Source: https://insight.rpxcorp.com/pat/US20100274273A1
Timestamp: 2019-12-15 20:19:58
Document Index: 544330245

Matched Legal Cases: ['application No. 60', 'arts 10', 'art 10', 'art 10', 'art 10', 'art 10', 'art 10', 'art 10', 'art 10', 'art 10', 'art 10', 'art 10', 'art 10', 'art 10', 'art 10', 'art 10', 'art 10', 'art 10', 'art 10', 'art 10', 'art 10', 'art 10', 'arts 10']

Patent US 20100274273A1
Est. Priority Date: 06/19/2007
1. . A lancet device comprising:
a system for placing the lancet device in a trigger-set or armed position;
a depth adjustment system comprising a member that is at least partially rotatably mounted and that has an axis of rotation arranged substantially perpendicular to a center axis of the lancet holding member; and
an ejection system for at least one of;
preventing axial movement of the lancet holding member; and
removing or ejecting a lancet from the lancet holding member.
US 20140088633A1
US 20150374272A1
US 10,292,634 B2
US 20030050655A1
US 20020077650A1
James M. Cyktich
Jean L. P. M. Benoit, Frank Z. Warren
Frank Z. Warren
John S. Crowder
US 2,699,784 A
Filed 02/16/1953
Max Krayl Gerhard
2. . The lancet device of claim 1, wherein the ejection system comprises a manually activated slide button.
3. . The lancet device of claim 1, wherein the ejection system each of prevents axial movement of the lancet holding member and removes or ejects the lancet from the lancet holding member.
4. . The lancet device of claim 1, wherein the member that is at least partially rotatably mounted comprises a thumbwheel having plural cam or stop surfaces.
5. . The lancet device of claim 1, wherein the member that is at least partially rotatably mounted comprises a thumbwheel having indicia.
6. . The lancet device of claim 1, wherein the member that is at least partially rotatably mounted comprises a thumbwheel having indicia which is visible through an opening located in the housing.
7. . The lancet device of claim 1, wherein the member that is at least partially rotatably mounted comprises a thumbwheel having portions which can be gripped by a user from outside of the housing.
8. . The lancet device of claim 1, wherein the member that is at least partially rotatably mounted comprises a thumbwheel having oppositely arranged portions which project outside of the housing.
9. . The lancet device of claim 1, further comprising a first spring for causing movement of the lancet holding member towards a puncturing position and a second for causing a back cap to move towards an initial position from a retracted position.
10. . The lancet device of claim 1, further comprising a first spring for causing movement of the lancet holding member towards a puncturing position, a second for causing a back cap to move towards an initial position from a retracted position, and a third spring for causing a slide member of the ejection system to move towards an initial position from an extended position.
11. . A method of puncturing a surface of skin using the lancet device of claim 1, the method comprising:
arranging the lancet device adjacent against a user'"'"'s skin; and
triggering the lancet device so that a lancet is caused to penetrate the user'"'"'s skin.
12. . A lancet device comprising:
preventing axial movement of the lancet holding member;
removing or ejecting a lancet from the lancet holding member; and
removing or ejecting the front cap.
13. . The lancet device of claim 12, wherein the ejection system comprises a manually activated slide button.
14. . The lancet device of claim 12, wherein the ejection system each of prevents axial movement of the lancet holding member, removes or ejects the lancet from the lancet holding member, and removes or ejects the front cap.
15. . The lancet device of claim 12, wherein the member is at least partially rotatably mounted and comprises a thumbwheel.
16. . The lancet device of claim 15, wherein the thumbwheel comprises indicia.
17. . The lancet device of claim 16, wherein the indicia is visible through an opening located in the housing.
18. . The lancet device of claim 15, wherein the thumbwheel one of has portions which can be gripped by a user from outside of the housing, and oppositely arranged portions which project outside of the housing.
19. . The lancet device of claim 12, further comprising a first spring for causing movement of the lancet holding member towards a puncturing position and a second for causing a back cap to move towards an initial position from a retracted position.
20. . The lancet device of claim 12, further comprising a first spring for causing movement of the lancet holding member towards a puncturing position, a second for causing a back cap to move towards an initial position from a retracted position, and a third spring for causing a slide member of the ejection system to move towards an initial position from an extended position.
