Source: https://www.scribd.com/document/44462412/OSHA
Timestamp: 2016-08-30 18:35:07
Document Index: 711418519

Matched Legal Cases: ['art 1926', 'art 1910', 'art 1926', 'art 1926', 'art 1926', 'art 1926', 'art 0', 'art 1926', 'art 1904', '§ 1904', '§ 1904', '§ 1904', '§ 1904', '§ 1904', '§ 1904', '§ 1904', '§ 1904', '§ 1904', '§ 1904', '§ 1904', '§ 1904', '§ 1904', '§ 1904', '§ 1904', '§ 1904', '§ 1904', '§ 1904', '§ 1904', '§ 1904', '§ 1904', '§ 1904', '§ 1904', '§ 1904', 'art 1904', '§ 1904', '§ 1904', '§ 1904', '§1904', '§ 1904', '§1904', '§1904', '§1904', '§ 1904', '§1904', '§1904', '§1904', '§ 1904', '§1904', '§ 1904', '§1904', '§1904', '§ 1904', 'art 1904', '§ 1904', '§1904', '§1904', 'art 1904', '§1904', '§1904', 'art 1904', '§1904', '§1904', 'art 1926', 'art 0', 'art 1915', 'art 72']

BrowseUploadSign inJoinBooksAudiobooksComicsSheet MusicWelcome to Scribd! Start your free trial and access books, documents and more.Find out more﻿ l1li- 11_ ":' .. s.. b", c 0 ~ CO o :::::::l "0 W 06 0) c c co !-. f- "I- 0 Q) o tE 0 « IIIIIIIIIlIIiiiII I (f) ,.., 0 The Need for Legislation In 1970, Congress considered these annual figures: • 14,000 worker deaths • 2.5 million workers disabled • 300,000 new occupational cases • A'total of 5,915 fatal work injuries were recorded in 2000, a decline of about 58% percent from 1970, according to the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. The Need for Legislation than 90 million Americans days on the job. OSHA'S Purpose - Section 2 • Reduce workplace hazards; • Implement new or improve existing safety and health programs; • Provide for research in solving occupational safety and health problems 1 OSHA'S Purpose - Section 2 • Establish employer and employee responsibilities for safety and health conditions. • Build on employer/employee safety health initiatives. • Focus on occupational health to prevent diseases occurring in the work environment. OSHA'S Purpose - Section 2 • Provide for the development, analysis, evaluation and approval of state occupational safety and health programs. The Act's Coverage - Section 4 • Coverage of the Act extends to all employers and their employees in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and all other territories under Federal Government jurisdiction. • Coverage provided either directly by federal OSHA or through an OSHA-approved state program. • Replaces some previously established federal laws. OSHA'S Purpose - Section 2 • Establish training programs to increase the number and competence of occupational safety and health personnel; • Develop mandatory job safety and health standards and enforce them effectively; • Develop recordkeeping and reporting requirements; The Act's Coverage • Manufacturing, • Construction, • Longshoring, • Agriculture, • Law and medicine, • Charity and disaster relief, • Organized labor • Private education. 1 1 2 Not Covered • Self-employed persons (Le. : homeowners); c Farms at which only immediate members of the farm employer's family are employed; • Working conditions regulated by other federal agencies under other federal statutes. * * Areas not covered specifically are still covered by OSHA. • No OSHA $$$ penalties against another" federal agency for failure to comply with OSHA standards (Exception: U.S. Postal Service; enacted 1998). • Compliance issues unresolved at the local level are raised to higher organizational levels until resolved. • OSHA does not have authority to protect federal employee eblowers." State Plan States; AK, AZ, CA, CT, HI, IN, lA, KY, MD, MI, MN, NV, NJ, NM, NY, NC, OR, PR, SC, TN, UT, VT, VI, VA, WA, WY • Federal agency heads responsible for providing safe and healthful working conditions for their employees. • Act requires agencies to comply with standards consistent with those OSHA issues. • OSHA provisions do not apply to state and local governments • States desiring to gain OSHA approval for a private sector occupational safety and health program must provide a program that also covers state and local qovernrnent workers. !~ . __ ._-_._ _-_., ·-...·-··7_.,·"· ·/,:;,' • State plans may also cover only public sector employees (city, municipal, state) • Twenty-three states and territories operate plans covering both the public and private sectors and three states - Connecticut, New Jersey, and New York - operate public' employee only plans. 3 OSHA Standards • OSHA is responsible for promulgating legally enforceable standards. • Responsibility of employers to become familiar with standards applicable to their establishments. Occupational Safety & Health Standards Section 6 • (6)(a) OSHA given to promulgate start-up standards without rulernaklnq • (6)(b) Rulemaking procedure • (6)(c) Emergency temporary standards • (6)(d) Variances Inspections, & Recordkeeping - Section 8 • 8(a) OSHA representatives are authorized to: (1) enter without delay, at reasonable times, & (2) inspect during regular working hours and at reasonable times and to question privately employers and employees • 8(b) Subpoena power • 8(c) Recordkeeping and posting e 8(t) Employees right of complaint " Where OSHA has not promulgated specific standards, employers are responsible for following the Act's general duty clause {Section 5(a)(1)}. " "Each employer - shall furnish ... a place of employment which is free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his employees." ( • 7(a)(1) Establishes National Advisory Committee on OSH • 7(c)(1) Authorizes OSHA to use the services and personnel of States or Federal agencies to provide consultation services • 9(a) If an employer violates Section 5 of Act or any standard, rule or order related to Section 6 a citation will be issued. Each citation will: - Be in writing - Describe the particular violation - Fix a reasonable abatement period • 9(b) Posting of citations • 9(c) Time limit - 6 months to issue citation 4 Enforcement - Section 10 • 10(a) Employers right of contest; Citations can be contested before the Safety and Health Review Commission, an independent quasi-judicial branch of the Department of Labor • 10(c) Employee's right of contest abatement dates Occupational Safety & Health Review Commission - Section 12 • Establishes membership and terms of Review Commission (OSHRC) • OSHRC acts independently of OSHA • http://www.oshrc.gov I· I···· Confidentiality of Trade Secrets - Section 15 • OSHA considers trade secrets to be confidential information. • NOTE: Procedures for handling trade secrets are set forth in the Field Inspectors Reference Manual (FIRM) • 11 (a) Appeals & review of Commission order • 11 (c) Prohibits discrimination against employees filing complaints under OSHA • Allows OSHA to petition for (obtain) a restraining order in cases of Imminent Danger. • U.S. District Court Issues • Area Director requests through Solicitor of Labor • OSHA will: - Advise employer of imminent danger - Advise employees of rights - Petition District Court for relief • Penalties were increased in 1990 • Willful & repeated violations to a maximum of $ 70,000 • Minimum $ 5,000 willful • Serious & other than serious to $ 7,000 • Failure to abate to a maximum of $ 7000 for each day violation continues 5 Federal Agency Safety & Health Programs & Responsibilities - Section 19 • Federal agencies (exception: Post Office) are required to establish their own safety and health programs. e Executive Order 12196 further defines the responsibilities of Federal Agencies. Training and Employee Education Section 21 • Training and education responsibilities are shared by the Department of Labor (DOL) and HHS • Training is authorized directly or through grants • DOL is authorized to collect and analyze statistics of occupational fatalities, injuries, and illnesses. • Data is collected and compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). • Most OSHA research is carried out by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) • NIOSH is under the control of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health - Section 22 • Establishes NIOSH as a part of HHS Standards Development • OSHA can begin standards-setting procedures on its own initiative, or in response to petitions from other parties, including: • secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS); • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH); U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); • State and local governments; Standards-producing organization; • Employer or labor representatives; or any other interested person. 6 Origin of OSHA StandardS] • Three sources: - Consensus standards - Proprietary standards - Federal laws already in effect Examples of Consensus Standards • ANSI Standard Z-41.1-1967, Standard for Men's Safety- Toe Footwear, is-the source for Part 1926, Section 96 • NFPA No. 30-1969, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, is the source for Part 1910 Section 106. Example of Proprietary Standards • Compressed Gas Association, Pamphlet Pi, Safe Handling of Compressed Gasses in Containers • Examples of other associations - Associated General Contractors (AGC) - National Hombuilders Association of America - National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Consensus Standards] • Developed by industry-wide standard developing organizations -American National Standards Institute (ANSI) - National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) • Discussed and substantially agreed upon through consensus by industry Proprietary Standards , Prepared by professional experts within specific industries, professional societies and associations • Determined by straight membership vote not consensus Pre-Existing Federal Law e Federal Supply Contracts Act (VValshHealey) , Federal Service Contracts Act (McNamara-O'Hara) • Contract Work Hours and Safety Standards Act (Construction Safety Act) 7 ~~~ontal and Vertical Standards I • Most standards are horizontal meaning "general" • Horizontal standards apply to any employer in any industry • Vertical standards are relevant only to a particular industry • Standards applying to longshoring, construction, or grain handling are vertical standards Title 29 Chapter XVII -I • Title 29, Chapter XVII is set aside for OSHA • The regulations are broken down into Parts • Part 1926, are the "Construction Standards" • Each Part is then broken into major Subparts Part 1926 Major Subparts • Subpart I - Tools - Power and Hand • Subpart J - Welding and Cutting e Subpart K - Electrical • Subpart L - Scaffolding • Subpart M - Floor and Wall Openings c Subpart N - Cranes, Derricks, Hoists, Elevators and Conveyors I Code of Federal Regulations I • Federal laws passed by different branches of government • Regulations are first published or revised in the Federal Register • The Code of Federal Regulations is updated annually to incorporate revisions and new regulations • OSHA (and construction) regulations are updated each July 1 st Part 1926 Major Subparts • Subpart D - Occupational Health and Environmental Controls • Subpart E - Personal Protective and Life Saving Equipment • Subpart F - Fire Protection and Prevention • Subpart G - Signs, Signals and Barricades • Subpart H - Materials Handling, Storage, Use, and Disposal Part 1926 Major Subparts • Subpart 0 - Motor Vehicles • Subpart P - Excavations • Subpart Q - Concrete and Masonry Construction • Subpart R - Steel Erection • Subpart S - Underground Construction • Subpart Z - Stairways and Ladders • Each Subpart is then broken down into Sections 8 Reading Standards • 29 CFR 1926.451 (g)(4)(i) • 29 United States Code Title • CFR Code of Federal Regulations • 1926 Part - Part 1926 covers Construction • {Subpart - Subpart L; 1926.450: Scaffolds} e 451 Section Number • (g) Major Paragraph; Fall Protection • (4) Paragraph Subsection; Guardrail Systems • (i) Guardrail systems shall be installed along all open sides and ends of platforms, L- ~I ') (4) (ii) (C) (1) i lumnWidth hi3betical DOT-YELLOW Arabic Number Lower Case Roman l Upper Case Alphabetical Section Breakdown Example e 451(a) Capacity • 451(b) Scaffold platform construction • 451 (c) Criteria for supported scaffolds • 451 (d) Criteria for suspended scaffolds • 451(e) Access • 451(t) U'[ 29 CFR 1926.405 ') (4) (ii) (C) (1) Lower Case Alphabetical umber Case Roman r Case Alphabetical r Italicized Arabic Number Arabic N Lower Uppe Section E~ample . Advisory Committees " If OSHA determines that a specific standard is needed, any of