Source: http://www.churchlawandtax.com/library/
Timestamp: 2013-05-22 12:35:39
Document Index: 143068666

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 1', '§ 1', '§ 1', '§ 1', '§ 1', '§ 1', '§ 1', '§ 1', '§ 1', '§ 2', '§ 2', '§ 2', '§ 2', '§ 2', '§ 2', '§ 2', '§ 2', '§ 2', '§ 2', '§ 2', '§ 2', '§ 2', '§ 3', '§ 3', '§ 3', '§ 3', '§ 3', '§ 3', '§ 3', '§ 3', '§ 3', '§ 3', '§ 3', '§ 3', '§ 3', '§ 3', '§ 3', '§ 3', '§ 3', '§ 3', '§ 3', '§ 3', '§ 3', '§ 3', '§ 3', '§ 3', '§ 3', '§ 3', '§ 3', '§ 3', '§ 4', '§ 4', '§ 4', '§ 4', '§ 4', '§ 4', '§ 4', '§ 4', '§ 4', '§ 4', '§ 4', '§ 4', '§ 4', '§ 4', '§ 4', '§ 4', '§ 5', '§ 5', '§ 5', '§ 5', '§ 5', '§ 5', '§ 5', '§ 5', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 6', '§ 7', '§ 7', '§ 7', '§ 7', '§ 7', '§ 7', '§ 7', '§ 7', '§ 7', '§ 7', '§ 7', '§ 7', '§ 7', '§ 7', '§ 7', '§ 7', '§ 7', '§ 7', '§ 7', '§ 7', '§ 7', '§ 7', '§ 7', '§ 7', '§ 7', '§ 7', '§ 7', '§ 7', '§ 7', '§ 7', '§ 7', '§ 7', '§ 7', '§ 7', '§ 7', 'art 1', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 8', '§ 9', '§ 9', '§ 9', '§ 9', '§ 9', '§ 9', '§ 9', '§ 9', '§ 9', '§ 9', '§ 9', '§ 9', '§ 9', '§ 9', '§ 9', '§ 9', '§ 9', '§ 9', '§ 9', '§ 9', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 12', '§ 12', '§ 12', '§ 12', '§ 12', '§ 12', '§ 12', '§ 12', '§ 12', '§ 12', '§ 12', '§ 12', '§ 12', '§ 12', '§ 12', '§ 12', '§ 12', '§ 12', '§ 12', '§ 13', '§ 13', '§ 13', '§ 13', '§ 13', '§ 13', '§ 13', '§ 14', '§ 14', '§ 14', '§ 14', '§ 14', '§ 14', '§ 14', '§ 14', '§ 14', '§ 14']

Library | Church Law & Tax
Find answers to legal questions that affect your church and clergy with this fully-searchable library.
Pastor, Church & Law written by Richard R. Hammar, J.D., LL.M., CPA
This four-volume set is known as the most comprehensive and practical legal reference for churches and clergy. The complete set covers all your legal questions concerning the church, including: employment, liability, property laws, government regulations, first amendment issues, and more.
