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⭐ETSI EN V1.2.2 ( )
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1 EN V1.2.2 ( ) European Standard (Telecommunications series) Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Wideband Transmission systems; data transmission equipment operating in the 2,4 GHz ISM band and using spread spectrum modulation techniques; Part 1: Technical characteristics and test conditions2 2 EN V1.2.2 ( ) Reference REN/ERM-TG Keywords data, ISM, LAN, mobile, radio, spread spectrum, testing, transmission 650 Route des Lucioles F Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE Tel.: Fax: Siret N NAF 742 C Association à but non lucratif enregistrée à la Sous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N 7803/88 Important notice Individual copies of the present document can be downloaded from: The present document may be made available in more than one electronic version or in print. In any case of existing or perceived difference in contents between such versions, the reference version is the Portable Document Format (PDF). In case of dispute, the reference shall be the printing on printers of the PDF version kept on a specific network drive within Secretariat. Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status. Information on the current status of this and other documents is available at If you find errors in the present document, send your comment to: Copyright Notification No part may be reproduced except as authorized by written permission. The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media. European Telecommunications Standards Institute All rights reserved.3 3 EN V1.2.2 ( ) Contents Intellectual Property Rights...5 Foreword...5 Introduction Scope References Definitions and abbreviations Definitions Abbreviations General Manufacturer declarations Presentation of equipment for type testing Choice of model Presentation Choice of operating frequencies Design General Controls Interpretation of the measurement results Technical characteristics Modulation FHSS modulation DSSS and other forms of modulation Transmitter parameter limits Effective radiated power Peak power density Frequency range Spurious emissions Receiver parameter limits General Spurious emissions Test conditions Normal and extreme test conditions Power sources Power sources for stand-alone equipment Power sources for plug-in radio devices Normal test conditions Normal temperature and humidity Normal power source Mains voltage Lead-acid battery power sources used on vehicles Other power sources Extreme test conditions Extreme temperatures Extreme power source voltages Mains voltage Lead-acid battery power sources used on vehicles Power sources using other types of batteries Other power sources Procedure for tests at extreme temperatures Testing of host connected equipment and plug-in radio devices Alternative A: combined equipment Alternative B: use of a host or test jig...174 4 EN V1.2.2 ( ) 6.6 Test data sequence Methods of measurement General Measurements of transmitter parameters Effective radiated power Peak power density Frequency range of equipment using FHSS modulation Frequency range of equipment using other forms of modulation Spurious emissions Measurements of receiver parameters General Spurious emissions Measurement uncertainty values...24 Annex A (normative): Test sites and arrangements for radiated measurements...25 A.1 Test sites...25 A.1.1 Open air test sites...25 A.1.2 Anechoic chamber...26 A General...26 A Description...26 A Influence of parasitic reflections...26 A Calibration and mode of use...27 A.2 Test antenna...28 A.3 Substitution antenna...29 Annex B (normative): General description of measurement...30 B.1 Conducted measurements and use of test fixture...30 B.2 Radiated measurements...30 B.3 Substitution measurement...31 Bibliography...33 History...345 5 EN V1.2.2 ( ) Intellectual Property Rights IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to. The information pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for members and non-members, and can be found in SR : "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to in respect of standards", which is available from the Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the Web server (http://www.etsi.org/ipr). Pursuant to the IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by. No guarantee can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in SR (or the updates on the Web server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document. Foreword This European Standard (Telecommunications series) has been produced by Technical Committee Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM). The present document is part 1 of a multi-part EN covering the Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio Spectrum Matters (ERM); Wideband Transmission systems; data transmission equipment operating in the 2,4 GHz ISM band and using spread spectrum modulation techniques, as identified below: Part 1: Part 2: "Technical characteristics and test conditions"; "Harmonized EN covering essential requirements under article 3.2 of the R&TTE Directive". Annex A provides additional requirements concerning radiated measurements. Annex B contains normative specifications for the adjustment of the measurement equipment and of the equipment to be measured in order to achieve correct results. Annex C provides a Bibliography. National transposition dates Date of latest announcement of this EN (doa): 31 October 2000 Date of latest publication of new National Standard or endorsement of this