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Credit Conditions Review 2016 Q2 - PDF
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1 Credit Conditions Review 216 Q2
2 BANK OF ENGLAND Credit Conditions Review 216 Q2 This quarterly publication presents the Bank of England s assessment of the latest developments in bank funding and household and corporate credit conditions. It draws mainly on long-established official data sources, such as the existing monetary and other financial statistics collected by the Bank, and other data sources such as surveys of businesses and data from other organisations. The analysis also draws on the results of the Bank of England s Bank Liabilities Survey and Credit Conditions Survey. (1) These data are supplemented by discussions between Bank staff and the major UK lenders; this intelligence is reflected in the report. The major UK lenders (2) are Banco Santander, Barclays, HSBC, Lloyds Banking Group, Nationwide and Royal Bank of Scotland; together they accounted for around 7% of the stock of mortgage lending, % of the stock of consumer credit (excluding student loans), and 6% of the stock of lending to businesses at end-march 216. The Review also draws on intelligence gathered by the Bank s network of Agents and from market contacts. The Review covers data and intelligence gathered up to end-june 216. Unless stated otherwise, the data reported cover lending in both sterling and foreign currency, expressed in sterling. The 216 Q3 Credit Conditions Review will be published on 14 October 216. (1) The Bank Liabilities Survey and the Credit Conditions Survey for 216 Q2 were conducted between 23 May and June 216. These surveys can be found at and (2) Membership of the group of major UK lenders is based on the provision of credit to UK-resident companies and individuals, regardless of the country of ownership.
3 Contents Executive summary 3 1 Bank funding 4 2 Household credit conditions 6 3 Corporate credit conditions 9 Glossary and other information 11
4 Executive summary 3 Executive summary Having been little changed through most of Q2, measures of banks long-term wholesale funding spreads increased following the outcome of the EU referendum. But spreads remained significantly below levels seen a few years ago, and the increase in spreads was offset by a fall in swap rates over the same period. In discussions conducted at the end of June, most major UK lenders expected wholesale funding spreads to remain somewhat higher in Q3, but low swap rates and retail funding costs were expected to limit the impact of this on transfer prices. UK lenders had continued to issue wholesale term debt in public markets in Q2. Retail deposit rates remained low, and retail deposit growth remained strong relative to recent years. Secured credit availability to households tightened slightly in the three months to mid-june, according to lenders responding to the Bank of England s Credit Conditions Survey. Despite this, quoted rates on a range of two-year fixed-rate mortgages remained broadly flat in recent months and close to historical lows. In discussions that took place after the EU referendum, the major UK lenders expected the availability of secured credit to be little changed in the near term but the demand for secured credit to fall. Respondents to the Credit Conditions Survey suggested that both the supply of and demand for unsecured credit continued to rise in the three months to mid-june. The cost and availability of credit to companies of all sizes was unchanged in the three months ahead of the EU referendum, according to lenders responding to the Credit Conditions Survey. But lenders reported a fall in availability to the commercial real estate sector for the first time since 212 Q2. Demand for credit from large corporates slowed prior to the referendum according to lenders responding to the Credit Conditions Survey. In discussions conducted after the referendum, the major UK lenders expected the availability of credit to the corporate sector to remain steady, although a further tightening was expected for the commercial real estate sector. Lenders expected the demand for credit to fall back in the near term.
