Source: http://www.eibn.org/en/page/bizguide_content/4
Timestamp: 2017-05-23 10:35:32
Document Index: 508166623

Matched Legal Cases: ['Art. 3', 'Art. 1', 'Art.56', 'Art.88', 'Art.89', 'Art.99', 'Art.77', 'Art 68', 'Art.108', 'Art.111', 'Art.61', 'Art.62', 'Art.158', 'Art.159', 'Art.64', 'Art.1', 'Art.116', 'Art.123', 'Art.128', 'Art.137', 'Art.141', 'Art. 16', 'Art. 1', 'arta 12190', 'arta 10710', 'arta 10310', 'arta 10710', 'arta 10710', 'arta 12190', 'arta 10350', 'arta 10110', 'arta 12950', 'arta 12940']

Balancing Business Potential and Regulations
Market Entry Strategies and Partnerships
Legal Framework at a Glance
Download Business Guide E-Book Vol. III
most developing and emerging countries, Indonesia continuously seeks
to find a balance between ensuring the maximum benefit from foreign
investment for the local economy, attracting capital and expertise,
and protecting local companies against foreign competition. Driven by
political pressures, the regulations on foreign investment
occasionally change.
consumer market, abundant workforce, growing economy, changing
society and strategic position as a potential hub for ASEAN, places
the nation among Asia’s top investment destinations. In recent
years, various administrations have recognised Indonesia’s
potential for foreign investment, while simultaneously being cautious
of opening up the market. Overall, recent policy strategies indicate
that Indonesia is not ready to give up on, or reduce, the burden of its complex foreign investment regulations. In fact, foreign
companies are not allowed to invest in certain business sectors and
in most cases the procedure of licensing products and services
remains a complex matter. Nevertheless, measures have been taken to
facilitate procedures related to foreign-owned businesses and
investment. This has been witnessed in the re-structuring BKPM’s
mandate (Investment Coordinating Board of the Republic of Indonesia)
and in the progressive deregulation and liberalisation of some
sectors of the economy. These
are signs that Indonesia is taking a strong stance towards fulfilling
its long-term goals, namely to establish itself as Southeast Asia’s
leading economic powerhouse and to become the 7th
largest world economy by 2030.1
Entities for Foreign Investors
to expert’s experience, the easiest way for a foreign company to
establish an economic presence, or to do business in Indonesia, is by
direct investment in the form of a legal entity incorporated under
Indonesian law. This
legal entity can be either established as a legally independent
subsidiary of the foreign company, in the form of a Representative
Office (KPPA or K3PA) if the branch is merely an extension of its
foreign mother company, or a limited liability company (PT PMA). Any
plans by foreign (and domestic) investors need to be approved by
BKPM, the government agency that has been given authority by most of
the ministries to review and approve investment.
Moreover, BKPM is able to facilitate meetings with representatives of
the ministries and to ensure that companies can gather the necessary
information to be ready for a face-to-face conversation.
Coordinating Board of Indonesia (BKPM)
is a non-departmental government institution commissioned to
formulate government policy in the field of both domestic and foreign
investment in a wide range of sectors. BKPM was established by the
Investment Law of 2007. Previously, investment plans in the
financial, energy and mining sectors have been reviewed separately by
other entities, but now they are being gradually transferred and
integrated within BKPM authority.
service and speed of the approval process have generally improved in
recent years. Some of the ministries are, however, trying to regain
some control over the investment procedures in their sector by
instructing the BKPM to incorporate additional requirements. These
requirements sometimes include a consultation with a ministry before
an approval can be issued. As a result, these additional
administrative hurdles can complicate the procedure and result in
order to simplify Indonesia’s investment procedures BKPM has
launched a one-stop-shop integrated service (PTSP) and an electronic
automation platform for investment licenses and non-investment
licenses (SPIPISE-NSWi). Please refer to our Resources and Contacts
The following paragraphs provide an overview of the procedures and regulations in terms of registering your business, licensing, as well as other essential benefits and challenges, to be considered before conducting business in Indonesia. Setting up a Representative Office The fastest procedure to obtain a legal presence in Indonesia is to establish a Foreign Company Representative Office, which is easier than setting up a limited liability company.2 As clearly stated in Indonesian legislation; “a foreign company or a group of foreign companies may open a Rep. Office in Indonesia to represent and manage its / their interests, or to prepare the establishment and development of their business in Indonesia”3. The Representative Office is not allowed to: Participate in managing a foreign company’s operations in Indonesia Generate any revenue in the country Engage in any agreement or transaction for the sale or purchase of goods and services with an Indonesian company or Indonesian national. As such, the main foreign company is the only one through which all transactions can be handled. Representative Office’s activities are limited to: Supervising, coordinating, managing and acting as an intermediary for the foreign company’s business interests in Indonesia. This can be related to preparation operations towards establishing a PT PMA in the future.4 There are two types of representative office in Indonesia: a general Rep. Office (Kantor Perwakilan Perusahaan Asing-KPPA) and a Rep. Office for trading (K3PA). Representative Office (KPPA), Registration Procedures, Operations, and Benefits A Rep. Office License is only valid for 3 years with the possibility of a 2-year extension (one year per extension). At the end of the 5 year period, the Rep. Office is permitted to continue its operations, under the expectation that the Rep. Office be will transferred into a PT. PMA, bringing real investment into the country.5 The KPPA provides a certain time frame in which to register for a PT PMA, or until the volume of business reaches the requested threshold.6 This is because Rep. Offices are allowed to engage in sales and products, as well as service delivery on behalf of the mother company. However, every payment has to be made through the latter (no taxable income can be generated7). In addition, it is worth mentioning that KPPAs can be launched in order to operate in sectors and industries where foreign direct investment would be otherwise restricted by the Negative Investment List. Moreover, the Rep. Office is eligible to apply for non-permanent stay permits (KITAS) and to hire foreign experts.8 Representative Office for Trading Purposes K3PA Representative Office for Construction Services (BUJKA) Setting up a PT PMA The legal entity that enables foreign investors to have a stable presence in Indonesia is the PT PMA. The acronym PT (Perseroan Terbatas) categorizes the company as a limited liability company, while PMA shows that it is specifically funded by foreign investment (Penanaman Modal Asing). A PT can be established either in the form of a “closed” company (Perseroan Tertutup) or in the form of a publicly-listed company (Perseroan Terbuka, Tbk). The legal status of a PT PMA is the same as a PT entirely owned by Indonesians, thus a PT PMA should be treated equally under Indonesian law. In reality however, there is a tendency to give companies that are fully or majority owned by Indonesians preference in government contracts.9 A foreign investor may decide to establish a fully self-funded PT PMA, or to incorporate it in a partnership with an Indonesian investor, aiming to circumvent some restrictions found in the Negative Investment List. PT PMA Registration Procedures, Business Licences and Permits Under Article 7(1) of the Company Law (Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 40/2007), companies should be established by two or more shareholders (they can be both individuals and/or corporate entities), based on a notarial deed drawn up in Indonesian. The new legal entity is mandated to appoint at least one commissioner and one director. Principle License After the initial process is completed and BKPM has approved the company’s Investment Plan, the company will have its Principal License and will be able to begin operations. The Principle License has a maximum validity of 3 years for manufacturing companies and only one year for services and trading companies. The latter could vary, however, depending on the scope of commodities that are reviewed by BPKM on a case-by-case basis. The Principle License enables the Company to: Open a corporate bank account in Indonesia Buy assets Hire staff and proceed with applying for temporary visa permits for foreign workers. Capital Requirements PT PMAs in all industries are required, by legislation, to set a minimum capital investment in order to obtain approval of their operations from BKPM. This amount currently stands at Rp 10 billion or its equivalent amount in US$, according to the exchange rate at the time. The relatively high threshold is set to protect local small businesses from foreign competitors. The value of the assets stated in the investment plan, in so far as it reaches the minimum capital threshold for the company to be eligible for incorporation under Indonesian Law, may also include assets such as financed equipment and machinery, but excludes land and buildings. However, 25% of the minimum capital is the only part of the total sum that needs to be delivered as an “initial” capital payment. In order to finalise the incorporation process, the PT is only required to produce proof of the aforementioned investment amount. Given that companies originating in another country are not permitted to open an Indonesian bank account, the only guarantee necessary is a notarial statement that certifies that the investor effectively holds the funds which are required to support the future investment plan.10 If an established company makes changes in its shareholder structure, an official approval (subject to BKPM and the Ministry of Human Rights) of the entire restructuring is required.11 Structure of PT PMA Corporate Compliance Every PT PMA is obliged to report its investment activities by submitting an Investment Activity Report (LKPM) to BKPM. The LKPM is to be submitted every 3 months if the PT PMA has not completed its incorporation process. After this stage, the LKPM is due every 6 months. The objective of this report is to facilitate the monitoring of BKPM, keeping track of foreign investment activities and solving problems reported by companies while doing business in the country. LKPM should include: Company’s description (name, Deed of Establishment, NPWP, line of business, location and contacts) Licensing and “investment non perizinan”12 Realisation of investment (realised value, expenditures, source of funding) Labour force employed. Companies for which capital investment activities cover more than one municipality/city must submit one LKPM for each location in which they conduct business. The same applies to each business field in which they operate, so a number of separate LKPMs must be submitted. A copy must also be sent to the BKPM Deputy for Control of Capital Investment Implementation.13 In the particular case where a company has undergone a merger, the surviving entity should submit the LKPM for all capital investment activities resulting after the merger.14 BKPM requires that companies appoint a designated person to be responsible for making and submitting the LKPM. The periodical payment of tax liabilities to the State Treasury must be made through a tax-payment bank designated by the State Treasury, while relevant tax returns have to be filed through a tax office. Depending on the tax obligation, the filing of tax returns must be undertaken monthly and/or annually.15 Setting up an Import/Export Company In order to protect the local market and entrepreneurs, the Indonesian government has set forth a limitation that obliges foreign import companies to trade in only one category of goods, as classified in the 21 sections of the official Coding System.16 To be operational, an import company has to go through the same registration process as any PT PMA. The only differences are: When applying for the Principal License, a documentation on the location of the warehouse must be attached While applying for the Permanent Business License (IUT), a copy of the warehouse agreement must be provided. A foreign import company must apply for the following documents before being operational: Permanent Business License (IUT) General Import License (API) Recommendation Letter from the Ministry of Law and Human Rights Approval from the Ministry of Trade Approval from the National Agency of Drug and Food Control (under certain circumstances). Business Licenses Each company can obtain an Import License for only one product category. To begin operations, the company must obtain an Importer Identification Number (API), according to the MOT regulation No.45/M-DAG/PER/9/2009. There are several types of API. The main ones are: API Umum (API-U) for importers involved in trading activities only API Produsen (API-P) for importers that act as producers in industrial or manufacturing activities API Terbatas (API-T) for importers that require incoming goods for production supported by a BKPM facility API Khusus (API-K) for importers acting as contractors API licenses are to be renewed every 5 years. Importation without an API can only be done after obtaining a Permission from the Directorate of Import at the MOT, granted only for certain goods, temporary importation, promotional goods, self-consumed goods, and goods for research and development purposes.17 Any company that wants to import or export its products to or from Indonesia must also obtain a Customs Registration Number (NIK) from the Directorate General of Customs and Excise (DGCE).18 Companies that import commodities such as rice, electronic products, sugar, corn, soybeans, toys, footwear, and textiles, should obtain a Special Importer Identification Number (NPIK).19 Companies that import electronic products, ready-made garments, toys, footwear, food & beverage products, cosmetics, and traditional and herbal medicines are required to have a Registered Importer Number (ITPT).20 For a specific set of goods, special ministry recommendation letters or certificates are requested in order to import. Establishing a Factory When attempting to set up a factory for manufacturing purposes, it is advisable that the following elements are taken into careful consideration: Different Types of Land Title Lease Agreement Purchase of Property Infrastructure Conversion of Land Title Permits Work Force PT PMA & Representative Office In order to set up a PT PMA & Representative Office there are certain requirements to be met. Market Entry Strategies and Partnerships
and Distributors	Directly
selling final products to end-users without the intervention of any
external distributor is called a Multi-Level Marketing Structure and
is limited to certain types of products. It also requires the
importer to be in possession of a distributor license. For all other
products, establishing
a partnership with a reliable Indonesian distributor, or agent, that
understands the complexities and modus
of doing business in Indonesia is of crucial importance to expand
sales in the country and reduce the time required to understand local
market conditions.21
A good distribution partner can also ease the burden during
importation procedures and customs clearance. Many
Indonesian importers represent multiple foreign manufacturers and
product lines. Generally, a European company should select an agent
that handles products complimentary to its own business, in order to
enable the agency to tap into its existing customer base.22
In this respect, especially for industrial equipment and machinery,
the competencies and the distributor/agent’s staff are fundamental
in ensuring a certain degree of after-sales technical support.
