Source: http://www.google.com/patents/US6662470?dq=5,825,352
Timestamp: 2017-11-22 15:32:30
Document Index: 172160241

Matched Legal Cases: ['art.\n10', 'art.\n29', 'art.\n30', 'art.\n31', 'art.\n32', 'art.\n33', 'art.\n34', 'art.\n35', 'art.\n36', 'art.\n37']

Patent US6662470 - Shoes sole structures - Google Patents
A shoe sole particularly for athletic footwear for supporting the foot of an intended wearer having multiple rounded portions formed by midsole component as viewed in a frontal plane of the sole when the shoe sole is upright and in an unloaded condition. The rounded portions approximate the structure...http://www.google.com/patents/US6662470?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US6662470 - Shoes sole structures
Publication number US6662470 B2
Application number US 09/974,943
Also published as US6675499, US6729046, US7168185, US20020014020, US20020014021, US20020023373, US20040134096
Publication number 09974943, 974943, US 6662470 B2, US 6662470B2, US-B2-6662470, US6662470 B2, US6662470B2
Patent Citations (297), Non-Patent Citations (106), Referenced by (43), Classifications (17), Legal Events (5)
US 6662470 B2
A shoe sole particularly for athletic footwear for supporting the foot of an intended wearer having multiple rounded portions formed by midsole component as viewed in a frontal plane of the sole when the shoe sole is upright and in an unloaded condition. The rounded portions approximate the structure of and support provided by features of the human foot. The rounded portions are located proximate to important structural support areas of an intended wearer's foot on either or both sides of the shoe sole or the middle portion of the shoe sole, or at various combinations of these locations. The midsole component also includes an indentation in the sole midtarsal portion, as viewed in a sagittal plane, and midsole component extends into a sidemost section of the sole and above a lowermost point of the midsole component, as viewed in a frontal plane cross-section when the shoe sole is upright and in an unloaded condition.
1. An athletic shoe sole for supporting a foot of an intended wearer, the shoe sole comprising:
the sole surfaces of the athletic shoe together defining a sole medial side, a sole lateral side, and a sole middle portion between the sole sides;
the sole comprising a heel portion at a location substantially corresponding to a heel of the intended wearer's foot, a forefoot portion at a location substantially corresponding to a forefoot of the intended wearer's foot, and a third portion at a location between the heel and forefoot portions;
the heel portion having a lateral heel part at a location substantially corresponding to the lateral tuberosity of the calcaneus of the intended wearer's foot, and a medial heel part at a location substantially corresponding to the base of the calcaneus of the intended wearer's foot;
the third portion having a lateral midtarsal part at a location substantially corresponding to the base of a fifth metatarsal of the intended wearer's foot, and a main longitudinal arch part at a location substantially corresponding to the longitudinal arch of the intended wearer's foot;
the forefoot portion having a forward medial forefoot part at a location substantially corresponding to the head of the first distal phalange of the intended wearer's foot, and rear medial and lateral forefoot parts at locations substantially corresponding to the heads of the medial and lateral metatarsals of the intended wearer's foot;
at least three rounded portions, each formed by midsole component, each of said rounded midsole portions being located between a concavely rounded portion of an inner surface of the midsole component and a concavely rounded portion of an outer surface of the midsole component, as viewed in a frontal plane cross-section when the shoe sole is upright and in an unloaded condition, the concavity of the concavely rounded portion of the inner surface of the midsole component existing with respect to an intended wearer's foot location inside the shoe, and the concavity of the concavely rounded portion of the outer surface of the midsole component existing with respect to an inner section of the midsole component located adjacent to the concavely rounded outer surface portion;
each of said rounded midsole portions being located at a different position on the sole, the different positions comprising positions near to at least one of the medial heel part, lateral heel part, forward medial forefoot part, rear medial forefoot part, rear lateral forefoot part, lateral midtarsal part, and main longitudinal arch part;
the concavely rounded portion of the outer surface of each of said rounded midsole portions extends at least to a lowermost point of the midsole component, as viewed in each said frontal plane cross-section when the shoe sole is upright and in an unloaded condition;
the sole having a lateral sidemost section being located at a location outside of a straight vertical line extending through the shoe sole at a lateral sidemost extent of the inner surface of the midsole component, as viewed in a shoe sole frontal plane cross-section when the shoe sole is upright and in an unloaded condition;
