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Patent US4209439 - Stabilization of vinyl resins - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsSynthetic resin compositions based on vinyl polymers or copolymers are stabilized against degradation by both heat and light by the incorporation therein of a 1,4-dihydropyridine derivative represented by the general formula: ##STR1## wherein R represents a straight or branched-chain saturated or unsaturated...http://www.google.com/patents/US4209439?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US4209439 - Stabilization of vinyl resinsAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS4209439 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 05/950,718Publication dateJun 24, 1980Filing dateOct 12, 1978Priority dateOct 14, 1977Also published asDE2844130A1, DE2844130C2Publication number05950718, 950718, US 4209439 A, US 4209439A, US-A-4209439, US4209439 A, US4209439AInventorsCharles Pigerol, Marie-Madeleine Chandavoine, Paul de Cointet FillainOriginal AssigneeLabazExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (9), Referenced by (4), Classifications (18), Legal Events (1) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetStabilization of vinyl resins
US 4209439 AAbstract
Synthetic resin compositions based on vinyl polymers or copolymers are stabilized against degradation by both heat and light by the incorporation therein of a 1,4-dihydropyridine derivative represented by the general formula: ##STR1## wherein R represents a straight or branched-chain saturated or unsaturated alkyl radical containing from 9 to 22 carbon atoms. The stabilizer can be present in an amount of from 0.01 to 0.5 percent by weight, based on the vinyl resin. The vinyl resin may be, for example, polyvinyl chloride, a vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer or a vinyl chloride-vinylidene chloride copolymer. The stabilized vinyl resins can be used in the manufacture of food packaging materials and containers and also of flooring tiles and recording discs.
Some of the dihydropyridine derivatives are novel compounds.
1. A synthetic resin composition comprising a vinyl chloride homo-polymer or copolymer and, in an amount at least sufficient to impart stabilisation against degradation by both heat and light, a 1,4-dihydropyridine derivative represented by the general formula: ##STR20## wherein R represents a straight or branched-chain saturated or unsaturated alkyl radical containing from 9 to 22 carbon atoms.
2. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the dihydropyridine derivative is present in an amount of from 0.01 to 0.2 percent by weight, based on the vinyl polymer or copolymer.
3. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the dihydropyridine derivative is present in an amount of from 0.01 to 0.2 percent by weight, based on the vinyl polymer or copolymer.
4. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the vinyl copolymer is a vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer.
5. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the vinyl copolymer is a vinyl chloride-vinylidene chloride copolymer.
6. An article produced from a synthetic resin composition according to claim 1.
7. An article as claimed in claim 6, the article being a food packaging material or container.
8. A method of stabilising a vinyl chloride homo-polymer or copolymer which comprises incorporating in the vinyl polymer or copolymer from 0.01 to 0.5 percent by weight, based on the vinyl polymer or copolymer, of a 1,4-dihydropyridine derivative represented by the general formula: ##STR21## wherein R represents a straight or branched-chain saturated or unsaturated alkyl radical containing from 9 to 22 carbon atoms.
The present invention is concerned generally with the stabilisation of vinyl resins, including the vinyl copolymers, by means of dihydropyridine derivatives, certain of which are novel.
The stabilisers according to the invention conform to the general formula: ##STR2## in which R represents: a straight-chain or branched-chain, saturated or unsaturated alkyl radical, comprising from 9 to 22 carbon atoms.
Quite generally, the dihydropyridines which are used according to the invention may be prepared by the method proposed by HANTZSCH, Eisner et al, Chemical Reviews, 72, 1, 1972, which consists in causing the reaction of an acetoacetate of general formula:
CH3 --CO--CH2 --COOR                             II
in which R assumes the same values as in formula I, with formaldehyde and ammonia, possibly formed in situ.
As regards the acetoacetates of formula II, these may be prepared in two ways:
either by action of the diketene of formula ##STR3## on an alcohol of formula ROH, in the presence of sodium acetate,
or by transesterification between the methyl acetoacetate and an alcohol of formula ROH,
it being understood that, in the formula ROH, R represents the same values as in formula I.
It is known that the vinyl resins have a tendency to be degraded under heat and that it is essential to introduce stabilising agents into these compositions consisting of synthetic material, with a view to retarding the degradation due to heat and hence the coloration of these compositions.
Among the organic compounds which are known for their effect in stabilising vinyl resins against heat, it is possible to mention the compounds of formula I, in which R represents an ethyl or butyl radical. The later mentioned French Pat. No. 2,239,496 does in fact show that the two above compounds thermally and chemically stabilize the vinyl resins into which they are introduced at the rate of 0.2 to 1.5% by weight.
Particularly known as a heat stabiliser is 2-phenyl indole, which is found to be of particular interest, on account of its stabilising power and its low toxicity. Moreover, it is widely used on an industrial scale for stabilising the vinyl polymers and copolymers, especially those which are used in the composition of food packaging materials.
It has surprisingly been found that the compounds according to the invention, when incorporated into a vinyl resin at the rate of 0.01 to 0.5% by weight, stabilise the said resin against light, while conferring a satisfactory thermal stability to said resin, despite the low concentration which is used.
This discovery is very important, especially in respect of the resins which are used in food packaging materials.
It is actually obvious that it would not be possible to market foods in a package of which the colouring varies over a period of time.
In addition to their photostabilising effect, it has also been discovered that the dihydropyridines according to the invention:
present a heat-stabilising action on the polyvinyl chloride at concentrations which are between 0.01 and 0.2 p.c.r. (part per 100 parts of resin).
This discovery is important, because it thereby becomes possible to visualise the use of polyvinyl chloride as thus stabilised as a packaging for food commodities. At these concentrations, the extraction of the stabiliser by the foods is extremely small if not negligible, whereas at concentrations higher than 0.2 p.c.r, it becomes considerable and does not permit of this application being considered for certain derivatives of formula I.
It has, moreover, been discovered that the extraction or migration of the stabiliser--just like its sublimation--varied with the number of carbon atoms in the chains R.
The concentration of stabiliser being used may be brought up to 1 p.c.r. when it is a question of stabilising vinyl polymers intended for uses such as the manufacture of floor coverings or recording discs.
exert a lubricating power on the vinyl resins,
permit, in the resins which contain calcium and calcium-zinc salts as primary stabilisers, of reducing the amount of zinc without as a result decreasing the stabilisation of the resin.
Now, it is known that a too high proportion of zinc causes the appearance of defects in the resin.
offer the possibility of using them at a concentration which is between 0.1 and 0.2 p.c.r. for the stabilisation of vinyl resins which contain a plasticiser, such as dioctyl phthalate.
This type of resin generally contains barium-cadmium and calcium-zinc salts as primary stabilisers and it has been established that the addition of a small quantity of a dihydropyridine according to the invention makes it possible to reduce the proportion of cadmium, which is a very expensive and toxic product, without reducing the thermal stability of the resin. Furthermore, the compounds according to the invention appreciably improve the basic shade of this type of resin, the said shade coming close to being colourless.
offer the possibility of the waste product of polyvinyl chloride, stabilised by the dihydropyridines of formula I, being recycled on machines operating by extrusion and blowing,
improve the basic shade and increase the stability of the colour of the resins containing a dye,
provide a greater antioxidising effect than, for example, that of 2,6-di-tert.-butyl-4-methyl phenol, which is an antioxidant widely used in connection with vinyl resins,
offer the possibility of advantageously replacing the stabilisers for vinyl resins as so far used, namely, 2-phenyl indole and its derivatives, the aminocrotonates of heavy alcohols or polyols and the tin derivatives, with the advantage of obtaining:
a good thermal stability at lower concentrations which are capable of being between 0.01 p.c.r. and 0.2 p.c.r., with the consequence of thereby decreasing the cost of stabilising the resin,
a good resistance to light,
an improvement in the initial colour of the resin and the development of the colour as a function of time.
As has already been previously mentioned, it has been established that the compounds according to the invention also exert thermostabilising and photostabilising properties on the vinyl choride copolymers (vinyl chloride - vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride-vinylidene chloride, . . . ). They make possible the stabilisation of the formulae which also correspond to rigid and pliable copolymers.
As regards the different applications which are involved (manufacture of recording discs, flooring tiles, pliable sheets for various packaging purposes, . . . ), the compounds of formula (I) have to be incorporated into the vinyl resins in quantities which vary from 0.01 to 1 p.c.r. (part per 100 parts of resin) and preferably between 0.01 and 0.5 p.c.r.
The dihydropyridines of formula (I) are compatible with the different varieties of vinyl resins which are available on the market at the present time, as well as copolymers. By way of example, it is possible to use the following resins, which are obtained by suspension polymerisation and as listed below:
______________________________________           CommercialNature of copolymer           name         Supplier______________________________________Vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate RHONE-with 15% of acetate           Lucovyl MA 6035                        POULENCVinyl chloride-vinyl acetate RHONE-with 15% of acetate           Lucovyl SA 6001                        POULENCVinyl chloride-vinyl acetatewith 12.5-13.5% of acetate           Vinnol H13/50 S                        WACKERVinyl-chloride-vinyl acetatewith 15% of acetate           Solvic 547 SA                        SOLVAYVinyl chloride-vinylidenechloride with 70% ofvinylidene chloride           Ixan SGA/1   SOLVAY______________________________________
It is understood that these examples are not in any way of limiting character.
For the preparation of certain of the compositions of resins which have been tested, polyvinyl chlorides have also been used in certain cases, such as those marketed under the names:
Lucovyl MB 1000 (supplier Rhone-Poulenc)
Lacqvyl S.071/S (supplier ATO-CHIMIE)
Solvic 223 (supplier Solvay).
From the tests which were carried out, it has been possible to show that:
by comparison with the same copolymers used under the same conditions, but without incorporation of this type of adjuvants, the dihydropyridines of formula (I) stabilise the vinyl copolymers with respect to heat and light in a manner without any question;
the dihydropyridines of formula (I) are shown to be decidedly better than the aminocrotonates of alcohols or of polyols for stabilising the vinyl copolymers with respect to heat and light. These observations have been essentially noted in respect of butane-1,4-diol bis-aminocrotonate, methyl aminocrotonate and the aminocrotonate of C16 -C18 alcohols. These results have been obtained for formulae which yield rigid copolymers and flexible copolymers;
the dihydropyridines of formula (I) show thermostabilising and photostabilising properties which are very much better than those of the 2-phenyl indole which is frequently used in rigid and flexible formulae for stabilising the vinyl copolymers.
