Source: https://patents.google.com/patent/CN106930675B/en
Timestamp: 2019-08-18 13:25:57
Document Index: 398748731

Matched Legal Cases: ['Application No. 12', 'Application No. 12', 'art 800', 'Application No. 13', 'art.\n23', 'art.\n40']

CN106930675B - Mitigate the thermal shock in pigmentable window - Google Patents
Mitigate the thermal shock in pigmentable window Download PDF
CN106930675B
CN106930675B CN201710111979.3A CN201710111979A CN106930675B CN 106930675 B CN106930675 B CN 106930675B CN 201710111979 A CN201710111979 A CN 201710111979A CN 106930675 B CN106930675 B CN 106930675B
CN201710111979.3A
CN106930675A (en
罗纳德·M·帕克
2011-10-21 Priority to US201161550277P priority Critical
2011-10-21 Priority to US61/550,277 priority
2012-10-19 Application filed by 唯景公司 filed Critical 唯景公司
2012-10-19 Priority to CN201280060910.8A priority patent/CN103987909B/en
2017-07-07 Publication of CN106930675A publication Critical patent/CN106930675A/en
2019-05-28 Publication of CN106930675B publication Critical patent/CN106930675B/en
The present invention relates to the thermal shocks mitigated in pigmentable window.Pigmentable optical module such as window has controller, and the controller is designed or configures to control coloring in a manner of preventing to be exposed to damaging heat impact.The controller determines that the trigger condition of thermal shock is occurring or will occur and take steps to the thermal shock of avoiding damage to property.In some cases, these steps include increasing the transmissivity of the optical module or the component being maintained under highly transmissive state.In some cases, the step is related to heating the component.
Mitigate the thermal shock in pigmentable window
This case is divisional application.The female case of the division be the applying date be on October 19th, 2012, application No. is 201280060910.8, the invention patent application case of entitled " mitigate thermal shock in pigmentable window ".
This application claims U.S. Provisional Patent Application the 61/550th, 277 filed on October 21st, 2011 equity, Full text is hereby incorporated herein by for all purposes.
This disclosure relates to intelligent window setting technique, and more particularly to for mitigating the smart window with Active control ability In thermal shock control method and system.
" intelligence " window producer is faced with numerous challenges.For example, producer must be filled with such as electrochromism of advanced coating Set coating coating large window substrate.Coating procedure must be carried out with high yield high yield.To inevitably it go out in some coatings Existing defect.In some cases, a defect or one group of defect only influence the sub-fraction of window substrate, and therefore can pass through shifting Except the impacted part of window substrate and smaller window is formed using the remainder of substrate and is solved.Regrettably, this Kind method is usually such as tempered with enhance process incompatible.Furthermore, it is possible to need be not tempered the original for manufacturing smart window on substrate It is many because having.However, changeable smart window of the manufacture on this kind of window substrate is easier to be broken.For example, this kind of window compares appearance Vulnerable to thermal gradient influence and may be broken under conditions of tempered window substrate may not be broken.
Control algolithm for optical switchable device is applied not only to the transformation of driving Optical devices to provide wanted optics State is to terminal user, and the physical property for controlling optical switchable device, especially thermal property, to avoid heat punching It hits.Pigmentable optical module such as window has controller, and the controller is designed or configures come to prevent to be exposed to destructiveness The mode of thermal shock controls coloring.Controller determines that the trigger condition of thermal shock is occurring or will occur and take steps to The thermal shock of avoiding damage to property.In some cases, these steps include increasing the transmissivity of optical module or retaining the assembly in Under highly transmissive state.In some cases, the step is related to heating component.In specific embodiments, these and other The combination of control parameter is used to that thermal shock is alleviated or avoided.
These features and other feature and embodiment is described in more detail hereinafter with reference to figure.
Figure 1A and Figure 1B is the coating for describing specifically disclosed manufacturing method and the schematic diagram of cutting aspect.
Fig. 2 can be used to the schematic diagram that the controller of switchable optical device is controlled according to method described herein.
Fig. 3 describes the perspective exploded view of more pane window assemblies.
Fig. 4 describes the cross section of more pane window assemblies.
Fig. 5 describes the cross section of lamination insulating glass unit (IGU).
Fig. 6 A is the schematic diagram of the electrochromic device indicated with cross section.
Fig. 6 B be whiten under state (or being converted to state of whitening) electrochromic device schematic cross-sectional.
Fig. 6 C is the signal of the electrochromic device of (or being converted to colored state) shown in Fig. 6 B but under colored state Cross section.
Fig. 7 is the schematic cross-sectional of the electrochromic device in colored state, and wherein described device has interface zone, The interface zone does not include apparent electrode layer.
Fig. 8 is the flow chart for describing the aspect of the process according to the embodiment described herein.
In the following description, a large amount of details are stated to provide thorough understanding to the embodiment of presentation.Disclosed reality The scheme of applying can be carried out in the case where some or all of these no details.In other examples, to total institute's week The process operation known is not described in detail will not unnecessarily obscure disclosed embodiment.Although will be in conjunction with specific real It applies scheme and describes disclosed embodiment, it is to be appreciated that being not intended to limit disclosed embodiment.
Various embodiments disclosed herein is related to being coated in window or the switchable optical device on other optical modules Controller.Specific embodiment is related to switching the method for the optical states in this kind of Optical devices.The response of switchable optical device Change optical property, such as transmissivity, color or reflectivity in electric signal.The example of switchable optical device is electrochromism dress It sets.Other examples include liquid-crystal apparatus and suspended particle device.In being discussed below, for convenience, switchable apparatus is usual It is described as " electrochromic device ".However, related discuss should not be construed as limited to electrochromic device.It is presented below with it is electric Cause structure, manufacture and the relevant various details of operation of color-changing device.
In general, optical module as described herein is window, mirror, research tool etc., and it includes be coated with optics to fill The substrate set.The substrate is usually transparent or substantially transparent.The example of substantial transparent substrate includes inorganic Plate of material, such as silica or silicate-based material and organic material plate, such as acrylic acid and carbonate polymer.Generally For, substrate is substantially rigid.The specific example of glass plate include float glass,Glass (can have a rest from close Root, the Dow Corning of Midland, the brand name for the alkali silicate aluminum board glass that Corp. is bought) etc..The reality of organic substrate Example is Plexiglass (Plexiglass).It for purposes of brevity, herein include all types of using " glass plate " Window substrate, unless otherwise specific instruction.
In one embodiment, glass plate is float glass, is coated with transparent conductive oxide (TCO) and diffuser screen Barrier layer.The example of this kind of glass includes by Ohio, and the Pilkington of Toledo is in trade markLower sale and by Pennsylvania, the PPGIndustries of Pittsburgh is in trade mark300 Hes500 lower sale Conductive layer coating glass.Glass is the glass coated with fluorinated tin oxide conductive layer.Diffusion-barrier coating can be with It is arranged between TCO and float glass to prevent sodium to be diffused into TCO from glass.In one embodiment, glass plate is at it It is upper not have preformed TCO or diffusion barrier.For example, in one embodiment, diffusion barrier, the first TCO and electroluminescent change Color stacks and the 2nd TCO is completely formed in one single under controlled ambient (infrared).Glass plate is being made thereon It can reinforce through overheat before making electrochromism (EC) device.
Optical module described herein can by size at least equal to compensation manufacture largest component large glass plate and Manufacture.In various embodiments, in the subsequent stage of processing procedure, it is intended to which large glass plate is cut into smaller pane.Specific In embodiment, it is intended to pane is used as window, therefore the physical size of related substrate and optically and mechanically property should be suitable for it is pre- The window application of phase.
In representative instance, the large glass plate that when operation uses is an at least side length between about 3 meters and about 6 meters One block of glass.In some cases, glass is rectangle, and a height of about 3 meters to 6 meters and width is about 1.5 meters to 3 meters.Specific real It applies in scheme, glass plate width is about 2 meters and about 3 meters a height of.In one embodiment, glass is six feet multiplied by ten feet. No matter the size of glass plate why, manufacture instrument be designed to adapt to and handle many this kind of glass plates, on this kind of glass plate Switchable optical device is continuously manufactured one by one.
For window application, it is important that changeable pane should be secured and opposite zero defect.Conventionally, glass pane passes through Tempering is reinforced.Regrettably, drawing process is related to for glass being heated to above the annealing point of glass, is then rapidly cooled, It may cause the defects of electrochromic device.Therefore, the most of trials for manufacturing electrochromic are suitable using following manufacture Sequence: being cut into certain size for glass pane first, then makes glass tempering, and electricity is finally formed on tempered windowpane Cause color-changing device.Electrochromic device usually by by a series of veneers it is preparatory cut and the glass pane of tempering one It is formed on side.Regrettably, the sequence: electrochromic device is cut, be tempered and be subsequently formed, low quality is frequently resulted in Electrochromic, reason are that device manufacturing process generates one or more visual defects on electrochromic device sometimes.When So, producer can refuse to tolerate low quality device, but refusing low quality pane causes income to reduce.
