Source: https://patents.google.com/patent/ES2291814T3/en
Timestamp: 2020-01-20 10:48:54
Document Index: 389085292

Matched Legal Cases: ['Application No. 60', 'art 40', 'art 40', 'art 40', 'art 40', 'art 40', 'art 40', 'art 40', 'art 40', 'art 40', 'art 40', 'art 40', 'art 40', 'art 40', 'art 40', 'art 40', 'art 40', 'art 40', 'art 40']

ES2291814T3 - Sensitive catheter to curbature. - Google Patents
Sensitive catheter to curbature. Download PDF
ES2291814T3
ES2291814T3 ES04077532T ES04077532T ES2291814T3 ES 2291814 T3 ES2291814 T3 ES 2291814T3 ES 04077532 T ES04077532 T ES 04077532T ES 04077532 T ES04077532 T ES 04077532T ES 2291814 T3 ES2291814 T3 ES 2291814T3
ES04077532T
2008-03-01 Publication of ES2291814T3 publication Critical patent/ES2291814T3/en
Invasive probe apparatus for use with an externally applied magnetic field, the probe comprising: an elongated and flexible probe (20) having a distal portion contiguous to a distal end (22) thereof, for insertion into the body of a subject, said part adopting a predetermined curved shape when a force is applied thereto; a first sensor (28) fixed to the distal part of the probe (20) in a known position with respect to the distal end (22), said sensor in use generating signals, the first sensor (28) being a sensor sensitive to a magnetic field as the first position sensor element for the generation of a first signal that allows the determination of the position and orientation coordinates of the first position sensor element, said first signal defining a position and orientation coordinate signal; and signal processing circuitry (36), adapted to receive the position and orientation coordinate signal and to treat it and find the position and orientation coordinates of at least the first sensor (28). wherein the probe (20) comprises a resilient longitudinal member; characterized in that: the probe (20) further comprises a second sensor (80) fixed to the distal part of the probe (20) in a known position with respect to the distal end (22), also generating the second sensor (80) in use signals the second sensor (80) being a force sensitive bending element for generating a second signal in response to a force exerted when the probe (20) bends, said second signal defining a bending signal; the signal processing circuitry (36) also being adapted to receive the bending signal and treat it with the position and orientation coordinates of the first sensor to determine the locations of a plurality of points along the length of the distal part of the probe (20); and wherein the bending element (80) comprises three piezoelectric crystals (82, 84, 86), each crystal (82, 84, 86) having an axis, in which the axes are orthogonal to each other.
Curvature sensitive catheter.
The present invention generally relates to cardiac diagnosis and therapy systems, and specifically to invasive medical probes that can be used to map the inner surfaces of the heart.
Position sensitive cardiac catheters They are known in the art. Generally, said catheters are inserted percutaneously and inserted through one or more vessels main blood into an inner chamber of the heart. A position sensitive device located in the catheter, typically near the distal end of the catheter, it produces signals which are used to determine the position of the device (and by therefore of the catheter) with respect to a frame of reference that fixed either on the outside of the body or in the heart itself. He position sensitive device can be active or passive and can function generating or receiving electric power fields, magnetic, or ultrasonic or other suitable forms of energy known in the art.
US Patent 5,391,199 describes a position sensitive catheter comprising a sensing coil in miniature contained at the distal end of the catheter. Coil generates electrical signals in response to magnetic fields externally applied, which are created by generating coils field located outside the patient's body. The signs electrical are analyzed to determine the coordinates three-dimensional coil position.
PCT Patent Publication No. WO96 / 05768, filed on January 24, 1995, whose disclosures constitute the basis of the preamble of claim 1 attached herein, describes a position sensitive catheter comprising a plurality of miniature sensor coils, preferably not concentric, subject to its distal end. As in the Patent 5,391,199, the electrical signals generated by these coils in response to an externally applied magnetic field will analyze to determine, in a preferred embodiment, the coordinates in six dimensions of the position and orientation of the coils
Multiple devices can be placed position sensitive, with a known spatial relationship and fixed each other in or adjacent to the distal end of a catheter as described, for example, in PCT Patent Application No. PCT / IL97 / 00009. This application describes a catheter that you have in your distal end a substantially rigid structure to which one or more position sensors are fixed. The sensors are used to determine the position and orientation of the structure, preferably for use in the mapping of the activity electric heart. Although the structure itself is substantially rigid, the rest of the catheter is generally flexible, and position sensors do not provide information on coordinates relative to any point of the catheter proximal to the structure.
