Source: http://www.globaldetentionproject.org/countries/europe/estonia
Timestamp: 2016-05-04 13:32:18
Document Index: 69397717

Matched Legal Cases: ['§8', '§14', '§18', '§23', '§25', '§28', '§15', '§15', '§33', '§26', '§26', 'Application no. 10664', '§15']

Estonia Immigration Detention Profile | Global Detention Project
You are hereHomeEstonia
Estonia Immigration Detention Two key historical developments have been instrumental in shaping Estonian immigration detention practices--the break up of the Soviet Union and Estonia’s accession to the European Union (EU). The country’s main sources of immigration are member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States, and its immigration policies have been heavily influenced by the EU harmonisation process. When Estonia joined the Schengen area in 2007, authorities worried that the country would experience significant increases in both regular and irregular migration. These fears have thus far proved unwarranted.
Immigration detainees: 40 Detained asylum seekers : 5 Detained minors: 1 Persons expelled : 480 International migrants: 202,300 New asylum applications : 143 Main Country TabProfile
Estonia Immigration Detention Profile Profile Updated: April 2010 Detention PolicyDetention InfrastructureFacts & FiguresReferencesTwo key historical developments have been instrumental in shaping Estonian immigration detention practices—the break up of the Soviet Union and Estonia’s accession to the European Union (EU). The country’s main sources of immigration are member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States, and its immigration policies have been heavily influenced by the EU harmonisation process. When Estonia joined the Schengen area in 2007, authorities worried that the country would experience significant increases in both regular and irregular migration; however, migration patterns have remained generally steady since then (Police and Border Guard Board web site; MIG & EMN 2008, p.21; IOM web site).
Detention PolicyPrincipal norms. Norms relevant to migration-related detention are contained in the 1993 Aliens Act, the 1998 Obligation to Leave and Prohibition on Entry Act(OLPEA), and the 2006 Act on Granting International Protection to Aliens(AGIPA). The Aliens Act establishes the legal bases for stay of non-citizens in Estonia; the OLPEA provides the grounds for refusal of entry and expulsion; and the AGIPA regulates the asylum process. The latter two laws provide the conditions under which a foreign national may be placed in administrative detention (MIG & EMN 2008, pp.7-8).
According to the Obligation to Leave and Prohibition on Entry Act, administrative detention can be applied to foreign nationals subject to an expulsion order. A foreign national who is found to be staying illegally in Estonia is initially issued an order stating that he/she must leave the country within 17 days (in cases where the person has never had a residence permit) or 60 days (in cases where a person has had, but no longer has, a valid residence permit) (OLPEA, §8). If the person does not voluntarily leave during this period, he/she is issued an expulsion order (OLPEA, §14).
Once issued an expulsion order, the foreign national may be detained for an initial period of five days (an initial period of 48 hours, which can be extended by up to three days by an administrative court judge). This short-term detention can take place in the offices of the Border Guard, the Citizenship and Migration Board, or the police; or in police detention houses or an expulsion centre (OLPEA, §18-19). If expulsion is not possible during this initial 5-day period, the foreign national may be detained in a police detention house for up to thirty days, or in an expulsion centre for up to two months (OLPEA, §23). Administrative detention in an expulsion centre continues, in principle, until the foreign national can be expelled—the period of detention may be extended, by a period of two months at a time, indefinitely (OLPEA, §25; MIG & EMN 2008, p.45).
Foreign nationals may be denied entry at the Estonian border if they have committed or are deemed likely to commit a variety of criminal offences or immigration offences. Such persons may either be issued a legal order, a prohibition on entry, or be de facto refused entry (called a “failure to allow aliens to enter Estonia”). If his/her immediate expulsion is not possible, he/she may be detained until expulsion is possible (OLPEA, §28).
The Act on Granting International Protection to Aliens (AGIPA) provides grounds for the administrative detention of asylum seekers. When someone makes an asylum request at the border, the border guard detains the applicant for a maximum period of 48 hours in order to carry out initial administrative procedures (AGIPA 2006, §15). When a person files an asylum application after already entering the country, he/she may be detained for up to 48 hours in an “initial reception centre” after which the applicant is transferred to a reception centre. This period of detention at the border or in the initial reception centre can be extended in a number of circumstances, depending on the difficulty in gathering information and the level of cooperation offered by the applicant (AGIPA 2006, §15, 32). As of 2010, Estonia did not operate an initial reception centre, despite having provisions for such facility in law (Eber 2010; ERC 2007, p.35; Roots 2007, p.34).
