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BrowseBrowseInterestsBiography & MemoirBusiness & LeadershipFiction & LiteraturePolitics & EconomyHealth & WellnessSociety & CultureHappiness & Self-HelpMystery, Thriller & CrimeHistoryYoung AdultBrowse byBooksAudiobooksComicsSheet MusicBrowse allUploadSign inJoinBooksAudiobooksComicsSheet MusicWelcome to Scribd! Start your free trial and access books, documents and more.Find out moreCopyright Industries in the U.S.Economy: The 2006 Report updates and supplements ten previous reports produced by Economists Incorporated for the International Intellectual Property Alliance: • Siwek and Furchgott-Roth, Copyright Industries in the U.S. Economy (released in November 1990) • Siwek and Furchgott-Roth, Copyright Industries in the U.S. Economy: 1977-1990 (released in September 1992) • Siwek and Furchgott-Roth, Copyright Industries in the U.S. Economy: 1993 Perspective (released in October 1993) • Siwek and Furchgott-Roth, Copyright Industries in the U.S. Economy: 1977-1993 (released in January 1995) • Siwek and Mosteller, Copyright Industries in the U.S. Economy: The 1996 Report (released in October 1996) • Siwek and Mosteller, Copyright Industries in the U.S. Economy: The 1998 Report (released in May 1998) • Siwek, Copyright Industries in the U.S. Economy: The 1999 Report (released in December 1999) • Siwek, Copyright Industries in the U.S. Economy: The 2000 Report (released in December 2000) • Siwek, Copyright Industries in the U.S. Economy: The 2002 Report (released in April 2002) • Siwek, Copyright Industries in the U.S. Economy: The 2004 Report (released in October 2004)
© 2006 Economists Incorporated All rights reserved. Material in this report is protected by copyright. It may, however, be reproduced for non-commercial purposes or quoted with appropriate attribution to Stephen E. Siwek of Economists Incorporated and the International Intellectual Property Alliance. Citation format: Stephen E. Siwek, Copyright Industries in the U.S. Economy: The 2006 Report, prepared for the International Intellectual Property Alliance (IIPA), November 2006, available at www.iipa.com. International Intellectual Property Alliance® is a registered service mark of the International Intellectual Property Alliance. IIPA® is a registered service mark of the International Intellectual Property Alliance. Cover design and layout by Elizabeth M. Holland of Design Paradigm, Berkeley, California ISBN 978-0-9634708-7-4 Printed in the United States of America
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Executive Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 II. The Copyright Industries: Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 III. Value Added by the Copyright Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 IV. Employment in the Copyright Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 V. U.S. Copyrighted Materials in World Markets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 VI. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Appendix A: Table of Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Appendix B: Current and Constant Dollar Value Added by Industry . . . . . . 18 Appendix C: Measuring Contributions to Real Annual Growth in U.S. GDP . . 20 Appendix D: List of References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Stephen E. Siwek is Principal, Economists Incorporated, 1200 New Hampshire Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20036, www.ei.com. He is co-author of International Trade in Computer Software (Quorum Books, 1993) and International Trade in Films and Television Programs (American Enterprise Institute/Ballinger Publishing Company, 1988) and has written and lectured on trade in media services in the United States and Europe. Mr. Siwek has served as an economic and ﬁnancial consultant to numerous communications and media corporations and trade associations. He is the principal author of ten prior reports on the economic contributions of the U.S. copyright industries to the U.S. economy. Mr. Siwek has also served as an advisor to foreign governments seeking to develop economic measures of their own copyright industries.
Economists Incorporated is grateful for the support and assistance of the International Intellectual Property Alliance (IIPA) and its seven member associations. In particular, we would like to thank the staff of the IIPA, including Eric H. Smith and Maria Strong, for their comments. We and the IIPA are also particularly grateful to the Universal Music Group, Time Warner, NBC Universal and McGraw Hill for their ﬁnancial contributions that helped make this report possible. The author thanks EI’s research associate, Bijan Pajoohi, who performed much of the underlying research and computer work that was used throughout this 2006 report. The IIPA is a private sector coalition formed in 1984 to represent the U.S. copyright-based industries in bilateral and multilateral efforts to improve international protection and enforcement of copyrighted materials. These seven member associations – the Association of American Publishers (AAP), the Business Software Alliance (BSA), the Entertainment Software Association (ESA), the Independent Film & Television Alliance (IFTA), the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), the National Music Publishers’ Association (NMPA) and the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) – in turn represent over 1,900 U.S. companies producing and distributing materials protected by copyright laws throughout the world including: all types of computer software including business applications software and entertainment software (such as videogame CDs and cartridges, personal computer CD-ROMs and multimedia products); theatrical ﬁlms, television programs, home videos and digital representations of audiovisual works; music, records, music CDs, and audiocassettes; and textbooks, tradebooks, reference and professional publications and journals (in both electronic and print media). Visit IIPA’s website at www.iipa.com for more information.
