Source: https://www.irs.gov/irm/part9/irm_09-004-005-cont01.html
Timestamp: 2017-07-22 01:03:01
Document Index: 689550818

Matched Legal Cases: ['§6002', '§6004', '§6001', '§6004', '§6004', '§7602', '§6004', '§6003', '§7602', '§7602', '§7609', '§6004', '§6004', '§6004', '§6004', '§6004', '§6003', '§6001', '§6005', '§6004', '§6004', '§6103', '§6004', '§6004', '§6004', '§6004', '§6004', '§7407', '§7408']

Internal Revenue Manual - 9.4.5 Interviews (Cont. 1)
Section 5. Interviews (Cont. 1)
9.4.5 Interviews (Cont. 1)
9.4.5.9
9.4.5.10
9.4.5.11
Rights of Witnesses and Prospective Defendants During Interview 9.4.5.12
Document 5661, Statement of Rights (Non-Custody) & (In-Custody) Exhibit 9.4.5-8
9.4.5.9.3 (02-01-2005)Handwritten Notes
The special agent will preserve notes made substantially contemporaneous to interviews of the subject or prospective witnesses
and which are used in the preparation of a memorandum of interview, affidavit, or other similar reports. The original notes
will be retained in the investigative file. The notes should contain the date of the interview and the initials of their maker
9.4.5.10 (02-01-2005)Processing Record of Interview
Once the details of an interview have been recorded in the desired format, the special agent will take the following steps
to ensure proper processing of the record of interview.
9.4.5.10.1 (02-01-2005)Review and Corrections
The special agent will review every record of interview for typographical errors and for accuracy. If the statement is examined
by the witness, permit the witness to correct typographical errors and to make minor modifications to his/her testimony. While
major changes in the original interview are not permitted to be made, the witness may, however, submit an affidavit or give
testimony to modify his/her original statements. 9.4.5.10.2 (02-01-2005)Execution of a Statement Under Oath
Every document made under oath should have a simple certificate evidencing the fact that it was properly executed before a
duly authorized officer. The usual and proper form, called the " jurat,"
contains the statement "subscribed and sworn to before me at (address),"
followed by the date, signature, and title of the officer. If the jurat shows an affirmation, the word " affirmed"
will be sufficient. The special agent administers the oath by having the witness stand, raise his/her right hand, and
make a declaration that the document is true and correct. See IRM 1.2.52, Delegation of Authorities for Special Topics Activities
(Delegation Order No 4 (to be renumbered as Delegation Order 25-1) and IRM 25.5.1.
9.4.5.10.3 (05-15-2008)Persons Entitled to Copies
Upon request, a copy of an affidavit or transcript of a question and answer statement will be promptly furnished to a witness
except when it is determined by the SAC that its release should be delayed until such time as it will not interfere with the
development or successful prosecution of an investigation (see 26 CFR 601.107 (b)(1)). A memorandum of interview does not
have to be provided to the witness. For purposes of this section the subject of the investigation is considered a witness.
9.4.5.10.4 (05-15-2008)Subsequent Use by Special Agent
The record of interview is generally not admissible as evidence at the trial, but may be used to refresh the memory of a witness
or to discourage a witness from changing his/her testimony. It may also be used to impeach a witness on the stand when his/her
previous statements are inconsistent with his/her testimony, or to furnish a basis for prosecution of a witness who testifies
falsely at the trial. If the statement constitutes a confession or an admission against interest, the pertinent parts may
be used as such in evidence at the trial. The record may also serve as a valuable source of information for subsequent interviews.
9.4.5.11 (05-15-2008)Rights of Witnesses and Prospective Defendants During Interview All persons called as witnesses, whether prospective defendants or otherwise, whether natural persons or corporate entities,
and whether they appear as witnesses in response to subpoenas, Commissioner's summonses, or simple requests to appear for
interview, have rights and obligations defined by the US Constitution, statutes, and court decisions.
A potential conflict of interest situation may arise where there is dual representation; that is, where a summoned third-party
witness is represented by an attorney, certified public accountant, or other person who also represents the subject or another
9.4.5.11.1 (02-01-2005)Right to Advice of Counsel
A witness in a criminal investigation has the right to be accompanied, represented, and advised by counsel (see CFR 601.107(b)(1)).
The witness should be informed of this right if an inquiry is made regarding it. Subject's counsel, however, should not be
permitted to control or censor the replies of the witnesses nor attempt to interfere with the examination or impede or delay
the progress of the interview, interrogation, or conference. 9.4.5.11.2 (02-01-2005)Constitutional Rights
Principles relating to constitutional rights shall be adhered to during the interview, interrogation, or conference with a
person who may be a possible defendant in a criminal trial.
Constitutional protections are provided by the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Amendments. Fourth Amendment - The Fourth Amendment provides that " The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers,
and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable
cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to
be searched."
Fifth Amendment - The Fifth Amendment provides, in part, that " No person shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a
witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law."
Sixth Amendment - The Sixth Amendment provides, in part that " In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the
right to have the assistance of counsel for his defense."
Violations of Rights - The courts have long held that if an officer of the United States obtains evidence, a statement, or
a confession of a crime from a natural person in violation of the above constitutional rights, such evidence, statement, or
confession shall not be admitted as evidence against such person.
9.4.5.11.3 (02-01-2005)Duty to Inform Individual of Constitutional Rights
Special agents must abide by any related memoranda directives that apply to advising individuals of their constitutional rights
during non-custodial and custodial interviews.
9.4.5.11.3.1 (05-15-2008)Informing of Constitutional Rights in Non-Custodial Interviews
The special agent will advise the individual of his/her constitutional rights during non-custodial interviews when the individual
is a subject of an investigation, a corporate officer or employee who appears to be implicated in an alleged wrongdoing involving
a corporation under investigation, or when a witness' statement would incriminate the witness.
