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⭐Results of Research Conducted by Rosai Hospitals on Worker Medical Treatment
Results of Research Conducted by Rosai Hospitals on Worker Medical Treatment
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1 Results of Research Conducted by Rosai Hospitals on Worker Medical Treatment A Summary of Clinical Medical Research (Part 1) of the 13 Fields of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses of the Japan Labour Health and Welfare Organization The Japan Labour Health and Welfare Organization Website dedicated to the research and development, and dissemination projects related to the 13 fields of occupational injuries and illnesses:2 Introduction to the research and development, and dissemination projects relaed to the 13 fields of occupational injuries and illnesses Investigative Research on Treatments for Severe Trauma to the Upper Limbs Field name Work related trauma such as limb amputation and bone fractures 4 Measures to Prevent Cervical Spinal Cord Damage Without Bone Damage for Mature Age Workers and Establishing an Early Treatment System Field name Spinal cord injury 6 Establishing Treatments Enabling Patients with Vitreoretinal-Disorder-Based Acute Blindness to Return to Work Field name Sensory organ impairment due to noise, electromagnetic waves, etc. 8 Contact Dermatitis Afflicting Barbers and Beauticians Field name Disorders dependent on physical factors such as temperature, air pressure, and radiation 10 Facts Regarding Worker Lower Back Pain Field name Muscular and skeletal disorders stemming from physically overburdening the body 12 FSBP% as an Objective Method for Evaluating Minor Circulatory Problems Due to Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome Field name Hand-arm vibration syndrome 14 Research, Development, and Diffusion of an Exposure Evaluation Method to Diagnose Toxic Chemicals Quickly and Effectively Field name Industrial poisoning from exposure to chemicals 16 Development of New Diagnostic Imaging Method and Compilation of a Photo Collection of Various Types of Dust and Occupationally Categorized Coniosis Field name Respiratory diseases due to dust inhalation Facts About the Onset of Brain and Heart Diseases From Overwork and Investigative Research on the Background Factors Field name Brain and heart disease caused by overwork (karoshi: death from overwork) 20 Relationship Between Worker Overtime and the Conditions That Sustain Metabolic Syndrome Field name Brain and heart disease caused by overwork (karoshi: death from overwork) 20 Corroborative Research Related to Internet Based Evaluation of Mental Health and the Usefulness of Mental Health 10-1 Counseling Field name Worker s mental health 22 Research and Development of an Objective Evaluation Method for Depression Using 99m Tc-ECD SPECT Imaging of 10-2 Cerebral Blood Flow Field name Worker s mental health Investigative Research on Menstruation and Menopausal Related Disorders That Affect the Quality of Working Life 11-1 (QWL) Field name Medical care for working women 24 Investigative Research on Effect of Late Night and Long Work Hours on Women s Endocrine System 11-2 Field name Medical care for working women Development of Model System For Women Outpatients Field name Medical care for working women Research and Development of a Rehabilitation Model System That Enables Early Return To Work Field name Rehabilitation for returning to work 26 Investigative Research on Mesothelioma Caused by Asbestos Exposure in Japan Field name Asbestos related diseases 28 List of Researchers 303 Worker Medical Treatment Initiative Research and Development, and Dissemination Projects Related to the 13 Fields of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses In order for the Rosai hospital group to carry out its major role of providing medical treatment to workers, the Japan Labour Health and Welfare Organization initiated the research and development, and dissemination projects related to the 13 fields of occupational injuries and illnesses in April The large-scale clinical medical research conducted by this hospital group is based on a total number of hospital beds of approximately 14,000 providing care to approximately 230,000 inpatients per year and approximately 36,000 outpatients per day. Table 1. Part 1 of the Clinical Research Results of the 13 Fields of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses of the Japan Labour Health and Welfare Organization Field name and Research Center Establishing Hospital Principal Research Themes 1 Work related trauma such as limb amputation and bone fractures Clinical Research Center for Occupational Trauma Tsubame Rosai Hospital Establish a method to estimate the possibility of work reinstatement and the level of functional recovery after finger replantation based on the severity score at the time the finger was severed. Expand treatment such as the WAF method and transpositional replantation that deal with severed fingers and limbs 2 Spinal cord injury Clinical Research Center for Worker s Spinal Injury Chubu Rosai Hospital Establish standard values for cervical spine and cervical spinal cord for Japanese based on MRI imaging, and identify increase in cervical spinal column stenosis in mature age workers. 3 Sensory organ impairment due to noise, electromagnetic waves, etc. Clinical Research Center for Occupational Sensory Organ Disability Osaka Rosai Hospital Clarify relationship between inadequate control of blood sugar by a worker suffering from diabetes mellitus and actual work 4 Disorders dependent on physical factors such as temperature, air pressure, and radiation Clinical Research Center for Occupational Physical Factor Induced Diseases Tohoku Rosai Hospital Clarify which products are the source of contact dermatitis in barbers and beauticians based on patch tests. After discontinuing use of positively identified products, clarify questionnaire results from those who were cured of rough hands Research results are to be added to the agenda for the investigative commission of experts investigating the extent of job-related illness regarding worker regulations for Labor Standards Act Article 35 5 Muscular and skeletal disorders stemming from physically overburdening the body Clinical Research Center for Occupational Musculo- Skeletal Disorders Kanto Rosai Hospital Clarify the mental and social causes of lower back pain in workers in addition to work-related posture, action, and environmental factors. 6 Hand-arm vibration syndrome Clinical Research Center for Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome Sanin Rosai Hospital Establish the Finger Systolic Blood Pressure (FSBP)% method as an objective method for diagnosing vibration induced impairment 7 Industrial poising from exposure to chemicals Clinical Research Center for Occupational Poisoning Tokyo Rosai Hospital Report on the world s first case of orthophthalaldehyde poisoning from sterilization and disinfection of medical instruments Establish a new exposure indicator for problematic toxic chemicals 8 Respiratory diseases due to dust inhalation Clinical Research Center for Occupational Respiratory Diseases Hokkaido Chuo Rosai Hospital Prepare an X-ray-based collection of recent dust-related respiratory disease Develop an early diagnosis method for coniosis complicated by lung cancer based on chronological subtraction method Develop differential diagnosis method for intercostal vein and pleural plaque based on 3D CT method Develop differential diagnosis method for coniotic nodule and lung cancer based on FDG-PET 9 Brain and heart disease caused by overwork (karoshi: death from overwork) Clinical Research Center for Brain and Heart Disease in Workers Kansai Rosai Hospital Clarify if long working hours is the primary cause of metabolic syndrome 10 Worker