21. . A method of puncturing a surface of skin using the lancet device of claim 12, the method comprising:
22. . A lancet device comprising:
a trigger arranged on a side wall of the hosing;
an ejection system configured to remove or eject a lancet from the lancet holding member.
The instant application is an International Application based on U.S. provisional application No. 60/929,252, filed Jun. 19, 2007, the disclosure of which is hereby expressly incorporated by reference hereto in its entirety.
What is needed is a lancet device which can accurately and precisely control the depth of penetration of the needle relative to the surface of the user'"'"'s skin while also being easy to use. It is also desirable for the user to be able to use and adjust the depth penetrating setting with just one hand and/or with less effort that currently required with existing lancet devices. What is also needed is a lancet device which does not require the user to handle the lancets so as to prevent inadvertent pricking of the user'"'"'s skin.
The invention also provides for a method of puncturing a surface of skin using the lancet device of the type described above, wherein the method comprises arranging the lancet device adjacent against a user'"'"'s skin and triggering the lancet device so that a lancet is caused to penetrate the user'"'"'s skin.
As can be seen in FIG. 1, the lancet device LD can preferably have, by way of non-limiting example, an overall length OL which is approximately 5 inches and an overall width or diameter (measured over the device'"'"'s largest portion) of approximately 1.25 inches. The lancet device LD also preferably has an ergonomic shape such that it can be held comfortably in a user'"'"'s hand such that the user can rotate (both clockwise and counterclockwise) the depth adjustment thumb wheel 80 with the user'"'"'s thumb and index finger, as will be described in detail later on, to set the depth of penetration prior to use. The user can also depress and slide forward the advance button 50 in order cause a forward advance of a lancet and optionally simultaneously cause removal of the front cap 20, as will be described in detail later on. The user can also depress the trigger 40 with either the user'"'"'s thumb of index finger. The only step which likely requires the user to use two hands, is the step of placing the lancet device LD is an armed or trigger-set position—which will be described in detail later on.
In the position shown in FIG. 4, the lancet device LD is shown in the firing or fired position. This is the position in which a user depresses the trigger 40 so as to cause the member 72 to deflect inwardly and release from the shoulder RS. This releases the energy stored in the spring S1 and causes the lancet holding member 70 to move forwardly, which automatically causes the lancet L to project out of the front surface of the front cap 20 and cause a puncture in a user'"'"'s skin. Of course, the position shown in FIG. 4 merely shows a snap-shot of the lancet needle LN in the extended or puncturing position, i.e., defined by the puncturing depth PD. In actuality, the lancet needle LN would move from the position in FIG. 3 (fully retracted or trigger-set position) to that of FIG. 4 (fully extended or puncturing position), and then finally to that of FIG. 2 (initial position) in a fraction of a second. In the firing position, the spring S1 is in a substantially fully expanded position owing to the forward movement of the member 70 as caused by the rapid axial expansion of the spring S1 acting on the flange of surface 77c of member 70. After the member 70 moves to a maximum forward position shown in FIG. 4, as determined by contact between a free end of the lancet L and an inner surface of the front cap 20 and/or by contact between the projection 78 and projection 10B27, the spring S2, which has substantially reached a maximum amount of allowable compression, will expand axially back to an original position, which, in turn, places the lancet device LD back in the position shown in FIG. 2. At this point, the user has the option of activating the lancet advancing system LES (see FIGS. 7-9) in order to cause removal of the front cap 20 and to allow for removal of the used lancet L so that the next or a fresh lancet can be placed on the lancet holding member 70.
With reference to FIGS. 5 and 6, it can be seen that the lancet device LD includes a removable front cap 20 which covers a front area of the lancet device LD that includes a front end of the lancet holding member 70 and a lancet L. The lancet L is axially retained inside an elongated cylindrical opening LRO (see FIG. 44) of the lancet holding member 70 by deflectable portions of the front end portion 71a which engages with an outer cylindrical surface of the lancet L. Thus, when the lancet holding member 70 moves axially within housing 10, the lancet L moves along therewith. As is apparent from FIGS. 5 and 6, the front cap 20 can be removably secured to the housing 10 via engagement between oppositely arranged projections 27 and grooves G formed in housing parts 10A and 10B. Other types of connections can be utilized such as a snap connection of the type disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,908,434 to SCHRAGA and 6,530,937 to SCHRAGA. The disclosure of each of these documents is hereby expressly incorporated by reference in its entirety. In order to remove the front cap 20, the user can either rotate the front cap 20 relative to the housing 10 (by e.g., about 90 degrees) to cause the projections 27 to align with oppositely arranged axial slots AL and then simply pull the front cap 20 away from the housing 10 or the user can move the slide member 50 forward (see FIGS. 7 and 9) to cause the end 53 to move into engagement with end 21 of the front cap 20 and thereby cause the projections 27 to come out of snap engagement with the grooves G.
