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Seat belt and mobile phone use surveys: England and Scotland, PDF
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1 Statistical Release 25 February 2015 Seat belt and mobile phone use surveys: England and Scotland, 2014 Main findings In 2014, 1.6% of all drivers and 1.4% of car drivers in England and Scotland were using a hand-held phone whilst driving. In 2014, 1.6 per cent of all drivers in England and Scotland were observed using a hand-held mobile phone whilst driving. In this publication Mobile phone survey....p4 Seat belt survey...p19 Appendix A...p35 Appendix B...p49 Appendix C...p58 Drivers were more likely to be observed with a mobile phone in their hand rather than holding it to their ear. In 2014, 1.1 per cent of drivers in England and Scotland were observed holding a phone in their hand compared with 0.5 per cent observed holding the phone to their ear. A higher proportion of drivers in England and Scotland were observed using a hand-held mobile phone when stationary (2.3 per cent) than in moving traffic (1.6 per cent). The proportion of car drivers observed using a hand-held mobile phone in England in 2014 (1.5 per cent) was relatively unchanged from the 1.4 per cent observed in 2009, when the previous survey was carried out per cent of car drivers were observed using seat belts in England and Scotland. Seat belt wearing rates were lower for other car occupants compared to car drivers per cent of all front seat passengers and 90.6 per cent of all rear seat passengers were observed using seat belts or child restraints in England and Scotland. About this release This publication provides statistics on the proportion of drivers observed using a hand-held mobile phone and wearing seat belts whilst driving in England and Scotland from a roadside observation survey commissioned jointly between Transport Scotland and the Department for Transport. Observations of mobile phone use were made at sites with both moving and stationary traffic. Observations of seat belt use were made at stationary traffic sites only. This release focuses on combined results for England and Scotland, but comparisons have also been made between the two countries. RESPONSIBLE STATISTICIAN: David Mais Media: Public: Back Forward
2 Introduction to the mobile phone and seat belt surveys Mobile phone and seat belt surveys were commissioned by the Department for Transport between 2002 and The previous survey in 2009 collected data on mobile phone use in England only and seat belt use in both England and Scotland. In 2014 the Department for Transport and Transport Scotland commissioned mobile phone and seat belt surveys to monitor levels of mobile phone use by drivers and the use of seat belts by vehicle occupants across England and Scotland. Further information Results from the 2009 mobile phone survey in England and the 2009 seat belt surveys in England and Scotland can be found here. Methodology The mobile phone survey was carried out across 60 sites in England within four different areas (South East, Manchester, Newcastle/Durham and Norfolk) and 30 sites in Scotland. Seat belt surveys were carried out at 40 sites in England within the same four areas as the mobile phone survey and at 20 sites in Scotland. For the mobile phone survey, a mixture of sites with stationary and free flowing traffic were used. Seat belt surveys were carried out at the stationary traffic sites in the mobile phone survey. For more detail on the number of sites used in the survey, see the methodology note. Further information The methodology note which includes further details on site selection, the data collection methodology and weighting methodology can be found here. Roadside observation methods were used to collect the data with teams of staff visiting each site. For the mobile phone survey, observations were made of drivers of cars, vans, taxis, lorries, buses, minibuses and coaches. For the seat belt survey, observations were made of all occupants of cars, vans, taxis, private hire vehicles and lorries with observations of the driver only for buses, minibuses and coaches. At moving sites, observations were made of the gender and mobile phone use of the driver, but due to the speed of the passing vehicles it was not possible to assess the age of drivers. Details of all the variables collected at the stationary and moving sites can be found in the methodology note. Surveys took place in both morning (07:30 to 12:00) and afternoon sessions (13:30 to 18:00) with a half hour observation period every hour in each session. Sites were surveyed in half day sessions 1 (either the morning or afternoon sessions). A number of sites were re-surveyed at the weekend so differences in mobile phone use or seat belt use between weekdays and weekends could be assessed. There are a number of limitations to the data collection method which are outlined in the methodology note. 1 A previous study by TRL compared full and half-day sessions and found that a representative estimate was obtainable through a half-day period. For more info see: TRL (2008). Restraint use by car occupants, TRL leaflet LF2106. TRL, Wokingham. Available at: Seat belt and mobile phone use surveys: England and Scotland, Page 2 Home Back Forward
3 Weighting The results presented in this report have been weighted using the recorded traffic count and DfT traffic flow data to provide nationally representative estimates for England and Scotland across different road and area types. The weighting procedure also enabled combined estimates of driver mobile phone use and restraint use by vehicle occupants in England and Scotland to be obtained. No data has been collected in Wales, so the results are not necessarily representative of mobile phone use and restraint use in Great Britain, though the combined England and Scotland results presented in the report can be used as a proxy for Great Britain. More information on the weighting procedure can be found in the methodology note. Comparability As well as combined figures for England and Scotland, results are also presented separately for England and Scotland to determine any differences between the two countries. Transport Scotland have published a report on the Scotland mobile phone and seat belt survey results. A similar survey of seat belt wearing and mobile phone use in 2014 was commissioned by the Northern Ireland Department of the Environment. For context, comparisons have been made to the Northern Ireland figures in the report. However, it should be noted that the Northern Ireland survey was conducted at a different time of year to the England and Scotland surveys and does not follow the same methodology. Further information Results from the 2014 survey of Seat belt wearing in Northern Ireland can be found here. Results from the Seat belt and Mobile Phone Usage Survey Scotland, 2014 can be found here. Seat belt and mobile phone use surveys: England and Scotland, Page 3 Home Back Forward