s mental health Clinical Research Center For Worker s Mental Health Yokohama Rosai Hospital Develop MENTAL-ROSAI an Internet-based mental heath evaluation application that workers can access at anytime from anywhere Establish an objective method for evaluating depression using 99m Tc-ECD SPECT imaging of cerebral blood flow 11 Medical care for working women Clinical Research Center for Working Women s Health Wakayama Rosai Hospital Identify characteristics of menstrual pain and menopausal disorders of working women that lower the QWL Clarify the effect of light stimulation from working at nighttime on the melatonin concentration in the blood Discuss the need for comprehensiveness in constructing a women outpatient model system Develop a method for estimating the probability of returning to work after recovery from the viewpoint of the onset of cerebrovascular disease 12 Rehabilitation for returning to work Clinical Research Center for Worker s Rehabilitation Kyushu Rosai Hospital 13 Asbestos related diseases Clinical Research Center for Asbestos-Related Diseases Okayama Rosai Hospital Identify the need to improve early diagnosis of Stages I and II (currently 29.6%) in order to increase the rate of survivability from mesothelioma Early diagnosis and development of a diagnosis method for mesothelioma using methylation of anti-oncogenes in pleural fluid 14 Worker Medical Treatment Initiative After 5 years, we finally ended part 1 of our research in March The research targets of the 13 fields of occupational injuries and illnesses and the main research results are given in Table 1. The main research themes pertain to promoting a healthy workplace, continuing work while receiving treatment after a misfortunate accident or illness occurred, and quickly returning to the workplace. In Japan, this is the first time this type of clinical medical research has been undertaken. We clarified that the current state of worker medical treatment must deal with many problems. This time, in order to provide a better understanding of the existing state of worker medical treatment, we summarized the results of each field in this booklet. We hope that this aids in providing a better understanding of the worker medical treatment initiative by the Rosai hospital group. Dissemination of Research Results Presentations at meetings 539 (Domestic: 485 International: 54) Papers 224 (Japanese: 171 English: 53) Lectures 943 Mass media / magazine publications 198 Books / publications 40 Workshops hosted by affiliated organizations 167 (Cases) , ,117 Number of visits to the site dedicated to the research and development, and dissemination projects related to the 13 fields of occupational injuries and illnesses A total of 498,688 visits over five years. [Target number of visits] The target number of visits is more than 100,000 for the mid-term target period for the final fiscal year , ,260 14, Year Increase in the number of visits by year Future Themes Based on the research results from each field in this project, we clarified the problems currently facing the medical treatment of workers, i.e., it is difficult for workers to receive medical treatment while continuing to work and to complete smoothly the process of returning to work. The root of this problem is believed to be the lack of a framework enabling cooperation between the attending physician providing treatment and the employer. We learned that from the investigation in the field of sense organ disorders, although currently there is very effective medicine that was developed for treating diabetes mellitus, controlling blood sugar for workers with diabetes mellitus is not an easy task. Since workers must give their undivided attention to work, they do not have enough time to deal with treatment and complications such as advancing retinopathy resulting in a decrease in visual acuity. As visual acuity decreases, it becomes impossible to continue work and unemployment ensues. It is clear that workers with diabetes mellitus are faced with this type of employment and treatment dilemma. Hereafter are some ways that these workers afflicted with this disease can resolve this dilemma. First, the attending physician should provide information to the employer regarding the diagnosis. On the other hand, it is important that the employer provide the patient s work-related information to the attending physician. Based on this exchange of information both sides can establish a cooperative framework, and we believe that this will enable proper and adequate treatment, while the patient continues work and achieves a smooth return to work. On the diagnosis side, in addition to the attending physician, registered nurses, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, medical social workers, etc. should be arranged in the cooperative framework. At the workplace as well, focusing on industrial physicians and labor representatives, a system that supports the diagnosis side and its information exchange should be arranged. From the investigation in the field of occupational trauma, based on an analysis of the conditions when the traumas occurred, we established that it is possible to estimate the level of functionality that returns after replantation when a worker experiences a trauma such as finger amputation. Furthermore, from the investigation in the field of rehabilitation, in the case that a worker suffers a cerebral 25 infarction, based on a detailed investigation of the overall status, the body functions and time period until rehabilitation begins, it is possible to estimate the ability for the patient to return to work after being discharged. In this way, from the estimations obtained from various fields and by carefully exchanging information and establishing a cooperative framework between the attending physician and employer, it is possible to improve the rate of return to work beyond that achieved currently. We also clarified based on the research of this project that the workplace is the source of various diseases. From the investigation in the field of karoshi, i.e., death from overwork, we clarified that long working hours is a contributing factor to the metabolic syndrome in workers. From the investigation in the field of musculoskeletal disorders, we clarified that a contributing factor to worker lower back pain is psychological stress in the workplace. From the field of medical care for working women, we found that many of the female outpatients that came in for an examination stated that the reason for the onset of symptoms of an illness was related to the stress at the workplace in addition to the stress at home. Furthermore, from the field of physical factor induced diseases, we clarified the fact that various barbers and beauticians suffer from occupational allergic contact dermatitis. From these investigation results, we showed that, in the future, through cooperation between the attending physician and employer, we need to identify the source of the diseases afflicting workers everywhere and establish treatment methods. In addition to a framework for cooperation between the attending physician and employer, this project clarified that cross field research where there is collaboration among the fields is necessary. We showed that stress in the workplace influences worker metabolic syndrome, lower back pain, and the menstrual cycles of working women. In the future, we believe that by pooling the knowledge from such as fields as karoshi, muscle skeletal disorders, and the medical care for working women and developing cross field research, we will be able to clarify the difficult research theme of stress in the workplace. In this way, in resolving the various problems facing current worker medical treatment, the research for part 1 of this project identified the need to establish a cooperative