Source: https://www.readkong.com/page/low-power-and-unconventional-vehicles-1907211
Timestamp: 2020-02-27 14:29:26
Document Index: 485130777

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Page created by Jamie Guerrero
Copies of this publication are available by calling 651-296-6753. This document can be made available in alternative formats for people with disabilities by calling 651-296-6753 (voice) or the Minnesota State Relay Service at 711 or 1-800-627-3529 (TTY) for assistance. Many House Research Department publications are also available on the Internet at: www.house.mn/hrd/. INFORMATION BRIEF Research Department Minnesota House of Representatives 600 State Office Building St. Paul, MN 55155 Matt Burress, Legislative Analyst Updated: February 2018 Low-Power and Unconventional Vehicles The types of motorized vehicles available in Minnesota have continued to expand.
Low-power and unconventional vehicles include autocycles, e-bikes, mini-trucks, motor scooters, motorized foot scooters, and neighborhood electric vehicles. They range from small recreational devices intended mainly for children to onroad vehicles that can match the power and performance of passenger autos. This information brief describes the various types of vehicles, outlining their classification and basic regulation under Minnesota law. Table of Contents Executive Summary ___ 2
Regulation Summary Tables ___ 3
Identifying the Vehicle Classification ___ 6
Vehicle Descriptions and Key Regulations ___ 6
All-Terrain Vehicles and Utility Task Vehicles ___ 7
Autocycles ___ 10
Electric-Assisted Bicycles ___ 12
Golf Carts ___ 14
Mini-trucks ___ 16
Motor Scooters and Motorcycles ___ 18
Motorized Bicycles (Mopeds ___ 20
Motorized Foot Scooters ___ 22
Neighborhood Electric Vehicles and Medium-Speed Electric Vehicles ___ 24
Pocket Bikes ___ 27
Segways and Self-Balancing Scooters ___ 28
House Research Department Updated: February 2018 Low-Power and Unconventional Vehicles Page 2 Executive Summary This information brief summarizes lower-power vehicle laws in Minnesota. As the term is used here, “low-power and unconventional vehicles” include autocycles, all-terrain vehicles, electricassisted bicycles, golf carts, mini-trucks, motor scooters, motorized foot scooters, motorized bicycles (or mopeds), and neighborhood electric vehicles. Although the vehicles are all motorized they vary greatly in form, size, features, and intended use. In most cases the vehicles are smaller and less powerful than a typical car, truck, or SUV.
Some are essentially devices marketed mainly to children, whereas others represent an alternative to driving a standard passenger automobile.
Minnesota law regulates vehicle operation on public streets and highways and establishes licensing, insurance, and equipment requirements. Legislation in recent years has established new classifications of vehicles and devices and, in many cases, specific regulations for each type of vehicle. The expansion in vehicle categories defined in law reflects a rise in the variety of vehicles now available to consumers.
House Research Department Updated: February 2018 Low-Power and Unconventional Vehicles Page 3 Regulation Summary Tables The tables below outline basic requirements for each type of vehicle.
Subsequent sections provide descriptions and more detail on regulations for each vehicle classification. All-Terrain Vehicle and Utility Task Vehicle Autocycle Electric-Assisted Bicycle Example Legal attributes ATV: up to 960 cc engine, three to six flotation tires, max. 1,800 lbs. dry weight UTV: four wheels, up to 1,200 cc engine, 1,800 to 2,600 lbs. dry weight Three wheels, nonstraddled seats, steering wheel, antilock brakes, meets federal safety standards for motorcycle Bicycle with saddle, pedals for human propulsion, two to three wheels, max. 1,000- watt electric motor, 20 m.p.h. top speed, meets federal standards Registration Local special permit; typically DNR registration for ATV use Title, vehicle registration, tax, license plate None required Operator licensing None required Driver’s license (no endorsement needed) None required; minimum operator age is 15 Insurance Liability coverage (same as passenger autos) Liability coverage (same as passenger autos) None required Operating rules Generally same traffic laws as other motor vehicles; some limitations on operating at night and in low visibility Generally same traffic laws as other motor vehicles; various limitations Generally same traffic laws as motor vehicles; various limitations Safety equipment Most equipment laws do not apply; rearview mirror Helmet if under age 18 and cabin is unenclosed; various equipment requirements; headlight on at all times Certain lighting generally required for night; helmet not required Notes “ATV” refers to an all-terrain vehicle.
UTV” refers to a utility task vehicle. “DNR” refers to the Department of Natural Resources.
House Research Department Updated: February 2018 Low-Power and Unconventional Vehicles Page 4 Golf Cart Mini-truck Motor Scooter and Motorcycle Example Legal attributes Not specifically defined in law Up to 660 cc or 7,500-watt engine, 900 to 2,200 lbs. dry weight, does not meet certain federal safety standards Motor scooter: not specifically defined in law Motorcycle: seat or saddle, up to three wheels Registration Local special permit Local special permit; possible DNR registration as ATV Title, vehicle registration, tax, license plate Operator licensing None required Driver’s license or permit Driver’s license with twowheeled vehicle endorsement Insurance Liability coverage (same as passenger autos) Liability coverage (same as passenger autos) Liability coverage (same as passenger autos) Operating rules Generally same traffic laws as other motor vehicles; some limitations on operating at night and in low visibility Generally same traffic laws as other motor vehicles Generally same traffic laws as other motor vehicles; various limitations; no operation on sidewalks Safety equipment Most equipment laws do not apply; rearview mirror; slow-moving vehicle emblem Headlights; taillights; turn signals; mirrors; windshield; seat belt; parking brake Helmet if under age 18; various equipment requirements; eye protection for all operators; headlight on at all times Notes “ATV” refers to an all-terrain vehicle.
