Source: https://www.profinfo.pl/sklep/zeszyty-naukowe-uniwersytetu-jagiellonskiego-prace-z-prawa-wlasnosci-intelektualnej,7436,r,2014,nr,2.html
Timestamp: 2020-07-13 23:36:20+00:00
Document Index: 90073242

Matched Legal Cases: ['art. 120', 'art. 23', 'Art. 120', 'Art. 120', 'art. 16', 'art. 69', 'art. 69', 'Art. 23', 'Art. 23', 'Art. 23', 'Art. 23', 'Art. 1050', 'Art. 23', 'Art. 23', 'Art. 23', 'Art. 79']

Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. Prace z Prawa Własności Intelektualnej - Nr 124 - Profinfo.pl
Kod towaru: KAM-6003 2014124
Znak usługowy (art. 120 ust. 3 pkt 1 ustawy - Prawo własności przemysłowej)
Naruszenie patentu w świetle teorii ekwiwalentów - ujęcie prawnoporównawcze
Problematyka nazw prawnie zastrzeżonych na przykładzie nazw rodzajowych obiektów hotelarskich
Nowe formy usług medialnych a przesłanka "odpowiedzialności redakcyjnej" w dyrektywie o audiowizualnych usługach medialnych
The paradigm shift in the anti-piracy legal protection in peer-to-peer networks - comparative analysis of the French HADOPI 2 regulation with the Polish Intellectual Property Law
Maciej Hulicki, Paweł Podrecki
The idea of an "inventive concept" as a basis of patent eligibility considerations in the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court of The United States
Usługi to dynamicznie rozwijająca się gałąź gospodarki Unii Europejskiej. Dlatego też w ostatnich latach na aktualności zyskuje problematyka znaku usługowego, o czym świadczy traktat singapurski o prawie znaków towarowych oraz pytania prejudycjalne kierowane do Trybunału Sprawiedliwości (dalej jako TS). W nawiązaniu do postawionego w nauce prawa pytania o samodzielność znaku usługowego jako kategorii normatywnej, niniejszy artykuł ma na celu przegląd przepisów prawa własności przemysłowej oraz polskiego orzecznictwa w tym zakresie i jest rozwinięciem wcześniejszego opracowania przygotowanego dla Urzędu Patentowego RP.
Patent zapewnia uprawnionemu chroniony prawem zakres wyłączności na korzystanie z rozwiązania technicznego o cechach określonych w zastrzeżeniach patentowych. W celu precyzyjnego określenia zakresu przyznanego monopolu na etapie postępowania o naruszenie patentu dokonuje się wykładni treści zastrzeżeń patentowych, w ramach której (co do zasady) zastrzeżenia są interpretowane w świetle opisu patentowego i ewentualnych rysunków. Wykładnia zakresu patentu ma szczególne znaczenie w przypadku gdy sporne rozwiązanie zawiera cechy techniczne, które nie zostały wprost wskazane w zastrzeżeniach, ale pozwalają na uzyskanie rezultatu stanowiącego o istocie wynalazku zasadniczo w taki sam sposób. Kwestia możliwości rozszerzenia zakresu ochrony udzielanej wynalazkowi na tak określone rozwiązania sporne jest przedmiotem teorii ekwiwalentów występującej w praktyce orzecznictwa sądowego oraz rozważaniach doktrynalnych. Pomimo zasadniczo podobnych założeń, w praktyce jej stosowania w różnych porządkach prawnych dochodzi jednak często do krańcowo odmiennych rezultatów.