5 4 Credit Conditions Review 216 Q2 1 Bank funding Having been little changed through most of Q2, measures of banks long-term wholesale funding spreads increased following the outcome of the EU referendum. But spreads remained significantly below levels seen a few years ago, and the increase in spreads was offset by a fall in swap rates over the same period. In discussions conducted at the end of June, most major UK lenders expected wholesale funding spreads to remain somewhat higher in Q3, but low swap rates and retail funding costs were expected to limit the impact of this on transfer prices. UK lenders had continued to issue wholesale term debt in public markets in Q2. Retail deposit rates remained low, and retail deposit growth remained strong relative to recent years. Chart 1.1 Indicative long-term funding spreads (a) Covered bond spread (e) Senior unsecured bond spreads (b) Spread on fixed-rate retail bonds (c) Five-year CDS premia (d) Jan. July Jan. July Jan. July Jan. July Jan. July Jan Percentage points Sources: Bloomberg, Markit Group Limited, Bank of England and Bank calculations. (a) Data are to end-june 216. (b) Constant-maturity unweighted average of secondary market spreads to mid-swaps for the major UK lenders five-year euro senior unsecured bonds or a suitable proxy when unavailable. (c) Unweighted average of spreads for two-year and three-year sterling fixed-rate retail bonds over equivalent-maturity swaps. Bond rates are end-month rates and swap rates are monthly averages of daily rates. (d) Unweighted average of five-year euro senior CDS premia for the major UK lenders. (e) Unweighted average of covered bonds for the major UK lenders. Chart 1.2 Swap rates at different maturities (a) Three-year Five-year Two-year Jan. July Jan. July Jan. July Jan. July Jan. July Jan Per cent 4 Sources: Bloomberg and Bank calculations. (a) Data are to end-june 216 and are month-end observations. Sterling swap rates Funding conditions following the EU referendum Indicative measures of banks wholesale funding spreads such as senior unsecured bond spreads and CDS premia rose by around 2 basis points between the outcome of the referendum and the end of the month (Chart 1.1). But measures of wholesale funding spreads remained much lower than the levels seen in 211 and 212. Swap rates declined following the referendum (Chart 1.2), offsetting the impact of higher spreads on overall funding costs. The fall in swap rates likely reflected changes in financial market participants expectations for the path of Bank Rate. In discussions conducted at the end of June, most major UK lenders reported that following the result of the referendum, they expected long-term wholesale funding spreads to remain somewhat higher in Q3. But most did not expect higher wholesale funding spreads to feed through to an increase in their transfer prices the internal price charged to business units to fund the flow of new loans as these were expected to be offset by the recent fall in swap rates and the low cost of retail funding. In the Bank of England s Bank Liabilities Survey (BLS), which was conducted between 23 May and June and so before the referendum, lenders had expected transfer prices to decline slightly in Q3 (Chart 1.3). UK banks have accessed wholesale funding markets following the referendum. In discussions at the end of June, some major UK lenders noted that there remained good investor demand for bank debt. Some also noted that they were ahead of their 216 plans for wholesale issuance. Funding conditions prior to the EU referendum Prior to the referendum, senior unsecured bond spreads had been little changed on average during Q2, having picked up in the previous quarter (Chart 1.1). In part reflecting that increase in wholesale funding spreads, lenders had reported
6 Section 1 Bank funding Chart 1.3 Bank Liabilities Survey: changes in banks transfer prices (a)(b) Increase Decrease Q1 Q3 213 Q1 Q3 14 Q1 Net percentage balances (c) Q3 1 Q1 Q3 16 (a) Net percentage balances are calculated by weighting together the responses of those lenders who answered the question. The blue bars show the responses over the previous three months. The red diamond shows the expectation over the next three months. The expectation balance has been moved forward one quarter. Where the BLS is discussed, descriptions of a significant change refers to a net percentage balance greater than 2 in absolute terms, and a slight change refers to a net percentage balance of between and in absolute terms. (b) Question: How has the marginal absolute cost of providing funds to business units changed (sometimes referred to as the transfer price )?. (c) A positive balance indicates an increase in transfer prices. Chart 1.4 Gross wholesale term issuance by UK lenders in public markets (a) Senior unsecured Other (b) Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q billions higher transfer prices in recent BLS s (Chart 1.3). But there has been little evidence so far of higher transfer prices feeding through to the rates facing households (Section 2) or companies (Section 3). Respondents to the BLS reported that their other funding volumes, which includes wholesale debt funding and wholesale