As for polyvinyl chloride, the use of the 1,4-dihydropyridines of formula (I), and especially those of high molecular weight, improves the bonding time for the formulae of copolymers which they stabilise. Particularly as regards the vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymers, it has been shown that, with equimolecular concentration, the lubricating power of the didodecyl derivative of formula (I) (R=n--C12 H25 --) and of the compound of formula (I) resulting from Acropole 35 (R=C12 H25 to C15 H31, straight-chain or branched-chain) was decidedly better than that of the dimethyl derivative of formula (I) (R=--CH3). The lubricating power of the dihydropyridines of formula (I) is at least comparable and generally is better than that of the aminocrotonates of alcohols or of polyols. From this point of view, the result is that it is possible to substitute the dihydropyridines of formula (I) for the aminocrotonates in certain applications, for which a good lubricating power is appreciated, as is the case with the manufacture of recording discs.
It has frequently been observed that, in the compositions under examination, the dihydropyridines of formula (I) were able to be used in amounts considerably smaller than the aminocrotonates or the 2-phenyl indole. This possibility produces an economic interest which cannot be inconsiderable as regards these molecules.
The invention is now to be described in detail, both at the level concerned with the preparation of the compounds according to the invention and at the level of their properties.
1--PREPARATION OF THE PRODUCTS
1.1--Preparation of the acetoacetates, synthesis intermediaries
They were obtained by transesterification between an alcohol ROH and methyl acetoacetate. The synthesis is carried out under nitrogen in the presence of an excess of methyl acetoacetate used as reactant and solvent (3 to 4 moles of methyl acetoacetate per mole of alcohol).
The methanol which is freed is eliminated by continuous distillation until about 170� C. is reached, in the reaction medium, and then the methyl acetoacetate excess is distilled under reduced pressure (pressure of 2 to 3 mm Hg; temperature: 155��5� C.). The quasi-total elimination of the methyl acetoacetate is important for preventing the presence of mixed dihydropyridines in the product.
The expected acetoacetate is directly used in the crude state for the continuation of the synthesis. The yield is from 95-100%.
A more specific example as regards preparation is hereinafter described:
Preparation of dodecyl acetoacetate
Introduced into a reactor equipped with a stirrer mechanism, a Vigreux column with a column head and a reflux condenser are 464 g (4 moles) of methyl acetoacetate and 186 g of dodecyl alcohol. The temperature of the reaction medium is progressively raised to 165� C. and the methanol having formed is distilled until the reaction is terminated, that is to say, for about 8 hours. The methyl acetoacetate excess is eliminated under a reduced pressure of 8 mm Hg and the crude dodecyl acetoacetate is recovered, and this will be used as such for the preparation of the corresponding dihydropyridine derivative (Example 3).
The general method as described above was observed for the preparation of the acetoacetates listed in the following table, these serving as synthesis intermediaries for the preparation of the corresponding derivatives of the dihydropyridines.
In this table and the following tables, the following are represented by the various abbreviations: MP: molecular weight, FP: melting point, GPC: gaseous phase chromatography, Yd.: yield, Pt: product, min.: minute, sec.: second.
The mixtures of industrial alcohols which are used and which are indicated by their commercial names are the following:
Dobanol 23 (supplier: Shell-Chimie) is a mixture of primary and straight-chain synthesis fatty alcohols having 12 or 13 carbon atoms;
Dobanol 25 (supplier: Shell-Chimie) is a mixture of primary and straight-chain synthesis fatty alcohols having from 12 to 15 carbon atoms;
Arcropole 35 (supplier: PUK) is a mixture of primary, straight-chain and branched-chain synthesis fatty alcohols having from 12 to 15 carbon atoms;
Oleocetyl alcohol (supplier: Henkel) is a mixture of natural fatty alcohols comprising from 12 to 20 carbon atoms (essentially from 16 to 18 carbon atoms).
__________________________________________________________________________                             Acetoacetic estersAlcohols used                     prepared                 Hydroxyl                      Composition                             MolecularNomenclature       Supplier  index                      by GPC weight                                   Yield__________________________________________________________________________Dobanol 23 (straight-chain primary syn-thesis fatty alcohols)       SHELL CHIMIE                 272.5                      C12 :34.9%                             289.8 100%Cn H2n+1 --OH    C13 :46.4%n = 12 to 13Mean MW 194MP 21�-22�Dobanol 25 (straight-chain and primary          C12 :20.1%synthesis fattyalcohols)   SHELL CHIMIE                 258  C13 :27.4%                             301.4 95%Cn H2n+1 --OH    C14 :25.8%n = 12 to 15mean MW 207                C15 :14.4%MP 21�-23�Acropole 35 (branchedchain primary syn-         C12 :20.9%thesis fatty alcohols       UGINE-Cn H2n+1 --OH       KUHLMANN  271  C13 :51.9%                             291   100%n = 12 to 15MW 208�-211 MP 21� C.                      C15 :15.3%(1-decanol) stearylalcohol     LASERSONCH3 (CH2)16 --CH2 OHMW 270      SABETIER  195.5                      C18 :93.6%                             371   98%MP 56�-60� C.Oleocetyl alcohol(mixture of natural        C14 :4%fatty acids)       HENKEL    218.3                      C16 :25.2%                             340.9 98.5%MP 20�-30� C.                      C18 :62%(1-Dososanol)behenylic alcoholMW 326      MERCK     169.7       410.6 100%MP 65�-68� C.(Cis-9-octadecen-1-ol) oleyl alcoholMW 268      GIVAUDAN  209.3             95%MP 13�-19� C.__________________________________________________________________________
1.2--Preparation of the derivatives of 1,4-dihydropyridines of formula (I)
121. Starting from the formaldehyde and the ammonia introduced as such into the reaction medium.
Preparation of 2,6-dimethyl-3,5-dicarbomethoxy-1,4-dihydropyridine
23.2 g (0.2 mole) of methyl acetoacetate and 0.2 g of diethylamine are introduced into a reactor which is cooled by an ice bath. The solution is cooled to 0� C. and 7.5 g (0.1 mole) of formic aldehyde in 40 % aqueous solution are added dropwise, while ensuring that the temperature is kept below or equal to 10� C.
The reaction medium is then kept for 6 hours at 0� C. and then for 40 hours at ambient temperature.
The solution is poured off and the aqueous phase is extracted with ether, whereafter the organic phases are reunited and the solution is dried over anyhydrous sodium sulphate.
Filtration takes place and the ether is eliminated by evaporation, whereafter the oily residue is diluted with 1 part of methanol. While keeping the temperature at 0� C., ammonia is caused to bubble into the solution and then the ammonia-saturated solution is kept at ambient temperature for 12 hours. The solution is suction-filtered and the product which is obtained is recrystallised from methanol and then from acetone.
The 2,6-dimethyl-3,5-dicarbomethoxy-1,4-dihydropyridine is obtained with a yield of 86%.
By operating in the same manner, the following products are prepared:
______________________________________   1,4-dihydropyridines (I)                        Re-Alkyl                        crystal-acetoacetate                 lisationused      R          Yield   solvent   M.P.______________________________________Ethylacetoacetate     CH2CH 3                75%     acetone   196� C.octylacetoacetate     (CH2)7 CH3                37%     acetone    92� C. isopropyl acetoacetate      ##STR4##   83%     isopropanol                                   124� C.dodecylacetoacetate     (CH2)11 CH3                52%     acetone    96� C.cyclohexyl acetoacetate      ##STR5##   16,5%  hexane/benzene 80/20                                   103� C.propylacetoacetate     (CH2)2 CH3                36%     benzene   148� C. tert. butyl acetoacetate      ##STR6##   55%     benzene   166� C.______________________________________
122. Starting from the formaldehyde and the ammonia formed in situ in the reaction medium
Into a 1-liter reactor equipped with a reflux condenser are introduced:
crude acetoacetate: 1 mole
methanol: 320 cc
purified water: 27 g
ammonium acetate: 14.4 g
hexamethylene tetramine: 35 g.
The batch is refluxed while stirring and under a nitrogen stream. As this takes place, the mass becomes progressively limpid.
It is kept under reflux for 21/2 to 3 hours and there is observed the formation of a precipitate or, according to the tests, the demixing of an oil.
After return to ambient temperature, the said temperature is maintained at -5� C./-10� C. for 2 hours, followed by suction-filtering.
The ammonium ions and the hexamethylene tetramine are then eliminated by thorough rinsing with pure water and washing is carried out with heptane in order to eliminate the corresponding puridine formed by oxidation, so as finally to dry to constant weight in a vacuum oven (50� C./10 mm Hg).
More specific embodiments of this general process are set out below:
Preparation of 2,6-dimethyl-3,5-dicarbododecyloxy-1,4-dihydropyridine
Into a reactor are introduced 54.0 g of dodecyl acetoacetate, 10.5 g of hexamethylene tetramine, 2.9 g of ammonium acetate, 6.5 g of methanol and 8.0 g of water.
While stirring, the temperature of the reaction medium is raised in 45 minutes to the reflux temperature of the methanol and the refluxing is maintained for 1 hour. The suspension is allowed to cool to ambient temperature and then it is poured into a mixture of 300 g of water and ice (50/50). Stirring takes place for 1 hour in order to eliminate the excess hexamethylene tetramine. Suction-filtering takes place and the product is taken up in 300 g of water. Stirring is carried out, followed by another suction-filtering operation and finally the product is recrystallised from 400 g of acetone.
The 2,6-dimethyl-3,5-dicarbododecyloxy-1,4-dihydropyridine is obtained with a yield of 73.5%.
