Source: https://www.scribd.com/doc/24044731/LUSTRATION-or-Ukraine-under-KGB-Control
Timestamp: 2017-08-22 18:25:42
Document Index: 371115540

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 1', '§ 3', 'ARTY 2009', 'ARTY 2009', 'ARTY 2009', 'ARTY 2009', 'ARTY 2009', 'ARTY 2009', '§ 1', '§ 3', '§1', '§ 1', '§1', '§ 1', '§ 3', '§ 1', '§2', '§ 1', '§3', '§ 1', '§ 2']

LUSTRATION or, Ukraine under KGB Control | Ukraine | Czechoslovakia
LUSTRATION or, Ukraine under KGB Control
Uploaded by Boris Chykulay
Description: Investigative Paper on the Probable Presence of KGB Agents and High-Ranking Communists and Komsomol Members of the Former USSR among Independent Ukraine’s State Officials.
Investigative Paper on the Probable Presence of KGB Agents and High-Ranking Communists and Komsomol Members of the Former USSR among Independent Ukraine’s State Officials.
LUSTRATION | NGO “FORUM OF UKRAINIANS OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC” | WWW.UKRAINE.
or, Ukraine under KGB Control. Investigative Paper on the Probable Presence of KGB Agents and High-Ranking Communists and Komsomol Members of the Former USSR among Independent Ukraineʼs State Ofﬁcials 1.
Compiled by Boris Chykulay, founder and head of the NGO “Forum of Ukrainians of the Czech Republic”
As of May 2009. Kyiv - Prague, September 31, 2009 © All rights reserved
LUSTRATION | NGO “FORUM OF UKRAINIANS OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC” | WWW.UKRAINE.CZ
Table of Contents! ! INTRODUCTION! !
1.! Methodology !
a."Principles " " b."Probability level " c."Sources " "
"4 "5 "6
2.! Diagrams ( Communist & KGB) !
7-8 9 - 10 11 - 12 13 - 14 15 - 16 17 - 18 19 - 20 21 - 22 23 - 24 25 - 26 27 - 28 29 - 30 31 - 32 33 - 34 35 - 36 37 - 38 39 - 40
a."General Statistics " " " " " " " " " b."Presidential Secretariat " " " " " " " " c."Cabinet of Ministers: Secretariat, central organs of executive power"" d."National Bank"" " " " " " " " " e."Central Election Commission" " " " " " " f." Verkhovna Rada (Parliament; VR)" " " " " " " g."Parties • Peopleʼs Movement of Ukraine (NRU)" " " " " • Ukrainian Peopleʼs Party (UNP)" " " " " " • Our Ukraine-Peopleʼs Self-Defense Bloc (NU-NS)" " " " • Reforms and Order Party (PRP)" " " " " " • Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc (BYuT)" " " " " " • Social Democratic Party of Ukraine (united) (SDPU(o))" " " • Labor Party of Ukraine (TU)" " " " " " " • Peopleʼs Party (NP)" " " " " " " " • Party of Regions (PR)" " " " " " " " • Socialist Party of Ukraine (SPU)" " " " " " • Communist Party of Ukraine (KPU)" " " " " "
3.! Other Statistics !
" " " " " 41 41 41 41 41
a."Country of Birth" " b."Citizenship " " " c."Komsomol" " " d."(Previous) Convictions" e."Observations"" "
4.! Surnames !
" " 42 43
a."List of KGB Agents " " " " " b."List of KGB Agents, Critical Probability" "
5.! Veriﬁcation by Voting in the Parlament! !
a."Draft Resolution" b."Voting" " " CONCLUSION! ! " " ! " " ! " " ! " " ! " " !
" "50 !
49 52 53 56
ADDENDA! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! a."Czech Republic: Lustration Law no. 451/1991, Sb. (from § 1 to § 3)"" b."Research ﬁles" " " " " " " " " • Address • Description
The present research paper, entitled Lustration, or, Ukraine under KGB Control, is a public information project aimed at uncovering the presence of probable KGB agents and top-ranking communist and Komsomol members of the former USSR in Ukraineʼs government apparatus. Their numbers and percentages have been computed on the basis of public information. The biographies of 909 Ukrainian state ofﬁcials and MPʼs working in the following institutions have been veriﬁed: • • • • • • • The Presidential Secretariat The Cabinet of Ministers The central organs of executive power The National Bank The Central Election Commission The Verkhovna Rada (Supreme Council of Ukraine), political parties of Ukraine, et al.
We are convinced that what we are seeing is just the tip of the iceberg because the sources that are accessible to the public often do not list complete information about the educational background and careers of former Soviet Ukrainian state ofﬁcials.
1.! ethodology M
a.!Principles The veriﬁcation of the government in Ukraine was conducted according to the principles of the so-called “lustration” law no. 451/1991 Sb of 4 October 1991, which was passed by the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic, today the two independent states of the Czech Republic and Slovakia. According to its articles, high-ranking Communist Party functionaries, personnel of the former communist State Security Service (StB)2, graduates of Soviet KGB institutions of higher education, and several other categories of individuals3 , are forbidden to hold top positions in the state service and the army, to run in elections at any level, and to carry out any other electoral functions. The Law does not extend to citizens who were born after 1 December 1971. Therefore, the veriﬁcation of Ukraineʼs state ofﬁcials was conducted according to the following biographical data4 : • Year of birth; • Country of birth: Ukrainian SSR, RSFSR, etc.; • Citizenship: at birth; acquired; unknown; • Education: this paper focuses mostly on higher education obtained prior to 1992; • Membership in the Leninist Communist Youth League (VLKSM; Komsomol), probability: none/little; high; very high; Komsomol member; • Mandatory service: none/unknown; yes; yes, KGB Border Troops; yes, Afghanistan, Hungary, Germany, Czechoslovakia; • Membership in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), probability: none/little/unknown; high; critical; communist; • Previous convictions: yes; no; • KGB Agent, probability: none/little/unknown; high; critical; agent; codename; • Top members of the Komsomol, CPSU, KGB; • Relatives, top members of the Komsomol, CPSU, KGB; • Place of employment; • Membership in Ukraineʼs political parties.
Abbreviation of Státní bezpečnost (StB), branch of the KGB in Czechoslovakia. See Addendum 1.