The special agent will not use language that could be interpreted as a promise of immunity or settlement of the subject's
investigation, or that might be viewed as intimidation or a threat in order to secure the subject's confession.
To defend against an attack on the admissibility of any statement or documentary evidence furnished by a subject under investigation,
the special agent will always inform the subject of his/her constitutional rights at the beginning of a formal question and
answer interview, even if the subject had previously been advised.
Failure to give subjects the constitutional warnings prescribed by Internal Revenue Service procedures has resulted in the
exclusion of evidence obtained from the subjects. See US v. Leahey and US v. Heffner.
9.4.5.11.3.1.1 (02-01-2005)Subject of Investigation
At the start of the initial interview with the subject of an investigation, a special agent(s) should do the following: Identify himself/herself as a special agent of the IRS, CI and provide his/her last name along with an introduction by title
and last name of any other officials present.
Display authorized credentials and badge of authority to the subject for visual examination, (always maintain physical control
of the badge and credentials and never allow anyone to duplicate, photograph or make an impression of your identification).
Provide the subject of the investigation with the special agent(s) unique Identification Number (see IRM 10.5.7, Use of Pseudonyms
by Internal Revenue Service Employees) and phone number, either verbally or in writing as required by RRA 98, Section 3705
(a). Note:
Special agents are required to provide the subject and the subject’s representative with his/her unique Identification Number
and phone number at the initial contact.
The special agent will advise the subject, "As a special agent, one of my functions is to investigate the possibility of criminal
violations of the Internal Revenue laws and related offenses. "
Advise the subject of the investigation as follows: "In connection with my investigation of your tax liability (or other matter),
I would like to ask you some questions. However, first I advise you that under the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution of
the United States, I cannot compel you to answer any questions or to submit any information if such answers or information
might tend to incriminate you in any way. I also advise you that anything which you say and any documents which you submit
may be used against you in any criminal proceeding which may be undertaken. I advise you further that you may, if you wish,
seek the assistance of an attorney before responding. Do you understand these rights?"
If the subject requests clarification, either as to his/her rights or the purpose of the investigation, the special agent
will give such explanation as is necessary to clarify the matter for the subject. The special agent will immediately terminate the interview if at any stage of an interview the subject indicates the wish
to exercise rights to either withhold testimony or records, or to consult with an attorney.
The special agent will write a contemporaneous memorandum stating the following: the manner in which the special agent identified himself/herself, including providing the subject with the special agent'(s)
unique Identification Number and phone number
9.4.5.11.3.1.2 (02-01-2005)Subject of Grand Jury Investigation
IRS procedures for non-custodial advice of rights does not apply to grand jury investigations. The attorney for the government
will provide instructions for advising subjects of their rights. Further, though IRS employees may use their credentials for
identification purposes, they should advise those contacted that they are acting as assistants to the attorney for the government
in conjunction with an investigation.
9.4.5.11.3.1.3 (02-01-2005)Corporate Officer or Employee
In dealing with a corporate officer or employee who appears to be implicated in an alleged wrongdoing involving a corporation
under investigation, the special agent will advise the person of his/her identity and duties as a special agent of the IRS,
CI as required above.
Also, the special agent will advise the person that under the Fifth Amendment, he/she cannot be compelled to answer any questions
or to submit any personal information that might tend to incriminate him/her in any way. The special agent will advise the
person that anything he/she says and any personal documents submitted may be used in any criminal investigation. The person
may, if desired, seek the assistance of counsel before responding. If the person is the custodian of corporate records that
are needed for the investigation, advise that he/she is required to produce such records since rights under the Fifth Amendment
do not apply to a corporation and its records. 9.4.5.11.3.1.4 (05-15-2008)Witness
Special agents are authorized to display their badges and credentials, make an affirmative statement that they are special
agents with the IRS, CI and identify the person under investigation. Below is a sample introduction. Mr. or Ms. XXXXXX, my name is John Doe, I am a special agent with IRS, CI (display credentials for examination and introduce
any other officials present). I am conducting an investigation of Mr. or Ms. XXXXX and I would like to ask you some questions
In the above example the special agent made no affirmative statement characterizing the investigation as being "criminal"
in nature. Special agents will refrain from characterizing investigations as " criminal"
except in those instances where this disclosure is necessary to obtain the information sought. Such a disclosure could
be necessary if the witness was disinclined to cooperate.
Advise the witness of his/her constitutional rights if at any time the witness makes statements that tend to incriminate him/her.
Exhibit 9.4.5-7 is a copy of Document 5661-A, Statement of Rights (Non-Custody) & (In-Custody), which sets forth the warning
that is required at the first official meeting with the subject of an investigation, and the warning that must be given to
a person in custody prior to any interview.
9.4.5.11.3.2 (02-01-2005)Informing of Constitutional Rights in Custodial Interrogations
The Supreme Court has held that when an individual is taken into custody or otherwise deprived of freedom by the authorities,
the individual must be advised of the following rights prior to any questioning: the right to remain silent
the right to consult an attorney, and if they cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed prior to any questioning, if
desired Opportunities to exercise the above rights must be afforded throughout the interrogation. After such warnings have been given
and such opportunity afforded to him/her, the individual may knowingly and intelligently waive these rights and agree to make
a statement. But unless such warnings and waiver are shown by the prosecution at trial, no evidence obtained as a result of
an interrogation may be used against the individual. 9.4.5.11.3.2.1 (05-15-2008)Interview of Persons in Custody
The special agent will not delay, for the purpose of obtaining an extensive interview or statement, an arrested person's appearance
before a US magistrate. However, if a statement can be obtained without unnecessary, delay and if the arrested person is willing
to make a statement, the special agent will record it subject to the safeguards outlined in subsection 9.4.5.11.3.2.1.1. The Supreme Court held in Mahis v. US that statements given by a person who is in custody or otherwise deprived of freedom to a revenue agent conducting a tax
examination, are inadmissible unless the person has been advised of his/her constitutional rights. This decision applies although
there is no relationship between the tax examination and the reason for custody.
