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⭐UK Standard Industrial Classification of Economic Activities 2007 (SIC 2007) Structure and explanatory notes
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1 UK Standard Industrial Classification of Economic Activities 2007 (SIC 2007) Structure and explanatory notes Editor: Lindsay Prosser Office for National Statistics2 ISBN A National Statistics publication National Statistics are produced to high professional standards as set out in the Code of Practice for Official Statistics. They are produced free from political influence. About us The Office for National Statistics The Office for National Statistics (ONS) is the executive office of the UK Statistics Authority, a non-ministerial department which reports directly to Parliament. ONS is the UK government s single largest statistical producer. It compiles information about the UK s society and economy, and provides the evidence-base for policy and decision-making, the allocation of resources, and public accountability. The Director-General of ONS reports directly to the National Statistician who is the Authority s Chief Executive and the Head of the Government Statistical Service. 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Printed and bound in Great Britain by Hobbs the Printer Ltd, Totton, Southampton Typeset by Academic + Technical Typesetting, Bristol3 Contents Page Preface iv Introduction Classification changes 1 International classifications 1 EC regulation 1 UK SIC structure 1 Links to international classifications 2 Changes from SIC (2003) to SIC (2007) 2 Changes in the structure 2 Correspondence tables: scope and use 4 Related classifications 4 Use of the UK SIC (2007) 5 UK SIC (2007) Indexes 5 References 5 Rules for classifying statistical units 7 Summary of structure 27 Explanatory notes 55 iii4 Preface This publication represents a major revision of the UK Standard Industrial Classification of Economic Activities (SIC), commenced in 2002 and completed in It is effective from 1 January 2008 and is the outcome of a series of consultations carried out in conjunction with a major revision of the European Union s industrial classification system, NACE (NACE Rev. 2). The consultations involved many stakeholders: the national statistical institutes of all EU member states the European Commission In the UK, a range of government departments, the Bank of England, the devolved administrations, business and trade associations and other interested bodies European business and trade associations The UK is required by European legislation to revise the SIC in parallel with NACE so that both systems remain identical down to and including the four digit class level. A further breakdown is provided for certain classes by the addition of a five digit subclass level. Both the UK SIC (2007) and NACE Rev. 2 are completely consistent with the fourth revision of the UN s International Standard Industrial Classification of all Economic Activities (ISIC Rev. 4). These revisions are motivated by the need to adapt the classifications to changes in the world economy. The revised classifications reflect the growing importance of service activities in the economy over the last 15 years, mainly due to the developments in information and communication technologies (ICT). The advance copy of the UK SIC (2007) structure and explanatory notes published on the website on 29 January 2007 has undergone minor revision and forms the main part of this publication. Contact Office for National Statistics Classifications and Harmonisation Unit Segensworth Road Titchfield Fareham Hampshire PO15 5RR Classifications Helpdesk Tel: December 20095 Introduction A Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) was first introduced into the UK in 1948 for use in classifying business establishments and other statistical units by the type of economic activity in which they are engaged. The classification provides a framework for the collection, tabulation, presentation and analysis of data, and its use promotes uniformity. In addition, it can be used for administrative purposes and by non-government bodies as a convenient way of classifying industrial activities into a common structure. Classification changes Since 1948 the classification has been revised in 1958, 1968, 1980, 1992, 1997, and Revision is necessary because, over a period of time, new products and new industries to produce them emerge, and shifts of emphasis occur in existing industries. It is not always possible for the system to accommodate such developments and, after a period of time, updating the classification is the most sensible action. The 1997 and 2003 changes were not full-scale revisions but responses to user demand for additional detail at the subclass level together with some minor renumbering and revisions. This latest publication is a major revision reflecting contemporaneous changes in NACE (see next paragraph). The need for change equally effects all international classifications and they are revised from time to time to bring them up to date. On 9 October 1990 the European Council of Ministers passed a regulation to introduce a new statistical classification of economic activities in the European Communities (NACE Rev. 1). In January 2003, a minor revision of NACE Rev. 1, NACE Rev. 1.1, was published 1 followed by a major revision, NACE Rev. 2, effective from 1 January International classifications From the outset, the UK SIC followed the same broad principles as the relevant international systems. UK statisticians played an important part in the formulation of the first ISIC (International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities), issued by the United Nations in 1948 and revised in 1958, 1968, 1989, 2003 and now in Nevertheless, there were differences in detail between the two as ISIC reflected the structure of economic activity in the world as a whole rather than that in one particular country. In 1980, one of the principal objectives of the revision of the SIC was to examine and eliminate differences from the activity classification issued by the Statistical Office of the European Communities (Eurostat) and entitled Nomenclature générale des activités économiques dans les Communautés européennes, usually abbreviated to NACE. This 1970 NACE could be rearranged to agree with ISIC at aggregated levels but departed from it in the details. The 1980 revision of the SIC applied NACE as closely as was practicable to the structure of British industry. In 1990, however, the first revision of NACE was made by EC regulation and this presented a different set of circumstances. EC regulation A European Community regulation is directly applicable in all member states. It does not have to be confirmed by national parliaments in order to have binding effect. The NACE regulation, therefore, made it obligatory on the UK to introduce a new Standard Industrial Classification, SIC (92), based on NACE Rev. 1, and to use it where the UK is required to transmit to the European Commission statistics on economic activity. The NACE regulation gives effect to the wish of Eurostat to establish a common statistical classification of economic activities in order to promote comparability between national and Community classifications and, therefore, between national and Community statistics. The