4 Various data and tables are accessible to the public. For more detailed information, see the Addendum: Research Files paragraph.
b.!Probability Level The probability level was determined according to information that the compiler was able to cull from available biographies. The “KGB” probability increases if a state ofﬁcial: ➡" " ➡" " ➡" " ➡" " ➡" " ➡" " ➡" " ➡" " ➡" was or still is a member of the CPU, SPU. has relatives who were top members of the Komsomol, CPSU, KGB; occupied high positions in the Komsomol, CPSU, or KGB; conceals his Soviet-era past: various sources contain no data whatsoever on various ofﬁcials; has a biography that contains a phrase along the lines of: "1979-96—[worked] in Ukraineʼs state security organs”; completed mandatory service outside the USSR, e.g., in Czechoslovakia, GDR, Hungary, Afghanistan; completed mandatory service in the border troops of the KGB of the USSR; studied in a specialized educational institution run by the CPSU; studied in a specialized educational institution run by the KGB of the USSR;
The probability level of membership in the top echelons of the CPSU and the Komsomol was similarly determined.
c.!Sources Biographies of state ofﬁcials were gathered from Ukrainian government Web sites: " " ! " " www.president.gov.ua www.kmu.gov.ua www.rada.gov.ua " www.rainbow.gov.ua www.cvk.gov.ua
as well as from government Web sites of the central organs of executive power5 : "ministries, state committees of Ukraine, central organs of executive power with special status, other central organs and institutions of Ukraine; " " аnd government Web sites of various justice agencies. Additional veriﬁcation of these biographies was carried out by consulting the pages of: " " www.vlada.kiev.ua " www.dovidka.com.ua " www.uk.wikipedia.org There were very few articles from the print media, which are known to the general public, were consulted : " " " " " " " KGB agent in the BYuT6 Radio Libertyʼs “alternative” to lustration7 Victors are not prosecuted 8 Sweetie9 Agent “Old One” and his “skeletons in the closet”10 Marchuk, Medvedchuk, and the KGB 11 Tarasiukʼs KGB codename was “Volynsky”12
Central organs of executive power, http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/uk/publish/ofﬁcialcategory?cat_id=31428 http://polemika.com.ua/news-27420.html http://www.kipiani.org/gulag/index.cgi?612 http://www.kipiani.org/gulag/index.cgi?603 http://www.kipiani.org/gulag/index.cgi?493 http://ord-ua.com/2008/09/05/agent-staryij-i-ego-skeletyi-v-shkafu/ http://www.gazeta.lviv.ua/articles/2005/05/26/5522/ http://gazeta.ua/index.php?id=281414eid=776 6
a."General Statistics
UKRAINE 2009: UNDER KGB CONTROL
BIOGRAPHIES OF 909 KEY STATE OFFICIALS VERIFIED: • • • PRESIDENTIAL SECRETARIAT VERKHOVNA RADA CABINET OF MINISTERS: SECRETARIAT, CENTRAL ORGANS OF EXECUTIVE POWER
4%, or 38 ofﬁcials - KGB agents 27%, or 244 ofﬁcials - critical probability of cooperation with the KGB 20%, or 178 ofﬁcials - high probability of cooperation with the KGB 49%, or 449 ofﬁcials - unknown
UKRAINE 2009: UNDER COMMUNIST CONTROL
BIOGRAPHIES OF 909 KEY STATE OFFICIALS VERIFIED: • • • PRESIDENTIAL SECRETARIAT VERKHOVNA RADA CABINET OF MINISTERS: SECRETARIAT, CABINET OFMINISTERS, CENTRAL ORGANS OF EXECUTIVE POWER
15% 22% 25%
15%, or 132 ofﬁcials - communists 22%, or 196 ofﬁcials - critical probability of communist past 25%, or 224 ofﬁcials - high probability of communist past 39%, or 357 ofﬁcials - unknown
b."Presidential Secretariat
SECRETARIAT 2009: UNDER KGB CONTROL
BIOGRAPHIES OF 32 KEY OFFICIALS ON STAFF AT THE PRESIDENTAL SECRETARIAT VERIFIED:
9%, or 3 ofﬁcials - KGB agents 22%, or 7 ofﬁcials - critical probability of cooperation with the KGB 19%, or 6 ofﬁcials - high probability of cooperation with the KGB 50%, or 16 ofﬁcials - unknown
SECRETARIAT 2009: UNDER COMMUNIST CONTROL
BIOGRAPHIES OF 32 KEY OFFICIALS ON STAFF AT THE PRESIDENTIAL SECRETARIAT VERIFIED:
6% 31% 6% 56%
6%, or 2 ofﬁcials - communists 31%, or 10 ofﬁcials - critical probability of communist past 6%, or 2 ofﬁcials - high probability of communist past 56%, or 18 ofﬁcials - unknown
c."Cabinet of Ministers: Secretariat, central organs of executive power"
CABINET OF MINISTERS 2009: UNDER KGB CONTROL
BIOGRAPHIES OF 407 OFFICIALS OF CENTRAL ORGANS OF EXECUTIVE POWER VERIFIED:
4%, or 18 ofﬁcials - KGB agents 26%, or 105 ofﬁcials - critical probability of cooperation with the KGB 16%, or 66 ofﬁcials - high probability of cooperation with the KGB 54%, or 218 ofﬁcials - unknown
CABINET OF MINISTERS 2009: UNDER COMMUNIST CONTROL
