Source: https://fr.scribd.com/document/162188941/Fire-Safe
Timestamp: 2019-09-19 22:56:54
Document Index: 407091262

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Fire Safe | Feu | Risque
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Protecting business and property with insurer approved systems
Large Scale Fire Testing - Comparative Fire Test Data
A detailed research project has been performed to access the performance of different insulation systems. The testing programme was managed by EPIC, ARUP Fire and Warrington Fire Research. The key parameters of the test include: Fully developed fire -1 mega watt fire load. Max temp > 1,000 C at internal liner. LPS 1181 test designed to assess flame spread, ignition and promote flash over conditions.
Effect at 1,000 C internal surface temperature. Stable protective char formed. Char/core expands to fill any gap between facings, consequently no voids. Fire rated urethane core. 70% unaffected, 30% char at 1,000 C. No spread of flame, flashover or fire travel within the core between the facings. At high temperatures greater than 300 C protective char forms. Panels are unaffected away from main fire source.
Polystyrene Panel Systems
External view after the test. Polystyrene melts to produce flaming droplets and fire spread. Illustrates structural collapse of panels. Fire was extinguished by brigade before end of test.
As a consequence of the European Construction Products Directive 89/106/EEC, the adoption of the panEuropean technical specifications, and the new European test methods, the panel industry and its supply base faces a period of change and adjustment. In particular, a new classification system is being introduced for all products to show reaction to fire and fire resistance performance.
European Fire Performance Classication
A new European reaction to fire classification standard has been published as EN 13501-1 Fire classification of construction products and building elements Part 1: Classification using test data from reaction to fire tests. Six primary classifications are defined. Class A1 is the highest level of performance associated primarily with inorganic materials, whilst Class F indicates a material with essentially no resistance to ignition from a small flame. Other supplementary classification is defined for smoke production and flaming droplet performance. As with fire resistance, the classification of a product as a result of a reaction to fire test is included in a classification report, which is issued separately from the test report. The following test methods are relevant: SBI Single Burning Item test (EN 13823) This test evaluates the potential contribution of a product to the development of a fire, where there is a single burning item in the corner of a room near to that product. Ignitability (EN ISO 11925-2) This test evaluates the ignitability of a product when exposed to a small flame. Both test methods are also used in the forthcoming specification EN 14509 Self-supporting metal skin faced insulating panels Specifications, annex C.
The new European fire test standards (ENs) that have been produced have been adopted as national standards. This applies to all countries in the EU. This means for example that the fire resistance standard BS EN 1363-1 (in UK) will have a technical and editorial equivalence with DIN EN 1363-1 (in Germany) and SN EN 1363-1 (in the Czech republic). Existing national standards that conflict with the EN standards must be withdrawn or have their scope amended to restrict their use to products other than construction products.
The following EU Standards are relevant: EN 1363-1 EN 1363-2 EN 1364-1 EN 1364-2 EN 1365-1 EN 1365-2 Fire resistance tests Part 1: General requirements Fire resistance tests Part 2: Alternative and additional procedures Fire resistance tests for non-loadbearing elements Part 1: Walls Fire resistance tests for non-loadbearing elements Part 2: Ceilings Fire resistance tests for loadbearing elements Part 1: Walls Fire resistance tests for loadbearing elements Part 2: Floors and Roofs
EN 13501-2 Fire classification of construction products and building elements Part 2: Classification using Data from fire resistance tests, excluding ventilation services has been published giving details of fire resistance classification. Classification of fire performance following a fire resistance test is expressed in terms of specific characteristics e.g. R loadbearing capacity, E integrity, I insulation. Additional performance parameters e.g. W radiation, S smoke leakage, may also be used. The classification of a product as a result of a fire resistance test is included in a classification report, which is issued separately from the test report.