According to various embodiments, window manufacture is preshaped with " coating and cutting " program, thus big substantially to cover The mode of type transparency glass plate manufactures electrochromic device (or other changeable coatings).It is only followed by and is defined in transparency glass plate On multiple electrochromism panes cutting pattern.Cutting pattern can take into account miscellaneous thoughts, make including glass plate With the defects of, manufactured electrochromic device, for specific dimensions and shape electrochromism pane economic requirement, dress It sets and/or the inhomogeneities of glass plate etc..Coating and cutting process example be described in detail on November 8th, 2010 application and U.S. Patent Application No. 12/941,882 of entitled " ELECTROCHROMIC WINDOW FABRICATION METHODS " In, the full text is incorporated as a reference herein.
For context, Figure 1A describes for example, about 3 meters multiplied by about 2 meters or about 120 inches multiplied by 72 inches of glass plate 100, wherein electrochromic device (not separately shown) is disposed thereon.In this example, pattern (as indicated by dashed line) quilt is cut It defines for cutting one or more panes from glass plate 100.For example, depend on defect level, require etc., cutting pattern can To be regular, such as pattern 102 or irregular, such as pattern 104.Pattern 104 includes region 106a and 106b, It is formed together glass bar, may be abandoned because of such as roll-in and/or higher than the defect level of remaining glass plate due to.Around these Region removes due to can also be due to the back pollution of the electrochromic material caused by overspray.According to single glass plate, one A or multiple panes can have identical size, or can have different sizes as needed.
With reference to Figure 1B, glass plate 100 is according to the cutting drawing for example obtained from the rear coating of electrochromic device coating assessment Case and cut.In this example, four panes 108 are generated.In addition, in this example, two panes 108 divide in pairs and with sealing It combines every device 110 to form IGU 112.In this example, there are two electrochromism panes for the tool of IGU 112.In general, but may not It is that pane is by configuration so that electrochromic device is towards the influence for being protected release ambient enviroment inside IGU 112.Tool There are two or more electrochromism pane electrochromic be described on August 5th, 2010 application and entitled " MULTI- In U.S. Patent Application No. 12/851,514 of PANE ELECTROCHROMIC WINDOWS ", full text is by reference It is incorporated herein.This kind of more pane windows or IGU are advantageous in that it provides 4 discrete transmissive states.This kind of electroluminescent change of more panes The independent advantage of color window is that a possibility that two defects are aligned completely and are therefore seen in terminal user is very small.It is described herein Method for manufacture be used in embodiment of many panes electrochromic electrochromism pane it is particularly useful.Such as two electroluminescent changes wherein Color pane is in the embodiment in single window, defect mapping data group can be used to further true when being registered against in IGU The defect protected on individual panes is misaligned.This can be the standard considered when patterning to glass plate.
Regrettably, when using coating and cutting process, window or other optical modules may lack enough intensity.So And if reinforcing glass by tempering before coating, it may be not easy to cut.On the other hand, if in tempering Preceding coating and glass-cutting, then coating allows for being subjected to drawing process.As mentioned, advanced coating such as electrochromism fills Setting coating can not usually be subjected to being tempered.This type coating may be sensitive to drawing process and may be damaged or ruin during tempering It is bad.
In order to solve this problem, people may consider to reinforce coated window with some other mode, such as pass through Not as good as the serious heat treatment process of tempering or pass through lamination coating glass to previous glass pane that is tempered or otherwise strengthening.This A little methods all have some difficulty.For example, glass both can not be solved in response to by the glass because being exposed to high temperature initiation Thermal shock caused by big thermal gradient or thermal stress and the problem of be cracked.
The thermal shock to be avoided is thermal stress (and the relevant thermal strain) level caused by temperature change (or thermal gradient), The temperature change is enough to lead to single sheet pane or window cracking or undergoes other destructions, peeling, inelastic deformation etc. Deng.As used herein, term " thermal shock " is intended to be exposed to all types of broken of fuel factor initiation by pane or window Bad property thermal stress or strain.In this context, " monolithic " glass pane includes the glass pane for being laminated to other panes.One In a little situations, destructive internal stress or strain can be caused by the localized variations of the thermal expansion of the material volume in glass pane. For example, if the side of glass pane expands (for example, due to high temperature), and the other side does not expand, then can lead to destruction Property thermal shock.
The thermal shock of coated window can be permitted multitude of different ways.In general, it is by external condition or causes in window High spatial and/or the event of time thermal gradient drive.In general, thermal shock is by the high fever between the center of window and the edge of window Gradient causes, and the EDGE CONTACT installs the frame and/or a part of fenestrate building.
The high thermal gradient of window can absorb solar radiation by window or window coating and introduce.For example, high thermal gradient can be Introducing when window enters high sun exposed state from low sun exposed state.Some coatings such as electrochromic device coating cycle Property generate low transmission state, wherein the transmissivity of window is relatively low (for example, be less than about 40%).It is consequential to be, it is this kind of State increases absorption of the window to solar radiation.The solar radiation of absorption is quickly converted into thermal energy, and the thermal energy can directly incline It infuses on the surface of window and can trigger thermal shock in some cases.
An example for the case where wherein high thermal gradient may cause thermal shock and window is caused to be broken is electric during sunrise Color-changing window is caused to be exposed to solar radiation.In general, the building where window is relatively cold shortly before sunrise.At that time, window itself can Thermal balance can be reached with the remainder of building and therefore it also has relatively lower temp.As the sun rises, sun spoke It penetrates and starts impact on window, the controller of electrochromic device can cause electrochromic device to be converted to opposite opaque state (or window is already at opaque state).Under normal circumstances, the opacity of window is controlled to reduce to the air tune in building The needs of section or other HVAC resources.Regrettably, it when window is in opaque state, can quickly absorb a large amount of Solar radiation.Therefore, the central area of window is quickly heated, and the edge of window contacts the metal framework of building due to it Or other components or insulating glass unit and relatively lower temp can be maintained.The thermal gradient at this center to edge generates phase When more internal stress and strain, it can trigger thermal shock and lead to window fracture or other destructions.
It is special in the relatively strong low humidity of solar radiation at sunrise or desert Environment for the neurological susceptibility of thermal shock It is not significant.Described problem especially severe in the environment of these nocturnal temperatures relatively low (for example, or be below about 0 DEG C).
Certainly, there are other situations of the thermal shock caused in window.Some changing including climate type in these situations Become, because of quick change of temporary obscuration, the internal temperature of building of adjacent barrier window etc..
In some cases, thermal shock can be caused by the high thermal gradient (substantial temperature variation) in window.This kind of height Thermal gradient can be time gradient and/or spatial gradient.For time gradient, it means that as the temperature that the time occurs becomes Change high.For example, the substantial temperature variation occurred in relative short time section has high time thermal gradient (time gradient).With regard to space ladder For degree, it means that the temperature change occurred in distance on window is high.For example, occurring in window relatively short distance Substantial temperature variation have high spatial thermal gradient (spatial gradient).The seriousness of thermal gradient is (that is, its energy for causing thermal shock Power) it can be average or start window temperature and/or final window temperature nonlinear function.
In some cases, thermal shock not itself is generated the Latent destruction of window by " impact ", but by persistently exposing It is generated in the condition for causing a large amount of thermal stress or strain in window up to a period of time.One example of this condition, which appears in, is close to Late external temperature often exceeds the west in the position of threshold value (for example, 35 DEG C) on window.
For mitigating the controller operation of thermal shock risk
It is hot at thus solving that disclosed embodiment reduces or eliminates thermal shock by introducing or modifying controller function Shock problem.Usually this is related to controlling production of the switchable apparatus coating high thermal gradient on window or optical module is reduced or avoided It is raw.
This method is in the window for being applied to not yet be strengthened in a manner of reducing window to the neurological susceptibility of thermal shock damage With special value.In some embodiments, the method is applied to still untempered window.However, the method can also To be applied to window that is tempered or reinforcing (for example, the window reinforced by heat treatment or lamination).In addition, this method is particularly suitable In the coated window generated via the processing procedure for coating and then cutting.Special interest is there is electrochromic device coating Window.
The controller function for being introduced or being modified according to specific embodiment generally includes two functional units.Firstly, there are The trigger condition for being detected or predicting.Secondly, the controller that there is the risk for mitigating thermal shock is living in response to this trigger condition It is dynamic.
1. trigger condition
Trigger condition is rushed it would be possible that generating thermal shock or may develop into there may be hot if do not checked it The condition for the condition hit.Some trigger conditions are predicted according to the expected event that may cause thermal shock.Other trigger conditions are windows At or near position real-time detection to condition and be not related to predicting.
About be related to prediction will lead to thermal shock condition trigger condition, these conditions, which will be usually directed to particular event, to be led It causes solar radiation flux or impacts the identification quickly changed in other sources of the thermal energy on window.In general, but may not, no Dependent on any external condition sensed.It can be for example with certain predictable regularity or recurrent reproduction thing Part.Some examples of recurring event and the season for being properly termed as earth rule such as sunrise, sunset or changing with position of sun The event of variation is related.For example, the position of the sun can be directly facing window during particular season.During these seasons, window can It can be easier the influence of heat-shock and therefore trigger condition only exists in those seasons or specific time period on daytime part.It is other Example includes the Changes in weather of prediction, such as from cloudy to sunny the fast transition of condition, front (warm or cold) it is quick close, With window because of the partially or completely screening of building feature (for example, protrusion) or adjacent barrier (for example, tree or adjacent buildings) It covers.
