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02 - Aircraft Slide Evacuation Injuries | National Transportation Safety Board | Federal Aviation Administration
02 - Aircraft Slide Evacuation Injuries
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REPORT 2 Evaluation and Mitigation of Aircraft Slide Evacuation Injuries
CHAIR: Debra L. Miller, Secretary, Kansas DOT, Topeka VICE CHAIR: Adib K. Kanafani, Cahill Professor of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board
Jeff Hamiel Minneapolis–St. Paul Metropolitan Airports Commission
J. Barry Barker, Executive Director, Transit Authority of River City, Louisville, KY Allen D. Biehler, Secretary, Pennsylvania DOT, Harrisburg John D. Bowe, President, Americas Region, APL Limited, Oakland, CA Larry L. Brown, Sr., Executive Director, Mississippi DOT, Jackson Deborah H. Butler, Executive Vice President, Planning, and CIO, Norfolk Southern Corporation, Norfolk, VA William A.V. Clark, Professor, Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles David S. Ekern, Commissioner, Virginia DOT, Richmond Nicholas J. Garber, Henry L. Kinnier Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville Jeffrey W. Hamiel, Executive Director, Metropolitan Airports Commission, Minneapolis, MN Edward A. (Ned) Helme, President, Center for Clean Air Policy, Washington, DC Will Kempton, Director, California DOT, Sacramento Susan Martinovich, Director, Nevada DOT, Carson City Michael D. Meyer, Professor, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta Michael R. Morris, Director of Transportation, North Central Texas Council of Governments, Arlington Neil J. Pedersen, Administrator, Maryland State Highway Administration, Baltimore Pete K. Rahn, Director, Missouri DOT, Jefferson City Sandra Rosenbloom, Professor of Planning, University of Arizona, Tucson Tracy L. Rosser, Vice President, Corporate Traffic, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Bentonville, AR Rosa Clausell Rountree, Executive Director, Georgia State Road and Tollway Authority, Atlanta Henry G. (Gerry) Schwartz, Jr., Chairman (retired), Jacobs/Sverdrup Civil, Inc., St. Louis, MO C. Michael Walton, Ernest H. Cockrell Centennial Chair in Engineering, University of Texas, Austin Linda S. Watson, CEO, LYNX–Central Florida Regional Transportation Authority, Orlando Steve Williams, Chairman and CEO, Maverick Transportation, Inc., Little Rock, AR
James Crites Dallas–Fort Worth International Airport Richard de Neufville Massachusetts Institute of Technology Kevin C. Dolliole UCG Associates John K. Duval Beverly Municipal Airport Angela Gittens HNTB Corporation Steve Grossman Oakland International Airport Tom Jensen National Safe Skies Alliance Catherine M. Lang Federal Aviation Administration Gina Marie Lindsey Los Angeles World Airports Carolyn Motz Hagerstown Regional Airport Richard Tucker Huntsville International Airport
Sabrina Johnson U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Richard Marchi Airports Council International—North America Laura McKee Air Transport Association of America Henry Ogrodzinski National Association of State Aviation Officials Melissa Sabatine American Association of Airport Executives Robert E. Skinner, Jr. Transportation Research Board
Thad Allen (Adm., U.S. Coast Guard), Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard, Washington, DC Joseph H. Boardman, Federal Railroad Administrator, U.S.DOT Rebecca M. Brewster, President and COO, American Transportation Research Institute, Smyrna, GA Paul R. Brubaker, Research and Innovative Technology Administrator, U.S.DOT George Bugliarello, Chancellor, Polytechnic University of New York, Brooklyn, and Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Engineering, Washington, DC J. Richard Capka, Federal Highway Administrator, U.S.DOT Sean T. Connaughton, Maritime Administrator, U.S.DOT LeRoy Gishi, Chief, Division of Transportation, Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC Edward R. Hamberger, President and CEO, Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC John H. Hill, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administrator, U.S.DOT John C. Horsley, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC Carl T. Johnson, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administrator, U.S.DOT J. Edward Johnson, Director, Applied Science Directorate, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, John C. Stennis Space Center, MS William W. Millar, President, American Public Transportation Association, Washington, DC Nicole R. Nason, National Highway Traffic Safety Administrator, U.S.DOT Jeffrey N. Shane, Under Secretary for Policy, U.S.DOT James S. Simpson, Federal Transit Administrator, U.S.DOT Robert A. Sturgell, Acting Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S.DOT Robert L. Van Antwerp (Lt. Gen., U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commanding General, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC
ACRP REPORT 2
Vahid Motevalli Layla Monajemi Maryline Rassi
AVIATION INSTITUTE THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 2008 www.TRB.org
Project 11-02/Task 3 ISSN 1935-9802 ISBN: 978-0-309-09933-2 Library of Congress Control Number 2008903268 © 2008 Transportation Research Board
Senior Program Officer Eileen P. Deputy Director. we would like to acknowledge Ms. Christian Salmon. Jenks. Belmar. Air Transport Association. and Mr. Washington. for their help with this project.E. .COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAMS CRP STAFF FOR ACRP REPORT 2 Christopher W. Dulles International Airport. Noboyo Sakata of ATA and Mr. NJ Jim Patterson. was the Principal Investigator. Air Cruisers Company. The authors would like to acknowledge the help of the informal panel working with TRB on this project. In addition. doctoral student at the Aviation Institute. both graduate research assistants at the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences. Delaney.. Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport. Assistant Editor ACRP PROJECT 11-02/TASK 3 PANEL Field of Special Projects Alan Black. Director of Safety at the Air Transport Association (ATA). Vahid Motevalli. Vice President of Public Safety. Alan Black. NJ Dana Pitts. Dulles. Director. Atlantic City. Cooperative Research Programs Crawford F. DC AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research reported herein was performed under ACRP Project 11-02/Task 3 by the Aviation Institute at The George Washington University (GW). Jencks. Chafee. Mont Smith. Dr. TX John O’Donnell. Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport. Director of Publications Ellen M. particularly Mr. Cooperative Research Programs Christine L. Federal Aviation Administration. The Aviation Institute at GW was the contractor for this study. Associate Professor of Engineering and Applied Sciences. The other authors of this report are Layla Monajemi and Maryline Rassi. P. VA Mont Smith. Gerencher.
As a result of encountering gaps in the data on commercial aircraft slide deployments. Data associated with the introduction of the newest generation of large commercial aircraft were also examined to better understand the potential impact of higher evacuee speeds during a slide evacuation. Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR). Aircraft operating in accordance with Title 14. In this research. ARFF. via jetbridge or stairs). Emergency situations provide unique challenges that the aircraft crew. under §121. such as Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting personnel. As the requirement implies. When an emergency situation arises at an airport involving an aircraft evacuation via inﬂatable slides. this report also encourages more consistent reporting of injuries incurred in commercial aircraft slide deployments.310. Gerencher Staff Officer Transportation Research Board ACRP Report 2: Evaluation and Mitigation of Aircraft Slide Evacuation Injuries provides guidance on reducing injuries and improving safety and coordination during aircraft slide evacuation events. manufacturers developed a system incorporating inﬂatable slides at multiple points of entry and exit in the aircraft. injuries to passengers can occur. the airport’s Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting (ARFF) department is typically the ﬁrst to respond to the incident and provide assistance to the aircraft crew in evacuating the passengers. and airport and aircraft operators to better prepare for commercial aircraft slide deployments and possibly prevent some injuries from happening. and the aircraft crew and passengers are unable to exit through normal means (e. of the Code of Federal Regulations are required. numerous records of previous aircraft slide evacuation events were examined to gain a better understanding of the rate of injury in these events and the types of injuries that have occurred.. In these evacuation situations.FOREWORD By Christine L. ACRP Report 2 concludes with a presentation of issues identiﬁed through a survey of ARFF personnel throughout the country—issues that should be taken into account when preparing for and responding to an aircraft slide evacuation event. Guidance on improving coordination of the response to slide evacuation events to further minimize the risk of evacuation injuries is also provided. and other airport personnel must address in order to provide the most expedient evacuation of the aircraft in the safest possible way. to provide a means for emergency evacuation that meets certain requirements. In order to meet these requirements. Part 121.g. A better understanding of the types and potential causes of aircraft slide evacuation injuries will help airport ﬁrst responders. . the use of these slides is intended for situations in which quick egress is needed. This report examines available data regarding commercial aircraft slide deployments with particular focus on injuries to aircraft crew and passengers incurred during aircraft slide evacuations.
to June 30. 2006 Appendix F Study on Emergency Evacuation Challenges on Large Transport Aircraft 53 . 1996.CONTENTS 1 3 3 3 3 4 Summary Chapter 1 Background Motivation Scope of Study for Slide Evacuation Events Deﬁnitions and Categories of Evacuation Literature Survey 6 6 6 7 Chapter 2 Research Approach Databases Challenges with the Accuracy of the Data Surveys 8 9 10 16 Chapter 3 Findings and Applications Categorizing Injuries Large Aircraft Evacuation Effect of Wind on Stability of Inﬂatable Evacuation Slides 18 19 20 Chapter 4 Conclusions and Recommendations Issues Recommendations 21 22 26 29 33 45 References Appendix A Airline Survey on Emergency Evacuation Events Appendix B ARFF Units Survey on Emergency Evacuation Events Appendix C List of ARFF’s Issues and Recommendations Appendix D List of Collected Emergency Evacuation Events Involving Slides Appendix E Documented Injuries During 142 Emergency Slide Evacuation Events in the Period of January 1.
to June 30.. Part 121. including databases from FAA and NTSB. the only recommendations made in this regard are for the first responders to (1) practice the initial stabilization and proper orientation of the slide. were identiﬁed. because delayed landing or diversion may not be an option in an emergency. the injuries incurred during emergency evacuations were analyzed using the AIS (Abbreviated Injury Scale). Given the conditions possible during an emergency evacuation (i. use of evacuation slides during conditions of high wind must be addressed. 1996. minor and moderate. fire and smoke. Considering the volume of ﬂights within the U.1 SUMMARY Evaluation and Mitigation of Aircraft Slide Evacuation Injuries This report contains results of a study conducted by the George Washington University Aviation Institute under a contract from the Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) of the Transportation Research Board. Since the total number of events is very low. of the Code of Federal Regulations when inﬂatable slides were used. The purpose of the study was to examine events and injuries occurring during emergency evacuation of commercial aircraft operated under provisions under Title 14. air transport system. . respectively. Multiple data sources. and records from airlines and Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting (ARFF) units were used for the data analysis. and the injury mechanisms are discussed when adequate information was available from the accident investigation. 142 emergency evacuation events were found. commercial databases. the number of emergency evacuation events is low—approximately 1 event per million departures. Only about 10 percent of the injuries examined in this study may be classiﬁed as AIS 3. During the stated timeframe. this was particularly the case for events in which minor injuries were incurred. structural or cabin change and destruction. there are no statistically signiﬁcant effects that can be deduced from the existing data. 2006. the performance of slides during high winds was examined within the scope of required regulations for evacuation using slides. and (2) realize that continued stabilization may be needed under such conditions.e. The study identiﬁed a number of issues regarding emergency evacuations. Nevertheless. panic. confusion. As a part of this study. as derived from measurements at 601 airports. immediate hazard. Emergency evacuation events matching the scope of this study for the period of January 1. In this study. The collection of data presented a number of challenges associated with the details of events and the consistency of recorded information. nearly 90 percent of these injuries are minor. The data show that over the study period.S. However. particularly during windy conditions. A number of recommendations are also made that may mitigate injuries incurred during emergency evacuations using inﬂatable slides. the remaining 90 percent would be classiﬁed as AIS 1 and 2. Existing literature also points to a very low probability of mean wind speeds exceeding 25 knots—about 6 instances per billion departures. and so forth). about 50 percent of emergency evacuations result in injuries. serious.
No attempt was made to quantitatively evaluate the accuracy of this model. Developing standard operating guidelines that include uniform documentation of emergency evacuation events at a national level should be considered by ARFF groups. Based on a survey of ARFF units in the United States. The key elements of the stated recommendations are the following: • • • • • • Communication. An EMS team to handle injuries should be included as part of the response. was addressed in this report by examining the very few events involving B747 aircraft (some outside the stated scope of this study) and the very recent certiﬁcation test of A380 aircraft. Rescue personnel training should be improved by conducting training programs with airlines and deﬁning the role of ARFF personnel during evacuations. The AIS system should be considered for classifying injuries in aviation accident and incident events. the emerging issue of emergency evacuation of Very Large Transport Aircraft (VLTA). and airline operation personnel should be improved. but a qualitative comparison with A380 evacuation has good results. The model shows that the evacuation rate and speed of passenger down the slide from the upper deck of an A380 is essentially the same as it is in an evacuation from the upper deck of a B747. Installation of lighting or reﬂective markers along the length of the slide should be considered for better visibility of deployed slides for ARFF crews. which is receiving a lot of public interest. A number of survey instruments were used to gather information on evacuation events.2 In addition. a list of issues and key recommendations has been developed. ﬂight crew. is to decrease injuries during emergency evacuations. coordination. summarized and prioritized in this study. and action planning among rescue personnel at airports. A mathematical model was developed to study the key issue of the speed at which a passenger comes down a slide. . The purpose of these recommendations.
and • Be deﬁned as accidents and/or incidents by NTSB and FAA (for these deﬁnitions of accidents and incidents. To be included in the compilation. working back from a latest possible date of June 2006.” of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) at 14 CFR § 25.S. is an occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft that takes place between the volved the use of inﬂatable slides for aircraft evacuation. as deﬁned by NTSB. • Collection of all available information regarding each event. External factors—such as wind.htm).gov/aviation/report. Studies of past emergency evacuations have shown that during the use of inﬂatable slides.ntsb. The reduction of aircraft crashes overall in recent decades has allowed attention to turn to areas of safety that were previously not as high a priority.3 CHAPTER 1 Background This ﬁnal report details the ﬁndings for Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Project 11-02/Task 3. Since some time must elapse to ensure incident and accident reports are compiled. This report also addresses evacuation of large aircraft and the effect of wind on the stability of slides. and airports. “Aeronautics and Space. Definitions and Categories of Evacuation The sections that follow provide deﬁnitions and categories of evacuation. see http:// www. Fedok 2001). TSB 1995. 1996.810 and include both over-the-wing and fuselage exits. NTSB 2000. as well as large aircraft characteristics— are considered as well. air transport system has enjoyed a very low accident rate over the past decade. Airport Rescue and Fire Fighting (ARFF) units. using the best available information and the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS). 2006. there is still room for improvement. Part 121 (both scheduled and non-scheduled). Although the U. Scope of Study for Slide Evacuation Events The study period was set for nearly 10 years to provide a reasonably large database of operations and a potentially signiﬁcant number of events. This study is focused on the following: • Accurate identiﬁcation of all relevant events that have in- 14 CFR. • Evaluation of any injuries during or due to evacuation. and • General evaluation of the effect of wind on the stability and performance of inﬂatable slides. problems can occur that pose a threat to lives of passengers and crew members during evacuation (NTSB 1974. This study builds on an NTSB study published in 2000 by examining the issue over a longer time period with a narrower focus: evaluating the relevant processes and procedures used by airlines. and smoke outside the aircraft. was selected. . • Overview of particular issues regarding Very Large Transport Aircraft (VLTA) (not limited to the time period). Exits that are required to have an inﬂatable slide are deﬁned in Title 14. This study was focused on evaluation and mitigation of injuries due to use of inﬂatable slides during emergency evacuation of commercial aircraft. ﬁre. as well as examining injury mechanisms (NTSB 2000). such as the reduction and mitigation of injuries during emergency evacuation. the period of January 1. events had to fall within the following parameters: • Involve U. Deﬁnition of Accidents and Incidents An accident. • Involve deployment of inﬂatable slides during emergency evacuation. to June 30.S. air transport operated under provisions of Motivation Rapid and safe evacuation of aircraft during proven or perceived emergencies is a very important component of aviation safety.
Hynes claims that in about 18 percent of precautionary emergency evacuations. According to this study. and guidance and communication issues related to evacuations. Hynes’ ﬁrst study. with corner radii not greater than 10 in. in 25-knot winds directed from the most critical angle. and approximately 80 percent of such incidents were not reported to the NTSB (Hynes 1999). looks into evacuee injuries during precautionary emergency evacuations. and. or are sometimes initiated by passengers. 2000). passenger surveys. wide by 72 in. there are two studies conducted by Michael Hynes that focus on the frequency and costs of transportation airplane precautionary emergency evacuation and evacuee injuries and demographics in such evacuations (Hynes 1999. 2000. aircraft emergency escape systems were deployed without being reported to the FAA. During the period of the study (December 1994 to means installed at Type C exits). it was determined that when no injury or damage to the aircraft occurred. many incidents of this type may have been reported to the FAA and NTSB by airlines with a simple telephone call rather than documented through a formal reporting process. the effectiveness of evacuation equipment. high. As dictated by 14 CFR § 25. published in March 2000. in the case of Type A or Type B exits. This also explains some of the discrepancies in data on emergency evacuations and slide deployment. high. . The NTSB study (2000) also provided the “ﬁrst prospective study of emergency evacuations of commercial airplanes” and described aircraft type. wide by 72 in. the adequacy of evacuation procedures and operational guidelines for ARFF personnel. An incident is an occurrence other than an accident that affects or could affect the safety of operations. with corner radii not greater than 6 in. published in December 1999. In addition. The study and safety recommendations were focused on certiﬁcation issues related to airplane evacuation. the assisting means for emergency evacuation must be capable of carrying two parallel lines of evacuees simultaneously. Such evacuations can occur under a number of circumstances ranging from survivable crash scenarios to precautionary emergency landings or ground emergencies occurring while an aircraft is positioned at the gate or taxiing on the airport surface. Finally. or in which the aircraft receives substantial damage. because of the perceived threat of ﬁre. The study conducted by NTSB in 2000 was very thorough and covered all aspects of evacuation and regulatory issues as well as providing detailed analysis of 46 cases of emergency evacuation occurring between September 1997 and June 1999. Precautionary Evacuation (Security-Related) Precautionary emergency evacuations are evacuations that are ordered by the crew. the assisting means for emergency evacuation should be a self-supporting slide or the equivalent. In addition. security-related events may also lead to diversions and possibly to emergency evacuations. to deploy and. and in which any person suffers death or serious injury. In the current study. to remain usable after full deployment to evacuate occupants safely to the ground. although no ﬁre actually develops. Hynes’ second study. Regulatory Requirements for Evacuations and Reporting There are three types of exits described in 14 CFR § 25. Type C is a ﬂoor-level exit with a rectangular opening of not less than 30 in. Type B. • It must have the capability.810— Type A.4 time any person boards the aircraft with the intention of ﬂight and all such persons have disembarked. • It must be automatically erected in 6 sec (except for assisting Literature Survey There have been several studies and papers written on different aspects of commercial passenger aircraft evacuation (Hynes 1999.810. • It must be such length after full deployment that the lower end is self-supporting on the ground and provides safe evacuation of occupants to the ground after collapse of one or more legs of the landing gear. such events occur about 58 times per year. looks at precautionary emergency evacuations during the period of 1988 to 1996. high. with the assistance of only one person. Emergency Evacuation Emergency evacuation of commercial aircraft is an important part of operational safety of an airline. NTSB 2000). There are signiﬁcant numbers of ﬂight diversions that occur due to “smoke in the cabin” that may lead to emergency evacuations as well. with corner radii not greater than 7 in. wide by 48 in. and Type C. vii). Type A is a ﬂoor-level exit with a rectangular opening of not less than 42 in. the assisting means must meet the following criteria: • It must be automatically deployed. and • All passengers and crew must evacuate the plane in 90 sec through half of the available aircraft exits. crew training and response. It further contains 20 safety recommendations to the FAA. and details of the incidents for the 46 cases mentioned (NTSB 2000. Type B is a ﬂoorlevel exit with a rectangular opening of not less than 32 in. (Hynes 1999) Uncommanded Evacuation Uncommanded evacuations are evacuations that passengers may initiate if they perceive an emergency or if there is a communication breakdown.