FM LARGE SCALE FIRE TESTS
LPCB LARGE SCALE FIRE TESTS
Particularly for commercial and industrial buildings, insurers recommend a holistic approach to fire protection that includes individual fire protection measures such as: formation of smaller fire zones by structural separation installation of automatic fire-extinguishing systems nomination of a fire protection manager for the building and holding sufficient supply fire-fighting water These measures complement each other mutually. Each one is aimed at a specific objective and is justified in its own right, but they are integrated together with the goal of fire protection. It is a proven fact that operational fire protection reduces the risk of a fire starting and the danger of a fire spreading. Operational measures should include prohibition of smoking, regular maintenance of safetyrelated equipment as well as staff training. In order to prevent fires, the latest research must be taken into account all stages of a project planning, design of the joints and fastenings, quality control of assembly on site. In this way, the proven fire performance of PUR panel systems can be promoted, and new products and procedures can be developed.
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Fire safety risk assessment is essential for compliance with statutory regulations and standards, and for life safety occupants, business risk planning and property insurance asessment. The guidance provided in this brochure provides a simple and authoritative source of information. The emphasis is on awareness and information with the aim of helping to clarify both statutory and property insurance requirements regarding the performance of Kingspan roof and wall systems.
Kingspan roof and wall systems are used extensively in all building sectors. External roof / wall and internal temperature control panel systems are required to perform many functions: Thermally effective Limit air leakage Structurally efficient Provide fire safety Acoustically compliant Provide safe and fast build quality Ecosafe panel systems achieve Kingspan certified all this functionality and are widely recognised as well by investors, property insurers, designers and constructors for superior fire performance which reduces fire risk. Kingspan panel systems have been tested and approved to European and country specific standards and comply with all building regulations. Furthermore, they comply with the property insurance risk requirements of LPCB (Loss Prevention Council Board) and the FM Global insurance company as follows: To comply with specific fire test standards, no flash over or fire propagation occurs. No flame spread occurs within the panel core. Kingspan roof and wall systems are secured to the main/secondary frame members of the structure to protect fire fighters.
40 years of real fire history indicates that rigid polyurethane insulated external roof and wall panels have an exemplary fire performance record. Collated analysis from real fires shows: There are no recorded incidents where external insulated roof and wall panels have caused or have been involved in the initial stages of a fire. External insulated roof and wall panels only become involved when an internal fire has reached a fully developed state involving total loss of building and contents. Due to the way they are fixed to the structure, the panels which form the external envelope retain their structural integrity until the structural frame fails. Misinformation has caused the fire risk of external sandwich panel envelopes to be sensationalised. Most significant fires and insurance losses have been related to buildings with internal compartments within the food processing industry. Building regulations apply not only to the design and construction of new buildings but also to existing buildings if a material alteration or change of use is being made. It is the building regulations that are likely to have the main impact on the required fire performance of external cladding systems. Each country has its own regulations / standards for fire safety.
Statutory fire safety legislation is primarily concerned with the protection of people from death or injury in fire. However, a fire that causes no physical injuries can still have potentially devastating effects on the viability of a business in terms of: loss of stock direct damage to building lost customers loss of records lost production damage to public image
Therefore, where a fire has the potential to have a substantial impact on the viability of a business or cause large financial losses, consideration should be given to additional fire protection measures over and above those necessary to satisfy the minimum statutory requirements. Insurance premium discounts may be available where a high standard of fire protection is provided. In some cases, insurance cover may not be readily available unless fire protection measures exceed the minimum requirements of building regulations. Kingspan is available to support building owners and tenants when assessing fire risks and to help in negotiations with brokers / insurers.
