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Matched Legal Cases: ['Art 4', '§ 282', '§ 282', '§ 282', 'art. 2', '§ 112']

2002 c and Model Patent Jury Instructions | Patent Infringement | Patent Claim
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Model Patent Jury Instructions for the Northern District of California
January 18, 2002 Working Committee
Martin Fliesler – Chair Professor Mark Lemley David McIntyre James Pooley Matthew Powers Honorable Ronald Whyte James Yoon
I. Introduction These Model Patent Jury Instructions have been adopted by the Northern District of California as model patent instructions. The court intends to revise these instructions as needed to make them more complete and to ensure compliance with Federal Circuit decisions. The court is indebted to the Working Committee which spent many hours drafting these model instructions. The court also appreciates the input provided by the Advisory Committee consisting of Professor Donald Chisum, Santa Clara University, chair, Professor Janice Mueller, John Marshall Law School, Professor Paul Janicke, University of Houston and Professor Craig Nard, Marquette University. The instructions have been prepared to assist judges in communicating effectively and in plain English with jurors in patent cases. The instructions are models and are not intended to be used without tailoring. They are not substitutes for the individual research and drafting that may be required in a particular case. The instructions include only instructions on patent law. They will need to be supplemented with standard instructions on, among other things, the duties of the judge and jury, the consideration of evidence, the duty to deliberate, and the return of a verdict. The Ninth Circuit Manual of Model Jury Instructions (Civil 2001) is a good reference for standard instructions for civil cases. The model instructions use the terms “patent holder” and “alleged infringer” in brackets. The names of the parties should be substituted for these terms as appropriate. Other language is bracketed as it may not be appropriate for a particular case. Empty brackets signify additional case specific information to be added, such as patent or claim numbers. Suggested revisions to these instructions may be sent to the Honorable Ronald M. Whyte at the e-mail address: Ronald_Whyte@cand.uscourts.gov or at his U.S. mail address: U.S. Court Building, 280 S. First Street, San Jose, California 95113.
II. Table of Contents A. Preliminary Instructions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. B. What a Patent Is and How One is Obtained Patent At Issue Summary of Contentions Overview of Applicable Law Outline of Trial
Instructions at Close of Evidence 1. 2. 3. Summary of Contentions Claim Construction 2.1 Interpretation of Claims Infringement 3.1 Infringement – Burden of Proof 3.2 Direct Infringement 3.3 Literal Infringement 3.4 Infringement Under the Doctrine of Equivalents 3.5 Means-Plus-Function Claims – Literal Infringement 3.6 Means-Plus-Function Claims – Infringement Under the Doctrine of Equivalents 3.7 Limitations on the Doctrine of Equivalents 3.8 Indirect Infringement – Generally 3.9 Contributory Infringement 3.10 Inducing Patent Infringement 3.11 Willful Infringement Validity 4.1 4.2 Invalidity – Burden of Proof Adequacy of Patent Specification 4.2a Written Description 4.2b Enablement 4.2c Best Mode The Claims 4.3a1 Anticipation 4.3a2 Statutory Bars 4.3b Obviousness 4.3bi Scope and Content of Prior Art ii
4.3c 5.
4.3bii Differences Over the Prior Art 4.3biii Level of Ordinary Skill Inventorship
Patent Damages 5.1 Damages – Burden of Proof 5.2 Lost Profits – Generally 5.3 Lost Profits – Factors to Consider 5.4 Lost Profits – Collateral Sales 5.5 Lost Profits – Price Erosion 5.6 Reasonable Royalty – Entitlement 5.7 Reasonable Royalty – Definition 5.8 Date of Commencement – Products
A.1. Preliminary Instructions WHAT A PATENT IS AND HOW ONE IS OBTAINED This case involves a dispute relating to a United States patent. Before summarizing the positions of the parties and the legal issues involved in the dispute, let me take a moment to explain what a patent is and how one is obtained. Patents are granted by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (sometimes called “the PTO”). The process of obtaining a patent is called patent prosecution. A valid United States patent gives the patent owner the right [for up to 20 years from the date the patent application was filed] [for 17 years from the date the patent issued] to prevent others from making, using, offering to sell, or selling the patented invention within the United States or from importing it into the United States without the patent holder’s permission. A violation of the patent owner's rights is called infringement. The patent owner may try to enforce a patent against persons believed to be infringers by a lawsuit filed in federal court. To obtain a patent one must file an application with the PTO. The PTO is an agency of the federal government and employs trained examiners who review applications for patents. The application includes what is called a “specification,” which must contain a written description of the claimed invention telling what the invention is, how it works, how to make it and how to use it so others skilled in the field will know how to make or use it. The specification concludes with one or more numbered sentences. These are the patent “claims.” When the patent is eventually granted by the PTO, the claims define the boundaries of its protection and give notice to the public of those boundaries. After the applicant files the application, a PTO patent examiner reviews the patent application to determine whether the claims are patentable and whether the specification adequately describes the invention claimed. In examining a patent application, the patent examiner reviews records available to the PTO for what is referred to as “prior art.” The examiner also will review prior art if it is submitted to the PTO by the applicant. Prior art is defined by law, and I will give you at a later time specific instructions as to what constitutes prior art. However, in general, prior art includes things, which existed before the claimed invention, that were publicly known, or used in a publicly accessible way in this country, or that were patented or described in a publication in any country. The examiner considers, among other things, whether each claim defines an invention that is new, useful, and not obvious in view of the prior art. A patent lists the prior art which the examiner considered; this list is called the “cited references.” After the prior art search and examination of the application, the patent examiner then informs the applicant in writing what the examiner has found and whether any claim is patentable, and thus would be “allowed.” This writing from the patent examiner is called an “office action.” If the examiner rejects the claims, the applicant then responds and sometimes changes the claims or submits new claims. This process, which is confidential between the examiner and the patent applicant, may go back and forth for some time until the examiner is satisfied that the application and claims meet the requirements for a patent. The papers generated during this time of communicating back and forth between the patent examiner and the applicant make up what is
1993).]1 A person accused of infringement has the right to argue here in federal court that a claimed invention in the patent is invalid because it does not meet the requirements for a patent..3d 1557 (Fed. Rather the presumption places the burden of going forward. The burden of establishing invalidity of a patent or any claim thereof shall rest on the party asserting such invalidity. [T]he presumption is one of law. Avia Group International. in fact. . § 282. Mendenhall v.C. The fact that the PTO grants a patent does not necessarily mean that any invention claimed in the patent. not fact.”). upon the party asserting invalidity..2d 1557.” All of this material is kept secret between the applicant and the PTO for some time. v. See.called the “prosecution history. is presumed to be valid but its validity can be challenged by others. 5 F.”).S. 1983) (“The presumption of validity afforded by 35 U. Each claim of a patent (whether in independent.. 365 (Fed. . 1988) (“[T]he presumption is a procedural device.A. 853 F. United States International Trade Com. dependent. L. They further point out that the Federal Circuit has discussed the accuracy of instructions on the effect of the presumption and never held that it is improper to instruct on the presumption itself. 1562 (Fed. therefore. often until the patent is issued.S. . deserves the protection of a patent. or multiple dependent form) shall be presumed valid independently of the validity of other claims. may suggest that it has some separate evidentiary weight. for e. 1 2 January 18. and does not constitute “evidence” to be weighed against a challenger’s evidence.S. Cir. 35 U. which assigns the burden of going forward as well as the burden of proof of facts to the challenger. Cir. Inc. The presumption itself is not entitled to any evidentiary weight and. when it becomes available to the public. § 282 does not have independent evidentiary value.2d 365. as well as the burden of persuasion. v. Those Committee members recommending that an instruction on the presumption be given assert that 35 U. Inc. Those recommending against such an instruction contend that once the jury is properly instructed on the burden of proof on invalidity. an instruction on the presumption. .g.. Cir. [The patent. See SSIH Equipment S. in addition to giving the jury the effect of the presumption. Gear California.C. . § 282 specifically provides for a presumption of validity and the jury is entitled to know that.C. an instruction on the presumption is redundant and potentially confusing.A. 718 F. Inc. Cedarapids. 2002 . A patent shall be presumed valid. The Committee members disagree on whether this bracketed sentence instructing on the presumption of validity should be given. when granted by the PTO. An instruction on the presumption tells the jury why the burden of proof is clear and convincing evidence. .