9.4.5.11.3.2.1.1 (05-15-2008)Procedures
Prior to questioning, the special agent will warn the subject in clear and unequivocal terms of his/her right to remain silent,
that any statements made can and will be used as evidence against him/her, and of his/her right to the presence of an attorney,
either retained or appointed. These rights are commonly referred to as the subject's Miranda rights following Miranda v. Arizona.
The special agent will not question the subject if the following situations apply: the subject indicates that he/she does not want to be interviewed
at any time prior to or during the interview, the subject requests the presence of an attorney; the interview can continue
only after the attorney is present and the subject has had an opportunity to consult with the attorney
While it is mandatory that enforcement personnel comply with the safeguards listed above, these safeguards do not apply to
the normal administrative processing of an accused person after being taken into custody, such as: taking photographs
The safeguards also do not apply to the following situations: interviews to secure information for the timely protection of life, property, or national security
9.4.5.11.3.2.1.2 (05-15-2008)Procedural Safeguards to Secure Admissibility of Statements
To secure the admissibility of statements made during custodial interrogations, the special agent will observe the following
procedural safeguards: The person in custody must be advised of their Miranda rights as outlined in IRM 9.4.5.11.3.2.1.1 prior to an interrogation.
Exhibit 9.4.5-8 is a copy of Form 5228, Waiver of Right to Remain Silent and of Right to Advice of Counsel. The statement
of Miranda rights is contained within this form. This statement in card form also appears in Document 5661 (Rev. 3-2001).
9.4.5.11.3.2.1.3 (02-01-2005)Oral Waiver
An oral waiver may be acceptable when it is impossible or impracticable to obtain a signed waiver. In such instances, the
warning given by the special agent and the defendant's waiver should be witnessed by another agent or other credible person,
or recorded by mechanical or electronic means.
9.4.5.11.3.2.1.4 (02-01-2005)Written Statement Obtained After Waiver of Rights
If a written statement is obtained from a person who is interrogated after waiving the right to remain silent, either by execution
of the waiver agreement or otherwise, the special agent will include in the statement an introductory paragraph that indicates
the person was advised of his/her right to remain silent and of the right to counsel, and that those rights were waived and
the statement was made voluntarily.
9.4.5.11.3.2.1.5 (02-01-2005)Spontaneous or Volunteered Statements
Spontaneous or volunteered statements of any kind are not barred by the Fifth Amendment and are not affected by the Supreme
Court's decision in Miranda v. Arizona.
9.4.5.11.3.2.2 (05-15-2008)Waiver of Constitutional Rights
The privilege against self-incrimination must be specifically claimed, or it will be considered to have been waived, see Lisansky v. US. In Nicola v. US, a taxpayer permitted a revenue agent to examine his books and records. The taxpayer was indicted for income tax evasion
and invoked his Fifth Amendment rights for the first time at the trial by objecting to the revenue agent's testimony concerning
his findings. The court considered the issue whether the taxpayer had waived his Fifth Amendment privilege since he had not
refused to supply the requested information. The court first noted that the Fifth Amendment privilege is for the benefit of
the witness and unless specifically invoked is deemed to be waived. The court ruled that it was necessary for him to claim
immunity before the government agent and refuse to produce his books. After the government had possession of the information
with his consent, it was too late for him to then claim constitutional immunity.
Subjects who make verbal statements or give testimony to special agents during an investigation or at a US Tax Court trial,
may still rely upon their constitutional protections and refuse to testify at trial of their indictment for tax evasion. However,
any statements made by the subject to anyone may be used against them if acquired legally and not subject to privilege.
If a witness has testified at a trial and voluntarily revealed incriminating facts, he/she cannot in the same proceeding avoid
disclosure of the details. However, waiver of constitutional rights will not be assumed lightly, and no specific language
is required in asserting them. In the language of the Quinn decision, a claim of privilege does not require any special combination of words; a witness need not have the skill of a
lawyer to invoke the protection of the Fifth Amendment. Consequently, no ritualistic formula is necessary to invoke the privilege.
See Quinn v. US.
9.4.5.12 (02-01-2005)Immunity and Compulsion Orders
This section deals with a witness being granted immunity from criminal prosecution and compelling witnesses to testify. The
topics discussed are as follows; Immunity-Authority and Tax Division Policy
9.4.5.12.1 (02-01-2005)Immunity- Authority and Tax Division Policy
With the approval of the Attorney General or delegate, the Secretary of the Treasury is authorized to issue orders compelling
testimony in agency proceedings pursuant to 18 United States Code (USC) §6002 and 18 USC §6004. By Treasury Department Order
No. 150-19, the Secretary of the Treasury delegated this authority to the Commissioner of Internal Revenue who re-delegated
the authority to the Deputy Commissioner, the Chief, CI, and the Treasury Inspector General Tax Administration (TIGTA) (see
Delegation Order 9-3, Formerly No. 169 (Rev.1)).
An agency proceeding, as defined by 18 USC §6001, is a proceeding before an agency authorized to issue subpoenas and to take
testimony or receive other information from witnesses under oath.
In a proceeding where the IRS is authorized to issue a summons, the designated officials of the IRS may issue, with the approval
of the Attorney General or delegate, an order compelling individuals to give testimony or to produce information which they
had refused to give or produce on the basis of the right against self-incrimination. An order may be issued if in the judgment
of the designated officials: the testimony or other information from such individual may be necessary for the public interest, and
The Assistant Attorney General, Tax Division, has set forth the policies of the Department of Justice (DOJ) regarding the
review and approval of requests under 18 USC §6004 for authorization to issue orders compelling testimony and the production
of other information in IRS proceedings.
