Source: https://www.scribd.com/document/300614992/Obligations-anne
Timestamp: 2018-09-20 07:17:54
Document Index: 574460739

Matched Legal Cases: ['art 1', 'Art. 1156', 'Art. 1158', 'Art. 1159', 'Art. 1160', 'Art. 1161', 'Art. 1162', 'Art. 1163', 'Art. 1164', 'Art. 1165', 'Art. 1178', 'Art. 1174', 'Art. 1195', 'Art. 1203', 'Art.\n1212', 'Art. 1215', 'Art. 1210', 'Art. 1225', 'Art. 1228', 'Art. 1236', 'Art. 1253', 'Art. 1272', 'Art. 1270', 'Art. 1273', 'Art. 1280', 'Art. 1299']

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Art. 1156. An obligation is a juridical necessity to give, to do or not to do. (n)
1157. Obligations arise from:
Quasi-contracts;
Acts or omissions punished by law; and
Quasi-delicts. (1089a)
Art. 1158. Obligations derived from law are not presumed. Only those expressly
determined in this Code or in special laws are demandable, and shall be regulated by
the precepts of the law which establishes them; and as to what has not been foreseen,
by the provisions of this Book. (1090)
Art. 1159. Obligations arising from contracts have the force of law between the
contracting parties and should be complied with in good faith. (1091a)
Art. 1160. Obligations derived from quasi-contracts shall be subject to the provisions of
Chapter 1, Title XVII, of this Book. (n)
Art. 1161. Civil obligations arising from criminal offenses shall be governed by the penal
laws, subject to the provisions of Article 2177, and of the pertinent provisions of Chapter
2, Preliminary Title, on Human Relations, and of Title XVIII of this Book, regulating damages.
Art. 1162. Obligations derived from quasi-delicts shall be governed by the provisions of
Chapter 2, Title XVII of this Book, and by special laws. (1093a)
Art. 1163. Every person obliged to give something is also obliged to take care of it with
the proper diligence of a good father of a family, unless the law or the stipulation of the
parties requires another standard of care. (1094a)
Art. 1164. The creditor has a right to the fruits of the thing from the time the obligation to
deliver it arises. However, he shall acquire no real right over it until the same has been
delivered to him. (1095)
Art. 1165. When what is to be delivered is a determinate thing, the creditor, in addition to
the right granted him by Article 1170, may compel the debtor to make the delivery.
If the thing is indeterminate or generic, he may ask that the obligation be complied
with at the expense of the debtor.
are liable for damages. or (2) When from the nature and the circumstances of the obligation it appears that the designation of the time when the thing is to be delivered or the service is to be rendered was a controlling motive for the establishment of the contract. 1169. However. neither party incurs in delay if the other does not comply or is not ready to comply in a proper manner with what is incumbent upon him. he shall be responsible for any fortuitous event until he has effected the delivery. it shall also be undone at his expense. 1170. 1166. This same rule shall be observed if he does it in contravention of the tenor of the obligation. or delay. or (3) When demand would be useless. Furthermore. OBLIGATIONS If the obligor delays. and those who in any manner contravene the tenor thereof. (1097a) Art. Any waiver of an action for future fraud is void. according to the circumstances. Responsibility arising from negligence in the performance of every kind of obligation is also demandable. (1096) Art. In reciprocal obligations. the same shall be executed at his cost.Title I. 1167. but such liability may be regulated by the courts. When negligence shows bad faith. (1100a) Art. paragraph 2. it may be decreed that what has been poorly done be undone. the demand by the creditor shall not be necessary in order that delay may exist: (1) When the obligation or the law expressly so declare. Those who in the performance of their obligations are guilty of fraud. Those obliged to deliver or to do something incur in delay from the time the obligee judicially or extrajudicially demands from them the fulfillment of their obligation. of the time and of the place. When the obligation consists in not doing. (1099a) Art. The fault or negligence of the obligor consists in the omission of that diligence which is required by the nature of the obligation and corresponds with the circumstances of the persons. 1172. or has promised to deliver the same thing to two or more persons who do not have the same interest. Responsibility arising from fraud is demandable in all obligations. 1171. From the moment one of the parties fulfills his obligation. shall apply. the provisions of Articles 1171 and 2201. 1173. and the obligor does what has been forbidden him. 1168. . If a person obliged to do something fails to do it. even though they may not have been mentioned. (1103) Art. as when the obligor has rendered it beyond his power to perform. negligence. (1098) Art. The obligation to give a determinate thing includes that of delivering all its accessions and accessories. (1102a) Art. (1101) Art. delay by the other begins.