(that is, the event that real-time detection arrives) in second of classification of trigger condition, specific embodiment is related to detecting window In one or more substantial temperature gradients.The substantial temperature gradient detected can be the substantial temperature in the relatively short time The substantial temperature changed in (time gradient) and/or relatively short distance changes (spatial gradient).Any one of these detections The sensor or sensing function that may need to be arranged in window or building.For example, sensor or sensing function can be with measurement windows Different location, the IGU with window, interior of building/outside, at other regions near window and in the temperature of different time. For example, building externally and/or internally on ambient temperature can with thermocouple, thermometer or other temperature-sensing devices prison Control.In addition, temperature-sensing device can be established directly in the IGU in window or comprising window.In a specific embodiment, one Or multiple temperature-sensing devices are deployed in the frame space part of IGU.In another embodiment, temperature-sensing device is set It sets at the different location on or near the surface of glass pane.For example, two, three or four temperature-sensing devices can portion Affix one's name to the corner in windowpane.The advantages of this kind of device, is to determine the position for being in close proximity to window or the temperature close to window edge Degree.Moreover, temperature can be inferred by measuring the current vs voltage characteristic for the electrochromic device being coated on window.These works One or more of tool can be used at the different location of measurement window and the temperature of different time, and can be used to from measurement Temperature detection high-temperature gradient.Using any one or more of these tools, the high-temperature gradient detected, space Or the time, it can be used as trigger event.
In addition, in some embodiments, the combination of the transmissivity of the temperature and coating of window may be used as trigger event.Example Such as, if the temperature on window reach threshold level and simultaneously window at or below specific transmissivity threshold level, Meet trigger condition.In another example, threshold temperature and the combination of the incident solar radiation level detected may be used as touching Hair event may be adapted to as needed include the transmissivity and/or sun spoke for detecting window in window in this kind of embodiment Penetrate the temperature-sensing device of flux.
2. in response to the trigger action of triggering
The controller operation for being designed to avoid or mitigate thermal shock can take many forms.It in general, will be It detects when trigger condition or is detecting that trigger condition executes shortly after.Certainly, in the feelings for the trigger condition predicted or forecast Under condition, prediction itself can much occur in operation in advance.However, in the case where the trigger condition of real-time detection, compensation Property controller operation can be executed within about 30 minutes or shorter of the condition that detects time, or in some embodiments, It was executed within about 10 minutes or shorter of the condition that detects time, or in the about 1 minute or shorter time of the condition that detects Interior execution.
In one approach, controller activity involves transform to or maintains the high transmissivity in window.In specific embodiment party In case, it means that the transmissivity of window should be greater than predetermined threshold.Some examples of this threshold value include about at least 40% transmissivity, About at least 45% transmissivity peace treaty at least 50% transmissivity.It should be appreciated, however, that other threshold values are applicable in specific context.Example Such as, wide glass pane and/or heavy sheet glass pane may be easier the destruction by thermal shock and therefore need higher thresholds.Cause This, in many embodiments, predetermined threshold can be defined as the minimum transmittance from about 30% to 70%.Window or other light The transmissivity for learning element is conventionally defined as the light directly transmitted after through participating medium (for example, electrochromic) With the ratio for the light quantity that should have passed through distance shared by vacuum medium.Thermal shock problem includes continuous thermal stress, complete It entirely clearly generally will not be obvious in pane.
In another operating mode, when detect trigger condition (for example, trigger event) and window be in it otherwise will be from more Easy transmissive state is converted to be less susceptible to transmissive state in the state of when, change than its should occur more slowly.For example, if Determine the end-state to be less susceptible to transmiting by the solar radiation such as strong based on environmental condition, it is too fast because of energy absorption Ground generates excessive heat, is less susceptible to transmit then being more slowly converted to compared with the window that should occur from the state for being easier to transmission State.In addition, transformation may along between be easier to transmission end-state and be less susceptible to transmission end-state between Intermediate state.For example, if be easier to transmission state be 98% transmissivity and be less susceptible to transmission state be 40% transmissivity and Transmission time generally can be 5 minutes, then controller can be programmed to that fringe time is made slowly to arrive about 30 minutes.This is relatively slow The slow transition time can be with one or more intermediate state, such as 80% and 60% transmissivity.The centre of electrochromic device State can be used various mechanisms and generate.For example,-two electrochromic device window unit of two panes can be used, wherein each electricity It causes color-changing device that there is different end-state, is described in promulgation on September 18th, 2012 and entitled " MULTI-PANE In U.S. Patent No. 8,270,059 of ELECTROCHROMIC WINDOWS ", the full text is incorporated as a reference herein. Controller function for generating intermediate state is described in promulgation on August 28th, 2012 and entitled " CONTROLLING In U.S. Patent No. 8,254,013 of TRANSITIONS IN OPTICALLY SWITCHABLE DEVICES ", to draw Mode is incorporated herein.
In another operation mode, when detecting trigger condition (for example, trigger event), cancels and be in general driving Whole controller functions of the switch of the optical states of window.In an example, during this cancels condition, window coating is still In transmissive state, although otherwise controller algorithm may be converted to more opaque state by indicating window.This cancel can protect It holds in original place until detecting specific release conditions.The detection of release conditions is for restoring original normal controller function The triggering of energy.The example of release conditions includes that the temperature gradient detected sunrise latter hour is decreased below predefined thresholds Value, solar radiation flux are decreased below level of threshold value etc..
Another example of the compensation function of controller is related to heat heating and cooling window to avoid thermal shock.If window includes using In certain mechanism for introducing this heating, then this function can be used.For example, window can have coating (possibility sheet Body is Electro-Discolor Coating), resistance-type heating is carried out when electric current is applied to thereon.In another example, heating frame sheet Body.These methods can mitigate the risk that the center of window during sunrise is heated to the temperature more much higher than frame temperature.Another In one example, or heating function is combined, window unit may include cooling body, such as cooling fan, in cold air and IGU Or the hot-air exchange of surrounding, therefore cooling window and mitigation temperature extremes, especially in short time range or apart from interior.
The movable yet another embodiment of the controller that may be taken is that window is converted to relatively non-transmissive state or is maintained at window Relatively non-transmissive state, i.e. opaque state.This may be suitble in the case where extremely limited, such as when the temperature in building When quickly increasing, such as in a fire.
The example of controller algorithm
In an example, controller algorithm is converted to predefined level of transmittance by requiring (for example, at least about 40%) A table trigger condition driving.Trigger condition may include specified temperature levels, temperature gradient and/or illumination water It is flat.For example, the external temperature that a trigger condition can be at least 40 DEG C maintains a hour or more long.Another trigger condition can To be at least 10 DEG C within 15 minutes or less periods of window temperature change.Another trigger condition can be any two angle of window At least 5 DEG C of window temperature change between falling or between the inside and outer surface of window.As mentioned, to the transformation of high transmission state Can predefined rate complete, in one embodiment, the rate is fast as far as possible as device.
In another example, controller algorithm time predefined (for example, about 30 minutes before sunrise) before sunrise triggers, that When signal be provided to window to be converted to the transmissivity of (maintenance) at least predefined value (for example, at least about 55%), then will be saturating It penetrates rate level and maintains predefined period (for example, about 45 minutes after sunrise).
In a further example, triggering is detected when otherwise controller will lead to window from transparent transition to less opaque state Condition (for example, the temperature difference between two different corners of windowpane is at least about 10 DEG C).In this example, controller algorithm Triggering slowly transformation, such as in about 90 minutes.
In further example, when forecast when significantling change of solar radiation flux (for example, when the sun will rise), Window (or at least window edge) heats shortly before flux will occur.For example, window can be heated about before forecast events 10-30 minutes.In one embodiment, it completes to heat and conveying electrical current to the conductive bar on optical switching apparatus. Electric current can be conveyed with mode of oscillation to be changed with relatively small optical states and provide relatively large resistance heating.In another embodiment party In case, heater is embedded in the frame space part of window IGU and heater starts before forecast events as mentioned.
In another example, when forecasting substantial temperature variation (for example, the sweltering heat before estimated storm attacks is sunny It), window is cooling shortly before cooling events (rainfall) will occur.For example, window can cool down about 10- before forecast events 30 minutes.In one embodiment, cooling to pass through one or more cooling fans (vaneless turbine wind in such as window-frame Fan voicelessly cools down window, such as the window under low transmission state close to IGU, changes or be not converted to high transmission shape for window State) it completes.This cooling capacity allows the flexibility of control function, for example, the sun can be before storm be coming still It so resplendently flashes, the occupant of building still can enjoy free from glare environment, while window is being cooled down to prepare to meet horse It is upper to arrive and otherwise pat the heavy rain on overheat pane.Window pats the heat generated at that time by being fully cooled to avoid raindrop Impact, while cooling body still is operated using less energy as far as possible, for example, cooling body can be supplied by photovoltaic cell Electricity stores the energy generated by photovoltaic cell with or without storage device.
Fig. 8 is the flow chart for describing the aspect of the flow chart 800 according to control algolithm embodiment as described herein.Process 800 aspect can be in the method for reducing a possibility that controllably pigmentable window will undergo thermal shock.Firstly, make by The determination that decision block 805 is described: whether the trigger condition that may cause thermal shock to window may occur in specific time, i.e., such as It is above described to meet trigger condition.The specific time can be when determination, and sensor temperature gradient, is high fever at that time The predicted time of gradient is (for example, at or about sunrise time-division or sunset, in the weather condition change at or approximately at prediction When change) etc..Window may be at the first colored state before this determination.In some cases, this was determined in the period (for example, every 60 minutes, 15 minutes, 5 minutes etc.) are made on the basis of property.Trigger condition can be one of multiple trigger conditions, Radiation flux for example including impact window it is quick change, ambient temperature on the outside of window it is quick change, two angles of window Predetermined temperature difference between the center and edge of predetermined temperature difference, window between falling, close to a surface of window environment with close to window Another surface environment between predetermined temperature difference, and may to window cause thermal shock other conditions.