regulation applies to the use of NACE for statistical purposes only, although a country can also use NACE for administrative purposes. The regulation does not oblige member states to collect, publish or supply data. NACE is only a language and all requests for data collection, transmission and publication must be specified elsewhere. As noted already, there is now a new version of NACE, NACE Rev. 2, effective from 1 January As already indicated, NACE was originally an acronym but now all countries use NACE to describe the European Community classification of Economic Activities. UK SIC structure The UK SIC is based exactly on NACE but, where it was thought necessary or helpful, a fifth digit has been added to form subclasses of the NACE four digit classes. Thus, the UK SIC is a hierarchical five digit system. UK SIC (2007) is divided into 21 sections, each denoted by a single letter from A to U. The letters of the sections can be uniquely defined by the next breakdown, the divisions (denoted by two digits). The divisions are then broken down into groups (three digits), then into classes (four digits) and, in several cases, again into subclasses (five digits). So for example we have: 16 Introduction UK Standard Industrial Classification of Economic Activities 2007 SIC(2007) section C Manufacturing (comprising divisions 10 to 33) division 13 Manufacture of textiles group 13.9 Manufacture of other textiles class Manufacture of carpets and rugs subclass 13.93/1 Manufacture of woven or tufted carpets and rugs There are 21 sections, 88 divisions, 272 groups, 615 classes and 191 subclasses. The full structure of UK SIC (2007) is shown on pages 27 to 53. As with SIC (2003), the full number of arithmetically possible subdivisions at each level is not necessarily created, varying according to the diversity of activities. For example, section A (Agriculture, forestry and fishing), has only three divisions, 01, 02 and 03 whereas section C (Manufacturing) is divided into 24 divisions. The use of 0 as the final digit for a group or class indicates that it is the only subdivision at that level. Thus division 36 (Water collection, treatment and supply) has only one group, 36.0 and only one class, On the other hand, division 49 (Land transport and transport via pipelines) has five groups and so is numbered 49.1 through to Links to international classifications To the four digit level, UK SIC (2007) follows NACE Rev. 2 exactly. The difference is in the UK SIC (2007) subclasses. For example, in both NACE Rev. 2 and UK SIC (2007), class represents Restaurants and mobile food service activities. In UK SIC (2007), however, three subclasses are added so that 56.10/1 is Licensed restaurants, 56.10/2 is Unlicensed restaurants and cafes and 56.10/3 is Take away food shops and mobile food stands. The first two levels (sections and divisions) of UK SIC (2007) and NACE Rev. 2 are exactly the same as in ISIC Rev..4 in content and in coding. Beyond this, and shown after a decimal point in the SIC and NACE codes, the three digit groups and the four digit classes can be directly converted to the ISIC headings or can be combined to reach the ISIC heading but may have different code numbers. For example, ISIC class 8521 = SIC/NACE class whilst ISIC class 5813 = SIC/NACE classes ). The aim of the further breakdowns in NACE Rev. 2 and UK SIC (2007) is to obtain classifications more suited to the European and UK economies. Changes from SIC (2003) to SIC (2007) While some of the rules for application of the SIC have been changed, and criteria for construction of the classification, as well as the formulation of explanatory notes, have been reviewed, the overall characteristics of the SIC remain unchanged. New concepts at the highest level of the classification have been introduced, and new detail has been created to reflect different forms of production and emerging new industries. At the same time, efforts have been made to maintain the structure of the classification in all areas that do not explicitly require change based on new concepts. The detail of the classification has substantially increased (from 514 to 615 classes). For service-producing activities, this increase is visible at all levels, including the highest one, while for other activities, such as agriculture, the increase in detail affected mostly the lower level of the classification. One effect of the increase in detail at class level has been a reduced need for detail at the subclass level. The total number of subclasses has decreased from 285 to 191. Changes in the structure SIC (2003) had 17 sections and 62 divisions; SIC (2007) has 21 sections and 88 divisions. At the highest level of SIC some sections can be easily compared with the previous version of the classification. However, the introduction of some new concepts at the section level, for example, the Information section or the grouping of activities linked to environment, makes easy overall comparison between SIC (2007) and its previous version impossible. The table set out below presents the broad correspondence between the sections of SIC (2003) and SIC (2007). Please note that this table presents only the rough one-to-one correspondence between the sections: further additional details are necessary to establish the complete correspondence. A B SIC (2003) SIC (2007) Agriculture, hunting and A Agriculture, forestry and forestry fishing Fishing C Mining and quarrying B Mining and quarrying D Manufacturing C Manufacturing E Electricity, gas and water supply D E Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities F Construction F Construction G Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles, motorcycles and personal and household goods G Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motor cycles H Hotels and restaurants I Accommodation and food service activities I Transport, storage and communications H J Transport and storage Information and communication J Financial intermediation K Financial and insurance activities 27 UK Standard Industrial Classification of Economic Activities 2007 SIC(2007) Introduction K L Real estate, renting and business activities Public administration and defence; compulsory social security L M N O Real estate activities Professional, scientific and technical activities Administrative and support service activities Public administration and defence; compulsory social security M Education P Education N Health and social work Q Human health and social work activities O Other community, social and personal services activities R S Arts, entertainment and recreation Other service activities P Q Activities of private households as employers and undifferentiated production activities of private households Extraterritorial organisations and bodies T U Activities of households as employers; undifferentiated goodsand services-producing activities of households for own use Activities of extraterritorial organisations and bodies The following table represents the changes, in numerical terms, between SIC (2003) and SIC (2007): SIC (2003) SIC (2007) Difference Sections Subsections Divisions Groups Classes Subclasses Manufacturing section Sections Subsections Divisions Groups Classes Subclasses Other sections Sections Subsections Divisions Groups Classes Subclasses The substantial changes between SIC (2003) and SIC (2007) are too numerous to be listed here in their entirety. Nonetheless, the most prominent ones are listed below. The SIC (2003) sections for agriculture and fishing have been combined. However, the detail under this new section A (Agriculture, forestry and fishing) has been substantially increased. This is in response to continuing requests for more detail in ISIC, mostly due to the fact that agriculture is an important part of the economic structure in many developing countries. New divisions in manufacturing, representing important new industries or old industries that have increased their economic or social relevance, have been created, such as division 21 (Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparations) and division 26 (Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products). The scope of the latter differs from division 30 (Manufacture of office machinery and computers) in SIC (2003), making it a better tool for statistics on high-tech activities. Other new divisions, such as division 11 (Manufacture of beverages) and 31 (Manufacture of furniture) have resulted from splitting existing divisions and therefore raising their components from group level, as before, to division level. Most of the remaining divisions in section C (Manufacturing) are unchanged, except SIC (2003) divisions 22 (Publishing, printing and reproduction of recorded media) and 37 (Recycling), of which substantial portions have been moved to other sections (see below). Repair and installation of machinery and equipment, formerly classified under manufacturing of the corresponding type of equipment, is now identified separately in division 33 (Repair and installation of machinery and equipment). All specialised repair activities are now classifiable separately in SIC, although no high-level aggregate for Repair has been created. A new section E (Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities) has been created, which includes the sanitation activities in SIC (2003) division 90, water collection and distribution activities in SIC (2003) division 41, and materials recovery activities, which largely correspond to SIC (2003) division 37. This section now groups activities of common policy interest, but is also based on the actual organisation of these activities in a large number of countries. The detail on these activities has been substantially increased. The concept of specialised construction activities (also known as special trades) has been introduced in SIC (2007), replacing the division structure of the previous version, which was based largely on the stage of the construction process. Repair of household goods has been removed from section G (Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles) of SIC (2003) to section S (Other service activities) of SIC However, the exception for classifying trade and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles in division 45 of SIC (2007) (corresponding to division 50 in SIC (2003) ) has been retained for comparability and continuity reasons. A new section J (Information and communication) has been created, combining activities involving production and 38 Introduction UK Standard Industrial Classification of Economic Activities 2007 SIC(2007) distribution of information and cultural products, provision of the means to transmit or distribute these products, as well as data or communications, information technology activities and the processing of data and other information service activities. The main components of this section are publishing activities, including software publishing (division 58), motion picture and sound recording activities (division 59), radio and TV broadcasting and programming activities (division 60), telecommunications activities (division 61) and information technology activities (division 62) and other information service activities (division 63). These activities were included in SIC (2003) sections D (Manufacturing), I (Transport, storage and communications), K (Real estate, renting and business activities) and O (Other community, social and personal service activities), therefore having a strong impact on comparability with the previous SIC version. However, this new treatment of information and communication activities provides a more consistent approach than the previous version of SIC, based on the character of the activities carried out. In section K (Finance and insurance activities), two classes have been introduced that go beyond the traditional scope of SIC in covering economic production, namely class (Activities of holding companies) and (Trusts, funds and similar financial entities). The SIC (2003) section for Real estate, renting and business activities has been split into three sections in SIC (2007). Real estate is now represented as a stand-alone section (section L) due to its size and importance in the System of National Accounts. The remaining activities have been separated into section M (Professional, scientific and technical activities), covering activities that require a high degree of training and make specialised knowledge and skills available to users, and section N (Administrative and support service activities), covering activities that support general business operations and do not focus on the transfer of specialised knowledge. Computer and related activities (SIC (2003) division 72) are no longer part of this section. Computer repair activities have been grouped with repair of household goods in section S, while software publishing and IT activities have been grouped in the new section J. The scope of Education (section P) has been changed explicitly to include specialised sport, cultural and other educational services and also specialised support services. More detail has been added under section Q (Human health and social work activities), creating three divisions instead of one, as in the previous version of SIC. In addition, the focus has been narrowed and includes only human health activities, providing a better tool for measuring this important part of the economy. As a result, veterinary activities have been removed from this section and put in a division in section M (Professional, scientific and technical activities). Substantial components of SIC (2003) section O (Other community, social and personal service activities) have been moved to SIC (2007) sections E (Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities) and J (Information and communication), as described above. The remaining activities have been regrouped in two new sections for Arts, entertainment and recreation (section R) and Other service activities (section S). As a result, activities such as creative arts, library activities and gambling activities have been raised to the division level. Repair of computers and personal and household goods is now included in this new section S. Correspondence tables: scope and use Correspondence tables are important tools for comparing statistical data collected and presented using different classifications. They become necessary when the classification changes over time, or when different underlying frameworks do not allow classifications to be closely related. Correspondence tables between different versions of the same classification are used to describe the detailed changes that have taken place in the revision