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Timestamp: 2015-07-06 14:20:17
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Corrosion Resistant Coated Fuel Cell Bipolar Plate With Filled-in Fine Scale Porosities And Method Of Making The Same - Patent 6649031 by Patents-30
54953601
STATEMENT REGARDINGFEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTThis invention was made with support from the government of the United States of America. The government of the United States of America may have certain rights in this invention.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION1. Field of InventionThe present invention relates generally to a corrosion resistant coated fuel cell bipolar plate and a method for making the same and, more specifically, to a coated, corrosion resistant coated fuel cell bipolar plate with filled-in fine scaleporosities and a method of making the same.2. Description of the Related ArtFuel cells such as the Proton Exchange Membrane ("PEM") fuel cell include a membrane electrode assembly ("MEA"). The MEA comprises a solid polymer electrolyte or ion exchange membrane positioned between an anode and a cathode which typicallycomprise finely divided carbon particles, very finely divided catalytic particles supported on the internal and external surfaces of the carbon particles, and proton conductive material intermingled with the catalytic and carbon particles.The catalytic particles, e.g., finely comminuted platinum, at each membrane/electrode interface induce the desired electrochemical reaction. On the anode side, the fuel (e.g., hydrogen) permeates the porous electrode material and reacts with thecatalytic particles to form hydrogen cations (e.g., protons) which migrate through the ion exchange membrane to the cathode side. On the cathode side, the oxidant (e.g., oxygen-containing gas) reacts with the catalytic particles to form oxygen anions. At the cathode, the anions react with the cations to complete the electrochemical reaction and form a reaction product (e.g., liquid water).In conventional fuel cells, the MEA is positioned between a pair of electrically conductive elements, typically plates, which serve as current collectors for the anode and cathode. The plates are often formed with channels to facilitate thedistribution of the aforemen
United States Patent: 6649031
6,649,031
Corrosion resistant coated fuel cell bipolar plate with filled-in fine
scale porosities and method of making the same
A corrosion resistant coated fuel cell plate and method of making the same
are embodied in a metal plate provided with a multilayered conductive
coating and then with an overcoating which fills in fine scale porosities
in the coating. In one preferred embodiment, the overcoating is amorphous
graphite applied through a deposition process. In another preferred
embodiment, the overcoating is a thin layer of oxide created by a chemical
anodization process.
Iqbal; Zafar (Morristown, NJ), Narasimhan; Dave (Flemington, NJ), Guiheen; James V. (Madison, NJ), Rehg; Timothy (Rancho Palos Verdes, CA)
09/415,466
204/192.15  ; 204/192.16; 204/192.17; 427/123; 427/126.1; 427/249.7; 427/250; 427/255.11; 427/528; 427/530
H01M 8/02&amp;nbsp(20060101); C23C 014/34&amp;nbsp(); C23C 016/00&amp;nbsp()
204/192.15,192.16,192.17 427/123,126.1,249.1,249.7,250,255.11,530,528
Nickols, Jr. et al.
199 46 695
0521045
0 955 686
10-255823
10-308226
2000-67881
2000-164228
WO 96/35825
WO 97/35349
WO 00/21152
&quot;Anodized Aluminum&quot;, American society for Testing and Materials, Feb. 9, 1965, p. 64..
This application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/415,781
entitled &quot;Corrosion Resistant Coated Fuel Cell Bipolar Plate With Graphite
Protective Barrier And Method Of Making The Same&quot; filed herewith.
1.  A method of corrosion passivation of a bipolar plate for a fuel cell, the method comprising the steps of: providing a metal fuel cell bipolar plate;  providing an electrically
conductive corrosion resistant coating over the metal fuel cell bipolar plate, the electrically conductive corrosion resistant coating including a top surface and porosities;  and providing an overcoating over the electrically conductive corrosion
resistant coating, the overcoating sealing some or all of the porosities at the top surface of the electrically conductive corrosion resistant coating.
2.  A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step of providing the electrically conductive corrosion resistant coating includes employing a near-zero bias magnetron sputtering process.
3.  A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step of providing the electrically conductive corrosion resistant coating includes employing a physical vapor deposition (PVD) process.