If a person files an asylum request while in immigration detention, he/she can be ordered to remain in detention during the duration of the asylum process (Pihel 2010; AGIPA 2006, §33).
Between May 2007 and April 2009, seven asylum seekers were reported to have been detained in expulsion centres (ECRI 2010, p.39).
Authority. Numerous government actors are involved in the policy and practice of administrative detention. The Estonian Ministry of Interior is charged with overseeing migration policy (MIG & EMN 2008, p.8). An agency within the Ministry of the Interior is charged with processing all applications by foreign nationals and managing expulsion centres. Until December 2009, this body was the Citizenship and Migration Board, which was incorporated into the Police and Border Guard Board in January 2010 (MIG &EMN 2008, p.8; Police and Border Guard Board web site). The Ministry of Foreign Affairs oversees the expulsion of persons staying in Estonia irregularly (MIG & EMN 2008, p.12). Until 2010, the Estonian Migration Foundation, founded by the Ministry of Interior, offered financial assistance for living and travel costs of persons awaiting expulsion. However, following the foundation’s merger in January 2010 with another agency, which resulted in the establishment of the Integration and Migration Foundation under the Ministry of Culture, such assistance was terminated (Eber 2010).
The Ministry of Social Affairs manages asylum policy, runs the reception centre for asylum seekers, and is the contact point for trafficked children and unaccompanied minors (MIG & EMN 2008, p.11).
Some observers have noted that the border guards exercise, in practice, their own discretion in deciding to refuse asylum applications at the border, with little involvement on behalf of the immigration authorities. A 2006 European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) report noted that border guards are only required to forward asylum requests to the citizenship and migration authorities when this is “necessary” and that “it is also unclear to what extent the Citizenship and Migration Board re-examines border guards’ decisions to reject asylum claims.” (ECRI 2006, p.21) In 2008, a European Migration Network (EMN) report confirmed that this delegation of authority to border guards remained an ongoing practice (MIG & EMN 2008, p.25).
Key migration issues. Public debate on immigration issues in Estonia has largely focused on how to handle nationals emigrating from members of the Commonwealth of Independent States. Between 1997 (when Estonia adopted the Refugee Act) and 2008, a total of 141 asylum applications were submitted in Estonia (MIG &EMN 2008, pp.18, 58).
While Estonia’s refugee population is small, the country has a significant population of stateless persons. In 2009, 107,670 persons, or 8 percent of the population, were defined as stateless (ECRI 2010, p.12). The issue of statelessness and government policies towards such persons have been the subject of deliberations in human rights bodies such as the UN Human Rights Council and the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (HRC 2008, ECRI 2010).
There have also been some disputes over the right of Russian nationals to reside in Estonia in the post-Soviet period. For instance, a case brought to the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), Mikolenko v. Estonia, involved a dispute over the right of a retired Soviet army official of Russian nationality to reside in Estonia. The applicant, supported by the Russian government, claimed that detention had not been carried out with a view of expulsion, but rather to force the applicant to apply for a Russian passport. The Court found that, while the initial detention had been carried out with a view of expulsion and was thus lawful, it had gone on beyond a reasonable length, as the applicant was held for nearly four years (Mikolenko v. Estonia 2010).
Criticisms. A number of independent observers—including both Council of Europe and UN bodies—have addressed Estonia’s immigration and detention practices. In particular, observers in the UN Human Rights Council (HRC) have criticized the conduct of border guards and their tendency to assume discretionary powers on asylum applications (ECRI 2006, p. 21; HRC 2008, p.17). In addition, the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) reported in March 2010 that it has been “informed that high levels of xenophobic attitudes were noted among border guards during training and that overall, they lack training, experience and appropriate education (ECRI 2010, p.39).