process. Since SIC is used for the collection and presentation of statistics in many areas, there has been a strong need for correspondence tables between the current SIC and its previous versions. Complete detailed correspondences between SIC (2007) and SIC (2003), and vice versa, are available in electronic form at: Related classifications There are other classifications, both national and international, which may be used in conjunction with the industrial classification. These include, for example, the classification of occupations, which relates to the jobs performed by individual workers rather than to the industry in which they work. The workers classified to a particular industry will fall into a number of different categories of an occupational classification and similarly the workers in some occupations may be found in many different industries. The UK uses the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) 3. A second classification is by sector. In the UK this is the Sector Classification for the National Accounts 4. The economy is split up into institutional sectors with each economic unit allocated to one of these sectors. The sectors are: General government, Financial corporations, Non-financial corporations (private and public), Non-profit institutions serving households and the Rest of the world sector. In principle, the classification 49 UK Standard Industrial Classification of Economic Activities 2007 SIC(2007) Introduction embraces all economic units engaging in transactions in goods and services and financial assets. Thus it includes persons and households and overseas concerns as well as corporations and public bodies. The industrial classification does not make a distinction based on institutional sector but rather brings together units engaged in similar activities, irrespective of ownership. However, the SIC code in conjunction with the legal status and UK/non-UK ownership status of a unit provides an approximation to the sector code. A third classification is that of products, often a listing of individual products or products grouped according to the industries in which they are principally produced. The number of entries depends on the level of detail required in terms of characteristics such as materials used, quality, size and shape. The amount of detail needed for statistical purposes is much less than would be required for, say, a manufacturer s catalogue. The classification can also be extended to cover not only the production of goods but also economic activities such as distribution, transport and services, although the number of different types of service will normally be much less than the number of different products of the production industries. Each product (good or service) is, in general, classified to only one industry: that in which it is mainly produced. In practice, many units produce not only the goods or services that are principal products of the industries to which the units are classified, but also products mainly produced in other industries. At the international level, the United Nations has the Central Product Classification (CPC) 5. The main aim of the CPC is to provide a general framework for international comparisons of product statistics. It applies to tradeable and non-tradeable goods and services. The UN documentation of the CPC provides direct links to the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (HS) and the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) described below. The European Community, however, preferred a product classification that was closer to the industrial activity classification and devised the Classification of Products by Activity (CPA) 6. The CPA 2008 relates directly to the classification structure in NACE Rev. 2, the first four digits are, with very few exceptions, the same, and has links to CPC via the fifth and sixth digit. The CPA, then, provides details of products by economic activity. The CPA is linked to the PRODCOM list, which extends the CPA code structure from six to eight digits. PRODCOM is the abbreviation for the EU system of production statistics for mining and manufacturing (that is, excluding services, other than industrial services ). The product classification (PRODCOM list), upon which production statistics are based, is drawn up each year by the PRODCOM committee. The headings of the PRODCOM list are derived from the Combined Nomenclature (CN), but their code is a further breakdown of the CPA code. PRODCOM headings are coded using an eight digit numerical code, the first six digits of which are identical to those of the CPA code. The PRODCOM list is therefore linked to, and consistent with, CPA. The link with CPA emphasises the link with NACE, enabling the enterprises producing the products to be identified, while the link with CN allows comparisons between production statistics and foreign trade statistics 7. In addition to the product lists associated with industrial activity classifications, there are also classifications recording imports and exports. The United Nations Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) and the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (HS) with which it is correlated have been widely adopted throughout the world as the basis for national classifications both for tariff and trade statistics purposes. The HS was devised by the World Customs Organisation to support international trade and to meet the requirements of customs authorities, statisticians, carriers and producers. The SITC is the most commonly published format for foreign trade statistics. The member states of the European Community used the more detailed Combined Nomenclature (CN) to collect trade data through their customs procedures. The CN was developed directly from the HS and was used for the collection of both intra-community and external trade statistics. Use of the UK SIC (2007) SIC classifications are determined according to the principal activity of a unit. Ideally, this is based on value added; in practice a proxy, such as turnover or employment, is frequently needed. Detailed guidance is set out in the section, Rules for Classifying Statistical Units. UK SIC (2007) Indexes As with previous versions of the SIC, there is a separate publication containing detailed lists of activities and, in some cases, the products of those activities, contained in UK SIC (2007) at: References 1. NACE Rev. 1 Regulation No 3037/1990 was published in the Official Journal of the European Communities L 293 Volume 33, 24 October 1990 (ISSN ). In January 2003, a minor revision, NACE Rev. 1.1, was published in the Official Journal of the European Communities L6/3 10 January NACE Rev. 2 Regulation (EC) No 1893/2006 was published in the Official Journal of the European Communities L 393 Volume 49, 30 December 2006 (ISSN ). 3. The current Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) was published in 2000 (Volume 1; ISBN ). 