PCT publication WO95 / 04938 describes a Miniature magnetic field sensor coil and a procedure to remotely determine the situation of the coil. Coil sensor can be used to determine the configuration space or the path of a flexible endoscope inside the body of a subject in one of two ways: (1) passing the coil through of an inner lumen of the endoscope, for example, the biopsy tube of the endoscope, and externally tracking the situation of the coil while the endoscope is stationary; or (2) distributing a plurality of coils, preferably a dozen approximately, along the length of the endoscope and determining the situation of all coils. The coordinates of position determined for each coil situation (when use a single coil) or for all coils (when use the plurality of coils) are grouped to rebuild by interpolation the spatial configuration of the endoscope within the intestines, for example, of the subject, and thus estimate the corresponding spatial configuration of the intestines.
The accuracy of this endoscope in the estimate of the spatial configuration of the intestines depends on which have a relatively large number of position measurements and / or coils. The passage of the coil (or other sensor element) to through a lumen of the endoscope it takes time and is not physically practical with thin probes, such as cardiac catheters They must be passed through blood vessels. However the use of a large number of coils undesirably increases the weight and the cost of the catheter and reduces its flexibility.
U.S. Patent 5,042,486 describes a procedure for locating a catheter inside the body of a subject, usually inside a blood vessel, tracking the position of an electromagnetic or acoustic transmitter or receiver located at the tip of the catheter. Position readings are recorded with an x-ray image of the blood vessel. Without However, this procedure is only practical when the catheter is displaces inside a vessel or other physiological structure which defines a narrow channel within which the catheter movement
PCT publication WO92 / 03090 describes a probe system, such as an endoscope, which includes coils sensors mounted in spaced positions along the probe. A set of antennas located near the probe are excited by AC electrical signals to induce voltage signals corresponding in the sensor coils. These signals are analyzed to determine the three-dimensional coordinates of the coils. The location of the points along the probe between a couple of sensor coils can be determined by interpolation between the respective coordinates of the coils.
US Patent 5060632 describes a endoscopic apparatus that has potentiometers provided for bending pieces of a flexible part of the endoscope and detect the degree of curved of the flexible part.
An objective of the present invention is provide a generally flexible catheter, for insertion into the body of a subject, in which the path and / or position of the catheter inside the body are determined using a minimum number of sensors fixed to the catheter.
Another objective of the present invention is provide a catheter that has a distal part that adopts a predetermined shape or curvature, depending on an applied force to it, and a procedure to determine the path of the distal part inside the body.
Another objective of the present invention is be able to determine the path of the catheter within cavities of the body in which the catheter moves freely in three dimensions and not only within limiting lumens as in the art previous.
In accordance with the present invention, it is provided an invasive probe apparatus as defined in claim 1. The apparatus comprises a flexible probe having a distal end for its insertion in the body of a subject, it comprises first and second fixed sensors in respective positions known to length of a generally distal part of the catheter length in a relationship with each other and with respect to the known distal end. The distal part of the catheter is elastic enough to adopt a predetermined curved shape when a force is applied to the same. At least one of the sensors is a position sensor that generates signals in response to the coordinates of the position of the same. The outputs of the first and second sensors are processed together to determine the curvature of the catheter part and get the positions of a plurality of points along the length of the distal part, within the subject's body.
The at least one position sensor comprises a coil sensitive to magnetic fields, preferably as the described in the aforementioned patent 5,391,199, or, more preferably, a plurality of said coils, as described in PCT publication WO96 / 05768 mentioned above. The plurality of coils allows to determine position coordinates and orientation in six dimensions. Alternatively, inside the body of the subject, any suitable position sensor can be used known in the art, such as electrical sensors, magnetic or acoustic
In some of these preferred embodiments, the catheter has an elasticity that is generally constant at along at least a part of its length, for example, due to the internal reinforcement of the catheter with an elastic longitudinal member, in a manner known in the art. In this case, absent a significant deformation of the catheter due to external forces, the known position and orientation coordinates of the first and second position sensing elements, certain cone described above, are sufficient to establish the curvature of the catheter between the elements.