House Research Department Updated: February 2018 Low-Power and Unconventional Vehicles Page 5 Motorized Bicycle Motorized Foot Scooter Electric Vehicles Segway and SelfBalancing Scooter Example Legal attributes Up to 50 cc and 2 HP engine, 30 m.p.h. top speed Handlebars, motor, max. 12-inch wheels, 15 m.p.h. top speed NEV: electric motor, three to four wheels, 20 to 25 m.p.h. top speed MSEV: electric motor, misc. equipment, 35 m.p.h. top speed Electric motor, two nontandem wheels, designed for one person, 15 m.p.h. top speed Registration Title, vehicle registration, tax, license plate None required Title, vehicle registration, tax, license plate None required Operator licensing Driver’s license or operator’s permit None required; minimum operator age is 12 Driver’s license or permit None required Insurance Liability coverage (same as passenger autos) None required Liability and personal injury coverage (same as passenger autos) None required Operating rules Generally same traffic laws as motorcycles and other motor vehicles; various limitations; no operation on sidewalks Generally same traffic laws as bicycles; no operation on sidewalks; allowed on certain bike paths and trails Generally same traffic laws as other motor vehicles; no operation on roads with speed limit above 35 Generally same traffic laws as pedestrians; allowed on bike paths Safety equipment Helmet if under age 18; eye protection; certain lighting generally required for night; if so equipped, headlight on at all times Helmet if under age 18; headlight and reflector required for night Must meet federal equipment requirements Reflectors required Notes “NEV” refers to a neighborhood electric vehicle.
MSEV” refers to a medium-speed electric vehicle.
House Research Department Updated: February 2018 Low-Power and Unconventional Vehicles Page 6 Identifying the Vehicle Classification Due to the wide variety of low-power and unconventional vehicles that are now on the market, it can be challenging to determine how a specific make and model in a particular year is classified under Minnesota law. In particular, autocycles, motor scooters, motorized bicycles, and motorcycles have many similarities. Because state regulation varies with each vehicle, a key question is whether the vehicle in question fits one of the legal definitions established in Minnesota Statutes.
See Minn. Stat. § 169.011. The specific characteristics of a particular vehicle determine its classification. Although other features are relevant, engine size is a key factor in identifying scooters, mopeds, and motorcycles under Minnesota law. Top speed, vehicle weight, and safety equipment are also important characteristics.
A vehicle that has two or three wheels and does not clearly fit another vehicle definition is most likely classified as a “motorcycle” (even though it might not be considered one in the traditional sense). As discussed below, requirements for a vehicle classified as a motorcycle include title, registration, and license plates. In effect, the general categorization for a vehicle or device that does not conform to any specific vehicle definition is likely a “motor vehicle.” As such, it would need to be registered and have license plates, the operator must have a driver’s license, it must have full insurance coverage, and the vehicle must have safety equipment that includes lights, turn signals, and brakes at both the front and rear.
Vehicle Descriptions and Key Regulations Motorized vehicles face limited state regulation while they are being operated on private land. Once they venture onto streets, roads, and even alleys they are subject to a wider array of state and local regulations. In response to the introduction of new models and offerings in the motor vehicle marketplace, recent changes in Minnesota law have addressed many of the assorted vehicles that can be operated on public roadways. The following sections cover each vehicle type classified under Minnesota law, outlining their legal definitions and general characteristics, highlighting some recent law changes, providing an overview of notable regulatory provisions, and referencing some laws in other states.
Various regulations apply to motorized vehicles generally and are not specifically addressed in provisions governing particular low-power and unconventional vehicles. A couple of examples are below.
Driving rules. Most driving regulations such as speed limits and rules of the road are applicable when operating low-power and unconventional vehicles. (Licensing, registration, and equipment are discussed with each vehicle.)
DWI/DUI laws. Prohibitions on operating under the influence of alcohol and other drugs extend to a number of low-power and unconventional vehicles. However,
House Research Department Updated: February 2018 Low-Power and Unconventional Vehicles Page 7 courts have found that impaired driving restrictions do not apply to some devices that are not designed to operate on roads, such as Segways and motorized wheelchairs.1
Noise limits. Minnesota law sets noise limits for motor vehicles (separately for heavier trucks, motorcycles, and other types of vehicles). Minn. Stat. § 169.693; Minn. Rules ch. 7030. The limits apply based on whether the vehicle must be registered to operate on public roads and registration is not required for some of the vehicles described in this briefing. Most motor vehicles are also required to have a muffler meeting various characteristics. Minn. Stat. § 169.69. All-Terrain Vehicles and Utility Task Vehicles Classifications2 All-terrain vehicles. All-terrain vehicles (ATVs) under Minnesota law are motorized vehicles having three to six tires, a dry weight of up to 2,000 pounds, and a total width of up to 65 inches. The seating is not specifically identified under the statutory definition; ATV designs include a seat or a saddle so that the operator (and any passenger) sits straddling the vehicle. ATVs are further categorized based on width into class 1 (total width of 50 inches or less) and class 2 (from over 50 to 65 inches in width). They are often used for off-road recreation on trails or private land. Minn. Stat. §§ 84.92, subds. 8 to 10; 169.045, subd. 1.
