Source: http://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/fullhtml/inforce/act+92+2002+sch.2+0+Y
Timestamp: 2013-05-24 23:27:41
Document Index: 296917274

Matched Legal Cases: ['art 1', 'art 1', 'art 1', 'art(1', 'art 2', 'arts 3', 'art 3', 'art(1', 'art 4', 'art(1', 'art 5', 'art(1', 'art 6', 'art 2', 'art 7', 'art 2', 'art 8', 'art(1', 'art 9', 'art(1', 'art 10', 'art(1', 'art 2', 'art 7', 'art 2', 'art 6', 'art 5', 'art 1', 'art 7', 'art(1', 'art 2', 'art 2', 'art 2', 'art 3', 'art:2002', 'art 7', 'art 4', 'art 4', 'art 4', 'art 4', 'art.10', 'art 3', 'art 3', 'art 3', 'art 2', 'art 5', 'art 4', 'art.4', 'art 2', 'art 2', 'art 2', 'art 3', 'art 2', 'art 2', 'art 3', 'art 3', 'art 4']

Repealed version for 28 November 2002 to 30 June 2005 (accessed 25 May 2013 at 09:27).
3 Amendment of Civil
Liability Act 2002 No 22
4 Consequential repeals and amendment of other
Liability Act 2002 and other Acts to effect further civil
liability reforms; and for other purposes.1 Name of ActThis Act is the Civil Liability
Amendment (Personal Responsibility) Act
proclamation.3 Amendment of Civil
Liability Act 2002 No 22The Civil Liability Act
2002 is amended as set out in Schedules 1 and
2.4 Consequential repeals and amendment of other
Acts(1) The Acts (and provisions of Acts) specified in Schedule 3 are
repealed.(2) The Acts specified in Schedule 4 are amended as set out in that
Schedule.Schedule 1 Principal amendments(Section 3)[1] Part 1AInsert after Part 1: Part 1A NegligenceDivision 1 Preliminary5 DefinitionsIn this Part:harm means harm of any kind, including the
following:(a) personal injury or death,
(b) damage to property,
(c) economic loss.
negligence means failure to exercise reasonable
care and skill.personal injury includes:(a) pre-natal injury, and
(b) impairment of a person’s physical or mental condition,
(c) disease.
5A Application of Part(1) This Part applies to any claim for damages for harm resulting from
negligence, regardless of whether the claim is brought in tort, in contract,
under statute or otherwise.(2) This Part does not apply to civil liability that is excluded from
the operation of this Part by section 3B.Division 2 Duty of care5B General principles(1) A person is not negligent in failing to take precautions against a
risk of harm unless:(a) the risk was foreseeable (that is, it is a risk of which the
person knew or ought to have known), and
(c) in the circumstances, a reasonable person in the person’s
precautions against a risk of harm, the court is to consider the following
(amongst other relevant things):(a) the probability that the harm would occur if care were not
5C Other principlesIn proceedings relating to liability for negligence:(a) the burden of taking precautions to avoid a risk of harm includes
the burden of taking precautions to avoid similar risks of harm for which the
person may be responsible, and
(b) the fact that a risk of harm could have been avoided by doing
something in a different way does not of itself give rise to or affect
liability for the way in which the thing was done, and
(c) the subsequent taking of action that would (had the action been
taken earlier) have avoided a risk of harm does not of itself give rise to or
affect liability in respect of the risk and does not of itself constitute an
admission of liability in connection with the risk.
Division 3 Causation5D General principles(1) A determination that negligence caused particular harm comprises
the following elements:(a) that the negligence was a necessary condition of the occurrence of
the harm (factual causation), and
(b) that it is appropriate for the scope of the negligent
person’s liability to extend to the harm so caused (scope of
(2) In determining in an exceptional case, in accordance with
established principles, whether negligence that cannot be established as a
necessary condition of the occurance of harm should be accepted as
establishing factual causation, the court is to consider (amongst other
relevant things) whether or not and why responsibility for the harm should be
imposed on the negligent party.(3) If it is relevant to the determination of factual causation to
determine what the person who suffered harm would have done if the negligent
person had not been negligent:(a) the matter is to be determined subjectively in the light of all
relevant circumstances, subject to paragraph (b), and
(b) any statement made by the person after suffering the harm about
what he or she would have done is inadmissible except to the extent (if any)
that the statement is against his or her interest.
(4) For the purpose of determining the scope of liability, the court
is to consider (amongst other relevant things) whether or not and why
party.5E Onus of proofIn determining liability for negligence, the plaintiff always
bears the onus of proving, on the balance of probabilities, any fact relevant
to the issue of causation.Division 4 Assumption of risk5F Meaning of “obvious risk”(1) For the purposes of this Division, an obvious
risk to a person who suffers harm is a risk that, in the
circumstances, would have been obvious to a reasonable person in the position
of that person.(2) Obvious risks include risks that are patent or a matter of common
knowledge.(3) A risk of something occurring can be an obvious risk even though
it has a low probability of occurring.(4) A risk can be an obvious risk even if the risk (or a condition or
circumstance that gives rise to the risk) is not prominent, conspicuous or
physically observable.5G Injured persons presumed to be aware of obvious
risks(1) In determining liability for negligence, a person who suffers harm
is presumed to have been aware of the risk of harm if it was an obvious risk,
unless the person proves on the balance of probabilities that he or she was
not aware of the risk.(2) For the purposes of this section, a person is aware of a risk if
the person is aware of the type or kind of risk, even if the person is not
aware of the precise nature, extent or manner of occurrence of the
risk.5H No proactive duty to warn of obvious risk(1) A person (the defendant) does not owe a duty of
care to another person (the plaintiff) to warn of an
obvious risk to the plaintiff.(2) This section does not apply if:(a) the plaintiff has requested advice or information about the risk
from the defendant, or
(b) the defendant is required by a written law to warn the plaintiff
of the risk, or
(c) the defendant is a professional and the risk is a risk of the
death of or personal injury to the plaintiff from the provision of a
professional service by the defendant.