2002 .] 3 January 18. Preliminary Instructions PATENT AT ISSUE [The court should show the jury the patent at issue and point out the parts including the specification.2. drawings and claims including the claims at issue.A. The court could at this point also hand out its construction of any claim terms and the glossary.
[selling]. I will take willfulness into account later. 2002 . [using]. [Alleged infringer] denies that it has infringed claims [ ] of the [ ] patent and argues that. and transferred by [inventor] to [patent holder]. You must accept the meanings I give you and use them when you decide whether any claim of the patent has been infringed and whether any claim is invalid. [importing]. If you decide that any claim of the [ ] patent has been infringed and is not invalid. and [offering for sale] [products] [methods] that [patent holder] argues are covered by claims [ ] of the patent. Your job will be to decide whether claims [ ] of the [ ] patent have been infringed and whether those claims are invalid.] The [products] [methods] that are alleged to infringe are [list of accused products or methods]. the parties and I will often refer to this patent as the [last three numbers of the patent] patent. For convenience. the claims are invalid. that decision should not affect any damage award you give.A. I will now give you a summary of the positions of the parties. [You will also need to make a finding as to whether the infringement was willful. [last three numbers of patent] being the last three numbers of its patent number. you will then need to decide any money damages to be awarded to [patent holder] to compensate it for the infringement. Preliminary Instructions SUMMARY OF CONTENTIONS To help you follow the evidence.3. [Patent holder] filed suit in this court seeking money damages from [alleged infringer] for allegedly infringing the [ ] patent by [making].] It is my job as judge to determine the meaning of any claim language that needs interpretation. The patent involved in this case is United States Patent Number [patent number] which lists [inventor] as the inventor. if applicable]. 4 January 18. If you decide that any infringement was willful. The case involves a United States patent obtained by [inventor]. in addition. The parties in this case are [patent holder] and [alleged infringer]. [Add other defenses. [[Patent holder] also argues that [alleged infringer] has [actively induced infringement of these claims of the [ ] patent by others] [and] [contributed to the infringement of these claims of the [ ] patent by others].
This could help focus the jury on the facts relevant to the issues it will have to decide. of course. If this is done.A.] 5 January 18. This. the instructions intended to be given after the close of evidence could be adapted and given as preliminary instructions.4. 2002 . Preliminary Instructions OVERVIEW OF APPLICABLE LAW [The court may want to consider giving preliminary instructions on the patent law applicable to the specific issues in the case. would not negate the need to give complete instructions at the close of evidence.
Such comments are not evidence and are being allowed solely for the purpose of helping you understand the evidence. each side may make an opening statement. There are two standards of proof that you will apply to the evidence. [Patent holder] will also have the option to put on what is referred to as “rebuttal” evidence to any evidence offered by [alleged infringer] of non-infringement [or lack of willfulness]. Preliminary Instructions OUTLINE OF TRIAL The trial will now begin. depending on the issue you are deciding. [alleged infringer] must persuade you that it is highly probable that the claim is invalid. you must decide whether something is more likely true than not. 6 January 18. [patent holder] must prove that it is highly probable that the infringement was willful.] To prove infringement of any claim. Finally. In addition to presenting its evidence of invalidity.] After the evidence has been presented. [Patent holder] will then return and will put on evidence responding to [alleged infringer]’s contention that the claims of the [ ] patent are invalid. It is simply an outline to help you understand what that party expects the evidence will show. [the attorneys will make closing arguments and I will give you final instructions on the law that applies to the case] [I will give you final instructions on the law that applies to the case and the attorneys will make closing arguments].A. Closing arguments are not evidence. [During the presentation of the evidence. the attorneys will be allowed brief opportunities to explain what they believe the evidence has shown or what they believe upcoming evidence will show. [alleged infringer] will have the option to put on “rebuttal” evidence to any evidence offered by [patent holder] on the validity of [some] [the] claims of the [ ] patent. First.5.] [Alleged infringer] will go next and present its evidence that the claims of the [ ] patent are invalid. [To persuade you that any infringement was willful. On some issues. [patent holder] must persuade you that it is more likely than not that [alleged infringer] has infringed that claim. 2002 . On other issues you must use a higher standard and decide whether it is highly probable that something is true. you will then decide the case. After the [closing arguments and instructions] [instructions and closing arguments]. [Patent holder] will then present its evidence on its contention that [some] [the] claims of the [ ] patent have been [and continue to be] infringed by [alleged infringer] [and that the infringement has been [and continues to be] willful. To prove invalidity of any claim. An opening statement is not evidence. [alleged infringer] will put on evidence responding to [patent holder]’s infringement [and willfulness] contention[s].
] [importing. claims [ ] are invalid. The [products] [methods] that are alleged to infringe are [list of accused products or methods]. [You will also need to make a finding as to whether the infringement was willful.1.] [selling] and [offering for sale] [products] [methods] that [patent holder] argues are covered by claims [ ] of the patent. Your job is to decide whether the asserted claims of the [ ] patent have been infringed and whether any of the asserted claims of the [ ] patent are invalid. I will take willfulness into account later. 2002 .] [using. I will then tell you what each side must prove to win on each of its contentions. [Alleged infringer] denies that it has infringed the asserted claims of the patent and argues that.] 7 January 18. If you decide that any claim of the patent has been infringed and is not invalid. you will then need to decide any money damages to be awarded to [patent holder] to compensate it for the infringement. in addition.B. Summary of Contentions SUMMARY OF CONTENTIONS I will first give you a summary of each side’s contentions in this case. [Add other defenses if applicable]. If you decide that any infringement was willful. [patent holder] seeks money damages from [alleged infringer] for allegedly infringing the [ ] patent by [making. that decision should not affect any damage award you make. [Patent holder] also argues that [alleged infringer] has [actively induced infringement of these claims of the [ ] patent by others] [contributed to the infringement of these claims of the [ ] patent by others]. These are the asserted claims of the [ ] patent. As I previously told you.
B. 8 January 18.] Authorities Markman v. You must accept those interpretations as correct. v.S. Inc. My interpretation of the language should not be taken as an indication that I have a view regarding the issues of infringement and invalidity.2. 138 F. v.3d 1448 (Fed. The decisions regarding infringement and invalidity are yours to make. Pitney Bowes. 1998) (en banc). Cir. Inc. 1304-13 (Fed. This instruction must be coordinated with instruction 3. 52 F. 1999). Cir.. 370.3d 1298. Cybor Corp. [Court gives its claim interpretation. 2002 . 182 F.5 “Means-Plus-Function Claims—Literal Infringement” if the claims at issue include means-plusfunction limitations.. Westview Instruments. Claim Construction 2. Markman v. Hewlett-Packard Co. 977 (Fed.1 INTERPRETATION OF CLAIMS I have interpreted the meaning of some of the language in the patent claims involved in this case. Cir 1995) (en banc). 517 U. FAS Techs.3d 967. 384-391 (1996). Inc... Westview Instruments.
Inc... Authorities Seal-Flex. 172 F. Infringement 3. v.1 INFRINGEMENT – BURDEN OF PROOF I will now instruct you on the rules you must follow in deciding whether [patent holder] has proven that [alleged infringer] has infringed one or more of the asserted claims of the [ ] patent. 1999). Co.3. 1993).3d 836. 842 (Fed. 1468-69 (Fed. Cardinal Chem. 5 F. Inc. Cir. 2002 .B. Cir. 9 January 18. Athletic Track and Court Constr.3d 1464. To prove infringement of any claim. Morton Int’l. v. [patent holder] must persuade you that it is more likely than not that [alleged infringer] has infringed that claim.