Roszczenie o nakazanie udzielenia informacji z art. 23a ust. 1 ustawy z 26.06.2003 r. o ochronie prawnej odmian roślin1 to roszczenie, które przysługuje podmiotom uprawnionym z wyłącznego prawa hodowcy do odmiany rośliny przeciwko rolnikom korzystającym z instytucji tzw. odstępstwa rolnego (z wyłączeniem tzw. drobnych rolników) w przypadku gdy nie wywiązują się oni w terminie z nałożonego na nich obowiązku przekazywania hodowcom albo organizacjom hodowców, na ich wniosek, pisemnej informacji dotyczącej wykorzystania materiału ze zbioru odmian objętych odstępstwem rolnym jako materiału siewnego. Określenie charakteru tego roszczenia ma niezwykle istotne znaczenie z punktu widzenia prawa materialnego, a to przepisów o przedawnieniu roszczeń, a także procesowego. Od niego zależy bowiem właściwość rzeczowa sądu, dopuszczalność wniesienia skargi kasacyjnej w danej sprawie i wysokość opłat sądowych oraz kosztów zastępstwa procesowego.
Nazwy rodzajowe stanowią szczególną grupę na tle tradycyjnych oznaczeń wykorzystywanych dla celów gospodarczych, zarówno tych służących identyfikacji przedsiębiorców, jak i oferowanych przez nich towarów czy usług. Analiza ustawowej regulacji nazw rodzajowych obiektów hotelarskich pozwala wydobyć specyficzne cechy tej grupy oznaczeń. Towarzyszące nazwom obiektów hotelarskich zastrzeżenia nazewnicze prowokują też do rozważań nad ich naturą z perspektywy funkcjonalnej. Tym samym uzasadniona jest ich ocena w kontekście klasycznych reżimów regulacyjnych składających się na współczesne krajowe prawo oznaczeń, w tym prawo znaków towarowych, prawo firmowe czy prawo zwalczania nieuczciwej konkurencji.
Nowe formy usług medialnych a przesłanka odpowiedzialności redakcyjnej w dyrektywie o audiowizualnych usługach medialnych
Problemem poruszanym obecnie w dyskusji o regulacjach medialnych w Unii Europejskiej jest rozwój telewizji hybrydowej. W związku z pojawianiem się nowego rodzaju usług, zarówno Parlament Europejski, jak i Komisja Europejska (dalej jako Komisja) zadają pytania dotyczące ewentualnej konieczności zmian w dyrektywie o audiowizualnych usługach medialnych. Nawet jeżeli tak daleko idące kroki nie są przewidziane w najbliższej perspektywie, to proponuje się nowe podejście do interpretacji przepisów dyrektywy AUM, w którym nacisk zostaje położony na przesłankę odpowiedzialności redakcyjnej jako przesłankę zarówno definicji audiowizualnej usługi medialnej, jak i jej dostawcy. Celem artykułu jest analiza pojęcia "odpowiedzialność redakcyjna" jako autonomicznego pojęcia z dyrektywy o audiowizualnych usługach medialnych. Korzystając z dorobku orzecznictwa wydanego w związku ze stosowaniem dyrektywy o handlu elektronicznym, podjęto próbę ukazania różnic pomiędzy podmiotem sprawującym redakcyjną kontrolę a dostawcą usług będącym jedynie pośrednikiem.
This article, using a comparative analysis with the Polish tortious regime, aims to analyse the French Three Strikes Policy model as an example of a general approach to legislation combating the peer-to-peer piracy. Through assessing the effects as well as costs of the regulation and the difficulties to defend it from the dogmatic point of view, I intend to answer the question whether this regulation should be a model for Polish legislators.
Advanced technology and hitherto methods of assessing patent eligibility of inventions seem to be mismatched to each other. Scientific progress, technology development, and creation of new fields of research (such as IT sciences, biotechnology, nanotechnology etc.) made it very difficult to examine inventions from emerging technologies, which concern intangible subject matters. Sometimes, as it is in the case of inventions concerning nanotechnology, it is difficult even to comprehend them.
Service mark (Art. 120(3)(1) of the Act 'Industrial Property Law') p. 5
Marta Sznajder Patent infringement under the doctrine of
Service mark (Art. 120(3)(1) of the Act 'Industrial Property Law')
Patent infringement under the doctrine of equivalents - comparative analysis
Financial or non-financial nature of a claim for an order to provide information under Article 23a(1) of the Act on Legal Protection of Plant Varieties
Protection of specific trade names - a case of generic terms in the tourist accommodation sector
New audiovisual media services and the requirement of editorial responsibility in the meaning of the Audiovisual Media Services Directive
Services are nowadays the important branch of the economy and therefore, due to WIPO statistics, registration of service marks gains popularity. The Singapore Treaty provides in art. 16, that "Any Contracting Party shall register service marks and apply to such marks the provisions of the Paris Convention which concern trademarks" and ECJ has been yet asked some prejudicial questions regarding service marks.