several advisory committees may be called upon to develop specific recommendations. e There are two standing committees 9 Advisory Committees .. All advisory committees must have members representing management, labor and state agencies. .. H&S professions and the general public also may be represented. NIOSH e Recommendations for standards also may come from NIOSH, established by the Act as an agency of the Department of HHS. • Conducts research, & advises OSHA. Standards Adoption e An "Advance Notice" or a "Request for Information" is used, when " ,~~ necessary, to solicit information ~ that can be used in drafting a proposal. e Usually provide 60 days or more for the public to respond. " Public hearings are then sched u led. Advisory Committees • National Advisory Committee on Occupational Safety and Health (NACOSH), which advises the Secretary of HHS and to the Secretary of Labor on matters regarding administration of the Act. • Advisory Committee on Construction Safety and Health, advises the Secretary of Labor on formulation of construction safety and health standards and other regulations. Standards Adoption .. Once OSHA has developed plans to propose, amend or revoke a standard, it publishes these intentions in the Federal Register . as a "Notice of Proposed Rulemaking," or often as an earlier "Advance Notice of Proposed Rulernaklnq." Q Standards Adoption " After the close of the comment period and public hearing, if one is held, OSHA must publish in the Federal Register the full, final text of any standard amended or adopted and the date it becomes effective, along with an explanation of the standard and the reasons for implementing it. 10 Emergency Temporary Standards • ETS's take effect immediately! • First, OSHA must determine that workers are in grave danger due to exposure to toxic substances or agents determined to be toxic or physically harmful or to new hazards • Then, OSHA publishes the emergency temporary standard in the Federal Register, where it also serves as a proposed permanent standard. • Example: HAZWOPER Recordkeeping e Before the Act became effective, no centralized and systematic method existed for monitoring occupational safety and health problems. " Statistics on job injuries and illnesses were collected by some states and by some private organizations; national figures were based on not-altogetherreliable projections. Recordkeeping and Reporting e OSHA recordkeeping is not required for certain retail trades and some service industries. e Exempt employers must still comply with OSHA standards, display the OSHA poster, and report to OSHA within 8 hours: - Any accident that results in one or more fatalities or - The hospitalization of three or more employees. .---.~ -=;;;a='\' --\ :: .. '''P'_:_ , ..... I . \!.:.! 1\ :a~\ ---~-I Recordkeeping and Reporting " Employers of 11 or more employees must maintain records of occupational injuries and illnesses as they occur. .. The purposes of keeping records are to permit survey material to be compiled, to help define high hazard industries, and to inform employees of the status of their employer's record. Keeping Employees Informed ., Each employer must post at prominent location(s) in the workplace. .. Includes: - Job Safety and Health Protection workplace poster (OSHA 2203 or state equivalent) informing employees of their rights and responsibilities under the Act. - OSHA citations for violations of standards. These must remain posted at or near the location of alleged violations for three days, or until the violations are corrected, whichever is longer. 11 Keeping Employees Informed II> Log and Summary of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses. II> All employees have the right to examine any records kept by their employers regarding their exposure to hazardous materials, or the results of medical surveillance. 12 Most Frequently Cited Serious Violations in Construction - FYOO Fallercillcllon-Unprolecled tides & edQ!!S 501(bJ(11-M 100( .. )_E 451(g)(11_L 21(b)(2)-C 451( .. )[1) ~L 652(11)(1).1'- 0451(bH1)_L 503(",1J-M 20(b}(2)_C 10S3(ll)(1)-X S:.affold;-FalieTotecllcn Excavallonll-PrnIeclitmofeme!orees Scaffaidl-S<lfeaceeu fmn!p¥t" trplpiPg Searfolci!; - Pla~Qrm eClI1strucUon ... p'!,}!'~ (:J Fall ha.z:ard~ training nrogram .... co: ~ if), Insgectlons by cemoetent p!"(l;ona "'PCt'"f"f';~ Cgrtphlr 'e1S%] !o.RI i'bpzylEJ&PlnG surtece o lmminent Danger, given top priority o Employees notify employer of imminent danger e If no action taken, notify OSHA , Authority to inspect • "Enter without delay ..... " "Inspect and investigate .... " e Catastrophes and Fatal Accidents, given second priority 1 • Programmed High-Hazard Inspections, given fourth priority • Aimed at high hazard industries, occupations, or health substances • Selection criteria examples: -Death -LWII rates - Exposure to toxic substances • Employee Complaints, Third priority • Referrals from employees & outside agencies of unsafe or unhealthful conditions • Informal review available for decisions not to inspect • Confidentiality is maintained on request Inspection Process • Compliance officer becomes familiar with facility History • Nature of business Relevant standards • IH equipment selection • Determines whether previously cited violations have been corrected. • "Notification of Failure to Abate" • Inspection begins when C.O. arrives at facility • Displays credentials • Employers should always ask to see 10 • USDOL with photo and serial number by phoning OSHA • CSHO explains why facility was selected • Explains purpose of visit, inspection scope and applicable standards Complaint copies distributed Employee representative may be summoned 2 • Route and duration determined by CSHO • Consults with employees • Photos • Instrument readings • Examine records • Time needed for abatement • Only Area Director issues citations and assess $$$ amounts • Serious Violation • High probability of death or serious harm • Mandatory $ 7,000 • Adjusted downward: - Good faith - Gravity of alleged violation - Violation history - Size of business Inspection Tour • CHSO will point out unsafe conditions observed & possible corrective action if employer requests • Apparent violations can be corrected immediately e May still result in citation • Other Than Serious Violation e Normally would not cause death or serious injury • Up to $ 7,000 • Adjusted downward as much as 95% Factors: - Good faith - History of violations - Size of business • Willful Violation e Employer knowingly commits with plain indifference to the law • Either knows action is a violation, or is aware of hazardous condition with no effort to eliminate • Up to $ 70,000 for each • Minimum of $ 5,000 3 • Willful Violation e If convicted of WV that has resulted death, court imposed fine, up to six months in jail, or both • Criminal conviction, up to $ 250,000 for individual; • $ 500,000 corporation • Failure to Abate • Up to $ 7000/day Additional Violations • Falsifying records e Up to $ 10,000, six months in jail, or both • Violations of posting e Civil fine up to $ 7,000 • Assaulting, interfering with, intimidating a CSHO while performing their duties, up to three years prison, and $ 5,000 fine • Repeat Violation • Same or substantially similar, up to $ 70,000 for each violation • De Minimis Violation • No direct relationship to safety or health e Employees may request informal review • Employees can contest abatement timeframe • Employees may request informal conference to discuss inspections, citations, employer notice of i to contest 4 • Employers can request informal conference Q Area Director authorized to enter into settlement agreements that revise citations Notice of Contest--------] Q 15 days to notify Area Director in writing • Copy given to employee representative e Or posted in prominent location Employers written petition to extent abatement time for conditions beyond their control Includes steps taken, how much additional time, temporary steps Review Procedure Notice of contest forwarded to the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC) • Independent of OSHA and DOL Q More than one emplOyer may be cited for a hazardous condition to 5 .. The Creating EmplQyer • The employer who actually creates the hazard. The Correcting Employer • An employer who is engaged in a common undertaking, on the same worksite, as the exposing employer and is responsible for correcting a hazard. Exposing Employer Legitimate Defense ability The Exposing Employer' • An employer whose own employees are exposed to the hazard. I The Controlling EmPlOyer] • The employer who is responsible, by contract or through actual practice, for safety and health conditions on the worksite; l.e., the employer who has the authority for ensuring that the hazardous condition is corrected Exposing Employer Legitimate Defense • 4. The employer can demonstrate that the creating, the controlling and/or the correcting e'mployers, as appropriate, have be~nspecificafly notified as the hazard to which his/her empt?yees are exposed '\_ . -./ • 5. The employer-has instructed his/her employees to recognize the hazard and, 6 Exposing Employer Legitimate Defense .... , • Sa. Where feasible.ian exposing employer must have ta~en appropriatl? alternative means ofpf6t~~tfri'gemploy~'~s from the hazard. " • 5b. When e«trem~ Circumstances justify it, the exposingenlploy~r shaUremove his/her employees from the jobto avoid citation effective • Recognizes contractors. • The CSHO will conduct comprehensive inspections only on those projects where there is inadequate contractor commitment safety and health. Introd uction More focus needed on the leading causes of fatalities in construction: • 90% of all construction fatalities are: - falls from elevations - 33%; - struck by - 22%; - caught in/between -18%; - electrical shock - 17%. Focused Inspection Guidelines .. The leading hazards are: • falls from elevations (e.g., floors, platforms, roofs) • struck by (e.g., falling objects, vehicles) • caught in/between (e.g., cave-ins, unguarded machinery, equipment) e electrical shock (e.g., overhead power lines, power tools and cords, outlets, temporary Wifing) e The following four slides provide an example of each type 7 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF ACCIDENT A painter foreman climbed over a bridge railing to inspect work being done, slipped, and lell150 feet to his death. RECOMMENDATIONS Employers are to require employees 10 wear appropriate personal protective equipment (safety belts) in all operations where employees are exposed to hazardous conditions or in specific circumstances are required in OSHA standards 29 CFR 1926.28(a) and 29 CFR 1926.104(a). Safety nets must be provided when workplaces are more than 25 feet above the ground or water surface, or other surfaces where the use of ladders, scaffold, catch platforms, temporary floors, safety lines, or safety belts is impractical as in accordance with OSHA standard 29 CFR 1926.105(a). Except where either permanent or temporary stairways or suitable ramps or runaways are provided, suitable ladders should be used to give safe access to all elevations in accordance BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF ACCIDENT An employee was driving a front-end loader up a dirt ramp onto a lowboy trailer. The tractor tread began 10 slide off the trailer, As tile tractor began to tip, the operator, who was net wearing a seat belt, jumped from the cab, }is he hit the ground, the tractor's rollover protective structure fell on top of him, crushing him, INSPECTioN RESULTS Following its inspection, OSHA cited the employer for two serious .... lofatlcne and one other than serious vlolatlon. Had the front-end loader been equipped with seat bells and had the employee worn them, he might not have been killed. ACCIDENT PREVENTION RECOMMENDATIONS Provide seat belts In material handling equipment whlch . has rollover protective structures (29 CFR 1926.602{a){2111)). Instruct employees to recognize and avoid unsafe conditions associated with their work (29 CFR 1826.21 (b)(2)). Permit only employees qualified by training or experience to operate equipment and machinery (29 eFR 1826.20(b)(4)). .. CSHO determines whether or not there is project coordination by the general contractor & prime contractor e Conducts a brief review of the project's safety and health program/plan to determine whether or not the project qualifies for a Focused