framework between the attending physician at the health care facility and the patient s employer as well as the need for cross field research. In the future, part 2 of this project starting in the 2009 fiscal year will deal with the problems clarified from the research results of part 1 (Table 2). Table 2. Part 2: Themes Related to the Research, Development, and Dissemination of the Clinical Medical Research of the 13 Fields of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses of the Japan Labour Health and Welfare Organization Field Name Work related trauma such as limb amputation and bone fractures Spinal cord injury Sensory organ impairment due to noise, electromagnetic waves, etc. Disorders dependent on physical factors such as temperature, air pressure, and radiation Muscular and skeletal disorders stemming from physically overburdening the body Hand-arm vibration syndrome Exposure to toxic industrial chemicals Respiratory diseases due to dust inhalation Brain and heart disease caused by overwork (karoshi: death from overwork) Worker s mental health Medical care for working women Rehabilitation for returning to work, treatment for disease with high morbidity rates among workers, and work-compatible support Asbestos related diseases Themes Related to Research / Development and Dissemination Research, development, and dissemination involving the construction of a regional medical cooperative system for early treatment etc. of work-related injury resulting from crushing or traumatic amputation Research, development, and dissemination related to establishing precautionary measures and early treatment system of spinal cord injuries Research, development, and dissemination related to precautionary measures, treatment, etc. of acute visual impairment caused by work environmental factors Research, development, and dissemination related to constructing a database for diagnosis, treatment, and precautionary measures for work related skin diseases Research, development, and dissemination related to clarifying the primary factor in the cause of lower back pain in the workplace Research, development, and dissemination related to an objective system for evaluating peripheral neuropathy and peripheral circulatory disorders due to Hand-arm vibration syndrome Research, development, and dissemination related to a quick and effective diagnostic procedure for industrial poisoning Research, development, and dissemination related to a model for a diagnostic procedure for pneumoconiosis complicated with lung cancer Research, development, and dissemination related to an objective evaluation system for complicated pneumoconiosis. Research, development, and dissemination related to diagnosis and treatment methods for new respiratory diseases stemming from the onset of pneumoconiosis Research, development, and dissemination related to the primary factor in the onset of brain and heart disease due to overwork Research, development, and dissemination related to precautions to prevent poor mental health conditions in the workplace Research, development, and dissemination related to an objective diagnostic procedure for depression Research, development, and dissemination related to the effect of menstrual and menopausal disorders on Quality of Working Life (QWL) of working women Research, development, and dissemination related to the effect of working late nights and long hours on women s endocrine system Research, development, and dissemination related to the stress of working women and the onset and exacerbation of disease Research, development, and dissemination related to a rehabilitation medical model for various diseases that enables early return to work Cross field Research, development, and dissemination related to the effect of the onset of illness, treatment, and precautionary measures on the relationship among the characteristics of the individual worker, actual work and work environment, and a medical model for treating disease and dealing with career Research, development, and dissemination related to early diagnostic methods, treatment methods, and precautionary measures to improve the survival rate for asbestos related disease such as mesothelioma 36 1 Investigative Research on Treatments For Severe Trauma to the Upper Limbs Toward Recovery of Function After Work-Related Amputation and Smooth Work Reinstatement Field name Work related trauma such as limb amputation and bone fractures The local industry of Tsubame city in Niigata prefecture is the manufacture of western-style cookware. As such there are many medium and small-sized businesses that deal with metalworking, and finger trauma occurs frequently. After the opening of the Tsubame Rosai Hospital in 1979, the Work-Related Hand Surgical Center was established. Many of occupation finger trauma were treated, and up to now, there have been 187 of successful reconnection of wrists and finger amputation and 141 of reconstruction after crushing injury. From among these, 82 in which more than five years have passed since the injury occurred were considered in our investigation. After obtaining consent from 50 of the 82, we examined the function recovery level and ability to return to work based on the relationship between the Hand Injury Severity Score (HISS) (Fig. 1) at the time of injury and the Tamai evaluation standard (Table 3) at the time of the investigation. The results showed that the higher the HISS score at the time of injury the more the level of recovery deteriorates after hand surgery 1, 2, 3, 4 (Fig. 2). Moreover, we clarified that the higher the HISS score is, returning to the original work becomes more difficult, and it becomes increasingly likely that the patient must change the type of work or cannot return to work 1, 2, 3, 4 (Fig. 3). 1. Scoring for each structure 2. Constant for each finger Fig. 1. Method for assessing hand injury severity score (HISS) Tamai Evaluation Standard p: Spearman s rank correlation coefficient Table 3. Tamai Evaluation Standard Range of motion (20 pts) Daily living activities (20 pts) Perception (20 pts) Subjective symptoms (10 pts) Appearance (10 pts) Tamai Evaluation Standard Fig. 2. Correlation between hand injury severity score (HISS) at the time of injury and the Tamai evaluation standard at time of investigation There is a significant difference between a and b. Patient satisfaction level (20 pts) Occupation: Return to original work (0 pts) Change in occupation (-5 pts) Unable to return to work (-10 pts) Judgment of results: Excellent Good Satisfactory Not satisfactory pts pts pts. 39 or less pts. Perfect score of 100 pts is the best result As the degree of injury increases the score decreases Return to original work Change in occupation Cannot return to work Fig. 3. Hand injury severity score (HISS) at the time of injury and ability to return to work 4 Field name Work related trauma such as limb amputation and bone fractures7 For amputation or crushing of multiple fingers, in order to plan the improvement in the function of the fingers transpositional replantation is carried out in where replantation is impossible after thumb amputation. The hallux is engrafted and the thumb is reconstructed by carrying out the Wrap Around Flap method (WAF) (Fig. 4). Accordingly, based on seven where transpositional replantation was carried out and in nine in which we employed the WAF method, we also investigated the hand function after replantation and the ability to return to work. All the where transpositional replantation was performed were successful. Moreover, we could not discern any significant difference in the degree to which hand functionality returned or the rate for returning to work in the transpositional replantation compared to the where the same finger was replanted 3, 4. Also for the WAF method, we could not discern any