4 Mobile phone survey - introduction In December 2003, legislation was introduced making it illegal to use a hand-held mobile phone whilst driving or riding a motor vehicle on the road. Drivers caught using a hand-held mobile phone whilst driving may be issued with a fixed penalty notice which will result in three penalty points on the driving licence and a fine of 100. If a case goes to court, the driver or rider may be disqualified from driving or riding. Drivers or riders can use hands-free phones, sat navs and 2-way radios when driving or riding. However, if the police think the driver or rider is distracted and not in control of their vehicle they could still get stopped and penalised. The results of the mobile phone survey can be used to assess compliance with this legislation in England and Scotland. Legislation Further information on the law on using a mobile phone whilst driving can be found at: uk/uksi/2003/2695/ regulation/2/made For the purposes of this section, a hand-held mobile phone is defined as a device that is being held at the time of observation. The driver may be receiving or making a call, texting or reading a text, or using it for some other interactive function. It was not possible for observers to determine what the mobile phone was being used for, but a distinction was made between drivers holding the phone to their ear (indicating that the driver was receiving or making a call) or holding it in their hand (indicating that the driver may have been receiving or making a call, texting or reading a text, or using it for some other interactive function). Except where otherwise stated, results relate to weekdays and moving sites only 2. In some instances, data from previous reports have been referenced in the commentary. However, there have been changes to the sites selected for data collection as well as some changes in the survey methodology. These should be taken into account when comparing figures from this report with figures in reports up to and including References made to mobile phones in this report refer to hand-held mobile phones. Unlike previous surveys, no data has been collected on the use of hands-free mobile phones whilst driving. In certain instances, statistical tests have been carried out to determine whether differences between England and Scotland or between groups (e.g. male or female) are statistically significant. Cases where this has been carried out are flagged in the report. Where no comment is made on statistical significance, it has not been tested for. 2 This is to ensure the results of the 2014 survey are as far as possible comparable to the previous surveys. Seat belt and mobile phone use surveys: England and Scotland, Page 4 Home Back Forward
5 Overall results In 2014, 1.6 per cent of drivers in England and Scotland were observed using a handheld mobile phone whilst driving. The majority of these drivers were using a phone in their hand rather than holding it to their ear; 1.1 per cent of drivers in England and Scotland were observed holding a phone in their hand compared with 0.5 per cent observed holding the phone to their ear. This suggests that most mobile phone usage whilst driving was for the purposes of sending or receiving a text or using social media rather than making a call. The overall rates of hand-held mobile phone use for England and Scotland separately were not significantly different with 1.6 per cent of drivers in both England and Scotland observed using a hand-held mobile. The estimated proportion of drivers in Scotland observed using a phone in their hand was higher than in England (1.3 per cent in Scotland compared to 1 per cent in England), however this difference was not statistically significant. Chart 1: Use of hand-held mobile phones by all drivers (weekdays and moving sites) 1 Phone to ear Phone to hand Overall usage: 2014 Eng & Sco 0.5% 1.1% 1.6% Sco 0.2% 1.3% 1.6% Eng 0.6% 1.0% 1.6% 0.0% 0.2% 0.4% 0.6% 0.8% 1.0% 1.2% 1.4% 1.6% 1. The data underlying this chart can be found in table A.1 of appendix A. Seat belt and mobile phone use surveys: England and Scotland, Page 5 Home Back Forward
6 Mobile phone use by all drivers: gender comparison A significantly higher proportion of male drivers were observed using hand-held mobile phones than female drivers; 1.7 per cent of male drivers in England and Scotland were observed using a hand-held mobile phone compared with 1.3 per cent of female drivers. 1.2 per cent of male drivers were observed using a phone in their hand compared to 0.5 per cent observed using a phone held to their ear. 0.9 per cent of female drivers were observed using a phone in their hand compared with 0.4 per cent observed using a phone held to their ear. The overall rates of hand-held mobile phone use by male drivers were similar for England and Scotland separately with 1.7 per cent of male drivers observed using a hand-held mobile in both countries. There was a higher proportion of male drivers observed holding their phone in their hand in Scotland (1.5 per cent) than in England (1.1 per cent) and a lower proportion observed holding the phone to their ear (0.2 per cent in Scotland compared to 0.6 per cent in England), though these differences were not found to be significant. A similar proportion of female drivers were observed using a hand-held mobile phone in England (1.3 per cent) compared with Scotland (1.2 per cent). Chart 2: Use of hand-held mobile phones by all male and female drivers, England and Scotland (weekdays and moving sites) Phone to ear Phone to hand Overall usage: % 1.2% 1.7% 0.4% 0.9% 1.3% 0.0% 0.2% 0.4% 0.6% 0.8% 1.0% 1.2% 1.4% 1.6% 1.8% 1. These figures exclude cases where the gender of the driver was unknown. Seat belt and mobile phone use surveys: England and Scotland, Page 6 Home Back Forward
