Source: https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-11th-circuit/1694918.html
Timestamp: 2019-10-17 01:43:50
Document Index: 295227860

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 1951', '§ 841', '§ 922', '§ 924', '§ 922', '§ 921', '§ 922', '§ 790']

Joseph Peter Clarke and Bobby Jenkins appeal their convictions for conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act robbery, 18 U.S.C. § 1951(a); conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute five or more kilograms of cocaine, 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 846; possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1); and using and carrying a firearm during and in relation to a crime of violence and possession of a firearm in furtherance of a crime of violence, specifically, the Hobbs Act robbery, id. § 924(c)(1)(A). Both Jenkins and Clarke raise a number of challenges on appeal. We address all but one in a separate opinion. Here we address only whether Jenkins's prior guilty plea to possession of cocaine in Florida, where adjudication was withheld, qualifies as a “conviction” under Florida law. Because this question raises an important issue of state law, for which there is no on-point ruling from the Florida Supreme Court, we certify the question to that Court before deciding this case.
Whether a conviction qualifies for purposes of § 922(g) “shall be determined in accordance with the law of the jurisdiction in which the proceedings were held.” 18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(20). Thus, the question before us is whether Florida treats a guilty plea with adjudication withheld as a “conviction” for purposes of Florida's felon-in-possession statute. See United States v. Chubbuck, 252 F.3d 1300, 1304 (11th Cir.2001) (“[T]he ․ appropriate source of applicable Florida law [for evaluating the term ‘conviction’ in § 922(g) ] would be that surrounding Florida's own unlawful possession of firearms by a felon statute, Fla. Stat. Ann. § 790.23.”).
The Florida Supreme Court has not squarely addressed this issue. However, in State v. McFadden, 772 So.2d 1209 (Fla.2000), it adopted “a definition of ‘conviction’ that requires an adjudication of guilt or judgment of conviction by the trial court” in the context of impeaching a witness. Id. at 1216. The Court went on to note that “where the trial court withholds adjudication of guilt as authorized by statute,” a prior crime is not a “conviction.” Id. In so holding, the McFadden Court relied upon its opinion in State v. Snyder, 673 So.2d 9 (Fla.1996), which noted that Florida's felon-in-possession law “applies ‘following an adjudication of guilt in the trial court.’ “ Id. at 1215 n. 5 (quoting Snyder, 673 So.2d at 10). We are also aware that two Florida District Courts of Appeal have held that a withheld adjudication does not count as a conviction for Florida's felon-in-possession statute. In Castillo v. State, 590 So.2d 458 (Fla. 3d DCA 1991) (per curiam), the Third District Court of Appeals concluded that “[f]or purposes of [Florida's felon-in-possession statute], we construe ‘conviction’ to mean an adjudication of guilt. Where adjudication has been withheld, the offender is not a convicted felon.” Id. at 461 (citations omitted). Similarly, in State v. Menuto, 912 So.2d 603 (Fla. 2d DCA 2005), the Second District Court of Appeals noted that “[f]or the purpose of [Florida's felon-in-possession statute], ‘conviction’ means ‘adjudication of guilt’—a mere withhold[ing] of adjudication of guilt of the prior offense will not suffice.” Id. at 605–06.
In order to resolve this, we certify the following question to the Florida Supreme Court:
As in all cases in which we certify a question to a state court, we do not mean, by our presentation of the issue, our phrasing of the question, or otherwise, to restrict the Florida Supreme Court's analysis of this or any other issue it chooses to address. See City of Marietta v. CSX Transp., Inc., 196 F.3d 1300, 1309 (11th Cir.1999). Our phrasing is intended only as a guide. See Edmonds v. Bronner, 864 F.2d 752, 753–54 (11th Cir.1989). We will retain jurisdiction over these appeals while the Florida Supreme Court considers the certified question. See Butler v. Ala. Judicial Inquiry Comm'n, 245 F.3d 1257, 1266 (11th Cir.2001). And while we hope it will answer our question, it of course has no obligation to do so. That said, “we would greatly prefer to hear from the state's highest court on this unsettled and important area of state law.” Id.