Source: http://www.google.com/patents/US7335908?dq=6,308,317
Timestamp: 2016-05-27 03:17:11
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Matched Legal Cases: ['Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60', 'art 1', 'art 1', 'art 2', 'art 1', 'art 2']

Patent US7335908 - Nanostructures and methods for manufacturing the same - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsA resonant tunneling diode, and other one dimensional electronic, photonic structures, and electromechanical MEMS devices, are formed as a heterostructure in a nanowhisker by forming length segments of the whisker with different materials having different band gaps....http://www.google.com/patents/US7335908?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US7335908 - Nanostructures and methods for manufacturing the sameAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS7335908 B2Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 10/613,071Publication dateFeb 26, 2008Filing dateJul 7, 2003Priority dateJul 8, 2002Fee statusPaidAlso published asCA2491941A1, CA2491941C, CA2741397A1, CN1681975A, CN100500950C, CN101562205A, CN101562205B, EP1525339A2, EP1525339B1, EP2302108A1, EP2302108B1, US7682943, US7745813, US8450717, US8772626, US20040075464, US20080105296, US20080142784, US20080188064, US20130146835, US20150027523, WO2004004927A2, WO2004004927A8Publication number10613071, 613071, US 7335908 B2, US 7335908B2, US-B2-7335908, US7335908 B2, US7335908B2InventorsLars Ivar Samuelson, Bjorn Jonas OhlssonOriginal AssigneeQunano AbExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (45), Non-Patent Citations (100), Referenced by (140), Classifications (70), Legal Events (5) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetNanostructures and methods for manufacturing the same
US 7335908 B2Abstract
This application claims the benefit of the priority of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/393,835 filed Jul. 8, 2002, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference, and of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/459,982 filed Apr. 4, 2003, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.
This invention relates generally to structures, essentially in one-dimensional form, and which are of nanometer dimensions in their width or diameter, and which are commonly known as nanowhiskers, nanorods, nanowires, nanotubes, etc.; for the purposes of this specification, such structures will be termed “one-dimensional nanoelements”. More specifically, but not exclusively, the invention relates to nanowhiskers, and to methods of forming nanowhiskers.
The electrical and optical properties of semiconductor nanowhiskers are fundamentally determined by their crystalline structure, shape, and size. In particular, a small variation of the width of the whisker may provoke a considerable change in the separation of the energy states due to the quantum confinement effect. Accordingly, it is of importance that the whisker width can be chosen freely, and, of equal importance, is that the width can be kept constant for extended whisker lengths. This, together with the possibility of positioning whiskers at selected positions on a substrate, will be necessary if an integration of whisker technology with current semiconductor component technology is to be possible. Several experimental studies on the growth of GaAs whiskers have been made, the most important reported by Hiruma et al. They grew III-V nano-whiskers on III-V substrates in a metal organic chemical vapor deposition -MOCVD- growth system—K. Hiruma, M. Yazawa, K. Haraguchi, K. Ogawa, T. Katsuyama, M. Koguchi, and H. Kakibayashi, J. Appl. Phys. 74, 3162 1993; K. Hiruma, M. Yazawa, T. Katsuyama, K. Ogawa, K. Haraguchi, M. Koguchi, and H. Kakibayashi, J. Appl. Phys. 77, 447 1995; E. I. Givargizov, J. Cryst. Growth 31, 20 1975; X. F. Duan, J. F. Wang, and C. M. Lieber, Appl. Phys. Lett. 76, 1116 2000; K. Hiruma, H. Murakoshi, M. Yazawa, K. Ogawa, S. Fukuhara, M. Shirai, and T. Katsuyama, IEICE Trans. Electron. E77C, 1420 1994; K. Hiruma, et al, “Self-organised growth on GaAs/InAs heterostructure nanocylinders by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy”, J. Crystal growth 163, (1996), 226-231. Their approach relied on annealing a thin Au film to form the seed particles. In this way, they achieved a homogeneous whisker width distribution, the mean size of which could be controlled by the thickness of the Au layer and the way this layer transforms to nanoparticles. With this technique, it is difficult to control the size and surface coverage separately, and it is virtually impossible to achieve a low coverage. The correlation between film thickness and whisker thickness was not straightforward, since the whisker width also depended on growth temperature, and there were even signs of a temperature-dependent equilibrium size of the Au particles. The authors also noticed a strong correlation between the size of the Au droplets de-posited from a scanning tunneling microscope tip and the resulting whisker width. For the free-flying Si whiskers grown by Lieber et al.,—Y. Cui, L. J. Lauhon, M. S. Gudiksen, J. F. Wang, and C. M. Lieber, Appl. Phys. Lett. 78, 2214, 2001—a clear particle-whisker size correlation has been shown.
