Source: http://www.google.de/patents/US6159166
Timestamp: 2013-05-24 15:00:05
Document Index: 526272460

Matched Legal Cases: ['arts 180', 'arts 180', 'art 2', 'art 2', 'art 1', 'art 1', 'art 1', 'art 1']

Patent US6159166 - Sensor and method for sensing arterial pulse pressure - Google PatenteSuche Bilder Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive Mehr » Erweiterte Patentsuche | Webprotokoll | Anmelden Erweiterte Patentsuche PatenteA method and a pulse pressure sensor for sensing an arterial pulse pressure waveform. In one embodiment, the pulse pressure sensor includes a housing, a diaphragm, a piezoelectric device, and a self-contained amplifier. The skin-contact diaphragm is attached across a recess or opening in the housing....http://www.google.de/patents/US6159166?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US6159166 - Sensor and method for sensing arterial pulse pressure Ver�ffentlichungsnummerUS6159166 APublikationstypErteilung Anmeldenummer09/045,018 Ver�ffentlichungsdatum12. Dez. 2000Eingetragen20. M�rz 1998 Priorit�tsdatum20. M�rz 1998 ErfinderCharles F. ChesneyDennis J. MorganEugene A. O'RourkeMichael T. RiggsFred Randall ThorntonUrspr�nglich Bevollm�chtigterHypertension Diagnostics, Inc. US-Klassifikation600/586600/502381/176600/503381/173600/50073/727Internationale KlassifikationA61B7/04A61B5/021A61B7/00 UnternehmensklassifikationA61B7/00A61B7/045A61B5/021 Europ�ische KlassifikationA61B7/00A61B7/04BA61B5/021ReferenzenPatentzitate (41)Nichtpatentzitate (34) Referenziert von (12)Externe LinksUSPTO USPTO-Zuordnung EspacenetSensor and method for sensing arterial pulse pressureUS 6159166 A Zusammenfassung A method and a pulse pressure sensor for sensing an arterial pulse pressure waveform. In one embodiment, the pulse pressure sensor includes a housing, a diaphragm, a piezoelectric device, and a self-contained amplifier. The skin-contact diaphragm is attached across a recess or opening in the housing. The piezoelectric device has a first portion mounted in a fixed relationship to the housing and a second portion displacementally coupled to the diaphragm. The solid-state amplifier has a signal input coupled to the piezoelectric device, wherein the piezoelectric device and amplifier together have a frequency response at least including a range from below approximately 0.1 hertz to above approximately 250 hertz. In one such embodiment, the housing and the skin-contact diaphragm of the sensor are stainless steel. In one such embodiment, the diaphragm has a skin-contact surface with a skin-contact dimension of between approximately 0.4 inch and 0.6 inch. In one embodiment, the sensor includes a solid-state amplifier that includes a high-input-impedance MOSFET input stage having an input resistance high enough to provide a frequency response that extends below approximately 0.1 hertz.
What is claimed is: 1. A body-sound sensor comprising: a housing (110); a skin-contact diaphragm (120) attached across a recess or opening in the housing, a piezoelectric device (170) having a first portion mounted in a fixed relationship to the housing and a second portion displacementally coupled to the diaphragm; and a solid-state amplifier (190) having a signal input coupled to the device, wherein the device and amplifier together have a frequency response at least including a range from below approximately 1 hertz to above approximately 250 hertz.
5. A body-sound sensor comprising: a housing (110) a skin-contact diaphragm (120) attached across a recess or opening in the housing, a piezoelectric device (170) having a first portion mounted in a fixed relationship to the housing and a second portion displacementally coupled to the diaphragm; and a solid-state amplifier (190) having a signal input coupled to the device, wherein the device and amplifier together have a frequency response at least including a range from below approximately 1 hertz to above approximately 250 hertz, wherein the solid-state amplifier (190) includes a MOSFET input stage having an input resistance high enough to provide a frequency response that extends below approximately 0.1 hertz.