the sole having a medial sidemost section being located at a location outside of a straight vertical line extending through the shoe sole at a medial sidemost extent of the inner surface of the midsole component, as viewed in a shoe sole frontal plane cross-section when the shoe sole is upright and in an unloaded condition;
a midsole part extends into the sidemost section of the sole side at the location of each of said rounded portions, as viewed in a shoe sole frontal plane cross-section when the shoe sole is upright and in an unloaded condition;
each said midsole part further extends to above a level corresponding to a lowest point of the midsole component inner surface of the same sole side, as viewed in a shoe sole frontal plane cross-section when the shoe sole is upright and in an unloaded condition;
at least part of a midsole component in the sole third portion deviates from a straight line between a lowermost part of the midsole component outer surface of the sole heel portion and a lowermost part of the midsole component outer surface of the sole forefoot portion in a manner whereby the outer surface of said part of the midsole component in the sole third portion is above the straight line between the lowermost part of the midsole component outer surface of the sole heel portion and the lowermost part of the midsole component outer surface of the sole forefoot portion, as viewed in a shoe sole sagittal plane cross-section when the shoe sole is upright and in an unloaded condition;
at least part of the outer surface of the midsole component forms a portion of the outer surface of the shoe sole; and
said shoe sole has a heel portion thickness that is greater than a forefoot portion thickness, as viewed in a shoe sole sagittal plane cross-section when the shoe sole is upright and in an unloaded condition.
2. The shoe sole of claim 1, wherein the part of the midsole component outer surface of the sole third portion that deviates from a straight line is substantially convexly rounded, as viewed in a shoe sole sagittal plane cross-section when the shoe sole is upright and in an unloaded condition, the convexity existing with respect to an inner section of the midsole component located adjacent to the convexly rounded outer surface portion.
7. The shoe sole of claim 1, wherein one said rounded midsole portion is located at the lateral midtarsal part, another said rounded midsole portion is located at the rear lateral forefoot part, and
the sole having a part that deviates from a straight line between a lowermost part of the sole outer surface of the sole heel portion and a lowermost part of the sole outer surface of the sole forefoot portion, in a manner whereby the outer surface of said part of the shoe sole is above the straight line between the lowermost part of the outer surface of the shoe sole in the sole heel portion and the lowermost part of the sole outer surface of the shoe sole in the sole forefoot portion, and said part that deviates from a straight line is located between the lateral midtarsal part and rear lateral forefoot part rounded midsole portions for forming a first flexibility axis in the sole, as viewed in a shoe sole horizontal plane when the shoe sole is upright and in an unloaded condition.
8. The shoe sole of claim 1, wherein one said rounded midsole portion is located at the lateral heel part, another said rounded midsole portion is located at the lateral midtarsal part, and
the sole having a part that deviates from a straight line between a lowermost part of the sole outer surface of the sole heel portion and a lowermost part of the sole outer surface of the sole forefoot portion, in a manner whereby the outer surface of said part of the shoe sole is above the straight line between the lowermost part of the outer surface of the shoe sole in the sole heel portion and the lowermost part of the sole outer surface of the shoe sole in the sole forefoot portion, and said part that deviates from a straight line is located between said rounded midsole portions for forming a flexibility axis in the sole, as viewed in a shoe sole horizontal plane when the shoe sole is upright and in an unloaded condition.
9. A shoe sole according to claim 1, wherein one said rounded midsole portion is located at the lateral midtarsal part.
10. The shoe sole of claim 1, wherein the outer sole is positioned such that at least a portion of said outer sole is located in each frontal plane cross-section which contains a rounded midsole portion.
11. The shoe sole of claim 1, wherein a thickness between the inner surface of the midsole component and the outer surface of the midsole component increases gradually from a thickness at an uppermost point of each of said midsole parts to a lesser thickness at a location below the uppermost point of each of said midsole parts, said thickness being defined as the distance between a first point on the inner surface of the midsole component and a second point on the outer surface of the midsole component, said second point being located along a straight line perpendicular to a straight line tangent to the inner surface of the midsole component at said first point, all as viewed in a frontal plane cross-section when the shoe sole is upright and in an unloaded condition.
12. A shoe sole as claimed in claim 1, wherein the portion of the outer surface of the shoe sole formed by midsole is located in a sidemost section of a shoe sole side.