The 19 precautionary evacuations that resulted in injuries involved 190 passengers and 3 crew members. as well as examining the injury mechanisms. The current study builds on the NTSB study (2000) by examining the issue over a longer time period with a narrower focus. evaluating relevant processes and procedures used by the airlines. However. 109 precautionary evacuations were identiﬁed. 19 of these resulted in injuries. ARFF. information on the injury mechanisms is not reported.5 November 1996). and the airports. .
However. and. and RGW Cherry & Associates Limited Accident Database). Based on discussions with airline safety ofﬁcers conducted as part of this research. According to Hynes (2000). it seems that such reporting may take the form of a phone call to the NTSB. That some forms of reporting may not be documented makes it difﬁcult to establish a total base number of slide deployments or occurrences of emergency evacuations using slides. The very large number of SDRs means that data-mining tools may be required for searching. Since there were discrepancies among the four databases used (FAA’s Accident/Incident Data System (AIDS). examination of SDRs has allowed the authors make some qualitative assessments of the extent of information available. Service Difﬁculty Reports (SDRs). and A direct survey of airlines that are Air Transport Association (ATA) members.tc. uncommanded. The CASE database produced by Airclaims.gov/ cabin.stm).ﬁre. a few accidents were not included in AIDS. The RGW Cherry & Associates Limited Accident Database. The Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS). While. this research was supplemented by direct contact with airlines and airport ﬁre and rescue units. Airclaims’ CASE. the review of databases for this research revealed that not all incidents (as opposed to accidents) are included in FAA’s Accident/Incident Data System (AIDS). and maintenance-related deployment or actual emergency deployment. The compilation of information from all of these sources makes it reasonable to assume that nearly all cases of passenger and crew evacuations using • • • • • • • of the Aviation Safety Information Analysis and Sharing (ASIAS) System. perhaps due to the less formal reporting mechanism noted above. designed on behalf of the airworthiness authorities participating in the Cabin Safety Research Technical Group (a group formed by the aviation authorities of Canada and the United States. Surprisingly. and Japan in the early 1990s to bring together their respective cabin safety research efforts. part Challenges with the Accuracy of the Data Title 49 of the CFR (49 CFR § 830. incidents that did not involve major injuries are not recorded. all accidents were noted in NTSB’s Aviation Accident Database & Synopses. . and this is outside the scope of this project. it may not be even logged by NTSB and would certainly not be investigated. Each of the databases in the list above was queried separately. This includes inadvertent.faa. A direct survey of the ARFF groups of 30 major U.6 CHAPTER 2 Research Approach Databases The databases and sources consulted in compiling the evacuation incident and accident data were the following: • The FAA’s Accident/Incident Data System (AIDS). The ASRS is difﬁcult to use since much of the information is de-identiﬁed and therefore cannot be correlated with identiﬁed events. However. if the event has not resulted in damage or injuries of any kind. The authors of this report have also examined the potential use of SDRs and the ASRS. such accidents or incidents do not always get reported to the NTSB. NTSB’s Aviation Accident Database & Synopses. Europe. Even more challenging. however. Those aircraft that are not large enough to have such slides are not included in this study. using the parameters outlined in the project scope and parameters for aircraft that have inﬂatable slides. there were only a few discrepancies of this nature. NTSB’s Aviation Accident Database & Synopses. some of these types of incidents were included in the FAA’s Accident/Incident Data System (AIDS).S. as expected. It was expected that all incidents involving slide deployment would be recorded in NTSB’s Aviation Accident Database & Synopses because of the reporting requirement. For additional information visit http://www.5) requires operators to notify the NTSB of any deployment of inﬂatable slides. airports.
. the immediate reporting may take the form of a phone call to the NTSB ﬁeld ofﬁce. The researchers visited Delta Airlines headquarters in Atlanta. Delta Airlines has a procedure for reporting to NTSB and FAA that is similar to the reporting procedures of other airlines. The ARFF units were asked to provide detailed information on any injuries incurred during slide evacuation of commercial aircraft. more importantly. in minor incidents. A second survey was designed and sent out to the ARFF working units of about 100 airports throughout the United States (see Appendix B). The most critical issue is that not every accident has been investigated. A list of all the emergency evacuation events during the period being researched was provided by Delta. The survey was distributed among the 18 member airlines of ATA.S. and the research team participated in a mock slide emergency evacuation. A meeting was held with the Vice President of Safety and Security and Quality Assurance and his staff. airports. it is almost impossible to obtain enough detailed information on all injury mechanisms. 11 responses were received. Forty-one ARFF units responded to the survey. In cases that were identiﬁed as accidents and involved NTSB investigation. 2006) have been identiﬁed. The ﬁrst survey was designed to obtain additional details on identiﬁed incident or accident cases as well as to discover events that may not have been captured in the review for this research. FedEx. FedEx provided information on the evacuation cases collected by the research team as well as a separate list of events that were missing from the collected data. The ARFF units were also asked to list their top three recommendations for ARFF personnel for improving emergency evacuation. Unfortunately. The complete list of issues and recommendations can be viewed in Appendix C. most narratives do not contain enough detail. Most responses simply conﬁrmed the list of events collected by the research team and did not provide additional detailed information on injury mechanisms. The ARFF units were asked to list the three top issues encountered during aircraft emergency evacuations using slides. to examine the injury mechanisms. The airlines were also asked to provide a list of any emergency evacuation events that had been missed by the researchers. Their facility was visited. therefore. United. The third survey was developed to solicit speciﬁc information about conditions faced by ﬁrst responders during aircraft emergency evacuation and to seek their recommendations.7 inﬂatable slides for the period under study (January 1. The research team was also briefed on Delta’s cabin safety program. Finally. location. a third survey was also sent to the ARFF units of about 100 U. The airlines were requested to provide as much information as possible on the emergency evacuation events collected by the research team. As previously noted. and severity of injuries that may have been recorded by ARFF units. and Delta responded to the survey. Other airlines either lacked the resources to conduct a thorough review or did not retain descriptive data after complying with all reporting requirements and adjudicating any legal matters pertaining to incidents. The second survey was similar to the ﬁrst one. Surveys Three separate surveys were conducted. Out of the total distributed surveys. the report and narratives—particularly those compiled by the Survivability Factors Group at NTSB—contain very useful information. 1996. but was designed to solicit information regarding the type. The ﬁrst survey was designed in consultation with ATA’s Director of Safety (see Appendix A). to June 30. particularly with regard to injury mechanisms. 12 of the responding ARFF units were at large airports. additional information from any record of the incident/accident or investigation was sought. There were three incidents that were not included in the NTSB and FAA accident/incident databases. The supplemental data provided by FedEx are indicative of a gap in data capture owing to the circumstances previously described. In order to accurately identify cases resulting in injuries and.
on average. While the downward trend in number of emergency evacuation events involving slides shown in Figure 4 is not statistically signiﬁcant. By examining the annual rate of emergency evacuation. or in conjunction with the use of.g. Note that the emergency evacuation events classiﬁed as accidents are. Analyses of the collected data are illustrated in Figures 1 through 8. Airports with a high number of events are those with large operations.. Figure 8 shows the number of emergency evacuations by airport. Nevertheless. and the 50-percent split between minor and serious injuries shown in Figure 5 is entirely insigniﬁcant. lack of documentation of minor injuries is prevalent. A complete list of the 142 events is included in Appendix D. there were 441 minor injuries and 35 serious injuries. as illustrated in Figure 4.000 departures for ﬂights operating under provisions of 14 CFR Part 121 and the accident rate per 100. The total number of reported injuries caused by emergency evacuation events involving slides identiﬁed in this study. less than 20 percent of emergency evacuation events involving inﬂatable slides caused serious injury in any given year during the study period. it is interesting to note that some very high-volume airports. The percentage of serious injuries due to use of inﬂatable slides during emergency evacuation of commercial aircraft is illustrated in Figure 6. on average. such observation is not statistically signiﬁcant. operation cargo versus passenger) and behavior of passengers and crew members are signiﬁcant factors in risk exposure levels. about 50 percent of the emergency evacuation events involving slides in the study period resulted in injuries. However. in these events. but given the low number of total events. such as Los Angeles International Airport (LAX). less than a third of the total events (see Figure 4). one can observe that there seems to be a general reduction. depending on the cases and conditions of evacuation. The rate of emergency evacuation is lower than the total accident rate despite the fact that the emergency evacuation rate involves both accidents and incidents. a total of 142 emergency evacuation events involving slides were collected. A complete list of available information on injury types and number of occurrences has also been included in Appendix E. in 2004. as shown in Figure 2. Since the number of incidents is much larger than the number of accidents. Figure 1 shows that there is a signiﬁcant annual variation in the number of emergency evacuation events involving slides. broken down by year. do not report a single event during this period. Although the overall number of cases is low.8 CHAPTER 3 Findings and Applications Using different databases. when only two events resulted in injury. This uncertainty is due to the poor documentation of injuries incurred during evacuation of commercial aircraft and is especially the case for minor injuries.000 departures for ﬂights operating under 14 CFR Part 121 on an annual basis. inﬂatable slides. . it is difﬁcult to ascertain if all injuries have occurred on. The highest number of injuries due to emergency slide evacuation occurred in 1998. The detailed reports of the emergency evacuation events collected for this research suggest that nearly 90 percent of the reported injuries due to use of inﬂatable slides during emergency evacuation have been minor injuries. there were only two injuries reported. Except in 2004. based on the available detailed reports. The ultimate goal of this research was to identify the predominant injury mechanism(s) during emergency slide evacuation of commercial aircraft and to propose a list of recommendations for emergency responders that would mitigate occurrences of those injuries. There is no particular trend or underlying reason for such variations because the size and type of aircraft (e. Figure 7 shows a comparison of the rate of emergency evacuation events on commercial aircraft involving slides per 100. and the lowest number occurred in 2004. Table 1 lists the predominant minor and serious injuries incurred in emergency evacuation events involving slides. Furthermore. The nature of the injuries varies signiﬁcantly. it is clear from Figure 1 (in terms of rate) and Figure 4 that there has been an appreciable reduction in emergency evacuations since 1996. is illustrated in Figure 3. in some cases.
it has been revised and updated against survival data so that it now provides a reasonably accurate way of ranking the severity of injury. while a function of volume of operation. DOT 1990). injuries ranked “5” are severe.2 0. of Emergency Evacuation Events Rate of Emergency Evacuation Events Involving Slides Number of Emergency Evacuation Events Involving Slides 1 Rate of Emergency Evacuation Events Involving Slides per 100. ATL. Injuries ranked “1” are minor. 1989). The AIS is monitored by a scaling committee of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. Many of these airports—for instance. The AIS is an anatomical scoring system ﬁrst introduced in 1969 (U.9 25 No. Categorizing Injuries In the automotive safety realm—where.575 million people were in100 90 80 Percentage 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 jured and 42. Annual number of emergency evacuation events involving slides.S. and George Bush Intercontinental Houston Airport (IAH).9 0. The ranking represents the “threat to life” associated with an injury and is not meant to represent a comprehensive measure of severity. and injuries ranked “6” are not survivable.1 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year 0 Figure 1. In AIS classiﬁcation. The latest incarnation of the AIS score is the 1990 version (Copes et al.3 5 0. and IAH—are hubs for major U.4 0. DFW.6 0. HartsﬁeldJackson Atlanta International Airport (ATL).S. Percentage of emergency evacuation events involving slides resulting in injury. The AIS is not an injury scale. may also be an indication of having tracking and documentation systems that are better at capturing emergency evacuation events than such systems at other airports.7 20 15 0. Since that time.8 0.000 Departures for Part 121 0. so the difference between AIS 1 and 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year Figure 2. The high number of events reported by airports such as Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport (DFW). Washington Dulles International Airport (IAD). 642 were killed—the AIS has long been used for classifying the severity of injuries and determining the probability of fatality based on injury severity (NHTSA 2007). injuries are ranked from 1 to 6. air carriers. 2. according to NHTSA’s Motor Vehicle Trafﬁc Crash Fatality Counts and Estimates of People Injured for 2006.5 10 0. .
2003). On the basis of the available information on injuries incurred during slide evacuation for identiﬁed cases in this study. Levels and types of injuries that are prominent in the accident and incident data for slide evacuation relate directly to speed. There have been several studies of emergency evacuations of large transport aircraft. Minor Injuries Sprain Friction abrasions Scrapes from slides Strain Abrasions Contusion Serious Injuries Fractured ankle Broken leg Major bruises Laceration AIS 2 is not the same as that between AIS 4 and AIS 5. broken legs. While ﬁnding that there was a need for further research. The Airbus A380 is categorized as a VLTA. Jungermann et al.10 Table 1. one of which was presented at the 2001 International Aircraft Fire and Cabin Safety Research Conference in Atlantic City. B747 Slide Emergency Evacuation Events Of the 142 slide emergency evacuation events identiﬁed for this study. The primary difference for large aircraft evacuation (i. especially the largest commercial aircraft. The Very Large Transport Aircraft (VLTA) Emergency Requirements Research Evacuation Study includes results of the ﬁrst evacuation research trials of large. 2001) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 A 1-year study done for the European Commission. Jungermann did ﬁnd a difference in hesitation time between individuals evacuating from the upper deck and individuals evacuating from the main deck. Large Aircraft Evacuation The review of large aircraft evacuation issues was done as part of this study because it is an emerging issue. Number of reported injuries per year during emergency slide evacuation. Jungermann and colleagues also discuss the issues of emergency evacuation from a double-deck aircraft in several papers.. which may result in a higher speed on the slide in addition to the psychological issues associated with height. 2003). 2001). called the Very Large Transport Aircraft (VLTA) Emergency Requirements Research Evacuation Study. investigated the evacuation challenges of future aircraft (Wilson et al. the Airbus A380 (Jungermann 2000. and passenger safety instruction would inﬂuence an individual’s performance during emergency evacuation. double-deck aircraft and recommendations (Wilson et al. Predominant minor and serious injuries incurred in emergency evacuation events involving inﬂatable slides. and they observed reactions to different situations. Table 2 shows the AIS severity code. visibility. Note that serious injuries are typically fractured bones. . evacuation from the upper deck of the A380 and the B747) is the increased height.e. One event occurred Number of Reported Injuries per Year During Emergency Slide Evacuation 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year Figure 3. it appears that all injuries caused solely by use of inﬂatable slides during an emergency evacuation can be classiﬁed as AIS 1 and AIS 2. New Jersey (Jungermann 2000. and laceration. A computer model for the simulation of an evacuation as well as a double-deck large cabin simulator were used to analyze these issues. The examination of VLTA evacuation also includes potential future designs such as blendedwing body aircraft. which fall under AIS 3. These researchers also studied the psychological effects of the upper deck height on people’s performance. the B747 perhaps also could be categorized as a VLTA. Jungermann et al. Jungermann and colleagues developed a model to analyze how factors such as slide design. only 2 involved B747 aircraft.
100 90 80 70 Percentage 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year Figure 5. Percentage of minor injuries due to use of emergency slide evacuation per year. of Incidents Involving Slide Evacuation No.11 16 14 12 Number of Events No. Number of incidents and accidents involving emergency slide evacuation per year. 100 90 80 70 Percentage 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year Figure 6. . of Accidents Involving Slide Evacuation 10 8 6 4 2 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year Figure 4. Percentage of serious injuries due to use of slides during emergency evacuation.
