Source: http://www.patentgenius.com/patent/4845372.html
Timestamp: 2018-10-23 00:48:16
Document Index: 149459701

Matched Legal Cases: ['art 64', 'arts 64', 'arts 64', 'arts 64', 'arts 64', 'arts 64', 'arts 64']

Nuclear waste packing module - Patent # 4845372 - PatentGenius
4845372 Nuclear waste packing module
Application: 07/133,168
Inventors: Disibio; Ralph R. (Ellicott City, MD)
Lilley; Arthur W. (Finleyville, PA)
Mallory; Charles W. (Severna Park, MD)
Razor; John E. (Morehead, KY)
Sanner, Jr.; William S. (Murrysville, PA)
Stricklin; Billy C. (Oak Ridge, TN)
Watts; Ralph E. (Library, PA)
Winston; Steven J. (New Stanton, PA)
Assistant Examiner: Guss; Paul A.
U.S. Class: 250/506.1; 250/507.1; 250/515.1; 250/517.1; 376/272; 976/DIG.395
Field Of Search: 250/506.1; 250/507.1; 250/515.1; 250/517.1; 376/272; 220/1.5; 220/236; 220/DIG.13; 206/503; 206/509; 252/633
U.S Patent Documents: 3325008; 3835652; 3847808; 3935467; 3940628; 4008658; 4166709; 4175669; 4177386; 4192629; 4196169; 4229316; 4234448; 4276164; 4280640; 4297827; 4352601; 4362434; 4375930; 4377509; 4414475; 4415459; 4513205
Foreign Patent Documents: 0091175; 3012561; 3129852; 3321250; 2445590; 0210400; 2091477
Other References: "Synroc Presses On in Australia," Nature, vol. 300, p. 470, Dec. 1982..
"GNS", STEAG Kernenergie GmbH, West Germany (undated)..
"Savepak Mobile Dry Active Waste Handling, Compaction and Disposal Services", Westinghouse Hittman Nuclear, Inc., Columbia, Md. (undated)..
Article entitled "Le Centre de la Manche", Agence Nationale pour la Gestion de Dechets Radioactifs, Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, 1981..
Abstract: A ground-disposable module for encapsulating radioactive waste contained within shipping containers is disclosed herein. Generally, the modules comprise a rigid outer container for providing a first radiation and water barrier for the waste, an inner container formed from the shipping container for providing a second radiation and water barrier, and a central layer of grout which forms still another radiation and water barrier and which provides the rigid outer container with a substantially solid interior which reinforces the compressive strength of the module. The rigid outer container may hold a plurality of shipping containers which have been compacted. Such compaction maximizes the number of containers which may be encapsulated into a particular module, and increases the overall compressive strength of the module by increasing the integrity and strength of the shipping containers and wastes grouted therein. In order to facilitate handling, the outer containers of the modules includes a pattern of grooves at its bottom portion for receiving the forks of a forklift, and a plurality of I-bolt anchors at its top portion which are detachably connectable to the hooks of a hoist. In the preferred embodiment, the outer containers of the modules are hexagonally shaped, right-angled prisms. The hexagonal prism shape of the outer container of the module allows the modules to form subsidence-free, solid arrays which have sufficient compressive strength to support an earthen-type trench cover, yet are flexibly conformable to changes in the shape of the trench which might occur from a seismic disturbance.
1. A module for encapsulating radioactive waste contained within inner containers in a structurally stable form capable of bearing a compressive load, comprising a rigid outercontainer which completely surrounds the waste for providing a first radiation and water barrier for the waste and the exterior of said rigid outer container having the shape of a right angle hexagonal prism with substantially planar, non-interlockingface and end surfaces that allow relative planar motion with adjacent similar outer containers, a plurality of inner containers for providing a second radiation barrier for the waste, said inner containers compacted by a force which inelastically deformsboth the inner containers and their contents to increase the overall compressive strength of the module by increasing the compressive strength of the inner containers, said plurality of inner containers stacked in a plurality of stacks within theinterior of said rigid outer container, and a central layer of a fluent, hardenable substance which fills the space between the outer and inner containers for providing still another radiation barrier for the waste and for providing the module with asubstantially solid, reinforced interior which reinforces the compressive strength of the module.
6. The module of claim 1, further including a lid having at least one lid-securing member which is insertable within the fluent, hardenable substance which fills the space between the outer and inner containers of the module in order to securesaid lid onto said outer container after said substance hardens.
9. A module for encapsulating radioactive waste contained within inner containers in a structurally stable form capable of being buried, comprising a rigid outer container in the shape of a right-angled hexagonal prism with substantially planarnon-interlocking face and end surfaces that allow relative planar motion with adjacent similar outer containers which is formed from a cementitious substance for providing a first radiation and water barrier for the waste, a plurality of inner containersfor providing a second radiation and water barrier for the waste, said inner containers compacted with a force which inelastically deforms both the inner containers and their contents in order to increase the overall compresive strength of the module byincreasing the compressive strength of the inner containers, said plurality of inner containers stacked in a plurality of stacks within the interior of said rigid outer container, and a central layer of grout which completely fills the space between theouter and inner containers for providing still another radiation and water barrier for the waste and for providing the module with a substantially solid, reinforced interior capable of supporting a compressive load.
(d) stacking said module container in conjunction with identical modules in a column with each of the hexagonal faces of said identical modules co-planar with other modules of said column and said column abutting other such columns alongco-planar faces with the end surfaces of modules in adjacent columns co-planar to form a solidly packed array of modules such that each column of modules is vertically movable with respect to the contiguous columns and each layer of modules ishorizontally movable with respect to adjacent layers.