The details of the lancet ejecting system LES will now be described with reference to FIGS. 7-12. FIG. 8 shows the system LES in an initial position. In this position, the slide member 50 has a button portion 51 abutting or substantially near surfaces 10A14 and 10B14 (see FIGS. 22 and 24). FIGS. 7 and 9 show the system LES in a final or activated position. In this position, the slide member 50 has a button portion 51 abutting or substantially near surfaces 10A15 and 10B15 (see FIGS. 22 and 24). A spring S3 is arranged in a retaining groove 10B26 and applies a biasing force against surface 10B20a and a surface of member 54 (see FIG. 12). In operation, the advance button 50 is slid forward from the position shown in FIG. 8 to the position shown in FIGS. 7 and 9. This causes compression of the spring S3 and causes the lancet engaging member 55 (which extends into the holding member 70 via the elongated slot 79) to engage or contact a rear end of lancet L. However, when the slide member 50 is slid forward slightly against the biasing force of spring S3, this initial forward movement of the slide member 50 automatically causes the locking member 60 to pivot about axle projection 10B10 so that projection 65 engages with shoulder 78 (see FIG. 10) of the lancet holding member 70. This pivoting movement of the locking member 60 occurs as a result of sliding interaction between the guide projection 64 and the guide groove 57. Continued forward sliding movement of the slide member 50 causes the lancet L to move or advance forwards (until finally ejected) while the lancet holding member 70 is axially retained by the locking member 60. This forward movement of the slide member 50 maintains the locking member 60 in the locking position because of continued engagement between the guide projection 64 and the guide slot 57. Although not shown in FIGS. 7-12, the end 53 also moves with button 51 and would cause the front cap 20 to be removed along with the lancet L. This causes the front cap 20 to be ejected and allows the user to install a fresh or new lancet L. The user can then release the advance button 50 (which will be automatically retracted by the spring S3) and re-install the front cap 20 in order to place the device LD back into an initial or intermediate position shown in FIG. 2.
With reference to FIGS. 13-15 it can be seen that the user can set a depth of penetration of the lancet device LD before the device is triggered and/or after the device is triggered. This can occur by the user rotating the thumb wheel 80 in either clockwise or counterclockwise directions. Such rotational movement determines the maximum forward position of the lancet holding member 70 and specifically projection 74. This position of the projection 74 (which contacts one of the stop surfaces 86a-86f) also determines the amount of forward axial movement of the lancet holding member 70 as discussed above. This movement changes as a result of the rotational position of the surfaces 86a-86f of the thumb wheel 80 relative to the projection 74, such that when stop surface 86a of the thumb wheel 80 is contacted by projection 74, the holding member 70 moves axially forward by a greater amount (producing a deeper puncture) than when stop surface 86f of the thumb wheel 80 is contacted by projection 74 producing a shallower puncture). The user can distinguish which stop surface 86a-86f is located in a position to be contacted by projection 74 by viewing the corresponding indicia 88 (see FIGS. 34-36) through the window or opening 10A13 in the housing 10 (see FIG. 14).
