Source: http://openjurist.org/262/f3d/124/united-states-of-america-v-vance-baker
Timestamp: 2013-05-18 22:27:26
Document Index: 177757728

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 1512', '§ 1512', '§ 371', '§ 1512', '§ 924', '§ 924', '§ 922', '§ 286', '§ 1512', '§ 1512', '§ 1512', '§ 1512', '§ 1512', '§ 1512']

262 F3d 124 United States of America v. Vance Baker | OpenJurist
262 F. 3d 124 - United States of America v. Vance Baker	Home262 f3d 124 united states of america v. vance baker
262 F3d 124 United States of America v. Vance Baker 262 F.3d 124 (2nd Cir. 2001)
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, APPELLEE,v.VANCE BAKER, ALSO KNOWN AS RAYMOND HARRIS, AND ROSIE BAKER, DEFENDANTS - APPELLANTS,VALERIE BAKER, MARIE ANTOINETTE TAYLOR, JOSEPH CHARLES, MD, AND SHABAZZ PERRY, DEFENDANTS.
Docket Nos. 00-1502, 1503August Term, 2000
Defendants appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York, Jacob Mishler, J., entered after a jury trial, convicting them of murder with intent to obstruct justice, conspiracy to commit murder with intent to obstruct justice, and related crimes. The Court of Appeals, Leval, J., holds (1) the district judge did not abuse its discretion in dismissing a juror after deliberations had begun where the district court found that the juror refused to participate in deliberations; (2) the district court could not sentence the defendant to the full range of the charged offense of murder to obstruct justice, 18 U.S.C. § 1512(a)(1), when the court charged the jury only on the elements of the lesser included offense of use of physical force to obstruct justice, 18 U.S.C. § 1512(b).
Appellants Rosie Baker and Vance Baker, who are mother and son, were convicted, following a two week jury trial in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York (Jacob Mishler, J.), of conspiracy to commit murder with intent to obstruct justice, 18 U.S.C. § 371 (Count 1); murder with intent to obstruct justice, 18 U.S.C. § 1512(a)(1) (Count 2); conspiracy to use a firearm during and in relation to a crime of violence, 18 U.S.C. § 924(o) (Count 3); use of a firearm during and in relation to a crime of violence, 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) (Count 4); and, as to Vance Baker only, possession of a firearm with an obliterated serial number, 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(k) & 924(a)(1)(B) (Count 6). In addition, after the trial, appellants each pleaded guilty to one count of conspiracy to defraud the United States, 18 U.S.C. § 286. They were sentenced primarily to life imprisonment for murder, conspiracy to commit murder, and conspiracy to use a firearm; 46 months concurrent for conspiracy to defraud; 60 months consecutive for use of a firearm; 78 months concurrent for possession of a firearm with an obliterated serial number (Vance Baker only); and restitution to the New York City Human Resources Administration in the amount of $1,926,576.
On appeal, appellants contend: (1) the district court improperly invaded the secrecy of the jury's deliberations and improperly dismissed one of the jurors after the deliberations had begun; and (2) the district court was precluded from sentencing the defendants to the term of life imprisonment authorized for murder to obstruct justice because on the murder count the district court failed to charge the jury on the essential elements of murder under section 1512(a)(1), charging only on the essential elements of the lesser included offense of using physical force under section 1512(b). We reject the first contention, but find merit in the second. We therefore vacate the judgment of conviction and remand.
At the close of evidence, the district judge conferred with counsel on the instructions to be given to the jury. Counsel for the government advised that in the Court's draft instructions the wrong statutory language was used for the elements of Count 2 of the indictment. While Count 2 charged appellants with murder with intent to obstruct justice, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1512(a)(1), the district court's draft charge on Count 2 instructed the jury on the use of physical force with intent to obstruct justice, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1512(b). The district judge responded that the draft charge was in the language that the government itself had requested. The judge nonetheless encouraged the government's attorney to request a modification. But on recognizing that the court's draft version came from the government's own request to charge, the government's counsel withdrew the objection.