7 2. The data underlying this chart, including separate figures for England and Scotland can be found in table A.2 of appendix A. Vehicle type 1.4 per cent of car drivers were observed using a hand-held mobile phone in England and Scotland. The majority of car drivers were using a phone in their hand rather than holding it to their ear; 1 per cent of car drivers in England and Scotland were observed holding a phone in their hand compared to 0.4 per cent observed holding a phone to their ear. Goods vehicles and lorry drivers had lower overall rates of mobile phone use than car drivers with 1.2 per cent observed using a hand-held mobile phone. Bus, coach and minibus drivers had the lowest rate of mobile phone use with 0.4 per cent observed using a hand-held mobile phone. Van drivers had a higher overall rate of mobile phone use than car drivers with 2.7 per cent observed using a hand-held mobile phone. The majority of van drivers were using a phone in their hand rather than holding it to their ear; 1.9 per cent of van drivers in England and Scotland were observed holding a phone in their hand compared with 0.7 per cent observed holding the phone to their ear. The overall rates of hand-held mobile phone use by car drivers were similar for England and Scotland separately with 1.5 per cent of car drivers in England observed using a hand-held mobile compared to 1.3 per cent in Scotland. However, a higher proportion of van drivers were observed using a hand-held mobile in Scotland (3.6 per cent) than in England (2.5 per cent). Seat belt and mobile phone use surveys: England and Scotland, Page 7 Home Back Forward
8 Chart 3: Use of hand-held mobile phones by driver type, England and Scotland (weekdays and moving sites) Overall usage: % 1.4% 1.2% 0.4% 0.0% 0.5% 1.0% 1.5% 2.0% 2.5% 3.0% 1. Figures for car drivers include taxi drivers 2. The data underlying this chart, including separate figures for England and Scotland can be found in table A.3 of appendix A. Mobile phone use by car drivers over time Legislation The results of this survey are not directly comparable to the results from the previous mobile phone surveys due to changes in the methodology and geographical coverage of the survey sites in No breakdown of hand-held mobile phone use into phone to ear and phone to hand was recorded in the previous surveys. However, the figures can be used in conjunction with previous mobile phone surveys to give an indication of the long term trend in hand-held mobile phone use by car drivers. The trend in the use of hand-held mobile phones by car drivers In December 2003, legislation was introduced making it illegal to use a hand-held mobile phone whilst driving or riding a motor vehicle on the road. In February 2007, the penalty for using a mobile phone whilst driving was increased from a 30 fine to three penalty points on the driving licence and a 60 fine. In August 2013 the fixed penalty for using a hand-held mobile phone whilst driving increased to 100. Seat belt and mobile phone use surveys: England and Scotland, Page 8 Home Back Forward
9 since the first survey (see chart 4) was reactive in the short term to the changes in legislation. The proportion of drivers of cars in England (blue line) observed using hand-held phones reduced after the introduction of the legislation in 2003, and after the increase in the penalty in 2007 (marked with vertical black lines). After these immediate drops the proportion using a hand-held mobile phone increased again. In 2014, 1.5 per cent of car drivers in England were observed using a hand-held mobile phone whilst driving. This is similar to the 1.4 per cent of car drivers in England observed using a hand-held mobile phone in 2009 and is not a statistically significant change. Chart 4: Hand-held mobile phone use by car drivers 1, England (weekdays and moving sites) 2.0% legislation introduced penalty increased to 60 fine and 3 points fixed penalty increased to 100 Percentage point change since % 0.3 pp 1.0% 0.5% 0.0% 0 nu 2002 nu u including taxi drivers J Survey results are shown for the year and month in which the survey took place. The data underlying this chart can be found in table A.4 of appendix A. J J 2009 J 2010 J Changes in the methodology and geographical coverage of the survey sites in 2014 mean that than the 2014 figure is not directly comparable to previous years. J 2012 J Mobile phone use by car drivers: gender comparison In 2014, a higher proportion of male car drivers were observed using hand-held mobile phones than female car drivers. Of the male car drivers in England and Scotland, 1.5 per cent were observed using a hand-held mobile phone compared to 1.3 per cent of female car drivers. Seat belt and mobile phone use surveys: England and Scotland, Page 9 Home Back Forward
10 Chart 5: Use of hand-held mobile phones by car drivers 1 split by gender, England and Scotland (weekdays and moving sites) Phone to ear Phone to hand Overall usage: % 1.1% 1.5% 0.4% 0.9% 1.3% 0.0% 0.2% 0.4% 0.6% 0.8% 1.0% 1.2% 1.4% 1.6% 1. including taxi drivers. 2. These figures exclude cases where the gender of the car driver was unknown. 3. The data underlying this chart can be found in table A.5 of appendix A. Mobile phone use by drivers by time of week Nine moving sites across England and Scotland were revisited at the weekend during the mobile phone survey. This was to enable a comparison between hand-held mobile phone use by drivers during the week and at weekends to be made. A higher proportion of all drivers in England and Scotland were observed using a hand-held mobile phone on weekdays (1.6 per cent) than on weekends (1 per cent). A higher proportion of car drivers were observed using a hand-held mobile phone on weekdays than on the weekend. This finding reflects the results of the 2009 survey. Further information Details on the sites surveyed at weekends can be found in the list of sites in appendix C. Results from the 2009 mobile phone survey in England can be found here. Seat belt and mobile phone use surveys: England and Scotland, Page 10 Home Back Forward
