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Timestamp: 2019-05-24 10:55:17
Document Index: 222930053

Matched Legal Cases: ['Art 2', 'Art 39', 'Art 42', 'Art 13', 'art 1', 'art 2', 'art 1', 'art 2', 'art 1', 'art 2', 'art 2', 'art 2', 'art 2', 'art 5', 'art 2', 'ART 1']

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Marjorie Harrell
1 DRAFT FOR CONSULTATION Member s Bill Explanatory note General policy statement The purpose of this Bill is to implement the Amendment to the Statute of Rome 1998, pertaining to the crime of aggression, as adopted in Resolution 6 of the Review Conference of the States Parties in Kampala, 11 June Implementation by New Zealand is to be achieved through this Bill in the following ways: 1 to ensure that the use of armed force by New Zealand is always in conformity with international law and in particular the UN Charter; and to protect New Zealand leaders from external pressure to commit the New Zealand Defence Force to any illegal action overseas: 2 to ensure that no leader of another State uses armed force against New Zealand with impunity. To that end, this Bill (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) requires that New Zealand observe its binding obligation under the UN Charter not to commit an act of aggression: makes it a criminal offence in New Zealand law for any New Zealand leader to commit an act of aggression: requires a New Zealand leader to obtain the written advice of the Attorney- General before deciding to engage the armed forces of New Zealand in action involving the use of force: makes it a criminal offence in New Zealand law for any leader of any other State to commit aggression against New Zealand: recognises that New Zealand or any other State may engage in the use of armed force, under the UN Charter, in exercise of the inherent right of individual or Consultation draft
2 2 Explanatory note collective self-defence or in any other manner properly authorised by the Security Council of the United Nations. Legal considerations (a) Non-aggression as a State responsibility The UN Charter forbids any country to use force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State, or in any other manner inconsistent with the purposes of the Charter (Art 2.4). As part of its responsibility for international peace and security, the Security Council may determine whether an act of aggression has been committed by a State (Art 39). If the Council determines that a State has committed an act of aggression, it can authorise an enforcement action in response (Art 42). The Charter, however, imposes only State responsibility, not individual criminal liability. (b) Aggression as a criminal offence For more than half a century, the international community has been moving purposefully to make aggression an individual crime in international law. The UN Charter requires the General Assembly to make recommendations for encouraging the progressive development of international law (Art 13). In 1946 the Assembly affirmed as an international crime the planning, preparation, initiation, or waging of a war of aggression (UNGA res 95 (I)). Since then, aggression has been accepted by States as a crime in customary international law. Building upon that foundation, the international community moved, in the post-cold War world, to legislate against aggression in treaty law. The Rome Statute 1998, establishing the International Criminal Court (the ICC), identifies aggression as one of the 4 most serious crimes of concern to the international community as a whole. Under the Statute, it is the duty of every State to exercise its criminal jurisdiction over those responsible for international crimes. Effective prosecution must be ensured by taking measures at the national level and by enhancing international cooperation. In the specific case of aggression, however, this crime is not to be justiciable in the ICC until agreement is reached among States Parties on 2 matters: a legally-binding definition, and the conditions under which the Court is to exercise jurisdiction (particularly in relation to the responsibilities of the UN Security Council). At the Kampala Review Conference of June 2010, agreement was reached among States Parties, with the concurrence and implied endorsement of major non-parties (including the US). Resolution 6 contains the amendment to the Rome Statute that will enable the Court to exercise jurisdiction. That amendment will enter into force when 2 conditions are met: ratifications by 30 States Parties before 1 January 2017; and a further decision by the States Parties (by consensus or a two-thirds majority) on or after 1 January 2017 to activate the Amendment. Consultation draft