I have already made this decision. that what are called “means-plus-function” requirements in a claim are subject to different rules for deciding direct infringement. you must find that its dependent claims are also not infringed. v. Deciding whether a claim has been directly infringed is a two-step process. Inc. Inc. 2002 . 15 F. Inc. There are two ways in which a patent claim may be directly infringed. 239 F.. The second step is to decide whether [alleged direct infringer] has [made.2 DIRECT INFRINGEMENT A patent’s claims define what is covered by the patent.3d 1573.. 17 (1997). the jury.. Inc. A dependent claim includes all of the requirements of a particular independent claim. 172 F. you must still separately decide whether its asserted dependent claims have also been infringed]. On the other hand.] [sold. Carroll Touch.3d 836. DeMarini Sports. if you find that an independent claim has been infringed. As a result. 1993). Infringement 3. Electro Mech..B. 842 (Fed. These separate rules apply to claims [ ]. Cir. plus additional requirements of its own. The first step is to decide the meaning of the patent claim.. [and I will instruct you later as to the meaning of the asserted patent claims] [and I have already instructed you as to the meaning of the asserted patent claims]. [With one exception.] you must consider each of the asserted claims of the patent individually. 520 U. Cir. or it may be infringed under the “doctrine of equivalents. Cir. v. Authorities Warner-Jenkinson Co. v. 10 January 18. Sys. A claim may be “literally” infringed. You.” The following instructions will provide more detail on these two types of direct infringement. Inc. Athletic Track and Court Constr.. make this decision. 2001).] [offered for sale] or [imported] within the United States a [product] [method] covered by a claim of the [ ] patent. I will describe these separate rules shortly]. Inc. however. 1576 (Fed. Hilton Davies Chemical Co. 1999). and decide whether [alleged direct infringer]’s [product] [method] infringes that claim. Seal-Flex.S. A [product] [method] directly infringes a patent if it is covered by at least one claim of the patent. 1330 (Fed. [You should note.3. if you find that an independent claim is not infringed. Worth.] [used. [The one exception to considering claims individually concerns dependent claims. v.3d 1314.
If so.3d 1225. 1238 (Fed. 2001). [alleged infringer]’s [product] [method] does not literally infringe that claim. [alleged infringer]’s [product] [method] literally infringes that claim.. Inc. Coating Mach. Wenger Mfg. 102 F. 1353 (Fed. Inc.3d 1347. Kimberly-Clark Corp. 532 (Fed. LLC v. Authorities Netword.B. Cir.3. 11 January 18. You must decide literal infringement for each asserted claim separately. v. [alleged infringer]’s [product] [method] does not have every requirement in the patent claim. 239 F. Infringement 3.3d 524.. Cir. Cir. Centraal Corp.. If. 2002 . 2001). 242 F. Cole v. Sys. however...3 LITERAL INFRINGEMENT To decide whether [alleged infringer]’s [product] [method] literally infringes a claim of the [ ] patent. you must compare that [product] [method] with the patent claim and determine whether every requirement of the claim is included in that [product] [method]. 1996).
50 USPQ2d 1515 (Fed. Infringement 3. Cir. sufficient to show known interchangeability].. Inc. the [part] [step] of the [product] [method] performed substantially the same function. at the time of the alleged infringement. to achieve substantially the same result as the requirement in the patent claim]. Cir. [In deciding whether any difference between a claim requirement and the [product] [method] is not substantial.” Under the doctrine of equivalents.3d 1360. persons of ordinary skill in the field would have known of the interchangeability of the [part] [step] with the claimed requirement.4 INFRINGEMENT UNDER THE DOCTRINE OF EQUIVALENTS If you decide that [alleged infringer]’s [product] [method] does not literally infringe an asserted patent claim. Inc. 204 F. Co.. you must then decide whether that [product] [method] infringes the asserted claim under what is called the “doctrine of equivalents. the burden shifts to the [patent holder] to prove that what it attempts to cover under the doctrine of equivalents is not in the prior art or would not have been obvious from the prior art. 2 12 January 18. Inc. A [part] [step] of a [product] [method] is equivalent to a requirement of an asserted claim if the differences between the [part] [step] and the requirement would be considered not substantial by a person of ordinary skill in the field at the time of the alleged infringement. v.3. as of the time of the alleged infringement. 2000). Sure-Feed Systems.3d 1318. See Fiskares. Cir..3d 974. by itself. v. Streamfeeder. LLC v.B. you must look at each individual requirement of the asserted patent claim and decide whether the [product] [method] has an identical or equivalent [part] [step] to that individual claim requirement.]2 If this instruction is applicable in a given case. the [product] [method] cannot infringe the claim under the doctrine of equivalents. However. Hill Brothers Chemical Co. 53 USPQ2d (Fed. in making your decision under the doctrine of equivalents. The fact that a [part] [step] of the [product] [method] performs the same function as the claim requirement is not. under the doctrine of equivalents. Thus. protection that it could not have lawfully obtained from the Patent and Trademark Office. known interchangeability may support a conclusion that the difference between the [part] [step] in the [product] [method] and the claim requirement is not substantial. 2002 . 2000). [You may not use the doctrine of equivalents to find infringement if you find that [alleged infringer]’s [product] [method] is the same as what was in the prior art before the application for the [ ] patent or what would have been obvious to persons of ordinary skill in the field in light of what was in the prior art. Ultra-Tex Surfaces. you may consider whether. in substantially the same way. Hunt Mfg. 221 F. A patent holder may not obtain. 175 F. The known interchangeability between the claim requirement and the [part] [step] of the [product] [method] is not necessary to find infringement under the doctrine of equivalents. the [product] [method] can infringe an asserted patent claim if it includes [parts] [steps] that are identical or equivalent to the requirements of the claim. [One way to decide whether any difference between a requirement of an asserted claim and a [part] [step] of the [product] [method] is not substantial is to consider whether. 1999). If the [product] [method] is missing an identical or equivalent [part] [step] to even one requirement of the asserted patent claim. 55 USPQ2d 1569 (Fed. then the court should instruct the jury that if [alleged infringer] has made a “prima facie” case that the accused [product] [method] is in the prior art.
Co. v. Spalding & Evenflo Cos. 605.Authorities Warner-Jenkinson Co.3d 1473. 339 U. Inc.. 2002 . 13 January 18. Ltd. v. Co. Linde Air Prods. 609 (1950). 16 F.3d 394. Medzam. Inc.. Inc. 1994). 133 F. 1998).S. v.. Cir. 520 U. Hilton Davies Chemical Co. Dolly.. 17 (1997).S. Graver Tank & Mfg. 397 (Fed. v. Multiform Desiccants. Cir.. 1480 (Fed.
S. 221 F. Ishida Co. If not. v.3d 1308.B. See Chiuminatta Concrete Concepts.] [X. you must next identify the [structure] in [alleged infringer]’s [accused product] that perform[s] this function. 1998) (the court refers to “a variant . . For purposes of this trial. If you find that the [alleged infringer]’s [accused product] does have an element that performs the claimed function. The [patent holder] must also show that the [structure] was available on the date the [ ] patent was granted. this instruction should be modified accordingly. In order to prove that [a structure] in the [accused product] is equivalent to the [structure] in the [ ] patent. . A means-plus-function requirement only covers the specific [structure] disclosed in a patent specification for performing the claimed function and the equivalents of those specific [structure] that perform the claimed function. Cir. v. I have interpreted each means-plus-function requirement for you and identified the [structure] in the patent specification that correspond to these means-plus-function requirements. Cardinal Industries. for example. § 112(6) equivalents do not include “later developed technologies. the [patent holder] must show that a person of ordinary skill in the field would have considered that the differences between the [structure] described in the [ ] patent and the [structure] in the [accused product] are not substantial.3d 1310. Chiuminatta notes that January 18. Claims [ ] in the [ ] patent contain “means-plus-function” requirements. Al-Site Corp.” 4 The last sentence of this instruction may be subject to further case law development. A means-plus-function requirement does not cover all possible [structure] that could be used to perform the claimed function. the means-plus-function requirement is satisfied by that element of the [accused product].”). for example.3d 1303. developed after the patent is granted..” and that the measuring date should be patent issuance rather than. [ ] is [are] the [structure] that perform[s] the [ means-plus-function requirement of claim [ ]. 2002 3 14 . If they are the same or equivalent. [ ] is [are] the [structure] that perform[s] the [ means-plus-function requirement of claim [ ]. Inc. Cir. the claim containing that means-plus-function requirement is not infringed. 145 F.4 If a claim at issue is a method claim with a limitation written in “step-plus-function” format.3. If all the other requirements of the claim are satisfied by elements found in the [accused product]. Inc. VSI International.] ] function identified in the ] function identified in the In deciding if [patent holder] has proven that [alleged infringer]’s [product] includes an element covered by a means-plus-function requirement. Inc. I have determined that: [X. you must first decide whether the [product] has any element that performs the function I just described to you. 1320 (Fed. Existing Federal Circuit case law does assume that 35 U. 2000). 1999). v. you must then determine whether that [structure] is the same as or equivalent to the [structure] I have identified. 1316 (Fed.Cir. the effective filing date of the application.. After identifying that [structure]. Taylor. 1310 (Fed..5 MEANS-PLUS-FUNCTION CLAIMS – LITERAL INFRINGEMENT3 I will now describe the separate rules that apply to “means-plus-function” requirements that are used in some claims. the [accused product] infringes the claim. Specifically.C. substituting “acts” for “structure. 174 F. Infringement 3.
