Source: http://www.google.com/patents/US7534866?dq=mirroring+data+in+a+remote+data+storage+system
Timestamp: 2016-10-29 00:14:17
Document Index: 161035939

Matched Legal Cases: ['Application No. 20050002945', 'Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60']

Patent US7534866 - Methods and compositions for generating bioactive assemblies of increased ... - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsThe present invention concerns methods and compositions for making and using bioactive assemblies of defined compositions, which may have multiple functionalities and/or binding specificities. In particular embodiments, the bioactive assembly is formed using dock-and-lock (DNL) methodology, which takes...http://www.google.com/patents/US7534866?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US7534866 - Methods and compositions for generating bioactive assemblies of increased complexity and usesAdvanced Patent SearchTry the new Google Patents, with machine-classified Google Scholar results, and Japanese and South Korean patents.Publication numberUS7534866 B2Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 11/478,021Publication dateMay 19, 2009Filing dateJun 29, 2006Priority dateOct 19, 2005Fee statusPaidAlso published asUS7906121, US8246960, US8865176, US9169470, US20070086942, US20090202433, US20110195020, US20130164816, US20150010982, US20150374846Publication number11478021, 478021, US 7534866 B2, US 7534866B2, US-B2-7534866, US7534866 B2, US7534866B2InventorsChien Hsing Chang, David M. Goldenberg, William J. McBride, Edmund A. RossiOriginal AssigneeIbc Pharmaceuticals, Inc.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (13), Non-Patent Citations (31), Referenced by (100), Classifications (69), Legal Events (2) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetMethods and compositions for generating bioactive assemblies of increased complexity and uses
US 7534866 B2Abstract
a. a first peptide selected from AD2 (SEQ ID NO:2) and DDD2 (SEQ ID NO:1);
b. a second peptide selected from AD3 (SEQ ID NO:5), DDD3C (SEQ ID NO:4) and
DDD3 (SEQ ID NO:3); and
c. an adaptor module joining the first and second peptides, wherein the adaptor module is selected from the group consisting of HSP70, α2-macroglobulin, HSA (human serum albumin), hP1 (human protamine 1), a heat shock protein, a human protamine and an Fc fragment of a human antibody.
2. The fusion protein of claim 1, wherein the first peptide is attached to the N-terminal end of the adaptor module and the second peptide is attached to the C-terminal end of the adaptor module.
3. The fusion protein of claim 1, wherein the first peptide is attached to the C-terminal end of the adaptor module and the second peptide is attached to the N-terminal end of the adaptor module.
4. The fusion protein of claim 1, wherein the adaptor module is HSA.
5. The fusion protein of claim 1, wherein the first peptide is AD2 (SEQ ID NO:2) and the second peptide is AD3 (SEQ ID NO:5).
6. The fusion protein of claim 1, wherein the first peptide is DDD2 (SEQ ID NO:1) and the second peptide is DDD3C (SEQ ID NO:4).
7. The fusion protein of claim 1, wherein the first peptide is AD2 (SEQ ID NO:2) and the second peptide is DDD3 (SEQ ID NO:3).
8. The fusion protein of claim 1, wherein the first peptide is AD2 (SEQ ID NO:2) and the second peptide is DDD3C (SEQ ID NO:4).
9. The fusion protein of claim 1, comprising DDD3C (SEQ ID NO:4), linker 1 (SEQ ID NO:6), CH2 (SEQ ID NO:7), CH3 (SEQ ID NO:8), linker 2 (SEQ ID NO:9) and AD2 (SEQ ID NO:2).
a. a fusion protein according to claim 5;
b. a first homodimer comprising two first monomers, each first monomer comprising a first effector attached to DDD2 (SEQ ID NO:1); and
c. a second homodimer comprising two second monomers, each second monomer comprising a second effector attached to DDD3C (SEQ ID NO:4);
wherein the two DDD2 (SEQ ID NO:1) bind to the AD2 (SEQ ID NO:2) and the two DDD3C (SEQ ID NO:4) bind to the AD3 (SEQ ID NO:5) to form the complex.
11. The complex according to claim 10, wherein the first and second monomers are fusion proteins.
12. The complex according to claim 11, wherein the first and second effectors are antibodies, antigen-binding antibody fragments or cytokines.
13. The complex according to claim 12, wherein the first effector comprises the Ig-like domains 1 and 2 of human CD22 and the second effector comprises the extracellular region of human CD20.
14. The complex according to claim 12, wherein the first effector comprises the N-A1 domain of CEACAM5 and the second effector comprises the A3-B3 domain of CEACAM5.
15. The complex according to claim 12, wherein the first effector comprises the hLL1Fab and the second effector comprises the extracellular domain of HER2.
16. A complex comprising:
a. two copies of a fusion protein according to claim 6, wherein the two DDD2 (SEQ ID NO:1) bind to each other and the two DDD3C (SEQ ID NO:4) bind to each other;
b. a first effector attached to AD2 (SEQ ID NO:2); and
c. a second effector attached to AD3 (SEQ ID NO:5);
17. A complex comprising:
a. two copies of a fusion protein according to claim 7, wherein the two DDD3 (SEQ ID NO:3) bind to each other; and
b. two homodimers, each homodimer comprising two copies of a first effector attached to DDD2 (SEQ ID NO:1);
wherein the two DDD2 (SEQ ID NO:1) of each homodimer bind one of the AD2 (SEQ ID NO:2) of the fusion protein to form the complex.
18. A complex comprising:
a. two copies of a fusion protein according to claim 8, wherein the two DDD3C (SEQ ID NO:4) bind to each other;
b. two homodimers, each homodimer comprising two copies of a first effector attached to DDD2 (SEQ ID NO:1); and
c. a second effector attached to AD3 (SEQ ID NO:5)
wherein the two DDD2 (SEQ ID NO:1) of each homodimer bind one of the AD2 (SEQ ID NO:2) of the fusion protein and the two DDD3C (SEQ ID NO:4) bind to the AD3 (SEQ ID NO:5) to form the complex. Description
The present application is a continuation-in-part of PCT Application Serial Nos. PCT/US2006/010762, filed Mar. 24, 2006; and PCT/US2006/012084, filed Mar. 29, 2006; and a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 11/389,358, filed Mar. 24, 2006; and 11/391,584, filed Mar. 28, 2006; and claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. � 119(e) of provisional U.S. Patent Application Ser. Nos. 60/728,292, filed Oct. 19, 2005; 60/751,196, filed Dec. 16, 2005; and 60/782,332, filed Mar. 14, 2006, each cited application incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Various embodiments of the present invention concern methods and compositions for making and using multivalent, multispecific and/or multifunctional complexes. Such complexes find use in a wide variety of applications, particularly in the field of treatment, detection and/or diagnosis of infections, diseases and other health-related conditions, including but not limited to cancer, autoimmune disease, cardiovascular disease, metabolic diseases, degenerative diseases, including such neurologic disorders as Alzheimer's, and organ transplant rejection.
Thus, there remains a need in the art for a general method of making multivalent structures of multiple specificities or functionalities, which are of defined composition, homogeneous purity, and unaltered affinity, and can be produced in high yields without the requirement of extensive purification. Furthermore, such structures must also be sufficiently stable in serum to allow in vivo applications. A need also exists for stable, multivalent structures of multiple specificities or functionalities that are easy to construct and/or obtain in relatively purified form.
The present invention discloses a platform technology for generating bioactive assemblies of increased complexity that are suitable for in vitro as well as in vivo applications. The assemblies are built by site-specific conjugation of at least two different proteins or nonproteins using a strategy that is based on the Dock and Lock (DNL) method as discussed in U.S. provisional patent applications 60/728,292, filed Oct. 19, 2005; 60/751,196, filed Dec. 16, 2005; 60/782,332, filed Mar. 14, 2006; and U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 11/389,358, filed Mar. 24, 2006 and 11/391,584, filed Mar. 28, 2006, (each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety); and reported recently (Rossi et al, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2006, 103: 6841-6846).
Methods of use of bioactive assemblies may include detection, diagnosis and/or treatment of a disease or other medical condition. Such conditions may include, but are not limited to, cancer, hyperplasia, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, sarcoidosis, asthma, edema, pulmonary hypertension, psoriasis, corneal graft rejection, neovascular glaucoma, Osler-Webber Syndrome, myocardial angiogenesis, plaque neovascularization, restenosis, neointima formation after vascular trauma, telangiectasia, hemophiliac joints, angiofibroma, fibrosis associated with chronic inflammation, lung fibrosis, amyloidosis, Alzheimer's disease, organ transplant rejection, deep venous thrombosis or wound granulation.
In particular embodiments, the disclosed methods and compositions may be of use to treat autoimmune disease, such as acute idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, dermatomyositis, Sydenham's chorea, myasthenia gravis, systemic lupus erythematosus, lupus nephritis, rheumatic fever, polyglandular syndromes, bullous pemphigoid, juvenile diabetes mellitus, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, post-streptococcal nephritis, erythema nodosurn, Takayasu's arteritis, Addison's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, sarcoidosis, ulcerative colitis, erythema multiforme, IgA nephropathy, polyarteritis nodosa, ankylosing spondylitis, Goodpasture's syndrome, thromboangitisubiterans, Sjogren's syndrome, primary biliary cirrhosis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, thyrotoxicosis (i.e., Graves' disease), scleroderma, chronic active hepatitis, polymyositis/dermatomyositis, polychondritis, pemphigus vulgaris, Wegener's granulomatosis, membranous nephropathy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, tabes dorsalis, giant cell arteritis/polymyalgia, pernicious anemia, rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, psoriasis or fibrosing alveolitis.
In certain embodiments, the bioactive assemblies may be of use for therapeutic treatment of cancer. It is anticipated that any type of tumor and any type of tumor antigen may be targeted. Exemplary types of tumors that may be targeted include acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, biliary cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, head and neck cancers, Hodgkin's lymphoma, lung cancer, medullary thyroid cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma, renal cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, melanoma, liver cancer, prostate cancer, glial and other brain and spinal cord tumors, and urinary bladder cancer.
Tumor-associated antigens that may be targeted include, but are not limited to, carbonic anhydrase IX, A3, antigen specific for A33 antibody, BrE3-antigen, CD1, CD1a, CD3, CD5, CD15, CD16, CD19, CD22, CD21, CD22, CD23, CD25, CD30, CD45, CD74, CD79a, CD80, HLA-DR, NCA 95, NCA90, HCG and its subunits, CEA (CEACAM-5), CEACAM-6, CSAp, EGFR, EGP-1, EGP-2, Ep-CAM, Ba 733, HER2/neu, hypoxia inducible factor (HIF), KC4-antigen, KS-1-antigen, KS1-4, Le-Y, macrophage inhibition factor (MIF), MAGE, MUC1, MUC2, MUC3, MUC4, MUC16, PAM-4-antigen, PSA, PSMA, RS5, S100, TAG-72, p53, tenascin, IL-6, IL-8, insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1), Tn antigen, Thomson-Friedenreich antigens, tumor necrosis antigens, VEGF, placenta growth factor (PIGF), 17-1A-antigen, an angiogenesis marker (e.g., ED-B fibronectin), an oncogene marker (e.g., bcl-2), an oncogene product, and other tumor-associated antigens. Recent reports on tumor associated antigens include Mizukami et al., (2005, Nature Med. 11:992-97); Hatfield et al., (2005, Curr. Cancer Drug Targets 5:229-48); Vallbohmer et al. (2005, J. Clin. Oncol. 23:3536-44); and Ren et al. (2005, Ann. Surg. 242:55-63), each incorporated herein by reference.