Eric H. Smith International Intellectual Property Alliance ( IIPA) This report, prepared for the International Intellectual Property Alliance by Steve Siwek of Economists Incorporated, is the eleventh in a series dating back to 1990. The 2006 Report again shows that the U.S. copyright-based industries continue to be one of America’s largest and fastest-growing economic sectors. These studies have continually demonstrated that the creation of knowledge-intensive intellectual property-based goods and services is critical to the continued economic growth of this country. The IIPA is a private sector coalition of seven trade associations with over 1,900 U.S. company members producing and distributing materials protected by copyright laws throughout the world. For over 20 years, IIPA and its members have been working to improve the copyright law and enforcement systems in countries to deter piracy, strengthen legal foundations, foster technological and cultural development, and encourage local investment and employment. In 1990, IIPA commissioned Economists Incorporated to prepare a report – the ﬁrst of its kind – measuring the economic impact and trade role of the copyright industries in the U.S. economy. The report IIPA issued two years ago, The 2004 Report, was the ﬁrst to use the new deﬁnitions and methodology for measuring the role of copyright industries in domestic economies that were the result of a 2003 research study published by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), Guide on Surveying the Economic Contribution of the Copyright-Based Industries (WIPO publication 893(E)), to which Steve Siwek contributed as a key expert. Our new 2006 report continues to follow the WIPO methodology and thus allows inter-country comparisons with similar studies done in other countries. This IIPA report again includes comprehensive data on the value-added contributions of the copyright sectors to the U.S. economy, these sectors’ rate of economic growth, their employment and employports. New in this report are data on the average ment growth, as well as data on foreign sales/exwage compensation for employees in the copyrightbased industries and, for the ﬁrst time, a measurement of the percentage contribution of this sector to the overall growth in the U.S. economy. Spurred by the issuance of the 2003 WIPO Guide on surveying the economic contribution of copyrightbased industries, a number of countries have either published similar studies or are in the process of preparing such reports. For example, studies have been concluded in Singapore, Latvia, Hungary, and Canada (WIPO publication 624e, which also contains The 2004 Report on the U.S.). Studies are underway or about to be launched in Malaysia, the People’s Republic of China, Brazil, the Philippines, Mexico, Colombia, Peru, Jamaica, Lebanon, Morocco, Bulgaria, Romania, Croatia, Russia and Ukraine. Proposals are just now being examined by many more governments. These studies all reveal the key role that copyright plays in economic growth, regardless of a country’s level of development. IIPA’s U.S. studies and the other country studies that have and will follow, by demonstrating the importance of the creative industries to social and economic development, create the political underpinnings for eliminating or liberalizing the signiﬁcant market access barriers that still exist for copyright products around the world, including the most damaging of them all, copyright piracy. Through creating awareness of the need to provide full market access and effective copyright protection and enforcement, we hope IIPA’s studies and those of other countries will contribute toward governments nurturing creators and supporting the creative process.
This report, Copyright Industries in the U.S. Economy: The 2006 Report, completed by Economists Incorporated, updates and supplements ten earlier reports prepared on behalf of the International Intellectual Property Alliance (“IIPA”). This eleventh report presents estimates of the copyright industries’ contribution to the U.S. economy through 2004 with estimates for 2005. The report demonstrates the continuing positive impact these industries have on the U.S. economy. This 2006 study continues to reﬂect the use of industry data classiﬁcations adopted under the North American Industry Classiﬁcation System (“NAICS”) which has now been widely implemented by U.S. statistical agencies. The report also follows the international standards and recommendations propounded by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) in 2003 regarding the development of economic and statistical standards to measure the impact of domestic copyright industries on domestic economies. The data in this study quantify the size and critical importance of the copyright industries to the U.S. economy, using the most current data available. As in past studies, the U.S. copyright industries’ contribution to the U.S. economy is measured by three economic indicators: value-added to the U.S. current dollar gross domestic product (GDP); share of national employment; and revenues generated from foreign sales and exports. In addition, for the ﬁrst time, this study includes two additional indicators of the importance of the copyright industries to the U.S. economy. The new indicators are: compensation per employee in the copyright industries and the contribution of the copyright industries to the real annual growth of the U.S. economy. As set forth below, in the years 2003, 2004 and 2005, the copyright industries’ contribution to the real growth of the U.S. economy was about double the current dollar shares of U.S. GDP achieved by the copyright industries in the same years.
CONTRIBUTION TO THE U.S. ECONOMY/ VALUE-ADDED TO GDP – 2004 AND 2005
As shown in Table 1, U.S. GDP in 2004 was $11.7 trillion. By 2005, U.S. GDP (in current dollars) had risen to $12.5 trillion. In the same years, the “value-added” to U.S. GDP by the “core” copyright industries reached $760.49 billion or 6.48% of the U.S. economy in 2004 and an estimated $819.06 billion or 6.56% in 2005. In 2004, the value added to U.S. GDP by the “total” copyright industries was $1,300.77 billion ($1.30 trillion) or 11.09% of U.S. GDP. In 2005, the estimated value added for the total copyright industries rose to $1,388.13 billion ($1.38 trillion) or 11.12% of U.S. GDP.
2004 AND 2005 ( EST .) VALUE ADDED ( BILLIONS OF U.S. DOLLARS )
Core Copyright Industries Total U.S. GDP Core Share of U.S. GDP $760.49 $11,734.30 6.48%
$819.06 $12,487.10 6.56%
Total Copyright Industries Total U.S. GDP Total Share of U.S. GDP $1,300.77 $11,734.30 11.09%
$1,388.13 $12,487.10 11.12%
The author of this report, Stephen E. Siwek, participated as an expert at the meeting of the “Working Group of Experts of the Preparation of a WIPO Handbook
on Survey Guidelines for Assessing the Economic Impact of Copyright and Related Rights” which was co-sponsored by WIPO and held in Helsinki, Finland, in July 2002. That meeting launched the process which resulted in WIPO’s 2003 publication of its Guide on Surveying the Economic Contribution of the Copyright-Based Industries which describes many of the recommendations and standards used in this report and in the last (2004) IIPA report on the U.S. copyright industries. 2 Copyright industry value-added ﬁgures for 2005 are “estimated” because they are derived from broader industry groups than the groups used to calculate copyright value-added through 2004.
To put these ﬁgures in perspective, in 2005 the gross consumption expenditures and investments of the entire federal government (a much broader measure than value added) were $874.8 billion. This ﬁgure is only 6.8% greater than the net value added to the U.S. economy by the core copyright industries. In the same year, the actual value added to the U.S. economy by the federal government was only $494.8 billion. Similarly, in 2005, the gross consumption expenditures and investments of all state and local governments in the United States were $1,484.9 billion ($1.48 trillion), an amount that is about 7% higher than the value added by the total copyright industries. However, in 2005, the net value added to the U.S. economy by all state and local governments was only $1,057.5 billion ($1.05 trillion). Additional comparisons of the copyright industry’s value added in 2004 and to other sectors of the U.S. economy are provided in Table 2. These comparisons clearly document the size and importance of the copyright industries today.