11 A similar proportion of van drivers in England and Scotland were observed using a hand-held mobile phone on weekdays compared with on the weekend. In contrast, a higher proportion of goods vehicle/lorry drivers were observed using a handheld mobile phone at the weekend (1.5 per cent) than on weekdays (0.8 per cent). Chart 6: Proportion of drivers using a hand-held mobile phone: England and Scotland, weekdays and weekends (moving sites) Weekday Weekend 2.5% 2.0% 2.2% 2.2% 1.5% 1.6% 1.6% 1.5% 1.5% 1.0% 1.0% 0.9% 0.8% 0.5% 0.0% All drivers Car Van Goods vehicle/lorry Bus/coach/minibuses 0% 1. Figures for car drivers include taxi drivers. 2. Figures above are based on sites where a weekend survey took place, so are not directly comparable with other tables. 3. The data underlying this chart, including separate figures for England and Scotland can be found in table A.6 of appendix A. Mobile phone use by drivers by time of day The lower number of vehicle observations in each survey session mean that results by time of day should be treated with caution as differences may be due to random variation rather than representing real changes. Mobile phone use by all drivers was variable throughout the day with higher levels in the first Seat belt and mobile phone use surveys: England and Scotland, Page 11
12 morning session and evening (16:30 onwards). The highest level of mobile phone use by all drivers in England and Scotland was 2.4 per cent in the 17:30 18:00 session. The rate for car drivers followed a similar trend over the day to all drivers with a 2.1 per cent peak at 17:30. Chart 7: Proportion of all drivers using hand-held mobile phones by time of day in England and Scotland (weekdays and moving sites) All drivers Car drivers 2.5% 2.0% 1.5% 1.0% 0.5% 0.0% 07:30-08:00 08:30-09:00 09:30-10:00 10:30-11:00 11:30-12:00 13:30-14:00 14:30-15:00 15:30-16:00 16:30-17:00 17:30-18:00 1. The data underlying this chart, including separate figures for England and Scotland can be found in table A.7 of appendix A. Road type A similar proportion of drivers in England and Scotland were observed using a hand-held mobile phone on major roads (1.7 per cent) and minor roads (1.5 per cent). 1.7 per cent of drivers in England and Scotland were observed using a hand-held mobile phone on urban roads compared with 1.4 per cent on rural roads. The proportion of car drivers in England and Scotland observed using a hand-held mobile phones was lower than the proportion of van drivers using a phone across all road types. Seat belt and mobile phone use surveys: England and Scotland, Page 12
13 For both car and van drivers in England and Scotland, the proportion of drivers observed using a hand-held mobile phone was relatively similar on major and minor roads, but higher on urban roads compared to rural roads. Chart 8: Proportion of drivers using a hand-held mobile phone by road type, England and Scotland (weekdays and moving sites) 2.0% 1.8% All drivers Definitions 1.6% 1.4% 1.2% 1.7% 1.5% 1.4% 1.7% Major roads are classified as A roads; Minor roads are defined as B, C and unclassified 1.0% roads. 0.8% 0.6% Rural road is defined as major roads and minor roads outside urban 0.4% areas and having a population of less than 0.2% 10 thousand 0.0% Major Minor Rural Urban 1.8% Car drivers 1.6% 1.4% 1.5% 1.6% 1.2% 1.0% 1.3% 1.3% 0.8% 0.6% 0.4% 0.2% 0.0% Major Minor Rural Urban 1. Figures for car drivers include taxi drivers. Seat belt and mobile phone use surveys: England and Scotland, Page 13
14 3.5% Van drivers 3.0% 2.5% 2.6% 2.8% 2.5% 2.9% 2.0% 1.5% 1.0% 0.5% 0.0% Major Minor Rural Urban 2. The data underlying these charts, including separate figures for England and Scotland can be found in table A.8 of appendix A. Comparison of results from the moving and stationary sites The data collected on mobile phone use at moving sites is not directly comparable with the data collected at stationary sites. This is because drivers phone use whilst stationary at a junction may not be representative of their general use whilst driving. Comparing the results at the moving and stationary sites shows that a higher proportion of drivers in England and Scotland were observed using a hand-held mobile phone at stationary sites than at moving sites. At stationary sites, 2.3 per cent of drivers in England and Scotland were observed using a hand-held mobile phone whilst driving compared to 1.6 per cent at moving sites. The higher rate at stationary sites may be due to drivers believing it is safer to use a hand-held mobile phone in stationary traffic or wrongly thinking it is legal to use a hand-held mobile phone whilst in stationary traffic. This hypothesis is reinforced by the 2014 RAC report on motoring which found that only 39% of motorists believe texting while their car is stationary with the engine running is illegal. There are some differences when looking at England and Scotland separately. The difference between the proportion of drivers using hand-held mobile phones at stationary and moving sites was greater in England than in Scotland; 2.5 per cent of drivers in England were observed using a hand-held mobile phone at stationary sites compared to 1.6 per cent at moving sites. 1.7 per cent of drivers in Scotland were observed using a hand-held mobile phone at stationary Seat belt and mobile phone use surveys: England and Scotland, Page 14