6. A body-sound sensor comprising: a housing (110); a skin-contact diaphragm (120) attached across a recess or opening in the housing, a piezoelectric device (170) having a first portion mounted in a fixed relationship to the housing and a second portion displacementally coupled to the diaphragm; and a solid-state amplifier (190) having a signal input coupled to the device, wherein the device and amplifier together have a frequency response at least including a range from below approximately 1 hertz to above approximately 250 hertz, wherein the solid-state amplifier (190) comprises: an input/output signal wire; a ground signal path; a voltage divider, the voltage divider coupled between the input/output signal wire and the ground; a drain resistor coupled to the ground; a gate resistor coupled to the ground; a MOSFET input transistor having a gate coupled to receive a signal from the piezoelectric device (170), a source coupled to an intermediate point of the voltage divider, and a drain, wherein the drain resistor is coupled between the drain and the ground, and the gate resistor is coupled between the gate and the ground; and a bipolar output transistor having a collector coupled to the input/output signal wire, an emitter coupled to the ground, and a base coupled to the drain of the input transistor.
8. A body-sound sensor comprising: a housing (110); a skin-contact diaphragm (120) attached across a recess or opening in the housing, a piezoelectric device (170) having a first portion mounted in a fixed relationship to the housing and a second portion displacementally coupled to the diaphragm; and a solid-state amplifier (190) having a signal input coupled to the device, wherein the device and amplifier together have a frequency response at least including a range from below approximately 1 hertz to above approximately 250 hertz, wherein the piezoelectric device (170) includes a piezoelectric double-plate ceramic element, wherein two thin plates are bonded together so they amplify their piezoelectric actions.
11. A piezoelectric acoustical pressure sensor including: a stainless-steel housing, the housing having a skin-contact diaphragm, the diaphragm having a skin-contact surface with a skin-contact dimension of between approximately 0.3 inch and 0.7 inch; a piezoelectric device displacementally coupled to the diaphragm; a solid-state amplifier within the housing having a signal input coupled to the device, the device and amplifier together having a frequency response of approximately 0.1 hertz to at least approximately 250 hertz and wherein the sensor is used to acquire a signal from the radial artery.
12. A piezoelectric acoustical pressure sensor including: a stainless-steel housing, the housing having a skin-contact diaphragm, the diaphragm having a skin-contact surface with a skin-contact dimension of between approximately 0.3 inch and 0.7 inch; a piezoelectric device displacementally coupled to the diaphragm; a solid-state amplifier having a signal input coupled to the device, the device and amplifier together having a frequency response of approximately 0.1 hertz to at least approximately 250 hertz, wherein the solid-state amplifier (190) comprises: an input/output signal wire; a ground signal path; a voltage divider, the voltage divider coupled between the input/output signal wire and the ground; a drain resistor coupled to the ground; a gate resistor coupled to the ground; a MOSFET input transistor having a gate coupled to receive a signal from the piezoelectric device (170), a source coupled to an intermediate point of the voltage divider, and a drain, wherein the drain resistor is coupled between the drain and the ground, and the gate resistor is coupled between the gate and the ground; and a bipolar output transistor having a collector coupled to the input/output signal wire, an emitter coupled to the ground, and a base coupled to the drain of the input transistor.
13. A method for sensing body sounds comprising the steps of: displacing a skin-contact diaphragm using changing pressure at a skin surface to create a diaphragm displacement; converting the diaphragm displacement into a piezoelectric displacement; generating an electrical signal representative of the piezoelectric displacement; and amplifying the electrical signal, wherein the steps of displacing, converting, and amplifying together have a frequency response at least including a range from below approximately 1 hertz to above approximately 250 hertz.
17. A method for sensing body sounds comprising the steps of: displacing a skin-contact diaphragm using changing pressure at a skin surface to create a diaphragm displacement; converting the diaphragm displacement into a piezoelectric displacement; generating an electrical signal representative of the piezoelectric displacement; and amplifying the electrical signal, wherein the steps of displacing, converting, and amplifying together have a frequency response at least including a range from below approximately 1 hertz to above approximately 250 hertz, wherein the step of amplifying includes using a MOSFET input stage having an input resistance high enough to provide a frequency response that extends below approximately 0.1 hertz.