significant difference in functionality such as the range of motion of the thumb in where the thumb was replanted 3, 4. These results show that based on the advances in various treatment methods hand function after hand / finger amputation can be maintained and it is possible to return to the workplace. In the future, in order to increase the number of where patients return to work, we believe that the employer should be informed of the estimated time to recover and that it is important that the process of returning to work advance smoothly. Hallux engrafting Seven years after operation Fig. 4. Wrap Around Flap (WAF) method References: 1) Matsuzaki H., Narisawa H., Miwa H., and Toishi S.: Predicting functional recovery and return to work after mutilating hand injuries: Usefulness of hand injury severity score. J Hand Surg, 34A: , ) Matsuzaki H.: Investigative research on treatments for severe trauma to the upper limbs Toward smooth work reinstatement of injured workers. Japan Labour Health and Welfare Organization, Clinical Research Center for Occupational Trauma, ) Matsuzaki H.: Investigative research on treatments for severe trauma to the upper limbs Toward smooth work reinstatement of injured workers (Part 2). Japan Labour Health and Welfare Organization, Clinical Research Center for Occupational Trauma, ) Matsuzaki H., et al.: Research, development, and dissemination related to reconstruction of work-related injury resulting from crushing or traumatic amputation and expanding the range of movement after hand surgery, Research report. Japan Labour Health and Welfare Organization, Clinical Research Center for Occupational Trauma, * Reference 3 can be viewed at a site dedicated to the research and development, and * Reference 4 can be viewed at a site dedicated to the research and development, and Field name Work related trauma such as limb amputation and bone fractures 58 2 Measures to Prevent Cervical Spinal Cord Damage Without Bone Damage for Mature Age Workers and Establishing an Early Treatment System Increase in Cervical Spinal Column Stenosis and Deterioration in Movement Function of the Extremities in Mature Age Workers Field name Spinal cord injury In order to develop measures to prevent cervical spinal cord damage in without bone damage in mature age workers, we examined the cervical vertebrae of 1200 healthy individuals and performed an age-categorized investigation of the degree of change in the spine and spinal cord due to ageing based on MRI (Fig. 5). The results show that the anteroposterior of the spinal column, dural tube anteroposterior (Fig. 6), anteroposterior spinal cord (Fig. 7), and spinal area (Fig. 8) decrease with age, while the intradural occupancy rate of the spinal cord (Fig. 9) increases with age. Furthermore, from a neurological viewpoint, we clarified based on the ten second hand test (Fig. 10) and ten second step test (Fig. 11) that the cervical spinal cord deteriorates with age. Based on these results, we clarified that for mature age workers the rate of occurrence of cervical spinal column stenosis increases, that the movement function of the extremities decreases, and that the probability that hyperextension of the cervical vertebrae in job-related cervical spinal cord damage without bone damage is high 1, 2, 3, (mm) Fig. 5. MRI of cervical vertebrae and cervical spinal cord Diagnoses of the spinal canal, endocranial tube, and spinal cord are possible. This T2 weighted sagittal MRI image highlights spinal canal stenosis at the C3/4 vertebrae in a 46 yr. old male. The endocranial tube at the C3/4 vertebrae is very constricted. 8 (mm) Males Females Males Females s 30s 40s 50s 60s 70s Age Fig. 6. Change in anteroposterior diameter of the endocranial tube due to ageing C5/6 intervertebral spacing (sagittal plane) based on the anteroposterior diameter of the endocranial tube (Mean±SD) 6 Field name Spinal cord injury 0 20s 30s 40s 50s 60s 70s Fig. 7. Change in anteroposterior diameter of the spinal cord due to ageing C5/6 intervertebral spacing (sagittal plane) based on anteroposterior diameter of the spinal cord (Mean±SD) Age9 100 (mm 2 ) Males Females (%) Males Females s 30s 40s 50s 60s 70s Age Fig. 8. Change in spinal cord area due to ageing C5/6 intervertebral spacing (sagittal plane) based on spinal cord area (Mean±SD) 40 (Times) Males Females 45 20s 30s 40s 50s 60s 70s Age Fig. 9. Change in intradural occupancy rate of the spinal cord due to ageing C5/6 intervertebral spacing (sagittal plane) based on the intradural occupancy rate of the spinal cord (Mean±SD) 30 (Times) Males Females s 30s 40s 50s 60s 70s Age Fig. 10. Change in ten second hand test (right hand) results due to ageing (Mean±SD) 0 20s 30s 40s 50s 60s 70s Age Fig. 11. Change in ten second step test results due to ageing (Mean±SD) References: 1) Kato F.: Preventative measures for cervical spinal cord damage without bone damage and establishing an early treatment system Determining Japanese standard values for cervical vertebrae / cervical spinal cord based on MRI, and new initiatives regarding cervical vertebrae examination. Japan Labour Health and Welfare Organization, Clinical Research Center for Worker s Spinal Injury, ) Kato F.: Preventative measures for cervical spinal cord damage without bone damage and establishing an early treatment system Determining Japanese standard values for cervical vertebrae / cervical spinal cord based on MRI, and new initiatives regarding cervical vertebrae examination (Part 2). Japan Labour Health and Welfare Organization, Clinical Research Center for Worker s Spinal Injury, ) Kato F.: Research, development, and diffusion pertaining to preventative measures for cervical spinal cord damage without bone damage and establishing an early treatment system, Research report. Japan Labour Health and Welfare Organization, Clinical Research Center for Worker s Spinal Injury, ) Yukawa Y., Kato F., Ito K., Horie Y., Nakashima H., Machino M., Ito Z., and Wakao N.: Ten second step test as a new quantifiable parameter of cervical myelopathy. Spine 34:82-86, * Reference 2 can be viewed at a site dedicated to the research and development, and * Reference 3 can be viewed at a site dedicated to the research and development, and Field name Spinal cord injury 710 3 Establishing Treatments Enabling Patients With Vitreoretinal-Disorder-Based Acute Blindness to Return to Work Preserving the Eyesight of Workers with Diabetic Retinopathy, How to Overcome the Work and Treatment Dilemma Field name Sensory organ impairment due to noise, electromagnetic waves, etc. In Japan, diabetes mellitus is the source of blindness for very many, and in order to clarify the effect exerted by a worker s working conditions, we investigated the relationship between visual impairment and work for workers suffering from diabetes mellitus based on 519 of diabetic retinopathy (215 observation, 124 of photocoagulation, and 180 who underwent corpus vitreum surgery). In the group that underwent surgery, since there was inadequate treatment of diabetes mellitus, the level of visual acuity deteriorated strikingly (Figs. 12 and 13) and if we Visual acuity Follow up group (n=75) Photocoagulation group (n=115) At time of registration 1 Year later Surgical operation group (n=90) *:p<0.05 Fig. 12. Visual acuity of those with diabetic retinopathy in each group at the time of registration and one year later. consider the working status of these, retired people comprise half the number in each group (Fig. 15). From the investigation results above, we believe that workers with diabetic retinopathy are faced with the work and treatment dilemma (Fig. 14) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. In the group that underwent surgery, if we examine the level of visual acuity one year after surgery the level after surgery improved (Fig. 12) and