Source: https://ja.scribd.com/presentation/76057461/Principle-of-Niyyah
Timestamp: 2019-07-22 01:38:49
Document Index: 587581083

Matched Legal Cases: ['Art 2', 'Art 3', 'Art 69', 'Art 12', 'Art 61', 'Art 62', 'Art 13', 'Art 68', 'Art 64']

Principle of Niyyah | Logical Consequence | Debt
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Prof.Ahmad Rafique Akhtar By: Famous Writers / Columnists
Al Hisn Ul Haseen With Sharah by Shaykh Ashiq Ilahi Madni (r.a)
QAWAID PHASES OF FIQHIYYAH NIYYAT
THE PRINCIPLE OF NIYYAH CLICK TO EDIT MASTER SUBTITLE STYLE
INTRODUCTION PHASES OF NIYYAT EVIDENCES SIGNIFICANCE OF INTENTION POSITION OF INTENTION RELATED MAXIMS ACT & INTENTION APPLICATIONS
PHASES OF NIYYAT
Comprehensive maxim
has implications for at least seventy different branches of knowledge-comprises a third of all knowledge. Discussed in various areas including devotional matters, commercial transaction and crimes.
Play an important role in differentiating action (with exception of several act e.g divorce, ruju)
Intention (niyyah) is the will directed towards an action
E.g. : A fires a shot at B with intention to kill him = willed the action and intended to kill that person
An act of human being is judged in the light of the intention or the purpose it seeks to have an effect - PHASES and hadith Man ata firasyahu wa huwa yanwi an yaquma yusalli minallail faghalabathu ainuhu hatta yusbihu kutiba lahu ma nawa
(al-Nasaie)
(Whoever goes to bed, he put an intention
5 PHASES OF NIYYAT
Whatever we do in this world is based on our intention/niyyah which will affect the hukm of the deed whether it is sah/batal/haram
e.g intention to get married
In the hereafter, we will be judged according to our intention
i.e: if we ikhlas we will get reward and if we riya, then we will be punished
..those who wish for returns from worldly affairs, We will give them to you, and those wish for return in hereafter, We will give the share of hereafter
Ali Imran: 145
Deeds are judged by intention and every person is judged according to his intention
(narrated by Umar r.a.)
: There is no deeds to those who have no intention
Art 2 = Matters are determined according to intention
Effect of transaction depends on intention Illustration:
A person finds anything on highway or anywhere else with the intention of restoring it to the owner, his conduct is in order/correct If intends to keep as his own property = wrongful appropriation of property Same act but different intention Judgment is based on the intention
Intention becomes important only if coupled with actions An act depends on intention/purpose Plays a crucial role in differentiating :
a murder from wrongful killing
Punishment between death penalty and compensation
husband may utter to conclude the occurrence or otherwise of a divorce
Intention of husband being considered by court before pronouncement of divorce
POSITION OF INTENTION
The position of intention is in the heart, not enough to utter it without having intention in heart. Uttering the intention is not requirement no proof from Prophet (s.a.w) or sahabah Shafie:
Recommended to pronounce the intention in the heart
Uttering the intention is not recommended and consider it as form of bidah
Where intention and actions are different, judgment must be based on intention to the extent it may be ascertained Some related application of the maxim :
In Contract In Ibadah Real vs. metaphorical meaning Explicit vs. implicit meaning Absolute vs. restricted speech Objective vs. Mean
RELATED MAXIM - IN CONTRACT
In contracts , effect is given to intention and meaning, and not words and forms (Art 3)
Where there are differences between expression and meaning , consideration is given to the meaning and not literal wording Example :
Contract with remuneration = contract for hire; if no remuneration, contract is for loan If 2 persons conclude a contract apparently a loan, but in consideration for rental provided for the contract, the contract would be regarded as contract for loannas wording for the contract 5/5/12 suggest
Correspondence resembles conversation (Art 69) If difficult to ascertain intention, look at outwards connotation Hadith = We give judgment on the basis of the apparent, God takes care of inward intention Matters difficult to discover truth are judged according to the obvious proof concerning outward connotation Knowledge of intention is important to determine correct ruling , if fail to go to the intention, have to recourse to outwards
RELATED MAXIM - IN IBADAH
No intention is needed in the ibadat which is not adah (traditional/custom)
e.g. reciting quran, doa, zikir as opposed to eating, playing, sitting, reading books
Intention is needed in the ibadah which have similarities
e.g. zakat and sadaqah
RELATED MAXIM - REAL VS. METAPHORICAL
Types of speech :
Expressions used in its proper place in the language or common usage Lion refers to that of animal