Testimony or other information compelled under the order and information directly or indirectly derived from such testimony
or other information, may not be used against the witness in any criminal investigation, except a prosecution for perjury,
giving a false statement, or otherwise failing to comply with the order.
9.4.5.12.2 (02-01-2005)Applicability Of Procedures For The Utilization Of 18 USC §6004 These procedures will be employed only in investigations conducted by CI. Orders to compel testimony will not be requested
for matters initiated in other operating divisions of the IRS unless and until the case has been referred to and accepted
by CI. For example, to obtain an order to compel the testimony of a person employed as a bookkeeper of a large corporation,
either the principal corporation or some related entity or individual must first be selected for investigation by Cl.
Requests for authorization to compel testimony will be submitted only for testimony, books, papers, records, or other data
to be given or produced in IRS proceedings which have been initiated by a summons issued under 26 USC §7602. Procedures for
the utilization of 18 USC §6004 will not be employed in connection with grand jury investigations that fall within the purview
of 18 USC §6003.
Requests for approval to compel testimony will be limited to investigations and situations which, in the judgment of the requester
and reviewers, are significant and in which an order compelling testimony is the only viable administrative tool for obtaining
necessary information. Employees of Cl should consult CT Counsel for pre-referral advice prior to initiating such a request.
A request for approval to compel testimony will be submitted only after a witness has been summoned pursuant to 26 USC §7602,
and has actually appeared and invoked his/her Fifth Amendment privilege in response to significant or essential questions
posed by the special agent.
9.4.5.12.3 (02-01-2005)Summons Procedure Prior To Requesting A Compulsion Order
During an investigation, any party interviewed who believes that his/her testimony would be incriminating may invoke his/her
If the witness is a subject of the investigation, or if during the course of an interview the special agent determines that
the witness may be a potential subject of the investigation, the special agent should advise the witness of his/her constitutional
rights. The special agent should ask the witness if he/she understand his/her rights. However, the special agent should not
ask the witness if he/she wishes to assert his/her Fifth Amendment privilege. This claim should be initiated by the witness.
Each witness for whom a compulsion order is to be requested must be served with a summons issued by a special agent under
26 USC §7602, and in accord with current case law governing the use of these summonses. Where applicable, the provisions of
26 USC §7609 will be followed.
9.4.5.12.3.1 (02-01-2005)Compulsion Order Requests When Summons is Issued and a Fifth Amendment Claim Is Offered During an Interview
Once a witness has been summoned, has appeared and invoked the Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination in response
to specific questions posed by the special agent, then; The return date of the summons may be continued until authorization to issue a compulsion order has been sought and granted.
The witness should be advised that the proceedings under the " initial"
summons have been adjourned and the witness' reappearance will be scheduled. In this regard, the special agent should
keep in mind that, in addition to the time needed to consider such application within the IRS, a minimum of one month from
the date of receipt of the request by DOJ will be needed to obtain an authorization from the Tax Division.
When the issuance of the compulsion order has been approved, the witness can be directed to reappear and compliance with the
summons will then be directed by issuance of an order pursuant to 18 USC §6004.
Except in unusual circumstances, a new summons is not necessary to request the witness' reappearance after a compulsion order
has been authorized. However, if the special agent does not properly adjourn the hearing, a new summons may need to be issued.
In the event a witness fails to appear or otherwise comply once the order is approved, compliance should be sought pursuant
to a summons enforcement action.
9.4.5.12.3.2 (05-15-2008)Compulsion Order Requests When No Summons Was Issued Prior To A Fifth Amendment Claim Offered During an Interview
When a Fifth Amendment claim is advanced during an interview or conference not initiated by use of a summons: Substantive questions shall be asked to ascertain all relevant areas where the right will be claimed so that an accurate assessment
of the need to request authorization to issue a compulsion order may be made. Such authorization will not be requested if
it is apparent that the Fifth Amendment right is only being claimed in response to nonessential questions. This information
will also enable the IRS to decide whether to issue a summons.
Questioning shall proceed until the witness expressly refuses to answer further questions on the basis of a right against
self-incrimination and until the scope of the claim can be determined.
If the SAC decides that an effort will be made toward obtaining an order compelling testimony, the following procedures will
be followed: The witness will be summoned.
When the witness has been summoned, has appeared and again invokes his/her Fifth Amendment privilege in response to specific
questions posed by the special agent, then procedures in subsection 9.4.5.12.3.1 will be followed.
9.4.5.12.3.3 (05-15-2008)Procedures When a Witness Reappears In Response To An Adjourned Summons
When a witness reappears in response to the adjourned summons, the following procedures must be observed: A verbatim transcript of the proceedings will be recorded only by a court reporter of a US district court or a reporter licensed
or certified by a state or Federal court.
The person conducting the proceeding must notify the stenographer or reporter that all original notes must be retained until
notified that they may be destroyed. The witness will be sworn.
The proceeding in which the witness is compelled to testify should commence with the special agent making reference, on the
record and in the presence of the witness, to the date of the witness' prior appearance and the invoking of the Fifth Amendment
The order and the authorization letter from the Assistant Attorney General, Tax Division, shall be marked as exhibits and
the order shall be read aloud by the special agent into the record in the presence of the witness. The witness will be shown the originals and given a copy of both documents and asked to examine the documents and verify the
copies. The witness shall be permitted to retain a copy of both documents. The special agent will retain the originals with
the record in the field office for use as an exhibit in any future proceeding (including submission of a copy as an exhibit
in transmitting the investigative report).
When books, records, or other documents are produced pursuant to a compulsion order, it is vital that complete, accurate copies
be retained and authenticated as conforming to the originals of any books, records, or other documents provided by the witness.