In other embodiments, the bioactive assemblies may be of use to treat infection with pathogenic organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or unicellular parasites. Exemplary fungi that may be treated include Microsporum, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, Sporothrix schenckii, Cryptococcus neoformans, Coccidioides immitis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis or Candida albican. Exemplary viruses include human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes virus, cytomegalovirus, rabies virus, influenza virus, human papilloma virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, Sendai virus, feline leukemia virus, Reo virus, polio virus, human serum parvo-like virus, simian virus 40, respiratory syncytial virus, mouse mammary tumor virus, Varicella-Zoster virus, Dengue virus, rubella virus, measles virus, adenovirus, human T-cell leukemia viruses, Epstein-Barr virus, murine leukemia virus, mumps virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, Sindbis virus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus or blue tongue virus. Exemplary bacteria include Bacillus anthracis, Streptococcus agalactiae, Legionella pneumophilia, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, Pneumococcus spp., Hemophilis influenzae B, Treponema pallidum, Lyme disease spirochetes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium leprae, Brucella abortus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis or a Mycoplasma. Exemplary parasites include Giardia lamblia, Giardia spp., Pneumocystis carinii, Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptospordium spp., Acanthamoeba spp., Naegleria spp., Leishmania spp., Balantidium coli, Trypanosoma evansi, Trypanosoma spp., Dientamoeba fragilis, Trichomonas vaginalis, Trichmonas spp. Entamoeba spp. Dientamoeba spp. Babesia spp., Plasmodium falciparum, Isospora spp., Toxoplasma spp. Enterocytozoon spp., Pneumocystis spp. and Balantidium spp.
Although not limiting, in various embodiments, one or more protein or peptide therapeutic or diagnostic agents may be attached to or incorporated into a bioactive assembly, such as a bacterial toxin, a plant toxin, ricin, abrin, a ribonuclease (RNase), DNase I, Staphylococcal enterotoxin-A, pokeweed antiviral protein, gelonin, diphtherin toxin, Pseudomonas exotoxin, Pseudomonas endotoxin, Ranpirnase (Rap), Rap (N69Q), PE38, dgA, DT390, PLC, tPA, a cytokine, a growth factor, a soluble receptor component, surfactant protein D, IL-4, sIL-4R, sIL-13R, VEGF121, TPO, EPO, a clot-dissolving agent, an enzyme, a fluorescent protein, sTNFα-R, an avimer, a scFv, a dsFv or a nanobody.
In other embodiments, an anti-angiogenic agent may form part of or may be attached to a bioactive assembly. Exemplary anti-angiogenic agents of use include angiostatin, baculostatin, canstatin, maspin, anti-VEGF antibodies or peptides, anti-placental growth factor antibodies or peptides, anti-Flk-1 antibodies, anti-Flt-1 antibodies or peptides, laminin peptides, fibronectin peptides, plasminogen activator inhibitors, tissue metalloproteinase inhibitors, interferons, interleukin 12, IP-10, Gro-β, thrombospondin, 2-methoxyoestradiol, proliferin-related protein, carboxiamidotriazole, CM101, Marimastat, pentosan polysulphate, angiopoietin 2, interferon-alpha, herbimycin A, PNU145156E, 16K prolactin fragment, Linomide, thalidomide, pentoxifylline, genistein, TNP-470, endostatin, paclitaxel, accutin, angiostatin, cidofovir, vincristine, bleomycin, AGM-1470, platelet factor 4 or minocycline.
In still other embodiments, one or more therapeutic agents, such as aplidin, azaribine, anastrozole, azacytidine, bleomycin, bortezomib, bryostatin-1, busulfan, calicheamycin, camptothecin, 10-hydroxycamptothecin, carmustine, celebrex, chlorambucil, cisplatin, irinotecan (CPT-11), SN-38, carboplatin, cladribine, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, dacarbazine, docetaxel, dactinomycin, daunomycin glucuronide, daunorubicin, dexamethasone, diethylstilbestrol, doxorubicin, 2-pyrrolinodoxorubicine (2P-DOX), cyano-morpholino doxorubicin, doxorubicin glucuronide, epirubicin glucuronide, ethinyl estradiol, estramustine, etoposide, etoposide glucuronide, etoposide phosphate, floxuridine (FUdR), 3′,5′-O-dioleoyl-FudR (FUdR-dO), fludarabine, flutamide, fluorouracil, fluoxymesterone, gemcitabine, hydroxyprogesterone caproate, hydroxyurea, idarubicin, ifosfamide, L-asparaginase, leucovorin, lomustine, mechlorethamine, medroprogesterone acetate, megestrol acetate, melphalan, mercaptopurine, 6-mercaptopurine, methotrexate, mitoxantrone, mithramycin, mitomycin, mitotane, phenyl butyrate, prednisone, procarbazine, paclitaxel, pentostatin, PSI-341, semustine streptozocin, tamoxifen, taxanes, taxol, testosterone propionate, thalidomide, thioguanine, thiotepa, teniposide, topotecan, uracil mustard, velcade, vinblastine, vinorelbine, vincristine, ricin, abrin, ribonuclease, onconase, rapLR1, DNase I, Staphylococcal enterotoxin-A, pokeweed antiviral protein, gelonin, diphtheria toxin, Pseudomonas exotoxin, Pseudomonas endotoxin, an antisense oligonucleotide, an interference RNA, or a combination thereof, may be conjugated to or incorporated into a bioactive assembly.
In various embodiments, one or more effectors, such as a diagnostic agent, a therapeutic agent, a chemotherapeutic agent, a radioisotope, an imaging agent, an anti-angiogenic agent, a cytokine, a chemokine, a growth factor, a drug, a prodrug, an enzyme, a binding molecule, a ligand for a cell surface receptor, a chelator, an immunomodulator, an oligonucleotide, an interference RNA, an aptamer, a hormone, a photodetectable label, a dye, a peptide, a toxin, a contrast agent, a paramagnetic label, an ultrasound label, a pro-apoptotic agent, a liposome, a nanoparticle or a combination thereof, may be attached to a bioactive assembly.
Various embodiments may concern bioactive assemblies and methods of use of same that are of use to induce apoptosis of diseased cells. Further details may be found in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20050079184, the entire text of which is incorporated herein by reference. Such structures may comprise a first and/or second binding moiety, such as an antibody or antibody fragment, with affinity for an antigen selected from the group consisting of CD2, CD3, CD8, CD10, CD21, CD23, CD24, CD25, CD30, CD33, CD37, CD38, CD40, CD48, CD52, CD55, CD59, CD70, CD74, CD80, CD86, CD138, CD147, HLA-DR, CEA, CSAp, CA-125, TAG-72, EFGR, HER2, HER3, HER4, IGF-1R, c-Met, PDGFR, MUC1, MUC2, MUC3, MUC4, MUC16, TNFR1, TNFR2, NGFR, Fas (CD95), DR3, DR4, DR5, DR6, VEGF, PIGF, ED-B fibronectin, tenascin, PSMA, PSA, carbonic anhydrase IX, and IL-6. In more particular embodiments, a bioactive assembly of use to induce apoptosis may comprise monoclonal antibodies, Fab fragments, chimeric, humanized or human antibodies or fragments. In preferred embodiments, the bioactive assembly may comprise combinations of anti-CD74 X anti-CD20, anti-CD74 X anti-CD22, anti-CD22 X anti-CD20, anti-CD20 X anti-HLA-DR, anti-CD19 X anti-CD20, anti-CD19 x anti-CD22, anti-CD20 X anti-CD80, anti-CD2 X anti-CD25, anti-CD8 X anti-CD25, and anti-CD2 X anti-CD147. In more preferred embodiments, the chimeric, humanized or human antibodies or antibody fragments may be derived from the variable domains of LL2 (anti-CD22), LL1 (anti-CD74) and A20 (anti-CD20).
In certain embodiments, any therapeutic protein or peptide known in the art may be attached to an AD or DDD sequence and used as an effector in the claimed methods and compositions. A large number of such therapeutic proteins or peptides are known, and are described for example, in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20060084794, “Albumin fusion proteins,” filed Nov. 2, 2005, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Table 1 of 20060084794, which lists various known exemplary therapeutic proteins or peptides of use, including exemplary identifiers, patent reference numbers and preferred indications, is specifically incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Additional therapeutic proteins or peptides of use are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,309,633, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, and may include but are not limited to adrenocorticotropic hormone, ebiratide, angiotensin, angiotensin II, asparaginase, atrial natriuretic peptides, atrial sodium diuretic peptides, bacitracin, beta-endorphins, blood coagulation factors VII, VIII and IX, blood thymic factor, bone morphogenic factor, bone morphogenic protein, bradykinin, caerulein, calcitonin gene related polypeptide, calcitonins, CCK-8, cell growth factors, EGF, TGF-alpha, TGF-beta, acidic FGF, basic FGF, chemokines, cholecystokinin, cholecystokinin-8, cholecystokinin-pancreozymin, colistin, colony-stimulating factors, GMCSF, MCSF, corticotropin-releasing factor, cytokines, desmopressin, dipeptide, dismutase, dynorphin, eledoisin, endorphins, endothelin, endothelin-antagonistic peptides, endotherins, enkephalins, epidermal growth factor, erythropoietin, follicle-stimulating hormone, gallanin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, gastrin-releasing polypeptide, gastrins, G-CSF, glucagon, glutathione peroxidase, glutathio-peroxidase, gonadotropin, gramicidin, gramicidines, growth factor, growth hormone-releasing factor, growth hormones, h-ANP, hormone releasing hormone, human chorionic gonadotrophin, human chorionic gonadotrophin .beta.-chain, human placental lactogen, insulin, insulin-like growth factors, IGF-I, IGF-II, interferons, interleukins, intestinal polypeptide, kallikrein, kyotorphin, luliberin, luteinizing hormone, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, lysozyme chloride, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, melanophore stimulating hormone, mellitin, motilin, muramyl, muramyldipeptide, nerve growth factor, nerve nutrition factors, NT-3, NT-4, CNTF, GDNF, BDNF, neuropeptide Y, neurotensin, oxytocin, pancreastatin, pancreatic polypeptide, pancreozymin, parathyroid hormone, pentagastrin, polypeptide YY, pituitary adenyl cyclase-activating polypeptides, platelet derived growth factor, polymixin B, prolactin, protein synthesis stimulating polypeptide, PTH-related protein, relaxin, renin, secretin, serum thymic factor, somatomedins, somatostatins, substance P, superoxide, superoxide dismutase, taftsin, tetragastrin, thrombopoietin, thymic humoral factor, thymopoietin, thymosin, thymostimulin, thyroid hormone releasing hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyrotropin releasing hormone TRH, trypsin, tuftsin, tumor growth factor, tumor necrosis factor, tyrocidin, urogastrone, urokinase, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, vasopressins, and functional equivalents.
FIG. 1 shows exemplary peptide sequences of use in the formation of bioactive assemblies, including DDD2 (SEQ ID NO:1); AD2 (SEQ ID NO:2); DDD3 (SEQ ID NO:3); DDD3C (SEQ ID NO:4); and AD3 (SEQ ID NO:5). Compositions and methods of use of such sequences for formation of bioactive assemblies are discussed below.
FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram for an X2(Ma)Y2 bioactive assembly, based on a type-a adaptor molecule (Ma), for example attached to one molecule each of AD2 and AD3. The AD2 and AD3 serve as binding sites for DDD2 and DDD3C, for example. Those dimerization and docking domains may in turn be attached to a variety of effectors or binding molecules (X and Y). The result is a heterotetramer comprised of two different homodimers.