______________________________________Dihydro-1,4-pyridine (I)                         Re-Aceto-                        crystal-acetate                       lisationused   R              Yield   solvent MP______________________________________Phenyl aceto- acetate   ##STR7##       4%     dimethyl- formamide                                 239� C.p-tolyl aceto- acetate   ##STR8##      32%     ethanol/ acetone 90/10                                 214� C.p-anisyl aceto- acetate   ##STR9##      34%     acetone 184� C. then 195� C.p-chloro- phenyl- aceto- acetate   ##STR10##     14%     acetone 227� C.butyl  (CH2)3 CH3                 58%     methanol                                 122� C.aceto-acetateDecyl  (CH2)9 CH3                 64%     acetone  95� C.aceto-acetateTetra- (CH2)13 CH3                 65%     acetone  96� C.decylaceto-acetateOcta-  (CH2)17 CH3                 78%             103� C.decylaceto-acetateOcta- decenyl aceto-  acetate   ##STR11##     91,9%            56� C.Doco-  (CH2)21 CH3                 75,6%           106� C.sanylaceto-acetate______________________________________
The last of these compounds is obtained in the form of a yellow pasty product, whereas the two preceding compounds assume the form of a yellow powder.
1,4-Dihydropyridines, deriving from mixtures of natural or synthetic industrial alcohols, have also been prepared and these compounds are listed below.
__________________________________________________________________________Alkyl  1,4-Dihydropyridines (I)acetoacetate         Meanused   R             MW  Yield                        Appearance                               MP__________________________________________________________________________crude tri-decyl aceto-                 yellowish-                               89� C.acetate  CH3 (CH2)n --                574 76% green powder(Alcohol:Acropole 35  n:11 to 14crude tri-decyl aceto-  CH3 (CH2)n --                        yellowacetate              572 45.4%                        powder 89� C.  n:11 or 12(Alcohol:Dobanol 23)crude tri-decyl aceto-  CH3 (CH2)n --                595 78% yellowish-                               89� C.acetate                      green powder(Alcohol:  n:11 to 14Dobanol 25)crude oleo-  CH3 --(CH2)15 --                        yellowcetyl aceto-         675 41% powder 81� C.acetate  CH3 (CH2)7 CH&#9552;CH(CH2)n(Alcohol:  n:6-8H.D. Ocenol)__________________________________________________________________________
2. Properties of the products
For simplification purposes, reference will be made to the main compounds of formula (I) as investigated and they will be represented by their code number shown in the following table.
TABLE I______________________________________ ##STR12##                       CODER                           No.______________________________________    CH2CH 3            L.28501    (CH2)7CH 3    L.28502    CH3                    L.28504##STR13##                   L.28506    (CH2)11CH 3   L.28507##STR14##                   L.28508    (CH2)2 CH3   L.28509    C(CH3)3           L.28510##STR15##                   L.28531##STR16##                   L.28538##STR17##                   L.28541##STR18##                   L.28551    (CH2)3 CH3   L.28552    (CH2)13 CH3  L.28590    (CH2)9CH 3    L.28591    C12 H25  to C15 H31 (�)                           L.28596    (CH2)nCH 3    with n = 11 or 12 (��)                           L.28597    n = 11 to 14 (���)                           L.28598    (CH2)17CH 3   L.28599    CH2(CH2)7CHCH(CH2)7CH 3    (����)                           L.28600    (CH2)15CH 3    (CH2)21CH 3   L.28601    (CH2)8CHCH(CH2)7CH 3                           L.28602______________________________________ (�) Acropole 35 C12 -C15 (��) Dobanol 23 C12 -C13 (���) Dobanol 25 C12 -C15 (����) H.D. Ocenol C16 -C18 The toxicity of the photostabilisers according to the invention was primarily established and the satisfactory results which were obtained permitted the investigation to be continued.
2.1--Study of acute toxicity
The acute toxicity of the compounds according to the invention was studied, by determining the dose of product which causes 50% death of the treated animals (LD50).
The determination or typing is achieved by oral administration of a gummy suspension of the compounds to batches of at least 10 mice or 10 rats.
The results as observed show that, as regards these two animal species, the LD50 is, for the molecules, higher than 2 g/kg and frequently higher than 5 g/kg.
Furthermore, no toxic symptom was found, after an observation period of 15 days.
2.2--Study of the migration
The migration or the extractability of the stabiliser from the PVC compound under the effect of various liquids (and particularly water) stored in a plastic container is of essential importance for the use of these stabilisers in the field of food packagings. The migration of the dihydropyridines (1) in water has been thoroughly investigated by comparison with the 2-phenyl indole, which is kept as reference molecule.
The technique as regards extraction was the following: using the formula which is given below, a batch of bottles (volume 1 liter, diameter 70 mm, height≃230 mm) was prepared, the said bottles being filled with a liquid simulating the foods. Under these conditions, the volume/surface ratio (volume of the liquid and surface of the bottle in contact) is close to 1.85. The migration of the stabiliser was judged by dosage of the pyridine present in the extractum, using the dosage method which is later described. This pyridine obviously represents the oxidised form of the extracted 1,4-dihydropyridine.
The investigation was particularly developed for water at 50� C. over a period of 2 months, because it represents the important problem regarding the packaging of mineral waters.
221. Formula for the manufacture of bottles
______________________________________Ingredients          Parts by weight______________________________________Polyvinyl chloride resin                100Anti-shock agent     8Epoxidised soya oil  4Acrylic resin        0.5Trinonyl phenyl phosphite                0.3S L 2016             0.25Calcium behenate     0.4Glyceryl trimontanate                0.4Hydrogenated castor oil                1.2Stabiliser           0.015 to 0.5______________________________________
The S L 2016 is a solution of zinc 2-ethyl hexanoate in a mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons boiling from 158� to 184� C.
222. Dosage method
The stabilisers are measured out in the form of their oxidation product (pyridine).
The oxidation is made quantitative by adding a few drops of iodine to the solution. The latter is then extracted with chloroform and the chloroform is evaporated to a small residual volume. The solution obtained is then subjected to thin-film chromatography, by comparison with solutions of known concentration of the desired pyridines.
The sensitivity threshold of this technique is 5 μg/liter.
223. Results of the investigation concerning extraction
The investigation was carried out on the following compounds:
2,6-Dimethyl-3,5-dicarbomethoxy-1,4-dihydropyridine (L. 28504).
2,6-Dimethyl-3,5-dicarboethoxy-1,4-dihydropyridine (L. 28501).
2,6-Dimethyl-3,5-dicarbobutoxy-1,4-dihydropyridine (L. 28552).
2,6-Dimethyl-3,5-dicarbododecyloxy-1,4-dihydropyridine (L. 28507).
2,6-Dimethyl-3,5-dicarbotetradecyloxy-1,4-dihydropyridine (L. 28590).
2,6-Dimethyl-3,5-dicarbooctadecyloxy-1,4-dihydropyridine (L. 28599).
______________________________________STABILISER         Migration in &#956;g/l at 50� C.Extrac-          Concen-tion             tration   10   20   1     2medium Nature    in pct    days days month months______________________________________  L.28504   0.15      15   40   70    80  L.28504   0.30      70   100  120   120  Control*  0.30      75   90   100   100  L.28501   0.15      20   50   100   100  L.28501   0.30      90   120  150   150  Control   0.30      70   90   100   100  L.28552   0.15      15   40   90    100  L.28552   0.30      80   120  130   130  Control   0.30      80   100  110   110WATER  L.28507   0.15      &lt;5   &lt;5   &lt;5    &lt;5  L.28507   0.30      &lt;5   &lt;5   &lt;5    &lt;5  Control   0.30      75   90   100   100  L.28590   0.15      &lt;5   &lt;5   &lt;5    &lt;5  L.28590   0.30      &lt;5   &lt;5   &lt;5    &lt;5  Control   0.30      75   90   110   110  L.28599   0.15      &lt;5   &lt;5   &lt;5    &lt;5  L.28599   0.30      &lt;5   &lt;5   &lt;5    &lt;5  Control   0.30      70   90   120   130______________________________________ *Control = 2phenylindole
It is apparent from this investigation that
the dihydropyridines are clearly less extractable than the 2-phenyl indole,
the stabilisation of the vinyl resins by the dihydropyridines according to the invention need concentrations which are far smaller than those required by the 2-phenyl indole, the result being an even greater reduction in the migration,
in the series of 1,4-dihydropyridines (I) for which R comprises from 9 to 22 carbon atoms, the migration in the water develops according to the number of carbon atoms forming the radical R of the formula (I), this being concurrently with the sublimation, as will later be seen,
for values of R comprising from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, the migration is considerable and of the order of that generally observed for the 2-phenyl indole, i.e. from 80 to 120 μg per liter.
for values of R comprising from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, a maximum of migration seems to be observed for R=2, 3, 4 carbon atoms,
for values of R comprising from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, the migration increases with the concentration of the stabiliser in the PVC compound,
for values of R comprising from 9 to 22 carbon atoms, and particularly for R=12, 14 and 18 carbon atoms, the migration in the water is below 5 μg/l, whatever the concentration of the stabiliser in the PVC compound between 0.01 and 0.5 p.c.r., (p.c.r.=part percent, parts of resin). In fact, the migration has to be clearly smaller than 5 μg/liter, but this estimation is limited to this value by the sensitivity threshold of the technique used for the dosage.
It can be concluded therefrom that the dihydropyridines (I), of which the radical R varies between 9 and 22 carbon atoms, are capable of being used for stabilising the PVC intended for the packaging of mineral waters, whereas those in which R varies between 1 and 8 carbon atoms are not suitable for this purpose, because of their too high migration.
For justifying the possibility of using the dihydropyridines (I) having a radical R comprising from 9 to 22 carbon atoms in applications concerned with food packaging, other than those applications relating to mineral waters, the extractability of the dihydropyridines by several solutions or solvents having the following composition, by weight, was investigated:
(a) water-sodium chloride: 97-3
(b) water-saccharose: 90-10
(c) water-sodium chloride-acetic acid: 98.5-0.5-1
(d) water-citric acid (solution at pH=5): 98-2
(e) water-acetic acid: 97-3
(f) water-acetic acid: 90-10
(g) water-ethanol: 85-15
(h) water-acetic acid: 50-50
(i) water-ethanol: 50-50
(j) pure heptane: 50-50
______________________________________                      Migration in &#956;g/lEXTRACTION    STABILISER  at 50� C.MEDIUM        0.3 per     1 month  2 months______________________________________         Phenyl-2 indole                      90      140         L.28504     100      120H2 O/NaCl         L.28501     120      150(97:3)        L.28552      80      100         L.28507     &lt;5       &lt;5         L.28590     &lt;5       &lt;5         L.28599     &lt;5       &lt;5Water/Sacchrose         L.28504     100      100(90:10)       L.28507     &lt;5       &lt;5Water/NaCl/CH3 COOH         L.28504     110      120(98,5:0,5:1)  L.28507     &lt;5       &lt;5Water/citric  L.28504     110      130acid* (98:2)  L.28507     &lt;5       &lt;5Water/CH3 COOH         L.28504      90      120(97:3)        L.28507     &lt;5       &lt;5Water/CH3 COOH         L.28504     120      140(90:10)       L.28507     &lt;5       &lt;5Water/C2 H5 OH         L.28504     150      180(85:15)       L.28507     &lt;5       &lt;5Water/CH3 COOH         L.28504     150      200(50:50)       L.28507      25      --Water/C2 H5 OH         L.28504     250      --(50:50)       L.28507      50      --______________________________________ *The pH of this solution is adjusted to 5 with aqueous caustic soda solution.