If answer is "No" at decision block 805, then pigmentable window is by normal operating, referring to 810.That is, at that At a time point, window will be in the first colored state, statically or among transformation.If not when carrying out the current practice of window There are thermal shock danger, then thermal shock algorithm is held fire, and are to continue with to decision block 805 and inquire.As long as being not present Thermal shock is dangerous, and window is just pressed programming operation or controlled by end user manual.
If answer is "yes" at decision block 805, then meeting trigger condition (for example, the triggering thing occurred Part) and there are imminent thermal shock danger.Therefore, window is inquired in another inquiry of the logic display at decision block 815 Whether overheat." overheating " within a context means and trigger condition (such as the trigger event that is occurring or will occur) ratio If being relatively that the temperature of device not take any measures to the Current Temperatures for reducing some or all of windowpane, Thermal shock will come one after another.If at decision block 815, answer is "yes", window (such as pane of support EC device) temperature Degree is reduced and/or is adapted to due to trigger condition (for example, trigger event) already when being expected the trigger condition for causing thermal shock The temperature change of generation.
Algorithm by inquiring another problem, specifically current coloration state whether should change (referring to 820) and close to this Kind reduces the needs of temperature in expected trigger condition.It is first due to the case where there are more than one methods come when solving window overheat It first needs to determine whether that current %T will be kept.For example, being risen if window is currently located in the colored state that need to reduce indoor glare High %T possibly can not receive.If the answer to decision block 820 is "No", window passes through the method in addition to increasing %T It is cooling, referring to 830, such as via fan.If to decision block 820, answer is "yes", such as wherein increase %T can connect By then increasing %T, referring to 825.This increased %T can be enough to solve thermal shock, even if inadequate, window can also be actively cold But, referring to 830, this is selectable.
In certain embodiments, algorithm for example can cancel selection by terminal user with manual operation mode, with %T is maintained at current value by decision block 820.That is, if window temperature is so that thermal shock risk is very high, at box 820 Decision will be wanted window coloring is kept for example to reduce the hope of dazzle according to terminal user and be indicated by the demand of window.For example, It can implement this by storage temperature value difference and cancel function, wherein agreement is cancelled in receiving, and only if sufficiently large In acceptable situation, just allow user that %T is kept " such " during operation thermal shock avoids algorithm.Therefore, algorithm Window can be made to be in thermal shock risk to solve the heat of wherein window by increasing %T, active cooling or both according to situation Situation.Since coloring window can quickly absorb solar energy, so the transformation to higher %T can mitigate heating sufficiently to avoid heat Impact, but under specific circumstances, this absorption is abundant not enough.Active cooling may be necessary.It is actively cold not having But in the embodiment of ability, decision block 820 will be not required, because the unique method of cooling device is by increasing % T reduces the heat of the sun.
Optionally, in addition to increasing %T or substitution increase %T, window is therefore actively cooled, referring to 830.For example, as described above, It is cooling to be executed with close to a fan of window or multiple fans.In one embodiment, low-voltage fan can be used in EC window Frame system in, such as with by cooler air blow on glass and/or removal close to EC lite hot-air.This can be It is carried out in following scheme, wherein glass is very warm and potential variation of temperature is very big, i.e., glass must be more quickly cooled down to keep away Exempt from thermal shock.The affiliated those skilled in the art in this field should be appreciated that other cooling components will be gone on well.In general, these methods It is commonly required more complicated than in window and relevant framework system, but in the scope of this explanation.
The rate that EC lite is converted to higher %T can accelerate relative to proper transition voltage/current parameter is completed, It and may include holding in an intermediate state.If using rate is accelerated, can with or can not observe normal operating Input operating range.In other words, carrying out fast transition window using the voltage for being higher than normal operating voltage is acceptable, this is Because the Macroscopic physical to window that algorithm is designed to that thermal shock is avoided to cause destroys, such as makes glass be full of cracks, will usually want Seek replacement glass.Since these higher operation voltages are commonly used unlike as normal operating voltage, thus because use high voltage/ Electric current and to EC device generate long-term damage a possibility that it is little.
When changing %T to high value and/or in 830 active cooling window 825, whether to make about threat condition Through past or the decision still having, referring to 835.In other words, algorithm is determined whether still using the temperature of EC lite or window So there are the risks of thermal shock.If the condition of threat is pass by, method terminates.If the condition of threat still generates heat punching Risk is hit, then algorithm returns to decision block 815.
There is kinds of schemes in a case where, for example, as described above, window is relative to the trigger condition that will cause thermal shock The case where supercooling.For example, window is in be in low %T the case where at cold night and the sun will rise up and to coloring window imparting The case where strong solar radiation.In these schemes, at decision block 815, if answering is "No", i.e., window is subcooled, that It makes decisions about whether %T is changed, referring to 840.If answer is "yes", EC device be converted to higher %T with If reducing, current glass temperature is low will then to be absorbed by window and by the solar radiation quantity of the too fast heating of window, referring to 845.Device can also To be optionally actively heated, referring to 850.If increasing %T to be considered as insufficient and/or change not enough quickly to prevent the sun Radiation absorption is to the degree for assigning thermal shock to glass, then this active heating can carry out.For example, can be by using EC One of transparency conducting layer of device conduct resistive heating elements are incited somebody to action using independent resistive heating elements, via compared with Hot-air fan Warm air blows on glass, infrared radiation etc. and heated.In particular instances, window need to be made to keep coloring, although There are thermal shock risk, such as resident is not intended to strong early morning the sun streams into the room.In such cases, to decision block 840 answer will be "No".In this case, window is only heated, referring to 850.Window will be sufficiently heated so that temperature at least on Point of safes is raised to avoid thermal shock when coloring window is not impacted in solar radiation.Such as in the scheme of window overheat, exists and cancel The case where decision "No" at box 840 is in favor of increasing %T, is equally heated or not heated window.
Change by %T to high value and/or when actively heating window, by make about threat condition whether there are still determine Plan, referring to 835.In other words, at decision block 835, algorithm determines whether still to deposit using the temperature of EC lite or window In thermal shock risk.If the condition of threat is pass by, to decision block 835, answer is "yes" and method terminates.Such as Fruit threatens condition still to cause thermal shock risk, then being "No" and algorithm back to decision-making party to the answer of decision block 835 Frame 815.
In certain embodiments, algorithm further includes following functions: %T is reduced when window is colder via absorption solar energy Radiation makes window be warmed to acceptable temperature.For example, window may become terribly cold and dangerous in thermal shock in extremely cold weather In, such as it is poor due to annealed glass and as the coefficient of expansion between part thereof of laminate.If sunlight glitters, make Window, which is in or maintains, allows glass to warm or keep warm %T, so that thermal shock will not occur.
The controller of electrochromic device
As described, switchable optical device will have a related controller, such as according to input control and managing device Microprocessor.It is designed or configures (for example, programming) to implement the control algolithm of the above-mentioned type.In various embodiments, Controller receives the detection information about window condition as needed, including for example level of illumination, temperature, temperature gradient (space and/ Or the time), transmissivity and/or colored state.In addition, controller can have various additional features, such as timer, charge are examined Survey device (for example, Coulomb meter), oscillator etc..
In one embodiment, window controller is multipurpose controller, i.e., it can control and/or monitor one or more The multiple functions and/or characteristic of a pigmentable window.The various configurations of multipurpose controller be presented on March 16th, 2011 application, Determine the artificial inventor, entitled " MULTIPURPOSE CONTROLLER FOR MULTISTATE WINDOWS " such as Brown U.S. Patent Application No. 13/049,756 in, the full text is incorporated as a reference herein.In specific embodiments, it controls Device processed provides at least following function: (1) determine the potentially disruptive thermal shock for causing trigger condition in window when occurring or When will occur, (2) provide power to window to control level of transmittance in its coloring degree, and (3) control window.Certain In embodiment, controller can extraly include the function for heating window.In specific embodiments, controller can be with Determine when damaged window is, as caused by thermal shock or certain other conditions.
In some embodiments, controller is located at outside device and communicates via network with device.The communication can be with It is direct or indirect (for example, via intermediate node between master controller and device).The communication can be via wired Or it is wirelessly connected and carries out.
In some embodiments, controller and Optical devices or shell are integrated.In a particular embodiment, controller is whole It closes in insulating glass unit (IGU) sealing element in shell or comprising switchable optical device.The various configurations of integrating controller It is presented in and the artificial inventor, entitled " ONBOARD CONTROLLER such as on March 16th, 2011 applies for, determines Shrivastava In U.S. Patent No. 8,213,074 of FOR MULTISTATE WINDOWS ", it is hereby incorporated herein by.
In one embodiment, controller includes the various assemblies described such as Fig. 2.As indicated, controller 201 includes quilt Configuration is by low voltage transition at the electric power converter of the electrical power demand of the electrochromic device of the electrochromism pane of IGU.This A electric power is usually fed to electrochromic device via drive circuit (power driver).In the illustrated embodiment, it controls There is device 201 processed selectable (being represented by dashed line herein) redundant power driver one driver of contingency is broken down, There is a spare drive and no replacement is required or maintenance controller 201.Other embodiments may not have redundant power and drive Device.