4.  A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the electrically conductive corrosion resistant coating includes a portion adjacent to the metal fuel cell bipolar plate which promotes adhesion to other portions of the electrically conductive
5.  A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the metal fuel cell bipolar plate is held at room temperature during the step of providing the overcoating.
6.  A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step of providing the overcoating includes employing a physical vapor deposition (PVD) process.
7.  A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the overcoating comprises an electrically conductive overcoating.
8.  A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the overcoating comprises an electrically conductive overcoating that entirely coats the metal fuel cell bipolar plate.
9.  A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the overcoating comprises an electrically insulating overcoating.
10.  A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the overcoating comprises an electrically insulating overcoating that does not entirely coat the metal fuel cell bipolar plate.
11.  A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the overcoating comprises a hydrophobic overcoating.
12.  A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the overcoating comprises a crystalline overcoating.
13.  A method as claimed in claim 12, wherein the crystalline overcoating comprises an aluminum oxide.
14.  A method as claimed in claim 12, wherein the crystalline overcoating comprises a titanium oxide.
15.  A method as claimed in claim 12, wherein the crystalline overcoating comprises a titanium sub-oxide.
16.  A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the overcoating comprises an amorphous overcoating.
17.  A method as claimed in claim 16, wherein the amorphous overcoating comprises an amorphous carbon powder.
18.  A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the metal fuel cell bipolar plate comprises aluminum, an aluminum alloy, or a stainless steel.
19.  A method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising providing a transition metal sublayer onto the metal fuel cell bipolar plate before providing the electrically conductive corrosion resistant coating over the metal fuel cell bipolar plate,
such that the transition metal sublayer is disposed between the metal fuel cell bipolar plate and the electrically conductive corrosion resistant coating.
20.  A method of corrosion passivation of a bipolar plate for a fuel cell, the method comprising the steps of: providing a metal fuel cell bipolar plate;  providing an electrically conductive corrosion resistant coating over the metal fuel cell
bipolar plate, the electrically conductive corrosion resistant coating including a top surface and porosities;  and employing a chemical anodization process to provide an overcoating over the electrically conductive corrosion resistant coating, the
overcoating sealing some or all of the porosities at the top surface of the electrically conductive corrosion resistant coating.
21.  A method as claimed in claim 20, wherein the chemical anodization process includes the steps of: after the electrically conductive corrosion resistant coating is applied to the metal fuel cell bipolar plate, dipping the metal fuel cell
bipolar plate into an acid bath;  and washing the metal fuel cell bipolar plate with deionized water.
22.  A method of manufacturing a bipolar plate for a fuel cell, the method comprising the steps of: providing a metal plate;  providing an electrically conductive corrosion resistant coating over the metal plate, the electrically conductive
corrosion resistant coating including a top surface and porosities;  and providing an overcoating sealing some or all of the porosities at the top surface of the electrically conductive corrosion resistant coating, the overcoating being at least
partially formed as a structure that is free of grain boundaries.
23.  A method of manufacturing a fuel cell plate, a fuel cell conductor element, or a fuel cell current collector element, the method comprising: applying a transition metal sublayer onto a metal structure which comprises aluminum;  applying an
electrically conductive corrosion resistant coating over the sublayer, wherein the electrically conductive corrosion resistant coating comprises titanium aluminum nitride and includes a top surface and porosities;  and applying an overcoating onto the
electrically conductive corrosion resistant coating, sealing porosities at the top surface of the electrically conductive corrosion resistant coating, wherein the overcoating comprises amorphous graphite.
24.  The method of claim 23, wherein the step of applying the sublayer, the step of applying the electrically conductive corrosion resistant coating, the step of applying the overcoating, or a combination thereof, is conducted using a physical
25.  The method of claim 23, further comprising stamping or machining flow field patterns into a surface of the metal structure before application of the sublayer.  Description
This invention was made with support from the government of the United States of America.  The government of the United States of America may have certain rights in this invention.
The present invention relates generally to a corrosion resistant coated fuel cell bipolar plate and a method for making the same and, more specifically, to a coated, corrosion resistant coated fuel cell bipolar plate with filled-in fine scale
porosities and a method of making the same.