Inspection, BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF ACCIDENT A carpenter apprentice was kllled when he was struck in the head by a nail that was fired from a powder actuated toot. The loaf operator, while attempting to anchor a plywood form In preparation for pouring a concrete wall, fired the gun causing the nail to pass through Ihe hollowwaU. The nail traveled some twenty-seven feet before stnking the victim. The tool operator had never received training in the proper use of the tool. and of the employees in the area were wearing persona! protecti v e equipmenl ACCIDENT PREVENTION RECOMMENDATIONS Institute a program for frequent and regular Inspections of the job site, materials, and equipment by a competent person(s) (1826.20(b)(2)). Requfre employees exposed to the potential hazards associated with fiylng nalls to use appropriate personal protective equipment. (1826.100(a) and 1926.102(a)(1)). Train employees using powder actuated tools in the safe operation of the particular tool (1826.302(0)(2)). Trai.n e~plc:yees o~erating power actuated tools 10 BRIEF DESCRIPTION DF ACCIDENT An electrician was removing metal fish tape from a hole at the base of a metal light pole. The fish tape became energized, electrocuting him. INSPECTION RESULTS As a result of its inspection, OSHA issued a citation for three serious violations of the agency's construction standards. Had requirements for de-energizing energy sources been followed, the electrocution might have been prevented, ACCIDENT PREVENTION RE.COMMENDATIONS Ensure all clrculta are de-enerqlzed before beginning work (29 CFR 1926.416(a)(3)). Controls to be deactivated during the course of work on enerqlzed or deenergized equipment or circuits must be tagged (29 CFR 1926.417(a)). Employees must be instructed to recognize and avoid unsafe conditions associated with their worn (29 CFR • A) Safety and health program/plan meets the requirements of 29 CFR 1926 Subpart C, General Safety and Health Provisions. • 8) There is a designated competent person responsible for and capable of implementing the program/plan. 8 " If the project meets the criteria, an abbreviated walk-around inspection shall be conducted focusing on: • Verification of the safety and health program/plan effectiveness by interviews and observation; e The discovery of serious violations during a Focused Inspection need not automatically convert the Focused Inspection into a comprehensive inspection. " These decisions will be based on the professional judgment of the CSHO. Specific Guidelines • All contractors and employee representatives shall, at some time during the inspection, be informed, why a focused or a comprehensive inspection is being conducted. • This may be accomplished either by personal contact or posting the "Handout for contractors and employees" (see attachments, per FIRM, Chapter II, section A. 3.) " The CSHO conducting a Focused Inspection is not required to inspect the entire project . e Only a representative portion of the project need be inspected as stated in OSHA Instruction CPL 2.103 Specific Guidelines a Applies only to construction safety inspections. • A project determined not to be eligible for a Focused Inspection shall be given a comprehensive inspection with the necessary time and resources to identify and document violations. Specific Guidelines • Although the walk-around inspection shall focus on the four leading hazards, citations shall be issued for any serious violations found during a Focused Inspection, and for any other-than-serious violations that are not immediately abated. o Other-than-serious violations that are immediately abated shall not normally be cited nor documented. 9 Specific Guidelines • Only contractors on projects that qualify for a Focused Inspection will be eligible to receive a full "good faith" adjustment of25%. ~crtON FOCUSED INSPECOONS INmAUVE H~ndaut for ccntractcrs and emplcvees The goal of focuso:d fnspeettcns is to reduce injuriea, mneS!l and fatalities by concentrating OSHA enrcrcement on thC"S6 projects that do not hava effective safety ;and health programs/plans and Iimitin9 OSHA's time spent on projects with etreettve proqrams/plans. To qualify for a FOCI/sed lnspe ctlcn, the project J;lIfety an d health ~rll!lr~m/plan will be reviewed and a walk~rollnd will he made of the jobslll! to verify IhH the progrilm/pl;" Is being Implemented, During Ih~ walkamund, the ccmpllance officer will fDells On thl! four Itidlng hazards that cause !l0,% of deaths and Injuries In construction, Thell!ildlng hazards are: .fa!ls(~'!I', floors, ~13tfotms, roofs) ·stru~k by (~.!I., filling obJeets, vehicles) • caugllt lll/b!tween (!!I.g., cave-ins, unguarded rnaehlnerv, equlprnent] .e1 .. ctrical (e.g., overhead power lines, power leols and cerds, ouUm, temporary wiring.) The ccmpllanc e officer wlll lnlervlew ernplcvees te deJ:!!Irmln~ thelr knewledge of the nrety and health !"to~ram/planJ their awarenUs of pot~ntlal jobsllel1aurds, th~lr tr.alnlng In hazard reeccnnlen and their undershndlng of appllcabla OSHA :rtandilrds. If tile project safety and he.alth ptogr.am/plan Is found 10 be efflll~lvely Impleme.nted, the compliant! officer will terminate. theln&p!~lon. If tile pmj!!ct does nol qUlllfy fot a Focused In~p!!ctlon, the compliance pmC!!r wn! conduct a cemprehenslve Inspection of the enure projed. lfyouhaveanyqumlonsorcon.:;errlsr!!iatedtoth!!lnsp!!ctloliorcondIUo!lsontlleproject,yauareencollraged to ~ring them la the Immeoiate attention altho ccmpllance efficer ur ':;3111ne <H!!a officeat . ________ qualified as a FOCUSED PflOJECT. Forms for the Focused Inspection • For Focused Inspections an OSHA-1 will be completed in accordance with the multiemployer policy as stated in the Field Inspection Reference Manual for the: - General contractor, prime contractor or other such entity and - Each employ" that Is Issued a c lta tlon.;; 1_S."'on.~Ci<ltlA'n!DeIlM~rm:Jorj, .. ~i .. ,I>o."'"""'_j""~ L """"'"""Ii"' __ ' .. f.,.,..",I""""''''m_Io-........,IdmI~,~.,~'"'J.O<'l - .. 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""'."",,""'1=, .. ,...,., .. :=l,.;f'~''' •• _ .'t""""'.~" .. il ;~ .. "'-'O>;>o;r,~"">::!".""'"''''',; ... , ,. __ fH~PROJ~QUNJFl!llfD>l,.Filt'U:;wms"t;:'l1Qq. L Construction e Size and ty e Deqreeof 10 • Where the conditions warrant a citation for violation of 1926.20 or 1926.21, it may be issued even if additional 29 documented. • CSHO will cite as appropriate from: - 29 CFR 1926.20, - 29 CFR 1926.21, - 29 CFR 1926.23, or - 29 CFR 1904.2 . • Violations for 29 CFR 1926.20(b) in a routine inspection may be cited as other-than-serious or serious as circumstances warrant. 11 A. Management Commitment and Leadership. 1. Policy statement: goals established, issued, and communicated to employees. 2. Program revised annually. 3. Participation in safety meetings, inspections; agenda item in meetings. 4. Commitment of resources is adequate. S. Safety rules and procedures incorporated into site operations. 6. Management observes safety rules. C. Identification and Control of Hazards. 1. Periodic site safety inspection program involves supervisors. 2. Preventative controls in place (PPE, maintenance, engineering controls). 3. Action taken to address hazards. 4. Safety Committee, where appropriate. S. Technical references available. 6. Enforcement procedures by management. evaluated for corrective action initiated. B. F. First Aid and Medical Assistance. 1. First aid supplies and medical service available. 2. Employees informed of medical results. 3. Emergency procedures and training, and 12 .n$e! 13 I Definitions • Can an establishment include more than one physical location? • Yes, but only under certain conditions. An employer may combine two or more physical locations into a single establishment only when: - The employer operates the locations as a single business operation under common management; - The locations are all located in close proximity to each other; and - The employer keeps one set of business records for the locations, Definitions • Injury or illness. An injury or illness is an abnormal condition or disorder. Injuries include cases such as, but not limited to, a cut, fracture, sprain, or amputation. Illnesses include both acute and chronic illnesses, such as, but not limited to, a skin disease, respiratory disorder, or poisoning. • (Note: Injuries and illnesses are recordable only if they are new, work-related cases that meet one or more of the Part 1904 recording criteria) • Some aggravation of pre-existing condition may be recordable if significant to cause lost days or loss in productivity ) Definitions • Establishment. An establishment is a single physical location where business is conducted • For activities where employees do not work at a single physical location, such as construction; transportation; communications, electric, gas and sanitary services; the establishment is represented by main or branch offices, terminals, stations, etc. that either supervise such activities or are the base from which personnel carry out these activities. Definitions • if an employee telecornrnutes from home, is his or her home considered a separate establishment? • No, for employees who telecommute from home, the employee's home is not a business establishment and a separate 300 Log is not required. • Employees who telecommute must be linked to one of your establishments under § 1904.30(b )(3). Definitions • Physician or Other licensed Health Care Professional (PLHCP). • A physician or other licensed health care professional is an individual whose legally permitted scope of practice (i.e., license, registration, or certification) allows him or her to independently perform, or be delegated the responsibility to perform, the activities described this lation. 1 • Subpart A -- Purpose • § 1904.0 Purpose. • To require employers to record and report workrelated fatalities, injuries and illnesses. • Note to § 1904.0: Recording or reporting a work-related injury, illness, or fatality does not mean that the employer or employee was at fault, that an OSHA rule has been violated, or that the employee is eligible for workers' compensation or other benefits. Partial Exemption § 1904.1 • Exempt from recordkeeping unless BLS or OHSA informs you in writing to keep records • 10 or fewer employees • Certain low risk industries • Based on size • 10 or fewer employees (entire company) • 10 or less at all times during entire year • Still must report fatalities & catastrophes Partial Exemption § 1904.2 • Low risk industries • Retail, services, finance, insurance or real estate industries • List in Appendix A to Subpart B • Exemptions based on SIC codes • OSHA office will help you determine Recording Criteria § 1904.4 • Work relatedness • New case determination • Meets one or more of the general recording criteria of § 1904.7 or the application to specific cases of § 1904.8 through § 1904.12. 2 NO I Did the employee experience I an injury or illness? J Is the injury or illness I r------j work related? [YES NO 115 the injury or illness I NO !UPdate the previously L____:.~n~.w~c::!,as~e?!___j----I recorded Injury Dr I Illness if necessary. 1 YES Does the Injury or illness meet the I YES general recording criteria or thet--'- 1""'- __ ' application to specific cases? 