One female. but had no fracture. She said that passengers were throwing away their belongings while she was on the slide. A very detailed report for this event. on August 19.000 departures and accident rate per 100.1 0 1996 1998 2000 Year 2002 2004 2006 Figure 7.3 0.12 1 0.8 0.2 0. abrasions.htm). In addition to this.” was produced by the Ministry of Transport of Japan (Aihara 2000). and so forth. SL C TP A . 2005.9 0. she hit her lower back against the ground at the bottom 10 Number of Events 8 6 4 2 0 AT L BN A D EN D FW D TW EZ E FL L H N L IA D M IA M SY O G G O KC O N T O R D PH X PI T SF O IA H IN D JF K LA S LG A M EM Airport Code Figure 8. Two minor injuries occurred during the evacuation.gov/ aviation/Stats. was seriously injured from sliding down the slide. Number of emergency evacuation events involving slides per airport with more than one occurrence during the past 10 years. “Aircraft Accident Investigation Report. Minor injuries were mostly bruises. aged 65. The ﬂight attendant was injured on her right foot. contusions.4 0. excoriations. A B747-200 landed with its nose gear retracted.5 0. The second event occurred in May 1998 in Tokyo and involved a B747-400. The “Aircraft Accident Investigation Report” of the May 1988 emergency evacuation event in Tokyo states that of the 385 persons aboard (365 passengers and 20 crew members). sprains.000 Departures for 14 CFR Part 121 Accident Rate per 100.000 Departures for 14 CFR Part 121 (Source: NTSB) 0. A ﬂight attendant who was injured stated that she picked up an elderly woman who was trembling at the top of the slide and took her down the slide. The report states that the four 12 serious injuries involved females aged 38 to 73 and consisted of different types of fractures. Guam. in Agana.6 Rate Rate of Emergency Evacuation Events Involving Slides per 100. Her right index ﬁnger was fractured by a heavy briefcase that hit her hand. Comparison of rate of emergency evacuation events involving slides per 100. and an emergency evacuation was initiated. there were 4 persons with serious injuries and 20 persons with minor injuries (Aihara 2000).7 0.000 departures for 14 CFR Part 121 as reported by NTSB (see Aviation Accident Statistics http://ntsb.
did use the upper deck slide. The copilot. 2003). He stated that he believes he tried to slow down using his left arm. one passenger fractured her arm and foot as a result of using the evacuation slides. The most serious injury was a fractured vertebra that required surgery. on August 11. and 3R doors (NTSB 2002). There were four serious injuries resulting from the evacuation. Upper deck passengers descended to the main deck and therefore did not use the upper deck slide to evacuate. He released the ﬁre extinguisher while sliding down. Due to his fast descent. Additionally. he landed heavily on his shoulder and fractured his collar bone. Evacuate. and all the 369 passengers and 17 crew members evacuated using 1R. the captain ordered the passengers to evacuate and deployed the aircraft’s slides because of fire on the right landing gear. Additional research was conducted to identify other events involving VLTA. Some of the injuries incurred were cuts. He mentioned that he deplaned via the ramp connected to the airplane and did not evacuate using a slide. It was noted that the slide/raft doors 4R and 5R did not work properly. but.’ ” 2005). The only event was found on NTSB’s database for 14 CFR Part 129 slide emergency evacuation events involving a Boeing 747 aircraft. he also fell at the end of the slide. In the 2003 event at the Sydney airport.13 Table 2. but the crew declared that it was blocked by a vehicle.” She jumped at the bottom of the slide. she fractured her right arm. sprains. Another female. AIS Code 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Description Minor Moderate Serious Severe Critical Maximum Injured (unknown severity) of the slide. This injury was incurred by a passenger who landed heavily on the tarmac because she was on an over-wing slide at the time it deﬂated. One female passenger was injured at the bottom of the slide. A passenger from the upper deck reported that he did not receive any guidance on evacuating. Two passengers were seriously injured and 1 ﬂight attendant and 34 passengers sustained minor injuries. (Photo Source: Australian Transport Safety Bureau) . and while she was covering her face and head. tearing his clothes and cutting his left knee and hand. The injured people included one crew member and three passengers (out of the 350 passengers and 14 cabin crew members). The L2 and R4 escape slides on the left side of the upper deck did not deploy. A very detailed investigation report was done by the Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB) (ATSB 2005). abrasions. He descended on the upper deck right side while he was holding a 3-kg ﬁre extinguisher. Australia. aged 73. however. Also. an article published in Flight Safety Australia describes a B747-438 slide emergency evacuation event that occurred at the Sydney airport on July 2. She stated that “sliding down was so fast that I was worried about being injured by the speed. The ground crew freed the slide and turned it to the right position on the ground. as there was no ground assistance. The upper deck right slide was deployed. Figure 9. because of the momentum. New York. 2003 (“ ‘Evacuate. Ten passengers were transported to medical facilities for treatment. The report estimates that all the injuries occurred sliding down. The accident occurred in Jamaica. the slide (Aihara 2000). sustained a serious injury at the bottom of the slide. Slide emergency evacuation of a Boeing 747-438 (Sydney. 2002. this event involved an aircraft operated by Iberia Airlines. Evacuate. Figure 9 shows the Sydney incident. where she fell and cut her right elbow. A female passenger fractured her ankle. 2R. Four passengers and one cabin crew member suffered from minor injuries. AIS severity code. and bruises. Her husband evacuated holding their infant on his right hip with his right arm. July 2. The copilot stated that he was unable to control his speed and stability. or at the bottom of.
asp) . For an evacuation test held March 26.14 The cabin crew noted difﬁculties during the evacuation process. • FAR 121.91 states that “this subpart prescribes rules for obtaining approval of routes by certiﬁcate holders conducting domestic or ﬂag operations. Airbus recruited volunteers to meet the population requirements.” The test results showed no serious injuries and only very minor injuries. was used as a starting point (FAA 1999). As a part of the present study. conservation of energy is employed including friction. Figure 10 is a photograph of the certiﬁcation test. and height of the exit sill from the ground. noted in Part 5. constant curvature of the slide. Govaere. no difference was observed between the behavior of passengers on the main deck and passengers on the upper deck. the initial velocity of an individual. as well as Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR) 25.gov/safety/ patterson1. A detailed report is presented in Appendix F. Data. it must be shown that maximum seating capacity.” • Appendix J to FAR Part 25 lists the certiﬁcation requirements. 538 passengers on the main deck. Certiﬁcation test results are considered proprietary to aircraft manufacturers and suppliers and cannot be disclosed to third parties. A typical friction coefﬁcient of 0. more than 44 passengers. which is within the 90-sec limit. and no deﬂection due to weight of individuals on the slide. This dynamic model was developed based on an assumed curvilinear path with friction to calculate the velocity of a person at any given location (x. Passengers taking luggage or wearing high-heeled shoes risk damaging the slide as they slide down. These parameters are changed in the model to see the effect that they have on velocity. (Photo source: FAA. 2007).803 states that “for airplanes having a capacity of Airbus A380 Certiﬁcation Certiﬁcation is needed for all new aircraft models introduced into service to ensure that the aircraft model and crew training meet safety regulations for aircraft evacuation.3.faa. As stated from the results obtained. It was stated that the number of injuries was signiﬁcantly less than FAA’s “ofﬁcial” acceptable injury rate of 5 percent. The population of the aircraft was 873 persons—315 passengers on the upper deck. were obtained from the A380 Chief Airworthiness Engineer (J. None of the minor injuries was more serious than a bruise. which can be found in Appendix F of this report. given below: • FAR 25. Many attempts were made to gather any type of information available to the public. The parameters required are the following: the total length of the slide. Thus. including the following: initial velocity. The evacuation was performed in 78 sec.5. some passengers evacuated down the slides with their cabin baggage. Some ﬂight attendants let people take their belongings with them while others forced people to leave their belongings when evacuating. constant coefﬁcient of friction. www. 18 cabin crew members. 2006. including the number of crewmembers required by the operating rules for which certiﬁcation is requested. M. and 2 cockpit crew members.4. Several assumptions are needed to compute the velocity. such as the characteristics of A380 slides and doors and certiﬁcation cabin evacuation test results. The main requirement is known as the “90-second rule”: the maximum exit time allowed for evacuation.4. Airbus A380 certiﬁcation test.1 of TSO-C69c.803 (c) including Appendix J and FAR 121. research was conducted to examine the key parameter of VLTA slide evacuation. but the air drag effect on the evacuee is neglected. and the coefﬁcient of friction. The A380 received joint European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) and Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Certiﬁcation in December 2006. The ground crew decided to assist the passengers by directing them away from the aircraft (ATSB 2005). can be evacuated from the airplane to the ground under simulated emergency conditions within 90 seconds. The A380 certiﬁcation test met both 14 CFR Part 25 and 14 CFR Part 121 requirements. the speed of the passenger on the slide. It was also observed that passengers collided with each other at the bottom of the slides as they did not know what to do next. No hesitation time on the part of passengers sliding from the upper deck was noticed. namely. A dynamic mathematical model was developed to bound the problem and present a tool to perform a comparison of speeds on slides based on total length.tc.Airporttech.91 requirements. The list of the critical requirements needed to attain FAA certiﬁcation can be found in Appendix F. angle of inclination. Figure 10. For this model.y) on the inﬂatable slide. personal communication.
the results illustrate that there is a small difference in maximum velocity and velocity at the bottom of the slide between the upper deck of the A380 and the upper deck of the B747.5 Time (seconds) 2 2. Figure 12 shows the evacuee speed on the slide as the function of time with varying initial velocity. resulting in a terminal velocity variation of about 50 percent.5 1 1. the velocity of an individual at the bottom of the slide is 5. The time it takes to reach the bottom of the slide is about the same because of a slight dif- v0=6 ft/sec v0=7 ft/sec v0=8 ft/sec 0 0 0. The time required to move from the top of the slide to the 12 10 Velocity (m/sec) 8 6 4 2 bottom is 1.5 1 1.83 m/sec.17 seconds when the coefﬁcient of friction is 0. The results show that the effect of initial velocity is minimal.4 versus 2. . Velocity versus time for an individual sliding down the A380 upper deck evacuation slide with a coefﬁcient of friction of 0.94 seconds when the coefﬁcient of friction is 0. the time it takes for an individual to slide down increases.5 Figure 11.4 and different initial velocities.5 Figure 12.52 m/s when the coefﬁcient of friction is 0.6.83 m/sec. Figure 13 shows results for velocity versus duration on A380 and B747 upper deck slides assuming the same initial velocity and two separate coefﬁcients of friction. at higher coefﬁcients of friction. Also.4 µ=0.6 0 0 0.49 m/s for a coefﬁcient of friction of 0. This dependence on the coefﬁcient of friction is noteworthy.15 12 10 Velocity (m/sec) 8 6 4 2 µ=0. whereas it is 8.5 µ=0.6.4. Regardless of the speciﬁc accuracy of the model. the maximum velocity and velocity at the bottom of the slide are lower. It can be seen that when the coefﬁcient of friction increases.5 Duration (seconds) 2 2. Figure 11 shows the relationship between the velocity of an individual sliding down the A380 upper deck slide and the duration of the individual’s movement down the slide. With an initial velocity of 1. Velocity versus duration with three coefﬁcients of friction for an individual sliding down the A380 upper deck evacuation slide with an initial velocity of 1.
it takes about 1. Velocity versus duration on A380 and B747 upper deck evacuation slides with an initial velocity of 1.83 m/sec and two coefﬁcients of friction. The results indicate that at an initial velocity of 1. Given equal conditions.4.16 12 10 Velocity (m/sec) 8 6 A380 Upper Deck Slide (µ=0. the slide angle may be too steep.5 1 1. If the angle is much greater than 50°. there could be an increase in the number of evacuee injuries. ference in the length of the slides and the distance from the top of the slide to the ground. The optimum rate of descent for evacuees is usually achieved when the angle between the slide surface and . and therefore it is not recommended that they be used. ground. the force of gravity can unfold or unroll the slide outside of the doorway.6) 0 0 0. According to this research. Researchers van Es and Post (2005) identiﬁed and analyzed 81 accidents using the Air Safety Database of the Dutch National Aerospace Laboratory (NLR). and a ripped slide (see Table 3). Effect of Wind on Stability of Inflatable Evacuation Slides Inﬂatable evacuation slides and/or slide rafts provide a rapid means for evacuating passengers from commercial aircraft in the event of an emergency. aircraft attitude. Malfunctions in the inﬂation of slides can be a major problem for the process of the evacuation. These factors are the following: • The angle formed between the slide surface and the the ground is approximately 30° to 50°. and this may result in evacuee injury upon impact with the ground. the computations show that there is very little difference between the two aircraft except the exposure of more passengers in the A380 to being evacuated from the upper deck and the fact that in a B747 passengers are generally directed to use the exits in the lower deck even in an emergency evacuation.83 m/sec and a coefﬁcient of friction of 0. wind.5 Duration (seconds) 4 Figure 13. • Environmental factors. Various problems with slides have been reported since their introduction on commercial passenger aircraft. There are several factors that affect the performance of emergency evacuation with inﬂatable slides. Once outside the doorway. Despite recommendations from accident investigation authorities for improving slide reliability over the past 33 years. These inﬂatable structures are normally deﬂated for storage in an aircraft.4) B747 Upper Deck Slide (µ=0. In adverse wind conditions. When an evacuation is unavoidable under these conditions.6) B747 Upper Deck Slide (µ=0. slides will not be stable. the most signiﬁcant slide problems identiﬁed in evacuation accidents are the following: slide inﬂation problems. • Height of emergency exit. such as rain or snow.88 seconds to slide down from the upper deck of the B747. As stated earlier.94 seconds to slide down from the upper deck of the A380 versus 1. the slide is rapidly inﬂated through the application of air pressure and in a very short period of time is ready for receiving evacuating passengers. some previously identiﬁed slide problems continue to be reported (van Es and Post 2005).5 2 2. When the aircraft door is opened. • Improper or failed inﬂation of the slides. The heights of the upper decks on B747 and A380 aircraft are a major concern with regard to evacuations. a burnt slide. aircraft emergency exits that are higher than 6 ft from the ground are required by the Code of Federal Regulations to be equipped with inﬂatable slides.4) 2 A380 Upper Deck Slide (µ=0. incorrect rigging of the slide. Other environmental conditions. could also have an impact on the performance of the evacuation.
17 Table 3. Problems identiﬁed with the use of slides and rates of occurrence in 81 accidents listed in the NLR Air Safety Database (van Es and Post 2004).
Identified Problem Slide did not inflate Aircraft altitude Other Wind Slide burnt Incorrect rigging Slide ripped Unknown Amount (%) 28.1 15.7 13.5 12.4 11.2 7.9 6.7 4.5
Wind had an adverse effect on slide use in 12.4 percent of the accidents. In these cases, the wind blew the inﬂatable slides up against the sides of the aircraft, preventing slide use. Researchers van Es and Post (2004) also studied the probability of using emergency evacuation slides in mean wind conditions of more than 25 knots in 601 airports worldwide. Based on this study, the probability of using emergency evacuation slides in mean wind conditions of more than 25 knots is estimated to be 6 per billion departures. This is a relatively low probability, but it still poses a threat to the lives of passengers and crew members since during an emergency it may not be possible to delay landing or divert an aircraft because of high wind conditions. Three different studies, conducted by NTSB (1974, 2000) and the Transportation Safety Board of Canada (TSB 1995), have looked into the stability of inﬂatable slides during adverse wind conditions. In these three studies, four emergency evacuation cases (12.5%) were identiﬁed in which slides were
not usable because of wind. In these emergency evacuation events, the mean wind speed varied from 13 to 20 knots. Detailed slide design and performance requirements are contained in a Technical Standard Order (TSO) (FAA 1999). TSO C69c describes the minimum performance standards that emergency slides must meet (FAA 1999). TSO C69c requires that an inﬂatable slide must deploy in 25-knot winds directed from the most critical angle with the assistance of only one person, who has evacuated down the slide; furthermore, the slide must remain useable after full deployment to evacuate occupants safely to the ground. It is difﬁcult to estimate the amount of force an individual can exert to hold down the slide because it depends largely on the gender, age, and physical condition of the person. Nevertheless, historical data show that when the wind’s mean speed does not exceed 25 knots and one individual holds down the slide, the inﬂatable evacuation slide remains stable (NTSB 2000; Van Es and Post 2004).
The period of study for this research—January 1, 1996, to June 30, 2006—proved to be adequate for the stated purposes of the research. As the research progressed, it became clear that most airlines or airport authorities do not retain documentation of evacuation events, particularly those events classiﬁed as incidents, and that when airlines and airport authorities do retain documentation, they typically do so for no more than 3 years. During the period of study for this research and within the stated research scope, 142 emergency evacuation events were identiﬁed. The rate of emergency evacuation events (accidents and incidents) is relatively constant at about 0.1 per 100,000 departures for 14 CFR Part 121 operations. This rate is less than one-third of the rate of accidents for the same type of operations reported by NTSB. This research showed a clear deﬁciency of recorded data and detailed information on emergency evacuation events, particularly when only minor injuries are involved. The collection of data showed that not all slide deployment events are well documented, and most are not thoroughly investigated for root causes and contributing factors, even though maintenance action may involve submission of an SDR. In addition to the SDRs as a possible source of information, it may be possible to link Aviation Safety Action Program (ASAP) reports (given due consideration of the existing regulations governing the voluntary nature of ASAP) with the National Aviation Safety Information and Analysis System (ASIAS). There is a lot of anecdotal information that indicates that there are certain events, such as maintenance-related or uncommanded events, that may not be properly reported. It is possible that a small number of events may have been both undocumented and not reported verbally to the appropriate authorities. The data show that over the studied period, there was a signiﬁcant annual variation in the number of emergency evacuation events and that, on an average, nearly 50 percent of the events resulted in injuries. The detailed reports of the emergency evacuation events collected for this research suggest
that nearly 90 percent of reported injuries are minor— abrasions, bruises, cuts, and sprains. The authors of this report propose that aviation authorities use the AIS scale for classifying injuries so that reporting of injuries during aviation incidents and accidents can be more uniform. In AIS classiﬁcation, 90 percent of the injuries documented in reports collected for this research would be classiﬁed as AIS 1 or AIS 2; the rest would be classiﬁed as AIS 3. No injury above AIS 3 was identiﬁed. Surveys of ARFF groups and a number of reports have noted the stability of slides under windy conditions as an area of concern. It is important to note that the certiﬁcation requirement for stability of the slide—one person should be able to hold the slide in 25-knot wind at a most critical angle— is based on slide stability after a full deployment. Instabilities induced by winds during slide deployment may be the reason for the concern expressed by ARFF groups and other reports. Quantiﬁcation of the issue without accurate local measurement of wind during an event, and particularly wind gusts, is not possible. Nevertheless, such windy conditions during the initial unfolding may result in twisting and instability of the slides. It is therefore important for the ﬁrst responders (1) to practice initial stabilization and proper orientation of the slide during windy conditions and (2) to realize that ongoing efforts to stabilize the slide may be needed under such conditions. Evacuation of very large aircraft, such as the A380, has come under scrutiny and has been a matter of public interest. In this research, a mathematical model was developed to study the key issue of the speed at which a passenger comes down a slide. While no attempt has been made to quantitatively evaluate the accuracy of the model, a qualitative comparison with an A380 evacuation makes the results seem reliable. The model was used mostly as a comparison tool, and it shows that the speed at which a passenger comes down a slide from the upper deck of an A380 is essentially the same as the speed at which a passenger comes down a slide from the upper deck of a B747. Finally, several suggestions are listed below for enhancing aircraft passenger evacuation and reducing the risk of injury
during emergency evacuations using inﬂatable slides. These suggestions are based primarily on input by ARFF groups.