Academic says, that, comparing with trademark, some specific of service mark is demonstrated in such issues as scope of right to trademark, exhaustion of the this right, genuine use of trademark. It seems, however, that the important problem is in some cases also the classifying (delimitation) some activities as those regarding goods and those being services as such, or the possibility of registration service mark for some specific services (e.g. retail services, shop layout as "service packaging"). But even if a mark is a sole service mark (or sole trademark) it can be deemed to collide with a sing designated for goods (or services) that are complementary (thus similar). In this way, the scope of protection is actually expended. It is also claimed, that specific of service mark consist in phenomenon, that it is actually often used as a trade name. However, in fact trademark are often used as a trade name too.
Due to Polish Act on Industrial Property Law of 2000 "When the law uses term trademark, service mark is to understand under this term too". It is the only provision of this act, where service mark is explicitly mentioned. Its analysis lead to the conclusion, that it would be more appropriate to regulate this issue by using the formula "Provisions regarding trademark shall be applied mutatis mutandis to service marks". Polish case law regarding service mark is not developed (they can be mentioned some cases where Polish patent and trademark office applied complementary rule by evaluating the similarity between goods and services).
Patent provides a patentee with an exclusivity for using a technical solution having features described in patent claims. In order to define the exact scope of granted monopoly, in the course of patent infringement proceedings a court needs to interpret contents of the patent claims with a support of patent description and drawings . Interpretation of the extent of the patent has significant meaning in case that contested solution includes technical features which are not explicitly indicated in the claims, but they provide a result which corresponds to the essence of the invention in basically the same manner. The issue of the admissibility of expanding the scope of the patent protection to cover such technical solutions constitutes the subject-matter of the doctrine of equivalents, practiced in the case law and doctrinal concepts. Despite generally similar assumptions form the grounds of the doctrine of equivalents in patent law of various countries, the practice of its application features a number of examples in which the interpretation of the very same patent claims turned out to end with an opposite outcome.
The article presents the doctrine of equivalents as the basis for decision on the infringement of the patent in the comparative legal approach. The analysis focuses on the doctrinal concepts and case law of the countries which apply the Convention on the Grant of European Patents of 5 October 1973, the regulation of the critical importance for the construction of the doctrine of equivalents in its present edition. The presentation of this matter consists of the juxtaposition of the concepts which are essential for the development of the doctrine of equivalents in i.a. Great Britain, the United States and Germany. Furthermore, the analysis includes the explanation of the legal grounds for the admissibility of the doctrine of equivalents in Polish patent law followed by the examples of its application in consequent regulations. In the first place, the most important ideas of the patent law constituting the basis of the further analysis are presented in short.
The crucial significance for the analysis of the problem of patent infringement under the doctrine of equivalents needs to be ascribed to art. 69 (1) EPC, determining the manner in which the extent of the patent protection should be defined. Pursuant to this provision, the extent of the protection conferred by a European patent or a European patent application shall be determined by the claims. Nevertheless, the description and drawings shall be used to interpret the claims. The integral part of the European Patent Convention is the Protocol on the Interpretation of Article 69 EPC as revised by the Act revising the EPC of 29 November 2000 which stipulates that the interpretation of the claims should not be limited to the strict, literal meaning of the wording used in the claims, but at the same time, it should not be extended in such way that the claims serve only as a guideline and that the actual protection conferred may extend to what the patent proprietor has contemplated. The purpose of the Protocol is to set a so called middle ground between these extremes, which would combine a fair protection for the patent proprietor with a reasonable degree of legal certainty for third parties. Moreover, the Protocol expressly provides that for the purpose of determining the extent of patent protection, due account shall be taken of any element which is equivalent to an element specified in the claims. The need for adapting the Protocol resulted from the dissimilarities of the manner of interpreting the patent claims practiced in the countries which intended to become the Member States of the European Patent Organization, in particular in Great Britain and Germany. The purpose of the Protocol was to create a unified approach to interpretation of patent claims in order to ensure that the outcome of patent infringement proceedings conducted in different countries will be consistent as to the merits. The practice of application of art. 69 (1) EPC and the Protocol in the case law of the member states leads to the conclusion that the impact of the Protocol on the aimed unification turned out to be of little significance.