Expressions not used in their proper linguistics place E.g. Lion to describe a brave man
That which has passed out of use and therefore cannot give any meaning
In principle, words shall be construed according to their real meaning (Art 12)
E.g. : A makes a waqf of his house for benefits of his sons. If A has sons and grandsons at time of his death, the property goes to his son only Real word of son does not include grandson
When real meaning cannot be applied, the metaphorical sense may be used (Art 61)
E.g. : A has no sons but only grandsons, the word sons refers to his grandsons as it is impossible to apply the literal meaning; the grandsons are entitled to the waqf
If no meaning can be attached to a word it is disregarded altogether (Art 62) Must still give some meaning to the words rather than disregard them If still cannot be ascertained i.e. still no meaning even after using real and metaphorical sense, then the word will be disregarded
A alleged B is his son whereas B is older than A
Conflict between real and metaphorical meaning, and the former is derelict - give effect to metaphorical meaning. Must consider custom of a place to determine metaphorical meaning
Custom must be continuous and predominant
RELATED MAXIM - EXPLICIT VS IMPLICIT
No attention shall be paid to inferences in the face of an explicit statement (Art 13)
Explicit words/expressions
Clear, definite meaning Stronger status than implied connotation
A leaves property with shopkeeper B , B is aware and keeps silent = property in his custody - B declines to keep, no contract of custody
Permission may be given explicitly or by implication (Art ) Implicit :
Speech with hidden intention Requires explanation for proper understanding
Minor of perfect understanding enters into business with knowledge of his guardian who does not prohibit the minor = considered has obtained permission by implication Example:
Buying food at canteen without saying a word; offer and acceptance exist; a valid contract
In obscure matters the proof of a thing stands in the place of such a thing (Art 68) Status of silence
No effect/consequences Effective only supported by facts of case
Hence, no statement is charged to a man who keeps silence, but silence is tantamount to a statement where it is necessary for speech
RELATED MAXIM - ABSOLUTE VS RESTRICTED
The absolute is construed in its absolute sense, provided there is no proof of restricted meaning either explicit text or by implication (Art 64)
Without restrictions/qualifications
A appoints B as his agent to sell his house without specifying the price
Accompanied with specification/description
Subject to certain price of sale or other limitation
RELATED MAXIM-OBJECTIVE VS MEAN
The ends does not justify the means (Al-ghayah la tubarriru al-wasilah) Good intention cannot be accepted if the means are contradict to Islam Example:
Donate the money gain from the win of lottery to the needy. Welfare Lottery, amal-based concert.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AN ACT AND INTENTION
Act/ policies that are good in themselves and are actuated by good objectives/ intentions
Ideal Example: Government to promote public welfare through zakat and charity funds
Act/ policies that are not good in themselves but are resorted for commendable objectives
Need to make an amendment Example: Mobilizing funds for charity by means of games or by floating interest-bearing loans and bonds
Act/ policies that are actuated by objectionable intentions but lead to good results
Need to make an amendment Example: Nationalization or rationalization of the products and industries and avoidance of incongruent growth of industry
Objectionable intentions with objectionable 5/5/12 policies
Surety ship (kafala) implies coextensive liability while transfer of debt (hawala) implies discharge of the principal debtor. If a contract of transfer of debt (hawala) is made with the condition to hold the principle debtor liable in case the transferee fails to discharge the debt, contract even though termed as a contract of hawala will be treated as contract of kafala. Similar will be the treatment of a contract of kafala in case the principle debtor is discharged after contract of surety ship is signed. In case government issues a license to setup an industry, or start a trade or import some merchandise it will not lawful to sell the 5/5/12
If the banks declare their policy of financing their client on non-interest bases it would be necessary to do so and not merely continue the same practice and seeking to rationalize it in Islamic terms by changing the relevant nomenclature such as calling it buy-back or mark-up It is not permissible for the bank to practice Mushara and Mudharaba in such a way as to ensure a fixed rate of return for the bank while the liability of bearing loss or an uncertain amount of remaining profit is tranferred to the working partner If government allots plots of land to individual
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