The following summary of issues is derived from a survey of ARFF personnel at airports and an analysis of the available information on emergency evacuation events. The main issues are prioritized based on frequency of occurrence and the authors’ assessment of their importance. Inﬂatable Slide Deployment Issues. These include challenges with the manner, location, and timing of slide deployment such as the following:
Issues with Evacuation Speed. The ﬂow of evacuees— their speed on the slides and at the bottom of the slides—can impact evacuation performance as well as the potential for injury. ARFF personnel noted that when there is no imminent danger, coordination between the ﬂight crew and ARFF personnel is needed to control the ﬂow and speed of passenger evacuation. High speed at the bottom of the slide is a function of initial speed as well as the orientation of the slide. A pileup at the bottom of the slide can cause serious injuries, and excessive speeds on the slide can easily cause skin burns and abrasions. The challenges are to properly judge the situation and to maintain communication between the ARFF unit and the ﬂight crew. The key issues identiﬁed by ARFF personnel are listed below:
• Initial speed of passengers on the slide, • Slowing down the rate of evacuation if imminent danger is
Slides becoming twisted and caught up at the exit door; Failure of slides to operate or operate properly; Unnecessary deployment of slides; and Deployment in hazardous locations, such as places where ﬁre or steep inclines exist.
not present, and • Evacuation event control in “minor” emergencies. Slide Deployment in Wind. As noted previously, initial deployment of a slide may be difﬁcult under windy conditions. The main challenges are the following:
• The stability of slides in wind and • Preventing slides from turning and twisting in wind.
It should be noted that incidents judged by ﬂight crews to be emergencies that are later determined to be false alarms are often perceived by those outside the aircraft as unnecessary deployments. It is the position of the authors of this report that it is better for ﬂight crews to err on the side of caution. Deployment in a hazardous location points to the fact that unfamiliarity with the surrounding conditions and terrain, particularly under adverse conditions (such as darkness), may be avoided if direct and rapid communication with those outside the aircraft can be established. Need for Ground Assistance/Personnel. There is a clear need for ﬁrst responders at the scene of an emergency evacuation who are prepared to do the following:
To keep the slide stable under windy conditions, ﬂight crew members often instruct the ﬁrst passenger down the slide to help stabilize the slide by holding it down. In practice, however, passengers often walk away, and this task falls to the ﬁrst responders. Following a crash, ﬁre, or other emergency, when all available ARFF personnel must respond to imminent hazards, assigning ARFF personnel to help with slide stability may be a problem. Communication. Better communication between ARFF personnel and a ﬂight crew can improve many of the situations listed above. The major issues with communication are the following:
• A lack of cockpit/ground communication and • Communication difﬁculties because of a lack of secured
Hold down slides for passengers, Try to calm passengers, Turn slides into the right position, Secure and manage a safe path at the bottom of the slides, and Effectively handle injured passengers and take them to safety.
The stability of the slides may be compromised because of uneven terrain, wind, or aircraft fuselage instability. Assisting the passengers must be done with full knowledge that touching the individuals on the slide, except at the very bottom, may result in a reaction that by itself can cause injury or disruption of the ﬂow. For example, a person trying to catch an evacuee sliding with folded arms at the bottom of the slide may elicit an instinctive reaction to extend the arms in the evacuee, and, in extending the arms, the evacuee may inadvertently hit the assisting person.
methods (i.e., Discrete Emergency Frequency [DEF]). Injury to Rescue Personnel While Helping Passengers. As noted earlier, unless there is adequate training and practice, particularly through simulation of adverse conditions, there is a distinct possibility that rescue personnel may incur injuries as a result of passengers sliding into them and passengers hitting them with their arms, legs, or objects that they have carried down the slide.
Based on the study carried out on injury mechanisms due to slide evacuation of commercial aircraft and the survey of ARFF units of major U.S. airports, the following list of recommendations to improve passenger emergency evacuation of commercial aircraft has been developed.
• Improvements are needed in communication, coordination,
• ARFF personnel assistance with slide evacuation should be
and action planning among rescue personnel at airports, ﬂight crews, and airline operation personnel, including the following: – Airports should work with the Air Trafﬁc Control Tower (ATCT) to design DEFs for secure and rapid communication with ﬂight crew during emergencies. – Hands-on training is needed to increase coordination and communication between ARFF units and ﬂight crews so that unnecessary evacuations can be eliminated. • It would be beneﬁcial for rescue personnel to train with the ﬂight crews and operation personnel of various airlines on various aircraft. Training should focus particularly on the operation of slides during adverse conditions. The following points should be given particular consideration: – The numbers and locations of slides on aircraft that frequently ﬂy to a given airport, – The types of emergencies that require deployment of the slide during emergency evacuation, and – Using an actual slide deployment or simulators during training.
concerned with the following: – Establishing sectors/slide zones and identifying hazards, – Identifying several predesignated multicasualty incident staging areas on the Air Operating Area (AOA), – Identifying a separate passenger area of refuge/assistance, – Ensuring proper slide deployment, – Stabilizing slides by holding them down, – Moving evacuees away from the slides quickly while avoiding catching or touching the passengers if their movement is stable and there is no obvious problem, – Assisting with passenger ﬂow, – Dispersing ﬁre-ﬁghting agent to protect evacuees, and – Distinguishing controlled evacuation from emergency conditions. An emergency medical services (EMS) team to handle injuries would be a good addition to emergency evacuation procedures. The addition of lighting or reﬂective markers along a slide’s length would provide better visibility of deployed slides for ARFF units. It would be helpful to develop standard operating guidelines for ARFF groups at a national level. ARFF groups should consider developing uniform documents to record all emergency evacuation events or deployment of slides. The AIS system, a well-documented classiﬁcation scheme that has been established and tested by the medical community, should be considered for injury classiﬁcation.
G. Beherendt. Ramps. W. Aviation Accident Database & Synopses. TSO-C69c. rgwcherry.asp?ev_id=20020826X01462&key=1. and J. J.” Paper and PowerPoint presented at the Fourth Triennial International Fire and Cabin Safety Research Conference. Passenger Carrying Aircraft. Post (2004). FAA. Jungermann. “VLTA Emergency Requirements Research Evacuation Study. Muir. DOT/FAA/AM-99/30. National Aerospace Laboratory (NLR). C. van Es.” Paper presented at the International Aircraft Fire and Cabin Safety Research Conference. NTSB. Analysis of Problems Using Aircraft Evacuations Slide. and S. Gauss (2001). Dixon. When You Need to Get out of the Aircraft-Fast” (July–August 2005). Aircraft Certiﬁcation Service. “Aircraft Accident Investigation Report. K. NTSB (2000). November 15–18. and B. DC.” Aircraft Accident Investigation Commission.. Gwynne (2003). Flight Safety Australia. J.faa. U. 1–6. Wilson. Post (May–June 2005). airclaims. Y.. Washington. Safety Aspects of Emergency Evacuations from Air Carrier Aircraft. Washington DC.uk/html/accidentdatabase. S. NTSB. FAA. L. Hynes. TSB. DOT. Fedok. NSW 2 July 2003. Ofﬁce of Aviation Medicine. Emergency Evacuation of Commercial Airplanes. Atlantic City. http://ntsb. T. (2000). Washington. Boeing 747-438. Copes.” U.” Paper presented at the International Aircraft Fire and Cabin Safety Research Conference. Portugal. Evacuate.com/. Canada. P. Motor Vehicle Trafﬁc Crash Fatality Counts and Estimates of People Injured for 2006. Ministry of Transport.html. NTSB. a Study with Emphasis on Using Slides in Adverse Wind Conditions.S.co.gov/ ntsb/brief. Lisbon. Safety Study NTSB/SS-00/01. http://www. (2000). CASE (database available to Airclaims customers). “A Psychological Model of Emergency Evacuation from Double-Deck Aircraft. TSB (Transportation Safety Board of Canada) (1995).86203. . van Es. Ofﬁce of Aviation Safety. http://ntsb. R. J. Airclaims. “Evacuation from the Upper Deck: Merely and Exit Problem? (If a Problem at All). http://www. J. DOT HS 810 837. Thomas. Evacuee Injuries and Demographics in Transport Airplane Precautionary Emergency Evacuations. FAA Aircraft Certiﬁcation Service (1999). Manly/Sydney. http://www. Hynes. H. Investigation Report BO/200302980.” Cabin Crew Safety. “Emergency Evacuation Slides.gov/portal/page?_pageid=56. Netherlands. 3. Frequency and Costs of Transport Airplane Precautionary Emergency Evacuations. J. Cherry & Associates Ltd. G. 20–24 November. NHTSA (2007). Accident/Incident Data System (AIDS). Australia. M. DOT. Washington DC. and H.S. NHTSA. (1999). Department of Transportation (1990).gov/ntsb/ query. L. NTSB (2002). Bain (1989).” Technical Standard Order. FAA. Baltimore. and L. Vol. Ramp/Slides and Slides/Rafts. DC. Sacco. (December 2000). October 22–25. E. S. DOT/FAA/AM-00/11.S. DC. Quebec. U. ATSB (Australian Transport Safety Bureau) (2005). “Analysis of Evacuation-Slide Problems Calls Attention to Recurrent Issues. Champion. NYC02FA160 (Aviation Accident Report). VH-OJU Sydney Aerodrome. “Progress in Characterizing Anatomic Injury” in Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. Evacuate. A Safety Study of Evacuations of Large. NTSB-AAS-74-3. Gatineau. H. A. MD. Jungermann. “AIS-90 Injury Coding Manual. NTSB (1974). W. Ofﬁce of Aviation Medicine. ATSB.56_ 86223:56_86227:56_96434&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL. L. R. 44–47. Japan.. “Evacuate. Blake.” Paper presented at the 5th Australian Aviation Psychology Symposium. “Evacuation Slide and Slide/Raft Reliability. R. Galea. DOT. 40. NJ. NLR-CR-2004-371. No. Report Number SA9501. FAA.asp.S. Washington. (2001). October 22–25. H. Fischer.21 References Aihara. W. U. M. R. A. H. NJ. Atlantic City.asias. Special Study. FAA. Accident Database. W.
22 APPENDIX A Airline Survey on Emergency Evacuation Events .
We are interested to examine the mechanism of ALL injuries that have occurred during slide evacuation of flights operated under provisions of 14 CFR Part 121 over the past ten years. we would like to know how many of the emergency evacuation events resulted in ANY injuries directly related to slide evacuation. 2006 which took place at your airport. The outcome of this study is expected to be a list of recommendations/suggestions for emergency responders to reduce the rate of evacuations and mitigate injuries due to use of slides during emergency evacuation. Vahid Motevalli. Ph.edu . Aviation Institute Please return your answers to the following address: Aviation Institute 20101 Academic Way Ashburn. VA 20147 or email it to monajemi@gwu.23 Study of Evaluation and Mitigation of Aircraft Slide Evacuation Injuries The George Washington Aviation Institute has been tasked by the National Academies Transportation Research Board (TRB) to conduct a quick response study on aircraft slide evacuation injuries. In addition. P. 1996 to June 30th. We would appreciate it if you could provide us with information regarding emergency evacuation of flights operated under provisions of 14 CFR Part 121 for the period from January 1st..D. Best Regards. Attached please find a data sheet that you can use to input the data for the emergency evacuation events.E. We would further appreciate it if you could provide additional information sought in the second data sheet for the individual events involving injuries. Director.
List of flights operated by your airline under provisions of 14 CFR Part 121 involving slide evacuation from Jan 1st. of Passengers onboard No. of Fatalities Were Slides Used? Wind speed at the time of event (if available) Please add additional rows if needed . 1996 to June 30th. 2006 Airline: Date of event Name of the airport Type/Model of Aircraft No. of Reported Injuries No. of Crew Total No.
slide didn't inflate).e. burns etc. Which exits and slides where used during evacuation? . broken bones.e. Crew or Passenger? Age Gender 1 2 3 4 5 Please add additional rows if needed Please explain the problems experienced with exits and slides during evacuation ( i. Fatal) Most Probable Cause & Location of Injury Type of injury (i.Please provide us with additional information regarding each emergency evacuation event resulted in ANY injuries directly related to slide evacuation Event Date: Injury Severity (Minor.) Person No.Serious.
26 APPENDIX B ARFF Units Survey on Emergency Evacuation Events .
Date of event List of accidents/incidents involving slide evacuation for flights operated under provisions of 14 CFR Part 121 at your airport Jan 1st. of Slides Airline Passengers No. 2006 Airport: Total No. of Crew time of event (if Reported of Aircraft Fatalities were onboard available) Injuries Used? . 1996 to June 30th. Which No. of Wind speed at the of Type/Model No.
in cabin. slide etc.Please provide us with additional information regarding EACH emergency evacuation event resulted in ANY injuries directly related to slide evacuation Event Date: Injury Severity (Minor. Were there any difficulty experienced from the perspective of emergency responders in case of adverse wind condition? .) Type of injury (i.Serious.e. Crew or Passenger? Age Gender 1 2 3 4 5 Please add additional rows if needed Please explain the problems experienced with exits and slides during evacuation ( i. broken bones.) Person No. burns etc. slide didn't inflate). Fatal) Most Probable Cause & Location of Injury (i.e.e.
29 APPENDIX C List of ARFF’s Issues and Recommendations .
If the evacuation is not a true emergency. Slides deployed at incidents where evacuation may not be the answer or deployed into the wrong area.when slides are deployed flight crews are trained to evacuate passengers quickly (90 seconds) leading to behaviors and actions that result in near panic on the passengers part. disorientation and passenger control issues when the aircraft is evacuated via the slides in "minor" emergencies. decreases the unnecessary deployment of slides. The serious head injuries etc. The speed of initial passengers evacuating down slide with no ground assistance result in back ups and injuries. Slides getting twisted and caught up at the door. Failure of slides to operate . Every time slides are deployed there are issues controlling the slides in windy conditions and getting passengers out of the way quickly at the bottom of the slide. The best we can do is hold the slides down for the passengers utilizing them and try to calm them down as they do. are most often caused by passengers landing on top of one another at the base of the slide. If not a true emergency and slides were deployed. ARFF must try to slow the speed of the evacuation. Evacuation control . Wind velocity (slides blow in the wind) . This leads to injuries. arms and backside due to the abrasiveness of the slides. Fire Crews on the ground can lift the slide up at the bottom taking the weight off the slide and turn the slide so it will be in the correct position. flight crew will not stop the process. Lack of cockpit/ground communications (at some airports) Using the discrete radio frequency. mainly on the passengers’ wrists. Broken or sprained ankles and/or burns.crew verbalized their concern that at least one of the slides did not deploy. Ability of communicating with the pilots reduces anxiety and stress in the pilots due to the fact that the ARFF tell them what is going on behind them and what they are doing to assist them.30 List of Issues Injuries to passengers and crew would be the biggest issue.
establish sectors/slide zones. Bring pilot into the unified command structure. hold slide down. . Staffing ground operation personnel needed to secure and manage the landing zones that often are the site of PAX injury.F.) and procedures with Flight Crews to best determine crucial deployment/non-deployment decision making process. Deployment of slides usually involves in injury of emergency personnel. Have an emergency response team on scene to handle the injured passengers Discrete Emergency Frequencies (DEF) will assist ARFF to coordinate with the pilot and possibly prevent utilizing slides. List of Recommendations Train with various airlines on various aircraft as to how the slides operate.e.E. Upon initial "size up". assist with passenger flow. ARFF command should identify an area of refuge to assemble and protect passengers Airports work with local ATCT and design DEF to improve incident coordination and action planning. they are cheaper for the airlines and safer for the passengers. Communication difficulties caused by the lack of secured methods (i. Train them on what constitutes the need for an emergency evacuation by slide.g. fire suppression and control) occurring simultaneously.. D. there is always someone working who is not familiar with slide deployment rescue techniques. the escape route could be unusually unsafe to access. Get to know the numbers and locations of the slides on the aircraft that frequently fly your airport. Training with airline staff covering their evacuation procedures & ARFF concerns ARFF tactical plans should contain priority consideration to deployment of firefighters to assist with slide evacuation e. the possibility exists that they may deploy to the fire side of the aircraft.31 Securing and maintaining safe egress paths and staging areas for ambulatory PAXs after reaching the bottom of the slide.. Deployed slides limit access to the aircraft via air stairs Injury to rescue personnel is a major issue. Get air stairs on scene. Also. etc. It is possible that in the heat of battle. Effectively handling injured/ infirm PAXs to safety. when the aircraft comes to stop at a difficult angle. without compromising other emergency operations (i. aircraft occupants will exit the plane into unsafe situations.e. identify hazards. Deployed away from ARFF location When slide deployment occurs prior to our arrival. As much as the ARFF personnel are trained.
Develop/design a more ergonomic slide angle and slide termination points thus decreasing PAX injury Potential Lighting or reflective markers installed along slides length would allow better visibility of deployment configuration upon ARFF crews approach to the incident. flight crews should not hesitate to call for a second opinion during those incidents when it is not clear that the use of slides is called for. Slides should only be used in a true emergency.. if you can use stairs vs. controlled evacuation.use the stairs! Have air stairs on scene and visible to the flight crew to offer an alternative to slide evacuation if the situation allows. Identify several pre-designated Multi-Casualty Incident staging areas on the AOA. Flight Crew and Air Traffic Control. slides. Provide practical training opportunities using either actual aircraft slide deployments. even if crews train with departments we believe expectations from the ARFF side are similar across the board. Every ARFF Group should have Standard Operating Guidelines that pre-identify companies whose primary responsibility would be evacuation.32 Identify a "discrete" frequency that would allow the ARFF Group Supervisor. Hands-on training with slides by ARFF and flight crews to increase coordination and communication. While we hesitate to develop a system that slows or limits evacuation when it is called for in the flight crew's judgment.. This tool can make it much easier on the flight crew in evaluating the need to evacuate the aircraft. proper deployment. or simulators that allow ARFF crews to physically practice their craft. light haze. and passenger refuge. We have seen times when they deploy for electrical. Enhance and improve ARFF communication w/ flight crew on incidents where the use of slides might be uncertain. Safety for Passenger and crew are most important concern. Fire. smoke in the cabin that causes passengers and crew breathing difficulties. exterior fires etc. ..