some exceptions, foreign companies wishing to sell their products in
Indonesia are required to appoint an Indonesian agent or distributor
in accordance to the Ministry of Trade (MOT) Regulation No.30/1977.
Regulation No. 11/M-DAG/PER/3/2006 on Guidelines and Procedures for
the Issuance of Registration Certificates for Agents/Distributors of
Goods/Services sets out procedures and guidelines for registering
agencies and distributors handling goods and services in Indonesia.
registration, the MOT will issue a registration certificate (STP) to
the registered agent/distributor. The STP will be valid for two years
from the date of issuance, unless the agency/distribution agreement
determines a shorter appointment period.
is a clear distinction between agents and distributors. An agent is
an intermediary of the foreign principal, while a distributor acts
for itself in marketing and selling the principal’s goods and
services. The agency/distributorship agreement (notarised by a public
notary), and a statement letter from the Attaché of Trade of the
Indonesian Diplomatic Representation in the principal’s country of
origin, are among the documents that must be submitted to the MOT.23
note that the appointment of an Indonesian agent/distributor requires
diligence, as it is difficult for a foreign company to annul an
ineffective relationship.24
the case of a sole distributorship or agency agreement, if the
principal terminates the contract prior to the expiration of an STP
and seeks to appoint a new distributor for the same territory, “the
MOT will not issue an STP to the new distributor until a clean
is achieved”25.
This requires that any agency contract be terminated by mutual
consent only, unless a clause permitting the severance was inserted
in the original agency agreement.
is advisable to establish a trial period of at least six months,
given that termination solely upon the will of one party usually
involves a reimbursement for the remaining length of the contract to
is no single legal definition of a Joint Venture (JV). However, a JV
is often explained as partnership of two or more parties (from
separate jurisdictions) to “exchange resources, share risks and
divide rewards from a joint enterprise”.26
local partner is essential for success when entering a joint venture
in Indonesia.27
A local partner would possess the knowledge and contacts, as well as
a more realistic assessment of the risks involved, which may be
indispensable for the success of the venture.
detailed written legal agreement of the parties engaging in a JV is
fundamental, notwithstanding the weakness of the Indonesian law
enforcement. A typical JV agreement in Indonesia supposed to
include:28
governing law of the contract (which may not necessarily be
Indonesian Law)
regarding optional amendments of the contract
regarding the transferability of shares and control of the company
of management decision procedures, obligations of the parties,
number of directors, and the right of the founders to appoint those
policy and the percentage of profits to be claimed
of know-how and intellectual property issues
conditions for terminating the JV, a waiver of Articles 1266 and
1267 of the Indonesian Civil Code.
is intended as an arrangement where one party (the franchiser) grants
another party (the franchisee) the right to use its trademark or
trade-name, as well as certain business systems and processes to
produce and market a good or service, according to certain
specifications. The franchisee usually pays a one-time franchise fee
and a percentage of the sales revenue as royalties. The concession
holder’s essential benefits include:
name recognition Tried
and tested products
building design and décor Detailed
techniques in running and promoting the business Employee
support in promoting and upgrading products.
franchiser, on the other hand, gains rapid expansion of business and
earnings at minimum capital outlay.29
partnerships transmit know-how and managerial expertise to the
franchisee, while at the same time allowing the franchiser to quickly
establish a presence in the country to push name recognition and
strengthen its marketing.30
to the latest regulations every franchise business is required to
obtain a registration certificate (Surat
Tanda Pendaftaran Waralaba –
STPW) from the Ministry of Trade, stating its business activities.
More importantly, franchise businesses are obliged to use local
components for a minimum of 80% of their raw ingredients, business
facilities and merchandise. Additionally, Indonesia also constrains
the net number of company-owned outlets established in the country.31
Steering Committee for Franchises and Licenses (WALI) has been
established to facilitate the access of foreign franchisors to the
Indonesia, the most relevant regulations are:
No.42/2007 on Franchising and its Implementation Procedures
Decree of the Director
General of Domestic Trade No.138/PDN/KEP/10/2008 on Technical
Guidelines for the Implementation Ministry of Trade
Regulation No.53/M-DAG/PER/8/2012 on Franchise Organization
Regulation No.68/M-DAG/PER/10/2012 on Franchises for Modern Store
Business on Restaurant and Café Businesses
07/M-DAG/PER/2/2013 on Development of Partnerships in Franchising
licensing agreement is a written contract which entitles the owner of
a copyright, know-how, patent, trademark, or other intellectual
property, to permit the licensee to make commercial use of the
owner’s products or services. Such agreements usually specify the
scope or field of the licensee and limit whether the license is
exclusive or non-exclusive, as well as whether the licensee should
provide royalties to the original owner in exchange.32
Indonesia, trademark license agreements are regulated by Trade Mark
Law no. 15/2001. A License Agreement has to be submitted to the
Directorate General of Intellectual Property Rights. This is a
mandatory protection measure for businesses, as a missing record
makes the agreement null and void before court.
is strong potential for growth in e-commerce because Indonesians –
especially young people – are avid users of social media and the
internet. This conjuncture has motivated the emergence of a growing
number of online businesses, as the market offers a broad range of
opportunities in e-commerce technology, applications, products and
services.33
the potential of this sector is undeniable, there are still
unresolved issues in getting the ordered goods delivered, as remote
areas lack clear addresses and maps are not as detailed as they are
supposed to be, which creates risk for the investor.
the comprehensive regulatory framework is not sufficient to govern
online transactions. Its growth has been somewhat conditioned by law
No. 11/2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions. The
regulation’s intention was only to promote open and fair electronic
activities and commerce in a broader sense and does elaborate more
specifically in the area of e-commerce.
Presidential Decree No. 39/2014, the government included e-commerce
among the industries closed to foreign investment, requiring
e-commerce businesses to be wholly owned by local parties. However,
this does not affect online marketplaces, due to their role as an
intermediary connecting the buyer and seller. A new law in Trade No.7,
launched in 2014, has included e-commerce as an issue to be regulated
as an integral part of Indonesian trade policy. However, further
specific regulation has not yet been put in place. This “legal grey
zone” could also be a reason why Sequoia and Softbank were able to
invest US$ 100 million in Tokopedia at end of 2014.34
Apparently there is a somewhat obvious gap in the legislation which
allows smart investors to circumvent the closed investment
Laws and Restricted Industries
Coordinating Investment Board (BKPM) is the main implementing agency
with consulting and policy formulating functions in the area of
investment. Even
though Indonesia has formally replaced its investment approval system
with an investment notification system, notaries in the country will
not establish companies with a foreign share if there is no approval
from BKPM. Therefore, practice dictates that every foreign investment
requires the approval of BKPM. Approvals are issued in the form of a
Principle License (Izin
rinsip).
ownership restrictions are regulated by the Investment Law No.
25/2007 and the Presidential Decree No. 39/2014.
Negative Investment List, determines a large number of sectors that
are either wholly or partially banned to foreign investment, but with
some exceptions for SMEs and cooperatives. If the business activity
is not mentioned in the list, 100% foreign ownership is allowed. The
Codes for Standard Classification of Indonesia Business Sectors
(KBLI-codes) are the crucial indicator to determine the
categorisation and possible foreign ownership restriction that
applies to a proposed investment. Regarding
changes made to the shareholder’s structure, BKPM and the Ministry
of Human Rights has right to interfere, in order to ensure foreign
ownerships are ruled out in accordance to the DNI.35
in Indonesia is regulated mainly by the Investment Law No.25/2007 and
its implementing regulations:
39/2014 (Negative Investment List-DNI)
Regulation Number 01/M-DAG/PER/1/2012, dated 2 January 2012,
concerning Delegating Authority to Issue Investment Permits to the
Head of the Indonesia Investment Coordinating Board Under the
One-Stop Integrated Services Framework for Investment (“MR No.