Every obligation which contains a resolutory condition shall also be demandable. save those which are inherent in his person. (1114) Art. OBLIGATIONS If the law or contract does not state the diligence which is to be observed in the performance. (1104a) Art. as well as the extinguishment or loss of those already acquired. 1176. subject to the provisions of Article 1197. may exercise all the rights and bring all the actions of the latter for the same purpose. or when the nature of the obligation requires the assumption of risk. When the debtor binds himself to pay when his means permit him to do so. shall likewise raise the presumption that such installments have been paid. the conditional obligation shall be void. 1179. shall depend upon the happening of the event which constitutes the condition. . (1113) Art. 1178. Every obligation whose performance does not depend upon a future or uncertain event. If it depends upon chance or upon the will of a third person. Except in cases expressly specified by the law. (1112) CHAPTER 3 DIFFERENT KINDS OF OBLIGATIONS SECTION 1. the obligation shall be deemed to be one with a period. In conditional obligations. The receipt of the principal by the creditor without reservation with respect to the interest. (n) Art. they may also impugn the acts which the debtor may have done to defraud them. (1111) Art. Subject to the laws. 1177. or which. or when it is otherwise declared by stipulation. the acquisition of rights. that which is expected of a good father of a family shall be required. When the fulfillment of the condition depends upon the sole will of the debtor. (1110a) Art. 1174. (1115) . were inevitable. no person shall be responsible for those events which could not be foreseen. 1181. 1182. 1180. shall give rise to the presumption that said interest has been paid.Title I.Pure and Conditional Obligations Art. or upon a past event unknown to the parties. without prejudice to the effects of the happening of the event. 1175. (1105a) Art. Usurious transactions shall be governed by special laws. though foreseen. The receipt of a later installment of a debt without reservation as to prior installments. after having pursued the property in possession of the debtor to satisfy their claims. if there has been no stipulation to the contrary. all rights acquired in virtue of an obligation are transmissible. The creditors. (n) Art. the obligation shall take effect in conformity with the provisions of this Code. is demandable at once.
If the obligation is unilateral. (1117) Art. Nevertheless. The condition not to do an impossible thing shall be considered as not having been agreed upon. If the obligation is divisible. the courts shall determine. the debtor shall appropriate the fruits and interests received. The creditor may. 1188. . that part thereof which is not affected by the impossible or unlawful condition shall be valid. the retroactive effect of the condition that has been complied with. OBLIGATIONS Art. bring the appropriate actions for the preservation of his right. the impairment is to be borne by the creditor. he shall be obliged to pay damages. The condition shall be deemed fulfilled when the obligor voluntarily prevents its fulfillment. the obligation shall be extinguished. shall retroact to the day of the constitution of the obligation. The condition that some event will not happen at a determinate time shall render the obligation effective from the moment the time indicated has elapsed. The condition that some event happen at a determinate time shall extinguish the obligation as soon as the time expires or if it has become indubitable that the event will not take place. those contrary to good customs or public policy and those prohibited by law shall annul the obligation which depends upon them. when the obligation imposes reciprocal prestations upon the parties. the fruits and interests during the pendency of the condition shall be deemed to have been mutually compensated. 1187. in each case. or goes out of commerce. The effects of a conditional obligation to give. (1118) Art. or disappears in such a way that its existence is unknown or it cannot be recovered. (1116a) Art. (1120) Art. Impossible conditions. loss or deterioration of the thing during the pendency of the condition: (1) If the thing is lost without the fault of the debtor. (1121a) Art. the following rules shall be observed in case of the improvement. it is understood that the thing is lost when it perishes. bearing in mind the nature of the obligation. In obligations to do and not to do.Title I. before the fulfillment of the condition. The debtor may recover what during the same time he has paid by mistake in case of a suspensive condition. If no time has been fixed. 1184. unless from the nature and circumstances of the obligation it should be inferred that the intention of the person constituting the same was different. once the condition has been fulfilled. 1189. or if it has become evident that the event cannot occur. 1185. 1183. (2) If the thing is lost through the fault of the debtor. When the conditions have been imposed with the intention of suspending the efficacy of an obligation to give. the condition shall be deemed fulfilled at such time as may have probably been contemplated. (3) When the thing deteriorates without the fault of the debtor. 1186. (1119) Art.
