Source: http://fsmlaw.org/chuuk/decisions/1csr005013.htm
Timestamp: 2017-05-26 21:07:17
Document Index: 325793817

Matched Legal Cases: ['§4', '§ 2', '§36', '§ 3', '§ 3', '§ 4', '§4', '§ 6', '§ 78', '§ 4', '§ 8', '§ 2', '§36', '§ 3', '§ 3', '§ 4', '§ 3', '§ 60', '§ 1651', '§ 17', '§ 115', '§ 71', '§ 46', '§ 60']

Chuuk Decisions 1csr005013
APPELLATE DIVISION - WENO
Cite as Election Commissioner v. Assoc. Justice, Trial Div.,
1 CSR 5 (1994)
[1 CSR 5]
Argument heard: August 15, 1994
Opinion: September 6, 1994
Hon. Soukichi Fritz, Chief Justice, Chuuk State Supreme Court, Presiding Hon. Richard H. Benson, Temporary Justice, (Associate Justice, FSM
Hon. Ready Johnny, Temporary Justice, (FSM Public Defender,
Chuuk State)
Appearances: Manny Otoko Sabino Asor Weno, Chuuk Weno, Chuuk
For Petitioner For Shiano Pius, Real Party in Interest
[1 CSR 6]
(Not included in original written decision)
Chuuk State Law 190-08 §4 [The Judiciary Act] gives all State Courts the "power to issue all writs for equitable and legal relief. Election Commissioner v Assoc. Justice, p 8
The Appellate Division has the authority to issue a Writ of Prohibition directed to an inferior court including an Associate Justice sitting ing the Trial Division. Election Commissioner v Assoc. Justice, p 8
The general requirements for the issuance of a writ concerning jurisdiction are: that a court or officer is about to exercise judicial or quasi-judicial power, that the exercise of such power is unauthorized and will result in damage or injury for which there is no plain, speedy or adequate legal remedy. Election Commissioner v Assoc. Justice, p 9
Generally, the writ will not be issued unless the petitioner has objected in the inferior court to that court's exercise of jurisdiction. This requirement is to allow the lower court the opportunity to rule properly on the question of its own jurisdiction. Election Commissioner v Assoc. Justice, p 9
The extraordinary writ of prohibition is proper to prevent an inferior tribunal acting without or in excess of jurisdiction which may result in wrong, damage, and injustice and there is no plain, speedy and adequate remedy otherwise available." Election Commissioner v Assoc. Justice, p 9
The principal and fundamental purpose of the writ of prohibition is to "prevent an encroachment, excess, usurpation or assumption of jurisdiction on the part of an inferior court or tribunal Election Commissioner v Assoc. Justice, p 9
The issuance of the writ is discretionary and is generally used with great caution "for the furtherance of justice and to secure order and regularity in judicial proceedings Election Commissioner v Assoc. Justice, p 9
Although the writ should rarily be used, it is especially important to exercise the writ in those cases where it is necessary to confine a lower court to it proper function. Election Commissioner v Assoc. Justice, p 9
As a unified court system, the Chuuk State Supreme Court has two constitutionally mandated divisions. A trial division and an appellate division. Chk. Const. art. VII, § 2. Election Commissioner v Assoc. Justice, p 9
All justices are members of both divisions. Election Commissioner v Assoc. Justice, p 9
A justice does not serve in the appellate division until he is designated to be the presiding justice of a specific case by the Chief Justice. Chuuk State Law 190-08, §36(3) Election Commissioner v Assoc. Justice, p 9
The trial division has concurrent original jurisdiction with other courts to try all "civil, criminal, probate, juvenile, traffic, and land cases, disputes over waters in the State of Chuuk, cases involving state laws and cases in which the State Government is a party." Chk. Const. art. VII, § 3(b). Election Commissioner v Assoc. Justice, p 9
The trial division has jurisdiction to review the action of any state administrative agency, board or commission as may be provided by law Chk. Const. art. VI, § 3(c). Election Commissioner v Assoc. Justice, p 9
The trial division is this state's court of general jurisdiction. Election Commissioner v Assoc. Justice, p 10
All justices acting in the trial division of this court have the same or concurrent jurisdiction Election Commissioner v Assoc. Justice, p 10
Once a case has been assigned to a particular justice, that justice has jurisdictional priority over the parties and issues of the case to the exclusion of all other justices in the trial division. This exclusive jurisdiction continues until the case is terminated in the trial division. Election Commissioner v Assoc. Justice, p 10
A writ of prohibition would be proper to restrain a co-equal court from proceeding in the same case while the matter was pending in another co-equal court. Election Commissioner v Assoc. Justice, p 10