Controller 201 further includes telecommunication circuit (being labeled as " communicating " in Fig. 2), and the telecommunication circuit is used for from long-range control Device (" master controller " is portrayed as in Fig. 2) receives order and sends a command to remote controllers.Telecommunication circuit is also used for from micro- Controller, which receives, to be inputted and input is sent to microcontroller.In one embodiment, power line be also used for for example via with The agreement of too network sends and receives communication.Microcontroller includes at least partially by received from one or more sensors Input control at least one electrochromic lattice logic.In this example, sensor 1-3 is for example outside controller 201 Portion, such as in window-frame or close to window-frame.In one embodiment, controller has at least one or more internal sensor Device.For example, controller 201 can also with or alternatively have " on plate " sensor 4 and 5.In one embodiment, controller makes It uses switchable optical device as sensor, such as sends one or more electric pulses by using from by electrochromic device And current-voltage (I/V) data that analysis feedback obtains.
In one embodiment, controller includes chip, blocks or include for executing one or more control functions The plate of logic.The electric power and communication function of controller 201 can combine in one single chip, such as programmable logic device (PLD) chip, field programmable gate array (FPGA) etc..This adhesive integrated circuit can combine logic, control and electric power function In single programmable chip.In one embodiment, in electrochromic (or IGU) tool, there are two electrochromism panes In the case of, logic is configured to each of described two electrochromism panes of independent control.In one embodiment, described Function in each of two electrochromism panes is controlled with cooperation mode, that is, so that each device is sequentially controlled to compensate separately One device.For example, wanted light transmission is horizontal, thermal insulation effect and/or other properties are via each of combination individual device State and control.For example, an electrochromic device can be made to be in colored state, and another electrochromic device by with For example to carry out resistance-type heating via the transparent electrode of device.In another example, described two electrochromic devices Optical states are by control so that combined transmissivity is desired result.
Controller 201 also can have wireless capability, such as control and function of supplying power.For example, wireless control such as RF and/ Or IR is also used as wireless communication such as bluetooth (Bluetooth), WiFi, purple honeybee (Zigbee), EnOcean etc. will refer to Order is sent to microcontroller and issues data to for example other window controllers and/or building management system (BMS) for microcontroller. Wireless communication can be used in window controller with for electrochromic to be programmed and/or operated to electrochromic, from sensor It collects the data of electrochromic and electrochromic is used as at least one of the relay point of wireless communication.From electroluminescent change The data that color window is collected also may include enumeration data, such as have been started up the number of (circulation) electrochromic device, electroluminescent change The time efficiency etc. of color device.
Window unit including IGU
In various embodiments, it is controlled using controller as described herein in IGU or in other more pane window units Pane switching.For example, Fig. 3 describes the window unit with the first pane 305, separator 310 and the second pane 315 300.In an example, each of the first pane 305 and the second pane 315 have electrochromic device (not shown) or system Make other optical switchable devices on it.In another example, only there is one of pane manufacture on it this kind of to cut Changing device.When component is combined, if separator 310 is sandwiched between the first pane 305 and the second pane 315 and and window Lattice 305 and pane 315 are registrated, then forming window unit 300.Window unit 300 has the surface by the pane with dividers contact And the associated inner space that the interior surface of separator defines.Separator 310 is usually sealed separation device, that is, including interval Part (or frame) and the sealant between spacer and each pane, spacer is engaged with each pane at sealant To completely cut off sealed interior region and the therefore internal influence for protecting it from moisture etc. of protection.
Fig. 4 describes the cross section of window unit 400, and the window unit 400 includes having to arrange electrochromic device 410 above Glass pane 405.Window unit 400 further includes with the second glass pane 415 for arranging electrochromic device 420 above.The One electrochromic device 410 and the second electrochromic device 420 facing each other in the interior zone of window unit 400.Sealing point Window unit is sealed every device 425, and in this example, it is Chong Die with electrochromic device.Electrical connection (not shown) can pass through or no Then contact separator 425.Separator 425 can have single main body or be made of multiple components, such as rigid or semi-rigid Spacing body and one or more adhesives and/or sealing element.In an example, separator 425 includes spacer, such as golden Belong to spacer；Sealed spacer part contacts two sealing elements in region in each of pane, sometimes referred to as primary seal；And Sealing element around the outer periphery of spacing body and between pane, sometimes referred to as secondary seal (for example, seal adhesion agent).Out Simplify the description to separator 425 in description purpose.
The high temperature that may be undergone due to electrochromism window unit is (since the electrochromic device in colored state absorbs spoke Penetrate energy), it may be necessary than stronger separator and sealant used in conventional IGU.It can be on December 8th, 2012 The U.S. Patent Application No. of application and entitled " IMPROVED SEPARATORS FOR INSULATED GLASS UNITS " The example of visible separator and sealant in IGU in 61/421, No. 154, the full text is incorporated as a reference herein.
Sealed separation device 425 surrounds the neighboring area arrangement of the first and second substantial transparent substrates, and substantially not Cover the visibility region of window unit (for example, also as depicted in fig. 3).In one embodiment, sealed separation device isolation sealing Interior zone.The interior zone of window unit 400 is filled with inert gas such as argon gas or nitrogen.At one In embodiment, inner space substantially no liquid.In one embodiment, inner space is filled with inert gas and basic Upper no liquid.In one embodiment, substantially without moisture, i.e. moisture content is less than about < 0.1ppm for inner space.Another In embodiment, inner space will require at least about -40 DEG C to reach dew point (condensation of the vapor from inner space), At least about -70 DEG C are required in another embodiment.
The occasionally other temperature-sensing devices of thermoelectricity may include in window unit structure.Optionally, these can be set In one, two, three or four corner of window unit.It can be set inside frame/spacer and/or in sealant. In some cases, be arranged on the surface or two surfaces of window unit, allow to monitor the inside of window unit with The temperature difference between outside.
Frame space part can be with thermal insulation or heat transfer.Typical conductive spacer is made of metal such as aluminium or steel.Allusion quotation The insulating spacer of type is made of foam such as polymeric material foam.The windowpane contacted with conductive spacer is in the sunrise time-division (or other heat radiations impact quickly increase) is by general heat-shock shadow less easily than the pane that contacts with insulating spacer It rings.Conductive spacer will relatively quickly transmit heat from interior of building and make quickly increasing towards outside in solar radiation for window In addition preceding relatively warm.Therefore, thermal gradient is less serious.
Fig. 5 is the cross section for showing the window unit 520 with the electrochromism pane reinforced.Window unit includes the first pane 501 and thereon include electrochromic device 503 electrochromism pane 502.Reinforce pane 510 and is in turn laminated to electrochromism pane 502 to provide additional strength.First pane 501 and electrochromism pane 502 are by across pane perimeter and in itself and each pane Between with sealing element sealed separation device 504 separate.Inner space 530 by the first pane 501 and electrochromism pane 502 with And sealed separation device 504 defines.Electrochromism pane 502 and reinforcement pane 510 are laminated by solidified resin 525.
In specific embodiments, it is thick (up to 1/4 inch) to may be up to 5mm or even 6mm for glass plate.In some embodiment party In case, reinforce one or more panes.Optionally, reinforce one or two pane of IGU.For example, in one embodiment, Reinforce include lamination IGU one or more of pane, such as it has thicker float glass pane, non-tempered glass Pane, polymer pane such as Plexiglass (plexiglass),Glass etc..In another embodiment In, reinforcement includes one or more panes that polymer coating is applied to IGU.The example of these polymer coatings includes band line It the polymer coating (epoxy resin, amine hardener and silane) of chapter, gel coat, acrylic acid glaze and for example can commercially buy Meet other safe glaze of one or more shock-testing standards.
The substrate of window unit is without being manufactured from the same material.For example, a pane can be plastics, and another pane can To be glass.In addition, a substrate can be thinner than another substrate in window unit.For example, will be towards being not exposed to environment The pane of the inside of structure can be thinner than the pane of the outside of structure-oriented.In one embodiment, when each pane packet When including electrochromic device, the electrochromic device close to the external environment of such as building is preferably able to endure except close building The environmental degradation other than the second electrochromic device inside object.In one embodiment, in the first and second panes extremely Few one includes building glass.In another embodiment, at least one of first and second panes further include low-launch-rate Coating.In another embodiment, at least one of the first and second panes further includes UV and/or infrared (IR) absorber；With/ Or the reflecting layer UV and/or IR.
If those skilled in the art understand, there are many different types of electrochromic devices, every kind has it Itself structure, electrode composition, charge carrier etc..Any one of these devices can be used in pigmentable as described herein In window.Certain embodiments are using whole solid-states and inorganic electrochromic device.These whole solid-states and inorganic electroluminescent change Color device and its manufacturing method are described in detail in following U.S.'s special train application: on December 22nd, 2009 identified patent applications the U.S. Patent No. 8,243,357 promulgated in No. 12/645,111 and on May 11st, 2011 --- it is each entitled " FABRICATION OF LOW DEFECTIVITY ELECTROCHROMIC DEVICES " and determining Mark Kozlowski etc. Artificial inventor；The U.S. that the U.S. Patent No. 8,300,298 and on June 22nd, 2011 that on April 30th, 2010 promulgates are promulgated Patent the 8th, 228,592, each entitled " ELECTROCHROMIC DEVICES " and determining Zhongchun Wang et al. For inventor.