Utility task vehicles. To be considered a utility task vehicle (UTV) in Minnesota law, the vehicle must have four-wheel drive, four wheels, an internal combustion engine with a displacement of no more than 1,200 cc, and a dry weight of 1,800 to 2,600 pounds. Also known as a “side-by-side” (among other terms), a UTV has side-by-side seating, in some cases carries multiple passengers in a cab-like space, and often includes an open bed located behind the driver and passengers (like a pickup truck). The vehicle is similar to an ATV in its 1 See State v. Brown, 801 N.W.2d 186 (Minn. App. 2011); State v.
Greenman, 825 N.W.2d 387 (Minn. App. 2013).
2 Image sources: http://www.gekgo.com/cpi-gas-atvs.html; https://www.arcticcat.com; http://www.cubcadet.com
House Research Department Updated: February 2018 Low-Power and Unconventional Vehicles Page 8 off-road purposes although with an arguably greater capability for work activities. Minn. Stat. § 169.045, subd. 1. Regulations Unlike most motor vehicles using public roads, ATVs and UTVs are not titled or registered with the Department of Public Safety. Permissible operation on public roads is limited. ATVs and UTVs can be operated on public roads and in some public rights-of-way under two distinct sets of state statutes governing the vehicles.
1) Operation on local roads can be by special permit. The permit is issued by a local unit of government (a city, county, or town) following a local ordinance that must meet certain statutory requirements, and it only authorizes driving on particular roads under the jurisdiction of the issuing authority. This is a discretionary program that each local government may choose to set up, so ATV and UTV operation is essentially prevented if a local government has not taken the steps of establishing the ordinance and issuing special permits. Minn. Stat. § 169.045. 2) ATVs and other types of off-road vehicles are subject to various off-highway vehicle regulations set in state law and administered by the Department of Natural Resources.
They can operate on some parts of public rights-of-way (that is, on the roadway itself, the road shoulder, the inside bank or slope, the ditch, and the outside bank or slope) and on bridges under some circumstances. Allowed operation depends on several factors: the type of road (trunk highway, county highway, town road, or city street), the type of ATV (class 1 versus class 2), and time of year for some regions of the state. Minn. Stat. §§ 84.92 to 84.928.
While ATVs are not registered for on-road use in the same manner as passenger vehicles, in many cases they must be registered with the Department of Natural Resources for use on designated trails, public lands, and other off-road locations. ATVs and riders are also subject to various regulations that include: display of registration information, where the vehicle can be ridden, operating rules, passenger restrictions, required vehicle equipment, and other limitations for youth operators. (General off-highway vehicle and ATV regulations, under Minnesota Statutes, chapter 84, are not discussed further in this publication.) Requirements Under the Special Permit Registration The vehicles are not registered with the Department of Public Safety in the manner of other motor vehicles and do not require titling or license plates.
(In many cases, ATV or UTV registration is required under off-highway vehicle regulations.) Operation of ATVs and UTVs can be allowed via a special permit issued to the vehicle owner by counties, cities, or towns. Minn. Stat. § 169.045, subd. 1. The Minnesota Department of Transportation cannot issue the permit for use on trunk highways (including the interstate system).
House Research Department Updated: February 2018 Low-Power and Unconventional Vehicles Page 9 A key requirement is that the governing body must establish a special permit ordinance, and the ordinance must provide for permit application and confirmation that insurance requirements are met. The ordinance can also set additional conditions and require certification by a physician of ability to safely operate the vehicle. The permit can limit use to certain roads and must be renewed at least every three years, as determined by the unit of government. It can be revoked at any time based on evidence of inability to safely operate the vehicle.
Operator licensing By statute, a person is not required to have a driver’s license or instruction permit to operate the vehicle under a special permit. Minn. Stat. § 169.045, subd. 7. (However, a driver’s license may be required for operating on public road rights-of-way under off-highway vehicle regulations.) Insurance Insurance requirements must be established as part of the local ordinance and must match that of motorcycles. Thus liability insurance (which covers certain claims from another driver) is required and is the same as for passenger automobiles, but the vehicles are exempt from the requirements of personal injury protection under the Minnesota No-Fault Automobile Insurance Act (which establishes minimum required coverage levels for medical, lost wages, and related expenses).3 Minn.
Stat. §§ 65B.48, subd. 5; 169.045, subd. 2. If insurance cannot be obtained on the private market, it can be purchased from the Minnesota Automobile Insurance Plan with a rate determined by the Department of Commerce. Minn. Stat. § 169.045, subd. 8. Operation Vehicle operation under a special permit is only allowed on roadways under the jurisdiction of the issuing unit of government. A city-issued permit, for instance, does not authorize driving on county roads; a separate permit would be required. (The law is silent on coordination between local units of government for permit issuance and applicability.) Drivers of ATVs and UTVs are subject to the same traffic laws and duties as operators of other motor vehicles, although additional limitations apply.
The vehicles can only be operated on designated roadways, although they may cross other roads and highways. The vehicles can only be operated between sunrise and sunset unless original equipment includes headlights, taillights, and brake lights. They cannot be used (1) in bad weather unless the authorizing ordinance provides an exception for emergencies, or (2) if there is not enough visibility to see people and other vehicles from 500 feet away. Minn. Stat. § 169.045, subds. 3, 5, 6.
3 The minimum liability coverage is $30,000 per person for injuries, $60,000 per occurrence for injuries, and $10,000 for property damage.