100 not need to record I the injury or illness. I I Record I the injury or illness. Determination of Work Relatedness § 1904.5 • If not obvious analyze work environment • How do I know if an event or exposure in the work environment "significantly aggravated" a preexisting injury or illness? - Death - Loss of consciousness - Days away, days of restricted work, days of job transfer Determination of Work Relatedness § 1904.5 • Travel Status: - Work related if activities are "In the interest of the employer" Examples include travel to and from customer contacts and entertaining to transact, discuss, or promote business (work-related entertainment includes only entertainment activities being engaged in at the direction of the employer). - Hotels are "home away from home" - Commuting does not count as work related - Detours do not count - Work at home activities must be work related Determination of Work Relatedness § 1904.5 • You must consider an injury or illness to be work-related if an event or exposure in the work environment either caused or contributed to the resulting condition or significantly aggravated a pre-existing injury 01' illness. e Exemptions in 1904.5 (b)(2) Determination of Work Relatedness § 1904.5 e Which injuries and illnesses are considered pre-existing conditions? • An injury or illness is a preexisting condition if it resulted solely from a non-work-related event or exposure occurred outside the work environment. • Has not previously experienced a recorded injury or illness of the same type that affects the same part of the body o Has had same type & part of body recovered o Chronic recurrence does not count e Do not need MD to determine but if one is consulted, decision must be followed 3 Recording Criteria § 1904.7 • Record the injury or illness on the OSHA 300 Log with a check mark in the space for cases involving days away and an entry of the number of calendar days away from work in the number of days column. • If the employee is out for an extended period of time, you must enter an estimate of the days that the employee will be away, and update the day count when the~aqual number of days is known. Recording Criteria § 1904.7 • A work-related injury or illness must be recorded if it results in one or more of the following: - Death, days away from work, restricted work or transfer to another job, medical treatment beyond first aid, or loss of consciousness. - Diagnosed by MD whether above occurred or not, or employee does not follow MD advice • Weekend days, holidays, vacation days or other days off are included in the total number of days recorded if the employee would not have been able to work on those days RecordingCriteria § 1904,7 • STOP COUNTING AT 180 DAYS! • STOP WHEN EMPLOYEE LEAVES COMPANY e RECORD ONLY ONCE FOR DAYS THAT OVERLAP TO FOLLOWING YEAR Recording Criteria § 1904,7 • Do I count the day on which the injury occurred or the illness began? • No, you begin counting days away on the day after the injury occurred or the illness began. Recording Criteria § 1904.7 • How do I record a case in which a worker is injured or becomes ill on a Friday and reports to work on a Monday, and was not scheduled to work on the weekend? • You need to record this case only if you receive information from a physician or other licensed health care professional indicating that the employee should not have worked • Same applies to holidays or vacation Recording Criteria § 1904.7 • How do I record a work-related injury or illness that results in restricted work or job transfer? When an injury or illness involves restricted work or job transfer place a check mark in the space for job transfer or restriction and an entry of the number of restricted or ~:I~~:red days in ~~ricted workdays ~ 4 Recording Criteria § 1904.7 • Restricted work occurs when, as the result of a work-related injury or illness: - You keep the employee from performing one or more of the routine functions of his or her job, (Le. would not be able to climb) or from working the full workday that he or she would otherwise have been scheduled to work; or d ~ - A physician or other licensed health care l.. professional (LHCP) recommends the above Recording Criteria § 1904.7 • How do I record an injury or illness that involves medical treatment beyond first aid? • You must record it on the OSHA 300 Log. o If the injury or illness did not involve death, one or more days away from work, one or more days of restricted work, or one or more days of job transfer, you enter a check mark in the box for cases where the employee received medical treatment but remained at work and was not transferred or restricted. Recording Criteria § 1904.7 • First Aid (FA): - Using a non-prescription medication at nonprescription strength - tetanus immunizations (other immunizations are MT) - Flushing skin wounds - Wound coverings & elastic bandages - Hot & cold packs - Immobilization devices used during transport Recording Criteria § 1904.7 • What is routine functions? • Those work activities the employee regularly performs at least once per week. o For permanent transfers or job modifications stop counting, but you must count at least one day Recording Criteria § 1904.7 • What is the definition of medical treatment? e "Medical Treatment" (MT) means the management and care of a patient to combat disease or disorder. • For the purposes of Part 1904, medical treatment does not include: - Visits to PLHCP's for observation or counseling only - Diagnostic procedures, such as x-rays and blood tests, including the administration of prescription medications used solely for diagnostic purposes • First Aid Recording Criteria § 1904.7 • First Aid: - Drilling fingernails - Eye patches - Removing objects from eye using irrigation or cotton swabs only - Simple removal of splinters - Using finger guards - Using massages - Drinking fluids for heat stress • FNMT doesn't depend on who administers it 5 Recording criteria for needlestick and sharps injuries. § 1904,8 • Record all work-related needlestick injuries and cuts from sharp objects contaminated with another person's blood or other infectious material (as defined by 29 CFR 1910.1030). e Enter the case on the OSHA 300 Log as an injury. To protect the employee's privacy, you may not enter the employee's name on the OSHA 300 Log (see the requirements for privacy cases in paragraphs 1904.29(b)(6) through 1904.29(b)(9)). Recording criteria for cases involving occupational hearing loss § 1904,10 • If an employee's hearing test (audiogram) reveals that the employee has experienced a work-related Standard Threshold Shift (STS) in hearing in one or both ears, and the employee's total hearing level is 25 decibels (dB) or more above audiometric zero (averaged at 2000, 3000 and 4000 Hz) in the same ear(s) as the STS, you must record the case on the OSHA 300 log Forms §1904.29 - You must use OSHA 300, 300-A, and 301 forms, or equivalent forms, for recordable injuries and illnesses. - The OSHA 300 form is called the Log of Work-Related Injuries and Illnesses, - The 300-A is the Summary of WorkRelated Injuries and Illnesses, and - The OSHA 301 form is called the Injury and Illness Incident Report. Recording criteria for needlestick and sharps injuries. § 1904.8 • Don't record cuts, etc .. that do not result in contamination e Update 300 log if later diagnosis indicates Bloodborne disease • Don't record splashes unless they result in diagnosis of blood borne disease Regulations (Standards - 29 CFR) (Archived) Recording criteria for cases involving workrelated musculoskeletal disorders. - 1904.12 e NOTICE: This is an OSHA Archive Document, and no longer represents OSHA Policy. It is presented here as historical content, for research and review purposes only. • Basic requirement. If any of your employees experiences a recordable work-related musculoskeletal disorder (MSD), you must record it on the OSHA 300 Log by checking the "musculoskeletal disorder" column. Forms §1904.29 - What do I need to do to complete the OSHA 300 Log? - You must enter information about your business at the top of the OSHA 300 Log, enter a one or two line description for each recordable injury or illness, and summarize this information on the OSHA 300-A at the end of the year. 6 Forms §1904.29 e What do I need to do to complete the OSHA 301 Incident Report? e You must complete an OSHA 301 Incident Report form, or an equivalent form, for each recordable injury or illness entered on the OSHA 300 L09~ Forms §1904.29 • May I keep my records on a computer? • Yes, if the computer can produce equivalent forms when they are needed, as described under §§ 1904.35 and 1904.40, you may keep your records using the system. Forms §1904.29 - Are there situations where I do not put the employee's name on the forms for privacy reasons? - You must keep a separate, confidential list of the case numbers and employee names for your privacy concern cases so you can update the cases and provide the information to the go,emmeo' ;f asked, ~ ~ Forms §1904.29 • How quickly must each injury or illness be recorded? • You must enter each recordable injury or illness on the OSHA 300 Log and 301 Incident Report within seven (7) calendar days of receiving information that a recordable injury or illness has occurred. Forms §1904.29 • Are there situations where I do not put the employee's name on the forms for privacy reasons? - Yes, if you have a "privacy concern case," you may not enter the employee's name on the OSHA 300 Log. - Instead, enter "privacy case" in the space normally used for the employee's name. - This will protect the privacy of the injured or ill employee when another employee, a former employee, or an authorized employee representative is provided access to the OSHA 300 Log under § 1904.35(b)(2). Forms §1904.29 • Privacy cases include: - An inj ury or illness to an intimate body part or the reproductive system; -An injury or illness resulting from a sexual assault; - Mental illnesses; - HIV infection, hepatitis, or tuberculosis; - Needlestick injuries and cuts from sharp objects that are contaminated with another person's blood or other potentially infectious material - Other illnesses, if the employee independently and voluntarily requests that his or her name not be entered on the log. 7 Covered Employees § 1904.31 • Self-employed individuals are not covered by the OSH Act or this regulation. • If you use employees from a temporary help service, employee leasing service, or personnel supply service, you must be recorded if you supervise them on a day-today basis • Recordability by the employer does not include contract employees whose work is supervised by the contractor Annual Summary §J.904.32 • To complete the summary: • Total the columns on the OSHA 300 Log (if you had no recordable cases, enter zeros for each column total); and • Enter the calendar year covered, the company's name, establishment name, establishment address, annual average number of employees covered by the OSHA 300 Log, and the total hours worked by all employees covered by the OSHA 300 Log. • Use Form 300-A Covered Employees • You must record on the OSHA 300 Log the recordable injuries and illnesses of all employees on your payroll, whether they are labor, executive, hourly, salary, part-time, seasonal, or migrant workers, in a business operating for 1 yr. or longer • You also must record the recordable injuries and illnesses that occur to employees who are not on your payroll if you supervise these employ~s on a day-to-day basis. .~ If your business is organized as a sole proprietorship or partnership, the owner or partners are not considered employees for recordkeeping purposes. Annual • At the end of each calendar year, you must: • Review the OSHA 300 Log to verify that the entries are complete and accurate, and correct any deficiencies identified; • Create an annual summary of injuries and illnesses recorded on the OSHA 300 Log; • Certify the summary; and ~ • Post the annual summary from February 1 st through April 30. Annual Summary§1904.32 • How do I certify the annual summary? • A company executive must certify that he or she has examined the OSHA 300 Log and that he or she reasonably believes, based on his or her knowledge of the process by which the information was recorded, that the annual summary is correct and complete. 8 §1904.32 e Who is considered a company executive? The company executive who certifies the log must be one of the following persons: -An owner of the company (only if the company is a sole proprietorship or partnership); - An officer of the corporation; - The highest ranking company official working at the establishment; or - The immediate supervisor of the highest ranking company official working at the establishment. • When do I have to post the annual summary? • You must post the summary no later than February 1 of the year following the year covered by the records and keep the posting in place through April 30. Change in ownership § 1904.34 • If your business changes ownership, you are responsible for recording and reporting workrelated injuries and illnesses only for that period of the year during which you owned the establishment. • You must transfer the Part 1904 records to the new owner. • The new owner must save all records of the establishment kept by the prior owner, as required by § 1904.33 of this Part, but need not update or correct the records of the prior owner. • How do I post the annual • You must post a copy of the annual summary in each establishment in a conspicuous place or places where notices to employees are customarily posted. You must ensure that the posted annual summary is not altered, defaced or covered by other material.. Retention & Updating §1904.33 • You must save the OSHA 300 Log, • The privacy case list (if one exists), • The annual summary, and the OSHA 301 Incident Report forms for five (5) years following the end of the calendar year that these records cover. - Update stored records as necessary during the retention period - Do not have to update the summary or the incident reports Employee Involvement 1904.35 • You must inform each employee of how he or she is to report an injury or illness to you. • You must provide limited access to your injury and illness records for your employees and their representatives. 