the quality of life (QOL) improved. However, the percentage of retired people showed no improvement one year later, and even if the level of visual acuity returned to the previous level we confirmed that it was unrelated to reemployment (Fig. 15) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. If we examine the ophthalmological and internal medicine histories, we found that workers were unable to go to the hospital as often as they should have because they devoted themselves to their work (Table 4). In the future, with close cooperation between the attending physician and the workplace, we need to construct a system that focuses on medical treatment of diabetes mellitus and that helps employees from retiring due to illness. Facts about diabetic retinopathy HbA1c At time of registration 1 Year later Patient side: Because the patient is not committed to medical treatment in order to continue employment, visual acuity deteriorates resulting in loss of employment. Treatment side: Medical treatment at an early stage is desirable. Dilemma between employment and medical treatment! Essential to create a system for resuming work!? 6.0 Follow up group (n=75) Photocoagulation group (n=115) Surgical operation group (n=90) *:p<0.01 Fig. 13. HbA1c results of those with diabetic retinopathy in each group at the time of registration and one year later. HbA1c (Glycated hemoglobin) If a hyperglycemic state continues for too long, the intravascular surplus of glucose combines with protein in the body. At this point, hemoglobin (Hb), the protein in red blood cells, and the glucose combine to form glycosylated hemoglobin. There are several types of glycosylated hemoglobin, and the type that has a very close relationship with diabetes mellitus is HbA1c. Fig. 14. Dilemma between work and diabetic retinopathy treatment for workers Table 4. Ophthalmological and Internal Medicine Histories for Each Group Ophthalmological history Internal medicine history Follow up group Photocoagulation group Surgical operation group 42% 31% 47% 74% 65% 65% (If the patient was continually commuting to hospital for more than 1 year prior to registration, he is considered to have a history.) 8 Field name Sensory organ impairment due to noise, electromagnetic waves, etc.11 At time of registration No history of looking for employment 5% 1 Year later No history of looking for employment 5% Surgical operation group Photocoagulation group Follow up group Retirement 53% No history of looking for employment 5% Retirement 45% No history of looking for employment 4% Retirement 48% Presently continuing work 41% Presently continuing work 50% Presently continuing work 44% Leave of absence 1% Leave of absence 4% Retirement 52% Change of occupation 1% No history of looking for employment 1% Retirement 47% No history of looking for employment 4% Retirement 53% Leave of absence 1% Presently continuing work 41% Presently continuing work 46% Presently continuing work 41% Transfer 1% Change of occupation 6% Transfer 1% Fig. 15. Employment conditions for diabetic retinopathy sufferers in each group at time of registration and one year later. References: 1) Emi K.: Research and development of a method for treating acute visual impairment caused by retina vitreous disease Preserving the eyesight of workers suffering from diabetic retinopathy. The Japan Labour Health and Welfare Organization, Clinical Research Center for Occupational Sensory Organ Disability, ) Emi K.: Research and development of a method for treating acute visual impairment caused by retina vitreous disease Preserving the eyesight of workers suffering from diabetic retinopathy (Part 2). The Japan Labour Health and Welfare Organization, Clinical Research Center for Occupational Sensory Organ Disability, ) Emi K., et al.: Precautionary measures, Research, development, and dissemination of a method for treating retinopathy caused by stress at the workplace, Research report. The Japan Labour Health and Welfare Organization, Clinical Research Center for Occupational Sensory Organ Disability, ) Emi K., Oyagi T., Ikeda T., Bando H., Okita T., Kashimoto D. Morita S., Matsumura N., Sawada K., Sawada K., Toyoda E., and Ueno C.: Change in quality of life before and after vitreous surgery for diabetic retinopathy. Journal of Japanese Ophthalmological Society, 112: , ) Oyagi T., Ueno C., Toyoda E., Sawada K., Sawada K., Matsumura N., Kashimoto D., Okita T., Bando H., Ikeda T., and Emi K.: Influence of unilateral vitreous surgery for diabetic retinopathy on health-related quality of life in the fellow eye. Japanese Journal of Clinical Ophthalmology, 62: , ) Sato M., Emi K., Ueno C., Sawada K., Sawada K., Oura Y., Oyagi T., Morita S., Bando H., Okita T., and Ikeda T.: Relation between medicational stage and occupation in diabetic retinopathy. Atarashii Ganaka (Journal of the Eye), 26: , * Reference 2 can be viewed at a site dedicated to the research and development, and * Reference 3 can be viewed at a site dedicated to the research and development, and Field name Sensory organ impairment due to noise, electromagnetic waves, etc. 912 4 Contact Dermatitis Afflicting Barbers and Beauticians Barbers and Beauticians Afflicted with Rough Skin Field name Disorders dependent on physical factors such as temperature, air pressure, and radiation Based on an investigation using questionnaires submitted to barbers and beauticians in Miyagi prefecture, we identified that many barbers and beauticians suffer from rough skin due to allergic contact dermatitis the source of which is thought to be hair products such as hair dye used in their work 1, 2, 3, 4 (Fig. 16). When we carried out patch tests on 61 barbers and beauticians to screen for the source of the rough skin, we found that products such as hair dye, shampoo, and perm solution tested positive (Fig. 17). Furthermore, when we carried out patch tests on the components of the products, we found that chemicals such as p-phenylenediamine, p-amino azobenzene, Red 225, and cocamidopropyl betaine tested positive (Figs. 18 and 19). After we informed the patients of which hair products tested positive, they commented that after diluting the shampoo that tested positive they noticed that the rough skin subsided or that after replacing the product that tested positive with another product, they recovered from the skin rash. These statements are proof that the results of this research are useful in preventing occupation contact dermatitis. We summarized the research results up to this point and produced the barber and beautician guidebook for preventing hand rash and rough skin 4. In April 2009, the Specialized Investigative Committee on Article 35 of the Labor Standards Enforcement Regulations was convened with contact dermatitis from the use of barber/beautician shampoo, cold perm solution, etc. as the agenda using the results of this research as the basis. Responses indicating that dermatitis is present currently and occurred previously Dermatitis was present previously 657 Dermatitis was present previously % [Total] 1,733 Dermatitis is currently present 281 [Barber association] 1,058 Dermatitis was present previously % % Dermatitis is currently present 115 Dermatitis is currently present 166 [Beautician association] 675 Fig. 16. Fieldwork report on barbers and beautician in Miyagi prefecture Patch test To confirm the source of contact dermatitis or rash,the questionable substance is applied to the back or arm to verify a reaction. Oxydation Hair dye (First agent) Shampoo Perm solution (First agent) Perm solution (Second agent) Hair manicure Hair treatment Hair coloring aid (Second agent) Other products Gloves (Rubber) Number of positive / Applications 35/55 24/59 21/53 6/42 1/8 3/26 1/32 3/17 0/5 Fig. 17. Results of product patch test (positive rate for patch test according to product) 10 Field