EN (dop/e): 30 April 2001 Date of withdrawal of any conflicting National Standard (dow): 30 April 2001 Introduction Wideband radio data transmission systems are rapidly being introduced into a variety of commercial and industrial applications and the technology employed by these systems is still developing. The present document may be used by accredited test laboratories for the assessment of the performance of the equipment. The performance of the equipment submitted for type testing should be representative for the performance of the corresponding production model. In order to avoid any ambiguity in that assessment, the present document contains instructions for the presentation of equipment for type testing purposes (clause 4), testing conditions (clause 6) and methods of measurement (clause 7). The present document assumes that: - the type test measurements performed in an accredited test laboratory in one CEPT country would be accepted by the Type Approval Authority in another country provided that the national regulatory requirements are met (see CEPT Recommendation T/R [3]); - if equipment available on the market is required to be checked it would be tested in accordance with the methods of measurement specified in the present document.6 6 EN V1.2.2 ( ) 1 Scope The present document covers equipment referred to in CEPT Recommendation T/R [1]. The present document covers the minimum technical characteristics for radio data transmission equipment having the following technical parameters: - wideband radio modulation techniques; - aggregate bit rates in excess of 250 kbits/s; - operation in the 2,4 to 2,483 5 GHz Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band; - effective radiated power of up to -10 dbw (100 mw); - power density of up to -10 dbw (100 mw) per 100 khz for frequency hopping modulation; - power density of up to -20 dbw (10 mw) per 1 MHz for other forms of spread spectrum modulation. The present document only addresses the transceivers, transmitters and receivers of equipment offered for testing. The equipment offered for testing may be used in fixed, mobile or portable applications, e.g.: - stand-alone radio equipment with or without their own control provisions; - plug-in radio devices intended for use with or within a variety of host systems, e.g. personal computers, handheld terminals, etc. The equipment may be fitted with integral antennae and/or antenna connectors. CEPT Recommendation T/R [1] defines the total power and power density limits for systems using spread spectrum modulation together with a minimum aggregate bit rate of 250 kbits/s. The Recommendation does not address the details of these modulation techniques. Therefore, the present document does not cover the design or operation of the equipment being tested but describes a common set of measurements to be applied to various types of such equipment, including those employing Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) modulation and Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) modulation. CEPT Recommendation T/R [1] specifies that spread spectrum modulation be used and it gives power density values for FHSS and DSSS modulation. The present document specifies the minimum technical parameters of FHSS modulation such that it can be clearly differentiated from other types of modulation, including DSSS modulation. CEPT Recommendation T/R [2] defines limits of spurious emissions for a variety of radio equipment; these limits are used in the present document as appropriate. The present document describes measurements for operating frequency range(s), effective radiated power and power density as well as spurious emissions for transmitters and receivers. The measurement methods have been adapted from ETR 027 [4] where possible. The present document specifies test site characteristics, test conditions, equipment calibration and methods of measurement. The present document is a general standard which may be superseded by specific standards covering specific applications. Additional standards or specifications may be required for equipment such as that intended for connection to the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) and/or other Public Data Networks (PDN).7 7 EN V1.2.2 ( ) 2 References The following documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of the present document. References are either specific (identified by date of publication, edition number, Version number, etc.) or non-specific. For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply. For a non-specific reference, the latest Version applies. A non-specific reference to an ETS shall also be taken to refer to later Versions published as an EN with the same number. [1] CEPT Recommendation T/R 10-01: "Wide Band Data Transmission Systems Using Spread- Spectrum Technology in the 2,5 GHz Band". [2] CEPT Recommendation T/R 01-04: "Use of Low Power Devices (LPD) Using Integral Antennas and Operating in Harmonized Frequency Bands". [3] CEPT Recommendation T/R 71-03: "Procedures for Type Testing and Approval for Radio Equipment Intended for Non-Public Systems". [4] ETR 027: "Radio Equipment and Systems (RES); Methods of measurement for private mobile radio equipment". [5] ETR 028: "Radio Equipment and Systems (RES); Uncertainties in the measurement of mobile radio equipment characteristics".8 8 EN V1.2.2 ( ) 3 Definitions and abbreviations 3.1 Definitions For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply: aggregate bit rate: bit rate at the air interface (see point D in figure 1) including protocol overhead where