1/2012”)
Head of BKPM Regulation
No. 5/2013, in conjunction with No. 12/2013 (“Head of BKPM
Regulation”), concerning the Guidelines and Procedures on
Investment License and Non-licensing
business profits are calculated on the basis of normal accounting
principles and modified by certain tax adjustments. Since 2010, a
flat rate of 25% applies for the purposes of corporate income tax. Permanent
establishments are subject to a branch profits’ tax of 20%, or a
lower rate under a tax treaty on net after-tax profits, in addition
to corporate income tax.
expenses incurred in deriving business income may be deducted,
including wages, fees, interest, rent, royalties, travel expenses,
bad debts, insurance premiums, administration costs and levies,
depreciation and amortization, operating losses and contributions,
and approved pension funds. Non-deductible items include the payment
of dividends, unapproved reserves, fringe benefits, charitable
contributions and the income tax itself.
can only be carried forward for five years, although it may be
extended to 10 years in certain sectors and regions. However, the
carry-back of losses is not permitted. For investments in certain
sectors and regions, as well as in Integrated Economic Development
Zones (KAPET), BKPM may also recommend that the tax office provide
additional tax incentives to an investing company, such as a
deduction of 30% of the invested amount from the taxable profit over
a period of six years, as well as accelerated depreciation schemes.36
mentioned above, the periodic payment of tax liabilities to the State
Treasury must be made through a designated tax-payment bank (bank
persepsi),
and relevant tax returns must be filed through a tax office.
Depending on which tax obligation, the payments and tax returns
filing for a particular tax must be undertaken monthly and/or
annually. These payments and filing obligations can also be conducted
electronically.37
shareholders, directors and commissioners of a PT PMA are eligible to
receive work and residence permits (usually referred to as a KITAS)
in Indonesia. Once the PT has its Permanent Business License, it can
issue work permits to foreign experts working in the company.38
is a legal option that allows foreign nationals that frequently come
to Indonesia to do business without the need of permanent employment;
the business visa. Most nationalities are eligible to apply for a
multiple entry business visa after three visits, and are allowed to
stay in Indonesia for the duration of 60 days per visit. The same
visa can be extended for up to one year. There
are a few mandatory personnel costs that companies operating in
Indonesia necessarily have to comply with
regulation on Intellectual Property (IP) is comprehensive and in
accordance with international standards. However, the lack of trust
on legal decisions of existing rights is insufficient. This
phenomenon is frequently pointed out as one of the main factors
discouraging foreign investment in Indonesia, particularly in
relation to technology development. This is becomes immediately
understandable with a glance at the software piracy rate in
Indonesia, which was 84% in 2013, with an estimated commercial value
of unlicensed software of US$ 1.463 million39.
Among the products which are most affected by the inconsistencies in
the IPR system in Indonesia are audio and video, various software
products, pharmaceuticals and original clothing and apparel, which
are often copied by local parties. Therefore,
when operating in Indonesia, depending on the sector in which they
operate, foreign investors commonly resort to self-protection
strategies. These include working with local law firms and
consultancies that can bridge the gap between the company and the
authorities to organise action against piracy, and also
awareness-raising activities, such as conferences on the negative
economic and business impacts of Intellectual Property Right (IPR)
infringements. In Indonesia, another protection measure that
businesses should take into account is early registration. This will
speed up the enacting of any possible IPR protection laws in force in
Indonesia, thus improving legal protection when the product comes
into the market from the outset. However, companies have to take into
account the fragility of the Indonesian judicial system and do the
utmost to protect their IPR through self-initiative. The ASEAN IPR
SME Helpdesk can serve as a first step to provide appropriate
information, materials, training and recommendations and to consult
on companies’ IPR strategies. European SMEs may additionally use
Helpdesk’s Enquiry Service by submitting IPR related questions in
order to receive written, free of charge, personalised advice from an
IP expert.
an advisable step would be to find a reliable business partner with a
network that can bring Indonesian legal expertise into the venture
and to help create legally safe contractual and implementation
mechanisms to ensure that IPRs are effectively protected.
The Negative Investment List, which is usually updated every three to four years, is the result of extensive negotiations between the various ministries. The ministries have delegated the power of approval in their respective areas, such as agriculture, construction, industry and telecommunications, to BKPM. The ministries try to control foreign investment, not only by setting maximum percentages of foreign ownership in the Negative List, but also by occasionally sending additional instructions to BKPM. In April 2014, the Government of Indonesia issued a new decree as an amendment of a previous regulation, which permits higher foreign ownership, especially in projects related to public-private partnerships (PPP) with the government. Some sectors are adversely affected for its foreign capital ownership. The new Presidential Regulation No. 39/2014 defines the business areas regulated for foreign investment40. There are 3 different labels: Closed : Prohibited from conducting any investment activities Open with conditions: Business fields open with certain requirement in terms of capital ownership, specific location and specific licensing since the sectors are mostly reserved for SME’s Others: Open to foreign investment without conditions. The KBLI-codes determine the (sub) sector by which an investment has to be categorized. There are hundreds of KBLI-codes, and therefore hundreds of (sub) sectors. Nevertheless, it may be a matter of negotiation between BKPM and the investor what KBLI-code applies to a particular investment. This may depend on the specific combination of activities that the investing company plans to carry out. Any sector not included in the DNI is to be considered fully open to foreign investment. According to the Negative Investment List, the relationship between investments and the different fields in the Indonesian economy are generally arranged in the following categories: Fields closed to domestic or foreign investment Fields reserved for small-medium enterprises (SMEs) Fields allowed to partnerships with SMEs Fields allowed to limited foreign ownership Fields allowed in specific regions Fields requiring special permits Fields reserved for full domestic investments Fields allowed to foreign investments in specific regions Fields allowed to foreign investments with special permits Fields allowed to full domestic investments with special permits Fields allowed to foreign investments in specific regions, with special privileges to investors from ASEAN countries. Companies with a registered subsidiary in an ASEAN-member country can benefit from fewer negative list restrictions, as those subsidiaries are treated as an ASEAN entity by BKPM Foreign companies that were approved under the previous Negative Investment List are not requested to comply with future less favourable DNIs and therefore will not have to divest or sell their shares.41	Legal Framework at a Glance
Introduction All companies (PTs) must comply with the Indonesian Company Law No. 40/2007 on Limited Liability Companies. The Company Law regulates: The company establishment procedure Capital and shares The work plan, the annual report and the use of profits The General Meeting of Shareholders The Board of Directors and Board of Commissioners Merger, consolidation, acquisition, and corporate split Inspection of the company Social and environmental responsibilities (a mandatory obligation for a company having business activities in the field of and/or related to natural resources), and dissolution, liquidation, and termination of the company's status as a legal entity. The Company Law is considered as a general legal "umbrella" for every company that runs its business in Indonesia. Other important sets of provisions and regulations binding European companies in their business activities are explained below Law No. 25/2007 on Investment Law No. 19/2003 on State Owned Enterprise Law No 40 of 2007 on Limited Liability Companies Law No.32/2009 on Environment Law No. 13 of 2003 on Employment Law No. 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection Audit and Accounting The five types of limited liability companies (banks and financial institutions, publicly listed companies, companies issuing debt, state-owned companies and companies with assets of at least IDR 50 billion) must publish audited financial statements that have been approved by their general meeting of shareholders. Annual reports should be prepared in accordance with Indonesia’s Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (PSAK). Indonesia is in the process of adapting these rules to the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). The report must contain at least the following: A balance sheet and profit and loss statement for the preceding financial year with comparable figures from the previous year A report on the condition and performance of the company. A company must maintain a register of shareholders, as well as a special register of members of the board of directors and board of commissioners, detailing the ownership of the company’s shares. Changes in share ownership must be recorded in the register of shareholders and approved in the general meeting. The board of directors must submit an annual report to the general meeting of shareholders within six months of the closing of the company’s books. For tax purposes, foreign investment (PMA) companies, permanent establishments, certain entities with foreign affiliations and companies that prepare their financial statements using the US dollar as the functional currency in accordance with PSAK 10, may maintain English language and US dollar bookkeeping, provided that an approval from the Minister of Finance is obtained. Contractors of oil and gas PSAs and companies operating under Mining Contracts of Work need only to provide notification. A change in the method of bookkeeping is possible, subject to approval from the DGT (Directorate General of Tax). Land Rights Land matters are under the jurisdiction of the National Land Agency (Badan Pertanahan Nasional) for all industries, except for mining and forestry. The agency was formed to administer all matters relating to the Basic Agrarian Law of 1960, such as the registration of land rights, the granting of rights and various permits to use the land. Other relevant laws and regulations are: Spatial Planning Law No 24 of 1992 MPR Decree No IX of 2001 on Agrarian Reform and Natural Resource Management Spatial Planning Law No 26 of 2007 Indonesian Land, which under the Constitution is owned by Indonesian people, can be categorised into two types. The first is ’adat’ land (customary land), which is not registered with the relevant land office and for which all rights held will eventually be converted to certified land titles. The second category is ’certified’ land, for which titles are registered at the local land office. There are six principle types of land rights held under this category: Right Of Ownership – Hak Milik ("HM") Right Of Exploitation – Hak Guna Usaha ("HGU") Right To Use A Building – Hak Guna Bangunan ("HGB") Right To Use – Hak Pakai ("HP") Right To Lease – Hak Sewa ("HS") Right To Clear Land And Collect Forest Products – Hak Membuka Tanah dan Memungut Hasil Hutan Renewal or extension of rights on expiry of the initial term is made via an application to the National Land Agency and is subject to the payment of a fee. An application must be submitted one year before the expiry of the term. Although the law is silent in regards to the period after the expiry of the extended