33 APPENDIX D List of Collected Emergency Evacuation Events Involving Slides .
2 minor Unknown 14 05/10/05 1 minor due to use of slide N/A . IL (Chicago Midway Airport) (MDW) Stewart International Airport (SWF) Calgary Int'l Airport (YYC) Louisville International . GU (Guam International Airport [GUM]) DFW Int'l Houston. TX (George Bush IntercontinentalHouston) (IAH) Boeing 727200 Boeing 737900 Mc Donnell Douglas Boeing DC8-73 AF Boeing 747200 MD-80 Boeing 737800 SCHD Part 121: Air Carrier SOUTHWEST AIRLINES CO Air Carrier Federal Express Corp SCHD Part 121: Air Carrier ALASKA AIRLINES INC Air Carrier United Parcel Service SCHD Part 121: Air Carrier NORTHWEST AIRLINES INC AMERICAN AIRLINES Air Carrier Continental Airlines Ground 7 8 11/8/2005 10/30/05 Unknown N/A 9 10/18/2005 No injuries N/A 10 11 08/19/05 08/02/05 2 minor 0 no injuries (but 1 passenger with chest pains treated at hospital) During evacuation N/A 12 07/01/05 N/A 13 06/10/05 Oklahoma City.34 Location Where Injuries Happened No Date Location Model Type of Air Carrier Operation SCHD Part 121: Air Carrier Shuttle America Airlines (D. of Injuries 1 05/30/06 Dulles.Standiford Field (SDF) Agana. United Express) AMERICAN AIRLINES Air Carrier United Airlines SCHD Part 121: Air Carrier UNITED PARCEL SERVICE CO Air Carrier Continental Airlines No.A. VA (IAD) Embraer EMB-170 1 serious (broken ankle) During evacuation During evacuation 2 3 05/14/06 04/09/06 DFW Int'l Washington. DC (IAD) Philadelphia International Airport (PHL) Houston. crew members 3 minor. TX (George Bush IntercontinentalHouston) (IAH) MD 80 Airbus A319 Douglas DC-8 2 minor 4 3 minor. OK (Will Rogers World) (OKC) Minneapolis-St.B. injuries were not due to use of slide no injuries due to evacuation. 1 ground fatality and 12 ground injuries Unknown no injuries 4 02/07/06 Unknown 5 12/12/05 0 6 12/08/05 Chicago. Paul International Airport Avro Bae Systems RJ Avroliner RJ 134 Airbus Industrie A-319-114 Air Carrier Mesaba Airlines SCHD Part 121: Air Carrier Northwest Airlines Inc.
35 No 15 16 Date 04/01/05 03/14/05 Location DIA Buenos Aires. Inc. of Injuries 0 5 minor Location Where Injuries Happened N/A Unknown 17 03/11/05 Boeing B777 8 minor Unknown 18 02/28/05 ERJ-145 Bombardier CL-600-2C10 Mc Donnell Douglas Boeing DC10-30 AF Mc DonnellDouglas MD80-83 Airbus Industrie A300F4605R Boeing 717200 Airbus A310220 Mc DonnellDouglasBoeing MD80-82 Mc DonnellDouglas MD80-82 McDonnell Douglas MD10-10F Boeing 757200 0 N/A 19 12/29/04 1 serious During evacuation 20 12/6/2004 no injuries to crew of 3 Unknown 21 03/24/04 Air Carrier Continental Airlines no injuries N/A 22 03/11/04 SCHD Part 121: Air Carrier FEDERAL EXPRESS CORP Air Carrier AirTran Airways Inc Air Carrier Federal Express Corp Air Carrier American Airlines Air Carrier American Airlines NSCH Part 121: Air Carrier FEDERAL EXPRESS CORP Air Carrier Delta Airlines no injuries N/A 23 24 03/05/04 2/13/2004 1 minor Unknown During Evacuation Unknown 25 01/14/04 Unknown Unknown 26 12/26/03 Unknown During evacuation 27 12/18/2003 2 28 12/02/03 No injuries . FL (Fort Lauderdale/Hollywood International Airport [FLL]) Atlanta. Air Carrier World Airways No. TX (AustinBergstrom International Airport [AUS]) Bangor International Airport (BGR) Houston. Express SCHD Part 121: Air Carrier Mesa Airlines. Argentina (Ezeiza International Airport [EZE]) Buenos Aires. TX (Dallas Forth Worth International) (DFW) Indianapolis. Argentina (Ezeiza International Airport [EZE]) George Bush Intercontinental Airport-IAH Austin. IN (Indianapolis International) (IND) Memphis. TN (MEM) Atlanta. GA (ATL) Indianapolis International Airport (IND) Dallas. GA (Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International) (ATL) Model A 320 Boeing B767 Type of Air Carrier Operation United SCHD Part 121: Air Carrier UNITED AIRLINES INC SCHD Part 121: Air Carrier AMERICAN AIRLINES INC Cont. TX (George Bush IntercontinentalHouston) (IAH) Fort Lauderdale.
A. NY (LaGuardia Airport [LGA]) Flushing. of Injuries Location Where Injuries Happened N/A 29 30 31 10/12/03 10/05/03 10/01/03 no injuries 1 No injuries N/A During evacuation 32 09/25/03 8 minor 26 passengers sustained minor injuries. TX Oakland. HI (Kahului) (OGG) Indianapolis Intl Airport (IND) Dallas. 1 minor 33 06/23/03 Tampa Int'l Airport (TPA) B757-232 DELTA AIR LINES INC 34 04/22/03 Denver Int'l Airport (DEN) MD-88 DELTA AIR LINES 35 04/16/03 DFW Airport. GA (Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International) (ATL) Tampa. NY (LaGuardia Airport [LGA]) Phoenix.B. 6 minors During evacuation During evacuation 37 03/26/03 38 11/09/02 39 08/28/02 1 serious. FedEx) During evacuation 36 04/10/03 No injuries 1 serious.B. 22 minor 1 serious. CA (Metropolitan Oakland International) (OAK) Flushing.A. FL (Tampa Intl Airport) (TPA) McDonnell Douglas DC9-82 (MD-82) Airbus A300F4 Boeing 717200 McDonnell Douglas MD82 Airbus Industrie A320-231 SCHD Part 121: Air Carrier (D. FedEx) Air Carrier United Airlines Federal Express Corporation Air Carrier American Airlines No. AZ (Phoenix Sky Harbor International) (PHX) Atlanta. America West Airlines) Air Carrier Delta Airlines SCHD Part 121: Air Carrier (D.A.B.B. and three passengers sustained serious injuries one flight attendant received minor injuries 1 serious.36 No Date Location Denver. 9 minors Unknown 40 08/23/02 Mc DonnellDouglas MD80-88 McDonnell Douglas DC10-10 1 minor During evacuation 41 08/10/02 no injuries N/A .A. American Airlines) Air Carrier Federal Express Corp SCHD Part 121: Air Carrier Air Tran Airways. TX (Dallas Forth Worth International) (DFW) Model McDonnell Douglas DC10-10 Boeing 757200 Boeing 727200F Mc DonnellDouglasBoeing MD80-82 Type of Air Carrier Operation SCHD Part 121: Air Carrier (D. SCHD Part 121: Air Carrier AMERICAN AIRLINES INC SCHD Part 121: Air Carrier AMERICA WEST AIRLINES (D. CO (Denver International Airport [DEN]) Kahului. Inc.
LA (Louis Armstrong New Orleans International) (MSY) Charlotte. American Airlines) 3 minor 0 During Evacuation 54 11/02/01 no injuries N/A 55 10/29/01 Dulles.B. IN (Indianapolis International Airport) (IND) Fort Lauderdale. NV (Mc Carran International) (LAS) Chicago O'Hare (ORD) New Orleans. TN (MEM) Atlantic City. IL (Chicago O’Hare International) (ORD) Indianapolis.37 No Date Location Model Type of Air Carrier Operation No.A.A. TX (Dallas Forth Worth International) (DFW) Salt Lake Int'l Airport (SLC) Midland. Air Carrier United Airlines SCHD Part 121: Air Carrier (D. Northwest Airlines) 5 Serious. 148 Uninjured off plane . NC Charlotte/Douglas International Airport(CLT) Chicago. TX Midland International Airport (MAF) Boeing 737306 Fokker F28 Mc DonnellDouglasBoeing MD80-82 Mc DonnellDouglas MD80-82 Air Carrier Pace Airlines Inc Air Carrier American Airlines Air Carrier Spirit Airlines Inc 1 minor 1 minor 44 06/12/02 6 minor 45 46 06/03/02 05/05/02 Air Carrier American Airlines United Airlines 0 No Injuries 47 05/31/02 Boeing 737800 Air Carrier American Airlines 1 minor 48 03/31/02 McDonnell Douglas MD11 Boeing 757200 McDonnell Douglas DC9-41 SCHD Part 121: Air Carrier Delta Air Lines. NJ (Atlantic City International) (ACY) Las Vegas. FL (Sarasota-Bradenton International) (SRQ) Memphis. Inc.B. VA (IAD) 1 Serious.B.A. of Injuries Location Where Injuries Happened During Evacuation 42 43 08/03/02 06/20/02 Sarasota. (D. America West ) SCHD Part 121: Air Carrier AMERICAN AIRLINES INC (D. FL (Fort LauderdaleHollywood International) (FLL) Dallas. 11 Minor During evacuation 49 03/05/02 0 50 01/24/02 1 serious off plane 51 01/23/02 Boeing 727200 Air Carrier American Airlines 0 52 53 12/16/01 12/14/01 Boeing 737300 Boeing 727200 Airbus Industrie A319-132 Boeing 757223 Air Carrier Delta Airlines Air Carrier Delta Airlines SCHD Part 121: Air Carrier America West Airlines Inc.
C (Washington Dulles International) (IAD) Moline. AZ (Phoenix Sky Harbor International) (PHX) Detroit. MI Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport (DTW) Boston (Logan International Airport) Phoenix.10F (M) Boeing 737 4 minor (3 passengers and 1 flight attendant) no injuries During Evacuation 59 07/16/01 Air Carrier AirTran Airways Inc N/A 60 07/12/01 Air Carrier no injuries N/A 61 62 63 06/19/01 06/15/01 05/26/01 Air Carrier US Airways Delta Airlines Air Carrier Delta Airlines Air Carrier Southwest Airlines SCHD Part 121: Air Carrier Northwest Airlines SCHD Part 121: Air Carrier FEDERAL EXPRESS CORP Southwest 3 minor 1 minor 3 minor during evacuation During evacuation During evacuation 64 03/20/01 no injuries N/A 65 03/17/01 3 Minor Unknown 66 03/06/01 0 N/A 67 03/02/01 0 N/A 68 12/22/00 Boeing 727200 Air Carrier Northwest Airlines 0 1 passenger minor injury and 1 ARFF crew minor injuries N/A 69 12/01/00 Atlanta. GA (ATL) Boeing 727 Delta Airlines . MCI Nashville. MI (Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County) (DTW) Model Boeing 717200 Boeing 717200 Type of Air Carrier Operation Air Carrier Hawaiian Airlines Inc. SCHD Part 121: Air Carrier TRANS WORLD AIRLINES (D. AZ (Phoenix Sky Harbor International) (PHX) Detroit. D.38 Location Where Injuries Happened No Date Location Kahului. Trans World Airlines) Air Carrier United Airlines No. of Injuries 0 56 09/17/01 57 08/09/01 no injuries N/A 58 07/22/01 Boeing 767300 Mc DonnellDouglas Boeing DC9-32 Mc DonnellDouglasBoeing MD80-83 Boeing 737400 Boeing 737200 Boeing 757200 Boeing 737300 Airbus Industrie A320-200 Boeing (McDonnellDouglas) DC10 . IL Scott Air Force Base/Midamerica Airport (BLV) Washington. TN (Nashville International) (BNA) Phoenix.B. MO (Whiteman AFB) (SZL) Flushing.A. NY (LaGuardia Airport [LGA]) Kansas city Int'l Airport. IL (Quad City International) (MLI) Knob Noster. HI (Kahului) (OGG) Mascoutah.
WA Seattle-Tacoma International Airport (SEA) Boeing 737300 Air Carrier US Airways 4 minor Evacuation down two aft slides with engines operating During evacuation 80 03/11/00 McDonnell Douglas MD83 SCHD Part 121: Air Carrier (D. GA [Hartsfield Atlanta International Airport (ATL)] DULLES.B. all of injuries were due to use of slide Unknown 76 77 78 04/02/00 03/19/00 03/13/00 Unavailable 4 No Injuries 79 03/15/00 Tampa. TX (Dallas Forth Worth International) (DFW) Federated States Of Micronesia (YAP) New York. ALASKA AIRLINES ) 2 Minor . 4 Unknown 74 8/8/2000 Greensboro Piedmont-Triad International Airport (GSO) Douglas DC9-32 SCHD Part 121: Air Carrier AIRTRAN AIRLINES INC 75 07/17/00 Dallas. VA (IAD) Model Type of Air Carrier Operation SCHD Part 121: Air Carrier AIRTRAN AIRWAYS INC SCHD Part 121: Air Carrier (D.39 Location Where Injuries Happened Unknown No Date Location ATLANTA. of Injuries 70 11/29/00 Douglas DC9 McDonnell Douglas DC9-82 Airbus Industrie A300B4605R MD 88/90 13 Minor 71 11/29/00 no injuries N/A 72 11/20/00 Miami International Airport Pittsburgh International Airport (PIT) 3 Serious. FL (Tampa International) (TPA) SEATTLE. CA (SFO) Mc DonnellDouglasBoeing MD80-82 Boeing 727 Boeing 727200 Boeing 727232 Air Carrier American Airlines SCHD Part 121: Air Carrier Air Carrier Delta Airlines SCHD Part 121: Air Carrier DELTA AIRLINES.B. AMERICAN AIRLINES ) SCHD Part 121: Air Carrier AMERICAN AIRLINES Delta Airlines No. NY(La Guardia) (LGA) SAN FRANCISCO. 19 Minor During Evacuation 73 08/30/00 3 minor 3 crewmembers and 5 passengers received minor injuries from smoke inhalation. 5 passengers and one ground crewmember received minor injuries during the evacuation. INC.A.A.
CA Burbank-GlendalePasadena Airport (BUR) Boeing 737300 SCHD Part 121: Air Carrier SOUTHWEST AIRLINES CO On plane 83 2/18/2000 Pittsburgh International Airport (PIT) COVINGTON. At least 3 minor injuries happened during slide evacuation No injuries to crew of 4 82 03/05/00 BURBANK. of Injuries 81 03/08/00 Mc Allen. TN (Nashville International) (BNA) Houston. FL (Fort Lauderdale / Hollywood International Airport [FLL]) Tulsa. NY (John F Kennedy International) (JFK) Wilmington. KY Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport (CVG). TX (Mc Allen Miller International) (MFE) Mc DonnellDouglas MD80-83 Air Carrier Trans World Airlines 3 2 serious injuries. NC (Wilmington International) (ILM) Mc Donnell Douglas Boeing DC873 AF McDonnell Douglas MD88 Mc DonnellDouglasBoeing DC-931CF Mc DonnellDouglasBoeing MD80-82 Air Carrier United Parcel Service N/A 84 09/17/99 SCHD Part 121: Air Carrier DELTA AIR LINES No injuries N/A 85 09/09/99 Air Carrier Trans World Airlines 3 minor Unknown 86 09/08/99 Air Carrier Continental Airlines 5 minor Slide 87 08/11/99 DC10/30 Part 121: Air Carrier FEDERAL EXPRESS CORP Part 121: Air Carrier FEDERAL EXPRESS CORP Air Carrier unknown unknown 88 08/24/99 B727-100 unknown unknown 89 08/26/99 Boeing 757200 Boeing 757200 0 N/A 90 08/03/99 Air Carrier Delta Airlines No injuries During evacuation (some due to slides) 91 06/26/99 Fokker F28 Air Carrier US Airways 4 minor . Nashville. TX (George Bush IntercontinentalHouston) (IAH) Fort Lauderdale. OK (Tulsa International Airport [TUL]) Las Vegas. NV (Mc Carran International) (LAS) New York. 41 passengers and the captain minor injuries.40 Location Where Injuries Happened injuries as result of evacuation No Date Location Model Type of Air Carrier Operation No.
20 Minor During evacuation 101 04/25/98 Detroit.A.41 No Date Location Model Type of Air Carrier Operation No.A. INC. INC.B. TX Boeing 727200F Boeing 737200 Mc Donnell Douglas Boeing DC871 C Boeing 737500 McDonnell Douglas MD88 Federal Express Corporation Delta Airlines No injuries 93 06/04/99 No injuries 94 4/28/1999 Air Carrier United Parcel Service No injuries N/A 95 04/08/99 Air Carrier United Airlines SCHD Part 121: Air Carrier (D. DELTA AIRLINES ) 1minor during evacuation While using Slide 96 12/26/98 1 serious 16 . UNITED AIRLINES. MI (Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County) (DTW) MANCHESTER (MAN) United Kingdom Mc Donnell Douglas DC9-31CF McDonnell Douglas DC10-30 0 102 03/08/98 0 N/A . GA (ATL) Boeing 737200 SCHD Part 121: Air Carrier AIRTRAN AIRWAYS INC 98 07/09/98 SAN JUAN Luis Munoz Marin International Airport. ) Air Carrier Trans World Airlines SCHD Part 121: Air Carrier CONTINENTAL AIRLINES 4 Serious.B. OK (Will Rogers World) (OKC) DFW AIRPORT. while helping people to evacuate 100 05/11/98 Tokyo Int'l Airport (TYO) Boeing 747 SCHD Part 121: Air Carrier UNITED AIRLINES (D. San Juan. Puerto Rico (SJU) Airbus Industrie A300B4-605R SCHD Part 121: Air Carrier AMERICAN AIRLINES. CHS Ontario International Airport (ONT) Oklahoma City. 28 Minor During evacuation 99 05/26/98 Indianapolis Intl Airport (IND) DC-9 Northwest Airlines 1 Minor On ground. and 14 passengers received minor injuries 97 11/01/98 ATLANTA. of Injuries Location Where Injuries Happened N/A 92 06/17/99 LOUIS ARMSTRONG NEW ORLEANS INTL (MSY) Charleston Int'l Airport.2 passengers received serious injuries.