(3) Subsection (2) does not give rise to a presumption of a duty to
warn of a risk in the circumstances referred to in that
subsection.5I No liability for materialisation of inherent
risk(1) A person is not liable in negligence for harm suffered by another
person as a result of the materialisation of an inherent
risk.(2) An inherent risk is a risk of something
occurring that cannot be avoided by the exercise of reasonable care and
skill.(3) This section does not operate to exclude liability in connection
with a duty to warn of a risk.Division 5 Recreational activities5J Application of Division(1) This Division applies only in respect of liability in negligence
for harm to a person (the plaintiff) resulting from a
recreational activity engaged in by the plaintiff.(2) This Division does not limit the operation of Division 4 in
respect of a recreational activity.5K DefinitionsIn this Division:dangerous recreational activity means a
recreational activity that involves a significant risk of physical
harm.obvious risk has the same meaning as it has in
Division 4.recreational activity includes:(a) any sport (whether or not the sport is an organised activity),
(b) any pursuit or activity engaged in for enjoyment, relaxation or
(c) any pursuit or activity engaged in at a place (such as a beach,
park or other public open space) where people ordinarily engage in sport or in
any pursuit or activity for enjoyment, relaxation or
dangerous recreational activities(1) A person (the defendant) is not liable in
negligence for harm suffered by another person (the
plaintiff) as a result of the materialisation of an obvious risk of
a dangerous recreational activity engaged in by the
plaintiff.(2) This section applies whether or not the plaintiff was aware of the
risk.5M No duty of care for recreational activity where risk
warning(1) A person (the defendant) does not owe a duty of
care to another person who engages in a recreational activity (the
plaintiff) to take care in respect of a risk of the activity if the
risk was the subject of a risk warning to the
plaintiff.(2) If the person who suffers harm is an incapable person, the
defendant may rely on a risk warning only if:(a) the incapable person was under the control of or accompanied by
another person (who is not an incapable person and not the defendant) and the
risk was the subject of a risk warning to that other person,
(b) the risk was the subject of a risk warning to a parent of the
incapable person (whether or not the incapable person was under the control of
or accompanied by the parent).
(3) For the purposes of subsections (1) and (2), a risk warning to a
person in relation to a recreational activity is a warning that is given in a
manner that is reasonably likely to result in people being warned of the risk
before engaging in the recreational activity. The defendant is not required to
establish that the person received or understood the warning or was capable of
receiving or understanding the warning.(4) A risk warning can be given orally or in writing (including by
means of a sign or otherwise).(5) A risk warning need not be specific to the particular risk and can
be a general warning of risks that include the particular risk concerned (so
long as the risk warning warns of the general nature of the particular
risk).(6) A defendant is not entitled to rely on a risk warning unless it is
given by or on behalf of the defendant or by or on behalf of the occupier of
the place where the recreational activity is engaged
in.(7) A defendant is not entitled to rely on a risk warning if it is
established (on the balance of probabilities) that the harm concerned resulted
from a contravention of a provision of a written law of the State or
Commonwealth that establishes specific practices or procedures for the
protection of personal safety.(8) A defendant is not entitled to rely on a risk warning to a person
to the extent that the warning was contradicted by any representation as to
risk made by or on behalf of the defendant to the
person.(9) A defendant is not entitled to rely on a risk warning if the
plaintiff was required to engage in the recreational activity by the
defendant.(10) The fact that a risk is the subject of a risk warning does not of
itself mean:(a) that the risk is not an obvious or inherent risk of an activity,
(b) that a person who gives the risk warning owes a duty of care to a
person who engages in an activity to take precautions to avoid the risk of
harm from the activity.
(11) This section does not limit or otherwise affect the effect of a
risk warning in respect of a risk of an activity that is not a recreational
activity.(12) In this section:incapable person means a person who, because of
the person’s young age or a physical or mental disability, lacks the
capacity to understand the risk warning.parent of an incapable person means any person
(not being an incapable person) having parental responsibility for the
incapable person.5N Waiver of contractual duty of care for recreational
activities(1) Despite any other written or unwritten law, a term of a contract
for the supply of recreation services may exclude, restrict or modify any
liability to which this Division applies that results from breach of an
express or implied warranty that the services will be rendered with reasonable
care and skill.(2) Nothing in the written law of New South Wales renders such a term
of a contract void or unenforceable or authorises any court to refuse to
enforce the term, to declare the term void or to vary the
term.(3) A term of a contract for the supply of recreation services that is
to the effect that a person to whom recreation services are supplied under the
contract engages in any recreational activity concerned at his or her own risk
operates to exclude any liability to which this Division applies that results
from breach of an express or implied warranty that the services will be
rendered with reasonable care and skill.(4) In this section, recreation services means
services supplied to a person for the purposes of, in connection with or
incidental to the pursuit by the person of any recreational
activity.(5) This section applies in respect of a contract for the supply of
services entered into before or after the commencement of this section but
does not apply in respect of a breach of warranty that occurred before that
commencement.(6) This section does not apply if it is established (on the balance
of probabilities) that the harm concerned resulted from a contravention of a
provision of a written law of the State or Commonwealth that establishes
specific practices or procedures for the protection of personal
safety.Division 6 Professional negligence5O Standard of care for professionals(1) A person practising a profession (a
professional) does not incur a liability in negligence arising from
the provision of a professional service if it is established that the
professional acted in a manner that (at the time the service was provided) was
widely accepted in Australia by peer professional opinion as competent
professional practice.(2) However, peer professional opinion cannot be relied on for the
purposes of this section if the court considers that the opinion is
irrational.(3) The fact that there are differing peer professional opinions
widely accepted in Australia concerning a matter does not prevent any one or
more (or all) of those opinions being relied on for the purposes of this
section.(4) Peer professional opinion does not have to be universally accepted
to be considered widely accepted.5P Division does not apply to duty to warn of riskThis Division does not apply to liability arising in connection
with the giving of (or the failure to give) a warning, advice or other
information in respect of the risk of death of or injury to a person
associated with the provision by a professional of a professional
service.Division 7 Non-delegable duties and vicarious
liability5Q Liability based on non-delegable duty(1) The extent of liability in tort of a person (the
defendant) for breach of a non-delegable duty to ensure that
reasonable care is taken by a person in the carrying out of any work or task
delegated or otherwise entrusted to the person by the defendant is to be
determined as if the liability were the vicarious liability of the defendant
for the negligence of the person in connection with the performance of the
work or task.(2) This section applies to an action in tort whether or not it is an
action in negligence, despite anything to the contrary in section
5A.Division 8 Contributory negligence5R Standard of contributory negligence(1) The principles that are applicable in determining whether a person
has been negligent also apply in determining whether the person who suffered
harm has been contributorily negligent in failing to take precautions against
the risk of that harm.(2) For that purpose:(a) the standard of care required of the person who suffered harm is
that of a reasonable person in the position of that person,
(b) the matter is to be determined on the basis of what that person
knew or ought to have known at the time.