The value added estimates for the copyright industries that are contained in this report reﬂect bothchanges in methodology and revisions in the underlying data that are obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau and by other statistical agencies. For the ﬁrst time, the estimates of copyright industry value-added make direct use of the industry-speciﬁc estimates of U.S. value-added that are regularly published by the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (“BEA”). These industry-speciﬁc estimates (in both current dollar and real terms) are used as starting points to derive the contributions made by the core and total copyright industries to U.S. GDP.
COPYRIGHT INDUSTRY GROWTH AND CONTRIBUTION TO GROWTH IN THE U.S. ECONOMY
In Table 3, we report the real growth rates in value added achieved by the copyright industries and by the U.S. economy during the 2002 to 2005 time frame. As shown in Table 3, for the periods 20022004, 2002-2005 and 2003-2005, the core copyright industries achieved annual growth rates in excess of 7.0% per year. The total copyright industries achieved comparable or even higher real annual growth rates during the same periods. These growth rates were considerably above the real annual growth rates achieved by the U.S. economy as a whole. Real U.S. GDP grew at an annual rate of 3.46% during the two years 2002-2004 and 3.48% for the three years 2002-2005. In the same periods, the real growth rates achieved by both the core and total copyright industries were more than twice the real growth rates reported for the U.S. as a whole.
2004 AND 2005 VALUE ADDED COMPARISONS TO OTHER SECTORS ( BILLIONS OF U.S. DOLLARS )
$819.06 $1,388.13 $760.49 $1,300.77
Core Copyright - Value Added Total Copyright - Value Added
Gross Consumption and Investment Value Added $827.60 $475.90 $874.80 $494.80
Gross Consumption and Investment Value Added Construction - Value Added Health Care and Social Assistance - Value Added Finance and Insurance - Value Added $1,388.30 $1,007.40 $549.50 $802.70 $927.40 $1,484.90 $1,057.50 $593.50 $864.40 $1,011.50
Economic Report of the President, February 2006, Table B-20, page 306. Howells, T. and Barefoot, K., “Annual Industry Accounts, Advance Estimates for 2005,” SURVEY OF CURRENT BUSINESS, May 2006, page 17. Economic Report of the President, February 2006, Table B-20, page 306
Core Copyright Industries Total Copyright Industries U.S. GDP 7.50% 7.70% 3.46%
7.31% 7.66% 3.48%
7.98% 8.65% 3.87%
2004 and 2005 were disproportionate to their share of the economy, as measured in current dollars. In 2003, 2004 and 2005, the contributions to real growth in U.S. GDP that were achieved by the total copyright industries were at least 2.1 times the total copyright industry’s current dollar share of U.S. GDP.
In Table 4, we compute the contribution made by the copyright industries to the annual real growth achieved by the U.S. economy as a whole. In effect, these calculations combine the copyright industries’ current dollar shares of GDP with the real growth rates achieved annually since 2003. In 2003, the core copyright industries were responsible for 14.12% of the growth achieved in 2003 for the U.S. economy as a whole. In 2004, the core growth contribution was 13.75% and in 2005, it was 12.96%.
COPYRIGHT INDUSTRY EMPLOYMENT AND COMPENSATION — 2004 AND 2005
Employment ﬁgures for the core and total copyright industries for the years 2004 and 2005 are provided in Table 5. As shown in Table 5, the core copyright industries employed 5,344,000 workers in 2004. These workers represented 4.07% of the total U.S. workforce in 2004. In 2005, the number of core copyright employees rose by 36,400 workers to 5,380,400. However, total U.S. employment also increased in 2005 so that the core copyright industries’ employment share declined slightly from 4.07% to 4.03%.
2003, 2004, AND 2005 (EST.) CONTRIBUTION TO REAL U.S. ANNUAL GROWTH
Core Copyright Industries Ratio: Growth to Share 14.12% 2.21
13.75% 2.12
12.96% 2.00
2004 AND 2005 EMPLOYMENT (IN THOUSANDS)
Core Copyright Industries Total U.S. Employment Core Share of U.S. 5,344.00 13,435.00 4.07%
5,380.40 133,463.00 4.03%
Total Copyright Industries Ratio: Growth to Share 23.28% 2.12
25.36% 2.29
23.78% 2.14
Total Copyright Industries 11,206.60 131,435.00 8.53% Total U.S. Employment Total Share of U.S.
11,325.70 133,463.00 8.49%
As these estimates suggest, the growth contributions made by the core copyright industries in the years 2003, 2004 and 2005 were disproportionate to their share of the economy as measured in current dollars. Thus, in 2003, 2004 and 2005, the growth contributions made by the core copyright industries were at least double their current dollar share of U.S. GDP. The growth contributions achieved by the total copyright industries were even more dramatic. As reported in Table 4, the total copyright industries contributed 23.28% of the total growth reported for the U.S. economy in 2003. The comparable ﬁgures were 25.36% in 2004 and 23.78 % in 2005. As with core copyright industries, the growth contributions made by the total copyright industries in the years 2003,
The number of workers employed by the total copyright industries is also shown in Table 5. In 2004, the total copyright industries employed 11,206,600 people. These workers comprised 8.53% of total U.S. employment. In 2005, total copyright industry employment rose by 119,100 to 11,325,700. In 2005, workers in the total copyright industries comprised 8.49% of all U.S. employees, down from 8.53% in 2004. In this report, we also present estimates of the total compensation paid to workers in the core and total copyright industries in 2004 and 2005. In these calculations, worker compensation includes both wage and salary accruals and supplements
to wage industry employee in 2004 was $66,997. In 2005, the average compensation paid to a core copyright worker and salary payments. As shown in Table 6, the average annual compensation paid to a core copyright was $69,839. These ﬁgures are considerable higher than the average compensation paid to all U.S. employees in the same years. As shown in Table 6, the compensation premium paid to core copyright industry employees has remained at approximately 40% in 2004 and 2005. In 2004, the average core copyright employee earned almost $19,000 more than the average worker in the U.S. By 2005, that premium had risen to just over $20,000 per year.