the parties. or by time. upon the fulfillment of said conditions. if the latter should become impossible. (1123) Art. When the conditions have for their purpose the extinguishment of an obligation to give. (6) If it is improved at the expense of the debtor. A day certain is understood to be that which must necessarily come. (n) . the creditor may choose between the rescission of the obligation and its fulfillment. Obligations with a resolutory period take effect at once. In case of the loss. deterioration or improvement of the thing. the improvement shall inure to the benefit of the creditor. If it cannot be determined which of the parties first violated the contract. OBLIGATIONS (4) If it deteriorates through the fault of the debtor. the obligation is conditional. 1191. the provisions which. As for the obligations to do and not to do. the rules in Article 1189 shall be observed. but terminate upon arrival of the day certain.Obligations with a Period Art. in accordance with Articles 1385 and 1388 and the Mortgage Law. the liability of the first infractor shall be equitably tempered by the courts. although it may not be known when. shall be demandable only when that day comes. (1122) Art. (n) SECTION 2. In case both parties have committed a breach of the obligation. 1194. The court shall decree the rescission claimed. deterioration or improvement of the thing before the arrival of the day certain. 1190. shall return to each other what they have received. with respect to the debtor. (1124) Art.Title I. Obligations for whose fulfillment a day certain has been fixed. the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 1187 shall be observed as regards the effect of the extinguishment of the obligation. If the uncertainty consists in whether the day will come or not. The injured party may choose between the fulfillment and the rescission of the obligation. (1125a) Art. he shall have no other right than that granted to the usufructuary. 1193. with the payment of damages in either case. and it shall be regulated by the rules of the preceding Section. He may also seek rescission. are laid down in the preceding article shall be applied to the party who is bound to return. unless there be just cause authorizing the fixing of a period. This is understood to be without prejudice to the rights of third persons who have acquired the thing. and each shall bear his own damages. the same shall be deemed extinguished. 1192. even after he has chosen fulfillment. (5) If the thing is improved by its nature. In case of loss. The power to rescind obligations is implied in reciprocal ones. in case one of the obligors should not comply with what is incumbent upon him. with indemnity for damages in either case. .
(1127) Art. it is presumed to have been established for the benefit of both the creditor and the debtor. If the obligation does not fix a period. 1199. the courts shall determine such period as may under the circumstances have been probably contemplated by the parties. 1198. The debtor shall lose every right to make use of the period: (1) When after the obligation has been contracted. The choice shall produce no effect except from the time it has been communicated. the obligor being unaware of the period or believing that the obligation has become due and demandable. (1126a) Art. may be recovered. 1196. in consideration of which the creditor agreed to the period. unlawful or which could not have been the object of the obligation. (1129a) SECTION 3. 1200. OBLIGATIONS Art. 1195. unless it has been expressly granted to the creditor. (5) When the debtor attempts to abscond. unless he immediately gives new ones equally satisfactory. The creditor cannot be compelled to receive part of one and part of the other undertaking. Once fixed by the courts. with the fruits and interests. In every case. (3) When by his own acts he has impaired said guaranties or securities after their establishment. but from its nature and the circumstances it can be inferred that a period was intended. (2) When he does not furnish to the creditor the guaranties or securities which he has promised. . The debtor shall have no right to choose those prestations which are impossible. (1132) Art. Whenever in an obligation a period is designated.Alternative Obligations Art. and when through a fortuitous event they disappear. A person alternatively bound by different prestations shall completely perform one of them. (4) When the debtor violates any undertaking. the period cannot be changed by them.Title I. he becomes insolvent. unless from the tenor of the same or other circumstances it should appear that the period has been established in favor of one or of the other. 1201. the courts may fix the duration thereof. (1131) Art. unless he gives a guaranty or security for the debt. Anything paid or delivered before the arrival of the period. (1128a) Art. (1133) . The courts shall also fix the duration of the period when it depends upon the will of the debtor. 1197. The right of choice belongs to the debtor.
only one is practicable. the choice by the creditor shall fall upon the price of any one of them. (1137a) Art.Joint and Solidary Obligations Art. The indemnity shall be fixed taking as a basis the value of the last thing which disappeared. The same rules shall be applied to obligations to do or not to do in case one. through the negligence of the obligor. some or all of the prestations should become impossible. (1136a) Art. The loss or deterioration of the thing intended as a substitute. or the compliance of the obligation has become impossible. 1208. or that of the service which last became impossible. the credits . If through the creditor's acts the debtor cannot make a choice according to the terms of the obligation. does not render him liable. The debtor shall lose the right of choice when among the prestations whereby he is alternatively bound. the latter may rescind the contract with damages. through the fault of the debtor. the credit or debt shall be presumed to be divided into as many shares as there are creditors or debtors. There is a solidary liability only when the obligation expressly so states. (2) If the loss of one of the things occurs through the fault of the debtor. When only one prestation has been agreed upon. the creditor may claim any of those subsisting. or when the law or the nature of the obligation requires solidarity. (n) SECTION 4. has disappeared. Damages other than the value of the last thing or service may also be awarded. the obligation is called facultative. the obligation shall cease to be alternative from the day when the selection has been communicated to the debtor. 1206. Until then the responsibility of the debtor shall be governed by the following rules: (1) If one of the things is lost through a fortuitous event. negligence or fraud. (3) If all the things are lost through the fault of the debtor. all the things which are alternatively the object of the obligation have been lost. but the obligor may render another in substitution. 1202. . (1135a) Art. or that which remains if only one subsists. entire compliance with the prestation. If from the law. or that each one of the latter is bound to render. 1204. 1207. or the price of that which. (1134) Art. he shall perform the obligation by delivering that which the creditor should choose from among the remainder. or the nature or the wording of the obligations to which the preceding article refers the contrary does not appear. the obligor is liable for the loss of the substitute on account of his delay. through the fault of the former. also with indemnity for damages. with a right to damages. The creditor shall have a right to indemnity for damages when. The concurrence of two or more creditors or of two or more debtors in one and the same obligation does not imply that each one of the former has a right to demand. When the choice has been expressly given to the creditor.Title I. OBLIGATIONS Art. 1203. 1205. But once the substitution has been made. (n) Art.