______________________________________          Migration in &#956;g/l at 50� C.  STABILISER            after       after  0.3 pcr   36 h.       84 h.______________________________________Heptane  L.28504     300         390    L.28507     120         150______________________________________
It is apparent from these results that the dihydropyridines (I) in which R comprises from 9 to 22 carbon atoms, and especially those in which R comprises 12, 14 and 18 carbon atoms, give a migration smaller than 5 μg/l of solution in respect of the solutions a, b, c, d, e, f and g. Under the same conditions, the first terms of the dihydropyridine series (I) and particularly that of which the radical R=--CH3, give migrations of the order of 80 to 100 μg/l, which are comparable with those of 2-phenyl indole.
For the solutions h, i and j, the dihydropyridines (I) in which R comprises from 9 to 22 carbon atoms, likewise give better results than their lower homologues and 2-phenyl indole.
23--Study of the sublimation
The sublimation of the stabiliser is to be taken into account within the sphere of protecting the health of the personnel of the factories where the stabiliser is manufactured or used. In other words, it is a question involving the safety at work.
In this respect, it has been confirmed that:
the sublimation of the 1,4-dihydropyridines is not only related to the molecular weight. It has in fact been observed that, contrary to that which might be expected, the derivative (I) for which R=--CH3 is sublimed appreciably less than the dihydropyridines (I) having a heavier radical R, such as ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, etc.
Thus, under the operating conditions reserved for judging the sublimation of the products of this series, the 2-phenyl indole chosen as reference molecule is sublimed at the rate of 62% of the quantity of product being used. Under the same conditions, the derivative (I), for which R=--CH3 (methyl), is sublimed to 34% and the higher homologues, (ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, etc.) to a higher percentage which is between 35 and 98%.
The sublimation is important for the values of R representing 1 to 8 carbon atoms, whether these radicals are saturated or unsaturated, straight-chain or branched-chain radicals. Under the working conditions later described, the quantity of sublimed product is between 10 and 98%. It is lowered to 7% for R=straight-chain octyl, and this still represents a considerable sublimation.
The sublimation becomes small, i.e. equal to or lower than 3%, starting with the radical having 9 carbon atoms and more particularly starting from the radical comprising 10 carbon atoms.
The sublimation of the dihydropyridines (I) having a radical R which comprises from 10 to 22 carbon atoms is very small (in all cases less than 2%), and sometimes even zero, for the saturated straight-chain radicals comprising 12, 14, 16, 18, 22 carbon atoms and for the straight-chain and unsaturated radicals, such as the oleylic chain. These findings are valid for mixtures of these different dihydropyridines (example R=oleocetyl radical).
The sublimation of the dihydropyridines (I) having a radical R which is derived from synthesised alcohols available on the market, such as Acropole 35, Dobanol 23, Dobanol 25 (straight-chain or branched-chain synthesis alcohols comprising from 12 to 15 carbon atoms) remains small (2 to 3%) but higher than that of the straight-chain radicals. These synthesis alcohols do in fact contain a large part of branched alcohols in the α-position, since they are prepared by oxo reaction on straight-chain olefines.
It is clearly seen from this last finding that the problem of the sublimation is not connected only with the molecular weight of the dihydropyridine (I) under consideration, but also its structure. In particular, with equal or comparable molecular weights, a straight-chain radical R seems to lead to a smaller sublimation than a branched-chain radical R.
The calculated data which justify these observations are set out below.
2--Sublimation results
231. Operating procedure
A test sample of about 130 mg of the product to be investigated is introduced into a 100 cc beaker. The latter is placed in a 250 cc reactor. The temperature is kept at 160� C. by means of a thermostatically controlled oil bath for 6 hours, the atmosphere of the reactor being inert (nitrogen) in order to avoid the oxidation of the 1,4-dihydropyridine into pyridine, which is more sublimable.
232. Results
For each dihydropyridine derivative which is investigated, the result is expressed as a percentage of sublimed product relatively to the quantity being used.
__________________________________________________________________________                          % of sub-Product                        limed product2-phenylindole                 62%__________________________________________________________________________       CH3           34.2%       C2 H5    82.9%n-C.sub. 3 H7     79.1%        ##STR19##         98.1%Dihydropyridines of       (CH2)3CH 3                          39.2%formula (I) with       (CH2)7CH 3                          7.2%R signifying       (CH2)9CH 3                          1.7%       (CH2)11CH 3                          1.7%       (CH2)13CH 3                          0.1%       (CH2)17CH 3                          1.2%       (CH2)21CH 3                          0.4%       CH3(CH2)n�                          3.1%       n = 11 a 12       CH3(CH2)n��                          3.1%       n = 11 to 14       C12 H25 to C15 H31 ��.degree       .                  3.2%       CH3 (CH.sub. 2)7CHCH(CH2)n��       ��   1.7%       CH3 (CH2)15n = 6-8__________________________________________________________________________ �prepared from Dobanol 23 ��prepared from Dobanol ���prepared from Acropole ����prepared from H.D. Ocenol
2.4--Investigation of the photostabilising power
A comparative study of the photostabilising power of the compounds of the invention was carried out by sheets of polyvinyl chloride, which only differ from one another by the stabiliser which is used, being exposed to the sun.
The two reference stabilisers were:
2-(3'-methoxy-4'-hydroxyphenyl)-indole (S. 3630)
2-phenyl indole (S. 3621).
Two compositions of polyvinyl chloride were prepared in accordance with the following formula:
______________________________________Ingredients          Parts by weight______________________________________Polyvinyl chloride resin                100Anti-shock resin     8Epoxidised soya oil  4Acrylic resin        0.5Trinonyl phenyl phosphite                0.3SL 2016              0.25Calcium behenate     0.4Hydrogenated castor oil                0.2Glyceryl trimontanate                0.4Stabiliser           0.2______________________________________
The stabilised polyvinyl chloride sheets were prepared by mixing on a cylinder at 160� C. and were exposed to the sun under the same conditions.
Their colouring was evaluated in two different ways, after 6 hours and 12 hours exposure to the sun:
on the sheets themselves, by comparison with the Gardner scale, described in French Pat. No. 2,273,841,
on a solution of these sheets in tetrahydrofuran by comparison with the scale described in Pharmacopee Francaise (9th Edition, II, 338).
______________________________________Colour of the sheets             Colour of the sheetsaccording to      according to theGARDNER           PharmacopeeStabi-  Exposure time Exposure timelisers  0      6h    12h    0    6h      12h______________________________________S 3630  1      4      8      B5  B4 to JB4                                    B3 to JB3S 3621  2      3      6      J6   J5      J4L 28504 1      1      1.5   JV6  JV6     JV6L 28501 1      1      1.5   JV6  JV6     JV6______________________________________
Four other molecules were tested (R=n--C10 H22 (L. 28591; n--C12 H25 (L. 28507); --C14 H29 (L.28590); --C18 H37 (L.28599)) by comparison with the molecules studied above (R=--CH3 ; R=--C2 H5) with the assistance of the same formula and with 0.2 p.c.r. of stabiliser.
The development of the coloration of the stabilised PVC was judged in the same manner.
The results as observed show a comparable photostabilising power between these different dihydropyridines, whatever the molecular weight.
Similar tests were carried out on various formulae of copolymers.
Comparison of the dihydropyridines according to the invention (abbreviation DHP) with 2-phenyl indole flexible vinyl copolymer formula vinyl cloride-vinyl acetate copolymer.
______________________________________Formula:    Lucovyl SA 6001                    100    parts       dioctyl phthalate                    40     parts       calcium stearate                    2      parts       melamine     2      parts       wax E        1      part       stabiliser   0.3    part.            ColorationTime in hours    in degrees GardnerTest   Stabiliser     at time 0 after 24 hours______________________________________  2-Phenyl indole                1          6  L.28504       1          1  L.28591       1          1A      L.28541       1          4  L.28599       1          1  L.28601       1          1  L.28602       1          1  2-Phenyl indole                1          8  L.28507       1          1B      L.28502       1          1  L.28506       1          2  L.28508       1          2______________________________________
Comparison of the DHP with 2-phenyl indole rigid vinyl copolymer formula vinyl chloride-vinylidene chloride copolymer.
______________________________________Formula: Resin Solvic 223   90     parts    copolymer IXAN SGA 1                       10     parts    reinforcing agent BTA III                       8      parts    epoxidised soya oil                       4      parts    calcium stearate   0.2    parts    zinc stearate      0.1    part    Lubricant 4146     1.2    part    Lubricant 6164     0.4    part    Stabiliser         0.3    part______________________________________
The lubricant 4146 is a hydrogenated castor oil and the lubricant 6164 is glyceryl trimontanate.
______________________________________           Coloration in degrees GardnerStabiliser Time in hours                 at time 0  after 120 hours______________________________________2-Phenyl indole   1.5        17L. 28504          1.5        4L. 28507          1.5        4______________________________________
Comparison of the DHP with 2-phenyl indole rigid vinyl copolymer formula vinyl cloride-vinylidene chloride copolymer.