applicable and excluding the effects of signal spreading. radio device transmitter data 1 clock 1 Data buffer processing data n clock n signal spreading Tx amplifier spreading signal A B C D A: Interface B: Input into processing logic C: Input into the modulator D: Air Interface Figure 1: Parameters related to the aggregate bit rate chip: unit of modulation used in direct sequence spread spectrum modulation. chip rate: number of chips per second. chip sequence: sequence of chips with defined length and defined chip polarities. direct sequence spread spectrum modulation: form of modulation where a combination of data to be transmitted and a known code sequence (chip sequence) is used to directly modulate a carrier, e.g. by phase shift keying. The transmitted bandwidth is determined by the chip rate and the modulation scheme. fixed station: equipment intended for use in a fixed location and fitted with one or more antennae. The equipment may be fitted with either antenna socket(s) or integral antenna(e) or both. frequency hopping spread spectrum modulation: spread spectrum technique in which the transmitter signal occupies a number of frequencies in time, each for some period of time, referred to as the dwell time. Transmitter and receiver follow the same frequency hop pattern. The frequency range is determined by the lowest and highest hop positions and the bandwidth per hop position (see subclause 5.2.3). frequency range: range of operating frequencies over which the equipment can be adjusted. hand-portable station: equipment normally used on a stand-alone basis and to be carried by a person or held in the hand. The equipment may be fitted with one or more antennae. The equipment may be fitted with either antenna socket(s) or integral antenna(e) or both.9 9 EN V1.2.2 ( ) host: host equipment is any equipment which has complete user functionality when not connected to the radio equipment part and to which the radio equipment part provides additional functionality and to which connection is necessary for the radio equipment part to offer functionality. integral antenna: antenna designed to be connected to the equipment without the use of a standard connector and considered to be part of the equipment. An integral antenna may be fitted internally or externally to the equipment. manufacturer: for the purposes of the present document "manufacturer" is understood to refer to the manufacturer or applicant of equipment offered for testing. mobile station: equipment normally used in a vehicle or as a transportable station. The equipment may be fitted with one or more antennae. The equipment may be fitted with either antenna socket(s) or integral antenna(e) or both. operating frequency: nominal frequency at which the equipment can be operated; this is also referred to as the operating centre frequency. Equipment may be adjustable for operation at more than one operating frequency. plug-in radio device: equipment intended to be used with or within variety of host systems, using their control functions and power supply. power envelope: frequency/power contour within which the useful RF power is generated. spread spectrum modulation: modulation technique in which the energy of a transmitted signal is spread throughout a relatively large portion of the frequency spectrum. stand-alone radio equipment: equipment that is intended primarily as communications equipment and that is normally used on a stand-alone basis. 3.2 Abbreviations For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: dbm dbw DSSS e.i.r.p. FHSS ISM RF Tx db relative to 1 milliwatt power db relative to 1 watt power Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum equivalent isotropically radiated power Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum Industrial, Scientific and Medical Radio Frequency Transmitter 4 General 4.1 Manufacturer declarations The manufacturer shall declare the following specific characteristics of the equipment: a) the aggregate bit rate (see subclause 3.1 for the definition); b) the type of modulation used: FHSS modulation, DSSS modulation or any other type of spread spectrum modulation (see subclause 5.1); c) where FHSS modulation is used: the number of hopping channels, the dwell time per channel and the maximum time between two instances of use of the same channel; these values shall fall within the specifications given in subclause 5.1.1; d) the operating frequency range(s) of the equipment and, where applicable, band(s) of operation (see subclause 5.2.3);10 10 EN V1.2.2 ( ) e) the type of the equipment, for example: stand-alone equipment or plug-in radio devices (see also subclause 3.1). In case of combined equipment using a plug-in radio device, and more than one combination is intended, each combination should be declared as well (see also subclause 6.5.1); f) the extreme operating conditions that apply to the equipment offered for testing; g) where the radio equipment is capable of different transmitter power settings, the manufacturer shall declare the intended combination(s) of the radio equipment power settings and one or more antenna assemblies. For each combination, the gain of the antenna assembly i.e. the transfer function between the conducted RF power and e.i.r.p., shall be declared; h) the nominal voltages of the stand-alone radio equipment or the nominal voltages of the host equipment in case of plug-in devices. Where the manufacturer offers different combinations of equipment and antennae, the antennae appropriate for a given combination shall be referenced either on the equipment and on the antennae and/or in the user documentation. 