Source: http://www.google.fr/patents/US8559350
Timestamp: 2018-01-17 15:16:43
Document Index: 564925693

Matched Legal Cases: ['§120', 'Application No. 200680047829', 'Application No. 200680047831', 'Application No. 200680047831', 'Application No. 200680047829', 'Application No. 200680047831', 'Application No. 200680047829', 'Application No. 200680047831', 'Application No. 200680047829', 'Application No. 200780017769', 'Application No. 200780013376', 'Application No. 200780017769', 'Application No. 200980106136', 'Application No. 6847989', 'Application No. 07809088', 'Application No. 07809085', 'Application No. 6847984', 'Application No. 06847984', 'Application No. 07809088', 'Application No. 07809085', 'Application No. 06847989', 'Application No. 07809085', 'Application No. 6847984', 'Application No. 07809088', 'Application No. 06847989', 'Application No. 07809085', 'Application No. 06847989', 'Application No. 06847989', 'application No. 07809088', 'application No. 07809088', 'application No. 07809088', 'application No. 07809088', 'Application No. 2008', 'Application No. 2009', 'Application No. 2008', 'Application No. 2008', 'Application No. 2008', 'Application No. 2009', 'Application No. 2008', 'Application No. 2008145037', 'Application No. 08837680']

Brevet US8559350 - Mechanism to convey discovery information in a wireless network - Google Brevets
Discovery of services between devices is provided prior to establishing a connection between devices, including wireless-enabled devices or devices that are communicatively coupled to wireless access points or other wireless communication devices. Discovering services prior to establishing a connection...http://www.google.fr/patents/US8559350?utm_source=gb-gplus-shareBrevet US8559350 - Mechanism to convey discovery information in a wireless network
Numéro de publication US8559350 B2
Numéro de demande US 11/434,394
Autre référence de publication CA2651236A1, CA2651236C, EP2018720A2, EP2018720A4, US20070141988, WO2007136622A2, WO2007136622A3, WO2007136622A9
Numéro de publication 11434394, 434394, US 8559350 B2, US 8559350B2, US-B2-8559350, US8559350 B2, US8559350B2
Inventeurs Thomas W. Kuehnel, Amer A. Hassan, Christian Huitema, David Jones, Savas Guven, Shannon J. Chan, Srinivas R. Gatta, Yi Lu
Citations de brevets (176), Citations hors brevets (137), Référencé par (15), Classifications (14), Événements juridiques (4)
US 8559350 B2
Discovery of services between devices is provided prior to establishing a connection between devices, including wireless-enabled devices or devices that are communicatively coupled to wireless access points or other wireless communication devices. Discovering services prior to establishing a connection may facilitate finding a desired service. The services that may be discovered may be, for example, print services, camera services, PDA services or any other suitable services. Services may be discovered using 802.11, Bluetooth, UWB or any other suitable wireless technology. An information element is used to wirelessly convey information related to a service and/or information related to service discovery.
1. An information element for wirelessly conveying information to a first device about a service provided by a second device, prior to establishing a connection between the first device and the second device that is suitable for providing the service, the information element comprising:
at least one first portion comprising information related to the service provided by the second device; and
at least one second portion comprising information representing a first service discovery protocol used by the first device for discovering the service, the information representing the first service discovery protocol comprising a format identifier to allow the first device to identify the first service discovery protocol to use to discover the service, wherein the format identifier is compressed using a hash function and identifies an information element format associated with the first service discovery protocol, wherein the first service discovery protocol is the Web Services Discovery protocol, wherein the hashed format identifier is used by the first device to identify the first service discovery protocol as the Web Services Discovery protocol, and wherein, based on the identification of the Web Services Discovery protocol, the first device delivers information from the information element to a Web Services Discovery module.
2. The information element of claim 1, wherein the at least one first portion represents a type of service provided by the second device.
3. The information element of claim 1, wherein the at least one first portion is in a compressed format.
4. The information element of claim 3, wherein the compressed format comprises a hashed format.
5. The information element of claim 1, further comprising:
at least one third portion comprising information representative of a unique identifier for the service.
6. The information element of claim 1, further comprising:
at least one third portion comprising information representative of a security parameter required for the connection to be established.
7. The information element of claim 1, further comprising:
at least one third portion comprising information representative of a driver suitable for providing the service.