As a result, at the government's request, the district court's instructions on the murder count of the indictment (Count 2) set forth the essential elements of the lesser included offense under section 1512(b) (use of physical force to obstruct justice), rather than the essential elements of murder with intent to obstruct justice under section 1512(a)(1). The instructions given to the jury were:
Before sentencing, the district judge invited briefing on the question whether the defendants could be sentenced for the crime charged in Count 2 - murder with intent to obstruct justice, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1512(a)(1) - notwithstanding that the jury had been charged on the elements of the lesser included offense under 18 U.S.C. § 1512(b): using physical force to obstruct justice. The defendants submitted papers arguing that they could not be sentenced above the ten year maximum term authorized by section 1512(b), and therefore not to the life term authorized by section 1512(a).
The district judge concluded it was proper to sentence the defendants to life terms under section 1512(a)(1). In the judge's view, it was "clear in the charge that the physical force that the jury was charged on was the murder of Dr. Hodge, putting a gun to his head and pulling [the] trigger twice.... [T]he jury clearly understood that the defendants were charged with the crime of murder." Accordingly, the court sentenced the defendants to a term of life imprisonment on Count 2, as authorized by section 1512(a)(1).
D. The Dismissal of Juror Number 12
The district judge and counsel agreed to have the foreperson identify the juror in question and to interview the juror. The foreperson identified the juror as Juror Number 12, Nora Hunt. With counsel and the defendants present, the district judge proceeded to interview Juror Number 12. The juror stated at first that she had agreed to follow the law, that she had considered the evidence in the case to determine whether or not the government had proved guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, and that her conclusion was "based on the evidence." The district judge asked her whether she felt that "the defendants were unfairly prosecuted," to which she replied "[i]n some way." The juror further stated that she had not come to her conclusion before the deliberations had begun, but then inconsistently added that during "the last day" of argument by counsel she had decided that she would not consider the evidence. She contended that she had discussed her views with her fellow jurors and that she had "listened very well," but acknowledged that she stopped participating in the deliberations somewhere between one half hour and one hour after they had begun, and that there was no possibility of changing her mind.
A. The Dismissal of Juror Number 12
Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 23(b) provides that "if the court finds it necessary to excuse a juror for just cause after the jury has retired to consider its verdict, in the discretion of the court a valid verdict may be returned by the remaining 11 jurors." It is well-settled that the question whether "`just cause' exists to excuse a juror is a matter within the discretion of the district court." United States v. Casamento, 887 F.2d 1141, 1187 (2d Cir. 1989); see also United States v. Ruggiero, 928 F.2d 1289, 1300 (2d Cir. 1991). Indeed, we have emphasized that the questions "[w]hether and to what extent a juror should be questioned regarding the circumstances of a need to be excused [are] also within the trial judge's sound discretion." United States v. Reese, 33 F.3d 166, 173 (2d Cir. 1994); see also United States v. Register, 182 F.3d 820, 840 (11th Cir. 1999) ("[T]he court also enjoys substantial discretion in choosing the investigative procedure to be used in checking for juror misconduct." (internal quotation marks omitted)), cert. denied, 530 U.S. 1250 (2000). As Judge Newman explained in United States v. Stratton, 779 F.2d 820, 832 (2d Cir. 1985), the "just cause" standard of Rule 23(b) "encompass[es] a variety of... problems that may arise during jury deliberations, confronting the trial judge with the need to exercise sound discretion as to the procedure to be followed at a particularly sensitive stage of the trial."