name Disorders dependent on physical factors such as temperature, air pressure, and radiation13 Number of positive / Applications PPD 36/49 PAP 5/49 PTD 4/49 ONPPD 3/49 Resorcin 1/48 MAP 1/49 Pyrogallol 0/48 PAAB 35/48 * PDD: p-phenylenediamine PAP: Paraaminophenol PTD: Paratoluenediamine ONPPD: Ortho-Nitro-p-phenylenediamine MAP: Meta-aminophenol PAAB: p-aminoazobenzene R-225: Red 225 * Although PAAB and R-225 are not hair dye components, we tested them because they were reported to be allergens. Fig. 18. Patch test positive rate of components ➀ hair dye components and related substances R /48 Cocamidopropyl betaine Cysteamine hydrochloride Nickel sulfate Ammonium persulfate Fragrance mix Thiuram mixture Number of positive 19/48 / Applications 9/48 9/49 7/48 5/48 5/48 4/48 3/48 3/48 3/48 3/48 3/48 3/49 * Two of 48 tested positive (positive rate of 4.2%) for hydrogen peroxide water, chloroacetamide, imidazolidinyl urea, quotanium 15, and zinc pyrithione. One of 48 tested positive (positive rate of 2.1%) for monoethanol-amine and chloroxylenol. Fig. 19. Patch test positive rate of components ➁ other allergens Caisson CG Thioglycolic acid ammonium salt Monothioglycolic acid glycerol Peru balsam Formaldehyde Chlorocresol Cobalt chloride Comments from the patch test subjects I was surprised that the products that claimed to be gentle to the skin tested positive in the patch test. If I didn t take the patch test I wouldn t have known the source of my dermatitis. After replacing the product that tested positive with another product, my skin rash went away completely. After diluting the shampoo that tested positive in the patch test and avoiding touching the areas where the hair dye was applied, my skin rash became less severe than before. * Source of hand rash ~Allergic contact dermatitis ~ Positive rate for patch test (Positive / tested) Oxydation Hair dye (First agent) Perm solution (First agent) Shampoo Perm solution (Second agent) Hair dyes are important to barbers and beauticians There are many products used by barbers Hairdressing product Hair treatment Hair coloring aid (Second agent) Barbers Beaticians Barber and beautician guidebook for preventing hand rash and rough skin Results based on the patch test of 63 barbers and beauticinas in Miyagi prefecture References: 1) Tanita M.: Contact dermatitis afflicting barbers and beauticians Fieldwork report on barbers and beauticians in Miyagi prefecture. The Japan Labour Health and Welfare Organization, Clinical Research Center for Occupational Physical Factor Induced Disease, ) Tanita M.: Contact dermatitis afflicting barbers and beauticians Fieldwork report on barbers and beauticians in Miyagi prefecture (Part 2). The Japan Labour Health and Welfare Organization, Clinical Research Center for Occupational Physical Factor Induced Disease, ) Tanita M., et al.: Research, development, and dissemination of a precise diagnosis method involving the identification of external factors for occupational dermatitis, Research report. The Japan Labour Health and Welfare Organization, Clinical Research Center for Occupational Physical Factor Induced Disease, ) Tanita M. and Masu A.: Barber and beautician guidebook for preventing hand rash and rough skin, The Japan Labour Health and Welfare Organization, Clinical Research Center for Occupational Physical Factor Induced Disease, * References 2 and 4 can be viewed at a site dedicated to the research and development, and * Reference 3 can be viewed at a site dedicated to the research and development, and Field name Disorders dependent on physical factors such as temperature, air pressure, and radiation 1114 5 Facts Regarding Worker Lower Back Pain Investigation into Psychological and Social Causes of Lower Back Pain in the Workplace Field name Muscular and skeletal disorders stemming from physically overburdening the body In order to clarify the cause of lower back pain in the workplace, we carried out an investigation using questionnaires that covered not only physical causes such as work posture, but also depression, stress, interpersonal relationships at work, and social causes. We obtained responses from 9,307 people. The analysis results clarified the points below 1, 2, 3. The severity of lower back pain in the previous month was categorized as indicated below. 1. No lower back pain (Grade 1) 49% 2. There was lower back pain, but it did not hinder work (Grade 2) 45% 3. Although lower back pain was a hindrance to work, no work leave was taken (Grade 3) 5% 4. Work leave was taken due to lower back pain (Grade 4) less than 1% When we investigated the causes of the relationship between lower back pain and work, we clarified that work posture is significantly correlated to working long hours in that posture for those engaged in manual labor, those that work in unnatural positions such as being bent over, those that work standing up, and vehicle operators in that order (Table 5). Table 5. Relationship Between Work Posture and Lower Back Pain Manual labor Unnatural posture Work standing up Vehicle operator Desk work Odds ratio % Confidence interval Although half of the responders had lower back pain, those with lower back pain to the extent that it was a hindrance was 6% (Fig. 20). For work behavior, there is a significant correlation between actions such as lifting, lowering, twisting, bending over, shifting side to side, pushing, pulling, carrying things or walking and working long hours (Table 6). Grade 3 5% Grade 2 45% Grade 4 Less than 1% Grade 1 49% Table 6. Relationship Between Work Behavior and Lower Back Pain Odds ratio 95% Confidence interval Lifting and lowering Twisting at waist Bending forward Shifting (side to side) Pushing Pulling Carrying Walking Fig. 20. Severity of lower back pain in the previous month In the work environment, there is a significant correlation between conditions such as heat and humidity, a narrow and tight workspace, unstable footing, low illumination, an environment with uneven footing or many obstacles, cold, noisy, or shaking and vibration and working long hours (Table 7). 12 Field name Muscular and skeletal disorders stemming from physically overburdening the body15 For the psychological and social causes, we found that there is a significant correlation between lower back pain and the causes of work stress such as a high level of complaints from patients regarding physical burden, a high level of stress from the working environment, a feeling that his/her own work is without purpose or meaning, a feeling of having a low level of aptitude for his / her own work, not having much control of work, a high level of stress from interpersonal relationships at the workplace, and a heavy burden of psychological work (quality and quantity) (Table 8). From the knowledge we obtained, in addition to the causes of lower back pain in the workplace such as work posture, work behavior, and the work environment that have been uncovered up to now, we found that psychological and social causes contribute to lower back pain. Table 7. Relationship Between Work Environment and Lower Back Pain Table 8. Relationship Between Psychological and Social Causes and Lower Back Pain Odds ratio 95% Confidence interval Odds ratio 95% Confidence interval Hot and humid Narrow and tight Unstable footing Dark Steps or obstacles Cold Noisy Subjective evaluation of the degree of physical burden Stress from work environment Work satisfaction Aptitude level for own work Degree of control of work Stress from personal relationships in workplace Shaking and vibration Burden of psychological work (Amount) Burden of psychological work (Quality) Degree to which you apply your skill Odds Comparison Odds are a value that expresses the probability that an event occurs. Odds are also used to express the probability that a horse will come in first place in