BIOGRAPHES OF 407 OFFICIALS OF THE CENTRAL ORGANS VERIFIED:
7% 26% 36%
7%, or 30 ofﬁcials - communists 26%, or 104 ofﬁcials - critical probability of communist past 31%, or 127 ofﬁcials - high probability of communist past 36%, or 146 ofﬁcials - unknown
d."National Bank
NATIONAL BANK 2009: UNDER KGB CONTROL
BIOGRAPHIES OF 9 KEY NATIONAL BANK OFFICIALS VERIFIED:
11% 22% 67%
11%, or 1 ofﬁcial - critical probability of cooperation with the KGB 22%, or 2 ofﬁcials - high probability of cooperation with the KGB 67%, or 6 ofﬁcials - unknown
NATIONAL BANK 2009: UNDER COMMUNIST CONTROL
22%, or 2 ofﬁcials - critical probability of communist past 44%, or 4 ofﬁcials - high probability of communist past 33%, or 3 ofﬁcials - unknown
e."Central Election Commission
CENTRAL ELECTION COMMISSION 2009: UNDER KGB CONTROL
BIOGRAPHIES OF 12 MEMBERS VERIFIED:
33% 8% 58%
33%, or 4 ofﬁcials - critical probability of cooperation with the KGB 8%, or 1 ofﬁcial - high probability of cooperation with the KGB 58%, or 7 ofﬁcials - unknown
CENTRAL ELECTION COMMISSION 2009: UNDER COMMUNIST CONTROL
17% 33% 8%
17%, or 2 ofﬁcials - communists 33%, or 4 ofﬁcials - critical probability of communist past 8%, or 1 ofﬁcial - high probability of communist past 42%, or 5 ofﬁcials - unknown
f." Verkhovna Rada (Parliament; VR)
VERKHOVNA RADA 2009: UNDER KGB CONTROL
BIOGRAPHIES OF 443 MPs VERIFIED:
3%, or 15 MPs - KGB agents 28%, or 126 MPs - critical probability of cooperation with the KGB 23%, or 103 MPs - high probability of cooperation with the KGB 45%, or 199 MPs - unknown
VERKHOVNA RADA 2009: UNDER COMMUNIST CONTROL
22% 17% 20%
22%, or 97 MPs - communists 17%, or 74 MPs - critical probability of communist past 20%, or 90 MPs - high probability of communist past 41%, or 182 MPs - unknown
g."Parties • Peopleʼs Movement of Ukraine (NRU)
NRU PARTY 2009: UNDER KGB CONTROL
BIOGRAPHIES OF 31 MPs FROM THIS PARTY VERIFIED:
3% 16% 39% 42%
3%, or 1 MP - KGB agent 16%, or 5 MP - critical probability of cooperation with the KGB 42%, or 13 MPs - high probability of cooperation with the KGB 39%, or 12 MPs - unknown
NRU PARTY 2009: UNDER COMMUNIST CONTROL
BIOGRAPHIES OF 31 MPs VERIFIED:
19% 6% 19% 55%
19%, or 6 MPs - communists 6%, or 2 MPs - critical probability of communist past 19%, or 6 MPs - high probability of communist past 55%, or 17 MPs - unknown
• Ukrainian Peopleʼs Party (UNP)
UNP 2009: UNDER KGB CONTROL
BIOGRAPHIES OF 10 MPs FROM THIS PARTY VERIFIED:
20%, or 2 MPs - critical probability of cooperation with the KGB 30%, or 3 MPs - high probability of cooperation with the KGB 50%, or 5 MPs - unknown
UNP 2009: UNDER COMMUNIST CONTROL
10%, or 1 MP - communist 30%, or 3 MPs - high probability of communist past 60%, or 6 MPs - unknown
• Our Ukraine-Peopleʼs Self-Defense Bloc (NU-NS)
NU-NS PARTY 2009: UNDER KGB CONTROL
BIOGRAPHIES OF 91 MPs FROM THIS PARTY VERIFIED:
3% 12% 24% 60%
3%, or 3 MPs - KGB agents 12%, or 11 MPs - critical probability of cooperation with the KGB 24%, or 22 MPs - high probability of cooperation with the KGB 60%, or 55 MPs - unknown
NU-NS PARTY 2009: UNDER COMMUNIST CONTROL
BIOGRAPHIES OF 91 MPs VERIFIED:
9%, or 8 MPs - communists 16%, or 15 MPs - critical probability of communist past 23%, or 21 MPs - high probability of communist past 52%, or 47 MPs - unknown
• Reforms and Order Party (PRP)
PRP 2009: UNDER KGB CONTROL
BIOGRAPHIES OF 15 MPs FROM THIS PARTY VERIFIED:
13% 33% 20%
13%, or 2 MPs - KGB agents 33%, or 5 MPs - critical probability of cooperation with the KGB 20%, or 3 MPs - high probability of cooperation with the KGB 33%, or 5 MPs - unknown
PRP 2009: UNDER COMMUNIST CONTROL
BIOGRAPHIES OF 15 MPs VERIFIED:
27% 13% 20%
27%, or 4 MPs - communists 13%, or 2 MPs - critical probability of communist past 20%, or 3 MPs - high probability of communist past 40%, or 6 MPs - unknown
• Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc (BYuT)
BYUT 2009: UNDER KGB CONTROL
BIOGRAPHIES OF 163 MPs FROM THIS PARTY VERIFIED:
2% 26% 39% 33%
2%, or 4 MPs - KGB agents 26%, or 43 MPs - critical probability of cooperation with the KGB 33%, or 53 MPs - high probability of cooperation with the KGB 39%, or 63 MPs - unknown
BYUT 2009: UNDER COMMUNIST CONTROL
BIOGRAPHIES OF 163 MPs VERIFIED:
17% 16% 29%
17%, or 27 MPs - communists 16%, or 26 MPs - critical probability of communist past 29%, or 48 MPs - high probability of communist past 38%, or 62 MPs - unknown
• Social Democratic Party of Ukraine (united) (SDPU(o))
SDPU(O) 2009: UNDER KGB CONTROL
BIOGRAPHIES OF 16 MPs FROM THIS PARTY VERIFIED:
6%, or 1 MP - KGB agent 25%, or 4 MPs - critical probability of cooperation with the KGB 31%, or 5 MPs - high probability of cooperation with the KGB 38%, or 6 MPs - unknown
SDPU(O) 2009: UNDER COMMUNIST CONTROL
BIOGRAPHIES OF 16 MPs VERIFIED:
13% 31% 25%
13%, or 2 MPs - communists 31%, or 5 MPs - critical probability of communist past 25%, or 4 MPs - high probability of communist past 31%, or 5 MPs - unknown
• Labor Party of Ukraine (TU)
TU PARTY 2009: UNDER KGB CONTROL
BIOGRAPHIES OF 23 MPs FROM THIS PARTY VERIFIED:
9% 39% 4%
9%, or 2 MPs - KGB agents 39%, or 9 MPs - critical probability of cooperation with the KGB 4%, or 1 MP - high probability of cooperation with the KGB 48%, or 11 MPs - unknown
TU PARTY 2009: UNDER COMMUNIST CONTROL
BIOGRAPHIES OF 23 MPs VERIFIED:
17%, or 4 MPs - communists 26%, or 6 MPs - critical probability of communist past 22%, or 5 MPs - high probability of communist past 35%, or 8 MPs - unknown
• Peopleʼs Party (NP)
NP 2009: UNDER KGB CONTROL
BIOGRAPHIES OF 22 MPs FROM THIS PARTY VERIFIED:
5%, or 1 MP - KGB agent 32%, or 7 MPs - critical probability of cooperation with the KGB 14%, or 3 MPs - high probability of cooperation with the KGB 50%, or 11 MPs - unknown
NP 2009: UNDER COMMUNIST CONTROL
BIOGRAPHIES OF 22 MPs VERIFIED:
36% 36% 18% 9%
36%, or 8 MPs - communists 18%, or 4 MPs - critical probability of communist past 9%, or 2 MPs - high probability of communist past 36%, or 8 MPs - unknown
• Party of Regions (PR)"
PR 2009: UNDER KGB CONTROL
BIOGRAPHIES OF 171 MPs FROM THIS PARTY VERIFIED:
5%, or 8 MPs - KGB agents 29%, or 50 MPs - critical probability of cooperation with the KGB 18%, or 30 MPs - high probability of cooperation with the KGB 49%, or 83 MPs - unknown
PR 2009: UNDER COMMUNIST CONTROL
BIOGRAPHIES OF 171 MPs VERIFIED:
19% 20% 18%
19%, or 33 MPs - communists 20%, or 35 MPs - critical probability of communist past 18%, or 30 MPs - high probability of communist past 43%, or 73 MPs - unknown
• Socialist Party of Ukraine (SPU)
SPU 2009: UNDER KGB CONTROL
6% 19% 44% 31%
6%, or 1 MP - KGB agent 44%, or 7 MPs - critical probability of cooperation with the KGB 31%, or 5 MPs - high probability of cooperation with the KGB 19%, or 3 MPs - unknown
SPU 2009: UNDER COMMUNIST CONTROL
44%, or 7 MPs - communists 6%, or 1 MP - critical probability of communist past 25%, or 4 MPs - high probability of communist past 25%, or 4 MPs - unknown
• Communist Party of Ukraine (KPU)
CPU 2009: UNDER KGB CONTROL
BIOGRPAHIES OF 87 MPs FROM THIS PARTY VERIFIED:
5% 2% 14% 79%
5%, or 4 MPs - KGB agents 79%, or 69 MPs - critical probability of cooperation with the KGB 14%, or 12 MPs - high probability of cooperation with the KGB 2%, or 2 MPs - unknown
CPU 2009: UNDER COMMUNIST CONTROL
BIOGRAPHIES OF 87 MPs VERIFIED:
2% 1% 2% 94%
94%, or 82 MPs - communists 2%, or 2 MPs - critical probability of communist past 1%, or 1 MP - high probability of communist past 2%, or 2 MPs - unknown
3.Other Statistics
a. Country of birth ✓ ✓ ✓ 16% of Ukraineʼs state ofﬁcials, i.e., 149 individuals, did not indicate their country of birth in open media sources. 10% of Ukraineʼs state ofﬁcials, i.e., 88 individuals, were born in the RSFSR. 74% of Ukraineʼs state ofﬁcials, i.e., 672, were born in the Ukrainian SSR. b. Citizenship ✓ ✓ ✓ 24% of Ukraineʼs state ofﬁcials, i.e., 218 individuals, did not indicate their citizenship in open media sources. 3% of Ukraineʼs state ofﬁcials, i.e., 25 individuals, acquired Ukrainian citizenship after 1992. It may be assumed that 73% of Ukraineʼs state ofﬁcials, i.e., 666 individuals, have Ukrainian citizenship. c. Komsomol ✓ Only 4%, i.e., 32 people, out of a total of 909 state ofﬁcials in Ukraine, may not have been a member of the Komsomol (low probability). d. Previous convictions ✓ Out of 909 state ofﬁcials, only one individual is known to have a previous conviction: Viktor Yanukovych. e. Observations ✓ A logical correlation is observed: former KGB agents, communists, and Komsomol members, as well as the election falsiﬁers of 2004, all attended “retraining/regrouping” at the Kharkiv-based Ya. Mudry National Legal Academy (formerly the All-Ukrainian Communist Institute of Soviet Construction). Also observed is the tendency to engage the services of Soviet-era, so-called universal “highly qualiﬁed cadres, in all branches of the national economy and socio-cultural life”13 in Ukraineʼs state governance. In contrast, there are practically no intellectual, state-building, or ideological ﬁgures who would work conceptually for the good of Ukraine.