It is well-settled that jurors have a duty to deliberate. Jurors "should examine the question submitted with candor, and with a proper regard and deference to the opinions of each other." Allen v. United States, 164 U.S. 492, 501 (1896). "[I]t [is] their duty to decide the case if they c[an] conscientiously do so," and thus "they should listen, with a disposition to be convinced, to each other's arguments." Id. As the Supreme Court explained over a century ago,
Id. at 501-02. To be sure, we have held that "jurors have no burden or obligation" actually to "convince one another that one outcome is preferable to another." Smalls v. Batista, 191 F.3d 272, 280 (2d Cir. 1999). But the Supreme Court has made clear that it is appropriate to charge a jury that "when [it] enter[s] the jury room it is [the jurors'] duty to consult with one another to consider each other's views and to discuss the evidence with the objective of reaching a just verdict if [the jurors] can do so." Lowenfield v. Phelps, 484 U.S. 231, 235, 241 (1988); see also United States v. Corcione, 592 F.2d 111, 117 & n.5 (2d Cir. 1979) (approving instruction that told jurors "it is your duty as jurors to consult with one another and to deliberate with a view to reaching agreement"); United States v. Green, 523 F.2d 229, 234, 236 (2d Cir. 1975) (approving jury charge that instructed jurors "to listen to each other's arguments with an open mind to see if they could agree in `good conscience'").
A district court's finding on the question whether a juror has impermissibly refused to participate in the deliberation process is a finding of fact to which appropriate deference is due. See United States v. Barone, 114 F.3d 1284, 1307 (1st Cir. 1997); Ruggiero, 928 F.2d at 1300 (noting reluctance to overturn the conclusion of the trial judge as to whether just cause existed to dismiss a juror under Rule 23(b) given that the trial judge's conclusion is "based in large measure upon personal observations [of the juror's behavior] that cannot be captured on a paper record"); see also United States v. Torres, 128 F.3d 38, 44 (2d Cir. 1997) (observing in the context of voir dire of prospective jurors that an appellate court cannot "easily second guess the conclusions of the decisionmaker who heard and observed the witnesses"). Here, the district court properly instructed the jury prior to the beginning of deliberations that it was their "duty, as jurors, to consult with one another and to deliberate with a view towards reaching an agreement." Soon after the deliberations began, the district court carefully interviewed the juror in question and determined on the basis of her own statements, as well as on the basis of the notes sent by the jury foreperson, that one half hour after the jury retired the juror refused to participate in deliberations. The record amply supports the district judge's determination. As we have noted already, the juror herself told the district judge that she had made up her mind in advance of the beginning of deliberations, and within a half hour determined that she would not deliberate with her fellow jurors. The notes from the other eleven jurors strongly supported these statements. The jurors informed the court that Juror Number 12 "refuses to deliberate on any of the counts" and would not "even look at any of the evidence." Moreover, the jurors informed the court that Juror Number 12 had made an issue of the court's refusal to excuse her from jury service during jury selection. Accordingly, the district judge reasonably concluded, based on strong evidence, that Juror Number 12 had improperly decided not to participate in deliberations and had improperly made up her mind prior to those deliberations. Cf. Barone, 114 F.3d at 1307 ("[T]he district court reasonably concluded that [the juror] could not continue to deliberate as a fair and impartial juror....").
Appellants urge us to reverse the judgment in the light of United States v. Thomas, 116 F.3d 606, 618-20 (2d Cir. 1997). In Thomas, the trial judge removed a juror because the juror engaged in nullification: "purposefully disregarding the court's instructions on the law -- in effect... intend[ing] to acquit the defendants regardless of the evidence of their guilt." Id. at 608. We ruled that, in such cases, where the issue of the juror's removal arises from his refusal to vote in accordance with the evidence, the court must take pains to avoid the risk that the juror is in fact being removed "because he is unpersuaded by the Government's case." Id. at 621. We ruled that such efforts to remove a juror must be denied "if the record evidence discloses any possibility that a complaint [by the other jurors]... stems from the juror's view of the sufficiency of the government's evidence." Id. at 622 (internal quotation marks omitted).