Financial or non-financial nature of a claim for an order to provide information under Art. 23a(1) of the Act on Legal Protection of Plant Varieties
Agricultural exemption, regulated in Art. 23 of the Act on Legal Protection of Plant Varieties of 26 June 2003 (ALPPV), is a type of permitted use involving the breeder's exclusive right to a plant variety as the right falling within the scope of widely perceived intellectual property. Thanks to this mechanism, a farmer may use material harvested from plant varieties of specified species as propagating material in subsequent growing periods without a necessity to obtain breeder's consent, but against a fee, with an exception of the so-called 'small farmers' (cf. Art. 23(3) ALPPV) who are exempted from the obligation to pay the fee.
Also, in order to ensure protection of breeders' rights, in Art. 23a(1) ALPPV the legislator obligated holders of agricultural land and organizations representing holders of agricultural land (with the exception of the aforementioned 'small farmers') to provide breeders or breeders' organizations, on their request, with written information on the use of material harvested from plant varieties subject to agricultural exemption as propagating material, within 30 days from receipt of the request. In case an entity obligated to provide information pursuant to the aforementioned provisions evades this obligation, the breeder may bring action for an order to provide such information, and the obligation to provide information imposed by a court decision may be enforced in a civil suit, with the application of Art. 1050 of the Code of Civil Procedure that stipulates enforcement by forcing a debtor to perform a certain act that may not be performed for the debtor by any other person.
The claim under Art. 23a(1) ALPPV is relatively frequently of interest to Polish courts. Hence, the answer to the question concerning the (financial or non-financial) nature of the claim for an order to provide information under Art. 23a(1) ALPPV is of an essential practical significance, from the point of view of both substantive law and procedural law.
In terms of substantive law, the nature of the claim determines whether or not it is subject to a statute of limitations. As regards procedural issues, classifying the claim as a financial or non-financial one affects material jurisdiction of the court, amount of court fees, amounts to be adjudicated as reimbursement of costs of legal representation, as well as it is one of the circumstances to be considered in assessing admissibility of a cassation appeal on the case.
The article not only proposes an apt qualification of the claim under Art. 23a(1) ALPPV and a correct interpretation of relevant provisions of substantive and procedural law but it demonstrates how these provisions are applied in practice in numerous cases initiated by such claims as well.
According to the Act of August 29, 1997 on tourist services ("the Act"), the rendering of hotel services in Poland is subject to a specific administrative regime. At its core, it involves standardization and categorization of establishments that provide lodging services normatively defined as "hotel establishments". The Act defines eight types of hotel establishments that are included in that system: hotel, motel, pension, campsite, tourist house, youth hostel, shelter and bivouac spot. In order to run such establishment, an entrepreneur is obliged to apply for an administrative decision (a decision on standardization and categorization) confirming that the building or place of its business satisfies statutory requirements (e.g. standards as to the fitting-out of premises, distribution of spaces, technical equipment and installations, basic and additional services).
Specific provisions concerning the use of generic terms that describe (in Polish) these types of establishments provide an important part of the regulatory approach. According to Article 43 of the Act, commercial exploitation of these names is reserved "exclusively for the hotel establishments in the meaning of the Act". As a result, an entrepreneur offering lodging services outside of the regulatory system (without obtaining the decision on standardization and categorization), is not allowed to benefit from using these names in order to identify its establishment in commerce.