13 “All cadre work in the Soviet state administration is carried out under the systematic and unﬂagging leadership of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.” See I. M. Pakhomov, Radianske administratyvne pravo (Lviv: Drukarnia vydavnytstva Lvivskoho derzhavnoho universytetu, 1962). 41
4.Surnames a.List of KGB agents 14:
Baranov, Yurii Volodymyrovych Chebotarenko, Yurii Borysovych Derkach, Andrii Leonidovych Donchak, Volodymyr Andriiovych Dzhyga, Mykola Vasyliovych Ilhov, Volodymyr Vasyliovych Illiashov, Hryhorii Oleksiiovych Kharovsky, Serhii Yuriiovych Kirsanov, Valerii Mykolaiiovych Kitsul, Yurii Vasyliovych Klymenko, Anatolii Volodymyrovych Kolotsei, Yurii Oleksandrovych Kovalenko, Viktor Mykolaiovych Kozhemiakin, Andrii Anatoliiovych Kravchenko, Yurii Hryhorovych Kulinich, Volodymyr Vasyliovych Kurinko, Mykola Volodymyrovych Lytvyn, Volodymyr Mykhailovych Malikov, Valerii Vasyliovych Malomuzh, Mykola Hryhorovych Marchuk, Yevhen Kyrylovych Melnykov, Oleksandr Hryhorovych Pliuta, Petro Vasyliovych Popov, Oleksandr Pavlovych Radchenko, Volodymyr Ivanovych Riabeka, Oleksandr Hryhorovych Samoilenko, Yurii Pavlovych Shykalov, Oleksandr Stepanovych Shysholin, Pavlo Anatoliiovych Sivkovych, Volodymyr Leonidovych Skrynyk, Oleksandr Pavlovych Syrov, Oleksandr Ivanovych Tsurkan, Oleksandr Hryhorovych Voropaiev, Yurii Mykolaiovych
KGB in biographies 42
Yavorivsky, Volodymyr Oleksandrovych Yushchenko, Viktor Andriiovych Zavtur, Dmytro Oleksiiovych Zhvaniia, Davyd Vazhaiovych
b.List of KGB agents, critical probability
Aleksandrovska, Alla Oleksandrivna Aleksieiev, Ihor Viktorovych Antonets, Volodymyr Mykhailovych Babaiev, Oleh Meidanovych Baburin, Oleksii Vasyliovych Bahraiev, Mykola Heorhiiovych Baranov, Valerii Oleksiiovych Belousova, Iryna Anatoliivna Berkuta, Anatolii Vsevolodovych Bevz, Valerii Ananiiovych Bilorus, Oleh Hryhorovych Bilozir, Oksana Volodymyrivna Biriuk, Lev Vasyliovych Bohatyriova, Raisa Vasylivna Bohomolov, Anatolii Hryhorovych Bohutsky, Yurii Petrovych Boiko, Serhii Viktorovych Bolotskykh, Mykhailo Vasyliovych Bondarenko, Volodymyr Dmytrovych Bondyk, Valerii Anatoliiovych Borsuk, Mykola Oleksandrovych Borzov, Valerii Pylypovych Bubka, Serhii Nazarovych Buialsky, Volodymyr Fedorovych Bukhariev, Vladyslav Viktorovych Buriak, Serhii Vasyliovych Burlakov, Pavlo Mykolaiovych But, Yurii Anatoliiovych Cherepkov, Serhii Tymoﬁiovych Chernomorov, Oleksandr Mykolaiovych Chertkov, Yurii Dmytrovych Chupakhin, Oleksandr Mykhailovych Demianchuk, Viktoria Oleksandrivna Dmytryshyn, Volodymyr Stepanovych Doktorova, Zhanna Pavlivna Donchenko, Yurii Hryhorovych Drapushko, Rostyslav Hryhorovych Fedorchuk, Yaroslav Petrovych
Filenko, Volodymyr Pylypovych Finikov, Taras Volodymyrovych Flissak, Yaroslav Antonovych Ginzburg, Olha Petrivna Hanzha, Serhii Valentynovych Hatsko, Valerii Petrovych Heiman, Oleh Aizikovych Herashchenko, Volodymyr Volodymyrovych Herasymov, Ivan Oleksandrovych Herman, Hanna Mykolaivna Hnatyshyn, Ivan Mykolaiovych Holovaty, Serhii Petrovych Holovchenko, Ihor Borysovych Holub, Oleksandr Volodymyrovych Honcharuk, Natalia Trokhymivna Hordiienko, Serhii Volodymyrovych Horobtsov, Volodymyr Oleksiiovych Hrach, Leonid Ivanovych Hryhorenko, Yevhen Mykolaiovych Hrynevetsky, Serhii Rafailovych Hryshchenko, Kostiantyn Ivanovych Hrytsak, Vitalii Mykolaiovych Hureiev, Vasyl Mykolaiovych Ishchenko, Oleksii Maksymovych Ivchenko, Viktor Anatoliiovych Kamchatny, Valerii Hryhorovych Khandohii, Volodymyr Dmytrovych Khara, Vasyl Heorhiiovych Khomenko, Volodymyr Petrovych Kilinkarov, Spiridon Pavlovych Kivalov, Serhii Vasyliovych Kliuiev, Mykhailo Mykhailovych Klychko, Vitalii Volodymyrovych Kolesnichenko, Vadym Vasyliovych Koliada, Petro Vasyliovych Komar, Mykola Stepanovych Kondyk, Pavlo Mykhailovych Konovaliuk, Valerii Illich Korniichuk, Yevhen Volodymyrovych Korsak, Volodymyr Fedorovych Korzh, Viktor Petrovych Korzhev, Anatolii Leonidovych Kostenko, Yurii Vasyliovych Koval, Mykhailo Volodymyrovych Kozhara, Leonid Oleksandrovych Kravchenko, Kostiantyn Tymoﬁiovych Kravchenko, Mykola Vasyliovych Kravchuk, Vasyl Oleksiiovych
Kruhlov, Mykola Petrovych Kulykov, Kyrylo Borysovych Kupchyshyn, Oleksandr Mykhailovych Kupil, Stepan Volodymyrovych Kuzmuk, Oleksandr Ivanovych Kyrylchuk, Yevhen Ivanovych Kyrylenko, Ivan Hryhorovych Landyk, Valentyn Ivanovych Larin, Serhii Mykolaiovych Lavkov, Serhii Petrovych Lebediev, Pavlo Valentynovych Lishchynsky, Oleksandr Ivanovych Lisin, Mykola Pavlovych Lysov, Ihor Volodymyrovych Lytvak, Oleh Mykhailovych Lytvyn, Mykola Mykhailovych Malyshev, Volodymyr Stepanovych Mari, Vladyslav Ihorovych Marmazov, Yevhen Vasyliovych Martynenko, Mykola Volodymyrovych Martyniuk, Adam Ivanovych Matiashenko, Mykhailo Semenovych Matvieiev, Valentyn Hryhorovych Matvieiev, Volodymyr Yosypovych Medvedchuk, Viktor Volodymyrovych Montrezor, Ihor Leonidovych Moskal, Hennadii Hennadiiovych Moskvin, Serhii Oleksandrovych Mostipan, Uliana Mykolaivna Motrenko, Tymoﬁi Valentynovych Movchan, Mykola Mykhailovych Mozharovsky, Volodymyr Mykolaiovych Muntiian, Valerii Ivanovych Murakhovsky, Anatolii Leonidovych Mykhailenko, Serhii Mykhailovych Myrny, Ivan Mykolaiovych Myrny, Serhii Vasyliovych Myroshnikov, Anatolii Mykhailovych Naidionov, Andrii Mykhailovych Nakonechny, Volodymyr Leontiiovych Novokhatsky, Kostiantyn Yevhenovych Ohryzko, Volodymyr Stanislavovych Oliinyk, Volodymyr Fylymonovych Omelchenko, Hryhorii Omelianovych Omelchenko, Oleksandr Oleksandrovych Onopenko, Vasyl Vasyliovych Orlov, Andrii Viktorovych