15 sites compared to 1.6 per cent at moving sites. Chart 9: Use of hand-held mobile phones by drivers at moving and stationary sites (weekdays) 3.0% Moving Stationary 2.5% 2.0% 2.3% 2.5% 1.5% 1.6% 1.6% 1.6% 1.7% 1.0% 0.5% 0.0% Eng and Sco Eng Sco 1. The data underlying this chart can be found in table A.9 of appendix A. Age Detailed observations of age were not possible at the moving sites due to the speed of the passing vehicles. However, observations of the age of the driver were made at the stationary traffic sites. The results on age should be interpreted with caution, as observers would have found it difficult to determine the age of certain individuals. A higher proportion of 17 to 29 year old drivers in England and Scotland were observed using hand-held mobile phones (5.2 per cent) than both 30 to 59 year old drivers (2.4 per cent) and drivers aged 60 and over (0.7 per cent). At stationary sites, a higher proportion of female drivers in England and Scotland were observed using hand-held mobile phones than male drivers. Overall, 2.7 per cent of female drivers in England and Scotland were observed using a hand-held mobile phone compared Seat belt and mobile phone use surveys: England and Scotland, Page 15
16 to 2.1 per cent of male drivers. This contradicts the findings at the moving sites (see page 6 above). Chart 10: Use of hand-held mobile phones by age of driver, England and Scotland (weekdays and stationary sites) Phone to ear Phone to hand Overall usage: 2014 Aged % 4.7% 5.2% Aged % 2.0% 2.4% Aged 60 & over 0.7% 0.7% 0.1% 0.0% 0.5% 1.0% 1.5% 2.0% 2.5% 3.0% 3.5% 4.0% 4.5% 5.0% 5.5% 1. The figures in this chart are not directly comparable to the figures at the moving traffic sites. 2. The data underlying this chart, including separate figures for England and Scotland can be found in table A.10 of appendix A. Passengers in vehicles At stationary sites, observers recorded whether or not passengers were present in the vehicle. This enabled a comparison of mobile phone use between drivers with passengers present and passengers not present to be made. Drivers were less likely to use a hand-held mobile phone if they had passengers present in their vehicle; 2.7 per cent of drivers in England and Scotland without passengers present in their vehicle were observed using a hand-held mobile phone compared to 1.2 per cent of drivers with passengers present in their vehicle. Seat belt and mobile phone use surveys: England and Scotland, Page 16
17 Chart 11: Use of hand-held mobile phones in vehicles with passengers present or not, England and Scotland (weekdays and stationary sites) Phone to ear Phone to hand Overall usage: 2014 Passengers not present 0.3% 2.4% 2.7% Passengers present 0.3% 0.9% 1.2% 0.0% 0.5% 1.0% 1.5% 2.0% 2.5% 3.0% 1. The figures in this chart are not directly comparable to the figures at the moving traffic sites. 2. The data underlying this chart, including separate figures for England and Scotland can be found in table A.11 of appendix A. Comparison with Northern Ireland As mentioned above, a similar survey of seat belt wearing and mobile phone use in 2014 was commissioned by the Northern Ireland Department of the Environment. The fieldwork for the Northern Ireland survey was conducted at a different time to the England and Scotland surveys (April and May 2014) at sites with stationary traffic only. Therefore, the comparisons made below should be interpreted with caution. According to the report, 0.8 per cent of car drivers were observed using a hand-held mobile phone in Northern Ireland. This is lower than the 2.7 per cent of car drivers observed using a hand-held mobile Further information Results from the 2014 survey of Seat belt wearing in Northern Ireland can be found here. Seat belt and mobile phone use surveys: England and Scotland, Page 17
18 phone in England and the 1.6 per cent observed using a hand-held mobile phone in Scotland. It is not possible to compare the proportion of car drivers in England and Scotland observed holding the hand-held mobile phone to their ear and in their hand to Northern Ireland as this data was not collected. Chart 12: Use of hand-held mobile phones by car drivers in England, Scotland and Northern Ireland 3.0% 2.5% 2.7% 2.0% 1.5% 1.6% 1.0% 0.5% 0.8% 0.0% England Scotland Northern Ireland 1. Figures for England and Scotland relate to observations on weekdays and at stationary sites. 2. Figures for Northern Ireland are sourced from the NI survey of seat belt wearing 2014: survey_report_2014.pdf. Seat belt and mobile phone use surveys: England and Scotland, Page 18
19 Seat belt survey - introduction In Great Britain, the law states that, whilst travelling in cars, vans and other goods vehicles a seat belt must be worn if one is fitted. However, there are exceptions where a seat belt does not need to be worn. The results of the seat belt survey can be used to assess compliance with this legislation in England and Scotland. Legislation Further information on the law on wearing a seat belt whilst travelling in a vehicle can be found at: As mentioned previously, surveys of the seat belt use of vehicle occupants were carried out at the stationary sites of the mobile phone survey. In total, 40 sites in England and 20 sites in Scotland were surveyed. Observers recorded the restraint being used by each vehicle occupant as: seat belt, rear facing baby seat, child seat, booster seat, booster cushion or unrestrained. Restraints that were being used incorrectly were also recorded, and these were classified as unrestrained. An incorrectly used restraint is one that is not fastened correctly. This includes a seat belt wrapped around the waist and fastened, seat belt worn but not fastened, child car seats incorrectly fitted or integral harnesses not fastened correctly. A correctly used harness Further information on cases where a seat belt does not need to be worn can be found at: includes children who are using a restraint correctly but the restraint is clearly incorrect for their age. Except where otherwise stated, results relate to weekdays only. Overall results In 2014, 95.3 per cent of all drivers were observed using seat belts in England and Scotland per cent of all front seat passengers were observed using seat belts or child restraints in England and Scotland per cent of all rear seat passengers were observed using seat belts or child restraints in England and Scotland. The proportion of car drivers in England and Scotland observed using seat belts was 98.2 per cent. The proportion of car front seat passengers observed using seat belts or child restraints was 96.7 per cent. The proportion of car rear seat passengers observed using seat belts or child restraints was 90.6 per cent. The proportion of both taxi and private hire vehicle drivers observed using seat belts was Seat belt and mobile phone use surveys: England and Scotland, Page 19
