Source: http://www.google.com/patents/US6813076?dq=6,373,753
Timestamp: 2016-05-05 01:35:07
Document Index: 247701777

Matched Legal Cases: ['art 30', 'arts 30', 'arts 30', 'arts 30', 'arts 30', 'arts 30', 'art 1', 'art 2']

Patent US6813076 - Faraday rotator, optical isolator, polarizer, and diamond-like carbon thin film - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsNew material useful in miniature, low-cost Faraday rotators, polarizers (analyzers) and magnetic substances; in Faraday rotators and optical isolators that can handle a plurality of wavelengths; and in miniaturizing, and reducing the cost and enhancing the performance of, optical isolators and various...http://www.google.com/patents/US6813076?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US6813076 - Faraday rotator, optical isolator, polarizer, and diamond-like carbon thin filmAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS6813076 B2Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 10/065,738Publication dateNov 2, 2004Filing dateNov 14, 2002Priority dateDec 20, 2001Fee statusLapsedAlso published asCA2411904A1, CN1242283C, CN1427274A, EP1326127A2, EP1326127A3, US7218447, US20030117706, US20050018327, US20070103783Publication number065738, 10065738, US 6813076 B2, US 6813076B2, US-B2-6813076, US6813076 B2, US6813076B2InventorsSoichiro Okubo, Takashi MatsuuraOriginal AssigneeSumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (20), Non-Patent Citations (19), Referenced by (25), Classifications (14), Legal Events (5) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetFaraday rotator, optical isolator, polarizer, and diamond-like carbon thin film
US 6813076 B2Abstract
New material useful in miniature, low-cost Faraday rotators, polarizers (analyzers) and magnetic substances; in Faraday rotators and optical isolators that can handle a plurality of wavelengths; and in miniaturizing, and reducing the cost and enhancing the performance of, optical isolators and various optical devices. Optical isolator (60 b) as one example is configured by rectilinearly arranging a wavelength-selective Faraday rotator (30), a polarizer (20) and an analyzers (40) formed from a DLC thin film, and a magnetic substance (50) that is transparent to light. Integrally forming these using thin-film lamination technology simplifies the fabrication procedure to enable manufacturing miniature, low-cost optical isolators.
What is claimed is: 1. A Faraday rotator having wavelength selectivity, for selectively rotating only the polarization plane of incident light of given wavelengths, the Faraday rotator comprising:
a magneto-optical section constituted from gadolinium iron garnet thin films in between which at least one dielectric layer is interlaminated to create at least two magneto-optical parts for rotating the polarization plane of incident light of at least two wavelengths traveling in the direction in which the magnetic field of said magneto-optical section is oriented; and dielectric multi-layer films in which a low refractive-index layer and a high refractive-index layer are laminated in alternation, disposed on each side of said magneto-optical section in an arrangement together with said magneto-optical section predetermined to create a resonant structure for localizing within said magneto-optical section incident light of at least two wavelengths. 2. The Faraday rotator set forth in claim 1, wherein said dielectric multi-layer films are composed by laminating in alternation an oxide of silicon as a low refractive-index layer, and an oxide of titanium as a high refractive index layer.
3. The Faraday rotator set forth in claim 1, wherein said magneto-optical section and said dielectric multi-layer films are formed integrally by a vapor-phase process.
4. An optical isolator having wavelength selectivity, for selectively blocking only return beams from incident light of given wavelengths, the optical isolator comprising:
a magneto-optical section constituted from gadolinium iron garnet thin films in between which at least one dielectric layer is interlaminated to create at least two magneto-optical parts for rotating the polarization plane of incident light of at least two wavelengths traveling in the direction in which the magnetic filed of said magneto-optical section is oriented: a magnetic part for applying a magnetic filed to said magneto-optical section; dielectric multi-layer films in which a low refractive-index layer and a high refractive-index layer are laminated in alternation, disposed on each side of said magneto-optical section in an arrangement together with said magneto-optical section predetermined to create a resonant structure for localizing within said magneto-optical section incident light of at least two wavelengths; a polarizer for extracting polarized components from incident beams; and an analyzer utilized in combination with said polarizer. 5. The optical isolator set forth in claim 4, wherein said dielectric multi-layer films are composed by laminating in alternation an oxide of silicon as a low refractive-index layer, and an oxide of titanium as a high refractive index layer.
6. The optical isolator set forth in claim 4, wherein said polarizer and said analyzer are lent a structure having distributed refractive indices, by irradiating with either a particle beam or an energy beam a diamond-like carbon thin film along a bias with respect to the film's thickness direction.
7. The optical isolator set forth in claim 6, wherein said particle beam is an ion beam, an electron beam, a proton beam, α-rays, or a neutron beam; and said energy beam is light rays, X-rays or γ-rays.