18. A method for sensing body sounds comprising the steps of: displacing a skin-contact diaphragm using changing pressure at a skin surface to create a diaphragm displacement; converting the diaphragm displacement into a piezoelectric displacement; generating an electrical signal representative of the piezoelectric displacement; and amplifying the electrical signal, wherein the steps of displacing, converting, and amplifying together have a frequency response at least including a range from below approximately 1 hertz to above approximately 250 hertz, wherein the step of amplifying comprises the steps of: providing a constant-current source and a ground signal path; coupling a voltage divider between the constant-current source and the ground; coupling the signal from the piezoelectric displacement to a gate of a MOSFET input transistor, the MOSFET transistor having a source coupled to an intermediate point of the voltage divider, and a drain, wherein a drain resistor is coupled between the drain and the ground, and a gate resistor is coupled between the gate and the ground; and coupling a signal from the MOSFET transistor to a base of a bipolar output transistor having a collector coupled to the constant-current source, and an emitter coupled to the ground.
19. A method for sensing body sounds comprising the steps of: displacing a skin-contact diaphragm using changing pressure at a skin surface to create a diaphragm displacement; converting the diaphragm displacement into a piezoelectric displacement; generating an electrical signal representative of the piezoelectric displacement; and amplifying the electrical signal, wherein the steps of displacing, converting, and amplifying together have a frequency response at least including a range from below approximately 1 hertz to above approximately 250 hertz, wherein the piezoelectric displacement is to a piezoelectric double-plate ceramic element, wherein two thin plates are bonded together so they amplify their piezoelectric actions.
20. A method for sensing body sounds comprising the steps of: displacing a skin-contact diaphragm using changing pressure at a skin surface to create a diaphragm displacement; converting the diaphragm displacement into a piezoelectric displacement; generating an electrical signal representative of the piezoelectric displacement; and amplifying the electrical signal, wherein the steps of displacing, converting, and amplifying together have a frequency response at least including a range from below approximately 1 hertz to above approximately 250 hertz wherein the diaphragm has a skin-contact surface with a skin-contact dimension of between approximately 0.4 inch and 0.6 inch, and is approximately 0.006 inch thick, wherein the piezoelectric displacement is to a piezoelectric double-plate ceramic element, wherein two thin plates are bonded together so they amplify their piezoelectric actions.
Female threads 119 that are machined into the upper bore of housing 110 mate with male threads 139 of cover 130. O-ring gasket 140 forms a seal between housing 110 and cover 130. (In another embodiment, an O-ring gasket is also provided to seal between housing 110 and cable adaptor 150. In one preferred embodiment though, a potting epoxy is used instead of an O-ring to seal between housing 110 and cable adaptor 150.) Female threads 117 in the sidewall bore of housing 110 mate with male threads 157 of cable adaptor 150. In one embodiment, signal/power cable 152 is secured into the opening in cable adaptor 150 using epoxy, and cured in an oven at 150 DPCE-holder ring 180 has a slot 184 through one wall, and a slot 186 through two walls. One end of DPCE 170 is located mostly within slot 186 (i.e., the bottom surface of DPCE 170 extends slightly below the bottom surface of DPCE-holder ring 180 in order to make electrical and mechanical contact with shelf 112 of housing 110), but is electrically insulated from DPCE-holder ring 186 by a layer of epoxy 179.
FIG. 1K shows a bottom view, and FIG. 1L shows a side view, of one embodiment of DPCE-holder ring 180, after epoxy potting. After machining as shown in FIGS. 1I and 1J, slot 186 is filled using epoxy type Stycast 2651 epoxy/catalyst 9 epoxy resin hardener (available from Emerson & Cuming Specialty Polymers, a division of National Starch & Chemical, 55 Hayden Avenue, Lexington, Mass. 02173; herein called "2651/Cat 9" by "E&C Company") and cured in an oven at 200 minutes. The epoxy 179 in slot 186 is then remachined to 0.051 inches wide and 0.017 inches deep, so that DPCE 170 is electrically insulated from DPCE-holder ring 180, and yet protrudes so that electrical contact can be made between the 0.021-inch-thick DPCE 170 and housing shoulder 112.