House Research Department Updated: February 2018 Low-Power and Unconventional Vehicles Page 10 Safety equipment Standard equipment requirements for motor vehicles do not apply to vehicles operating under the special permit, except that a rearview mirror is necessary. The mirror must provide a view to the rear for at least 200 feet. Minn. Stat. § 169.045, subd. 7. Autocycles Classification4 Added in a 2016 law, autocycles represent a specialized type of motorcycle.
Laws 2016, ch. 114. To fit the classification, the vehicle must have three wheels, driver and passenger seating (as opposed to a saddle that is straddled), a steering wheel, and antilock brakes. It must also meet federal safety standards established for motorcycles (there is not a separate federal autocycle classification for vehicle manufacturers). Minn. Stat. § 169.011, subd. 3a.
The statutory definition does not specify a configuration for the three wheels (so that two wheels could be in the front or the back), and it is similarly unrestricted as to the number of passengers, side-by-side seating positions, cabin enclosure (versus an open air cockpit), hinged doors, and the availability of seat belts. The autocycle category reflects some of the most recent three-wheeled vehicle offerings entering the automotive market. Some of the new models increasingly blur the traditional distinctions between a motorcycle and a passenger vehicle, such as through car-like driving dynamics but without the same crash protections provided by passenger autos (which must meet various federal safety standards).
Regulations Registration Like other motorcycles, an autocycle must be registered and carries a registration tax of $10. Minn. Stat. § 168.013, subd. 1b. The license plate must be displayed on the rear of the vehicle. Minn. Stat. § 169.79, subd. 3. A certificate of title also must be obtained. The vehicle is subject to the motor vehicle sales tax. Minn. Stat. §§ 297B.01, subd. 11; 297B.02. Operator licensing Required licensing differs from a standard motorcycle in that a two-wheeled vehicle endorsement is not necessary. Instead an autocycle can be operated with a standard driver’s license.
4 Image source: http://www.polaris.com
House Research Department Updated: February 2018 Low-Power and Unconventional Vehicles Page 11 Insurance Liability insurance (which covers certain claims from another driver) is required and is the same as for passenger automobiles.5 Minn. Stat. §§ 65B.43, subds. 2, 13; 65B.48, subd. 5. Like motorcycles generally, autocycles are exempt from the requirements of personal injury protection under the Minnesota No-Fault Automobile Insurance Act (which establishes minimum required coverage levels for medical, lost wages, and related expenses).
Operation Autocycle operators are subject to the same traffic laws as operators of other motor vehicles (except those that by their nature would not be relevant).
The vehicles can potentially be operated two abreast, although they must be narrow enough fit within a single traffic lane. Passengers are allowed based on the vehicle’s seating capacity. Some prohibitions also apply, such as on carrying cargo that prevents operation with both hands, passing other vehicles by going between traffic lanes, and passing vehicles that occupy the same lane as the autocycle. Minn. Stat. § 169.974, subd. 5.
Safety equipment The vehicle must be equipped with various safety features, including at least one rearview mirror, a horn, a hand or foot brake, at least one headlight that has both low and high beams and is lighted at all times, a taillight, a brake light, rear license plate illumination, and floorboards (or footrests) for any passenger seating. Minn. Stat. §§ 169.49; 169.50; 169.57, subd. 1; 169.60; 169.67, subd. 2; 169.974, subd. 3 and subd. 5(i). A seatbelt must be worn if the autocycle is equipped with it. Minn. Stat. § 169.686, subd. 1.
Unless the autocycle has an enclosed cab, a helmet is required for operators and passengers under the age of 18 and eye protection is required for all operators.
Minn. Stat. § 169.974, subd. 4. Other States Autocycles are among the newest types of vehicles introduced in the marketplace, which has prompted legislative responses. According to one study, 31 states have created an autocycle classification.6 States define autocycles in a wide variety of ways, which is perhaps due to the lack of a corresponding federal classification (and might be influenced by the leading vehicle 5 The minimum liability coverage is $30,000 per person for injuries, $60,000 per occurrence for injuries, and $10,000 for property damage. Note that the insurance requirements do not appear to apply to all motorcycles and motor scooters: under the definition of “motorcycle” in the chapter on automobile insurance, the vehicle’s engine must be “rated at greater than five horsepower.” Minn.
Stat. § 65B.43, subd. 13. 6 National Conference of State Legislatures, “Autocycles,” April 17, 2017, http://www.ncsl.org/research/transportation/transportation-review-autocycle s.aspx (accessed November 7, 2017).
House Research Department Updated: February 2018 Low-Power and Unconventional Vehicles Page 12 offerings). While three wheels is a standard feature nationwide and a steering wheel is nearly universal, there are differences in state-by-state requirements on:
having seatbelts (required in nearly two-thirds of the state classifications);
being fully enclosed (required among about half the states);
containing a passenger vehicle type seat instead of a saddle (required among roughly half of the states);
having pedals (again a requirement in roughly half of the states); and
meeting federal safety standards for motorcycles (necessary in about one-third of the states).
One of the key elements in autocycle regulations rests in licensing and registration. Across the states, an autocycle is most commonly registered similar to a motorcycle but carries the same licensing requirements as a passenger vehicle, so that a motorcycle endorsement is not required. At least an additional 11 states do not explicitly define or classify an autocycle, but permit threewheeled vehicle operation with just a driver’s license in some circumstances (such as through a different vehicle classification, or—in some cases—if the vehicle has an enclosed cabin). Electric-Assisted Bicycles Classification7 Electric-assisted bicycles, referred to as “e-bikes,” are bicycles equipped with a small motor.