horse racing. An odds ratio is the ratio of the probability of one event (group) occurring to that of another event occurring. The odds ratio of one means that both events have the same probability of occurring and a value of greater (lesser) than one means that one event has a better chance of occurring than the other. References: 1) Machida H.: Facts about worker lower back pain psychological and social causes at the workplace as contributing factors. The Japan Labour Health and Welfare Organization, Clinical Research Center for Occupational Muscle Skeletal Disorders, ) Machida H.: Facts about worker lower back pain psychological and social causes at the workplace as contributing factors (Part 2). The Japan Labour Health and Welfare Organization, Clinical Research Center for Occupational Muscle Skeletal Disorders, ) Machida H.: Research, development, and dissemination of a diagnosis method and effective preventative measures for cervicobrachial syndrome (including preventing reoccurrence) and occupational lower back pain, Research report. The Japan Labour Health and Welfare Organization, Clinical Research Center for Occupational Muscle Skeletal Disorders, * Reference 2 can be viewed at a site dedicated to the research and development, and * Reference 3 can be viewed at a site dedicated to the research and development, and Field name Muscular and skeletal disorders stemming from physically overburdening the body 1316 6 FSBP% (Finger Systolic Blood Pressure%) as an Objective System for Evaluating Peripheral Circulatory Disorders Caused by Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome Field name Hand-arm vibration syndrome In order to establish an objective diagnostic method for vibration induced-impairment, repeated examinations 1, 2, 3, 4 (Fig. 22) have shown that employing the Finger Systolic Blood Pressure (%) (FSBP) is useful. Furthermore, when Raynaud s phenomenon manifests itself, we found that the FSBP% becomes zero 5 (Fig. 21). The cut-off, sensitivity, and specificity values are given in Table 9. If the cut-off value is set to 70%, the sensitivity is 71.9%, and the specificity is 85.5%. What is the Finger Systolic Blood Pressure%? The Finger Systolic Blood Pressure% (FSBP%) is a method that is performed in the following manner. The finger blood flow is constricted for 5 min., the finger to be measured is cooled to 10 C, and the FSBP value after cooling is measured. The measurement is compared to the control finger (thumb) to verify change. FSBP% Thumb 100 FSBP% Pinky 0 FSBP% Ring finger 0 FSBP% Middle finger 0 FSBP% Index finger 23.1 Fig. 21. Raynaud s phenomenon and the FSBP% measured at the time of the episode The right middle and ring fingers exhibit Raynaud s phenomenon. The pinky exhibits Raynaud s phenomenon to a lesser extent. The SBP% is 0 for each of the middle finger, ring finger, and pinky exhibiting Raynaud s phenomenon. 14 Field name Hand-arm vibration syndrome17 Group A Group D Group C Group B Fig. 22. FSBP% comparison (Room temperature 21±1 C) Group A: Control group Group B: Vibration exposed group that did not express Raynaud s phenomenon Group C: Group in which Raynaud s phenomenon was not expressed at examination one year prior Group D: Group currently expressing Raynaud s phenomenon The distribution for the FSBP% value of each group is shown as a box plot. * indicates a significant difference (p<0.05) compared to Group A. # indicates a significant difference (p>0.05) compared to the members of Group B that did not express Raynaud s phenomenon Table 9. Cut-Off Value, Sensitivity, and Specificity 21±1 C Cut-Off Value (%) Sensitivity (%) N= Specificity (%) N= References: 1) Nasu Y., et al.: Research, development, and dissemination of quick and accurate diagnostic method based on vibration induced impairment, Research report. The Japan Labour Health and Welfare Organization, Clinical Research Center for Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome, ) Nasu Y.: FSBP% (Finger Systolic Blood Pressure%) an objective method for evaluating peripheral circulatory disorder due to vibration induced impairment Aiming to establish an objective diagnostic method for vibration induced impairment. The Japan Labour Health and Welfare Organization, Clinical Research Center for Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome, ) Nasu Y., Fujiwara Y., Honma H., Yanai T., Toyonaga T., Kido K., Ikeda T., Hashiguchi H., and Kurosawa Y.: Measuring change in finger arterial blood pressure after localized hypothermia as an objective method for evaluating peripheral circulatory disorder. Japanese Journal of Occupational Medicine and Traumatology, 56:13-27, ) Nasu Y., Kurozawa Y., Fujiwara Y., Honma H., Yanai T., Kido K., and Ikeda T.: Multicenter study on finger systolic blood pressure test for diagnosis of vibration-induced white finger. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 8l: , ) Fujiwara Y., Yoshino S., and Nasu Y.: Simultaneous observation of zero-value of FSBP% and Raynaud's phenomenon during cold provocation in vibration syndrome. J Occup Health 50:75-78, * Reference 1 can be viewed at a site dedicated to the research and development, and * Reference 2 can be viewed at a site dedicated to the research and development, and Field name Hand-arm vibration syndrome 1518 7 Research, Development, and Dissemination of an Exposure Evaluation Method to Diagnose Toxic Chemicals Quickly and Effectively Field name Industrial poisoning from exposure to chemicals The focus of this field is the research, development, and dissemination of a useful exposure indicator for the diagnosis and treatment of health hazards related to industrial chemical substances. From the consultation examples collected by the Tokyo Rosai Hospital Clinical Research Center for Occupational Poisoning and through the practical application of the newest analysis technologies, we established a new exposure indicator for toxic chemicals as described below In order to establish a method for evaluating the arsenic exposure of former Japanese army chemical weapon disposal technicians, we established an analytical method according to the form of the arsenic compounds excreted in urine based on HPLC-ICP-MS for organic arsenic compounds such as diphenyl arsinic acid (DPAA) 2. As the first step, we clarified the level of normal Japanese workers that did not have occupational exposure to arsenic compounds 3. Furthermore, we investigated the change in arsenic compounds found in urine that were absorbed from the large quantities of arsenic compounds found in hijiki, a brown algae type seaweed, that is consumed by many Japanese We developed a highly precise lead measurement method for biological specimens that uses a newly developed chelate resin 9. Furthermore, we reported on the diagnosis and treatment of lead poisoning regarding patients with acute lead poisoning who were administered chelate treatment We reported on chrome ulcers and their estimation based on chromium level measurement results and the skin condition obtained through discussion with a patient with chemical burns from undetermined causes 11. Afterwards, we verified the cause as hexavalent chromium exposure based on research by The Labor Standards Bureau. 