8. The information element of claim 1, further comprising:
at least one third portion comprising information representative of a network location at which information related to the service can be accessed.
9. At least one computer-readable memory device having computer-executable instructions for performing steps of a method of accessing, by a first device, a service provided by a second device that is in a proximity of first device, the method comprising:
prior to establishing a connection between the first device and the second device that is suitable for providing the service, receiving by the first device an information element (IE) comprising compressed information related to the service provided by the second device and identifying a first service discovery protocol for the first device to use to discover the service provided by the second device, wherein the compressed information comprises a hashed format identifier, the hashed format identifier identifying an IE format associated with the first service discovery protocol, wherein the first service discovery protocol is the Web Services Discovery protocol;
identifying, using the hashed format identifier, the first service discovery protocol as the Web Services Discovery protocol;
extracting the information from the information element;
based on the identification of the Web Services Discovery protocol, delivering the extracted information to a Web Services Discovery module;
determining, using the Web Services Discovery module, if the service is desired; and
establishing a connection between the first device and the second device, if the service is desired.
10. The at least one computer-readable memory device of claim 9, wherein the compressed information related to the service further comprises compressed information that represents a type of the service provided by the second device.
11. The at least one computer-readable memory device of claim 9, wherein the establishing of the connection comprises receiving, by the first device, an association response message from the second device indicating acceptance of the connection and agreement on at least one connection parameter.
12. The at least one computer-readable memory device of claim 9, wherein the hashed format identifier is compressed using a secure hash algorithm.
13. The at least one computer-readable memory device of claim 9, further comprising instructions for de-compressing the hashed format identifier.
14. A computer-implemented method of obtaining information related to a service provided by a second device that is in a proximity of a first device, the method comprising:
prior to establishing a connection between the first device and the second device that is suitable for providing the service, receiving by the first device an information element (IE) comprising compressed information identifying a first service discovery protocol for the first device to use to discover the service provided by the second device, wherein the compressed information comprises a hashed format identifier, the hashed format identifier identifying an IE format associated with the first service discovery protocol, wherein the first service discovery protocol is the Web Services Discovery protocol;
based on the identification of the Web Services Discovery protocol, delivering the extracted information to a Web Services Discovery module; and
determining, using the Web Services Discovery module, information related to the service provided by the second device.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein the hashed format identifier is compressed using a secure hash algorithm.
16. The method of claim 14, wherein determining information related to the service provided by the second device comprises parsing the information element to separate a first portion of the information element from a second portion, wherein the second portion comprises the compressed information identifying the first service discovery protocol as the Web Services Discovery protocol.
de-compressing the hashed format identifier.
This is a continuation-in-part application which claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §120 of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/313,148, entitled “Proximity Service Discovery in Wireless Networks” filed on Dec. 20, 2005, and U.S. application Ser. No. 11/312,040, entitled “Proximity Service Discovery in Wireless Networks” filed on Dec. 20, 2005, (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,613,426, issued Nov. 3, 2009), both of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.
Wireless communication technologies such as 802.11x, Ultrawideband (UWB), and Bluetooth enable devices to communicate wirelessly over a relatively short range, e.g., less than 100 meters. To discover other wireless devices, a device broadcasts wireless messages and listens for wireless messages from other devices. If another device is discovered, a wireless connection may be established between the devices. Once a connection is established, devices may exchange various types of information. For example, devices may exchange information related to providing a service (e.g., printing, headset connectivity, PDA synchronization, etc.) provided by one of the devices.
In prior systems, services provided by a device could be discovered after establishing a connection with the device. The Applicants have appreciated that it may be desirable to discover a service provided by a device prior to establishing a connection with the device. Enabling discovery of services prior to establishing a connection may facilitate finding a desired service in an 802.11x, Ultrawideband (UWB), Bluetooth, WiMax, GPRS, or other suitable wireless environment. Such discovery may be particularly useful in a wireless context in which a wireless signal may only be transmitted effectively over a relatively short distance, since service discovery may therefore be limited to only those devices within close proximity of the user. For example, a computer user entering an unfamiliar building may wish to determine whether she can print a document using a nearby printer. The user may not wish, however, to establish a connection with a local wireless network or individual device only to find out whether a suitable printer is located nearby.