deposits, had fallen in the three months to mid-june. Nevertheless, UK lenders had continued to issue wholesale debt in public markets (Chart 1.4). Gross wholesale term issuance was 16.6 billion in 216 Q2, following issuance of 24.9 billion in Q1. In terms of retail funding, effective interest rates on household and private non-financial corporations (PNFCs) deposits were little changed in the three months to May at low levels. Spreads on retail deposits, such as on fixed-rate retail bonds (Chart 1.1) were also little changed. Annual growth in retail deposits increased a little in the three months to May, and remained strong relative to recent years at 6.3% (Chart 1.). Deposits from PNFCs rose modestly and while the annual growth rate has eased, it was positive at 7.4% in May. Annual growth in household deposits continued to pick up, reaching 6.% in May. Capital instruments are a source of bank funding and banks capital positions will influence their funding costs. Respondents to the BLS reported that their total level of capital had increased in 216 Q2, as they have done in most quarters since the BLS began in 212 Q4. Higher levels of bank capital may be one reason why wholesale funding spreads have picked up by less, so far, than they did in the period of financial market volatility in 211 and 212. (1) Lenders reported in the BLS that investor demand for capital instruments fell slightly in Q2. Sources: Dealogic and Bank calculations. (a) Term issuance is defined here as issuance with maturity exceeding 18 months. UK lenders are defined by the nationality of the operations of the issuer s parent company. Data include issuance in all currencies, expressed in sterling. Non seasonally adjusted. (b) Other is composed of: asset-backed securities; commercial and residential mortgage-backed securities; covered bonds; subordinated unsecured debt and secured or subordinated medium-term notes. Chart 1. Household and PNFC deposits (a) Percentage changes on a year earlier 1 PNFCs Total (b) Households Jan. July Jan. July Jan. July Jan. July Jan. July Jan (a) Rate of growth in MFIs M4 liabilities. Seasonally adjusted. (b) Total is the rate of growth of PNFCs and households deposits together. (1) For more on the resilience of the UK financial system, see the July 216 Financial Stability Report, available at
7 6 Credit Conditions Review 216 Q2 2 Household credit conditions Secured credit availability to households tightened slightly in the three months to mid-june, according to lenders responding to the Bank of England s Credit Conditions Survey. Despite this, quoted rates on a range of two-year fixed-rate mortgages remained broadly flat in recent months and close to historical lows. In discussions that took place after the EU referendum, the major UK lenders expected the availability of secured credit to be little changed in the near term but the demand for secured credit to fall. Respondents to the Credit Conditions Survey suggested that both the supply of and demand for unsecured credit continued to rise in the three months to mid-june. Chart 2.1 Credit Conditions Survey: changes in availability of secured and unsecured credit to households (a) Increase Decrease Secured credit Net percentage balances (b) 4 Unsecured credit (a) Net percentage balances are calculated by weighting together the responses of those lenders who answered the question. The bars show the responses over the previous three months. Where the CCS is discussed, descriptions of a significant change refer to a net percentage balance greater than 2 in absolute terms, and a slight change refers to a net percentage balance of between and in absolute terms. (b) A positive balance indicates that more credit is available Most of the data on household credit conditions relate to the period before the EU referendum. These are discussed below, alongside intelligence from the major UK lenders about the near-term outlook for credit conditions gathered after the referendum. Availability and cost of credit Lenders responding to the Bank of England s Credit Conditions Survey (CCS), which was conducted between 23 May and June and so before the referendum, reported a slight fall in secured credit availability over the previous three months (Chart 2.1). Credit scoring criteria for secured lending were also reported to be slightly tighter. While availability was reported as slightly tighter, the cost of secured credit was little changed in Q2: quoted rates on a range of two-year fixed-rate mortgages have remained broadly flat in recent months and close to historical lows (Chart 2.2). In discussions at the end of June, the major UK lenders expected the availability of credit for mortgages to remain broadly the same in the near term. Consistent with this, the lenders did not expect mortgage rates to change markedly. Some lenders noted that credit conditions could tighten if the macroeconomic outlook deteriorated. In contrast to secured lending, lenders responding to the CCS reported that the availability of unsecured credit had increased significantly in the three months to mid-june (Chart 2.1), with the net percentage balance at its highest level since the survey started in 27 Q2. Within this, there appeared to be an increase in the availability of other unsecured credit, such as personal loans, with credit scoring criteria reported to have loosened again. Consistent with an increase in credit supply, personal loan rates have fallen markedly over recent years although the average quoted, personal loan rate has