A writ of prohibition is not available to restrain a co-equal court once a case has been terminated in the other co-equal court. Election Commissioner v Assoc. Justice, p 10
The constitution gives the appellate division the "jurisdiction to review all decisions of the trial division, of inferior courts, and of municipal courts." Chk. Const. art. VII, § 4. Election Commissioner v Assoc. Justice, p 10
The appellate division also has the power to issue writs. Election Commissioner v Assoc. Justice, p 10
A properly filed notice of appeal transfers jurisdiction from the trial court to the appellate court. Election Commissioner v Assoc. Justice, p 10
It is proper for an appellate court to issue a writ of prohibition to prevent an inferior court or tribunal from interfering with the allellate court's jurisdiction Election Commissioner v Assoc. Justice, p 10
A temporary restraining order may only be extended once and the extension is limited to a maximum of 14 days. Chk. R.Civ. P., Rule 65(b). Election Commissioner v Assoc. Justice, p 11, note 7
The trial division courts have jurisdiction in equity to set aside judgments. Chk. R. Civ. P., 60(b).Election Commissioner v Assoc. Justice, p 11
The trial division's equitable jurisdiction includes the authority to issue temporary restraining orders, injunctions and other forms of relief that generally require a showing of irreparable harm and the absence of a legal remedy. Election Commissioner v Assoc. Justice, p 11, note 8
There are two methods of seeking to set aside a judgment. One is by filing a Rule 60(b) motion with the original trial court, the other is to bring an independent action by filing a new complaint seeking to have the judgment set aside. Election Commissioner v Assoc. Justice, p 11
The granting of Rule 60(b) relief by the original court is an exercise of that court's supervisory power over its own judgment. Election Commissioner v Assoc. Justice, p 11
The jurisdiction for an independent action is based on a trial court's independent and substantive equitable powers. Election Commissioner v Assoc. Justice, p 11
The jurisdiction of a court to entertain an independent action in equity to set aside a judgment has five essential elements: (1) the judgment ought not, in equity and good conscience, to be enforced; (2) a good defense exists to the alleged cause of action on which the judgment is founded; (3) fraud, accident or mistake which prevented the defendant in the judgment from obtain ing the benefit of his defense; (4) the absence of fault or negligence on the part of the defendant; and (5) the absence of any adequate remedy at law. If any one of these elements is missing, the court can not take equitable jurisdiction of the case. Election Commissioner v Assoc. Justice, pp 11-12 Courts of equity are without jurisdiction to enforce or protect purely political rights. Election Commissioner v Assoc. Justice, p 12 The right to be a candidate or to run for and hold elective office are political rights. Election Commissioner v Assoc. Justice, p 12 Matters concerning how elections are conducted are usually left to the political branches. Election Commissioner v Assoc. Justice, p 12
Individuals seeking to contest election irregularities have many statutory remedies which may be brought before the election commission. Chuuk State Law 27-6-1. Election Commissioner v Assoc. Justice, p 12 Courts generally have no jurisdiction until after and election is held. Election Commissioner v Assoc. Justice, p 12 SOUKICHI FRITZ, Chief Justice
This is an original action filed on August 3, 1994 in the Appellate Division by the petitioner, Chuuk State Election Commissioner [herein Commissioner] seeking the issuance of an extraordinary Writ of Prohibition directed to the Respondent sitting as a Trial Division Justice. The petition alleged that the Respondent had exceeded or was about to exceed his jurisdiction in Trial Division Civil Action No. 166-94, Pius v Commissioner. This Court issued an Order to Show Cause directed to the Respondent on August 10, 1994. On that same day this panel was appointed. A hearing was held on August 15, 1994. The court heard argument from the Commissioner and Shiano Pius [herein referred to as Mayor] the plaintiff in CA No 166-94. On August 17th we issued an order granting the writ.
PROCEEDING IN THE TRIAL DIVISION THAT LED TO THE WRIT To properly understand the reasons that we granted the writ prohibiting the Respondent from exercising any further jurisdiction in Pius v Commissioner [referred to herein as 166-94], it is necessary to review not only that action but also other proceedings that are directly related to 166-94.