18. A solidly packed array of nuclear waste disposal modules which is flexibly conformable with variations in the shape of the earth after the array is buried within the earth comprising a plurality of modules having substantially planar,non-interlocking face and end surfaces stacked end to end in mutually contiguous columns and where the side walls of all the modules in a particular column are co-planar so that each column of modules is vertically movable with respect to the contiguouscolumns and where the end surfaces of the modules in adjacent columns are co-planar so that each layer of modules is horizontally movable with respect to adjacent layers, and wherein each module encapsulates radioactive waste contained within innercontainers in a structurally stable form capable of bearing a compressive load, comprising a rigid outer container which completely surrounds the waste for providing a first radiation and water barrier for the waste and the exterior of said rigid outercontainer having the shape of a right angle prism, a plurality of inner containers for providing a second radiation barrier for the waste said inner containers compacted by a force which inelastically deforms both the inner containers and their contentsto increase the overall compressive strength of the module by increasing the compressive strength of the inner containers, and a central layer of a fluent, hardenable substance which fills the space between the outer and inner containers for providingstill another radiation barrier for the waste and for providing the module with a substantially solid, reinforced interior which reinforces the compressive strength of the module.
19. A solidly packed array of nuclear waste disposal modules which is flexibly conformable with variations in the shape of the earth after the array is buried within the earth comprising a plurality of modules having substantially planar,non-interlocking face and end surfaces stacked end to end in mutually contiguous columns and where the side walls of all the modules in a particular column are co-planar so that each column of modules is vertically movable with respect to the contiguouscolumns and where the end surfaces of the modules in adjacent columns are co-planar so that each layer of modules is horizontally movable with respect to adjacent layers, and wherein each module encapsulates radioactive waste contained within innercontainers in a structurally stable form capable of being buried, comprising a rigid outer container in the shape of a right-angled prism which is formed from a cementitious substance for providing a first radiation and water barrier for the waste, aplurality of inner containers for providing a second radiation and water barrier for the waste, said inner containers compacted with a force which inelastically deforms both the inner containers their contents in order to increase the overall compressivestrength of the module by increasing the compressive strength of the inner containers and a central layer of grout which completely fills the space between the outer and inner containers for providing still another radiation and water barrier for thewaste and for providing the module with a substantially solid, reinforced interior capable of supporting a compressive load.
Various means for packaging nuclear wastes are known in the prior art. One of the earliest types of packages used were steel-walled, 55-gallon drums. Such drums were used in the early "kick and roll" type waste burial systems. After they werepacked, the surface radiation of such drums was often too high to allow them to be contact handled by human workers; accordingly, the packed drums were handled by long boom cranes. These cranes dropped the drums into a simple earthen trench, where theywere buried. Unfortunately, the use of such 55-gallon steel drums in such trenches proved to be a highly unsatisfactory method for the ground disposal of nuclear waste. The loose packed soil which these trenches were filled in with was much morepermeable to water than the densely-packed soil which formed the trench sides, or the dense rock strata which typically form the trench bottom. Consequently, the relatively loose and water permeable soil which surrounded the drums cause these trenchesto collect large amounts of standing water in what is known as the "bathtub effect". This standing water ultimately caused the steel walls of the drums buried within these trenches to corrode and collapse. The collapsing drums and compaction of thesoil over time in turn resulted in a downward movement or subsidence of the soil which caused a depression to form over the top of the trench. This depression collected surface water and hence worsened the tendency of the trench to collect and maintaina pool of standing water over the drums. The resulting increase in standing water resulted in still more subsidence and accelerated the corrosion and collapse of the drums buried therein. The corrosion and collapse of the drum containers at such siteshas resulted in some radioactive contamination of the ground water flowing therethrough.
To solve the problems associated with the drums used in such "kick and roll" packaging and disposal systems, packages having relatively thick, radiation-shielding and water-impermeable walls were developed. In contrast to the thin walls of the55-gallon drums, the thick walls of these concrete packages reduced the surface radiation of the resulting package to the point where they did not have to be handled by long boom cranes, but could instead be safely handled by human operators. Additionally, the thick layer of concrete was much more resistant to degradation from ground water. In use, these thick-walled concrete packages were carried to the sites where waste was generated, which was typically a nuclear power plant. The wastewas thrown directly into the interior of these packages, and the packages were sealed on-site. The sealed packages were then carried to a remote disposal site and buried. The low surface radiation associated with these concrete packages allowed them tobe stacked in an orderly fashion within the burial trench by shielded forklifts.
Despite the superiority of such concrete packages over the drum-type packages used in "kick and roll" systems, there are still a number of shortcomings associated with this particular form of packaging. First, these particular packages could notconveniently handle high-level wastes, such as spent control rods; the concrete walls of the packages were simply not thick enough to reduce the surface radiation of the package to an acceptable level. A second, related problem was that the surfaceradiation of the resulting packages varied depending upon the activity of the particular waste packed therein. Since it is always desirable to surround the "hottest" packages under the least active packages in the burial trench, the fact that thesurface radiation of these particular packages varied over a broad range made it difficult to ascertain the optimal order of stacking. Third, these packages effectively had only a single radiation and water barrier between the waste contained thereinand the outside earth. If the concrete walls of these packages became cracked or broken due to seismic disturbance, there were no backup water or radiation barriers. Fourth, these concrete packages were not conveniently recoverable from the burialsite. This last shortcoming is a particularly serious deficiency if seismic disturbances cause a particular package to crack or rupture to the point where radioactive matter may be leached out of it. The inability to selectively recover a particularpackage may necessitate a massive digging-up and relocation of the burial site.
Clearly, a need exists for a ground-disposable nuclear waste package which is capable of packaging radioactive waste of varying levels of radioactivity while presenting the same or at least similar levels of surface radiation for such wastes. Ideally, such a package should surround the waste contained therein with multiple water and radiation barriers should the outside walls of the package crack or break for any reason. Finally, the package should be stackable into a configuration which ishighly resistant to damage from seismic events or other natural disturbances, and should be easily recoverable should any particular package in the stack become damaged.
In its most general sense, the invention is a ground-disposable module for encapsulating radioactive waste contained within shipping containers in a structural stable form. The module generally comprises a rigid outer container which provides afirst radiation and water barrier for the waste, an inner container formed from the shipping container for providing a second radiation and water barrier, and a central layer of fluent, hardenable material, such as grout, which fills the space betweenthe outer and inner containers. This central layer of grout provides still another radiation and water barrier for the waste, and provides the module with a structurally solid interior which reinforces both the compressive and tensile strength of theresulting module.