FIG. 3 shows a schematic diagram for an X(Mb)2Y bioactive assembly, based on a type-b adaptor molecule (Mb), for example attached to one molecule each of DDD2 and DDD3. Addition of appropriate anchoring domains, for example AD2 and AD3, that are attached to two different effector moieties results in dimerization and formation of the X(Mb)2Y assembly.
FIG. 4 shows a schematic diagram for an X2(Mc)2X2 bioactive assembly, based on a type-c adaptor molecule (Mc), for example attached to one molecule each of DDD3 and AD2. Dimerization of the DDD3 sequences attached to different Mc molecules provides two anchoring sites (AD2) for binding of homodimers, each comprised of, for example, DDD2 attached to an effector X. The resulting bioactive assembly is a homotetramer comprising four copies of effector X.
FIG. 5 shows a schematic diagram for an X2(Md)2YX2 bioactive assembly, based on a type-d adaptor molecule (Md). The difference with the assembly shown in FIG. 4 is that a DDD3C dimerization and docking domain is used, allowing binding of an AD3 anchor domain attached to effector Y.
FIG. 6 shows the complete amino acid sequence of an exemplary DDD3C-CH2-CH3-AD2 construct (see Example 7), comprising DDD3C (SEQ ID NO:4), a first linker (SEQ ID NO:6), CH2 (SEQ ID NO:7), CH3 (SEQ ID NO:8), a second linker (SEQ ID NO:9), and AD2 (SEQ ID NO:2).
A therapeutic agent is an atom, molecule, or compound that is useful in the treatment of a disease. Examples of therapeutic agents include antibodies, antibody fragments, drugs, toxins, enzymes, nucleases, hormones, immunomodulators, antisense oligonucleotides, small interfering RNA (siRNA), aptamers, chelators, boron compounds, photoactive agents, dyes, and radioisotopes. Other exemplary therapeutic agents and methods of use are disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication Nos. 20050002945, 20040018557, 20030148409 and 20050014207, each incorporated herein by reference.
A diagnostic agent is an atom, molecule, or compound that is useful in diagnosing a disease, either by in vitro or in vivo tests. Useful diagnostic agents include, but are not limited to, radioisotopes, dyes (such as with the biotin-streptavidin complex), contrast agents, fluorescent compounds or molecules, and enhancing agents (e.g., paramagnetic ions) for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
A carrier is an atom, molecule, or higher-ordered structure that is capable of associating with a therapeutic or diagnostic agent to facilitate delivery of such agent to a targeted cell. Carriers may include proteins, peptides, lipids (e.g., amphiphilic lipids that are capable of forming higher-ordered structures), polysaccharides (such as dextran), or other higher-ordered structures, such as micelles, liposomes, or nanoparticles.
As used herein, the term antibody fusion protein refers to a recombinantly produced antigen-binding molecule in which two or more of the same or different scFv or antibody fragments with the same or different specificities are linked. Valency of the fusion protein indicates how many binding arms or sites the fusion protein has to a single antigen or epitope; i.e., monovalent, bivalent, trivalent or multivalent. The multivalency of the antibody fusion protein means that it can take advantage of multiple interactions in binding to an antigen, thus increasing the avidity of binding to the antigen. Specificity indicates how many antigens or epitopes an antibody fusion protein is able to bind; i.e., monospecific, bispecific, trispecific, multispecific. Using these definitions, a natural antibody, e.g., an IgG, is bivalent because it has two binding arms but is monospecific because it binds to one epitope. Monospecific, multivalent fusion proteins have more than one binding site for an epitope but only binds to one such epitope, for example a diabody with two binding site reactive with the same antigen. The fusion protein may comprise a single antibody component, a multivalent or multispecific combination of different antibody components, or multiple copies of the same antibody component. The fusion protein may additionally comprise an antibody or an antibody fragment and a therapeutic agent. Examples of therapeutic agents suitable for such fusion proteins include immunomodulators (“antibody-immunomodulator fusion protein”) and toxins (“antibody-toxin fusion protein”). One preferred toxin comprises a ribonuclease (RNase), preferably a recombinant RNase.
An antibody or immunoconjugate preparation, or a composition described herein, is said to be administered in a “therapeutically effective amount” if the amount administered is physiologically significant. An agent is physiologically significant if its presence results in a detectable change in the physiology of a recipient mammal. In particular, an antibody preparation is physiologically significant if its presence invokes an antitumor response or mitigates the signs and symptoms of an autoimmune disease state. A physiologically significant effect could also be the evocation of a humoral and/or cellular immune response in the recipient mammal leading to modulation, growth inhibition or death of target cells.
DNL Based Bioactive Assemblies
Certain embodiments of the invention may concern bioactive assemblies that are built by a site-specific conjugation strategy based on the Dock-and-Lock (DNL) method. The DNL method exploits α-helical peptides that are found in nature to bind specifically with each other. The α-helical peptides are the dimerization and docking domain (DDD) in the regulatory (R) subunits of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and the anchoring domain (AD) in various A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs). By recombinantly fusing or chemically attaching each peptide to an entity of interest, these helices provide an excellent linker module for “docking” the two modified entities into a quasi-stable structure, which is further “locked” into a stable complex via the disulfide linkages formed from cysteine residues introduced into these helices. Two types of R subunits (RI and RII) are identified in PKA and each has α and β isoforms. Because the R subunits have been isolated only as stable dimers and AKAPs bind only to dimeric R subunits, a unique feature of the DNL method is that the entity derivatized with a peptide derived from the DDD always forms a homodimer, resulting in two copies of that entity in the final complex.
Two pairs of interacting DDD and AD peptides are of particular interest as the linker modules. The first pair consists of DDD2 (FIG. 1A, SEQ ID NO:1), derived from the 44-amino terminal residues of human RIIα, and AD2 (FIG. 1B, SEQ ID NO:2), derived from AKAP-IS, a synthetic peptide optimized for RIIα-selective binding (Alto et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2003, 100: 4445-4450). The second pair consists of DDD3 (FIG. 1C, SEQ ID NO:3) or DDD3C (FIG. 1D, SEQ ID NO:4), derived from the peptide fragment (residues 12-61) of human RIα (Leon et al., J Biol Chem, 1997, 272: 28431-28437), and AD3 (FIG. 1E, SEQ ID NO:5), derived from PV-38, a mutant peptide of D-AKAP2 that specifically binds to RIα (Burns-Hamuro et al, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2003, 100: 4072-4077).
In one embodiment, a biological entity, referred to hereafter as the type-a adaptor module (Ma), containing two distinct AD peptides, one reacting preferentially with the DDD of RIIα (for example, AD2 with DDD2), and the other reacting preferentially with the DDD of RIα (for example, AD3 with DDD3C), is produced and used to complex with two other biological entities, referred to hereafter as the peripheral modules, one comprising a homodimer (designated as X2) with each monomeric subunit linked to the DDD of RIIa and the other comprising a different homodimer (designated as Y2) with each monomeric subunit linked to the DDD of RIα, resulting in an assembly of X2(Ma)Y2 that contains five individual components, as illustrated in FIG. 2.
In another embodiment, a biological entity, referred to hereafter as the type-b adaptor module (Mb), which contains two distinct DDD peptides, one reacting preferentially with AD2 (for example, DDD2), and the other reacting preferentially with AD3 (for example DDD3C), is produced as a homodimer, referred to as (Mb)2 hereafter, and used to complex with two peripheral modules, one comprising a monomeric subunit linked to AD2 (designated as X) and the other comprising a different monomeric subunit linked to AD3 (designated as Y), resulting in an assembly of X(Mb)2Y that contains four individual components, as illustrated in FIG. 3.
In yet another embodiment, a biological entity, referred to hereafter as the type-c adaptor module (Mc), containing both AD2 and DDD3, is produced as a homodimer, referred to hereafter as (Mc)2, and used to complex with two identical peripheral modules, each comprising a homodimer (designated as X2) with individual monomeric subunit linked to DDD2, resulting in an assembly of X2(Mc)2X2 that contains six individual components as illustrated in FIG. 4.
In a further embodiment, a biological entity, referred to as type-d adaptor module (Md) hereafter, which contains AD2 and DDD3C (instead of DDD3 as in type-c), is produced as a homodimer, referred to hereafter as (Md)2, and used to complex three peripheral modules, two of which are identical homodimers (designated as X2) with individual monomeric subunit linked to DDD2 and the third one consisting of a monomeric subunit linked to AD3 (designated as Y), resulting in an assembly of X2(Md)2YX2 that contains seven individual components, as illustrated in FIG. 5.
In other embodiments, the bioactive assemblies produced by the present invention may be further conjugated with effectors and carriers to acquire additional functions enabled by such modifications. In addition, bioactive assemblies can be constructed to contain components capable of forming complexes with DNA or RNA, or synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing the immunostimulatory CpG motifs (Klinman, Nat Rev Immunol, 2004, 4: 1-10; Krieg, Nat Rev Drug Discov, 2006, 5: 471-484).
Numerous bioactive assemblies can be designed and produced by the disclosed methods and compositions, with wide applications depending on which type of the adaptor module is selected and what peripheral modules are linked to the adaptor module. Bioactive entities that are of particular interest as the adaptor modules include the Fc of human IgG1, human serum albumin (HSA), various heat shock proteins (HSPs), bioluminescent proteins, human transferrin (hTf), and human protamines. Bioactive entities that may be derivatized to serve as peripheral modules include cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, soluble receptors, antibody fragments, fluorescent proteins, l-peptides, d-peptides, peptides containing unnatural amino acids, peptoids, peptomimetics, DNA sequences, synthetic CpG ODN, small interfering RNAs, human protamine 1, DNA-binding peptides derived from protamines, protein transduction domains, nuclear localization signals, peptides that facilitate transdermal delivery or membrane penetration, DNA or RNA aptamers, peptide aptamers, cholera toxin subunit B monomer, enzymes, polyethylene glycol, nanoparticles, drug-containing polymers, chelates, quantum dots, and various scaffold-based binding proteins such as Nanobody, Evibody, Ankyrin repeat protein, Trans-body, Anticalin, Microbody, AdNectin, Domain antibody, Affibody, Maxibody, Tetranectin, Affilin molecule, iMabs, and Monobody (Hey et al., Trends Biotechnol, 2005, 23: 514-522; Binz et al., Nat Biotechnol, 2005, 23: 1257-1268). Specific compositions of selected assemblies based on type-a, -b, -c, and -d adaptor modules are listed in Tables 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively.
Adaptor modules based on HSPs. Subunit vaccines that consist of well-characterized molecules, although highly desirable due to their superior safety profile and ease of manufacturing, are hampered by their poor immunogenicity and limited stability, which may be remedied by the development of improved delivery vehicles as well as more efficacious yet nontoxic adjuvants. The present compositions and methods can be applied to generate subunit vaccines that (1) contain defined antigenic molecules, (2) have built-in adjuvants to enhance the immune response, and (3) are able to elicit an antigen-specific T cell immunity.
One approach is to generate type-a adaptor modules based on HSPs for linking to peripheral modules derived from target antigens and immune enhancers that are proteins or peptides, resulting in protein- or peptide-based vaccines for direct immunization or ex vivo priming of dendritic cells to achieve both MHC-I and MHC-II presentations (Srivastava, Nat Rev Immunol, 2002, 2: 185-194). Alternatively, the HSP-based adaptor modules are linked to peripheral modules derived from DNA-binding proteins, for example, human protamines (Song et al, Nat Biotechnol, 2005, 23: 709-717), or DNA-binding peptides containing clustered arginine residues, for example, RRRRRRGGRRRRRR (SEQ ID NO:10) (Brewer et al., J Biol Chem, 2003, 278: 42403-42406), and targeting molecules, for example, antibody fragments, resulting in multifunctional assemblies useful as target-specific DNA vaccines upon complexation with plasmids that encode the genes for target antigens or both target antigens and immune enhancers. Further expansion of the spectrum for broader protection by such vaccines is also feasible due to the ability of HSPs to noncovalently associate with a variety of antigenic peptides (U.S. Pat. No. 5,935,576; U.S. Pat. No. 5,750,119). Example 1 describes the generation and use of type-a adaptor modules based on HSPs.