Application on December 22nd, 2009, entitled " ELECTROCHROMIC DEVICES " and determining Zhongchun Wang Etc. U. S. application the 12/645,159th of artificial inventor；With on the April 30th, 2010 of identified patent applications the 12/772nd, No. 075, and each June 11 identified patent applications the 12/814th, No. 277 and the 12/814th, No. 279 in 2010 --- Entitled " the ELECTROCHROMIC DEVICES " of each of three applications afterwards, and each determining Zhongchun Wang et al. For inventor.The full text of the patent of each of these patent applications and description electrochromic device is herein incorporated by reference Herein.
In one embodiment, electrochromic device is the low defect whole solid-state as described in above-mentioned application and inorganic Electrochromic device.It should be appreciated, however, that any one or more layers of the layer in electrochromic device stacking may include certain number The organic material of amount.The liquid in one or more layers, which may exist in a small amount, similarly can be so.It should also be clear that solid-state Material can by using liquid module processing procedure such as using the particular process of gel or chemical vapor deposition deposit or in addition It is formed.
In one embodiment, electrochromic device manufacture is in the equipment with controlled ambient (that is, its middle layer quilt It deposits and does not block vacuum without departing from equipment and for example between deposition step, to reduce pollutant and final raising device Can equipment) in glass plate on.This manufacture may include deposit and spread barrier and electrochromic device packet on a glass Include two electrodes (tco layer).
The electrochromic device 600 that Fig. 6 A schematic depiction is indicated with cross section.Electrochromic device 600 include substrate 602, First conductive layer (CL) 604, electrochromic layer (EC) 606, ion conductive layer (IC) 608, counter electrode layer (CE) 610 and second are led Electric layer (CL) 614.Layer 604,606,608,610 and 614 is referred to as electrochromism and stacks 620.It is operable in electrochromism heap The voltage source 616 that folded 620 both ends apply potential causes electrochromic device for example (to be described) from state is whitened to colored state Transformation.The sequence of layer can be reverse relative to substrate.
It should be appreciated that and refer to that the transformation whitened between state and colored state is non-limited and only shows the electricity that can be implemented An example in numerous situations of mutagens color transformation.No matter when (including discussing above) unless otherwise indicated herein refers to To whiten-colored transformation, related device or program cover other optical state transitions, such as nonreflective-reflexive, transparent-no It is transparent etc..In addition, term " whitening " refers to optics neutral state, such as uncolored, transparent or semitransparent.Further to It says, unless otherwise indicated herein, otherwise " color " of electrochromism transformation is not limited to any specific wavelength or wave-length coverage.Such as this Those skilled in the art is understood, and suitable electrochromism and the selection of counterelectrode material influence related optical transformation.
In the embodiment described herein, electrochromic device is reversibly followed between state and colored state whitening Ring.In some cases, when device be in whiten state when, potential be applied to electrochromism stack 620 make stack in can It is resided primarily in counterelectrode 610 using ion.When the stacked on potential of electrochromism heap reverses, ion is across ion conductive layer 608 are transported to electrochromic layer 606 and the layer are caused to be converted to colored state.
Referring again to Fig. 6 A, voltage source 616 can be configured to combine radiation energy, temperature and other environmental sensors behaviour Make.As described herein, voltage source 616 and Setup Controller establish connection (this is not shown in the figure).In addition, voltage source 616 can To establish connection with Energy Management System, the Energy Management System such as time, date and measured according to various criteria Environmental condition controls electrochromic device.In conjunction with this energy pipe of large area electrochromic device (for example, electrochromic) The energy consumption of building can be significantly reduced in reason system.
Any material with suitable optical, electricity, heat and engineering properties may be used as substrate 602.This kind of substrate includes example Such as glass, plastics and specular material.Suitable glass includes clear or coloring soda lime glass, including soda lime float glass. Glass can be tempered, but be not tempered in many embodiments.
First conductive layer 604 is located at 602 top of substrate.In specific embodiments, the first conductive layer 604 and second is conductive One or two layers in layer 614 are inorganic and/or solid.First conductive layer 604 and the second conductive layer 614 can be by a variety of Different materials are made, including conductive oxide, thin metal coating, conductive metal nitride and composite conductor.In general, first is conductive It is transparent in layer 604 and the second wave-length coverage that electrochromism is presented by electrochromic layer at least in of conductive layer 614.Thoroughly Bright conductive oxide includes metal oxide and with one or more metal-doped metal oxides.These metal oxides and The example of the metal oxide of doping includes indium oxide, tin indium oxide, the indium oxide of doping, tin oxide, the tin oxide of doping, oxygen Change zinc, aluminum zinc oxide, the zinc oxide of doping, ruthenium-oxide, ruthenium-oxide of doping etc..Since these layers are usually using oxide, So these layers are sometimes referred to as " transparent conductive oxide " (TCO) layer.Also substantial transparent thin metal coating can be used.
The function of conductive layer is will to stack potential provided by the voltage source 616 on 620 surface as electrochromism to spread To the interior zone of stacking, wherein ohmic potential decline is relatively fewer.Potential is transferred to conduction by the electrical connection to conductive layer Layer.In some embodiments, conductive bar is contacted with the first conductive layer 604, and is contacted with the second conductive layer 614, is provided Being electrically connected between voltage source 616 and the first conductive layer 604 and the second conductive layer 614.First conductive layer 604 and the second conductive layer 614 can also be connected to voltage source 616 with other ordinary elements.
Being covered on the first conductive layer 604 is electrochromic layer 606.In some embodiments, electrochromic layer 606 It is inorganic and/or solid.Electrochromic layer may include any one or more of a variety of different electrochromic materials, Including metal oxide.This quasi-metal oxides includes tungsten oxide (WO3), molybdenum oxide (MoO3), niobium oxide (Nb2O5), oxidation Titanium (TiO2), copper oxide (CuO), yttrium oxide (Ir2O3), chromium oxide (Cr2O3), manganese oxide (Mn2O3), vanadium oxide (V2O5), Nickel oxide (Ni2O3), cobalt oxide (Co2O3) etc..During operation, electrochromic layer 606 is by ion-transfer to counter electrode layer 510 and from counter electrode layer 610 receive ion to lead to possible optical transitions.
In general, electrochromic material coloring (or any optical property change-for example, absorptivity, reflectivity and Transmissivity) the corresponding injection of (for example, intercalation) and charge balance electronics is inserted by the reversible ionic to material and is caused.It is usually negative Certain part ion of duty possible optical transitions is irreversibly incorporated in electrochromic material.It is compensated using irreversible coupled ion " hidden charge " in material.In most of electrochromic materials, suitable ion includes lithium ion (Li+) and hydrogen ion (H +) (that is, proton).However, in some cases, other ions will be suitable.In various embodiments, using lithium ion To generate electrochromism phenomenon.Lithium ion causes tungsten oxide from transparent to the intercalation in tungsten oxide (WO3-y (0 < y≤~0.3)) (state of whitening) changes au bleu (colored state).
It referring again to Fig. 6 A, is stacked in 620 in electrochromism, ion conductive layer 608 is interposed in electrochromic layer 606 and anti- Between electrode layer 610.In some embodiments, counter electrode layer 610 is inorganic and/or solid.Counter electrode layer can wrap Include one of a variety of different materials that ion storage tank is served as when electrochromic device is in and whitens state or a variety of.For example During electrochromism transformation by applying appropriate potential starting, some or all turns for the ion that counter electrode layer is kept it Electrochromic layer is moved on to, so that electrochromic layer is changed to colored state.Meanwhile in the case where NiWO, counter electrode layer with Ion loss coloring.
In some embodiments, the suitable material for the counterelectrode compensation to WO3 includes nickel oxide (NiO), oxidation Nickel tungsten (NiWO), nickel oxide vanadium, oxidation nickel chromium triangle, nickel oxide aluminium, nickel manganese oxide, nickel oxide magnesium, chromium oxide (Cr2O3), manganese oxide (MnO2), Prussian blue.
When charge is removed from the counterelectrode 610 made of nickel-tungsten oxide (that is, ion be transported to from counterelectrode 610 it is electroluminescent Photochromic layer 606), counter electrode layer will be converted to colored state from pellucidity.
In discribed electrochromic device, there are ionic conductions between electrochromic layer 606 and counter electrode layer 610 Layer 608.When electrochromic device whiten change between state and colored state when, ion conductive layer 608 serve as ion transmission Medium (in a manner of electrolyte).Preferably, ion conductive layer 608 it is related to counter electrode layer for electrochromism from Son has high conductance, but has sufficiently low electronic conductivity, and negligible electronics occurs in the normal operation period Transfer.Thin ion conductive layer with high ion-conductivity allows quick ionic conduction and therefore allows high-performance electrochromism Device is switched fast.In specific embodiments, ion conductive layer 608 is inorganic and/or solid.
The example of suitable ion conductive layer (for obvious IC layers of electrochromic device) include silicate, Silica, tungsten oxide, tantalum oxide, niobium oxide and borate.Silica includes silicon-aluminium-oxide.These materials can use difference Dopant doping, including lithium.The silica of lithium doping includes lithium silicon-aluminium-oxide.In some embodiments, ionic conduction Layer includes silicate-base structure.In some embodiments, ion conductive layer 608 uses silicon-aluminium-oxide (SiAlO).