8. The optical isolator set forth in claim 7, wherein said diamond-like carbon thin film is transparent in the light region, and has an extinction coefficient that is 3�10−4 or less at optical-communications wavelengths of from 1200 nm to 1700 nm.
9. The optical isolator set forth in claim 6, wherein said diamond-like carbon thin film is transparent in the light region, and has an extinction coefficient that is 3�10−4 or less at optical-communications wavelengths of from 1200 nm to 1700 nm.
10. The optical isolator set forth in claim 4, wherein said magneto-optical section, said magnetic part, said dielectric multi-layer films, said polarizer, and said analyzer are formed integrally by a vapor-phase process.
11. A polarizer lent a characteristic structure having distributed refractive indices, by irradiating with either a particle beam or an energy beam a diamond-like carbon thin film along a bias with respect to the film's thickness direction.
12. The polarizer set forth in claim 11, wherein said particle beam is an ion beam, an electron beam, a proton beam, α-rays, or a neutron beam; and said energy beam is light rays, X-rays or γ-rays.
13. The polarizer set forth in claim 12, wherein said diamond-like carbon thin film is transparent in the light region, and has an extinction coefficient that is 3�10−4 or less at optical-communications wavelengths of from 1200 nm to 1700 nm.
14. The polarizer set forth in claim 11, wherein said diamond-like carbon thin film is transparent in the light region, and has an extinction coefficient that is 3�10−4 or less at optical-communications wavelengths of from 1200 nm to 1700 nm.
15. An amorphous diamond-like carbon thin film, characterized in being transparent in the light region, and in having an extinction coefficient that is 3�10−4 or less at optical-communications wavelengths of from 1200 nm to 1700 nm.
16. An optics component, characterized by utilizing the amorphous diamond-like carbon thin film set forth in claim 15.
The means commonly used for blocking off the return beams is an optical whose constituent elements are a Faraday rotator, a polarizer, an analyzer, and a magnetic part.
By virtue of the magnetic part applying a magnetic field to a magneto-optical (magneto-optical material), Faraday rotators rotate the polarization plane of an incident light beam traveling in the direction of the magnetic field. Meanwhile, polarizers (analyzers) allow only a given polarized light component to pass, and block components apart from that which is polarized.
Yttrium iron garnet (YIG hereinafter) crystals or bismuth-substituted garnet crystals have usually been used for conventional Faraday rotators (magneto-optical bodies). Furthermore, for conventional polarizers (analyzers), rutile (titanium oxide) monocrystals or glass superficially onto which silver particles are orientated in a single direction are usually used, while for the magnetic part that applies a magnetic field to the magneto-optical body, samarium-based rare-earth magnetic substances are
Moreover, because as a general rule what determines a Faraday-rotator angle is thickness, conventional Faraday rotators can only correspond to a single wavelength. The consequent problem too with conventional optical isolators having a conventional Faraday rotator as a constituent element has been that they basically can handle only a single wavelength.
The invention in being a Faraday rotator having wavelengh selectivity, for selectively rotating only the polarization plane of incident light of given wavelengths, is characterized in being furnished with: a magneto-optical section that rotates the polarization plane of incident light traveling in the direction of its magnetic field; and a dielectric multi-layer film in which a low refractive-index layer and a high refractive-index layer are laminated in alternation, for localizing within the magneto-optical section incident light of at least one wavelength.
Preferably, the dielectric multi-layer film is characterized in localizing within the magneto-optical section incident light beams of plural wavelengths.
Further preferably, the magneto-optical section is characterized in being constituted from a gadolinium iron garnet thin film.
Further preferably, the magneto-optical section and the dielectric multi-layer film are characterized in being formed integrally by a vapor-phase process.
Under a separate aspect the invention in being an optical isolator having wavelength selectivity, for selectively blocking only return beams from incident light of given wavelengths, is characterized in being furnished with: a magneto-optical section for rotating the polarization plane of incident light traveling in the direction of its magnetic field; a magnetic part for applying a magnetic field to the magneto-optical section; a dielectric multi-layer film in which a low refractive-index layer and a high refrative-index layer are laminated in alternation, for localizing within the magneto-optical section incident light of at least one wavelength; a polarizer for picking out polarized components from incident beams; and an analyzer utilized in combination with the polarizer.
Preferably, the dielectric multi-layer film characterized in localizing within the magneto-optical section incident light beams of plural wavelengths.
Further preferably, the magnetic part is characterized in being constituted from a gallium nitride magnetic semiconductor thin film that exhibits ferromagnetism at room temperature and is transparent to light.
Further preferably, the polarizer and the analyzer are characterized in being lent a structure having distributed refractive indices, by irradiating with either a particle beam or an energy beam a diamond-like carbon thin film along a bias with respect to the film's thickness direction.
