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Timestamp: 2013-12-19 03:11:24
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Matched Legal Cases: ['art 74', 'art 74', 'art 91', 'art 73', 'art 74', 'art 74', 'art 74', 'ARTE1', 'art 15', 'art 15', 'art 74']

This section presents the method to determine the
June 2008June 2008May 2008March 2007                                                                                               doc.: IEEE 802.22-06/0242r10doc.: IEEE 802
Draft Recommended Practice
Date: 20087-073-1615
Name              Company                      Address                                Phone                   email
Winston                                           10201 W.Pico Blvd                                         Winston.caldwell@fo
FOX                                                          310-369-4367                x.com
Caldwell                                        Los Angeles, CA 90064
This document will serve as the working document toward the draft 802.22.2 Recommended Practice.
Notice: This document has been prepared to assist IEEE 802.22. It is offered as a basis for discussion and is not binding on the
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Submission                                                 page 1                               Winston Caldwell, FOX
June 2008June 2008May 2008March 2007                                                                       doc.: IEEE 802.22-06/0242r10doc.: IEEE 802
1. 802.22 WRAN Reference Model
The Wireless Regional Network standard developed under the P802.22 is aimed at point-to-multipoint wireless
systems intended principally to extend broadband access to less populated rural areas where vacant channels in
TV broadcast bands are likely to exist in larger quantity than in more populated areas. The use of these TV bands
for broadband access has the advantage of providing for better propagation conditions to reach larger distances
with reasonable transmission power.
The typical WRAN system operation will include a Base Station (BS) and a number of Customer Premises
Equipments (CPEs). During the development of the IEEE 802.22 standard, the BS is assumed to havewith an
Oomni-directional or sectoral vertically polarized antenna at 75 m above average ground level. The CPE is
assumed to have, a directional transmit and receive antenna and an Omni-directional sensing antenna at 10 m
above average ground level. and a number of Customer Premises Equipments (CPEs) for which aAll of the RF
parameters of the CPE are remote controlled by the BS with their directional transmit and receive antennas and
with an omni-directional sensing antenna at 10 m above average ground level.
The WRAN standard was developed to provide a broadband access equivalent to the first generation of ADSL
and cable modems to the rural population who would otherwise have no service except over telephone lines or
satellite. The standard was developed with the aim of providing a minimum peak downstream capacity of 1.5
Mbit/s and a minimum peak upstream capacity of 384 kbit/s per subscriber with a service reliability of 50%
location and 99.9% time at the edge of the coverage area [these rates might be different now (esp. the lower
rate)***].
The spectrum efficiency for the system varies from 1 bit/(s*Hz) for the most robust transmission (QPSK and FEC
rate= &#189;) to 5 [now 3.24 – [need to reflect change in FRD***] bit/(s*Hz) in the case of the closer-in line-of-sight
CPEs (64QAM and FEC rate= 5/6), not counting the overhead needed for the system synchronization, TDD
transition gaps, quiet periods, etc.. The overhead represents some 25% of the transmission capacity. The lowest
efficiency will be used for CPEs at the edge of the contour or in places hard to reach. A combination of higher
modulation and FEC code will be used for easily reacheable terminals. Transmit power will be adjusted
according to the ranging process and through Transmit Power Control (TPC).
The average spectrum efficiency will be about 3 [2, at the most now***] bit/(s*Hz) for a typical rural town or
village and its surrounding areas where the subscriber density will decrease as a function of the distance from the
BS. This efficiency results in a total capacity of 18 [now down to 12***] Mbit/s in a 6 MHz channel for a simple
Oomni-directional BS. Assuming TDD operation and a 50:1 [is 20:1 more accurate] over-subscription ratio,
which is typical of the first generation of ADSL/cable-modem, the number of subscribers that can be sustained by
this Oomni-directional BS is 478 subscribers.
Using an unlicensed low power BS as described in section 1.1.1., the system would reach 16.8 km. With time, the
number of subscribers in the area will increase and the WRAN operator will manage this increase by sectorizing
his coverage area for a potential frequency re-use of 4 times to cover all his potential subscribers.
1.1.     Possible Scenarios
1.1.1.          UnlicensedLow Power Base Station WRAN System
Based on the proposal from the FCC NPRM 04-186, it is assumed that the unlicensed CPEs and the BS will be
limited by 4 W EIRP to help in protecting the incumbent services in the TV bands. Since it is intended for the BS
Submission                                        page 2                        Winston Caldwell, FOX
June 2008June 2008May 2008March 2007                                                                         doc.: IEEE 802.22-06/0242r10doc.: IEEE 802
to serve as many CPEs at the same time as possible in making effective use of the OFDMA multiplex, the BS
EIRP will likely be kept close to the 4 W limit almost on a continuous basis. Because of its lower transmission
capacity, the CPE will only need to use a transmit power equivalent to the portion of the 4 W EIRP to secure a
balanced RF transmission in both directions between it and the BS with which it is associated. The only time
when the CPE EIRP will come close to the rated maximum is when this CPE is allowed to use the full channel
capacity in the upstream direction and is located such that it uses its TPC at full capacity. This would occur in the
case of a CPE at the edge of coverage being given the full channel upstream capacity for uploading large files
overnight, for example.
1.1.2.         [Higher Power Base Station WRAN System] [Could instead title, “Licensed WRAN System,” to
address domains outside of FCC regulation]
[Also based on the proposal from the FCC NPRM 04-186 that the EIRP from the unlicensed devices should be
limited to 4 W to help in protecting the incumbent services in the TV bands, it is assumed that, since the BS will
be professionally installed, a BS would be allowed to use higher transmission power to serve their multiple CPE
terminals. The OFDMA modulation used in the 802.22 standard will allow the CPEs to use only a portion of the
carrier multiplex to transmit their data towards the BS. This portion will depend on the capacity required at that
The standard has defined that the minimum portion that could be used by a CPE is one sub-channel which
contains [54 carriers whereas the complete multiplex contains 1728 carriers for a total of 32 subchannels this has
changed***]. This means that in order to establish a communication with a CPE at the edge of the contour, the
BS would need to modulate the carriers belonging to this communication channel with the most robust parameters
such as QPSK and FEC rate= &#189; in order to reach as far as possible. On the return channel, the CPE would
modulate the carriers of its sub-channel with the same parameters and transmit at the maximum 4 W EIRP.
Hence, in order to establish a balanced RF link, the BS will need to transmit with a corresponding EIRP, that is 4
W EIRP per 54 carriers.
Since the BS needs to serve as many CPEs as possible, it will try to use all the 1728 carriers of its multiplex at the
same time. The most demanding situation will be when the BS has to transmit 4 W EIRP on all its sub-channels
at the same time in the case when it happens to serve 32 CPEs located at the edge of the coverage. This situation
will require a total BS EIRP of 32*4 = 128 W to establish balanced RF transmission channels toward the 32 CPEs
allowed to use their prescribed maximum 4 W EIRP on their return link. The BS will normally operate at lower
power since a number of its CPEs will be closer and will operate at lower transmit power due to their TPC
This higher BS transmit EIRP will be taken into consideration in the protection of the DTV receivers at the
planning stage by extending the keep-out distances for co-channel and adjacent channels from the nearby TV and
DTV protected contours to cover this extra 15 dB EIRP. This higher BS transmit EIRP will also be taken into
consideration at the professional installation stage by making sure that the BS is located at 10(15/20)= 5.66 times
the nominal 10 m minimum separation between the 4 W CPE and the nearest DTV receiving installation. The BS
antenna will therefore need to be at 56.6 m from the closest DTV receiving installation. This should not be
onerous because it is expected that the BS antenna height is expected to be some 75 m above ground to optimize
the service coverage of the WRAN system. The professional installer therefore needs to consider the service
coverage range of the BS as well as the proximity of TV receivers in deciding on the antenna height. Buying the
land over these 60 m around the BS would be another simple means of avoiding any potential interference
problem. (Note: This paragraph describes extending the 10 m separation range of interference exception.)