9 Employee Involvement 10904.35 • Employees, former employees, their personal representatives, and their authorized employee representatives have the right to access the OSHA injury and illness records, with some limitations Employee Involvement 1904.35 • When an employee, former employee, personal representative, or authorized employee representative asks for copies of your current or stored OSHA 300 Log(s) for an establishment the employee or former employee has worked in, you must give the requester a copy of the relevant OSHA 300 Log(s) by the end of the next business day. • The same applies the 301 Incident Report Prohibition against discrimination §1904.36 • Section 11 (c) of the Act prohibits you from discriminating against an employee for reporting a work-related fatality, injury or illness. • That provision of the Act also protects the employee who files a safety and health complaint, asks for access to the Part 1904 records, or otherwise exercises any rights afforded by the OSH Act. Employee Involvement 1904.3:; • Anauthorized employee representative is an authorized collective bargaining agent of employees. • A personal representative is: - Any person that the employee or former employee designates as such. in writing; or - The legal representative of a deceased or legally incapacitated employee or former employee. Employee Involvement 1904.35 • You must leave the names on the 300 Log. o However, to protect the privacy of injured and ill employees, you may not record the employee's name on the OSHA 300 Log for certain "privacy concern cases," as specified in paragraphs 1904.29(b)(6) through 1904.29(b)(9). • Within eight (8) hours after the death of any employee from a work-related incident or the inpatient hospitalization of three or more employees as a result of a work-related incident, you must orally report the fatality/multiple hospitalization by telephone or in person to the Area Office of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), U.S. Department of Labor, that is nearest to the site o h . in. 10 e You may also use the OSHA toll-free central telephone number, 1-800-321- OSHA (1-800-321-6742). • You must give OSHA the following information for each fatality or multiple hospitalization incident: - The establishment name; - The location of the incident; - The time of the incident; - The number of fatalities or hospitalized employees; • If a motor vehicle accident occurs on a public street or highway, and does not occur in a construction work zone, you do not have to report the incident to OSHA. e Same for multiple injuries on public transportation • However you must record on the OSHA 300 if • If the Area Office is closed, may I report the incident by leaving a message on OSHA's answering machine, faxing the area office, or sending an e-mail? • No, if you can't talk to a person at the Area Office, you must report the fatality or multiple hospitalization incident using the 800 number . • You must give OSHA the following information for each fatality or multiple hospitalization incident: - The names of any injured employees; - Your contact person and his or her phone number; and q p - A brief description of the incident. • Do I have to report a fatality caused by a heart attack at work? • Yes, your local OSHA Area Office director will decide whether to investigate the incident, depending on the circumstances of the heart attack. 11 Reporting fatalities and multiple hospitalization incidents to OSHA §1904.~9 • Do I have to report a fatality or hospitalization that occurs long after the incident? • No, you must only report each fatality or multiple hospitalization incident that occurs within thirty (30) days of an incident. Providing records to government representatives §1904.40 • When an authorized government representative asks for the records you keep under Part 1904, you must provide copies of the records within four (4) business hours. Reponing fatalities and multiple hospitalization incidents to OSHA §1904.39 • What if i don't learn about an incident right away? • If you do not learn of a reportable incident at the time it occurs and the incident would otherwise be reportable under paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section, you must make the report within eight (8) hours of the time the incident is reported to you or to any of your agent(s) or employee(s). Providing records to government representatives §1904.40 • The government representatives authorized to receive the records are: - A representative of the Secretary of Labor conducting an inspection or investigation under the Act; - A representative of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (including the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health -- NIOSH) conducting an investigation under section 20(b) of the Act, or - A representative of a State agency responsible for administering a State plan approved under section 1 R of thA Ar.t 12 Exemplary Workplaces e Common characteristics of effective safety and health programs: -Assignment of responsibility to managers, supervisors, and workers - Regular inspections to control hazards - Employee training and orientation for the recognition and avoidance of hazards S & H Program Guidelines • Goes beyond specific requirements of the law to focus on all hazards Introduction • Research indicates benefits to companies who establish effective worker safety and health programs: - Reduction in the extent and severity of work-related injuries and illnesses - Improved employee morale - Higher productivity - Lower workers' compensation costs S & H Program Guidelines • Systematic approach to hazard: - Identification - Evaluation - Control S & H Program Guidelines • As the size of the workplace increases so does the need for a formalized written program • Program effectiveness more important than "In Writing" • Element taken from the 'Safety and Health Program Guidelines - 1989' 1 Major Elements • Keys to an effective program: - Management commitment and employee involvement - Worksite analysis - Hazard prevention and control - Safety and health training Management Commitment • Safety and health policy statement • Clear program goals and objectives • Visible involvement in program from top management • Leadership Management Commitment • Provides adequate authority to responsible personnel • Holds managers, supervisors and employees accountable for meeting their responsibilities Management Commitment • Management provides: - Direction and motivation - Resources - Activity control Management Commitment • Assignment of safety and health responsibilities • Clear communication of program goals Management Commitment & Employee Involvement • Complement one another • Management provides the motivating force and resources for safety and health programs • Employee involvement provides workers opportunities to develop and express their own commitment to the safety and health program 2 Employee Involvement Active role for employees: - Workplace inspections - Hazard analysis - Development of safe work rules - Training of coworkers & new hires Worksite Analysis • Perform job hazard analysis - Break tasks down into elements -Identify the hazards in each element -Identify control measures and safe work rules for each element Worksite Analysis • Provide for regular site safety and health inspections • Method for reporting and correcting hazards: - Communication of hazards - Method for correcting reported hazards - Prioritizing work - Timeliness - Without fear of reprisal Worksite Analysis • Hazard Identification: - Facilities - Processes - Materials - Equipment • Use professionals that understand the processes involved Worksite Analysis • Identify existing hazards • Anticipate hazards where procedures or · operations change Worksite Analysis • Effective system for: - Accident Investigations - Near Misses • Identify root causes • Contributing factors • Methods for prevention of reoccurrence 3 Worksite Analysis • Analyze injury and illness trends over time: - Identify injury type patterns - Identify injury task patterns - Analyze by department • Identify common causes and preve reoccurrence Hazard Prevention and Control • System for timely correction or control of hazards • Safe work procedures: - Developed from worksite analysis - Training - Correction of unsafe performance - Positive reinforcement - Enforcement Safety and Health Training • Effective new employee orientation: - Employee safety and health responsibilities - Protective measures - Proper procedures for machine operation - Understand all safeguards - Exits and emergency procedures Hazard Prevention and Control • Make a determination that a hazard exists Where feasible, eliminate by job or task design/redesign e If elimination is not feasible, then control the hazard: - Engineering controls - Administrative controls - Personal protective equipment (PPE) Hazard Prevention and Control • Provide for facility and equipment maintenance • Plan and prepare for emergencies: - Training and drills • Medical Program - First aid - Physician and emergency care Safety and Health Training • Cover all required employee training • Documentation where required e Reinforcing employee training: - Continual feedback - Refresher training as needed 4 Alliance Benefits • Build trusting, cooperative relationships with the Agency. • Network with others committed to workplace safety and health. • Leverage resources to maximize worker safety and health protection. Getting Started with Alliances • For national Alliances, contact OSHA's Office of Outreach Services and Alliances at 202-693-2340 . e For regional or local Alliances, contact the OSHA regional office for your area. Alliances • Enables organizations committed to workplace safety and health to collaborate with OSHA to prevent injuries and illnesses in the workplace • OSHA and its allies work together to reach out to, educate, and lead the nation's employers and their employees in improving and advancing workplace safety and health. How Alliances Work • OSHA and the participating organization must define, implement and meet a set of short and long-term goals that fall into three categories: - Training and education - Outreach and communication - Promote the National Dialogue on Workplace Safety and Health OSHA Strategic Partnerships • The OSHA Strategic Partnership Program for Worker Safety and Health (OSPP), adopted on November 13, 1998 • An expansion of OSHA's experience with voluntary programs. 5 OSHA Strategic Partnerships • Extended, voluntary, cooperative relationship with groups of employers, employees, and employee representatives • Opportunity to identify a common goal, develop plans for achieving that goal, and cooperate in implementation. • Most are small businesses, with an average employment of 22 workers. Voluntary Protection Program (VPP) • Designed to recognize and promote effective safety and health management. • In the VPP, management, labor, and OSHA establish a cooperative relationship at a workplace that has implemented a strong program: - Management program that meets OSHA criteria - Employees participate & work with management - OSHA provides public recognition - Removal from routine inspections OSHA Consultation Service • Free Service: - Find out about potential hazards in the workplace - Improve safety & health management systems - Qualify for one-year exemption from routine inspection OSHA Strategic Partnerships • Many of these partnerships focus on areas of concern addressed in OSHA's Strategic Plan. o These partnerships are seeking solutions to silica and lead exposures • Serious hazards in the: - Nursing home, - Food processing, - Logging, and - Construction industries. OSHA Consultation Service • Delivered by state governments: - Well trained staff - On-site consultation - Confidential • Commitment to correcting serious job hazards 6 Subpart C Sections • 1926. 