3 Explanatory note 3 As of June 2015, 23 States Parties to the Rome Statute have ratified the Kampala Amendment on the crime of aggression. These include Austria, Belgium, Germany, Liechtenstein, Poland, Spain, and Uruguay. It is possible, and important, for New Zealand to be one of the 30 States Parties forming the activating group. Implementation of the amendment in New Zealand law at an early stage will greatly facilitate ratification. This Bill is submitted on the premise that the reasons for New Zealand following suit are strong, and sufficient (see section below: Political considerations). Actions not circumscribed by Bill The Bill does not curtail the freedom of New Zealand or any other State, under the UN Charter, to use armed force in self-defence, or to use armed force in any other manner consistent with the Charter such as an enforcement action authorised by the Security Council. Jurisdictional limits of Bill Unlike some cases of domestic legislation, the Bill does not assert universal jurisdiction by New Zealand in the prosecution of aggression. The Bill thus differs from the International Crimes and International Criminal Court Act 2000, which establishes universal jurisdiction by New Zealand over genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. The Bill does, however, assert jurisdiction in New Zealand domestic law over any crime of aggression committed by a leader of any other State against New Zealand. Political considerations The political reasons for making aggression a crime in New Zealand domestic law are compelling. It is in the interest of every State to strengthen the fabric of international law. An effective law-based system of international peace and security is a more enduring guarantor of national security than reliance on a balance of power through military strength. In the words of Justice Robert Jackson, representing the United States at Nuremburg: [T]he ultimate step in avoiding periodic wars, which are inevitable in a system of international lawlessness, is to make statesmen responsible to law. And let me make it clear that while this law is first applied against German aggressors, the law includes, and if it is to serve a useful purpose it must condemn, aggression by any other nation, including those which sit here now in judgement. That observation applies equally to New Zealand, which provided a judge to adjudicate at the Tokyo war crimes trials. A sovereign State can legislate only for itself, not for others. Through binding ourselves to the standards of non-aggression that we, as part of the international community, set over half a century ago we signal our resolve in this respect. And in so doing, we earn global credentials for legitimate criticism of any aggression committed by Consultation draft
4 4 Explanatory note others. That extends to domestic prosecution of leaders committing aggression against New Zealand. Most importantly, this Bill extends protection to New Zealand leaders by requiring them to observe a duty of non-aggression in domestic law. Small States often use armed force as part of a larger coalition; in such situations their freedom to make independent, objective judgment on the legality of a proposed action is constrained. This Bill will relieve our leaders of much of that burden. The people of New Zealand and their leaders deserve the protection of law in those circumstances. Clause 1 is the Title clause. Clause by clause analysis Clause 2 is the commencement clause and provides that the Bill comes into force on the day after the date on which it receives the Royal assent. Clause 3 sets out the purpose of the Bill. Clause 4 is the interpretation clause. Clause 5 defines an act of aggression. Part 1 Preliminary provisions Part 2 Non-aggression obligations Clause 6 makes it unlawful (ie, a crime in domestic law) for any New Zealand leader to plan, prepare, initiate, or execute an act of aggression and provides for a penalty for committing the crime of aggression. Clause 7 makes it unlawful (ie, a crime in domestic law) for a leader of any other State to plan, prepare, initiate, or execute an act of aggression against New Zealand and provides for a penalty for committing the crime of aggression. Clause 8 sets out when armed force is lawful. Clause 9 provides that allegations of a crime of aggression by a New Zealand leader may be brought in a New Zealand court whether the act of aggression is alleged to have occurred in New Zealand or elsewhere, and whether the accused person was within New Zealand territory or elsewhere at the time of the alleged act. Clause 10 provides that allegations of a crime of aggression against New Zealand by a leader of another State may be brought in a New Zealand court if the act of aggression is alleged to have occurred in New Zealand or elsewhere against New Zealand s armed forces (providing they were engaged in lawful activity), and whether the accused person was in the other State when the act occurred or when the decision was made to charge the person with the offence. Consultation draft
5 Explanatory note 5 Clause 11 provides that any New Zealand leader, when considering deploying New Zealand armed forces, must obtain written advice from the Attorney-General on whether such action is consistent with New Zealand s obligations under the Charter of the United Nations, and that this advice must be presented to the House of Representatives for consideration. Clause 12 establishes the position of a Special Prosecutor to investigate allegations of crimes of aggression. Clause 13 provides for how the Special Prosecutor may consider undertaking prosecutions before and after the International Criminal Court asserts jurisdiction over the crime of aggression. Clause 14 provides for immunity to any member of the New Zealand Defence Force in the exercise of their military duties, thereby making the crime of aggression a leadership crime. Clause 15 makes a consequential amendment to the Remuneration Authority Act Consultation draft