20 lower than for car drivers. 79 per cent of both taxi and private hire vehicle drivers were observed using seat belts in England and Scotland. This is to be expected given that drivers of licensed taxis in England and Scotland are exempt from wearing a seat belt whilst seeking hire, or answering a call for hire, or carrying a passenger for hire. Drivers of private hire taxi vehicles are also exempt from wearing a seat belt when the vehicle is being used to carry a passenger for hire. Interestingly, a higher proportion of taxi and private hire taxi vehicle drivers were observed wearing a seat belt when carrying passengers than when not. Legislation Further information on the exemptions from wearing a seat belt for taxi and private hire taxi vehicle drivers can be found at: uksi/1993/176/regulation/6/ made Looking at England and Scotland separately, the restraint wearing rate for car drivers was similar in both England and Scotland. However, the proportion of car front seat passengers observed wearing a seat belt or child restraint was higher in Scotland (98.3 per cent) than in England (96.1 per cent). In addition, the restraint wearing rate for car rear seat passengers in Scotland (99.1 per cent) was higher than in England (87.7 per cent). Chart 1: All vehicle occupant and car occupant seat belt use in England and Scotland (weekdays) 100% Driver Front seat passenger Rear seat passenger 98.2% 95% 95.3% 94.6% 96.7% 90% 90.3% 90.6% 85% 80% All vehicles Car 1. The data underlying this chart, including further breakdowns by vehicle type and separate figures for England and Scotland can be found in table B.1 of appendix B. Seat belt and mobile phone use surveys: England and Scotland, Page 20
21 Seat belt and restraint use by car occupants over time The results of this survey are not directly comparable to the results from the previous seat belt surveys due to changes in the geographical coverage of the survey sites in However, this section compares the results to previous seat belt surveys to give an indication of the long term trend in seat belt and restraint wearing rates for car occupants. In this section the 2014 figures for car occupants include observations for both taxi and private hire vehicle occupants to be consistent with previous surveys. Since 1999, the wearing rate for car drivers and front seat passengers has risen slowly from a relatively high rate. In 2014, 98 per cent of car drivers and 96 per cent of car front seat passengers were observed wearing restraints in England. The wearing rate for child car rear seat passengers increased slowly between 1999 and However, the 2014 wearing rate for child rear seat passengers in England was 91 per cent which was lower than the 96 per cent observed in Since 1999, the proportion of adult car rear seat passengers wearing a seat belt has increased steadily from 54% in 1999 to 81% in Further information Results from the 2009 seat belt surveys in England and Scotland can be found here. Legislation Use of a restraint by drivers and front seat passengers in cars was made compulsory in January Rear seat belt use was made compulsory for cars with belts fitted for children in 1989 and adults in Chart 2: Overall seat belt and restraint wearing rates for car occupants in England, (weekdays) 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Seat belt and mobile phone use surveys: England and Scotland, Page % seatbelt: % driver 96% front seat passenger 91% child rear seat passenger 81% adult rear seat passenger
22 1. Car results include taxi and private hire vehicle occupants and relate only to England observations. 2. child means a person under the age of 14 years. 3. adult means a person aged 14 years or over. 4. The data underlying this chart can be found in table B.2 of appendix B. Comparisons to the 2009 England and Scotland seat belt surveys Compared with the previous seat belt surveys conducted in 2009, wearing rates in England increased in 2014 compared to 2009 for all car occupants except rear seat passengers where the wearing rate decreased from 89 per cent in 2009 to 87.1 per cent in However, this decrease was not statistically significant. Wearing rates for all car occupants in Scotland increased compared to 2009 with all changes found to be statistically significant. The most notable increase was for rear seat passengers (88 per cent in 2009 compared with 99 per cent in 2014). Chart 3: Car occupant seat belt use, 2009 and 2014 (weekdays) England 100% 95% 90% 97.9% 95% 95% 96.0% 89% Further information Results from the 2009 seat belt surveys in England and Scotland can be found here. 85% 80% 100% % Driver Front seat passenger Rear seat passenger Combined figures for England and Scotland are not available for 2009 so comparisons have been made separately for each country. Scotland 95% 90% 95% 97.8% 98.0% 97% 99.0% 1. Car results include taxi and private hire vehicle occupants. 2. The data underlying this chart can be found in table B.3 of appendix B. 88% 85% 80% Driver Front seat passenger Rear seat passenger Seat belt and mobile phone use surveys: England and Scotland, Page 22
23 Road type A higher proportion of car drivers were observed using seat belts on major roads in England and Scotland (98.5 per cent) than on minor roads (97.9 per cent). A higher proportion of car drivers were observed using seat belts on rural roads in England and Scotland (98.4 per cent) than on urban roads (98 per cent). Chart 4: Car driver seat belt use by road type, England and Scotland (weekdays) 100.0% 98.5% 98.4% 97.9% 98.0% 95.0% 90.0% 85.0% 80.0% Major Minor Rural Urban 1. Car results exclude taxi and private hire vehicle occupants. 2. The data underlying this chart, including separate figures for England and Scotland can be found in table B.4 of appendix B. Seat belt use by drivers by time of week Fifteen sites in England and Scotland were revisited at the weekend during the seat belt surveys. This was to understand the difference between wearing rates during the week and at weekends. For all drivers in England and Scotland, a higher proportion were observed wearing seat belts Seat belt and mobile phone use surveys: England and Scotland, Page 23