Instructional Aids§ 1-01
Distinctions Between the Terms Pastor, Clergy, Minister§ 1-02
Table 1-2: Cross-Reference Index§ 1-03
Status—Employee or Self Employed§ 1-03.1
Table 1-3: Are Ministers Employees or Self-Employed for Federal Income Tax Reporting Purposes—A Summary of all Relevant Cases and Rulings in PCL Chapter 1§ 1-03.2
Income Tax§ 1-03.3
Retirement Plans§ 1-03.4
Legal Liability§ 1-03.5
Table 1-4: Employee or Self-Employed: Selected Differences§ 1.04
Instructional Aids§ 2-01
Initiating the Relationship—In General§ 2-01.1
Congregational Churches§ 2-01.2
Hierarchical Churches§ 2-01.3
Compliance with a Church's Governing Instrument in the Selection§ 2-01.4
Civil Court Review of Clergy Selection Disputes—The General Rule of Non-Intervention§ 2-01.5
Civil Court Review of Clergy Selection Disputes—Limited Exceptions to the General Rule§ 2-01.6
Negligent Selection§ 2-02
The Pastor-Church Relationship—The Contract§ 2-03
The Pastor-Church Relationship—Compensation§ 2-04
The Pastor-Church Relationship—Termination§ 2-04.1
Civil Court Review of Termination Disputes—The General Rule of Non-Intervention§ 2-04.2
Civil Court Review of Termination Disputes—Limited Exceptions to the General Rule§ 2-04.3
Chapter 3: Authority, Rights and Privileges
Instructional Aids§ 3-01
General Scope of a Minister's Authority§ 3-02
Officer of the Church Corporation§ 3-03
Property Matters§ 3-04
Performance of Marriage Ceremonies§ 3-05
Exemption from Military Duty§ 3-06
Exemption from Jury Duty§ 3-07
The Clergy-Penitent Privilege—In General§ 3-07.1
The Clergy-Penitent Privilege—Defining "A Communication"§ 3-07.2
The Clergy-Penitent Privilege—Defining "Made in Confidence"§ 3-07.3
The Clergy-Penitent Privilege—Defining "To a Minister"§ 3-07.4
The Clergy-Penitent Privilege—"Acting in a Professional Capacity as a Spiritual Advisor"§ 3-07.5
The Clergy-Penitent Privilege—"In the Course of Discipline"§ 3-08
The Clergy-Penitent Privilege—Miscellaneous Issues§ 3-08.1
Clergy-Parishioner Relationship§ 3-08.2
Marriage Counseling§ 3-08.3
Who May Assert the Privilege§ 3-08.4
When to Assert the Privilege§ 3-08.5
Waiver of the Privilege§ 3-08.6
The Privilege in Federal Courts§ 3-08.7
Constitutionality of the Privilege§ 3-08.8
Child Abuse Reporting§ 3-08.9
Confidentiality§ 3-08.10
Disclosure to Civil Authorities§ 3-08.11
Church Records§ 3-08.12
Death of the Counselee§ 3-09
Visiting Privileges at Penal Institutions§ 3-10
Immigration of Alien Ministers§ 3-11
Instructional Aids§ 4-01
Negligence§ 4-02
Defamation§ 4-02.1
Pastors Who Are Sued for Making Defamatory Statements§ 4-02.2
Table 4-1 Elements of Defamation§ 4-02.3
Defenses for Defamation§ 4-03
Undue Influence§ 4-04
Invasion of Privacy§ 4-05
Clergy Malpractice§ 4-06
Contract Liability§ 4-07
Securities Law Violations§ 4-08
Table 4-1 Application of Child Abuse Reporting Laws to Ministers and Lay Church Workers—A Summary§ 4-09
Diversion of Church Funds§ 4-10
Table 4.2 State Laws Exempting Clergy from Psychologist Licensure Requirements§ 4-11
Sexual Misconduct§ 4-11.1
Theories of Liability§ 4-11.2
Eligibility to Perform Marriage Ceremonies
Eligibility of Clergy for Jury Duty
Instructional Aids§ 5-01
Tax Legislation—Federal§ 5-01.1
Churches§ 5-01.2
Mail Order Churches§ 5-01.3
Other Religious Organizations§ 5-02
Tax Legislation—State§ 5-03
Zoning law§ 5-03.1
Churches§ 5-03.2
Instructional Aids§ 6-01
Unincorporated Associations§ 6-01.1
Characteristics§ 6-01.2
Personal Liability of Members§ 6-01.3
Creation and Administration§ 6-02
Corporations§ 6-02.1
The Incorporation Process§ 6-02.2
Table 6-2 Priority Among Governing Documents in Congregational Churches§ 6-03