5S Contributory negligence can defeat claimIn determining the extent of a reduction in damages by reason of
contributory negligence, a court may determine a reduction of 100% if the
court thinks it just and equitable to do so, with the result that the claim
for damages is defeated.5T Contributory negligence—claims under the Compensation to Relatives Act
1897(1) In a claim for damages brought under the Compensation to Relatives Act 1897,
the court is entitled to have regard to the contributory negligence of the
deceased person.(2) Section 13 of the Law Reform
(Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1965 does not apply so as to
prevent the reduction of damages by the contributory negligence of a deceased
person in respect of a claim for damages brought under the Compensation to Relatives Act
1897.[2] Section 15AInsert after section 15: 15A Damages for loss of superannuation
entitlements(1) The maximum amount of damages that may be awarded for economic
loss due to the loss of employer superannuation contributions is the relevant
percentage of damages payable (in accordance with this Part) for the
deprivation or impairment of the earning capacity on which the entitlement to
those contributions is based.(2) The relevant percentage is the percentage of earnings that is the
minimum percentage required by law to be paid as employer superannuation
contributions.[3] Section 17AInsert after section 17: 17A Tariffs for damages for non-economic loss(1) In determining damages for non-economic loss, a court may refer to
earlier decisions of that or other courts for the purpose of establishing the
appropriate award in the proceedings.(2) For that purpose, the parties to the proceedings or their counsel
may bring the court’s attention to awards of damages for non-economic
loss in those earlier decisions.(3) This section does not alter the rules for the determination of
other damages.[4] Part 2, Division 7Omit section 22. Insert instead: Division 7 Structured settlements22 What is a structured settlementFor the purposes of this Division, a structured
settlement is an agreement that provides for the payment of all or
part of an award of damages in the form of periodic payments funded by an
annuity or other agreed means.23 Court required to inform parties of proposed
award(1) The purpose of this section is to enable the court to give the
parties to proceedings a reasonable opportunity to negotiate a structured
settlement.(2) A court that decides to make an award of personal injury damages
in respect of future loss (not including interest) exceeding $100,000 must
first notify all the parties to the proceedings of the terms of the award it
proposes to make.(3) In addition, if the court considers that the person may be a
person in need of protection, the court is to notify the Protective
Commissioner under the Protected Estates
Act 1983 of the terms of the award it proposes to
make.(4) The notification must set out the amount of each component part of
the proposed award in accordance with the requirements of the regulations and
rules of court.(5) In this section:person in need of protection means a person who
is liable to be subject to an order that the estate of the person be subject
to management under the Protected Estates
Act 1983 because the person is not capable of managing his or
her own affairs.24 Court may make consent order for structured
settlementA court may, on the application of the parties to a claim for
personal injury damages, make an order approving of or in the terms of a
structured settlement even though the payment of damages is not in the form of
a lump sum award of damages.25 Obligation of legal practitioners to provide
adviceA legal practitioner must advise, in writing, a plaintiff who
proposes to negotiate a settlement of a claim for personal injury damages
about the following:(a) the availability of structured settlements,
(b) the desirability of the plaintiff obtaining independent financial
advice about structured settlements and lump sum settlements of the
26 Offer of structured settlement—legal
costs(1) Section 198F of the Legal
Profession Act 1987 extends to an offer of compromise by way
of a structured settlement on a claim for personal injury
damages.(2) In that case, the court is to have regard to the cost to the
defendant of the proposed structured settlement as compared to the lump sum
payment of damages when determining whether a reasonable offer of compromise
has been made.[5] Parts 3–10Insert before Schedule 1: Part 3 Mental harm27 DefinitionsIn this Part:consequential mental harm means mental harm
that is a consequence of a personal injury of any other kind.mental harm means impairment of a
person’s mental condition.negligence means failure to exercise reasonable
pure mental harm means mental harm other than
consequential mental harm.28 Application of Part(1) This Part (except section 29) applies to any claim for damages for
mental harm resulting from negligence, regardless of whether the claim is
brought in tort, in contract, under statute or
otherwise.(2) Section 29 applies to a claim for damages in any civil
proceedings.(3) This Part does not apply to civil liability that is excluded from
the operation of this Part by section 3B.29 Personal injury arising from mental or nervous
shockIn any action for personal injury, the plaintiff is not prevented
from recovering damages merely because the personal injury arose wholly or in
part from mental or nervous shock.30 Limitation on recovery for pure mental harm arising from
shock(1) This section applies to the liability of a person (the
defendant) for pure mental harm to a person (the
plaintiff) arising wholly or partly from mental or nervous shock in
connection with another person (the victim) being killed,
injured or put in peril by the act or omission of the
defendant.(2) The plaintiff is not entitled to recover damages for pure mental
harm unless:(a) the plaintiff witnessed, at the scene, the victim being killed,
injured or put in peril, or
(b) the plaintiff is a close member of the family of the
(3) Any damages to be awarded to the plaintiff for pure mental harm
are to be reduced in the same proportion as any reduction in the damages that
may be recovered from the defendant by or through the victim on the basis of
the contributory negligence of the victim.(4) No damages are to be awarded to the plaintiff for pure mental harm
if the recovery of damages from the defendant by or through the victim in
respect of the act or omission would be prevented by any provision of this Act
or any other written or unwritten law.(5) In this section:close member of the family of a victim
means:(a) a parent of the victim or other person with parental
responsibility for the victim, or
(b) the spouse or partner of the victim, or
(c) a child or stepchild of the victim or any other person for whom
the victim has parental responsibility, or
(d) a brother, sister, half-brother or half-sister, or stepbrother or
stepsister of the victim.
