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Matched Legal Cases: ['§301', 'art 301', '§301', '§301', '§6159', '§7122', '§301', '§7122', '§7122', '§7122']

IRS Tax Attorney: December 2008
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Treasury Decision 8829, filed with the Federal Register on July 19, 1999., I.R.B. 1999-32, 235, provided termporary t Offer in Compromise Regulations
These regulations have important historical significance
SUMMARY: This document contains temporary regulations that provide additional guidance regarding the compromise of internal revenue taxes. The temporary regulations reflect changes to the law made by the Internal Revenue Service Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998 and the Taxpayer Bill of Rights II. The text of these temporary regulations serves as the text of the proposed regulations set forth in the notice of proposed rulemaking on this subject in the Proposed Rules section of this issue of the Federal Register.
DATES: Effective date. These temporary regulations are effective July 21, 1999.
Applicability date. For dates of applicability, see §301.7122-1T(j) of these regulations.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Carol A. Campbell, (202) 622-3620 (not a toll-free number).
This document contains temporary regulations amending the Procedure and Administration Regulations (26 CFR part 301) under section 7122 of the Internal Revenue Code (Code). The regulations reflect the amendment of section 7122 by section 3462 of the Internal Revenue Service Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998 ("RRA 1998") Public Law 105-206, (112 Stat. 685, 764) and by section 503 of the Taxpayer Bill of Rights II Public Law 104-168, (110 Stat. 1452, 1461).
As amended by RRA 1998, section 7122 provides that the Secretary will develop guidelines to determine when an offer to compromise is adequate and should be accepted to resolve a dispute. The legislative history accompanying RRA 1998 explains that Congress intended that factors such as equity, hardship, and public policy be evaluated in the compromise of individual tax liabilities, in certain circumstances, if such consideration would promote effective tax administration. H. Conf. Rep. 599, 105th Cong., 2d Sess. 289 (1998).
The current regulations under Treasury regulation §301.7122-1 permit the compromise of cases on only the grounds of doubt as to collectibility, doubt as to liability, or both. These regulations are being removed. Like the current regulations, the temporary regulations provide for compromise based on doubt as to liability and doubt as to collectibility; however, they also provide for compromise based upon specific hardship and/or equitable criteria if such a compromise would promote effective tax administration. The inclusion in these regulations of a standard that will allow compromise on grounds other than doubt as to liability or doubt as to collectibility represents a significant change in the IRS' exercise of compromise authority.
Section 7122 of the Code provides broad authority to the Secretary to compromise any case arising under the internal revenue laws, as long as the case has not been referred to the Department of Justice for prosecution or defense. Although the statutory language of Section 7122 does not explicitly place limits on the Secretary's authority to compromise, opinions of the Attorney General and the regulations issued under section 7122 prior to RRA 1998 authorized the Secretary to compromise a liability under the revenue laws only when there was doubt as to liability (uncertainty as to the existence or amount of the tax obligation) or doubt as to collectibility (uncertainty as to the taxpayer's ability to pay). The opinion of the Attorney General most often cited as the principal source of these limitations is the 1933 opinion of Attorney General Cummings that was issued in response to an inquiry from then Acting Secretary of the Treasury Acheson.
In requesting an opinion from the Attorney General, Acting Secretary of the Treasury Acheson expressed concern that the country was trying to recover from the depression. He suggested that the public interest required compromise of tax claims where collection of the tax would "destroy a business, ruin a tax producer, throw men out of employment, or result in the impoverishment of widows or minor children of a deceased taxpayer." The Secretary expressed the belief that in ordinary times, compromise of cases on public policy grounds should be rare but that, in light of the current state of the country, public policy should play a significantly greater role. Expressing the belief that it was more important that "the business of the taxpayer be preserved and not destroyed," Acting Secretary Acheson suggested that cases should be compromised where the taxpayer is insolvent, even though the tax is fully collectible, and that penalties and certain interest charges should be "compromisable wherever justice, equity, or public policy seems to justify the compromise...." Letter from Treasury Department, XIII-47-7137 (July 31, 1933).