Church Records§ 6-03.1
Inspection§ 6-03.2
"Accountings" of Church Funds§ 6-03.3
Public Inspection of Tax-Exemption Applications§ 6-03.4
Government Inspection of Donor and Membership Lists§ 6-03.5
The Church Audit Procedures Act§ 6-03.6
Who Owns a Church's Accounting Records?§ 6-04
Reporting Requirements§ 6-04.1
State Law§ 6-04.2
Federal Law§ 6-05
Church Names§ 6-06
Officers, Directors and Trustees—In General§ 6-06.1
Election or Appointment§ 6-06.2
Authority§ 6-06.3
Meetings§ 6-06.4
Removal§ 6-07
Officers, Directors and Trustees—Personal Liability§ 6-07.1
Tort Liability§ 6-07.2
Contract Liability§ 6-07.3
Breach of the Fiduciary Duty of Care§ 6-07.4
Breach of the Fiduciary Duty of Loyalty§ 6-07.5
Violation of Trust Terms§ 6-07.6
Securities Law§ 6-07.7
Wrongful Discharge of an Employee§ 6-07.8
Willful Failure to Withhold Taxes§ 6-07.9
Exceeding the Authority of the Board§ 6-07.10
Table 6-3 Selected State Laws Prohibiting Loans to Directors by Nonprofit Corporations§ 6-08
Immunity Statutes§ 6-08.1
Table 6-4 Personal Liability of Church Officers, Directors and Trustees§ 6-09
Members—In General§ 6-09.1
Selection and Qualifications§ 6-09.2
Authority§ 6-10
Members—Discipline and Dismissal§ 6-10.1
Judicial Nonintervention§ 6-10.2
"Marginal" Civil Court Review§ 6-10.3
Preconditions to Civil Court Review§ 6-10.4
Remedies for Improper Discipline or Dismissal§ 6-11
Members—Personal Liability§ 6-12
Meetings of Members§ 6-12.1
Procedural Requirements§ 6-12.2
Minutes§ 6-12.3
Parliamentary Procedure§ 6-12.4
Effect of Procedural Irregularities§ 6-12.5
Judicial Supervision of Church Elections§ 6-12.6
Who May Attend§ 6-13
Powers of a Local Church§ 6-14
Merger and Consolidation§ 6-15
Instructional Aids§ 7-01
Church Property Disputes—In General§ 7-02
Church Property Disputes—Supreme Court Rulings§ 7-03
State and Lower Federal Court Rulings§ 7-03.1
Congregational Churches§ 7-03.2
Hierarchical Churches—the Compulsory Deference Rule§ 7-03.3
Hierarchical Churches—Neutral Principle of Law§ 7-04
Church Property Disputes—Dispute Resolution Procedures§ 7-05
Transferring Church Property§ 7-06
Zoning Law§ 7-06.1
The Majority View: Churches May Build in Residential Zones§ 7-06.2
The Minority View: The Government May Restrict Church Construction in Residential Zones§ 7-06.3
Legal Remedies Available to Churches§ 7-06.4
The Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act (RLUIPA)§ 7-07
Restricting Certain Activities Near Church Property§ 7-08
Building Codes§ 7-08.1
Lead Paint on Church Property§ 7-09
Nuisance§ 7-10
Landmarking§ 7-11
Eminent Domain§ 7-12
Defacing Church Property§ 7-13
Restrictive Covenants§ 7-14
Reversion of Church Property to the Prior Owner§ 7-15
Materialmen's Liens§ 7-16
Religious Discrimination in the Sale or Rental of Church Property§ 7-17
Removing Disruptive Individuals§ 7-18
Adverse Possession§ 7-19
Accounting for Depreciation§ 7-20
Premises Liability§ 7-20.1
Liability Based on Status as Invitee, Licensee, or Trespasser§ 7-20.2
Defenses to Premises Liability§ 7-20.3
Use of Church Property by Outside Groups§ 7-20.4
Assaults on Church Property§ 7-20.5
Skate Ramps§ 7-20.6
Sound Rooms§ 7-21
Table 8-2 Employment Related Topics Addressed in Other Your Church Publications Instructional Aids to Chapter 8
Chapter 8, Part 1: Selection of Employees
Legal Briefs§ 8-02
Table 8-3 Complying with New Hire Reporting Requirement§ 8-03
Employment Eligibility Verification§ 8-04
Immigration§ 8-05
Legal Briefs§ 8-06
Table 8-4 Application of Workers Compensation Laws to Religious Employers§ 8-07
Workers Compensation§ 8-07.1
Treatment of Churches§ 8-07.2