9.4.5.12.3.4 (05-15-2008)Summons Enforcement Procedures Prior To Requesting a Compulsion Order
A summons enforcement action is needed to direct a witness to appear and respond to specific questions posed by the special
agent, before requesting an order pursuant to 18 USC §6004, when one of the following situations occur: The witness fails to appear pursuant to the initial summons.
The summoned party, who has either simply refused to appear or who has refused to comply on grounds other than the Fifth Amendment
right against self-incrimination, may later invoke the Fifth Amendment in response to specific questions during the hearing
in court on the summons enforcement action. In that event, if it is determined by the government that a request for authorization
to issue a Section 6004 compulsion order should be made, the attorney for the government will request a continuance until
a decision on the request can be made. If the request is made and approved, the court (upon finding that any other non-Fifth
Amendment claims are resolved in the government's favor) at the request of the attorney for the government will order the
witness to appear before the IRS.
In the event a summons enforcement action results from challenges made by a witness on grounds other than the Fifth Amendment,
and no Fifth Amendment claim is raised during the course of the summons enforcement proceedings, but the witness, after being
directed to reappear before the IRS by the court, then invokes the Fifth Amendment for the first time before the IRS, the
proceedings may be adjourned until a request for authorization to compel testimony is considered and made. The special agent
should advise the attorney for the government who handled the summons enforcement action of the need for the adjournment and
of any other significant development occurring in the course of the proceedings before the IRS. The attorney for the government
will inform the court of these developments.
If, after being served with the order, the witness still refuses to answer questions or furnish information: The interview will be terminated.
Upon receipt of the transcript, the special agent will immediately transmit, 1. the original and four copies of the request2. together with the original of the summons (Form 2039, Summons) and related documents 3. the transcript 4. the original order compelling testimony5. the authorization from the DOJ, Tax Division, to the Director, Field Operations.
Requests approved by CT Counsel will be forwarded to Chief Counsel, Attention: Assistant Chief Counsel (Collection, Bankruptcy
and Summonses). Chief Counsel, in turn, will forward approved requests to the appropriate Civil Trial Section of the Tax Division
with a copy to DOJ, Criminal Section, Tax Division.
9.4.5.12.4 (05-15-2008)Requesting Immunity for Acts of Production
The contents of subpoenaed business records of a sole proprietorship are not subject to a claim of right against self-incrimination
since such records are created voluntarily prior to the issuance of the subpoena or summons. However, a witness' act of production
in response to a subpoena or summons may have incriminating testimonial aspects for which statutory immunity must be granted
before production may be compelled.
Generally, the testimonial aspects of the act of production go to the existence, possession, and authenticity of the records
being sought. That is, merely by producing subpoenaed or summoned records, the witness admits that: The records called for in the subpoena or summons exist.
A compulsion order under 18 USC §6004 may be used to immunize only those aspects of the act of production that are testimonial
in nature. When a witness receives such immunity, the government is precluded from the use and derivative use of the witness'
act of production to establish the existence, possession, or authenticity of the records that are produced. If the government
can establish independently from the act of production that the records do exist and are in the possession of the witness,
and there is an independent means by which the records can be authenticated (e.g., third party testimony, handwriting analysis,
etc.), the contents of the records may be used in evidence against the witness in a criminal proceeding.
A request for immunity under 18 USC §6004 solely for a witness' act of production will be considered only in factual situations
which satisfy all of the following conditions: The investigation is a criminal investigation.
If the party summoned is a subject of the investigation, the records sought to be compelled are not otherwise obtainable from
third parties (e.g., bank, bookkeeper, accountant).
There is evidence available to establish that the records being sought presently exist in the possession of the party to be
summoned, and there is an independent means to authenticate the records once they are produced. Note:
Procedures for the utilization of 18 USC §6004 will not be employed in connection with grand jury investigations which fall
within the purview of 18 USC §6003.
When a special agent determines that a summons should be issued for business records from a witness or subject for whom act
of production immunity will be required, the concurrence, and the assistance of CT Counsel in drafting the summons, should
be sought. The summons must be narrowly drafted to seek only production of business records that are known to be in the possession
of the summoned party.
If the summoned party refuses to comply based on a valid Fifth Amendment claim in a recorded "Question and Answer"
statement, CI will prepare and process a compulsion order request. The compulsion order request should also contain a
section which covers the independent authentication of the requested records and specifies which records can be identified
by each witness.
After approval of the compulsion order by DOJ and the Chief, CI, the procedures set forth in subsection 9.4.5.12.3.3 of this
section entitled "Procedures When A Witness Reappears in Response to an Adjourned Summons "
will be followed except that: Criminal Tax Counsel will be requested to attend the proceeding.
The summoned party will be directed to turn over the requested documents to CT Counsel who will immediately inspect the records
to determine whether any documents produced are not covered by the summons.
If any documents outside the summons are produced, CT Counsel will advise the summoned party that the immunity order does
not cover the witness' act of producing those documents.
Documents not covered by the summons will be immediately returned to the witness unless the witness expressly waives any Fifth
Amendment rights in regard to the documents.
If the volume of documents makes it impractical to perform an inspection at the time of production, the witness will be advised
that the documents will remain under the control of CT Counsel until such inspection can be performed. Criminal Tax Counsel will perform an inspection of the documents as soon as possible. Until such an inspection is completed,
none of the documents produced will be made available to the special agent.
All documents outside the scope of the summons will be retained by CT Counsel. Criminal Tax Counsel will immediately advise
the witness or the witness' attorney by certified mail return receipt requested, of the documents found to be outside the
scope of the summons and immunity order. The witness will be requested to reclaim the documents or provide an express waiver
of any Fifth Amendment rights in regard to such documents.