______________________________________Formula: PVC resin Solvic 223                       90     parts    copolymer IXAN SGA/1                       10     parts    reinforcing agent BTA III                       8      parts    epoxidised soya oil                       4      parts    calcium stearate   0.2    part    zinc stearate      0.1    part    Lubricant 4146     1.2    part    Lubricant 6164     0.4    part    stabilizer         0.3    partTime in hours Coloration in degrees GardnerStabiliser    at time 0    after 24 hours______________________________________2-Phenyl indole         1            13L. 28597      1            2L. 28601      1            2L. 28541      1            3______________________________________
Formula: identical with that of Example 8, but with a variable concentration x of stabiliser.
______________________________________      Concen-    ColorationTime in hours      tration    in degrees GardnerStabiliser x          at time 0 after 24 hours______________________________________2-Phenyl indole      0.3 part   1         13L. 28504   0.3 part   1         2L. 28507   0.3 part   1         2L. 28504   0.15 part  1         2L. 28507   0.7 part   1         2______________________________________
The results of Example 9 prove, with the variations in concentrations of the products L.28504 and L.28507, that the copolymers in which they are incorporated are stable to light. In effect, variations in concentration from 0.15 to 0.7 p.c.r. do not seem to have any influence on the resistance of the copolymers to light.
2.5--Study of the thermostabilising power
251. Static thermostability
The static thermostability was investigated by the method described in French Pat. No. 2,273,84l, 2-phenyl indole being the reference substance.
The stabiliser is incorporated, with other usual additives, into a polyvinyl chloride resin in powder form. A rigid sheet is formed by the mixture being calendered at 160� C. and this sheet is placed for periods of variable duration in a fixed temperature oven (185� C. or 210� C.) until carbonisation commences.
The colour of the samples is then compared with the Gardner colour scale.
Investigation was carried out with the following resins:
______________________________________Ingredients       Parts by weight______________________________________Polyvinyl chloride             100anti-shock resin  9epoxidised soya oil             2calcium 2-hydroxy stearate             0.2S L 2016          0.1stabiliser        0.3 or 1.55 � 10-3 mole______________________________________
The following results were obtained after a resin containing 0.3 part of stabiliser had been in an oven at 210� C.
______________________________________     Time in minutesStabiliser  0      3      6    9    12   15   18______________________________________L.28501     1      1      2    2    4    8.5  BL.28506     1      1      2    5    11   19   BL.28507     1      1      2    6    8    19   BL.28508     1      1      3    5    14   BL.28509     1      1      2    4    4    17   BL.28510     1      1      4    5    15   BL.28504     1      1      2    3    7.5  19   B2-phenylindole       1      2      2    10   11   16   BL.28504     1      1      1    3    7    B2-phenylindole       1      1      2    4    13   17   BL.28538     1      1      3    3    4    14   BL.28541     1      1      1.5  3    5    11   BL.28504     1      1      1    2.5  3    11   B2-phenylindole       1      2      2    3    6    14   BL.28552     1      1      2    4    11   12   BL.28504     1      1      2    3    8    10   B2-phenylindole       1      1      2    6    14   14   B______________________________________
The above results show the clear superiority of the dihydropyridines according to the invention as compared with 2-phenyl indole.
Tests were also carried out at 185� C., with a resin containing 0.3 part of stabiliser, and the results obtained are set out in the table below:
______________________________________Stabi- Time in minutesliser  0     6     12  18  24   27   30   33   36  39  42______________________________________L.28501  1     1     2   8   11   13   13   18   BL.28531  1     1     3   7   10   10   10   16   BL.28538  1     1     3   10  13   13   14   17   17  BL.28504  1     1     2   7   11   11   11   13   B2-phenyl-  1     1     3   5   13   13   14   14   15  15  BindoleL.28506  1     1     3   3   6    12   13   14   15  15  17L.28508  1     1     3   5   8    13   16   18   18  18  18L.28509  1     1     2   3   5    9    9    11   13  14  15L.28510  1     1     2   4   10   18   18   19   19  BL.28504  1     1     1   2   4    7    7    8    10  11  152-phenyl-  1     1     3   5   10.5 13   14   14   14  14  14indoleL.28507  1     2     2   7   11   13   14   15   15  18  BL.28504  1     1     2   3   5    7.5  8.5  9    14  B2-phenyl-  1     1     4   9   13   14   14   14   14  15  15indoleL.28502  1     1     2   3   4    6    7    8.5  9   11  15L.28504  1     1     2   3   4    7    7    8    9   11  142-phenyl-  1     1     3   9.5 11   14   14   14   14  14  14indole______________________________________
The above results also show the obvious superiority of the dihydropyridines according to the invention over 2-phenyl indole.
Tests were also carried out at 185� C. with resins containing equimolecular quantities of stabiliser, namely 1.55�1-3 mole, and the following results were obtained:
______________________________________  Wt.  ofStabi- stabi- Time in minutesliser  liser  0     6   12  18  24  27   30  33  36  39                        42______________________________________L.28501  0.4    1     1   1   5   10  11   B                        L.28531 0.5 1 1 2 5 8.5 10.5 11 16 B                        L.28538 0.6 1 1 2 7 7 9 10 17 B                        L.28541 0.6 1 1 2 7 9 9 10 16 B                        L.28504 0.35 1 1 1 4 5 8 11 15 B                        2-phenyl- 0.3 1 2 3 10 13 13 13 14 16 16 B                        indole______________________________________
The superiority of the dihydropyridines over 2-pheyl indole is also confirmed when they are used in the same molecular quantity as this latter.
Similar tests were carried out on derivatives of dihydropyridines of which the chain R comprises more carbon atoms.
______________________________________PVC resin (Solvic 223)             100       partsanti-shock resin  9         partsepoxidised soya oil             2         partsSL 2016           0.1       partSS 32             0.2       partStabiliser           x (x = 0.1 to 0.3 p.c.r.).______________________________________
The product SS 32 is calcium hydroxystearate.
Use was made of the experimental methods described above for obtaining the stability bands and their examination, by employing the evidence of stability at 210� C. in an oven.
With equal quantities, the various dihydropyridines (I) give comparable results, whatever the value of the radical R. The fact of increasing the molecular weight of (I) does not lower its thermostabilising power and concentrations which vary from 0.01 to 0.5 p.c.r. and especially from 0.01 to 0.2 p.c.r. lead to very good results.
The results as obtained are set out below.
______________________________________     Time in minutesStabiliser L       0      3       6    9    12    15______________________________________28.597      1      1       1    2    4      728.598      1      1       1    2    4     1328.596      1      1       1    2    4     1328.599      1      1       1    2    4     1328.600      1      1       1    2    5     132-phenylindole       1      1       2    4    11    14______________________________________     Time in minutesStabiliser L       0      3        6     9     12______________________________________28.601      1      1        2     2     428.507      1      1        2     2     32-phenylindole       1      1        2     4     10______________________________________
______________________________________Quantity of stabiliser in the formula: 0.2 p.c.r.    Time in minutesStabiliser L      0      2      1    6   8    10   12   14______________________________________28.597     1      1      1    2   3    3    11   1128.598     1      1      1    2   3    3    11   1528.596     1      1      1    2   3    3    11   1328.599     1      &lt;2     &lt;2   2   3    3    10.5 1428.600     1      &lt;2     &lt;2   2   &lt;3   &lt;3   10.5 142-phenylindole      1      1      1    2   3    4    12   15______________________________________    Time in minutesStabiliser L      0      2      4    6    8    10   12______________________________________28.502     1      1      1    2    2    3    528.590     1      1      1    2    2    3    728.591     1      1      1    2    2    3    828.507     1      1      1    2    2    3    7.52-phenylindole      1      1      1    2    2    5    9______________________________________
______________________________________Quantity of stabiliser in the formula: 0.1 p.c.r.    Time in minutesStabiliser L      0      2      4    6    8    10    12______________________________________28.502     2      2      2    2    3    6     1128.590     2      2      2    2    2    4     10.528.591     2      2      2    2    2    4     10.528.507     2      2      2    2    3    4     10.52-phenylindole      2      2      2    3    4    11    13______________________________________
5.2--Stabilisation of the resins intended for the bottling of mineral waters
a resin which contains calcium stearate, zinc stearate and epoxidised soya oil in addition to the stabiliser which is to be tested was mixed on a cylinder-type mixer and the stability of the initial colour was noted, that is to say, the time elapsing between the commencement of the mixing and the first visible change in the colour of the resin was measured. The thermal stability of the resin was also observed, i.e. the time elapsing between the commencement of the mixing and the degradation of the resin was measured,
a like resin was passed through an extrusion and blowing machine and the development of the colour of the resin was observed at each of the three passages through the machine.
For this extrusion-blowing operation, the following characteristics were retained:
Temperature: 165�-160�-165�-160�-180� C. Screw speed: 60 r.p.m.
Die: gap:1.5 mm, land: 55 mm
Mould: cylindrical bottle of 250 cc.
Four resins, numbered from 1 to 4 and respectively containing 0.2 part of 2-phenyl indole, 0.2, 0.03 and 0.015 part of the compound L. 28504, were tested and the following results were obtained:
______________________________________    ResinMixing at 220� C.      1         2        3      4______________________________________Colour stabilityin minutes 3         6        3      2Thermalstability inminutes    13        13.5     12.7   12.3Bottle colour at1st passage      Sky blue  Bright   Bright Bright                sky blue sky blue                                sky blue2nd passage      Blue,     Bright   Bright Bright      toning    sky blue sky blue                                sky blue      towards      green3rd passage      Greenish  Bright   Bright Bright      blue      sky blue sky blue                                sky blue______________________________________
It can be confirmed that 2,6-dimethyl-3,5-dicarbomethoxy-1,4-dihydropyridine imparts to the resin a colour stability which is more marked than that of 2-phenyl indole, even at a rate of 0.015 part per cent of parts of resin.
The same tests are carried out, but with a resin containing different proportions of zinc and calcium stearate.
__________________________________________________________________________Stabiliser    Quantity of stabiliserNo of resin    1  2  3   4  5  6   7  8  9__________________________________________________________________________Calcium stearate    0.29       0.29          0.29              0.29                 0.29                    0.29                        0.29                           0.29                              0.15Zinc stearate    0.32       0.32          0.32              0.32                 0.32                    0.15                        -- 0.322-Phenyl indole    0.15       -- --  -- -- --  -- -- --L.28504  -- 0.15           0.075              0.05                 0.03                     0.015                        0.15                           0.15                               0.075__________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________    ResinMixing at 220� C.      1       2     3   4   5   6   7    8    9______________________________________Colour stabilityin minutes 2 to 3  5     4   4   3   3   3    &lt;1   3Heat stabilityin minutes 9       9     8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 15.5 &lt;7   5______________________________________
As in the preceding test, the compound L.28504 improves the colour and the stability. Compound L.28504 has proved to be 10 to 15 times more efficient than 2-phenyl indole.