Overall, the U.S. core copyright industries achieved annual increases in foreign sales of 7.5% in 2004 and 4.3% in 2005. In Table 7, these growth rates are compared to the growth rates achieved by the same industries in prior years.
A NNUAL G ROWTH R ATE O F F OREIGN S ALES & E XPORTS
1991 1996 2000
6.4% 13.3% 8.3%
1.1% 10.7% 7.5% 4.3%
2004 AND 2005 COMPENSATION PER EMPLOYEE (U.S. DOLLARS)
Core Copyright Industries Total U.S. Compensation Ratio: Core to U.S. $66,997.00 $48,136.00 1.39
$69,839.00 $49,828.00 1.40
Total Copyright Industries Total U.S. Compensation Ratio: Total to U.S. $60,621.00 $48,136.00 1.26
$66,727.00 $49,828.00 1.26
In 2004, the actual revenue generated from foreign sales by the U.S. core copyright industries was at least $106.2 billion. By 2005, we estimate that foreign sales of the core industries had increased to at least $110.8 billion. The magnitude of the core copyright industries’ foreign sales exceeds or is comparable to the U.S. Commerce Department’s International Trade Administration’s export estimates of several other major industry sectors (see Table 8). The ﬁgures below show exports for various industries as deﬁned in the NAICS classiﬁcation system.
The average annual compensation for employees in the total copyright industries is also reported in Table 6. In 2004, the average compensation paid to these workers was $60,621 or about 26% above the U.S. average compensation level. In 2005, the compensation paid to employees of the total copyright industries rose to $66,727.
F OREIGN S ALES A ND E XPORTS F OR S ELECTED I NDUSTRIES 2004 A ND 2005 2004 AND 2005 ( IN BILLIONS OF DOLLARS )
Foreign Sales and Exports 2004 2005
$106.23 $23.98 $23.98 $67.64 $42.09 $41.98 $45.48 $110.82 $25.95 $25.95 $76.26 $49.79 $50.72 $48.29
Selected Core Copyright Industries Chemicals and Related Products (not including medicinal and pharmaceutical products) Medicinal and pharmaceutical products Motor Vehicles, Parts, and Accessories
FOREIGN SALES AND EXPORTS – 2004 AND 2005
Our revised and updated estimates of foreign sales and exports of the core copyright industries portray continued growth on the whole with a somewhat mixed picture among the individual industries studied, with foreign sales for some industries increasing, others remaining steady, and some declining and then recovering in the 2003-2005 timeframe.
Aircraft and Associated Equipment Primary and Fabricated Metal Products Food and Live Animals
For 2005, foreign sales for the core copyright industries exceeded total exports of other industry sectors, such as: motor vehicles, parts and accessories; aircraft and associated equipment; food and live animals; and medicinal and pharmaceutical products.
This report, Copyright Industries in the U.S. Economy: The 2006 Report, is the eleventh in a series issued over the last sixteen years by Economists Incorporated on behalf of the International Intellectual Property Alliance (IIPA). This latest report conﬁrms once again that the U.S. copyright industries have outpaced the rest of the economy in real growth and in its contribution to the overall growth achieved by the U.S. economy as a whole. The copyright industries also continue to employ substantial numbers of workers whose compensation levels substantial exceed the average level of compensation paid to all U.S. workers. As in previous years, this study is presented in ﬁve sections: • The copyright industries • Value added by the copyright industries to the U.S. economy • Employment in the copyright industries in the U.S. economy • U.S. copyrighted materials in the world market • Conclusion Appendix A presents data tables used in this report. Appendix B describes recent estimates of both current dollar and constant dollar value added by industry that are now produced by the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. These estimates were used to revise the methodology used to estimate copyright industry value added and real growth through 2005. Appendix C provides an example of how current dollar and constant dollar value added ﬁgures for the copyright industries were used to measure the copyright industries’ contribution to the annual rate growth rate achieved by the U.S. economy as whole. Appendix D supplies a list of reference material used in this report.
II. THE COPYRIGHT INDUSTRIES: DESCRIPTION
In nine of our ten prior economic reports on the copyright industries, we divided the copyright industries into four groups: core, partial, distribution, and copyright related; these are the sectors we developed and deﬁned in our ﬁrst report issued in 1990. In the 2004 report, we still used four categories, but in order to conform to the international standard, we relied upon the four copyright categories deﬁned by WIPO: core, partial, non-dedicated support, and interdependent. The core industries are those industries whose primary purpose is to create, produce, distribute or exhibit copyright materials. These industries include newspapers, books and periodicals, motion pictures, recorded music, music publishing, radio and television broadcasting, and business and entertainment software. Partial copyright industries are industries in which only some aspect or portion of the products that they create they can quality for copyright protection. These industries range from fabric to jewelry to furniture to toys and games. The third group, non-dedicated support industries, includes industries that distribute both copyright and non-copyright protected materials to business and consumers. Examples here include transportation services, telecommunications and wholesale and retail trade. As in past studies, only a portion of the total value added by these industries is considered to be part of the copyright industries. The fourth group involves the interdependent industries, those that produce, manufacture, and sell equipment whose function is primarily to facilitate the creation, production, or use of works of copyrighted matter. These industries include manufacturers, wholesalers and retailers of CD players, TV sets, VCRs, personal computers and usage dependent products including blank recording material and certain categories of paper. We refer to the four groups together – core, partial, non-dedicated support, and interdependent – as the “total” copyright industries.