Padalko, Viktor Hryhorovych Panteleienko, Viktor Mykhailovych Parashyn, Serhii Kostiantynovych Pavlenko, Eduard Ivanovych Peklushenko, Oleksandr Mykolaiovych Perekhoda, Ivan Vasyliovych Pershyn, Volodymyr Leonidovych Petrenko, Vadym Mykhailovych Petrochenko, Yurii Adamovych Petruk, Mykola Mykolaiovych Piskun, Sviatoslav Mykhailovych Pliushch, Ivan Stepanovych Ploskonos, Ihor Mykolaiovych Podhorny, Serhii Petrovych Poltavets, Viktor Ivanovych Poludionny, Mykola Mykolaiovych Polunieiev, Yurii Volodymyrovych Potapov, Vasyl Ivanovych Pozhyvanov, Mykhailo Oleksandrovych Prokopchuk, Yurii Volodymyrovych Prystupa, Mykola Ivanovych Prytyka, Dmytro Mykytovych Pudov, Borys Mykolaiovych Pylypchuk, Petro Pylypovych Pysarchuk, Petro Ivanovych Radovets, Arnold Anatoliiovych Raikovsky, Bronislav Stanislavovych Ratushniak, Ivan Stepanovych Rehuretsky, Vasyl Vasyliovych Romaniuk, Serhii Andriiovych Rusnak, Ivan Stepanovych Rybak, Volodymyr Vasyliovych Rynkov, Ihor Mykolaiovych Ryzhuk, Serhii Mykolaiovych Samoilyk, Kateryna Semenivna Samus, Heorhii Yuriiovych Savchuk, Oleksandr Volodymyrovych Savenko, Leonid Oleksiiovych Senchenko, Andrii Vilenovych Serbin, Yurii Serhiiovych Sharov, Ihor Fedorovych Sheludko, Valerii Yevhenovych Shevchenko, Oleksandr Oleksandrovych Shlapak, Oleksandr Vitaliiovych Shlemko, Dmytro Vasyliovych Shykulo, Yurii Volodymyrovych Sidelnyk, Ivan Ivanovych Skubashevsky, Stanislav Valerianovych Skubenko, Volodymyr Petrovych Skudar, Heorhii Markovych
Skybinetsky, Oleksandr Matviiovych Slauta, Viktor Andriiovych Smitiukh, Hryhorii Yevdokymovych Stasenko, Ihor Viktorovych Stelmakh, Volodymyr Semenovych Stepanov, Oleksandr Arkadiiovych Sukhy, Yaroslav Mykhailovych Surkis, Hryhorii Mykhailovych Svyda, Ivan Yuriiovych Symonenko, Petro Mykolaiovych Symonenko, Valentyn Kostiantynovych Sytnyk, Volodymyr Stepanovych Syzenko, Yurii Pavlovych Taran-Teren, Viktor Vasyliovych Tarasiuk, Borys Ivanovych Tereshchuk, Serhii Mykolaiovych Tkachenko, Oleksandr Mykolaiovych Tkachuk, Vasyl Hryhorovych Tolstoukhov, Anatolii Volodymyrovych Tomenko, Mykola Volodymyrovych Traiduk, Mykola Fedorovych Tsybenko, Petro Stepanovych Tulub, Serhii Borysovych Turchynov, Oleksandr Valentynovych Turmanov, Viktor Ivanovych Tychynsky, Anatolii Volodymyrovych Tymoshenko, Mykola Mykhailovych Tytarenko, Volodymyr Kuzmovych Vakarchuk, Ivan Oleksandrovych Vashchuk, Kateryna Tymoﬁivna Vasiunyk, Ivan Vasyliovych Vasyliev, Hennadii Andriiovych Velizhansky, Serhii Kostiantynovych Verbensky, Mykhailo Heorhiiovych Vernydubov, Ivan Vasyliovych Vinsky, Yosyp Vikentiiovych Vitrenko, Yurii Mykolaiovych Volynets, Yevhen Valeriiovych Yanukovych, Viktor Fedorovych Yarema, Anatolii Hryhorovych Yashchenko, Yurii Petrovych Yatsuba, Volodymyr Hryhorovych Yedin, Oleksandr Yosypovych Yefremov, Oleksandr Serhiiovych Yeresko, Ihor Hennadiiovych Yevdokymov, Volodymyr Mykolaiovych Yukhymchuk, Anatolii Petrovych Zabzaliuk, Roman Omelianovych
Zadorozhny, Oleksandr Stepanovych Zadyrko, Hennadii Oleksandrovych Zaichuk, Borys Oleksandrovych Zavalevska, Valentyna Oleksandrivna Zinchenko, Oleksandr Oleksiiovych Zlochevsky, Mykola Vladyslavovych Zubets, Mykhailo Vasyliovych Zubov, Valentyn Serhiiovych Zvieriev, Volodymyr Pavlovych
5.Veriﬁcation by Voting in the Verkhovna Rada
a.Draft Resolution! This draft is submitted by the Peopleʼs Deputies of Ukraine: Symonenko, P. M. (Registration card no. 404) Tsarkov, Ye. I. (Registration card no. 478) RESOLUTION Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine On marking the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Komsomol of Ukraine 26 June 2009 marks the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Komsomol of Ukraine (LKSMU), which became a unique school of courage and ideological and moral tempering, in which tens of millions of our countrymen were raised on the ﬁnest militant and labor traditions of our people, and which led to the formation of a whole group of statesmen, politicians, scientists, specialists in all spheres of knowledge, as well as cultural and artistic ﬁgures, athletes, and military personnel. The history of the Komsomol movement is marked by the enduring feats of those who built their country, defended it from the fascist aggressors during the Great Patriotic War, raised from the ruins entire cities and villages, plants and factories, collective farms and Soviet state farms, schools, hospitals, theaters, and houses of culture, who actively assisted in the liquidation of illiteracy, raised national scholarship to world levels, made an important contribution to the development of the unique culture of the Ukrainian people, and were models of an active, vital position, devotion to the Fatherland, readiness to defend its independence, rights and freedoms of individuals and citizens, and high moral qualities. The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine notes that the great contribution of the Komsomol movement to state building cannot simply be an achievement of history; it should help instill in the current generation of young people a feeling of personal responsibility for their countryʼs destiny, rejection of corruption, alcohol abuse, drug addiction, prostitution, and other negative phenomena. The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine resolves: 1. To support the Komsomol veteransʼ initiative to mark the 90th anniversary of the Komsomol in Ukraine on 26 June 2009. 2. That the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine should implement immediate measures to mark the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Komsomol of Ukraine, envisaging the holding of solemn gatherings of representatives of Komsomol veteransʼ organizations at the Ukraina National Palace of the Arts. 3. To urge the State Committee for TV and Radio Broadcasting of Ukraine, local state administrations, and local self-governing bodies to help Komsomol veteransʼ organizations implement the measures connected with the commemoration of the anniversary of the Komsomol of Ukraine (LKSMU), with the goal of directing more attention to problems of young people and their upbringing, and boosting activity in carrying out the various tasks that our country is facing.