In formula No. 2, the compound L.28504 does not have any direct influence on the heat stability, but it permits, while preserving the colour shade, of reducing the amount of zinc stearate, which may cause the appearance of defects in the resin.
As regards the examination of the colouring of the resin after each passage through the extruder and blowing machine, the excellent behaviour of the resins containing compound L.28504 has been confirmed.
253. Stabilisation of the plasticised resins
Sheets of polyvinyl chloride, previously mixed for 5 minutes at 180� C., were pressed for 5 minutes at 170� C., and the colour stability and the heat stability after mixing, and then the coloration of the sheets after pressing, were observed.
As adjuvants, as well as the stabiliser to be tested, the resin in question contains wax E, dioctyl phthalate, barium stearate and cadmium stearate, in the following proportions:
__________________________________________________________________________Ingredients     QuantitiesNo. of resin     1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9__________________________________________________________________________Polyvinyl chlorideresin     100        100           100              100                 100                    100                       100                          100                             100E wax     0.3        0.3           0.3              0.3                 0.3                    0.3                       0.3                          0.3                             0.3Dioctyl phthalate      50         50            50               50                  50                     50                        50                           50                              50Barium stearate     -- 0.375           -- 0.375                 0.375                    0.375                       0.375                          0.375                             0.375Cadmium stearate     -- -- 0.375              0.375                 0.375                    0.15                       0.15                          0.05                             0.05Compound  -- -- -- -- 0.1                    -- 0.05                          -- 0.05__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________Mixing at 180� C.    1 2 3 4  5   6  7   8  9__________________________________________________________________________Colour stabilityin minutes    25      25        25          35 50  30 45  20 35Thermal stabilityin minutes    25       5        25          35 50  30 55  25 50Pressing at 170� C.Colour shade of    --      --        --          Pink-             Very                 Pink-                    Very                        Red-                           Yellow-the pressed sheet          ish             slightly                 ish                    slight-                        dish                           ish(thickness: 3 mm) yello- ly yel-             wish   lowish__________________________________________________________________________
The above results show that the compound L.28504 substantially improves the basic shade and clearly increases the thermal stability.
It is also established that the presence of the compound L.28504 permits a reduction in the proportion of cadmium sterate, which is a very costly and toxic product.
Finally, the thermal or heat stabilisation of the vinyl copolymers by the dihydropyridines was investigated.
Rigid copolymer formula vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer.
______________________________________Formula:     Lucovyl MA 6035 80 parts        Lucovyl MB 1000 20 parts        calcium stearate                        0.5 part        stabiliser      0.3 partExamination of the stability in a ventilated oven at 185� C.  Time in minutesStabiliser    0      2      4    6    8    10   12   14______________________________________No stabiliser    1      2      4    7    13   16   17   18L.28599  1      1      3    6    10   14   16   17L.28601  1      1      4    9    11   14   16   17L.28602  1      1      4    9    12   16   17   18L.28502  1      1      3    6    10   13   14   18______________________________________
Comment: The colorations expressed in degrees Gardner are favourable as regards the formulae stabilised by the dihydropyridines according to the invention. However, in actual fact, the figures only inadequately show the spacings, because the copolymer which is not stabilised shows a relatively intense colour formation from the zero time, which it is difficlt to indicate in the Gardner scale.
Rigid copolymer formula vinyl cloride-vinyl acetate copolymer.
______________________________________Formula:     Lucovyl MA 6035 80 parts        Lucovyl MB 1000 20 parts        calcium stearate                        0.5 part        stabiliser      0.1 partExamination of the stability in a ventilated oven at 185� C.  Time in minutesStabiliser L    0      2      4    6    8    10   12   14______________________________________No stabiliser    1.5    2      4    11.5 15   17   18   18.5L.28504  1      1      4    6    11   11   12   13L.28507  1      1      4    10   12   13   15   --L.28597  1      1      4    10   12   15   17--______________________________________
The comment made in connection with Example 11 is also applicable.
Flexible copolymer formula vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer.
______________________________________Formula:    Lucovyl MA 6035 100    parts       dioctyl phthalate                       60     parts       melamine        2      parts       calcium stearate                       2      parts       stabiliser      0.2    partGelling: 5 minutes at 120� C.Passage through a Metrastat oven at 160� C.: time 60 minutesrate of flow 50 1/hour.      Time in minutesStabiliser L 0       30      40    50    60______________________________________Without stabiliser        1       6       13    14    17L.28504      1       1        2     4    12L.28507      1       2        6    12    15______________________________________
EXAMPLE 14: Flexible copolymer formula vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer.
______________________________________Formula:    Lucovyl SA 6001 100       dioctyl phthalate                       40     parts       calcium stearate                       2      parts       melamine        2      parts       stabiliser      0.3    partPassage through a Metrastat oven at 160� C.: time 60 minutesrate of flow 50 1/hour    Time in minutesstabiliser L      0      10     20   30   40    50   60______________________________________Without stabiliser      1      1      5    8    12    13   13L.28504    1      1      2    6    8     10   12L.28507    1      1      2    6    8     10   12______________________________________
Rigid copolymer formula vinyl chloride-vinylidene chloride copolymer.
______________________________________Formula:   Solvic 223         90 parts      IXAN SGA/1         10 parts      Reinforcing agent BTA III                         8 parts      Epoxidised soya oil                         4 parts      calcium stearate   0.2 part      zinc stearate      0.1 part      Lubricant 4146     1.2 part      Lubricant 6164     0.4 part      stabiliser         0.3 partPassage through a ventilated oven at 210� C.Time in minutesStabiliser L 0      3      6    9     12    15______________________________________Without stabiliser        2      2      5    10.5  14    16L.28504      1.5    1.5    2    3     10    13L.28507      1.5    1.5    3    4     12.5  15______________________________________
The comment made with respect to Example No. 1 is also applicable.
______________________________________Formula:   Solvic 223         90 parts      IXAN SGA/1         10 parts      Reinforcing agent BTA III                         8 parts      Epoxidised soya oil                         4 parts      Calcium stearate   0.2 part      Zinc stearate      0.1 part      Lubricant 4146     1.2 part      Lubricant 6164     0.4 part      Stabiliser         0.3 partPassage through ventilated oven at 210� C.      Time in minutesStabiliser L 0       3       6     9     2______________________________________Without stabiliser        1.5     2.5     4.5   11    14L.28597      1       1       2     4     12.5L.28601      1       1       2     5     13.5______________________________________
The comment made with respect to Example 11 is also applicable.
The dihydropyridines of formula I (DHP) were compared with the β-aminocrotonates of alcohols and of polyols.
The following Examples 17 to 29 show the superiority of the thermostabilising power of the 1,4-dihydropyridines of formula (I) over that of the β-aminocrotonates.
Comparison of the DHP with the butane-1,4-diol-β-aminocrotonate and the methyl β-aminocrotonate. Rigid copolymer formula vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer
______________________________________Formula:     Lucovyl MA 6035 80 parts        Lucovyl MB 1000 20 parts        Calcium stearate                        0.5 part        Stabiliser      0.5 partPassage through ventilated oven at 185� C.     Time in minutesStabiliser  0      2      4    6    8    10   12______________________________________Butane-1,4-diol-&#946;-aminocrotonate       1      1      4    10   13   15   18Methyl &#946;-aminocrotonate   1      1      5    12   14   17   18L.28504     1      1      1     5    8   11.5 13.5______________________________________
Comparison of the DHP compounds with the stabiliser G1 (stabiliser G1 is a mixture at present in use and consisting of butane-1,4-diol-bis-β-aminocrotonate and of C16 -C18 alcohol β-aminocrotonates) rigid vinyl copolymer formula vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer.
______________________________________Formula:    Resin, Solvic 547 S.A                        80 parts       Resin, Lacqvyl S-071-S                        20 parts       Calcium stearate 0.5 part       Irgawax 280      0.1 part       Stabiliser       0.3 partPassage in a ventilated oven at 185� C.-             QuantityTime in minutes  ofStabiliser     stabiliser              0     2   4   6   8   10   12   14______________________________________Stabiliser G1     0.3 part 1.5   1.5 2   3.5 4   12.5 15   18L.28504   0.3 part 1     1   1   2   3   4    7    13L.28507   0.3 part 1     1   1   2.5 4   7    10.5 17______________________________________
Comparison of the DHP compounds with the stabiliser G1 rigid vinyl copolymer formula vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer.
______________________________________Formula:    Lucovyl MA 6035  80 parts       Lucovyl MB 1000  20 parts       Calcium stearate 0.5 part       Stabiliser G1 or DHP                        0.5 partPassage in ventilated oven at 185� C.     Time in minutesStabiliser  0      2      4    6    8    10   12______________________________________Stabiliser G1       1      1      4    11   12.5 16   18.5L.28501     1      1      2    7    12   15   --L.28504     1      1      1.5  6    9.5  13   17______________________________________
Comparison of the DHP compounds with the stabiliser G1. Rigid vinyl copolymer formula vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer.
______________________________________Formula:    Lucovyl MA 6035  80 parts       Lucovyl MB 1000  20 parts       Calcium stearate 0.5 part       Stabiliser G1 or DHP                        0.5 partPassage in ventilated oven at 185� C.     Time in minutesStabiliser  0      2      4    6    8    10   12______________________________________Stabiliser G1       1      1      2.5  11   13.5 17   18.5L.28597     1      1      2    3    11   13   --L.28599     1      1      2.5  3    11   15   --L.28601     1      1      3    6    13   17   --______________________________________
______________________________________Formula:    Vinnol H 13/50 S 100 parts       Glyceryl tribehenate                        0.4 part       Calcium stearate 0.5 part       G1 or DHP stabiliser                        0.5 partStability in a ventilated oven at 185� C.     Time in minutesStabiliser  0      2     4    6   8    10  12   14______________________________________Stabiliser G1       1      2     3    4   9    12  18   --L.28504     1      1     2    3   4    11  18   --______________________________________
Comparison of the DHP compounds with stabiliser G1 rigid vinyl copolymer formula vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer.