1307 (Fed. Cir. Co. Inc. 1999). 983 F. 1351 (Fed. 1266 (Fed. Storage Tech. v. Cardinal Indus.2d 1039..” The effective filing date fixes what can be disclosed because the Patent Act prohibits the addition of new matter to an application after it is filed.. Corp. Reinke Mfg. as a general matter..3d 1303. which determines literal infringement is measured as of the filing date. 2002 15 . Cir. Micro Chem.. 185 F.3d 1538. Co. 2000). Cir.3d 1259. 1547 (Fed. 1997). Inc. Cir.. 1993). Inc. Also.3d 1347. 1998). Valmont Indus. Inc.. v. an argument can be made that “later developed technologies” refers to technologies developed after the effective filing date. v. 1042 (Fed. Cir. v. Amgen Inc. Because claim interpretation. Great Plains Chem. Inc.. the reason after-developed variants cannot be section 112(6) equivalents but might be equivalents under the doctrine of equivalents is that the variant “could not have been disclosed in the patent. January 18.Authorities Odetics.. 222 F.. v. See Schering Corp. 103 F. 145 F. the meaning of a patent's disclosure and of critical claim terms is determined as of the application date and cannot be changed or expanded by post-filing date technological developments. Inc. Inc.. Chiuminatta Concrete Concepts.
3. 145 F. a means-plus-function requirement can be met under the doctrine of equivalents if either the function is not the same but equivalent (see.3d 1303. Inc.. 1998). Inc..6 MEANS-PLUS-FUNCTION CLAIMS – INFRINGEMENT UNDER THE DOCTRINE OF EQUIVALENTS No model instruction is provided since an instruction on this subject is necessarily case specific. e. v. Infringement 3. 1999). International Game Technology. 1353 (Fed. However. VSI Intern. 16 January 18. Cir. v. Inc. Cir. 1999) or the corresponding structure in the accused product is later developed technology. v. 84 F.3d 1308. 174 F.3d 1339.. See Chiuminatta Concrete Concepts. 1310 (Fed. 1320 (Fed. WMS Gaming Inc. Cardinal Industries.g. 2002 . Cir.B. Al-Site Corp.
2001).3d 1347 (Fed.. Inc. Co.3d 1356. Salomon SA. Cir. Infringement 3.B. Serv. That issue is now pending before the Federal Circuit en banc in Johnson & Johnson Assocs. International Trade Commission. R. Analog Devices. v. 121 S. Inc. 1993). Cir. 1999). 17 January 18.3d 1098. 145 F. granted.E.. 988 F. Cir. Cir. Inc. 826 (Fed. v. Baker. 1368-69 (Fed. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co. YBM Magnex. Inc. United States Int’l Trade Comm’n. Sextant Avionique v. Maxwell v. 1998). 234 F. v. 2002 .3d 558.2d 1165. Cir 1996)5. Texas Instruments. 1319-21 (Fed. Ltd. Cir.. 2000). 5 YBM Magnex and Maxwell discuss the issue of whether and under what circumstances a patentee can rely upon the doctrine of equivalents with respect to unclaimed subject matter disclosed in the specification. Cir.3.7 LIMITATIONS ON THE DOCTRINE OF EQUIVALENTS In this action. 3d 1317. 2519 (2001). Authorities Festo Corp. 1174 (Fed. 1999). 1107-08 (Fed.3d 817. cert. 191 F. K-2 Corporation v. v.. J. Inc. 569 (Fed. 238 F. 172 F.. Ct. there can be no infringement of the claim. 86 F. the doctrine of equivalents analysis cannot be applied to the following requirements of the asserted claims: [List requirements on a claim-by-claim basis] Unless each of these requirements is literally present within the [alleged infringer]’s [product] [method]..
B. offered for sale or imported by [alleged infringer] includes all of the requirements of an asserted patent claim].2d 684. selling. 803 F. offering for sale or importing a [product] [method] that includes all of the requirements of the asserted claims. Inc. [Alleged infringer] cannot [contributorily infringe] [or] [induce infringement] unless [patent holder] proves that someone other than [alleged infringer] directly infringes the patent claim by making. Infringement 3.8 INDIRECT INFRINGEMENT – GENERALLY [Patent holder] [also] argues that [alleged infringer] [contributed to infringement by another of] [and] [or] [induced another to infringe] claims [ ] of the [ ] patent.. [alleged infringer] cannot have [contributed to infringement] [or] [induced infringement]. Authorities Hewlett-Packard Co.. 687 (Fed. 18 January 18. sold. MetCoil Sys. 1990). v. v. 1986). Bausch & Lomb. manufactured. Corp. Inc. [[Patent holder] has not argued that the [ ] [product] [method] used. 909 F. 2002 . Cir. using. Cir. 1468-69 (Fed. Korners Unlimited.2d 1464. If there is no direct infringement.3.
Cir. Inc. Cir. Inc. 1469 (Fed. v. Inc. v. v. Infringement 3. Authorities Aro Mfg. Co.S. Minnesota Mining & Mfr.. Hewlett-Packard Co. 19 January 18. if there is no direct infringement by anyone. v.. Preemption Devices.3d 1365 (Fed. then contributory infringement exists [Alleged infringer] supplied an important component of the infringing part of the [product] or [method]. The component is not a common component suitable for non-infringing use.. Inc. 803 F. 1174 (Fed.9 CONTRIBUTORY INFRINGEMENT [Patent holder] [also] argues that [alleged infringer] has contributed to infringement by another. 2001). Convertible Top Replacement Co. Mentor H/S. Medical Device Alliance. 1990). Cir. 1986). Co. and [Alleged infringer] supplied the component with the knowledge of the [ ] patent and knowledge that the component was especially made or adapted for use in an infringing manner.B. 909 F. 244 F.2d 1170. someone other than [alleged infringer] must directly infringe a claim of the [ ] patent. 377 U.2d 1464.. 476 (1964).3. Contributory infringement may arise when someone supplies something that is used to infringe one or more of the patent claims. Bausch & Lomb. there can be no contributory infringement. In order for there to be contributory infringement by [alleged infringer]. If you find someone has directly infringed the [ if: (1) (2) (3) ] patent. 2002 .
Inc. Inc. In order to induce infringement.B. [[Alleged infringer] cannot be liable for inducing infringement if it was not aware of the existence of the patent]. 20 January 18. 917 F. v. Inc. someone else must directly infringe a claim of the [ ] patent. Active inducement exists if [alleged infringer] actively and knowingly assists or encourages the direct infringement. Inc.. Cir. 244 F..2d 544. and [alleged infringer] must have known or should have known that its actions would cause direct infringement. Medical Device Alliance. Cir. v. Cat Contracting.. Manville Sales Corp.3d 1303. 909 F.. Cir. 1990). v. 145 F. Inc. 1990). Authorities Mentor H/S. 1468-69 (Fed. v.3d 688. Hewlett-Packard Co. 2001).10 INDUCING PATENT INFRINGEMENT [Patent holder] argues that [alleged infringer] has actively induced another to infringe the [ ] patent. Inc. 2002 . 1311-12 (Fed. In order for there to be inducement of infringement by [alleged infringer]. 161 F. 695 (Fed. Cardinal Indus. Bausch & Lomb.. if there is no direct infringement by anyone.3d 1365 (Fed. Chiuminatta Concrete Concepts.2d 1464.3.. there can be no inducement of infringement.. Infringement 3. Cir. 553-54 (Fed. Paramount Sys. [alleged infringer ] must have intended to cause the acts that constitute the direct infringement. Inc. 1998). Inc. v. 1998). Insituform Techs. Cir.
