Source: https://casebook.icrc.org/print/20603
Timestamp: 2020-05-31 21:04:54
Document Index: 85317209

Matched Legal Cases: ['ART/380', 'ART/380', 'ART/380', 'ART/380', 'ART/380', 'ART/195', 'ART/475', 'ART/475', 'ART/470', 'ART/380', 'ART/470', 'ART/475']

Home > Civilian population
“Civilian” means, in an international armed conflict, any person who does not belong to the armed forces [1] and does not take part in a “levée en masse [2]”.
In case of doubt whether a person is a civilian or not, that person must be considered to be a civilian.
“Civilian [3]” means, in a non-international armed conflict, all persons who are neither members of state armed forces nor members of an organized armed group [4].
Both in international [5] and non-international armed conflicts [6], the civilian population enjoys general protection against the dangers of military operations.
journalists See Journalists [7]
women See Women [8]
children See Children [9]
refugees and stateless persons See Refugees [10] and Stateless persons [11]
protected persons See Protected persons [12]
Chapter 9, 5. Definition of the civilian population [13]
PI, 50 [14]
CIHL, 5 [15]
ICRC Appeals on the Near East [16] (C. [17], para 7 [16])
Israel, Military Prosecutor v. Kassem and Others [18]
Case Study, Armed Conflict in the former Yugoslavia [19] (para 27 [20])
ICTY, The Prosecutor v. Tadic [21] (B. [22] paras 639-640)
ICTY, The Prosecutor v. Blaskic [23] (A. [23] paras 211-214)
Sudan, Report of the UN Commission of Enquiry on Darfur (A. paras 291-292 and 422) [24]
South Sudan: Medical Care Under Fire [25]
Health Care in Pakistan’s Tribal Areas [26]
Libya, NATO Intervention 2011 [27]
ICTY, The Prosecutor v. Radovan Karadzic [28]
Libya, Report of the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (2014/15) [29]
Iraq, Forced displacement and deliberate destruction [30]
Yemen, Potential Existence and Effects of Naval Blockade [31]
Iraq: Situation of Internally Displaced Persons [32]
Syria, the Battle for Aleppo [33]
ICC, Confirmation of Charges against LRA Leaders [34]
ICRC, Statement - War in Cities ; What is at Stake? [35]
Colombia Peace Agreement [36]
International Criminal Court, Trial Judgment in the Case of the Prosecutor V. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo [37]
ECJ, Aboubacar Diakité v. Commissaire général aux réfugiés et aux apatrides [38]
Eastern Ukraine, OHCHR Report on the Situation: November 2016 - February 2017 [39]
Syria, Syrian rebels treat captured Filipino soldiers as 'guests' [40]
South Sudan, Attack in Malakal UN Protection Site [41]
Iraq, Crimes by Militia Groups [42]
Somalia, IHL violations in Somalia's long-running armed conflict [43]
South Sudan, AU Commission of Inquiry on South Sudan [44]
Somalia/Kenya, Al-Shabab Attacks [45]
Somalia/US, Airstrikes in Somalia [46]
Yemen , Humanitarian Impact of the Conflict [47]
Chapter 8, 1. Rules benefiting all civilians [48]
Chapter 8, IV. Special rules on occupied territories [49]
Chapter 9, Prohibited attacks [50]
Chapter 5, introductory text [51]
Chapter 9. II. 7. Loss of protection: The concept of direct participation in hostilities and its consequences [52]
Chapter 9, b) the presence of a combatant or military objective among the civilian population [53]
HR, 23(b) [54], 25-28 [55]
GCIV, 13-26 [56]
PI, 48 [57], 51 [58], 52 [59], 57 [60]
CIHL, 88 [61], 89 [62], 90 [63], 91 [64], 92 [65], 93 [66], 94 [67], 95 [68], 96 [69], 97 [70], 98 [71], 99 [72], 100 [73], 101 [74], 102 [75], 103 [76], 104 [77], 105 [78]
deportation, transfer and forced evacuation (See also Deportation [79]; Displaced persons [80]; Evacuation [81])
GCIV, 49 [82]
PI, 85/4 [83]
PII, 17 [84]
CIHL, 129 [85], 130 [86], 131 [87]
GC Common 3 [88] (see ICRC updated Commentary [89])