Compensating Employees Who Are Receiving Workers Compensation Benefits§ 8-07.3
Table 8-5 Application of Workers Compensation Laws to Religious Employers§ 8-08
Fair Labor Standards Act§ 8-08.1
Enterprises§ 8-08.2
Individual Coverage§ 8-08.3
Federal Court Rulings§ 8-08.4
Department of Labor Opinion Letters§ 8-08.5
Exemptions§ 8-08.6
Ministers§ 8-08.7
State Laws§ 8-08.8
Legal Briefs§ 8-09
Introduction to Federal Employment and Civil Rights Laws—The "Commerce" Requirement§ 8-09.1
Table 8-6 Application of Selected Federal Employment and Civil Rights Laws to Religious Organizations§ 8-10
The "Ministerial Exception" under State and Federal Employment Laws§ 8-10.1
Cases Recognizing the Ministerial Exception§ 8-10.2
Cases Not Recognizing the Ministerial Exception§ 8-11
Procedure for Establishing a Discrimination Claim§ 8-12
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964§ 8-12.1
Application to Religious Organizations§ 8-12.2
Application to Religious Educational Institutions§ 8-12.3
Religion as a Bona Fide Occupational Qualification§ 8-12.4
Discrimination Based on Religion or Morals§ 8-12.5
Sexual Harassment§ 8-12.6
The Catholic Bishop Case§ 8-12.7
Failure to Accommodate Employees' Religious Practices§ 8-12.8
The Religious Freedom Restoration Act§ 8-12.9
The Civil Rights Act of 1991§ 8-13
The Age Discrimination in Employment Act§ 8-14
The Americans with Disabilities Act§ 8-14.1
Discrimination in Employment§ 8-14.2
Discrimination in Public Accommodations§ 8-15
Family and Medical Leave Act§ 8-16
Employer "Retaliation" Against Victims of Discrimination§ 8-17
Discrimination Based on Use of Military Status§ 8-18
Employee Polygraph Protection Act§ 8-19
Occupational Safety and Health Act§ 8-20
Display of Posters§ 8-21
Discrimination under State Laws§ 8-21.1
General Employment Discrimination Laws§ 8-21.2
Table 8-7 State Laws Barring Private Employers from Discriminating on the Basis of Sexual Orientation§ 8-21.3
Legal Briefs§ 8-22
Termination of Employees§ 8-22.1
Legal Briefs§ 8-23
National Labor Relations Act§ 8-24
Reference Letters§ 8-25
Employee Evaluations§ 8-26
Table 8-9 Permitted and Prohibited Interview Questions Under the ADA§ 8-27
Arbitration§ 8-28
Employee Handbooks§ 8-29
Employee Privacy§ 8-30
Chapter 9: Government Regulation of Churches
Instructional Aids§ 9-01
Introduction§ 9-02
Regulation of Charitable Contributions§ 9-03
Limitations on Charitable Giving§ 9-04
Federal and State Securities Law§ 9-05
Copyright Law§ 9-05.01
Securing Copyright Protection§ 9-05.02
The Deposit Requirement§ 9-05.03
Copyright Ownership§ 9-05.04
Works Made for Hire§ 9-05.05
Duration of Copyright Protection§ 9-05.06
Registration§ 9-05.07
The Copyright Owner's Exclusive Rights§ 9-05.08
Infringement§ 9-05.09
The "Religious Service" Exemption to Copyright Infringement§ 9-05.10
Other Exceptions to Copyright Infringement§ 9-05.11
Electronic Media§ 9-06
Government Investigations§ 9-07
Judicial Resolution of Church Disputes§ 9-08
Political Activities by Churches and Other Religious Organizations§ 9-09
Table 10-2: The Top Five Categories of Church Liability from 2000-2007§ 10-01
Negligence as a Basis for Liability§ 10-02
Vicarious Liability (Respondeat Superior)§ 10-02.1
The Requirement of Employee Status§ 10-02.2
Negligent Conduct§ 10-02.3
Course of Employment§ 10-02.4
Inapplicability to Nonprofit Organizations§ 10-03
Negligent Selection of Church Workers—In General§ 10-04
Negligent Selection of Church Workers—Sexual Misconduct Cases Involving Minor Victims§ 10-04.1
Court Decisions Recognizing Negligent Selection Claims§ 10-04.2
Court Decisions Rejecting Negligent Selection Claims§ 10-04.3
Risk Management§ 10-04.4