Attorney General Cummings replied that "[t]here is much to be said for the proposition that a liberal rule should exist, but my opinion is that if such a course is to be taken it should be at the instance of Congress. I conclude that where liability has been established by a valid judgment or is certain, and there is no doubt as to the ability of the Government to collect, there is no room for 'mutual concessions,' and therefore no basis for a 'compromise.' " Op. Atty. Gen. 6, XIII-47-7138 (October 24, 1933). See also Op. Atty. Gen. 7, XIII-47-7140 (October 2, 1934), wherein Attorney General Cummings stated that "[t]here appears to be no statutory authority to compromise solely upon the ground that a hard case is presented, which excites sympathy or is merely appealing from the standpoint of equity, but the power to compromise clearly authorizes the settlement of any case about which uncertainty exists as to liability or collection."
Although the 1933 opinion of Attorney General Cummings is the most often cited opinion regarding the limits of the IRS' compromise authority (prior to RRA 1998), the conclusion he reached mirrored conclusions reached by a number of his predecessors. Thus, since 1868, a number of Attorneys General opined that when liability is not at issue, the Secretary's compromise authority permitted compromise only when "the full amount of the debt" could not be collected. See, e.g., 12 Op. Atty. Gen. 543 (1868); 16 Op. Atty. Gen. 617 (1879) (the Secretary's authority to compromise does not permit the "voluntary relinquishment" of any part of a lawfully assessed tax from a solvent person or corporation).
Following the issuance of Attorney General Cummings' 1933 opinion, Commissioner Helvering established a policy that IRS tax collectors should make every endeavor to secure offers that represent the taxpayer's "maximum capacity to pay." Commissioner's Statement of Policy with Respect to the Compromise of Taxes, Interest, and Penalties, July 2, 1934. Commissioner Helvering recognized that the Attorney General's opinion did not specify or quantify the amount of doubt necessary to compromise, but concluded that "... the Treasury Department does not propose to compromise when there is merely the possibility of doubt. The doubt as to liability or collectibility must be supported by evidence and must be substantial in character, and when such doubt exists, the amount acceptable will depend upon the degree of doubt found in the particular case." Id. Implementing the policy established by Commissioner Helvering, the IRS concluded that an offer premised upon doubt as to collectibility should be accepted only when the amount offered represented the maximum amount the taxpayer could pay, taking into account net equity in assets and both current and future income.
The interpretation of section 7122 adopted by Attorney General Cummings (and reflected in Treasury reg. §301.7122-1(a) ), together with the "maximum capacity to pay" policy established by Commissioner Helvering, have been the fundamental guiding principles for IRS offer in compromise programs for the past 65 years. From the 1930's to the early 1990's, offers to compromise were not widely used to resolve tax cases. In the early 1990s, however, the IRS determined that expanded use of offers to compromise could contribute to more effective tax administration in two important respects. First, the IRS determined that compromise could be used as a technique to enhance overall compliance by providing taxpayers with a reasonable avenue to resolve past difficulties. Second, the IRS determined that it should make more effective use of offers to compromise to help manage the inventory of delinquent tax accounts. Accordingly, while still operating within the basic legal and policy guidelines established in the 1930's, the IRS initiated two significant changes intended to enhance the compromise program.
In 1992, the IRS adopted a new compromise policy and issued revised compromise procedures. The policy provides that an offer to compromise will be accepted when it is unlikely that the tax liability can be collected in full and the amount offered reasonably reflects collection potential. As set forth in the new policy statement, the goal of the compromise program is to achieve collection of what is potentially collectible at the earliest possible time and at the least cost to the government while providing taxpayers with a fresh start toward future voluntary compliance. Policy Statement, P-5-100. In administering its policies under the offer program, the threshold question of "doubt as to liability or doubt as to collectibility" set forth in the regulations constituted a legal requirement that must be followed; once that threshold was met, however, the IRS could legally accept less than the taxpayer's maximum capacity to pay. References in the offer procedures to "maximizing collection" and "maximum capacity to pay" were replaced with "reasonably reflects collection potential." Id.
In determining whether an offer reasonably reflects collection potential, the IRS takes into consideration amounts that might be collected from (1) the taxpayer's assets, (2) the taxpayer's present and projected future income, and (3) third parties (e.g., persons to whom the taxpayer had transferred assets). Although most doubt as to collectibility offers only involve consideration of the taxpayer's equity in assets and future disposable income over a fixed period of time, the IRS on occasion also will consider whether the taxpayer should be expected to raise additional amounts from assets in which the taxpayer's interest is beyond the reach of enforced collection (e.g., interests in property located in foreign jurisdictions or held in tenancies by the entirety). IRM 57(10)(10).1.