GCIV, 13 [56], 27 [90]
PI, 9/1 [91], 10/2 [92], 70/1 [93], 73 [94], 75/1 [95], 85/4(c) [83]
CIHL, 88 [61]
HR, 44-46 [96], 50 [97]
GCIV, 25 [98], 26 [99], 27 [100], 31-34 [101], 147 [102]
PI, 11 [103], 17 [104], 74 [105], 75 [95], 85 [83]
PII, 4 [106], 6 [107], 18 [108]
in occupied territories (See also Occupation [109])
GCIV, 5/2-3 [110], 55 [111], 59-63 [112], 64/2 [113], 65 [114]
PI, 69 [115], 45/3 [116], 75 [95]
attacks intended to spread terror (See also Terror [117])
PI, 51/2 [58]
PII, 13/2 [118]
prohibition of direct attack
HR, 25 [55]
GCIV, 28 [119]
PI, 51/2-3 [58]
PII, 13 [118]
CIHL, 1 [120]
protection against effects of hostilities (See also Precautions against the effets of attacks [121])
HR, 26-27 [122]
PI, 48 [57], 51 [58], 54 [123], 56 [124], 57 [60], 59 [125], 60 [126], 61-67 [127]
PII, 15 [128], 18/2 [129]
CIHL, 22 [130], 23 [131], 24 [132]
loss of protection if DPH (See also Direct participation in hostilities [133])
PI, 51/3 [58]
PII, 13/3 [118]
CIHL, 6 [134]
presence of a combatant or a military objective among the civilian population
PI, 50/3 [135]
PII, 13-1 [118]
prohibition of reprisals (See also Reprisals [136])
GCIV, 33 [137]
PI, 20 [138], 51/6 [139]
CIHL, 146 [140]
prohibition of starvation as a method of war (See also Starvation [141])
PI, 54/1 [123]
PII, 14 [142]
CIHL, 53 [143]
prohibition of human shields (See also Human shields [144])
PI, 51/7 [139]
CIHL, 97 [70]
in hospital & safety zones, neutralized zones, demilitarized zones (See also Hospital and safey zones and localities [145])
GCI, Annex I 1-4 [146]
GCIV, 14 [147] and Annex I 1-4 [148]
PI, 60 [126]
IACHR, Tablada (paras 178 [149] and 189 [150])
Israel, Evacuation of Bodies in Jenin [151]
Sudan, Report of the UN Commission of Enquiry on Darfur (A. paras 263-267) [152]
ICTY, The Prosecutor v. Strugar (para. 282) [153]
Syria, Report by UN Commission of Inquiry (March 2017) [154]
Italy, Use of force against ambulances in Iraq [155]
Germany, Aerial Drone Attack in Mir Ali/Pakistan [156]
Central African Republic/Democratic Republic of Congo/Uganda, LRA attacks [157]
Central African Republic, Coup d'Etat [158]
UN, Resolutions and Conference on Respect for the Fourth Convention [159] (E. [160] II. 2.)
ICRC Appeals on the Near East [161]
ICRC, DPH [133]
ICRC, Interpretive Guidance on the Notion of Direct Participation in Hostilities [162]
DINSTEIN Yoram, “Distinction and Loss of Civilian Protection in International Armed Conflicts”, IYHR, Vol. 38, 2008, pp. 1-16
DOWNES Alexander B., Targeting Civilians in War, Ithaca, London, Cornell University Press, 2008, 315 pp.
GEHRING Robert W., “Loss of Civilian Protections under the Fourth Geneva Convention and Protocol I”, in RDMDG, Vol. 19, 1980, pp. 9-48.
GUILLORY Michael E., “Civilianizing the Force: Is the United States Crossing the Rubicon?”, in Air Force Law Review, Vol. 51, 2001, pp. 111 ff.
GROSS Michael L., “Asymmetric War, Symmetrical Intentions: Killing Civilians in Modern Armed Conflict”, in Global Crime, Vol. 10, No. 4, November 2009, pp. 320-336
OBRADOVIC Konstantin, “La protection de la population civile dans les conflits armés internationaux”, in CASSESE Antonio (ed.), The New Humanitarian Law of Armed Conflict, Naples, Editoriale Scientifica, Vol. I, 1979, pp. 128-160.
SOLF Waldemar A., “Protection of Civilians Against the Effects of Hostilities under Customary International Law and under Protocol I”, in American University Journal of International Law and Policy, Vol. 1, 1986, pp. 107-135
TIGROUDJA Hélène, “La Cour suprême israélienne et la protection des personnes en temps de conflit”, in RGDIP, T. 113, 2009, pp. 555-588
TURNER Lisa & NORTON Lynn G., “Civilians at the Tip of the Spear”, in Air Force Law Review, Vol. 51, 2001, pp. 21 ff.