13. The shoe sole of claim 1, wherein the shoe sole further comprises a part, adjacent to one said rounded midsole portion, that deviates from a straight line between a lowermost part of the sole outer surface of the sole heel portion and a lowermost part of the sole outer surface of the sole forefoot portion, in a manner whereby the outer surface of said part of the shoe sole that deviates from a straight line is above the straight line between the lowermost part of the outer surface of the shoe sole in the sole heel portion and the lowermost part of the sole outer surface of the shoe sole in the sole forefoot portion, as viewed in a shoe sole horizontal plane when the shoe sole is upright and in an unloaded condition.
14. The shoe sole of claim 13, wherein the part of the shoe sole that deviates from a straight line is located anterior to one said rounded midsole portion and the shoe sole includes a second part that deviates from a straight line between a lowermost part of the sole outer surface of the sole heel portion and a lowermost part of the sole outer surface of the sole forefoot portion, in a manner whereby the outer surface of said part of the shoe sole that deviates from a straight line is above the straight line between the lowermost part of the outer surface of the shoe sole in the sole heel portion and the lowermost part of the sole outer surface of the shoe sole in the sole forefoot portion, and said second part that deviates from a straight line is located posterior to one said rounded midsole portion, all as viewed in a shoe sole horizontal plane when the shoe sole is upright and in an unloaded condition.
15. The shoe sole of claim 1, wherein one said rounded midsole portion is located at the heel portion of the shoe sole, and the shoe sole further comprises a first part that deviates from a straight line between a lowermost part of the sole outer surface of the sole heel portion and a lowermost part of the sole outer surface of the sole forefoot portion, in a manner whereby the outer surface of said first part of the shoe sole that deviates from a straight line is above the straight line between the lowermost part of the outer surface of the shoe sole in the sole heel portion and the lowermost part of the sole outer surface of the shoe sole in the sole forefoot portion, said first part that deviates from a straight line being located on a lateral side of the shoe sole anterior to the rounded midsole portion located at the heel portion, and a second part that deviates from a straight line between a lowermost part of the sole outer surface of the sole heel portion and a lowermost part of the sole outer surface of the sole forefoot portion, in a manner whereby the outer surface of said second part of the shoe sole that deviates from a straight line is above the straight line between the lowermost part of the outer surface of the shoe sole in the sole heel portion and the lowermost part of the sole outer surface of the shoe sole in the sole forefoot portion, said second part that deviates from a straight line being located on a medial side of the shoe sole anterior to the rounded midsole portion located at the heel portion, all as viewed in a shoe sole horizontal plane when the shoe sole is upright and in an unloaded condition.
16. The shoe sole of claim 1, further comprising at least three tapered portions each having a thickness that decreases gradually from a first thickness to a lesser thickness, as viewed in a shoe sole horizontal plane when the shoe sole is upright and in an unloaded condition, said thickness of each of said tapered portions being measured from the inner surface of the midsole component to the outer surface of the shoe sole, and each of said tapered portions being located at a location on the shoe sole corresponding to a location of each of the rounded midsole portions.
17. The shoe sole of claim 16, wherein each said concavely rounded portion of the midsole component inner surface extends to an inner surface sidemost extent of said midsole component, as viewed in a shoe sole frontal plane cross-section when the shoe sole is unloaded and in an upright condition.
18. The shoe sole of claim 16, wherein each said concavely rounded portion of the midsole component outer surface extends from the sole middle portion to an outer surface sidemost extent of said midsole component, as viewed in a shoe sole frontal plane cross-section when the shoe sole is unloaded and in an upright condition.
19. The shoe sole of claim 16, wherein each said concavely rounded portion of the midsole component outer surface extends from a location on the midsole component outer surface at about the height of a lowest point of the midsole component inner surface at least to a lowermost point of the outer surface of the midsole component, as viewed in a shoe sole frontal plane cross-section when the shoe sole is unloaded and in an upright condition.
20. The shoe sole of claim 16, wherein each said concavely rounded portion of the midsole component outer surface extends from a location on the midsole component outer surface that is above the height of a lowest point of the midsole component inner surface at least to a lowermost point of the outer surface of the midsole component, as viewed in a shoe sole frontal plane cross-section when the shoe sole is unloaded and in an upright condition.
21. The shoe sole of claim 16, wherein each said concavely rounded portion of the midsole component outer surface extends to a sidemost extent of the midsole component, as viewed in a shoe sole frontal plane cross-section when the shoe sole is unloaded and in an upright condition.