With reference to FIGS. 20-22, it can be seen that the upper housing part 10A includes a front end 10A1 having a partially cylindrical inner surface 10A4 and a partially cylindrical outer surface 10A3 which serves as a mounting area for the front cap 20 as well as a rear end 10A2. A generally helical groove G is arranged on the surface 10A3 of the housing part 10A and is configured to receive therein one of the projections 27 of the front cap 20. The semi-cylindrical portion 10A3 which (together with semi-cylindrical portion 10B3) is sized and configured to slidably and rotatably receive thereon the rear end of the front cap 20. The housing part 10A also has a main body portion 10A5 which is preferably ergonomically shaped. Oppositely arranged integrally formed projections 10A6 each extend or projects inwardly from the body portion 10A5 and includes a mounting opening which is sized and configured to receive therein one of the mounting projections 10B6. Oppositely arranged integrally formed projections 10A7 each extend or projects inwardly from the body portion 10A5 and includes a mounting opening which is sized and configured to receive therein one of the mounting projections 10B7. Oppositely arranged integrally formed projections 10A8 each extend or projects inwardly from the body portion 10A5 and includes a mounting opening which is sized and configured to receive therein one of the mounting projections 10B8. A centrally arranged mounting projection 10A9 extends inwardly from the body portion 10A5 and is sized to allow the thumbwheel 80 to be rotatably mounted thereto. Projections 10A24 are configured to function as a bearing surface for the surface 81 of the thumbwheel 80. A trigger opening 10A10 is formed in the body portion 10A5 and is sized and configured to receive therein the projecting portions 43a and 43b of the trigger 40 (see FIGS. 37-39). Once inserted in the opening 10A10, the projecting portions 43a and 43b of the trigger 40 prevent removal of the trigger 40 from the housing part 10A, but allow the trigger 40 to move against the biasing force of an integrally formed deflecting member 10A11 which functions as a flat spring and bias the trigger 40 towards an extended or initial position. The deflectable member 10A11 is deflected by contact with projection 44 of the trigger 40 when the trigger 40 is depressed. A retaining shoulder RS is formed in the body portion 10A5 and is configured to releasably engage and/or lock with a deflecting portion 72 of the lancet holding member 70 (see FIGS. 42-44). Oppositely arranged indented sections 10A12 are arranged in an area of the middle rear end of the housing part 10A and together with indented section 10B12 form an area for the user to activate the thumbwheel 80. A viewing opening 10A13 is arranged in the body portion 10A5 of the front end of the housing part 10A, which allows a user to view indicia 88 of the thumbwheel 80 when the thumbwheel 80 is mounted to the projection 10A9. A half-slot or half-groove defined by surfaces 10A14 and 10A15 (together with half-groove formed by surfaces 10B14 and 10B15) forms a guide groove which guides the sliding movement of the slide member 50 between an initial and final position (see FIGS. 8 and 9). The slide member 50 contacts and/or substantially abuts stop surface 10A14 in the initial position shown in FIG. 8 (as a result of the biasing force of the spring S3) and contacts and/or substantially abuts stop surface 10A15 in the final position shown in FIG. 9 (as a result of the user causing compression of the spring S3). Oppositely arranged reinforcing ribs 10A16 are also utilized. A projection 10A17 is utilized to abut projection 10B14 and prevent axial movement of the ring portion 61 of the locking member 60. A rear portion of the housing part 10A includes surface 10A19 which is configured to abut with surface 10B19 of the housing part 10B, and a groove 10A22 which slidably receives therein projection 30A6. Housing part 10A also includes reinforcing projections 10A20 and 10A21. The rear portion of the housing part 10A also includes surface 10A23 which is configured to be slidably engaged by the inner surface of portion 30A1 as well as oppositely arranged guide surfaces 10A25 which are sized and configured to be slidably engaged by the inner surfaces of members 30A3. The guide surfaces 10A25 extend into openings in the member 10A so as to form slots 10A25a (see FIG. 22). As is apparent from FIGS. 20-22, the housing part 10A can preferably be a one-piece member and is most preferably a one-piece synthetic resin member. Of course, the member 10A can also be an assembly of plural components provided it functions in a manner similar to that of the member shown in FIGS. 20-22.