______________________________________Formula:    Lucovyl MA 6035  80 parts       Lucovyl MB 1000  20 parts       Calcium stearate 0.5 part       DHP or G1 stabiliser                        0.3 partStability in ventilated oven at 185� C.    Time in minutesStabiliser 0      2     4    6   8    10   12   14______________________________________Stabiliser G1      1      1     2    3   6    10   12.5 16L.28504    1      1     2    3   4    6    9    13L.28507    1      1     2    4   5    9    10   --L.28597    1      1     2    3   5    8    11   --______________________________________
______________________________________Formula:    Lucovyl MA 6035  80 parts       Lucovyl MB 1000  20 parts       Calcium stearate 0.5 part       DHP or G1 stabiliser                        0.1 partStability in ventilated oven at 185� C.    Time in minutesStabiliser 0     2     4    6    8    10   12   14______________________________________Stabiliser G1      1     1     6    7    11   12   14   16L.28599    1     1     4    6    10   11   12.5 --L.28601    1     1     4    6    10   11   13   --L.28501    1     1     2    4    10   11   14   --L.28506    1     1     2    6    10   12   14   --______________________________________
______________________________________Formula:    Lucovyl MA 6035  80 parts       Lucovyl MB 1000  20 parts       Calcium stearate 0.5 part       DHP or G1 stabiliser                        0.3 partStability in ventilated oven at 185� C.     Time in minutesStabiliser  0     2     4   6   8    10  12  14______________________________________Stabiliser G1       1     1     2   6   11.5 16  18  burntL.28541     1     1     2   5   10   12  13  16______________________________________
______________________________________Formula:    Lucovyl MA 6035  80 parts       Lucovyl MB 1000  20 parts       Calcium stearate 0.5 part       Stabiliser       0.1 partStability in ventilated oven at 185� C.     Time in minutesStabiliser  0      2      4    6    8    10   12______________________________________Stabiliser G1       1      1      2    6    13   16   18L.28541     1      1      2    4    12   13   17______________________________________
Comparison of the DHP compounds with 2-phenyl indole rigid vinyl copolymer formula vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer.
______________________________________Formula:    Lucovyl MA 6025  80 parts       Lucovyl MB 1000  20 parts       Calcium stearate 0.5 part       Stabiliser       0.3 partStability in ventilated oven at 185� C.     Time in minutesStabiliser  0     2     4   6    8    10   12   14______________________________________2-Phenyl indole       1     1     2   3     8   12   14   17L.28504     1     1     2   3    5.5   8   12   15L.28507     1     1     2   3    10   11   16   17.5______________________________________
______________________________________Formula:    Lucovyl MA 6035  80 parts       Lucovyl MB 1000  20 parts       Calcium stearate 0.5 part       Stabiliser       0.1 partStability in ventilated oven at 185� C.     Time in minutesStabiliser  0     2     4   6    8    10   12   14______________________________________2-Phenyl indole       1     1     2   3.5  10.5 13   16   18L.28504     1     1     2   3    7    11   13   17______________________________________
Comparison of the DHP compounds with 2-phenyl indole rigid vinyl copolymer formula vinyl chloride-vinylidene chloride copolymer.
______________________________________Formula:   PVC resin, Solvic 223                         90 parts      Copolymer IXAN SGA/1                         10 parts      Reinforcing agent BTA III                         8 parts      Epoxidised soya oil                         4 parts      Calcium stearate   0.2 part      Zinc stearate      0.1 part      Lubricant 4146     1.2 part      Lubricant 6164     0.4 part      Stabiliser         0.3 partPassage in ventilated oven at 210� C.     Time in minutesStabiliser  0      3      6    9     12    15______________________________________2-Phenyl indole       2      2      5    8.5   14    16L.28504     1.5    1.5    2    3     10    --L.28507     1.5    1.5    3    4     12.5  15______________________________________
______________________________________Formula:   PVC resin, Solvic 223                         90 parts      Copolymer IXAN SGA/1                         10 parts      Reinforcing agent BTA III                         8 parts      Epoxidised soya oil                         4 parts      Calcium stearate   0.2 part      Zinc stearate      0.1 part      Lubricant 4146     1.2 part      Lubricant 6164     0.4 part      Stabiliser         x partPassage in ventilated oven at 210� C.      QuantityTime in minutes      x ofStabiliser stabiliser                0      3    6    9    12______________________________________2-Phenyl indole      0.3 part  1      1    4    10   15L.28597    "         1      1    2    4    12.5L.28601    "         1      1    2    5    14L.28541    "         1      1    2    4    8L.28504    "         1      1    1.5  3.5  5L.28507    "         1      1    2    5    8.5L.28507    0.7 part  1      1    2    5    7L.28504    0.15 part 1      1    1.5  3.5  5.5______________________________________
The results which are set out in the foregoing table show that:
the dihydropyridines of formula (I) may be effective as thermostabilisers of the vinyl copolymers with a concentration which is smaller in the formula than the 2-phenyl indole,
a concentration of 0.15 p.c.r. of dihydropyridine of formula (I), and of L.28504 in particular, leads to a better result than 0.3 p.c.r. of 2-phenyl indole,
the use of certain dihydropyridines of formula (I) instead of 2-phenyl indole may provide an undoubted economic interest,
the increase in the quantity of a dihydropyridine of formula (I), such as L.28507, in the formula improves the stabilisation time but has practically no influence on the colouring of the copolymer during the first 10 minutes of the heating period.
2.6 --Study of the antioxidant power
This study was carried out in two periods:
it was shown that the dihydropyridines according to the invention has antioxidant properties better than those of the known antioxidants, such as hydroquinone, 4-methoxy phenol and di-tert.-2,6-butyl-4-methyl phenol,
it was shown that the antioxidant power of the dihydropyridines according to the invention, directly on a vinyl resin, is superior by comparison with an anti-oxidant very widely used in this field, namely, di-tert.-2,6-butyl-4-methyl phenol.
261. Polarographic study of the oxidation potential
(a) Working conditions
reference electrode: a calomel electrode which contains, as junction liquid, a saturated solution of anhydrous lithium perchlorate
working electrode: rotating electrode of vitreous carbon (2500 r.p.m.)
counter-electrode: platinum.
acetonitrile, having a water content smaller than 0.1% and not presenting any polarographic waves between -2.5 volts and +2.5 volts.
anhydrous lithium perchlorate with a water content smaller than 1%.
0.1 M solution of lithium perchlorate in acetonitrile, treated and preserved on a molecular screen of 4 A.
Polarographic conditions
initial potential: OV
exploration amplitude: 0 to 2 V
exploration speed: 10 mV/sec.
sensitivity: 1.25 μA to 50 μA --mean concentration 0.3�10-3 mole/liter.
Precaution: Between each measurement, the vitreous carbon electrode and the platinum electrode are carefully cleaned with Joseph paper.
The results given below were obtained:
______________________________________Products             Oxidation potential______________________________________Compound L 28504     0.74 � 0.01Compound L.28501     0.73 � 0.01Di-tert.-2,6-butyl-4-methyl phenol                1.11 � 0.02tert.-2-butyl-4-methoxy phenol                0.81 � 0.01Hydroquinone         0.83 � 0.014-Methoxy phenol     0.89 � 0.01______________________________________
The values found show that the dihydropyridines according to the invention have a greater reducing power than the reference antioxidants.
platinum counter-electrode and calomel electrode with filling by a saturated aqueous solution of lithium chloride.
The measurements were carried out in the following solvent:
90 parts of an 0.1 M solution of lithium perchlorate in methanol,
10 parts of a 0.1 M solution of perchloric acid in acetic acid.
square voltage superimposed with constant pulses of +10 millivolts,
initial potential: 500 millivolts,
scanning voltage: 1000 millivolts in the anode direction,
oxidation at the vitreous carbon electrode (speed of rotation: 2000 r.p.m.)
The definitive results were achieved at the concentration of 0.5 m.mole/liter for the BHT, a dihydropyridine derivative of low molecular weight (L.28504: R=methyl) and three heavy dihydropyridine derivatives (L.28507: R=dodecyl, L.28602: R=oleyl, L.28590: R=myristyl).
The following table indicates the values as obtained in millivolts, for the oxidation potential and the nature of the radical R of the corresponding formula I.
______________________________________Tested products    Oxidation potential______________________________________BHT                + 1163 millivoltsL.28504            +  850 millivoltsL.28507            +  783 millivoltsL.28602            +  808 millivoltsL.28590            +  732 millivolts______________________________________
The following conclusions are reached from an examination of these results:
the dihydropyridines (I) have an oxidation potential which is clearly smaller than that of the BHT and, as a consequence, more powerful antioxidising properties;
the heavy dihydropyridines (I) (L.28507-L.28590-L.28602) have an oxidising potential smaller than that of the lightest dihydropyridine (I) (R=--CH3 ; L.28504) and, as a consequence, show better antioxidising properties.
262. Study of the antioxidising power on a vinyl resin
The investigation was carried out with the following resin, which contains, as antioxidising agent, either the compound L.28504 or BHT.
______________________________________Ingredients           Parts by weight______________________________________Polyvinyl chloride resin                 100Anti-shock agent      10Acrylic resin         0.5Epoxidised soya oil   3SL 2016               0.1Calcium and zinc stearates                 0.2Hydrogenated castor oil                 1.5Polyethylene wax      0.3Antioxidant           0.05 to 1______________________________________
The stability bands were examined:
in a conventional oven at 185� C., every 10 minutes, for 80 minutes,
a Metrastat oven at 210� C., for 1 hour.
The coloration was calculated according to the Gardner scale.