Electrochromic device 600 may include such as one or more passive layers of one or more additional layer (not shown). Passive layer for improving particular optical properties may include in electrochromic device 600.For providing moisture or anti-scratch The passive layer of property also may include in electrochromic device 600.For example, conductive layer can use antireflection or protective oxide Or nitride layer processing.Other passive layers can be used for completely cutting off sealing electrochromic device 600.
Fig. 6 B be whiten under state (or being converted to state of whitening) electrochromic device schematic cross-sectional.As discussed It states, electrochromic device 600 includes tungsten oxide electrochromic layer (EC) 606 and nickel-tungsten oxide counter electrode layer (CE) 610.Electricity Causing color-changing device 600 further includes substrate 602, the first conductive layer (CL) 604, ion conductive layer (IC) 608 and the second conductive layer (CL)614。
Power supply 616 is configured to incite somebody to action by conductive bar or to other connections of the first conductive layer 604 and the second conductive layer 614 Potential and/or electric current are applied to electrochromism and stack 620.In some embodiments, voltage source is configured to apply about 2 volts Potential from an optical states driving device transformation to another optical states.The polarity of potential as shown in Figure 6B be so that Ion (being lithium ion in this example) is mainly resident (as shown in dotted arrow) in nickel-tungsten oxide counter electrode layer 610.
Fig. 6 C is shown in Fig. 6 A and Fig. 6 B but to be in the electrochromic device 600 of colored state (or being converted to colored state) Schematic cross-sectional.In figure 6 c, the polarity of voltage source 616 is reversed, so that electrochromic layer becomes more negativity and receives Additional lithium ion, and therefore it is converted to colored state.As shown in dotted arrow, lithium ion is defeated across ion conductive layer 608 It is sent to tungsten oxide electrochromic layer 606.Tungsten oxide electrochromic layer 606 is illustrated as colored state.Nickel-tungsten oxide counterelectrode 610 are also shown as colored state.As described, nickel-tungsten oxide gradually becomes as it abandons and (release and be inserted into) lithium ion It is opaquer.In this example, there are collaborative effects, wherein two layers 606 and 610 are arrived the transformation of colored state for reducing transmission It is additivity across stacking with the light quantity of substrate.
As described above, electrochromic device may include electrochromism (EC) electrode layer and counterelectrode (CE) layer, the layer By to ion with high conductance and to electronics have high barrier ionic conduction (IC) layer separate.Such as conventional understanding, ion Therefore conductive layer prevents the short circuit between electrochromic layer and counter electrode layer.Ion conductive layer allows electrochromic electrode and anti-electricity Pole keeps charge and to maintain it to whiten or colored state.In the electrochromic device with different layers, component forms packet Include the stacking for the ion conductive layer being interposed between electrochromic electrode layer and counter electrode layer.Side between these three stack assemblies It is defined by the suddenly change of ingredient and/or micro-structure on boundary.Therefore, device has three different layers of two abrupt interfaces of band.
According to certain embodiment, counterelectrode and electrochromic electrode directly contact, close to being formed each other without list sometimes Only depositing ions conductive layer.In some embodiments, there is interface zone rather than the use of the electrochromic device of IC layers of difference Controller as described herein.This kind of device and its manufacturing method are described in U.S. Patent No. 8,300,298 and United States Patent (USP) Shen This please be each herein incorporated by reference in advance in 12/772nd, No. 075, the 12/814th, No. 277 and the 12/814th, No. 279 Text.
Fig. 7 is the schematic cross-sectional of the electrochromic device 700 in colored state, and wherein device has interface zone 708, do not include obvious IC layers.Voltage source 616, the first conductive layer 604 and the second conductive layer 614 and substrate 602 are substantially It is identical as being described about Fig. 6 A-C.Between conductive layer 614 and 604 is region 710 comprising counter electrode layer 610, electricity Mutagens chromatograph 606 and intervenient " interface zone " 708, rather than it is IC layers obvious.In this example, counter electrode layer 610 and electricity Without obvious boundary between mutagens chromatograph 606.But between counter electrode layer 610 and electrochromic layer 606 there are diffusion transformation (or Without region).
Although having described aforementioned invention in greater detail to promote to understand, the embodiment should be considered as it is illustrative and It is non-limiting.Those skilled in the art should be appreciated that specific change and modification can be real in the scope of appended claim Row.
1. a kind of method for a possibility that reducing thermal shock in electrochromic, the electrochromic are connected to controller, institute Controller is stated to be configured as sending a signal to the electrochromic to change colored state and/or the heating electrochromism Window, which comprises
Determine that trigger condition is possible to cause the thermal shock in the electrochromic in specific time；With
In response to the determination, the signal from the controller is sent to the electrochromic to cause the electroluminescent change Color window is converted to the second colored state from the first colored state, and/or the resistance-type of the coating of the electrochromic is caused to add Heat, wherein applying electric current by the transparency conducting layer on the pane for being placed in the electrochromic to cause resistance-type to add Heat.
The trigger condition is to impact the appearance of the quick change of the radiation flux of the electrochromic, the electrochromic The quick of ambient temperature on face changes or close to the environment of the side of the electrochromic and close to the electrochromism Predetermined temperature difference between the environment of the other side of window, and
The specific time be at or about the sunrise time-division or or close to prediction weather condition change when.
3. according to the method described in claim 1, wherein the transparency conducting layer is be placed in the electrochromic described One of two transparency conducting layers of solid-state electrochromic device coating on pane.
4. according to the method described in claim 3, wherein the pane is not tempered.
5. according to the method described in claim 3, wherein applying electric current to the transparency conducting layer includes applying a current to lead Electric item, the conductive bar are in contact with the one in two transparency conducting layers of the solid-state electrochromic device coating.
6. according to the method described in claim 1, wherein second colored state has at least 40% transmissivity.
7. according to the method described in claim 1, the electric current applied in it is conveyed with mode of oscillation.
8. a kind of method for a possibility that reducing thermal shock in electrochromic, the electrochromic are connected to controller, institute Controller is stated to be configured as sending a signal to the electrochromic, which comprises
Determine that trigger condition is possible to cause the thermal shock in the electrochromic in specific time, wherein the trigger condition For the quick change of the ambient temperature on the outer surface of the electrochromic, or close to the side of the electrochromic Environment and close to the predetermined temperature difference between the environment of the other side of the electrochromic, and wherein the specific time be or About the sunrise time-division or or close to prediction weather condition change when；And
In response to the determination, the signal from the controller is sent to the electrochromic to cause the electroluminescent change Color window is converted to the second colored state from the first colored state, and second colored state reduces the trigger condition and causes heat punching A possibility that hitting.
9. according to the method described in claim 8, its further include:
Determine that the trigger condition is pass by；With
Signal is sent so that the electrochromic to be changed into the colored state different from second colored state.
10. according to the method described in claim 8, wherein second colored state has at least 40% transmissivity.
11. according to the method described in claim 8, it further includes at least part for heating the electrochromic.
12. according to the method described in claim 8, wherein the electrochromic has solid-state electrochromic device coating.
13. according to the method for claim 12, wherein the electrochromic includes having the electroluminescent change of the solid-state thereon The untempered glass pane of color device coating.
14. according to the method for claim 11, wherein the heating is by applying a current to coating to the electroluminescent change The coating of color window carries out resistance-type heating and realizes.
15. according to the method for claim 14, wherein the coating is transparency conducting layer.
16. according to the method for claim 11, wherein the heating is filled by the electrochromism to the electrochromic The one layer of progress resistance-type heating set in two transparency conducting layers of coating is realized.
17. according to the method for claim 14, wherein the electric current is conveyed with mode of oscillation.
18. a kind of control system for a possibility that reducing thermal shock in electrochromic, the control system include:
The electrochromic is caused to be converted to the second colored state from the first colored state, second colored state reduces institute State a possibility that trigger condition causes the thermal shock in the electrochromic.
19. system according to claim 18, wherein the electrochromic includes untempered glass pane.
20. system according to claim 19, wherein the electrochromic includes being located at the untempered windowpane Solid-state on lattice and inorganic Electro-Discolor Coating.
21. system according to claim 18, wherein second colored state has at least 40% transmissivity.
22. system according to claim 18, wherein the controller is further configured to heat the window at least A part.
23. it is a kind of for reducing thermal shock in electrochromic a possibility that electrochromic and environmental control system, it is described System includes:
The electrochromic, with pigmentable layer；With
Determine that trigger condition is possible to cause the thermal shock in the window in specific time, wherein the trigger condition is the electricity The quick change for causing the ambient temperature on the outer surface of color-changing window, the quick change of the ambient temperature on the outside of the window, or Between environment of the person close to a surface of the electrochromic and the environment close to another surface of the electrochromic Predetermined temperature difference, and wherein the specific time be at or about the sunrise time-division or or close to prediction weather condition change When change；And
The electrochromic is caused to be converted to the second colored state from the first colored state, second colored state reduces institute State a possibility that trigger condition causes the thermal shock in the window.
24. system according to claim 23, wherein the electrochromic includes untempered glass pane.
25. system according to claim 23, wherein the pigmentable layer is solid-state electrochromic layer.
26. system according to claim 23, wherein second colored state has at least 40% transmissivity.
27. system according to claim 23, further include heat at least part of the electrochromic with Further decrease a possibility that trigger condition will cause thermal shock.