If an express waiver is not received within 30 calendar days of the date of CT Counsel's letter, the documents will be sealed
and returned to the witness by certified mail, return receipt requested, or by hand delivery by a special agent not assigned
As soon as possible after receipt of documents obtained pursuant to an act of production immunity order, the special agent
should obtain and document independent authentication of the records. Although independent authentication may not legally
be required until an attempt is made to introduce the records in a criminal proceeding against the witness, the means to obtain
such authentication may be unavailable by that time.
If the summoned party does not comply with the summons after receipt of the Compulsion Order, CI will refer the summons to
CT Counsel for judicial enforcement under existing procedures. The enforcement letter from CT Counsel will be reviewed by
the Assistant Chief Counsel (Collection, Bankruptcy and Summonses) before forwarding to the DOJ, Tax Division. Coordination
with the Criminal Tax Division will be sought when appropriate.
9.4.5.12.5 (02-01-2005)Considerations Relevant To Requesting A Compulsion Order
The following considerations are designed to implement the DOJ, Tax Division's policy regarding the utilization of 18 USC
§6001– §6005: that restraint and selectivity be used in authorizing requests to apply for or issue orders compelling testimony under 18
USC §6004; and
that the reviewing officials be furnished all available information regarding the extent of the witness' involvement in the
matters under investigation, and the nature of the expected testimony in order that an informed and objective assessment of
the advantages and risks involved in compelling testimony may be made.
Requests for authorization to compel testimony from close family members of the subject of an investigation will rarely be
approved by DOJ, Tax Division, unless: the witness and the relative participated in a common business enterprise and the testimony to be elicited related to that
enterprise or its activities; the testimony to be elicited relates to illegal conduct in which both the witness and the relative were active participants;
The government must be careful not to provide witnesses, who may be sympathetic to the subject, with the opportunity to use
immunity from prosecution as a means of exculpating the subject of the investigation by falsely accepting responsibility.
The DOJ requires that the compelled testimony of witnesses who have been convicted, but not sentenced on criminal charges,
will not be brought to the attention of the sentencing judge without the witness' consent.
9.4.5.12.6 (05-15-2008)Compulsion Order Request Procedures
A request for a compulsion order will consist of narrative responses, in memorandum form, keyed to the requested information
outlined in paragraph (3) of this section as specified by the lettered paragraphs (a through s). Where appropriate, a single
memorandum may be prepared even where authorization for a compulsion order is being requested for more than one witness. Each request for authorization to issue a compulsion order will be transmitted by a memorandum addressed to the Director,
Field Operations from the requesting special agent. The last page of the request will contain approval lines for the following
officials: Special Agent in Charge
In order to provide effective administrative review of the need for a compulsion order, and to comply with the requirements
of the DOJ, Tax Division, the following information should be included in each request to compel testimony from a prospective
witness. Reference should be made in the memorandum prepared by the special agent to the letters below in order to identify
responses. The narrative memorandum should contain, as a caption, the following information: the name, address, taxpayer identification
number, subject investigation number and similar data on each related investigation.
A brief summary of the background of the investigation including the title and section numbers of the US Code corresponding
to the alleged violation(s) under investigation and the method of proving income which is currently being utilized.
Describe briefly the circumstances surrounding the witness' invocation of the Fifth Amendment, outlining the scope of the
assertion, and the legal basis believed to underlie the assertion. Where possible and when appropriate, state whether the
right is being invoked by the witness in a capacity as a record-keeper, corporate officer, or in an individual capacity, based
on personal knowledge of or involvement in the matters under investigation.
Indicate whether the witness may be in a position to exculpate the proposed subjects, even if it is not anticipated that the
witness would do so if compelled to testify.
Outline the basis for concluding that the witness will cooperate and testify truthfully if compelled to do so pursuant to
18 USC §6004. If it cannot be ascertained whether the witness will testify truthfully, so state.
Attach witness' Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) identification record "criminal history"
and summarize any other known criminal activity. If the FBI record is unavailable, explain. List any charges or investigations
pending against the witness. If the witness is currently awaiting trial or sentencing, or has a case on appeal, provide information
concerning the identity, status, and location of the case including the name of the government attorney assigned to it.
Describe the Federal, state, or local offenses which may have been committed by the witness that could be disclosed during
the course of his/her compelled testimony. Include an analysis as to whether the witness could be prosecuted for a role in
the matter under investigation and, if so, state the reasons why the IRS has determined not to recommend prosecution.
If the witness is the subject of any inquiry, civil or criminal, currently being conducted by the IRS, indicate the office
handling the matter and the nature of the inquiry.
If the witness is represented by counsel, provide the name of the witness' attorney, and indicate whether that attorney or
a member of that attorney's law firm is representing one or more of the proposed subjects (including, for example, an employee
of a corporation who is represented by the corporation's counsel). If the witness' attorney is also representing one or more
of the proposed subjects, state whether the attorney has given any indication that representation will be withdrawn in the
event an order to compel testimony is authorized.
If the witness may assert the attorney-client privilege or other legal privilege, describe the possible effect of that privilege
on the government's attempts to obtain the witness' testimony.
State whether any assurances or agreements are known to have been made with the witness by any government representatives
that could have the effect of affording the witness immunity from prosecution.
List all other witnesses for whom authorization to compel testimony has been requested in this matter, or with whom an agreement
not to prosecute may have been made by a government representative. Specify whether such witnesses named are the subject of
an authorization or an agreement.
Summarize the attempts made to secure from other sources the information the witness is expected to provide or, if appropriate,
summarize the reasons why this information cannot be obtained from other sources.
List the names and addresses of Federal, state, and local law enforcement officers other than IRS personnel notified of this
request, if any, and report their views regarding the application. If it is anticipated that other law enforcement agencies
would have a substantial interest in the authorization under consideration, then indicate the efforts made to clear the proposed
order with such agencies. Clearance with other agencies shall be effected in accordance with the provisions of 26 USC §6103.