__________________________________________________________________________(a) oven at 185� C.Concen-Antioxy-     Time in minutestrationsdant 0  10 20 30 40 50 60                         70 80__________________________________________________________________________BHT  &gt;1 1+           2-              5-                 &gt;6 7  7 8  B0.05L.28504     1  1  1+              3+                 4-                    6+                       7 8  BBHT  &gt;1 1+           2-              &gt;5 &gt;6 7  7 8  B0.1L.28504     1  1  1+              &lt;2 3+                    5+                       7 7  BBHT  &gt;1 1+           2+              5-                 &gt;6 7  7 8  B0.2L.28504     1  1  1  1+                 2  3  5 &gt;6 BBHT  &lt;1+        1+           &gt;2 &gt;6 7  8  8 8+                            B0.3L.28504     1  1  1  1  2  &gt;2 8 8  BBHT  &lt;1+        &gt;1+           3  &gt;6 8-                    9  9 9  B0.4L.28504     1  1  1  1  1+                    &gt;2+                       4 8  BBHT  &lt;1+        &gt;1+           3  &gt;6 &gt;7 8-                       8 8  B0.5L.28504     1  1  1  &gt;1 1+                    &gt;2+                       4-                         8  BBHT  1+        2-           &gt;3 8  8  8  9 9  BL.28504     1  1  1  1  1+                    4  8 B  --__________________________________________________________________________
The symbol "B" indicates "burnt", while the index "+" signifies that the colour is disposed half-way between the lower unit and the upper half-unit. Similarly, the index "-" signifies that the colour is between the lower half-unit and the upper unit. Finally, it was considered, for example, that >2 means that it is between 2 and 2+.
It may be concluded from the above results that the compound L.28504 is very clearly better than the reference compound, for 50 minutes, and for all the antioxidant concentrations.
__________________________________________________________________________(b) Metrastat oven at 210� C.Concen-Antioxy-     Time on minutestrationdant 0 to 10         10 to 20              20 to 25                   25 to 30                        30 to 35                             35 to 40__________________________________________________________________________ BHT 2-         2    3-                   4+                        10   &gt;10 , B0,05                              at 38L.28504     1   1    1    1    5    &gt;10 , B                             at 40BHT  2-         2    3-                   4+                        11   &gt;11 , B0,1                               at 39L.28504     1   1    1    1    5    &gt;10 , B                             at 38BHT  2-         2    3-                   4+                        11   &gt;11 , B0,2                               at 39L.28504     1   1    1    1    5-                             &lt;9 , B                             at 39BHT  &lt; 1 2-              3-                   3    9    &lt;10 , B0,3                               at 39L.28504     1   1    1    1    3+                             &lt;6 , B                             at 39BHT  2-         2    3    3+                        10   &gt;10 , B0,4                               at 38L.28504     1   1    1    1    4-                             6-  , B                             at 38BHT  2-         2    3    3+                        10+                             &gt;10+  , B0,5                               at 38L.28504     1   1    1    1    3+                             6 , B                             at 38BHT  2-         2    3-                   5    11   &gt;11 , B1                                 at 38L.28504     1   1    1    1    2+                             &gt;2+  , B                             at 37__________________________________________________________________________
The results also show the clear superiority of the compound L.28504 over the reference compound.
It is necessary to point out that, from the zero time, the sheets containing the BHT show a pink colouring, and this represents another disadvantage of the BHT.
2.7--Study of the lubricating power
The lubricating power was judged by the adhesion time, which was determined on a calender-type mixer, equipped with heating cylinders, and compared with that of a reference stabiliser.
The temperature of the cylinders was from 165�-170� C. and the reference stabiliser was the stabiliser G1.
__________________________________________________________________________Formula investigated:Solvic 547 SA             80 partsLacqvyl S.071/S           20 partsIrgawax 280               0.1 partCalcium stearate          0.5 partStabiliser          from 0.3 to                     0.8 part__________________________________________________________________________ResultsNo. of tests    Quantity of stabiliser p.c.r.Stabiliser    1   2   3   4   5   6   7__________________________________________________________________________L.28504  0.3L.28507      0.3 0.7L.28596              0.3 0.8Stabiliser G1           0.3 0.7Adhesion time    12 min        12 min            17 min                12 min                    17 min                        12 min                            16 min        45 sec            30 sec                30 sec                    20 sec  20 sec__________________________________________________________________________
with equal concentration (0.3 p.c.r.), the dihydropyridines of formula (I) and the stabiliser G1 have a very closely related adhesion time, with an advantage for the dihydropyridines of high molecular weight (L.28507 and L.28596).
with equimolecular concentration (0.3 p.c.r. for L.28504, 0.7 p.c.r. for L.28507, 0.8 p.c.r. for L.28596), the lubricating power of L.28507 and of L.28596 is definitely better than that of L.28504,
disregarding the concentration, the lubricating power of the dihydropyridines of formula (I) is at least comparable with that of the stabiliser G1. It is better as regards L.28507 and L.28596. It is shown by this comparison that the dihydropyridines may be used in place of the aminocrotonates, for example, for the manufacture of recording discs.
The temperature of the cylinders was from 180�-190� C. and the reference stabiliser was 2-phenyl indole.
______________________________________Formula investigated. PVC resin (Solvic 223)                  100    parts. Anti-shock resin (BTA III)                  8      parts. Epoxidised soya oil  2      parts. Stabiliser           x      partsWorking conditions on the calender-type mixer:Front cylinder:   temperature 190� C.Rear cylinder:    temperature 180� C.______________________________________PRODUCTS  R             x (pcr) Adhesion time______________________________________L.28504   --CH3    0,5     12 min.                                 17 sec.L.28501   --C2 H5                   0,5     11 min.                                 25 sec.L.28506   --CH(CH3)2                   0,5     8 min.                                 0 sec.                   0,527   8 min.                                 30 sec.                   0,555   9 min.                                 0 sec.L.28502   --(CH2)7 --CH3                   0,5     12 min.                                 19 sec.                   0,665   13 min.                                 25 sec.                   0,83    15 min.                                 25 sec.L.28591   --(CH2)9 --CH3                   0,5     13 min.                                 29 sec.                   0,72    16 min.                                 10 sec.                   0,94    18 min.                                 30 sec.L.28507   --(CH2)11 --CH3                   0,5     14 min.                                 36 sec.                   0,775   19 min.                                 10 sec.                   1,05    22 min.                                 45 sec.______________________________________
It becomes apparent from these results that, within the series of dihydropyridine molecules (I), those of which the radical R contains from 9 to 22 carbon atoms lead to an adhesion time which is decidedly better than that observed in respect of the lower homologues, when they are used in equimolecular quantities or equal quantities. This improvement in the adhesion time represents 15 to 50% of the mean adhesion time of the group of the dihydropyridines, of which the radical R varies between 1 and 8 carbon atoms.
In particular, the 2,6-dimethyl-3,5-dicarbododecyloxy-1,4-dihydropyridine shows a considerable improvement in the adhesion time in all the formulae which have been examined.
These properties are to be emphasised, because they are capable of reducing the expense involved in the stabilisation, by making possible a reduction in the amount of lubricants or an improvement in the passage of the PVC compound on the machines which carry out the extrusion and the blowing.
The fact of increasing the dimension of the radical R in the formula (I) thus enables this general structure to be given three interesting properties, which are not possessed by the lower homologues (R<C8) of the series, and this limits the use of these lower homologues and extends to the exclusion thereof in the foodstuff field (migration). However, the increase in the molecular weight does not modify the photostabilising and thermostabilising properties of these molecules by comparison with the lower homologues.
Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS3637553 *Sep 24, 1969Jan 25, 1972Bayer AgProduction of homogeneous thermoplastic and highly elastic plastics from vinyl chloride polymers and polyurethanesUS3663558 *Sep 15, 1970May 16, 1972Sankyo CoDelta**3 piperidone enol ethers and a process for their preparationUS3883477 *Dec 28, 1973May 13, 1975Ciba Geigy CorpCompositions stabilized with 1,4-disubstituted-7-azabicyclo (2.2.1) heptane-2,5 or 2, 6-dicarboxylic acid estersUS3948924 *Feb 26, 1974Apr 6, 1976Solomon Aronovich GillerCarotene stabilizers and stabilization of caroteneUS3991012 *Jan 29, 1975Nov 9, 1976Ciba-Geigy CorporationCompositions stabilized with bicyclic hindered aminesUS4000113 *Sep 26, 1975Dec 28, 1976Ciba-Geigy CorporationPolyolefinsUS4048171 *Feb 5, 1971Sep 13, 1977Bayer Aktiengesellschaft1,4-DihydropyridinesUS4057530 *Jun 2, 1975Nov 8, 1977LabazStabilizers for vinyl chloride polymersUS4096112 *Dec 29, 1976Jun 20, 1978LabazPolyvinyl chloride* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS4297268 *Dec 20, 1979Oct 27, 1981Ciba-Geigy CorporationStabilizers for chlorine-containing thermoplastic resins; synergistic with organic metal compoundsUS4317768 *Nov 13, 1979Mar 2, 1982LabazDihydropyridine derivatives as stabilizers for vinyl chloride polymersUS4388430 *Sep 30, 1981Jun 14, 1983SanofiAssociations for stabilizing vinyl resinsUS7488433Jun 29, 2005Feb 10, 2009Rohm And Haas CompanySynergistic mixture of a zinc compound (ZnCl2 or zinc 2-ethylhexanoate), a dihydropyridine or polyester of a dicarboxydihydropyridine, a benzoylalkanoylmethane(stearoylbenzoylmethane), and a latent mercaptan (2-5-tetrahydropyranal-2-ethylhexylthioglycolate); stabilizing, e.g., polyvinyl chloride* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification524/99, 426/106, 426/415, 523/100, 426/129International ClassificationC08K5/34, C08K5/00, C08K5/3432, C08L27/00, C07D211/90, C08L1/00, C07C67/03Cooperative ClassificationC08K5/3432, C07D211/90, C07C67/03European ClassificationC07C67/03, C08K5/3432, C07D211/90Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionOct 9, 1984ASAssignmentOwner name: SANOFIFree format text: CERTIFIED COPY OF MERGER BY NOTARY,PARIS, FRANCE SHOWING MERGER OF ASSIGNORS AND CHANGE OF NAME OF THE SURVIVING CORPORATION FILED ON DECEMBER 29, 1979 AND OCTOBER 21, 1980. (IN FRENCH WITH ENGLISH TRANSLATION ATTACHED.;ASSIGNORS:LABAZ COMPANY (INTO);OMNIUM FINANCIER AQUITAINE POUR L HYGIENE ET LA SANTE (CHANGED TO);REEL/FRAME:004343/0123Effective date: 19840605RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services