8 Section 2 Household credit conditions 7 Chart 2.2 Quoted rates on secured lending and personal loans to households (a) 9% loan to value, two-year fixed Personal loan (,) 7% loan to value, two-year fixed Personal loan (,) 9% loan to value, two-year fixed (b) Jan. July Jan. July Jan. July Jan. July Jan. July Jan Per cent 16 (a) Rates on sterling lending. The Bank s quoted interest rates series are currently compiled using data from up to 19 UK MFIs. Quoted rates are end-month rates. Non seasonally adjusted. (b) This series was not available between May 28 and September 213 as fewer than three products were offered from the sample of lenders in that period. Chart 2.3 Credit Conditions Survey: changes in demand for secured and unsecured credit to households (a) Secured credit for house purchase Net percentage balances (b) 8 Unsecured credit increased slightly, and the, rate has been broadly flat in recent months (Chart 2.2). In discussions that took place at the end of June, most major UK lenders expected personal loan rates to remain at low levels in the near term. Demand for credit Demand for secured credit for house purchase increased significantly in the three months to mid-june according to lenders responding to the CCS (Chart 2.3). Within this, lenders responding to the survey reported that demand for prime lending had increased significantly, while demand for buy-to-let lending had fallen slightly. The reported fall in demand for buy-to-let lending in Q2 likely reflected buy-to-let housing transactions that had been brought forward to Q1, ahead of increases in stamp duty land tax for additional properties, which took effect from 1 April 216. Looking ahead, evidence indicates that the demand for secured credit may slow. The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) survey suggested a fall in demand for house purchase: the new buyer enquiries balance was negative again in May and recorded the lowest balance since June 28 (Chart 2.4). Furthermore, in discussions at the end of June, most major UK lenders expected that demand for secured credit would fall. Increase Decrease Demand for unsecured credit was reported to have increased in the three months to mid-june, according to respondents to the CCS (Chart 2.3). Within this, demand for other unsecured lending increased significantly for four consecutive quarters. But as with secured lending, most major UK lenders expected that the demand for unsecured credit would decline in the near term (a) See footnote (a) of Chart 2.1. (b) A positive balance indicates an increase in demand. Chart 2.4 RICS Residential Market Survey: new buyer enquiries (a) Increase Decrease 6 Net percentage balance (a) Net percentage balance for new buyer enquiries is calculated as the proportion of respondents reporting an increase in enquiries over the previous month, less the proportion reporting a decrease. A positive balance indicates an increase in enquiries. Data are to May 216. Seasonally adjusted Lending data Secured lending had been volatile in recent months, having been affected by the rise in stamp duty on additional properties implemented on 1 April. Gross and net secured lending increased significantly in March and subsequently fell back (Chart 2.). Annual growth in the stock of secured lending was 3.2% in May, broadly in line with the previous three months. Consumer credit growth remained strong relative to the rates in the immediate post crisis period: annual growth in the stock of lending was 9.9% in May. Within this, the annual growth rate in the stock of credit card lending rose to 7.4%, while the stock of other loans and advances grew by 11.2%. Dealership car finance has played an important role in the strength of other loans and advances (which also includes personal loans and overdrafts) in recent years. The net flow of car finance through dealerships had increased significantly since 211, according to data from the Finance & Leasing
9 8 Credit Conditions Review 216 Q2 Chart 2. Secured lending to individuals (a) billions 3 Association (FLA) (Chart 2.6). (1) In 216 Q1, the net flow of dealership car finance was 1.3 billion, more than twice the flow in the corresponding quarter in Gross lending Net lending (a) Sterling lending secured on dwellings by UK MFIs and other lenders to UK individuals. Seasonally adjusted. Chart 2.6 Consumer credit (a) Credit card Dealership car finance (b) Other (c) Total billions Sources: Finance & Leasing Association, Bank of England and Bank calculations. (a) Annual sterling net lending by UK MFIs and other lenders to UK individuals excluding student loans. Non seasonally adjusted. (b) Dealership car finance net lending is estimated using change in outstanding stock rather than net lending. Net lending may therefore reflect breaks in the series as well as underlying flows. (c) Other is estimated as total consumer credit lending minus dealership car finance as provided by the Finance & Leasing Association and credit card lending. (1) These data represent car finance provided to consumers by FLA members and include credit provided by the finance arms of car manufacturers, bank-owned and other finance providers. For data on gross lending and the stock of car finance (through dealerships) see Table 2 in the box on Consumer credit to UK individuals, Credit Conditions Review, 21 Q3, available at