4.2 Presentation of equipment for type testing Choice of model The manufacturer shall offer one or more production models or equivalent preliminary models, as appropriate, for type testing. If type approval is given on the basis of tests on (a) preliminary model(s), then the corresponding production models shall be identical to the tested models in all respects relevant for the purposes of the present document, to the preliminary model(s) tested. Software fitted to production models shall be substantially the same as that used during type testing. Due to the low levels of RF signal and the wideband modulations used in this type of equipment, radiated RF power measurements are imprecise. Conducted measurements are much more precise; in combination with the declared antenna assembly gain(s) adequate assurance of the RF characteristics can be achieved. Therefore, equipment offered for testing shall preferably provide a suitable connector for conducted RF power measurements. Where this is not possible, the manufacturer shall provide a documented test fixture that converts the radiated signal into a conducted signal into a suitable termination. Alternatively, radiated measurements shall be performed Presentation Stand-alone equipment shall be offered complete with any ancillary equipment needed for testing. The manufacturer shall declare, the range of operating conditions and power requirements as applicable in order to establish the appropriate test conditions. Plug-in radio devices may be offered for testing together with a suitable test jig and/or host equipment intended for normal use (see subclause 6.5). The manufacturer shall declare the range of operating conditions and power requirements that are applicable in order to establish the appropriate test conditions. Where a manufacturer declares multiple combinations of radio equipment and antennae, the configuration to be used for testing shall be chosen as follows except where specified otherwise: - for each combination, determine the highest user selectable power level and the antenna assembly with the highest gain; - from the resulting combinations, choose the one with the highest e.i.r.p Choice of operating frequencies Where equipment can be adjusted to or operated at different operating frequencies, a minimum of two operating frequencies shall be chosen such that the lower and higher limits of the operating range(s) of the equipment are covered (see subclause 5.2.3).11 11 EN V1.2.2 ( ) 4.3 Design General The equipment submitted by the manufacturer, shall be designed, constructed and manufactured in accordance with good engineering practice, and with the aim of minimizing harmful interference to other equipment and services Controls Those controls (of the radio part) which, if maladjusted, might increase the interfering potential of the equipment shall not be easily accessible to the user. 4.4 Interpretation of the measurement results The interpretation of the test results recorded in a test report for the measurements described in the present document shall be as follows: a) the measured value related to the corresponding limit shall be used to decide whether an equipment meets the requirements of the EN; b) the actual measurement uncertainty of the test laboratory carrying out the measurements, for each particular measurement, in accordance with ETR 028 [5], shall be recorded in the test report. The recorded value of the measurement uncertainty shall be, for each measurement, equal to or lower than the figures in clause 8 (table of measurement uncertainty). 5 Technical characteristics 5.1 Modulation The manufacturer shall declare the modulation characteristics of the equipment to be tested. For the purpose of deciding which level of power density applies to equipment offered for testing, the present document defines two categories of equipment: equipment conforming to the stated characteristics of FHSS modulation (see subclause 5.1.1) and equipment not conforming to these characteristics. The latter category includes equipment using DSSS modulation (see subclause 5.1.2) FHSS modulation FHSS modulation shall make use of at least 20 well defined, non-overlapping channels or hopping positions separated by the channel bandwidth as measured at 20 db below peak power. The dwell time per channel shall not exceed 0,4 seconds. While the equipment is operating (transmitting and/or receiving) each channel of the hopping sequence shall be occupied at least once during a period not exceeding four times the product of the dwell time per hop and the number of channels. Systems that meet the above constraints shall be tested according to the requirements for FHSS modulation DSSS and other forms of modulation For the purposes of the present document, other forms of spread spectrum modulation which do not satisfy the constraints of the specification given in subclause 5.1.1, shall be considered equivalent to DSSS modulation. Systems using these other forms of modulation shall be considered equivalent to DSSS systems and shall be tested according to the requirements for DSSS modulation.12 12 EN V1.2.2 ( ) 5.2 Transmitter parameter limits Effective radiated power The effective radiated power is defined as the total power of the transmitter and is calculated according to the procedure given in subclause The effective radiated power shall be equal to or less than -10 dbw (100 mw) e.i.r.p. This limit shall apply for any combination of power level and intended antenna assembly. See clause 6 for the test conditions; see subclause for the measurement