Adaptor modules based on human protamines. Bioactive assemblies that use adaptors modules based on human protamines are particularly suitable for delivery of DNA vaccines, siRNAs, or therapeutic genes to specific cells. A fusion protein (F105-P) consisting of anti-gp120 Fab and human protamine 1 (hP1) has been shown to be effective in delivering plasmids encoding Pseudomonas exotoxin A (Chen et al., Gene Ther, 1995, 2: 116-123) or siRNAs to HIV-infected cells or HIV envelope-expressing tumor cells (Song et al, Nat Biotechnol, 2005, 23: 709-717). Type-b adaptor modules based on hP1 can be generated for linking to peripheral modules derived from different biological entities, such as target specific binding proteins, and the resulting assembly is used as a carrier for target specific delivery of plasmids or siRNAs, which are bound to hP1 by complexation. Alternatively, type-c adaptor modules based on hP1 can be generated for linking to peripheral modules derived from the same biological entity, such as target specific binding proteins, and the resulting assembly, which contains four copies of the target specific binding proteins, is used as a carrier for target specific delivery of plasmids or siRNAs, which are bound to hP1 by complexation. A further embodiment is to generate type-d adaptor modules based on hP1 for linking to peripheral modules derived from two different biological entities and the resulting assembly, which contains four copies of one entity and one copy of the other entity is used as a carrier for plasmids or siRNAs, which are bound to hP1 by complexation. Examples 2 and 3 describe the generation and use of type-b and -c adaptor modules based on hP1, respectively.
Adaptor modules based on the Fc of human immunoglobulins. Fusion proteins containing the Fc of human IgG have many advantages conferred by the innate properties of the Fc. For example, binding of the Fc to the neonatal receptor (FcRn) expressed on lung and intestine epithelium facilitates transport of Fc-fusion proteins across the mucosal barriers (Spiekermann et al., J Exp Med, 2002, 196: 303-310), thus making pulmonary or oral delivery feasible (Dumont et al., J Aerosol Med, 2005, 18: 294-303; Bitonti et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2004, 101: 9763-9768; Low et al., Hum Reprod, 2005, 20: 1805-1813). The pH-dependent binding of the Fc to the FcRn expressed in continuous capillary endothelium also prolongs the serum half-lives of IgG antibodies or Fc-containing fusion proteins. IgG or Fc mutants with higher affinity for the FcRn were shown to substantially increase the serum half-lives of such engineered constructs (Hinton et al., J Immunol, 2006, 176: 346-356; Hinton et al., J Biol Chem, 2004, 279: 6213-6216). On the other hand, IgG or Fc mutants with lower affinity for the FcRn exhibited shorter serum half-lives compared to the corresponding wild types (Kenanova et al., Cancer Res, 2005, 65: 622-631). The ability to tailor the pharmacokinetics of a biological entity containing Fc is very attractive for drug design. The generation and use of type-b, -c, and -d adaptor modules based on the Fc are outlined in Examples 4, 5, and 6, respectively. Detailed methods of constructing the expression vectors for DDD3-CH2-CH3-AD2 and DDD3C-CH2-CH3-AD2 are described in Example 7.
Conjugates of Bioactive Assemblies
Additional moieties can be conjugated to the bioactive assemblies described above. For example, drugs, toxins, radioactive compounds, enzymes, hormones, cytotoxic proteins, chelates, cytokines, and other functional agents may be conjugated to the bioactive assemblies. Conjugation can be via, for example, covalent attachments to amino acid residues containing amine, carboxyl, thiol or hydroxyl groups in the side-chains . Various conventional linkers may be used for this purpose, for example, diisocyanates, diisothiocyanates, bis(hydroxysuccinimide) esters, carbodiimides, maleimide-hydroxysuccinimide esters, glutaraldehyde and the like. Conjugation of agents to the bioactive assemblies preferably does not significantly affect the activity of each subunit contained in the unmodified structures. Conjugation can be carried out separately to the different peripheral modules and the resulting conjugates used for preparing the bioactive assemblies. In addition, cytotoxic agents may be first coupled to a polymeric carrier, which is then conjugated to a bioactive assembly. For this method, see Ryser et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 75:3867-3870, 1978; U.S. Pat. No. 4,699,784 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,046,722, which are incorporated herein by reference. As discussed below, one or more effectors may also be conjugated to a carrier moiety, which may then be targeted to a bioactive assembly by incorporation into the assembly of, for example, a monoclonal antibody or fragment that binds specifically to the carrier moiety. An exemplary use of carrier moieties for delivery of effector molecules to bioactive assemblies localized to a targeted cell, tissue or pathogenic organism is described below in the pre-targeting section.
The conjugates described herein can be prepared by various methods known in the art. For example, a bioactive assembly can be radiolabeled with 131I and conjugated to a lipid, such that the resulting conjugate can form a liposome. The liposome may incorporate one or more therapeutic (e.g., a drug such as FUdR-dO) or diagnostic agents. Alternatively, in addition to the carrier, a bioactive assembly may be conjugated to 131I (e.g., at a tyrosine residue) and a drug (e.g., at the epsilon amino group of a lysine residue), and the carrier may incorporate an additional therapeutic or diagnostic agent. Therapeutic and diagnostic agents may be covalently associated with one or more than one subunit of the bioactive assemblies.
Nanoparticles or nanocapsules formed from polymers, silica, or metals, which are useful for drug delivery or imaging, have been described as well. See, e.g., West et al., Applications of Nanotechnology to Biotechnology (2000), 11:215-217; U.S. Pat. No. 5,620,708; U.S. Pat. No. 5,702,727; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,530,944. The conjugation of antibodies or binding molecules to liposomes to form a targeted carrier for therapeutic or diagnostic agents has been described. See, e.g., Bendas, Biodrugs (2001), 15:215-224; Xu et al., Mol. Cancer. Ther (2002), 1:337-346; Torchilin et al., Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. U.S.A (2003), 100:6039-6044; Bally, et al., J. Liposome Res.(1998), 8:299-335; Lundberg, Int. J. Pharm. (1994), 109:73-81; Lundberg, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. (1997), 49:16-21; Lundberg, Anti-cancer Drug Design (1998), 13: 453-461. See also U.S. Pat. No. 6,306,393; U.S. Ser. No. 10/350,096; U.S. Ser. No. 09/590,284, and U.S. Ser. No. 60/138,284, filed Jun. 9, 1999. All these references are incorporated herein by reference.
A wide variety of diagnostic and therapeutic agents can be advantageously used to form the conjugates of the bioactive assemblies, or may be linked to haptens that bind to a recognition site on the bioactive assemblies. Diagnostic agents may include radioisotopes, enhancing agents for use in MRI or contrast agents for ultrasound imaging, and fluorescent compounds. Many appropriate imaging agents are known in the art, as are methods for their attachment to proteins or peptides (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,021,236 and 4,472,509, both incorporated herein by reference). Certain attachment methods involve the use of a metal chelate complex employing, for example, an organic chelating agent such a DTPA attached to the protein or peptide (U.S. Pat. No. 4,472,509).
In order to load a bioactive assembly with radioactive metals or paramagnetic ions, it may be necessary to first react it with a carrier to which multiple copies of a chelating group for binding the radioactive metals or paramagnetic ions have been attached. Such a carrier can be a polylysine, polysaccharide, or a derivatized or derivatizable polymeric substance having pendant groups to which can be bound chelating groups such as, e.g., ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), porphyrins, polyamines, crown ethers, bis-thiosemicarbazones, polyoximes, and the like known to be useful for this purpose. Carriers containing chelates are coupled to the bioactive assembly using standard chemistries in a way to minimize aggregation and loss of immunoreactivity.
Other methods and reagents that may be applied for preparing such conjugates are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,824,659, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. Particularly useful metal-chelate combinations include 2-benzyl-DTPA and its monomethyl and cyclohexyl analogs, used with diagnostic isotopes in the general energy range of 60 to 4,000 keV. Some useful diagnostic nuclides may include 124I, 18F, 52Fe, 62Cu, 64Cu, 67Cu, 67Ga, 68Ga, 86Y, 89Zr, 94Tc, 94mTc, 99mTc, or 111In. The same chelates complexed with non-radioactive metals, such as manganese, iron and gadolinium, are useful for MRI, when used along with the bioactive assemblies and carriers described herein. Macrocyclic chelates such as NOTA, DOTA, and TETA are of use with a variety of metals and radiometals, most particularly with radionuclides of gallium, yttrium and copper, respectively. Such metal-chelate complexes can be made very stable by tailoring the ring size to the metal of interest. Other ring-type chelates, such as macrocyclic polyethers for complexing 223Ra, may be used.
Therapeutic agents include, for example, chemotherapeutic drugs such as vinca alkaloids, anthracyclines, epidophyllotoxins, taxanes, antimetabolites, alkylating agents, antibiotics, Cox-2 inhibitors, antimitotics, antiangiogenic and proapoptotic agents, particularly doxorubicin, methotrexate, taxol, CPT-11, SN-38, camptothecans, and others from these and other classes of anticancer agents, and the like. Other cancer chemotherapeutic drugs include nitrogen mustards, alkyl sulfonates, nitrosoureas, triazenes, folic acid analogs, pyrimidine analogs, purine analogs, platinum coordination complexes, hormones, and the like. Suitable chemotherapeutic agents are described in REMINGTON'S PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, 19th Ed. (Mack Publishing Co. 1995), and in GOODMAN AND GILMAN'S THE PHARMACOLOGICAL BASIS OF THERAPEUTICS, 7th Ed. (MacMillan Publishing Co. 1985), as well as revised editions of these publications. Other suitable chemotherapeutic agents, such as experimental drugs, are known to those of skill in the art, and may be conjugated to the bioactive assemblies described herein using methods that are known in the art.
Another class of therapeutic agents consists of radionuclides that emit α-particles (such as 212Pb, 212Bi, 213Bi, 211At, 223Ra, 225Ac), β-particles (such as 32P, 33P, 47Sc, 67CU, 67Ga, 89Sr, 90Y, 111Ag, 125I, 131I, 142Pr, 153Sm, 161Tb, 166Ho, 166Dy, 177Lu, 186Re, 188Re, 189Re), or Auger electrons (such as 111In, 125I, 67Ga, 191Os, 193mPt, 195mPt, 195mHg). The bioactive assemblies may be labeled with one or more of the above radionuclides using methods as described for the diagnostic agents.