The second sensor comprises a bending sensor which generates signals in response to the radius of curvature of the catheter close to it. The bending sensor comprises one or more sensors piezoelectric generating electrical signals proportional to the force or torque exerted on it when the catheter bends.
In addition, the catheter may include a mechanism of user controlled bending, such as a pull cable or another mechanism known in the art, or bending mechanisms of other types such as those described in PCT application no. PCT / IL97 / 00159. Preferably, the bending mechanism is calibrated. so that the radius of curvature of the catheter near it is known, and is used in determining the positions of the plurality of points along the catheter.
In some preferred embodiments of the In the present invention, the catheter includes physiological sensors such as electrophysiological detector electrodes or, additionally or alternatively, therapeutic devices such as electrodes of ablation, in some or all of the plurality of points located at along its length Such embodiments are particularly useful, for example, in the diagnosis and treatment of abnormal electrical conduction in the heart. Also, in the US Patent Provisional Application No. 60 / 034,704 se describe devices and procedures for use in accordance with these preferred embodiments.
Although the preferred embodiments are described in this document with reference to certain types of position and orientation sensors, the principles of the present invention may be carried out in catheters that include other types and combinations of said sensors, as is known in the technique. It is generally unnecessary to determine the coordinates of position and orientation of the sensors in six dimensions. Is enough, for example, that the first position sensor provide position and orientation data in five dimensions (to determine their three-dimensional translation coordinates and the two rotational dimensions of azimuth and elevation), and that the second position sensor provide position information three-dimensional Under these conditions, the positions of the plurality of points located along the catheter, as described above.
Although embodiments are described herein preferred with reference to certain types of position sensors and guidance, the principles of the present invention may be implemented in catheters that include other types and combinations of said sensors, as is known in the art. Generally it is unnecessary to determine position coordinates and orientation of sensors in six dimensions. It is enough, for example, that the first position sensor provide position data and five-dimensional orientation (to determine its coordinates translational in three dimensions and azimuth and elevation rotational in two dimensions), and that the second sensor of position provide positional information in two dimensions. In these conditions, the positions of the plurality of points along the catheter, as described previously.
Although the preferred embodiments of the present invention are generally described herein with reference to one or two position sensors and / or a single sensor curved, it can be seen that the principles of the invention that materialize can be applied analogously to catheters, or other probes, having a plurality of position sensors and / or a plurality of bending sensors. Preferably, however, the number of said sensors is kept to the minimum necessary to achieve the desired determination accuracy of the plurality of points along the length of the catheter, usually at along the catheter part adjacent to the distal end of the same.
In addition, although preferred embodiments described in this document refer to catheters, and particularly intracardiac catheters, it will be appreciated that principles of the present invention can be applied analogously to other types of flexible medical probes, such as endoscopes.
Therefore, according to one embodiment preferred of the present invention, a probe apparatus is provided invasive that includes:
a probe elongated flexible that has a distal part contiguous to the end distal thereof, for insertion into the body of a subject, said part adopting a predetermined curved shape when apply a force to it;
first and second sensors, fixed to the distal part of the probe in positions known with respect to the distal end, said sensors generate signals in response to probe bending; Y
circuitry of signal processing, which receives the signals in response to curved and processes them to determine position coordinates and orientation of at least the first sensor and to determine the locations of a plurality of points along the length of the distal part of the probe.
Preferably, the first sensor comprises three coils that generate signals in response to a magnetic field externally applied
Preferably, the probe has an elasticity generally constant along the length of the distal part thereof and includes an elastic longitudinal member.
Preferably, the position coordinates and guidance determined by the treatment circuitry of signals include position coordinates in six dimensions and of orientation.
The second sensor includes a detector element bending that generates signals in response to a direction of probe bending
The curved sensor element includes three piezoelectric crystals each crystal having an axis, in which The axes are orthogonal to each other.
The probe may also include a sensor fiber optic or stretch sensor as a detector element of additional curving
Preferably, the treatment circuitry of signals determines a radius of curvature of the probe or, alternatively or additionally, a radius and a step one way helical described by the probe.
Preferably, the probe comprises a diversion device within the distal part thereof.