[Address the RF safety limit separation distance here***]
This increase in interference potential due to the additional 15 dB in EIRP will also need to be considered in
setting the sensing thresholds and/or the number of CPEs involved in distributed sensing for detecting the
Submission                                         page 3                         Winston Caldwell, FOX
June 2008June 2008May 2008March 2007                                                                        doc.: IEEE 802.22-06/0242r10doc.: IEEE 802
incumbents. This consideration is especially important for detecting Part 74 wireless microphones in the
extended area around the BS.]
2.1.       System
2.1.1.          Planning of Service
The WRAN systems are to provide broadband access services while protecting the incumbent services in the TV
bands from interference. Although WRAN systems employ interference mitigation techniques such as geo-
location technology paired with an incumbent database containing TV station, Part 74, and WRAN information,
sensing, and dynamic frequency selection (DFS), careful planning of the service will be needed to avoid excessive
future service disruption. Protection margins should be used in the planning of the systems to avoid future
unexpected situations. Service continuity and reliability will indeed depend on the quality of this initial planning.
2.1.1.1.            Coexistence Policy
[If the systems are truly ‘unlicensed’, I am not sure that this will really do the job if coexistence among
unlicensed systems is not fully taken care of since any other unlicensed system could come in and disturb the well
planned WRAN system. This needs further discussion. The intent is that the standard takes care of self-
coexistence by sharing the capacity among the overlapping base stations. Since the implementation of the BSs is
to be done professionally, the consideration of service continuity and reliability will have taken place at the
planning stage of the new BS wrt to incumbent protection as well as self-coexistence with already existing
WRAN systems.][BS should be designed to operate as both unlicensed and licensed] [Even better, Part 91 as used
for the 3.6 GHz band: non-exclusive light licensed.]                                                                    Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
2.1.1.1.1.               BS Location and Parameters
2.1.1.1.2.               Better Allocation of CPEs per WRAN Cell
2.1.1.2.            Propagation Prediction Model
Although the original FCC propagation curves contained in Part 73 were used to define the TV protected contours
and the ITU-R Rec. P.1546 propagation model was used in the system studies for the development of the 802.22
standard, more precise propagation models such as TIREM that take into consideration actual terrain data and
land occupation should be used in the deployment planning of WRAN systems [restructure this thought to remove
the name TIREM and make a bulleted list of the important characteristics of the recommended propagation
model]. More precise propagation computer predictions will result in preciseaccurate coverage areas and will
identifyas well as potential unexpected complex interference situations that need to be avoided will be found
through precise propagation computer predictions. These better propagation tools may allow possible system
operation where rough flatland estimates would have declared it impossible. Local topography could be used to
improve the spectrum efficiency by taking advantage of signal blockage.
2.1.1.2.1.               Characteristics                                                                                Formatted: Bullets and Numbering
Submission                                        page 4                         Winston Caldwell, FOX
The propagation prediction model that should be utilized in the planning of a WRAN service should incorporate
   Desired to undesired protection ratios (D/U) for the various channel relationships considered      Formatted: Indent: Left: 1&quot;, Bulleted + Level:
should be selected from a scientific reference that provides results from analysis examining       1 + Aligned at: 1.63&quot; + Tab after: 1.88&quot; +
Indent at: 1.88&quot;, Tab stops: 1.25&quot;, List tab +
the specific modulations used by both the desired and undesired signals. [This is really a         Not at 1.88&quot;
characteristic of the database service – could be moved there.]
   Transmitting and receive antenna pattern characteristics for the incumbent, BS, and CPEs.
   Height of the transmitting antenna Above Ground Level (AGL).
   30 meter terrain data.
   Population from current census data.
   K-factor and other atmospheric effects on signal fading.
   Ground cover (wetlands, desert, tropical, etc)
   Ground clutter (trees, urban buildings, etc).
   Long term fading effects, such as those described in Environmental Science Services
Administration (ESSA) Technical Report ESSA Research Laboratories 79-Institute for
Telecommunication Sciences 67.
   Surface of the Earth electrical characteristics, such as those described in the International
Telecommunication Union Recommendation 527-3.
2.1.1.2.2.               Statistics                                                                                    Formatted: English (United States)
All propagation prediction is a statistical exercise. Depending on the statistics, the propagation prediction model
will return different results. Propagation prediction is statistically multidimensional in terms of percent of
locations and in percent of time.
   802.22 coverage simulations should use 99.9 % time availability.                                   Formatted: Indent: Left: 1&quot;, Bulleted + Level:
1 + Aligned at: 1.63&quot; + Tab after: 1.88&quot; +
   Digital television (DTV) interference analysis, desired and undesired signals use 90 % and 10
%, respectively for time availability.                                                             Not at 1.88&quot;
   Analog interference analysis desired and undesired signals use 50 % and 10 %, respectively         Formatted: Bullets and Numbering
for time availability.
The contours are defined by 50% of locations and 90% of time.                                                          Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
2.1.1.3.            Database
2.1.1.3.1.               Incumbent Station Database
To facilitate the planning of new WRAN systems, a database documenting the existence of broadcast
incumbentswill need to be developed and be made available on-line to determine spectrum availability.
Although the sensing and DFS features of the WRAN system may provide for some interference protection, a
database containing accurate and up-to-date information should be available on-line to provide satisfactory
protection of these incumbent s services [combine].the information contained in the database is accurate and up-
to-date to avoid potential interference resulting from inaccurate WRAN system planning. Since both WRAN
service providers and incumbents could be affected by the information contained in the database, it would be
appropriate that the development of such databases involve the incumbents, the potential WRAN service
providers and the local regulators to determine the exact extent of the protection; and that the accuracy and
maintenance of such databases be under government or third party responsibility and administration.
2.1.1.3.1.1.                 Channel Information
All of the TV channels occupied in an extended area (how far out?400km?) should be documented in a local
incumbent database [along with the position of the TV transmitter, the transmit antenna pattern, height of the
Submission                                         page 5                        Winston Caldwell, FOX
center of radiation (Above Ground Level (AGL)), and the ERP (might be redundant with use of polygonsactual
agreed upon protected contours)]. Because of the level of power involved, a TV transmitter may affect a WRAN
system operation over a radius of [around 400] km and more.
2.1.1.3.1.2.                  Polygons
2.1.1.3.1.3.                 As an alternative to populating the incumbent station database with station operation
parameters which would only allow for signal propagation considerations, the database could be populated by TV
protected contours in the form of contour polygons represented by the coordinates of all apexes. These contours
will need to be defined with the agreement of the local regulator so that the right considerations such as the TV
received signal level, the TV interference level, the Designated Market Area, etc. are taken into account. These
agreed upon contours will allow the future WRAN operators to query the database to acquire the maximum EIRP
at which a CPE can operate at a given location based on its distance from a protected contour for the co-channel
or adjacent channels operation, or the maximum EIRP to avoid taboo channel interference to a local incumbent
when the CPE is located inside the protected contour. Such contours, depending on the local topography and
DMA definition, may range from a simple contour drawn around the DTV transmit station to a very complex set
of contours resembling a “Swiss cheese”.Standardized Format
The format of the databases queries should be harmonized in the various regions so that standardized computer
tools could be used for planning the WRAN systems as well as function in an operating system. These queries
should allow determination of the EIRP cap for both BSs and CPEs in any location within the area that the
database is supposed to cover. These databases should make sure that there is consistent and continuity among
the various local databases so that they perfectly overlap or stitch together.
2.1.1.3.2.                WRAN Base Station Database
As a minimum, a registry of the BSs in operation in an area with their coordinates and operating characteristics
should be constituted and made publicly available (e.g., on a website).
The location (latitude, &amp; longitude),and technical parameters such as the transmit/receive antenna pattern, the
antenna height and the EIRP and call sign of the BS are to be provided for inclusion in a database [that will be
publicly accessible].