C OPYRIGHT I NDUSTRIES IN THE U.S. E CONOMY 2004 (V ALUE A DDED IN B ILLIONS OF D OLLARS )
$248.59 I NTERDEPENDENT $760.5 C ORE $47.23 P ARTIAL $244.46 N ON -D EDICATED S UPPORT
$1,300.77 T OTAL
The most appropriate way to measure an industry’s contribution to the national economy is to measure the industry’s value added. Value added reﬂects the economic contribution of labor and capital of a particular industry. The sum of the value added of all industries in the United States is equal to gross domestic product (GDP), a standard measure of the size of the U.S. economy. For this reason, value added calculations can be used to draw comparisons of the relative size and growth rates of different industries in a way that is consistent with the federal government’s national income and product accounting data. In our past reports, we noted that timely estimates of the value added by individual industries were not generally available from government sources for many of the industries considered in these studies. As a result, our prior estimates of copyright industry value added were derived by applying historical input-output factors to more current data on industry sales from both government and non-government sources. By contrast, in this study, for the ﬁrst time we make direct use of the industry speciﬁc value added estimates produced by the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (“BEA”) to derive the contributions made by the core and total copyright industries to the U.S. economy. An additional beneﬁt of using these data is that the BEA calculates both current dollar and constant dollar value added for the major industry classiﬁcations that it analyzes (see Appendix B). In this report, the constant dollar value added ﬁgures are used to derive estimates of the real growth rates achieved by the core and total copyright industries on a year by year basis. These data are also used to measure the contribution made by the copyright industries to the real annual growth achieved by the U.S. economy as a whole (see Appendix C).
C OPYRIGHT I NDUSTRIES V ALUE A DDED ( IN BILLIONS OF CURRENT DOLLARS )
Core Other Industries
1600.00 1400.00 1200.00 1000.00 800.00 600.00 400.00 200.00 0.00 2002 2003 2004 2005 668.67 701.91 760.49 819.06 489.23 500.01 540.28 569.1
As shown in Chart 1, our current estimates of the value added for the core copyright industries in 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2005 increased from $668.7 billion in 2002 to $819.1 billion in 2005. The estimated value added for the other (non-core) copyright industries rose from $489.2 billion in 2002 to $569.1 billion in 2005. The copyright industries’ current dollar share of the U.S. economy is provided in Chart 2. On the basis of the revised methodology described above, we now estimate that the core copyright industries’ current dollar share of the U.S. economy rose from 6.39% in 2002 to 6.56% in 2005. In the same period, the total copyright industries current dollar share of U.S. GDP increased from 11.06% in 2002 to 11.12% in 2005.
It is important to note that the methodological changes introduced in this report produce estimates of current dollar value added for the copyright industries that differ modestly from the estimates published in our 2004 report. Speciﬁcally, for the year 2002, our current estimate of the value added for the core copyright industries ($668.67 billion) is somewhat higher than the estimate for 2002 that was published in our last report. However, for the total copyright industries, the new methodology produced a value added estimate for 2002 ($1,157.91 billion, or $1.15 trillion) that was somewhat lower than our previous estimate for 2002. The estimates provided for 2003, 2004 and 2005 were all prepared using the new methodology.
C OPYRIGHT I NDUSTRIES S HARE OF C URRENT D OLLAR GDP
Total Copyright Share of US
Core Copyright Share of US
12.00% 11.06% 11.09% 11.12%
0.00% 2002 2003 2004 2005
R EAL A NNUAL G ROWTH R ATES C OPYRIGHT I NDUSTRIES AND U.S. GDP
2002-2004 2002-2005
C ONTRIBUTIONS TO R EAL U.S. A NNUAL G ROWTH
Total Copyright Industries Core Copyright Industries
9.00% 8.00%
7.50% 7.31%
7.70% 7.66%
30.00% 25.36% 25.00% 23.28% 23.78%
3.46% 3.48%
20.00% 14.12% 13.75%
In Chart 3, we report the real (constant dollar) annual growth rates experienced by the copyright industries during the periods 2002-2004 and 20022005. We also report the real growth rate achieved by the U.S. economy as a whole. As shown in Chart 3, both the core and total copyright industries have achieved real annual growth rates well in excess of 7.0% per year. By contrast, the real growth rates achieved by the U.S. economy as a whole were 3.46% for the two year period 2002-2004 and 3.48% for the three year period 2002-2005. As this Chart demonstrates, since 2002 both the core and the total copyright industries have grown at more than double the real annual rate of growth reported for U.S. GDP as a whole. Since the copyright industries are growing at rates that are more than twice the growth rates achieved for the U.S. as a whole, the copyright industries’ contribution to the overall growth of the United States is substantial. Indeed, the growth contributions made by the copyright industries are much larger than these industries’ share of U.S. GDP.
0.00% 2003 2004 2005 (est.)
As shown in Chart 4, the core copyright industries’ contributions to real annual growth in the U.S. economy ranged from 14.12% in 2003 to 12.96% in 2005. For the total copyright industries, the annual contributions to real U.S. growth ranged from 23.28% in 2003 to 23.78% in 2005. To put these values in their proper context, consider that in 2005, real U.S. GDP increased from $10.755 trillion to $11.135 trillion, an increase of nearly $380 billion. Of this amount, the total copyright industries contributed nearly 24%.
EMPLOYMENT IN THE COPYRIGHT INDUSTRIES
number of workers employed in the core copyright industries was 5.380 million, an increase of 36.4 thousand workers over 2004. In 2002, the number of workers employed in the total copyright industries was 11.548 million workers. This total also fell in 2003 but began to increase in both 2004 and 2005. By 2005, the total copyright industries employed 11.3256 million workers, an increase of 119.1 thousand employees over the 2004 totals In this report, we also quantify the average compensation per employee received by workers in the copyright industries and in the U.S. as a whole. In these calculations “compensation” means “wages and salary accruals and supplements to wages and salary accruals.” The supplements included in compensation are “employer contributions for employee pensions and insurance funds and employer contributions for government social insurance.”