The container of the module may hold a plurality of shipping containers of radioactive waste. Each of these containers may be compacted in order to maximize the number of containers which may be packed into the module container. Such compactionincreases the overall compressive strength of the module by rigidifying the waste, and also renders the wastes less absorbant to water and hence to leaching. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the shipping containers are subjected to acompacting force which inelastically deforms both the shipping container and its contents so as to avoid "spring-back" of the compacted shipping container and its contents, which could result in the formation of cracks or hollow cavities within themodule if such "spring-back" occurred while the grout were still in a plastic state.
The compacted shipping containers may be centrally disposed within the rigid outer container of the module in order to equalize the surface radiation of the resulting module. Additionally, the number of shipping containers grouted within therigid outer container may be chosen so that the surface radiation of the resulting module does not exceed a preselected limit. In order to facilitate the handling of the module, the bottom portion of the outer container of the module may include apattern of substantially parallel grooves for receiving the forks of a forklift, and the top portion of this container may include a plurality of I-bolt anchors detachably connectable to the hooks of a hoist. Additionally, the rigid outer container mayinclude a slab-type lid having at least one lid-securing member which is insertable within the grout when the grout is in a non-hardened state, which serves to anchor the lid to the outer container when the grout hardens.
Finally, the shape of the rigid outer container of the module is preferably a right-angled prism having a plurality of side walls of equal size and shape in order that the modules may be solidly stacked in mutually contiguous columns. In thepreferred embodiment, the modules are hexagonal prisms. The subsidence-free, solid-packed array which such hexagonal prisms afford has sufficient compressive strength to support an earth-type trench cap, yet is flexibly conformable to changes in theshape of the trench caused by seismic disturbances or other natural disruptions.
With reference now to FIG. 1, wherein like reference numerals designate like components throughout all of the several figures, the packaging facility 1 of the system of the invention generally comprises four isolation walls 2a, 2b, 2c and 2dwhich enclose a remote handled waste packaging section 3 on the left side of the building, a module loading and transportation section 60 in the center of the building, and a contact handled waste section 85 on the right side of the building. Both theremote and contact handled waste sections 3 and 85 include a drive-through 7 and 87, respectively. At these drive-throughs 7 and 87, trucks 13 and 95 deliver remote and contact handled nuclear waste in relatively lightweight shipping containers (i.e.,liners, 55-gallon drums, and LSA containers) from remotely located waste generating sites for encapsulation into the relatively heavy, solidly packed modules 200. In the preferred embodiment, the final disposal site 150 of the modules 200 packed by thepackaging facility 1 is located in close proximity to the facility 1 in order to minimize the distance which the packed modules 200 (which may weigh over 30,000 pounds) must be transported. At the outset, it should be noted that there are at least threemajor advantages associated with a facility surrounded by isolation walls which is remotely located from the waste-generating sites, yet is close to a final disposal site 150. First, there is no need to transport the relatively heavy modules 200 to thewaste generating site. Second, the possibility of the waste-generating site from becoming contaminated from a packaging accident is eliminated. Thirdly, the isolation walls 2a, 2b, 2c and 2d minimize the possibility of the disposal site 150 becomingcontaminated from any packaging accidents.
Turning now to a more specific description of the remote-handled waste section 3 of the facility 1, this section 3 includes a driveway 9 having an entrance (not shown) and an exit 11 for receiving a delivery truck 13. Such trucks 13 willnormally carry their loads of nuclear waste in a reusuable, shielded shipping cask 15 of the type approved by the U.S. Department of Transportation or the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Disposed within such shielded shipping casks 15 are metallicor plastic liners (not shown) which actually hold the wastes. Section 3 of the facility 1 further includes a processing platform 18 which is about the same height as the height of the bed of the truck 13, a shield bell 19 having a hook assembly 21, anda remote-controlled traveling crane 23. The shield bell 19 is preferably formed from a steel shell having a lead liner which is thick enough to reduce the amount of radiation emanated from the non-contact waste to an acceptible level. The crane 23includes a primary hoist 25 detachably connectable to the hook assembly 21 of the shield bell 19 via an electric motor-operated pulley assembly 27. The traveling crane 23 further includes a carriage 29 for moving the primary hoist 25 in the "X"direction (parallel to the driveway 9 of the drive-through 7), as well as a trolley 33 for moving the primary hoist 25 in a "Y" direction (parallel to the front face of the facility 1). The vertically adjustable, electric motor-operated pulley assembly27, in combination with the carriage 29 and trolley 33, allows the traveling crane 23 to swing the shield bell 19 over the shipping cask 15 of the delivery truck 13, pick up the waste-containing liner out of the cask 15, and place the liner at a desiredposition onto the processing platform 18. Although a remote-controlled traveling crane 23 operated via a T.V. monitor is used in the preferred embodiment, any number of other types of existing remote-controlled crane mechanisms may be used to implementthe invention. In addition to primary hoist 25, a secondary hoist 35 is also connected between the traveling crane 23 and the shield bell 19. The secondary hoist 35 controls the position of a cable and hook (not shown) inside the shield bell 19 whichis capable of detachably engaging the waste-containing liner disposed within the shielded shipping cask 15.
The remote-handled waste section 3 of the building 1 further includes a characterization station 37 having various radiation detectors 39 and ultrasonic detectors 41 for verifying that the contents of the liner inside the shipping cask 15 conformto the shipping manifest. The radiation detectors 39 are used to measure the intensity of the radiation emanating from the waste contained in the liner and to check the "signature" of the radiation spectrum of this waste to confirm the accuracy of theshipping manifest. The ultrasonic detectors 41 are used to determine whether or not any radioactive liquids are present within the liner. Federal regulations strickly prohibit the burial of radioactive wastes in liquid form; consequently, theinformation provided by the ultrasonic detectors 41 is of paramount importance. Both the radiation detectors 39 and ultrasonic detectors 41 are electrically connected to a bank of read-out dials 45 by means of cables disposed in grooves 43 in theprocessing platform 18. Although not specifically shown in any of the several figures, the outputs of the radiation detectors 39 and the ultrasonic detectors 42 are preferably fed into a central computer both for record-keeping purposes, and fordetermining how much of a particular kind of waste can be loaded into a particular module before the surface radiation of the module 200 exceeds a pre-selected limit. The central computer can further compute how much grout must be poured into aparticular loaded module in order to properly encapsulate the wastes, and has the capacity to actuate an alarm circuit when the ultrasonic detectors 41 indicate that an unacceptable percentage of the wastes contained in the liner are in liquid form.