24 on weekends (97.4 per cent) than on weekdays (95.6 per cent). However, seat belt wearing rates for car drivers in England and Scotland were similar on both weekdays and weekends (98.8 per cent). Chart 5: Car and all driver wearing rates, weekdays and weekends: England and Scotland 100% Weekday Weekend 98.8% 98.8% 97.4% 95% 95.6% 90% 85% 80% All drivers Car drivers 1. Figures in this chart are based on sites where a weekend survey took place, so are not directly comparable with other tables. 2. The data underlying this chart, including separate figures for England and Scotland can be found in table B.5 of appendix B. Seat belt use by car drivers by time of day The lower number of vehicle observations in each survey session mean that results by time of day should be treated with caution as differences may be due to random variation rather than representing real changes. Wearing rates for car drivers in England and Scotland varied slightly throughout the day with a peak of 98.7 per cent between 08:30 and 09:00. Wearing rates for car front seat passengers were more variable with an apparent downward Seat belt and mobile phone use surveys: England and Scotland, Page 24
25 trend throughout the day. Car front seat passenger wearing rates were at their highest between 07:30 and 08:00 (98.4 per cent) and at their lowest between 17:30 and 18:00 (94.9 per cent). Chart 6: Car occupant wearing rates by time of day, England and Scotland (weekdays) 100% front seat passengers drivers 98% 96% 94% 92% 90% 07:30-08:00 08:30-09:00 09:30-10:00 10:30-11:00 11:30-12:00 13:30-14:00 14:30-15:00 15:30-16:00 16:30-17:00 17:30-18:00 1. Car results exclude taxi and private hire vehicle occupants. 2. The data underlying this chart, including separate figures for England and Scotland can be found in table B.6 of appendix B. Seat belt use by age and gender of the vehicle occupant Male drivers in England and Scotland had a lower seat belt wearing rate (93.7 per cent) than female drivers (98.2 per cent). Seat belt wearing rates were higher for drivers aged and aged 60 and over (96.1 and 96.5 per cent) with seat belt wearing rates for drivers aged lower at 94.7 per cent. The difference between male and females was lower for car drivers with 98 per cent of male car drivers and 98.5 per cent of female car drivers observed wearing a seat belt in England and Scotland. For car drivers, seat belt use increased with age with a higher proportion of car drivers aged 60 and over observed wearing a seat belt (98.8 per cent) than those aged (97.4 per Seat belt and mobile phone use surveys: England and Scotland, Page 25
26 cent) and (98.2 per cent). Chart 7: All driver and car driver seat belt use by gender, England and Scotland (weekdays) 100% Male Female 98.2% 98.5% 98.0% 95% 93.7% 90% 85% 80% All drivers Car drivers Chart 8: All driver and car driver seat belt use by age, England and Scotland (weekdays) 100% Aged Aged Aged 60 & over 95% 96.1% 94.7% 96.5% 97.4% 98.2% 98.8% 90% 85% 80% All drivers Car drivers 1. Car results exclude taxi and private hire vehicle occupants. 2. The data underlying these two charts, including separate figures for England and Scotland can be found in table B.7 of appendix B. Seat belt and mobile phone use surveys: England and Scotland, Page 26
27 Overall restraint wearing rates for male and female front seat passengers in England and Scotland were lower than for male and female drivers. Male front seat passengers in England and Scotland had a lower restraint wearing rate (90.9 per cent) than female front seat passengers (97.3 per cent). Male front seat car passengers in England and Scotland had a lower restraint wearing rate (95.7 per cent) than female front seat car passengers (97.5 per cent). For all front seat passengers in England and Scotland, the age group with the lowest restraint wearing rate was aged (92.8 per cent). Front seat passengers aged 0-13 (93.2 per cent), (94 per cent) and 60 & over (97.3 per cent) had higher rates. For car front seat passengers in England and Scotland, the age group with the lowest restraint wearing rates were aged 0-13 (93.3 per cent). Car front seat passengers aged (94.4 per cent), (97.6 per cent) and 60 & over (98.3 per cent) had higher rates. Chart 9: All front seat passenger and car front seat passenger seat belt use by gender, England and Scotland (weekdays) 100% Male Female 97.3% 97.5% 95% 95.7% 90% 90.9% 85% 80% All vehicles Car Seat belt and mobile phone use surveys: England and Scotland, Page 27
28 Chart 10: All front seat passenger and car front seat passenger seat belt use by age, England and Scotland (weekdays) 100% Aged 0-13 Aged Aged Aged 60 & over 97.3% 97.6% 98.3% 95% 90% 94.0% 93.2% 93.3% 92.8% 94.4% 85% 80% All vehicles Car 1. Car results exclude taxi and private hire vehicle occupants. 2. The data underlying these two charts, including separate figures for England and Scotland can be found in table B.8 of appendix B. Overall restraint wearing rates for male and female rear seat passengers in England and Scotland were lower than for male and female front seat passengers and drivers. Male rear seat passengers in England and Scotland had a lower restraint wearing rate (88.4 per cent) than female rear seat passengers (90.4 per cent). Male rear seat car passengers in England and Scotland had a lower restraint wearing rate (88.3 per cent) than female rear seat car passengers (91.3 per cent). For all rear seat passengers in England and Scotland, the age group with the lowest restraint wearing rate was aged (83.7 per cent). Rear seat passengers aged 0-4 (94.4 per cent), 5-9 (92.3 per cent), (88 per cent), (87.8 per cent) and 60 & over (91.6 per cent) had higher rates. For car rear seat passengers in England and Scotland, the age group with the lowest restraint wearing rate was aged (82.7 per cent). Rear seat car passengers aged 0-4 (94.6 per cent), 5-9 (92.1 per cent), (87.8 per cent), (89.1 per cent) and 60 & over (92 per cent) had higher rates. Seat belt and mobile phone use surveys: England and Scotland, Page 28