510 Introduction UK Standard Industrial Classification of Economic Activities 2007 SIC(2007) 4. The UK Sector Classification for the National Accounts is in Sector classifications Guide MA A revised version of the CPC (Central Product Classification), CPC ver.2, was adopted by the United Nations Statistical Commission in March The Classification of Products by Activity (CPA) Regulation (EEC) No 3696/93 was published in the Official Journal of the European Communities L342 Volume 36, 31 December A proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a new statistical classification of products by activity (CPA 2008) and repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No. 3696/93 was submitted to the Council of the European Parliament on 3 November The PRODCOM Regulation (EEC) No 3924/91 was published in the Official Journal of the European Communities L 374/1, 31 December11 Rules for classifying statistical units Contents Paragraphs Classification: definitions and rules General Principles used in constructing NACE and followed in SIC (2007) 1 9 Economic activity Principal, secondary and ancillary activities Kind of ownership Market and non-market Statistical units Classification rules for activities and units Activity specific rules Section specific rules and definitions Section A: Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 102 Section G: Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles Sections K: Financial and insurance activities, and M: Professional, Scientific and technical activities Section O: Public administration and defence; compulsory social security 115 Section T: Activities of households as employers; Undifferentiated goods- and services-producing activities of households for own use Glossary12 Rules for classifying statistical units UK Standard Industrial Classification of Economic Activities 2007 SIC(2007) Classification: definitions principals and rules General Principles used in constructing NACE and followed in SIC (2007) (Note: The UK SIC (2007) is based exactly on NACE Rev. 2 down to and including the four digit class level. Where it was thought necessary or helpful, a fifth digit has been added to the SIC to form subclasses of the NACE four digit classes. Throughout the following rules, therefore, all references to NACE categories should be taken to apply equally to the equivalent SIC categories and to the SIC five digit subclasses.) Criteria adopted developing NACE 1. The criteria used to define and delineate classification categories at any level depend on many factors, such as potential use of the classification and availability of data. These criteria are applied differently at different levels of the classification: the criteria for detailed levels of the aggregation consider similarities in the actual production process, while this is largely irrelevant at more aggregated levels of the classification. Criteria for classes 2. The criteria concerning the manner in which activities are combined in, and allocated among, production units are central in the definition of classes (most detailed categories) of NACE. They are intended to ensure that the classes of NACE will be relevant for the detailed industrial classification of units, and that the units falling into each class will be as similar, in respect of the activities in which they engage, as is feasible. 3. NACE Rev. 2, reflecting the fourth revision of ISIC, generally gives more importance to the production process in the definition of individual classes. This means that activities are grouped together when they share a common process in producing goods or services, using similar technologies. 4. In addition, the classes of NACE are defined so that the following two conditions are fulfilled whenever possible: a. The production of the category of goods and services that characterises a given class accounts for the bulk of the output of the units classified according to that class. b. The class contains the units that produce most of the category of goods and services that characterise it. 5. Another major consideration in defining classes in NACE is the relative importance of the activities to be included. In general, separate classes are provided for activities that are prevalent in most EU countries, or that are of particular importance in the world economy. To attain international comparability, certain classes have been introduced in the structures of ISIC and, therefore, included in NACE. Criteria for groups and divisions 6. Unlike for classes, the actual production process and technology used in production activities become less important as a criterion for grouping them at more aggregated levels. At the highest level (sections), the general characteristics of the goods and services produced, as well as the potential use of the statistics, for instance in the framework of SNA and ESA, becomes an important factor. 7. The main criteria applied in delineating groups and divisions of NACE concern the following characteristics of the activities of production units: the character of the goods and services produced the uses to which the goods and services are put, and the inputs, the process and the technology of production 813 UK Standard Industrial Classification of Economic Activities 2007 SIC(2007) Rules for classifying statistical units 8. In the case of the character of the goods and services produced, account is taken of the physical composition and stage of fabrication of the items and the needs served by them. Distinguishing categories of NACE in terms of the nature of goods and services produced provides the basis for grouping production units according to similarities in, and links between, the raw materials consumed and the sources of demand and markets for the items. 9. The weight assigned to the criteria described above varies from one category to another. In a number of instances (for example, food manufacturing, the textile, clothing and leather industries; machinery and equipment manufacturing; as well as the service industries) the three specific aspects are so closely related that the problem of assigning weights to the criteria does not arise. In the case of intermediate products, the physical compositions, as well as the stage of fabrication of the items, are often given the greatest weight. In the case of goods with complicated production processes, the end use, the technology and the organization of production of the items are frequently given priority over the physical composition of the goods. Economic activity 10. An economic activity takes place when resources such as capital goods, labour, manufacturing techniques or intermediary products are combined to produce specific goods or services. Thus, an economic activity is characterised by an input of resources, a production process and an output of products (goods or services). 11. An activity as defined here may consist of one simple process (for example, weaving), but may also cover a whole range of sub-processes, each mentioned in different categories of the classification (for example, the manufacturing of a car consists of specific activities such as casting, forging, welding, assembling, painting, etc.). If the production process is organised as an integrated series of elementary activities within the same statistical unit, the whole combination is regarded as one activity. 12. NACE does not per se provide categories for specific types of statistical units: units may perform several economic activities, and can be defined in different ways according to specific characteristics (related for example, to location, see the section on statistical units below). Principal, secondary and ancillary activities 13. A unit may perform one or more economic activities described in one or more categories of NACE. 14. The principal activity of a statistical unit is the activity which contributes most to the total value added of that unit. The principal activity is identified according to the top-down method (see paragraph 40) and does not necessarily account for 50 per cent or more of the unit s total value added. 