term(s), consensus indicates that a land right can be extended if there has been no infringement of the conditions attached to its usage. All transactions concerning the transfer of land rights must be done via deeds executed before the land deed registrar (PPAT, Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah) administering the concerned territory. In addition, the transfer must be registered in the regional office of the National Land Agency (BPN, Badan Pertanahan Nasional). A land title deed is known in Indonesia as a Sertifikat Tanah and is always accompanied by a survey certificate known as Surat Ukur, which documents the location and dimensions of the land. Land transfers and land title deeds are drafted by the PPATs, who are very commonly also notaries. PPATs are easy to find even in the smallest towns in Indonesia. Most of a PPAT’s work involves land transfers (in the case of sale or inheritance), land registration and land disputes. Although there is no regulation stating that contracts have to be drawn up in Indonesian, it is recommended to use Bahasa Indonesia in contracts and agreements to prevent later arguments that the local partner did not fully understand the content. The vast majority of land in Indonesia is, in fact, not registered at the BPN and is held under traditional title (Hak Adat). Occasionally, provincial governments will carry out publicity campaigns urging people, especially those in non-urban areas, to survey and register their land. However, this can be very problematic, as lands are often "owned" by big families, resulting in disputes over ownership. Most land in areas of interest to foreigners and PMA companies will already have some form of clear land title Trademark Law The trademark regime in Indonesia has been established under the Trademark Law No. 15/2001. The aforementioned regulation is in line with the general standards set by the international treaties which have been ratified by the Indonesian government, namely: The Trademark Law Treaty The Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property The World Intellectual Property Organization Convention The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs). Indonesia recognizes “well-known” trademarks (on a case-by-case basis), but only to the extent that they may be used to prevent a third party from registering a similar trademark, at least in theory. It is not rare that “bad-faith” (intentional registration of pre-existing intellectual property) registrations occur. Legal remedies are not easily available for these situations, which often result in expensive procedures for the rightful proprietors, in order to cancel these bad-faith registrations in the commercial court. In addition, Indonesian legislation does not yet protect non-traditional trademarks such as three-dimensional trademarks, even though new trademark legislation is in the process of being drafted in order to prepare Indonesian IP system for the accession to the Madrid Protocol in 2015. If looking to enforce IPR in Indonesia it is crucial that IP rights owners are aware of the corruption vulnerabilities of the Indonesian authorities and how to expose violations if faced with such a situation. An Indonesian lawyer may be the best source to obtain a corruption risk assessment when enforcing rights via the authorities. Because IPR enforcement in Indonesia can still be problematic, it is essential that companies are registered in-country, so that they are entitled to every legal resource available. IPR are territorial in nature, meaning that registrations in one country’s jurisdiction are not automatically enforceable in others. Therefore, registrations in multiple countries are necessary, particularly for businesses looking to internationalise. Indonesia operates under a “first-to-file” system, meaning that the first person to file an IP right in the Indonesian jurisdiction will own that right once the application is granted.42 Currently Indonesia has drafted an amendment to the Trademark Law that will cover the following issues:43 Procedure for trademark applications: the applications will go directly to a publication for progress in 3 months. Third parties are allowed to file an opposition Protection of non-traditional trademarks: The new law will also provide protection for non-traditional marks including three-dimensional, hologram, sound and smell marks Renewal Period: Provision with respect to the Madrid Protocol, which will become effective in 2015. The new Trademark Law is expected to be issued by beginning of 2016 Currency Regulations Starting from 31st March 2015, the Indonesian Central Bank (BI) has imposed a rule that all financial transactions (cash and non-cash) performed by individuals and corporations within Indonesian territory are to use the local currency, Rupiah. In spite of new regulations of using Indonesian Rupiah for transactions, there are exceptions for certain conditions: Certain transactions that need to be related to the national budget (Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Negara (APBN) Receiving and giving grants from overseas International trade transactions that cover: Export and Import activities Trade service activities (supply and consumption) that cross country borders Bank deposits in foreign currencies International financing transactions Business activities in foreign currencies that have been conducted by the bank, based on law and regulations and/or Islamic law banking Dispute Settlement In Indonesia, it is not possible to enforce a foreign court action, despite the possibility for parties to contractually select foreign law as the framework for dispute resolution mechanisms. However, doing this might only prove efficient if the Indonesian party holds assets outside Indonesia, given that assets that are present or registered in the country are within the exclusive jurisdiction of national courts. Indonesian judges, however, can choose to take into account foreign law in their decisions. Notwithstanding, Indonesian law follows the civil law system, which does not bind judges to precedents and is prone to lengthy processes. In addition, legal costs during litigation procedures are borne by each party, as courts do not commonly distribute them between the litigants. A common alternative to litigation in Indonesia is mediation, which has a particularly prominent role in the context of the Indonesian legal system. In fact, before any proceedings are initiated, a judge must recognise that parties have made an effort to resolve the dispute through certified mediation before they engage in legal action. The former, however, always depends on the voluntary participation of the disputing parties. Conversely, arbitration provides the parties with a more meaningful voice in the process, while being able to choose the arbitrator. Moreover, awards decided in a mediation settlement are binding and cannot be subject to appeal. These elements can make arbitration more efficient than court disputes and mediation. Nonetheless, reaching arbitration agreements can entail more expensive legal costs and procedural time, while preventing parties from resorting to Indonesian courts once the dispute has been settled through this method. Moreover, enforcement must be requested in an application to the competent district court. International arbitration awards are also enforceable in Indonesia, given that the country has ratified the UN Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards. In this case, parties can request the district court of Central Jakarta to enforce the international arbitration award.44	Taxation System
Introduction Indonesia occupies the 160th position in PWC’s Overall Paying Taxes Ranking 2015, which intends to measure the regulatory performance of one economy relative to others. Although Indonesia’s Total Tax Rate of 31.4% is low, a relatively large number of 65.0 payments and a long compliancy time of 254 days can be seen as the rational behind this ranking.45 On a global scale, tax collection rates are still low in Indonesia, due to a large informal sector and many non-compliant companies. Tax offices around the country are responsible for collecting the taxes in their district. This often creates a sense of unfairness among compliant taxpayers and paradoxically represents another reason for companies to have tight financial and fiscal administration. The local tax offices regard foreign companies as potentially large taxpayers and may be particularly strict towards them. Foreign companies need to anticipate this and ensure the availability of very complete documentation. They are advised to seek local expertise and support regarding this matter. In the experience of several chambers of commerce and consulting firms, companies with very tight financial and fiscal documentation face strict scrutiny, but ultimately receive fair treatment by the tax office. As in every other country, taxation consists of a large and complex field of different provisions, regulations and laws which corporations and individuals are subject to. The following section provides an orientation on what companies seeking or possessing a permanent establishment in Indonesia have to deal with, when conducting business activities in the country. Tax laws regarding individuals are only partly mentioned.46 Tax Treaties and Double Taxation Agreements Indonesia has a broad tax treaty network, following the OECD treaty model and containing OECD-compliant exchange of information provisions. Treaties generally provide for relief from double taxation on all types of income, limit the taxation by one country for companies established in another country, while protecting companies resident in one country from discriminatory taxation. To claim relief under a tax treaty, the foreign taxpayer must complete and submit a specific document issued by the Indonesian tax office to the Indonesian tax authorities, accompanied by a Certificate of Domicile and form DGT-1 or DGT-2. The Certificate of Domicile must be endorsed by the tax authorities of the tax treaty partner country. If the foreign taxpayer is unable to obtain the endorsement, they can use any form of Certificate of Domicile commonly verified or issued by the tax treaty country’s tax authorities, provided certain requirements are met. This form must be attached to a complete form DGT-1 or form DGT-2. Treaty relief will be denied if the foreign taxpayer fails to fulfil this requirement. The Indonesian tax office, like the tax authorities in many other countries, has tightened their policy on “treaty shopping”, i.e. channelling payments through fictive companies to make use of the lowest available withholding tax rates. The Indonesian tax office has therefore laid down a set of criteria that the recipients of such payments must fulfil, in order to qualify for the lowered withholding tax rates foreseen by the treaty. The criteria are tighter than the internationally common definition of “beneficial ownership”, therefore companies making use of tax treaties must verify whether the party to which they transfer payments under a tax treaty fulfils the Indonesian criteria. Most EU member states have a tax treaty with Indonesia Corporate Income Tax Taxable business profits are calculated on the basis of normal accounting principles, modified by certain tax adjustments. Since 2010, a flat rate of 25% applies to corporate income tax. Public companies with 40% of publicly owned capital and consisting of a minimum of 300 individual shareholders, each holding less than 5% of the paid in capital, are entitled to an effective tax rate of 20%. Permanent establishments are subject to a branch profits tax of 20%, but a lower rate is possible under a tax treaty on net after-tax profits. The latter is in addition to corporate income tax. In particular reference to SMEs, Government Regulation No. 46/2013 Art. 3 (1), effective since 1 July 2013, states that individual taxpayers and corporate taxpayers (except permanent establishments) with certain qualifications and declaring a gross turnover of less than 4.8 billion IDR per fiscal year, are entitled to 1% final tax rate on certain types of business income. Most expenses incurred in deriving business income may be deducted, including wages, fees, interest, rent, royalties, travel expenses, bad debts, insurance premiums, administration costs and levies, depreciation and amortisation, operating losses and contributions to approved pension funds. Non-deductible items include the payment of dividends, unapproved