Fuel cells such as the Proton Exchange Membrane (&quot;PEM&quot;) fuel cell include a membrane electrode assembly (&quot;MEA&quot;).  The MEA comprises a solid polymer electrolyte or ion exchange membrane positioned between an anode and a cathode which typically
comprise finely divided carbon particles, very finely divided catalytic particles supported on the internal and external surfaces of the carbon particles, and proton conductive material intermingled with the catalytic and carbon particles.
The catalytic particles, e.g., finely comminuted platinum, at each membrane/electrode interface induce the desired electrochemical reaction.  On the anode side, the fuel (e.g., hydrogen) permeates the porous electrode material and reacts with the
catalytic particles to form hydrogen cations (e.g., protons) which migrate through the ion exchange membrane to the cathode side.  On the cathode side, the oxidant (e.g., oxygen-containing gas) reacts with the catalytic particles to form oxygen anions.
At the cathode, the anions react with the cations to complete the electrochemical reaction and form a reaction product (e.g., liquid water).
In conventional fuel cells, the MEA is positioned between a pair of electrically conductive elements, typically plates, which serve as current collectors for the anode and cathode.  The plates are often formed with channels to facilitate the
distribution of the aforementioned gaseous reactants over the anode and cathode catalyst surfaces.  When a plurality of fuel cells are configured as a stack to form a series electrical connection between them, the plates provide the electrical connection
and are often referred to as bipolar plates.  In such a configuration, each bipolar plate conducts current between the anode of one cell to the cathode of the adjacent cell in the stack.
In the PEM fuel cell environment, bipolar plates (and septums) are subject to corrosion.  Therefore, in addition to having sufficient electrical conductivity to provide high performance in a PEM fuel cell, bipolar plates should also be
corrosion-resistant so as to maintain adequate conductivity over extended periods of time.  Graphite plates exhibit these qualities, but are generally, brittle and expensive to manufacture.  Noble metals such as platinum are highly corrosion-resistant
and manufacturable as lightweight thin plates, but the raw material costs for these plates would be prohibitive for many commercial applications.  Lightweight metals such as aluminum and titanium and their alloys are not corrosion resistant in the PEM
fuel cell environment, and contact elements made therefrom typically deteriorate rapidly, or they form highly electrically resistant oxide films on their surface that increase the internal electrical resistance of the fuel cell and reduce its
Thus, a need exists for a fuel cell bipolar plate made from a non-noble, lightweight metal such as aluminum or titanium with surfaces that are protected against corrosion by an electrically conductive, oxidation-resistant barrier, coating or
In an exemplary preferred embodiment, a metal fuel cell bipolar plate is provided with a conductive multilayer coating and then with an overcoating which fills in the fine scale porosities in the underlying coating.  The dimensions of the coating
and the overcoating are selected so that the electrical conductivity of the bipolar plate is not compromised.  The overcoating provides sealing of fine scale porosities and can be continuous if it has inherent conductivity, for example, an overcoating
formed from a slurry of amorphous carbon or a suboxide of titanium.  In the case of amorphous carbon, this overcoating is also hydrophobic which further prevents corrosive electrolytes from penetrating microporosities in the coating.
In another exemplary preferred embodiment, a metal fuel cell bipolar plate is provided with a conductive multilayer coating and then a chemical anodization process is employed to fill in the fine scale porosities in the underlying coating with a
discontinuous overcoating which may not have high electrical conductivity, for example, an aluminum oxide, but which guides electrical charge to the coating through discontinuities in the overcoating.  The filling in of the porosities prevents corrosive
electrolytes from attacking the coated fuel cell bipolar plate.