In this report, as in the past we estimate the number of workers employed in the core and total copyright industries for the years 2002-2005. The procedures used to derive our estimates of employment in this report were based on the formulas derived in the 2004 copyright industry report. In that report, employee counts were derived so that the counts would be consistent in both the NAICS and ISIC classiﬁcation systems. Appendix C in the 2004 report included a listing of all the NAICS and ISIC codes that were used in this analysis. As in the past, the actual employee counts by NAICS code were extracted from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (“BLS”) data base. As shown in Chart 5, the core copyright industries employed 5.503 million workers in 2002. The total number of workers in the core fell in both 2003 and 2004 but turned around in 2005. In 2005, the total
C HART 5: U.S. C OPYRIGHT I NDUSTRY E MPLOYMENT ( IN THOUSANDS )
Core Copyright Employment Total Copyright Employment
14,000.0 12,000.0 11,547.6 11,206.6 10,000.0 8,000.0 6,000.0 5,356.6 5,503.4 5,344.0 5,380.4 2005 4,000.0 2,000.0 0.0 2002 2003 2004 11,205.7 11,325.7
U.S. C OPYRIGHT I NDUSTRY C OMPENSATION PER E MPLOYEE
Total US Compensation
Core Copyright Compensation
Total Copyright Compensation
The compensation premium paid to copyright industry employees can also be illustrated by ratio. As shown in Chart 7, the average compensation premium paid to employees in the core copyright industries now stands at approximately 40%. In other words, core copyright employees on average receive 40% more compensation than the average U.S. workers. The compensation premium paid to workers in the total copyright industries is also shown in Chart 7. Workers in these industries command a compensation premium that is now about 26% above the average compensation paid to all U.S. workers.
As reported in Chart 6, in 2002, the average annual compensation per worker was $62,085 in the core copyright industries and $56,003 in the total copyright industries. In the same year, the average annual compensation for all U.S. workers was only $44,200. The compensation premium paid to workers in the copyright industries continued through 2003, 2004 and 2005. In 2005, the average annual compensation per worker was $69,839 in the core copyright industries and $62,727 in the total copyright industries. By contrast, in 2005, the average annual compensation for all U.S. workers was $49,828.
V. U.S. COPYRIGHTED MATERIALS IN WORLD MARKETS
Consumers in overseas markets continue to demand products that embody American creativity. Copyright products that are sold abroad may be manufactured in the U.S. or in foreign markets but, in either case, the creative components of those products are nurtured by the protection afforded under U.S. laws. As stated in prior reports, it is our view that the U.S. government’s statistics on “exports” of copyright products generally fail to accurately measure the value of American copyright works sold abroad. We do note that, in recent years, efforts have been undertaken to improve the scope of the copyright product export statistics that are gathered in government surveys. For example, the U.S. Census Bureau now reports “Estimated Export Revenue for Employer ﬁrms,” for a number of the copyright industries including the motion picture industry
Ratio: Total Copyright Compensation to US Ratio: Core Copyright Compensation to US
1.45 1.40 1.35 1.30 1.25 1.20 1.15
and the sound recording industry. However, these statistics are dwarfed by the actual foreign market sales ﬁgures that the industries themselves record. As in past reports, we again provide estimates of foreign sales and exports for four selected core copyright industries during the years 2003, 2004 and 2005. These core industries are: the sound recording industry, the motion picture industry, the computer software industry and the non-software publishing industries which include newspapers, books and periodicals. For these years, we report total foreign sales for the “selected” core copyright industries of $98.92 billion in 2003, $106.23 billion in 2004 and $110.82 billion in 2005. In Chart 8, these estimates are combined with the foreign sales estimates that were reported in earlier Copyright Industry reports.
The underlying ﬁgures by industry are also provided in Appendix A, Table A.5. These foreign sales ﬁgures shown in Chart 8 represent an annual increase of 7.5% in 2004 and 4.3% in 2005. The core copyright industries foreign sales and exports remain larger than the exports of other major industry sectors as shown in Chart 8. In 2004, the actual revenue generated from foreign sales by the U.S. core copyright industries was at least $106.2 billion. By 2005, we estimate that foreign sales of the core industries had increased to at least $110.8 billion. The magnitude of the core copyright industries’ foreign sales exceeds or is comparable to the U.S. Commerce Department’s International Trade Administration’s export estimates of several other major industry sectors (see Table 8 in the Executive Summary).
E STIMATED R EVENUES G ENERATED BY F OREIGN S ALES /E XPORTS OF S ELECTED U.S. C ORE C OPYRIGHT I NDUSTRIES ( BILLIONS OF DOLLARS )
Pre Recorded Records, Tapes, Etc.
The U.S. copyright industries have consistently outperformed the rest of the U.S. economy, in terms of their real annual growth rates and their contributions to the overall growth of the U.S. economy as a whole. These industries also command large shares of U.S. gross domestic product and they employ millions of U.S. workers. In addition, the compensation paid to U.S. workers in the copyright industries consistently and substantially exceeds the average compensation level paid to U.S. workers as a whole. Finally, the copyright industries continue to play an increasingly prominent role in the growth of U.S. exports. This 2006 report quantiﬁes these trends through 2005. The report provides two new data series for the copyright industries that were not available in prior reports: (a) the copyright industries’ contributions to the real annual growth rates achieved by the U.S. economy as a whole, and (b) the annual compensation paid to copyright industry employees in the U.S. Value added in the copyright industries continues to grow. As of 2005, the value added by the core copyright industries was $819.1 billion, approximately 6.56% of U.S. GDP, and value added for the total copyright industries stood at $1,388.1 billion or 11.12% of GDP. In 2003, 2004 and 2005, the real annual growth rates achieved by both the core and total copyright industries were more than twice the real growth rates achieved by the U.S. economy as a whole. The copyright industries disproportionately contributed to real U.S. growth. In 2005, the core copyright industries contributed 12.96% of real U.S. growth while the total copyright industries contributed 23.78% of total U.S. growth. The U.S. core copyright industries now employ nearly 5.4 million workers while some 11.3 million people are employed by the total copyright industries. The annual compensation paid to core copyright workers exceeds the average annual compensation paid to all U.S. workers by 40%. The average compensation paid to employees of the total copyright industries exceeds the U.S. average by 26%. Sales of U.S. copyright products continue to expand in overseas markets. We estimate that total core copyright sales in foreign markets exceeded $106 billion in 2004 and nearly $111 billion in 2005. These consistent positive trends in value added, employment levels, and foreign sales and exports solidify the status of the copyright industries as a key industry that leads in the stimulation of U.S. economic growth. As new technologies support the development of new distribution methods for legitimate copyrighted products, the U.S. copyrightbased industries represented in the IIPA are optimistic that economic growth, combined with strong laws and effective enforcement, will continue to pave the way for economic growth in both the U.S. and global markets.