. Intersystems Indus. the court will need to give further instruction to the jury explaining the requirements for the particular theory of unenforceability relied on by [alleged infringer]. To prove willful infringement. Inc. [patent holder] must demonstrate that it is highly probable that: A. v. Infringement 3. Portec. 897 F.3d 1336. 1999). Cir. It is not enough for [patent holder] to show that it is “more probable than not” that [alleged infringer] committed willful infringement. 510 (Fed. investigated the scope of the patent and formed a good-faith belief that the patent was invalid [or unenforceable] or that it was not infringed. January 18. B. 1990). Tritech Microelectronics Int’l. you must consider all of the facts. B. and Whether [alleged infringer] relied on a legal opinion that appeared to it to be wellsupported and believable and that advised [alleged infringer] (1) that the [product] [method] did not infringe the [ ] patent or (2) that the [ ] patent was invalid [or unenforceable]. 1346 (Fed.3d 1339. Int’l Game Tech. v.B. Specifically. Gustafson. Whether [alleged infringer] made a good faith effort to avoid infringing the patent. [Patent holder] must persuade you instead that it is “highly probable” that [alleged infringer] willfully infringed. v. WMS Gaming Inc.2d 508. 1354 (Fed. 6 If unenforceability is an issue. Whether [alleged infringer] intentionally copied a product of [patent holder] covered by the [ ] patent. [patent holder] argues both that [alleged infringer] infringed and that [alleged infringer] infringed willfully. Whether [alleged infringer].. Cir. 970 F. In deciding whether [alleged infringer] committed willful infringement. 2002 21 . which include but are not limited to: A. Read Corp.. when it knew of [patent holder]’s patent protection.. Inc. Cir.. D. 2001). 184 F. [patent holder] must meet a higher standard than the one for infringement. Inc. C. 1992).2d 816 (Fed. Cir. and [Alleged infringer] had no reasonable basis for believing (1) that [alleged infringer]’s [product] [method] did not infringe the [ ] patent or (2) that the 6 [ ] patent was invalid [or unenforceable]. Prods.11 WILLFUL INFRINGEMENT In this case. v. Authorities Crystal Semiconductor Corp. Inc.3. 246 F. [Alleged infringer] had actual knowledge of the [ ] patent.
2d 1367. Kason Industries.4. 802 F. 2002 . v. Cir. v. To prove invalidity of any patent claim.S. 947 (1987). cert.1 INVALIDITY – BURDEN OF PROOF I will now instruct you on the rules you must follow in deciding whether [alleged infringer] has proven that claims [ ] of the [ ] patent are invalid. Hybritech. Inc. Authorities Buildex.B. 1463 (Fed. Inc. 1988). Monoclonal Antibodies.1 Validity 4. 1375 (Fed. [alleged infringer] must persuade you that it is highly probable that the claim is invalid. 1986)..2d 1461. I will now instruct you on the invalidity issues that you will have to decide in this case.. 480 U. 22 January 18. 849 F. Inc. Cir. denied. Inc.
3d 1168. 1172 (Fed.3d 1473. In the course of the prosecution of the patent application.2 Validity—Adequacy of Patent Specification 4. 2000). 230 F. Inc. 2000). the full scope of the invention as finally claimed in the patent. The written description requirement is satisfied if persons of ordinary skill in the field would recognize from the patent application as first filed that the inventor had in mind at that time the full scope of the invention as finally claimed in the patent.. Authorities Purdue Pharma L. The purpose of the written description requirement is to make sure that the inventor had in mind. Cir. had invented at the time the [original] patent application was first filed. An inventor may amend the claims in his or her original application or add new claims. Lampi Corp. 76 F. v. Am. Inc.. v.3d 1365. 2002 . that is. 1323 (Fed.2a WRITTEN DESCRIPTION REQUIREMENT [Alleged infringer] can meet its burden of proving that a patent claim is invalid by showing that the patent does not contain an adequate written description of the claimed invention. A requirement in a claim need not be specifically disclosed in the original patent application if persons of ordinary skill in the field reading that application would understand that the missing requirement must necessarily be present. In re Alton. Cir.3d 1320. 134 F.. the claims may be changed between the time the [original] patent application is first filed and the time the patent is finally granted. Gentry Gallery. 228 F. 1998). 1996). Power Prods. Inc. v.B.4. Cir. Berkline Corp.. 23 January 18. Faulding.P. 1478-80 (Fed. Cir. The changes may narrow the scope of the claims in order to distinguish prior art or may broaden their scope to more fully cover the invention. 1377-78 (Fed.
Resources Co. 858 F. This is known as the “enablement” requirement. 690-92 (Fed. and the scope of the claimed invention.. Cir. the amount of guidance presented in the patent. Ajinomoto Co. The factors you may consider in deciding whether any required experimentation is excessive include: the time and cost of any necessary experimentation. Cir. 1345-46 (Fed.2d 731. it is invalid.2 Validity—Adequacy of Patent Specification 4. the level of ordinary skill in the field. 2002 . 24 January 18. v. how routine any necessary experimentation is.4. 737 (Fed. 236 F..3d 684.2b ENABLEMENT [Alleged infringer] can meet its burden of proving that a patent claim is invalid by showing that the patent does not contain a description of the claimed invention that is sufficiently full and clear to enable persons of ordinary skill in the field to make and use the invention. v. 2001). Enablement is tested as of the date the original patent application was first filed. whether the patent discloses specific working examples of the claimed invention. Archer-Daniels-Midland Co. 2000). Authorities Union Pac. the nature and predictability of the field. 1988).B. In re Wands. 228 F. Cir. Chesapeake Energy Corp.3d 1338. If a patent claim is not enabled. The patent is enabling if it permits persons of ordinary skill in the field to make and use the invention without having to do excessive experimentation. Some experimentation is allowable.
Transco Prods. 827 F.2c BEST MODE [Alleged infringer] can meet its burden of proving that a patent claim is invalid by showing that the patent does not disclose what [the inventor] [any of the inventors] believed was the best way to carry out the claimed invention at the time the patent application was filed. The best mode requirement focuses on what [the inventor] [any of the inventors] believed at the time the [original] patent application was first filed. If the patent does not disclose the best mode of a claim. Cir. 1987). Wahl Instruments v. 1990). 1995). the best way to carry out the invention.2d 923. there is no requirement that the patent describe a best mode. 926-28 (Fed.. 25 January 18. Novopharm Ltd. Authorities Glaxo Inc. 52 F. 1991).2d 1524 (Fed. it may disclose other modes as well and need not state which of the modes disclosed is best. It does not matter whether the best mode contemplated by [the inventor] [any of the inventors] was. Performance Contracting. Inc. Acvious. 38 F. v. v. The question is whether the patent includes what [the inventor] [any of the inventors] believed was the best mode at the time the [original] patent application was filed.B. Corp.. Chemcast Corp. If [the inventor did not believe] [none of the inventors believed] there was a best way to carry out the invention at the time that application was filed. in fact. The disclosure of the best mode must be detailed enough to enable persons of ordinary skill in the field to carry out that mode without excessive experimentation. Cir. Coherent. This is known as the “best mode” requirement. v. It ensures that the public obtains a full disclosure of the best way to carry out the claimed invention known to [the inventor] [any of the inventors] at the time the [original] patent application was first filed. v. Cir.2d 1575 (Fed.3d 1043. Although a patent specification must disclose the best mode.4. 950 F. 2002 . 913 F.. that claim is invalid. 1049-52 (Fed.3d 551 (Fed. Cir. 1994). Cir.2 Validity—Adequacy of Patent Specification 4. Arco Indus. Spectra-Physics Inc.
[A reference may be prior art as a publication if at least one copy exists. We call these things “prior art references. [A claimed invention is “reduced to practice” when it has been tested sufficiently to show that it will work for its intended purpose or when it is fully described in a filed patent application]]. for the claim to be invalid because it is not new. patent that was based on a patent application filed before [insert date of the patent holder’s application filing date] [or] [insert date of conception unless in issue]].3a1 ANTICIPATION A patent claim is invalid if the claimed invention is not new.] As I told you. Here is a list of the ways that [alleged infringer] can show that a patent claim was not new [use those that apply to this case]: [– if the claimed invention was already publicly known or publicly used by others in the United States before [insert date of conception unless in issue]]. that person is the first inventor only if that person (a) began to reduce the claimed invention to practice before the other party conceived of it and (b) continued to work diligently to reduce it to practice. if that other person had not abandoned the invention or kept it secret]. you must determine a date of conception for the [claimed invention] [and/or] [prior invention].” The description in a reference does not have to be in the 26 January 18.4. [– if the claimed invention was already made by someone else in the United States before [insert date of conception unless in issue].3 Validity—The Claims 4. but reduced to practice second.S. or described in a single previous publication or patent. as long as that one copy is reasonably locatable by and available to those in the field]].B. [– if the claimed invention was already described in another issued or published U. all of its requirements must be in a single previous device or method. [– if the claimed invention was already patented or described in a printed publication anywhere in the world before [insert date of conception unless in issue]. 2002 . the person who first conceived of the claimed invention and first reduced it to practice is the first inventor. If one person conceived of the claimed invention first. disclosure to another or other forms of evidence presented at trial. Conception is the mental part of an inventive act and is proven when the invention is shown in its complete form by drawings. For a claimed invention to be invalid as not new. [– if [named inventor] did not invent the claimed invention but instead learned of the claimed invention from someone else]. [– if the [patent holder] and [alleged infringer] dispute who is a first inventor. [Since it is in dispute. all of its requirements must have been present in one prior art reference.