In another exemplary preferred embodiment, a metal fuel cell bipolar plate is provided with a thin, graphite emulsion coating and then a layer of graphite foil is pressed over the underlying coating.  The emulsion of graphite seals in
microporosities present in the graphite foil.  Additionally, the hydrophobic nature of the graphite emulsion coating and the graphite foil helps prevent corrosive electrolytes from attacking the coated fuel cell bipolar plate.
and many other features and attendant advantages of the present invention will become apparent as the invention becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 4E shows the fuel cell bipolar plate of FIG. 4B after it has been subjected to a chemical anodization process to form a thin, discontinuous top layer composed of an oxide such as aluminum oxide which serves to fill in porosities in the
Referring to FIG. 1, an exemplary preferred method 100 according to the present invention for passivating a bipolar plate for a fuel cell first includes a step 102 of providing a fuel cell bipolar plate 200 (FIG. 3) which can be formed from any
metal, noble or non-noble.  The fuel cell bipolar plate 200 preferably comprises aluminum, an aluminum alloy or stainless steel, is 0.05-2.0 millimeters thick and has flow fields 202 stamped on both sides (only one side of the bipolar plate 200 is shown
in FIG. 3).  Alternative preferred materials for the fuel cell bipolar plate 200 include, but are not limited to, titanium, niobium, chromium, tin, molybdenum, zinc, stainless steel and nickel.  Furthermore, it should be understood that the principles of
the present invention are not limited to bipolar plates and are equally applicable to end plates, current collector elements and electrically conductive elements configured in shapes other than that of a plate.
Generally, the method 100 includes a coating step 110 and one of a deposition overcoating step 120 or a chemical anodization overcoating step 130.  In an exemplary preferred embodiment, the coating step 110 includes a step 112 of coating a top
surface 204 (FIG. 4A) of the bipolar plate 200 with a transition metal sub-layer 206 (FIG. 4A) and then a step 114 of coating the sub-layer 206 with a layer 208 (FIG. 4B) of conductive material.  Both the sub-layer 206 and the layer 208 are electrically
conductive.  The sub-layer 206 and layer 208 are selected such that the layer 208 will adhere to the sub-layer 206 during sputtering.  The sub-layer 206 comprises, for example, titanium sputtered over the top surface 204 to a thickness of approximately 1
micron.  The sub-layer 206 can also be formed from other conductive materials, e.g., stainless steel.
An exemplary preferred layer 208 comprises a range of compositions for titanium aluminum nitride (Ti.sub.x Al.sub.y N), where x=0.50-0.75 and y=0.25-0.50.  Preferred values for x and y are 0.70 and 0.30, respectively.  The titanium aluminum
nitride layer 208 is formed, for example, by simultaneously sputtering Ti and Al with a nitrogen bleed.  The thickness of the layer 208 is preferably in the range of 1 to 5 microns.  The addition of Al to Ti reduces the density of d-electron states and
therefore the oxidation stability of the coating layer 208.  The electrical conductivity of the layer 208 is also reduced relative to TiN by the addition of Al, but still remains very high at the above composition.  Typical resistivities are below 1
milliohm centimeter.  Alternative compositions for the coating 208 include, but are not limited to, titanium nitride, titanium carbide, an alloy of titanium nitride and titanium carbide, which is also referred to as titanium carbonitride, zirconium
nitride and chromium nitride.
A physical vapor deposition (&quot;PVD&quot;) process is preferably used to deposit the sub-layer 206 and the layer 208.  A closed-field, unbalanced magnetron sputter ion plating system (see, e.g., European Patent Specification EP 0 521 045 B1, the
entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference) is preferably employed during the entire coating step 110.  In such a system, unbalanced magnetrons are employed in an arrangement whereby neighboring magnetrons are of opposite magnetic polarity.
Linked magnetic field lines surround the deposition zone where the substrates are located.  This results in significant plasma enhancement due to trapping of the plasma and prevention of ionizing electron losses.  The two main features of such a system
are that: (1) high current density is used to improve both the coating structure and adhesion, and (2) low bias operation is used to deposit coatings at low temperatures and with minimal internal stresses.
Significantly, the low bias (near-zero), low temperature operation causes the crystalline particles of the coating 208 to be smaller in size and more rounded which provides improved meshing of grain boundaries.  This, in turn, results in smaller
porosities in the coating 208.
After the bipolar plate 200 has been stamped or machined with flow field patterns, gas inlets, etc., it is degreased, dried and reductively plasma-etched in the reactor.  Cleaning prior to deposition is carried out with the magnetrons switched on
at low power.  The use of magnetrons at this stage allows a plasma to strike to the plates at low argon pressure of approximately 1.times.10.sup.-3 Torr.