To discover the desired service, the user may send a wireless request from her computer effectively asking local devices whether a suitable print service is offered. In response, a printer or other device acting on behalf of the printer may send a response to the computer indicating the type of print service(s) that are available. In accordance with one aspect of the invention, the response may be a wireless message that includes an information element (IE). The information element may include information about the type of service discovery to be used, the type of service offered by the device and/or any other suitable information. One or more portions of the information element may be sent in a compressed format to reduce the amount of information that needs to be sent. Once the user's computer receives the information element, the compressed information in it may be de-compressed. Based on this information, the user's computer may establish a connection with the network and/or a particular device (such as a printer) to obtain the desired services.
In another implementation of service discovery, the user's computer may passively listen to service messages advertised by nearby devices. The service messages may include an information element or a truncated information element. Once the user's computer receives the information element or truncated information element, the user may establish a connection with the device to obtain the desired services.
One embodiment of the invention relates to an information element for wirelessly conveying information to a first device about a service provided by a second device, prior to establishing a connection between the first device and the second device that is suitable for providing the service. The information element includes at least one first portion and at least one second portion. The first portion includes information related to the service provided by the second device. The second portion includes information representing a service discovery protocol used by the first device for discovering the service.
Another embodiment of the invention relates to a method of accessing, by a first device, a service provided by a second device that is in the proximity of first device. The method includes receiving an information element comprising compressed information related to the service provided by the second device, prior to establishing a connection between the first device and the second device that is suitable for providing the service. The method also includes determining if the service is desired. The method further includes establishing a connection between the first device and the second device, if the service is desired.
A further embodiment of the invention relates to a method of obtaining information related to a service provided by a second device that is in the proximity of the first device. The method includes receiving an information element comprising compressed information identifying a type of service discovery, prior to establishing a connection between the first device and the second device that is suitable for providing the service. The method also includes determining, using the identified type of service discovery, information related to the service provided by the second device.
As a further example, users of portable video game devices may wish to find other users in their proximity that are playing the same game. The users may wish to play together over a wireless connection. However, in crowded areas such as airports and coffee shops there may be many wireless devices in the area, and it may be difficult to determine which devices have the capability of playing the same game, without trying to connect to several other devices.
In accordance with aspects of the invention, discovery of services prior to establishing a connection with a device may enable a user of a wireless-enabled device (e.g., a laptop computer, PDA or telephone) to find a device that provides a desired service in the proximity of the wireless-enabled device. For example, in one aspect of the invention, a service provided by a local device may be discovered by sending and receiving radio messages prior to establishing a connection with the device. The services that are discovered are likely to be nearby because they are within the radio range of the wireless-enabled device seeking the service(s). For example, if a person brings a laptop to a meeting in an unfamiliar office building, the laptop may exchange wireless messages with devices nearby. His laptop screen may display a list of devices that provide services nearby, e.g., nearby wireless printers, and the types of services they provide. He may then select an appropriate device with which a wireless connection will be established. As a result, obtaining the desired service may be facilitated.
In a first implementation, a wireless-enabled device may send radio messages to discover services provided by other devices and may actively seek out a particular service. In another implementation, the device may passively discover services by listening to advertised service messages provided by other local devices. Either an active implementation, passive implementation, or a combination of the two may be used to discover services.
In accordance with the invention, information about the services offered by a device may be provided by sending a wireless message that includes an information element (IE). An IE is a block of data suitable for providing information related to service discovery. An IE may include one or more portions of information, as will be discussed in further detail below. In some circumstances, one or more portions of the IE may be compressed prior to the transmission. The Applicants have appreciated that compressing one or more portions of the IE may enable discovery of services provided by another device prior to establishing a connection with the device. Compression may facilitate service discovery in pre-connection wireless messaging protocols where there is a relatively small amount of data that can be transmitted. For example, the broadcast frames and broadcast response frames of 802.11 beacon or probe response signals may be limited to 2300 bytes. Embodiments of the invention enable using various standard IP-based discovery protocols, e.g., WS-Discovery, UPnP-SSDP, SLP and Rendezvous, in an environment in which the amount of data that may be exchanged is relatively limited. In particular, embodiments of the invention enable using such standard discovery protocols prior to establishing a connection by compressing service information and wirelessly conveying it to a device in an IE. Thus, service discovery can take place prior to establishing a connection between the devices. Embodiments of the invention may be used with any suitable wireless technology, such as IEEE standard 802.11, Bluetooth, UWB, Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax), and cellular protocols, e.g., general packet radio service (GPRS).
FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a network environment 100 in which devices may communicate regarding service discovery according to some embodiments of the invention. FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a wireless-enabled device 102, e.g., a laptop computer, and examples of other devices with which device 102 may communicate wirelessly, including: printer 104, personal digital assistant (PDA) 106, camera 108 and access point 110. FIG. 1 also illustrates an example of a speaker system 112 and wired network 114 that are communicatively coupled to access point 110. Devices in the network environment 100 may communicate wirelessly using any suitable wireless standard such as 802.11x, Bluetooth or Ultrawideband (UWB).
A user of wireless-enabled device 102 may desire a particular service. For example, the user may wish to establish a wireless connection between wireless-enabled device 102 and a printer for printing documents. The user may command wireless-enabled device 102 to find a particular service, e.g., a print service.
FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a method 200 of accessing a service that may be used by device 102 in the environment shown in FIG. 1. In step S202, wireless-enabled device 102 may send a request message that requests a particular service. Wireless-enabled device 102 may broadcast the request message, e.g. a radio message, requesting a particular service, e.g., a printing service. In one aspect of the invention, the request message may be included in an 802.11x probe message. The request message may be encoded with information that represents the type of service sought by wireless-enabled device 102. For example, the radio message may be encoded with information, which, when received and decoded, indicates that a printing service has been requested. The request message may be broadcast repeatedly until wireless-enabled device 102 receives a response message. For example, the request message may be broadcast periodically.
In step S204, wireless-enabled device 102 may receive service information from another device in the network. This service information may include information regarding details of the service provided, such as whether a print service offered by the printer 104 includes a color printing option or not. For example, wireless-enabled device 102 may receive an IE, which will be discussed in further detail below.
In step S206, the device 102 may determine whether the offered service is desired and may establish a connection to the device in step S208 if a determination is made that the service is desired. For example, wireless-enabled device 102 may indicate to a user that the requested service, e.g., a print service, is available. This indication may be made in any suitable way, e.g., by displaying a visual image that represents to the user the availability of the print service. If desired, the user may then initiate a connection between wireless-enabled device 102 and printer 104 using an appropriate command. However, the connection need not necessarily be initiated by the user. Wireless-enabled device 102 may be programmed to establish a connection based on one or more criteria. For example, wireless-enabled device 102 may be programmed to automatically connect to certain desirable “preferred” services once they are in range. As another example, a wireless-enabled device may be programmed to connect to the closest device that provides a particular service, e.g., the closest printer. For example, a user may command the device 102 to print a document, whereupon the device 102 may initiate the method 200, resulting in the establishment of a connection with the printer 104 and printing of the document. To facilitate connecting to the closest device, the distance between devices may be determined using mechanisms provided by the wireless technology used, e.g., 802.11 or UWB. As another example, information in the IE may be compared with a block/deny list to determine whether wireless-enabled device 102 should communicate further with the device. Based on the IE, the wireless-enabled device 102 may determine whether the device provides the requested service, for example, by comparing the received information about the service provided with the type of service that was requested. This determination may be made in any suitable way. For example, fields of the received IE may be compared with fields of a “desired” IE. Any suitable matching criteria may be used to determine whether the discovered service is appropriate.
As applied to 802.11x, UWB or any other suitable wireless standard, the term “establishing a connection” means that a first device sends a connection request to a second device and the second device responds to agree on the connection parameters and accept the connection. The connection that is established may be suitable for providing a service. In an 802.11 context, service discovery messages may be sent and received via Layer 2 802.11 beacon and probe messages. However, Layer 2 messages may not provide the capability for wirelessly providing a large amount of information describing the service, e.g., a print service. Services may be advertised using Layer 3 or higher layer messages, in which a connection has been established that is suitable for providing the service. In an IEEE 802.11 context, service discovery may be provided using wirelessly broadcast beacon messages. Once a first device receives a beacon message that includes information related to a service provided by a second device, the first device may send an association request to the second device. The association request may contain information about the parameters of the connection that is to be established. Once the second device receives the association request, it may respond with an association response message that indicates agreement on the connection parameters and acceptance of the connection. The connection may be considered as established once the first device receives the association response message. In a Bluetooth context, service discovery may be provided using inquiry and inquiry response messages. However, a connection may not be considered as established until page and page response messages have been exchanged. Once these messages have been exchanged, the devices may be synchronized with one another because a particular frequency hopping pattern has been agreed upon. As another example, the two devices may have agreed on times for transmitting and/or receiving data. These are examples of situations in which a connection has been established that is suitable for providing a service. However, it should be appreciated that any suitable wireless technologies may be used, and any communication scheme, timing pattern, frequency pattern or other communication means may be established that is suitable for providing a service.
FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a method 300 of providing information related to a service that may be performed by a device, e.g., printer 104, that provides a particular service and may respond to a request message sent from device 102.
In response to determining that it provides the requested service, printer 104 may respond by sending a response message, e.g., a radio message that includes an IE, to wireless-enabled device 102 in step S306. PDA 106, camera 108 and access point 110 may also receive the request message, but may not respond to the request message because they do not provide the type of service requested. Alternatively, the request received in step S302 may be a general request for local devices to provide an indication of services provided, regardless of service type. In this case, PDA 106, camera 108, access point 110, etc. may respond accordingly.
The description above with respect to FIGS. 2 and 3 relates to an embodiment in which a device 102 actively seeks out whether desired services are available in a given area. In another embodiment of the invention, a device 102 may passively listen to determine which services that are available. For example, a device that provides a service may send an advertisement message to advertise the service that it provides to the device 102 and/or other devices in range. The advertisement message may be a radio message that advertises a particular service, e.g., a printing service, provided by the device, e.g., printer 104. In one aspect of the invention, the advertisement message may be broadcast as part of an 802.11 x or UWB beacon message. This broadcast may be included in OSI Layer 2 communications prior to establishing Layer 3 connectivity between the devices. The advertisement message may be encoded with information about the service provided by the device. For example, the advertisement message may include an IE, as discussed above.
Aspects of an IE that may be used for wirelessly conveying service discovery information will now be discussed with reference to FIG. 4, which is a diagram illustrating an example of an IE 400. An IE is a format for sending service-related information recognized by devices that communicate according to one or more wireless standards. For example, the format of the IE may match the capabilities of the underlying standard, e.g. 802.11 or UWB. An IE may be transmitted in TLV (type, length, value) format. In the example illustrated in FIG. 4, IE 400 includes an IE ID 401, a format identifier 402, a service type identifier 403, an instance identifier (UUID) 404, a sequence number 405, security information 406, a checksum 407, a PnP ID 408, a user-friendly name 409, and an address identifier 410.
Format identifier 402 may include information representative of the coding format of the IE. A variety of IE formats may be used, and unique format identifiers may be used for each type of discovery protocol that is used by wireless-enabled device 102. Format identifier 402 may represent the type of service discovery protocol that is used by a higher level in the protocol stack. Any suitable service discovery protocols may be used, such as SSDP, WS-Discovery, SLP and Rendezvous. Using the format identifier, wireless-enabled device 102 can identify a type of service discovery that may be used to recognize the information in IE 400. If, for example, the format identifier identifies an IE format associated with WS-Discovery, wireless-enabled device 102 may extract information from IE 400 and deliver it to the WS-Discovery module in an appropriate format for discovering the service. The IE may be parsed to separate the different portions of the IE in accordance with the format identified. Information about the service may then be determined by examining the appropriate portion of the IE. In one aspect of the invention, IE 400 enables using higher-layer service discovery protocols with Layer 2 messages, e.g., IEEE 802.11 beacon messages, prior to establishing a connection, e.g., a Layer 3 connection. Information may be exchanged between Layer 2 and Layer 3 of the protocol stack using an extensible markup language (XML) structure using appropriate schema, or any other suitable structure. In one implementation, format identifier 402 may be approximately 4 bytes in length. To reduce the amount of data that needs to be sent, format identifier 402 may be compressed prior to transmitting IE 400.
In another aspect of the invention, one or more portions of IE 400 may be compressed to reduce the amount of information that is transmitted. It may be desirable to compress one or portions of the IE because a relatively small amount of bandwidth may be available for sending service discovery messages. For example, IEEE 802.11 beacon messages may be limited to 2300 bytes. In particular, XML strings may be greatly reduced in size using a suitable compression technique. Any suitable compression technique may be used, such as a hash function, e.g., the secure hash algorithm (SHA-1). Hash algorithms may be particularly useful because of the low likelihood of hash collisions. Once the IE is received, it may be parsed to separate the different portions, and the compressed portion(s) may be decompressed. If a hash function is used to compress information, the receiving device may look up the hashed information in a hash table to determine the decompressed information. For example, wireless-enabled device 102 may have a hash table that associates a hashed format identifier with the full format information and service discovery information for the IE.