In the preferred embodiment, the height of the processing platform 18 is chosen to correspond approximately with the height of the bed of a trailer truck 13 so that any human operators who may be present on the platform 18 when the lid is removedfrom the cask 15 will not be exposed to the radiation beaming out of the top of the cask. In operation, the shield bell 19 is lowered into the open cask 15, engages the liner contained therein, and then is swung over the sensors 39 and 41 of thecharacterization station 37 and quickly lowered to within a few inches of these sensors to minimize any of the exposure of section 3 to any radiation beaming out from the bottom of the shield bell 19 which reflects off of the platform 18. In thepreferred embodiment, the processing platform 18 is formed from a solid slab of concrete both for the structural solidarity of the facility 1 as a whole, as well as for shielding purposes. This last purpose will become clearer after the structure andfunction of the lag storage wells 50 is explained hereinafter. While the characterization station 37 of the preferred embodiment includes only radiation detectors 39 and ultrasonic detectors 41 and other types of detectors (such as remote T.V. monitorsfor visually identifying the waste) may also be included if desired.
Finally, the remote-handled waste section 3 of the facility 1 includes four lag storage wells 50, as well as a remedial action room 53 formed from shielded walls 54 and accessible through shielded doors 55. Each of the lag storage wells 50includes a generally cylindrical well topped by a disk-shaped cover. The lag storage wells 50 provide a safe and convenient storage area for nuclear waste shipments in which the characterization station 37 has detected the presence of liquids inexcessive quantities or other unacceptable conditions. Additionally, the lag storage wells may be used to temporarily store shipments of remote-handled wastes when the grouting station 118 becomes backed up. The materials and thickness of thedisk-shaped cap which tops the wells 50 are chosen so as to reduce the amount of radiation beamed into the working area of section 3 from the remote handled wastes storable therein to within a safe level. The remedial action room provides a separatelycontained area within the remote handled section 3 of the facility 1 where broken liners (or liners containing liquids) may be properly repaired or treated without any danger of contaminating the main portion of the remote handled section 3, or thefacility 1 at large. As will become more evident hereinafter, the provision of a separately contained room 53 to repair the broken walls of a liner is important because the walls of the liner provide one of the three radiation and water barriers withina module 200 when the liner is grouted within one of these modules. When free liquids are found within the waste liners, the remedial action room 53 provides a contained area where the liquid may be mixed with suitable absorbants or other solidificationmedia so as to bring it into a solid form acceptable for burial within the purview of present federal regulations. Under normal circumstances, neither the lag storage wells 50 nor the remedial action room 53 is used to process the remote handled wastes. Instead, after the characterization tests are completed, these wastes are usually remotely hoisted through the labyrinth exit 56 formed by shield walls 57a, 57b which form the back of section 3 and placed into a module 200 on a rail cart 64 en route tothe grouting station 118.
The module loading and transportation section 60 is centrally located within the facility 1 between the remote handled section 3 and the contact handled section 85. The central location of the module loading and transportation section 60 allowsit to conveniently serve both the contact and remote handled sections 3 and 85 of the facility 1. Generally, the module loading and transportation section 60 includes a conventional traveling crane 62 (which includes all the parts and capacities ofpreviously described traveling crane 23) for loading modules 200 which are stacked outside the building 1 onto rail carts 64. These rail carts 64 are freely movable along a pair of parallel loading rail assemblies 66a and 66b. In order to render therail carts 64 free-moving, the beds 70a and 70b onto which the tracks 68a and 68b are mounted are slightly inclined so that the carts 64 engaged onto the tracks 68a and 68b of the loading rail assemblies 66a will freely roll down these tracks by theforce of gravity. While not shown in any of the several figures, each of the loading rail assemblies 66a and 66b includes a plurality of pneumatically-actuated stopping mechanisms for stopping the rail carts 64 at various loading, grouting and cappingpositions along the loading rail assemblies 66a and 66b. The module loading and transportation section 60 includes a return rail assembly 74 having a bed 78 which is inclined in the opposite direction from the beds 70a and 70bof the loading railassemblies 66a and 66b. The opposite inclination of the bed 78 of the return rail assembly 74 allows the rail carts to freely roll on the tracks 76 by the force of gravity back to a loading position in section 60 after a grouted and capped module 200has been removed therefrom. Finally, a shield wall 79 (which is preferably formed from a solid concrete wall at least 12 inches thick) is placed between the rail assembly 66a and the return rail assembly 74 in order to shield the contact section 85 fromany exposure from the remote-handled wastes contained within the shield bell 19 as they are loaded into one of the modules 200 and grouted. This shield wall 79 generally serves the dual function of allowing a contact-handled waste section 85 to beenclosed within the same facility as the remote handled waste section 3, and allowing the use of a common module loading and transportation section 60 for both the remote and the contact handled sections 3 and 85 of the facility 1. This last advantageavoids the provision of duplicate loading and transportation systems.
Turning now to the contact-handled waste section 85, this section of the facility 1 includes many of the same general components present in the remote handled section 3. For example, section 85 includes a drive-through 87 including the same sortof driveway 89, entrance 90 and exit (not shown) previously discussed with respect to drive-through 7. Section 85 also includes a processing platform 93 preferably formed from a solid slab of concrete which rises to approximately the same height as thebed of a truck so as to facilitate the unloading of the packaged wastes from the delivery truck 95. Section 85 also includes a pair of characterization stations 107a and 107b. Finally, section 85 includes a remedial action room 112 for repairing brokencontainers, and converting liquid and other improperly packaged wastes into an acceptable solid form for burial.