reserves, fringe benefits, charitable contributions and the income tax itself. Losses can only be carried forward for five years, although this may be extended to 10 years in certain sectors and regions. However, the carry-back of losses is not permitted. For investments in certain sectors, regions and Integrated Economic Development Zones (KAPET), the Investment Coordinating Board (BKPM) may also recommend that the tax office provide additional tax incentives to an investing company. These can include the deduction of 30% of the invested amount from the taxable profit over a period of six years and accelerated depreciation schemes. Tax holidays of five to 10 years have been granted to businesses in a limited number of “pioneer industries” with strong spin-off effects on the local economy, such as base metals, base organic chemicals, oil and gas, renewable energy, machinery and telecommunication. Article 25 Income Tax (PPh Pasal 25) constitutes the first part of tax payments are to be made as a prepayment of corporate income tax liability. This type of tax is a monthly tax instalment calculated using the most recent corporate tax return. Other taxes which also constitute prepayments for the current year’s corporate income tax include: Article 23; income tax withheld by third parties on certain income; Article 22; income tax on imports to be paid in advance on certain transactions; and Article 24; income tax paid abroad. If the total amount of prepayment tax through the year is less than the total corporate income tax due, then the shortfall, which is referred to as Article 29 income tax, should be settled before the taxpayer files its corporate income tax return.47 Tax Incentives New entities may apply for exemption from the income tax payable on the importation of capital goods and raw materials.48 Therefore, new enterprises must obtain an exemption certificate from the municipal Indonesian tax office where the new entity is registered. The exemption is granted for capital goods indicated in the BKPM Master List and must be applied for each year. Income tax relief is also available for investments in 15 selected locations, mostly located outside of Java49. Most of them are either Special Economic Zones or Free Trade Areas. In general, tax incentives are available for companies or cooperatives undertaking new investments, or expanding their current business in different industries and/or provinces in Indonesia. These tax incentives include Accelerated depreciation and amortization Extending the time period in relation to the carrying forward of tax losses A reduced tax rate of 10% for dividend paid to non-residents Investment allowance in the form of a reduction of net income. Taxpayers seeking to obtain tax incentives will require approval from the Minister of Finance, with a recommendation from the chairman of BKPM50. If a manufacturer imports raw materials intended for the production of final goods that will be exported entirely, an import incentive may be applicable. In order to be entitled to this waiver, the company must present a customs bond or bank guarantee for any imported goods. These guarantees will be withheld by customs until the products are deemed exported, and only then will duties, excise and tax be refunded.51 Tax holiday for certain types of industries: Based on Regulation of Ministry of Finance No (PMK) 130 of 2011, tax holidays may be available for significant investments in the following pioneer industries:52 Metal industry, smelters Petroleum refining industry and chemicals Industrial machinery Renewable resource industry Telecommunications equipment. This subsidy is only granted to companies established after August 2010. To qualify, applicants must invest a minimum of IDR 1 trillion and provide a statement of agreement to deposit 10% of this amount in a bank in Indonesia before submitting the application. Successful applicants will be entitled to an exemption from corporate income tax for an initial five to 10 years and a reduction of 50% of corporate tax liability for the following two years after expiry. Value Added Tax Value Added Tax applies to the delivery of taxable goods and services in Indonesia, the import of taxable goods, the use or consumption of intangible goods or services from outside of Indonesia, and the exports of taxable goods and services by a taxable enterprise from Indonesia. The delivery of goods and services is defined very broadly and includes not only the delivery of a title to goods in accordance with a sales agreement, but also: The delivery of taxable goods based on a hire-purchase agreement or finance-lease agreement Transactions such as the delivery of taxable goods within a company The transfer of assets of a company upon liquidation The delivery of taxable goods for the individual’s own use, or as free gifts. In general, the VAT rate is 10%. For some specifically regulated transactions, it may be 5% or 15%. VAT on the export of goods and a particular service is 0%. The basis of the VAT calculation is the transaction value, although in some specific cases, such as delivery of goods or asset transfers between related parties, another value is calculated. Specific rates and amounts apply to some transactions, such as the import of films and the private construction of buildings. Non-taxable goods and services include Mining and drilling products extracted directly from their sources; Basic food commodities such as rice, corn, salt, soybeans and sago; Drinks consumed in hotels and restaurants; Gold bars, money and securities; Several other services, such as medical, financial and insurance, and education as well as manpower. Companies have to report and settle their VAT liabilities monthly. e-Faktur From 1st July, 2015, the government, through regulation Directorate General of Taxes No. PER 17/PJ/2014, established that a Taxable Entrepreneur (PKP) is obliged to create e-Faktur or e-invoice. e-Faktur is a tax invoice made using an application or electronic system, which is provided by the DGT. The e-Faktur application has to be installed on a computer and will automatically connect with the e-SPT program. The VAT report is easier to create as well as report. A taxable entrepreneur (PKP) has to submit a written request to the tax office and prepare: An electronic certificate (it is a requirement to use electronic services, such as e-Faktur and e-Nofa to request a tax invoice electronic serial number) An activation code and password (to access e-Nofa) A request to activate the account for a taxable entrepreneur (to enable the activation code and password received by the taxable entrepreneur) The steps to create an e-Faktur are the following Source: Online Pajak, 2015 Centralized VAT-Reporting Each branch of a company has to report to the tax office in its own area. However, companies may apply for centralised VAT reporting so that intra-company deliveries do not need to be reported for VAT. Large and medium-sized taxpayers, foreign investment companies, some foreign companies and individuals and listed companies, have to centralise their VAT reporting at particular tax offices. VAT liabilities are settled using a VAT input-output mechanism. VAT paid by companies on goods and services that are purchased to run a business may be credited (VAT-input) against the VAT the business received from selling products (VAT-output). If the accumulated VAT-output for a particular month exceeds the accumulated VAT-input for the same period, the said company must settle the difference by the end of the following month and prior to the VAT return filing due date. However, if the accumulated VAT-input for a particular month exceeds the accumulated VAT-output, the overpaid amount may be carried over to the following month, or requested to be returned as an annual refund at the end of the financial year. The tax office should reply to such a request within twelve months after carrying out a VAT audit. In the absence of a VAT audit, the request is deemed approved. Tax Collector State-owned companies, production sharing contractors and the Treasury are appointed as tax VAT collectors. As such, they have to immediately pass on to the tax office the VAT they are due to pay on delivery of goods and services, instead of paying this VAT to the supplier. In addition to VAT, a number of products are subject to a luxury sales goods tax, which may vary from 10% to 75% (it may even increase up to 200% in some cases), and which is applied once, either upon importation of the product, or upon delivery by the domestic producer to another party. Activities not subject to VAT are as follows:53 Goods produced by mining or drilling that are taken directly from their source: crude oil, natural gas, geothermal energy, sand and gravel, coal (before being processed into briquettes), and ores (iron, tin, gold, copper, nickel, silver and bauxite) Basic necessities needed by the population as a whole: rice, corn, sago, soybeans and salt Money, gold ingots and negotiable instruments Banking, insurance, leasing services and securities Manpower services Social, health, religious and education services Public transportation, postal services, non-commercial broadcasting Entertainment services Hotel and catering services Government services, e.g. the importation of goods and the use of taxable foreign services related to foreign grants or loans originating in funded government projects Strategic Goods: According to Indonesian law products that have been labelled as ‘strategic’ include some capital goods, water and electricity equipment, and inputs for the agriculture sector. Bonded Zones (Special Economic Zones, Free Trade Zones, Free Ports) In Indonesia, exporting manufacturers that base their operations within bonded zones, free trade areas and economic development zones (KAPET) can benefit from the non-application of VAT and duties. More specifically, goods imported into KAPET areas are not subject to import duties, VAT or STLG (Sales Tax on Luxury Goods). The currently assigned free trade areas are Batam, Bintan, Karimun and Sabang. Other incentives and allowances are also applicable, namely regarding the manufacture-related transfer of goods between bonded zones and the wider territory. Reporting Taxes and Fines Tax payments and the filing of tax returns must be made to the State Treasury through a tax payment bank appointed by the authorities. The payment period (either annually, monthly, or both) depends on the regime of tax obligation that a given company must fulfil54. Non-submission of a tax return can result in the delivery of a notice with a deadline of 30 days for the filing to be undertaken. Failure to acknowledge or comply may lead to an ex-officio tax evaluation by the authorities, to which a penalty of 50% of the assessed tax will be added. 55 Tax audits are not mandatorily conducted, unless the tax authority deems it necessary to investigate a given company. However, they are typically initiated, for instance, when repetitive non-conformities on tax payments and filing are verified, or when an overpayment of tax is filed in a return. A tax audit notice will require the company to submit all requested information and documents within one month from the request date. After a decision is taken, the tax court will accept appeals within 3 months after it is issued. The statute of limitations for tax matters has a duration of five years.56 Summary of Indonesian Taxation The tables below provide a non-exhaustive list on current taxation regulations in Indonesia, including periodical tax obligations, as well as tax obligations for individuals and corporations Labour and Human Resources