The UN Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants highlighted a recent case of administrative detention where the detainee, a Cameroonian citizen married to an Estonian woman, had been waiting for a decision on his application for a residence permit for two years, and had been detained with a view to expulsion without having been issued a decision or provided access to legal council (HRC 2009, p.26).
Observers have also drawn attention to the lack of a maximum period of detention in Estonia and occasions of excessively long detention. In its 2010 ruling in the Mikolenko case, the ECHR found that Estonia had violated Article 5 (the right to liberty and security) of the European Convention on Human Rights in detaining the appellant for almost four years in an expulsion centre (Mikolenko v. Estonia 2010). In December 2004, the Estonian Office of the Legal Chancellor reported that some persons had been held in an expulsion centre for a year and a half (ECRI 2006, p.22).
Detention InfrastructureAs of 2010, Estonia operated one non-secure reception centre for asylum seekers and one dedicated immigration detention facility (called a pre-removal detention centre), the Harku Expulsion Centre (Harku väljasaatmiskeskus) (Pihel 2010; Eber 2010; MIG & EMN 2008, pp.11, 18; ERC 2007, p.39). Irregular immigrants awaiting deportation can also be held in prisons or police holding facilities.
The Harku pre-removal detention centre was established in March 2003. The legal grounds for the establishment of this centre are provided in a 2003 amendment to the Obligation to Leave and Prohibition of Entry Act. The detention centre has a capacity of 42 (26 men and 16 women) (MIG &EMN 2008, p.18). As of 2007, staff members included employees of the Police and Border Guard Board (formerly the Citizenship and Migration Board), as well as security officers from a private security company, G4S (Pihel 2010; ERC 2007, p. 39). The majority of those detained in recent years were citizens of the Russian Federation (Pihel 2010; ERC 2007, p.40). In 2009, 67 persons were detained in the expulsion centre (Pihel 2010).
The conditions of detention at the dedicated detention facility are enumerated in the Obligation to Leave and Prohibition of Entry Act. Although the act provides for several basic conditions (including gender segregation), it also has a number of questionable provisions. For example, while meals are to be provided by the detention centre, specific diets (such as those stemming from religious beliefs) are only observed at the detainees own expense (Obligation to Leave and Prohibition of Entry Act 2003, §26). Also, access to a shower, sauna, or bath is only guaranteed once weekly (Obligation to Leave and Prohibition of Entry Act2003, §26).
Facts & FiguresThe majority of immigrants in Estonia are nationals of the CIS (MIG & EMN 2008, p.21). Between 1997 and 2008, a total of 141 asylum applications were submitted in Estonia. Ten applicants received refugee status while and additional 12 were granted subsidiary protection (MIG & EMN 2008, p.58). At the end of 2008, seven asylum cases were pending (UNHCR 2009).
The number of discoveries of irregular residents has increased since 2004, when the then-Citizenship and Migration Board established “migration inspectors,” who are charged with examining the legal basis for stay and work in Estonia. Whereas in 2002, a total of 864 persons were found to be staying in the country illegally, in 2007 the figure was 1,464. Border guards reported that in 2007 the number of unauthorized entries was 168 (MIG & EMN 2008, pp.26-7).
The annual number of persons ordered to leave the country has declined from 403 in 2000 to 94 in 2007. However, the number of non-nationals turned back at the border has remained at an annual level of around 3,000. The number of expelled foreign nationals has risen from 26 in 2003 to 65 in 2007. The number of foreigners detained at the expulsion centre annually has fluctuated, with a low of 14 persons in 2004 to a high of 67 in 2009 (Pihel 2010; MIG &EMN 2008, p.60).
ReferencesAct on Granting International Protection to Aliens. 2006. RT I 2006, 2, 3.http://www.legaltext.ee/en/andmebaas/ava.asp?m=022 (accessed 15 March 2010)
Aliens Act (Consolidated April 2005). 1993. RT I 2004, 58, 410.http://www.legaltext.ee/en/andmebaas/tekst.asp?loc=text&dok=X1019K13&keel=en&pg=1&ptyyp=RT&tyyp=X&query=aliens+act (accessed 15 March 2010)
Eber, Martin (Coordinator of Citizenship and Migration Unit, Integration and Migration Foundation). 2010. Interview by Aiko Holvikivi (Global Detention Project). Phone conversation 23 March 2010, Global Detention Project. Geneva, Switzerland.