Exemplary therapeutic peptides or proteins of use as effectors are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,309,633 (incorporated herein by reference) and may include, for example: adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH); adrenocorticotropic hormone derivatives (e.g., ebiratide); angiotensin; angiotensin II; asparaginase; atrial natriuretic peptides; atrial sodium diuretic peptides; bacitracin; beta-endorphins; blood coagulation factors VII, VIII and IX; blood thymic factor (FTS); blood thymic factor derivatives (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,229,438); bombesin; bone morphogenic factor (BMP); bone morphogenic protein; bradykinin; caerulein; calcitonin gene related polypeptide (CGRP); calcitonins; CCK-8; cell growth factors (e.g., EGF; TGF-alpha; TGF-beta; PDGF; acidic FGF; basic FGF); cerulein; chemokines; cholecystokinin; cholecystokinin-8; cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ); colistin; colony-stimulating factors (e.g. CSF; GCSF; GMCSF; MCSF); corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF); cytokines; desmopressin; dinorphin; dipeptide; dismutase; dynorphin; eledoisin; endorphins; endothelin; endothelin-antagonistic peptides (see European Patent Publication Nos. 436189; 457195 and 496-452 and Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication Nos. 94692/1991 and 130299/1991); endotherins; enkephalins; enkephalin derivatives (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,277,394 and European Patent Publication No. 31567); epidermal growth factor (EGF); erythropoietin (EPO); follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); gallanin; gastric inhibitory polypeptide; gastrin-releasing polypeptide (GRP); gastrins; G-CSF; glucagon; glutathione peroxidase; glutathio-peroxidase; gonadotropins (e.g., human chorionic gonadotrophin and alpha. and beta. subunits thereof); gramicidin; gramicidines; growth factor (EGF); growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF); growth hormones; hormone releasing hormone (LHRH); human artrial natriuretic polypeptide (h-ANP); human placental lactogen; insulin; insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I; IGF-II); interferon; interferons (e.g., alpha- beta- and gamma-interferons); interleukins (e.g. 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11 and 12); intestinal polypeptide (VIP); kallikrein; kyotorphin; luliberin ; luteinizing hormone (LH); luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH); lysozyme chloride; melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH); melanophore stimulating hormone; mellitin; motilin; muramyl; muramyldipeptide; nerve growth factor (NGF); nerve nutrition factors (e.g. NT-3; NT-4; CNTF; GDNF; BDNF); neuropeptide Y; neurotensin; oxytocin; pancreastatin; pancreatic polypeptide; pancreozymin; parathyroid hormone (PTH); pentagastrin; polypeptide YY; pituitary adenyl cyclase-activating polypeptides (PACAPs); platelet-derived growth factor; polymixin B; prolactin; protein synthesis stimulating polypeptide; PTH-related protein; relaxin; renin; secretin; serum thymic factor; somatomedins; somatostatins derivatives (Sandostatin; see U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,087,390; 4,093,574; 4,100,117 and 4,253,998); substance P; superoxide dismutase; taftsin; tetragastrin; thrombopoietin (TPO); thymic humoral factor (THF); thymopoietin; thymosin; thymostimulin; thyroid hormone releasing hormone; thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH); thyrotropin releasing hormone TRH); trypsin; tuftsin; tumor growth factor (TGF-alpha); tumor necrosis factor (TNF); tyrocidin; urogastrone; urokinase; vasoactive intestinal polypeptide; vasopressins, and functional equivalents of such polypeptides.
A suitable peptide containing a detectable label (e.g., a fluorescent molecule), or a cytotoxic agent, (e.g., a radioiodine), can be covalently, non-covalently, or otherwise associated with the bioactive assemblies. For example, a therapeutically useful conjugate can be obtained by incorporating a photoactive agent or dye onto the bioactive assemblies. Fluorescent compositions, such as fluorochrome, and other chromogens, or dyes, such as porphyrins sensitive to visible light, have been used to detect and to treat lesions by directing the suitable light to the lesion. In therapy, this has been termed photoradiation, phototherapy, or photodynamic therapy. See Jori et al. (eds.), PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY OF TUMORS AND OTHER DISEASES (Libreria Progetto 1985); van den Bergh, Chem. Britain (1986), 22:430. Moreover, monoclonal antibodies have been coupled with photoactivated dyes for achieving phototherapy. See Mew et al., J. Immunol. (1983), 130:1473; idem., Cancer Res. (1985), 45:4380; Oseroffet al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1986), 83:8744; idem., Photochem. Photobiol. (1987), 46:83; Hasan et al., Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. (1989), 288:471; Tatsuta et al., Lasers Surg. Med. (1989), 9:422; Pelegrin et al., Cancer (1991), 67:2529. Endoscopic applications are also contemplated. Endoscopic methods of detection and therapy are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,932,412; U.S. Pat. No. 5,525,338; U.S. Pat. No. 5,716,595; U.S. Pat. No. 5,736,119; U.S. Pat. No. 5,922,302; U.S. Pat. No. 6,096,289; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,387,350, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
In certain embodiments, the novel constructs and methods disclosed herein are useful for targeted delivery of RNAi for therapeutic intervention. The delivery vehicle can be a bioactive assembly with an internalizing antibody binding domain fused to human protamine (peptide of ˜50 amino acid residues). An example would be an assembly comprising human protamine 1 (hP1) and/or human protamine 2 (hP2), both capable of forming stable DNA or RNA complexes such as RNAi for in vivo applications (Nat. Biotechnol. 23: 709-717, 2005; Gene Therapy. 13: 194-195, 2006). The multivalent complex will facilitate the binding to and receptor-mediated internalization into target cells, where the noncovalently bound RNAi is dissociated in the endosomes and released into cytoplasm. In addition to delivery of RNAi, these constructs may also be of use for targeted delivery of therapeutic genes or DNA vaccines. Another area of use is to apply the technology for producing intrabodies, which is the protein analog of RNAi in terms of function.
Various embodiments of the claimed methods and/or compositions may concern one or more peptide based bioactive assemblies to be administered to a subject. Administration may occur by any route known in the art, including but not limited to oral, nasal, buccal, inhalational, rectal, vaginal, topical, orthotopic, intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intraarterial, intrathecal or intravenous injection.
Unmodified peptides administered orally to a subject can be degraded in the digestive tract and depending on sequence and structure may exhibit poor absorption across the intestinal lining. However, methods for chemically modifying peptides to render them less susceptible to degradation by endogenous proteases or more absorbable through the alimentary tract are well known (see, for example, Blondelle et al., 1995, Biophys. J. 69:604-11; Ecker and Crooke, 1995, Biotechnology 13:351-69; Goodman and Ro, 1995, BURGER'S MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY AND DRUG DISCOVERY, VOL. 1, ed. Wollf, John Wiley & Sons; Goodman and Shao, 1996, Pure & Appl. Chem. 68:1303-08). Methods for preparing libraries of peptide analogs, such as peptides containing D-amino acids; peptidomimetics consisting of organic molecules that mimic the structure of a peptide; or peptoids such as vinylogous peptoids, have also been described and may be used to construct peptide based bioactive assemblies suitable for oral administration to a subject.
Various embodiments may concern antibodies for a target. The term “antibody” is used herein to refer to any antibody-like molecule that has an antigen binding region, and includes antibody fragments such as Fab′, Fab, F(ab′)2, single domain antibodies (DABs), Fv, scFv (single chain Fv), and the like. Techniques for preparing and using various antibody-based constructs and fragments are well known in the art. Means for preparing and characterizing antibodies are also well known in the art (See, e.g., Harlowe and Lane, 1988, Antibodies. A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory). Antibodies of use may also be commercially obtained from a wide variety of known sources. For example, a variety of antibody secreting hybridoma lines are available from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, Va.). A large number of antibodies against various disease targets, including but not limited to tumor-associated antigens, have been deposited at the ATCC and are available for use in the claimed methods and compositions. (See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,060,802; 7,056,509; 7,049,060; 7,045,132; 7,041,803; 7,041,802; 7,041,293; 7,038,018; 7,037,498; 7,012,133; 7,001,598; 6,998,468; 6,994,976; 6,994,852; 6,989,241; 6,974,863; 6,965,018; 6,964,854; 6,962,981; 6,962,813; 6,956,107; 6,951,924; 6,949,244; 6,946,129; 6,943,020; 6,939,547; 6,921,645; 6,921,645; 6,921,533; 6,919,433; 6,919,078; 6,916,475; 6,905,681; 6,899,879; 6,893,625; 6,887,468; 6,887,466; 6,884,594; 6,881,405; 6,878,812; 6,875,580; 6,872,568; 6,867,006; 6,864,062; 6,861,511; 6,861,227; 6,861,226; 6,838,282; 6,835,549; 6,835,370; 6,824,780; 6,824,778; 6,812,206; 6,793,924; 8,783,758; 6,770,450; 6,767,711; 6,764,681; 6,764,679; 6,743,898; 6,733,981; 6,730,307; 6,720,15; 6,716,966; 6,709,653; 6,693,176; 6,692,908; 6,689,607; 6,689,362; 6,689,355; 6,682,737; 6,682,736; 6,682,734; 6,673,344; 6,652,852; 6,635,482; 6,630,144; 6,610,833; 6,610,294; 6,605,441; 6,605,279; 6,596,852; 6,592,868; 6,576,745; 6,572,856; 6,566,076; 6,562,618; 6,545,130; 6,544,749; 6,534,058; 6,528,625; 6,528,269; 6,521,227; 6,518,404; 6,511,665; 6,491,915; 6,488,930; 6,482,598; 6,482,408; 6,479,247; 6,468,531; 6,468,529; 6,465,173; 6,461,823; 6,458,356; 6,455,044; 6,455,040, 6,451,310; 6,444,206′ 6,441,143; 6,432,404; 6,432,402; 6,419,928; 6,413,726; 6,406,694; 6,403,770; 6,403,091; 6,395,274; 6,383,759; 6,383,484; 6,376,654; 6,372,215; 6,359,126; 6,355,481; 6,355,444; 6,355,245; 6,355,244; 6,346,246; 6,344,198; 6,340,571; 6,340,459 each incorporated herein by reference with respect to the ATCC deposit number for the antibody-secreting hybridoma cell lines and the associated target antigens for the antibodies or fragments thereof.) These are exemplary only and a wide variety of other antibody-secreting hybridomas are known in the art. The skilled artisan will realize that antibody-secreting hybridomas against almost any disease-associated antigen may be obtained by a simple search of the ATCC, PubMed and/or USPTO databases for antibodies against the selected disease-associated target of interest.
Another form of an antibody fragment is a peptide coding for a single complementarity-determining region (CDR). CDR peptides (“minimal recognition units”) can be obtained by constructing genes encoding the CDR of an antibody of interest. Such genes are prepared, for example, by using the polymerase chain reaction to synthesize the variable region from RNA of antibody-producing cells. See Larrick et al., 1991, Methods: A Companion to Methods in Enzymology 2:106; Ritter et al. (eds.), 1995, MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES: PRODUCTION, ENGINEERING AND CLINICAL APPLICATION, pages 166-179 (Cambridge University Press); Birch et al., (eds.), 1995, MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, pages 137-185 (Wiley-Liss, Inc.). Where an antibody-secreting hybridoma cell line is publicly available, the CDR sequences encoding antigen-binding specificity may be obtained, incorporated into chimeric or humanized antibodies, and used.
Methods for producing fully human antibodies using either combinatorial approaches or transgenic animals transformed with human immunoglobulin loci are known in the art (e.g., Mancini et al., 2004, New Microbiol. 27:315-28; Conrad and Scheller, 2005, Comb. Chem. High Throughput Screen. 8:117-26; Brekke and Loset, 2003, Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 3:544-50; each incorporated herein by reference). Such fully human antibodies are expected to exhibit even fewer side effects than chimeric or humanized antibodies and to function in vivo as essentially endogenous human antibodies. In certain embodiments, the claimed methods and procedures may utilize human antibodies produced by such techniques.