However, despite these common components with section 3, section 85 includes some other components which are unique in the building 1. For example, a relatively light-duty jib crane 99 having a magnetic or vacuum hoist 101 is used in lieu of therelatively heavy traveling crane 23 of section 3. Because the wastes which are processed in section 85 are of a sufficiently low radiation level so that they may be directly contacted by human workers, there is no need for a crane capable of lifting theheavy shield bell 19 used in section 3. Consequently, the crane used in section 85 need only be capable of lifting lightly-packaged nuclear wastes, which typically arrive at the building 1 in 55-gallon steel drums 97. Although some light shadow shieldsmay be used on the contactable section 85 of the building 1, the generally low radiation level of the wastes processed in this area obviates the need for heavily shielding each of steel drums 97 containing the wastes. Therefore, a conveyor system 103preferably formed from rollers is provided which greatly facilitates the handling of the drums 97 in which the wastes are contained. Finally, a high-force compactor 110 is provided which not only compacts the wastes into a smaller volume, but squeezesthe surrounding drum down to a point so far above the inelastic limit of the steel that the wastes are incapable of "springing back" in volume during the grouting process. This is an important advantage which will be elaborated on at a later point inthis text.
The conveyor system 103 includes both a pair of serially arranged compactor conveyor belts 105a and 105b, as well as a remedial action conveyor belt 106. Compactor conveyor belt 105a conveys the 55-gallon drums 97 containing the contact-handledwaste from the jib crane 99 through a first characterization station 107a which includes ultrasonic and radiation detectors (not shown), and into the loading mechanism 110.1 of the high-force compactor 110. The high-force compactor 110 applies apressure of between 500 and 1,100 tons to the 55-gallon drum containers, thereby reducing them into high-density "pucks" 117 having a density of between 60-70 lbs./cu. ft. In the preferred embodiment, a compaction force of 600 tons is typically used. The high-density pucks 117 are ejected from the high-force compactor 110, and slide down a ramp 111.2 onto compactor conveyor belt 105b, which in turn facilitates the movement of pucks 117 through a second characterization station 107b which is likewiseequipped with ultrasonic and radiation detectors (not shown). The conveyor belt 105b then conveys the high-density puck 117 to the magnetic or vacuum hoist 116 of a jib crane 114, which swings the puck 117 over into a module 200 en route to the groutingstation 118. The remedial action conveyor belt 106 comes into play when the characterization station 107a detects that (a) the drum 97 contains a liquid, (b) the walls of the drum 97 are broken, or (c) the waste contained within the drum 97 is notcompressible. If any of these three conditions are detected, a human operator (not shown) merely pushes the drum 97 from the compactor conveyor 105a onto the remedial action conveyor belt 106, which in turn conveys the drum 97 to the remedial actionroom 112 where appropriate wall-repairing, liquid solidification, or separate in-drum grouting procedures are undertaken in order to put the drum 97 and its contents in proper condition for encapsulation within a module 200. In the event there is aback-up condition in the remedial action room 112, the drum 97 may be temporarily stored in the lag storage wells 113 of the contact handled section 85.
With specific reference now to FIG. 2, the high-force compactor 110 of the invention includes a loading mechanism 110.1 having a drum scoop 110.2 at the end of an articulated, retractable arm assembly 110.3 as shown. Drums 97 sliding down thechute at the end of the compactor conveyor 105a are fed into the drum scoop 110.2 by a human operator. The articulated, retractable arm assembly 110.3 then loads the drum 97 into a loading cradle 110.4. The compactor 110 further includes a loading ram110.5 which feeds the drum 97 into a retractable compaction cylinder 110.6 which is movable between a position outside the main ram 110.8, and the top of the ejection ramp 111.2. In FIG. 2, the compaction cylinder 110.6 is illustrated in its extendedposition away from the main ram 110.8, and adjacent the top of the ejection ramp 111.2. After the drum 97 is loaded into the compaction cylinder 110.6, the cylinder 110.6 is retracted into the main ram 110.8, where the drum 97 is crushed between the rampiston 110.9 (not shown), and the bed of the main ram 111.8. As previously mentioned, a compaction force of between 500 and 1,100 tons is applied to the drum 97. There are three distinct advantages associated with the use of such a high compactionforce. First, the consequent reduction in volume of the drum 97 and its contents allows many more drums to be packed inside one of the modules 200. Specifically, the use of such a high compaction force allows thirty-five to eighty-four drums 97 to bepackaged inside one of the modules 200, instead of fourteen. Secondly, and less apparent, the use of such a high compaction force deforms the steel in the drums 97 as well as the waste contained therein well beyond the inelastic limits of the materials,so that there is no possibility that the resulting, high-density pucks will attempt to "spring back" to a larger shape after they are ejected from the ejection ramp 111.2. The elimination of such "spring back" eliminates the possibility of cavities orinternal cracks forming within the hardening grout in the module 200 after the module 200 is loaded with pucks 117 and grouted. Far from "springing back", the resulting high-density pucks 117, when covered with grout, form a positive, non-compressiblereinforcing structure in the interior of the module 200 which assists the module in performing its alternative function as a structural support member for the earthen trench cap 164 which is applied over the disposal site 150. Finally, such extremecompaction of the waste inside the drums 97 (which is typically rags, paper and contaminated uniforms) renders them resistant to the absoprtion of water. This, of course, makes them less prone to leaching out radioactive material in the remote eventthat they do become wet. Such resistance to water absoprtion also renders the wastes less prone to bio-degradation which again complements the overall function of the module 200 in encapsulating the wastes, since such bio-degradation can over time"hollow out" the vessel carrying the waste, and result in subsidence problems.