The compromise program was also affected by a 1995 IRS initiative designed to ensure uniform treatment of similarly situated taxpayers. In administering its collection operations, including both the installment agreement program and the compromise program, the IRS has always permitted taxpayers to retain sufficient funds to pay reasonable living expenses. Certain commentators had asserted that there were wide variances in the type and amount of such reasonable expense allowances within and between districts. In September of 1995, the IRS adopted and published national and local standards for determining allowable expenses, designed to apply to all collection actions, including offers to compromise. National expense standards derived from the Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer Expenditure Survey were promulgated for expense categories such as food, clothing, personal care items, and housekeeping supplies. Local expense standards derived from Census Bureau data were promulgated for housing, utilities, and transportation.
The IRS allowable expense criteria play an important role in determining whether taxpayers are candidates for compromise or installment agreements. Although offers to compromise and installment agreements are separate mechanisms for resolving outstanding tax liabilities, there often is a significant interplay between the two programs, because a taxpayer's income available to satisfy the tax liability is determined after the deduction of allowable expenses. In some cases, the allowable expense criteria may be the determining factor in whether the taxpayer receives an installment agreement or a compromise. An installment agreement must provide for payment in full of the amount of the outstanding liability through regular, periodic payments (generally monthly). I.R.C. §6159 . An offer to compromise, by contrast, reflects the fact that the taxpayer has no ability to pay the liability in full. Accordingly, taxpayers entering into compromise agreements can pay an amount less than the full amount due in satisfaction of the liability.
Congress now has directed the Secretary to consider factors other than doubt as to collectibility and doubt as to liability in determining whether to accept an offer to compromise. Under §7122(c) , added by RRA 1998, factors such as equity, hardship, and public policy will be considered in certain circumstances where such consideration will promote effective tax administration. The legislative history of this provision (H. Conf. Rep. 599, 105th Cong., 2d Sess. 289 (1998)) states that--
... the conferees expect that the present regulations will be expanded so as to permit the IRS, in certain circumstances, to consider additional factors (i.e., factors other than doubt as to liability or collectibility) in determining whether to compromise the income tax liabilities of individual taxpayers. For example, the conferees anticipate that the IRS will take into account factors such as equity, hardship, and public policy where a compromise of an individual taxpayer's income tax liability would promote effective tax administration. The conferees anticipate that, among other situations, the IRS may utilize this new authority, to resolve longstanding cases by forgoing penalties and interest which have accumulated as a result of delay in determining the taxpayer's liability. The conferees believe that the ability to compromise tax liability and to make payments of tax liability by installment enhances taxpayer compliance. In addition, the conferees believe that the IRS should be flexible in finding ways to work with taxpayers who are sincerely trying to meet their obligations and remain in the tax system. Accordingly, the conferees believe that the IRS should make it easier for taxpayers to enter into offer-in-compromise agreements, and should do more to educate the taxpaying public about the availability of such agreements.
Another consideration for compromise cases is Chief Counsel review. Since its enactment in section 102 of the Act of July 20, 1868 (15 Stat. 166), the statute authorizing the Secretary to compromise liabilities has contained a requirement that Counsel issue opinions regarding certain of those compromises. Section 7122(b) of the Code requires that the opinion of Counsel, with the reasons therefor, be placed on file whenever a compromise is made by the IRS. Chief Counsel opinions assess both whether the offer meets the legal requirements for compromise and whether the offer conforms to IRS policy and procedure. The opinion provided by Chief Counsel, however, does not have to be in favor of compromise. Pursuant to delegated authority, district directors, service center directors, and regional directors of Appeals have the authority to accept an offer that Counsel has opined does not conform to IRS policy.
Until passage of the Taxpayer Bill of Rights II (TBOR 2), Chief Counsel review was required in all cases in which the liability compromised was $500 or more. Under TBOR 2, such an opinion is required only in cases where the compromised liability is $50,000 or more.
The temporary regulations continue the traditional grounds for compromise based on doubt as to liability or doubt as to collectibility. In addition, to reflect the changes made in RRA 1998, the temporary regulations allow a compromise where there is no doubt as to liability or as to collectibility, but where either (1) collection of the liability would create economic hardship, or (2) exceptional circumstances exist such that collection of the liability would be detrimental to voluntary compliance. Compromise based on these hardship and equity bases may not, however, be authorized if it would undermine compliance. Although the temporary regulations set forth the conditions that must be satisfied to accept an offer to compromise liabilities arising under the internal revenue laws, they do not prescribe the terms or conditions that should be contained in such offers. Thus, the amount to be paid, future compliance or other conditions precedent to satisfaction of a liability for less than the full amount due are matters left to the discretion of the Secretary.