1212. 1213. judicial or extrajudicial. 1216. 1209. The debtor may pay any one of the solidary creditors. compensation. such share shall be borne by all his codebtors. If the division is impossible. as well as he who collects the debt. and the debt can be enforced only by proceeding against all the debtors. shall extinguish the obligation. Novation. (1143) Art. the creditor may choose which offer to accept. Each one of the solidary creditors may do whatever may be useful to the others. (n) Art. so long as the debt has not been fully collected. has been made by one of them. no interest for the intervening period may be demanded. shall be liable to the others for the share in the obligation corresponding to them. with the interest for the payment already made.Title I. (1138a) Art. A solidary creditor cannot assign his rights without the consent of the others. without prejudice to the provisions of Article 1219. (1140) Art. If two or more solidary debtors offer to pay. 1211. If the payment is made before the debt is due. The demand made against one of them shall not be an obstacle to those which may subsequently be directed against the others. (1142a) Art. Solidarity may exist although the creditors and the debtors may not be bound in the same manner and by the same periods and conditions. Payment made by one of the solidary debtors extinguishes the obligation. reimburse his share to the debtor paying the obligation. Nor does solidarity of itself imply indivisibility. (1141a) Art. but not anything which may be prejudicial to the latter. payment should be made to him. The creditor may proceed against any one of the solidary debtors or some or all of them simultaneously. (n) Art. 1215. the others shall not be liable for his share. (1139) Art. 1210. the right of the creditors may be prejudiced only by their collective acts. OBLIGATIONS or debts being considered distinct from one another. (1145a) . When one of the solidary debtors cannot. but if any demand. He who made the payment may claim from his co-debtors only the share which corresponds to each. made by any of the solidary creditors or with any of the solidary debtors. The indivisibility of an obligation does not necessarily give rise to solidarity. If one of the latter should be insolvent. 1214. confusion or remission of the debt. (1144a) Art. The creditor who may have executed any of these acts. 1217. subject to the Rules of Court governing the multiplicity of suits. in proportion to the debt of each. because of his insolvency.
all shall be responsible to the creditor. A solidary debtor may. If the thing has been lost or if the prestation has become impossible without the fault of the solidary debtors. 1219. . (1148a) SECTION 5. he may avail himself thereof only as regards that part of the debt for which the latter are responsible. Payment by a solidary debtor shall not entitle him to reimbursement from his co-debtors if such payment is made after the obligation has prescribed or become illegal. If through a fortuitous event.Divisible and Indivisible Obligations Art. (1150) Art. 1225. A joint indivisible obligation gives rise to indemnity for damages from the time anyone of the debtors does not comply with his undertaking. the accomplishment of work by metrical units. When the obligation has for its object the execution of a certain number of days of work. The divisibility or indivisibility of the things that are the object of obligations in which there is only one debtor and only one creditor does not alter or modify the provisions of Chapter 2 of this Title.Title I. 1223. The remission of the whole obligation. If there was fault on the part of any one of them. (1147a) Art. (1149) Art. the provisions of the preceding paragraph shall apply. it shall be divisible. for the price and the payment of damages and interest. With respect to those which personally belong to the others. For the purposes of the preceding articles. without prejudice to their action against the guilty or negligent debtor. or analogous things which by their nature are susceptible of partial performance. 1222. 1221. The debtors who may have been ready to fulfill their promises shall not contribute to the indemnity beyond the corresponding portion of the price of the thing or of the value of the service in which the obligation consists. (1146a) Art. (n) Art. does not entitle him to reimbursement from his co-debtors. obligations to give definite things and those which are not susceptible of partial performance shall be deemed to be indivisible. obtained by one of the solidary debtors. or pertain to his own share. 1218. The remission made by the creditor of the share which affects one of the solidary debtors does not release the latter from his responsibility towards the co-debtors. . the obligation shall be extinguished. the thing is lost or the performance has become impossible after one of the solidary debtors has incurred in delay through the judicial or extrajudicial demand upon him by the creditor. 1224. avail himself of all defenses which are derived from the nature of the obligation and of those which are personal to him. (n) Art. in actions filed by the creditor. OBLIGATIONS Art. in case the debt had been totally paid by anyone of them before the remission was effected. 1220.