Although the rigid isophenic used in the panels is unsurpassed in its thermal insulating properties, it is basically combustable, like all organic substances. But the historical fire performance and insurance loss statistics relating to the use of Kingspan isophenic (IPN) panels in the external envelope has been excellent. There is no evidence whatsoever to suggest that Kingspan panel systems are not fit-for- purpose and there is no link with higher insurer losses. This is proven by detailed insurer loss statistics and case studies on fires in buildings clad with such panels. The following findings can be summarized from the research carried out on many real fires where Kingspan insulated roof and wall systems were in use: The panels do not contribute to a fire. They are only damaged in the immediate area of the fire and selfextinguish after the fire load has gone By forming a protective char layer, the fire is starved of oxygen between the metallic skins of the panel. The panels are thus self-extinguishing and do not contribute to a fire. Thermoset rigid isophenic (IPN) does not melt or drip when exposed to fire. Thus, the danger of igniting secondary fires does not arise. The gases given off when PUR/PIR foam burns are less toxic than those given off by conventional building materials (e.g. wood) When used as roof cladding, the sandwich panels resist the spread of fire and reduce radiant heat The additional fire load caused by isophenic panels varies between 3 and 6 kWh/m2 and therefore has very little effect on a fire. This very low value results from the low density of the insulating foam core which is approximately 41 kg/m3 The results from the standardised tests used to determine combustibility are confirmed completely by the behaviour of the panels in practice
The behaviour of KINGSPAN insulated roof and wall panels in a fire is similar to that of other fire-resistant building materials. With respect to current fire regulations and the need to build passive fire protection into a structure, insulated isophenic panel systems are amongst the safest proven building methods.
In recent years, huge confusion has been caused by panel manufacturers and their suppliers making claim and counter claim about the non-combustibility or otherwise of their own and their competitors panel systems.
ABI Definitions of Construction 2003 (ABI - Association of British Insurers)
Denition FIRE RESISTING Description All elements of construction (including oors) to be noncombustible and achieve at least 90 minutes re resistance All elements of construction to be non-combustible OR approved to LPS 1181 INCLUDES FIRESAFE IPN Any building having from 10% up to 35% construction elements of combustible construction. Any building having between 35% and 70% of combustible materials in the elements of construction. Any building having over 70% of combustible materials in their element of construction
PARTLY COMBUSTIBLE
Section cut through the thickness of the panel after 30 minutes exposure showing that the char occurs only in the area of direct flame impingement and there is no fire propagation.
Risk Management Considerations When considering building design and fire protection, it is strongly recommended that early and close liaison is established between the client, the building designer and the insurer. This will provide all parties with the opportunity of discussing and developing the most cost-effective passive and active fire protection measures appropriate to the proposed property and business protection needs. The Risk Assessment Process Insurers will identify with the client the component parts of the business operation and the effect that loss of each will have, not only in direct financial loss terms but also on the profitability of the business. The following is a broad summary of the aspects of the business that will need consideration: Occupancy Usage and Processes Involved; Fire load arising from the occupancy, e.g. type of goods stored and storage heights proposed Premises layout, e.g. proximity of production storage Hazardous Processes; Critical business process, equipment and/or components and stock, e.g. electronic equipment, high value components etc Estimated Values at Risk Buildings; Contents excluding stock Stock Business interruption exposure Surroundings Exposure from other Premises: Type of area, e.g. residential/industrial Fire Protection Distance from the nearest public fire brigade Availability of adequate water supplies for fire fighting Fire detection/protection systems required to augment passive fire protection Security Site Security Requirements Arson risk Insurer certification Loss Prevention Certification Board (LPCB) provides 0stringent testing, certification, approval procedures and guidance contained in the LPCB Design Guide for the Fire Protection of Buildings. These require that the approved systems/equipment are fitfor-purpose when needed FM Global, formally known as Factory Mutual (FM) is a global insurance approval Company for the testing of materials, services and design construction methods
Kingspan provides insurer approved solutions tested in accordance with the LPCB and FM requirements.
These real fire case studies clearly illustrate that regardless of the fire performance of materials used in the construction of buildings, in the event of a major catastrophic fire occurring the structure will collapse causing property and business loss. Therefore contents fire load risk and property/business protection can only be realistically prevented by adopting a holistic fire engineered approach to building design, construction and management of fire safety.
Fiege, Italy
Steel frame and site assembled mineral fibre roof and wall system. Structural failure leading to total building and contents loss (1st & 2nd Image).