method Peak power density The peak power density is defined as the highest instantaneous level of power in Watts per Hertz generated by the transmitter within the power envelope. For equipment using FHSS modulation, the power density shall be limited to -10 dbw (100 mw) per 100 khz e.i.r.p. For equipment using other types of modulation, the peak power shall be limited to-20dbw(10mw)permhze.i.r.p. See clause 6 for the test conditions; see subclause for the measurement and calculation methods Frequency range The frequency range of the equipment is determined by the lowest and highest frequencies occupied by the power envelope. f H is the highest frequency of the power envelope: it is the frequency furthest above the frequency of maximum power where the output power drops below the level of -80 dbm/hz e.i.r.p. spectral power density (-30 dbm if measured in a 100 khz bandwidth). f L is the lowest frequency of the power envelope; it is the frequency furthest below the frequency of maximum power where the output power drops below the level equivalent to -80 dbm/hz e.i.r.p. spectral power density (or -30 dbm if measured in a 100 khz bandwidth). For a given operating frequency, the width of the power envelope is (f H -f L ). In equipment that allows adjustment or selection of different operating frequencies, the power envelope takes up different positions in the allocated band. The frequency range is determined by the lowest value of f L and the highest value of f H resulting from the adjustment of the equipment to the lowest and highest operating frequencies. For all equipment the frequency range shall lie within the band 2,4 GHz to 2,483 5 GHz (f L > 2,4 GHz and f H < 2,483 5 GHz). See clause 6 for the test conditions; see subclauses and for the measurement methods Spurious emissions Spurious emissions are emissions outside the frequency range(s) of the equipment as defined in subclause The level of spurious emissions shall be measured as: either: or: a) their power in a specified load (conducted spurious emissions); and b) their effective radiated power when radiated by the cabinet or structure of the equipment (cabinet radiation); c) their effective radiated power when radiated by cabinet and antenna.13 13 EN V1.2.2 ( ) The spurious emissions of the transmitter shall not exceed the values in tables 1 and 2 in the indicated bands. Table 1: Transmitter limits for narrowband spurious emissions Frequency Range Limit when operating Limit when in standby 30MHzto1GHz -36dBm -57dBm above 1 GHz to 12,75 GHz -30 dbm -47 dbm 1,8 GHz to 1,9 GHz 5,15 GHz to 5,3 GHz -47 dbm -47 dbm The above limit values apply to narrowband emissions, e.g. as caused by local oscillator leakage. The measurement bandwidth for such emissions may be as small as necessary to achieve a reliable measurement result. Wideband emissions shall not exceed the values given in table 2. Table 2: Transmitter limits for wideband spurious emissions Frequency Range Limit when operating Limit when in standby 30 MHz to 1 GHz -86 dbm/hz -107 dbm/hz above 1 GHz to 12,75 GHz -80 dbm/hz -97 dbm/hz 1,8 GHz to 1,9 GHz 5,15 GHz to 5,3 GHz -97 dbm/hz -97 dbm/hz See clause 6 for the test conditions; see subclause for the measurement methods. 5.3 Receiver parameter limits General The present document does not impose limits on the receiver of the equipment other than spurious emission limits Spurious emissions The level of spurious emissions shall be measured as: either: a) their power in a specified load (conducted spurious emissions); and b) their effective radiated power when radiated by the cabinet or structure of the equipment (cabinet radiation); or: c) their effective radiated power when radiated by cabinet and antenna. The spurious emissions of the receiver shall not exceed the values in tables 3 and 4 in the indicated bands. Table 3: Narrowband spurious emission limits for receivers Frequency Range 30MHzto1GHz above 1 GHz to 12,75 GHz Limit -57dBm -47 dbm The above limit values apply to narrowband emissions, e.g. as caused by local oscillator leakage. The measurement bandwidth for such emissions may be as small as necessary to get a reliable measurement result.14 14 EN V1.2.2 ( ) Wideband emissions shall be not exceed the values given in table 4. Table 4: Wideband spurious emission limits for receivers Frequency Range Limit 30 MHz to 1 GHz -107 dbm/hz above 1 GHz to 12,75 GHz -97 dbm/hz See clause 6 for the test conditions; see subclause 7.3 for the measurement methods. 6 Test conditions 6.1 Normal and extreme test conditions Type tests shall be made under normal test conditions and where stated in the methods of measurement (see also clause 7), under extreme conditions (subclause 6.4.1). Exceptions to the measurement procedures given in this clause shall be recorded in the test report. 6.2 Power sources Power sources for stand-alone equipment During type tests, the power source of the equipment shall be replaced by a test power source capable of producing normal and extreme test voltages as specified in subclauses and The internal impedance of the test power source shall be low enough for its effect on the test results to be negligible. For the purpose of tests, the voltage of the power source shall be measured at the input terminals of the equipment. For battery operated equipment the battery shall be removed and the test power source shall be applied as close to the battery terminals as practicable. During tests the power source voltages shall be maintained within a tolerance of ± 1 % relative to the voltage at the beginning of each test. The value of this tolerance is critical to power measurements; using a smaller tolerance will provide better measurement uncertainty values Power sources for plug-in radio devices The power source for testing plug-in radio devices shall be provided by a test jig or host equipment. Where the host equipment and/or the plug-in radio device is battery powered, the battery may be removed and the test power source applied as close to the battery terminals as practicable. 