Estonian Embassy in Washington. Web Site. “UN special rapporteur recognizes tolerance of Estonian society.” http://www.estemb.org/news/aid-1470 (accessed 23 March 2010)
Estonian Migration Foundation (MIG) & European Migration Network (EMN). 2008. The Organisation of Asylum and Migration Policies in Estonia. Tallinn: MIG & EMN.
Estonian Refugee Council (ERC). 2007. "Estonia," in Civil Society Report on Administrative Detention of Asylum Seekers and Irregular Migrants in Europe: Common Position of JRS in Europe. Jesuit Refugee Services-Europe, December 2007. http://detention-in-europe.org/images/stories/10%20nms%20report%20final.pdf (accessed 2 March 2010)
European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI). 2006. Third report on Estonia. 24 June 2005. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.http://hudoc.ecri.coe.int/XMLEcri/ENGLISH/Cycle_03/03_CbC_eng/EST-CbC-III-2006-1-ENG.pdf (accessed 15 March 2010)
European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI). 2010. ECRIReport on Estonia (fourth monitoring cycle). 15 December 2009. Strasbourg: Council of Europe. http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/ecri/Country-by-country/Estonia/EST-CbC-IV-2010-003-ENG.pdf (accessed 15 March 2010)
Pihel, Marika (Chief Expert, Migration and Supervision Bureau, Police and Border Guard Board). 2010. Email message to Aiko Holvikivi (Global Detention Project). 30 March 2010. Global Detention Project. Geneva, Switzerland.
UN Human Rights Council (HRC). 2008. Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Forms of Intolerance, Follow-up to and Implementation of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action. Report of the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, Doudou Diène; Addendum, Mission to Estonia. A/HRC/7/19/Add.2. 17 March 2008.http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher,UNHRC,,EST,47e240a82,0.html(accessed 23 March 2010)
UN Human Rights Council (HRC). 2009. Promotion and Protection of All Human Rights, Civil, Political, Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Including the Right to Development. Report submitted by the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants, Jorge G. Bustamante; Addendum, Communications Sent to Governments and Replies Received. A/HRC/11/7/Add.1. 20 May 2009. http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G09/133/38/PDF/G0913338.pdf?OpenElement(accessed 8 March 2010)
International Organization for Migration (IOM). Web site. Estonia.http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/activities/europe/nordic-and-baltic-countries/estonia (accessed 9 March 2010)
Mikolenko v. Estonia. 2010. European Court of Human Rights. Judgment of 8 October 2009. Application no. 10664/05.
Obligation to Leave and Prohibition on Entry Act (Consolidated June 2004). 1998. RT I 2004, 53, 369. http://www.legaltext.ee/en/andmebaas/tekst.asp?loc=text&dok=X30034K7&keel=en&pg=1&ptyyp=RT&tyyp=X&query=Obligation+to+Leave+ (accessed 15 March 2010)
Roots, Lehte. 2007. National Report Done by the Odysseus Network for the European Commission on the Implementation of the Directive on Reception Conditions for Asylum Seekers in: [Estonia]. European Commission.http://ec.europa.eu/justice_home/doc_centre/asylum/studies/docs/estonia_2007_en.pdf (accessed 8 March 2010)
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). 2009. 2008 Global Trends: Refugees, Asylum Seekers, Returnees, Internally Displaced and Stateless Persons. UNHCR. 16 June 2009.http://www.unhcr.org/4a375c426.html (accessed 9 March 2010)
Centre Name City and region Country Status Harku Expulsion Centre (Harku väljasaatmiskeskus) Harku County (15 Km outside of Tallin) Estonia In use (2015) Illuka Reception Centre for Asylum Seekers Illuka Estonia In use (2007) North Prefect Police Station Tallin (North Police Department Office) Estonia In use (2007) Add Detention Center
StatisticsA. Detention, expulsion, and incarceration statistic Total number of immigration detainees 4 more observations Sources
NumberObservation Year 942013 Loading Source ... 932012 Loading Source ... Loading Source ... 622011 Loading Source ... Loading Source ... 402010 Loading Source ... Loading Source ... 552009 Loading Source ... Number of detained asylum seekers 2 more observations Sources
NumberObservation Year 82012 Loading Source ... 82011 Loading Source ... 52010 Loading Source ... Total number of detained minors 2 more observations Sources
NumberObservation Year 12012 Loading Source ... 42011 Loading Source ... 12010 Loading Source ... Number of detained unaccompanied minors 1 more observations Sources
NumberObservation Year 12012 Loading Source ... 42011 Loading Source ... Number of detained accompanied minors
NumberObservation Year 12010 Loading Source ... Number of apprehensions of non-citizens 2 more observations Sources
NumberObservation Year 7202014 Loading Source ... 9102013 Loading Source ... 9052012 Loading Source ... Number of persons expelled (voluntary returns and deportations) 2 more observations Sources