42 Location Where Injuries Happened No Date Location Model Mc DonnellDouglasBoeing DC-951 Type of Air Carrier Operation No. ILLINOIS. DELTA AIR LINES. U. INC. IL (O'Hare International Airport) (ORD) Tuscon. FL (Miami International) (MIA) Air Carrier American Airlines unknown . NM (Albuquerque International Airport) (ABQ) Las Vegas. Hawaii. NV (Mc Carran International) (LAS) Orlando International Airport CHICAGO. International Airport) (HNL) Dallas.B. of Injuries 103 02/09/98 Honolulu. HI (Honolulu. HI (Honolulu International) (HNL) O'HARE INTL AIRPORT. TX (Dallas Forth Worth International) (DFW) ALBUQUERQUE. ) 3 Minor During evacuation 112 113 114 06/18/97 06/14/97 04/28/97 Boeing 727 Boeing 727200 Boeing 737200 Mc DonnellDouglasBoeing MD80-82 Mc DonnellDouglasBoeing MD80-82 Delta Airlines Air Carrier Sun Pacific International SCHD Part 121: Air Carrier UNITED AIRLINES Air Carrier American Airlines No injuries reported 0 2 Minor N/A During evacuation 115 04/28/97 no injuries 0 but 1 F. OR San Francisco Int'l Airport Salt Lake City.A with burning eyes and treated on spot.A.A. AZ (Tuscon International) (TUS) Air Carrier Hawaiian Airlines Inc 0 104 02/09/98 B727-223 AMERICAN AIRLINES 22 Minor 105 01/03/98 Mc Donnell Douglas DC9-51 Boeing 737522 McDonnell Douglas MD80 Boeing 727 Air Carrier Northwest Airlines SCHD Part 121: Air Carrier UNITED AIRLINES SCHD Part 121: Air Carrier ALASKA AIRLINES Air Carrier Frontier Airlines SCHD Part 121: Air Carrier DELTA AIR LINES INC 0 N/A 106 12/25/97 No injuries N/A 107 12/19/97 No injuries N/A 108 09/24/97 0 N/A 109 08/07/97 Lockheed L1011-385-115 1 Serious. 58 Minor During evacuation 110 08/02/97 MD 88/90 Delta Airlines 2 minor During Evacuation 111 07/06/97 Boeing 727247 SCHD Part 121: Air Carrier (D. UT (Salt Lake City International) (SLC) HONOLULU. (ORD) Detroit. CHICAGO. then fine N/A 116 03/17/97 Miami. MI (Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County) (DTW) Eugene Airport.S.
NY (JFK International Airport) Dayton. DC (Washington Dulles International) (IAD) DFW AIRPORT. OH (James M Cox Dayton International) (DAY) Great Falls International Airport (GTF) Atlanta. NJ (Newark Liberty International) (EWR) Denver Int'l Airport (DEN) Grand Forks. Aruba (AUA) Air Carrier Continental Airlines no injuries 118 02/19/97 United Airlines Air Carrier Northwest Airlines Air Carrier Federal Express Corp NSCH Part 121: Air Carrier RYAN INTERNATIONAL AIRLINES Air Carrier Ryan International Airlines Air Carrier American Airlines SCHD Part 121: Air Carrier AMERICAN AIRLINES SCHD Part 121: Air Carrier (D.A. TX GRAND RAPIDS. of Injuries Location Where Injuries Happened N/A 117 03/07/97 Newark. 2 Minor Unknown Most probably during evacuation During emergency evacuation 126 10/28/96 1 Serious. 2 Minor 127 10/13/96 Air Carrier US Airways 9 minor 128 9/12/1996 Air Carrier Federal Express Corp No injuries 129 08/21/96 Fokker F-28 Air Carrier US Airways 5 treated for scrapes or bruises 130 08/08/96 Douglas DC9-51 SCHD Part 121: Air Carrier HAWAIIAN AIRLINES. INC No injuries N/A . INC No Injuries N/A 119 02/02/97 0 120 1/21/1997 0 N/A 121 01/18/97 1 Serious During evacuation During evacuation 122 01/08/97 Unknown Washington. GA (Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International) (ATL) HONOLULU. HI (Honolulu.43 No Date Location Model Mc DonnellDouglasBoeing MD80-81 Boeing 737200 Mc Donnell Douglas DC9-31CF Boeing 727200 Boeing 737400 Boeing 737400 Boeing 757200 McDonnell Douglas MD82 Boeing 737222 McDonnell Douglas MD80-82 Boeing 757200 Boeing 727200F Type of Air Carrier Operation No. UNITED AIR LINES ) SCHD Part 121: Air Carrier AMERICAN AIRLINES. MI (Kent County International Airport) (GRR) Jamaica. ND (Grand Forks International) (GFK) Will Rogers World Airport (OKC) ARUBA. International Airport) (HNL) 1 passenger broke ankle 0 123 11/26/96 124 11/23/96 3 minors During evacuation 125 11/18/96 1 Serious. Hawaii.B.
NY (JFK) Boeing 737300 Boeing 737200 Boeing 707 320C Airbus Industrie A300B4-605R Boeing 767332 Air Carrier Southwest Airlines Air Carrier Delta Airlines Air Carrier Million Air SCHD Part 121: Air Carrier AMERICAN AIRLINES SCHD Part 121: Air Carrier DELTA AIR LINES CONTINENTAL AIRLINES Air Carrier Northwest Airlines N/A Unknown During evacuation During Evacuation 136 02/20/96 137 2/20/1996 PORTLAND. of Injuries Location Where Injuries Happened During evacuation 131 07/08/96 NASHVILLE. GA (ATL) Miami International Airport (MIA) JAMAICA. NV (Mc Carran International) (LAS) Nashville. 2 Serious. CA (Ontario International Airport) Atlanta. U. 3 Minor But only three minor happened during slide evacuation 0 7 minor Unknown 2 Serious. TN (Nashville International) (BNA) 138 02/19/96 DC9-32 139 02/18/96 Boeing 757200 Mc DonnellDouglasBoeing DC9-51 Mc DonnellDouglasBoeing DC-9 Mc Donnell Douglas Boeing DC932 1 minor (ankle injury) 140 02/03/96 Air Carrier Hawaiian Airlines Inc 3 minor 141 02/02/96 Air Carrier Continental Airlines Unknown 142 2/1/1996 Air Carrier ValuJet No injuries . (IAH) Detroit.S. U.S. (PNS) MD88 DELTA AIR LINES 133 134 135 04/30/96 03/20/96 02/22/96 Ontario. OR HOUSTON INTL AIRPORT. TEXAS. MI (Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County) (DTW) Kahului. FLORIDA. HI (Kahului) (OGG) Las Vegas.A. 32 Minor 1 serious.A. 3 minor 132 07/06/96 PENSACOLA REGIONAL AIRPORT.44 No Date Location Model Type of Air Carrier Operation No. 4 Minor 2 Fatal. TN (Nashville Metropolitan Airport) (BNA) Boeing 737200 SCHD Part 121: Air Carrier SOUTHWEST AIRLINES 1 Serious.
1996. 2006 .45 APPENDIX E Documented Injuries During 142 Emergency Slide Evacuation Events in the Period of January 1. to June 30.
MEM 1 minor 2 minor During evacuation During evacuation One passenger had a fractured heel/foot during emergency evacuation 1 scraped knee while sliding down the slide Injury mechanisms are unknown .46 Date of Event 05/30/06 Airport Dulles. TX Unknown 2 minor 2 minor 1 minor 5 minor 8 minor 1 Serious Unknown During evacuation Unknown Due to use of slide Unknown Unknown During evacuation 03/05/04 12/18/03 Atlanta. PHL Houston. VA (IAD) Type of Injury 1 serious – Broken ankle 2 minor . Argentina Buenos Aires Austin. GU (GUM) Oklahoma City.one sprained left forearm and one minor abrasions and lacerations Location where Injury happened During evacuation Note It has not been specified exactly how injuries occurred A 34 year old male passenger had a sprained left forearm caused by another passenger grabbing his arm (because he was assisting other passengers with exiting the slide at the bottom) ----. Also sprained left ankle upon landing on the pavement (cause was impact on the pavement at the bottom of the slide) It has not been specified what type of injuries occurred and where The injuries that occurred on this flight were not due to use of slides N/A Injury mechanism is unknown 05/14/06 DFW Int’l During evacuation at the bottom of slide 04/09/06 Dulles.a 54 year old female passenger got minor abrasions & lacerations to left foot and right elbow. OKC Minneapolis Int’l Airport Buenos Aires. VA (IAD) 3 – minor Unknown 02/07/06 12/12/05 Philadelphia. IAH 3 minor 0 due to slide Unknown N/A 11/8/05 08/19/05 06/10/05 05/10/05 03/14/05 03/11/05 12/29/04 Stewart Int’l (SWF) Agana. ATL Memphis.
Fractured right ankle due to impact on the pavement 1. friction from sliding down the slide 5. DFW Type of Injury 1 minor 8 minor Location where Injury happened During evacuation During evacuation Note 1 flight attendant suffered from slide abrasions 1. aggravated an old back injury upon landing at the bottom of the slide 2. swollen knee. Abrasions to armstruck by another passenger while using forward right slide 3. passenger stated he fell forward onto the pavement after reaching the bottom of the slide 7. Abrasions on elbows and knees from "tumbling" off forward right slide 2. anxiety from evacuation 06/23/03 04/22/03 04/16/03 Tampa.Cut on right index finger due to sliding down from slide Serious. sliding down the slide 4. 22 minor . she was the first passenger off and nobody to catch her 8. DEN DFW 26 minor and 3 serious 1 minor 1 serious. TPA Denver. OGG Dallas. 1 minor During evacuation During evacuation During evacuation Injury mechanism is unknown Minor. impact with the pavement at the bottom of the slide.47 Date of Event 10/05/03 09/25/03 Airport Kahului. landing on the pavement at the bottom of slide 6. treated by family physician 03/26/03 LGA 1 serious. sliding down the slide 3.
MEM 1 minor 1 minor During evacuation During evacuation . abrasion on hand from forward right slide 6. abrasion on left hand Injury mechanisms are not available Injury mechanisms are not available A female passenger toppled and landed head first – minor facial abrasions Injury mechanism is not available A female passenger suffered from leg burns/abrasions from nylon/slide contact 11/09/02 08/28/02 08/23/02 Flushing. strained hamstring in right thigh from jumping off of wing 10. twisted knee. 9 minors 1 minor During evacuation During evacuation During evacuation 08/03/02 06/20/02 Sarasota. LGA Phoenix. abrasion and contusion on knee 15. back and shoulder pain 19. Head. neck and back pain 8. bruise on left leg 5. Fractured left ankle 11. abrasion on knee 12. cuts and bruises 16. SRQ Memphis. Atlanta. pelvic pain 18. neck. injured tailbone. contusion on right arm 9. cuts and bruises on right leg 17. lacerated knee 14. landing on door sill before going down forward left slide 7.48 Date of Event Airport Type of Injury Location where Injury happened Note 4. neck and back pain 21. injured tailbone and back 13. 6 minor 1 serious. ATL 1 serious. bruise on right arm 20.
Back pain Minors include: Abrasions and Contusions Injury mechanism are not available 5 passengers and 1 ground crewmember received minor injuries 1. ACY New Orleans. PIT Greensboro Piedmont Triad Int’l. IAD Flushing. IAD 3 minor 1 serious During evacuation During evacuation 07/22/01 06/19/01 06/15/01 05/26/01 03/17/01 12/01/00 11/29/00 11/20/00 Dulles. while exiting the bottom of the emergency slide Injury mechanisms are not available Twisted ankle. BNA Detroit Atlanta. sprain and 1 heart problem Injury mechanism is not available Injury mechanisms are unknown A passenger suffered a broken wrist when he fell off the side of the slide Injury mechanisms are not known one passenger broke her ankle. LGA Kansas city. cut. Leg Fracture 2. GSO Dallas. ATL Atlanta.49 Date of Event 06/12/02 05/31/02 03/31/02 01/24/02 Airport Atlantic City. twisted knee and scraped elbow Abrasion due to sliding down Injury mechanisms are not available Injury mechanisms are not available Injury mechanisms are not available Injury mechanism are not available Serious include: 1. DFW Dulles. MCI Nashville. 11 minor 1 serious Location where Injury happened During evacuation During evacuation During evacuation During evacuation Note Bruises. DFW 3 minor 6 minor During evacuation During evacuation 4 minor During Evacuation . Friction burns on forearms from friction from slide surface 12/16/01 10/29/01 Dallas. CLT Indianapolis. MSY Charlotte. ATL Miami Int’l 4 minor 3 minor 1 minor 3 minor 3 minor 2 minor 13 minor 19 minor. Sprained Knee 3. IND Type of Injury 6 minor 1 minor 5 serious. 3 serious During evacuation During evacuation During evacuation During evacuation During evacuation During Evacuation During Evacuation During Evacuation 08/30/00 08/08/00 07/17/00 Pittsburgh Int’l.
head. Friction burns on calves of both legs from friction from slide surface 4. bruises and friction abrasion but injury mechanisms are not available 1 passenger sustained minor injury on the ground while helping people to evacuate 03/19/00 03/15/00 New York. neck. injured tailbone (at the top of the slide). LGA Tampa.50 Date of Event Airport Type of Injury Location where Injury happened Note 2. MFE Burbank. BNA Houston. SJU 3 minor 5 minor 4 minor 1 minor 1 serious 14 minor. IAH Wilmington. Sprain/strain of lower left leg from impact with the ground at the bottom of the slide Injury mechanisms are not available Sustained minor injuries evacuating down the aft slides with the engines operating Injury mechanisms are not available Injury mechanisms are not available 1. ILM Oklahoma City. knees and back strain (incurred at bottom of slide) back pain and numbness in thighs from going off the end of the slide 5 passengers sustained twisted ankles Injury mechanism is not available Injury mechanism is not available Injury mechanism is not available 28 passengers sustained Sprains. ATL San Juan. BUR 2 minor 3 minors 3 minor During evacuation During Evacuation During Evacuation 09/09/99 09/08/99 06/26/99 04/08/99 12/26/98 11/01/98 07/09/98 Nashville. IND 1 minor During Evacuation . Bruises and abrasions 3. OKC Dallas. TPA 4 minors 4 minor During evacuation During evacuation 03/11/00 03/08/00 03/05/00 Seattle. abrasions 2. 2 serious 28 minor Unknown During evacuation During evacuation During evacuation During evacuation During evacuation During evacuation 05/26/98 Indianapolis. strains. SEA Mc Allen. DFW Atlanta.
TYO Chicago. sprains. 2 minor During evacuation During evacuation 10/28/96 10/13/96 Jamaica. clear injury mechanism is not available Injury mechanisms are not available Injury mechanism is not available Broken ankle during evacuation but clear injury mechanism is not available Injury mechanisms are not available 1 passenger broke her ankle because the passenger did not jump out the exit as directed. 56 passengers and 2 flight attendances sustained minor injuries including contusions.51 Date of Event 05/11/98 02/09/98 08/07/97 Airport Tokyo Int’l. 20 minor 22 minor 1 serious. ORD Honolulu. 58 minor Location where Injury happened During Evacuation Note During Evacuation 08/02/97 07/06/97 Dallas. JFK Dayton. DAY 1 Serious. DFW Albuquerque. GRR 3 minor 1 serious. clear injury mechanisms are not available . ORD Aruba. but rather sat down. HNL Type of Injury 4 Serious. and slid out 2 passenger received minor injury one of which was a twisted knee Injury mechanisms are not available 7 female passengers and 2 male passengers sustained minor injuries. DFW Grand Rapids. ABQ 2 minor 3 minor During evacuation During evacuation 04/28/97 01/18/97 01/08/97 Chicago.injury mechanisms are not clearly available Injury mechanisms are not available 3 abrasions from evacuation. 2 minor 9 minor During evacuation During evacuation 1 passenger sustained fractured ankle. strains and friction abrasions…. AUA Unknown 2 minor 1 serious 1 serious During evacuation During evacuation During evacuation 11/23/96 11/18/96 Dallas.
PNS Atlanta. OGG Las Vegas. JFK Portland. TN Pensacola. DTW Kahului. 32 minor 1 serious. MIA NY. LAS Unknown 1 minor 3 minor Unknown N/A During evacuation During evacuation N/A . 4 minor 3 minor 7 minor Unknown 2 serious. IAH Detroit. OR Type of Injury 5 minor 1 serious. ATL Nashville. 3 minor Location where Injury happened During evacuation During evacuation During evacuation During evacuation N/A During evacuation During evacuation Note Scrapes and bruises Injury mechanisms are not available Injury mechanisms are not available Injury mechanisms are not available Injury mechanisms are not available Serious – an ankle fracture during the evacuation process Minor injury mechanisms are not available 1 minor ankle injury Injury mechanisms are not available 02/19/96 02/18/96 02/03/96 02/02/96 Houston Intl.52 Date of Event 08/21/96 07/08/96 07/06/96 03/20/96 02/22/96 02/20/96 02/20/96 Airport Atlanta. GA Miami Int’l.