4. To assign control over the implementation of this Resolution on the Parliamentary Committee on Family Affairs, Youth Policy, Sports, and Tourism. Head of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine V. Lytvyn b.Voting Voting on the Draft Resolution on the commemoration of the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Komsomol of Ukraine (no. 4140), total15 1 April 2009, 13:56 For:" " " Against:! ! Abstentions:" "0 Did not vote:" " Total:" " " Resolution passed Party of Regions in the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine: For:" " " Against:! ! Abstentions:" "0 Did not vote:" " Absent:" "0 150 0 25 251 23 157 431
Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc (BYuT): Consisting of the Batkivshchyna All-Ukrainian Union, Ukrainian Social Democratic Party, and Reforms and Order Party. For:" " " Against:! ! Abstentions:" "0 Did not vote:" " Absent:" "5 53 6 92
Our Ukraine–Peopleʼs Self-Defense Bloc: For:" " "1 Against:! ! Abstentions:" "0 Did not vote:" " Absent:" " 17 40 14
The complete list of individual MPs voting on the Draft Resolution on the commemoration of the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Komsomol of Ukraine is available at: http://gska2.rada.gov.ua/pls/ radac_gs09/g_frack_rtf?ident=5888&krit=66 50
Communist Party of Ukraine: For:" " " Against:! ! Abstentions:" "0 Did not vote:" "0 Absent:" "0 27 0
Lytvyn Bloc: Consisting of the Peopleʼs Party, Labor Party of Ukraine For:" " " Against:! ! Abstentions:" "0 Did not vote:" "0 Absent:" "0 20 0
6.Conclusion 16
The results of this investigation demonstrate unquestionably that the government, as well as the “wide-ranging” political spectrum in Ukraine is a KGB-communist structure, which is maintained with the aid of the substitution of concepts, half-truths, theater, and artiﬁcial competition. Thus, it is unmistakably evident that the tasks of Ukraineʼs state ofﬁcials under the control of the KGB and the former communist elite is to discredit the independence of the state: to foster the deterioration in the peopleʼs attitude to the idea of independence through the destruction of the law, absence of reforms, and proliferation of “kitsch,”17 and to spark nostalgia for the idea of reuniting Ukraine with Russia in the form of a neo-USSR. In addition, after examining the Lustration project in the light of the latest sociological research18 which indicates that: • 85% of Ukrainians condemn the activities of their state leaders, with only 4% satisﬁed with their work19 85% of Ukrainians consider the actions of their state leaders to be incorrect20 and the Ukrainian government blocks citizensʼ initiatives21 : only 25% of civic organizations are satisﬁed with their cooperation with local self-government bodies
we declare that there is no democracy in Ukraine22, KGB men have replaced it in the mass consciousness with another, quite relative, concept: “freedom of expression.” A detailed veriﬁcation of other state ofﬁcials and members of the 16123 remaining political parties will reveal the universal presence of the CPSU and the KGB in the destruction of the Ukrainian state. There will be no state until ofﬁcial lustration is carried out in Ukraine.
For additional information, write to: boris.chykulay@gmail.com | mobile: +380 977 977 300
17 For example, the recent provocation in Prague. For Grinbergʼs translation, see “Spravzhnia prychyna skandalu: zavdannia dyskredytuvaty Ukrainu vykorystovuiuchy kitch” [The real reason behind the scandal: the task of discrediting Ukraine by exploiting kitsch], available at: http://ukrainecz.blogspot.com/2009/04/promincesko.html
Ukrainians have the worldʼs highest level of mistrust toward the government. See http:// www.radiosvoboda.org/content/article/1790064.html
Gallup, sociological company Razumkov Centre
21 According to research carried out by Oleksii Orlovsky, Civil Society Impact Enhancement Program Director of the International Renaissance Foundation (IRF). See http://human-rights.unian.net/ukr/detail/192001
Democracy (Gr.: demos + kratia=people power) is rule by the people, a form of government in a state, where power belongs to the people; the people inﬂuence the government.