In closing, it should be noted the compactor 110 includes an air filtration system 111.4 having a filter 111.5, a blower assembly 111.6, and an exhaust stack 111.7. The air filtration system 111.4 draws out any radioactive, airborne particlesproduced as a result of the application of the 660-1,100 ton force onto the drum 97 carrying the contactable waste.
Turning back to FIG. 1, section 85 of the facility 1 includes a grouting station 118 having an extendable trough 120 capable of pouring grout into a module 200 on rail carts 64 engaged to either rail assembly 66a (adjacent the remote-handledwaste section 3) or rail assembly 66b (adjacent the contact-handled waste section 85). The use of a single grouting station 118 for modules 200 loaded from both the non-contact and contact handled sections 3 and 85 again avoids the duplication ofexpensive components in the overall system. Just beyond the grouting station 118 is a capping station 122 including a traveling crane 126 having a hoist 128 for lifting the lids 220 over the tops of the modules 200 incident to the capping process. Amore precise description of the capping process will be given when the structure of the modules 200 is related in detail.
While the modules 200 are normally filled with waste, grouted at the grouting station 118 and capped at the waste packaging facility 1 located near the waste disposal site 150, they may also be processed at the facilities of the generator of thewaste. Since the surface radiation of the resulting modules is generally low enough for contact handling, the wastes in the modules 200 may be conveniently stored onsite pending the availability of disposal space. When disposal space is available, themodules 200 may be transported in reusable transporation overpacks (not shown) to the disposal site 150 and stacked directly into the trenches 152. While this method is not preferred, it is usually less expensive than using the onsite waste storagefacilities.
FIG. 3 illustrates the disposal site 150 used in conjunction with the packaging facility 1. The disposal site 150 generally comprises a trench 152 (or a plurality of parallel trenches) having a generally flat, alluvial floor 154. Before thetrench is loaded with capped modules 200 in which the grout has hardened, a plurality of water-collecting lysimeters 155 are uniformly placed throughout the floor 154 in order to monitor the radiation level of water in the trench. The lysimeters 155 areplaced in the trench floor 154 by augering a hole in the floor, and inserting the elongated bodies of the lysimeters 155 therein. A network of plastic tubes (not shown) enables the operators of the disposal site 150 to periodically draw out any waterthat has collected in the cups of the lysimeters 155. The radiation level of these water samples is periodically monitored to determine whether or not any radioactive substances have somehow been leached from the modules 200. After the lysimeters 155have been properly buried throughout the floor 154 is covered with a gravel layer 156 about two feet thick, which acts as a capillary barrier. Even though the disposal site 150 is preferably selected in an area where all flow of ground water would be atleast 80 feet below the trench floor 154, the gravel capillary barrier 156 is placed over the top of the floor 154 to provide added insurance against the seepage of ground water into the stacked array 160 of modules 200 by capillary action from thetrench floor 154. While all of the capillary barriers in the disposal site 150 of the invention are preferably formed of gravel, it should be noted that the invention encompasses the use of any coarse, granular substance having a high hydraulicconductivity. The layer of gravel 156 is covered with a choked zone of sand 158 approximately four inches thick. This choked zone of sand 158 acts as a road bed for the wheels of the heavy forklifts 185 and trailers 184 which are used to transport themodules 200 to the trench 152. If the zone 158 were not present, the wheels of these vehicles 184, 185 would tend to sink into the gravel layer 156.
The next component of the disposal site 150 is the solidly packed array 160 of hexagonal modules 200 illustrated in FIG. 3. In the preferred embodiment, the modules 200 are preferably stacked in mutually abutting columns, with each of thehexagonal faces of each of the modules 200 coplanar with the hexagonal faces of the other two modules forming the column. The arrangement of the modules 200 into such mutually abutting columns results in at least four distinct advantages. First, suchsolid packing of the modules 200 provides a support structure for the non-rigid trench cap 164 which may be quickly and conveniently formed from natural, fluent substances such as soil, sand and gravel. Second, such an arrangement is almost completelydevoid of any gaps between the modules 200 which could result in the previously discussed soil subsidence problems. Third, such an arrangement could weather even severe seismic disturbances, since each of the modules 200 is capable of individual,differential movement along eight different planes (i.e., the top, bottom and six side surfaces of the hexagonal prisms which form the modules 200). Because non of the modules are rigidly interlocked with any of the adjacent modules, each of them iscapable of at least some vertical and horizontal sliding movement in the event of a seismic disturbance. Such an eight-plane freedom of movement renders the entire module array 160 flexibly conformable with changes in the shape of the trench 152, andeliminates or at least minimizes the probability of a local seismic disturbance creating local stress points in the array 160 that are powerful enough to rupture or crack the walls of individual containers. Fourthly, the columnar stacking used in thearray 160 makes it easy to recover a particular module 200 in the event that such recovery becomes desirable, since any one of the modules 200 may be withdrawn from the trench by digging a single, module-wide hole over the particular column that thedesired module is included within. In the preferred embodiment, the most radioactive or "hottest" of the modules 200 is placed on the bottom layer of the module array 160 and surrounded by less radioactive modules so that the surrounding modules, andthe middle and top module layers will provide additional shielding from the radiation emanating from the materials in the "hot" modules.
The trench 152 further includes side gravel capillary barriers 162a and 162b which are positioned between the sides of the solid module array 160, and the walls of the trench 152. Again, the purpose of these barriers 162a and 162b is to preventany seepage of water from being conducted from the sides of the trench 152 to the sides of the solidly packed array 160 of modules 200. In the preferred embodiment, each of these side capillary barriers 162a and 162b is about two feet thick.
The trench cap 164 is preferably a non-rigid cap formed from fluent, natural substances such as soil, sand and gravel. Such a cap 164 is more resistant to seismic disturbances than a rigid, synthetic structure would be. Specifically, thenon-rigidity of the cap 164 makes it at least partially "self-healing" should any seismic disturbance act to vertically shift the various layers of the cap 164 small distances from one another. Additionally, in the event of a severe seismic disturbancewhich does succeed in causing considerable damage to the cap 164, the cap 164 may be easily repaired with conventional road building and earth moving equipment. As was previously indicated, the solidly packed array of modules 160 provides all of thestructural support needed to construct and maintain the various layers of the trench cap 164.