Service type identifier 403 may include information that represents a type of service, e.g., a print service, that is provided by the device. To conserve space in the IE, service type identifier 403 may be compressed using any of the techniques discussed above, or any other suitable technique. In one implementation, service type identifier 403 may be approximately 4 bytes in length.
UUID 404 may be a unique identifier that identifies the device. For example, a UUID may be a permanent address associated with the device that sent the IE or the device that provides the IE. Alternatively, a UUID may be used to identify a particular instance of a service across various interfaces and protocols. In some circumstances, UUID 404 may correspond with a WS-Discovery UUID, for example. In one implementation, UUID 404 may be approximately 16 bytes in length.
Sequence number 405 may be a number used to represent a change in the service. If the sequence number 405 is different from the number expected by the wireless-enabled device 102, wireless-enabled device 102 may send a message to determine more recent information about the service. For example, a printer may indicate that the status of the printer has changed by incrementing the sequence number 405. When queried, the printer may respond to indicate, for example, that it is out of paper. In one implementation, sequence number 405 may be approximately 4 bytes in length
Security information 406 may include information that represents the type of security required by the device. As one example, security information 406 may indicate whether authentication and/or encryption are required, and the method(s) that should be used. For example, a particular type of encryption and/or authentication may be required to establish a connection with the device, e.g., layer 3 transport layer security (TLS). In one implementation, security information 406 may be approximately 2 bytes in length.
A checksum 407 may be included to allow for error checking and reduce hash collisions. Checksum 307 may be a CRC-32 checksum for the Format Identifier, Service Type Identifier, UUID and Sequence Number fields. In one implementation, checksum 407 may be approximately 4 bytes in length
The PnP ID 408 (plug-and-play identifier) may include information about a specific software driver that is suitable for providing the service, e.g., a driver for a specific brand of printer. The PnP ID can be more specific about the type of service than the service type field. A PnP-X framework may be called to authenticate the user, and to install the required driver if it is not already installed. If no specific driver is available, a generic driver may be used. In one implementation, PnP ID 408 may be approximately 6 bytes in length.
A user-friendly name 409 may be an identifier that identifies the device to a user, e.g., “Building 3 Printer.” It is possible that user-friendly name 409 could be compressed, for example, using a suitable ASCII compression technique. In one implementation, user-friendly name 409 may be approximately 32 bytes in length
Address identifier 410 may include a URL for a location that can be accessed to obtain further information about services provided by the device. For example, the URL may point to a description page that provides information about the details of functions performed by a printer, e.g., color printing or two-sided printing. The description page may be present on the local device, or may be on a page accessible via the internet. Address identifier 410 may include an IPv6 link local address and port number. In some implementations, address identifier 410 may be between 0 and 128 bytes in length.
Various embodiments according to the invention may be implemented on one or more computer systems. For example, various aspects of the invention may be implemented as specialized software executing in a general-purpose computer system, for example, on wireless-enabled device 102 and/or a peripheral device. The computer system may include a processor connected to one or more memory devices, such as a disk drive, memory, or other device for storing data. Memory is typically used for storing programs and data during operation of the computer system. Components of the computer system may be coupled by an interconnection mechanism, which may include one or more busses (e.g., between components that are integrated within a same machine) and/or a network (e.g., between components that reside on separate discrete machines). The interconnection mechanism enables communications (e.g., data, instructions) to be exchanged between system components. The computer system also includes one or more input devices, for example, a keyboard, mouse, trackball, microphone, touch screen, and one or more output devices, for example, a printing device, display screen, speaker. In addition, the computer system may contain one or more interfaces that connect the computer system to a communication network (in addition or as an alternative to the interconnection mechanism.
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Classification aux États-Unis 370/312, 709/227, 370/395.3, 370/395.32, 455/41.2
Classification internationale H04L12/28, H04B7/00, H04H20/71, G06F15/16
Classification coopérative H04W76/02, H04W48/18, H04W48/14, H04W8/005, H04W48/16
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