spouse or partner means:(a) a husband or wife, or
but where more than one person would so qualify as a spouse or partner,
means only the last person to so qualify.31 Pure mental harm—liability only for recognised
psychiatric illnessThere is no liability to pay damages for pure mental harm
resulting from negligence unless the harm consists of a recognised psychiatric
illness.32 Mental harm—duty of care(1) A person (the defendant) does not owe a duty of
care to another person (the plaintiff) to take care not to
cause the plaintiff mental harm unless the defendant ought to have foreseen
that a person of normal fortitude might, in the circumstances of the case,
suffer a recognised psychiatric illness if reasonable care were not
taken.(2) For the purposes of the application of this section in respect of
pure mental harm, the circumstances of the case include the following:(a) whether or not the mental harm was suffered as the result of a
sudden shock,
(b) whether the plaintiff witnessed, at the scene, a person being
killed, injured or put in peril,
(c) the nature of the relationship between the plaintiff and any
person killed, injured or put in peril,
(d) whether or not there was a pre-existing relationship between the
(3) For the purposes of the application of this section in respect of
consequential mental harm, the circumstances of the case include the personal
injury suffered by the plaintiff.(4) This section does not require the court to disregard what the
defendant knew or ought to have known about the fortitude of the
plaintiff.33 Liability for economic loss for consequential mental
harmA court cannot make an award of damages for economic loss for
consequential mental harm resulting from negligence unless the harm consists
of a recognised psychiatric illness.Part 4 Proportionate liability34 Application of Part(1) This Part applies to the following claims (apportionable
claims):(a) a claim for economic loss or damage to property in an action for
damages (whether in contract, tort or otherwise) arising from the failure of
two or more concurrent wrongdoers to exercise reasonable care (but not
including any claim arising out of personal injury),
(b) a claim for damages for a contravention of section 42 of the
arising from the acts or omissions of two or more concurrent
(2) A concurrent wrongdoer, in relation to a claim,
is a person who is one of two or more persons whose acts or omissions caused,
independently of each other or jointly, the damage or loss that is the subject
of the claim.(3) For the purposes of this Part, apportionable claims are limited to
those claims specified in subsection (1).(4) For the purposes of this Part it does not matter that a concurrent
wrongdoer is insolvent, is being wound up or has ceased to exist or
died.(5) This Part does not apply to civil liability that is excluded from
the operation of this Part by section 3B.35 Proportionate liability for apportionable
claims(1) In any proceedings involving an apportionable claim:(a) the liability of a defendant who is a concurrent wrongdoer in
relation to that claim is limited to an amount reflecting that proportion of
the damage or loss claimed that the court considers just having regard to the
extent of the defendant’s responsibility for the damage or loss,
(b) the court may give judgment against the defendant for not more
(2) If the proceedings involve both an apportionable claim and a claim
that is not an apportionable claim:(a) liability for the apportionable claim is to be determined in
(b) liability for the other claim is to be determined in accordance
with the legal rules, if any, that (apart from this Part) are
(3) In apportioning responsibility between defendants in the
proceedings:(a) the court is to exclude that proportion of the damage or loss in
relation to which the plaintiff is contributorily negligent under any relevant
(b) the court may have regard to the comparative responsibility of any
concurrent wrongdoer who is not a party to the
(4) This section applies in proceedings involving an apportionable
claim whether or not all concurrent wrongdoers are parties to the
proceedings.(5) A reference in this Part to a defendant in proceedings includes
any person joined as a defendant or other party in the proceedings (except as
a plaintiff) whether joined under this Part, under rules of court or
otherwise.36 Contribution not recoverable from defendantA defendant against whom judgment is given under this Part as a
concurrent wrongdoer in relation to an apportionable claim:(a) cannot be required to contribute to any damages or contribution
recovered from another concurrent wrongdoer in respect of the apportionable
claim (whether or not the damages or contribution are recovered in the same
proceedings in which judgment is given against the defendant),
(b) cannot be required to indemnify any such
37 Subsequent actions(1) In relation to an apportionable claim, nothing in this Part or any
other law prevents a plaintiff who has previously recovered judgment against a
concurrent wrongdoer for an apportionable part of any damage or loss from
bringing another action against any other concurrent wrongdoer for that damage
or loss.(2) However, in any proceedings in respect of any such action the
plaintiff cannot recover an amount of damages that, having regard to any
damages previously recovered by the plaintiff in respect of the damage or
loss, would result in the plaintiff receiving compensation for damage or loss
that is greater than the damage or loss actually sustained by the
plaintiff.38 Joining non-party concurrent wrongdoer in the
action(1) The court may give leave for any one or more persons to be joined
as defendants in proceedings involving an apportionable
claim.(2) The court is not to give leave for the joinder of any person who
was a party to any previously concluded proceedings in respect of the
apportionable claim.39 Application of PartNothing in this Part:(a) prevents a person from being held vicariously liable for a
proportion of any apportionable claim for which another person is liable,
(b) prevents a partner from being held severally liable with another
partner for that proportion of an apportionable claim for which the other
partner is liable, or
(c) affects the operation of any other Act to the extent that it
imposes several liability on any person in respect of what would otherwise be
an apportionable claim.
Part 5 Liability of public and other authorities40 Application of Part(1) This Part applies to civil liability in
tort.(2) This Part extends to any such liability even if the damages are
sought in an action for breach of contract or any other
action.(3) This Part does not apply to civil liability that is excluded from
the operation of this Part by section 3B.41 DefinitionsIn this Part:exercise a function includes perform a
duty.function includes a power, authority or
duty.public or other authority means:(a) the Crown (within the meaning of the Crown Proceedings Act 1988),
(c) a public health organisation within the meaning of the Health Services Act 1997,
(d) a local council, or
(e) any public or local authority constituted by or under an Act,
(f) a person or body prescribed (or of a class prescribed) by the
regulations as an authority to which this Part applies (in respect of all or
specified functions), or
(g) any person or body in respect of the exercise of public or other
functions of a class prescribed by the regulations for the purposes of this
42 Principles concerning resources, responsibilities etc of
public or other authoritiesThe following principles apply in determining whether a public or
other authority has a duty of care or has breached a duty of care in
proceedings to which this Part applies:(a) the functions required to be exercised by the authority are
limited by the financial and other resources that are reasonably available to
the authority for the purpose of exercising those
(b) the general allocation of those resources by the authority is not
open to challenge,
(c) the functions required to be exercised by the authority are to be
determined by reference to the broad range of its activities (and not merely
by reference to the matter to which the proceedings
relate),
(d) the authority may rely on evidence of its compliance with the
general procedures and applicable standards for the exercise of its functions
as evidence of the proper exercise of its functions in the matter to which the
43 Proceedings against public or other authorities based on
breach of statutory duty(1) This section applies to proceedings to which this Part applies
that are based on an alleged breach of a statutory duty by a public or other
authority in connection with the exercise of or a failure to exercise a
function of the authority.(2) For the purposes of any such proceedings, an act or omission of
the authority does not constitute a breach of statutory duty unless the act or
omission was in the circumstances so unreasonable that no authority having the
functions of the authority in question could properly consider the act or
omission to be a reasonable exercise of its
functions.(3) In the case of a function of a public or other authority to
prohibit or regulate an activity, this section applies in addition to section
44.44 When public or other authority not liable for failure to
exercise regulatory functions(1) A public or other authority is not liable in proceedings to which
this Part applies to the extent that the claim is based on the failure of the
authority to exercise or to consider exercising any function of the authority
to prohibit or regulate an activity if the authority could not have been
required to exercise the function in proceedings instituted by the
claimant.(2) Without limiting what constitutes a function to regulate an
activity for the purposes of this section, a function to issue a licence,
permit or other authority in respect of an activity, or to register or
otherwise authorise a person in connection with an activity, constitutes a
function to regulate the activity.45 Special non-feasance protection for roads
authorities(1) A roads authority is not liable in proceedings to which this Part
applies for harm arising from a failure of the authority to carry out road
work, or to consider carrying out road work, unless at the time of the alleged
failure the authority had actual knowledge of the particular risk the
materialisation of which resulted in the harm.(2) This section does not operate:(a) to create a duty of care in respect of a risk merely because a
roads authority has actual knowledge of the risk, or
(b) to affect any standard of care that would otherwise be applicable
in respect of a risk.