FIG. 1M shows a side view, and FIG. 1N shows an end view, of one embodiment of DPCE 170. In the embodiment shown, a piezoelectric double-plate ceramic element (DPCE) that is 0.021 inches thick is cut to 0.180 inches long and 0.050 inches wide. The top surface forms one electrical contact (to which a wire is soldered, and the wire is then attached to amplifier 190), and the bottom surface forms the other electrical contact (which is made by contact to housing shoulder 112) once DPCE-holder ring 180 is secured using epoxy. In one embodiment, piezoelectric DPCE 170 is a ceramic piezoelectric block cut from a bulk plate or sheet of Bimorph material (e.g., from a sheet of PZT-5A originally measuring 1.5 inches long by 0.75 inches wide by 0.021 inches thick) available from Morgan Matroc, Inc., Electro Ceramics Division, Bedford, Ohio. Bimorph registered tradename of Morgan Matroc, Inc., Electro Ceramics Division, for a double-plate ceramic element. The two thin plates are bonded together so they amplify their piezoelectric actions. A DPCE generates greater voltage when bent, deformed or displaced than does a single-plate ceramic element.
FIG. 1O-1 shows a side view of one embodiment of a DPCE post 172. In this FIG. 1O-1 embodiment, post 172 is aluminum alloy 6061-T6, and is 0.047 inches in diameter and 0.039 inches high with a 0.031-inch-diameter through hole (making a pipe-like structure), in order to provide a better surface configuration for epoxy to adhere to. In this embodiment, the lower end (which will be placed against diaphragm 120) of the outer edge of the post 172 is beveled at a 45-degree angle upper face end of the post 172 and inner surface of the 0.031-inch-diameter through hole in post 172 are secured using epoxy to the bottom of DPCE 170 (using Epo-Tek 301 epoxy (available from Epoxy Technology, 14 Fortune Drive, Billerica, Mass. 01821)). FIG. 1O-2 shows a side view of another embodiment of DPCE post 172. In this FIG. 1O-2 embodiment, post 172 is aluminum alloy 6061-T6, and is 0.040 inches in diameter and 0.039 inches high. In this FIG. 1O-2 embodiment, the lower end is beveled at a 45 against diaphragm 120) is machined to a spherical radius. The upper face is secured to the bottom of DPCE 170 using epoxy and hardener as described just above. In yet another embodiment, post 172 is replaced with a 1 millimeter steel ball, attached to DPCE 170 using epoxy adhesive or other attachment means. Post 172 with the 0.031-inch-diameter through hole is preferred over the ball embodiment because of the flat upper surface of the post and the interior surface of the through hole which make for a more secure assembly when secured with epoxy adhesive, and because a steel ball has a polished surface to which it is difficult to achieve a secure epoxy bond. For some embodiments using a ball, the side of the ball being secured using epoxy is textured, for example by chemical etching, in order to achieve a better bond.