22. The shoe sole of claim 16, wherein the thickness of each said tapered portion tapers to zero, as viewed in a horizontal plane when the shoe sole is upright and in an unloaded condition.
23. The shoe sole of claim 16, wherein at least part of the outer surface of each of said tapered portions is formed by midsole component and is concavely rounded, as viewed in the shoe sole horizontal plane when the shoe sole is upright and in an unloaded condition, the concavity existing with respect to an inner section of midsole component located adjacent to the concavely rounded outer surface of the tapered portion formed by midsole component.
24. The shoe sole of claim 23, wherein the shoe sole comprises at least four said rounded midsole portions.
25. The shoe sole of claim 23, wherein the shoe sole comprises at least five said rounded midsole portions.
26. The shoe sole of claim 23, wherein the shoe sole comprises at least six said rounded midsole portions.
27. The shoe sole of claim 23, wherein the shoe sole comprises at least seven said rounded midsole portions.
28. The shoe sole of claim 23, wherein each said at least one rounded midsole portion encompasses substantially all of its respective part.
29. The shoe sole of claim 28, wherein each said rounded midsole portion encompasses substantially only said respective part.
30. The shoe sole of claim 23, wherein one said rounded midsole portion is located at the lateral midtarsal part.
31. The shoe sole of claim 23, wherein one said rounded midsole portion is located at the main longitudinal arch part.
32. The shoe sole of claim 23, wherein one said rounded midsole portion is located at the medial heel part.
33. The shoe sole of claim 23, wherein one said rounded midsole portion is located at the rear medial forefoot part.
34. The shoe sole of claim 23, wherein one said rounded midsole portion is located at the rear lateral forefoot part.
35. The shoe sole of claim 23, wherein one said rounded midsole portion is located at the lateral heel part.
36. The shoe sole of claim 23, wherein one said rounded midsole portion is located at the forward medial forefoot part.
37. The shoe sole of claim 23, wherein one said rounded midsole portion is located at the rear medial forefoot part and another said rounded midsole portion is located at the rear lateral forefoot part, the sole forming a groove between said rounded midsole portions, as viewed in a shoe sole frontal plane cross-section when the shoe sole is upright and in an unloaded condition.
38. The shoe sole of claim 23, wherein the shoe sole further comprises, at the location of each said rounded midsole portion, a second tapered portion having a thickness that decreases gradually from a first thickness to a lesser thickness, as viewed in a shoe sole horizontal plane when the shoe sole is upright and in an unloaded condition.
39. The shoe sole of claim 38, wherein at least part of the outer surface of each said second tapered portion is formed by midsole component and is concavely rounded, the concavity being determined relative to an inner section of the midsole component adjacent to the concavely rounded outer surface portion of each said second tapered portion, as viewed in a shoe sole horizontal plane when the shoe sole is upright and in an unloaded condition.
40. The shoe sole of claim 38, wherein the thickness of each said tapered portion tapers to zero, as viewed in a horizontal plane when the shoe sole is upright and in an unloaded condition.
41. The shoe sole of claim 40, wherein the thickness of each said second tapered portion tapers to zero, as viewed in a horizontal plane when the shoe sole is upright and in an unloaded condition.
42. A shoe sole as claimed in claim 1, wherein at least a portion of at least one of said rounded portions of the midsole component has a substantially uniform thickness extending through an arc of at least 20 degrees, as viewed in a frontal plane cross-section when the shoe sole is upright and in an unloaded condition.
43. A shoe sole as claimed in claim 42, wherein at least two of said rounded portions has a substantially uniform thickness extending through an arc of at least 20 degrees, as viewed in a frontal plane cross-section when the shoe sole is upright and in an unloaded condition.
44. A shoe sole as claimed in claim 43, wherein at least three of said rounded portions has a substantially uniform thickness extending through an arc of at least 20 degrees, as viewed in a frontal plane cross-section when the shoe sole is upright and in an unloaded condition.
45. A shoe sole as claimed in claim 43, wherein the substantially uniform thickness of the shoe sole, as viewed in a frontal plane cross-section, is different when measured in at least two separate frontal plane cross-sections.
46. A shoe sole as claimed in claim 1, wherein at least a portion of at least one of said rounded portions of the midsole component has a substantially uniform thickness extending substantially to a sidemost extent of the a side of the midsole component, as viewed in a frontal plane cross-section when the shoe sole is upright and in an unloaded condition.