15. A secondary activity is any other activity of the unit that outputs goods or services suitable for delivery to third parties. The value added of a secondary activity must be less than that of the principal activity. 16. A distinction should be made between principal and secondary activities, on the one hand, and ancillary activities, on the other. Principal and secondary activities are generally carried out with the support of a number of ancillary activities, such as accounting, transportation, storage, purchasing, sales promotion, repair and maintenance, etc. Thus, ancillary activities are those that exist solely to support the principal or secondary economic activities of a unit, by providing goods or services for the use of that unit only. 17. An activity is ancillary if it fulfils all of the following conditions: a. it serves only the unit or units referred to 914 Rules for classifying statistical units UK Standard Industrial Classification of Economic Activities 2007 SIC(2007) b. the inputs contribute to the costs of the unit c. the outputs (usually services, seldom goods) are not part of the unit s final product and do not generate gross fixed capital formation d. a comparable activity on a similar scale is performed in similar production units 18. For instance the following are not to be regarded as ancillary activities: a. production of goods and services that are part of capital formation; for example, construction work for own account, which would be separately classified to construction if data were available, and software production b. production of outputs, a significant part of which is sold on the market, even if part of it is consumed in connection with principal activities c. production of goods or services which subsequently become an integral part of the output of the principal or secondary activity (for example, production of boxes by a department of an enterprise for packing its products) d. production of energy (an integrated power station or coking plant), even if the whole output is consumed by the parent unit e. purchase of goods for resale in an unaltered state f. research and development, as these activities do not provide a service that is consumed in the course of current production 19. In all these cases, where separate data are available, separate units should be distinguished and recognised as kind-of-activity units (see next section), and then classified according to their activity. Kind of ownership 20. NACE does not draw distinctions according to the kind of ownership of a production unit or its type of legal organisation or mode of operation, because such criteria do not relate to the characteristics of the activity itself. Units engaged in the same kind of economic activity are classified in the same category of NACE, irrespective of whether they are (part of) incorporated enterprises, individual proprietors or government, whether or not the parent enterprise is a foreign entity and whether or not the unit consists of more than one establishment. Therefore, there is no link between NACE and the Classification of Institutional Units in the System of National Accounts (SNA) or in the European System of Accounts (ESA). However, the SIC code in conjunction with the legal status and UK/non-UK ownership status of a unit provides an approximation to the sector code. 21. The manufacturing activities are described independently of whether the work is performed by power-driven machinery or by hand, or whether it is done in a factory or in a household. Modern versus traditional is not a criterion for NACE. 22. NACE does not distinguish between formal and informal or between legal and illegal production. Classifications according to kind of legal ownership, kind of organisation or mode of operation may be constructed independently. Cross-classification with NACE could provide useful extra information. Market and non-market 23. In general, NACE does not differentiate between market and non-market activities, as defined in the SNA/ESA, even if this distinction is an important feature of the SNA/ESA. A breakdown of economic activities according to this principle is useful in any case where data are collected for activities that take place on both a market and a non-market basis. This criterion should then be cross-classified with the categories of NACE. Non-market 1015 UK Standard Industrial Classification of Economic Activities 2007 SIC(2007) Rules for classifying statistical units services in NACE are only provided by government organisations or non-profit institutions serving households, mostly in the field of education, health, social work, etc. 24. NACE includes categories for the undifferentiated production of goods and services by households for their own use. These categories may refer, however, to only a portion of households economic activities, as clearly identifiable household activities are classified in other parts of NACE. Statistical units Definitions of statistical units 25. In order to draw a complete statistical picture of the economy, a wide range of information is required, and the organizational level at which it is feasible to collect the information varies according to the type of data. For example, profits data for a company may be available from only one geographically central location referring to several different locations, whereas product sales data may be available referring to each of the separate locations. To observe and analyse the data satisfactorily, it is therefore necessary to define a system of statistical units. These form the reference building blocks in respect of which data can be collected and classified according to NACE. 26. Different types of statistical units meet different needs, but each unit is a specific entity, which is defined in such a way that it can be recognised and identified and not confused with any other unit. It may be an identifiable legal or physical entity or, as for example in the case of the unit of homogeneous production, a statistical construct. 27. The following are the statistical units that are described in the Council Regulation on statistical units 1 : a. the enterprise group b. the enterprise c. the kind-of-activity unit (KAU) d. the local unit e. the local kind-of-activity unit (local KAU) f. the institutional unit g. the unit of homogeneous production (UHP) h. the local unit of homogeneous production (local UHP) The relationship between the different types of statistical units is illustrated in the following table: One or more locations A single location One or more activities Enterprise Institutional unit Local unit One single activity KAU Local KAU UHP Local UHP 1 Council Regulation (EEC) No 696/93 of 15 March 1993 on the statistical units for the observation and analysis of the production system in the Community (OJ No L 76, , p 1). 