The assessment of fire threat to life, the main structure and fabric of the building are based on reducing the risk of an internal or external fire starting, developing or spreading. This creates a focus on the building structure and envelope and the fire protection levels which are required relative to the fire risk. The importance of a threat to the structural integrity of the building in the event of fire has to be taken into account as any main structure failure leads to life safety threat and partial/total building loss. Therefore if the main structure is threatened by fire it can be expected to fail at temperatures between 500 C and 600 C at which point it is almost certain that the contents will also have been destroyed. The best way to protect life and the insured value of the business, contents and the property is to prevent the fire occurring or to suppress it.
Steel frame supporting polyurethane roof and wall panels. Severe fire resulting from ignition of flammable aerosol containers (3rd & 4th Image).
Concrete frame roof structure and metal clad wall. Structural failure leading to total building and contents loss (5th & 6th Image).
Steel or Concrete frame and Secondary Steelwork
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Risks Process, contents and fire load hazard. Flashover point 600 C. Main structure stability is threatened at 500 / 600 C. Property loss, contents and business/interruption losses. Fire crew safety.
Structural Integrity of the Building Framework If unprotected from the impact of fire the main structure stability is threatened at 500 C to 600 C followed by collapse. Should the degree of fire hazard threaten the building structures integrity, the best way to protect the insured value of the business, contents and property is to prevent the fire occurring or to suppress it with property protection sprinklers. Main structure building collapse has the greatest effect on the property, business losses, interruption and the safety of fire crews. Building Regulations now require higher levels of thermal insulation which in the event of a fire accelerate heat/temperature build up, therefore making the main structure more vulnerable to earlier collapse.
Insurer Approved Protection Fire risk assessment may indicate the need for property protection sprinklers to suppress the fire at source, this: Eliminates the risk of main structure failure and collapse. Eliminates total property, contents and business interruption losses. Eliminates fire crew risk.
These case studies clearly illustrate that standard isophenic panels do not present a significant hazard in a real fire situation. Firefighters were able to enter the building safely to extinguish the fire. Further details of these case studies and copies of the Tenos report are available from Kingspan Fire Engineering Services Department.
Gala Bingo, Barnsley
A severe fire took place just before Christmas 2001 at a Gala bingo hall in Barnsley. Tenos who are a leading fire consultancy were commissioned to perform a detailed fire investigation. Tenos visited the South Yorkshire Fire Brigade who attended the fire. The building had standard polyurethane wall panels around its perimeter adjacent to the area where the fire took place. The fire was caused by an electrical fault on a slot machine and developed into a large fire that was so intense that the roof began to collapse. The conclusions made by Tenos are summarised as follows. Conclusions The internal fire reached a fully developed stage. The standard polyurethane panels did not contribute to fire growth and fire spread. Severity of the fire would have been identical if the cladding had been steel sheeting. Panels did not collapse in the fire and remained attached to the building. Firefighters entered the building and extinguished the fire safely.
IP Europe Ltd, Ireland
This fire was at the plant of IP Europe Limited in County Wexford. IP Europe manufacture plastic film and extrusions for a range of applications. In this particular case there was a serious fully developed fire in a manufacturing link corridor between two large manufacturing facilities. Owing to the fact that there was not direct assess to the link corridor firefighters entered the adjacent building and were able to extinguish the fire safely. Conclusions A severe fully developed fire took place - as a result of a large amount of plastic components. The severity of the fire was increased due to the fact that the fire brigade attendance was delayed due to another fire. There was no fire spread through the standard polyurethane insulation to the adjacent manufacturing units. Had this happened the whole factory could have been lost. The PU panel partition wall incorporating fire doors performed well and prevented fire spread. There was minimal smoke damage to the adjacent manufacturing units with minimal loss of production.
This is the first recorded fire in a building clad in LPCB approved PIR panels. This fire occurred in an extension to the hospital under construction. An arsonist ignited a solvent based adhesive poured over a large pile of combustible building materials that was stored in the ground floor of the facility. The ground floor was essentially open with the external cladding starting at the first floor level. Kingspan commissioned Tenos to perform an independent investigation into the fire. This involved a visit to site and discussions with West Yorkshire Fire & Rescue. A detailed report is available. Image 1 The Tenos report concludes In spite of significant heat generated by the fire (sufficient to damage the intumescent coating and distort the steel beams); the orientation of the cladding panels directly above the fire; and the fact that the fire stopping was not in place; the cores of the panels as evidenced by photograph 2, 3 and 4 did not ignite; did not promote fire spread within the core or to the eaves and did not significantly contribute to the products of combustion.