Further preferably, the magneto-optical section, the magnetic part, the dielectric multi-layer film, the polarizer, and the analyzer are characterized in being formed integrally by a vapor-phase process.
FIG. 12 is a chart diagramming measurement results on the spectral transmission characteristics of a DLC thin film actually fabricated using the parallel-plate plasma CVD method;
This Faraday rotator 30 is furnished with, as shown in FIG. 1, a magneto-optical section 30-4 for rotating the polarization plane of incident light traveling in the direction of its magnetic field, and dielectric multi-layer films 30-2 for localizing within the magneto-optical part 30-1 incident light of at least one wavelength. The magneto-optical section 30-4 is made up of magneto-optical parts 30-1, 30-1 and a dielectric layer 30-3 interlaminated in between the magneto-optical parts 30-1, 30-1.
The magneto-optical parts 30-1, 30-1 are constituted from a gadolinium iron garnet (GIG hereinafter) thin film, and the dielectric multi-layer films 30-2 are composed by laminating in alternation silicon oxide as a low refractive index layer, and titanium oxide as a high refractive index layer.
As shown in FIG. 1, the Faraday rotator 30 is constituted by arranging the dielectric multi-layer films 30-2 on either side of the magneto-optical parts 30-1, 30-1 to create a resonant structure. The resonant structure of the dielectric multi-layer films 30-2 enables localizing in the magneto-optical section 30-4 incident light of a given wavelength. This as a result makes it possible to selectively rotate the polarization plane of incident light of a given wavelength.
Moreover, either adjusting the thickness of the magneto-optical parts 30-1, 30-1, or interlaminating additional dielectric layer(s) into the magneto-optical section 30-4, makes possible selectively rotating the polarization plane of incident light of not only a single but also a plurality of wavelengths. Furthermore, adjusting the thickness and layout of the magneto-optical section 30-4 (including such additional dielectric layers as have been interlaminated therein) and the dielectric multi-layer films 30-2 enables controlling the wavelength, and controlling the number of wavelengths, of the incident-light whose polarization plane is rotated.
In the following, the fact that the wavelength of, and the number of wavelengths of, the incident-light whose polarization plane is rotated are controllable by adjusting the thickness and layout of the magneto-optical section 30-4 (including such additional dielectric layers as have been interlaminated therein) and the dielectric multi-layer films 30-2 will be explained using simulation results in FIGS. 2 through 7.
FIGS. 2 through 7 are diagrams representing, according to simulations, the function of Faraday rotators that selectively rotate the polarization plane of incident light of given wavelength(s). Data for tantalum oxide (Ta2O5) as a substitute for a GIG thin film, and further, data for silicon oxide (SiO2) as a low refractive-index layer and for titanium oxide as a high refractive-index layer in the dielectric multi-layer film, are respectively used for the simulations illustrated by FIGS. 2 through 7.
Transmission characteristics yielded in shining infrared light of 1000 to 2000 nm in wavelength on a multi-layer film made up of the tantalum oxide, silicon oxide, and titanium oxide were calculated from the simulations.
The multi-layer film structure for FIG. 2 may be represented as 1L (1H 1L)52M (1L 1H)51L, wherein L represents silicon dioxide; H, titanium dioxide; and M, tantalum oxide as a GIG thin-film substitute. The coefficients attached in front of L, H and M represent the optical film thickness set out by a 1500-nm wavelength design, and in practice the physical film thickness d is expressed by
d=(�n)λ
when the optical membrane thickness is 1L given that the refractive index of silicon dioxide is n. Further, (1L 1H)5 signifies five laminae each, ten total laminae, the titanium dioxide and silicon dioxide layers being laminated in alternation.
When this multi-layer film structure is illuminated with infrared light 1000 to 2000 nm in wavelength, as shown in FIG. 5, only incident light approximately 1420 nm in wavelength and approximately 1690 nm in wavelength resonates within the magneto-optical section; and incident light in the vicinity thereof, in a wavelength region of from roughly 1250 nm to 1850 nm, is blocked. From these simulation results, it is evident that the resonant peak values of two wavelengths of incident light that is localized within a magneto-optical section can be varied by adjusting the thickness of the magneto-optical section in the multi-layer film structure for FIG. 4. That by adjusting the thickness of its magneto-optical section, a Faraday rotator made up of the multi-layer film structure in FIG. 5 acts to selectively rotate only the polarization planes of incident light of two wavelengths that are different from those in FIG. 4 can be ascertained from these results.
The multi-layer film structure for FIG. 3 may be represented as 1L(1H 1L)65.2M (1L 1H)61L. The significance of the symbols that represent the multi-layer film structure is likewise as with FIG. 2.