Introduction Indonesia has a large labour force, which in 2014 accounted for 124.3.9 million people.57 The potential workforce is growing at a rate of almost 2 million per year. More than 60% of the Indonesian workforce is located in Java and Bali, where most of the tertiary sector has developed. The main regulatory authority is the Ministry of Manpower (MOM). Over the last decade the productivity of Indonesia’s workforce has increased significantly. However, the US is 10 times more efficient and even Malaysia is deemed three times more efficient in comparison. Still, the GDP per worker in Indonesia has shown more growth than the Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia, and even Singapore since 2010.58 The most relevant laws regarding employment in Indonesia are: Law No. 3 of 1992 on Workers Social Security Law No. 13 of 2003 on Manpower (Labor Law) Law No. 2 of 2004 on Industrial Relations Dispute Settlement Law No. 21 of 2009 on Labor Unions Ministry of Manpower and Transmigration Decision No. 40 of 2012 on Certain Positions that are Prohibited to be held by Foreign Workers Ministry of Manpower & Transmigration Regulation No.16 of 2015 on the Utilization of Foreign Manpower Indonesian Labour Force Participation Rate Source: Trading economics, 2014 Terms of Employment – Legal Requirements and Duration Under Law No. 13 of 2003, Art. 1(14) 14 of Labour Law, an (individual) employment agreement shall be defined as an agreement made between an employee and an entrepreneur, or employer. The agreement specifies the work requirements, rights and obligations of both sides. Usually it regulates; minimum wages, maximum working hours, minimum paid leave and regulations on dismissal. Under Art.56 (1) of Labour Law, an employment agreement may be made for either a definite or an indefinite period of time. A definite employment agreement is: An employment agreement for a definite period of time (PKWT Perjanjian Kerja Waktu Tidak), made for the specific nature of the task to be covered, or for the completion of a particular job limited in time A working agreement for a specified period, that can only be made for certain jobs, namely: work to be performed and completed at once, or work which is temporary by nature; jobs expected to be completed in less than three years; seasonal jobs; or jobs related to new products, activities or additional products, which are still on trial, or in an exploration phase Valid for a period of no longer than two years and may only be extended once for up to one year Written in Indonesian language. An indefinite employment agreement (Permanent Employment): Is an employment agreement for an indefinite period of time (Perjanjian Kerja Waktu Tidak Tertentu, PKWTT) and is a contract made between an employee and an entrepreneur, or an employer, regarding a permanent job Can include a probation period of no longer than three months. During the probation period the employer is obliged to pay wages, which cannot be less than the applicable minimum wage Is made in writing or verbally agreed upon. A work agreement is not compulsory to obtain recognition from a related labour institution. In the event that PKWTT is made verbally, then the clauses that are applicable between worker and employer are clauses that are regulated by law. Wages and Labour Costs Under the same law Art.88 (1), every worker is entitled to obtain an income which enables them to sustain an adequate level of livelihood. The current minimum wage in Indonesia depends on the region where the business or work is conducted, not where the company is based. According to Art.89, each province and regency of Indonesia has the power to frame their own Provincial Minimum Wage or “UMP”, which is reviewed and set annually by the governor of each province, on the basis of an agreement between corporations, employers’ organisations and labour unions.59 In 2013, 25 provinces, regencies and cities have agreed to raise their regional minimum wage by an average of 30%, with a few increasing minimum wages by 50%. Currently Greater Jakarta, which accounts for the majority of Indonesia's manufacturing and services, has a minimum wage of 2.7 million rupiah ($187) a month.60 Map of Provincial Minimum Wages in Indonesia Source: Jakarta Globe, 2014 Indonesia has an abundant low-skilled workforce. Entry-level salaries for the local workforce often start between IDR 2 - 3 million, depending on the profession. Mid-level local professionals usually expect to make between IDR 8 - 20 million.61 According to the law, employers are responsible for the calculation of any taxes that need to be withheld from salaries, as well as the monthly payment of these taxes to the tax authorities and the provision of annual numbers to the employee. The employee must then file an annual income tax return for the year in question.62 Welfare and Social Security Program Under Law No. 13/2003, Art.99, every worker shall be entitled to obtain manpower social insurance. Under Law No.3 of 1992 or the Jamsostek Law, companies with a payroll exceeding IDR 1 million per month, or employing 10 or more staff, must enrol their employees in the Jamsostek program. In 2014, Jamsostek changed its name to Badan Penjamin Jaminan Sosial (BPJS; Social Security Agency) as regulated by Law No. 40 of 2004 on the National Social Security System. As mentioned above, the BPJS program is a public social security scheme, mandatory by law, to which employees and employers must make monthly contributions, based on a percentage of basic salary for: Employee work accident insurance Retirement benefit funds Life insurance Healthcare benefit coverage. The first three are mandatory under BPJS Ketenagakerjaan. Healthcare benefit contributions are mandatory for all companies as of 1st January 2015 and it will cover all citizens by 201963. Working Hours and Leave Under the same law Art.77, an employee can work a maximum of 40 hours per week, allocated in one of the following ways: Seven hours per day/six days per week Eight hours per day/five days per week. Please note that it is prohibited to employ the following employees between 11pm and 7am (Art 68): Female employees aged less than 18 years Pregnant employees who, as stated by a doctor's statement, are at risk of damaging their health, or risking their own safety, or the safety of their unborn child, if they work. In general, employers who require an employee to work outside the normal working hours must pay overtime wages to the employee. Overtime can only be performed for a maximum period of three hours per day and 14 hours per week. The overtime pay rate for one hour is 1/13 of the monthly wage, plus fixed allowances64. Employees are entitled to annual leave for a minimum of 12 days per year. Other leave must be granted for certain occasions such maternity, death and birth of relatives, or marriage. Corporate Rule Art.108 states that every entrepreneur employing at least ten people must create a corporate rule, which comes into force after the minister or the appointed official ratifies it. According to Art.111, the corporate rule shall contain: rights and obligations of entrepreneurs and workers; working requirements; corporate disciplinary-rule and its duration. Provisions contained in the corporate rule cannot contravene provisions of laws already in force. Termination of Employment and Settlement of Labour Disputes According to Art.61, the employment agreement can be terminated only if: The worker passes away The term of the contract expires The court or the industrial relations disputes institution issues a verdict or a decision on a certain dispute between the employer and the employee The occurrence of conditions mentioned in the working agreement, corporate rule or collective working agreements, can cause working relations to terminate. In the event of a change in a company’s ownership, the new owner shall bear the responsibility of fulfilling the rights of the employees, unless otherwise stated in the transfer agreement, which must not reduce the rights of the employees. Under Art.62 of the Labour Law, the party terminating the working relationship before the expiration period stipulated in the contract, shall pay compensation to the other party equal to the amount due, until the expiration of the working agreement. This rule applies a principle of fairness, applicable to both employers and workers, and an enforcement rule towards compliance of the employment agreement that has been made and signed. Employers can terminate working relations with their employees if an agreement is reached between the parties (Art.158). In the event that the worker is not willing to accept the dismissal, the case is usually brought to an industrial relations disputes settlement institution (Art.159). If such an event occurs, the employer has to demonstrate that: The company announced to the employee their intention to dismiss him/her in writing with 30 days notice The reasons of the dismissal are not religious, political or health-related The employee committed wrongdoings or contractual breaches The company admonished the employee three times within a definite period of time. Upon dismissal compensation must be paid, dependent on the time the employee has been working for the company. Severance Pay Indonesia has one of the most expensive severance package regimes in the world. Making up for the lack of a comprehensive social security system, Indonesian lawmakers established a regime requiring employers to pay a comparatively large amount in compensation to dismissed employees.65 Usually, minimum severance pay is based on the monthly wage, up to a maximum of nine months wages. Outsourcing According to Art.64, companies can give up some of their job positions to other companies through an agreement of service in writing. The agreement has to be reported to the local MOMT office. The jobs that can be put under the responsibility of other companies must meet the following requirements: being executed separately from the main activities; being executed by direct or indirect order of job providers; serving as supporting activities for the companies as whole; and not discouraging production directly. Manpower Report Companies are obliged to submit a Manpower Report annually. This report consists of working conditions such as the minimum/maximum and average wage, as well as the number and education level of both local and foreign employees.66 Regulations Influencing Employment Besides the actual employment contract, including its attached regulatory framework, other aspects need to be considered when employing people in Indonesia. The basic rights of workers and trade unions to strike and protest should not be underestimated. Trade Unions The definition of a trade union is found in Art.1 no.17 of the Labour Law. Trade unions shall be recorded and registered to the responsible agency for employment, namely the Ministry of Manpower. The most representative confederations of unions are: KSPSI (Konfederasi Serikat Pekerja Seluruh Indonesia) KSPI (Konfederasi Serikat Pekerja Indonesia) KSBSI (Konfederasi Serikat Buruh Sejahtera Indonesia) Although it is important to note that the majority of Indonesian workers are not unionised.67 In 2011, the government enacted the Ministerial Regulation No.PER.16/MEN/XI/2011 concerning Procedures for the Making and Ratification of Company Rules (PP) and the Making and Registration of Collective Labour Agreements (CLA). A company that employs at least 10 workers must register a PP, which documents a company’s working policies and requirements. A CLA is a bipartite agreement, covering working rules, wage payments, health-and-safety benefits and systems, as well as regulations on violations and sanctions for workers, the employer and the unions. Collective Working Agreement According to Art.116 of the same law, a collective working agreement shall be entered into by a trade union that is adequately registered at the MOM, or another designated institution, and the employer. A collective working agreement shall be valid for a maximum of two years (Art.123). The agreement can be extended for one year on the basis of a written agreement between the two parties. In the case where a singular working contract does not observe the provisions regulated in an existing collective working agreement, the provisions of the latter shall prevail (Art.128). Strikes According to Art.137, labour strikes are a basic right of workers and labour unions. Strikes shall be held as a result of the failure of negotiations and are to be conducted in a legal, peaceful and orderly manner. Within a period of at least seven days before the strike is performed, the employees and the employees’ trade union must notify the employer in writing. In addition, the concerned government institution governing the specific employment affairs must also be informed. Under Art.141, this institution shall settle the dispute that triggered the labour strike by organising meetings and negotiating with the opposing parties, both before and during the strike. If an agreement is reached among the parties, it must be made formal and signed by both sides. If the negotiation fails to achieve an agreement, the question has to be submitted to the designated industrial disputes settlement institution. A strike performed without fulfilling the provisions of the Labour Law is considered illegal. Unions are concerned about the “casualisation” of