On July 7, 1994, the Mayor filed a complaint for declaratory judgment, entitled Shiano Pius, Mayor of Wonei v. Election Commissioner, Trial Division Civil Action No. 158-94. This complaint alleged voter registration irregularities by the Commissioner in preparation for the July 18, 1994 Wonei Municipal Election. The complaint also claimed that the Commissioner was related to a candidate running against the Mayor and had shown favoritism to that candidate. The complaint sought enforcement of Wonei Municipal Ordinance 03-94 which concerns the conduct of Wonei Municipal elections. The Mayor also sought an injunction preventing the Commissioner from conducting and supervising the election.
Civil Action No 158-94 was consolidated for trial with two other cases (Civil Action Nos. 155-94 and 159-94) under the name of In re Wonei Municipal Election Cases. All three cases concerned the Wonei Municipal election and the validity of the municipal ordinance. The consolidated cases were assigned to Associate Justice O'Sonis. Justice O'Sonis issued several pre-trial orders including one that temporarily delayed the election. The cases were tried and on Monday July 25, 1994, Justice O'Sonis issued his opinion and judgment which invalidated the municipal ordinance and directed the election be held on August 1 under the supervision of the Commissioner in accordance with Chuuk State Law 27-1-6. None of the parties to the consolidated cases filed any of the available
[1 CSR 7]
post-judgment motions. 1
On Friday July 29, 1994 near the close of business counsel for the Mayor and counsel for the Wonei Municipality, filed a Joint Notice of Appeal from case CA No. 158-94 and a motion for a stay of the judgment in the Appellate Division. This stay was presented to Justice O'Sonis. On July 30, 1994, he denied the stay because it was filed in and addressed to the appellate division, and he was without jurisdiction to enter a stay as a Trial Division Justice.
On Sunday July 31, 1994 the Mayor's counsel filed his motion for a stay in the Trial Division. By 4:30 P.M. Justice O'Sonis had not ruled upon the motion. At this point the Mayor filed his complaint in CA No 166-94. This Complaint alleged that the allegation contained in CA No 158-94 had never been heard. A petition for a Temporary Restraining Order to enjoin the next day's election accompanied the complaint. The Mayor's asked the lower court for an order temporarily "restraining the defendant [Commissioner from] supervising or conducting the Wonei Municipal and . . . restraining the subject election from occurring [the next day] . . . ". The complaint also asked for "an expedited hearing of CA No 158-94." The Respondent, acting as a Trial Division Justice in CA No 166-94 2 issued a Temporary Restraining Order (TRO) on July 31, 1994 at 9:37 P.M. The TRO restrained the State Election Commissioner from holding the Wonei election on August 1 as ordered by the original Trial Division judgment in the consolidated cases.
The following day the Respondent gave the parties the opportunity to file briefs on the question of his jurisdiction to issue the TRO. The Commissioner filed his brief objecting to the Respondent's jurisdiction on three grounds. The Commissioner asserted that the bond was inadequate and in a form unrecognized by the rules. 3 The Commissioner's second contention was that the Respondent had no jurisdiction to overrule the order of another trial division justice. The last objection asserted was that no justice of the trial division had jurisdiction to interfere with the issues presented in CA No. 158-94 as the appellate division was vested with jurisdiction upon the filing of the notice of appeal.
The Mayor filed his brief in support of the Respondent's jurisdiction contending that the Respondent had jurisdiction in equity to set aside the judgment entered in the
[1 CSR 8]
The Commissioner filed his petition for the writ on August 3. On August 10 the Respondent entered another order extending the TRO and agreeing with the Mayor that he had jurisdiction in equity to relieve the Mayor of the Judgment entered by Justice O'Sonis. This Court issued its Order to Show Cause why the writ should not be granted on August 10 and set the hearing on the petition for August 15.
JURISDICTION OF APPELLATE DIVISION
Chuuk State Law 190-08 §4 [The Judiciary Act] gives all State Courts the "power to issue all writs for equitable and legal relief....". 4 More specifically Chk. R. App. P., Rule 21 authorizes and sets forth the procedure for "Writs of Mandamus and Prohibition Directed to a Justice." We hold the Appellate Division has the authority to issue a Writ of Prohibition directed to an inferior court. In this case the inferior court is an Associate Justice acting in the Trial Division.