WARD Christopher, “Distinction: the Application of the Additional Protocols in the Theatre of War”, in Asia-Pacific Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, Vol. 2 (2006), 2007, pp. 36-45
WENGER Andreas & MASON Simon J. A., “The Civilianization of Armed Conflict: Trends and Implications”, in IRRC, Vol. 90, No. 872, December 2008, pp. 835-852
Source URL: https://casebook.icrc.org/glossary/civilian-population
[1] https://casebook.icrc.org/glossary/armed-forces
[2] https://casebook.icrc.org/glossary/levee-en-masse
[3] https://casebook.icrc.org/glossary/civilians
[5] https://casebook.icrc.org/glossary/international-armed-conflict
[6] https://casebook.icrc.org/glossary/non-international-armed-conflict
[7] https://casebook.icrc.org/glossary/journalists
[8] https://casebook.icrc.org/glossary/women
[9] https://casebook.icrc.org/glossary/children
[10] https://casebook.icrc.org/glossary/refugees
[11] https://casebook.icrc.org/glossary/stateless-person
[12] https://casebook.icrc.org/glossary/protected-persons
[13] https://casebook.icrc.org/law/conduct-hostilities#ii_5
[14] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=E1F8F99C4C3F8FE4C12563CD0051DC8A
[15] https://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule5
[16] https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/icrc-appeals-near-east#para_7
[17] https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/icrc-appeals-near-east#sectionC
[18] https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/israel-military-prosecutor-v-kassem-and-others
[19] https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/case-study-armed-conflicts-former-yugoslavia
[20] https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/case-study-armed-conflicts-former-yugoslavia#para_27
[21] https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/icty-prosecutor-v-tadic
[22] https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/icty-prosecutor-v-tadic#partB
[23] https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/icty-prosecutor-v-blaskic
[24] https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/sudan-report-un-commission-enquiry-darfur#part_a_para_291
[25] https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/south-sudan-medical-care-under-fire
[26] https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/health-care-pakistans-tribal-areas
[27] https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/libya-nato-intervention-2011
[28] https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/icty-prosecutor-v-radovan-karadzic
[29] https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/libya-report-office-un-high-commissioner-human-rights-201415
[30] https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/iraq-forced-displacement-and-deliberate-destruction
[31] https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/yemen-potential-existence-and-effects-naval-blockade
[32] https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/iraq-situation-internally-displaced-persons
[33] https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/syria-battle-aleppo
[34] https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/icc-confirmation-charges-against-lra-leader
[35] https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/icrc-statement-war-cities-what-stake
[36] https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/colombia-peace-agreement
[37] https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/international-criminal-court-trial-judgment-case-prosecutor-v-jean-pierre-bemba-gombo
[38] https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/ecj-aboubacar-diakite-v-commissaire-general-aux-refugies-et-aux-apatrides
[39] https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/eastern-ukraine-ohchr-report-situation-november-2016-february-2017
[40] https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/syria-syrian-rebels-treat-captured-filipino-soldiers-guests
[41] https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/south-sudan-attack-malakal-un-protection-site
[42] https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/iraq-crimes-militia-groups
[43] https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/somalia-ihl-violations-somalias-long-running-armed-conflict
[44] https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/south-sudan-au-commission-inquiry-south-sudan
[45] https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/somaliakenya-al-shabab-attacks
[46] https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/somaliaus-airstrikes-somalia
[47] https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/yemen-humanitarian-impact-conflict
[48] https://casebook.icrc.org/law/civilian-population#ii_2
[49] https://casebook.icrc.org/law/civilian-population#chapter5
[50] https://casebook.icrc.org/law/conduct-hostilities#ii_6
[51] https://casebook.icrc.org/law/principle-distinction
[52] https://casebook.icrc.org/law/conduct-hostilities#ii_7
[53] https://casebook.icrc.org/law/conduct-hostilities#ii_5_b
[54] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=61CDD9E446504870C12563CD00516768
[55] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=D1C251B17210CE8DC12563CD0051678F
[56] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=DC3ED5AE9C6F7419C12563CD0051BAA4
[57] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=8A9E7E14C63C7F30C12563CD0051DC5C
[58] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=4BEBD9920AE0AEAEC12563CD0051DC9E
[59] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=F08A9BC78AE360B3C12563CD0051DCD4
[60] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=50FB5579FB098FAAC12563CD0051DD7C
[61] https://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule88
[62] https://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule89
[63] https://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule90
[64] https://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule91
[65] https://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule92
[66] https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule93
[67] https://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule94
[68] https://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule95
[69] https://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule96
[70] https://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule97
[71] https://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule98
[72] https://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule99
[73] https://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule100
[74] https://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule101
[75] https://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule102
[76] https://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule103
[77] https://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule104
[78] https://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule105
[79] https://casebook.icrc.org/glossary/deportation
[80] https://casebook.icrc.org/glossary/displaced-persons
[81] https://casebook.icrc.org/glossary/evacuation
[82] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=77068F12B8857C4DC12563CD0051BDB0