The request will be comprised of the witness identification sheet(s); the memorandum setting forth the responses to the above
items; a verbatim transcript or a detailed memorandum of the proceeding (a memorandum will be accepted only when the witness
refuses to allow the interview to be recorded) wherein the witness asserts the Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination
or otherwise refuses to answer questions; and a copy of the original summons. The SAC will submit each request for authorization to issue a compulsion order to the Director, Field Operations for consideration
of approval. The Director, Field Operations will indicate approval or disapproval within three workdays of receipt. If the
Director, Field Operations agrees that it is appropriate to request authorization, the original and three copies of the request
will be forwarded to the Chief, CI, Attn: Financial Crimes Section.
The Chief, CI, will approve or disapprove the request within three working days of receipt. If the Chief, CI, agrees that
a request for authorization to compel testimony is appropriate, the original and two copies of the request will be forwarded
to Division Counsel/Associate Chief Counsel (Criminal Tax), to review the legal sufficiency of the request and for preparation
of the compulsion order.
The Division Counsel/Associate Chief Counsel (Criminal Tax) shall determine the propriety and legal sufficiency of the request.
If the request is determined proper and legally sufficient, the Division Counsel/Associate Chief Counsel (Criminal Tax) shall
prepare a proposed compulsion order for each witness and transmit them, along with an original and one copy of the request,
to the Chief, CI. The original request, along with all supporting exhibits and copies of all proposed compulsion orders, will
then be transmitted to the Assistant Attorney General, Tax Division, Attention: Chief, (Region) Criminal Enforcement Section.
If the request is determined not proper or not legally sufficient, the Division Counsel/Associate Chief Counsel (Criminal
Tax) will advise the Chief, CI.
Upon forwarding the request to the DOJ, Tax Division, the Chief, CI will orally advise the Director, Field Operations and
the SAC of the requesting field office that it has been forwarded.
Upon receipt of approval by the Assistant Attorney General, Tax Division, the Chief, CI will sign the order. The order, with
the authorization letter (signed by the Assistant Attorney General, Tax Division) attached, will then be transmitted directly
to the requesting field office, with copies to the Director, Field Operations, Division Counsel/Associate Chief Counsel (Criminal
Tax), and Area Counsel (Criminal Tax). At the same time, the Chief, CI will orally advise the Director, Field Operations and
the SAC of the requesting field office that the order has been signed.
9.4.5.12.7 (02-01-2005)Procedures for Potential Perjury/False Statement Referrals after A Compulsion Order
In the event the witness appears and testifies, and there exists evidence that proves the witness testified falsely, the special
agent should submit to CT Counsel the following: the summons and related documents
the authorization letter from the Assistant Attorney General, Tax Division a report by the special agent setting forth in detail the reasons why the witness's testimony is alleged to be false, and
the evidence that is available to support this allegation.
9.4.5.12.8 (05-15-2008)Report Requirements by Criminal Investigation Relating To Compelled Testimony
Within 10 workdays after the witness has testified, the SAC will prepare and submit a Form 6185, Witness Follow-up Report,
to the Director, Field Operations on the use of the compulsion order. A copy should be immediately forwarded to the Criminal
Section, DOJ, Tax Division. The report should be prepared whether or not the witness complies with the order, and whether
or not it is believed the witness testified truthfully.
A copy of the report will be sent to the following: Chief, CI, Attn: Financial Crimes (CI:OPS:FC)
The report shall contain the same information listed in subsection 9.4.5.12.7, entitled "Procedures for Potential Perjury/False
Statement Referrals After a Compulsion Order."
9.4.5.12.9 (05-15-2008)Safeguarding Transcripts and other Immunized Information IRS personnel should not disclose the nature, content, scope, or any other facet of the witness' compelled testimony before
the IRS. If inquiries are made by another government agency concerning an individual who has previously furnished information
pursuant to an order issued under 18 USC §6004, the fact the person has given compelled testimony should be brought to the
attention of the requesting department or agency.
A copy of the verbatim transcript and order, together with pertinent records and documents supplied by the witness, should
be included as exhibits to the special agent's final report recommending prosecution of the subject of the investigation.
A transcript used for such purposes will be accompanied by a cover sheet listing the signature, name, and title of each person
having access to the transcript. All case transmittal material must contain a reference to the fact the report contains such
documents, and of the need for each reviewer to sign the cover sheet. The originals and all remaining copies of the transcript,
as well as authenticated copies of documents furnished, will be placed under seal with the special agent's investigation files
and will be retained for the same time as such file. In no instance shall a transcript, sealed documents, or any other records
be destroyed less than 20 years from the date of the witness' appearance and testimony pursuant to the compulsion order.
9.4.5.12.10 (05-15-2008)Prosecution of A Compelled Witness For Tax Offenses
If a separate criminal tax investigation is subsequently undertaken of a person who has previously been compelled by the IRS
to testify pursuant to an 18 USC §6004 order, no persons connected with the subsequent investigation should be permitted access
to the transcript of the witness' prior testimony or the documents, or copies thereof, which the witness provided under the
compulsion order. Any IRS personnel who had access to the compelled testimony or documents provided, must exclude themselves
from any investigative or review action in the subsequent investigation. Note:
Department of Justice, Tax Division will not authorize prosecution of a witness previously compelled to testify pursuant to
18 USC §6004 unless the independent nature of the evidence can be clearly demonstrated.
Where prosecution of a previously compelled witness is undertaken, the government bears a heavy burden to establish the evidence
of the offense was derived from independent sources and the search for such evidence did not emanate from the testimony given
Accordingly, prior to initiation of such an investigation, the assigned special agent should prepare a memorandum for the
local CT counsel detailing the source and information giving rise to the proposed investigation. Criminal Tax counsel will
review this memorandum and the proposed subject's prior compelled testimony to ensure that they are not related. Criminal
Tax counsel will advise the special agent by memorandum of its findings without disclosing the nature of the compelled testimony.