To be classified as an “electricassisted bicycle” in Minnesota, the bicycle must have a saddle and operable pedals, two or three wheels, and an electric motor of up to 1,000 watts, as well as meet federal motor vehicle safety standards. The motor must disengage during braking and have a maximum speed of 20 miles per hour (so that it cannot assist further when human-powered riding is above that speed). Minn. Stat. § 169.011, subd. 27.
Regulations Legislative changes in 2012 significantly altered the regulatory structure for e-bikes, establishing them as a subset of bicycles. As a result, e-bikes are regulated in roughly the same manner as bicycles and nearly all bicycle laws apply. Minn. Stat. §§ 169.011, subd. 27; 169.222. Registration The bicycle does not need to be registered and a title is not necessary. Minn. Stat. §§ 168.012, subd. 2d; 168A.03, subd. 1. A license plate is not required to be displayed on the rear. See Minn. Stat. § 169.79, subd. 3. It is not subject to 7 Image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ZOOMLP-5467-Overvolt-HT-900-075.jpg (accessed December 18, 2017)
House Research Department Updated: February 2018 Low-Power and Unconventional Vehicles Page 13 motor vehicle sales tax (the general sales tax would instead be due on e-bike purchases). Operator licensing A driver’s license or permit is not required. Unlike a nonpowered bicycle, though, the minimum operator age is 15 years old. Minn. Stat. § 169.222, subd. 6. Insurance The device does not need to be insured. See Minn. Stat. § 65B.43, subds. 2, 13. Operation Electric-assisted bicycle operators must follow the same traffic laws as operators of motor vehicles (except those that by their nature would not be relevant).
The bicycles may be operated two abreast. Operators must generally ride as close as is practical to the right-hand side of the road (there are some exceptions such as when overtaking another vehicle, preparing for a left turn, riding in a bicycle lane or on the shoulder, and to avoid unsafe conditions). The bicycle must be ridden within a single lane. Travel on the shoulder of a road must be in the same direction as the direction of adjacent traffic. Some prohibitions also apply, such as on carrying cargo that prevents keeping at least one hand on the handlebars or prevents proper use of brakes, riding more than two abreast on a roadway or shoulder, and riding while attached to another vehicle.
Minn. Stat. § 169.222, subds. 3-5.
The vehicles may be operated on a sidewalk except in a business district or when prohibited by a local unit of government, and must yield to pedestrians on the sidewalk. Minn. Stat. § 169.223, subd. 3. By default, electric-assisted bicycles are allowed on road shoulders as well as on bicycle trails, bicycle paths, and bicycle lanes.8 A local unit of government having jurisdiction over a road or bikeway—as well as the Department of Natural Resources for state bike trails—are authorized to restrict e-bike use if:
the use is not consistent with the safety or general welfare of others; or
the restriction is necessary to meet the terms of any legal agreements concerning the land on which a bikeway has been established. Electric-assisted bicycles can be parked on a sidewalk unless restricted by local government (although they cannot impede normal movement of pedestrians) 8 A “bicycle path” is a dedicated bikeway that is separated from a shoulder or marked route on a street. Minn. Stat. § 169.011, subd. 6. A “bicycle lane” is a portion of the roadway or shoulder of a street designated for exclusive use by bicyclists. Minn. Stat. § 169.011, subd. 5. A “bicycle trail” is a path developed under the Department of Natural Resources state trail system. Minn. Stat. § 169.011, subd. 8.
House Research Department Updated: February 2018 Low-Power and Unconventional Vehicles Page 14 and can be parked on streets where parking of other motor vehicles is allowed. Minn. Stat. § 169.222, subd. 9. Safety equipment During nighttime operation, the bicycle must be equipped with a front headlamp, a rear-facing red reflector, and reflectors on the front and rear of pedals, and the bicycle or rider must have reflective surfaces on each side. Minn. Stat. § 169.222, subd. 6. An electric-assisted bicycle can be equipped with a front-facing headlamp that emits a flashing white light, a rear-facing lamp that has a flashing red light, or both.
The bicycle can have studded tires designed for traction as well as a horn or bell.
Helmets are not mandatory for e-bike use. Golf Carts Classification9 A golf cart is not specifically defined in statute. They generally seat two to four people and can be powered by an electric or gasoline engine ranging from under 4 to over 20 horsepower. Vehicle weight is commonly around 500 to 800 pounds, but can be over 2,000 pounds. Top speed is typically less than 20 miles per hour. Some models can go up to 25 miles per hour and may under Minnesota law be considered a neighborhood electric vehicle or medium-speed electric vehicle. Originally manufactured for use on golf courses, the vehicle’s uses have become more varied.
Regulations Motorized golf carts are not titled or registered with the Department of Public Safety, and ordinarily they cannot be operated on public roads. However, Minnesota law does allow local units of government, such as counties and cities, to authorize their use via a special permit on streets and highways under that local government’s jurisdiction. (This is the same special permit provision that is in place for ATVs, UTVs, and mini-trucks.) Minn. Stat. § 169.045. Registration The vehicles are not registered with the Department of Public Safety in the manner of other motor vehicles and do not require titling or license plates.