53 APPENDIX F Study on Emergency Evacuation Challenges on Large Transport Aircraft .
To this end. such as the initial velocity and coefficient of friction were changed to see the effect they had on the results. The reasoning behind this would be that more injuries may occur during the evacuation test due to its special features. There have been several arguments concerning whether this aircraft will be able to evacuate passengers in a safe and efficient manner. The major differences for larger aircraft. The massive increase in passenger capacity and aircraft size are concerns to the difficulties which would be encountered in an evacuation. There have been many discussions on whether this new aircraft would meet the certification requirements.54 Executive Summary The purpose of this study was to investigate emergency evacuations challenges from large transport aircraft. research was done to obtain information about slide emergency evacuation events from large transport aircraft currently in service. the Airbus A380. Parameters. The A380 passed the certification test in March 2006 which met a list of unique requirements for this type of aircraft and evacuation results were obtained from Airbus. NTSB. such as the Airbus A380. Part 121 and Part 129 slide emergency evacuations over a certain period of time were captured. a dynamic mathematical model was developed to obtain the velocity of an individual sliding down from the upper deck as a function of position on the slide. The height of the upper deck was a main concern regarding this issue. In addition to this. is considered as a very large transport aircraft (VLTA). A comparison was made between sliding from the upper deck slide of the A380 versus one of a B747. Conclusions and recommendations for safer evacuations from larger transport aircraft will be made based on the results of the study. In order to conduct this research. are associated with the configuration of the airplane such as the height of the emergency exits on the upper deck and thus the characteristics of the slides. . such as the Boeing B747. One major element to ensuring the safety of passengers is providing for the safe and orderly evacuation of passengers in emergency situations. As dictated by Part 25 of the Code of Federal Regulations. The recent launch of very large transport aircraft has raised many questions regarding emergency evacuations. Introduction Passenger safety has always been a major concern to the traveling public and the improvement of safety procedures and equipment has been a major goal of the aviation industry and regulators alike. It will be the first full doubledecker aircraft. several studies have been done concerning the evacuation of commercial passenger aircraft (Hynes 1999 & 2000. with two independent decks connected by stairs. This paper will investigate this issue. aircraft that have exits located more than 6 feet above the ground are required to have inflatable slides. The world’s largest commercial aircraft. 2000).
the Boeing 747 is widely used throughout the world and is the largest passenger aircraft. It will be the world's largest airliner.55 Background 1. farther beyond Boeing's 747. The A380 will be the first fully double-deck airliner holding 555 passengers in a threeclass configuration.com) . which has been in use since 1970. but does not contain as many passengers as the A380 will on the upper deck. Large Aircraft The Boeing 747. features a partial upper deck. Figure 1 shows the dimensions of the Boeing 747 versus the Airbus A380.samtsai. Figure 1: Boeing 747 versus Airbus A380 (Source: www. Today.
to remain usable after full deployment to evacuate occupants safely to the ground Inflatable slides are located on commercial aircraft doors for evacuating passengers and crew in the event of an emergency.12 of the Technical Standard Order (TSO-C69c). The slides are stored deflated within the aircraft. the slides inflate through the application of air pressure. Other devices must not exceed 10 seconds. The mix of gas under pressure and external air starts the inflation of the slide. The other slide has a silver-gray reflective compound (Escoffier. These are the sliding surface requirements: high mechanical strength both in traction and tear resistance (nylon cloth woven) high bonding and cementing properties on the inflatable structure coating electrical conductivity to eliminate static electricity build up low friction light weight and flexibility It is coated on one side with a low friction. To start the inflation. The inflation process is completed when the slide has reached the pressure controlled by a pressure relief valve (Asse. Once the door opens. The inflatable fabric must be air holding. 2001). The aspirator’s flapper valve opens which draws in external air. permeability. adhesion. high strength and have radiant heat requirements. It has for base a nylon cloth and is coated on both sides with polyether based polyurethane or neoprene.810). hydrolysis requirements.56 2. there are inflation time requirements according to the type of exits or devices. conductive polyurethane compound on which evacuees can slide. to deploy and. Emergency Evacuation Inflatable Slides As dictated by Code of Federal Regulations (14CFR & 25. 2003). in 25 knot winds directed from the most critical angle. The sliding surface fabric does not have to be air holding. Type I floor-level exit slides 1devices must be automatically erected in 6 seconds after actuation of the inflation has begun. There is a sequence for the slide deployment process: it starts from the opening door and ends when the slide is inflated. with the assistance of only one person. pressured gas (3290 psi of mixed nitrogen and CO2) passes from the cylinder through the aspirators to the inflatable part of the slide. According to Part 4. Coated fabrics must have strength. lightweight. Several tests are required for the materials to be used. 1 Type I: Inflatable Slide . the assisting means (which must be capable of carrying simultaneously two parallel lines of evacuees) for emergency evacuation must meet the following requirements: must be automatically deployed must be of such length after full deployment that the lower end is selfsupporting on the ground and provides safe evacuation of occupants to the ground after collapse of one or more legs of the landing gear must have the capability.
was carried out to investigate evacuation challenges of future aircraft. 2003. 2003).au) Literature Review There have been several studies and papers done on emergency evacuations of commercial aircraft.57 a. A computer model or software for the simulation of an evacuation as well as a double-deck large cabin simulator was used to analyze these issues. A one year study done for the European Commission.com. There are a total of eight exits on each side of the aircraft: 5 Type A exits on the main deck and 3 Type A exits on the upper deck. 2000 & 2001). the Airbus A380 (Verres. of one which was normal sill height: the height of the exit sill above the ground with all aircraft landing gear extended (TSO-C69c Glossary of Terms) 2 . called the Very Large Transport Aircraft (VLTA) Emergency Requirements Research Evacuation Study (Verres. especially with the future new largest commercial aircraft. 2000 & 2001). Helmet Jungermann discusses the issues of emergency evacuation from a double-deck aircraft in several papers (Jungermann.aviationnews. Airbus A380 Slide Characteristics Figure 2 shows the evacuation slides of the Airbus A380. Figure 2: Airbus A380 Emergency Evacuation Slides (Source:http://www. More information about A380 slides angles and lengths can be found in Appendix A. The sill height2 is 5. This project also includes potential future designs such as blended-wing body aircraft.9 meters for the upper deck. This report includes results of the first evacuation research trials of large double-deck aircraft and recommendations. Also. Some people have categorized the Airbus A380 as a VLTA.1 meters for the main deck versus 7. Some research has been focused on larger transport aircraft evacuation. Jungermann. The aircraft provides two independent passenger decks.7 meters. The longest slide is 14.
especially with the future world’s largest commercial aircraft. to identify issues regarding large aircraft slides (particularly upper deck slides) and provide recommendations. visibility and passenger safety instruction would influence an individual’s performance and observed the reactions to different situations. The main question surrounding this aircraft was whether the evacuation would take longer and the number of injuries would be higher compared to conventional main deck evacuations. In order to pass the FAA certification. He found out that additional research had to be done but found a difference in the hesitation time between individuals from the upper versus main deck. an aircraft has to be evacuated under specific conditions within 90 seconds as required by Part 25 and Appendix J to Part 25 of the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) Joint Aviation Requirements and the U. if any. He developed a model to analyze how factors such as slide design. He also studied the psychological effects of the upper deck height on human performance.S. Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs). the Airbus A380.B747 events and certification test done for the Airbus A380 will be evaluated in detail. The objectives of this study are: 1) to develop a dynamic model to determine the velocity of a person during the slide to analyze large transport slide emergency evacuation events . An additional concern for the A380 was the height from which the upper deck passengers would need to slide in case of an emergency. to improve slide emergency evacuations for these type of aircraft 2) 3) Description of Model and Analysis A dynamic model has been developed based on an assumed curvilinear path with friction to calculate the velocity of a person at any given location (x. Mechanisms of injuries will be determined.S Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certification criteria and tests are essential in evaluating the evacuation capabilities of a new aircraft. Problem Definition The topic of emergency evacuations from larger transport aircraft has been a major concern. Study Objectives This study will examine the effect of the upper deck height and will look at slide emergency evacuations from larger transport aircraft.y) on the inflatable .58 presented at the International Aircraft Fire and Cabin Safety Research Conference in Atlantic City in 2001. U. One of the final measures for an aircraft’s readiness to operate is the full-scale evacuation demonstration.
pdf .b) with friction. constant curvature of the slide and no deflection due to weight of individuals on the slide. At each point on the curve (x.st-andrews. Several assumptions are needed to compute the velocity including: initial velocity.y) (Source: Haws and Kiser. the Brachistochrone method is used. constant coefficient of friction. These parameters are changed to see the effect they have on the velocity. conservation of energy is used neglecting the air drag on the person. Figure 4: Unit normal and unit tangent vectors at point (x. For this model. This is illustrated in the figure below.0) and ending point (a. but accounting for friction. the initial velocity of an individual and the coefficient of friction. This approach is done in a Classical Mechanics course3.59 slide. In order to find the optimal shape of the aircraft evacuation slide.y). 1995) 3 Classical Mechanics homework – B: Evacuation Slide (p. The curve should be designed such that it takes the least possible time to slide from an exit at a height h down the ground at some distance x away from the aircraft y x -h Figure 3: Shape of Evacuation Slide from y=0 to y=-h at a distance x away from the aircraft The method used is to find the fastest curve between the starting point (0.ac.uk/~ulf/cmhome. there is a unit normal and tangent vector.3-5) www. The parameters required are: the total length of the slide.
The force of gravity acting in the y direction is: Fg mgˆ j Similarly. and substituting a m which simplifies to dv T dt mg dy T ds mg dx T ds dv dt g dy ds g dx ds .60 These unit directional vectors can be written as: T dx ˆ i ds dy ˆ i ds dy ˆ j ds dx ˆ j ds (unit tangent) N (unit normal) where s represents the arc length. we get dt Ff T Using Newton’s first law ( F ma) . the friction force can be expressed as: Ff ( Fg N )T mg dx T ds The components for the force of gravity and friction force in the tangent direction along the curve are: Fg T mg dy ds mg dx ds dv .
0). we obtain: dt 1 d (v 2 ) dy dx g g 2 ds ds ds Integrating the above equation with respect to s. therefore: 1 2 v0 2 which gives C 0 C 1 2 v0 2 Plugging the constant of integration back in the equation gives: 1 v 2 2 g( y x) 1 2 v0 2 Simplifying the above equation yields v2 v 2g( y 2g ( y x) v 0 x) v0 2 2 (1.y) on the curve. the velocity equals the initial velocity (at point (0. Using the initial condition. using the relation: v dv dt ds or dt dt dv (ds / v) v ds . we obtain that: v dv ds 1 d (v 2 ) 2 ds Substituting dv in Newton’s second law. C .1) is used in the program to calculate the velocity at any given point (x. . v v0 ). we obtain: 1 2 v 2 gy gx C or 1 2 v 2 g( y x) C It is necessary to find the constant of integration.1) Equation (1. at the initial point.61 Then.
2) and (1.3) are used to plot the shape of the curve.4. d ( Fy ' ) Fy dx 0 .3.2) yc ( ) ( + sin ) (1 cos ) (1.b) are needed: the y-component is the height (h) from the ground to the top of the evacuation slide the x-component is unknown. by applying Euler-Lagrange equation: differential equation. It should also be noted that according to Part 4.3) ( sin ) and y c ( ) are determined with the ending point (a.1 of TSO-C69c. According to Part 5. the test subjects’ clothing which contacts the device surface shall be a material with a coefficient of friction of at least 0. Discussion of Model Implementation and Assumptions These are the following known parameters: The length and height of the slide are known values. Equations (1.5. When no person slides down. 1995) for the fastest curve with friction are: x( ) and y( ) where: xc ( ) and f xc ( ) (1 – cos ) (1. The coordinates for the ending point (a. the evacuation slide does not bend down. 1.4 per ASTM Standard D1894-90 (typical of cotton or polyester/cotton blend).62 Then. The Matlab program can be found in Appendix B. According to Pythagorean . we obtain a second order The equations obtained (Haws and Kiser.17 of TSO-C69c the means provides protection for an evacuee who crosses the emergency exit threshold at a horizontal velocity of 6 feet per second.b).
2. h = height to top of the slide (known) l = length of the slide (known) x = distance away from the aircraft (unknown) l h x2 Pythagorean Theorem: x 2 h2 l2 x (l l2 h2 2 1 2 h ) 2 x Figure 5: Assuming a right triangle formed when no person slides down By fixing f as . The output of the program gives the velocity of an individual and time as a function of position. can be calculated. When mass changes. Figure 5 illustrates the problem. Discussion of Results From the equation obtained using Newton’s second law. mass is eliminated as it is on both sides of the equation. the mass effect on deflection will not have a big effect and the shape of the slide would not change by much. It is important to note that even if counting for the person size. the slide bends and the x component is therefore smaller than the maximum value. The two main parameters that affect the . The arc length is also calculated to check the initial guess of the x component and make sure the arc length obtained corresponds to the length of the slide. When a person slides down.63 theorem.5 . Therefore this parameter does not have a direct effect on the results. the weight changes too which has an effect on the coefficient of friction and thus the normal force. An approximation of this value will be inputted in the program and then tested and checked until the exact length of the slide is obtained. the x component has then a maximum value of (h 2 l 2 ) 0.
. 0 0 -1 -2 -3 y (meters) 2 4 6 8 10 12 A380 Upper Deck Slide A380 Lower Deck Slide B747 Upper Deck Slide -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 x (meters) Figure 6: Optimal Shape of Upper and Lower Deck Slides with coefficient of friction of 0. the velocity of an individual at the bottom of the slide is 5.17 seconds when the coefficient of friction is 0. Also.9 meters and the length of the longest slide is 14.4 versus 2.2 meters. at higher coefficient of frictions.49 m/s for a coefficient of friction of 0. With an initial velocity of 6 ft/sec (1.4 and initial velocity of an individual of 6 ft/sec (or 1. The time required to slide down to the bottom is 1. Similarly.52 m/s when the coefficient of friction is 0.7 meters.95 meters.6.83 m/sec) Figure 7 shows the relationship between the velocity of an individual sliding down the A380 upper deck slide and the time.94 seconds when the coefficient of friction is 0.4. Figure 6 shows an optimal shape of the A380 upper and lower deck slides as well as of a B747 upper decks slide.5 meters and slide length of about 13. The A380 lower deck has a sill height of 5. the maximum velocity and velocity at the bottom of the slide are lower.64 results are the coefficient of friction and initial velocity of an individual at the top of an evacuation slide.83 m/sec).1 meters and the slide length is 10. the B747 upper deck has a sill height of about 7. The A380 upper deck has a sill height of 7.6 whereas it is 8. the time it takes for an individual to slide down increases. It can be seen that when the coefficient of friction increases.
5 µ=0. .6 Figure 7: Velocity versus Time of an individual sliding on the A380 Upper Deck Evacuation Slide with an initial velocity of 6ft/sec (or 1.5 µ=0. The results show that the effect of initial velocity is minimal.5 Tim e (seconds) 2 2.4 µ=0.83 m/sec) with different coefficient of friction Figure 8 shows the evacuee speed on the slide as the function of time with varying initial velocity.5 1 1.65 11 10 9 8 Velocity (m/sec) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 0.
the results illustrate that there is a small difference in the maximum velocity and velocity at the bottom of the slide between the upper deck of the A380 and upper deck of the B747. From the results obtained. . at an initial velocity of 6 ft/sec and coefficient of friction of 0.66 11 10 9 8 Velocity (m/sec) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 0.5 2 2. it takes about 1.5 1 Time (seconds) 1.4 and different initial velocities Figure 9 shows the comparison in results obtained between the A380 and B747 upper deck slides assuming the same initial velocity of an individual.5 v0=6 ft/sec v0=7 ft/sec v0=8 ft/sec Figure 8: Velocity versus Time of an individual sliding on the A380 Upper Deck Evacuation Slide with coefficient of friction of 0. The time it takes to reach down the slide is about the same due to the slight difference in the length of the slides and heights to the top of the slides from the ground.94 seconds to slide down from the upper deck of the A380 versus 1. Regardless of the specific accuracy of the model.88 seconds to slide down from a B747 upper deck slide.4.
83 m/sec) B747 Emergency Evacuation Events and Airbus A380 Certification 1. Several databases were used: FAA incident database. From the 142 slide emergency evacuation events identified for the study for the Transportation Research Board. both scheduled and unscheduled. .4) A380 Upper Deck Slide (µ=0.4) B747 Upper Deck Slide (µ=0.67 10 9 8 7 Velocity (m/sec) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 0.5 A380 Upper Deck Slide (µ=0. 1996. 1996 to June 30. only 2 of those events involved B747 aircraft.5 2 2.5 1 Time (seconds) 1.6) Figure 9: Velocity versus Time of an individual sliding on the A380 and B747 Upper Deck Evacuation Slide with an initial velocity of 6ft/sec (1. B747 Slide Emergency Evacuation Events Major searches from different databases were done as a study for the National Academies of the Transportation Research Board to find slide emergency evacuation events. Aviation Safety Information Analysis and Sharing (ASIAS) NTSB's accident database CASE Database by Airclaims RGW Cherry & Associates Limited database An additional search was done to capture Boeing 747 Part 129 slide emergency evacuation events.6) B747 Upper Deck Slide (µ=0. The events collected included both accidents and incidents over a ten year period from January 1. The searches done concerned US air transport operations under Part 121.
contusions. The report states that the four serious injuries were females aged between 38 and 73 and consisted of different types of fractures. One female. Due to fire on the right landing gear. sprains. Ten passengers were transported to medical facilities for treatment. from sliding down. It was noted that the slide/rafts doors 4R and 5R did not work properly and all the 369 passengers and 17 crew members evacuated using 1R. exocerations. was seriously injured. Four passengers and one cabin crew member suffered from minor injuries. Additional search of the data beyond the scope of the TRB study was conducted to identify additional events involving VLTA. A Boeing 747-200 landed with its nose gear retracted and an emergency evacuation was initiated. sustained a serious injury at the bottom of the slide. There were four serious injuries resulting from the evacuation. etc. Minor injuries suffered mostly from bruises. she hit her lower back against the ground at the bottom of the slide as there was no ground assistance. 2000).68 One event occurred on August 19. She got an injury on her right foot but no fracture. 2R and 3R doors (NTSB Aviation Accident Report). 2000). Another female. Her right index finger was fractured from a heavy briefcase that hit her hand. aged 73. New York on August 11. abrasions. 365 passengers and 20 crew members. A passenger from the upper deck reported that he did not receive any guidance on evacuating. “Aircraft Accident Investigation Report” (Aihara. she fractured her right arm. connected to the airplane. It describes a B747-438 slide emergency evacuation event that occurred at Sydney airport on July 2. He mentioned that he deplaned via the ramp. 2003). Only one event was found on NTSB’s database for Part 129 slide emergency evacuation event involving a Boeing 747 aircraft. The second event occurred on May 1998 involving a B 747-400 in Tokyo. which was done by the Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB. She stated that “Sliding down was so fast that I was worried about being injured by the speed”. 2002. Guam. Two minor injuries occurred during the evacuation. 2003. According to the report’s analysis. which was operated by Iberia Airlines. A female passenger fractured her ankle. 2005 in Agana. Two passengers were seriously injured and one flight attendant and 34 passengers sustained minor injuries. . She jumped at the bottom of the slide and while she was covering her face and head. aged 65. In addition to this. She said that passengers were throwing away their belongings while she was on the slide. The flight attendant that got injured stated that she picked up an elderly woman who was trembling at the top of the slide and took her down the slide. they estimate that all the injuries occurred sliding down or at the bottom of the slide (Aihara. there were 4 serious injuries and 20 minor injuries. Figure 10 shows the Sydney incident. This report states that of the 385 persons aboard. an article was published by the Cabin Crew of Flight Safety Australia in July – August 2005 about emergency evacuations. The accident occurred in Jamaica. The injured included one crew member and three passengers (out of the 350 passengers and 14 cabin crew). A very detailed investigation report was found. the captain ordered the passengers to evacuate and deployed the aircraft’s slides. A very detailed report was found for this event produced by the Ministry of Transport of Japan. and did not evacuate using slides. In addition to these events.