25 Housekeeping • 1926.26 Illumination • 1926.27 Sanitation • 1926.28 Personal protective equipment Subpart C - General Safety & Health (1926.20 - 35) 21(b}(2) Housekeerinr 25(0) m Personal protective equipment :zc{a)." Subpart C Sections • 1926.20 General safety and health provisions e 1926.21 Safety Training and' Education • 1926.23 First aid and medical attention • 1926.24 Fire protection and prevention Citations issued in 2000 @No safety training employees ~@Jobsite inspections by competent person \@No Accident Prevention Program @Poor housekeeping Definitions • Competent Person: Has authorization to take corrective action & is"abl~,to, iL/t;} /<;tJ1}>~1>;;f "{t,,J:,ts/ recognize existing and ·predictable / hazards . • Authorized Person: A person assigned by the employer to perform a duty or to be at a particular jobsite. 1 Definitions • Construction Work: means work for construction, alteration, and/or repair, including painting and decorating. • Employer: means contractor or subcontractor. 1926.20 Accident Prevention • Responsibility of employer to initiate and maintain programs necessary to comply CFR Part 1926 Construction Industry 5 Definitions • Qualified: means one who, by possession of a: - recognized degree, - certificate, or - professional standing, or - who by extensive knowledge, training, and experience, has successfully demonstrated his ability to solve or resolve problems relating to the subject matter, the work, or the project. 11926.20 Contractor Requirements I • No laborer or mechanic performing contract allowed to work under working conditions which are: - Unsanitary - Hazardous - Dangerous e To their health or Machinery and Tools , Must be in compliance with regulations • Tools not in compliance must be identified as unsafe by: - Tagging or locking controls to render inoperable - Physically removed from place of operation 2 , Employer shall permit only those employees qualified by training or experience to operate equipment or machinery 1926.21 Safety Training and Education • Instruct each employee in the recognition and avoidance of unsafe conditions. • All 1926 regulations that apply to the work. , Control or eliminate any hazards or other exposure to illness or injury . .; LEADERSHIP ..; MOTIVATION SAFETY o Employees required to handle poisons, caustics & other harmful substances shall be instructed in such handling and use 1926.21 Safety Training and Education , Employees required to enter confined spaces instructed to nature of hazards involved • Necessary precautions , Use of PPE • Instruction.on"aVO(qjD9 injury from plants & a6jqi~I§',wh~repre~ent & first 1926.21 Safety Training and Education • Confined space: - Limited means of egress - Subject to accumulation of hazardous contaminants or, - Oxygen defi,cip91. atmosphere .c.u o cr: - Tanks, bifls:boilers, ducts, pipelines, open-topped spaces more than 4 feet deep I, 7, 1926023 First aid and medical attention • Provisions made by employer for every employee for: [, - First aid, - Medical attention, and - Emergency facilities 1926.24 Fire Protection • Ensure availability of fire protection equipment as required by Subpart F of this part • Containers provided for collection of wastes • Covered for flammable, hazardous wastes • Employer responsible for the development and maintenance of an effective program at the jobsite throughout all phases of the construction, repair or demolition work • Form and scrap lumber with protruding nails and all other debris kept cleared from work areas. • Combustible scrap removed at regular intervals. 1926.26 Illumination • Construction areas, aisles, stairs, ramps, corridors, offices & storage where work is in progress shall be lighted with natural or artificial illumination 4 1926.27 Sanitation • Employer is responsible for requiring the wearing of appropriate personal protective equipment in all operations where there is an exposure to hazardous conditions • cnclude~vIaH pr~tectio(~. ~) l(;c:~t;;~~~~vc/ (/J( • Sanitation requirements are found in Subpart 0 (1926.51) • Cover requirements for drinking water (potable). • Water for other purposes. • Toilet requirements. • Eating and drinking areas. Shipbuilding and Repairing 1926.30 • Pressure vessels • Boilers • Safety and health regulations in part 1915 of this title, Shipyard Employment apply Incorporation by Reference 1926.31 /./ • ANSI: means American National Standards Institute. • With reference to standards: ",/::::-Shall: means mandatory. / /~Should: means rat'"rnm \ (_;) '~' • Only the mandatory provisions (containing the word "shall") of standards incorporated by reference are adopted as standards under OSHA 5 Access to Medical Records 1926.33 • The requirements applicable to construction work under this section are identical to those set forth in General Industry Standards 1910.1020 1926.34 Egress • Every building or structure, free & unobstructed egress from all when occupied • No locks to prev~nt free escape (except mental & penal institutions) • Exits marked by readily visible sign , Means of egress continually maintained 1926.35 Emergency Plans • In writing • Procedures and routes assigned • Covers actions employees must take to protect themselves from fire & Recordkeeping and Hazard Analysis e First aid supplies and medical service available • Employees informed of medical results • Emergency procedures and training, where necessary 1926.35 Emergency Plans • Procedures to be followed by employees who remain to operate emergency equipment • Procedures to account for employees • Rescue & medical duties for employees who are to perform them 6 Uninsured Costs • Repairing, replacing or cleaning up • Reduced productivity of injured worker • Learning period for new worker • Accident investigation cost • Costs to prepare and file reports • Uninsured medical costs • Costs of litigation Categories of Accidents • Exertion (stress or strain) • Exposure(exposed to fume, gas, mist, chemical, etc ... ) I Uninsured Costs __j • Deductible part of insurance policy • Lost wages for those not insured • Wages paid to injured persons not covered by worker compensation Overtime work required as a result of an accident • Supervisor time related to accident Categories of Accidents • Contact (struck by, energy source(s), abrasion, etc .. • Caught (in, on, between, under) • Fall (from elevation or same level) Electrocution 7 Construction Safety Programs • Although compliance with the law, including specific OSHA standards, is an important objective, an effective program looks beyond specific requirements of law to address all hazards. • It will seek to prevent injuries and illnesses, whether or not compliance is at issue. Management Commitment and Leadership • Policy statement: goals established, issued and communicated to employees. • Program revised annually. • Participation in safety meetings, inspections; agenda items in meetings. Worksite Analysis • Conduct comprehensive baseline worksite surveys for safety and health • Perform routine job hazards analyses. • Assess risk factors of ergonomics applications to workers' tasks. Major Program Elements • Management Commitment and Employee Involvement e Worksite Analysis e Hazard Prevention and Control • Safety and Health Training Management Commitment and Leadership • Commitment of resources is adequate • Safety rules and procedures incorporated into site operations • Management observes safety rules Worksite Analysis • Conduct regular site safety and health inspections. e Provide a system for employees to notify management about hazardous conditions. 8 Hazard Prevention and Control • Use engineering techniques where feasible. • Establish safe work practices. • Provide personal protective equipment when engineering controls are infeasible. e Use administrative controls reduce duration of exposure. Safety and Health Training • Ensure that all employees understand and are aware of the hazards to which they may be exposed and the proper methods for avoidin~ such hazards. ~ Safety and Health Training • Limit certain job assignments to employees who are "certified," "competent," or "qualified," meaning that they have had special previous training. • This should be an essential part of every employer's program for protecting workers from accidents and illnesses. Q.,,," r ~rezy I J I \ Hazard Prevention and Control • Maintain the facility and equipment to prevent breakdowns. • Plan and prepare for emergencies, and conduct training and emergency drills. e Establish a medical program that includes first aid onsite. Safety and Health Training • Maintain physical protection in their work areas. • Understand their safety and health responsibilities. Construction safety I I \ Training and Education , Supervisors receive basic training • Specialized training taken when needed • Employee training program exists, is ongoing, and is effective 9 Assignment of Responsibility • Safety designee on site, knowledgeable, and accountable • Supervisors (including foremen) safety and health responsibilities understood • Employees adhere to safety rules l S & H Program Components Review • Hazard Analyses - assessment • Hazard Prevention and control • Policies and Procedures • Employee training • Follow-up Inspections (Audits) • Enforcement (Discipline) Identification and Control of Hazards • Action taken to address hazards • Safety Committee, where appropriate • Technical references available e Enforcement procedures by management 10 Q "Confined or enclosed space" means any space having a limited means of egress, which is subject to the accumulation of toxic or flammable contaminants or has an oxygen deficient Q Either general mechanical or local exhaust ventilation meeting the requirements of paragraph (a) of this section shall be provided whenever welding, cutting, or heating is 1926.21 (b)(6)(i) • All employees required to enter into confined or enclosed spaces shall be instructed as to the nature of the hazards involved, the necessary precautions to be taken, and in the use of protective and emergency equipment required . • The employer shall comply with any specific regulations that apply to work in dangerous or potentially dangerous areas. 1926.21 (b)(6)(ii) • Confinedor enclosed spaces include, but are not limited to, storage tanks,process vessels, bins, boilers, ventilatiOn or exhaust ducts, seWers, und~rground utility vaults, tunnels, pipelines, and open top spaces more'thqn4 feet in depth such as pits, tubs, vaults, and vessels. 1926.353(b) Welding, cutting, and heating in confined spaces . • When sufficient ventilation cannot be obtained without blocking the means of access, employees in the confined space shall be protected by air line respirators. • An employee on the outside of such a confined space assigned to maintain communication with those working within it to aid them in an emergency. 1 • "Lifelines." Where a welder must enter a confined space through a manhole or other small opening, means shall be provided for quickly removing him in case of emergency. • Where oxygen deficiency (atmospheres containing less than 19.5 percent oxygen) or a hazardous atmosphere exists or could reasonably be expected to exist, such as in excavations in landfill areas or excavations in areas where hazardous substances are stored nearby, the atmospheres in the excavation shall be tested before employees enter excavations greater than 4 feet (1.22 m) in depth. OSHA Perspective e In some cases, confinement itself poses entrapment hazards. • In other cases, confined space work keeps employees closer to hazards, such as asphyxiating atmospheres or the moving parts of machinery. 1926.353(b) Welding, cutting, and heating in confined spaces. Q When safety belts and lifelines are used for this purpose they shall be so attached the welder's body that his body cannot be jammed in a small exit opening. • An attendant with a pre-planned rescue procedure shall be stationed outside to observe the welder at all times and be capable of putting rescue operations into effect. Background • Many workplaces contain spaces which are "confined" . • Their configurations hinder the activities of any employees who enter, work in, and exit them. • Employees who work in process vessels must squeeze in and out through narrow openings or perform their tasks while era or contorted. NIOSH Definition • Any space which, by design, has: • limited openings for entry and exit; • unfavorable natural ventilation which could contain or produce dangerous air contaminants, and; • which is not intended for continuous employee occupancy. 