47. A shoe sole as claimed in claim 46, wherein at least two of said rounded portions has a substantially uniform thickness extending substantially to a sidemost extent of a side of the midsole component, as viewed in a frontal plane cross-section when the shoe sole is upright and in an unloaded condition.
48. A shoe sole as claimed in claim 47, wherein at least three of said rounded portions has a substantially uniform thickness extending substantially to a sidemost extent of a side of the midsole component, as viewed in a frontal plane cross-section when the shoe sole is upright and in an unloaded condition.
49. A shoe sole as claimed in claim 47, wherein the substantially uniform thickness of the shoe sole, as viewed in a frontal plane cross-section, is different when measured in at least two separate frontal plane cross-sections.
This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/907,598 filed Jul. 19, 2001, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/734,905, filed Dec. 13, 2000 U.S. Pat. No. 6,308,439, now pending, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/477,954, filed Jun. 7, 1995, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,163,982, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/376,661, filed Jan. 23, 1995, currently pending, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/127,487, filed Sep. 28, 1993, now abandoned, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/729,886, filed Jul. 11, 1991, now abandoned, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/400,714, filed Aug. 30, 1989, now abandoned.
In its simplest conceptual form, the applicant's invention is the structure of a conventional shoe sole that has been modified by having its sides bent up so that their inner surface conforms to a shape nearly identical (instead of the shoe sole sides being flat on the ground, as is conventional). This concept is like that described in FIG. 3 of the applicant's 5,317,819 Patent (“the '819 patent”); for the applicant's fully contoured design described in FIG. 15 of the '819 patent, the entire shoe sole—including both the sides and the portion directly underneath the foot—is bent up to conform to a shape nearly identical but lightly smaller than the contoured shape of the unloaded foot sole of the wearer, rather than the partially flattened load-bearing foot sole shown in FIG. 3.
FIGS. 1A to 11 illustrate functionally the principles of natural deformation.
FIGS. 10A, 10B, 10C, 10D, 10E, 10F, 10G, 10H, 10I, and 10J show a shoe sole having a fully contoured design but having sides which are, abbreviated to the essential structural stability and propulsion elements that are combined and integrated into discontinuous structural elements underneath the foot that simulate those of the foot.
As discussed earlier by the applicant, the critical functional feature of a shoe sole is that it deforms under a weight-bearing load to conform to the foot sole just as the foot sole deforms to conform to the ground under a weight-bearing load. So, even though the foot sole and the shoe sole may start in different locations—the shoe sole sides can even be conventionally flat on the ground—the critical functional feature of both is that they both conform under load to parallel the shape of the ground, which conventional shoes do not, except when exactly upright. Consequently, the applicant's shoe sole invention, stated most broadly, includes any shoe sole—whether conforming to the wearers foot sole or to the ground or some intermediate position, including a shape much smaller than the wearer's foot sole—that deforms to conform to the theoretically ideal stability plane, which by definition itself deforms in parallel with the deformation of the wearer's foot sole under weight-bearing load.
FIG. 3 shows in a real illustration a foot 27 in position for a new biomechanical test that is the basis for the discovery that ankle sprains are in fact unnatural for the bare foot. The test simulates a lateral ankle sprain, where the foot 27—on the ground 43—rolls or tilts to the outside, to the extreme end of its normal range of motion, which is usually about 20 degrees at the heel 29, as shown in a rear view of a bare (right) heel in FIG. 3. Lateral (inversion) sprains are the most common ankle sprains, accounting for about three-fourths of all.
FIG. 7 illustrates that the extremely rigid heel counter 141 typical of existing athletic shoes, together with the motion control device 142 that are often used to strongly reinforce those heel counters (and sometimes also the sides of the mid- and forefoot), are ironically counterproductive. Though they are intended to increase stability, in fact they decrease it. FIG. 7 shows that when the shoe 20 is tilted out, the foot is shifted within the upper 21 naturally against the rigid structure of the typical motion control device 142, Instead of only the outside edge of the shoe sole 22 itself. The motion control support 142 increases by almost twice the effective lever arm 132 (compared to 23 a) between the force couple of body weight and the ground reaction force at the pivot point 23. It doubles the destabilizing torque and also increases the effective angle of tilt so that the destabilizing force component 136 becomes greater compared to the supported component 135, also increasing the destabilizing torque. To the extent the foot shifts further to the outside, the problem becomes worse. Only by removing the heel counter 141 and the motion control devices 142 can the extension of the destabilizing lever arm be avoided. Such an approach would primarily rely on the applicant's contoured shoe sole to “cup” the foot (especially the heel), and to a much lesser extent the non-rigid fabric or other flexible material of the upper 21, to position the foot, including the heel, on the shoe. Essentially, the naturally contoured sides of the applicant's shoe sole replace the counter-productive existing heel counters and motion control devices, including those which extend around virtually all of the edge of the foot.