As of 15 July 2009, 172 political parties were registered in Ukraine. See http://www.minjust.gov.ua/0/21292 52
7.Addenda
a.! Czech Republic: Lustration Law 451/1991 Sb (from § 1 to § 3) Law24 of 4 October 1991 (latest version of the 2002 law 309/2002). establishing the conditions for implementing certain functions in the state bodies and organizations of the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic, the Czech Republic, and the Slovak Republic. The Federal Assembly of the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic passed the following Law: §1 1. This law envisages a number of further conditions for the implementation of functions of employees who are elected, named, appointed a) to state administrative bodies of the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic, the Czech Republic, and the Slovak Republic, b) to the Czechoslovak army, c) to the Federal Security Information Service, Federal Police, Palace Guard Police Force, d) to the Directorate of Affairs of the President of the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic, Directorate of the Federal Assembly, Directorate of the Czech National Council, Directorate of the Slovak National Council, Government Apparatus of the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic, Chancellery of the Government of the Czech Republic, Government Apparatus of the Slovak Republic, Directorate of the Constitutional Court of the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic, Directorate of the Constitutional Court of the Slovak Republic, Directorate of the Supreme Court of the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic, Directorate of the Supreme Court of the Czech Republic, Directorate of the Supreme Court of the Slovak Republic, Presidium of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences and the Bureau of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, to the Supreme Administrative Court, e) to Czechoslovak Radio, Czech Radio, Slovak Radio, Czechoslovak Television, Czech Television, Slovak Television, to the Czechoslovak News Agency, Czechoslovak News Agency in the Czech Republic and the Czechoslovak News Agency of the Slovak Republic. f) to departments of local government bodies, if nothing else is envisaged. 2. The functions corresponding to § 1, paragraph 1a: this means for ofﬁcial positions in state administrative bodies of the Czech Republic, in accordance with the Law on State Service 1) and functions corresponding to §1, paragraph 1b: this means in the ranks of the armed forces of the Czech Republic; 2) functions with the planned rank of colonel and general and general functions of military attachés.
Selected paragraphs from § 1 до § 3 53
3. The functions corresponding to § 1, paragraph 1f: this means, the functions of a head of an organization and the functions of a manager in the sphere of direct administration. In institutes and state universities 5): this means the functions of academic ofﬁcials who are elected and functions approved by the council of academic institutions of higher education and faculties. The functions mentioned in paragraph 1g: this means the functions of the head of departments and senior ofﬁcials. 4. This law also envisages conditions that regulate the functions of judges, jurors, prosecutors, investigators, state notaries, state arbiters, as well as individuals who practice this occupation and are candidates for legal functions (investigation, notariate, arbitration). 5. This Law also establishes the conditions for the possibility of undertaking certain concession business. 3) §2 1. As a condition of carrying out the functions mentioned in § 1, in the period from 25 February 1948 to 17 November 1989 the citizen was not a) an employee of the Committee of State Security, a department of State Security 25 b) registered in documents of State Security as a resident, agent, owner of a rental apartment, owner of a safe house, informant, or ideological collaborator of State Security, c) (no longer in force) d) a secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia and the Communist Party of Slovakia. District rank and higher, a member of committees, a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia or the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Slovakia, a member of the Administrative Bureau of Party Work in the Czech Republic or a member of the Administrative Committee for Party Work in the Czech Lands, with the exception of those who carried out these functions only in the period from 1 January 1968 to 1 May 1969. e) an employee of the apparatus as described in point d) in a department of the Political Directorate of the Committee of State Security, f) a member of the Peopleʼs Militia, g) a member of the Action Committee of the Peopleʼs Front after 25 February 1949, control commissions after 25 February 1948 or control and normalizing commissions after 21 August 1968. h) a student at Feliks Dzerzhinsky University attached to the Council of Ministers of the USSR for employees of the State Security Service, at institutions of higher education attached to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR for employees of public security, the Higher Party School of the USSR, or a graduate student or student attending courses in these schools, which lasted longer than 3 months. 2. (no longer in force) 3. (no longer in force)
The Czech KGB 54
§3 1. As a condition for carrying out the functions corresponding to § 1 in the Federal Ministry of Internal Affairs, Federal Security Information Service, Federal Police, and Palace Guard Police Force, in the period from 25 February 1948 to 17 November 1989 the citizen was not a) an employee of the Committee of State Security, a department of State Security, in the counterintelligence sector, b) occupying a post of department head or higher in the organs of State Security, c) a student at Feliks Dzerzhinsky University attached to the Council of Ministers of the USSR for employees of the State Security Service, at institutions of higher education attached to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR for employees of public security, the Higher Party School of the USSR or a graduate student or student attending courses in these schools, which lasted longer than 3 months. d) an employee of the Committee of State Security, occupying the posts of secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia or of the Communist Party of Slovakia, a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia or the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Slovakia, a member of a committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia or the Communist Party of Slovakia or the Committee of State Security in the departments of political education, education, cultural and propagandistic measures in the Federal Ministry of Internal Affairs, e) one of those individuals indicated in § 2, paragraph 1, letters b to g. 2. (no longer in force)
b. Research Files • address
ukraine2009kgbstate_investigation_email_ukr.pdf | 1.7 MB ✓ Investigative paper: “Lustration, or, Ukraine under KGB Control”; for email (in Ukrainian) ukraine2009kgbstate_investigation_video_ukr.pdf | 10.4 MB ✓ Investigative paper: “Lustration, or, Ukraine under KGB Control”; highly adaptable for video presentations (in Ukrainian) ukraine2009kgbstate_investigation_email_gbr.pdf | 1.7 MB ✓ Investigative paper: “Lustration, or, Ukraine under KGB Control”; for email (in English) ukraine2009kgbstate_investigation_video_gbr.pdf | 10.4 MB ✓ Investigative paper: “Lustration, or, Ukraine under KGB Control”; highly adaptable for video presentations (in English) ukraine2009kgbstate_investigation_email_deu.pdf | 1.7 MB ✓ Investigative paper: “Lustration, or, Ukraine under KGB Control”; for email (in German) ukraine2009kgbstate_investigation_video_deu.pdf | 10.4 MB ✓ Investigative paper: “Lustration, or, Ukraine under KGB Control”; highly adaptable for video presentations (in German) ukraine2009kgbstate_investigation_email_fra.pdf | 1.7 MB ✓ Investigative paper: “Lustration, or, Ukraine under KGB Control”; for email (in French) ukraine2009kgbstate_investigation_video_fra.pdf | 10.4 MB ✓ Investigative paper: “Lustration, or, Ukraine under KGB Control”; highly adaptable for video presentations (in French) zakon451-1991.pdf | 43.6 KB ✓ Lustration Law of the Czech Republic (in Czech) ustawa_lustracyjna_pl.zip | 43.6 KB ✓ Lustration Law of the Republic of Poland, addenda (in Polish) ukraine2009kgbstate_table.pdf | 18.6 MB ✓ The data table for this investigative paper was created in .pdf format (in Ukrainian) ukraine2009kgbstate_table.numbers | 303.8 KB ✓ The data table of diagrams was created in .numbers format (in Ukrainian, Numbers, application by Apple Macintosh)
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