2.1.1.3.2.1.1.4.       Separation Distances from the TV Protected Contours                                             Formatted: Bullets and Numbering
2.1.1.3.1.2.1.1.4.1.      DTV Separation                                                                               Formatted: Bullets and Numbering
[Proposers should be mindful in terms of system architectural considerations that, in the interest of coexistence
and avoidance of interference to incumbent TV operations, WRAN BSs will have to be located beyond a
separation distance that is outside the noise-limited protected contours of the TV stations as established in the
incumbent database ifthat use the same channel or first adjacent channels areis expected to be used. Queries to
the incumbent database could be made at the planning stage for the base station with its expected location and
technical parameters as well as for a number of test CPEs with their location defined in different places inside the
expected WRAN coverage area and with the technical parameters to establish whether the WRAN operation will
be possible and over what territory. Proposers should also note that the exact location of the protected contours
and the required separation distances outwards from the noise-limitedfrom these protected contours of TV stations
that use the same channel or first adjacent channels will depend on the local topography, the DMA definition, etc.
and will have been agreed upon by the local authorities in consultation with the key industry representativesmay
vary in the different regulatory domains.Edit this text to be more appropriate for this document***]
In the case where the WRAN system is to operate on aof second adjacent channels and or beyond relative to a
local TV operation, the WRAN BS and CPEs will be allowed to operate inside the protected contour. The BS
will need to be located at some minimum distance from the closest TV receiver to avoid interference [Provide
methodology to calculate the separation distances for overload and taboo interference]. The reference separation
Submission                                        page 6                        Winston Caldwell, FOX
distance from a DTV receivering installation is assumed to be 10 m for the CPEs [this is based on a regulationed
reference for an outdoor transmitter].
In the regulatory domains where an incumbent database service does not exist,In the case of a WRAN system
operating on a co-channel or first adjacent channels basis (N, N&#177;1), the WRAN installer must first calculate the
coordinates of the points that define the TV protected contours for the TV services that might experience
interference from the WRAN in the area. The specific separationkeep-out distances will need to be observed from
the TV protected contours based on thea ITU-R Rec. P.1546 simplified flat-land propagation prediction model
assuming uniform terrain (ITU-R Rec. P.1546) for the cases where the WRAN system plans to operate on a co-
channel or first adjacent channelss basis (N, N&#177;1). The actualcalculated valueseparation distances are contained
in Table 1 for DTV and Table 2 for NTSC. In the cases where a more accurate propagation prediction models
that accounts forusing terrain database information indicates that smaller separationkeep-out distances than
indicated could be usassumed, discussions with the local regulator and the broadcaster potentially affected may be
undertaken to come to an agreement. (Note that where incumbent database service exist, such discussions would
have taken place at the time of elaboration of the databases.)
It is also possible to use smaller separation distances than those indicated in the separation distance tables as long
as the proper engineering has been accomplished to adequately protect the incumbent services.
maximum EIRP of the WRAN transmitting device (i.e., maximum value of its TPC range) is scaled accordingly.
This tapering of EIRP toward the TV protected contour can be pre-defined at the time of installation for setting
the BS maximum EIRP and can be entirely controlled from the BS for the CPEs as part of an additional constraint
imposed on its closed-loopto the normal ranging and TPC process coltrolled at the base station (clarification
please /Winston/). The amount of tapering in dB from the maximum allowed EIRP will could be defined as
follows from the fraction of the actual distance to the protected contour to the distance indicated in the table:
Tapering = Path loss exponent * 10*log(actual distance/distance in the table) (dB)
where: path loss exponent = 3.0 [tbd]
[Reference: Doc. 219
Might implement a methodology as opposed to supplying actual values (put in an annex). We should explain how
to compute. The following is an example based on some assumptions, such as transmitter height. This comes
from WRAN spreadsheet 22-04-0002-15 spreadsheet.]
(Note again that the rule used for tapering the EIRP as a function of the distance of the BS and CPE from the TV
protected contour will be decided at the time of the elaboration of the incumbent database where it exists since the
output to the incumbent database service will be in tems of maximum allowed EIRP on specific channels.0
When the WRAN system operates on alternate channels (N&#177;2 and beyond), the BS and the CPEs that are limited
to a 4 W maximum EIRP will be allowed to operate within the protected contour of the TV station down to a
distance of 10 m from the closest TV receiving installation as indicated in Tables 1 and 2. For higher EIRP Base
Stations, this minimum distance will need to be scaled according to the excess EIRP.
(assuming line of sight: separation distance(m) = 10 * 10^((EIRP(dBW) – 6) / 20*log(sepatation                  Formatted: Indent: First line: 0.5&quot;
distance/10)√(EIRP/4)).
The allowed maximum EIRP from the WRAN transmit devices will also need to be scaled according to the
EIRP profile as defined in section 2.1.2 to take into account the vulnerabilities of the typical TV receivers on
taboo channels. (Again, these EIRP caps resulting from taboo channel constraints will have been included in the
elaboration of the incumbent database service where it exists.) [How do we know where the edge of the protected
contour is? These tables are separation distances between WRAN and TV protected contour.]
Table 1: Distance from the DTV noise-limited protected contour
Submission                                         page 7                         Winston Caldwell, FOX
June 2008June 2008May 2008March 2007                                                                      doc.: IEEE 802.22-06/0242r10doc.: IEEE 802
WRAN into DTV              D/U        CPE         4 W BS       128 W BS
Co-channel, N              23 dB      3.3 km*     16.1 km      32.9 km
Adjacent channel, N-1      -28 dB     126 m       485 m        1.8 km
Adjacent channel, N+1      -26 dB     147 m       566 m        1.8 km
N&#177;2 and beyond             D/U taboo 10 m from 10 m from 56.6 m from
(see EIRP profile in       values and DTV RX      DTV RX       DTV RX
section zzz)               -8 dBm
Note: F(50,10), ITU-R Rec. P.1546, 75 m BS antenna HAAT and 10 m CPE antenna HAAT.
* 16 14 dB CPE antenna front-to-back ratio assumed.
Table 2: Distance from the NTSC Grade B contour
WRAN into NTSC            D/U           CPE         4 W BS      128 W BS
Co-channel, N             4 dB          1.5 km      2.8 km      7.9 km
Adjacent channel, N-1     -14 dB        44 m        44 m        226 m
Adjacent channel, N+1     -17 dB        31 m        31 m        171 m
N&#177;2 and beyond            D/U taboo 10 m from 10 m from 56.6 m from
(see EIRP profile in      values and TV RX          TV RX       TV RX
section zzz)              -8 dBm
***We need also to define separation distances for DVB-T, PAL, SECAM, etc. while taking into consideration
that rules in other regulatory domains can be different, such as D/U ratios.*** [What if the TV contours are
interference-limited rather than being noise-limited? Shouldn’t the interference limited contours be used instead?
Do the policies applied at the database consider masking from the interference caused by another incumbent
transmitter?]
It should be realized that, although the separationkeep-out distances for co-channel and adjacent channel
operation were calculated from the consideration of interference for the WRAN terminals into DTV or NTSC
reception, the interference in the reverse direction will also need to be considered by the WRAN system planner.
Table 3 gives these distances for a 1 dB WRAN receiver desensitization. As can be seen from the large
separation distances, the co-channel interference from the DTV signal into WRAN reception is much more severe
than in the WRAN into DTV direction due to the larger power of the DTV transmitter. However, the WRAN
system planner may decide to reduce the extent of his WRAN coverage and allow his receivers to suffer more
than the assumed 1 dB desensitization. BS and CPEs could then be located closer than the distances given in
Table 3. This system would have to make use of higher operating values for the TPC parameters and/or lower
transmission capacity because of the use of more robust modulation. Nonetheless, the system planner will still
have to meet the minimum distances specified in Table 1.