Table 10-5: Criminal Records Checks: A Summary of the Options§ 10-05
Negligent Selection of Church Workers—Sexual Misconduct Cases Involving Adult Victims§ 10-05.1
Court Decisions Recognizing Negligent Retention Claims§ 10-05.2
Court Decisions Rejecting Negligent Retention Claims§ 10-05.3
Risk Management§ 10-06
Negligent Selection of Church Workers—Other Cases§ 10-07
Negligent Retention of Church Workers—In General§ 10-07.1
Court Decisions Recognizing Negligent Retention Claims§ 10-07.2
Court Decisions Rejecting Negligent Retention Claims§ 10-07.3
Risk Management§ 10-08
Negligent Supervision of Church Workers—In General§ 10-09
Negligent Supervision of Church Workers—Sexual Misconduct Cases Involving Minor Victims§ 10-09.1
Court Decisions Recognizing Negligent Supervision Claims§ 10-09.2
Court Decisions Rejecting Negligent Supervision Claims§ 10-09.3
Risk Management§ 10-10
Negligent Supervision of Church Workers—Sexual Misconduct Cases Involving Adult Victims§ 10-10.1
Court Decisions Recognizing Negligent Supervision Claims§ 10-10.2
Court Decisions Rejecting Negligent Supervision Claims§ 10-10.3
Risk Management§ 10-11
Negligent Supervision of Church Workers—Other Cases§ 10-11.1
Risk Management§ 10-12
Counseling—In General§ 10-12.1
Counseling—In General§ 10-13
Breach of a Fiduciary Duty§ 10-13.1
Court Decisions Recognizing Fiduciary Duty Claims§ 10-13.2
Court Decisions Rejecting Fiduciary Duty Claims§ 10-13.3
Risk Management§ 10-14
Ratification§ 10-15
Defamation§ 10-16
Defenses to Liability§ 10-16.1
Contributory and Comparative Negligence§ 10-16.2
Assumption of Risk§ 10-16.3
Intervening Cause§ 10-16.4
Statutes of Limitations§ 10-16.5
Charitable Immunity§ 10-16.6
Release Forms§ 10-16.7
Insurance§ 10-16.8
Table 10-8: Claims Made and Occurrence Coverage§ 10-17
Damages—In General§ 10-17.1
Punitive Damages§ 10-17.2
Duplicate Verdicts§ 10-18
Denominational Liability—In General§ 10-18.1
Court Decisions Recognizing Vicarious Liability§ 10-18.2
Court Decisions Rejecting Vicarious Liability§ 10-18.3
Defenses to Liability§ 10-18.4
Risk Management§ 10-18.5
Chapter 11: A Summary of Constitutional History
Instructional Aids§ 12-01
Everson v. Board of Education§ 12-02
People of State of Illinois ex rel. McCollum v. Board of Education§ 12-03
Zorach v. Clauson§ 12-04
Engel v. Vitale§ 12-05
School District of Abington v. Schempp§ 12-06
Walz v. Tax Commission§ 12-07
Wisconsin v. Yoder§ 12-08
Lemon v. Kurtzman§ 12-09
Chambers v. Marsh§ 12-10
Wallace v. Jaffree§ 12-11
Employment Division v. Smith§ 12-12
Board of Education v. Mergens§ 12-13
Lee v. Weisman§ 12-14
Mitchell v. Helms§ 12-15
Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe§ 12-16
Zelman v. Simmons-Harris§ 12-17
Watchtower Bible and Tract Society v. Village of Stratton§ 12-18
McCreary County v. American Civil Liberties Union§ 12-19
Instructional Aids§ 13-01
The Establishment Clause§ 13-01.1
The Lemon Test§ 13-02
The Free Exercise Clause§ 13-02.1
The Smith Case§ 13-02.2
The Religious Freedom Restoration Act§ 13-02.3
The City of Boerne Case§ 13-02.4
Chapter 14: Significant First Amendment Issues
Instructional Aids§ 14-01
The Right to Witness§ 14-02
Prayer on Public Property other than Schools§ 14-03
Table 14-1: Public and Nonpublic Fora§ 14-04
Display of Religious Symbols on Public Property§ 14-05
Recurring Use of Public Property by Religious Congregations for Religious Services§ 14-06
Nonrecurring Use of Public Property by Adults for Religious Events and Activities§ 14-07
Use of Public School Property by Students for Religious Purposes§ 14-08
Sunday Closing Laws§ 14-09
The Right to Refuse Medical Treatment§ 14-10