.. Brake. Baxter Healthcare Corp. Cal. Cir.. 222 F.3d 1344. Cir. 1576-78 (Fed.. 243 F. 1996). Ecolochem.3d 540. Cir.. 1035 (Fed. Inc.2d 1450 (Fed. McCain Foods. Cir. 1574 (Fed. 1349 (Fed. 1330 (Fed. Inc. Ralston Purina Co. Merck & Co.same words as the claim. v. Singh v. Inc. 254 F.. 227 F. 110 F. Authorities Apotex U.3d 1361.3d 1031. Cir.3d 1573. 1366-70 (Fed. Monsanto Co. 1367-70 (Fed.. 1998). Iolab Corp. 27 January 18. v. Pannu v. 1985). Edison Co. Ltd.3d 1362. Cir. Far-Mar-Co. Mycogen Plant Science. either stated or necessarily implied. 545 (Fed. S.S.3d 1316. so that someone of ordinary skill in the field looking at that one reference would have everything necessary to make and use the claimed invention. Cir. Inc. 2002 . Gambro Lundia AB v. In re Bartfeld. 772 F. v. 925 F. 2001). v. 2001). Cir.2d 1570. but all the requirements must be there. Lamb-Weston. 2000).. Inc. 78 F.A. 1985). 2000). 1997). Cir. 155 F. v.
The disclosure in a reference does not have to be in the same words as the claim. and the foreign application was filed at least one year before the U.] [The claimed invention is ready for patenting if it was actually built. 2002 28 . either stated or necessarily implied.B. Authorities January 18. application. [A reference may be prior art as a publication if at least one copy exists. Here is a list of ways [alleged infringer] can show that the patent application was not timely filed: [choose those that apply] [– if the claimed invention was already patented or described in a printed publication anywhere in the world before [insert date that is one year before effective filing date of patent application]. [– if the claimed invention was already being openly used in the United States before [insert date that is one year before application filing date] and that use was not primarily an experimental use (a) controlled by the inventor. and that claimed invention was ready for patenting.S.3 Validity—The Claims 4. so that someone of ordinary skill in the field looking at that one reference would have everything necessary to make and use the claimed invention. or if the inventor had prepared drawings or other descriptions of the claimed invention that were sufficiently detailed to enable a person of ordinary skill in the field to make and use the invention based on them. For a patent claim to be invalid here. [– if the [patent holder] had already obtained a patent on the claimed invention in a foreign country before filing the original U.S.3a2 STATUTORY BARS A patent claim is invalid if the patent application was not filed within the time required by law. [The claimed invention is not being [sold] [or] [offered for sale] if the [patent holder] shows that the [sale] [or] [offer for sale] was primarily experimental.] For a claim to be not new because of a prior art reference dated at least one year earlier than the effective filing date of the patent application. as long as that one copy is reasonably locatable by and available to those in the field]]. application.4. and (b) to test whether the invention worked for its intended purpose]. all of its requirements must have been present in one prior art reference more than a year before the patent application was filed. all of the claimed requirements must have been specifically disclosed in the reference.]]. but all the requirements must be there. or would have to have been known to a person of ordinary skill in the field to have been necessarily present in the reference. before [insert date that is one year before application filing date]. [– if a device or method using the claimed invention was sold or offered for sale in the United States.
Inc.. 29 January 18.3d 1315.. J.3d 1339. Cir. v. 1150 (Fed. LaPorte. Wells Electronics Inc. 208 F. 180 F. In re Hall. Cir.A. Blok-Lok. 2002 . 525 U. Auld Co. Ltd. 2000). Helifix Ltd. Chroma Graphics Corp.. 1986). Cir. Abbot Labs. D. 781 F. 55 (1998).. 1581 (Fed. Cir. 898-99 (Fed.2d 1144.. 1986).Pfaff v.2d 897.S. 1983). Int’l Trade Comm’n. 1999).3d 1354 (Fed. Geneva Pharms. v.2d 1577. 182 F. 1999). Norfolk Dredging Co. v.. 1346 (Fed. 787 F. 714 F. Finnegan Corp. v.L. 1318 (Fed. Cir. Inc. v. Cir.
2002 . a person of ordinary skill in the field who knew about all the prior art would have come up with the claimed invention.] a long felt need for the solution provided by the claimed invention. Third. The claimed invention is not obvious unless there was something in the prior art or within the understanding of a person of ordinary skill in the field that would suggest the claimed invention. the importance of any of them to your decision on whether the claimed invention would have been obvious is up to you.] [The presence of any of the [list 1-6 as appropriate] considerations may be an indication that a claimed invention would not have been obvious at the time this invention was made.4. you must decide what difference. you must decide the scope and content of the prior art.] unexpected superior results from the claimed invention. Although you must consider any evidence of these considerations. First.] copying of the claimed invention by others.] 30 January 18.B. and the presence of the [list 7] consideration may be an indication that the claimed invention would have been obvious at such time. This means that even if all of the requirements of the claim cannot be found in a single prior art reference.3b OBVIOUSNESS A patent claim is invalid if the claimed invention would have been obvious to a person of ordinary skill in the field [at the time the application was filed] [as of [insert date]].3 Validity—The Claims 4. exists between the claim and the prior art. Your conclusion about the question whether a claim is obvious must be based on several factual decisions that you must make. you must decide the level of ordinary skill in the field that someone would have had at the time the claimed invention was made. you must consider any evidence that has been presented with respect to the following: [use those that apply to this case] [(1) [(2) [(3) [(4) [(5) [(6) [(7) commercial success due to the merits of the claimed invention.] acceptance by others of the claimed invention as shown by praise from others in the field or from the licensing of the claimed invention. In other words. Second.] unsuccessful attempts by others to find the solution provided by the claimed invention. if any. you have to be careful not to look at the claimed invention with hindsight and just assume that someone of skill in the field would have thought to do it. and] independent invention of the claimed invention by others before or at about the same time as the named inventor thought of it. Finally.
v. 313 (Fed. Pentec. Cir.. denied. 782 F. Specialty Composites v.. 383 U.3d 953.S. AMF. 1988). 1 (1966). Inc.2d 309. Inc. cert. Windsurfing Int’l. 776 F. John Deere Co. Gene Larew Tackle. Cir. 905 (1986).2d 995. 2002 . 957 (Fed. 1986).Authorities Graham v. v. 1997). 477 U. Inc. 991 (Fed.. 119 F. 1985). v. 31 January 18. Graphic Controls Corp. Arkie Lures. Cabot Corp. Cir.S.2d 981.. Inc. 845 F. Cir. Inc.. 1000 (Fed.
32 January 18. John Deere Co. 1 (1966). Cir.4. Authorities Graham v.2d 858.B. Toshiba Corp..3d 654. 2000). Ruiz v. these references must be reasonably related to the claimed invention of that patent.. 383 U. 993 F.3bi SCOPE AND CONTENT OF PRIOR ART [Patent holder] and [alleged infringer] disagree as to whether [identify prior art reference(s)] should be included in the prior art you use to decide the validity of claims [ ] of the [ ] patent. 664-65 (Fed. 2002 . v. Chance Co. In order to be considered as prior art to the [ ] patent.B. 234 F. Cir.. 1993). Wang Lab. A. A reference is reasonably related if it is in the same field as the claimed invention or is from another field that a person of ordinary skill would look to in trying to solve the problem the named inventor was trying to solve.S.3 Validity—The Claims 4. 864 (Fed.
Inc. 231 F.3bii DIFFERENCES OVER THE PRIOR ART In reaching your conclusion as to whether or not claim [ ] would have been obvious at the time the claimed invention was made. 1369 (Fed. 908 F.4. 383 U. Cir.2d 931.3 Validity—The Claims 4. Danbury Pharmacal. 1990). 217 F.. 2002 ..3d 1365. Cir. Authorities Graham v. v. 2000). 1343-45 (Fed. Northern Telecom. v.S.B. 1 (1966). Yamanouchi Pharm. Cir. you should consider any difference or differences between the [identify prior art] and the claimed requirements.. 2000). 33 January 18. 935 (Fed. Co. In re Kotzab. Inc. Datapoint Corp. John Deere Co.3d 1339.