Number Observation Year 4452014 Loading Source ... 5752013 Loading Source ... 4802012 Loading Source ... Percentage of persons removed in relation to total number of people placed in removal procedures
Percentage Observation Year 93.702014 Loading Source ... Loading Source ... Criminal prison population 1 more observations Sources
NumberObservation Year 2,8072015 Loading Source ... 3,0612014 Loading Source ... Percentage of foreign prisoners 1 more observations Sources
Percentage Observation Year 37.402015 Loading Source ... 38.102012 Loading Source ... Prison population rate (per 100,000 of national population) 1 more observations Sources
NumberObservation Year 214.002015 Loading Source ... 234.002014 Loading Source ... B. Demographics and immigration-related statistics Population
NumberObservation Year 1,313,0002015 Loading Source ... International migrants
NumberObservation Year 202,3002015 Loading Source ... International migrants as a percentage of the population
PercentageObservation Year 15.402015 Loading Source ... Refugees
NumberObservation Year 1172015 Loading Source ... Ratio of refugees per 1000 inhabitants
NumberObservation Year 0.072014 Loading Source ... Total number of new asylum applications
NumberObservation Year 1432014 Loading Source ... Refugee recognition rate
NumberObservation Year 35.102014 Loading Source ... Stateless persons
NumberObservation Year 86,5222015 Loading Source ... Domestic LawA. Legal Tradition
D. Criminalization Of Immigration-Related Offences Does the country provide specific criminal penalties for immigration-related violations? FinesIncarcerationObservation Year YesYes2014 Loading Source ... Grounds for criminal immigration-related detention/incarceration and maximum potential duration of incarceration 1 more observations Sources
Grounds for IncarcerationMaximum Number of Days of IncarcerationObservation Year Unauthorised stayNot specified 2014 Loading Source ... Loading Source ... Unauthorized entryNot specified2014 Loading Source ... Loading Source ... E. Length Of Detention Average length of detention 4 more observations Sources
Number of DaysObservation Year 582013 Loading Source ... 802012 Loading Source ... 922011 Loading Source ... 842010 Loading Source ... 1562009 Loading Source ... F. Procedural Standards
G. Non-Custodial Measures (Alternatives To Detention) Types of non-custodial measures adopted 4 more observations Sources
NameIn LawIn PracticeObservation Year Designated non-secure housingYesYes2014 Loading Source ... Electronic monitoringNoNo2014 Loading Source ... Registration (deposit of documents)YesYes2014 Loading Source ... Release on bailNoNo2014 Loading Source ... Supervised release and/or reportingYesYes2014 Loading Source ... H. Vulnerable Persons Is the detention of vulnerable persons provided in law? Are they detained in practice? 2 more observations Sources
NameIn LawIn PracticeObservation Year Accompanied minorsYes2015 Loading Source ... Loading Source ... Asylum seekersYes2015 Loading Source ... Loading Source ... Pregnant womenYes2015 Loading Source ... Loading Source ... I. Mandatory Detention
NameRatification Year CRPD, Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities 2012 Loading Source ... OPCAT, Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment2006 Loading Source ... CTOCSP, Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime2004 Loading Source ... CTOCTP, Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children2004 Loading Source ... CRSR, Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees1997 Loading Source ... PCRSR, Protocol to the Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees1997 Loading Source ... CAT, Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment1991 Loading Source ... CEDAW, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women1991 Loading Source ... CRC, Convention on the Rights of the Child1991 Loading Source ... ICCPR, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights1991 Loading Source ... ICERD, International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination1991 Loading Source ... ICESCR, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights1991 Loading Source ... VCCR, Vienna Convention on Consular Relations1991 Loading Source ... Ratio of Relevant International13/16 Individual complaints procedure 2 more observations Sources
NameAcceptance Year CRPD, Optional Protocol to o the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities2012 Loading Source ... ICERD, declaration under article 14 of the Convention2010 Loading Source ... ICCPR, First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 19661991 Loading Source ... Ratio of complaints procedures accepted
Number 3/7 Loading Source ... Relevant recommendations issued by treaty bodies NameRecommendation ExcerptRecommendation Year Committee against Torture§15 [...] (c) Take immediate steps to improve conditions at the Harku Expulsion Centre so that they conform to international standards, and provide training and instruction to prison personnel regarding the use of force and the prohibition of verbal abuse.