Table 3: Distance for the DTV transmit station
DTV into WRAN                Desens. CPE              BS
Co-channel, N                1 dB       406 km        TBD for 75m
Adjacent channels, N&#177;1       1 dB       91.2 km       TBD for 75 m
N&#177;2 and beyond               1 dB       6.6 km        TBD for 75 m
Note: ITU-R Rec. P.1546, 1 MW ERP and 300 m HAAT DTV station
In the case of the adjacent channel, the WRAN interference into DTV reception is may or may not be the
constraining case. The separation distance needed to prevent DTV interference into the WRAN service is may be
less than the distance to the protected contour depending on the relative selectivity of the WRAN receiver(explain
please /Winston/). Table 3 4 (which missing table?) also indicates that CPEs and base stations operating on N+/-2
and beyond and located too close to the a TV transmitter would may suffer desensitization from the out-of-band
emissions from the TV transmissions. Again, the WRAN system planner may decide to reduce the extent of his
WRAN coverage and allow his receivers to suffer more that the 1 dB desensitization. The BS and CPEs could
then be located closer than the distances given in Table 2 4 (which missing table?). It is likely, however, that
Submission                                       page 8                         Winston Caldwell, FOX
considering the extent of the out-of-band rejection of the DTV transmitter in these alternate channels, the WRAN
receivers will be saturated long before this desensitization due to the DTV out-of-band signal take place. [some
more calculations needed here.] The system would have to make use of higher operating values for the TPC
parameters and/or lower transmission capacity because of the use of more robust modulation. [Make sure the
same thing isn’t being stated twice. Needs editing.]
[Since TV broadcasting uses horizontal polarization, a means to reduce the level of interference into TV reception
from the nearby WRAN transmit devices in the case of alternate channel operation is to use vertical polarization.
It has been found through computer simulations that, for typical UHF TV antennas, the maximum coupling
between a 4 W WRAN transmitter and the TV receiver located at 10 m produces a level of -26 dBm at the input
of the TV receiver. In order to achieve this level, the antenna orientation needs to be kept within a tolerance of
10&#186; in the polarization plane. It was also found that the worse coupling occurs when the antenna elevation
difference between the WRAN transmit and TV receive installations result in elevation angles close to 15&#186;. Better
isolation can be achieved when the two antennas are at the same height. Furthermore, field measurements were
carried out where actual multipath produced by nearby objects and buildings came into play. It was found that the
cross-polar gain of the antenna could be maintained at around 0 dBi in all but few practical cases. This would
result in a –16 dBm level present at the input of the TV receiver. [Re: CRC presentation to IEEE Broadcast
Symposium, Washington, October 2007, upcoming publication in IEEE Broadcast Society.]
The coupling between WRAN and TV reception for alternate channel operation should be considered in terms of
absolute levels of power at the input of the TV receiver rather than an additional discrimination to be added to the
TV receive antenna gain since t. There will be a tendency for the TV receiving installation to use a lower gain
receive antenna when the local TV signal power field strength is higher. The important point is to keep the
WRAN power level at the input of the TV receiver below the saturation level of the TV receiver. Comes from
Docs. 230, 231, 232]
2.1.1.3.2.2.1.1.4.2.     Part 74 Separation                                                                            Formatted: Bullets and Numbering
Once Part 74 operation and its location has been identified through sensing, geolocation, or other means, 4 Watt
CPEs will either have to change channel in a radius of X 4 km or will have to reduce their maximum TPC limit
accordingly. The amount of tapering in dB from the maximum allowed EIRP will be defined as follows from the
fraction of the actual distance to the [protected contour (have to find a new term relating to Part 74)] to the
distance indicated in the table:
2.1.2.           EIRP Profile
In the case of alternate channel use when the CPE can be located as close as 10 m to the nearest TV receiver,
special measures, such as the use of vertical polarization for WRAN systems, will need to be taken to protect the
TV receiver from saturation (-8 dBm level). Extensive tests have demonstrated that additional protection will be
required for specific channel separation to protect the operation of the TV receivers. Such protection is expressed
in terms of a dB reduction of the maximum EIRP level of the TPC range allowed for the nearby WRAN device.
The maximum range corresponds to 4 W which produces a –26 dBm level at the input of the TV receiver
according to computer simulations (review this please /Winston/). Such aAdditional constraints coming from
occurrence of multipath from nearby objects and buildings will has been shown to increasereduce this maximum
coupling level by a specified number ofsome 10 dBs when practical multipath considerations are included (see
previous section) to allow unimpaired TV reception in the most demanding conditions - at the edge of the
protected contour. The following tables indicate the values for these reductions from the nominal WRAN EIRP
maximum EIRP levels applicable at the CPEs and at the BS for the given channel separation to cover for the
taboo channels as defined by the ATSC A/74 DTV receiver recommended performance.
Submission                                        page 9                         Winston Caldwell, FOX
June 2008June 2008May 2008March 2007                                                                                doc.: IEEE 802.22-06/0242r10doc.: IEEE 802
[Tables to be produced once the TV receiver non-linearity measurements have been completed.]
This section needs to be updated with the results from receiver sensitivity and interference testing from OET,
CRC, Fox, etc.
[Do we use the NTSC taboo channel values for NTSC? Are there values available for other TV and DTV
systems? Depends on the laws of the other countries.] [ This section might more appropriately belong in the base
1.9.1 Control of Maximum Transmit EIRP at CPEs and BS for the Protection of TV Incumbents
WRAN CPEs and BSs are not allowed to operate on the same channel or on the first adjacent channels of a TV operation
within the TV protected contour. However they can operate co-channel or adjacent channel outside this protected contour as
long as they are located at sufficient ‘keep-out’ distances beyond this protected contour. WRAN CPEs or BSs located
outside of the TV protected contour but within the range of the ‘keep-out’ distance must reduce their maximum EIRP
accordingly to protect TV operation.
WRAN CPEs and BSs operating on alternate channels (i.e., N&#177;2) can be located inside the TV protected contour as long as
they meet the maximum transmit EIRP limits defined by the ‘EIRP profile’. This ‘EIRP profile’ defines the maximum EIRP
limit that a WRAN CPE or BS, orthogonally polarized with the nearby TV receive antenna, must not exceed at a reference
minimum distance of 10 m from a TV receiver, as a function of the channel separation between the TV operation and the
WRAN operation, in order to avoid causing harmful interference. The ‘EIRP profile’ will likely be established by the local
regulatory body and will be entered at the base station.
1.9.1.1 Control of Maximum Transmit EIRP at Individual CPEs for the Protection of TV Incumbents
This section presents the method to determine the maximum allowed transmitted EIRP for a single CPE transmitting in a
single TV channel. If the CPE is located outside of nearby TV protected contours, the maximum transmitted EIRP limit is
determined according to the known distance from the location of the CPE to the TV protected contours. Whereas the
maximum transmitted EIRP limit is determined according to the ‘EIRP profile’ if the CPE is inside the protected contour.
The method is to be applied at the base station using the collective knowledge of channel sensing, the CPE location, the TV
operation database information, etc. Other constraints can be added on top of this maximum allowed transmitted EIRP to
further restrict the maximum level of EIRP, but in no case shall the actual transmitted EIRP exceed the maximum allowed
transmitted EIRP determined by this method.
The TV contours to be protected from WRAN interference are stored in a database of polygon points defined by latitude,
longitude and altitude coordinates maintained at the WRAN base station (see the 802.22 WRAN Recommended Practice).
These polygons will have been established from other databases such as those defining the true geographical limits of the
protected contours of TV broadcast stations operating in the vicinity of the WRAN. In the USA, the TV protected contour is
the ‘Grade B protected contour’ for NTSC channels, and the ‘noise-limited protected contour’ for ATSC channels, and
equivalent definitions will prevail in other parts of the world for other TV standards. [The actual polygons will be based on
these protected contours as well as considerations for the Designated Market Area (DMA) of the TV stations as agreed by the
TV broadcasters, the WRAN operators and likely the local regulators.]
If there is a TV operation on channel N, a WRAN CPE located within the TV protected polygon of that TV station:
- Shall not transmit on channel N-1                                                                                        Formatted: Bullets and Numbering
- Shall not transmit on channel N
- Shall not transmit on channel N+1
- Shall meet a maximum transmitted EIRP constraint on alternate channels (N&#177;2 and beyond), as defined by the
‘EIRP profile’ which will be stored at the base station and accessible from higher layers of the protocol stack to
protect TV receivers.