7 Golriz Ghahraman Member s Bill Contents Page 1 Title 2 2 Commencement 2 Part 1 Preliminary provisions 3 Purpose 2 4 Interpretation 2 5 Definition of act of aggression 3 Part 2 Non-aggression obligations 6 Aggression by any New Zealand leader criminal offence 3 7 Aggression against New Zealand by any leader of any other State 4 criminal offence 8 Lawful use of armed force 4 9 Implementation in New Zealand of New Zealand leader s nonaggression 4 obligation 10 Implementation in New Zealand of non-aggression obligation of 4 other State s leader 11 Legal advice to New Zealand leader 5 12 Special Prosecutor 5 13 Referral of investigation or prosecution to International Criminal 6 Court 14 Immunities 6 15 Consequential amendment to Remuneration Authority Act Consultation draft 1
8 cl 1 Schedule Resolution 6 of the Review Conference of the States Parties to the Statute of Rome, Pertaining to the crime of aggression, adopted at Kampala, 11 June The Parliament of New Zealand enacts as follows: 1 Title This Act is the (Implementation of Amendment to Statute of Rome) Act Commencement This Act comes into force on the day after the date on which it receives the Royal assent. 3 Purpose Part 1 Preliminary provisions The purpose of this Act is to implement the amendments to the Rome Statute 1998 as adopted in Resolution 6, by (a) (b) (c) 4 Interpretation ensuring that the use of armed force by New Zealand is always in conformity with international law and, in particular, the Charter of the United Nations; and protecting New Zealand leaders from external pressure to commit the New Zealand Defence Force to any illegal action overseas; and ensuring that, in the event of the use of force by any other State against New Zealand, in any manner that is inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations, the leader or leaders of that State suspected of committing that crime of aggression will be brought to justice in New Zealand or through the International Criminal Court. In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires, act of aggression has the meaning given to it by section 5 leader of any other State means a citizen or a permanent resident of any State other than New Zealand (whether or not that other State is a party to the Statute of Rome) who is in a position, in that State or elsewhere, effectively to exercise control over, or to direct, political or military action by that State manifest violation of the Charter of the United Nations means any action which, prima facie, contravenes the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations in a significant manner 2 Consultation draft
9 Part 2 cl 6 New Zealand leader means a New Zealand citizen or a permanent resident of New Zealand who is in a position, in New Zealand or elsewhere, effectively to exercise control over, or to direct, political or military action by the State of New Zealand political independence means the sovereign equality of any State purposes of the United Nations means the purposes of the United Nations Organization as specified in Article 1 of the Charter of the United Nations Resolution 6 means Resolution 6, set out in the Schedule, as adopted on 11 June 2010 in Kampala, Uganda, at the Review Conference of the Rome Statute 1988 sovereignty means the legitimate and exclusive jurisdiction exercised by a government of a State on behalf of the citizens of that State territorial integrity means the inviolability of a State s existing territorial boundaries. 5 Definition of act of aggression (1) For the purposes of this Act, an act of aggression means the use of armed force by (a) (b) the State of New Zealand against the sovereignty, territorial integrity, or political independence of another State, or in any other manner inconsistent with the purposes of the Charter of the United Nations; or any other State against the sovereignty, territorial integrity, or political independence of New Zealand, or in any other manner inconsistent with the purposes of the Charter of the United Nations. (2) For the purpose of subsection (1), regardless of a declaration of war, any of the acts referred to in article 8 bis, paragraph 2, of the Rome Statute 1998, as inserted by Resolution 6, qualifies as an act of aggression. Part 2 Non-aggression obligations 6 Aggression by any New Zealand leader criminal offence (1) It is unlawful for a New Zealand leader to plan, prepare, initiate, or execute an act of aggression that, by its character, gravity, and scale, constitutes a manifest violation of the Charter of the United Nations, in the event that such an act of aggression is committed. (2) Every person who breaches subsection (1) commits the crime of aggression by a New Zealand leader, and is liable on conviction on indictment to a maximum sentence of 10 years imprisonment. Consultation draft 3
10 Part 2 cl 7 7 Aggression against New Zealand by any leader of any other State criminal offence (1) It is unlawful for a leader of any other State to plan, prepare, initiate, or execute an act of aggression against New Zealand that, by its character, gravity, and scale, constitutes a manifest violation of the Charter of the United Nations, in the event that such an act of aggression is committed. (2) Every person who breaches subsection (1) commits the crime of aggression by a leader of any other State, and is liable on conviction on indictment to a maximum sentence of 10 years imprisonment. 8 Lawful use of armed force (1) Nothing in this Act prevents the lawful use of armed force by the State of New Zealand under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, namely the exercise of the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence of any Member of the United Nations or the use of armed force authorised by the United Nations Security Council. (2) No person who directs political or military action by New Zealand in accordance with Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations is liable for the crime of aggression. 