10 Section 3 Corporate credit conditions 9 3 Corporate credit conditions The cost and availability of credit to companies of all sizes was unchanged in the three months ahead of the EU referendum, according to lenders responding to the Credit Conditions Survey. But lenders reported a fall in availability to the commercial real estate sector for the first time since 212 Q2. Demand for credit from large corporates slowed prior to the referendum according to lenders responding to the Credit Conditions Survey. In discussions conducted after the referendum, the major UK lenders expected the availability of credit to the corporate sector to remain steady, although a further tightening was expected for the commercial real estate sector. Lenders expected the demand for credit to fall back in the near term. Chart 3.1 Credit Conditions Survey: changes in availability of credit provided to the corporate sector (a) Decrease Increase Corporate credit availability Net percentage balances (b) 4 of which: commercial real estate sector (a) See footnote (a) to Chart 2.1. (b) A positive balance indicates that more credit is available. Chart 3.2 Sterling-denominated corporate bond spreads (a) High-yield Investment-grade Jan. July Jan. July Jan. July Jan. July Jan Source: Bank of America Merrill Lynch Global Research Basis points 1, (a) Spreads over UK government bond yields. Sterling-denominated corporate bonds issued in domestic or Eurobond markets. Data are to end-june 216. Most of the data on corporate credit conditions relate to the period before the EU referendum. These are discussed below, alongside intelligence from the major UK lenders about the near-term outlook for credit conditions gathered after the referendum. Availability and cost of credit Having improved over the past few years, the availability of credit to companies of all sizes was unchanged in the three months ahead of the referendum, according to lenders responding to the Credit Conditions Survey (CCS) (Chart 3.1). But lenders reported a tightening in the availability of credit to the commercial real estate (CRE) sector for the first time since 212 Q2 (Chart 3.1), with lenders citing a weak outlook for commercial property prices as a factor pushing down availability. The cost of credit was also little changed in the three months leading up to the referendum, with respondents to the CCS reporting that spreads on lending to companies of all sizes were little changed. Other indicators, such as indicative interest rates on lending to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) provided by BIS, and corporate bond spreads, were also little changed in the three months to May. In the period following the announcement of the referendum result on 24 June and the end of the month, both investment-grade and high-yield corporate bond spreads picked up, albeit to levels that are well below those seen in 212 (Chart 3.2). These rises in spreads were more than offset by falls in risk-free rates such that yields on corporate bonds fell. In discussions with the major UK lenders following the referendum, most expected the availability of corporate credit to remain steady in the near term, although availability to the CRE sector was expected to tighten further. Some major UK lenders noted that spreads on bank lending to large
11 Credit Conditions Review 216 Q2 Chart 3.3 Credit Conditions Survey: changes in corporate demand for lending by firm size (a)(b) Increase Decrease Small businesses Medium PNFCs Net percentage balances (c) 4 Large PNFCs (a) See footnote (a) to Chart 2.1. (b) Small businesses are defined as those with annual turnover of less than 1 million; mediumsized corporates are defined as those with annual turnover of between 1 million and 2 million; and large corporates are defined as those with annual turnover of over 2 million. (c) A positive balance indicates an increase in demand. Chart 3.4 Lending to UK non-financial businesses (a) Jan. July 212 Jan. Total non-financial businesses July 13 Three-month annualised growth, per cent 1 Jan. July 14 SMEs (b) Large businesses (c) Jan. July 1 (a) Rate of growth in the stock of lending. Lending by UK MFIs. Data cover lending in both sterling and foreign currency, expressed in sterling. Non seasonally adjusted. (b) SMEs are those businesses with annual debit account turnover on the main business account less than 2 million. (c) Large businesses are those with annual debit account turnover on the main business account over 2 million. Jan corporates, which have fallen to low levels in recent years, could see modest increases in the second half of the year. Demand for credit Demand for credit from large corporates slowed significantly ahead of the referendum, according to respondents to the CCS (Chart 3.3). Lenders cited significantly lower demand for CRE lending, less mergers and acquisitions activity and caution ahead of the referendum as factors driving this. Consistent with lower demand for credit, gross syndicated lending facilities granted in the UK market in 216 Q2 were much lower than in Q1, according to Dealogic data. In contrast to large corporates, demand for lending from SMEs increased in the three months to mid-june according to lenders responding to the CCS (Chart 3.3). In discussions carried out after the referendum, the major UK lenders thought there was likely to be a slowdown in demand for credit in the near term from both large corporates and SMEs, partly reflecting some investment decisions being delayed and mergers and acquisitions activity slowing. Consistent with that expectation, a survey by the Institute of Directors carried out between 24 and 26 June found that over a third of their members thought that the referendum outcome would cause them to cut investment in their business. Lending data The three-month annualised growth in the stock of lending to UK non-financial businesses was.% in May 216 (Chart 3.4). Total net finance raised by UK PNFCs which includes borrowing from capital markets was 1.6 billion on average in April and May (Chart 3.), and 17.7 billion in 216 to date, stronger than in the comparable period in 21. Chart 3. Net finance raised by UK businesses (a) Loans Bonds Equity Commercial paper Total (b) billions 6 3 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3 Q1 Q2 to May (a) Monthly averages presented at a quarterly frequency. Finance raised by PNFCs from UK MFIs and from capital markets. Bonds data cover debt issued by UK companies via UK-based Issuing and Paying Agents. Data cover funds raised in sterling and foreign currency, expressed in sterling. Seasonally adjusted. Bonds and commercial paper are not seasonally adjusted. (b) Owing to the seasonal adjustment methodology, this series may not equal the sum of its components
12 Glossary and other information 11 Abbreviations BIS Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. BLS Bank Liabilities Survey. BTL Buy-to-let. CCS Credit Conditions Survey. CDS Credit default swap. CRE Commercial real estate. FLA Finance & Leasing Association. MFIs Monetary financial institutions (see below). PNFCs Private non-financial corporations (see below). RICS Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors. SMEs Small and medium-sized enterprises. Glossary Bank Rate The official rate paid on commercial bank reserves by the Bank of England. Businesses Private non-financial corporations. Consumer credit Borrowing by UK individuals to finance expenditure on goods and/or services. Consumer credit is split into two components: credit card lending and other lending (mainly overdrafts and other loans/advances). Effective interest The weighted average of calculated rates interest rates on various types of sterling deposit and loan accounts. The calculated annual rate is derived from the deposit or loan interest flow during the period, divided by the average stock of deposit or loan during the period. Facility An agreement in which a lender sets out the conditions on which it is prepared to advance a specified amount to a borrower within a defined period. Gross lending The total value of new loans advanced by an institution in a given period. Major UK lenders Banco Santander, Barclays, HSBC, Lloyds Banking Group, Nationwide and Royal Bank of Scotland. Monetary financial A statistical grouping comprising banks institutions (MFIs) and building societies. Mortgage lending Lending to households, secured against the value of their dwellings. Net lending The difference between gross lending and repayments of debt in a given period. Other funding This refers to wholesale debt funding, wholesale deposits and funding via central bank operations. Private non-financial All corporations (and partnerships) corporations (PNFCs) whose primary activity is non-financial and that are not controlled by central or local government. Retail funding Senior unsecured debt Swap rate Total funding Transfer price Syndicated loan Funding raised by banks in the form of deposits from households and PNFCs. Debt securities issued by lenders that pay a coupon, along with a final redemption payment, which are repaid before junior liabilities if a bank becomes insolvent. The fixed rate of interest in a swap contract in which floating-rate interest payments are exchanged for fixed-rate interest payments. Swap rates are a key factor in the setting of fixed mortgage rates. Retail and other funding, which includes wholesale funding. The marginal absolute cost charged internally to business units for obtaining funding from the treasury unit, ie the cost of funding the flow of new loans. A loan granted by a group of banks to a single borrower. Symbols and conventions Except where otherwise stated the source of data in charts is the Bank of England. On the horizontal axes of charts, larger ticks denote the first observation within the relevant period, eg data for the first quarter of the year. Bank of England 216 ISSN: (online)
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