If there is a TV operation on channel N, a WRAN CPE outside of the TV protection polygon of that TV station:
- Shall not transmit on channel N within a distance of d[0] (km) of the TV protection polygon with a transmitted EIRP      Formatted: Bullets and Numbering
of 4W.
- May transmit on channel N within a distance of d[0] (km) of the TV protection polygon as long as the transmitted
EIRP is reduced below 4 W by a rule that models the directivity of the CPE transmit antenna toward the protection
contour and the reduced loss in propagation based on an agreed upon propagation model so that the proper co-
Submission                                           page 10                           Winston Caldwell, FOX
channel D/U ratio is not exceeded at the TV protection polygon. A minimum distance (d_min) to the protection
polygon within which no transmission would be allowed is specified to cover for the limited precision of the
geolocation scheme (typically 100 m).
-   Shall not transmit within a distance of d[-1] (km) of the TV protection polygon on channel N-1 with a transmitted
EIRP of 4W. The distance d[-1] (km) being typically in the range of the geolocation precision, it is not allowed to
use a reduction of the TPC range to transmit within this distance.
-   Shall not transmit within a distance of d[+1] (km) of the TV protection polygon on channel N+1 with a transmitted
EIRP of 4W. The distance d[+1] (km) being typically in the range of the geolocation precision, it is not allowed to
For reference, in [22-04-0002-14-0000_WRAN_Reference_Model], calculations showed that a CPE transmitting at 4W
EIRP, which meets the D/U ratios at the TV protected contour as defined in Section 15.1.1.7 of the FRD, when there is a TV
operation on channel N should be:
   At least d[0] = 3.1 km away from the noise-limited protected contour for co-channel operation with ATSC                 Formatted: Bullets and Numbering
   At least d[-1] = 115 m away from the noise-limited protected contour on channel N-1 relative to ATSC operation
   At least d[+1] = 134 m away from the noise-limited protected contour on channel N+1 relative to ATSC operation
   At least d[0] = 1.5 km away from the Grade B contour for co-channel operation with NTSC
   At least d[-1] = 44 m away from the Grade B contour on channel N-1 relative to NTSC operation
   At least d[+1] = 31 m away from the Grade B contour on channel N+1 relative to NTSC operation
In particular, this means that no co-channel and first adjacent channel operation is allowed within the TV protected contour
by any WRAN CPE or base station. But operation outside the TV protected contour is allowed with a constraint on the
minimum distance between the CPE and the contour when a CPE is transmitting at 4 W EIRP. The maximum transmitted
EIRP is determined by the two following steps:
   Determine the maximum transmitted EIRP for each CPE on each TV channel from the constraint of TV operations             Formatted: Bullets and Numbering
in each channel: fill in Table 1Table 236 per TV channel column by column, using the flowchart of Figure 1Figure
   Fill in Table 2Table 237 using the most contraining values in each row of Table 1Table 236.
Table 1Table 236 shows an example of how the maximum transmitted EIRP for a single CPE is computed at the WRAN base
station from the knowledge of TV operations. Each column is filled in turn. Given a TV operation on TV channel N-2, and
given that the CPE on channel N is located within that TV protected contour, it is determined that the CPE transmissions on
TV channels N-3, N-2 and N-1 are not allowed. The maximum transmitted EIRP of that individual CPE (conditioned on the
assumption that it would be the only CPE transmitting in a given TV channel) is determined by the EIRP profile at +2 to +6
on TV channels N to N+4. It is assumed that the out-of-band emission mask meets the constraints on adjacent TV channels
emissions when a CPE is transmitting in a given TV channel, so that this functional requirement does not have to be
addressed in this table [Reference to Section 6.15.1.7 of FRD, or relevant section in the 802.22 standard or recommended
practice]. The values in bold font in Table 1Table 236 illustrate the method to compute the maximum transmitted EIRP for a
single CPE from constraints on all TV channels, by taking the minimum of all constraints on each row. Although the
example presented in Table 1Table 236 illustrates the process for a range of 7 TV channels (N-3 to N+4), the actual process
will need to encompass the complete range covered by the EIRP profile (e.g., &#177;15 TV channels).
The flowchart of the decisions made to fill-in one column of Table 1Table 236 is shown in Figure 1Figure 33 [The flowchart
does not include intermod considerations]. It shall be repeated for each CPE and for each TV channel. For a given CPE and
for a given TV channel N, the process described in Figure 1Figure 33 shall be repeated for each distinct TV operation
identified in channel N. This situation may occur when a CPE is located near the edge of coverage of two non-overlapping
TV operations on the same channel, particularly in the case of low power TV transmitters. The most constraining power
limits from all distinct TV operations is reported in the column corresponding to channel N in Table 1Table 236. The parts of
the flowchart represented with solid lines shall be implemented by the WRAN base station. The parts represented with
dashed lines are optional. “d” is the known distance from the location of the CPE to the protection polygon of the TV
operating on channel N.
The EIRP profile is neither numerically specified in the WRAN functional requirements nor in the standard specifications,
since it is a regulatory issue and will be available at the base station from higher layers of the protocol stack. The EIRP
profile is defined as f(n) in dB units. It represents the relative power reduction required below 36 dBm (4W) to meet the
maximum transmitted EIRP constraint on channel N, where N is the channel number used by the TV station, and M=N-n is
Submission                                           page 11                           Winston Caldwell, FOX
June 2008June 2008May 2008March 2007                                                                                                                               doc.: IEEE 802.22-06/0242r10doc.: IEEE 802
the TV channel number used by the WRAN. Hence, the maximum allowed transmitted EIRP on channel N-n is 36+f(N-M) =
36+f(n), expressed in dBm, inside the TV protected contour when there is a TV operation on channel N. In this example,
disallowed operation on channel N-n would be represented by 36+f(n) = -100 dBm. Hence, it is required that f(n) &lt; 0 and f(0)
= f(-1) = f(1) = -136 dBm.
Radio Map &amp;
Number of TV operations
Max Tx EIRP = 36 dBm         No                                            Yes      k=0                        No                k = K?
identified in channel N is
K &gt; 0?
Update column N
in Table 223                                                                                                                                    Stop
CPE within TV
Yes                                     protected contour of              No
TV operation #k?
Max Tx EIRP = 36 dBm on all
channels except N-1, N and N+1
Add channels N-1, N and N+1 to the list of disallowed bands:
Max Tx EIRP = -100 dBm on channels N, N-1 and N+1
Max Tx EIRP = 36 + f(n) dBm on channels N-n and N+n, n = 2 to 15
No              d &gt; d[0] ?
Update column N                                                                                                Max Tx EIRP = 36 dBm on
No                     d &gt; max{d[-1],d[1]}?
in Table 223                                                                                                  channels N-1, N and N+1
Max Tx EIRP = -100 dBm on
channels N-1 and N+1                                    Yes
in Table 223
Max Tx EIRP = 36 dBm on
channels N-1 and N+1
control co-channel                 Yes
within keep-out                (optional)
channel N                                       No                                d &gt; d_min?