9 Implementation in New Zealand of New Zealand leader s non-aggression obligation (1) Proceedings for an offence against section 6 may be brought if the act constituting the offence charged is alleged to have occurred on or after the commencement of this section, regardless of (a) (b) whether or not any act forming part of the offence occurred in New Zealand; or whether or not the person accused was in New Zealand at the time that the act constituting the offence occurred or at the time the decision was made to charge the person with an offence. (2) Proceedings for an offence against section 6 may only be brought in a New Zealand court by the Special Prosecutor appointed under section Implementation in New Zealand of non-aggression obligation of other State s leader (1) Proceedings for an offence against section 7 may be brought if the act constituting the offence charged is alleged to have occurred on or after the commencement of this section, (a) and the offence occurred (i) (ii) within the territorial jurisdiction of New Zealand; or elsewhere against any of New Zealand s armed forces engaged in lawful activity; or 4 Consultation draft
11 Part 2 cl 12 (b) whether or not the person accused was in the other State at the time that (i) (ii) the act constituting the offence occurred; or the decision was made to charge the person with the offence. (2) Proceedings for an offence against section 7 may only be brought in a New Zealand court by the Special Prosecutor appointed under section Legal advice to New Zealand leader (1) A New Zealand leader must, before deciding to commit the armed forces of New Zealand to action involving the use of force, obtain written advice from the Attorney-General to determine whether such action is consistent with the obligations of New Zealand under the Charter of the United Nations. (2) The written advice obtained under subsection (1) must, except in exceptional circumstances involving the immediate use of armed force in the exercise of the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence under the Charter of the United Nations, be presented to the House of Representatives for consideration at least 7 days before any decision referred to in subsection (1) is made. 12 Special Prosecutor (1) A Special Prosecutor will be appointed by the Governor-General on the advice of the Attorney-General. (2) The Special Prosecutor holds office for 5 years from the date of appointment at the pleasure of the Governor-General and cannot be reappointed. (3) Any person who is a New Zealand citizen or who is a resident of New Zealand may bring to the attention of the Special Prosecutor any information regarding an alleged crime of aggression or any other action regarding the possible contravention of this Act by a New Zealand leader or a leader of any other State. (4) The Special Prosecutor may commence an investigation, on the basis of information received, or on his or her initiative, to assess evidence of an act of aggression by a New Zealand leader, or an act of aggression by a leader of any other State, and to consider whether to proceed with any trial according to that evidence. (5) The Special Prosecutor has the powers and duties of a prosecutor under Part 5 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (as incorporated in the Schedule to the International Crimes and International Criminal Court Act 2000) that are necessary for the purposes of subsection (4). (6) If a Special Prosecutor commences an investigation under subsection (4), the Special Prosecutor will be paid, without further appropriation than this section, (a) remuneration at a rate and of a kind determined by the Remuneration Authority in accordance with the Remuneration Authority Act 1977; and Consultation draft 5
12 Part 2 cl 13 (b) the costs of that investigation. 13 Referral of investigation or prosecution to International Criminal Court (1) At any time before the International Criminal Court asserts jurisdiction over the crime of aggression, the Special Prosecutor may consider undertaking prosecution of any person under section 10 in a New Zealand court. (2) At any time after the International Criminal Court asserts jurisdiction over the crime of aggression, the Special Prosecutor will first consider undertaking prosecution of any person under section 10 before deciding whether to refer the situation to the International Criminal Court, according to the relevant provisions of the International Crimes and International Criminal Court Act (3) The Special Prosecutor may make the decision under subsection (2) proprio motu without reference to any other New Zealand citizen. (4) The Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court may decide whether to accept any referral made under subsection (2). 14 Immunities Nothing in this Act will be interpreted as limiting in any way the existing immunities enjoyed by any member of the New Zealand Defence Force regarding the execution of his or her military duties. 15 Consequential amendment to Remuneration Authority Act 1977 (1) This section amends the Remuneration Authority Act (2) In Schedule 4, in its appropriate alphabetical order, insert The Special Prosecutor for the Crime of Aggression. 6 Consultation draft