29 Chart 11: All rear seat passenger and car rear seat passenger seat belt use by gender, England and Scotland (weekdays) 95% Male Female 90% 90.4% 91.3% 88.4% 88.3% 85% 80% All vehicles Car Chart 12: All rear seat passenger and car rear seat passenger seat belt use by age, England and Scotland (weekdays) 100% Aged 0-4 Aged 5-9 Aged Aged Aged Aged 60 & over 95% 94.4% 94.6% 90% 92.3% 92.1% 91.6% 88.0% 87.8% 87.8% 89.1% 92.0% 85% 83.7% 82.7% 80% All vehicles Car 1. Car results exclude taxi and private hire vehicle occupants. 2. The data underlying these two charts, including separate figures for England and Scotland can be found in table B.9 of appendix B. Seat belt and mobile phone use surveys: England and Scotland, Page 29
30 Child restraint wearing rates in cars As the number of children observed is small, these results should be interpreted with caution. Differences may be due to random variation rather than representing real changes. It would have been difficult for the observers to determine the age of young children accurately, which may have meant that some children s ages were misclassified. Overall, 93.3 per cent of children (aged 0-13) were observed wearing a seat belt or child restraint in the front seat of a car in England and Scotland. Therefore, in per cent of children aged 1-4, 6.8 per cent of children aged 5-9 and 5.4 per cent of children aged were unrestrained when travelling in the front of a car. Chart 13: Child front seat car passenger seat belt and restraint use by age, England and Scotland (weekdays) 95% Aged 1-4 Aged 5-9 Aged % 94% 93% 93.2% 92% 91.6% 91% 90% Aged 1-4 Aged 5-9 Aged The sample size for car front seat passengers aged 0-1 was too small to give reliable results. 2. Car results exclude taxi and private hire vehicle occupants. 3. The data underlying this chart, including separate figures for England and Scotland can be found in table B.10 of appendix B. Seat belt and mobile phone use surveys: England and Scotland, Page 30
31 Overall, 92.6 per cent of children (aged 0-13) were observed wearing a seat belt or child restraint in the rear seat of a car in England and Scotland. Therefore, in per cent of children aged under one years, 7.2 per cent of children aged 1-4, 7.9 per cent of children aged 5-9 and 12.2 per cent of children aged were unrestrained when travelling in the back of a car. Chart 14: Child rear seat car passenger seat belt and restraint use by age, England and Scotland (weekdays) 100% Aged 0-1 Aged 1-4 Aged 5-9 Aged % 95% 90% 92.8% 92.1% 87.8% 85% 80% Aged 0-1 Aged 1-4 Aged 5-9 Aged Car results exclude taxi and private hire vehicle occupants. 2. The data underlying this chart, including separate figures for England and Scotland can be found in table B.11 of appendix B. The current legislation requires children up to 135cm in height to use the correct child restraint for their weight in the front or rear seats of cars, vans and goods vehicles with very few exceptions. Children are defined as those under 12 years of age. Given that observers could not easily judge the weight of children in vehicles, children were categorised by their apparent age approximations. Those using rear facing baby seats, designed for children up to 13 kg, were considered to be in the range 0 to 9/12 months. Child seats for those 9kg to 18kg are considered to be in the range 9 Legislation More information on the law on child car seats can be found at: months to 4 years and booster seats or cushions for those 15kg to 36kg are considered to be Seat belt and mobile phone use surveys: England and Scotland, Page 31
32 in the range 4 years up to 12 years or 135cm in height. The below table shows the proportion of children between 1 and 9 years old using different child car seats. As the sample sizes for children are small, these results should be interpreted with caution. There are likely to have been cases where a child was wearing a booster seat or cushion, but the observer was unable to see it. There may also be individuals in the 5-9 age range which are over 135 cm tall so do not need to use a child or booster seat. The majority of 5-9 year old front seat passengers in England and Scotland were observed wearing seat belts (72.7 per cent) with 13.4 per cent observed using a booster seat or cushion correctly. The majority of 1-4 year old rear seat passengers in England and Scotland were observed in child seats (61.2 per cent) with 18.6 per cent observed using a booster seat or cushion correctly. The majority of 5-9 year old rear seat passengers in England and Scotland were observed wearing seat belts (48.2 per cent) with 22.3 per cent observed using a booster seat or cushion correctly and 21.5 per cent in a child seat. Detailed restraint wearing rates for children aged 1-9 in cars, by position (weekdays) Eng and Sco Position Front seat passengers Rear seat passengers Child restraint 1-4 years old (%) u 5-9 years old(%) 1-4 years old (%) 5-9 years old(%) Seatbelt : 72.7% 12.3% 48.2% Child seat : 6.6% 61.2% 21.5% Rear facing baby seat : 0.5% 0.6% 0.2% Booster seats and cushions: used properly : 13.4% 18.6% 22.3% Booster seats and cushions: used incorrectly : 0.0% 0.4% 0.2% Unrestrained on seats : 6.8% 6.7% 7.4% Unrestrained on laps : 0.0% 0.0% 0.2% Sample size : Eng Position Front seat passengers Rear seat passengers Child restraint 1-4 years old (%) u 5-9 years old(%) 1-4 years old (%) Seatbelt : 84.1% 13.2% 59.8% Child seat : 7.3% 64.1% 19.7% Rear facing baby seat : 0.6% 0.8% 0.3% Booster seats and cushions: used properly : 1.6% 13.2% 9.4% Booster seats and cushions: used incorrectly : 0.0% 0.5% 0.3% Unrestrained on seats : 6.4% 8.2% 10.3% Unrestrained on laps : 0.0% 0.0% 0.3% 5-9 years old(%) Sample size : Seat belt and mobile phone use surveys: England and Scotland, Page 32
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