9 Image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Club_Car_Onward%E2%84%A2_Lifted_4_P assenger_PTV.jpg (accessed December 18, 2017)
House Research Department Updated: February 2018 Low-Power and Unconventional Vehicles Page 15 Operation of golf carts can be allowed via a special permit issued to the vehicle owner by counties, cities, or towns. Minn. Stat. § 169.045, subd. 1. The Minnesota Department of Transportation cannot issue the permit for use on trunk highways (including the interstate system). A key requirement is that the governing body must establish a special permit ordinance, and the ordinance must provide for permit application and confirmation that insurance requirements are met. The ordinance can also set additional conditions and require certification by a physician of ability to safely operate the vehicle.
The permit can limit use to certain roads and must be renewed at least every three years, as determined by the unit of government. It can be revoked at any time based on evidence of inability to safely operate the vehicle.
Operator licensing By statute, a person is not required to have a driver’s license or instruction permit to operate the vehicle under a special permit. Minn. Stat. § 169.045, subd. 7. Insurance Insurance requirements must be established as part of the local ordinance and must match that of motorcycles. Thus liability insurance (which covers certain claims from another driver) is required and is the same as for passenger automobiles, but the vehicles are exempt from the requirements of personal injury protection under the Minnesota No-Fault Automobile Insurance Act (which establishes minimum required coverage levels for medical, lost wages, and related expenses).10 Minn.
Stat. §§ 65B.48, subd. 5; 169.045, subd. 2. If insurance cannot be obtained on the private market, it can be purchased from the Minnesota Automobile Insurance Plan with a rate determined by the Department of Commerce. Minn. Stat. § 169.045, subd. 8. Operation If a local government establishes special permits, vehicle operation under the permit is only allowed on roadways under the jurisdiction of the issuing unit of government. A city-issued permit, for instance, does not authorize driving on county roads; a separate permit would be required. (The law is silent on coordination between local units of government for permit issuance and applicability.) Drivers of golf carts are subject to the same traffic laws and duties as operators of other motor vehicles, although additional limitations apply.
The vehicles can only be operated on designated roadways, although they may cross other roads and highways. The vehicles can only be operated between sunrise and sunset unless original equipment includes headlights, taillights, and brake lights. They 10 The minimum liability coverage is $30,000 per person for injuries, $60,000 per occurrence for injuries, and $10,000 for property damage.
House Research Department Updated: February 2018 Low-Power and Unconventional Vehicles Page 16 cannot be used (1) in bad weather unless the authorizing ordinance provides an exception for emergencies, or (2) if there is not enough visibility to see people and other vehicles from 500 feet away. Minn. Stat. § 169.045, subds. 3, 5, 6. Safety equipment Standard equipment requirements for motor vehicles do not apply to vehicles operating under the special permit, except that a rearview mirror is necessary. The mirror must provide a view to the rear for at least 200 feet. Golf carts must also display a triangular slow-moving vehicle emblem.
Minn. Stat. § 169.045, subds. 4 and 7.
Mini-trucks Classification11 Mini-trucks often resemble pickup trucks, but are distinctly smaller in size and weight. They are defined in law as a motor vehicle that:
has four wheels;
uses an electric motor rated at 7,500 watts or less, or uses an engine with a maximum displacement of 660 cc;
weighs between 900 and 2,200 pounds;
resembles a pickup truck or van and has a cargo area; has an enclosed cabin; and
was not originally manufactured to meet federal motor vehicle safety standard for passenger automobiles or “low-speed vehicles.” Minn. Stat. § 169.011, subd. 40a. Although they come in different forms, the typical mini-truck design is an open flat bed behind a small enclosed cab for the driver and one passenger. Features can include air conditioning and all-wheel drive. They have traditionally been imported for off-road uses like recreational offroad activity, agricultural work on farms and ranches, at construction sites, in industrial parks, and grounds maintenance.
The vehicles typically do not meet most federally mandated equipment standards for motor vehicles (such as for vehicle lighting and occupant safety). Also, they might not meet some emissions requirements for on-road vehicles. Regulations Mini-trucks cannot be registered with the Department of Public Safety to be driven on public roads in Minnesota. The vehicles can be operated on authorized streets and highways via a special permit issued by local units of government, such as counties or cities. The permit and 11 Image source: http://www.made-in-china.com
House Research Department Updated: February 2018 Low-Power and Unconventional Vehicles Page 17 regulations are mostly the same as allowed for ATVs, UTVs, and golf carts (discussed previously).
Minn. Stat. § 169.045. Legislation in 2009 first authorized special permits for mini-truck operation, with the permitting authority initially set to expire July 31, 2012. The sunset date was subsequently extended, and in 2015 the sunset was removed entirely (making the authorization ongoing). Laws 2015, ch. 75, art. 2, § 47.
Registration The vehicles are not registered with the Department of Public Safety in the manner of other motor vehicles and do not require titling or license plates. Operation of mini-trucks can be allowed only through a special permit that is issued by counties, cities, or towns. Minn. Stat. § 169.045, subd. 1. The Minnesota Department of Transportation cannot issue the permit for use on trunk highways (including the interstate system). The governing body must establish a special permit ordinance, and the ordinance must provide for permit application and confirmation that insurance requirements are met.
The ordinance can also set additional conditions and require certification by a physician of ability to safely operate the vehicle. The permit can limit use to certain roads and must be renewed at least every three years, at the discretion of the unit of government. It can be revoked at any time based on evidence of inability to safely operate the vehicle. Operator licensing Unlike ATVs, UTVs, and golf carts operated under the local permit, a driver’s license or instruction permit is required to drive a mini-truck. Minn. Stat. § 169.045, subd. 7.