FIG. 9 illustrates an approach to minimize structurally the destabilizing lever arm 32 and therefore the potential torque problem. After the last point where the constant shoe sole thickness (s) is maintained, the finishing edge of the shoe sole 28 should be tapered gradually inward from both the top surface 30 and the bottom surface 31, in order to provide matching rounded or semi-rounded edges In that way, The upper surface 30 does not provide an unsupported portion that creates a destabilizing torque and the bottom surface 31 does not provide an unnatural pivoting edge. The gap 144 between shoe sole 28 and foot sole 29 at the edge of the shoe sole can be “caulked” with exceptionally soft sole material as indicated in FIG. 9 that, in the aggregate (i.e. all the way around the edge of the shoe sole), will help position the foot in the shoe sole. However, at any point of pressure when the shoe tilts, it will deform easily so as not to form an unnatural lever causing a destabilizing torque.
FIG. 10E shows the horizontal plane bottom view of the right foot corresponding to the fully contoured design previously described, but abbreviated, that is, having indentations along the sides to only essential structural support and propulsion elements which are all concavely rounded bulges as shown. The concavity of the bulges exists with respect to an intended wearer's foot location in the shoe. The essential structural support elements are the base and lateral tuberosity of the calcaneus 95, the heads of the metatarsals 96, and the base of the fifth metatarsal 97 (and the adjoining cuboid in some individuals). They must be supported both underneath and to the outside edge of the foot for stability. The essential propulsion element is the head of the first distal phalange 98. FIG. 10 shows that the naturally contoured stability sides need not be used except in the identified essential areas. Weight savings and flexibility improvements can be made by omitting the non-essential stability sides.
The design of the portion of the-shoe sole directly underneath the foot shown in FIG. 10 allows for unobstructed natural inversion/eversion motion of the calcaneus by providing maximum shoe sole flexibility particularly at a midtarsal portion of the sole member, between the base of the calcaneus 125 (heel) and the metatarsal heads 126 (forefoot) along an axis 120. An unnatural torsion occurs about that axis if flexibility is insufficient so that a conventional shoe sole interferes with the inversion/eversion motion by restraining it. The object of the design is to allow the relatively more mobile (in inversion and eversion) calcaneus to articulate freely and independently from the relatively more fixed forefoot instead of the fixed or fused structure or lack of stable structure between the two in conventional designs. In a sense, freely articulating joints are created in the shoe sole that parallel those of the foot. The design is to remove, nearly all of the shoe sole material between the heel and the forefoot, except under one of the previously described essential structural support elements, the base of the fifth metatarsal 97. An optional support for the main longitudinal arch 121 may also be retained for runners with substantial foot pronation, although would not be necessary for many runners.
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58 Kronos Catalog, 1988.
59 K-Swiss Catalog, Fall 1991.
60 Leuthi et al., << Influence of Shoe Construction on Lower Extremity Kinematics and Load During Lateral Movements In Tennis >>, International Journal of Sport Biomechanics,, vol. 2, pp 166-174 1986.
61 Nawoczenside et al., << Effect of Rocker Sole Design on Plantar Forefoot Pressures >> Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association, vol. 79, No. 9, pp 455-460, 1988.
62 Nigg et al., "Influence of Heel Flare and Midsole Construction on Pronation, Supination, and Impact Forces for Heel-Toe Running," International Journal of Sport Biomechanics, 1988, vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 205-219.
63 Nigg et al., "Influence of Hell Flare and Midsole Construction on Pronation" International Journal of Sport Biomechanics, vol. 4, No. 3, pp 205-219, (1987).
64 Nigg et al., "The influence of lateral heel flare of running shoes on pronation and impact forces," Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, (C)1987, vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 294-302.