1116 Rules for classifying statistical units UK Standard Industrial Classification of Economic Activities 2007 SIC(2007) The system of administrative and statistical units can be illustrated as follows: Administrative units Statistical units Surveys National accounts Enterprise group (legal) Enterprise group (statistical) Legal unit Enterprise Institutional unit Kind of activity unit Unit of homogenous production Local part of legal unit Local unit Local kind of activity unit Local unit of homogenous production Classification rules for activities and units Classification rules for activities and units Basic classification rules 28. One NACE code is associated to each unit recorded in statistical business registers 2, according to its principal economic activity. The principal activity is the activity which contributes most to the value added of the unit. The assignment of the NACE code is helped by: the NACE explanatory notes, decisions taken by the NACE management committee, correspondence tables and reference to other classification systems such as the ISIC, CPA, HS, CN, etc. 29. In the simple case where a unit performs only one economic activity, the principal activity of that unit is determined by the category of NACE which describes that activity. If the unit performs several economic activities (other than ancillary activities, see paragraphs 10 to 17), the principal activity is determined on the basis of the value added associated to each activity, according to the rules presented below. 30. Value added is the basic concept for the determination of the classification of a unit according to economic activities. The gross value added is defined as the difference between output and intermediate consumption. Value added is an additive measure of the contribution of each economic unit to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Value added substitutes 31. In order to determine the principal activity of a unit, the activities carried out by the unit and the corresponding share of value added have to be known. Sometimes it is not possible to obtain the information on value added associated with the different activities carried out, and the determination of the activity classification has to be done by using substitute criteria. Such criteria could be: a. Substitutes based on output: 2. Council Regulation (EEC) No 2186/93. 1217 UK Standard Industrial Classification of Economic Activities 2007 SIC(2007) Rules for classifying statistical units gross output of the unit that is attributable to the goods or services associated with each activity value of sales or turnover of those groups of products falling within each activity b. Substitutes based on input: wages and salaries attributable to the different activities (or income of self employed) number of staff involved in the different economic activities of the unit time worked by staff attributable to the different activities of the unit 32. Such substitute criteria should be used as proxies for the unknown value added data, to obtain the best approximation possible compared to the result which would have been obtained on the basis of the value added data. The use of substitute criteria does not change the methods used to determine the principal activity, as they are only operational approximations of value added data. 33. However, the simple use of the above listed substitute criteria may be misleading. This will always be the case when the structure of the substitute criteria is not directly proportional to the (unknown) value added. 34. When using sales (turnover) as a proxy for value added, it should be taken into account that in certain cases turnover and value added are not proportional. For example, turnover in trade usually has a much lower share of value added than turnover in manufacturing. Even within manufacturing the relation between sales and the resulting value added may vary between and within activities. For some activities turnover is defined in a specific way which prevents useful comparison with other activities, for example, financial intermediation activities or insurance activities. The same considerations should be borne in mind when using gross output data as substitute criteria. 35. Many units perform trade and other activities. In such cases trade turnover figures are the most unsuitable indicators for the unknown value added share of the trade activity. A much better indicator is the gross margin (difference between the trade turnover and purchases of goods for resale adjusted by changes in stocks). However, the trade margins may vary within a single wholesale and retail trade and also between trade activities. In addition, consideration must be given to the specific classification rules for trade as set out in paragraphs 103 to Similar precautions have to be considered when input-based substitute criteria are applied. The proportionality between wages and salaries or employment on one hand, and value added on the other is not reliable if the labour intensity of the various activities is different. Labour intensity may vary substantially between different economic activities and also between activities of the same NACE class. Example: the production of a good by hand vs. the production of a good using a mechanised process. Multiple and integrated activities 37. Instances may arise where considerable proportions of the activities of a unit are included in more than one class of NACE. These cases may result from the vertical integration of activities (for example, tree felling combined with sawmilling, or activities of a clay pit combined with brickworks), or the horizontal integration of activities (for example, manufacture of bakery products combined with manufacture of chocolate confectionery), or any combination of activities within a statistical unit. In these situations, the unit should be classified according to the rules set out in this section. 38. If a unit performs activities falling in only two different NACE categories, there will always be one activity that accounts for more than 50 per cent of value added, except in the highly unlikely case that both of the activities in question have equal shares of 50 per cent. 1318 Rules for classifying statistical units UK Standard Industrial Classification of Economic Activities 2007 SIC(2007) The activity that represents more than 50 per cent of the value added is the principal activity and determines the NACE Rev. 2 classification of the unit. 39. In the complex case where a unit performs more than two activities falling into more than two different positions of NACE, with none of them accounting for more than 50 per cent of value added, the activity classification of that unit has to be determined by using the top-down method, as described below. The top-down method 40. The top-down method follows a hierarchical principle: the classification of a unit at the lowest level of the classification must be consistent with the classification of the unit at the higher levels of the structure. To satisfy this condition the process starts with the identification of the relevant position at the highest level and progresses down through the levels of the classification in the following way: a. Identify the section which has the highest share of the value added. b. Within this section identify the division which has the highest share of the value added. c. Within this division identify the group which has the highest share of the valued added. d. Within this group identify the class which has the highest share of value added. Example: a unit carries out the following activities (shares in terms of value added): Section Division Group Class Description of the class % share C Manufacture of steel drums and similar 10 containers Manufacture of engines and turbines, except 6 aircraft, vehicle and cycle engines Manufacture of power-driven hand tools Manufacture of machinery for food, 23 beverage and tobacco processing Manufacture of machinery for paper and 8 paperboard production G Agents involved in the sale of machinery, 7 industrial equipment, ships and aircraft Wholesale of agricultural machinery, 28 equipment and supplies M Engineering activities and related technical consultancy 13 Identify the main section among Section C Manufacturing (52%) Section G Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles (35%) Section M Professional, scientific and technical activities (13%) Identify the main division within main section C: Division 25 Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment 10% Division 28 Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c 3. 