In one non-limiting example of this methodology, Dantas-Barbosa et al. (2005) constructed a phage display library of human Fab antibody fragments from osteosarcoma patients. Generally, total RNA was obtained from circulating blood lymphocytes (Id.). Recombinant Fab were cloned from the μ, γ and κ, chain antibody repertoires and inserted into a phage display library (Id.). RNAs were converted to cDNAs and used to make Fab cDNA libraries using specific primers against the heavy and light chain immunoglobulin sequences (Marks et al., 1991, J. Mol. Biol. 222:581-97, incorporated herein by reference). Library construction was performed according to Andris-Widhopf et al. (2000, In: Phage Display Laboratory Manual, Barbas et al. (eds), 1st edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. pp. 9.1 to 9.22, incorporated herein by reference). The final Fab fragments were digested with restriction endonucleases and inserted into the bacteriophage genome to make the phage display library. Such libraries may be screened by standard phage display methods, as known in the art. The skilled artisan will realize that this technique is exemplary only and any known method for making and screening human antibodies or antibody fragments by phage display may be utilized.
In another alternative, transgenic animals that have been genetically engineered to produce human antibodies may be used to generate antibodies against essentially any immunogenic target, using standard immunization protocols. A non-limiting example of such a system is the XenoMouse� (e.g., Green et al., 1999, J. Immunol. Methods 231:11-23, incorporated herein by reference) from Abgenix (Fremont, Calif.). In the XenoMouse� and similar animals, the mouse antibody genes have been inactivated and replaced by functional human antibody genes, while the remainder of the mouse immune system remains intact.
The XenoMouse� was transformed with germline-configured YACs (yeast artificial chromosomes) that contained portions of the human IgH and Igkappa loci, including the majority of the variable region sequences, along accessory genes and regulatory sequences. The human variable region repertoire may be used to generate antibody producing B cells, which may be processed into hybridomas by known techniques. A XenoMouse� immunized with a target antigen will produce human antibodies by the normal immune response, which may be harvested and/or produced by standard techniques discussed above. A variety of strains of XenoMouse� are available, each of which is capable of producing a different class of antibody. Such human antibodies may be coupled to other molecules by chemical cross-linking or other known methodologies. Transgenically produced human antibodies have been shown to have therapeutic potential, while retaining the pharmacokinetic properties of normal human antibodies (Green et al., 1999). The skilled artisan will realize that the claimed compositions and methods are not limited to use of the XenoMouse� system but may utilize any transgenic animal that has been genetically engineered to produce human antibodies.
One strategy for use of bi-specific bioactive assemblies includes pre-targeting methodologies, in which an effector molecule is administered to a subject after a bi-specific assembly has been administered. The bi-specific assembly, which would include a binding site for an effector, hapten or carrier and one for the diseased tissue, localizes to the diseased tissue and increases the specificity of localization of the effector to the diseased tissue (U.S. Patent Application No. 20050002945). Because the effector molecule may be cleared from circulation much more rapidly than the bi-specific assembly, normal tissues may have a decreased exposure to the effector molecule when a pre-targeting strategy is used than when the effector molecule is directly linked to the disease targeting antibody.
Pre-targeting methods have been developed to increase the target:background ratios of detection or therapeutic agents. Examples of pre-targeting and biotin/avidin approaches are described, for example, in Goodwin et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,863,713; Goodwin et al., J. Nucl. Med. 29:226, 1988; Hnatowich et al., J. Nucl. Med. 28:1294, 1987; Oehr et al., J. Nucl. Med. 29:728, 1988; Klibanov et al., J. Nucl. Med. 29:1951, 1988; Sinitsyn et al., J. Nucl. Med. 30:66, 1989; Kalofonos et al., J. Nucl. Med. 31:1791, 1990; Schechter et al., Int. J. Cancer 48:167, 1991; Paganelli et al., Cancer Res. 51:5960, 1991; Paganelli et al., Nucl. Med. Commun. 12:211, 1991; U.S. Pat. No. 5,256,395; Stickney et al., Cancer Res. 51:6650, 1991; Yuan et al., Cancer Res. 51:3119, 1991; U.S. Pat. No. 6,077,499; U.S. Ser. No. 09/597,580; U.S. Ser. No. 10/361,026; U.S. Ser. No. 09/337,756; U.S. Ser. No. 09/823,746; U.S. Ser. No. 10/116,116; U.S. Ser. No. 09/382,186; U.S. Ser. No. 10/150,654; U.S. Pat. No. 6,090,381; U.S. Pat. No. 6,472,511; U.S. Ser. No. 10/114,315; U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/386,411; U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/345,641; U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/328,835; U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/426,379; U.S. Ser. No. 09/823,746; U.S. Ser. No. 09/337,756; and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/342,103, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
In certain embodiments, bi-specific assemblies and targetable constructs may be of use in treating and/or imaging normal or diseased tissue and organs, for example using the methods described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,126,916; 6,077,499; 6,010,680; 5,776,095; 5,776,094; 5,776,093; 5,772,981; 5,753,206; 5,746,996; 5,697,902; 5,328,679; 5,128,119; 5,101,827; and 4,735,210, each incorporated herein by reference. Additional methods are described in U.S. application Ser. No. 09/337,756 filed Jun. 22, 1999 and in U.S. application Ser. No. 09/823,746, filed Apr. 3, 2001.
In certain embodiments, a precursor for bioactive assembly formation may comprise an aptamer. Methods of constructing and determining the binding characteristics of aptamers are well known in the art. For example, such techniques are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,582,981, 5,595,877 and 5,637,459, each incorporated herein by reference.
In certain embodiments, the peripheral modules and/or assemblies described herein may comprise one or more avimer sequences. Avimers are a class of binding proteins somewhat similar to antibodies in their affinities and specificities for various target molecules. They were developed from human extracellular receptor domains by in vitro exon shuffling and phage display. (Silverman et al., 2005, Nat. Biotechnol. 23:1493-94; Silverman et al., 2006, Nat. Biotechnol. 24:220.) The resulting multidomain proteins may comprise multiple independent binding domains that may exhibit improved affinity (in some cases sub-nanomolar) and specificity compared with single-epitope binding proteins. (Id.) In various embodiments, avimers may be attached to, for example, DDD and/or AD sequences for use in the claimed methods and compositions. Additional details concerning methods of construction and use of avimers are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 20040175756, 20050048512, 20050053973, 20050089932 and 20050221384, the Examples section of each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention contemplates the use of bioactive assemblies to screen biological samples in vitro and/or in vivo for the presence of the disease-associated antigens. In exemplary immunoassays, a bioactive assembly comprising an antibody, fusion protein, or fragment thereof may be utilized in liquid phase or bound to a solid-phase carrier, as described below. In preferred embodiments, particularly those involving in vivo administration, the antibody or fragment thereof is humanized. Also preferred, the antibody or fragment thereof is fully human. Still more preferred, the fusion protein comprises a humanized or fully human antibody. The skilled artisan will realize that a wide variety of techniques are known for determining levels of expression of a particular gene and any such known method, such as immunoassay, RT-PCR, mRNA purification and/or cDNA preparation followed by hybridization to a gene expression assay chip may be utilized to determine levels of expression in individual subjects and/or tissues. Exemplary in vitro assays of use include RIA, ELISA, sandwich ELISA, Western blot, slot blot, dot blot, and the like. Although such techniques were developed using intact antibodies, bioactive assemblies that incorporate antibodies, antibody fragments or other binding moieties may be used.
Bioactive assemblies incorporating antibodies, fusion proteins, antibody fragments and/or other binding moieties may also be used to detect the presence of a target antigen in tissue sections prepared from a histological specimen. Such in situ detection can be used to determine the presence of the antigen and to determine the distribution of the antigen in the examined tissue. In situ detection can be accomplished by applying a detectably-labeled assembly to frozen or paraffin-embedded tissue sections. General techniques of in situ detection are well-known to those of ordinary skill. See, for example, Ponder, “Cell Marking Techniques and Their Application,” in MAMMALIAN DEVELOPMENT: A PRACTICAL APPROACH 113-38 Monk (ed.) (IRL Press 1987), and Coligan at pages 5.8.1-5.8.8.
Bioactive assemblies can be detectably labeled with any appropriate marker moiety, for example, a radioisotope, an enzyme, a fluorescent label, a dye, a chromogen, a chemiluminescent label, a bioluminescent label or a paramagnetic label.
The marker moiety may be a radioisotope that is detected by such means as the use of a gamma counter or a beta-scintillation counter or by autoradiography. In a preferred embodiment, the diagnostic conjugate is a gamma-, beta- or a positron-emitting isotope. A marker moiety refers to a molecule that will generate a signal under predetermined conditions. Examples of marker moieties include radioisotopes, enzymes, fluorescent labels, chemiluminescent labels, bioluminescent labels and paramagnetic labels. The binding of marker moieties to bioactive assemblies can be accomplished using standard techniques known to the art. Typical methodology in this regard is described by Kennedy et al., Clin. Chim. Acta 70:1 (1976), Schurs et al., Clin. Chim. Acta 81: 1 (1977), Shih et al., Int'l J. Cancer 46: 1101 (1990).
Methods of diagnostic imaging with labeled peptides or MAbs are well-known. For example, in the technique of immunoscintigraphy, ligands or antibodies are labeled with a gamma-emitting radioisotope and introduced into a patient. A gamma camera is used to detect the location and distribution of gamma-emitting radioisotopes. See, for example, Srivastava (ed.), RADIOLABELED MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES FOR IMAGING AND THERAPY (Plenum Press 1988), Chase, “Medical Applications of Radioisotopes,” in REMINGTON'S PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, 18th Edition, Gennaro et al. (eds.), pp. 624-652 (Mack Publishing Co., 1990), and Brown, “Clinical Use of Monoclonal Antibodies,” in BIOTECHNOLOGY AND PHARMACY 227-49, Pezzuto et al. (eds.) (Chapman & Hall 1993). Also preferred is the use of positron-emitting radionuclides (PET isotopes), such as with an energy of 511 keV, such as 18F, 68Ga, 64Cu, and 124I. Such imaging can be conducted by direct labeling of the bioactive assembly, or by a pretargeted imaging method, as described in Goldenberg et al, “Antibody Pre-targeting Advances Cancer Radioimmunodetection and Radioimmunotherapy,” (J Clin Oncol 2006; 24:823-834), see also U.S. Patent Publication Nos. 20050002945, 20040018557, 20030148409 and 20050014207, each incorporated herein by reference.
The bioactive assemblies, or haptens or carriers that bind to them, also can be labeled with paramagnetic ions and a variety of radiological contrast agents for purposes of in vivo diagnosis. Contrast agents that are particularly useful for magnetic resonance imaging comprise gadolinium, manganese, dysprosium, lanthanum, or iron ions. Additional agents include chromium, copper, cobalt, nickel, rhenium, europium, terbium, holmium, or neodymium. ligands, antibodies and fragments thereof can also be conjugated to ultrasound contrast/enhancing agents. For example, one ultrasound contrast agent is a liposome that comprises a humanized IgG or fragment thereof. Also preferred, the ultrasound contrast agent is a liposome that is gas filled.
Radioisotopes of potential use as imaging or therapeutic agents include astatine211, carbon14, chromium51, chlorine36, cobalt57, cobalt58, copper62, copper64, copper67, Eu152, fluorine18, gallium67, gallium68, hydrogen3, iodine123, iodine124, iodine125, iodine131, indium111, iron52, iron59, lutetium177, phosphorus32, phosphorus33, rhenium186, rhenium188, Sc47, selenium75, silver111, sulphur35, technetium94m, technetium99m, yttrium86 and yttrium90, and zirconium89. I125 is often being preferred for use in certain embodiments, and technetium99m and indium111 are also often preferred due to their low energy and suitability for long-range detection.