he landed heavily on his shoulder and fractured his collar bone. 2003). The ground crew freed the slide and turned it to the right position on the ground. Due to his fast descent. abrasions. He stated that he believes he tried to slow down using his left arm. Upper deck passengers descended to the main deck and therefore did not use the upper deck slide to evacuate. Passengers taking luggage or wearing high-heeled shoes risk damage the slide as they slide down. tearing his clothes and cutting his left knee and hand.69 Figure 10: Slide emergency evacuation of a Boeing 747-438 (Sydney. he also fell at the end of the slide. . Australia. The ground crew decided to assist the passengers and directing them away from the aircraft (Australian Transport Safety Bureau. The upper deck right slide was deployed but the crew declared it was blocked by a vehicle. Her husband evacuated holding his infant on his right hip with his right arm. Thus. 2003) (Photo source: Australian Transport Safety Bureau) The most serious injury occurred to one woman while she was on an over wing slide at the time it deflated. July 2. some passengers evacuated down the slides with their cabin baggage. He descended on the upper deck right side while he was holding a 3kg fire extinguisher. As far as the upper deck left side. Some flight attendants let people take their belongings with them while others forced people not to take them when evacuating. It was also observed that passengers collided with each other at the bottom of the slides as they did not do know what to do next. She got a fractured vertebra that required surgery as she landed heavily on the tarmac. but the copilot did. One female passenger got injured at the bottom of the slide as she fell and cut her right elbow. The copilot stated that he was unable to control his speed and stability. The cabin crew noted difficulties during the evacuation process. One passenger sustained a fracture to her arm and another to her foot as a result of using the evacuation slides. He released the fire extinguisher while sliding down but due to momentum. Some injuries were cuts. the L2 and R4 escape slides did not deploy. sprains and bruises.
there were no serious injuries and only very minor injuries. Figure 11 shows the certification test. The A380 then received joint European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) and Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Certification in December 2006. The A380 certification test passed both Part 25 and Part 121 requirements. such as the A380 slides and doors characteristics as well as certification cabin evacuation test results.91 states that “this subpart prescribes rules for obtaining approval of routes by certificate holders conducting domestic or flag operations”.91: FAR 25. The population of the aircraft was 873 which included 315 passengers on the upper deck. As stated from the results obtained. 538 passengers on the main deck. The evacuation was performed in 78 seconds which meets the 90 second maximum time. can be evacuated from the airplane to the ground under simulated emergency conditions within 90 seconds”. Minor injuries were not more serious than bruises. . FAR 25. For the evacuation test. Certification is needed for all new aircraft models introduced in service. The list of the critical requirements needed to attain FAA certification can be found in Appendix C. FAR 121.803 (c) including Appendix J and FAR 121. From the test results. Appendix J to Part 25 lists the certification requirements which can be found in Appendix C. It is to ensure that the aircraft model and crew training provide safety. The test was held in March 26. 18 cabin crew members and 2 cockpit crew members.70 2. 2006. Many attempts were done to gather any type of information available to public. Results obtained from the certification test are considered as private. It was stated that the injuries were significantly less than the "official" 5% acceptable FAA percent injury rate. with the nominal capacity exceeding in most times 110 passengers per Type A door. or are considered Airbus proprietary or Goodrich (slide manufacturer) which can not be disclosed to third parties. there was no difference found in the behavior of passengers between those of the main deck and those of the upper deck. including the number of crewmembers required by the operating rules for which certification is requested. No hesitation time was noticed from the passengers jumping from the upper deck. A380 Chief Airworthiness Engineer.803 sates that “for airplanes having a capacity of more than 44 passengers. were obtained from Jean-Michel Govaere. Airbus A380 Certification As mentioned. it must be shown that maximum seating capacity. Data. The main rule is known as the “90 second rule” which concerns the maximum exit time allowed for evacuation. Airbus recruited volunteers to meet the population requirements. any new aircraft to enter service must pass the certification test.
Several initial parameters were changed to see the effect they had on the velocity of an individual as a function of position on the slide. the Airbus A380 due to its massive passenger capacity and aircraft size. it is not surprising that passengers did suffer from minor injuries. Relevance.asp) Importance. There are concerns about this double deck aircraft and how real life emergency situations would differ from the drill conditions. One major point to note is that as the evacuation drill takes places in a dark environment.tc. However. Certification requirements are based from only one single evacuation trial which can be skeptical on the capability of the evacuation.airporttech. passengers may be subject to other type of behavior in real emergency evacuations.71 Figure 11: Airbus A380 Certification Test (Source: http://www. Conclusions and Recommendations This study focused on slide emergency evacuations from upper decks of very large transport aircraft. Unlike certification evacuations. There have been many concerns about emergency evacuations of the future world’s largest transport aircraft.faa. This study reviews emergency evacuation challenges of very large transport aircraft. and Potential Impact of the Study Safety standards have been maintained throughout the years in order to provide safe and efficient passenger evacuations. it is hard to come up with the conclusions Airbus made about the upper deck slides passengers’ behavior. . This study underlines and analyzes the evacuation “results” from larger transport aircraft. as the test was conducted in complete darkness.gov/safety/patterson1. The graphs show and compare the results between sliding down from the upper deck of the Airbus A380 versus B747.
Evacuations of the two cabins should take place in a separate way while at the same time. refusing them to jump. coordinate and redirect passengers. A blended wing plane has no tail and has a flat and wide fuselage rather than a circular one. Also. passenger’s reactions and decisions will have an effect on the overall process. The height of the upper deck slide could disturb passengers. If the crew does not direct the passengers the right way. The huge crowd in this large aircraft may increase panic in case of an incident. Provide passenger guidance in the aircraft. Another major concern is the possible migration of passengers from the upper deck to the main deck using the stairs that connect the two decks. Increased training on communication and coordination between cabin crew. New passenger briefings and new evacuation procedures. Emergency evacuation models can help to simulate different scenarios. It is the role of cabin crew to communicate. They must be able to manage a safe evacuation of a massive number of passengers. however. In large transport aircraft. The uncontrolled manner of passengers in an evacuation can result in injuries. it is crucial personnel at the bottom of the slides are there to make sure they direct passengers such as getting them out of the way as quickly as possible. Crowd management training is crucial. It is also very necessary to have ground operation personnel to hold down the slides and assist them at the bottom due to the higher speed from the upper deck slides. Due to the massive passenger capacity. There have been studies that showed performance improvements over conventional transport aircraft such as increased .72 A number of factors affect the safe evacuation of passengers. However. Passengers’ unexpected reactions is hard to predict as they are not always those one would expect. This could lead to a potential problem for the main deck doors due to the extra flow of passengers which would disrupt the evacuation process. This would create more panic for the rest of the passengers. It is certain that future research will continue on very large transport aircraft and new designs such as blended wing body (BWB) aircraft. It should be made clear to the passengers not to use the stairs during an emergency evacuation. these are recommendations that should be taken into consideration for safer evacuations of large transport aircraft: Increased number of ground assistance and personnel needed. As mentioned. . There are. the number of passengers is much greater which could cause confusion for the rest of the people.Cabin crew is one of the most important aspects against large transport aircraft evacuation problems. calming them down and securing safe paths to protect them. new systems may be required to increase effective communication. countless interactions that could occur during a real emergency evacuation that can not be tested. the passenger flow rates at different exits could create a major problem. It is their role to direct passengers in an orderly manner and to avoid upper deck passengers to go down to the lower deck.
December 2003.73 lift and therefore improved fuel economy. 2000. involving two decks with multiple aisles per deck. Aircraft Accident Investigation Commission. Airbus Technical Digest. Escoffier.5. 25 June 2001. “Preliminary Study on Aircraft Evacuation Systems Aging”. Japan. poses emergency evacuation challenges. Evacuate. Raphael.10/asw/jan07/asw_jan07_p46-49. Passenger’s flights on blended wing aircraft will be able to carry 800 passengers in a double-deck cabin. Aircraft Accident Investigation Report. “Airbus Approves A380 Successful Evacuation Trial”. http://findarticles. Flight Airworthiness Support Technology. January 2007.atsb.gov.” Flight Safety Australia. December 1. Boeing 747-438.Aircraft Accident Investigation Commission).pdf Classical Mechanics homework – B: Evacuation Slide (p. http://larsholst. Cabin Crew. Aérazur (Zodiac) Aerosafety Systems Division. “The Flight Safety Foundation – AeroSafety World”. ac. http://www. Bibliography Air Safety Week. 44-47).pdf. 2 July 2003. Concerns on how to handle emergency evacuation of large passenger cabins will be raised such as the location and number of emergency exits that will be sufficient for a safe evacuation. .com/p/articles/mi_m0UBT/is_26_15 /ai_75890806. NSW. Airbus A380 vs.37. Sebastian (Group Manager Cabin Interior – Customers Service Engineering).com/en/presscentre/pressreleases/pressreleases _items/06_03_29_a380_evacuation_approve. Ministry of Transport.airbus.info/blog/2005/01/20/ Airbus website. July-August 2005. “Fire on a Double-Deck Airliner May Affect Evacuation of Upper Cabin”. http://www. Yasuhiko (Chairman . www. http://208. 2-6). “Escape Slides and slide rafts A330/A340 Family . Sydney Aerodrome. 29 March 2006.Scheduled Maintenance Operational Test” (pp.3-5). Boeing 747. “Evacuate.uk/~ulf/cmhome.html Aihara. Evacuate. Australian Transport Safety Bureau – Investigation Report. (pp.au/publications/investigation_reports/2003/AAIR/pdf/aair20030298 0_001.st-andrews. Asse. whether the 90 second evacuation requirement will be relevant to this type of aircraft.pdf Cabin Safety. Its configuration. 20 December 2001.
Fischer K. H. 15-17 May 2000. Australia. October 22-25.au/Past_Issues/Past_Issue_Archives/0503_PDFs/P9.pdf Federal Aviation Regulations (FARS). January 2007.com/data/FARS/ Haws. Balkema. “Aerospace Notebook: Critical Evacuation Test Looms for A380”. 1995).. Vol. H.. H. 328-336. B. 2-2004. Wayne. Phillips. Beherendt. D. Jungermann.P. A.flightsimaviation.html . Gohlert C. Verres.Rotterdam: A.aviationnews. Flight Safety Foundation.com. “Specialists Study Evacuation Challenges of Very Large Transport Aircraft”. Subject: TSO-C69c.74 Eelman. Journal of Air Transportation.International Forum on Airport Emergency and Management”. (Captain) Air Line Pilots Association. Pape & J. Cottam. Jungermann. www. No.992. The American Mathematical Monthly. R. In M. Tait (eds). January 10-12. November 20-24. Department of Transportation. Ramp/Slides and Slides/Rafts. Becker.102. 989 . LaDawn and Kiser Terry. 4. Edinburgh. Washington. Aviation News. “Future Requirements and Concepts for Cabins of Blended Wing Body Configurations – A scenario approach”. 2000. International.. S. Emergency Evacuation Slides. Federal Aviation Administration. L. pp. “Evacuation from the Upper Deck: Merely an Exit Problem? (if a problem at all)”.. Vol 2. Schmitt. “Very Large Transport Aircraft (VTLA) -Emergency Requirements Research Evacuation Study – A project summary” JAA Paper 2003 Wallace. Ramps. Singapore Aviation Academy (SAA).C. 2001. A. 9. Flight Safety Foundation. No. W Harvey. Aerosafety World. “Emergency evacuation from double-deck aircraft”. “Exploring the Brachistochrone Problem”. James. Vol. http://www. pp. Aircraft Certification Service.39 No. D.com/business/263847_air22. Granzeier.. Part 25: Airworthiness standards: Transport category airplanes and Appendix J to Part 25: Emergency evacuation. Atlantic City.. Thomas J. “Airbus 380 Meeting the Challenge in 2006 . March/April 2005. “How Airbus emptied a packed A380 12 seconds faster than necessary”.4 (Apr. Vol. Cabin Safety.. . July-August 2004 Technical Standard Order. “A psychological model of emergency evacuation from double-deck aircraft”. 2005.. D. & Gauss. Jungermann. W. http://seattlepi. Cabin Crew Safety. Rosenkrans. FAA Evacuation Drill for Airbus A380. P. 22 March 2006..nwsource.
7° 19.75 Wallace.8° 43° 40° 44° Minimum Sill 12° 16° N/A 12.Airbus A380 Slides Lengths and Angles Slide Angles Door Slide Length 10. n = 1000.5° 33.7") .3 m (406.3° 5. h = 7.0") – Normal 13. INPUT x = 10. AIRBUS SAS) Appendix B .2 m (439.5° 47° N/A 39° 43.2 m (400.8° 25. mu = 0.7 m (580.html Appendix A.0") – Ramp 7.42.9 m (546.7") Normal Sill 30° 30° N/A 33.2 m (283.7") 13.com/business/210321_air02.0254 m/s % Friction coefficient %[m/s^2] % Counter .9109.5° 35° 38° 38° Maximum Sill 47.5") . clc. g = 9.Matlab Code % Maryline Rassi.Slide 10. % 1. “Aerospace Notebook: This is only a test with 850 passengers”. A380 Chief Airworthiness Engineer.7") 13.0") 5.7 m (540.0") 14. 07/31/2007 clear all. 2 February 2005. %[m] x distance to the bottom of the slide %[m] height %[m/s] Conversion: 1 ft/s = 12 in/s = 12*0. close all.0254.Extended 11. v_0 = 6*12*0.7 m (225.6° 25.2 m (400.9 m (546. http://seattlepi. James.4° M M2 M3 M M5 U1 U2 U3 Source: A380 Cabin Evacuation System (Jean-Michel GOVAERE.81.9.nwsource.0") 10.
axis equal figure. Velocity v(j) = sqrt(2*g*(y(j) . s = s + ds(j). PROCESSING % 2. dy(j) = y(j) . ylabel('y [m]'). figure.76 % 2.y(j-1). x(j) = rho_x * (theta(j) . % 2.x(j-1). Calculation of x and y for j = 1:n theta(j) = (j-1)/(n-1) * theta_f.cos(theta_f)) ).cos(theta_f) + mu * (theta_f + sin(theta_f)) ). for j = 2:n dx(j) = x(j) .3.-y) xlabel('x [m]').2.cos(theta(j))).sin(theta(j))) + mu * rho_x * (1 . y(j) = rho_y * (1 . ds(j) = sqrt(dx(j)^2 + dy(j)^2). ylabel('Velocity [m/s]'). plot(time.1. end % 3. . % 2. plot(x. end % 2. Calculate the parameters of the curves for j = 1:n t(j) = (j-1)/(n-1) * 2* pi.4. rho_y = h / (1 . % Time initialization s = 0. time(j) = time(j-1) + dt(j). end theta_f = pi rho_x = x / (theta_f .sin(t(j)) + mu * (1-cos(t(j)))) h/x. result(j) = (1-cos(t(j)) + mu * (t(j) + sin(t(j)))) / (t(j) .cos(theta(j))) + mu * rho_y * (theta(j) + sin(theta(j))).sin(theta_f) + mu * (1 .mu*x(j)) + v_0^2). dt(j) = ds(j) / v(j). Time time(1) = 0. OUTPUT s time(n) figure.v) xlabel('Time [s]').
No passengers may be assigned specific seats. about one-half of the total average amount carry-on baggage. No practice runs are allowed before the drill.77 plot(y. Only half the emergency slides and doors can be used. Passengers can not know the location of the emergency exits to be used. pillows and other similar articles must be distributed at several locations in aisles and emergency exit access ways to create minor obstructions. Crew members must be seated in their normally assigned seats. ylabel('Velocity [m/s]'). so the plane’s emergency lighting system provides the only illumination in the cabin. and at least 15 percent must be female and over 50 years of age. blankets. Appendix C – Critical Requirements to attain FAA Certification Evacuation must take place either during the dark of the night or during daylight with the dark of the night simulated. Before the start of the demonstration.v) xlabel('y [m]'). Passenger load (in normal health) must be representative with at least 40 percent female. . at least 35 percent over 50 years of age. Evacuation test is over when the last person on the plane (including crew members) is on the ground.
Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (2005) Transit Cooperative Research Program Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (1998) Transportation Research Board Transportation Security Administration United States Department of Transportation . Accountable.S.DOT American Association of Airport Executives American Association of State Highway Officials American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Airports Council International–North America Airport Cooperative Research Program Americans with Disabilities Act American Public Transportation Association American Society of Civil Engineers American Society of Mechanical Engineers American Society for Testing and Materials Air Transport Association American Trucking Associations Community Transportation Association of America Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program Department of Homeland Security Department of Energy Environmental Protection Agency Federal Aviation Administration Federal Highway Administration Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration Federal Railroad Administration Federal Transit Administration Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 Institute of Transportation Engineers National Aeronautics and Space Administration National Association of State Aviation Officials National Cooperative Freight Research Program National Cooperative Highway Research Program National Highway Traffic Safety Administration National Transportation Safety Board Society of Automotive Engineers Safe.Abbreviations and acronyms used without deﬁnitions in TRB publications: AAAE AASHO AASHTO ACI–NA ACRP ADA APTA ASCE ASME ASTM ATA ATA CTAA CTBSSP DHS DOE EPA FAA FHWA FMCSA FRA FTA IEEE ISTEA ITE NASA NASAO NCFRP NCHRP NHTSA NTSB SAE SAFETEA-LU TCRP TEA-21 TRB TSA U. Flexible.
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