B. and the evidence presented. v.4. Philip Morris Inc. SIBIA Neurosciences. Corp. 34 January 18.. and the sophistication of the technology. 1355 (Fed. Ryko Mfg. 1125 (Fed. consider all the evidence introduced at trial for this decision. v. Authorities Graham v.3biii LEVEL OF ORDINARY SKILL In reaching your decision as to whether the claimed invention would have been obvious at the time it was made. John Deere Co. you should also consider the level of ordinary skill in the field of [identify field]. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp. Inc.2d 714. [Patent holder] contends that the level of ordinary skill in the field was [ ].3 Validity—The Claims 4.. Co..3d 1120. the types of problems encountered in the field. 2000). [Alleged infringer] contends that the level of ordinary skill in the field was [ ]. 1 (1966). Cadus Pharm.S. 2000). Based on the factors I have just listed. you must decide what was the level of ordinary skill in the field. 383 U.. 1991). Cir. 2002 . When deciding the level of ordinary skill in [the field]. 71819 (Fed. 225 F. Nu-Star. 950 F. v. Cir. including: (1) (2) (3) the levels of education and experience of persons working in the field. 229 F. Cir. Inc.3d 1349.
1349 (Fed. Cir.. Authorities Pannu v. Shatterproof Glass Corp.. 2002 . 40 F. Barr Lab. or contribute to the subject matter of each claim of the patent. 624 (Fed. v. 758 F. 1997). one must make a significant contribution to the conception of one or more claims of the patent. 106 F.3d 1223. merely helping with experimentation or explaining to the actual inventors well-known concepts or the current state of the art does not make someone an inventor. Cir. This is known as the “inventorship” requirement. To be an inventor. Cir. Hess v. 1227-28 (Fed. Burroughs Wellcome Co. 1998). 980 (Fed.. Cir. 1994).3 Validity—The Claims 4. 155 F. Persons may be inventors even though they do not physically work together or make the same type or amount of contribution.3c INVENTORSHIP [Alleged infringer] can meet its burden of proving that a patent is invalid by showing that it fails to meet the requirement to name all actual inventors and only the actual inventors. 1985). 35 January 18.B. However.3d 1344. v. Libbey-Owens Ford Co.4..2d 613. Advanced Cardiovascular Sys. Iolab Corp.3d 976.
v. v. The amount of those damages must be adequate to compensate the patent holder for the infringement..1 DAMAGES – BURDEN OF PROOF I will instruct you about the measure of damages. 2002 . Rite-Hite Corp. Cir. it must prove its damages with reasonable certainty.5. Inc. 1545 (Fed. 1996). The patent holder has the burden to persuade you that it is more likely than not that it suffered the damages it seeks. 1108-09 (Fed. J.3d 1538. 86 F. I am not suggesting which party should win on any issue.. Cir. A damages award should put the patent holder in approximately the financial position it would have been in had the infringement not occurred. Cir. Baker. Kelley Co. While the patent holder is not required to prove damages with mathematical precision. If you decide that any claim of the [ ] patent has been infringed and is not invalid. but in no event may the damages award be less than a reasonable royalty.3d 1098. 1995) (en banc). By instructing you on damages. American Maize-Prod. The patent holder is not entitled to damages that are remote or speculative. you must then determine the amount of any money damages to be awarded to [patent holder] to compensate it for the infringement. Patent Damages 5. 1349 (Fed.B. 185 F. 1999).. 36 January 18. Authorities Grain Processing Corp.3d 1341. Maxwell v. Co. 56 F.
. 1983).. Cir. [patent holder] seeks to recover lost profits for some of [alleged infringer]’s sales of [infringing product]. Convertible Top Co. 723 F. Authorities Aro Mfg. [patent holder] must show that but for the infringement there is a reasonable probability that it would have made sales that [alleged infringer] made of the infringing product. v. Lam. v. George A.B. 1983). 37 January 18. Inc.2d 1573.5. 502-07 (1964).S. Hormel & Co. 476. [Patent holder] must show the share of [alleged infringer]’s sales that it would have made if the infringing product had not been on the market.2 LOST PROFITS – GENERALLY In this case. Co. Cir. 718 F. Johns-Mansville Corp. 2002 . Central Soya Co. 377 U.. 1579 (Fed.2d 1056. v. and a reasonable royalty on the rest of [alleged infringer]’s sales. To recover lost profits for infringing sales. Patent Damages 5. 1065 (Fed.
3 LOST PROFITS – FACTORS TO CONSIDER One way [patent holder] may be entitled to lost profits is by proof of all of the following: (1) (2) that there was a demand for the patented product. 113 F. Stahlin Bros. Inc. Panduit Corp. 1156 (6th Cir.3d 1572. United States.2d 1152... 1984). Cir. Gyromat Corp. 735 F. 552 (Fed. 1986). or. if there were. v. Champion Spark Plug Co. v. Cir. 1577-78 (Fed. 141 (Fed. Cir. Starlight Archery. 804 F. v. 38 January 18.2d 549. Carella v. Fibre Works. 1997).2d 135.5. the number of the sales made by [alleged infringer] that [patent holder] would have made despite the availability of other acceptable non-infringing substitutes. that [patent holder] had the manufacturing and marketing capacity to make the infringing sales or a portion thereof actually made by the infringer. and the amount of profit that [patent holder] would have made had [alleged infringer] not infringed. (3) (4) Authorities Gargoyles. 1978). Inc.B. Patent Damages 5. 2002 . that there were no non-infringing substitutes. 575 F.
[patent holder] must prove two things. These products are called collateral products.. v. Inc. Stahlin Bros.3d 1538. 1978). 883 F. 1580 (Fed.2d 1573. 575 F. Cir. 1157-58 (6th Cir. that it is more likely than not that [patent holder] would have sold the collateral products but for the infringement.5. 1989). which it contends it would have sold along with [ y ]. State Indus.2d 1152. 2002 . v. Fibre Works. Kelley Co.. To recover lost profits on sales of such collateral products.B.. v. [patent holder] is seeking profits from sales of [ x ]. 1995) (en banc). 1550 (Fed.4 LOST PROFITS – COLLATERAL SALES In this case. Second. 39 January 18. Inc. Mor-Flo Indus. Panduit Corp.. Cir. 56 F. Patent Damages 5.. First. Inc. that the collateral products worked together with the patented product in some manner so as to produce a desired end product or result. Authorities Rite-Hite Corp.
95 F. v. you may also award as additional damages the amount represented by the difference between the amount of profits that [patent holder] would have made by selling its product at the higher price and the amount of profits [patent holder] actually made by selling its product at the lower price that [patent holder] charged for its product. 1485 (Fed.. Inc. Circ. 1990). Inc. Combustion Eng’g. [patent holder] would have been able to charge higher prices for some of its products. This type of damage is referred to as price erosion damage.5. such as additional marketing costs. In that case. Cir. In calculating a patentee’s total losses from price erosion.B.3d 1336 (Fed. 2001). you may also use the higher price in determining [patent holder]’s lost profits from sales lost because of the infringement. 1996). Inc.5 LOST PROFITS – PRICE EROSION [Patent holder] is entitled to recover additional damages if it can show to a reasonable probability that. v. 1120 (Fed. Authorities Crystal Semiconductor Corp. caused by competition from the infringing product. 2002 . Patent Damages 5. Minco. 246 F.3d 1109. 40 January 18. You may also award as damages the amount of any increase in costs of [patent holder].. If you find that [patent holder] suffered price erosion. Cir..2d 1473. Tritech Microelectornics Int’l. 914 F. you must take into account any drop in sales that would have resulted from a higher price. Kalman v. Berlyn Corp. if there had been no infringement.
Cir. Tritech Microelectornics Int’l. 1996). then [patent holder] is entitled to a reasonable royalty. Inc. Patent Damages 5.3d 1538.3d 1572. v. Minco. Bard.3d 1336 (Fed.5. 56 F. 2001). 2002 . Mahurkar v.3d 1109. Authorities Crystal Semiconductor Corp. 95 F. Cir. v. 1996). Circ. Rite-Hite Corp. Western Litho Plate & Supply Co. [Patent holder] is entitled to a reasonable royalty for all infringing sales for which it is not entitled to lost profits damages. Inc.. Combustion Eng’g. 1574 (Fed. 853 F. 41 January 18. 1119-20 (Fed.. Kelley Co. C. 1554 (Fed.. 1579 (Fed..B.. Inc.2d 1568. or has proved its claim for lost profits for only a portion of the infringing sales. 79 F. Cir 1998). 246 F.R.6 REASONABLE ROYALTY – ENTITLEMENT If [patent holder] has not proved its claim for lost profits. Inc. 1995) (en banc). v. Fromson v. Cir.