With reference to FIGS. 23-25, it can be seen that the lower housing part 10B includes a front end 10B1 having a partially cylindrical inner surface 10B4 and a partially cylindrical outer surface 10B3 which serves as a mounting area for the front cap 20 as well as a rear end 10B2. A generally helical groove G is arranged on the surface 10B3 of the housing part 10B and is configured to receive therein one of the projections 27 of the front cap 20. The semi-cylindrical portion 10B3 which (together with semi-cylindrical portion 10A3) is sized and configured to slidably and rotatably receive thereon the rear end of the front cap 20. The housing part 10B also has a main body portion 10B5 which is preferably ergonomically shaped. Oppositely arranged integrally formed projections 10B6 each extend or projects inwardly from the body portion 10B5 and is sized and configured to extend into the opening of mounting projections 10A6. Oppositely arranged integrally formed projections 10B7 each extend or projects inwardly from the body portion 10B5 and is sized and configured to extend into the openings in the mounting projections 10A7. Oppositely arranged integrally formed projections 10B8 each extend or projects inwardly from the body portion 10B5 and are sized and configured to extend into the mounting openings of the mounting projections 10A8. A centrally arranged D-shaped guide projection 10B9 extends inwardly from the body portion 10B5 and has an upper surface 10B24 configured to abut surface 87 of the thumbwheel 80. The projection 10B9 also extends through the slot 77b and into the space 77a of the holding member 70, and participates in guiding the axial movement of the holding member 70. A guide surface arrangement 10B11 is formed in the body portion 10B5 and is configured to support and allow for the sliding and/or pivoting movement of the locking member 60 (see FIG. 11). Oppositely arranged indented sections 10B12 are arranged in an area of the middle rear end of the housing part 10B and together with indented section 10A12 form an area for the user to activate the thumbwheel 80. Oppositely arranged support surfaces 10B13 are arranged on the body portion 10B5 and are configured to be slidably engaged by the surface 82 of the thumbwheel 80. A half-slot or half-groove defined by surfaces 10B14 and 10B15 (together with half-groove formed by surfaces 10A14 and 10A15) forms a guide groove which guides the sliding movement of the slide member 50 between an initial and final position (see FIGS. 8 and 9). The slide member 50 contacts and/or substantially abuts stop surface 10B14 in the initial position shown in FIG. 8 (as a result of the biasing force of the spring S3) and contacts and/or substantially abuts stop surface 10B15 in the final position shown in FIG. 9 (as a result of the user causing compression of the spring S3). Oppositely arranged reinforcing ribs 10B16 are also utilized. A projection 10B17 is utilized to support and guide the movement of a middle rear portion of the holding member 70 (see FIGS. 2 and 4). A rear portion of the housing part 10B includes surface 10B19 which is configured to abut with surface 10A19 of the housing part 10A, and a groove 10B22 which slidably receives therein projection 30B6. Housing part 10B also includes reinforcing projections 10B18, 10B20 and 10B21, and each of these projections utilize a semi-circular recess which slidably supports the lancet holding member 70. The rear portion of the housing part 10B also includes surface 10B23 which is configured to be slidably engaged by the inner surface of portion 30B1 as well as oppositely arranged guide surfaces 10B25 which are sized and configured to be slidably engaged by the inner surfaces of members 30B3. The guide surfaces 10B25 extend into openings in the member 10B so as to form slots 10B25a (see FIG. 24). An elongated recess or groove 10B26 is formed in the member 10B5 and is sized to receive therein the spring S3 and be slidably engaged by the projection 54 (see FIG. 12). A projection 10B27 is utilized to support and guide the movement of a front portion of the holding member 70. As is apparent from FIGS. 23-25, the housing part 10B can preferably be a one-piece member and is most preferably a one-piece synthetic resin member. Of course, the member 10B can also be an assembly of plural components provided it functions in a manner similar to that of the member shown in FIGS. 23-25.