6.3 Normal test conditions Normal temperature and humidity The normal temperature and humidity conditions for tests shall be any convenient combination of temperature and humidity within the following ranges: - temperature: +15 C to +35 C; - relative humidity: 20 % to 75 %. When it is impracticable to carry out the tests under these conditions, a note to this effect, stating the ambient temperature and relative humidity during the tests, shall be recorded in the test report.15 15 EN V1.2.2 ( ) The actual values during the tests shall be recorded in the test report Normal power source Mains voltage The normal test voltage for equipment to be connected to the mains shall be the nominal mains voltage. For the purpose of the present document, the nominal voltage shall be the declared voltage or any of the declared voltages for which the equipment was designed. The frequency of the test power source corresponding to the AC mains shall be between 49 Hz and 51 Hz Lead-acid battery power sources used on vehicles When radio equipment is intended for operation from the usual, alternator fed lead-acid battery power source used on vehicles, then the normal test voltage shall be 1,1 times the nominal voltage of the battery (6V, 12V, etc.) Other power sources For operation from other power sources or types of battery (primary or secondary), the nominal test voltage shall be as declared by the equipment manufacturer. This shall be recorded in the test report. 6.4 Extreme test conditions Extreme temperatures For tests at extreme temperatures, measurements shall be made in accordance with the procedures specified in subclause 6.4.3, at the upper and lower temperatures of the range as follows: - temperature: -20 C to +55 C; Where the manufacturer's declared operating range does not include the range of -20 C to +55 C, the equipment shall be tested over the following temperature ranges: a) 0 C to +35 C for equipment intended for indoor use only, or intended for use in areas where the temperature is controlled within this range; b) over the extremes of the operating temperature range(s) of the declared host equipment(s) in case of plug-in radio devices. The frequency range as in subclause and the e.i.r.p. limit in subclause shall not be exceeded. The temperature range used in the type testing shall be recorded in the test report and shall be stated in the user manual Extreme power source voltages Tests at extreme power source voltages specified below are not required when the equipment under test is designed for operation as part of and powered by another system or piece of equipment. Where this is the case, the limit values of the host system or host equipment shall apply. The appropriate limit values shall be declared by the manufacturer and recorded in the test report Mains voltage The extreme test voltage for equipment to be connected to an AC mains source shall be the nominal mains voltage ±10 %.16 16 EN V1.2.2 ( ) Lead-acid battery power sources used on vehicles When radio equipment is intended for operation from the usual type of alternator fed lead-acid battery power source used on vehicles, then extreme test voltage shall be 1,3 and 0,9 times the nominal voltage of the battery (6V, 12V etc.) Power sources using other types of batteries The lower extreme test voltages for equipment with power sources using the following types of battery, shall be: - for the Leclanché or lithium type battery: 0,85 times the nominal voltage of the battery; - for the mercury or nickel-cadmium type of battery: 0,9 times the nominal voltage of the battery. In both cases, the upper extreme test voltage shall be 1,15 times the nominal voltage of the battery Other power sources For equipment using other power sources, or capable of being operated from a variety of power sources (primary or secondary), the extreme test voltages shall be those declared by the manufacturer; these shall be recorded in the test report Procedure for tests at extreme temperatures Before measurements are made the equipment shall have reached thermal balance in the test chamber. The equipment shall be switched off during the temperature stabilizing period. In the case of equipment containing temperature stabilizing circuits designed to operate continuously, these circuits shall be switched on for 15 minutes after thermal balance has been reached. After this time the equipment shall meet the specified requirements. For this type of equipment the manufacturer shall provide for the power source circuit feeding these circuits to be independent of the power source of the rest of the equipment. If thermal balance is not checked by measurements, a temperature stabilizing period of at least one hour, or such period as may be decided by the testing laboratory, shall be allowed. The sequence of measurements shall be chosen and the humidity content in the test chamber shall be controlled so that excessive condensation does not occur. Before tests at the upper extreme temperature, the equipment shall be placed in the test chamber and left until thermal balance is attained. The equipment shall than be made to transmit the test data sequence (see subclause 6.6) for at least one minute, followed by four minutes in the receive condition, after which the equipment shall meet the specified requirements. For tests at the lower extreme temperature, the equipment shall be left in the test chamber until thermal balance is attained, then switched to the standby or receive condition for a period of one minute after which the equipment shall meet the specified requirements. 