Obligations with a Penal Clause Art. 1228. In obligations with a penal clause. divisibility or indivisibility shall be determined by the character of the prestation in each particular case. (1152a) Art. Neither can the creditor demand the fulfillment of the obligation and the satisfaction of the penalty at the same time. By compensation. Even if there has been no performance. the penalty may also be reduced by the courts if it is iniquitous or unconscionable. . The nullity of the principal obligation carries with it that of the penal clause. 1229. if after the creditor has decided to require the fulfillment of the obligation.Title I. damages shall be paid if the obligor refuses to pay the penalty or is guilty of fraud in the fulfillment of the obligation. the penalty shall substitute the indemnity for damages and the payment of interests in case of noncompliance. Proof of actual damages suffered by the creditor is not necessary in order that the penalty may be demanded. (1151a) SECTION 6. (n) Art. save in the case where this right has been expressly reserved for him. . if there is no stipulation to the contrary. By novation. 1230. even though the object or service may be physically divisible. The penalty may be enforced only when it is demandable in accordance with the provisions of this Code. (1154a) Art. the performance thereof should become impossible without his fault. In obligations not to do. 1227. The nullity of the penal clause does not carry with it that of the principal obligation. Nevertheless. By the confusion or merger of the rights of creditor and debtor. However. an obligation is indivisible if so provided by law or intended by the parties. The judge shall equitably reduce the penalty when the principal obligation has been partly or irregularly complied with by the debtor. OBLIGATIONS However. Obligations are extinguished: By payment or performance: By the loss of the thing due: By the condonation or remission of the debt. the penalty may be enforced. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 1231. unless this right has been clearly granted him. 1226. (1153a) Art. The debtor cannot exempt himself from the performance of the obligation by paying the penalty. (1155) CHAPTER 4 EXTINGUISHMENT OF OBLIGATIONS GENERAL PROVISIONS Art.
or any person authorized to receive it. (n) Art. and prescription. (1157) Art. (1156a) SECTION 1. are governed elsewhere in this Code. Whoever pays for another may demand from the debtor what he has paid. 1234. A debt shall not be understood to have been paid unless the thing or service in which the obligation consists has been completely delivered or rendered. cannot compel the creditor to subrogate him in his rights. of an obligation. The creditor is not bound to accept payment or performance by a third person who has no interest in the fulfillment of the obligation. he can recover only insofar as the payment has been beneficial to the debtor. Whoever pays on behalf of the debtor without the knowledge or against the will of the latter. and without expressing any protest or objection. less damages suffered by the obligee. payment made by one who does not have the free disposal of the thing due and capacity to alienate it shall not be valid. as the case may be. such as those arising from a mortgage. OBLIGATIONS Other causes of extinguishment of obligations. rescission. Payment shall be made to the person in whose favor the obligation has been constituted. or penalty. When the obligee accepts the performance. 1237. (1162a) . But the payment is in any case valid as to the creditor who has accepted it. 1235. If the obligation has been substantially performed in good faith. 1232. or his successor in interest. the obligation is deemed fully complied with. (1159a) Art. 1236.Title I. knowing its incompleteness or irregularity. which requires the debtor's consent. 1240. in any other manner." (1160a) Art. (n) Art. fulfillment of a resolutory condition. (n) Art. except that if he paid without the knowledge or against the will of the debtor. Payment means not only the delivery of money but also the performance. unless there is a stipulation to the contrary. (1158a) Art. Payment made by a third person who does not intend to be reimbursed by the debtor is deemed to be a donation. 1239. without prejudice to the provisions of Article 1427 under the Title on "Natural Obligations. 1238. such as annulment. 1233.Payment or Performance Art. In obligations to give. the obligor may recover as though there had been a strict and complete fulfillment. . guaranty. (n) Art.