C ORE C OPYRIGHT V ALUE A DDED AND C ONTRIBUTION TO G ROWTH IN U.S. GDP ( BILLIONS OF DOLLARS )
Core U.S. GDP Share
T OTAL C OPYRIGHT V ALUE A DDED AND C ONTRIBUTION TO G ROWTH IN U.S. GDP ( BILLIONS OF DOLLARS )
$668.67 $10,469.60 6.39%
$701.91 $10,971.20 6.40%
$760.49 $11,734.30 6.48%
Total Copyright U.S. GDP Share
$1,157.91 $10,469.60 11.06%
$1,201.92 $10,971.20 10.96%
$1,300.77 $11,734.30 11.09%
Core U.S. GDP
$662.02 $10,048.80
$701.61 $10,320.60
$765.09 $10,755.20
$818.11 $11,134.80
Total Copyright U.S. GDP
$1,195.59 $10,048.80
$1,263.66 $10,320.60
$1,386.82 $10,755.20
$1,491.84 $11,134.80
Real Annual Growth Rate
5.98% 2.70%
9.05% 4.21%
6.93% 3.53%
5.69% 2.70%
9.75% 4.21%
7.57% 3.53%
Contribution to Real U.S. Annual Growth
Contribution Ratio to Share
14.12% 2.21
23.28% 2.12
Real Annual Growth by Period
7.50% 3.46%
7.31% 3.48%
7.98% 3.87%
7.70% 3.46%
7.66% 3.48%
U.S. C OPYRIGHT I NDUSTRY E MPLOYMENT
Core Copyright Employment (in Thousands) Total U.S. Employment (in Thousands) Total Private U.S. Employment (in Thousands) Core Copyright Share of U.S. Core Copyright Share of Private U.S.
5,380.4 133,463 111,660 4.03% 4.82%
5,503.4 130,341 108,828 4.22% 5.06%
5,356.6 129,999 108,416 4.12% 4.94%
5,344.0 131,435 109,814 4.07% 4.87%
Core Copyright Compensation (per Employee) Total U.S. Compensation (per Employee) Total Private U.S. Compensation (per Employee) Ratio: Core Copyright Compensation to U.S. Ratio: Core Copyright Compensation to Private U.S.
$62,085 $44,200 $43,436 1.40 1.43
$63,496 $45,969 $45,012 1.38 1.41
$66,997 $48,136 $47,106 1.39 1.42
$69,839 $49,828 $48,638 1.40 1.44
Total Copyright
Total Copyright Employment (in Thousands) Total U.S. Employment (in Thousands) Total Private U.S. Employment (in Thousands) Total Copyright Share of U.S. Total Copyright Share of Private U.S.
11,547.6 130,341 108,828 8.86% 10.61%
11,205.7 129,999 108,416 8.62% 10.34%
11,206.6 131,435 109,814 8.53% 10.21%
11,325.7 133,463 111,660 8.49% 10.14%
Total Copyright Compensation (per Employee) Total U.S. Compensation (per Employee) Total Private U.S. Compensation (per Employee) Ratio: Total Copyright Compensation to U.S. Ratio: Total Copyright Compensation to Private U.S.
$44,200 $43,436
$45,969 $45,012
$48,136 $47,106
$49,828 $48,638
1991-2005 E STIMATED R EVENUES G ENERATED BY F OREIGN S ALES /E XPORTS OF S ELECTED U.S. C ORE C OPYRIGHT I NDUSTRIES ( BILLIONS OF DOLLARS )
1991 estimate 1996 estimate 1999 estimate 2000 estimate 2001 estimate 2002 estimate 2003 estimate 2004 estimate 2005 estimate Average Annual % Change (1991-2004) Average Annual % Change (1991-2005)
$6.15 $9.83 $10.27 $9.76 $8.91 $8.47 $8.42 $8.47 $8.26 2.50% 2.13%
$7.02 $11.58 $13.70 $14.50 $14.69 $17.00 $19.12 $19.35 $18.45 8.11% 7.15%
$19.65 $34.81 $50.65 $56.88 $60.74 $59.97 $66.82 $73.66 $79.10 10.70% 10.46%
$3.36 $3.96 $4.15 $4.21 $3.93 $3.82 $4.47 $4.74 $5.00 2.68% 2.88%
Total for Selected Industries
$36.19 $60.18 $78.77 $85.34 $88.28 $89.26 $98.82 $106.23 $110.82 8.64% 8.32%
APPENDIX B: CURRENT AND CONSTANT DOLLAR VALUE ADDED BY INDUSTRY
As discussed in the body of this report, the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis now develops annual statistics on both current and constant dollar value added by industry. At this writing, these ﬁgures are available for detailed three digit NAICS codes through 2004 and at the broader two-digit sector level for 2005. These estimates of value added by industry sum to U.S. current dollar GDP. As deﬁned in this report, the U.S. copyright industries are subsets of some (but not all) of the U.S. industry categories that are analyzed by the BEA. In Table B.1, we report the current and constant dollar value added estimated developed by the BEA for selected U.S. industry categories in 2004. These industry categories represent the broad sectors from which the value added ﬁgures for the more narrowly deﬁned copyright industries are drawn. In Table B.1, both current dollar and constant dollar value added ﬁgures are presented. In many of these industry categories, the current dollar value is higher than the constant dollar value. For example, the current dollar value added to the U.S. economy by the miscellaneous manufacturing industry (NAICS 339) in 2004 was $69.4 billion. Once this value is converted to constant (2000) dollars, however, the value added by the miscellaneous manufacturing industry falls to $66.3 billion. The real value of this industry is $3.1 billion lower than its current dollar value. By contrast, other industries provide more value added in real terms than in current dollar terms. For example, as shown in Table B.1, the current dollar value added for the U.S. information sector (NAICS 51) in 2004 was $538.7 billion. In the same year, the constant dollar value added for the same sector was $563.8 billion, or 4.6% higher. For the U.S. industries in the information sector, the conversion from current dollar values to constant dollar values causes their measured value added to increase. This increase may occur because these industries are producing products for which prices are consistently falling. Alternatively, the industries may be producing products for which prices are not falling but for which quality and capabilities are increasing. In either case, society will be better off since either the quantity or the quality of the information services purchased by consumers has increased in “real” terms. Because economists measure “real” economic growth using constant dollar estimates, these industry characteristics are quite signiﬁcant. For industries, like those in the information sector, real growth over time will likely exceed the real growth observed in other more traditional industries in which constant dollar value added is lower than current dollar value added. Signiﬁcantly, much (but not all) of the information sector is included within the categories of the U.S. copyright industries. So too is the computer systems design industry (NAICS 5415) in which constant dollar value added is 5% higher than current dollar value added in 2004. Because, for these industries, constant dollar values generally exceed current dollar values, the growth contributions made by the copyright industries to annual U.S. growth are both substantial and disproportionate.