7. In a consultation case from overseas, we developed the HPLC-ICP MS method for measuring the urine concentration in a patient with acute dimethyltin- based poisoning and confirmed the metabolite based on LC- MS/MS. We also reported the details of the case 12, 13, 14. Furthermore, we conducted collaborative research with Nagoya University to verify the methylation in mammals, and reported the results of animal experiments We developed the flame photometric detection gas chromatography (FPD-GC) method that simultaneously assays N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and its metabolites such as N-methylsuccinimide (MSI) and 2-hydroxy-N-methylsuccinimide (2-HMSI) for a biomonitoring method of NMP because the amounts of these compounds used in solvents in resin systems is increasing We reported on a hemoglobin adduct for a proteomicsbased exposure evaluation system We reported on the world s first case of a healthcare worker being poisoned by ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA) a replacement for glutaraldehyde (GA) as an antiseptic to sterilize medical instruments 7. Furthermore, we carried out environmental research and medical examination outside the normal screening schedule As an influence index for pyrethroid-based pesticide exposure, we developed a method for measuring permethrin in the blood We clarified that psychological tests such as the State- Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and Profile of Mood States (POMS) tests can be used as a differentiation diagnostic procedure for the sick house syndrome (SHS) and multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS). In addition to these many research items, we created a homepage for the occupational poison center that provides a search function (Fig. 23) for information regarding the legal regulations and toxicity of approximately 800 substances and information on the allowable concentrations is updated annually Field name Industrial poisoning from exposure to chemicals19 Search screen Summary screen Details screen Fig. 23. Screens showing Industrial chemical substance search protocol (homepage is open to public) [http://www.research12.jp/sanchu/kagaku/index.html] References: 1) Endo Y.: Research, development, and dissemination of a quick and efficient method for diagnosing the causal relationship between toxic substances and protein and Research, development, and dissemination of clinical research on sick house syndrome, Research report. The Japan Labour Health and Welfare Organization, Clinical Research Center for Occupational Poisoning, ) Nakajima Y., Endo G., Inoue Y., Yukita K., and Endo Y.: Biological monitoring of workers treating chemical warfare agents. Japanese Journal of Occupational Medicine and Traumatology 54:29-33, ) Hata A., Endo Y., Nakajima Y., Ikebe M., Ogawa M., Fujitani N., and Endo G.: HPLC-ICP-MS speciation analysis of arsenic in urine of Japanese subjects without occupational exposure. J Occup Health 49: , ) Nakajima Y., Endo Y., Inoue Y., Yamanaka K., Kato K., Wanibuchi H., and Endo G.: Ingestion of hijiki seaweed and risk of arsenic poisoning. Appl Organomet Chem 20: , ) Kubota R., Endo Y., Takeuchi A., Inoue Y., Ogata H., Ogawa M., Nakagawa T., Onda N., and Endo G.: SPE-GC/FTD determination of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and its metabolites in urine. J Chromatogr B 854: , ) Ogawa M., Oyama T., Isse T., Murakami T., Yamaguchi T., Endo Y., and Kawamoto T.: Hemoglobin adducts as a marker of exposure to chemical substances, especially PRTR Class I designated chemical substances. J Occup Health 48: , ) Fujita H., Ogawa M., and Endo Y.: A case of occupational bronchial asthma and contact dermatitis caused by ortho-phthalaldehyde exposure in a medical worker. J Occup Health 48: , ) Fujita H., Sawada Y., Ogawa M., and Endo Y.: Health hazards from exposure to ortho-phthalaldehyde, a disinfectant for endoscopes, and preventative measures for health care workers. Journal of Occupational Health 49:1-8, ) Takeuchi Y., Endo Y., Nakajima Y., Inoue Y., Ogawa M., Fukuda T., and Endo G.: An accurate and rapid analysis for lead in urine using solid phase extraction column packed with a functional chelating resin. Japanese Journal of Occupational Medicine and Traumatology 55:15-19, ) Ogawa M., Nakajima Y., Kubota R., and Endo Y.: Two of acute lead poisoning due to occupational exposure to lead. Clin Toxicol 46: , ) Ogawa M., Nakajima Y., and Endo Y.: Four of chemical burns thought to be caused by exposure to chromic acid mist. J Occup Health 49: , ) Yoo C.I., Kim Y., Nakajima Y., and Endo Y.: A case of acute organotin poisoning. Korean J Occup Environ Med 18: , ) Yoo C.I., Kim Y., Jeong K.S., Sim C.S., Choy N., Kim J., Eum J.B., Nakajima Y., Endo Y., AND Kim Y.J.: A case of acute organotin poisoning. J Occup Health 49: , ) Kaneyoshi K., Endo Y., Ogawa M., and Kanehiro, S.: A case of industrial dimethyltin poisoning. Journal of Industrial Medicine 30:21-26, ) Furuhashi K., Ogawa M., Suzuki Y., Endo Y., Kim Y., and Ichihara G.: Methylation of dimethyltin in mice and rats. Chem Res Toxicol 21: , ) Ogata-Kawata H., Onda N., Matsuda M., Ueyama J., Kamijima M., Shibata E., Ogawa M., and Endo Y.: Direct analysis of permethrins in human blood by SPE-GC/MS. Chromatography 28: , ) Leaflet: Industrial toxic chemical information. The Japan Labour Health and Welfare Organization, * Reference 1 can be viewed at a site dedicated to the research and development, and * Reference 17 can be viewed at a site dedicated to the research and development, and Field name Industrial poisoning from exposure to chemicals 1720 8 Development of New Diagnostic Imaging Method and Compilation of Photo Collection of Various Types of Dust and Occupationally Categorized Coniosis Field name Respiratory diseases due to dust inhalation Although it was thought that there were no new of pneumoconiosis and that it was a disease in the past, recently a new type of pneumoconiosis has emerged as a new problem afflicting welders (Fig. 24) and dental technicians. In regard to the chest x-ray images for these of pneumoconiosis, we present findings specific to dust that was inhaled, and in order for many specialists to become aware of the characteristics, we created two volumes. One complies chest x-rays of the latest of pneumoconiosis according to the occupation and is called Compilation of image based examinations of pneumoconiosis according to current occupations 2 and the other provides a simple explanation to medical practitioners called Compilation of image based examinations of current pneumoconiosis 3. From Rosai hospitals from all over Japan, we collected chest x-rays of the latest pneumoconiosis based on occupation. The number of of pneumoconiosis complicated with lung cancer is increasing and in order to diagnose accurately the shadow of newly emerging lung cancer in pneumoconiosis with complicated chest x-rays, we established the temporal subtraction technique so that we can accurately and quickly diagnose pneumoconiosis complicated with lung cancer 1, 4, 5, 6. We also successfully established the 3D CT method to obtain 3D images 1, 4, 7, 8 of pleural plaque and a differential diagnosis method for coniotic nodules and lung cancer based on PET 1, 9, 10. Temporal Subtraction Technique Finding the new shadowed area that emerges between the 2 chest x-ray images of pneumoconiosis in Fig. 25 is quite difficult, but as shown in Fig. 26, by utilizing computers to generate a subtraction image from the two chest x-rays, we can render the new shadow generated by the two images. By employing these types of methods, detecting new shadowed areas in of pneumoconiosis becomes easier. Pleural plaque images based on 3D CT method As shown in the horizontally sliced simple CT image Indistinct faint small granular shadows are scattered around the periphery of both lungs in these chest x-ray images. Although we can recognize faint small ground glass patch shadows around the ends of the centrilobular bronchial tubes in the CT, clear granular shadows are scarce. We also recognize a mild increase in the branching shadows. Taken Oct Taken March 2005 Fig. 24. Example of welder s lung in a 55 year old electric welder with 38 years of experience. Fig. 25. Chest X-rays of a 78 year old patient with a 34 year history as a coal miner 18 Field name Respiratory diseases due to dust inhalation View more
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