13 Schedule Schedule Resolution 6 of the Review Conference of the States Parties to the Statute of Rome, Pertaining to the crime of aggression, adopted at Kampala, 11 June 2010 The Review Conference, Resolution RC/Res.6 The crime of aggression Recalling paragraph 1 of article 12 of the Rome Statute, Recalling paragraph 2 of article 5 of the Rome Statute, Recalling also paragraph 7 of resolution F, adopted by the United Nations Diplomatic Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court on 17 July 1998, Recalling further resolution ICC-ASP/1/Res.1 on the continuity of work in respect of the crime of aggression, and expressing its appreciation to the Special Working Group on the Crime of Aggression for having elaborated proposals on a provision on the crime of aggression, Taking note of resolution ICC-ASP/8/Res.6, by which the Assembly of States Parties forwarded proposals on a provision on the crime of aggression to the Review Conference for its consideration, Resolved to activate the Court s jurisdiction over the crime of aggression as early as possible, 1. Decides to adopt, in accordance with article 5, paragraph 2, of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (hereinafter: the Statute ) the amendments to the Statute contained in annex I of the present resolution, which are subject to ratification or acceptance and shall enter into force in accordance with article 121, paragraph 5; and notes that any State Party may lodge a declaration referred to in article 15 bis prior to ratification or acceptance; 2. Also decides to adopt the amendments to the Elements of Crimes contained in annex II of the present resolution; 3. Also decides to adopt the understandings regarding the interpretation of the abovementioned amendments contained in annex III of the present resolution; 4. Further decides to review the amendments on the crime of aggression seven years after the beginning of the Court s exercise of jurisdiction; 5. Calls upon all States Parties to ratify or accept the amendments contained in annex I. s 4 Consultation draft 7
14 Schedule Annex 1 Amendments to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court on the crime of aggression 1. Article 5, paragraph 2, of the Statute is deleted. 2. The following text is inserted after article 8 of the Statute: Article 8 bis Crime of aggresssion 1. For the purpose of this Statute, crime of aggression means the planning, preparation, initiation or execution, by a person in a position effectively to exercise control over or to direct the political or military action of a State, of an act of aggression which, by its character, gravity and scale, constitutes a manifest violation of the Charter of the United Nations. 2. For the purpose of paragraph 1, act of aggression means the use of armed force by a State against the sovereignty, territorial integrity or political independence of another State, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Charter of the United Nations. Any of the following acts, regardless of a declaration of war, shall, in accordance with United Nations General Assembly resolution 3314 (XXIX) of 14 December 1974, qualify as an act of aggression: (a) The invasion or attack by the armed forces of a State of the territory of another State, or any military occupation, however temporary, resulting from such invasion or attack, or any annexation by the use of force of the territory of another State or part thereof; (b) Bombardment by the armed forces of a State against the territory of another State or the use of any weapons by a State against the territory of another State; (c) The blockade of the ports or coasts of a State by the armed forces of another State; (d) An attack by the armed forces of a State on the land, sea or air forces, or marine and air fleets of another State; (e) The use of armed forces of one State which are within the territory of another State with the agreement of the receiving State, in contravention of the conditions provided for in the agreement or any extension of their presence in such territory beyond the termination of the agreement; (f) The action of a State in allowing its territory, which it has placed at the disposal of another State, to be used by that other State for perpetrating an act of aggression against a third State; (g) The sending by or on behalf of a State of armed bands, groups, irregulars or mercenaries, which carry out acts of armed force against another State of such gravity as to amount to the acts listed above, or its substantial involvement therein. 8 Consultation draft
15 Schedule 3. The following text is inserted after article 15 of the Statute: Article 15 bis Exercise of jurisdiction over the crime of aggression (State referral, proprio motu) 1. The Court may exercise jurisdiction over the crime of aggression in accordance with article 13, paragraphs (a) and (c), subject to the provisions of this article. 2. The Court may exercise jurisdiction only with respect to crimes of aggression committed one year after the ratification or acceptance of the amendments by thirty States Parties. 3. The Court shall exercise jurisdiction over the crime of aggression in accordance with this article, subject to a decision to be taken after 1 January 2017 by the same majority of States Parties as is required for the adoption of an amendment to the Statute. 