The present invention can be understood more completely with the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments thereof, taken together with the drawings in which:
Figure 1 is a schematic illustration of a bending sensitive catheter system;
Figure 2A is a schematic illustration of a part of the catheter shown in Figure 1, in a first curved configuration;
Figure 2B is a schematic illustration of a part of the catheter shown in Figure 1, in a second twisted configuration;
Figure 3 is a schematic illustration that shows a catheter sensitive to bending; Y
Figure 4 is a schematic illustration, partial and in section, showing a curved sensitive catheter, in accordance with the present invention.
Reference is now made to Figure 1 which illustrates a catheter 20 sensitive to bending. Catheter 20 includes a distal end 22 which, preferably, is inserted into the heart of a subject, and a proximal end 24 that is coupled to a console 26 of control.
Next to distal end 22, catheter 20 includes a first position sensor element 28 and, proximal to the same, a second element 30 position sensor that serves to make it possible to determine an angle of curvature of the catheter 20, as will be described below. Preferably, each of the elements 28 and 30 comprises three coils not substantially orthogonal concentric, as described in the PCT publication WO96 / 05768 mentioned above, which generate signals in response to magnetic fields applied by 32 field generators. These signals are transported by cables 34 to the circuitry 36 of computing and processing signals from console 26, which preferably provides also excitation and control signals to generators 32. The circuitry 36 analyzes the signals, as described more fully detail in the PCT publication, to determine the coordinates in six dimensions of translation and orientation of the elements 28 and 30 with respect to a frame of reference established by the generators 32.
Alternatively, it is sufficient that one of the elements 28 or 30 comprises three of said coils, and that the other element comprises a single coil, as described in Patent 5,391,199 mentioned above. As described in the Patent, the three-dimensional translational coordinates of the single-element element are determined.
Also alternatively, sensors 28 and 30 may comprise other types and combinations of sensors position, known in the art. It is enough, for example, that element 28 is such that it allows coordinate determination three-dimensional translation and two-dimensional coordinates angular angular and azimuth elevation with respect to it, while for element 30 the coordinates are determined three-dimensional If catheter 20 bending is limited to one plan, as shown in Figure 2A and described to then it is enough to determine the coordinates two-dimensional element 30.
Catheter 20 preferably includes a member 38 longitudinal elastic, for example a spring element helical, which is fixed inside the catheter along the axis longitudinal thereof. Preferably, there is a distance sufficient between the metal parts of member 38 and the sensors 28 and 30 so that the metal parts do not distort appreciably the magnetic fields in the sensors. Bliss distortion can be produced, for example, by currents parasites induced in metal parts or by the curvature of the magnetic field lines due to ferromagnetic materials. Due to member 38, catheter 20 has an elasticity generally constant at least in a part 40 of its length that preferably extends at least from element 30, or from another point proximal to this, to the distal end 22 or at least up to element 28. Preferably, part 40 of catheter 20 is short enough, generally less than about 9 cm long, so that it is completely inserted into a camera of the heart with no more than a single curved part. How consequence, when part 40 is curved, whereby the element 30 moves translationally and rotates an angle in its orientation known with respect to element 28, part 40 will adopt a arched or helical shape that has a radius of curvature known, determined by the known angle.
Figure 2A illustrates, for example, a case in the which part 40 of catheter 20 is curved in a plane, which we can assume that it is the page plane without loss of generality. It is assumed that the length of part 40 is L, according to it shows. The respective first and second coordinate axes premises 50 (x_ {0}, y_ {0}, z_ {0}) and 52 (x_ {1}, y_ {1}, z_ {1}) are defined in the positions of the first and second elements 28 and 30, where the local z axis is taken in all case aligned with the longitudinal axis of catheter 20, usually parallel to member 38.