labour through the widespread use of outsourcing. The practice weakens the unions' bargaining position and creates job insecurity, because outsourced workers are not regular employees. Conversely, employers avoid legal obligations such as paying severance to dismissed workers. Outsourcing discourages workers from joining or forming a union and wages are often lower than those paid to permanent workers.68 Regulations Regarding Employing Foreign NationalsThe regulations to be followed when employing expatriates in Indonesia establish a preference towards national workers, binding the recruitment of foreign employees to certain conditions, in terms of positions that can be awarded, the nature of the work activities and the duration of employment. Business Visa The process of obtaining a business visa is easier than for a residency permit and is intended for foreign nationals who want to conduct business in Indonesia temporarily. This type of visa can be valid for up to two months and can be extended up to four times in one month periods (in Jakarta only) and can be applied for at the Indonesian Embassy of a foreign national’s country of origin or domicile.69 However, with Regulation of the Minister of Manpower No.16 of 2015 Art. 16 in force, it is stipulated that business people traveling for the following purposes may not use the business visa and must obtain a temporary expatriate manpower plan (RPTKA), as well as a working permit, IMTA (Ijin Mempekerjakan Tenega kerja Asingor), instead: To give a briefing or training for the implementation and innovation of industrial technology to develop the quality and the design of industrial products and foreign marketing for Indonesia Shooting for a commercial movie, having obtained the required licenses (if any) from the state authority To convey lectures Foreign company executives attending a meeting with the principal or representative office that is located in Indonesia Carrying out audits, production quality control or branch office inspections in Indonesia Foreign manpower in probation period Projects on a one-off basis Projects related to mechanical or electrical installation, after sales service, or testing out new projects. Obtaining a business visa requires a letter of sponsorship from a company registered in Indonesia. It is mainly directed at foreigners who need to conduct business activities in the country that do not entail permanent employment. It is possible to apply for a one year multiple entry business visa, which is most likely the best option for a foreign national who visits Indonesia on a regular basis. KITAP (Kartu Izin Tinggal Tetap) - Permanent Stay Permit Card The KITAP is valid for five years and is easily renewable. It is usually attributed to eligible investors, CEOs, retired foreigners, children of Indonesian citizens, or, in other cases, to foreigners who have stayed for a long period in Indonesia and who fulfil certain criteria. Foreign nationals who have obtained the KITAP as employers or top-level managers should ensure that all employees under their supervision have their employment situation legalised, as their KITAP might be cancelled if an illegal situation is found. Spouses are automatically entitled to a KITAP after two years of marriage (provided there is government certification) and also after divorce, provided that the union lasted for at least 10 years. Retirees are eligible to apply for a KITAP if they are over 55 years of age. KITAP (Kartu Izin Tinggal Terbatas) - Permanent Stay Permit Card The KITAP is valid for 5 years and is easily renewable. It is usually attributed to eligible investors, CEOs, retired foreigners, children of Indonesian citizens, or, in other cases, to foreigners who have stayed for a long period in Indonesia and who fulfill certain conditions. Foreign nationals who have obtained the KITAP as employers or top-level managers should ensure that all employees under their supervision have their employment situation legalized, as their KITAP might be cancelled if an illegal situation is found. Spouses are automatically entitled to KITAP after 2 years of marriage (provided there is a government certification) and also after divorce, if the union lasted for at least 10 years. Retirees are eligible for applying for a KITAP if they are over 55 years of age. Tourist Visa This type of visa is easily obtainable for most nationalities. In fact, most visitors are eligible to obtain a tourist visa on arrival, payable in US dollars and valid between seven and 30 days, depending on conditions set by the immigration office. Visas offering longer periods (up to 60 days) can be provided through an application at the Embassy of Indonesia of the visitor’s country of origin. In most cases, tourist visas are extendable for up to one month, more than once. As of October 2015, 92 countries are eligible for this Visa On Arrival, which will gradually be upgraded as part of a campaign to boost the economy through international tourism. It is illegal to work in Indonesia on a tourist visa. As such, for screening purposes, foreign nationals entering Indonesia with a tourist visa should hold a valid return ticket and be prepared to provide information about their travel plans to immigration officers. Overstaying the duration of a visa is penalised at USD 20 (IDR 300,000) per day. Periods surpassing 60 days can lead to legal prosecution, future access restrictions, or even deportation.	Intellectual Property Rights in Indonesia
IntroductionFollowing its 1994 ratification of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement, Indonesia has taken steps to develop and issue IP laws, create a better framework for IP protection and provide a better environment for the development of IP. Indonesia a member of WTO and WIPO, and it is party to the main WIPO treaties, including the Berne (re-entering in 1997) and Paris Convention. Indonesian legislation was substantially revised in recent years to bring it in line with regional and international IPR standards. Law No. 17 of 2006 concerning the Amendment of Law No. 10 of 1995 concerning Customs Law No. 19 of 2002 concerning Copyright Law No. 15 of 2001 concerning Trade Marks Law No. 14 of 2001 concerning Patent Law No. 32 of 2000 concerning Layout of Integrated Circuits Law No. 31 of 2000 concerning Industrial Design Law No. 30 of 2000 concerning Trade Secrets Law No. 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection Law No. 5 of 1999 concerning Anti-Monopoly and Unfair Competition The Supreme Court Directive No. 4 of 2012 concerning Temporary Seizure The Supreme Court Directive No. 5 of 2012 concerning Temporary InjunctionHow to Protect your Intellectual & Industrial Products Trademarks A trademark is a sign (picture, name, word, letters, figures, or a combination of these elements), used by companies to distinguish their goods and services from those of others. In Indonesia signs with three-dimensional shapes are not yet recognised and it is therefore recommended that they be registered under the Industrial Design Law in order to be protected. Sound and smell are not included in the current Indonesian concept of trademarks. The Indonesian trademark process is generally understood to adopt the 'first-to-file' system. The period where a registered trademark is protected is 10 years from the date of issuing. A renewal of the registration is possible for subsequent periods of 10 years without limit. Applications for renewal may be submitted up to 12 months prior to expiry of the current period, but not after this period. Trademarks are to be registered with the Directorate General of Intellectual Property Rights (DGIPR).70 Patents A patent is understood as a right granted and reserved to a designer or inventor to utilize his or her invention commercially and exclusively. It can obtained for either an innovative, or improved, machine or process, as well as for a manufactured article, or a chemical composition. Indonesia’s jurisdiction differs between two types of patents: Standard Patents (for products and processes) Simple Patents (for products only) As the name suggests, the process for obtaining a simple patent is usually shorter. However, the level of protection afforded is lower, as discussed below. Applicants need to specify the scope of the protection sought and to provide the invention’s technical description. While a standard patent is reserved for 20 years, a simple patent lasts for 10 years from the filing date. The Directorate General of Intellectual Property Rights is the institution to register with. Simple patents may need two to three years to process. Standard patents are more likely to take longer, about three to five years from the application date.71 Industrial Designs A registered design is a right exclusively accorded to the owner of a design, to stop others using it commercially, without permission. According to Art. 1(1) of the Indonesian Design Act, industrial design is meant as: “a creation on the shape, configuration, or the composition of lines or colour, or lines and colours, or the combination thereof in a three or two dimensional forms which gives aesthetic impression and can be realized in a three or two dimensional pattern and used to produce a product, goods or an industrial commodity and a handy craft.” Similar to other IP rights, a 'first-to-file' system is in place for industrial designs. Thus the first person to file a right in the Indonesian jurisdiction is granted ownership. Industrial designs protecting the external appearance of an article are to be filed with the Directorate General of Intellectual Property Rights. The registration procedure requires the product or design to be new and previously unpublished. Multiple design filings are not accepted. The protection is usually granted for 10 years. Industrial design applications in Indonesia should be registered with the Directorate General of Intellectual Property Rights. An application takes about 24 months to 36 months to be granted.72 Copyrights A Copyright exclusively entitles its authors, artists and other creators to publish or reproduce their work. In Indonesia copyrights are protected for the following items: Books, computer programs, pamphlets, visual aids made for educational and scientific purposes, typographical arrangements, lecturers, addresses, and all other written or spoken works Songs or music with or without lyrics, dramas, musical dramas, dances, choreographic works, puppet shows, pantomimes All forms of art, such as paintings, drawings, engravings, calligraphy, carvings, sculptures, collage, and applied arts, as well as architecture and maps Photography and cinematographic works Translations, interpretations, adaptations, anthologies, databases and other similar works. Similar rights that are related to the copyright are rights in performances, phonographic works, sound recordings and broadcast. The results of such work may not be reproduced or showcased in public without permission.73Trade Secrets Trade Secrets are information related to technology and/ or business that is publicly unknown and are deemed to be of economic value. Their level of protection in Indonesia include methods of production, methods of processing (preparation), methods of selling, or other information alike. Different then the other IP right a time limit of the legal protection is not existent with the restriction that the information qualifies as such.74IPR Statistics in IndonesiaThe number of trademarks, patents and industrial designs submitted by non-resident (foreign) applicants increased recently.Patent Applications While foreign patents’ registrations have been rising constantly since the millennium, Industrial designs are recovering again after they dropped dramatically from 2,400 in 2002 to 500 in 2005.Industrial Design Applications A more unstable picture is displayed within trademarks, where a up and down development reflects the uncertainty foreign companies faced the recent years. As initially mentioned however, IPR environment for foreign players in Indonesia shows a positive performance over all.75Trademark Applications Conclusion The information presented above provides essential insights on the procedures, regulations and requirements to be considered by European companies seeking to set up, as well as conduct, business in Indonesia. This has been illustrated through general information, specific details on the legal frameworks and also external influences relevant for establishing a business, such as the Indonesian taxation system, labour and human resources and IPR. EU trade policy facilitates trade and investment relations with Indonesia and other non-member countries by eliminating protective trade barriers, but also by offering hands-on business support through projects such as the EIBN or the Export Helpdesk. While obstacles remain, the Indonesian market is becoming more accessible and profitable than ever before. Many environmentally friendly, innovative and high-quality products and services created by EU SMEs provide solutions to the ecological, industrial and social challenges and opportunities that Indonesia faces. The EIBN is perfectly prepared to support EU business activities here in Indonesia and to help to identify what EU businesses stand to gain by entering the Indonesian market, the likely risks and how to manage those potential risks. The prospects for future trade between the European Union and the Republic of Indonesia are very promising. Although the GSP regime, which entitles Indonesia to privileged access to the markets of the EU, will ultimately be suspended as Indonesia’s economic wealth grows, negotiations are currently underway with the aim of bringing bilateral relations to another level. The signing of a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) aims to create a win-win situation for both parties in order to strengthen trade. The potential impact includes a recovery in EU-FDI-flowing into Indonesia, as well a potential increase in exports from Indonesia to Europe of 5.4%. More than one-third of this growth would derive from traditional products, while the rest would be generated by diversifying trade with new products.76	Contacts