The single issue presented by this writ of prohibition is whether or not an inferior court or tribunal is without jurisdiction or is about to act in excess of it jurisdiction. We are required by the petition to decide three aspects of jurisdiction: (1) Whether the Respondent has jurisdiction to overrule another trial division justice's orders by entertaining a case (166-94) that concerns the same parties and issues that are pending in another case (158-94) before a collateral and co-equal court; or
(2) Whether the Respondent has jurisdiction in CA No 166-94 when the same parties and issues are before the appellate division as a result of the appeal of No 158-94 (docketed as Civil Appeal No 9-94 and assigned to Associate Justice Marar); or
(3) Whether the Respondent has jurisdiction in equity to set aside a judgment that concerns the enforcement of political rights. This Court reviews questions of jurisdiction de novo.
[1 CSR 9]
A. REQUIREMENTS FOR ISSUANCE OF THE WRIT
The general requirements for the issuance of a writ concerning jurisdiction are: that a court or officer is about to exercise judicial or quasi-judicial power, that the exercise of such power is unauthorized and will result in damage or injury for which there is no plain, speedy or adequate legal remedy. 63A Am. Jur. 2d Prohibition § 6, at 142 (1984). Generally, the writ will not be issued unless the petitioner has objected in the inferior court to that court's exercise of jurisdiction. This requirement is to allow the lower court the opportunity to rule properly on the question of its own jurisdiction. Id. § 78, at 205. Thus "[t]he extraordinary writ of prohibition is proper to prevent an inferior tribunal acting without or in excess of jurisdiction which may result in wrong, damage, and injustice and there is no plain, speedy and adequate remedy otherwise available."Rothweiler v. Superior Court of Pima County, 410 P.2d 479, 481 (Ariz. 1966); C.f. In Re Main, 4 FSM Intrm. 255, 258 (App. 1990).
B. PURPOSE OF THE WRIT OF PROHIBITION
The principal and fundamental purpose of the writ of prohibition is to "prevent an encroachment, excess, usurpation or assumption of jurisdiction on the part of an inferior court or tribunal." 63A Am. Jur. 2d Prohibition § 4, at 140 [footnotes omitted]. The issuance of the writ is discretionary and is generally used with great caution "for the furtherance of justice and to secure order and regularity in judicial proceedings".Id,. § 8. Although the writ should rarely be used, it is especially important to exercise the writ in those cases where it is necessary to confine a lower court to it proper function. Id.
A. PRINCIPLES OF JURISDICTION
As a unified court system, the Chuuk State Supreme Court has two constitutionally mandated divisions. A trial division and an appellate division. Chk. Const. art. VII, § 2. All justices are members of both divisions. Id. A justice does not serve in the appellate division until he is designated to be the presiding justice of a specific case by the Chief Justice. Chuuk State Law 190-08, §36(3). The Constitution defines the jurisdiction of each division. 1. TRIAL COURTS
The trial division has concurrent original jurisdiction with other courts to try all "civil, criminal, probate, juvenile, traffic, and land cases, disputes over waters in the State of Chuuk, cases involving state laws and cases in which the State Government is a party." Chk. Const. art. VII, § 3(b). The trial division has jurisdiction to review the action of any
[1 CSR 10]
state administrative agency, board or commission as may be provided by law. Id. § 3(c). 5 The trial division is this state's court of general jurisdiction.
The Commissioner has asserted in essence that all justices acting in the trial division of this court have the same or concurrent jurisdiction. In other words, any case over which the trial division has jurisdiction may be heard by any of the justices as assigned by the Chief Justice. Once a case has been assigned to a particular justice, that justice has jurisdictional priority over the parties and issues of the case to the exclusion of all other justices in the trial division. This exclusive jurisdiction continues until the case is terminated in the trial division. While the case is pending, the priority extends to any other case involving the same parties and issues, even if filed later before a court that could also take jurisdiction. 6 Scott v. Industrial Accident Comm'n., 293 P.2d 18, 21 (Cal. 1956)(in banc); See also, Pacific Live Stock Co. v. Lewis, 241 U.S. 440, 447, 36 S.Ct. 637, 60 L.Ed. 1084, 1096 (1916). The Scott court held a writ of prohibition would be proper to restrain a co-equal court from proceeding while the matter was pending.