With reference to FIGS. 34-36, it can be seen that the depth adjustment member or thumb wheel 80 includes an upper bearing surface 81 which is configured to slidably engage with the projections 10A24, a rear surface 82 which is configured to slidably engage with the surfaces 10B13, and a rear surface 87 which is configured to slidably engage with the surface 10B24. In this way, the thumb wheel 80 is axially retained within the housing 10. A generally cylindrical projection 83 is sized to rotatably engaged with and mount to an opening formed in the projection 10A9. The thumb wheel 80 also includes an outer surface 84 adapted to be frictionally engaged by a user'"'"'s fingers which allow a user to easily grip the thumb wheel 80 and rotate it relative to the housing 10 in each of a clockwise and counterclockwise directions. Any type of friction surface can also be utilized in the area 84. The thumb wheel 80 also includes a main projection 85. The main projection 85 includes a number or cam or stop surfaces 86a-86f which function to control the depth of penetration of the lancet needle LN and/or which control the distance PD (see FIG. 4). The depth of penetration PD is adjusted or predetermined by the rotational position of the thumb wheel 80 relative to the housing 10 and more specifically by the rotational position of the surfaces 86a-86f relative to the movably stop surface 74. Maximum depth of penetration PD results when the projection 74 contacts stop surfaces 86a whereas minimum depth of penetration PD results when the projection 74 contacts stop surface 86f. The thumb wheel 80 also utilizes indicia 88 which functions to provide the lancet device LD with a system for indicating to the user the position of depth adjustment, i.e., the rotational position of the thumb wheel 80, so that the user can determine whether to change the depth of penetration. An indicator, e.g., window 10A13, is arranged on the housing 10 and allows the user to see the indicia 88. By way of non-limiting example, the indicia value “1” (viewed in the window 10A13) can correspond to the stop surface 86f being located in a position allowing it to be contacted by the projection 74; the indicia value “2” (viewed in the window 10A13) can correspond to the stop surface 86e being located in a position allowing it to be contacted by the projection 74; the indicia value “3” (viewed in the window 10A13) can correspond to the stop surface 86d being located in a position allowing it to be contacted by the projection 74; the indicia value “4” (viewed in the window 10A13) can correspond to the stop surface 86c being located in a position allowing it to be contacted by the projection 74; the indicia value “5” (viewed in the window 10A13) can correspond to the stop surface 86b being located in a position allowing it to be contacted by the projection 74; and the indicia value “6” (viewed in the window 10A13) can correspond to the stop surface 86a being located in a position allowing it to be contacted by the projection 74. As is apparent from FIGS. 34-36, the thumb wheel 80 can preferably be a one-piece member and is most preferably a one-piece synthetic resin member. Of course, the thumb wheel 80 can also be an assembly of plural components provided it functions in a manner similar to that of the member shown in FIGS. 34-36.
With reference to FIGS. 37-39, it can be seen that the trigger 40 includes a generally circular upper surface 41 which is configured to be contacted by a user finger. The trigger 40 also includes two oppositely arranged projections 43a and 43b which are configured to snap into the opening 10A10 and prevent removal of the trigger 40 once installed on the body portion 10A. A generally circular projection 45 is configured to contact free end portion of the deflectable member 10A11. The projection 45 has a opening 47 which is aligned with a window 46 and together allows the user to view the red indicator 73 when the lancet device LD is in the trigger-set position. A generally rectangular projection 44 is configured to contact the deflectable member 72 and cause the shoulder of the deflectable member 72 (see FIG. 43) to disengage from the retaining shoulder RS after the lancet device LD is in a trigger-set position (see e.g., FIG. 3) and the trigger 40 is depressed. As is apparent from FIGS. 37-39, the trigger 40 can preferably be a one-piece member and is most preferably a one-piece synthetic resin member. Of course, the trigger 40 can also be an assembly of plural components provided it functions in a manner similar to that of the member shown in FIGS. 37-39.
With reference to FIGS. 42-44, it can be seen that the lancet holding member 70 includes an annular front end 71a having a generally cylindrical opening LRO sized to receive therein a lancet L, and a rear end 71b which includes a shoulder 75 configured to retain therein a rear end of the spring S2. The member 70 has a generally cylindrical body portion 71c sized to slidably engaged with support and guide surfaces of the housing parts 10A5 and 10B5. The member 70 also includes a deflectable projection 72 which is configured to releasably lock to retaining shoulder RS. A color, e.g., red, indicator dot 73 is provided to indicate to the user when the holding member 70 is located in a trigger-set position. The member 70 also includes a stop projection 74 which is configured to contact one of the plurality of stop surfaces 86a-86f. A semi-cylindrical area 77a is sized to receive therein the spring S1 whereas semi-cylindrical area 76a is sized to receive therein the spring S2. The elongated slot 77b is sized to receive therein 10B9 and the elongated slot 76b is sized to receive therein 30B6. The surface 77c is configured to be contacted by a front end of the spring S1. An elongated slot 79 is sized to slidably receive therein the lancet ejecting portion 55 of the slide member 50. The member 70 also includes a stop projection 78 which is configured to contact and slidably engage guide surface 10B28, and can optionally engage with the stop projection 10B27. As is apparent from FIGS. 42-44, the member 70 can preferably be a one-piece member and is most preferably a one-piece synthetic resin member. Of course, the member 70 can also be an assembly of plural components provided it functions in a manner similar to that of the member shown in FIGS. 42-44.
Schraga, Steven, Schwartz, Brian
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