Insurance Insurance requirements must be established as part of the local ordinance and must match that of motorcycles. Thus liability insurance (which covers certain claims from another driver) is required and is the same as for passenger automobiles, but the vehicles are exempt from the requirements of personal injury protection under the Minnesota No-Fault Automobile Insurance Act (which establishes minimum required coverage levels for medical, lost wages, and related expenses).12 Minn. Stat. §§ 65B.48, subd. 5; 169.045, subd. 2. If insurance cannot be obtained on the private market, it can be purchased from the Minnesota Automobile Insurance Plan with a rate determined by the Department of Commerce.
Minn. Stat. § 169.045, subd. 8. Operation If a local government establishes special permits, vehicle operation under the permit is only allowed on roadways under the jurisdiction of the issuing unit of government. A city-issued permit, for instance, does not authorize driving on 12 The minimum liability coverage is $30,000 per person for injuries, $60,000 per occurrence for injuries, and $10,000 for property damage.
House Research Department Updated: February 2018 Low-Power and Unconventional Vehicles Page 18 county roads; a separate permit would be required. (The law is silent on coordination between local units of government for permit issuance and applicability.) Drivers are subject to the same traffic laws as operators of other motor vehicles. The vehicles can only be driven on designated roadways, although they may cross other roads and highways. Mini-trucks are not restricted from operation at night or in inclement weather. Minn. Stat. § 169.045, subds. 5, 6. Safety equipment Some vehicle equipment requirements apply, including headlights and taillights; turn-signal lamps; some rearview mirrors; a windshield; front driver and passenger seat belts; and a parking brake.
Minn. Stat. § 169.045, subd. 7a. Other States Nationally, about half of the states permit mini-trucks on public roads.13 They are usually restricted from operating on interstates and specified other roads, but the nature of limitations varies across the states. Some states restrict the vehicle based on posted speed limit, ranging from 25 to up to 55 miles per hour. In a number of cases, local units of government such as counties and cities can authorize or restrict vehicles on roads under their jurisdiction. Classification as a mini-truck based on its top speed capability varies from 25 miles per hour to no limit.
A few states require that the truck meets federal safety standards for “low-speed vehicles;” this is similar to the standard that Minnesota requires for MSEVs. The vehicles go by a wide variety of terms under state laws, including “off-highway vehicle” and “utility vehicle.” Motor Scooters and Motorcycles Classification14 Motor scooters are not specifically defined in Minnesota law separately from motorcycles. See Minn. Stat. § 169.974. “Motorcycles” are defined as motor vehicles that have no more than three wheels and a seat or saddle for the driver. The motorcycle classification is broad but excludes motorized bicycles (or “mopeds”), electric-assisted bicycles, and tractors.
Minn. Stat. § 169.011, subd. 44.
Motor scooters differ from motorcycles in a couple of ways. The standard design is step-through with a low platform for the operator’s feet, and the engine is most often located underneath 13 Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, “Lowand Medium-speed Vehicles,” November 2017, http://www.iihs.org/iihs/topics/laws/minitrucks?topicName=low--and-medium-s peed-vehicles (accessed November 7, 2017). 14 Image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:St-4428695-s1000_(1).jpg (accessed December 18, 2017)
House Research Department Updated: February 2018 Low-Power and Unconventional Vehicles Page 19 where the operator sits.
They are generally lighter (200 pounds), smaller (145 cc engine), and slower (top speed under 60 miles per hour) than a motorcycle. Regulations Motor scooters are treated under Minnesota law as motorcycles; the following summary is the same for both. Minn. Stat. §§ 169.011, subd. 44; 169.974. Registration The vehicle must be registered and carries a registration tax of $10. Minn. Stat. § 168.013, subd. 1b. The license plate must be displayed on the rear of the vehicle. Minn. Stat. § 169.79, subd. 3. A certificate of title also must be obtained. The vehicle is subject to the motor vehicle sales tax.
Minn. Stat. §§ 297B.01, subd. 11; 297B.02.
Operator licensing A valid driver’s license with a two-wheeled vehicle endorsement is required. A two-wheeled vehicle instruction permit is available to a person who is over 16 years old, has a driver’s license, is enrolled in a two-wheeled driver’s safety course, and passes a written exam. Insurance Liability insurance (which covers certain claims from another driver) is required and is the same as for passenger automobiles.15 Minn. Stat. §§ 65B.43, subds. 2, 13; 65B.48, subd. 5. Motor scooters and motorcycles are exempt from the requirements of personal injury protection under the Minnesota No-Fault Automobile Insurance Act (which establishes minimum required coverage levels for medical, lost wages, and related expenses).
Operation Operators are subject to the same traffic laws as operators of other motor vehicles (except those that by their nature would not be relevant). The vehicles may be operated two abreast. Additional passengers are allowed under some circumstances. Some prohibitions also apply, such as on carrying cargo that prevents keeping both hands on the handlebars, passing other vehicles by going between traffic lanes, and passing vehicles that occupy the same traffic lane as the motor scooter or motorcycle. Instruction permit holders face additional limits, including prohibitions on carrying passengers and driving at night.