Update column N                                                                         Yes
Limit max Tx EIRP below 36 dBm on
channel N as a function of d according
to a propagation model
Update column N                              Update column N
in Table 223                                 in Table 223
Figure 1 Flowchart of the decision tree for determining the maximum transmitted EIRP limit on every TV
channel for a single CPE at a given location to protect TV operations on channel N
Submission                                                                         page 12                                                Winston Caldwell, FOX
June 2008June 2008May 2008March 2007                                                                                                                                     doc.: IEEE 802.22-06/0242r10doc.: IEEE 802
Table 1 — Individual CPE maximum transmitted EIRP from each individual TV operation
TV channel           N-3              N-2              N-1                  N                  N+1              N+2              N+3              N+4
TV operation      No TV station   One TV station    No TV station     One TV station       No TV station     No TV station   One TV station    No TV station
(a known TV
station is off)
CPE location      Outside TV       Inside TV        Outside TV     Outside TV protected     Inside TV        Outside TV       Inside TV        Outside TV
protected       protected         protected           contour            protected         protected       protected         protected
contour         contour           contour         (with d &gt; d[0])        contour           contour         contour           contour
CPE operation on      36 dBm         Not allowed        36 dBm             36 dBm              36 dBm            36 dBm       36 + f(-6) dBm       36 dBm
TV channel N-3                    (adjacent band)
CPE operation on      36 dBm        Not allowed         36 dBm             36 dBm              36 dBm            36 dBm       36 + f(-5) dBm       36 dBm
TV channel N-2
CPE operation on      36 dBm         Not allowed        36 dBm             36 dBm              36 dBm            36 dBm       36 + f(-4) dBm       36 dBm
TV channel N-1                    (adjacent band)
CPE operation on      36 dBm       36 + f(2) dBm        36 dBm             36 dBm              36 dBm            36 dBm       36 + f(-3) dBm       36 dBm
TV channel N
CPE operation on      36 dBm        36 + f(3) dBm       36 dBm             36 dBm              36 dBm            36 dBm       36 + f(-2) dBm       36 dBm
TV channel N+1
CPE operation on      36 dBm        36 + f(4) dBm       36 dBm             36 dBm              36 dBm            36 dBm         Not allowed        36 dBm
TV channel N+2                                                                                                                (adjacent band)
CPE operation on      36 dBm        36 + f(5) dBm       36 dBm             36 dBm              36 dBm            36 dBm        Not allowed         36 dBm
TV channel N+3
CPE operation on      36 dBm        36 + f(6) dBm       36 dBm             36 dBm              36 dBm            36 dBm         Not allowed        36 dBm
TV channel N+4                                                                                                                (adjacent band)
Once Table 1Table 236 has been completely filled for one CPE, the next step is to determine the most constraining power
limit per row. Each row corresponds to a hypothesis of transmission from the CPE in a given TV channel. In the example of
Table 1Table 236, the most constraining power limits are highlighted in bold font. It was assumed that d is larger than d[0],
d[-1] and d[+1], and that f(-2)&lt;f(-3) and f(2)&lt;f(3). The final values are reported in Table 2Table 237.
Table 2 — Individual CPE maximum transmitted EIRP from all TV operations
CPE operation    Maximum
on TV channel transmit EIRP
N-3         -100 dBm
N-2         -100 dBm
N-1         -100 dBm
N       36 + f(+2) dBm
N+1       36 + f(-2) dBm
N+2          -100 dBm
N+3          -100 dBm
N+4          -100 dBm
1.9.1.2 Control of Maximum Transmit EIRP for Individual BS for the Protection of TV Incumbent
The same process as described above will need to be done for the base station. Since they are based on the propagation loss
from the higher elevation base station transmit antenna and possibly higher EIRP, the minimum separation distances for d(0),
d(-1) and d(+1) for the base station will need to be greater than that for the CPE. The second difference will come from the
fact that the EIRP profile to be used in the case of operation on alternate TV channels within the protected contour can be
increased by a factor corresponding to ‘20 log’ the ratio of the minimum distance between the base station transmit antenna
and the closest TV receive antenna as compared to the reference 10 m. [Considering also that the base station antenna height
will be higher than the typical 10 m, the minimum distance will be readily larger even if the horizontal separation may be
small. In such case, the vertical pattern of the base station transmit antenna will also contribute to an improved isolation
toward the close-in TV receivers].
Submission                                                                page 13                                           Winston Caldwell, FOX
June 2008June 2008May 2008March 2007                                                                              doc.: IEEE 802.22-06/0242r10doc.: IEEE 802
For reference, in [22-04-0002-14-0000_WRAN_Reference_Model], calculations showed that a base station transmitting at
4W EIRP, which meets the D/U ratios at the TV protected contour as defined in Section 15.1.1.7 of the FRD, when there is a
TV operation on channel N should be:
     At least d[0] = 16.1 km away from the noise-limited protected contour for co-channel operation with ATSC            Formatted: Bullets and Numbering
     At least d[-1] = 485 m away from the noise-limited protected contour on channel N-1 relative to ATSC operation
     At least d[+1] = 566 m away from the noise-limited protected contour on channel N+1 relative to ATSC operation
     At least d[0] = 8.4 km away from the Grade B contour for co-channel operation with NTSC
     At least d[-1] = 243 m away from the Grade B contour on channel N-1 relative to NTSC operation
     At least d[+1] = 189 m away from the Grade B contour on channel N+1 relative to NTSC operation
100W EIRP, which meets the D/U ratios at the TV protected contour as defined in Section 15.1.1.7 of the FRD, when there is
a TV operation on channel N should be:
     At least d[0] = 31.2 km away from the noise-limited protected contour for co-channel operation with ATSC            Formatted: Bullets and Numbering
     At least d[-1] = 1.4 km away from the noise-limited protected contour on channel N-1 relative to ATSC operation
     At least d[+1] = 1.6 km away from the noise-limited protected contour on channel N+1 relative to ATSC operation
     At least d[0] = 17.8 km away from the Grade B contour for co-channel operation with NTSC
     At least d[-1] = 707 m away from the Grade B contour on channel N-1 relative to NTSC operation
     At least d[+1] = 561 m away from the Grade B contour on channel N+1 relative to NTSC operation
Finally, the scaling of the maximum EIRP when the base station is within the minimum distance will be related to the agreed
upon propagation model applied to the higher transmit antenna height (e.g., 75 m). The rest of the scheme shall be the same
as for an individual CPE.
2.1.3.            Interference Mechanisms
2.1.3.1                Out-of-Band Emissions
It is assumed that the level of out-of-band emissions from a WRAN CPE is such that it will result in a TV receiver
desensitization of no more than 1 dB in the most demanding receiving condition - at the edge of the protected
contour. A 41 dB(uV/m) field strength as required for DTV reception at the noise limited contour corresponds to
a signal level of –83.9 dBm at the input of the DTV receiver (depends on numerous factors – need to be more
specific /Winston/). With a required SNR of 15.2 dB and a margin of 5.9 dB to limit the impact to 1 dB
desensitization, this results in a level of –105 dBm. A 4 W CPE using vertical polarization and located at 10 m
from a DTV receiving installation produces a –26 dBm at the input of the DTV receiver. 1 dB receiver
desensitization will be achieved with a –26 – 105 = 79 dB out-of-band suppression at the output of the CPE.
Since the minimum field strength at the Grade B contour of the NTSC coverage is 64 dB(uV/m), the out-of-band
rejection requirement necessary for DTV will be the driving factor.
Values are needed for other TV systems. [This section may not be necessary. We do not need to justify the
emissions mask in the standard. If this section is needed, a methodology to calculate may be more appropriate.
This section might be attempting to state the necessary out-of-band rejection of a CPE to operate.]
2.1.3.2                Third-Order Intermodulation
Special attention will be needed from the WRAN operator to avoid third-order intermodulation products from two
signals present at the TV receiver that fall in the selected channel due to non-linearities in the TV receiver front-
end. From the geolocation capabilities of the WRAN system, the availability of the incumbent database and the
results of RF sensing, the WRAN operator will be in a position to know within which protected contours each of
his CPEs are located. A simple calculation considering the ‘2A-B’ intermodulation scenario will indicate which
Submission                                           page 14                          Winston Caldwell, FOX
channels would generate an intermod component falling on a protected channel at the nearby TV receivers. The
use of these channels should be avoided for the given CPE. If the CPE needs to use the channel because of the
lack of other available channels, an additional 15 dB [tbd] reduction in the maximum EIRP level of the TPC range
will need to be applied. A representative diagram might help demonstrate.
3.1.       System
3.1.1.           Chassis
Chassis radiation is assumed to be and SHOULD be insignificant (e.g. &lt;= -20 dB) compared to radiation from the
intended path via the antenna.
3.2.       Base Station
BSs SHALL be professionally installed and maintained.