6.5 Testing of host connected equipment and plug-in radio devices For equipment for which connection to or integration with host equipment is required to offer functionality, two alternative approaches are permitted. The manufacturer shall declare which alternative shall be used Alternative A: combined equipment A combination of a radio equipment part and a specific type of host equipment may be used for testing according to the present document. Where more than one such combination is intended, testing shall not be repeated for combinations of radio parts and host equipment where the latter are substantially similar.17 17 EN V1.2.2 ( ) Where more than one such combination is intended and host systems are not substantially similar, one combination shall be tested against all requirements of the present document; other combinations shall be tested separately for radiated spurious emissions only Alternative B: use of a host or test jig Where the radio equipment part is intended for use with a variety of host systems, the manufacturer shall supply a suitable test configuration consisting of either a host system intended for normal use or a test jig that is representative of the range of host systems in which the device may be used. The test jig shall allow the radio equipment part to be powered and stimulated in a way similar to the way it would be powered and stimulated when connected to or inserted into host equipment. Measurements shall be made to all requirements of the present document. 6.6 Test data sequence The manufacturer shall describe and provide a test data sequence with which the transmitter is modulated during the measurements described in the present document. The test data sequence shall spread the transmitted power throughout the power envelope. Where the equipment is not capable of continuous RF transmission, the test data sequence shall be such that: - the generated RF signal is the same for each transmission; - transmissions occur regularly in time; - sequences of transmissions can be repeated accurately. The same test data sequence shall be used for all measurements on the same equipment. For frequency hopping systems the manufacturer shall supply a means of selecting the hop frequencies required by the present document. 7 Methods of measurement 7.1 General This subclause describes methods of measurement for the following transmitter parameters: - the effective radiated power; - the peak power density; - the frequency range(s); - the transmitter spurious emissions. This subclause describes methods of measurement for the following receiver parameters: - the receiver spurious emissions. The following methods of measurement shall apply to the testing of stand-alone units and to the equipment configurations identified in subclause 6.5.18 18 EN V1.2.2 ( ) 7.2 Measurements of transmitter parameters Effective radiated power The effective radiated power shall be determined and recorded in the test report. The following shall be applied to the combination(s) of the radio device and its intended antenna(e). In the case that the RF power level is user adjustable, all measurements shall be made with the highest power level available to the user for that combination. The following method of measurement shall apply to both conducted and radiated measurements. In the case of radiated measurements, using a test site as described in annex A and applicable measurement procedures as described in annex B, the effective radiated power as defined in subclause shall be measured and recorded in the test report. In case of conducted measurements, the transmitter shall be connected to the measuring equipment via a suitable attenuator and the RF power as defined in subclause shall be measured and recorded in the test report. The measurement shall be performed using normal operation of the equipment with modulation, using the test data sequence, applied. The test procedure shall be as follows: - step 1: - using a suitable means, the output of the transmitter shall be coupled to a diode detector; - the output of the diode detector shall be connected to the vertical channel of an oscilloscope; - the combination of the diode detector and the oscilloscope shall be capable of faithfully reproducing the envelope peaks and the duty cycle of the transmitter output signal; - the observed duty cycle of the transmitter (Tx on/(tx on +Tx off)) shall be noted as x, (0 < x < 1) and recorded in the test report. For the purpose of testing, the equipment shall be operated with a duty cycle that is equal to or more than 0,1. - step 2: - the average output power of the transmitter shall be determined using a wideband, calibrated RF power meter with a thermocouple detector or an equivalent thereof and, where applicable, with an integration period that exceeds the repetition period of the transmitter by a factor 5 or more. The observed value shall be recorded as "A" (in dbm); - the e.i.r.p. shall be calculated from the above measured power output A, the observed duty cycle x, and the applicable antenna assembly gain "G" in dbi, according to the formula: - step 3: - P=A+G+10log(1/x); - P shall not exceed the value specified in subclause