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Krikščionybė ir Europos vertybės
Kita 2009-06-06 11:06
Kovo 19 dieną Mykolo Römerio universitete vykusioje konferencijoje „Vidurio Europa šiuolaikinių visuomeninių kultūrinių iššūkių akivaizdoje” Daktaras Zalesa turėjo perskaityti pranešimą apie žmogaus teisių antropologiją, tačiau jam teko išvykti dėl asmeninių priežasčių, todėl jo referatą perskaitė kitas žmogus. Referato tema - žmogaus teisės. Kaip buvo pranešta pasisakymo pradžioje, apie jas bus kalbama kaip apie filosofinį, o ne teisinį, terminą. Tačiau toks terminas yra pakankamai slidus, nes įstatymas yra užrašomas siekiant didžiausio tikslumo, o „prigimtiniai” dalykai yra atviri interpretacijai.
Kalbėtojas teigė, kad žmogaus teisių aktualumas šiandien yra sąlygojamas pirmiausia socialinių praktinių veiksnių: terorizmo, ekonominės krizės, klonavimo ir genetinės modifikacijos pažangos, abortų ir dirbtinio apvaisinimo.
Nors žadėjo naudotis filosofiniu terminu, vėliau kalbėtojas prasitarė, jog kalbėdams apie žmogaus teises jis turi minty jų deklaraciją, pasirašytą 1948 metais. Ji svarbi tuo, kad buvo „pagimdyta” sunkios žmonijos patirties - nacistų ir stalinistų mirties stovyklų.
Kalbant apie Europos juridinę žmonių teisės koncepciją, reikia pastebėti, kad ji įtakojama ir krikščioniškojo personalizmo, ir antropocentristinės filosofijos. Teisės suformulavimas yra liberalistų kūrėjų (Hobso ir Monteskjė) nuopelnas. Tačiau jie per daug akcentuoja žmogaus asmeninę laisvę. Katalikai ir stačiatikiai imasi polemizuoti su liberalistais dėl abortų, eksperimentų su negimusiais kūdikiais (embrionais), homoseksualų santykių ir eutanazijos. Dėl jų turi būti užtikrinta kita teisės koncepcija.
Lenkijos ir Prancūzijos realistinės pakraipos tomistinė filosofija žmogaus teisių klausimą sprendžia per personalistinę antropologiją ir prigimtinės teisės personalistinę koncepciją. Jie mano, kad šalia žmogaus teisių deklaracijos egzistuoja prigimtinė teisė krikščioniškuoju požiūriu. Tomistai teigia, kad tai yra didis šių dienų elementas, pasireiškiantis moksle, mene, religijoje ir kitose gyvenimo sferose.
Tomistinė filosofija metafiziškai ir personalistiškai suvokia prigimtinę žmogaus teisę. Jų nuomone tai yra normų rinkinys, kurį protingas žmogus pats atranda savyje. Ji turi tris pagrindines kryptis ir ją aprašė šv. Tomas Akvinietis. Šios kryptys yra siekis išsaugoti savo būtį, siekis perduoti būtį ir dvasinės plėtros visuomenėje siekis. Asmens tikslas yra jo gerovė, realizavimasis gyvenimo tvarkoje. Sugebėjimą skirti gerą nuo blogo užtikrina sąžinė. Prigimtinė teisė tikintiesiems yra kaip Dievo balso užrašytas nurodymas daryti gera ir vengti blogo.
Tomistinės filosofijos liberalistinės pakraipos prigimtinės teisės savybė yra laisvės suvokimas, nes krikščionių mintis pripažįsta laisvę, surištą su žmogaus asmeniu. Žmogus laisvas priimti sprendimus, todėl tai sudaro sąlygas galioti abortų ir homoseksualų teisėms.
Išklausius penkioliką minučių trukusį pasisakymą apie žmogaus teisių antropologiją paaiškėja, tik tiek, kad prigimtines teises garantuoja tik krikščionybė. O prieštaringi klausimai jau patenka ne į žmogaus teisių, bet į žmogaus teisės apsispręsti ribas.
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