After an initial pump down to a pressure of 10.sup.-6 Torr, the sub-layer 206 and the layer 208 are formed on the plate 200 which is held at room temperature in the deposition chamber.  During the deposition process, the temperature of the plate
rises to between 200.degree.  C. and 350.degree.  C. due to plasma bombardment.  Through appropriate shielding and current control in the deposition chamber, multiple targets can be employed in a conventional fashion to provide the Ti/TiAlN graded
coating described above.  Although magnetron sputtering is preferred because it provides coatings with low porosity, the scope of the present invention additionally contemplates employing alternative deposition processes such as cathodic arc sputtering
and low temperature metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (&quot;MOCVD&quot;).
On examination under a scanning electron microscope, the magnetron-sputtered titanium aluminum nitride layer 208 shows no open porosity in the 0.1 to 1.0 micrometer size range.  However, potentiodynamic corrosion currents measured at 900 mV
versus a saturated calomel electrode suggest that porosities below this range are present.  The overcoating steps 120, 130--alternative processes for sealing the fine scale porosity in the titanium aluminum nitride coating 208--are discussed below.
Referring to FIG. 1, an exemplary preferred deposition overcoating step 120 includes a step 122 of coating the fuel cell bipolar plate 200 (more specifically, the titanium aluminum nitride layer 208) with a transition metal sub-layer 210 (FIG.
4C) and then a step 124 of coating the sub-layer 210 with a hydrophobic amorphous graphite top layer 212 (FIG. 4D).  The transition metal sub-layer 210 can be any metal to which graphite/carbon readily adheres.  An exemplary preferred sub-layer 210
comprises a 0.5-1.0 micron thick layer of chromium.  Other suitable materials for the sub-layer 210 include, but are not limited to, titanium, nickel, iron and cobalt.  The hydrophobic amorphous graphite layer 212 is preferably 2-5 microns in thickness.
The transition metal sub-layer 210 and then the amorphous graphite top layer 212 are deposited using the unbalanced magnetron sputtering process described above with reference to step 110.  The same or a different chamber can be used for the
overcoating step 120.  The bipolar plate 200 to be overcoated is held at room temperature after an initial pump down to 10.sup.-6 Torr.  The amorphous graphite layer 212 is at least partially formed as a continuous, random network structure and is
substantially free of grain boundaries other than macroscopic porosities where deposition did not occur.  After cooling, the bipolar plate 200 is taken out of the deposition chamber for use in a fuel cell without further treatment.
Referring to FIG. 4D, porosities 214 are shown (not necessarily to scale) in the layer 208.  The porosities are coated, but may not be filled in completely, by the transition metal sub-layer 210.  The amorphous graphite layer 212 is shown filling
in the two porosities 214.  It should be appreciated, however, that some porosities (not shown) are too small to be filled in by the amorphous graphite.  Notwithstanding, the hydrophobic nature of the amorphous graphite layer 212--which coats the
perimeter of such porosities even if it does not fill them--helps to prevent gases and water from oxidizing the bipolar plate 200.
Referring to FIG. 1, an alternative to the deposition overcoating step 120 is the chemical anodization overcoating step 130.  In a preferred embodiment, the chemical anodization or oxidation overcoating step 130 seals the fine scale porosities in
the layer 208 with a discontinuous low conductivity oxide layer 216 (FIG. 4E) such as aluminum oxide.  In the case of aluminum oxide, the chemical anodization process infiltrates the fine scale porosity with internal layers of alumina.  The layer 216 is
primarily localized on the porosities as an amorphous structure and guides electrical charge to the layer 208 via discontinuities in the layer 216.  Alternatively, the chemical anodization or oxidation overcoating step 130 seals the fine scale porosities
in the layer 208 with a continuous (or discontinuous) layer 216 of material, such as a suboxide of titanium, which is sufficiently electrically conductive to permit electrical charge to pass through the layer 216 to the layer 208.