&quot;Professional installation&quot; means that the installation must be supervised or inspected by a trained, competent
professional, such as e.g. a NARTE1 Certified EMC2 Engineer, an SBE3 Certified Professional Broadcast
Engineer, or a Registered Professional Engineer.
The professionally installed BS SHALL determine its geographic location and the available unused TV channels
The installing party SHALL configure the BS to operate only on unused (might need to more clearly define
“unused”) channels.
3.2.1.           Antennas
Base station antenna systems SHALL be designed and installed to support the requirements of 15.1.1.7, 15.1.6,
and 15.1.7 in the Functional Requirements Document (FRD).
3.2.1.1.                   Transmit Antenna
3.2.1.1.1.                    Pattern
3.2.1.1.1.1.                      Directivity
(To reduce the vertical sidelobes of the pattern toward ground to avoid saturating nearby TV receivers as
described in section (V.i.c)? and to meet Part 15.209 and 1 dB TV receiver desensitization.)
3.2.1.1.1.2.                      Polarization
The antenna has to be oriented orthogonal to the orientation of the nominal television receive antennas in the area
in the polarization plane within a tolerance of 3 deg.
National Association of Radio Telecommunications Engineers
Submission                                        page 15                       Winston Caldwell, FOX
3.2.1.2.                Receive Antenna
3.2.1.2.1.                   Pattern
3.2.1.2.1.1.                     Directivity
3.2.1.2.1.2.                     Polarization
3.2.1.3.                Sense Antenna
3.2.1.3.1.                   Pattern
The base station SHALL sense licensed transmissions using an omni-directional antenna (might consider
electronically steerable antennas – to achieve higher gain sensing in all directions)
3.2.1.3.1.1.                     Gain
The base station SHALL sense licensed transmissions using a sense antenna with a gain of 0 dBi or greater
(where all losses between the antenna and the input to the receiver are included) in any azimuthal direction and
3.2.1.3.1.2.                     Polarization
The antenna has to have similar gain in both horizontal and vertical polarizations.
3.2.2.          RF Safety Limits
FCC OET Bulletin 65, Annex 2, Table 2:
3.2.3.          Cable Protection
FCC Part 15.118 (c3)
Cable-ready consumer electronic equipment
Direct pickup interference                             mV/m            dB(uV/m)
Allowed level at cable set-top box:                     100              100
3.3.       Customer Premises Equipment (CPE)
CPEs MAY be user installable (plug and play) but operators MAY choose to provide for professional installation.
For the system to operate correctly, proper CPE installations SHALL be verifiable. Means MAY be provided to
allow verification of proper CPE installation remotely from the base station. Automatic system verification of
Submission                                       page 16                         Winston Caldwell, FOX
June 2008June 2008May 2008March 2007                                                                          doc.: IEEE 802.22-06/0242r10doc.: IEEE 802
correct installation is beneficial. CPEs shall not transmit absent reliable verification. In the absence of any
automated verification method, visual verification of proper installation will be necessary.
3.3.1.         Antennas
Sensing thresholds specified in section 15.1.1.7. in the FRD are based on the assumptions that the CPEs are
permanently installed outdoors on a fixed structure and are properly aligned.
CPE antenna systems SHALL support the requirements of 15.1.1.7 of FRD (sensing thresholds), 15.1.6 of FRD
(maximum transmitted EIRP) and 15.1.7 of FRD (out of band emissions).
Verification that the CPE antennas are permanently installed outdoors on a fixed structure and are properly
aligned is required.
Verification that the CPE antennas remain in the location where they were installed is required.
3.3.1.1           Transmit Antenna
A minimum separation distance of 10 m between the CPE transmit antenna and DTV receiving antennas is
3.3.1.1.1.           Installation Height
The CPE transmit antenna SHALL be assumed to be installed outdoors at a nominal height of 10 meters above
ground level and co-located with the sense antenna.
The CPE transmit antenna needs to be installed outside to minimize the blockage, minimize the TPC level and
maximize the transmit capacity (since more efficient modulation can be used) as much as possible.
3.3.1.1.2.           Pattern
3.3.1.1.2.1.              Gain
The transmit antenna of the CPE will most likely use a directional antenna pattern. Main beam coupling may
exist between the antennas for channels N&#177;2 and beyond inside the noise-limited protected contour.
3.3.1.1.2.2.              Orientation
Verification that the CPE transmit antenna is oriented properly to minimize the CPE transmit power resulting
from the use of local TPC is required.
The antenna needs to be oriented toward the base station of the selected service provider. It is possible that if a
new service provider is selected for technical or other reasons, the antenna may need to be re-oriented toward the
new service provider antenna. Proper orientation will allow the TPC level to be kept to its minimum and or
maximize the transmit capacity (since more efficient modulation can be used).
3.3.1.1.2.3.              Front-to-Back
In the case of co-channel and first adjacent channel operation, the CPE transmit antenna and the TV receive
antenna are assumed to be looking away from each other since the BS has to be located at a certain distance
outside the noise-limited protected contour of the TV station. The back-lobe rejection of both antennas can lower
the potential of interference.
3.3.1.1.2.4.              Polarization
Submission                                        page 17                         Winston Caldwell, FOX
WRAN CPE transmit antennas SHOULD be polarized orthogonally to nearby DTV receive antennas to provide
additional isolation through cross-polarization discrimination.
For channels N&#177;2 and beyond, polarization discrimination is the only way to increase isolation based on the fact
that the CPE transmit antenna and the DTV receive antenna will be orthogonally polarized.
[Some antenna polarization discrimination MAY be assumed.]
The antenna has to be oriented vertically in the polarization plane within a tolerance of 10 deg. In order to
maximize the polarization discrimination toward a nearby TV receiving installation, it is preferable to mount the
antenna at the same height as the nearby TV receive antenna.
3.3.1.1.3.          Tamper Resistant
Provisions SHALL be made to prevent the use of antenna equipment that could impair or defeat the requirements
of the preceding two paragraphs and proposers SHALL elaborate their proposed approaches. [Edit this
3.3.1.2         Receive Antenna
3.3.1.2.1.          Installation Height
3.3.1.2.2.          Pattern
3.3.1.2.2.1.            Gain
3.3.1.2.2.2.            Orientation
3.3.1.2.2.3.            Front-to-Back
3.3.1.2.2.4.            Polarization
in the polarization plane within a tolerance of 10 deg.
3.3.1.3         Sense Antenna
3.3.1.3.1.          Installation Height
The CPE sense antenna SHALL be assumed to be installed outdoors at a nominal height of 10 meters above
ground level and co-located with the transmit antenna.
Special attention SHALL be given to the installation of the outdoor antenna to make sure that the sensing
capabilities of the CPE are not impacted by local obstructions.
3.3.1.3.2.          Pattern
It is assumed that the sense antenna will be omni-directional.
The sensing antenna has to be omnidirectional in the horizontal plane with a maximum gain variation of 1 dB.
3.3.1.3.2.1.            Gain
CPEs SHALL sense licensed transmissions using an antenna with 0 dBi gain or greater (where all losses between
the antenna and the input to the receiver are included) in any azimuthal direction and polarization.
Submission                                       page 18                        Winston Caldwell, FOX
The sensing antenna gain has to be at least 0 dBi.
3.3.1.3.2.2.              Orientation
3.3.1.3.2.3.              Front-to-Back
In the case of co-channel and first adjacent channel operation, both antennas are assumed to be looking away from
each other since the base station has to be located at a certain distance outside the noise-limited protected contour
of the DTV station as indicated in the previous section. The back-lobe rejection of both antennas can therefore be
relied upon. [Edit this paragraph].
3.3.1.3.2.4.              Polarization
[Some antenna polarization discrimination MAY be assumed.
The possibility of some signal depolarization between the two antennas SHOULD be considered as well.]
The sensing antenna needs to receive equally on both polarizations for TV sensing and Part 74 wireless
3.3.1.3.3.            Tamper Resistant
of the preceding two paragraphs.