The multi-layer film structure for FIG. 4 may be represented as 1L(1H 1L)62.2M 1L 2M(1L 1H)61L. The significance of the symbols that represent the multi-layer structure is likewise as with FIG. 2.
The multi-layer film structure for FIG. 5 may be represented as 1L (1H 1L)62.3M 1L 2M(1L 1H)61L. The significance of the symbols that represent the multi-layer structure is likewise as with FIG. 2.
The multi-layer film structure for FIG. 6 may be represented as 1L(1H 1L)62.2M 1L 1H 1L 2M(1L 1H)61L. The significance of the symbols that represent the multi-layer film structure is likewise as with FIG. 2.
The multi-layer film structure for FIG. 7 may be represented as 1L(1H 1L)62.2M 4L 2M(1L 1H)61L. The significance of the symbols that represent the multi-layer structure is likewise as with FIG. 2.
From the simulation results in FIGS. 2 through 7, it is evident that the wavelength of, and the number of wavelengths of, incident light whose polarization planes may be rotated utilizing the Faraway rotator 30 are controllable by adjusting the thickness and layout of the magneto-optical section 30-4 (including such additional dielectric layers as have been interlaminated therein) and the dielectric multi-layer films 30-2.
Thus from the foregoing, according to Embodiment 1, by means of a resonant structure in which the dielectric multi-layer films 30-2 are arranged on either side of the magneto-optical section 30-4, the Faraday rotator 30 is capable of localizing incident light of not only a single wavelength, but also a plurality of wavelength, within the magneto-optical section 30-4.
Moreover, being that the magneto-optical section 30-4 and the dielectric multi-layer films 30-2 are jointly a thin-film structure, integrating them both is possible by means of thin-film lamination technology. This accordingly makes possible miniaturizing, and curtailing the cost of, the magneto-optical section 30-4, the dielectric multi-layer films 30-2, and the Faraday rotator 30 in which they both are assembled, and furthermore simplifies the Faraday rotator 30 manufacturing process.
As explained in setting out Embodiment 1, the Faraday rotator 30 functions to selectively rotate only the polarization plane of incident light of a given wavelength(s).
This enables optical isolator 60 a incorporating the Faraday rotator 30 to selectively block only the return beams from the incident light of the given wavelength(s).
In this respect, the performance of a polarizer utilizing a DLC thin film was simulated with reference to the report that by ion irradiation of a DLC thin film containing hydrogen, its refractive index can be altered within in a range extending from 2.0 to 2.5. The simulation was carried out under a setting in which a DLC thin film—in which 25 laminae each, 50 laminae total, of a high refractive-index layer (refractive index 2.5) with a single laminae being 152.5 nm, and a low refractive-index layer (refractive index 2.0) with a single laminae being 190.63 nm, were laminated in alternation—was illuminated with an infrared beam, 1000 nm to 2000 nm in wavelength, at an incident angle of 65 degrees. Graphically represented in FIG. 11 are the results of this simulation.
As an example of the film-formation conditions with the parallel plate plasma CVD method: for substrate size, a 30-cm square; for film-formation-substrate temperature, 200 degrees centigrade, and pressure, 1.3�101 to 1.3�101 Pa; for flow-volume of methane as the precursor gas, 100 sccm; apply a high frequency of 13.56 MHz at a power of approximately 100 W. Vacuum vessel: rotary pump and expansion pump, pressure-control with an orifice. It will be appreciated that the film thus obtained is an amorphous diamond-like carbon layer.
As indicated in FIG. 12, the DLC thin film fabricated in this instance has spectral transmission characteristics near 100% with respect to light of from 500 nm to 2000 nm in wavelength, which includes the wavelengths for optical communications. It should be understood that the spectral transmission characteristics in FIG. 12 are the “DLC thin-film internal transmittance,” from which the influences of reflection at the obverse face of the DLC thin film, the reverse face-of the glass substrate, and the boundary surface between the DLC thin film and the glass obverse face have been removed.
Accordingly, that at the 1500 nm wavelength hypothesized for optical communications, the DLC thin film fabricated in this instance has a remarkably low extinction coefficient compared with conventional DCL was verified. Furthermore, it can be read from FIG. 13 that even for a wavelength not only of 1500 nm, but also in the range of 1200 nm to 1700 nm, the extinction coefficient for the DLC thin film fabricated in this instance is 3�10−4 or less, which is lower than the 4�10−4 of conventional DLC. Advantages such as that the lower the extinction coefficient, the less is the signal attenuation in, e.g., the optical communications field will be appreciated.
The modes of embodying disclosed on this occasion should be considered exemplifications in ail respects, not limitations. The scope of the present invention is not the explanation set forth above, but is indicated by the scope of the claims; and the inclusion of meanings equivalent to the scope of the claims, and all changes within the scope, is intended.
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