These photographs provide a record of the damage and include some explanatory comments. Image 2 Image 3
Image 1 Side of the building exposed to direct flame impingement and smoke/heat damage from the ground floor. It is clear that the PIR core has not ignited and has played no role in the fire. Image 2 The side of the building that experienced a bigger fire attack. Flames appear to have rise to the eaves a height of approximately 10 metres. The external steel sheet has bowed and delaminated in the areas of flame impingement however, there is no indication the fire has spread through the cladding. Sections were cut out of the short panels in the middle of this photograph in order to inspect the steel column behind the panels. The next photograph shows this more clearly. Image 3 Close-up of the inspection holes cut in the panel after the fire. The insulation core can be seen clearly and looks to be virtually unaffected by the direct flame impingement on the outer steel facing. The steel column was not affected. Image 4 A panel that has been exposed to direct flame impingement on the outer sheet. The metal has been pulled away by contractors to inspect the PIR core. It is clear that the insulation core has been almost unaffected by the fire. Only light charring can be seen.
Fire engineered, regulation compliant insurer approved systems
KINGSPANS RANGE OF FIRESAFE ISOPHENIC (IPN) PANELS
Firesafe is Kingspans range of insurer approved panels These panels with a sophisticated Isophenic core will not promote fire spread, are self extinguishing and give off minimal smoke in a real fire situation The most important way of distinguishing between different panel systems is through fire testing. Building regulation tests are important in this respect but it must always be remembered that the key objective of building regulation guidance is to ensure that personnel can leave the building safely in the event of a fire. (EI resistance tests) Property conservation is not a key consideration to regulators In stark contrast to insurers! Kingspan believes that the only way to test any cladding system is to perform a realistic scale test on the composite product incorporating realistic joint details and fixings. The new Euroclass Reaction to Fire Tests do not fully assess panel performance and should not be taken in isolation. Insurers recognise the limitations of the small scale reaction to fire tests used to demonstrate compliance and have developed their own tests such as FM & LPCB Insurance certificates available are FM Global & LPCB FM Global is an American insurance agency which carries out stringent large scale fire tests. Kingspan has FM unlimited approval which means the panels can be used on buildings of unlimited height Even clients not insured by FM Global will request FM standard products because of their stringent product testing. LPC was purchased by the Building Research Establishment (BRE) from ABI (Association of British Insurers) & Lloyds in 2000. LPCB provide research, testing and Fire test Approvals. LPS 1181 is a wall and ceiling test for insulated panels. LPCB are promoting the LPS 1181 test across Central Europe. Kingspans unique firesafe blend is a patented formula which can not be copied by our competitors.
KINGSPAN PANELS PROFILES Wall Systems - horizontal / vertical
Panels with core from urethane foam or mineral fibre
B (box) M (micro) E (euro)
17,5 8,75
Panels with core from urethane foam only
W (wave) L (tramline) S (segment) N (mini micro)4
24,5 0,8
299 1,5
B (box) MB (minibox) F (smooth)2
6 1 40 10 40
6 10 40 33,33 1 33,33 33,33
Roof Systems - pitch / flat
RW Panels with core from mineral fibre
SX Roof lights
RW / GRP MK1
RW / GRP MK3
Please consult the colour range with Kingspan Technical Design Bureau. * KS 1000 RW can be used as wall panel
Kingspan a. s. Vn 465, 500 03 Hradec Krlov Telefon: +42 (0) 495 866 111, Fax: +42 (0) 495 866 100, E-mail: info@kingspan.cz www.kingspan.info
Due to our continuing policy of development and improvement we reserve the right to alter and amend the specification as shown in this brochure.
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