3.3.2.         RF Safety Limit
3.3.3.         Cable Protection
Direct pickup interference                           mV/m            dB(uV/m)
Allowed level at cable set-top box:                   100              100
3.3.4.         RF Receive Chain (The following might instead be placed in an annex for assumption reference.)
3.3.5.         Noise Figure
2.5 dB assumed
Submission                                        page 19                        Winston Caldwell, FOX
3.3.6.       Filtering Loss
1 dB + 0.5 dB antenna coupling loss
3.3.7.       LNA Gain
3.3.8.       Cable Loss
3.5 dB + 0.2 dB connector loss
3.3.9.       Receiver Noise Figure
3.3.10.      Overall Figure of Merit: G/T
-17 dB (1/K)
4.1.      System
4.1.1.      Continuous Monitoring
4.1.2.      Software
Devices must include features to ensure that only software that is approved with a device can be loaded into this
device, and the software may not allow the user to operate the device with parameters outside those that were
approved. “Software” in this context includes the software that selects a device’s operating frequency, determines
a device’s geographic location, identifies TV channels that are vacant, and accesses information in a related
4.1.3.      Distributed Sensing
Sensing reliability is improved by the collaborative sensing from a number of well selected CPEs. Information
on the geo-location of the CPE relative to the presumed origin of the signal will be available at the BS. [The
sensing scheme needs to be considered more as a component of a more complex distributed sensing system than
an independent device that, on its own, needs to meet the sensing requirement.]
4.2.      Base Station
BSs SHALL be professionally operated.
Different classes of BSs with different conditions of operation such as transmit power levels, etc., are supported
where permitted by regulatory domains.
4.2.1.      Requests to the CPE
Submission                                       page 20                         Winston Caldwell, FOX
The BS SHALL be able to request local interference sensing and channel scanning from a CPE at any time.
When a new CPE attempts to register with a BS,, the BS shall verify that the local interference potential from the
CPE would allow the CPE to access the network.
4.2.2.      Maximum Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP)
The default class of base station SHALL operate at a maximum of 4 W EIRP.
4.2.3.      Duty Cycle
Base stations SHALL support 100% transmit duty cycle at rated power.
4.2.4.      Monitoring
The BS or its operator SHALL periodically access a TV channel availability database derived from current FCC
data and computational software to ensure that occupied channels by TV remain unused.
4.2.4.1         Manual Monitoring
4.2.4.2         Automatic Monitoring
Information will be sent and collated at the base station where mapping of the interference situation will be made
based on the sensing information from the CPEs and according to their respective geographic coordinates.
Solutions to avoid interference will be deduced at the base station and measures will be signalled to the CPEs
such as channel change or power reduction.
Sensing reliability is improved by the collaborative sensing from a number of well selected CPEs based on their
geo-location relative to the presumed origin of the signal since all this information will be available at the base
station. The sensing scheme needs to be considered more as a component of a more complex distributed sensing
system than an independent device that, on its own, needs to meet the sensing requirement.[This is redundant].
4.3.      Customer Premises Equipment
4.3.1.      Maximum Effective Isotropic Radiated Power
4 Watt maximum CPE transmit EIRP.
Accordingly, the maximum transmitted CPE EIRP will have to be limited (by capping the TPC range) to a value
that is related to the channel separation between WRAN and TV operations.
4.3.2.      Duty Cycle
CPEs SHALL support 100% transmit duty cycle at rated power to support cases where maximum upstream
throughput is required from a terminal at the edge of the coverage area.
Planning of Service Procedure Example [Need to also describe a simpler methodology for deployment also
(involving a simpler propagation model, F(50,50) and separation distances).***]
1. Acquire the necessary tools and information.
Submission                                       page 21                         Winston Caldwell, FOX
   WRAN BS operating parameters
i. Antenna characteristics (OMNI-directional dipole is assumed)
ii. Intended height of the center of radiation (AGL) (75 m is assumed)
iii. Operating channel
   Incumbent receiver characteristics
Table : Incumbent Receiver Characteristics
Low VHF              High VHF                    UHF
Lead in loss (dB)                      1                    2                        4
Front to back ratio (dB)               10                  12                       14
Antenna gain (dBi)                   6.15                 8.15                     12.15
i. Receivers are outdoors at 9 m height.
ii. Receiver antenna patterns use a cosine exponent equal to 4. If the azimuth offset between
the WRAN transmission and the main lobe of the receiver antenna azimuth pattern is less
than 90 degrees, the pattern contribution returned is the maximum of either the cosine of
the azimuth offset raised by the pattern exponent or the front-to-back ratio. If the
azimuth offset is greater than 90 degrees, the pattern contribution is equal to the front-to-
   Incumbent database
i. TV transmitter operating parameters are from the 12/20/06 FCC CDBS database.
ii. Only co-channel and adjacent channel interference was considered (“taboo” channel
relationships were not considered).
iii. Only high power TV stations were considered (low power or “class A” TV stations were
   Propagation analysis tool
i. 8-Vestigial Side-Band (8-VSB) Advanced Television Systems Committee modulation for
802.22 systems.
ii. Desired to undesired ratios (D/U) from the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
Office of Engineering and Technology Bulletin 69.
iii. 30 meter United States Geological Survey terrain data.
iv. Population from 2000 Topographically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing
system census data.
v. Terrain Integrated Rough Earth Model propagation prediction model (TIREM).
vi. Long Term Fading, Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA) Technical
Report ESSA Research Laboratories 79-Institute for Telecommunication Sciences 67.
vii. Surface of the Earth Electrical Characteristics from International Telecommunication
Union Recommendation 527-3.
viii. 802.22 coverage simulations use 99.9 % time availability.
ix. Digital television (DTV) interference analysis, desired and undesired signals use 90 %
and 10 %, respectively for time availability.
x. Analog interference analysis desired and undesired signals use 50 % and 10 %,
respectively for time availability.
xi. Other assumptions regarding transmitter and receiver parameters for link budgets are
from 802.22 document number 22-04-0002-10-0000.
2. Identify the area of interest to deploy the WRAN service.
In this example, a location in Linden, TN was chosen (35.37&#176;, -87.50&#176;)
3. Determine a useable channel by plotting the co- and adjacent channel incumbent service noise-limited
contours in the area of interest.
Submission                                      page 22                         Winston Caldwell, FOX
June 2008June 2008May 2008March 2007                                                                                                doc.: IEEE 802.22-06/0242r10doc.: IEEE 802
Note: The figures above do not accurately represent final post-transition DTV service or associated service contours.
Current co- and adjacent channel DTV noise-limited contours were plotted in the Linden, TN area for channels 25
through 30. In the figures above, the black circle is a 40 km radius circle with center at a site in Linden, TN of
high terrain elevation. The red contours are the co- and adjacent channel DTV noise-limited contours. It can be
seen in the figures above that channels 26 through 28 are unusable for the Linden, TN site. It appears that
channels 25, 29, and 30 are possible because the selected site would not be contained within either a co- or
adjacent channel DTV noise-limited contour.
For this example channel 30 is selected.
4. Analyze the coverage achieved by the WRAN system.
Submission                                                       page 23                                    Winston Caldwell, FOX
June 2008June 2008May 2008March 2007                                                                                     doc.: IEEE 802.22-06/0242r10doc.: IEEE 802
Note: The figure above is still being developed. Coverage shown may not be accurate.
The 4 W transmission from the WRAN BS does a good job serving the 40 km circle with a -102 dBm signal
or greater. Hovever the interference caused to this transmission from the nearby co- and adjacent channel
higher power DTV transmissions is significant. The interference is represented by the gray color in the figure
5. Analyze the interference potential into the planned WRAN system from the nearby DTV service.
Note: The figure above is still being developed. The interference shown may not be accurate.
The co- and adjacent channel interference into the WRAN BS from the nearby DTV transmissions is once
again depicted in the figure above. In this figure the interference is color coded to indicate the particular
station that is causing the particular interference.
Submission                                             page 24                                   Winston Caldwell, FOX
June 2008June 2008May 2008March 2007                            doc.: IEEE 802.22-06/0242r10doc.: IEEE 802
Submission                    page 25   Winston Caldwell, FOX
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