FIG. 1P shows a bottom view, and FIG. 1Q shows a side view, of one embodiment of DPCE-holder ring 180, after assembling DPCE 170 and post 172. DPCE 170 is secured using epoxy into to the insulating epoxy 179 as remachined in potted slot 186 of DPCE-holder ring 180 as shown in FIGS. 1P and 1Q, using ScotchWeld 1838/A and B epoxy, and cured for 30 minutes at 150 of an assembly which needs heat to cure epoxy, epoxy is cured at 150 the double plates of DPCE 170 since this bonding agent may fail at temperatures above 190 170 as shown in FIGS. 1P and 1Q using Epo-Tek 301, and the epoxy is cured for 30 minutes at 150
FIG. 1R shows a schematic circuit diagram of amplifier 190. In one embodiment, amplifier 190 is assembled on an alumina substrate 0.015 inches thick, 0.250 inches by 0.180 inches in area, and having solderable silver conductor material printed thereon. The circuit of amplifier 190 includes DPCE 170, 2 number CS1004M2008KS available from Ohmcraft, Inc., 3800 Monroe Avenue, Pittsford, N.Y. 14534), type ZVP3306F p-channel MOSFET transistor T1 (available from ZETEX Inc., 47 Mall Drive, Commack, N.Y. 11725), 1000-ohm resistor R2, 6200-ohm (trim by parallel resistor) resistor R3, 5600-ohm resistor R4 (in one embodiment, resistors R2, R3, and R4 are printed on the alumina substrate), and NPN transistor T2 (type MMBT3904 available from Diodes Incorporated, 3050 E. Hillcrest Dr., Westlake Village, Calif. 91362-3154). In one embodiment, resistor R3 is trimmable by soldering another suitable resistor in parallel to resistor R3 in order to lower the effective resistance of the combination to a desired value. In another embodiment, resistor R3 is made to some suitable starting resistance, and then laser trimmed to a final value by means well known to the art. In one embodiment, transistors T1 and T2 are surface-mount technology (SMT) parts. One surface of DPCE 170 is grounded to housing 110. The other surface of DPCE 170 is coupled to gate G of transistor T1, the source of T1 to the junction between voltage-divider resistors R3 and R4 which are connected across input/output wire 153 and ground. Resistor R2 is coupled between drain D of transistor T1, and ground. Drain D of transistor T1 is coupled to the base B of transistor T2; emitter E of transistor T2 is connected to ground (which is connected to ground wire 154); and collector C of transistor T2 is connected to input/output wire 153. Because the alumina substrate of amplifier 190 is insulating, it can be secured using epoxy adhesive directly to the top of DPCE-holder ring 180. In another embodiment, an amplifier platform is provided on the top of DPCE-holder ring 180.
__________________________________________________________________________Assembly Procedure for One Embodiment of Arterial Pulse Pressure Sensor100__________________________________________________________________________1. Visually inspect all parts and remove any burrs. Clean with Lenium   �   (available from Petroferm Inc., 5415 First Coast Hwy., Fernandina   Beach   FL 32034) and denatured ethanol.  2. Mark the housing 110 with a label.  3. Spotweld diaphragm 120 to housing 110 using a diaphragm tack welding   fixture to center the diaphragm 120 and a tack welding arbor to hold   the   housing 110. Spotwelder setting at 1.0% first pulse and 2.0% secondpulse. Minimum 4 places, equally spaced.  4. Weld the diaphragm 120 to the housing 110 using a pulsed NdYAG laser   welder; weld settings; pulse rate: 40/sec, pulse width: 1, joules/pulse   : 0.3,   and seconds/rev: 5.5. Use a diaphragm welding pilot to hold the   housing   and also use a diaphragm welding heat sink.  5. Pot and cure DPCE-holder ring 180 using Stycast 2651/catalyst 9 (E &amp;   C   Company). Cure in oven at 200   Re-   machine slot to 0.051 inches wide and 0.017 inches deep.  6. Assemble the 0.021 inch-thick DPCE 170 to the re-machined insulated   slot   in DPCE-holder ring 180 as shown in FIGS. 1P and 1Q, using   ScotchWeld 1838/A and B epoxy (3M Adhesives Division, 3M Center,Building 220-7E-01, St. Paul, MN 55144-1000). Cure epoxy 30 minutes   at 150  7. Assemble post 172 to DPCE 170 as shown in FIGS. 1P and 1Q usingEpo-Tek 301 (available from Epoxy Technology, 14 Fortune Drive,Billerica, MA 01821). Cure epoxy 30 minutes minimum at 150   F.  8. Cut cable 152 to the required length and assemble into cable adapter   150   using Epo-Tek 301 parts A and B epoxy. Cure in oven at 150   for a   minimum of 30 minutes. Refer to FIG. 1H. Solder a #36 AWG about 1inch long to each conductor. Pot wires with ScotchWeld 1838/A &amp; Bepoxy. Cure 30 minutes minimum at 150  9. Apply ScotchWeld 1838/A and B epoxy to the chamfered end of post   172.   