2 Statistics • NIOSH report: • 1993 -1996 • 276 Confined Space incidents e Resulted in 234 deaths • 193 injuries • Up to half of those killed in confined spaces were rescuers Overview • First Priority - Define the hazards of the space: • Restricted areas within the confined space • Voids • The nature of the contaminants present • The size of the space • The type of work to be performed Categories of Confined Spaces • 1. Open tops and with a depth that will restrict the natural movement of air • 2. Enclosed spaces with very limited openings for entry. Overview • Failure to recognize confined space hazards is high on the list of accident causes Ventilation Considerations • The ventilation air should not create an additional hazard: • Recirculation of contaminants • Improper arrangement of the inlet duct • The substitution of anything other than fresh (normal) air (approximately 20.9% oxygen, 78.1% nitrogen, and 1 % argon with small amounts of various other gases). Properties of Gasses - Open Top Confined Spaces • Gases that are heavier than air (butane, propane, and other hydrocarbons) remain in depressions and will flow to low points where they are difficult to remove • Water tanks that appear harmless may develop toxic atmospheres such as hydrogen sulfide from the vap inated water 3 Properties of Gasses - Closed Vessel Confined Spaces • Gases which are heavier than air such as carbon dioxide and propane, may lie in a tank or vault for hours or even days after the containers have been opened. Confined Space Hazards - Controlling Factors • (1) The material stored or used in the confined space; e (2) The activity carried out, • (3) The external environment, Properties of Gasses - Closed Vessel Confined Spaces • Because some gases are odorless, the hazard may be overlooked with fatal results. • Gases that are lighter then air may also be trapped within an enclosed type confined space, especially those with access from the bottom or sid Combination Hazards • The most hazardous kind of confined space is the type that combines limited access and mechanical devices. • Boilers usually contain power-driven equipment which, unless properly isolated, may be inadvertently activated after entry. Flammable Atmospheres • Enriched oxygen atmospheres, • Vaporization of flammable liquids, • Byproducts of work, • Chemical reactions, • Concentrations of combustible dusts 4 Flammable Atmospheres • The byproducts of work procedures can generate flammable or explosive conditions within a confined space. Carbon Dioxide (C02) • Colorless, odorless noncombustible gas • Heavier than air a Common in solid and compressed liquid forms • Carbonation • Inerting • Organic decay (grain elevators, sewers, storage bins, wells) • Fermentation (digestors, molasses pits, beer and wine vats) Carbon Monoxide (CO) • Colorless, odorless gas • Slightly lighter than air • Chemical asphyxiant • Primary source: incomplete combustion of organic material e Gasoline-fueled combustion engines Carbon Monoxide • Fatal at 1000 ppm in air • Dangerous at 200 ppm , TLV/REL = 5,000 ppm - TWA; 30,000 ppm - STEL • IDLH = 50,000 ppm • LEL = none CO (contd) • PEL = 35 ppm - TWA • TLV=25 ppm-TWA • BEl: <3.5% COHb; 20 ppm (end- exhaled air) • REL = 200 ppm - STEL; 35 ppm - TWA • IDLH = 1500 ppm e LEL = 12.5%; UEL = 74.2% 5 Concentration of CO Necessary to Produce Symptoms Effects Percent ppm 0.02 200 0.04 400 0.08 800 0.16 1.600 0.32 3,200 0.64 6,400 1.28 12,800 Possibly headache, mild frontal In 2~3 hrs. Headache, frontal, and nausea after 1w2 hrs.: occlpHaJ after 2~1/2 to 3·1/2 hI'S. Headache, dizziness and nausea in 3/4 hour, collapse and possibly unconsciousness in 2 hra. Headache, dizziness and nausea in 20 min.; collapse, unconsciousness, possibly death in 2 hr. Headache and dizziness in 5 to 10 min., unconsciousness and danger of death in 30 mln. Headache and dizziness in 1 t02 min., unconsciousness and danger of death in 10 to 15 min. Immediate effect; unconsciousness and danger of death in 1 to 3 min. (Source: Hamilton & Hardy) Carbon Monoxide • Any untested atmosphere must be suspect • Carbon monoxide must be tested for specifically. Oxygen Deprivation o 21% e 17% • 14~16% • 6 -10% e 6% Symptoms of CO Exposure Symptoms 0·10 10·20 20·30 30·40 40·50 Shortness of breath on exertion Tightness across forehead, slight headache Throbbing headache Severe headache, nausea, vomiting, collapse on exertion All symptoms increased, pulse rale and breathing increased 50·70 Cams, interrupted breathing (cheyne-Stckes), death • Percent saturation of Hemoglobin with co {Blood Levels] (Adapted from Dubois and Gelllng) Oxygen Displacement • Helium • Argon • Nitrogen Oxygen-Deficient Atmospheres 02 Content Effects and Symptoms (at Palm) Decreased abIlity to work: strenuously. May Impair coordina1ion and induce early symptoms in persons with coronary, pulmonary, or circulatory problems. Resplratton increases in exertion, pulse up, Impaired coordination, perception, and Judgment. Resplratlcn further Increases in rate and depth, poor judgment, lips blue. Mental teuure. fainting, unconsciousness, ashen face, blueness of lips, nausea, and vomiting. a mln., 100% fatal; 6 min., 50% fatal; 4-5 rnln., recovery wtth treatment. 4-6% Coma in' 40 sec., convulsions, respiration ceases, death. 15·19% 12-14% 10-12% 8-10% 6-8% NOTE: Exposure to atmospheres containing 12% or less oxygen will bring about unconsciousness without wamlng and so quickly that individuals cannot help Dr protect themselves. (Source: Compressed Gas Assoclatton Bulletin SS-2J 6 0% AL PEL IDLH LEL DEL PURE CLEAN FRESH AIR AL - ACTION LEVEL PEL - PERMISSIABLE EXPOSURE LIMIT (OSHA) REL - RECOMlvlENDED EXPOSURE LIMIT (NIOSH) TL V-THRESHOLD LIMIT V ALDE (ACGrn) LEL - LOWER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT Physical Hazards • Thermal effects (heat and cold), • Noise • Vibration • Radiation • Fatigue while working in a confined space Noise • Reverberation • Communication • Commands 100% PURE DIRTY AIR Thermal Hazards • (1) Air temperature, • (2) Air velocity, • (3) Moisture contained in the air, and • (4) Radiant heat. Vibration • Whole body • Segmental • Tools 7 Definition- NI OSH • Any space which, by design, has limited openings for entry and exit; unfavorable natural ventilation which could contain or produce dangerous air contaminants, and which is not intended for continuous employee occupancy. Hazardous atmosphere • Atmospheric oxygen concentration below 19.5 percent or above 23.5 percent; e Atmospheric concentration of any substance for which a dose or a permissible exposure limit is published • Any other atmospheric condition that is immediately dangerous to life or health. Hazardous atmosphere • Flammable gas, vapor, or mist in excess of 10 percent of its lower flammable limit (LFL) • Airborne combustible dust at a concentration that meets or exceeds its LFL; NOTE: This concentration may be approximated as a condition in which the dust obscures vision at a distance of 5 feet (1.52 rn) or less. Inerting • The displacement of the atmosphere in a permit space by a noncombustible gas (such as nitrogen) to such an extent that the resulting atmosphere is noncombustible. • NOTE: This procedure produces an IDLH oxygen-deficient atmosphere. 8 Retrieval system • The equipment (iqqluging a retrieval line, chest or full-body device or anchor) .... , .. /ii" used permit Self Rescue • Usually initiated by worker e Worker removes self • No rescuer entry required • Entrant must know reasons for self rescue Respirators for IDLH Atmospheres Full Facepiece Pressure Demand SCBA Combination Full Faceplece Pressure Demand SAR with Auxiliary Self-Contained Air Supply Communication • Summoning Help • Body Positions • Voice Alarms Entry Rescue • Most difficult and risky • Requires training, equipment and coordination of efforts 9 Bosun Chair Vehicle-Mounted Davit Davit Arm Confined space testing FOUR-GAS DETECTOR -Oxyqen content ·Flammability I explosion potential -Carbon monoxide ·Hydrogen sulfide Critical issues - ·Training -Procedures -Callbration 10 11 1926,50 Medical Services + Medical personnel available _------'11 for advice and consultation + Provisions made prior to commencement of the project for prompt medical attention in case of serious injury. + Medical facility readily available and/or person trained in first-aid available at the work site I) l\ 1926.50 Medical Services +The contents of the first-aid kit shall be checked by the employer before being sent out on each job and +At least weekly on each job to ensure that the expended items are replaced. Subpart D - Occupational Health & Environmental Controls (1926.50 - 66) Lead ~ rasure assessme~l .I2(d)(1){J) First aid training SQ(c) Gases, vapors, fumes, dusts & mists - Employee exposure 5S(CI) :u Gases, vapors, fumes, dusts & mists - Controls S5{b} Lead -Interim respiratory protection '2{d1l21(V){A)~2:2 1926,50 Medical Services +First aid supplies, approved by the consulting health professional, readily available (Appendix A) +The first-aid kit consists of materials approved by the consulting physician +in a weatherproof container with individual sealed packages for each type of item. 1926.50 Medical Services ~ +Proper equipment for prompt transportation of the injured person to a physician or hospital, or +A communication system for contacting necessary ambulance service is required ~ ~'\- Ppy ~~'" \' 'l{(/ \ ~ ( 1 +Emergency <n_lj_IJJP~n?B,Q~~d . +Eyewash required for toxic and/or corrosives Sanitation 1926.51 • Any container used to distribute drinking water shall be clearly marked as to the nature of its contents and not used for any other purpose • The common drinking cup is prohibited Sanitation - Applicable 1910 Standards Sanitation 1926.51 • Adequate supply of potable water shall be provided in all places of employment • Portable containers used to dispense drinking water shall be capable of being tightly closed, and equipped with a tap. • Water cannot be dipped from containers. "Potable water" means water which meets the quality standards prescribed in the U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards, published in 42 CFR part 72, or water which is approved for drinking purposes by the State or local authority having jurisdiction. Sanitation - Applicable 1910 Standards • Washing facilities maintained in a sanitary condition e Lavatories provided with hot & cold, or tepid running water • Soap provided 2 Table D - 1 Number of Employees 20 or less I 1 I I 1 toilet seat and 1 urinal per 40 workers I 1 toilet seat and 1 urinal per 50 workers 20 or more 200 or more TABLE D - 2 PERMISSIBLE NOISE EXPOSURES Duration per day, hours I Sound level dBA I slow response : ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: : 4 •••••••••••.•.•..•...•••.••••.••.••.• I 3 ••••••.•...•..........••..•.•••••.•.. I 2 ....••.•••.••...•.•.•..•••••••.••.••• I 11/2 I ~/2 .:::::::: ::::::::::::::::::.:'::::.:'. : 90 92 95 97 100 102 105 110 1926.52 Noise Exposure • F(e):::(T(1)divided by L(1))+(T(2)divided by L(2))+ ... + (T(n) divided by L(n)) where: • F(e)::: The equivalent noise exposure factor. • T ::: The period of noise exposure at any essentially constant level. L ::: The duration of the permissible noise exposure at the constant level (from Table D-2). 1926.52 Noise Exposure ~ Noise levels in excess of Table D - 2 require administrative or engineering controls to control noise levels ~ If above is not feasible PPE provided to reduce noise exposure to acceptable levels 1926.52 Noise Exposure • When the daily noise exposure is composed of two or more periods of noise exposure of different levels, their combined effect should be considered, rather than the individual effect of each. 1926.52 N oise Exposure If the value of F(e) exceeds unity (1) the exposure exceeds permissible levels. 110 dB A 1/4 hour. 100 dB A 1/2 hour. 90 dB A 1 112 hours. F(e) = (1/4 divided by 112)+(1/2 divided by 2)+(1 1/2 divided by 8 F(e) = 0.500+0.25+0.188 F(e) = 0.938 ~ Since the value of F(e) does not exceed unity, the exposure is within permissible limits. 