While this is an accurate statement of the general rule, the consolidated cases at issue here had come to a conclusion. The original trial court had issued its opinion and judgment and the Mayor had filed his notice of appeal. Thus, the general rule is inapplicable because the matter was no longer pending before the original trial court as discussed in the next issue. The writ is not available on this basis.
The constitution gives the appellate division the "jurisdiction to review all decisions of the trial division, of inferior courts, and of municipal courts." Chk.Const. art. VII, § 4. The appellate division also has the power to issue writs. A properly filed notice of appeal transfers jurisdiction from the trial court to the appellate court. Ruby v. Secretary of United States Navy, 365 F.2d 385, 388 (9th Cir. 1966). Thus, the trial division loses jurisdiction. If a trial court continues to exercise jurisdiction after a proper notice of appeal has been filed, a writ of prohibition is proper. Id. at 389. It is also proper for an appellate court to issue a writ of prohibition to prevent an inferior court or tribunal from interfering with its jurisdiction. 63A Am. Jur. 2d Prohibition § 3, at 140. The Mayor's prayer for relief in 166-94 asked specifically for an expedited hearing on the merits of his claims in CA No. 158-94. Once the notice of appeal was filed,
[1 CSR 11]
the claims set forth in CA No 158-94 are within the jurisdiction of the appellate division. Since the Respondent has rejected the Commissioner's challenge to his jurisdiction in CA No 166-94, the only action that can occur is either a hearing on a preliminary injunction or a trial on the merits of the case which are the same as those now on appeal. 7 Either of these actions constitutes a clear interference with the appellate division's jurisdiction to resolve the claims now before it in Civil Appeal No 9-94 (CA No 158-94). Such an interference disrupts the orderly function of the judicial system. Therefore, the writ should issue on this basis to prohibit the lower court from any further action.
The trial division courts have jurisdiction in equity to set aside judgments. See, Chk. R. Civ. P., 60(b). There are two methods of seeking to set aside a judgment. One is by filing a Rule 60(b) motion asking the original trial court to grant relief from a judgment on the grounds and within the time limits set forth in the rule. See, Chk. R. Civ. P., 60(b). The granting of relief by the original court is an exercise of that court's supervisory power over its own judgment. Bankers Mortgage Co. v. United States, 423 F.2d 73, 78 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 399 U.S. 927 (1970).
The other method is to bring an independent action which is instituted by filing a new complaint seeking to have the judgment set aside. The jurisdiction for an independent action is based on a trial court's independent and substantive equitable jurisdiction. Id. at 78-79 [quoting 7 Moore's Federal Practice § 60.36]. 8
"(1) a judgment which ought not, in equity and good conscience, to be enforced; (2) a good defense to the alleged cause of action on which the judgment is founded; (3) fraud, accident or mistake which prevented the defendant in the judgment from obtaining the benefit of his defense; (4) the absence of fault or negligence on the part of the defendant; and (5) the absence of any adequate remedy at law."
[1 CSR 12]
Looking only to element (5), it is clearly apparent that the Mayor had at the time and still has a number of legal remedies available. The post-trial procedures under the rules of civil procedure form one group of legal remedies available. See, footnote 1 supra . Another legal remedy is the right of appeal to the appellate division. The Mayor chose the latter legal remedy. But the Mayor argues that without a stay, the remedy he chose is not adequate. 9
Even if we agreed with this position and found that the general jurisdictional elements for an equitable action existed, there are certain kinds of claims that are not within a court's equitable jurisdiction. "[C]ourts of equity are without jurisdiction to enforce or protect purely political rights." State ex rel Robinett v Jarrett, 196 P.2d 849, 850 (Okla. 1948) [writ of prohibition issued to Judge Jarrett restraining his assumption of equity jurisdiction in an election case]. A writ of prohibition is proper to prevent a trial court from exercising equity jurisdiction to enforce a purely political right. Id. Voter registration, the right to be a candidate or to run for and hold elective office are political rights. See, Blackman v. Stone, 17 F. Supp. 102, 109 (S.D. Ill., 1936).
Further, the Mayor's allegations in 166-94 and 158-94 all relate to how the Commissioner has conducted the municipal elections up to this point. Matters concerning how elections are conducted are usually left to the political branches. Kony v. Mori, 6 FSM Intrm. 28, 29 (Chk. 1993). Additionally, the courts generally have no jurisdiction until after and election is held. Id. The Mayor has many legal remedies available under the Chuuk State Election Code that address the issues raised. Chuuk State Law 27-6-1. 10
There is no doubt that the Respondent had no jurisdiction in equity to entertain the action filed in 166-94 as the action concerned political rights and the Mayor has a wide range of legal remedies available to him. Thus, the Respondent has acted in excess of his jurisdiction and a writ of prohibition is proper to confine an inferior court to its proper role. Rothweiler v. Superior Court of Pima County, supra.