In some embodiments, a bioactive assembly and/or one or more other therapeutic agents may be administered to a subject, such as a subject with cancer. Such agents may be administered in the form of pharmaceutical compositions. Generally, this will entail preparing compositions that are essentially free of impurities that could be harmful to humans or animals. One skilled in the art would know that a pharmaceutical composition can be administered to a subject by various routes including, for example, orally or parenterally, such as intravenously.
In certain embodiments, chemotherapeutic agents may be administered. Anti-cancer chemotherapeutic agents of use include, but are not limited to, 5-fluorouracil, bleomycin, busulfan, camptothecins, carboplatin, chlorambucil, cisplatin (CDDP), cyclophosphamide, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, estrogen receptor binding agents, etoposide (VP16), farnesyl-protein transferase inhibitors, gemcitabine, ifosfamide, mechlorethamine, melphalan, methotrexate, mitomycin, navelbine, nitrosurea, plicomycin, procarbazine, raloxifene, tamoxifen, taxol, temazolomide (an aqueous form of DTICo), transplatinum, vinblastine and methotrexate, vincristine, or any analog or derivative variant of the foregoing. Chemotherapeutic agents of use against infectious organisms include, but are not limited to, acyclovir, albendazole, amantadine, amikacin, amoxicillin, amphotericin B, ampicillin, aztreonam, azithromycin, bacitracin, bactrim, Batrafen�, bifonazole, carbenicillin, caspofungin, cefaclor, cefazolin, cephalosporins, cefepime, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, chloramphenicol, cidofovir, Cipro�, clarithromycin, clavulanic acid, clotrimazole, cloxacillin, doxycycline, econazole, erythrocycline, erythromycin, flagyl, fluconazole, flucytosine, foscarnet, furazolidone, ganciclovir, gentamycin, imipenem, isoniazid, itraconazole, kanamycin, ketoconazole, lincomycin, linezolid, meropenem, miconazole, minocycline, naftifine, nalidixic acid, neomycin, netilmicin, nitrofurantoin, nystatin, oseltamivir, oxacillin, paromomycin, penicillin, pentamidine, piperacillin-tazobactam, rifabutin, rifampin, rimantadine, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, sulfasalazine, tetracycline, tioconazole, tobramycin, tolciclate, tolnaftate, trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole, valacyclovir, vancomycin, zanamir, and zithromycin.
In certain embodiments, anti-angiogenic agents, such as angiostatin, baculostatin, canstatin, maspin, anti-VEGF antibodies, anti-P1GF peptides and antibodies, anti-vascular growth factor antibodies, anti-Flk-1 antibodies, anti-Flt-1 antibodies and peptides, laminin peptides, fibronectin peptides, plasminogen activator inhibitors, tissue metalloproteinase inhibitors, interferons, interleukin-12, IP-10, Gro-β, thrombospondin, 2-methoxyoestradiol, proliferin-related protein, carboxiamidotriazole, CM101, Marimastat, pentosan polysulphate, angiopoietin-2, interferon-alpha, herbimycin A, PNU145156E, 16K prolactin fragment, Linomide, thalidomide, pentoxifylline, genistein, TNP-470, endostatin, paclitaxel, accutin, angiostatin, cidofovir, vincristine, bleomycin, AGM-1470, platelet factor 4 or minocycline may be of use.
The term “cytokine” is a generic term for proteins or peptides released by one cell population which act on another cell as intercellular mediators. As used broadly herein, examples of cytokines include lymphokines, monokines, growth factors and traditional polypeptide hormones. Included among the cytokines are growth hormones such as human growth hormone, N-methionyl human growth hormone, and bovine growth hormone; parathyroid hormone; thyroxine; insulin; proinsulin; relaxin; prorelaxin; glycoprotein hormones such as follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH); hepatic growth factor; prostaglandin, fibroblast growth factor; prolactin; placental lactogen, OB protein; tumor necrosis factor-βand -β; mullerian-inhibiting substance; mouse gonadotropin-associated peptide; inhibin; activin; vascular endothelial growth factor; integrin; thrombopoietin (TPO); nerve growth factors such as NGF-β; platelet-growth factor; transforming growth factors (TGFs) such as TGF-α and TGF-β; insulin-like growth factor-I and -II; erythropoietin (EPO); osteoinductive factors; interferons such as interferon-α, -β, and -γ; colony stimulating factors (CSFs) such as macrophage-CSF (M-CSF); granulocyte-macrophage-CSF (GM-CSF); and granulocyte-CSF (G-CSF); interleukins (ILs) such as IL-1, IL-1α, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-11, IL-12; IL-13, IL-14, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17, IL-18, IL-21, LIF, G-CSF, GM-CSF, M-CSF, EPO, kit-ligand or FLT-3, angiostatin, thrombospondin, endostatin, tumor necrosis factor and LT. As used herein, the term cytokine includes proteins from natural sources or from recombinant cell culture and biologically active equivalents of the native sequence cytokines.
In some embodiments, the peptides and/or proteins may be of use in radionuclide therapy or radioimmunotherapy methods (see, e.g., Govindan et al., 2005, Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment, 4:375-91; Sharkey and Goldenberg, 2005, J. Nucl. Med. 46:115 S-127S; Goldenberg et al. (J Clin Oncol 2006; 24:823-834), “Antibody Pre-targeting Advances Cancer Radioimmunodetection and Radioimmunotherapy,” each incorporated herein by reference.) In specific embodiments, bioactive assemblies may be directly tagged with a radioisotope of use and administered to a subject. In alternative embodiments, radioisotope(s) may be administered in a pre-targeting method as discussed above, using a haptenic peptide or ligand that is radiolabeled and injected after administration of a bispecific bioactive assembly that localizes at the site of elevated expression in the diseased tissue.
Radioactive isotopes useful for treating diseased tissue include, but are not limited to—111In, 177Lu, 212Bi, 211At, 62Cu, 67Cu, 90Y, 125I, 131I, 32P, 33P, 47Sc, 111Ag, 67Ga 142Pr, 153Sm, 161Tb, 166Dy, 166Ho, 186Re, 188Re, 189Re, 212Pb, 223Ra, 225Ac, 59Fe, 75Se, 77As, 89Sr, 99Mo, 105Rh, 109Pd, 143Pr, 149Pm, 169Er, 194Ir, 198Au, 199Au, and 211Pb. The therapeutic radionuclide preferably has a decay energy in the range of 20 to 6,000 keV, preferably in the ranges 60 to 200 keV for an Auger emitter, 100-2,500 keV for a beta emitter, and 4,000-6,000 keV for an alpha emitter. Maximum decay energies of useful beta-particle-emitting nuclides are preferably 20-5,000 keV, more preferably 100-4,000 keV, and most preferably 500-2,500 keV. Also preferred are radionuclides that substantially decay with Auger-emitting particles. For example, Co-58, Ga-67, Br-80m, Tc-99m, Rh-103m, Pt-109, In-111, Sb-119, 1-125, Ho-161, Os-189m and Ir-192. Decay energies of useful beta-particle-emitting nuclides are preferably <1,000 keV, more preferably <100 keV, and most preferably <70 keV. Also preferred are radionuclides that substantially decay with generation of alpha-particles. Such radionuclides include, but are not limited to: Dy-152, At-211, Bi-212, Ra-223, Rn-219, Po-215, Bi-211, Ac-225, Fr-221, At-217, Bi-213 and Fm-255. Decay energies of useful alpha-particle-emitting radionuclides are preferably 2,000-10,000 keV, more preferably 3,000-8,000 keV, and most preferably 4,000-7,000 keV.
Additional potential radioisotopes include 11C, 13N, 15O, 75Br, 198Au, 224Ac, 126I, 133I , 77Br, 113In, 95Ru, 97Ru, 103Ru, 105Ru, 107Hg, 203Hg, 121mTe, 122mTe, 122mTe, 125Te, 165Tm, 167Tm, 168Tm, 197Pt, 109Pd, 105Rh, 142Pr, 143Pr, 161Tb, 166Ho, 199Au, 57Co, 58Co, 51Cr, 59Fe, 75Se, 201Tl, 225Ac, 76Br, 169Yb, and the like.
Various embodiments may concern kits containing components suitable for treating or diagnosing diseased tissue in a patient. Exemplary kits may contain at least one bioactive assembly. If the composition containing components for administration is not formulated for delivery via the alimentary canal, such as by oral delivery, a device capable of delivering the kit components through some other route may be included. One type of device, for applications such as parenteral delivery, is a syringe that is used to inject the composition into the body of a subject. Inhalation devices may also be used.
The following examples are provided to illustrate, but not to limit the claims of the present invention.
Generation of a Fusion Protein Comprising a Heat Shock Protein, AD2 and AD3 (Type-a Adaptor Module) and Use
A fusion protein in which AD2 and AD3 are linked, respectively, to the amino and carboxyl termini of a heat shock protein such as HSP70 or gp96 can be further docked and locked with two peripheral modules, one consisting of a DDD2-linked homodimer (X2) and the other consisting of a DDD3C-linked homodimer (Y2) to form a complex composed of X2 (Ma)Y2. One choice of the two peripheral modules is the Ig-like domains 1 and 2 of human CD22 and the extracellular region of human CD20, which upon conjugation to the HSP-based adaptor module is of use as a therapeutic vaccine for B cell lymphomas. Another choice of the two peripheral modules is the N-A1 and the A3-B3 domains of CEACAM5, which upon conjugation to the HSP-based adaptor module is of use as a therapeutic vaccine for CEA-expressing cancers. The two peripheral modules can also be hLL1 Fab and the extracelluar region of HER2, which upon conjugation to the HSP-based adaptor module is of use as a therapeutic vaccine for cancers over-expressing HER2.
A vaccine comprising AD2-HSP70-AD3 stably linked to the N-A1 and the A3-B3 domains of CEACAM5 produced as described above is formulated in saline or other physiologically compatible solution and administered to patients following surgical removal of colorectal cancer. The therapeutic vaccine is given once weekly for a minimal of four weeks at a dosage in the range of 100 and 5000 μg, with the preferred dosage being about 500 μg. The route of injection is subcutaneous but the site of injection can be varied each time with the same site of injection repeated after a gap of one or more injections. For example, the first injection is given on the left thigh, the second injection on the right thigh, the third injection on the left arm, the fourth injection on the right arm, the fifth injection on the left thigh, the sixth injection on the right arm, etc. After the first cycle of four weekly injections, two more injections are given biweekly, followed by a regimen of monthly injections. The effect of the vaccine on eliciting anti-cancer immune response is evaluated by measuring (1) delayed hypersensitivity as an assessment of cellular immunity; (2) activity of cytolytic T cells in vitro; (3) levels of circulating CEA; (4) changes in tumor size using various imaging techniques such as CT scan; and (5) other biomarkers associated with CEA-expressing cancers.
Treating Colorectal Cancer with a Vaccine Comprising AD2-HSP70-AD3 stably Linked to the N-A1 and the A3-B3 Domains of CEACAM5
Patient DN is a 62-year-old male with a resected left colon carcinoma of 4 cm in diameter, diagnosed with T2N1M0 disease refused post-operative chemotherapy and is given an experimental vaccine treatment. The patient receives four weekly injections of the vaccine comprising AD2-HSP70-AD3 stably linked to the N-A1 and the A3-B3 domains of CEACAM5 in saline at a dosage of 500 μg, followed by two bi-weekly injections of the same dosage and thereafter, one monthly injection of the same dosage. The first injection is given on the left arm, the second on the right arm, the third on the right thigh, and the fourth on the left thigh. The site of the injection is then repeated. The patient is premedicated with Tylenol and antihistamines in order to mitigate any side effects.