3 1926.52 Noise Exposure Decibel Example Level 90 Truck traffic, lawn mower 100 Chain saw, pneumatic drill, excavator 120 Close thunder, rock concert 140 Jet plane, gunshot blast 1926.54 Non-Ionizing radiation • Only qualified and trained employees assiqned to install, adjust, and operate laser equipment. • Proof ofquaiification,Clf the.lasereqalpment operatol~vaiiable;ah~lri PQ$sessi6~ of the operator at all times. • light greater than 0.005 watts rnilliwatts) exists, shall be provided with anti-laser eye protection • Engineering controls first • PPE if engineering controls not feasible • All equipment approved by CP in industrial hygiene • Whenever respirators are used, their use shall comply with 1926.103. ionizing r<:ipiation, the of the Nuclear .nlT'rTlI·~"'r1n Standards for (10 CFR Part Illumination • General. Construction areas, ramps, runways, corridors, offices, shops, and storage areas shall be lighted to not less than the minimum illumination intensities listed in Table 0-3 while any work is in progress: 4 Foot candles Area of Operation 5.. General construction area lighting. 3..... General construction areas, concrete placement, excavation and waste areas, access ways, active storage areas, loading platforms, refueling, and field maintenance areas. 5............. Indoors: warehouses, corridors, hallways, and exitways. 5 Tunnels, shafts, and general underground work areas: (Exception: minimum of 1 0 foot-candles is required at tunnel and shaft heading during drilling, mucking, and scaling. Bureau efMines approved cap lights shall be acceptable for use in the tunnel heading) 10 General construction plant and shops (e.g., batch plants, screening plants, mechanical and electrical equipment rooms, carpenter shops, rigging lofts and active store rooms, mess halls, and indoor toilets and workrooms.) 30.......... First aid stations. infirmaries, and offices. 1926.57 Ventilation • Exhaust systems designed that dusts, fumes, mists, vapors, or gases are not drawn through the work area of employees. 1926.57 Ventilation • Wherever dry grinding, dry polishing or buffing is performed, and employee exposure, without regard to the use of respirators, exceeds the permissible exposure limits prescribed in 1926.55 or other pertinent sections of this part, a local exhaust ventilation system shall be provided and used to maintain employee exposures within th~ r:e ~.rescribed limits. \ • -; Refer to tables D 57.2 - D 57.6 1926.57 Ventilation "General." Whenever hazardous SUbstances such as dusts, fumes, mists, vapors, or gases exist or are produced in the course of construction work, their concentrations shall not exceed the limits specified in 1926.55(a}. • When ventilation is used as an engineering control method, the system shall be installed and operated according t the requirements of this section. 1926.57 Ventilation • Blasting operations proquc§l respirable dust. • Concentrations in levels above those specified in 1926.55 require controls 1926.57 Ventilation • Spray booths or spray rooms are to be used to enclose or confine all operations. 5 1926.59 = 1910.1200 Hazard Communication Major Points • Employees must know the hazards of chemicals such as toxicity, and carcinogenic • Many employees use dangerous chemicals without personal protective equipment • The contractor must have data sheets of other employer's chemicals if their own .. employees are exposed Hazard Communication • Material,§afety J2~ata §heets , Labels , Written Program o Training of Employees Purpose • The purpose of the standard is to make sure that the hazards of chemicals are evaluated , That information concerning their hazards is communicated to employers and employees Employers , Employers are required to provide information to their employees about the hazardous chemicals to which they are exposed using: - A hazard communication program - labels and other forms of warnings - material safety data sheets IMSDS) 111ft') I - information and training II W 6 Employer RequirementsWritten Program • Employers must develop a written program that covers at least: - Labels and other forms of warnings - Material Safety Data Sheets - Employee Information and Training Employer RequirementsWritten Program • Employers must develop a written program that covers at least: - A list of the hazardous chemicals known to be present at the facility along with MSDS's for each chemical - The methods the employer will use to inform employees of the hazards non-routine tasks - The hazards of chemicals in unlabeled pipes Labeling Exemptions • Pesticides • Chemicals covered under the Toxic Substance Control Act • Foods or food additives • Distilled Spirits, tobacco • Consumer products, lumber, cosmetics • Hazardous wastes 7 Multi-Employer Workplaces • If employees of other employers could be exposed to hazardous chemicals, the program must include methods to provide contractor employees with on-site access to MSDS for each chemical those workers may be exposed to • The methods used to inform other employers of any precautionary measures to be taken for normal and emergency situations e The employers chemical labeling system Container Labeling Exemption for Portable Containers • The employer is not required to label portable containers into which hazardous chemicals are transferred from labeled containers, and which are intended only for the immediate use by the employee who performs the transfer. The employer need not affix new labels to comply with the standard if existing labels already covey the required information Labels, Tags and Markings • The employer must ensure that each container of hazardous chemicals in the workplace is labeled, tagged or marked with t~:;:::J:::,:~,~:,::m;oal ~ • This above labeling information is required of the manufacturer so the employer must ensure that the original labels from the manufacturer are on all containers and remain legible. New Hazard Information • One important function of the individual(s) in charge of maintaining MSDS for the employer is to replace current MSDS the revised version, when it is received • Companies can have copies in s locations, so updating all copies requires a conscientious effort by the individual(s) responsible for maintaining MSDS. 8 MSDS availability off-site • For employees who work off-site: - MSDS may be kept at the central location - In an emergency, the employer must have provisions in place to ensure that employees can immediately obtain the required information Employee Information and Training • Employers must provide employees information and training on hazardous chemicals in their work area: - At the time of their initial assignment - Whenever a new physical or health hazard the employees have not previously been trained about is introduced into their work area • Training may cover categories of hazards Employee Information , Employers must inform employees: - The location and availability of the list of hazardous chemicals - The location and availability of material safety data sheets MSDS kept in other forms , MSDS may be kept in any form • Including operating procedures • Where it may be more appropriate to address the hazards of a process rather than individual hazardous chemicals Employee Information e Employers must inform employees: - Of the training requirements of this section (1910.1200 (h) Employee information and training.); - Any operations in their work area where hazardous chemicals are present; - The location and availability of the written hazard communication program Employee Training • Employee training shall include at least: - Methods and observations that may be used to detect the presence or release of a hazardous chemical in the work area - The physical and health hazards of chemicals in the work area - Measures employees can take to protect themselves - Details of the emolovers soecific program 9 Acute Effects • Irritation • Corrosives • Sensitization • Lethal Dose Corrosive • Visible destruction, or irreversible damage to body tissue • Acids • Caustics (or bases) Chemical Exposure Severity & Duration effects usually occur rapidly as a result of short-term <::AjJU",UI short duration . • /Chronic" effects generally occur as a result , of long-term exposure, and are of long duration. Chronic Effects • Carcinogenicity • Teratogenicity • Mutagenicity Toxic and Highly Toxic • Can cause death or serious injury from a single exposure • Ingestion • Dermal contact • Mists, Vapors • Highly toxic, small dose; severe effects • Toxic, larger dose; severe effects 10 Irritant , Not a corrosive • Causes reversible inflammatory effect 1 Material Safety Data Sheet U.S. Department of Labor i May be used to comply with Occupational Safety and Health Administration OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard. (Non-Mandatory Form) 29 eFR 1910.1200. Standard must be consulted for specific requirements. Form Approved OMB No. 1218-0072 IDENTITY (AJ Used on Label and List) Note: Blank spaces are not permitted. If any item is not applicable, or no information is available, the space must be marked to indicate that Section I Manufacturer's Name Emergency Telephone Number Address (Number, Street, City, Slate, and liP Code) Information Telephone Number for Date Prepared Signature of Preparer (optional) Section ill - Physical/Chemical Characteristics Boiling Point Specific Gravity (H,G = 1) Vapor Pressure (mrn Hg.) Melting Point Vapor Density (AIR = I) (Butyl Acetate = 1) Evaporation Rate Solubility in Water Appearance and Odor Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) are one of the most important tools available to employers for providing information, and protection to workers from hazardous chemicals which are use in the workplace. I Section II - Hazard Ingredientsiidentity Information 'Hazardous Components (Specific Chemical Identity; Common Narne(s)) OSHA PEL ACGlH TL V Other Limits Recommendcd%(optional) Section IV - Fire and Explosion Hazard Data Flash Point (Method Used) Flammable Limits LEL UEL Extinguishing Media Special Fire Fighting Procedures Unusual Fire and Explosion Hazards 11 Section V - Reactivity Data Stability Unstable Conditions to Avoid Stable Incompatibility (Materials to Avoid) Hazardous Decomposition or Byproducts Hazardous Polymerization May Occur Conditions to Avoid Will Not Occur Section VII - Precautions for Safe Handling and Use Steps to Be Taken in Case Material is Released or Spilled Waste Disposal Method Precautions to Be taken in Handling and Storing Other Precautions • No employee is exposed to lead at concentrations greater than fifty micrograms per cubic meter of air (50 ug/m3) averaged over an 8-hour period. • Determine if any employee may be exposed to lead at or e action level. Section VI - Health Hazard Data Route(s) of Entry: Inhalation? Skin? Ingestion? Health Hazards (Acute and Chronic) Carcinogenicity: Regulated? NTP? TARC Monographs? OSHA Signs and Symptoms of Exposure Medical Conditions Generally Aggravated by Exposure Emergency and First Aid Procedures - Demolition or salvage operations; - Removal or encapsulation of materials containing lead; - New construction; - Installation of products containing lead; • If lead is present employer required to make determination e Determination based on exposure levels without respiratory protection 12 • Toxic effects on the nervous systems. • The earliest stages of lead - induced central nervous system effects first manifest themselves in the form of behavioral disturbances and central nervous system symptoms including irritability, restlessness, insomnia and other sleep disturbances, fatigue, vertigo, headache, poor memory, tremor, depression, and apathy. • With more severe exposure, symptoms can nrr,nn'"" to drowsiness, stupor, hallucinations, delirium, convulsions and coma. e Damage is irreversible 13 Blu BrochureHDPE Wall AnchorISCO HDPE Product Catalog.pdfReglamento Diseno Construccion HospitalesNTE-030- Earthquake Resistant Design.pdfReglamento Nacional Vehiculos.pdfReglamento Diseno Construccion Hospitales.pdfSkimmersHandrail DetailPAP-0672Concrete BlocksEffect of Tunnel Depth on Modulus of Deformation of Rock MassEffect of Tunnel Depth on Modulus of Deformation of Rock Mass .pdfIntel Core i7 4810MQ ProcesPipe FlotationPipe FloatationPSI Wall SleevesMSN_13_HG_NCRTrash RacksTypical Structural DetailsTrashrack design3-3-5 Trash Racks and Safety GratesTrash Racks detailEM1110sl.2011.005.147[1]
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