(3) In this section:carry out road work means carry out any
activity in connection with the construction, erection, installation,
maintenance, inspection, repair, removal or replacement of a road work within
the meaning of the Roads Act
1993.roads authority has the same meaning as in the
1993.46 Exercise of function or decision to exercise does not
create dutyIn proceedings to which this Part applies, the fact that a public
or other authority exercises or decides to exercise a function does not of
itself indicate that the authority is under a duty to exercise the function or
that the function should be exercised in particular circumstances or in a
particular way.Part 6 Intoxication47 Part applies to civil liability for death, injury or
property damage(1) This Part applies to civil liability of any kind for personal
injury damages (as defined in Part 2) or damage to
property.(2) This Part does not apply to civil liability that is excluded from
the operation of this Part by section 3B.48 Definition of “intoxication”A reference in this Part to a person being
intoxicated is a reference to a person being under the
influence of alcohol or a drug (whether or not taken for a medicinal purpose
and whether or not lawfully taken).49 Effect of intoxication on duty and standard of
care(1) The following principles apply in connection with the effect that
a person’s intoxication has on the duty and standard of care that the
person is owed:(a) in determining whether a duty of care arises, it is not relevant
to consider the possibility or likelihood that a person may be intoxicated or
that a person who is intoxicated may be exposed to increased risk because the
person’s capacity to exercise reasonable care and skill is impaired as a
result of being intoxicated,
(2) This section applies in place of a provision of section 74 of the
Motor Accidents Act 1988 or
section 138 of the Motor Accidents
Compensation Act 1999 to the extent of any inconsistency
between this section and the provision.50 No recovery where person intoxicated(1) This section applies when it is established that the person whose
death, injury or damage is the subject of proceedings for the recovery of
damages was at the time of the act or omission that caused the death, injury
or damage intoxicated to the extent that the person’s capacity to
exercise reasonable care and skill was impaired.(2) A court is not to award damages in respect of liability to which
this Part applies unless satisfied that the death, injury or damage to
property (or some other injury or damage to property) is likely to have
occurred even if the person had not been
intoxicated.(3) If the court is satisfied that the death, injury or damage to
occurred even if the person had not been intoxicated, it is to be presumed
that the person was contributorily negligent unless the court is satisfied
that the person’s intoxication did not contribute in any way to the
cause of the death, injury or damage.(4) When there is a presumption of contributory negligence, the court
must assess damages on the basis that the damages to which the person would be
entitled in the absence of contributory negligence are to be reduced on
account of contributory negligence by 25% or a greater percentage determined
by the court to be appropriate in the circumstances of the
case.(5) This section does not apply in a case where the court is satisfied
that the intoxication was not self-induced.Part 7 Self-defence and recovery by criminals51 Part applies to civil liability for death, injury or
property.(2) This Part extends to any such liability even if the damages are
the operation of this Part by section 3B.52 No civil liability for acts in self-defence(1) A person does not incur a liability to which this Part applies
arising from any conduct of the person carried out in self-defence, but only
if the conduct to which the person was responding was
unlawful.(2) A person carries out conduct in self-defence if and only if the
person believes the conduct is necessary:(a) to defend himself or herself or another person,
(b) to prevent or terminate the unlawful deprivation of his or her
liberty or the liberty of another person, or
(c) to protect property from unlawful taking, destruction, damage or
(d) to prevent criminal trespass to any land or premises or to remove
a person committing any such criminal trespass,
and the conduct is a reasonable response in the circumstances as he or
she perceives them.(3) This section does not apply if the person uses force that involves
the intentional or reckless infliction of death only:(a) to protect property, or
(b) to prevent criminal trespass or to remove a person committing
53 Damages limitations apply even if self-defence not
reasonable response(1) If section 52 would operate to prevent a person incurring a
liability to which this Part applies in respect of any conduct but for the
fact that the conduct was not a reasonable response in the circumstances as he
or she perceived them, a court is nevertheless not to award damages against
the person in respect of the conduct unless the court is satisfied
that:(a) the circumstances of the case are exceptional,
(b) in the circumstances of the case, a failure to award damages would
be harsh and unjust.
(2) If the court determines to award damages on the basis of
subsection (1), the following limitations apply to that award:(a) Part 2 (with the exception of Division 3 of that Part) applies
with respect to the award of damages despite section 3B (1) (a),
(b) no damages may be awarded for non-economic
54 Criminals not to be awarded damages(1) A court is not to award damages in respect of liability to which
this Part applies if the court is satisfied that:(a) the person whose death, injury or damage is the subject of the
proceedings was, at the time of the incident that resulted in death, injury or
damage, engaged in conduct that (on the balance of probabilities) constitutes
(b) that conduct contributed materially to the risk of death, injury
(2) This section does not apply to an award of damages against a
defendant if the conduct of the defendant that caused the death, injury or
damage concerned constitutes an offence (whether or not a serious
offence).Note. Sections 52 and 53 can apply to prevent or limit recovery of
damages even though the defendant’s conduct constitutes an
offence.(3) A serious offence is an offence punishable by
imprisonment for 6 months or more.(4) This section does not affect the operation of the Felons (Civil Proceedings) Act
1981.(5) This section operates whether or not a person whose conduct is
alleged to constitute an offence has been, will be or is capable of being
proceeded against or convicted of any offence
concerned.Part 8 Good samaritans55 Application of Part(1) This Part applies to civil liability of any
kind.(2) This Part does not apply to civil liability that is excluded from
the operation of this Part by section 3B.56 Who is a good samaritanFor the purposes of this Part, a good
samaritan is a person who, in good faith and without expectation of
payment or other reward, comes to the assistance of a person who is apparently
injured or at risk of being injured.57 Protection of good samaritans(1) A good samaritan does not incur any personal civil liability in
respect of any act or omission done or made by the good samaritan in an
emergency when assisting a person who is apparently injured or at risk of
being injured.(2) This section does not affect the vicarious liability of any other
person for the acts or omissions of the good
samaritan.58 Exclusion from protection(1) The protection from personal liability conferred by this Part does
not apply if it is the good samaritan’s intentional or negligent act or
omission that caused the injury or risk of injury in respect of which the good
samaritan first comes to the assistance of the
person.(2) The protection from personal liability conferred by this Part in
respect of an act or omission does not apply if:(a) the ability of the good samaritan to exercise reasonable care and
skill was significantly impaired by reason of the good samaritan being under
the influence of alcohol or a drug voluntarily consumed (whether or not it was
consumed for medication), and
(b) the good samaritan failed to exercise reasonable care and skill in
connection with the act or omission.