It is necessary, if whiskers are to be used as electrical components, that there should be well-defined electrical junctions situated along the length of a whisker, and much work has been directed at achieving this—see for example Hiruma et al, “Growth and Characterisation of Nanometer-Scale GaAs, AlGaAs and GaAs/InAs Wires” IEICE Trans. Electron., Vol. E77-C, No. 9 September 1994, pp 1420-1424. However, much improvement is necessary.
In a separate trend of development, attempts to fabricate 1D devices have been made since the late 1980s by top-down methods, as pioneered by Randall, Reed and co-workers at Texas Instruments—M. A. Reed et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 60, 535(1988). Their top-down approach, which still represents the state of the art for this family of quantum devices, is based on epitaxial growth of multi-layers defining the two barriers and the central quantum well. Electron-beam lithography is then used to define the lateral confinement pattern, together with evaporation of the metallic layers to form the top contact. A lift-off process is then used to remove the e-beam-sensitive resist from the surface, and reactive ion etching removes all the material surrounding the intended narrow columns. Finally, the devices are contacted via the substrate and from the top using a polyimide layer. In the studies of devices fabricated by this bottom-up technique, 100-200 nm diameter columns have been observed, however, with rather disappointing electrical characteristics and peak-to-valley currents at best around 1.1:1. An alternative approach to realizing low-dimensional resonant tunneling devices has been reported more recently, employed strain-induced formation of self-assembled quantum dots (I. E. Itskevich et al., Phys. Rev. B 54, 16401(1996); M. Narihiro, G. Yusa, Y. Nakamura, T. Noda, H. Sakaki, Appl. Phys. Lett. 70, 105(1996); M. Borgstrom et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 78, 3232(2001)).
FIGS. 1 and 3 show whiskers of predetermined sizes grown from several III-V materials, in particular, GaAs whiskers with widths between 10 and 50 nm. These whiskers can be grown rod shaped with a uniform diameter, in contrast to earlier reports on epitaxially grown nanowhiskers, which tended to be tapered, narrowing from the base towards the top. As catalysts, size-selected gold aerosol particles were used, whereby the surface coverage can be varied independently of the whisker diameter.
Conditions for growth of nanowhiskers allow the formation of abrupt interfaces and heterostructure barriers of thickness from a few monolayers to 100s of nanometers, thus creating a one-dimensional landscape along which the electrons move. The crystalline perfection, the quality of the interfaces, and the variation in the lattice constant are demonstrated by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and the conduction band off-set of 0.6 eV is deduced from the current due to thermal excitation of electrons over an InP barrier.
Referring to FIG. 18A, a photodetector is shown in accordance with the invention. For example, a nanowhisker 180 may extend between metallised contact pads 182. There is typically a high contact resistance, between 10KO to 100KO, arising from small contact areas between pads 182, and whisker 180. The whisker may comprise an n-doped indium phosphide portion 184, and a p-doped indium phosphide portion 186, with a p-n junction 188 between, which may be abrupt, or may extend over a large number of lattice planes. This arrangement is suitable for detecting light with wavelengths 1.3 micron or 1.55 microns. As indicated in FIG. 14, any desired compositional “match” may be used, and therefore the materials can be modified for detection of any wavelength, from 1.55 microns or less. As an alternative, a PIN or Schottky diode structure may be used. A PIN structure, as shown in FIG. 18B has an intrinsic semiconductor material segment 188 between the two semiconductor portions 184 and 186. The whisker is constructed as described with reference to FIG. 10. A Schottky diode structure, as shown in FIG. 18C has a base portion 189 formed as a metallisation contact from which the whisker extends; the interface between the contact and the whisker forms the Schottky diode. The lower frequency limit on detection of radiation is in the terahertz region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
This embodiment is therefore particularly suitable for the growth of nitrides, e.g. GaN, which preferentially grow as hexagonal lattices, and which are particularly prone to stacking faults. By “forcing” the nitride crystal to grow in cubic form, stacking faults are reduced. Further, where structures are made in accordance with Example 2 with segments of different material along the whisker, micro-cavity structures for gallium nitride lasers can be developed. Nitride systems are quite well suited for whisker growth. The problem with nitrides is that they are filled with dislocations and the lack of suitable substrates. Whiskers can be made with defect-free nitrides, and the problem of lattice matching is not there. A regular FP laser can be made in a nanowhisker less than 300 nm length, of the order of 100 nm. It is a bottom up structure, which is well suited to reading and writing to DVDs.
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