28. system according to claim 23, wherein second colored state, which has, is lower than first colored state Transmissivity.
29. system according to claim 23, wherein second colored state has the transmissivity less than about 40%.
30. the window and environmental control system of a kind of a possibility that thermal shock reduced in window, the window has one or more windows Lattice, the system includes:
Window, with pigmentable layer；With
The temperature of one or more of panes based on the measured window, determination may cause the thermal shock in the window Trigger condition be possible to specific time occur, and
The window is caused to be converted to the second colored state from the first colored state, second colored state reduces the triggering item Part will cause a possibility that thermal shock.
31. system according to claim 30, wherein the window includes untempered glass pane.
32. system according to claim 31, wherein the window by coating the pigmentable on the glass substrate first Layer and the glass substrate of big specification is then cut into the size of the window and is made.
33. system according to claim 30, wherein the pigmentable layer is electrochromic layer.
34. system according to claim 30, wherein the trigger condition be impact the window radiation flux it is quick Change one of the quick change of the temperature of the environment on the outside with the window.
35. system according to claim 30, wherein the trigger condition is one of multiple trigger conditions comprising impact The radiation flux of the window it is quick change, ambient temperature on the outside of the window it is quick change, two angles of the window Predetermined temperature difference between falling, the predetermined temperature difference between the center and edge of the window, close to the environment on a surface of the window With the predetermined temperature difference between the environment close to another surface of the window.
36. system according to claim 30, wherein the specific time be at or about the sunrise time-division and or connect One of when the weather condition change closely predicted.
37. system according to claim 36, wherein the weather condition of the prediction changes include Cloudy conditions with it is sunny Transformation between condition.
38. system according to claim 30, wherein second colored state has at least 40% transmissivity.
39. system according to claim 30, wherein the controller is further configured to heat the window at least A part.
40. system according to claim 30, wherein second colored state, which has, is lower than first colored state Transmissivity.
CN201710111979.3A 2011-10-21 2012-10-19 Mitigate the thermal shock in pigmentable window CN106930675B (en)
US201161550277P true 2011-10-21 2011-10-21
US61/550,277 2011-10-21
CN201280060910.8A CN103987909B (en) 2011-10-21 2012-10-19 Reduce the thermal shock of the window can be colored
CN201280060910.8A Division CN103987909B (en) 2011-10-21 2012-10-19 Reduce the thermal shock of the window can be colored
CN106930675A CN106930675A (en) 2017-07-07
CN106930675B true CN106930675B (en) 2019-05-28
ID=48141417
CN201710111979.3A CN106930675B (en) 2011-10-21 2012-10-19 Mitigate the thermal shock in pigmentable window
US (2) US9523902B2 (en)
EP (1) EP2769042B1 (en)
CN (2) CN106930675B (en)
HK (1) HK1201309A1 (en)
WO (1) WO2013059674A1 (en)
TW201708917A (en) * 2015-07-07 2017-03-01 View Inc Viewcontrol methods for tintable windows
US10247996B2 (en) * 2016-06-22 2019-04-02 Gentex Corporation Thermal control of variable transmittance windows
KR100904847B1 (en) * 2008-12-23 2009-06-25 박기건 Window equipped with shade function
CN101501757A (en) * 2006-06-09 2009-08-05 金泰克斯公司 Variable transmission window system
KR20100034361A (en) * 2008-09-23 2010-04-01 이종오 A automatic sunshine filter control unit for a glass door and method thereof
US3971668A (en) 1974-08-05 1976-07-27 Triplex Safety Glass Company Limited Formation of laminated glass articles
JPS6122897U (en) 1984-07-17 1986-02-10
JP2646287B2 (en) 1990-05-29 1997-08-27 鹿島建設株式会社 Solar control window
JP2640997B2 (en) 1991-06-11 1997-08-13 三井建設株式会社 Blind opening and closing control device
DE29506194U1 (en) 1995-04-10 1995-06-08 Wolters Paolo Window element for shielding and illumination of interiors
DE19622253A1 (en) 1996-02-29 1997-09-04 Zumtobel Licht Method and apparatus for controlling a screening device
RU29501U1 (en) 2002-04-01 2003-05-20 Общество с ограниченной ответстенностью "Интерфейс" Dimming shields on the vehicle window
CN2590732Y (en) * 2002-12-31 2003-12-10 湖北省荆门市龙华实业有限公司 Sandwich light modulating colour change glass
JP2005282106A (en) 2004-03-29 2005-10-13 Kyocera Corp Dimming glass window system
FR2868850B1 (en) 2004-04-09 2006-08-25 Saint Gobain method for supplying an electrically controllable device having variable optical and / or variables ENERGY
GB2462755B (en) 2004-05-06 2010-08-25 Mechoshade Systems Inc Automated shade control method and system
JP4867287B2 (en) 2005-10-26 2012-02-01 パナソニック電工株式会社 Solar shading control device
JP2007308971A (en) 2006-05-18 2007-11-29 Panahome Corp Structure of opening
TW200920987A (en) 2007-09-26 2009-05-16 Koninkl Philips Electronics Nv Window system combining window and illumination functionalities
JP5072666B2 (en) 2008-03-13 2012-11-14 株式会社東芝 Equipment cooperation system and device control method and agent apparatus
EP2274737A1 (en) 2008-04-30 2011-01-19 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Electrophoretic display window
WO2011022490A2 (en) 2009-08-18 2011-02-24 Serious Materials, Inc. Method and systems for retrofitting glass or insulated glass units of existing curtain wall systems for improved thermal performance
KR20110094672A (en) * 2010-02-17 2011-08-24 박기건 Window system with high thermal efficiency
TWI446131B (en) 2011-05-04 2014-07-21 Univ Nat Cheng Kung Brightness adjusting method and system with photographic device
CN102330530B (en) 2011-06-20 2013-10-30 何凯 Energy saving method using window and energy-saving window
JP2013092707A (en) 2011-10-27 2013-05-16 Fujifilm Corp Photochromic polarizing plate and shutter polarizing plate
CN106460446B (en) 2014-02-03 2018-04-10 彼得·佩蒂 Adaptive flat glass plate hermetically sealed system components
WO2016086062A1 (en) 2014-11-26 2016-06-02 View, Inc. Infill electrochromic windows
TW201625909A (en) 2014-09-29 2016-07-16 View Inc Combi-sensor systems
AU2015353606A1 (en) 2014-11-25 2017-05-25 View, Inc. Window antennas
WO2016096367A1 (en) 2014-12-16 2016-06-23 Philips Lighting Holding B.V.. Lighting device, lighting system and use thereof
TW201708917A (en) 2015-07-07 2017-03-01 View Inc Viewcontrol methods for tintable windows
WO2017059362A1 (en) 2015-10-01 2017-04-06 View, Inc. Methods of controlling multi-zone tintable windows
EP3368938A4 (en) 2015-10-28 2019-06-12 View, Inc. Photovoltaic-electrochromic windows
KR101815919B1 (en) 2015-11-30 2018-01-30 최은솔 The Control method For Smart Glass And Home Appliances
WO2017189437A1 (en) 2016-04-28 2017-11-02 The Regents Of The University Of California A dynamic-shading system for a window/skylight
EP3501143A1 (en) 2016-08-19 2019-06-26 PCMS Holdings, Inc. System and method for utilization of device-independent scenes in a smart home environment
EP3501144A1 (en) 2016-08-22 2019-06-26 PCMS Holdings, Inc. System and method for crowdsourcing generalized smart home automation scenes
AU2017376447A1 (en) 2016-12-15 2019-07-04 View, Inc. Control method for tintable windows
WO2018140495A1 (en) 2017-01-25 2018-08-02 Sage Electrochromics, Inc. Apparatus including a control device and a method of using the same
WO2018157063A1 (en) 2017-02-27 2018-08-30 View, Inc. Adjusting interior lighting based on dynamic glass tinting
2012-10-19 CN CN201710111979.3A patent/CN106930675B/en active IP Right Grant
2012-10-19 EP EP12841714.4A patent/EP2769042B1/en active Active
2012-10-19 CN CN201280060910.8A patent/CN103987909B/en active IP Right Grant
2012-10-19 WO PCT/US2012/061137 patent/WO2013059674A1/en active Application Filing
2012-10-19 US US14/352,973 patent/US9523902B2/en active Active
2015-02-24 HK HK15101881.3A patent/HK1201309A1/en unknown
2016-11-11 US US15/349,860 patent/US10254618B2/en active Active
US20170123286A1 (en) 2017-05-04
US10254618B2 (en) 2019-04-09
WO2013059674A1 (en) 2013-04-25
CN106930675A (en) 2017-07-07
EP2769042A4 (en) 2015-04-08
US20140300945A1 (en) 2014-10-09
CN103987909A (en) 2014-08-13
EP2769042B1 (en) 2018-02-21
EP2769042A1 (en) 2014-08-27
HK1201309A1 (en) 2015-08-28
US9523902B2 (en) 2016-12-20
CN103987909B (en) 2017-03-22
ES2712524T3 (en) 2019-05-13 Method for manufacturing electrochromic windows
US8243357B2 (en) 2012-08-14 Fabrication of low defectivity electrochromic devices
JP2019085871A (en) 2019-06-06 Control method for tint adjustable windows
US10288970B2 (en) 2019-05-14 Nano smart glass system