Position coordinates in six dimensions of the first element 28 are determined and used to define the translational position of the element and the first axes 50 of local coordinates The orientation coordinates of the second element 30 define second local axes 52 which, together with the axes 50, determine an angle? Of bending, as shown. From this mode defines an arc that has a given radius of curvature by R = L / the, and a center 54 of curvature at a position y = R defined with respect to the 50 or 52 coordinate axes. The elasticity of member 38 ensures that part 40 generally follows this arc, so that the position of any point within part 40 of catheter 20 can be determined conveniently
Figure 2B schematically illustrates the case more general, in which catheter 20 is free to twist in three dimensions. In the case shown here, part 40 of the catheter 20 has been twisted around its longitudinal axis approximately 180º, so that the x_ {1} and y_ {1} axes of the second axes 52 stores are oriented in respective directions generally opposite the x_ {0} and y_ {0} axes of the local 50 axes. The elasticity of member 38 causes part 40 to take a form generally helical to the right, within the limits of a cylinder 54 having a diameter R c and a length d, as shown in the figure. The length d is defined by the translational displacement of element 30 with respect to element 28, but the determination of R_ {c} generally requires Solve an integral equation. Preferably, the solutions to The equation is stored in the form of a query table, preferably within the treatment circuitry 36 signals, as is known in the art. Next, R_ {c} and d determine the passage of the helical shape, so that the position of any point within part 40 of catheter 20 It can be determined again conveniently.
Preferably, part 40 of catheter 20 will not be allowed to twist more than 180 °, either clockwise or counterclockwise, so that the relative rotational coordinates of elements 28 and 30 will be unambiguous. However, if necessary, the twisting of part 40 can be monitored continuously, analyzing the signals received from the elements as the catheter 20 is inserted and manipulated inside the body, so that rotations greater than 180 ° will be detected. . Next, these larger twisting angles are conveniently used in the determination of Rc, as described above.
In the apparatus described above, it has been assuming that part 40 of catheter 20 is free to move within a body cavity, and that the shape and configuration of the part 40 are determined substantially by their own elasticity. The bending of part 40 is produced by a combination of axial compression force generally exerted from the proximal end 24 of the catheter 20 by a user, such as a doctor, and a lateral deviation force exerted on the end 22 distal by the body tissue with which it is in contact said distal end.
Figure 3 schematically illustrates a catheter 20 bends in a controllable way, not necessarily in shape arched or helical, by means of a mechanism 56 of government. Preferably, the mechanism 56 comprises a diverting element. electronically or mechanically controlled, which works under control of console 26, as described in the PCT patent application PCT / IL97 / 00159 mentioned above. Alternatively, the mechanism 56 can comprise any governance device or of proper diversion, known in the art. Catheter 20 is sufficiently rigid, except in the immediate proximity to the mechanism 56, so that it curves only in the immediate vicinity to the mechanism. The position coordinates of elements 28 and 30 are used to measure the deflection angle?, whereby the location of any point can be determined along the part 40 of catheter 20. Preferably, the measured offset angle It is also used to provide feedback for the closed loop control of mechanism 56.
Figure 4 schematically illustrates a embodiment of the present invention, similar to those of catheters described above except that instead of the second element 30 position sensor, catheter 20 shown here includes a bending sensor 80, sensitive to the angle of curvature of the catheter. The bending sensor 80 comprises three elements 82, 84 and 86 piezoelectric, as shown in the figure. The elements piezoelectric devices are mechanically coupled to resilient member 38, so that when member 38 bends, as described previously, the bending force is transmitted to and acts on The elements. As is known in the art, crystals piezoelectric generate voltage signals that are generally proportional to the bending force, these being transmitted signals by cables 34 to the processing circuit 36 of console signals 26.
Each of the elements 82, 84 and 86 includes a piezoelectric crystal with an axis orthogonally aligned with the axes of the other two elements, so that each crystal generates signals in response to catheter 20 bending around an axis different. Thus, as shown in Figure 4, the element 82 generates signals in response to the twisting of the catheter 20 around its longitudinal axis, and elements 84 and 86 generate signals in response to bending to the left and to the right and up and down, respectively.
Due to the generally constant elasticity of member 38, the signals generated by elements 82, 84 and 86 can be used to calculate the angles of bending and of twisting of part 40 of catheter 20. These angles are taken together with the determined translation and orientation coordinates with respect to the position sensor element 28 to determine the positions of the plurality of points of interest located at length of catheter length 20.
You can also use other types of bending sensors, for example, extensimeters. Sayings extensimeters have an electrical resistance that varies depending on of the mechanical traction applied to them, as is known in the technique. Alternatively, fiber sensors can be used. optics, as is known in the art, to determine the angle of curved catheter 20 measuring the loss and retroreflection of the light transported through an optical fiber integrated in the catheter.