The temporary regulations also add provisions relating to the promulgation of requirements for providing for basic living expenses, evaluating offers from low income taxpayers, and reviewing rejected offers, as required by RRA 1998. The temporary regulations also add provisions relating to staying collection, modifying the dollar criteria for requiring the opinion of Chief Counsel in accepted offers, and setting forth the requirements regarding waivers and suspensions of the statute of limitations. Except for the provision related to dollar criteria for Chief Counsel review, all of the additional provisions of §301.7122-1T are authorized by RRA 1998. The modification of dollar criteria for Chief Counsel review is authorized by section 503(a) of the Taxpayer Bill of Rights II.
As required by §7122(c)(2)(A) and (B) , added by RRA 1998, the temporary regulations provide for the development and publication of national and local living allowances that permit taxpayers entering into offers to compromise to have an adequate means to provide for their basic living expenses. The determination whether the published standards should be applied in any particular case must be based upon an evaluation of the individual facts and circumstances presented. The Secretary will determine the appropriate means to publish these national and local living allowances.
In accordance with §7122(c)(3)(A) , the temporary regulations also require the development of supplemental guidelines for the evaluation of offers from "low income" taxpayers. The temporary regulations permit the Secretary to determine which taxpayers qualify as "low income" taxpayers based upon current dollar criteria applied by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Service under authority of section 673(2) of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981, or any other measure reasonably designed to identify such taxpayers.
In accordance with §7122(d)(1) , the temporary regulations provide that all proposed rejections of offers to compromise will receive independent administrative review prior to final rejection. Section 7122(d)(2) requires and the temporary regulations also provide that the taxpayer has the right to appeal any rejection of an offer to compromise to the IRS Office of Appeals. The temporary regulations provide, however, that when the IRS returns an offer to compromise because it was not processable under IRS procedures, because the offer was submitted solely to delay collection or because the taxpayer failed to provide requested information required by the IRS to evaluate the offer, such a return of the offer does not constitute a rejection and thus, does not entitle the taxpayer to appeal rights under this provision. In the event that an offer to compromise is returned under these circumstances and the IRS institutes collection action, the taxpayer may have the right to consideration of the whole of his or her collection case under other provisions of the Code.
Pursuant to section 6331(k) of the Code , as amended by section 3462 of RRA 1998, the temporary regulations also provide that for offers pending on or submitted on or after January 1, 2000, no enforced collection activity may be taken by the IRS to collect a liability while an offer to compromise is pending, or for the 30 days following any rejection of an offer to compromise, or during any period that an appeal of any rejection, when such appeal is instituted within the 30 days following rejection, is being considered. Collection activity will not, however, be precluded in any case where collection is in jeopardy or the offer to compromise was submitted solely to delay collection.
Effective through December 31, 1999, the temporary regulations continue to require the taxpayer to waive the running of the statutory period of limitations on collection as a condition of acceptance of an offer to compromise. Effective January 1, 2000, waivers of the statute of limitations on collection will no longer be required for the acceptance of an offer to compromise. Instead, the statute of limitations for collection will be suspended during the period the offer to compromise is under consideration by the IRS. This provision of the temporary regulations implements section 3461 of RRA 1998.
The temporary regulations also implement section 503(a) of the Taxpayer Bill of Rights II by specifying that Chief Counsel review of an accepted offer to compromise is required only for offers in compromise involving $50,000 or more in unpaid liabilities.
It has been determined that this Treasury decision is not a significant regulatory action as defined in EO 12866. Therefore, a regulatory assessment is not required. It also has been determined that sections 553(b) & (d) of the Administrative Procedure Act (5 U.S.C. chapter 5) do not apply to these regulations. Please refer to the cross-referenced notice of proposed rulemaking published elsewhere in this issue of the Federal Register for the applicability of the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. chapter 6). Pursuant to section 7805(f) of the Internal Revenue Code, these temporary regulations will be submitted to the Chief Counsel for Advocacy of the Small Business Administration for comment on its impact on small business.
Labels: 7122 Offer in Compromise Temporary Regulations