The first layer of the trench cap 164 is preferably a layer of alluvium 166, which should range from between four feet thick on the sides to seven feet thick in the center. As is indicated in FIG. 3, the alluvium layer 166 (which is preferablyformed from the indigenous soil which was removed in creating the trench 152) gradually slips away from the center line of the layer at a grade of approximately 4.5%. Such a contour allows the cap 164 to effectively shed the water which penetrates theouter layers of the cap 164, and to direct this water into side drains 178a and 178b. After the alluvium layer 166 is applied over the top of the solidly packed module array 160, the layer 166 is compacted before the remaining layers are placed over it. Such compaction may be effected either through conventional road bed compacting equipment, or by merely allowing the alluvium in the layer 166 to completely settle by natural forces. Of the two ways in which the alluvium in the layer 166 may becompacted, the use of raod bed compaction equipment is preferred. Even though the natural settling time of the alluvium in the invention is very fast as compared to the settling times of soils used in prior art disposal sites, it is still rarely shorterthan three months, and may be as long as one year, depending upon the characteristics of the particular soil forming the alluvium. By contrast, if road compaction equipment is used, the settling time may be reduced to a matter of a few days. It shouldbe noted that the alluvium layer 166 is placed over the solidly packed array 160 at approximately the same rate that the array 160 is formed by stacking the individual modules 200. Such contemporaneous placement of the alluvium layer 166 over the modulearray 160 minimizes the amount of radiation which the trench workers are exposed to as the disposal site 150 is formed.
After the alluvium layer 166 has been appropriately compacted, a choked zone of sand 168 of approximately four inches in thickness is applied over it. After the sand layer 168 has been completely applied over the aluvium layer 166, anothergravel capillary barrier 170, approximately two feet in depth, is placed over the choked sand layer 168. The choked sand layer 168 serves as an intrusion barrier between the relatively coarse gravel forming the gravel capillary barrier 170, and therelatively finer alluvium in the alluvium layer 166. Once the gravel capillary barrier 170 has been laid, another choked zone of sand 172, approximately four inches in thickness, is applied over the gravel capillary barrier 170. Next, a layer of fine,water shedding silt 164 is applied over the choked zone of sand 172 overlying the gravel capillary barrier 170. Again, the choked zone of sand 172 serves as an intrusion barrier between the silt in the silt layer 174, and the gravel in the gravelcapillary barrier 170. The silt layer 174 is the principal water-shedding layer of the trench cap 164, and is approximately two feet thick, and formed from sized material (preferably obtained locally) which is compacted in place. The use of a siltlayer 174 in lieu of other water-shedding natural materials, such as clay, is advantageous in at least two respects. First, silt is often more easily obtainable locally than clay, and hence is less expensive. Secondly, if the silt layer 174 shouldbecome saturated with water, it will not tend to split or crack when it dries out as clay would. The absence of such splits or cracks helps maintain the overall integrity of the trench cap 164.
The side edges of the silt layer 174 terminate adjacent to the pair of french drains 178a and 178b located on either side of the trench 152. The french drains 178a and 178b include a trench in which perforated pipes 182a and 182b are laid. Water flowing down the sides of the silt layer 174 will float through the perforations in the pipes 182a and 182b and flow along the drain trenches 180a and 180b, away from the trench 152. In the event that the rains or other source of surface waterbecomes so severe that the silt layer 174 becomes completely saturated with water, the gravel capillary barrier 170 will prevent any water from migrating down from the saturated silt layer 174 into the module array 160 via capillary action.
The top and final layer 176 of the trench cap 164 consists of graded rip-rap which, in more colloquial terms, is very coarse gravel (which may be as large as boulder sized). The rip-rap layer 176 performs at least three functions. First, itinsulates the silt layer 174 from potentially erosive winds and running water. Second, it provides a final radiation barrier against the module array 160 which brings the radiation level of the disposal site 150 down to well within the range of normalbackground radiation. Third, it provides an intrusion barrier which discourages would-be human and animal intruders from digging up the ground above the module array 160. The preferred embodiment of the cap 164 as heretofore described is for aridregions. In humid regions, an alternative embodiment of the cap 164 would comprise a first water infiltration barrier of native soil over the solid array 160 of modules 200. This layer in turn would be covered by a sand and gravel capillary barriersimilar to the previously discussed layers 168, 170 and 172. These sand and gravel capillary barriers would in turn be covered by a bio-intrusion layer of cobble, and topped by additional sand and gravel layers for supporting a final layer of soilhaving a vegetative cover. In such an alternative embodiment, the vegetative cover serves both to prevent any erosion which might occur on the upper layer of soil, and also removes water which infiltrates the top layer of the cap. The vegetation usedshould have shallow roots in order that the integrity of the cap 164 will not be violated. Additionally, such an alternative embodiment might have a steeper slope of perhaps 10.degree. or more because of the greater amount of rainfall associated withsuch regions.
With reference now to FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C and 5A, 5B, the module 200 of the invention generally consists of a container 201 having reinforced concrete walls and a lid 220 which caps the container 201 after it is filled with nuclear wastes andproperly grouted.
With specific reference now to FIGS. 4A through 4C, the container 201 of the module 200 is a hexagonally-shaped prism 202 having a cylindrical interior 216. The corners 204 where the hexagonal walls abut one another are preferably truncated sothat small gaps will be left between abutting modules 200 when they are stacked in the module array 160 illustrated in FIG. 3. These small spaces are large enough to receive recovery tools (should the recovery of any one of the modules 200 becomedesirable) but are small enough so that no significant amount of soil subsidence will occur when the modules 200 are arranged in the configuration illustrated in FIG. 3. Further, the truncated shape of the corners 204 renders these corners lessvulnerable to the chipping or cracking which could otherwise occur when the forklift 185 pushes the module 200 into the module array 160 incident to the stacking process.