Apply ScotchWeld 1838/A and B epoxy to the side of the housing 110 asshown in Main Assembly FIG. 1A. Push the DPCE-holder ring assembly(parts 180, 179, 170, and 172) into the housing 110 until it firmly   seats on   the flat surface 112 of the housing 110. Use a fixture to hold the   assembly   (parts 180,179, 170, and 172) in place while curing the epoxy. Cure in   oven at 150   wire to the   DPCE 170 as shown in Main Assembly FIG. 1A.  10. Apply a small amount of Epo-Tek H20E A and B conductive epoxy(available from Epoxy Technology, 14 Fortune Drive, Billerica, MA01821) to the joint between the DPCE-holder and the Housing. Cure 30   minutes minimum at 150  11. Assemble the Amplifier.  12. Assemble Amplifier Assembly to the housing as shown in FIG. 1A   using   ScotchWeld 1838/A and B epoxy. Cure at 150    13. Assemble the Cable Subassembly (FIG. 1G) into the Housing 110 asshown in Assembly (FIG. 1A) using ScotchWeld 1838/A and B epoxy.Solder cable conductors to amplifier. Cure epoxy at 150   for 30 minutes.  14. Pott the cable and cable adaptor to the housing as shown in FIG. 1A   using ScotchWeld 1838/A and B. Cure 30 minutes at 150    15. At this point, initial calibration is done as follows. Install   sensor 100 into a   calibration fixture. Perform an initial test. If the sensitivity of   sensor 100   is within tolerance, then proceed to step 16. Otherwise, if the   sensitivity of   sensor 100 is too high, trim the sensitivity by selecting an appropriat   e gate   capacitor and/or R3 trim resistor to bring the sensitivity within   tolerance.   (If the sensitivity of sensor 100 is too low, something is wrong with   it, and   generally the sensor must be repaired or scrapped.)  16. Place the O-Ring 140 on the Cover 130 and assemble to the housing   110 as   shown in Main Assembly FIG. 1A using ScotchWeld 1838-type epoxy(parts A and B)(3M Adhesives Division, 3M Center, Building 220-7E-01,   St. Paul, MN 55144-1000). Cure epoxy at 150  17. The sensor is now ready for final calibration. This calibration   includes   final determination of sensitivity and frequency response.__________________________________________________________________________
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1A shows a cross-section view of one embodiment of arterial pulse pressure sensor 100.
CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED INVENTIONS This invention is related to co-pending application entitled "APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR HOLDING AND POSITIONING AN ARTERIAL PULSE PRESSURE SENSOR" and to co-pending application entitled "APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR BLOOD PRESSURE PULSE WAVEFORM CONTOUR ANALYSIS" both filed on even date herewith and incorporated herein by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Conventionally, blood pressure has been measured by one of four basic methods: invasive, oscillometric, auscultatory and tonometric. The invasive method, also known as an arterial-line method (or "A-line"), typically involves insertion of a needle or catheter into an artery. A transducer connected by a fluid column to the needle or catheter is used to determine exact arterial pressure. With proper instrumentation, systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures may be determined, and a blood-pressure waveform may be recorded. This invasive method is difficult to set up, is expensive and time consuming, and involves a potential medical risk to the subject or patient. Set up of the arterial-line method poses technical problems. Resonance often occurs and causes significant errors. Also, if a blood clot forms on the end of the needle or catheter, or the end of the needle or catheter is located against an arterial wall, a large error may result. To eliminate or reduce these errors, the setup must be checked, flushed, and adjusted frequently. A skilled medical practitioner is required to insert a needle or catheter into the artery, which contributes to the expense of this method. Medical complications are also possible, such as infection, nerve and/or blood vessel damage.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides an arterial pulse pressure sensor and a method for sensing an arterial pulse pressure waveform.
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