The legal consequences of this prohibition are manifold. Apart from describing the attributes of the regulation, this paper is particularly focused on examining the relationship between (the provisions of) Article 43 of the Act and the basic provisions of Polish private law which provide for the legal protection of business names. Trade name law, trade mark law as well as unfair competition law, both with respect to the B2B and the B2C practices, are at the center of the study.
Due to the genuine public law character of the provisions of Article 43, this Act may not serve as a basis for any (private) legal claims against the illegal use of the reserved generic terms, notwithstanding its primary objective being the protection of interests of all entrepreneurs participating in the categorization system and prevention of consumer confusion resulting from the use of the generic terms for establishments that do not meet the statutory standards.
The advent of connected or smart TV is the topic currently debated on the EU level, in the area of audiovisual media services. Both European Parliament and European Commission pose questions as to the need for changes in the AVMS Directive. Since the Directive was meant to be technologically neutral, and was proposed at the time the problems of convergence had long been discussed, it might be surprising. Even if legislative changes are not to come, the new approach to interpretation is proposed, with the emphasis, inter alia, on the requirement of editorial responsibility, which is both the criterion for the definition of audiovisual media service, and for the provider of the audiovisual media service. The aim of the article is to discuss this term thoroughly, with reference to its origin, legislative process and doctrinal proposals for interpretation. As effective control is the core element of the definition of editorial responsibility, the idea is to refer to the analysis based on the provisions of e-commerce Directive concerning providers of hosting services, to show the opposition between publisher and host provider, in reference to the control of content. The example of video-sharing sites in the judgments of European courts was chosen, to make the analysis helpful for the interpretation of AVMS Directive. Some examples of national legislation implementing the AVMS Directive's provisions were also used, with the emphasis on Polish legislation. In the outcome, it is possible to propose a coherent interpretation of editorial responsibility, and effective control, yet the question how that might serve as basis for determining the need for regulation of audiovisual media services remains open.
The HADOPI 2 Law (HADOPI - High Authority for Transmission of Creative Works and Copyright Protection on the Internet) implemented in France a system for the protection against electronic piracy aimed at combatting illegal activities of end users. It consists in monitoring computers connected to the network by service providers, and allows to disconnect the Internet on the basis of a court order. This regulation has been partially successful in terms of increasing revenues of entities that sell copies of copyrighted works, such as 'Itunes'. Nevertheless, the legislative act raises much doubt from the dogmatic perspective and in terms of protection of human rights. A comparative analysis with a system for the protection of author's economic rights in Poland indicates that the idea of introducing a criminal provision in this area is not an optimal solution. In such a case, the level of protection would not be adequate to the requirements posed by tort liability in the copyright law. First of all, paradoxically, actual substitution of tort liability with criminal liability leads to the narrowing down of copyright protection. It is impossible to extend criminal liability beyond the delimiting function of guilt, therefore such a system does not correspond to the absolute liability on which certain torts listed in Art. 79 of the Polish Act on Copyright and Neighbouring Rights are based. Moreover, the objectives specific to the tort liability regime would not be attained. Furthermore, an analysis of the judgment rendered in the 'Scarlet extended' case, relevant EU directives as well as the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union indicates that such a legal measure is contradictory to the fundamental principles of economic freedom and freedom to access information. Also, it would introduce disproportionate burdens for Internet providers. The presented conclusions, coupled with a recent decision on the HADOPI taken by the French Ministry of Culture, suggest introducing other,less repressive measures.
Recent judgments of the United States Supreme Court, especially in the cases Mayo v. Prometheus and Myriad Genetics v. Association for Molecular Pathology found that an "inventive concept" may be a useful idea, allowing for a more precise and thus objective assessment of claims. However, there is still a need of a solid grounding of this idea in the patent jurisprudence. Its application may have a positive impact on research and technology development since it provides a basis for a claim construction which is better adjusted for modern inventions. A recent innovation in the patent environment - FSTP technology - utilizes these assumptions in order to create a method and a tool enabling patent practitioners to evaluate inventions in an easier way, more efficient and accurate.