the creditor cannot demand a thing of superior quality. 1245. Payment made to a third person shall also be valid insofar as it has redounded to the benefit of the creditor. 1241. 1248. the third person acquires the creditor's rights. or insofar as the payment has been beneficial to him. Neither can the debtor deliver a thing of inferior quality.Title I. The payment of debts in money shall be made in the currency stipulated. (1168a) Art. Dation in payment. 1249. (1169a) Art. when the debt is in part liquidated and in part unliquidated. Neither may the debtor be required to make partial payments. whose quality and circumstances have not been stated. Payment made to the creditor by the debtor after the latter has been judicially ordered to retain the debt shall not be valid. However. the Rules of Court shall govern. the debtor has been led to believe that the third person had authority to receive the payment. Payment to a person who is incapacitated to administer his property shall be valid if he has kept the thing delivered. The debtor of a thing cannot compel the creditor to receive a different one. Unless there is an express stipulation to that effect. (1167a) Art. or more valuable than that which is due. although the latter may be of the same value as. an act or forbearance cannot be substituted by another act or forbearance against the obligee's will. 1246. (2) If the creditor ratifies the payment to the third person. the creditor may demand and the debtor may effect the payment of the former without waiting for the liquidation of the latter. 1242. When the obligation consists in the delivery of an indeterminate or generic thing. and if it is not possible to deliver such currency. (1163a) Art. (n) Art. Payment made in good faith to any person in possession of the credit shall release the debtor. the extrajudicial expenses required by the payment shall be for the account of the debtor. With regard to judicial costs. 1244. whereby property is alienated to the creditor in satisfaction of a debt in money. shall be governed by the law of sales. then in the currency which is legal tender in the Philippines. (1164) Art. In obligations to do or not to do. 1243. Unless it is otherwise stipulated. the creditor cannot be compelled partially to receive the prestations in which the obligation consists. Such benefit to the creditor need not be proved in the following cases: (1) If after the payment. . (1165) Art. The purpose of the obligation and other circumstances shall be taken into consideration. 1247. (1166a) Art. (3) If by the creditor's conduct. OBLIGATIONS Art.
unless there is a cause for invalidating the contract. There being no express stipulation and if the undertaking is to deliver a determinate thing.Payment by Cession Art. (1171a) SUBSECTION 1. are made between the debtor and his creditors shall be governed by special laws. the former cannot complain of the same. unless there is an agreement to the contrary. (1173) Art. shall only release the debtor from responsibility for the net proceeds of the thing assigned. In the meantime. This cession. or when the application of payment is made by the party for whose benefit the term has been constituted. the action derived from the original obligation shall be held in the abeyance. on the effect of the cession. 1255. 1250.Application of Payments Art. 1253. the payment shall be made wherever the thing might be at the moment the obligation was constituted. may declare at the time of making the payment. 1254. In any other case the place of payment shall be the domicile of the debtor. the additional expenses shall be borne by him. payment of the principal shall not be deemed to have been made until the interests have been covered. (1175a) . If the debt produces interest. (1170) Art. If the debtor changes his domicile in bad faith or after he has incurred in delay. shall be deemed to have been satisfied. If the debts due are of the same nature and burden. The debtor may cede or assign his property to his creditors in payment of his debts. or if application can not be inferred from other circumstances. 1251. or when through the fault of the creditor they have been impaired. . When the payment cannot be applied in accordance with the preceding rules. In case an extraordinary inflation or deflation of the currency stipulated should supervene. These provisions are without prejudice to venue under the Rules of Court. application shall not be made as to debts which are not yet due. the debt which is most onerous to the debtor. (1174a) SUBSECTION 2. . 1252. He who has various debts of the same kind in favor of one and the same creditor. the value of the currency at the time of the establishment of the obligation shall be the basis of payment. (1172a) Art. The agreements which. to which of them the same must be applied. the payment shall be applied to all of them proportionately. If the debtor accepts from the creditor a receipt in which an application of the payment is made. or bills of exchange or other mercantile documents shall produce the effect of payment only when they have been cashed. Unless the parties so stipulate. among those due.Title I. Payment shall be made in the place designated in the obligation. (n) Art. OBLIGATIONS The delivery of promissory notes payable to order. unless there is stipulation to the contrary.