the measurement set up as given under step 1 shall be used to determine on the oscilloscope the peak of the envelope of the output signal of the transmitter; - the maximum deviation of the Y-trace of the oscilloscope shall be recorded as "B".19 19 EN V1.2.2 ( ) - step 4: - the transmitter shall be replaced by a signal generator. The output frequency of the signal shall be made equal to the centre of the frequency range occupied by the transmitter; - the signal generator shall be unmodulated. The output power of the signal generator shall be raised to a level such that the deviation of the Y-trace of the oscilloscope reaches level B, as indicated in step 3; - this output power level "C" (in dbm) of the signal generator shall be determined using a wideband, calibrated RF power meter with a thermocouple detector or an equivalent thereof; - level C shall not exceed by more than 3 db the value specified in subclause minus the applicable antenna assembly gain G in dbi. These measurements shall be performed at normal and extreme test conditions, see subclause The method of measurement shall be documented in the test report Peak power density The peak power density shall be measured and recorded in the test report. In the case of radiated measurements, using a test site as described in annex A and applicable measurement procedures as described in annex B, the peak power density as defined in subclause shall be measured and recorded in the test report. In case of conducted measurements, the transmitter shall be connected to the measuring equipment via a suitable attenuator and the peak power density as defined in subclause shall be measured and recorded in the test report. The peak power density shall be determined using a spectrum analyser of adequate bandwidth for the type of modulation being used in combination with an RF power meter. The equipment to be measured shall be operated as described in subclause Equipment where the transmitter is on for 10 µs or more shall be measured as follows. Connect an RF power meter to the IF output of the spectrum analyser and correct its reading using a known reference source, e.g. a signal generator. NOTE: The IF output of the spectrum analyser may be 20 db or more below the input level of the spectrum analyser. Unless the power meter has adequate sensitivity, a wideband amplifier may be required. The test procedure shall be as follows: - step 1: - the measurement set-up shall be calibrated with a CW signal from a calibrated source; the reference signal should have a strength of 10 dbm; - the settings of the spectrum analyser shall be: - centre Frequency: equal to the signal source; - resolution BW: 100 khz for FHSS, 1 MHz for DSSS; - video BW: same; - detector mode: positive peak; - averaging: off; - span: zero Hz; - amplitude: adjust for middle of the instrument's range.20 20 EN V1.2.2 ( ) - step 2: - the calibrating signal power shall be reduced to 0 dbm and it shall be verified that the power meter reading also reduces by 10 db. - step 3: - connect the equipment to be measured. Using the following settings of the spectrum analyser in combination with "max hold" function, find the frequency of highest power output in the power envelope: - centre Frequency: equal to operating frequency; - resolution BW: 100 khz for FHSS, 1 MHz for DSSS; - video BW: same; - detector mode: positive peak; - averaging: off; - Span: 3 times the spectrum width; - amplitude: adjust for middle of the instrument's range. - the frequency found shall be recorded in the test report. - step 4: - set the centre frequency of the spectrum analyser to the found frequency and switch to zero span. The power meter indicates the measured power density. The power density e.i.r.p. is calculated from the measured power density and the declared antenna assembly gain(s). The above procedure shall be repeated for each of the two frequencies identified by the procedure given in subclause Where the spectrum analyser bandwidth is non-gaussian, a suitable correction factor shall be determined and applied. Where a spectrum analyser is equipped with a facility to measure power density, this facility may be used instead of the above procedure. For equipment where the transmitter is normally on for less than 10 µs, the method of measurement shall be documented in the test report Frequency range of equipment using FHSS modulation Using applicable measurement procedures as described in annex B the frequency range (see subclause 5.2.3) of the equipment shall be measured and recorded in the test report. During these measurements the test data sequence as specified in subclause 6.6 shall be used. These measurements shall be performed under both normal and extreme test conditions (see subclauses 6.3 and 6.4). The measurement procedure shall be as follows: a) place the spectrum analyser in video averaging mode with a minimum of 50 sweeps selected and activate the transmitter with modulation applied. The display will form an image like that shown in figure 2; b) select lowest operating frequency of the equipment under test; c) find lowest frequency below the operating frequency at which spectral power density drops below the level given in subclause See A in figure 2. This frequency shall be recorded in the test report; d) select the highest operating frequency of the equipment under test; e) find the highest frequency at which the spectral power density drops below the level given in subclause 5.2.3, see B in figure 2. This frequency shall be recorded in the test report; View more
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