During the injections, only grade 1 or 2 local erythema or itching at the injection sites is noted, and shortness of breadth after the fourth injection, all resolving within 4 hours. At the follow-up of 3, 6, and 12 months, which includes diagnostic imaging tests (CT and one FDG-PET study at 12 months) and serum CEA assays, no abnormalities are detected. At the 2-year follow-up, the patient is considered to be free of disease, and avoided the side effects of aggressive chemotherapy by having this experimental vaccine.
Generation of a Polypeptide Comprising DDD2-hP1-DDD3C (Type-b Adaptor Module) and Use
A polypeptide in which DDD2 and DDD3C are fused, respectively, to the amino and carboxyl termini of hP1 will self-associate into a structure composed of a homodimer of hP1 linked via disulfide bonds, which upon reduction with a thiol-containing agent is further docked and locked with two peripheral modules, one consisting of an entity derivatized with AD2 (X) and the other consisting of an entity derivatized with AD3 (Y) to form a complex composed of X(hP1)2Y. Suitable choices for X and Y include receptor-targeting ligands, antibody fragments, and immunostimulatory molecules. For example, a construct of X(hP1)2Y in which one of the two peripheral modules is based on anti-hTfR (human transferin receptor) Fab and the other anti-hIR (human insulin receptor) Fab can be used to carry therapeutic siRNAs or genes across the blood brain barrier (BBB) and further into glioma cells to treat brain cancers. (Zhang et al., Clin Cancer Res, 2004, 10: 3667-3677).
Generation of a Polypeptide Comprising DDD3-hP1-AD2 (Type-c Adaptor Module) and Use
A polypeptide in which DDD3 and AD2 are fused, respectively, to the amino and carboxyl termini of hP1 will self-associate into a homodimer of hP1, which can be docked and locked with two identical DDD2-linked peripheral modules (X2) to form a complex composed of X2(hP1)2X2. One area of particular promise for a construct of X2(hP1)2X2 is to deliver nonviral vectors across the blood-brain barrier for gene therapy of brain disorders. For example, a construct of X2(hP1)2X2 in which the peripheral module (X) is based on anti-hTfR Fab can be used to carry a DNA vector encoding the gene of tyrosine hydroxylase across the BBB for treating Parkinson's disease (Pardridge, NeuroRx�, 2005, 2: 129-138).
Generation of a Polypeptide Comprising DDD2-CH2-CH3-DDD3C (Type-b Adaptor Module) and Use
A polypeptide in which DDD2 and DDD3C are fused, respectively, to the amino and carboxyl termini of the CH2 and CH3 domains of human IgG1, will self-associate into a structure composed of two Fc subunits linked via disulfide bonds, which can be converted into a single Fc subunit upon reduction with a thiol-containing agent and further docked and locked with two peripheral modules, one consisting of an entity derivatized with AD2 (X) and the other consisting of an entity derivatized with AD3 (Y) to form a complex composed of X(Fc)Y. When the two AD-containing entities are each derived from a Fab of different specificity, the resulting assembly is an IgG-like bispecific antibody with an intact Fc.
Generation of a Polypeptide Comprising DDD3-CH2—CH3-AD2 (Type-c Adaptor Module) and Use
A polypeptide in which DDD3 and AD2 are fused, respectively, to the amino and carboxyl termini of the CH2 and CH3 domains of human IgG1, will self-associate into an Fc-containing structure, which can be docked and locked with two identical DDD2-linked peripheral modules (X2) to form a complex composed of X2(Fc)X2.
Generation of a Polypeptide Comprising DDD3C-CH2-CH3-AD2 (Type-d Adaptor Module) and Use
A polypeptide in which DDD3C and AD2 are fused, respectively, to the amino and carboxyl termini of the CH2 and CH3 domains of human IgG1, will self-associate into a structure composed of two Fc subunits linked via disulfide bonds, which can be converted into a single Fc subunit upon reduction with a thiol-containing agent and docked and locked with three peripheral modules, two of which are identical DDD2-linked homodimers (X2) and the third consists of an AD3-linked entity (Y), to form a complex composed of X2(Fc)YX2.
Molecular Engineering of DDD3-CH2-CH3-AD2 and DDD3C-CH2-CH3-AD2
Two PCR reactions were performed to generate the DDD3 and DDD3C sequences using a human RIα cDNA clone (Invitrogen IMAGE clone #5531156) as a template. Both reactions used the oligonucleotide RI BglII right as the 3′ PCR primer. The oligonucleotides RI BspHI Left and RI-C BspHI Left were used as 5′ primers for DDD3 and DDD3C, respectively.
RI BglII Right
5′-AGATCTGCCTTTTGCCTCCTCCTTCTC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:11)
RI BspHI Left
5′-TCATGAGCCTTCGAGAATGTGAGCTC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:12)
RI-C BspHI Left
5′-TCATGAGTTGTGGCGGAAGCCTTCGAGAATGTGAGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:13)
The Fc (CH2 and CH3 domains) was amplified using the pdHL2 vector as a template and the oligonucleotides Fc BglII Left and Fc Bam-EcoRI Right as primers.
5′-AGATCTGGCGCACCTGAACTCCTG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:14)
5′-GAATTCGGATCCTTTACCCGGAGACAGGGAGAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:15)
Each of the amplimers was cloned in the pGemT PCR cloning vector. The Fc insert fragment was excised from pGemT with BglII and EcoRI restriction enzymes and cloned into those same sites in the SV3 shuttle vector to generate the intermediate clone Fc-SV3.
The DDD3 and DDD3C inserts were then excised from the pGemT vectors with BspHI and BglII and ligated with Fc-SV3 vector that was digested with NcoI (BspHI compatible ends) and BglII to generate the shuttle vectors DDD3-Fc-SV3 and DDD3C-Fc-SV3, respectively. Finally, the expression cassettes were excised from the SV3 shuttle vectors with XbaI and BamHI and ligated with AD2-pdHL2 vector that was prepared by digestion of h679-AD2-pdHL2 with XbaI and BamHI. The final expression constructs are DDD3-Fc-AD2-pdHL2 and DDD3C-Fc-AD2-pdHL2.
The amino acid sequence of DDD3C-Fc-AD2 is shown in FIG. 6. The amino acid sequence of DDD3-Fc-AD2 is the same except that the 5 amino-terminal residues of DDD3C-Fc-AD2, namely MSCGG, are replaced with MS.
Both expression vectors are transfected into Sp/EEE cells. Positive clones are screened by ELISA using Protein-A coated plates for capture and HRP-conjugated anibody for detection. Purification is accomplished using protein-A affinity chromatography.
Treating Focal, Transient Brain Ischemia with an Agent Composed of DDD3C-CH2-CH3-AD2 Linked to Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and a Monoclonal Antibody to Human Transferrin Receptor (hTfR)
Within one hour of onset of the symptoms of a stroke, patient TF is given an i.v. injection of 10 mg of the complex comprising four BDNF-DDD2 modules and one anti-hTfR Fab-AD3 module stably linked to the DDD3C-Fc-AD2 module in saline. The timely intervention reduces the total hemisphere infarct volume as shown by MRI, with the presenting signs and symptoms of partial limb paralysis, speech difficulty, confusion improving markedly within 48 hours while the patient also receives other supportive and anti-coagulant therapy.
Compositions of selected X2(Ma)Y2 assemblies
N-A1-B1
Anti-CD74 Fab
Anti-CD205 fab
Anti-CD209 Fab
N-Al-B1
Anti-hTfR Fab
following strokes
Anti-VEGF Fab
Compositions of selected X(Mb)2Y assemblies
(Mb)2 X
Anti-CD20 Fab
Anti-CD22 Fab
Anti-CD19 Fab
Anti-HER2 Fab
Anti-EGFR Fab
Anti-IGF-1R Fab
Anti-VEGFR1 Fab
Anti-VEGFR2 Fab
Anti-VEGFR3 Fab
Anti-CD3 Fab
Anti-CD64 Fab
Anti-CD89 Fab
Anti-CD16 Fab
Anti-HER3 Fab
Anti-CD2 Fab
Anti-MUC1 Fab
Treating CNS
(hPl)2 Anti-hTfR Fab
Anti-hIR Fab
for brain cancers
Compositions of selected X2(Mc)2 X2 assemblies
(Mc)2 X
Protamine/DNA-based vaccines
Protamine/siRNAs
As indicated for Enbrel �
receptor (sTNFR)
Compositions of selected X2(Md)2YX2 assemblies
(Md)2 X
Aβ12-28P
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FlynnDetection, measurement, and imaging of cells such as cancer and other biologic substances using targeted nanoparticles and magnetic properties thereofEP3009455A1Jul 29, 2010Apr 20, 2016Immunomedics Inc.Class i anti-cea antibodies and uses thereofWO2013188740A1Jun 14, 2013Dec 19, 2013Ambrx, Inc.Anti-psma antibodies conjugated to nuclear receptor ligand polypeptidesWO2015138920A1Mar 13, 2015Sep 17, 2015Novartis AgAntibody molecules to lag-3 and uses thereofWO2015142675A2Mar 13, 2015Sep 24, 2015Novartis AgTreatment of cancer using chimeric antigen receptorWO2016014530A1Jul 21, 2015Jan 28, 2016Novartis AgCombinations of low, immune enhancing. doses of mtor inhibitors and carsWO2016014553A1Jul 21, 2015Jan 28, 2016Novartis AgSortase synthesized chimeric antigen receptorsWO2016014565A2Jul 21, 2015Jan 28, 2016Novartis AgTreatment of cancer using humanized anti-bcma chimeric antigen receptorWO2016025880A1Aug 14, 2015Feb 18, 2016Novartis AgTreatment of cancer using gfr alpha-4 chimeric antigen receptorWO2016044605A1Sep 17, 2015Mar 24, 2016Beatty, GregoryTargeting cytotoxic cells with chimeric receptors for adoptive immunotherapyWO2016061142A1Oct 13, 2015Apr 21, 2016Novartis AgAntibody molecules to pd-l1 and uses thereofWO2016090034A2Dec 2, 2015Jun 9, 2016Novartis AgMethods for b cell preconditioning in car therapy* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification530/350, 530/403, 530/363, 530/387.1, 424/192.1, 424/194.1, 424/195.11, 530/402, 530/387.3, 424/134.1, 424/193.1International ClassificationC07K16/46, A61K51/00, G01N33/53, C12Q1/68Cooperative ClassificationA61K47/48538, C07K16/2833, C07K2317/76, C12N9/12, A61K47/48569, C12Y207/11001, A61K47/48438, C07K16/2896, A61K47/48484, A61K47/485, C07K16/32, C07K16/18, C07K16/22, C12N9/22, C07K16/28, A61K47/48546, C07K16/2851, C07K16/2863, A61K31/00, C07K2319/30, C07K2319/74, C07K14/475, C07K2319/35, B82Y5/00, C07K2317/31, C07K16/3092, B82Y10/00, C12N9/96, G01N33/588, A61K38/00, C07K16/2803, C07K16/2881, A61K2039/505, C07K2317/55, C07K2319/70, C07K16/2887, B82Y15/00, G01N33/54353, C07K16/3007, A61K47/48561, A61K47/48415European ClassificationB82Y10/00, B82Y15/00, B82Y5/00, C07K16/28A, C07K16/30A, C07K16/30S20, C07K16/28U, A61K47/48T2C12, A61K47/48T4B28, A61K31/00, C07K16/28S, G01N33/543F, G01N33/58JLegal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionJul 31, 2006ASAssignmentOwner name: IBC PHARMACEUTICALS, INC., NEW JERSEYFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:CHANG, CHIEN HSING;GOLDENBERG, DAVID M.;MCBRIDE, WILLIAMJ.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:018024/0070Effective date: 20060725Nov 16, 2012FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services