Here, the juror was not removed for her nonconforming view of the evidence. She was removed for her admitted refusal to perform her duty as a juror by deliberating together with the other jurors. The complaints of the other jurors, although including reference to her statement that "the evidence was not going to change her mind," focused on her "refus[al] to deliberate on any of the counts." The juror acknowledged in the court's interview that within a half hour she stopped participating in the deliberations and would not change her mind. The district court's reasons for dismissing were that, as she admitted, she had made up her mind before deliberations started, she refused to participate in the exchange of views with other jurors, and she said she would continue to refuse to participate. Thus, the basis of removal in this case, unlike Thomas, was not the juror's refusal to base her vote on the evidence -- a reason that is dangerously difficult to distinguish from a refusal to view the evidence as viewed by the other jurors - but rather her refusal to engage in the process of jury deliberation. The Thomas opinion acknowledged that its decision might well have been different, and a different rule would apply, if the juror's disruptive behavior, rather than his determination to vote for acquittal, had been the reason for the removal. See Thomas, 116 F. 3d at 624 ("[W]e do not suggest... that a juror's disruptive behavior... could not serve as a ground for dismissal....").
Many of the observations of the Thomas opinion are nonetheless pertinent. It is far better, when possible, for the court while inquiring into a juror's possible misconduct to make efforts to avoid learning the jurors' views. See Thomas, 116 F.3d at 620 (noting that "the very act of judicial investigation can at times be expected to foment discord among the jurors"). If the judge has not learned the views of the misbehaving juror, the court's remedial action is less likely to be subject to challenge as an effort on the court's part to shape the verdict. Furthermore, if the court has not been told the jurors' views, or how the jury is divided, the jurors will not interpret the court's intervention as seeking to influence the jury in any particular direction. The district judge recognized this and thus at first instructed Juror Number 12, "[D]on't tell me what [your] decision was." Nonetheless, in the next question, the district court asked, "Do you feel that the defendants were unfairly prosecuted here?" - a question that sent the inquiry unnecessarily in the direction of the juror's view of the merits, which were not revealed by the foreperson's notes.
"[T]he Due Process Clause protects the accused against conviction except upon proof beyond a reasonable doubt of every fact necessary to constitute the crime with which he is charged." In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 364 (1970). The Sixth Amendment guarantees the accused a trial by jury. See U.S. Const. amend. 6. "Taken together, these rights indisputably entitle a criminal defendant to `a jury determination that [he] is guilty of every element of the crime with which he is charged, beyond a reasonable doubt.'" Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 477 (2000) (quoting United States v. Gaudin, 515 U.S. 506, 510 (1995)).
The jury deliberating on Count 2 did not consider the essential elements of the crime of murder with intent to obstruct justice. It had been instructed to convict the defendants if it found that they (1) had "used physical force or attempted to do so," and (2) had "acted knowingly and with intent to prevent Dr. Daniel Hodge from communicating to a law enforcement officer or judge of the United States information relating to the commission or possible commission of a federal offense." This instruction allowed the jury to convict the defendants on the murder count, without finding that the defendants had murdered, or even killed, Dr. Hodge. Such a verdict cannot sustain a conviction for the offense of murder to obstruct justice, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1512(a)(1).
The government contends that even though the district judge gave the wrong charge, the error was harmless because the jury "was required to find that the Bakers caused the death of Dr. Hodge." In the alternative, the government argues that, taken as a whole, the court's instructions to the jury were "permeated" by the murder of Dr. Hodge and thus "made it abundantly clear that to convict on Count 2, the jury had to find that the defendants participated in the murder of Dr. Hodge." In particular, the government observes that the district court read to the jury the correct section of the statute, which provides that "`whoever kills or attempts to kill another person'... shall be guilty of a crime" (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 1512(a)(1)), and defined the use of physical force for the jury by stating that "[p]hysical force is self-explanatory. In this case, the murder of Dr. Daniel Hodge constitutes physical force."
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