2013 Loading Source ... 2. Regional treaties, regulations, and directives Regional legal instruments 4 more observations Sources
NameYear of Ratification (Treaty) / Transposed (Directive) / Adoption (Regulation) ECHR, Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (commonly known as the European Convention on Human Rights1996 Loading Source ... ECHRP1, Protocol 1 to the European Convention on Human Rights, 1952 (amended by protocol 11)1996 Loading Source ... ECHRP7, Protocol 7 to the European Convention on Human Rights, 1984 (amended by protocol 11)1996 Loading Source ... ECPT, European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment of Punishment1996 Loading Source ... CATHB, Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings2015 Loading Source ... 3. Bilateral/multilateral agreements linked to readmission (RAD)
4. Non treaty-based international human rights mechanisms Relevant recommendations of the universal periodic review of the UN Human Rights Council
Recomendation IssuedYear Issued Yes2011 Loading Source ... InstitutionsA. Governing structures
AgencyMinistryMinistry TypologyObservation Date Ministry of the InteriorInterior or Home Affairs2010 Source1edit Ministry of InteriorInterior or Home Affairs2007 Source1edit Tallin North Police Department2007 Source1edit Entity TypeEntity NameObservation Year GovernmentalGovernment administrators2010 Private For-ProfitPrivate security contractor2010 Source1edit GovernmentalTallin North Police Department2007 Source1edit Private Not-For-ProfitEstonian Refugee Council2007 Immigration detention centre (Administrative)Immigration field office (Administrative)Transit centre (Administrative)Reception centre (Administrative)Offshore detention centre (Administrative)Hospital (Administrative)Border guard (Administrative)Police station (Criminal)National penitentiary (Criminal)Local prison (Criminal)Juvenile detention centre (Criminal)Informal camp (Ad hoc)Immigration detention centre (Ad hoc)Surge facility (Ad hoc) C. Detention monitoring institutions
Gross Domestic Product per capita (in USD)Gross Domestic Product per capita (in USD)Observation Date 20161Jan-2014 gdpsource1622 Remittances to the countryRemittances to the countryObservation Date 20161Jan-2015 gdpsource111042 valueobservation_dategdpsource1gdpsource2gdpsource3status 7.7201411047 Human Development Index Ranking (UNDP)Human Development Index Ranking (UNDP)Observation Date 30Very highJan-2015 gdpsource1522 Country Links
Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, http://www.vm.ee/?q=en
Estonian Ministry of the Interior, https://www.siseministeerium.ee/en
Police and Border Guard Board, http://www.politsei.ee/en/
International Organization for Migration – Estonia Country Information, http://www.iom.int/countries/estonia/general-information
UN High Commissioner for Refugees – Estonia Country Information, http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/page?page=49e48dcd6
Estonian Red Cross, http://www.redcross.ee/
Human Rights Centre, http://humanrights.ee/en/
Jaan Tõnisson Institute, http://www.jti.ee/?s=10
Baltic News Service, http://www.bns.ee/news_ee.html
Delfi (Estonian), http://www.delfi.ee/
Eesti päevaleht (Estonian), http://www.epl.ee/
Postimees (Estonian), http://www.postimees.ee/