C OPYRIGHT V ALUE A DDED BY M AJOR S ECTOR 2004 ( BILLIONS OF U.S. DOLLARS )
213 313,314 315,316 321 322 323 327 331 332 333 334 337 339 42 44-45 48,49 51 532 5412-4, 5416-9 5415 561 61 711-2 713 81
Support Activities Mining Textile Products Apparel, Leather and Allied Wood Products Paper Products Printing Nonmetallic Mineral Prod. Primary Metal Prod. Fabricated Metal Prod. Machinery Computer Manufacturing Furniture and Related Misc. Manufacturing Wholesale Retail Transportation Information Rental Services Misc. Professional Services Computer Sys. Design Administrative Svcs. Education Performing Arts etc. Amusements - Theme Prks. Other Services
Total Sector Current Dollar Values 2004
$26.10 $23.30 $18.90 $39.20 $48.90 $45.90 $49.00 $50.90 $115.40 $100.20 $132.60 $31.40 $69.40 $694.70 $790.40 $332.90 $538.70 $110.80 $487.20 $133.10 $316.30 $106.30 $50.20 $61.30 $277.70
Total Sector Real Dollar Value Added 2004
$9.10 $23.20 $19.70 $32.40 $53.50 $44.40 $49.00 $46.50 $110.70 $100.70 $260.30 $31.00 $66.30 $683.70 $797.70 $323.80 $563.80 $103.30 $458.80 $139.70 $307.50 $82.70 $42.70 $54.70 $231.40
34.9% 99.6% 104.2% 82.7% 109.4% 96.7% 100.0% 91.4% 95.9% 100.5% 196.3% 98.7% 95.5% 98.4% 100.9% 97.3% 104.7% 93.2% 94.2% 105.0% 97.2% 77.8% 85.1% 89.2% 83.3%
APPENDIX C: MEASURING CONTRIBUTIONS TO REAL ANNUAL GROWTH IN U.S. GDP
In this report, we introduce, for the ﬁrst time, estimates of the annual contributions made by the U.S. copyright industries to the actual real growth experienced by the U.S. economy as a whole. These calculations basically attempt to derive the importance of growth in the copyright industries as a contributor to growth in U.S. GDP as a whole. The calculations use current dollar value added shares for the U.S. copyright industries as weighting factors that are applied to the real growth rates achieved by the copyright industries during the same period. We provide an illustrative example below.
Given: .0640 = Core Copyright Share of U.S. GDP in 2003 .0905 = Core Copyright Real Growth Rate in 2003-2004 .0421 = U.S. Economy Real Growth Rate in 2003-2004 Example: Contribution = [(Core Copyright Share of U.S. GDP in 2003)*(Core Copyright Real Growth Rate in 2003-2004)] / (U.S. Economy Real Growth Rate in 2003-2004) Contribution = (.0640)*(.0905) / (.0421) Contribution = (.005792) / (.0421) Contribution = 13.75%
In this example, the core copyright industries grew in real terms by 9.05% in 2004. In the same period the real growth rate for U.S. GDP as a whole was only 4.21%. In the calculations, the core copyright growth rate of 9.05% is multiplied by the current dollar share of the core copyright industries at the end of 2003. This value was 6.40%. Weighting the core copyright growth rate (9.05%) by the core copyright share (6.04%) yields a weighted core copyright growth rate of 0.5792%. Dividing 0.5792% by the U.S. growth rate (4.21%) produces a copyright industry growth contribution of 13.75%.
APPENDIX D: LIST OF REFERENCES
Deutsche Bank Research, “Global Software Market to Reach 214.8 Billion Euros in 2006, 270 Billion in 2008,” IT Facts, 6/28/05. See also Deutsche Bank Research, “Economics,” Vol. No. 50, April 22, 2005. Howells, Thomas F., Barefoot, Kevin, B., “Annual Industry Accounts: Advanced Estimates for 2005,” May 2006. International Federation for the Phonographic Industry (IFPI), The Recording Industry: World Sales – 2005. Motion Picture Association of America, Total International All Media Revenue- MPA Member Companies Only, 2004 and 2005. President’s Council of Economic Advisors, 2005 Economic Report of the President (Government Printing Ofﬁce, 2005). U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, “Gross Domestic Product-by-Industry,” 1999-2004, www.bea.gov/bea/industry/gpotables. U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, “Annual Revision of Monthly Retail and Food Services,” 1992-2005. U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, “2004 Service Annual Survey” (various service industries). U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, Annual Revisions of Quarterly Services Estimates: Fourth Quarter 2003 through Fourth Quarter 2005, Current Business Reports (April 2006). U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, “Industry Statistics, 2002 Economic Census,” www.census.gov/econ/census02/data/industry/. U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, “Industry Statistics Sampler,” 2002 Economic Census, Industry Series (various industries). U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Current Employment Statistics, http://data.bls.gov/PDQ/servlet/Survey/OutputServlet. World Intellectual Property Organization, Guide on Surveying the Economic Contribution of the Copyright-Based Industries, WIPO Publication No. 893(E) (2003).
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