1116. Supp. 42 January 18. your role is to determine what that agreement would have been.3d 1538. 56 F. 1970).. United States Plywood Corp. Inc. 1554 (Fed. Authorities Maxwell v. 1120 (S.D. Patent Damages 5.5. Inc. Bard. A reasonable royalty is the payment that would have resulted from a negotiation between a patent holder and the infringer taking place at the time when the infringing sales first began. Cir.3d 1098. the focus is on what the expectations of the patent holder and infringer would have been had they entered into an agreement at that time and acted reasonably in their negotiations. 2002 . 1996).7 REASONABLE ROYALTY – DEFINITION A royalty is a payment made to a patent holder by a non-owner in exchange for rights to make. Georgia-Pacific Corp. Rite-Hite Corp. you must assume that patent holder and infringer were willing to enter into an agreement.. 1995) (en banc). Mahurkar v. Kelley Co.N.R. 1108-10 (Fed. 1996). In addition. Cir.B. Baker. Cir.Y.3d 1572. v. C. 79 F.. 86 F. use or sell the claimed invention. 1579-81 (Fed.. In considering the nature of this negotiation. v. 318 F.
Cir. 86 F. [– Since [patent holder] sells a product that includes the claimed invention but has not marked that product with the patent number. damages should be calculated as of the date you determine that the infringement began. Cir. 1066 (Fed. Baker. 1534 (Fed. Circ.. Nike Inc.] Authorities Crystal Semiconductor Corp. Maxwell v.. 2001). Inc. 1993). 1987). Medical Eng’g Corp. 1108-09 (Fed. [– Since [patent holder] [marks the product] or [does not sell a product covered by the patent]. Inc. 6 F. damages should be calculated as of [date patent issued]. 1998). Cir. you must determine the date that [alleged infringer] received actual written notice of the [ ] patent and the specific product alleged to infringe]. Boehl. 1996). v.3d 1523.. 138 F.3d 1437. Sys. This instruction may be used when the claim is an apparatus or product claim and [alleged infringer] is a direct infringer.3d 1336 (Fed. Tritech Microelectornics Int’l. January 18. 822 F. American Med. or If the [ ] patent was granted after the infringing activity began as determined by you. v. Wal-Mart Stores. v. Inc.. v.3d 1098. Different rules may apply if the claim is a method claim or [alleged infringer] is an inducer or contributory infringer. then damages begin without the requirement for actual notice under the following circumstances: If the [ ] patent was granted before the infringing activity began. Patent Damages 5.8 DATE OF COMMENCEMENT– PRODUCTS7 Damages that [patent holder] may be awarded by you commence on the date that [alleged infringer] has both infringed and been notified of the [ ] patent: [use those that apply to this case] [– [Patent holder] and [alleged infringer] agree that date was [insert date]]. 2002 7 43 . Devices for Med.B. 246 F.5.2d 1062. Cir. 1443-44 (Fed.
] Abstract: A brief summary of the technical disclosure in a patent to enable the U. Patent and Trademark Office and the public to determine quickly the nature and gist of the technical disclosure in the patent. 2002 . the claim is invalid. etc. If the invention as described in a numbered claim of a patent already existed with all of its requirements in a single piece of prior art. If the applicant had a best mode as of the time the application was filed. it must be set forth in the patent specification. i. Appendix GLOSSARY Some of the terms in this glossary will be defined in more detail in the legal instructions you are given. The definitions in the instructions must be followed and must control your deliberations. A dependent claim does not stand alone and refers to one or more other claims. thus. 44 January 18. Conception: The complete mental part of the inventive act which must be capable of proof. A dependent claim incorporates whatever the other referenced claim or claims say. a patent claim marks the boundaries of the patent in the same way that a legal description in a deed specifies the boundaries of land. Assignment: A transfer of patent rights to another called an “assignee” who upon transfer becomes the owner of the rights assigned. Drawings: The drawings are visual representations of the claimed invention contained in a patent application and issued patent. In concept.S. Anticipation: A situation in which a claimed invention is too similar to an earlier invention to be considered new and. Claims may be independent or dependent. disclosure to another. entitled to be patented. [Add any technical terms from the art involved that may be used during trial and have agreedupon definitions and delete any of the following terms which may not be applicable in a particular case. An independent claim stands alone. similar to a land owner who can prevent others from trespassing on the bounded property. as by drawings.C.e. formal definition of an invention and appears at the end of the specification in a separately numbered paragraph. Best Mode: The best way the inventor actually knew to make or use the invention at the time of the patent application. the inventor can prevent others from using what is claimed. Claim: Each claim of a patent is a concise. and usually include several figures illustrating various aspects of the claimed invention. Amendment: A patent applicant’s change to one or more claims in response to an office action taken by a Patent Examiner during the patent application examination process.
Limitation: A required part of an invention set forth in a patent claim. which are a specification. Patent and Trademark Office of a patent application filed by the inventor which has these parts. Patent and Trademark Office to an inventor to prevent others from making. Infringement: Violation of a patent occurring when someone makes. Embodiment: A product or method that contains the claimed invention.S. To be valid. uses or sells a patented invention. or contributory. Filing Date: Date a patent application. with all the required sections.S.” Nonobviousness: One of the requirements for securing a patent. Patent: A patent is an exclusive right granted by the U. The patent has three parts.) When the patent expires. Patent and Trademark Office. Enablement: A description of the invention that is sufficient to enable persons skilled in the field of the invention to make and use the invention.Elements: The parts of a device. Contributory infringement is offering to sell or selling an item that is a significant part of the invention.S. has been submitted to the U. within the United States during the term of the patent. Office Action: A written communication from the Patent Examiner to the patent applicant in the course of the application examination process. and this examination is called the prosecution history. The patent is granted after examination by the U. use or sell the invention is dedicated to the public. by inducement. The word “limitation” is often used interchangeably with the word “requirement. without permission of the patent holder. Examination: Procedure before the U. 2002 . A limitation is a requirement of the invention. the subject matter of the invention must not have been obvious to a person having ordinary skill in the field of the invention at the time of the earlier of the filing date of the patent application or the date of invention. drawings and claims. Inducing infringement is intentionally causing another to directly infringe a patent. using or selling the patented invention without permission. The specification of the patent must contain such an enabling description. To be a contributory infringer one must know that the part being offered or sold is designed specifically for infringing the patented invention and is not a common object suitable for non-infringing uses. Direct infringement is making. the right to make. 45 January 18. Infringement may be direct. Patent and Trademark Office whereby a Patent Examiner reviews the filed patent application to determine if the claimed invention is patentable. A device infringes a patent if it contains elements which meet each requirement of a patent claim. using or selling an invention for a term of 20 years from the date the patent application was filed (or 17 years from the date the patent issued. so that the buyer directly infringes the patent.S.
It is a written description of the invention and of the manner and process of making and using the claimed invention. 2002 .S. 46 January 18. use or sell the claimed invention.” The word Royalty: A royalty is a payment made to the owner of a patent by a non-owner in exchange for rights to make. publications. Department of Commerce that is charged with overseeing and implementing the federal laws of patents and trademarks. It includes issued patents. Reads On: A patent claim “reads on” a device or method when each required part (requirement) of the claim is found in the device or method. “requirement” is often used interchangeably with the word “limitation. It is responsible for examining all patent applications and issuing all patents in the United States. Specification: The specification is a required part of a patent application and an issued patent. Prior Art: Previously known subject matter in the field of a claimed invention for which a patent is being sought. trade practices and the like. Requirement: A required part of an invention set forth in a patent claim. and knowledge deemed to be publicly available such as trade skills. Prosecution History: The prosecution history is the complete written record of the proceedings in the PTO from the initial application to the issued patent. The prosecution history includes the office actions taken by the PTO and the amendments to the patent application filed by the applicant during the examination process. Reduction to Practice: The invention is “reduced to practice” when it is sufficiently developed to show that it would work for its intended purpose.Patent and Trademark Office (PTO): An administrative branch of the U.
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