(3) This Part does not confer protection from personal liability on a
person in respect of any act or omission done or made while the person is
impersonating a health care or emergency services worker or a police officer
or is otherwise falsely representing that the person has skills or expertise
in connection with the rendering of emergency
assistance.Part 9 Volunteers59 Application of Part(1) This Part applies to civil liability of any kind, other than
liability for defamation.(2) This Part does not apply to civil liability that is excluded from
the operation of this Part by section 3B.60 Definitions(1) In this Part:community organisation means any of the
following that organises the doing of community work by volunteers and that is
capable of being sued for damages in civil proceedings:(a) a body corporate,
(c) an authority of the State.
community work means work that is not for
private financial gain and that is done for a charitable, benevolent,
philanthropic, sporting, educational or cultural purpose, and includes work
declared by the regulations to be community work but does not include work
declared by the regulations not to be community work.organised includes directed or
supervised.volunteer means a person who does community
work on a voluntary basis.work includes any
activity.(2) For the purposes of this Part:(a) community work done by a person under an order of a court is not
to be regarded as work done on a voluntary basis, and
(b) community work for which a person receives remuneration by way of
reimbursement of the person’s reasonable expenses in doing the work, or
within limits prescribed by the regulations, is to be regarded as work done on
(3) A regulation declaring work to be community work may be expressed
to extend to apply in respect of civil liability for an act or omission
occurring before the commencement of the regulation, except in a case in which
proceedings to recover damages for the act or omission were commenced in a
court before that commencement.61 Protection of volunteersA volunteer does not incur any personal civil liability in respect
of any act or omission done or made by the volunteer in good faith when doing
community work:(a) organised by a community organisation, or
(b) as an office holder of a community
62 Liability not excluded for criminal actsThis Part does not confer protection from personal liability on a
volunteer in respect of an act or omission of the volunteer if it is
established (on the balance of probabilities) that at the time of the act or
omission the volunteer was engaged in conduct that constitutes an
offence.63 Liability of intoxicated volunteer not excludedThe protection from personal liability conferred on a volunteer by
this Part in connection with any community work does not apply if:(a) the ability of the volunteer to exercise reasonable care and skill
when doing the work was significantly impaired by reason of the volunteer
being under the influence of alcohol or a drug voluntarily consumed (whether
or not it was consumed for medication), and
(b) the volunteer failed to exercise reasonable care and skill when
64 Liability of volunteer not excluded if acting outside
scope of activities or contrary to instructionsThis Part does not confer protection from personal liability on a
volunteer in respect of an act or omission of a volunteer if the volunteer
knew or ought reasonably to have known that he or she was acting:(a) outside the scope of the activities authorised by the community
organisation concerned, or
(b) contrary to instructions given by the community
65 Liability not excluded if insurance requiredThis Part does not confer protection from personal liability on a
volunteer if the liability is a liability that is required by or under a
written law of the State to be insured against.66 Liability not excluded for motor accidentsThe protection from personal liability conferred on a volunteer by
this Part does not apply if the liability would, but for this Part, be covered
by a third-party insurance policy under the Motor Accidents Compensation Act
1999 or be recoverable from the Nominal Defendant under that
Act.Part 10 Apologies67 Application of Part(1) This Part applies to civil liability of any
the operation of this Part by section 3B.68 DefinitionIn this Part:apology means an expression of sympathy or
regret, or of a general sense of benevolence or compassion, in connection with
any matter whether or not the apology admits or implies an admission of fault
in connection with the matter.69 Effect of apology on liability(1) An apology made by or on behalf of a person in connection with any
matter alleged to have been caused by the person:(a) does not constitute an express or implied admission of fault or
liability by the person in connection with that matter,
(b) is not relevant to the determination of fault or liability in
connection with that matter.
(2) Evidence of an apology made by or on behalf of a person in
connection with any matter alleged to have been caused by the person is not
admissible in any civil proceedings as evidence of the fault or liability of
the person in connection with that matter.Schedule 2 Consequential and other amendments(Section 3)[1] Section 3 DefinitionsOmit the definition of damages. Insert instead: damages includes any form of monetary
compensation but does not include:(a) any payment authorised or required to be made under a State
industrial instrument, or
(b) any payment authorised or required to be made under a
superannuation scheme, or
(c) any payment authorised or required to be made under an insurance
policy in respect of the death of, injury to or damage suffered by the person
insured under the policy.
