of this case deprived plaintiffs of a liberty interest without due process.
In Wisconsin v. Constantineau, 400 U.S. 433, 437, 91 S. Ct. 507, 510, 27 L. Ed. 2d 515 (1971), the Supreme Court stated:
The charges contained in the press release allegedly issued by Governor Walker charged sufficiently reprehensible conduct so as to impugn the good name and reputation of Colaizzi and Indovina, and thus appear to fall squarely within the language of Constantineau. Board of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 92 S. Ct. 2701, 33 L. Ed. 2d 548 (1972) provides further guidance on the issue. In Roth, 408 U.S. at 573, 92 S. Ct. 2701, the Court cited Constantineau, and said that had the decision not to rehire Roth been grounded on charges of immorality or dishonesty, notice and an opportunity to be heard would have been required.
Since oral argument appellants have cited Paul v. Davis, 424, U.S. 693, 96 S. Ct. 1155, 47 L. Ed. 2d 405 (1976). There the Supreme Court held that the infliction by the state of a stigma on one's reputation, without more, does not infringe upon a liberty interest protected by Fourteenth Amendment due process safeguards. Paul v. Davis neither overruled Constantineau nor disavowed the dictum in Roth, and we deem it distinguishable here.
The words 'liberty' and 'property' as used in the Fourteenth Amendment do not in terms single out reputation as a candidate for special protection over and above other interests that may be protected by state law. While we have in a number of our prior cases pointed out the frequently drastic effect of the 'stigma' which may result from defamation by the government in a variety of contexts this line of cases does not establish the proposition that reputation alone, apart from some more tangible interests such as employment, is either 'liberty' or 'property' by itself sufficient to invoke the procedural protection of the Due Process Clause. Paul v. Davis, supra, 424 U.S. at 701, 96 S. Ct. at 1160. (Emphasis added.)
'Similarly, there is no suggestion that the State, in declining to re-employ the respondent, imposed on him a stigma or other disability that foreclosed his freedom to take advantage of other employment opportunities. 408 U.S. at 573 (92 S. Ct. at 2707, 33 L. Ed. 2d at 558) (emphasis supplied).
Thus it was not thought sufficient to establish a claim under § 1983 and the Fourteenth Amendment that there simply be defamation by a state official; the defamation had to occur in the course of the termination of employment. Certainly there is no suggestion in Roth to indicate that a hearing would be required each time the State in its capacity as employer might be considered responsible for a statement defaming an employee who continues to be an employee. Paul v. Davis, 424 U.S. 709, 96 S. Ct. at 1164 (emphasis in original).
In other words, infliction of a stigma to reputation accompanied by a failure to rehire (or, a fortiori, by a discharge) states a claim for deprivation of liberty without due process within the meaning of the Fourteenth Amendment. Moreover, this combination of stigma plus failure to rehire/discharge states a claim even if the failure to rehire or discharge of itself deprives the plaintiff of no property interest within the meaning of the Fourteenth Amendment. We reach this conclusion because on the facts of Roth itself the Supreme Court found that the plaintiff respondent had no claim of entitlement to, or property interest in his job. Roth, supra, 408 U.S. at 578, 92 S. Ct. 2701. Since the Court in Paul v. Davis specifically approved the Roth dictum concerning stigma to reputation, it follows that stigma to reputation (not itself a deprivation of liberty as defined in the Fourteenth Amendment) plus failure to rehire or discharge (not necessarily involving deprivation of property as defined in the Fourteenth Amendment) may nevertheless when found in conjunction state a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for deprivation of a Fourteenth Amendment liberty interest without due process.
The district court also dismissed Count II, plaintiffs' pendent state law claim against Walker, Moore, and Staples, for defamation. The state and federal law claims arose from a common nucleus of operative fact, and there is sufficient substance in the federal claim so that the district court could take jurisdiction of the state law claim. United Mine Workers of America v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715, 725, 86 S. Ct. 1130, 16 L. Ed. 2d 218 (1966). The district court deemed all three officials protected by absolute privilege. Since oral argument here, the Supreme Court of Illinois decided Blair v. Walker, 64 Ill. 2d 1, 349 N.E.2d 385 (May 28, 1976), holding in a sufficiently similar case that in Illinois the Governor is protected by an absolute privilege. Appellants concede an absolute immunity of public officials in Illinois as to communications passing between public officials pertaining to their official duties. Anything alleged against Staples falls within such immunity. As to Moore, however, it is alleged that he repeated the charges in news conferences, thus going beyond inter-official communication. Moore was Director of the Office of Special Investigations. It does not clearly appear as a matter of law that he was so high an executive officer of the state or that public announcement by him, in addition to informing the Governor of his findings, was so clearly a matter of his official duty, that the doctrine of Blair would support absolute immunity. Further inquiry into the circumstances by the district court will be necessary to decide this question, as well as whether he acted in good faith if he had only a qualified privilege. We therefore affirm as to Walker and Staples, but must reverse as to Moore.
Count III of the complaint alleges a conspiracy among all defendants to make false charges for the purpose of removing plaintiffs from their state employment. This allegation of action by persons acting under color of law to carry out a purpose in which both state officials and private persons joined states a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. See Adickes v. S. H. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 90 S. Ct. 1598, 26 L. Ed. 2d 142 (1970).
The district court could properly entertain Count IV, the state law claims of defamation against defendants Scully, Maros, and Zenith, pendent to Count III. United Mine Workers v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715, 725, 86 S. Ct. 1130, 16 L. Ed. 2d 218 (1966).
While we hold that the complaint states a § 1983 claim against defendants Walker, Moore and Staples, we do not mean to imply that a qualified good-faith immunity may not be available to them. See Wood v. Strickland, 420 U.S. 308, 95 S. Ct. 992, 43 L. Ed. 2d 214 (1975); Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 94 S. Ct. 1683, 40 L. Ed. 2d 90 (1974). If properly pleaded, the district court will have to resolve this issue.
On this appeal, defendants have asked us to take judicial notice of the findings made in hearings on plaintiffs' claims for unemployment compensation resulting from their discharge. The hearings referee denied benefits, finding that plaintiffs had each been guilty of misconduct in connection with the Zenith matter. These findings were made at about the same date as the earlier of the decisions of the district court, and were not put before it. Defendants argue that the hearings presented an opportunity to plaintiffs to clear their names; that plaintiffs are bound by the findings; and that the hearings afforded due process as in Arnett v. Kennedy, 416 U.S. 134, 157, 94 S. Ct. 1633, 40 L. Ed. 2d 15 (1974).