The consignation having been made. (1180) Art. An obligation which consists in the delivery of a determinate thing shall be extinguished if it should be lost or destroyed without the fault of the debtor. Before the creditor has accepted the consignation. before whom the tender of payment shall be proved. If. 1261. the interested parties shall also be notified thereof. the debtor may ask the judge to order the cancellation of the obligation. the consignation having been made. (3) When. the obligor is liable even for fortuitous events. 1257.Title I. 1262. 1258. or does not appear at the place of payment. the debtor may withdraw the thing or the sum deposited. (1182a) . the debtor shall be released from responsibility by the consignation of the thing or sum due. 1259. the creditor should authorize the debtor to withdraw the same. The co-debtors. (2) When he is incapacitated to receive the payment at the time it is due. . guarantors and sureties shall be released. without just cause. The consignation shall be ineffectual if it is not made strictly in consonance with the provisions which regulate payment. The same rule applies when the nature of the obligation requires the assumption of risk. in a proper case. shall be charged against the creditor. 1260. and the announcement of the consignation in other cases. or before a judicial declaration that the consignation has been properly made. 1256. he refuses to give a receipt. Consignation shall be made by depositing the things due at the disposal of judicial authority. In order that the consignation of the thing due may release the obligor. When by law or stipulation.Loss of the Thing Due Art. (4) When two or more persons claim the same right to collect. and he shall be responsible for damages. The expenses of consignation. (1181a) SECTION 2. (1177) Art. when properly made. If the creditor to whom tender of payment has been made refuses without just cause to accept it.Tender of Payment and Consignation Art. Once the consignation has been duly made. . (1178) Art. allowing the obligation to remain in force. the loss of the thing does not extinguish the obligation. (5) When the title of the obligation has been lost. he shall lose every preference which he may have over the thing. and before he has incurred in delay. (1176a) Art. (1178) Art. it must first be announced to the persons interested in the fulfillment of the obligation. OBLIGATIONS SUBSECTION 3. Consignation alone shall produce the same effect in the following cases: (1) When the creditor is absent or unknown.
the latter refused without justification to accept it. furthermore. 1267. implies the renunciation of the action which the former had against the latter. The debtor in obligations to do shall also be released when the prestation becomes legally or physically impossible without the fault of the obligor. whatever may be the cause for the loss. the obligor may also be released therefrom. 1271. or other natural calamity. the debtor shall not be exempted from the payment of its price. (1187) Art. (1185) Art. (1186) SECTION 3. It may be made expressly or impliedly. the partial loss of the object of the obligation is so important as to extinguish the obligation. The obligation having been extinguished by the loss of the thing. If in order to nullify this waiver it should be claimed to be inofficious. One and the other kind shall be subject to the rules which govern inofficious donations. under the circumstances. (n) Art. it shall be presumed that the creditor delivered it voluntarily. and without prejudice to the provisions of article 1165. (1189) . Express condonation shall. 1263. Whenever the thing is lost in the possession of the debtor.Title I. 1269. unless there is proof to the contrary. in whole or in part. (n) Art. 1272. Condonation or remission is essentially gratuitous. (1183a) Art. the debtor and his heirs may uphold it by proving that the delivery of the document was made in virtue of payment of the debt. 1268. Whenever the private document in which the debt appears is found in the possession of the debtor. 1265. (n) Art. When the debt of a thing certain and determinate proceeds from a criminal offense. This presumption does not apply in case of earthquake. 1264. the creditor shall have all the rights of action which the debtor may have against third persons by reason of the loss. The delivery of a private document evidencing a credit. storm. . made voluntarily by the creditor to the debtor. comply with the forms of donation. the loss or destruction of anything of the same kind does not extinguish the obligation. In an obligation to deliver a generic thing. 1266. flood. and requires the acceptance by the obligor. unless the contrary is proved. When the service has become so difficult as to be manifestly beyond the contemplation of the parties. (1188) Art. (1184a) Art. it shall be presumed that the loss was due to his fault. OBLIGATIONS Art. 1270. unless the thing having been offered by him to the person who should receive it. The courts shall determine whether.Condonation or Remission of the Debt Art.
(1195) Art. (2) That both debts consist in a sum of money. is found in the possession of the debtor. The obligation is extinguished from the time the characters of creditor and debtor are merged in the same person. in their own right. the former may set it off by proving his right to said damages and the amount thereof. Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding article. 1278. (1194) SECTION 5. 1283. and also of the same quality if the latter has been stated. 1282. (4) That they be liquidated and demandable. it is necessary: (1) That each one of the obligors be bound principally. they be of the same kind. (n) Art.Compensation Art. If one of the parties to a suit over an obligation has a claim for damages against the other. or of a third person who owns the thing. (1191a) SECTION 4. the guarantor may set up compensation as regards what the creditor may owe the principal debtor. (n) . It is presumed that the accessory obligation of pledge has been remitted when the thing pledged. 1275. after its delivery to the creditor. When the two debts are of the same amount. 1276.Confusion or Merger of Rights Art. 1273. (1197) Art. (5) That over neither of them there be any retention or controversy. (3) That the two debts be due. (1192a) Art. The renunciation of the principal debt shall extinguish the accessory obligations. are creditors and debtors of each other. there is a total compensation. In order that compensation may be proper. 1277. The parties may agree upon the compensation of debts which are not yet due. Compensation shall take place when two persons. 1279. 1281. (1193) Art. 1280. or if the things due are consumable. 1274. commenced by third persons and communicated in due time to the debtor. (1190) Art. (1196) Art. Merger which takes place in the person of the principal debtor or creditor benefits the guarantors. .Title I. (n) Art. Compensation may be total or partial. Confusion which takes place in the person of any of the latter does not extinguish the obligation. . Confusion does not extinguish a joint obligation except as regards the share corresponding to the creditor or debtor in whom the two characters concur. OBLIGATIONS Art. and that he be at the same time a principal creditor of the other. but the waiver of the latter shall leave the former in force.