42% Identify the main group within the main division 28: Group 28.1 Manufacture of general-purpose machinery 6% Group 28.2 Manufacture of other general-purpose machinery 5% Group 28.9 Manufacture of other special-purpose machinery 31% 3 Not elsewhere classified. 1419 UK Standard Industrial Classification of Economic Activities 2007 SIC(2007) Rules for classifying statistical units Identify the main class within the main group 28.9: Class Manufacture of machinery for food, beverage and tobacco processing 23% Class Manufacture of machinery for paper and paperboard production 8% Therefore the correct class is Manufacture of machinery for food, beverage and tobacco processing, although the class with the biggest share of value added is class: Wholesale of agricultural machinery, equipment and supplies. The following diagram represents the decision path followed in the example. All activities 52% 35% 13% C G M 10% 42% % 5% 31% % 8% Because of the difficulties between ISIC and NACE at group and class levels, the application of the top-down method to NACE may give allocations different from those which would be obtained applying the method to ISIC. If possible, the method should be followed first in terms of ISIC, identifying the ISIC class, and then in terms of NACE. This would ensure alignment to world classifications. 42. When applied to section G Wholesale and retail trade, a specific adaptation of the topdown method is required. See paragraphs 103 to 109 below for details. Changes of the principal activity of the unit 43. Units may change their principal activity, either at once or gradually over a period of time, either because of seasonal factors or because of a management decision to vary the pattern of output. While all these cases call for the classification of the unit to be changed, too frequent changes could result in inconsistencies between short term (monthly and quarterly) and longer term statistics, making their interpretation extremely difficult. 44. Whenever a unit performs two activities both contributing to around 50 per cent of the value added, a stability rule has been established in order to avoid frequent changes not reflecting a substantial change in the economic reality. According to this rule, the change of the principal activity should be made when the current one had been accounting for less than 50 per cent of the value added for at least two years. Treatment of vertically integrated activities 45. Vertical integration of activities occurs where the different stages of production are carried out in succession by the same unit and where the output of one process serves as input to the next. Common examples of vertical integration include tree felling and subsequent sawmilling, a clay pit combined with brickworks, or production of wearing apparels in a textile mill. 1520 Rules for classifying statistical units UK Standard Industrial Classification of Economic Activities 2007 SIC(2007) 46. When applying NACE Rev. 2, vertical integration should be treated like any other form of multiple activities, that is, the principal activity of the unit is the activity accounting for the largest share of value added, as determined according to the top-down method. This treatment has changed from previous versions of NACE. For vertical integration of specific situations in Agriculture, see paragraph If value added or substitutes cannot be determined for the individual steps in a vertically integrated process directly from accounts compiled by the unit itself, comparisons with similar units could be used. Alternatively, valuation of intermediate or final products could be based on market prices. Treatment of horizontally integrated activities 48. Horizontal integration of activities occurs when activities are carried out simultaneously using the same factors of production. The principle of value added, has to be applied, following the top-down method, and the same precautions for using substitutes as listed above apply here. Activity specific rules, definitions and rules for classification of units outsourcing their production Terminology Outsourcing 49. Contractual agreement according to which the principal requires the contractor to carry out specific tasks, such as parts of a production process or even the full production process, employment services or support functions. 50. The term outsourcing is also valid if the contractor is a subsidiary unit and whether or not the tasks are carried out on market conditions. 51. The principal and the contractor may be located within the same economic territory or in different economic territories. The actual location does not affect the classification of either one of these unit. Principal Contractor Manufacturing activities 52. A unit that enters into a contractual relationship with another unit (contractor) for that other unit to carry out specific tasks, such as parts of a production process or even the full production process, employment services or support functions. 53. A unit that carries out specific tasks, such as parts of a production process or even the full production process, employment services or support functions on a contractual relationship with a principal. The term subcontractor is also used. In NACE the activities performed by the contractor are denominated on a fee or contract basis. 54. The physical and/or chemical transformation of materials, substances or components into new products. The material, substances or components are raw materials which are products of agriculture, forestry, fishing or mining as well as products and semi-finished products of other manufacturing activities. Subcontractor 55. See contractor as defined in paragraph 53. Classification rules 56. These rules set out how to classify the outsourcing activities of principals and contractors, as defined in paragraphs 52 and 53. It is important to note that the rules apply only to the classification of the outsourcing activities and that where principals or contractors are also involved in other activities, their overall activity classification must be determined by applying the value added guidance set out in paragraphs 30 to 48 to all of their activities. 16 View more
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