[2] Section 3Omit the definitions of claimant, fault, injury and personal injury
damages.[3] Sections 3A and 3BInsert after section 3: 3A Provisions relating to operation of Act(1) A provision of this Act that gives protection from civil liability
does not limit the protection from liability given by another provision of
this Act or by another Act or law.(2) This Act (except Part 2) does not prevent the parties to a
contract from making express provision for their rights, obligations and
liabilities under the contract with respect to any matter to which this Act
applies and does not limit or otherwise affect the operation of any such
express provision.(3) Subsection (2) extends to any provision of this Act even if the
provision applies to liability in contract.3B Civil liability excluded from Act(1) The provisions of this Act do not apply to or in respect of civil
liability (and awards of damages in those proceedings) as follows:(a) civil liability in respect of an intentional act that is done with
intent to cause injury or death or that is sexual assault or other sexual
misconduct—the whole Act except Part 7 (Self-defence and recovery by
criminals) in respect of civil liability in respect of an intentional act that
is done with intent to cause injury or death,
(b) civil liability in proceedings of the kind referred to in section
11 (Claims for damages for dust diseases etc to be brought under this Act) of
the Dust Diseases Tribunal Act
1989—the whole Act,
(c) civil liability relating to an award of personal injury damages
(within the meaning of Part 2) where the injury or death concerned resulted
from smoking or other use of tobacco products—the whole
(d) civil liability relating to an award to which Part 6 of the
applies—the whole Act except the provisions that subsection (2) provides
apply to motor accidents,
(e) civil liability relating to an award to which Chapter 5 of the
1999 applies (including an award to and in respect of which
that Chapter applies pursuant to section 121 (Application of common law
damages for motor accidents to railway and other public transport accidents)
1988)—the whole Act except the provisions that
subsection (2) provides apply to motor accidents,
(f) civil liability relating to an award to which Division 3 of Part 5
1987 applies—the whole Act,
(g) civil liability for compensation under the Workers Compensation Act 1987, the
Workers Compensation (Bush Fire, Emergency
and Rescue Services) Act 1987, the Workers’ Compensation (Dust Diseases) Act
1942, the Victims Support
and Rehabilitation Act 1996 or the Anti-Discrimination Act 1977 or a
benefit payable under the Sporting Injuries
Insurance Act 1978—the whole
(2) The following provisions apply to motor accidents:(a) Divisions 1–4 and 8 of Part 1A
(Negligence),
(b) section 15A (Damages for loss of superannuation
entitlements),
(c) section 17A (Tariffs for damages for non-economic
(f) section 49 (Effect of intoxication on duty and standard of
(g) Part 7 (Self-defence and recovery by
(3) The regulations may exclude a specified class or classes of civil
liability (and awards of damages in those proceedings) from the operation of
all or any specified provisions of this Act. Any such regulation may make
transitional provision with respect to claims for acts or omissions before the
commencement of the regulation.[4] Sections 4–8Omit the sections. Insert instead: 4 Miscellaneous provisions(1) Act to bind Crown This Act binds the Crown in right of New South Wales and, in so
Crown in all its other capacities.(2) Regulations The Governor may make regulations, not inconsistent with this Act,
out or giving effect to this Act.(3) Notes Notes included in this Act do not form part of this
Act.(4) Savings and transitional provisions Schedule 1 has effect.[5] Sections 9–11Omit the sections. Insert instead: 11 DefinitionsIn this Part:injury means personal injury and includes the
following:(a) pre-natal injury,
(b) impairment of a person’s physical or mental
personal injury damages means damages that
relate to the death of or injury to a person.11A Application of Part(1) This Part applies to and in respect of an award of personal injury
damages, except an award that is excluded from the operation of this Part by
section 3B.(2) This Part applies regardless of whether the claim for the damages
is brought in tort, in contract, under statute or
otherwise.(3) A court cannot award damages, or interest on damages, contrary to
this Part.[6] Section 14 Damages for future economic
loss—discount rateOmit “economic loss that is referable to the future”
from section 14 (1).Insert instead “future economic loss of any
kind”.[7] Section 16 Determination of damages for non-economic
lossOmit “to a claimant” and “of the
claimant” wherever occurring.[8] Section 17 Indexation of maximum amount relating to
non-economic lossInsert after section 17 (5): (6) A declaration made or published in the Gazette after 1 October in
a year and specifying a date that is before the date it is made or published
as the date from which the amount declared by the order is to apply has effect
as from that specified date.[9] Part 2, Division 4, headingOmit the heading. Insert instead:Division 4 Interest on damages[10] Part 2, Division 5, headingInsert before section 19:Division 5 Third party contributions[11] Section 20 Contributory negligence—claims under
1897Omit the section.[12] Part 2, Division 6Omit section 21. Insert instead: Division 6 Exemplary and similar damages21 Limitation on exemplary, punitive and aggravated
damagesIn an action for the award of personal injury damages where the
act or omission that caused the injury or death was negligence, a court cannot
award exemplary or punitive damages or damages in the nature of aggravated
damages.[13] Schedule 1 Savings and transitional
provisionsInsert at the end of clause 1 (1): Civil Liability Amendment
(Personal Responsibility) Act 2002[14] Schedule 1Insert at the end of the Schedule: Part 3 Provisions consequent on enactment of Civil Liability Amendment (Personal Responsibility)
Act 20025 DefinitionIn this Part:2002 amending Act means the Civil Liability Amendment (Personal Responsibility)
Act 2002.6 Application of amendments(1) The amendments to this Act made by the 2002 amending Act extend to
civil liability arising before the commencement of the amendments, but do not
apply to or in respect of proceedings commenced in a court before that
commencement.(2) Despite subclause (1), the following provisions of this Act (as
inserted by the 2002 amending Act) apply to and in respect of proceedings
commenced in a court on or after 3 September 2002 (except in respect of a
decision of the court made before the commencement of this clause):(a) Part 7 (Self-defence and recovery by
(b) section 30 (Limitation on recovery for pure mental harm arising
from shock).
7 Motor accident amendments(1) Section 77 of the Motor
Accidents Act 1988 and section 141 of the Motor Accidents Compensation Act
1999 apply to and in respect of proceedings commenced in a
court before 3 September 2002 as if they had not been
repealed.(2) Section 75 of the Motor
Accidents Act 1988 and section 139 of the Motor Accidents Compensation Act
court before the commencement of section 5T as if they had not been
repealed.8 Repeal of section 109ZJ Environmental Planning and Assessment Act
1979(1) Section 109ZJ of the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act
1979 continues to apply (despite its repeal by the 2002
amending Act) to and in respect of an award of damages in a building action or
subdivision action commenced before that repeal.(2) Part 4 (Proportionate liability) of this Act does not apply to or
in respect of:(a) a claim in a building action or subdivision action referred to in
subclause (1), or
(b) any development that is excluded from the operation of Part 4C of
Act 1979 by the operation of clause 34 of the Environmental Planning and
Assessment (Savings and Transitional) Regulation
9 Repeal of Part 4 of Health Care Liability Act
2001The repeal of Part 4 of the Health Care Liability Act 2001 by
the 2002 amending Act does not affect proceedings commenced in a court before
the repeal of that Part.10 Operation of amendment to section 14The amendment of section 14 (Damages for future economic
loss—discount rate) by the 2002 amending Act is taken to have commenced
on 20 March 2002.11 Law Reform
(Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1944Part 3 of the Law Reform
(Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1944 continues to apply despite
