Source: https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/313/550
Timestamp: 2016-07-24 06:52:21
Document Index: 606518317

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 2', '§ 757', '§ 756', '§ 758', '§ 759', '§ 761', '§ 588', '§ 262', '§ 377', '§ 457', '§ 456', '§ 459']

HOLIDAY v. JOHNSTON, Warden. | US Law | LII / Legal Information Institute
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313 U.S. 550 (61 S.Ct. 1015, 85 L.Ed. 1392)
Argued: May 5, 6, 1941.
[HTML] Mr. Charles A. Horsky, of Washington, D.C., for petitioner.
Argument of Counsel from page 343 intentionally omitted
Argument of Counsel from pages 344-346 intentionally omitted
The petitioner applied to the District Court for the Northern District of California for a writ of habeas corpus. His petition alleged that he was unlawfully detained by the respondent in Alcatraz Penitentiary; that he had been indicted in the District Court for North Dakota under an Act of May 18, 1934, Sec. 2,
the indictment being in two counts, one for robbery of an insured bank and the other for jeopardizing the lives of officials of the bank in the course of the robbery; that he pleaded guilty to both counts and was sentenced to ten years under the first and to fifteen years under the second, 'commencing at the expiration of the sentence imposed under count one.' The petition charged that he was unlawfully detained because he was tried without the advice and assistance of counsel, was ignorant of his right to have counsel although unable to pay for an attorney, was not advised by the court that he was entitled to counsel, and was unable to, and did not, intelligently waive his constitutional right to have counsel. The petition alleged that the two counts of the indictment charged but one offense and that the petitioner was placed in double jeopardy by the imposition of the consecutive sentences.
The petitioner moved the Circuit Court of Appeals for leave to appeal in forma pauperis, which was denied. He then petitioned this Court for certiorari
, Ex parte Holiday, 312 U.S. 673, 61 S.Ct. 727, 85 L.Ed. -, and for leave to proceed in forma pauperis. Both petitions were granted and counsel was appointed to represent him in this Court.
The burden of petitioner's complaint is that the procedure adopted by the District Court,that of a hearing before a commissioner and the disposition of the cause on the record made before himis a plain violation of the Acts of Congress regulating the practice in habeas corpus cases. In addition, he seeks a reversal of the judgment on the ground that the sentence on the second count is void. He insists that he is entitled to a decision to this effect so that he may apply for parole under the sentence imposed on the first count.
1. The respondent admits that § 2 of the Act of May 18, 1934, supra, does not create two separate crimes but prescribes alternative sentences for the same crime depending upon the manner of its perpetration. This concession, however, does not aid the petitioner. The erroneous imposition of two sentences for a single offense of which the accused has been convicted, or as to which he has pleaded guilty, does not constitute double jeopardy. And if, as the petitioner contends, the first sentence of ten years is valid and the second void, he is no better off. Conceding, without deciding, that he is right in saying the first sentence is the only valid one, he has not served that sentence and is not entitled now to be discharged from custody under it. He urges that if the second sentence is adjudged void he will now be entitled to apply for parole under the first. But we have recently decided that habeas corpus cannot be awarded to afford a prisoner such an opportunity.
His remedy is to apply for vacation of the sentence and a resentence in conformity to the statute under which he was adjudged guilty.
Revised Statutes §§ 757, 758, and 761
prescribe the procedure to be followed. The first requires that 'The person to whom the writ is directed shall certify to the court, or justice, or judge before whom it is returnable the true cause of the detention of such party'; and the second that: 'The person making the return shall at the same time brin the body of the party before the judge who granted the writ.'
The third provides that: 'The court, or justice, or judge shall proceed in a summary way to determine the facts of the case, by hearing the testimony and arguments, and thereupon to dispose of the party as law and justice require'.
We cannot sanction a departure from the plain mandate of the statute on any of the grounds advanced. We have recently emphasized the broad and liberal policy adopted by Congress respecting the office and use of the writ of habeas corpus in the interest of the protection of individual freedom to the end that the very truth and substance of the cause of a person's detention may be disclosed and justice be done.
The Congress has seen fit to lodge in the judge the duty of investigation. One of the essential elements of the determination of the crucial facts is the weighing and appraising of the testimony. Plainly it was intended that the prisoner might invoke the exercise of this appraisal by the judge himself. We cannot say that an appraisal of the truth of the prisoner's oral testimony by a master or commissioner is, in the light of the purpose and object of the proceeding, the equivalent of the judge's own exercise of the function of the trier of the facts.
The circumstance that the practice has grown up of referring such causes to a commissioner, has long been indulged in in the federal courts of California, and has found a place in a rule of court, cannot overcome the plain command of the statute. It is true that the practice was followed in certain deportation cases which were reviewed by this Court but, so far as appears, no point was made as to the procedure followed in those cases and the matter was passed without notice.
It may be that the practice is a convenient one but, if so, that consideration is for Congress. In view of the plain terms in which the Congressional policy is evidenced in the habeas corpus act, the courts may not substitute another more convenient mode of trial.
It is said that the procedure tends to expedite the disposition of habeas corpus cases. The record in this case would seem to contradict the argument.
And when it is remembered th t R.S. § 756
required that the return in this case be made within three days of the issue of the writ, and that R.S. § 758, supra, required the respondent to produce the body at the same time he made the return; that R.S. § 759
commands that the hearing shall be set not more than five days after the return; and that R.S. § 761, supra, enjoins the judge to proceed in a summary way to hear the cause and dispose of the petitioner, it is difficult to see how the comparatively cumbersome and time consuming procedure of reference, report, and hearing upon the report, can be thought a more expeditious method than that prescribed by the statute.
Finally, the sanction by Rule 53 of the Rules of Civil Procedure of references to masters does not aid in the decision of the question presented. Rule 81(a) (2) provides that appeals in habeas corpus cases are to be governed by the rules, but that the rules are not applicable 'otherwise than on appeal' in habeas corpus cases 'except to the extent that the practice in such proceedings is not set forth in statutes of the United States and has heretofore conformed to the practice in actions at law or suits in equity * * *.' Since the practice in habeas corpus is set forth in plain terms in the Revised Statutes to which reference has been made Rule 53 has no application.
48 Stat. 783, 12 U.S.C. 588b, 12 U.S.C.A. § 588b.
We have jurisdiction under § 262 of the Judicial Code, 28 U.S.C. 377, 28 U.S.C.A. § 377; In re 620 Church Street Corporation, 299 U.S. 24, 57 S.Ct. 88, 81 L.Ed. 16.
28 U.S.C. 457, 458, 461, 28 U.S.C.A. §§ 457, 458, 461.
Both these sections are derived from the Habeas Corpus Act of February 5, 1867, c. 28, 14 Stat. 385. In the codification the language of the original statute was altered to indicate that the return might be made to the court, justice, or judge, whereas, in the original statute, the provision is that the respondent 'shall make return of said writ and bring the party before the judge who granted the writ, and certify the true cause of the detention of such person * * *.' 14 Stat. 386. Nothing in this case turns on the diversity between the language employed in the statute and that found in the revision.
Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 58 S.Ct. 1019, 82 L.Ed. 1461; Walker v. Johnston, 312 U.S. 275, 61 S.Ct. 574, 85 L.Ed. -.
28 U.S.C. 456, 28 U.S.C.A. § 456.
28 U.S.C. 459, 28 U.S.C.A. § 459.