If a prosecution recommendation is made to the DOJ, Tax Division and the recommended defendant is known to have previously
been compelled to testify under an 18 USC §6004 order, the referring special agent should include the following information
in the prosecution recommendation: the dates the recommended defendant was previously ordered to give testimony and produce documents
a summary of the circumstances and information that will establish the proposed criminal tax prosecution is independent of
the prior compelled testimony or documents provided by the recommended defendant 9.4.5.12.11 (02-01-2005)Civil Use of Material Obtained Under A Compulsion Order
Testimony and other information provided by a witness under an 18 USC §6004 order may be used in a related injunctive action
under 26 USC §7407 or 26 USC §7408 prior to the conclusion of the criminal investigation. Such testimony and other information
will not be utilized in any other civil action (i.e., conducting civil audits, issuances of statutory notices, etc., relative
either to a witness or a subject of the investigation) during the pendency of the criminal aspects of the investigation without
the express written consent of the Chief, CI. If a prosecution referral to the DOJ, Tax Division is ongoing, the concurrence
of the DOJ, Tax Division must be obtained prior to the non-injunctive civil use of the testimony or information.
Occupation and qualifications of preparer
Description of primary books and records in detail
Cash receipts and disbursements book
Journals: sales, purchases, cash
Invoices and other original documents
Description of secondary books and records in detail
Ledgers: general and subsidiary
Trial balance books, and records of financial statements
Extent of witness' audit of books and records
Source of all information on returns
Books and records (tie in with return)
No records (obtain information in detailed form)
Records and books of other third parties
Items not shown on books or records (including income, assets, etc.)
Instructions and data received from taxpayer and any other persons
Information as to whether returns were explained to taxpayer, and to what extent
Copies of workpapers used in preparation of returns and copies of returns
Tie in with return
Arrange to inspect the workpapers and copies of returns
Conversations regarding tax matters with:
Taxpayer's agent or other persons
Details about witness' and taxpayer's knowledge concerning the signing and filing of each return, including:
Identification of each return prepared by witness
Where each return was prepared
Where each return was signed
In re: Name and address of subject
Time: Date and hour of interview
Place: Location of interview
On 20–, I, Special Agent questioned Mr. about Mr. stated Note: If feasible, the subject should be requested to examine the
statement and sign it. If he/she refuses, insert the following legend at the end of the statement when applicable. "This statement
was read by Mr. (the subject), on 20– who stated that it was true and correct, but refused to be placed under oath or to sign
Testimony of John J. Jones, 115 South Street, Chester, Pennsylvania 19013, given in the office of Criminal Investigation,
Internal Revenue Service, Room 200, United States Courthouse, 401 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, at 9:30 a.m.,
on Tuesday, September 7, 2001, about his Federal income tax. (2)
Present: a.
Mr. John J. Jones, Taxpayer
Adam Adam's, Attorney
John Smith, Special Agent
Alexander White, Revenue Agent
Evelyn Green, Reporter
Questions were asked by Special Agent Smith and answers were given by Mr. Jones unless otherwise specified.
Mr. Jones, this interview is being recorded, as we agreed, by means of the tape recorder on your left.
1. Q. Mr. Jones, you were requested to appear at this office to answer questions concerning your Federal income tax for the
years 20– to 20–, inclusive. First, I advise you that under the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States I
cannot compel you to answer any questions or to submit any information if such answers or information might tend to incriminate
you in any way. I also advise you that anything you say and any documents you submit may be used against you in any criminal
proceeding which may be undertaken. Do you fully understand this? (If the taxpayer requests clarification, either as to his
rights or the purpose of the investigation, the special agent will give such clarification.) Do you swear that the answers
you are about to give to the questions asked will be the truth, so help you God? (The special agent will stand while administering
the oath).
270. Q. Mr. Jones, have I, or has any other federal agent, threatened or intimidated you in any manner?
A. No. (8)
271. Q. Have I, or any other federal agent, offered you any rewards, or promises of reward or immunity, in return for this
A. No. (10)
272. Q. Have you given this statement freely and voluntarily?
A. Yes. (12)
273. Q. Is there anything further you care to add for the record?
A. No. (14)
After this statement has been transcribed, you will be given an opportunity to read it, correct any typographical errors,
United States of ( )
America Eastern Judicial ( )
SS District of Pennsylvania ( )
I have carefully read the foregoing statement consisting of pages 1 to , inclusive, which is a correct transcript of my answers
to the questions asked me on the day of , 20–, at the offices of Criminal Investigation, Internal Revenue Service, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, relative to my federal income tax or other violation. I hereby certify that the foregoing answers are true and
correct, that I have made the corrections shown and have placed my initials opposite each correction, and that I have initialed
each page of the statement. (19)
Subscribed and sworn to before me this month/day/year.
Reporter, do hereby certify that I took the foregoing statement of - in shorthand, personally transcribed it from my shorthand
pages, and initialed each page.
On Wednesday July–20–at 10:00 a.m., I questioned Tom Brown of 1124 Euclid Street, NW Washington, DC 20017 in his office,
117 Elm Street, Washington, DC, about his purchase of a 20– sedan from Smith Motors Inc. He stated that he purchased the sedan,
bearing vehicle identification number 1173945, for $32,250.00 from Sam Smith, President of Smith Motors, and that he gave
Mr. Smith his personal check number 117, dated 20– for $32,250.00. He agreed to submit an affidavit relating to his purchase.
Internal Revenue Service Special Agent King, of Baltimore, Maryland, witnessed the interview which was concluded at 10:47
Special Agent July–20–
Exhibit 9.4.5-7 Document 5661, Statement of Rights (Non-Custody) & (In-Custody) This image is too large to be displayed in the current screen. Please click the link to view the image.