Turning now to the top and bottom portions of the containers 201 of the modules 200, the top portion 206 is opened as shown to permit the loading of nuclear waste and grout. The top portion 206 includes three I-bolt anchors 208a, 208b and 208cwhich allow the container 201 to be handled by the grappling hooks of the cranes in the packaging facility 1 and stacked into the trench 164. Alternatively, these anchors 208a, 208b and 208c allow the modules 200 to be lifted out of the trench 164 ifrecovery is desired. The shanks of the anchors 208a, 208b and 208c are deeply sunken into the concrete walls of the container 201 as indicated in order to insure an adequate grip thereto. The bottom portion 209 of the container 201 includes the bottomsurface 210 of the interior of the container 201, and an outer surface 211 having a pattern of grooves 212. Each of these grooves are slightly deeper and wider than the forks of the shielded forklift 185, so that these grooves 212 greatly facilitate thehandling of the module 200 by the forklift 185. The angular pattern of the grooves 212 also allows such a forklift to engage a particular module from a variety of different angles, which further facilitates the handling of the modules. Reinforcing theconcrete walls and bottom portion of the container 201 of the module is a "basket" 215 formed from commercially available, steel-reinforcing mesh. The basket 215 greatly increases the tensile strength of the walls and bottom portion 209 of the container201 of the module 200. In the preferred embodiment, the walls of the container 201 are at least three inches thick. Additionally, the cylindrical interior 216 of the container 201 is at least seventy-five inches in diameter in order that fourteen drumsor seven stacks of high-density pucks 117 may be stacked within the cylindrical interior 216 of the container 201. The top portion 206 of the container 201 includes a plurality of grooves 214a, 214b, 214c, 214d, 214e and 214f for receiving thecap-securing rods 232a, 232b, 232c, 232d, 232e and 232f of the slab-type container lid 220, which will be presently discussed in detail.
With reference now to FIGS. 5A and 5B, the slab-type container lid 220 generally includes a disk-shaped upper section 222, and an integrally formed, disk-shaped lower section 228 which has a slightly smaller diameter. The edge of the uppersection 222 is flattened in three sections 223.1, 223.2 and 223.3, which are spaced approximately 120.degree. from one another. When the container lid 220 is properly placed over the open top portion 206 of the container 201, these flattened sections223.1, 223.2 and 223.3 should be angularly positioned so that they are directly opposite the previously discussed I-bolt anchors 208a, 208b and 208c, in order to provide clearance for crane hooks to engage the I-bolt sections of the anchors. The topsurface 224 of the upper section 222 of the lid 220 includes a radiation warning symbol 226, which is preferably molded into the face of the lid 220. An identifying serial number may also be molded into the top surface 224 of the lid 220 (as indicatedin FIG. 3) in order that the module 220 may be easily identified if recovery of the module ever becomes necessary or desirable.
As may best be seen with reference to FIG. 5A, three U-shaped transporting lugs 227a, 227c and 227e are placed around the circumference of the upper section 222 of the container lid 220 approximately 120.degree. from one another. These lugs227a, 227c and 227e are preferably offset from the flattened sections 223.1, 223.2 and 223.3 along the circumference of the upper section 222. Such an angular offset between these lid-transporting lugs 227a, 227c and 227e and the aforementioned flatsections 223.1, 223.2 and 223.3 minimizes the possibility that a crane hook intended for engagement with one of the I-bolt anchors of the module container 201 will inadvertently catch one of the lid transporting lugs 227a, 227c or 227e and accidentallytear it off. As previously mentioned, the container lid 220 further includes an integrally formed lower section 228 which has a slightly smaller diameter than the disk-shaped upper section 222. A layer steel-reinforcing mesh 229 is molded into theconcrete forming the container lid 220 in the position shown in FIG. 5B. Also molded into the lid 220 are six equidistantly spaced cap-securing rods 232a, 232b, 232c, 232d, 232e and 232f. These rods are slid into the complementary slots 214a, 214b,214c, 214d, 214e and 214f after the container has been filled with nuclear waste and grouted. Both the container lid 220 and the module container are preferably molded from non-porous portland-based concrete having a compressive tolerance on the orderof 4000 psi. Such concrete is both strong and resistant to penetration by water.
FIGS. 6 and 7 illustrate a module 200 which has been filled with high-density pucks 117 formed from the high-force compactor 110, and subsequently grouted and capped. In operation, seven stacks of high-density pucks 117 are centrally positionedwithin the container 201 of the module 200 as shown in FIG. 7. The compacted containers which cover the compacted waste form an additional radiation and water barrier between the waste and the exterior of the module 200. Next, the extendable trough 120of the grouting station 118 of the building 1 pours grout 218 over the seven stacks of pucks 117 so as to form a solid layer of grout between the pucks 117 and the inner surface of the walls of the container 201. In the preferred embodiment, the groutused to fill the module 200 is a 3,000 or 4,000 psi portland-based concrete. However, gypsum, pozzolan, flyash or other cementitious materials may also be used for grout. The hardened grout 218 forms a third radiation and water barrier between thewaste in the pucks 117 and the outer surface of the container 200, as is evident from the drawing. The grout 218 also serves to anchor the cap-securing rods 232a, 232b, 232c, 232d, 232e and 232f into the body of the module 200, so that the container201, the lid 220, the grout 218, and the stacks of pucks 117 become a single, solid structure having a considerable compressive and tensile strength. The completed, hardened modules 200 are carried from the packaging building 1 by drop-bed trailers 184,and stacked into the solid array 160 illustrated in FIG. 3 by means of shielded forklifts 185.
Although not shown in any of the several figures, the module 200 may be specially modified to package special, high intensity nuclear wastes such as spent control rods. Specifically, the module 200 may be formed with very thick concrete walls sothat a relatively small cylindrical hollow space is left in the center of the module. The control rods may then be transferred directly from a shield transportation cask 15 into the small cylindrical hollow space in the pre-grouted module. Such amodified module may be made longer to accommodate several complete control rods. In the alternative, pre-grouted modules 200 of normal height may be used if the rods are cut up into smaller lengths.
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