and extinguishes both debts to the concurrent amount. (1200a) Art. even though the creditors and debtors are not aware of the compensation. (1202a) SECTION 6. (1201) Art. that he reserved his right to the compensation. 1288. . 1287. 1290. In order that an obligation may be extinguished by another which substitute the same. (1199a) Art. the rules on the application of payments shall apply to the order of the compensation. compensation takes effect by operation of law. they may be compensated against each other before they are judicially rescinded or avoided. Compensation shall not be proper when one of the debts arises from a depositum or from the obligations of a depositary or of a bailee in commodatum.Title I. but there shall be an indemnity for expenses of exchange or transportation to the place of payment. Compensation takes place by operation of law. (1204) . Subrogating a third person in the rights of the creditor. (1203) Art. OBLIGATIONS Art. Neither can compensation be set up against a creditor who has a claim for support due by gratuitous title. When one or both debts are rescissible or voidable. Obligations may be modified by: Changing their object or principal conditions. even though the debts may be payable at different places. (1198a) Art. cannot set up against the assignee the compensation which would pertain to him against the assignor. If a person should have against him several debts which are susceptible of compensation. 1292. (1) (2) (3) 1291. 1286. (n) Art. he may set up the compensation of all credits prior to the same and also later ones until he had knowledge of the assignment. When all the requisites mentioned in Article 1279 are present. Neither shall there be compensation if one of the debts consists in civil liability arising from a penal offense.Novation Art. (n) Art. it is imperative that it be so declared in unequivocal terms. or that the old and the new obligations be on every point incompatible with each other. If the assignment is made without the knowledge of the debtor. Substituting the person of the debtor. the latter may set up the compensation of debts previous to the cession. unless the assignor was notified by the debtor at the time he gave his consent. If the creditor communicated the cession to him but the debtor did not consent thereto. 1289. but not of subsequent ones. 1284. 1285. The debtor who has consented to the assignment of rights made by a creditor in favor of a third person. without prejudice to the provisions of paragraph 2 of Article 301.
When the principal obligation is extinguished in consequence of a novation. It is presumed that there is legal subrogation: (1) When a creditor pays another creditor who is preferred. a person interested in the fulfillment of the obligation pays. (1208a) Art. (1210a) . shall not revive the action of the latter against the original obligor. 1301. accessory obligations may subsist only insofar as they may benefit third persons who did not give their consent. OBLIGATIONS Art. the original one shall subsist. without prejudice to the effects of confusion as to the latter's share. pays with the express or tacit approval of the debtor. the latter must be clearly established in order that it may take effect. or known to the debtor. when the delegated his debt. 1295. 1293. except when annulment may be claimed only by the debtor or when ratification validates acts which are voidable. If the substitution is without the knowledge or against the will of the debtor. The insolvency of the new debtor.Title I. except when said insolvency was already existing and of public knowledge. Novation which consists in substituting a new debtor in the place of the original one. not interested in the obligation. (1207) Art. If the new obligation is void. who has been proposed by the original debtor and accepted by the creditor. (n) Art. unless the parties intended that the former relation should be extinguished in any event. 1297. (1205a) Art. unless it is otherwise stipulated. 1298. except in cases expressly mentioned in this Code. 1296. the new debtor's insolvency or non-fulfillment of the obligations shall not give rise to any liability on the part of the original debtor. even without the debtor's knowledge. Conventional subrogation of a third person requires the consent of the original parties and of the third person. (1209a) Art. (2) When a third person. 1294. the new obligation shall be under the same condition. but not without the consent of the creditor. (1206a) Art. may be made even without the knowledge or against the will of the latter. 1300. If the original obligation was subject to a suspensive or resolutory condition. The novation is void if the original obligation was void. Payment by the new debtor gives him the rights mentioned in Articles 1236 and 1237. (n) Art. (n) Art. 1299. Subrogation of a third person in the rights of the creditor is either legal or conventional. (n) Art. even without the knowledge of the debtor. (3) When. 1302. The former is not presumed.
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