65 Nigg et al., "The influence of lateral heel flare of running shoes on pronation and impact forces," Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, ©1987, vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 294-302.
66 Nigg et al., << Biomechanical Aspects of Sport Shoes and Playing Surfaces >>, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Biomechanical Aspects of Sport Shoes and Playing Surfaces, 1983.
67 Nigg et al., Biomechanics of Running Shoes, entire book, 1986.
68 Nigg, << Biomechanical Analysis of Ankle and foot Movement >> Medicine and Sport Science, vol. 23, pp 22-29 1987.
69 Nigg, et al., << The Influence of Lateral Heel Flare of Running Shoes on Protraction and Impact Forces >>, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 294-302 1987.
70 Nike Catalog, Footwear Fall, 1988.
71 Nike Fall Catalog 1987, pp 50-51.
72 Nike Shoe, men's Cross-training Model "Air Trainer SC" 1989.
73 Nike shoe, men's cross-training Model << Air Trainer TW >> 1989.
74 Nike shoe, Model "Air " #1553, 1988.
75 Nike shoe, Model "Air Force" #1978, 1988.
76 Nike shoe, Model << Air >>, #13213 1988.
77 Nike shoe, Model << Air >>, #4183, 1988.
78 Nike shoe, Model << Air Flow << #718, 1988.
79 Nike shoe, Model << Air Revolution >> #15075, 1988.
80 Nike shoe, Model << High Jump 88 >>, 1988.
81 Nike shoe, Model << Zoom Street Leather >> 1988.
82 Nike shoe, Moel, << Leather Cortex(R) >>, 1988.
83 Nike shoe, Moel, << Leather Cortex® >>, 1988.
84 Nike Spring Catalog 1989 pp 62-63.
85 Palamarchuk et al., "In shoe Casting Technique for Specialized Sports Shoes", Journal of the America, Podiatric Medical Association, vol. 79, No. 9, pp 462-465 1989.
86 Prince Cross-Sport 1989.
87 Puma basketball shoe, The Complete Handbook of Athletic Footwear, pp 315, 1987.
88 Romika Catalog, Summer 1978.
89 Runner's World, "Shoe Review" Nov. 1988 pp 46-74.
90 Runner's World, "Spring Shoe Survey", pp 45-74.
91 Runner's World, Apr. 1988.
92 Runner's World, Oct. 1986.
93 Saucony Spot-bilt Catalog 1988.
94 Saucony Spot-bilt Catalog Supplement, Spring 1985.
95 Saucony Spot-bilt shoe, The Complete Handbook of Athletic Footwear, pp 332, 1987.
96 Segesser et al., "Surfing Shoe", The Shoe in Sport, 1989, (Translation of a book published in Germany in 1987), pp. 106-110.
97 Sporting Goods Business, Aug.. 1987.
98 Sports Illustrated, Nike Advertisement, Aug. 8, 1988.
99 Sprts Illustrated, Special Preview Issue, The Summer Olympics << Seoul '88 >> Reebok Advertisement.
100 The Reebok Lineup, Fall 1987, 2 pages.
101 Vagenas et al., << Evaluationm of Rearfoot Asymmetrics in Running With Worn and New Running Shoes << , International Journal of Sport Biomechanics, vol., 4, No. 4, pp 342-357 (1988).
102 Vagenas et al., << Evaluationm of Rearfoot Asymmetrics in Running With Worn and New Running Shoes << ,International Journal of Sport Biomechanics, vol., 4, No. 4, pp 342-357 (1988).
103 Valiant et al., << Study of Landing from a Jump : Implications for the Design of a Basketball Shoe >>, Scientific Program of IX International Congress of Biomechanics, 1983.
104 Williams et al., << The Mechanics of Foot Action During The GoldSwing and Implications for Shoe Design >>, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, vol. 15, No. 3, pp 247-255 1983.
105 Williams, "Walking on Air," Case Alumnus, Fall 1989, vol. LXVII, No. 6, pp. 4-8.
106 World Professional Squash Association Pro Tour Program, 1982-1983.
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U.S. Classification 36/25.00R, 36/88
Cooperative Classification A43B13/145, A43B13/143, A43B13/20, A43B13/18, A43B13/148, A43B13/146
European Classification A43B13/18, A43B13/14W4, A43B13/14W, A43B13/14W6, A43B13/14W2, A43B13/20