Additional bending sensors can be placed along the length of catheter 20, so that they can be detect multiple bends or bending radius of curvature not constant.
In more general terms, although Preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described above with reference to one or two elements 28 and 30 position sensors and a single bend sensor 80, will you will appreciate that in some applications catheter 20 may comprise preferably a higher number of position sensors and / or of bending sensors Such additional sensors may be particularly useful when it is necessary to track a part of the length of the catheter inside a tortuous passage, or when the catheter has to lean against and it is desirable that adapt to a tortuous surface inside a body cavity. Preferably, however, the number of said sensors is maintains the minimum necessary to achieve the desired accuracy in the determination of points along the length of the catheter.
Although for simplicity of illustration, the catheter 20 has been shown and described above as a compound only for the sensors and other elements necessary for the operation of the present invention, in the embodiments Preferred of the present invention the catheter includes preferably other detection and / or therapeutic devices, as is known in the art. The principles of this invention can thus be applied, for example, to map physiological activity or to apply a therapeutic treatment local inside a body cavity, such as a camera of the heart, more easily and accurately than the procedures and devices known in the art.
It will be appreciated that the principles of this invention can also be applied to other medical probes flexible, such as endoscopes.
It will also be appreciated that the embodiments Preferred described above are cited by way of example, and that the total scope of the invention is limited only by the claims.
1. Invasive probe apparatus for use with a externally applied magnetic field, the probe comprising:
a probe (20) elongated and flexible that has a distal part contiguous to one end (22) distal thereof, for insertion into the body of a subject, said part adopting a predetermined curved shape when a force is applied to it;
a first sensor (28) fixed to the distal part of the probe (20) in a position known with respect to the distal end (22), generating said sensor in use signals, the first sensor (28) being a sensor sensitive to a magnetic field as the first position sensor element for the generation of a first signal that allows the determination of position and orientation coordinates of the first sensor element position, said first signal defining a signal of position and orientation coordinates; Y
circuitry (36) of signal processing, adapted to receive the signal from position and orientation coordinates and to treat and find the position and orientation coordinates of at least the first sensor (28).
wherein the probe (20) comprises a member longitudinal resilient;
the probe (20) it also comprises a second sensor (80) fixed to the distal part of the probe (20) in a known position relative to the end (22) distal, also generating the second sensor (80) in use signals, the second sensor (80) being a bending detection element force-sensitive for the generation of a second signal in response to a force exerted when bending the probe (20), defining said second signal a bending signal;
being also the signal processing circuitry (36) adapted to receive the bending signal and treat it with the coordinates of position and of orientation of the first sensor to determine the locations of a plurality of points along the length of the part distal probe (20); Y
in which the detection element (80) of curved comprises three piezoelectric crystals (82, 84, 86), each crystal (82, 84, 86) having an axis, in which the axes are orthogonal to each other.
2. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first sensor (28) comprises three coils, which generate signals in response to the externally applied magnetic field.
3. Apparatus according to claim 1, in which the probe (20) has an elasticity generally constant along the length of the distal part of the same.
4. Apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the element (30) of bending detection generates signals in response to a direction of bending of the probe (20).
5. Apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the probe also comprises a fiber optic sensor as a bending detection element additional.
6. Apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the probe also comprises a deformation sensor as a bending detection element additional.
7. Apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the probe (20) comprises a diversion device within the distal part thereof.
8. Apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the circuitry (36) of Signal processing determines a radius of curvature of the probe (twenty).
9. Apparatus according to any one of the claims 1 to 7, wherein the treatment circuitry (36) of signals determines a radius and a pitch of a helical shape described by the probe (20).
ES04077532T 1997-01-03 1997-12-31 Sensitive catheter to curbature. Expired - Lifetime ES2291814T3 (en)
ES2291814T3 true ES2291814T3 (en) 2008-03-01
ES97950366T Expired - Lifetime ES2216180T3 (en) 1997-01-03 1997-12-31 Conformational catheter.
ES04077532T Expired - Lifetime ES2291814T3 (en) 1997-01-03 1997-12-31 Sensitive catheter to curbature.
ES97950367T Expired - Lifetime ES2236836T3 (en) 1997-01-03 1997-12-31 Sensitive catheter to a curved part.
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