Operation is allowed on streets but not sidewalks. Minn. Stat. § 169.974, subd. 5. Safety equipment The vehicle must be equipped with various safety features, including: at least one rearview mirror, a horn, a hand or foot brake, at least one headlight that has both low and high beams and is lighted at all times, a taillight, a brake light, rear 15 The minimum liability coverage is $30,000 per person for injuries, $60,000 per occurrence for injuries, and $10,000 for property damage. Note that the insurance requirements do not appear to apply to all motorcycles and motor scooters: under the definition of “motorcycle” in the chapter on automobile insurance, the vehicle’s engine must be “rated at greater than five horsepower.” Minn.
Stat. § 65B.43, subd. 13.
House Research Department Updated: February 2018 Low-Power and Unconventional Vehicles Page 20 license plate illumination, and footrests if it has passenger seating. Minn. Stat. §§ 169.49; 169.50; 169.57, subd. 1; 169.60; 169.67, subd. 2; 169.974, subd. 3 and subd. 5(i). A helmet is required for operators and passengers under the age of 18 as well as those operating with an instruction permit, and eye protection is required for all operators. Minn. Stat. § 169.974, subds. 2 and 4. Motorized Bicycles (Mopeds) Classification16 A key characteristic of mopeds is that they are less powerful than motor scooters or motorcycles.
They are available in a number of styles that generally resemble a bicycle or a small scooter, although compared to a bicycle they weigh more (from 55 to over 250 pounds), have additional features such as built-in headlights and turn signals, and can have a platform for feet instead of pedals for manual use. Because the top speed of the device must not exceed 30 miles per hour, a number of scooters with 50 cc engines are classified as motorcycles under Minnesota law (since such scooters can commonly reach 35 to 40 m.p.h.).
Regulations Most of the same regulations that apply to motor scooters and motorcycles also apply to motorized bicycles, with a few differences. Minn. Stat. §§ 169.223; 169.974. Registration The vehicle must be registered, with an annual tax of $6. Minn. Stat. § 168.013, subd. 1h . A license plate must be displayed on the rear of the vehicle. Minn. Stat. § 169.79, subd. 3. A title is required. The vehicle is subject to the motor vehicle sales tax. Minn. Stat. §§ 297B.01, subd. 11; 297B.02. 16 Image sources: http://www.egovehicles.com; http://www.electric-bikes.com/others.htm 17 While the statutory definition of motorized bicycle refers to the device as a bicycle, a “bicycle” under state law is defined as a “device capable of being propelled solely by human power upon which any person may ride ...” Minn.
Stat. § 169.011, subds. 4, 45.
Motorized bicycles, commonly referred to as mopeds, are among the lightest of motorized two-wheeled devices. State law defines a motorized bicycle as a bicycle propelled by an electric or liquid fuel motor that has an engine displacement of up to 50 cc and up to two horsepower, and is capable of a top speed of 30 miles per hour on a flat surface. Although under the definition in law it appears to be classified as a type of bicycle, pedals are not specifically required.17 Minn. Stat. § 169.011, subd. 45.
House Research Department Updated: February 2018 Low-Power and Unconventional Vehicles Page 21 Operator licensing An operator must have a motorized bicycle operator’s permit, motorized bicycle instruction permit, or driver’s license (although a two-wheeled vehicle endorsement is not required).
Minors who are at least 15 years old can obtain an operator’s or instruction permit. Minn. Stat. § 171.02, subd. 3. Insurance Liability insurance (which covers certain claims from another driver) is required and is the same as for passenger automobiles.18 Minn. Stat. §§ 65B.43, subds. 2, 13; 65B.48, subd. 5. The vehicle is exempt from the requirements of personal injury protection under the Minnesota No-Fault Automobile Insurance Act (which establishes minimum required coverage levels for medical, lost wages, and related expenses).
Operation Operators must follow the same traffic laws as operators of motor scooters, motorcycles, and other motor vehicles (except those that by their nature would not be relevant). Operators must generally ride as close as is practical to the right-hand side of the road. The vehicles may be operated two abreast. Some prohibitions also apply, such as on carrying cargo that prevents keeping both hands on the handlebars, passing other vehicles by going between traffic lanes, and passing vehicles that occupy the same traffic lane as the motorized bicycle, and operating on a sidewalk except to access a road.
Minn. Stat. §§ 169.223, subds. 1, 3, 5; 169.974, subd. 5.
Holders of a motorized bicycle instruction permit are limited to riding within one mile of the person’s residence. Minn. Stat. § 171.05, subd. 3. Motorized bicycles are subject to the same parking regulations as bicycles. Both can be parked on streets where parking of other motor vehicles is allowed and can park on a sidewalk unless restricted by local government (although they cannot impede normal movement of pedestrians). Minn. Stat. §§ 169.222, subd. 9; 169.223, subd. 1(4). Safety equipment The vehicle must be equipped with various safety features that largely parallel those of motor scooters and motorcycles, including: at least one rearview mirror, a horn, a hand or foot brake, certain vehicle lighting, and footrests if it has passenger seating.
For operation at night, as well as for motorized bicycles sold after June 1, 1987, lighting requirements consist of at least one headlight that has both low and high beams as well as a taillight (and the lights must meet the requirements for motorcycles).19 If so equipped, the headlight must be on at all times that the vehicle is operated. Minn. Stat. §§ 169.223, subd. 4; 169.49; 169.50; 169.57, subd. 1; 169.60; 169.67, subd. 2; 169.974, subd. 3. 18 The minimum liability coverage is $30,000 per person for injuries, $60,000 per occurrence for injuries, and $10,000 for property damage.
19 In addition, a brake light and rear license plate illumination may be required.