[1 CSR 13]
B. HARM OR INJURY
We have concluded that the Respondent has acted or is about to act in excess of his jurisdiction. The next requirement of the writ is that a harm or injury result from the action. The Respondent's actions by taking jurisdiction of 166-94 have put the Election Commissioner in a untenable position. The Commissioner is in now subject to the inconsistent orders of two courts. Either order he chooses to obey will cause him to be in violation of the other order. The Commissioner is also prevented from fulfilling his statutory duties of conducting the election. Without elections the legal validity of the continued operation of the Wonei Municipal government is in question.
C. AVAILABILITY OF ADEQUATE LEGAL REMEDIES
CONCLUSION Any further action by the Respondent sitting as a trial division court in CA No 166-94 would interfere with the appellate division's jurisdiction in the appeal of CA No 158-94 (Civ App 9-94) and a writ of prohibition is proper to prevent that interference. Additionally, the issuance of the writ of prohibition is also justified as the Respondent lacks equity jurisdiction to entertain an independent action seeking to enforce political rights. Sufficient harm or injury to the Commissioner and to the orderly function of the judicial process exists to justify the issuance of the writ. The Commissioner has no other plain, speedy or adequate legal remedy. Accordingly, we ordered the writ to issue.
1. The Chk. R. Civ. P., Rules 52, 59 and 60 provide for several post trial motions addressed to the court that has issued the judgment such as: motion to alter or amend the findings, Rules 52(b) and 59(a); motion to make additional findings, Rules 52(b) and 59(a); motion to alter or amend the judgment, Rule 59(e); motion for a new trial, Rule 59(a) and motion for relief from judgment Rule 60(b). (Back to opinion)
2. It is the normal practice in the Trial Division of this Court that all newly filed cases are assigned to individual trial division justices by the Chief Justice. The Respondent was not assigned this case by the Chief Justice, but rather took it upon himself to assume jurisdiction of the action and issue his orders. (Back to opinion)
3. The only bond filed in 166-94 was entitled a "promissory bond" signed by the attorney. Our rules of civil procedure require a surety bond signed by the party or parties. Chk. R. Civ. P., 65(c), 65.1 (Back to opinion)
4. Writs of Attachment, Execution or Garnishment against the State are prohibited, but are not in issue here. Compare 28 U.S.C.A. § 1651 (U.S. Federal Court's All Writs Statute) (Back to opinion)
5. Chuuk State Law 190-08 § 17 [the Judiciary Act] provides for general statutory review of administrative agencies. Other statutes provide for review that is specific to particular areas of the law. See, e.g., CSL 27-6-1[State Election Law]; 67 TTC § 115 [review of Land Commission determinations]. (Back to opinion)
6. One reason for this rule "is to avoid unseemly conflicts between courts that might arise if they were free to make contradictory decisions... at the same time or relating to the same controversy. "Another reason is to protect litigants from the expense and harassment of multiple litigation". Scott 293 P. 2d at 21. (Back to opinion)
7. The Respondent on August 10th extended the TRO entered on July 31. A TRO may only be extended once and the extension is limited to a maximum of 14 days. Chk. R.Civ. P., Rule 65(b). (Back to opinion)
8. The trial division's equitable jurisdiction includes the authority to issue TRO's, injunction and other forms of relief that generally require a showing of irreparable harm and the absence of a legal remedy. (Back to opinion)
9. But the Mayor did in fact have the opportunity to seek a stay. (Back to opinion)
10. Section 58 of the code provides that objections may be made to the election board for voter irregularities. Section 69 also provides for the right to file a petition for a recount based upon fraud in the vote or other irregularities in the vote. Any decision by the election commission may be reviewed by the trial division of this court as provided by § 71. As additional protection each candidate is entitled to have poll watcher present at all polling places [§ 46] and to have their representatives present during the counting of the ballots [§ 60]. (Back to opinion)
11. The issuance of the Order to Show Cause to the Respondent was delayed until the Respondent had time to rule on his jurisdiction in 166-94. (Back to opinion)