Indonesia Investment Coordinating Board (BKPM) Jl. Jend. Gatot Subroto No. 44, Jakarta 12190P.O. Box 3186, IndonesiaTel.:: +62 21 5252 008 / 0807 1000 2576Fax: +62 21 520 2050 Website: http://www.bkpm.go.id/ BKPM’s Investor Relations Unit (IRU)Tel.: +62 21 5292 1329-30Email: info@bkpm.go.id Ministry of Trade Gedung Utama Lt. 5 Jl. M. I. Ridwan Rais No. 5 Jakarta Pusat 10110 Tel.: (021) 23528404, (021) 3858171 Pes. 31070, 31004Fax: (021) 3846106 Website: http://www.kemendag.go.id/ Ministry of finance Gedung Juanda I Lantai 4Jl. Dr.Wahidin Raya Nomor 1 Jakarta 10710 Tel.:(021) 344.9230 Fax. (021) 3844784 Email : portalkemenkeu@depkeu.go.id Website: http://www.kemenkeu.go.id/en Financial Services Authority (OJK) Radius Prawiro Tower, 2nd floorBank Indonesia office complexJalan M.H. Thamrin No. 2, Jakarta Tel.:+62 21 500 655/+62 21 386 6032 Email:konsumen@ojk.go.id Website: http://www.ojk.go.id/en Ministry of National Development Planning (BAPPENAS) Jl. Taman Suropati No. 2, Jakarta 10310 Tel.: 021-390 5650 Fax: 021-334 779 Website: www.bappenas.go.id Badan Pusat Statistik Republik Indonesia (Center for Statistics of Indonesia)Jl. Dr. Sutomo 6-8 Jakarta 10710 Indonesia Tel.: (62-21) 3841195, 3842508, 3810291 Fax: (62-21) 3857046 Email: bpshq@bps.go.id Website:http://www.bps.go.id/eng/index.php ASEAN IPR SME HelpdeskTel.: +62 21 5711810Email: question@asean-iprhelpdesk.eu Website: www.asean-iprhelpdesk.eu Minister of Finance Manajemen Portal Kemenkeu Address: Gedung Djuanda I Lt. 12 Jl. Dr.Wahidin Raya Nomor 1 Jakarta 10710 Tel.: +62 21 3849605 Fax: +62 21 3500847 Email: portalkemenkeu@depkeu.go.id Website: http://www.pajak.go.id/ Directorate General of Taxes – Ministry of Finance Direktorat Penyuluhan, Pelayanan dan Hubungan Masyarakat Address: Gedung Utama, Lantai 16, Kantor Pusat Direktorat Jenderal Pajak, Jalan Gatot Subroto, Kavling 40-42, Jakarta 12190, Kotak Pos 124 Tel.: +62 21 5250208, 5251509 Fax: +62 21 584792 Email: pengaduan@pajak.go.id Website: http://www.kemenkeu.go.id/en Jamsostek Address: Jl. Jendral Gatot Subroto No. 79, Jakarta Selatan Indonesia 12930 Tel.: +62 21 520 7797Fax: +62 21 520 2310 Email: biro.humas@bpjsketenagakerjaan.go.id Website: http://www.jamsostek.co.id/ Bank Indonesia Address: Jl. MH. Thamrin 2 Jakarta 10350 Indonesia Tel.: +62 21 2981 7187 Fax: +62 21 350 1867 Email: humasbi@bi.go.id Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia Address: Road West of Medan Merdeka No. 6, Jakarta 10110 Tel.: +62 21 23529000Fax: +62 21 3520177 Email: humas@mahkamahkonstitusi.go.id Ministry of Manpower Address :Jl. Jend. Gatot Subroto Kav. 51, Jakarta 12950 Tel.: +62 21 522 9285 Fax: +62 21 797 4488 Email: redaksi_balitfo@depnakertrans.go Website: www.depnakertrans.go.id Directorate General of Intellectual Property Rights – Ministry of Justice And Human Right Address: Jl. H.R. Rasuna Said Kav. 8-9, Jakarta Selatan, Indonesia Tel.: +62 21 57905619 Fax:+62 21 57905619 Website: http://www.dgip.go.id/ Ministry of Justice And Human Right Address: Jl. H.R. Rasuna Said Kav. 6-7 Kuningan, Jakarta 12940 Tel.: +62 21 525 3004 Fax: +62 21 526 3082 Websites: www.depkumham.go.id, http://www.kemenkumham.go.id/ Directorate General of Immigration Ministry of Justice And Human Right Address: Jl. H. R. Rasuna Said Kav.X-6 Kuningan-Jakarta SelatanTel.: +62 21 5224658 ext. 2922, +62 21 5224658 ext. 2919Email : humas@imigrasi.go.id Directorate General of Intellectual Property Rights Ministry of Justice And Human Right Address: Jl. H.R. Rasuna Said Kav. 8-9, Jakarta Selatan, Indonesia Tel.: +62 21 57905619 Fax:+62 21 57905619 Website: http://www.dgip.go.id/	References
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Available at: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/id.html Deloitte., Taxation and Investment in Indonesia 2014, Reach, relevance and reliability, 2014. pp. 8-9. Available at: http://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/Tax/dttl-tax-indonesiaguide-2014.pdf Eddtmurthy I & Smith D., A Legal Primer on Joint Venture Agreements in Indonesia, UP.DATE Journal of BritCham, 2013. Available at: http://www.ssek.com/download/document/BritCham_-_Up_Date_-_MarchApril_2013_78.pdf Ernst & Young, Indonesian Social Security System Changes require Expatriate Participation, 2014. Available at: http://www.ey.com/GL/en/Services/Tax/Human-Capital/HC-Alert--Indonesian-Social-Security-System-changes-require-expatriate-participation Ernst & Young, Asia-Pacific R&D Incentives, 2013. 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Available at: https://www.techinasia.com/how-to-get-around-indonesia-ecommerce-ban/ IFA Educational Foundation, An Introduction to Franchise, 2010. Available at: http://www.trade.gov/sabit/static/Introduction%20to%20Franchising-IFA-Eng_Latest_tg_sabit_005404.pdf Indonesia Invests, What are the Minimum Wages in Indonesia in 2015?, 2014. http://www.indonesia-investments.com/news/today s-headlines/what-are-the-minimum-wages-in-indonesia-in-2015/item2633 Indosight, Opening a Representative Office in Indonesia. 2014. Available at: http://www.indosight.com/company-registration/ Indosight, Foreign Owned Company Registration In Indonesia, 2014. Available at: http://www.indosight.com/blog/how-to-register-company-in-indonesia/ Indosight, Foreign ownership restrictions and Negative Investment, 2014. Available at: http://www.indosight.com/blog/foreign-ownership-restriction-negative-investment-list/ Indosight, Company Restructuring in Indonesia, 2015. 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Available at: http://www.thefinancialist.com/indonesias-winning-demographic-hand/ U.S.A. Department of Commerce, Doing Business in Indonesia: 2013 Country Commercial Guide for U.S. Companies, 2013. Available at: http://www.export.gov/indonesia/build/groups/public/@eg_id/documents/webcontent/eg_id_089369.pdf	Abbreviations
API Importer Identification Number (Angka Pengenal Impor) API-P	API for Businesses acting in industrial or manufacturing activities (API Produsen) API-U	Importer Identification Number for importers involved only in trade(API Unum) BKPM	Investment Coordinating Board (Badan Koordinasi Penanaman Modal) BPOM	National Agency for Food and Drug Control (Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan) COO	Certificate of Origin DGCE	Directorate General of Customs and Excise DNI Negative Investment List (Daftar Negatif Investasi) FI	Foreign investment HS Code	Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding Systems ICL Indonesian Customs Law No. 17 of 2006 IPPC	International Plant Protection Convention ISPM15	International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures No. 15 ITPT	Registered Importer Number IUI Industrial License (Izin Usaha Industri) IUT	Permanent Business License (Izin Usaha Tetap) JV	Joint venture K3PA Representative Office for trading purposes KITE	Import Facilities for Export Purpose (Kemudahan Impor Tujuan Ekspor) KPPA	Representative Office Kantor (Perwakilan Perusahaan Asing) LKPM Investment Activity report LPE	Export Inspection Report (Laporan Pemeriksaan Ekspor) LPJK	National Construction Agency MoLHR	Ministry of Laws and Human Rights MOT	Ministry of Trade NHI Intelligence Result Note (Nota Hasil Intelijen) NIK	Customs Registration Number NPE	Export Notification (Nota Pemberitahuan Ekspor) NPIK	Special Importer Identification Number NPP	Memorandum of Rejection Notification (Nota Pemberitahuan Penolakan) NPPD	Memorandum of Required Documents Notification (Nota Pemberitahuan Persyaratan Dokumen) NPWP	Tax registration number (Nomor Pokok Wajib Pajak) PEB	Export Declaration (Material Export Notification, Pemberitahuan Ekspor Barang) PKBE Consolidated Notification of Export Goods (Pemberitahuan Konsolidasi Barang Ekspor) PNBP Non Tax-State Revenue (Penerimaan Negara Bukan Pajak) PP	Government Regulation PPB	Goods Inspection Notification (Pemberitahuan Pemeriksaan Barang) PPDE	Export Document Examination Officer (Pejabat Pemeriksa Dokumen Ekspor) PPJK	Customs Clearance Service (Pengusaha Pengurusan Jasa Kepabeanan) PT. PMA	Limited liability company funded by a foreign investment (Perseroan Terbatas Penamaman Modal Asing) PT. TBK	Publicly-listed company (Perseroan Terbuka) PT.	Limited liability company (Perseroan Tertabas) PU	Ministry of Public Works SSPC	Form certifying full compliance with tax, excise, and customs (Surat Setoran Pajak, Cukai, dan Pabean). SIUP Trading Business License (Surat Ijin Usaha Perdagangan) SKA	Certificate of Origin (Surat Keterangan Asal) SKI Certificate of Import (Surat Keterangan Import) SNI	Indonesia National Standard STBS	Certificate of Payment Deposit (Surat Tanda Bukti Setor) STLG	Sales Tax on Luxury Goods STP	Distributor/agent registration certificate STPW	Franchise registration license certificate (Surat Tanda Pendaftaran Waralaba) TARIC	Tarif Intégré de la Communauté (The Integrated Tariff of the Community) TDP	Business Registration Certificate (Tanda Daftar Perusahaan) WALI	Steering Committee for Franchises and LicensesAbout EIBN The EIBN is a partnership project between five European bilateral chambers of commerce in Indonesia (BritCham, EKONID, EuroCham, IFCCI, INA) and two counterparts in Europe (EUROCHAMBRES, CCI Barcelona). The EIBN’s aim is to promote Indonesia and ASEAN as high potential trade and investment destinations towards companies from all EU28 member states – particularly SMEs – and support them in their endeavor to explore the full market potential in Indonesia. The project was initiated and is co-funded by the EU. Acknowledgements The Indonesia Business Guide series is the product of a joint research and editorial effort of the EU-Indonesia Business Network team throughout 2014 and 2015. EIBN hereby acknowledges with gratitude the contributions of members of the EIBN team during the said period: Agrika Puspita, Antaressa Pritadevi, Armyta Rahardhani, Chloe Martinez, Giandomenico Zappia, Giovanny Tutupoly, Ferdi Ferdian, Firrisky Nurtomo, Johannes Kotschenreuther, Joaquim Torrinha, Laura Aramo, Triesti Prabawati, Ruzha Likja, Sri Kumala Chandra, Martin Krummeck, Michael Gramlich and Yacinta Esti. Research, Writing and Editing EIBN Team Proofreading Emma PiperCreative Design Concept and Production Syafruddin Arief [EKONID] Publisher EU-Indonesia Business Network (EIBN) 2015
Disclaimer This publication has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of the EIBN and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the European Union. The figures in this report correspond to EIBN’s best estimate of value of the corresponding variables. Although due care was taken in the preparation of this publication, EIBN makes no warranty as to its accuracy or completeness and is not to be deemed responsible for any errors or loss resulting from its use. Other organizations quoted herein are in no way responsible for the content of the report or the consequences of its use.	Know More...EU-Indonesia Relations