An exemplary preferred chemical anodization overcoating step 130 includes a step 132 of dipping the bipolar plate 200 into an acid bath, a step 134 of washing the bipolar plate 200 in deionized water, and a step 136 of boiling the bipolar plate
138 in water.  An exemplary preferred step 132 comprises dipping the coated bipolar plate 200 in concentrated sulfuric acid (95-98% ACS reagent) at ambient temperature for 0.5-1.0 minute.  Alternatively, chromic acid can be used.  Alternatively, elevated
temperatures and surfactants can be used to enhance acid penetration into the porosity 214.  Another alternative is to use electrolytic oxidation.  Next, at step 134, the bipolar plate 200 is removed from the acid bath, immediately immersed in deionized
water and washed until free of acid.  At step 136, the overcoating layer 216 is stabilized by boiling in deionized water for approximately 30 minutes.  The bipolar plate 200 is then taken out of the water bath and blow-dried in air at room temperature
prior to use.  On titanium aluminum nitride, oxidation results in the formation of both aluminum and titanium oxides.
Referring to FIG. 2, an exemplary preferred method 300 according to the present invention for providing a fuel cell bipolar plate with a corrosion-resistant barrier includes a step 302 of cleaning a plate 400 (FIG. 5), a step 304 of applying a
coating 402 (FIG. 6A) to an outer surface 404 of the plate 400, and a step 306 of providing an overcoating 406 (FIG. 6B).  The bipolar plate 400 is the same as the previously described bipolar plate 200 with machined gas inlet holes, but typically is not
formed with flow fields before the coating 402 and overcoating 406 are applied.  An exemplary preferred bipolar plate 400 is made from aluminum and is 0.05-2.0 millimeters thick.
Preferably, the coating 402 and the overcoating 406 are both electrically conductive and hydrophobic.  An exemplary preferred coating 402 is approximately 10 microns thick and comprises sonicated graphite particles in an emulsion, suspension or
paint, e.g., graphite particles in an epoxy resin thinned by an organic solvent, such as toluene.  A suitable graphite emulsion, Electrodag-423SS, is sold by Acheson Colloids Company, 1600 Washington Ave., P.O.  Box 611747, Port Huron, Mich.  48061-1747. An exemplary preferred overcoating 406 comprises exfoliated graphite in the form of sheets of flexible, graphite foil such as those manufactured by UCAR Carbon Company Inc., P.O.  Box 94637, Cleveland, Ohio 44101 and sold under the tradename,
GRAFOIL.RTM..  The graphite foil, GRAFOIL.RTM., is formed from particulate graphite flakes which have been processed through an intercalation process.  Although anisotropic and with some degree of ordering, GRAFOIL.RTM.  is highly electrically conductive
and hydrophobic.  The thickness of the graphite foil overcoating 406 is 0.05-1.0 millimeters, for example, and preferably 0.5 millimeters.
Referring to FIG. 6B, it can be seen that the overcoating 406 has porosities 410.  The coating 402 bonds the overcoating 406 to the bipolar plate 400 and fills the porosities 410.
Referring to FIG. 2, according to the exemplary preferred method 300, the bipolar plate 400 is cleaned at step 302 and then uniformly painted on both sides with the graphite emulsion 402 at step 304.  Next, at step 306, the bipolar plate 400 is
positioned between two sheets of graphite foil 406 under a load represented by arrows 412 (FIG. 6B) of 1,500-2,500 pounds applied by a conventional press (not shown) at a temperature of 50-70.degree.  C. for 30 minutes.  At step 308, the bipolar plate
400 is allowed to cool to room temperature under load and is then taken out of the press.  At step 310, flow fields 414 (FIG. 6C) are formed, for example, by a stamping operation which results in the deformation of both the graphite foil 406 and the
metal plate 400.  For the sake of clarity, the porosities 410 are not shown in FIG. 6C.  Preferably, the sheets of the graphite foil overcoating 406 have the same shape and basal dimensions as the bipolar plate 400.  In an alternative preferred
production method, coils or rolls of plate material and graphite foil are fed together through a conventional roll mill or the like, cut to size after they are pressed together by the roll mill and then stamped to form flow fields.
Although the present invention has been described in terms of the preferred embodiment above, numerous modifications and/or additions to the above-described preferred embodiment would be readily apparent to one skilled in the art.  It is intended
that the scope of the present invention extend to all such modifications and/or additions.
"Corrosion Resistant Coated Fuel Cell Bipolar Plate With Filled-in Fine Scale Porosities And Method Of Making The Same - Patent 6649031"
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