[83] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=73D05A98B6CEB566C12563CD0051E1A0
[84] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=D1E091435298F4C2C12563CD0051E8F5
[85] https://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule129
[86] https://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule130
[87] https://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule131
[88] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=9410F9C09580269EC12563CD0051A4FD
[89] https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Comment.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=D84E8D5C5EB782FAC1258115003CEBE5
[90] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=FFCB180D4E99CB26C12563CD0051BBD9
[91] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=7439E453D5D867FEC12563CD0051D771
[92] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=6EAD04662456DA32C12563CD0051D78D
[93] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=609876DAFD3EEEACC12563CD0051DF9A
[94] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=319C8D02127ADAD2C12563CD0051E004
[95] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=086F4BB140C53655C12563CD0051E027
[96] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=4B922BD88F8AB4C0C12563CD005168A4
[97] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=B2D5C9BD27F0DC51C12563CD005168FB
[98] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=B9EE61F21C359FAAC12563CD0051BBAE
[99] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/ART/380-600030?OpenDocument
[100] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/ART/380-600032?OpenDocument
[101] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/ART/380-600036?OpenDocument
[102] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=F8D322BF3C0216B2C12563CD0051C654
[103] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=28D300B20C31500CC12563CD0051D79F
[104] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=2AC10852C781CE9BC12563CD0051D85D
[105] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=FA05E6C8DC155D80C12563CD0051E016
[106] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=F9CBD575D47CA6C8C12563CD0051E783
[107] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=DDA40E6D88861483C12563CD0051E7F2
[108] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=C97EBA985969303BC12563CD0051E90B
[109] https://casebook.icrc.org/glossary/occupation
[110] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=3F78F96145A77442C12563CD0051B9F0
[111] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=8803ECCAB8E2414BC12563CD0051BE3B
[112] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=EDA33BAD877F6183C12563CD0051BE90
[113] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/ART/380-600071?OpenDocument
[114] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/ART/380-600072?OpenDocument
[115] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=D1D446618BF1B143C12563CD0051DF82
[116] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=DD198B7E9C5EE792C12563CD0051DBE5
[117] https://casebook.icrc.org/glossary/terror-spreading
[118] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=A366465E238B1934C12563CD0051E8A0
[119] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=732D7EA50DF1A5ECC12563CD0051BBF0
[120] https://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule1
[121] https://casebook.icrc.org/glossary/precautions-against-effect-attacks
[122] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/ART/195-200036?OpenDocument
[123] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=C5F28CACC22458EAC12563CD0051DD00
[124] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=3376730ECD9DF7B1C12563CD0051DD37
[125] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=90A5790F8D421F0EC12563CD0051DDD3
[126] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=1DA6804D318A5157C12563CD0051DE08
[127] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=C65187DA1AFE6706C12563CD0051DE4A
[128] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/ART/475-760021?OpenDocument
[129] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/ART/475-760024?OpenDocument
[130] https://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule22
[131] https://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule23
[132] https://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule24
[133] https://casebook.icrc.org/glossary/direct-participation-hostilities
[134] https://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule6
[135] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/ART/470-750064?OpenDocument
[136] https://casebook.icrc.org/glossary/reprisals
[137] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/ART/380-600038?OpenDocument
[138] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=0D8292177AFD9AD0C12563CD0051D8B7
[139] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/ART/470-750065?OpenDocument
[140] https://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule146
[141] https://casebook.icrc.org/glossary/starvation
[142] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/ART/475-760020?OpenDocument
[143] https://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule53
[144] https://casebook.icrc.org/glossary/human-shields
[145] https://casebook.icrc.org/glossary/hospital-zones-and-localities-hospital-and-safety-zones-and-localities
[146] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=941F712219350F38C12563CD0051A3E3
[147] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=89E3AD97A4E5117AC12563CD0051BAB2
[148] https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&amp;documentId=CA4717995BAA0A97C12563CD0051C732
[149] https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/inter-american-commission-human-rights-tablada#para_178
[150] https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/inter-american-commission-human-rights-tablada#para_189
[151] https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/israel-evacuation-bodies-jenin
[152] https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/sudan-report-un-commission-enquiry-darfur#part_a_para_263
[153] https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/icty-prosecutor-v-strugar#part_b_para_282
[154] https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/syria-report-un-commission-inquiry-march-2017
[155] https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/italy-use-force-against-ambulances-iraq
[156] https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/germany-aerial-drone-attack-mir-alipakistan
[157] https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/central-african-republicdemocratic-republic-congouganda-lra-attacks
[158] https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/central-african-republic-coup-detat-0
[159] https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/un-resolutions-and-conference-respect-fourth-convention
[160] https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/un-resolutions-and-conference-respect-fourth-convention#partE
[161] https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/icrc-appeals-near-east
[162] https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/icrc-interpretive-guidance-notion-direct-participation-hostilities