Source: https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/print/v1_rul_rule98
Timestamp: 2020-06-03 15:52:26
Document Index: 38970958

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 2385', '§ 2386', '§ 2387', '§ 2388', '§ 2389', '§ 2390', '§ 2391', '§ 2392', '§ 2394', '§ 2395', '§ 2396', '§ 2397', '§ 2398', '§ 2399', '§ 2400', '§ 2402', '§ 2401', '§ 2404', '§ 2405', '§ 2407', '§ 2393', '§ 2403', '§ 2406', '§ 2433', '§ 2434', '§ 2436', '§ 2410', '§ 2412', '§ 2413', '§ 2415', '§ 2420', '§ 2421', '§ 2416', '§ 17', '§ 2417', '§ 138', '§ 139', '§ 146', '§ 147', '§ 148', '§ 2372', '§ 2374', '§ 2371', '§ 2422', '§ 2435', '§ 2379', '§ 2437', '§ 2446', '§ 2448', '§ 2449', '§ 2450', '§ 2441', '§ 2379', '§ 2439', '§ 2440', '§ 2442', '§ 2443', '§ 2444', '§ 2438', '§ 2484', '§ 2481', '§ 2489', '§ 2411', '§ 2490', '§ 2492', '§ 2414', '§ 2485', '§ 2514', '§ 2504', '§ 2505', '§ 2493', '§ 2495', '§ 2502', '§ 2503', '§ 2506', '§ 2507', '§ 2508', '§ 2512']

1. Rules\Enforced Disappearance
Volume II, Chapter 32, Section K.
[1] Colombia, Basic Military Manual (cited in Vol. II, Ch. 32, § 2385); El Salvador, Human Rights Charter of the Armed Forces (ibid., § 2386); Indonesia, Directive on Human Rights in Irian Jaya and Maluku (ibid., § 2387); Peru, Human Rights Charter of the Security Forces (ibid., § 2388).
[2] See, e.g., the legislation of Armenia (ibid., § 2389), Australia (ibid., § 2390), Azerbaijan (ibid., § 2391), Belarus (ibid., § 2392), Canada (ibid., § 2394), Congo (ibid., § 2395), El Salvador (ibid., § 2396), France (ibid., § 2397), Germany (ibid., § 2398), Mali (ibid., § 2399), Netherlands (ibid., § 2400), New Zealand (ibid., § 2402), Niger (ibid., § 2401), Paraguay (ibid., § 2404), Peru (ibid., § 2405) and United Kingdom (ibid., § 2407); see also the draft legislation of Burundi (ibid., § 2393), Nicaragua (ibid., § 2403) and Trinidad and Tobago (ibid., § 2406).
[3] 24th International Conference of the Red Cross, Res. II (ibid., § 2433).
[4] 25th International Conference of the Red Cross, Res. XIII (ibid., § 2434).
[5] 27th International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent, Res. I (adopted by consensus) (ibid., § 2436).
[6] See the statements of Botswana (ibid., § 2410), Honduras (ibid., § 2412) and Indonesia (ibid., § 2413).
[7] UN Security Council, Res. 1034 (ibid., § 2415); UN Commission on Human Rights, Res. 1994/72 (ibid., § 2420) and Res. 1996/71 (ibid., § 2421).
[8] UN General Assembly, Res. 50/193 (ibid., § 2416). The resolution was adopted by 114 votes in favour, one against and 20 abstentions. However, the explanation of vote of the Russian Federation, which voted against the resolution, shows that it did not object to the principle of condemning forced disappearance but thought that the resolution was too one-sided. See the statement of the Russian Federation in the Third Committee of the UN General Assembly, UN Doc. A/C.3/50/SR.58, 14 December 1995, § 17.
[9] UN General Assembly, Res. 55/116 (cited in Vol. II, Ch. 32, § 2417). The resolution was adopted by 85 votes in favour, 32 against and 49 abstentions. However, in explanations of vote given by Bangladesh, Canada, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Thailand and the United States, there is no indication that there was a disagreement on the principle which is under discussion here; see the explanations of vote of these States given in the Third Committee of the UN General Assembly, 10 October 2000, UN Doc. A/C.3/55/SR.55, 29 November 2000, § 138 (Canada), § 139 (United States), § 146 (Bangladesh), § 147 (Thailand) and § 148 (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya).
[10] ICC Statute, Article 7(1)(i) (cited in Vol. II, Ch. 32, § 2372). Article 7(2)(i) (ibid., § 2374) defines enforced disappearance as “the arrest, detention or abduction of persons by, or with the authorization, support or acquiescence of, a State or a political organization, followed by a refusal to acknowledge that deprivation of freedom or to give information on the fate or whereabouts of those persons, with the intention of removing them from the protection of the law for a prolonged period of time”.
[11] Inter-American Convention on the Forced Disappearance of Persons, preamble (ibid., § 2371); see also UN Commission on Human Rights, Res. 2001/46 (ibid., § 2422); World Conference on Human Rights, Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action (ibid., § 2435).
[12] UN Declaration on Enforced Disappearance, Article 1 (ibid., § 2379).
[13] ICTY, Kupreškić case, Judgment (ibid., § 2437).
[14] See, e.g., Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Case 9466 (Peru) (ibid., § 2446), Case 9786 (Peru) (ibid., § 2448) and Third report on the human rights situation in Colombia (ibid., § 2449) and Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Velásquez Rodríguez case (ibid., § 2450); see also African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, Mouvement Burkinabé des Droits de l’Homme et des Peuples v. Burkina Faso (violation of the right to recognition before the law, right to freedom and security of person) (ibid., § 2441).
[15] UN Declaration on Enforced Disappearance, Article 1(2) (ibid., § 2379).
[16] UN Human Rights Committee, Quinteros v. Uruguay (ibid., § 2439), Lyashkevich v. Belarus (ibid., § 2440); European Court of Human Rights, Kurt v. Turkey (ibid., § 2442), Timurtas v. Turkey (ibid., § 2443) and Cyprus case (ibid., § 2444).
[17] UN Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 29 (Article 4 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights) (ibid., § 2438).
[18] See, e.g., UN Declaration on Enforced Disappearance, Article 13 (ibid., § 2484); Inter-American Convention on the Enforced Disappearance of Persons, Article 12 (ibid., § 2481); the practice of Argentina (National Commission concerning Missing Persons) (ibid., § 2489), Chile (Special Panel) (ibid., § 2411), Croatia (Commission for Tracing Persons Missing in War Activities in the Republic of Croatia) (ibid., § 2490), Philippines (Task Force on Involuntary Disappearances) (ibid., § 2492), Sri Lanka (Commission of Inquiry into Involuntary Removal or Disappearances of Persons in certain provinces) (ibid., § 2414), former Yugoslavia (Joint Commission to Trace Missing Persons and Mortal Remains) (ibid., § 2485) and Iraq, on the one hand, France, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, United Kingdom and United States, on the other hand (Tripartite Commission set up under the auspices of the ICRC) (ibid., § 2514); UN Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 6 (Article 6 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights) (ibid., § 2504) and Quinteros v. Uruguay (ibid., § 2505); UN General Assembly, Res. 40/140 (ibid., § 2493); UN Commission on Human Rights, Res. 2001/46 (ibid., § 2495); 24th International Conference of the Red Cross, Res. II (ibid., § 2502); World Conference on Human Rights, Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action (ibid., § 2503); European Court of Human Rights, Kurt v. Turkey (ibid., § 2506), Timurtas v. Turkey (ibid., § 2507) and Cyprus case (ibid., § 2508); Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Velásquez Rodríguez case (ibid., § 2512).