its repeal to and in respect of civil liability that is excluded from the
operation of Part 3 of this Act by section 3B.[15] Schedule 2 Amendment of ActsOmit the Schedule.Schedule 3 Repeals(Section 4 (1))Part 3 of the Law Reform
(Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1944section 7 of the Law Reform
(Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1965section 9 of the Law Reform (Vicarious
Liability) Act 1983Statutory Duties (Contributory
Negligence) Act 1945Schedule 4 Amendment of other Acts(Section 4 (2))4.1 Dust Diseases Tribunal
Act 1989 No 63Section 12A No
limitation periodOmit section 12A (3) (a). Insert instead: (a) sections 14, 18A, 60C and 60G of, Division 6 of Part 2 of, and
Schedule 5 to, the Limitation Act
1969 do not prevent the bringing or maintenance of any such
proceedings before the Tribunal, and
and Assessment Act 1979 No 203Section 109ZJ
Apportionment of liabilityOmit the section.4.3 Fair Trading Act
1987 No 68[1] Section 68 Actions for damagesInsert after section 68 (1): (1A) A reference to loss or damage in subsection (1) does not, if the
loss or damage arises from a contravention of Part 5 (section 43 excepted),
include a reference to:(a) the death of a person, or
(b) personal injury to a person (including any pre-natal injury, any
impairment of the person’s physical or mental condition and any
[2] Section 72 Other ordersInsert before section 72 (1): (1A) A reference in this section to loss or damage does not, if the
[3] Schedule 1 Paramount legislationInsert in alphabetical order: Civil Liability Act
20024.4 Health Care Liability
Act 2001 No 42Part 4 Provision of
emergency health care—protection from liabilityOmit the Part.4.5 Legal Profession Act
1987 No 109Section 198C
Interpretation and applicationOmit the definition of personal
injury damages from section 198C (1).Insert instead: personal injury damages has the same meaning as
in Part 2 of the Civil Liability Act
2002.4.6 Limitation Act
1969 No 31[1] Section 11AInsert after section 11: 11A NotesNotes included in this Act do not form part of this
Act.[2] Section 18A Personal injuryInsert at the end of section 18A (1) (b): , or(c) a cause of action to which Division 6
[3] Section 18A (1)Insert after section 18A (1): Note. Division 6 provides for the limitation period for non-motor
occurs on or after the commencement of that Division.[4] Section 19 Compensation to relativesInsert at the end of section 19: (2) This section does not apply in respect of a cause of action to
Division.[5] Part 2, Division 6Insert after Division 5 of Part 2: Division 6 Personal injury actions50A Application of Division—kinds of causes of
50B DefinitionsIn this Division:compensation to relatives action means a cause
of action that arises under the Compensation
to Relatives Act 1897.survivor action means a cause of action that
survives on the death of a person for the benefit of the person’s estate
(Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1944.50C Limitation period for personal injury actions(1) An action on a cause of action to which this Division applies is
whichever of the following periods is the first to expire:(a) the 3 year post discoverability limitation
period, which is the period of 3 years running from and including
the date on which the cause of action is discoverable by the
(b) the 12 year long-stop limitation period, which
is the period of 12 years running from the time of the act or omission alleged
to have resulted in the injury or death with which the claim is
deceased.50D Date cause of action is discoverable(1) For the purposes of this Division, a cause of action is
discoverable by a person on the first date that the person
knows or ought to know of each of the following facts:(a) the fact that the injury or death concerned has
(2) A person ought to know of a fact at a
particular time if the fact would have been ascertained by the person had the
person taken all reasonable steps before that time to ascertain the
fact.(3) In determining what a person knows or ought to have known, a court
person (the victim) who was a minor at the time of the act
or omission alleged to have resulted in that death or injury and the cause of
action is against a person who at that time was a parent or guardian of the
victim or a close associate of a parent or guardian of the victim:(a) the cause of action is for the purposes of this Division
(2) A person is a close associate of a parent or
guardian of the victim if the person is a person whose relationship with the
parent or guardian is such that:(a) the parent or guardian might be influenced by the person not to
disability.(2) A person is under a disability while the
person:(a) is a minor, but not while the minor has a capable parent or
person.(4) In this section:capable parent or guardian of a minor means a
person who is a parent or guardian of the minor and who is not under a
disability (as referred to in subsection (2)).guardian of a minor includes a person who under
a written law of the State is exercising the parental responsibilities of the
Minister under the Children and Young
Persons (Care and Protection) Act 1998 for the
minor.incapacitated person means a person who is
incapable of, or substantially impeded in, the management of his or her
affairs in relation to the cause of action in respect of the limitation period
for which the question arises, by reason of:(a) any disease or any impairment of his or her physical or mental
protected person means:(a) a person in respect of whose person another person is guardian,
(b) a person in respect of whom an order is in force under the Protected Estates Act 1983 or the
Guardianship Act 1987 that
the estate (or any part of the estate) of the person be subject to management
under the Protected Estates Act
applies.[6] Part 3, Division 3, headingOmit the heading. Insert instead:Division 3 Personal injury cases arising before 2002
amendments[7] Section 60A Purpose of this SubdivisionInsert at the end of section 60A: This Subdivision does not apply to a cause of action to which
Division 6 of Part 2 applies.[8] Section 60B Subdivision applies only to new causes of
actionInsert at the end of section 60B: This Subdivision does not apply to a cause of action to which
Division 6 of Part 2 applies.[9] Part 3, Division 4Insert after Division 3 of Part 3: Division 4 Personal injury cases arising after 2002
purposes of this Act.4.7 Motor Accidents Act
1988 No 102[1] Section 75 Contributory negligence—claims under the
1897Omit the section.[2] Section 77 Damages for psychological or psychiatric
injuryOmit the section.4.8 Motor Accidents
Compensation Act 1999 No 41[1] Section 139 Contributory negligence—claims under
1897Omit the section.[2] Section 141 Damages for psychological or psychiatric
injuryOmit the section.4.9 State Emergency and
Rescue Management Act 1989 No 165Section 59Omit the section. Insert instead: 59 Liability for actions of members of rescue units and
action, liability, claim or demand.(3) In this section:accredited rescue unit includes:(a) a rescue unit (within the meaning of Division 4) engaged in surf
authorised volunteer means a person who assists
an accredited rescue unit in carrying out a rescue operation with the consent
of the person in charge of the rescue operation.casual volunteer means a person who assists, on
his or her own initiative, in a rescue operation or otherwise in response to
an emergency in circumstances in which the assistance was reasonably
given.Historical notesThe following abbreviations are used in the Historical notes:
Am amended LW legislation website Sch Schedule Cl clause No number Schs Schedules Cll clauses p page Sec section Div Division pp pages Secs sections Divs Divisions Reg Regulation Subdiv Subdivision GG Government Gazette Regs Regulations Subdivs Subdivisions Ins inserted Rep repealed Subst substituted Table of amending instrumentsCivil Liability Amendment
(Personal Responsibility) Act 2002 No 92. Second reading
speech made: Legislative Assembly, 23.10.2002; Legislative Council,
19.11.2002. Assented to 28.11.2002. Date of commencement (except Sch 1 [1] to
the extent that it inserts sec 5N in the Civil Liability Act 2002, Sch 1 [4],
Sch 1 [5] to the extent that it inserts Part 4 in the Civil Liability Act 2002 and Sch
4.2), 6.12.2002, sec 2 and GG No 249 of 6.12.2002, p 10529; date of
commencement of Sch 1 [1] to the extent that it inserts sec 5N in the Civil Liability Act 2002 and Sch 1
[4], 10.1.2003, sec 2 and GG No 13 of 10.1.2003, p 95; date of commencement of
4.2, 1.12.2004, sec 2 and GG No 187 of 26.11.2004, p