4. The Court may, in accordance with article 12, exercise jurisdiction over a crime of aggression, arising from an act of aggression committed by a State Party, unless that State Party has previously declared that it does not accept such jurisdiction by lodging a declaration with the Registrar. The withdrawal of such a declaration may be effected at any time and shall be considered by the State Party within three years. 5. In respect of a State that is not a party to this Statute, the Court shall not exercise its jurisdiction over the crime of aggression when committed by that State s nationals or on its territory. 6. Where the Prosecutor concludes that there is a reasonable basis to proceed with an investigation in respect of a crime of aggression, he or she shall first ascertain whether the Security Council has made a determination of an act of aggression committed by the State concerned. The Prosecutor shall notify the Secretary-General of the United Nations of the situation before the Court, including any relevant information and documents. 7. Where the Security Council has made such a determination, the Prosecutor may proceed with the investigation in respect of a crime of aggression. 8. Where no such determination is made within six months after the date of notification, the Prosecutor may proceed with the investigation in respect of a crime of aggression, provided that the Pre-Trial Division has authorized the commencement of the investigation in respect of a crime of aggression in accordance with the procedure contained in article 15, and the Security Council has not decided otherwise in accordance with article A determination of an act of aggression by an organ outside the Court shall be without prejudice to the Court s own findings under this Statute. 10. This article is without prejudice to the provisions relating to the exercise of jurisdiction with respect to other crimes referred to in article 5. Consultation draft 9
16 Schedule 4. The following text is inserted after article 15 bis of the Statute: Article 15 ter Exercise of jurisdiction over the crime of aggression (Security Council referral) 1. The Court may exercise jurisdiction over the crime of aggression in accordance with article 13, paragraph (b), subject to the provisions of this article. 2. The Court may exercise jurisdiction only with respect to crimes of aggression committed one year after the ratification or acceptance of the amendments by thirty States Parties. 3. The Court shall exercise jurisdiction over the crime of aggression in accordance with this article, subject to a decision to be taken after 1 January 2017 by the same majority of States Parties as is required for the adoption of an amendment to the Statute. 4. A determination of an act of aggression by an organ outside the Court shall be without prejudice to the Court s own findings under this Statute. 5. This article is without prejudice to the provisions relating to the exercise of jurisdiction with respect to other crimes referred to in article The following text is inserted after article 25, paragraph 3, of the Statute: 3 bis. In respect of the crime of aggression, the provisions of this article shall apply only to persons in a position effectively to exercise control over or to direct the political or military action of a State. 6. The first sentence of article 9, paragraph 1, of the Statute is replaced by the following sentence: 1. Elements of Crimes shall assist the Court in the interpretation and application of articles 6, 7, 8 and 8 bis. 7. The chapeau of article 20, paragraph 3, of the Statute is replaced by the following paragraph; the rest of the paragraph remains unchanged: 3. No person who has been tried by another court for conduct also proscribed under article 6, 7, 8 or 8 bis shall be tried by the Court with respect to the same conduct unless the proceedings in the other court: 10 Consultation draft
17 Schedule Annex II Amendments to the Elements of Crimes Article 8 bis Crime of aggression Introduction 1. It is understood that any of the acts referred to in article 8 bis, paragraph 2, qualify as an act of aggression. 2. There is no requirement to prove that the perpetrator has made a legal evaluation as to whether the use of armed force was inconsistent with the Charter of the United Nations. 3. The term manifest is an objective qualification. 4. There is no requirement to prove that the perpetrator has made a legal evaluation as to the manifest nature of the violation of the Charter of the United Nations. Elements 1. The perpetrator planned, prepared, initiated or executed an act of aggression. 2. The perpetrator was a person 1 in a position effectively to exercise control over or to direct the political or military action of the State which committed the act of aggression. 3. The act of aggression the use of armed force by a State against the sovereignty, territorial integrity or political independence of another State, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Charter of the United Nations was committed. 4. The perpetrator was aware of the factual circumstances that established that such a use of armed force was inconsistent with the Charter of the United Nations. 5. The act of aggression, by its character, gravity and scale, constituted a manifest violation of the Charter of the United Nations. 6. The perpetrator was aware of the factual circumstances that established such a manifest violation of the Charter of the United Nations. 1 With respect to an act of aggression, more than one person may be in a position that meets these criteria. Consultation draft 11
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