Source: https://www.scribd.com/document/183766776/Oakland-Youth-Curfew-Ordinance-Noel-Gallo
Timestamp: 2019-08-21 13:20:00
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Matched Legal Cases: ['§9', '§9', '§9', '§1', '§0', '§ 1', '§ 1', '§ 1', '§ 1', '§ 1']

Oakland Youth Curfew Ordinance, Noel Gallo | Juvenile Delinquency | Minor (Law)
On November 12, 2013, Oakland Council Member Noel Gallo proposed a youth curfew making it illegal for anyone under 18 years of age to be in any public place - streets, parks, in a vehicle, or any establishment - between the hours of 10pm and 6am.
saveSave Oakland Youth Curfew Ordinance, Noel Gallo For Later
The Curfews for Teens
Chirstian-Living-4 (1)
^fncE or THE; CITY cithr.
13 OCT 31 PHI2:52
OGAW A
Noel Gallo City Council Member, District 5
(510) 238-7005 FAX (510) 238-6129
TTY/TDD:{510) 839-6451
Members of the Public Safety Committee
Subject: A DISCUSSION AND POSSIBLE ACTION ON COUNCILMEMBER
GALLO'S PROPOSAL TO PREPARE FOR COUNCIL'S CONSIDERATION AND ADOPTION A JUVENILE PROTECTION CURFEW ORDINANCE TO HELP REMEDY THE VICTIMIZATION, EXPLOITATION, AND CRIMINAL ACTIVITIES THAT ADVERSELY IMPACT YOUTH IN THE CITY OF OAKLAND USING AS A FRAMEWORK THE DRAFT JUVENILE CURFEW ORDINANCE CITY COUNCIL CONSIDERED AT ITS MEETING OF OCTOBER 4,
Attached is briefing material for discussion and possible action to prepare for council's consideration, the adoption of a juvenile protection curfew ordinance. This item is scheduled for the Public Safety Committee on Tuesday, November 12, 2013.
Enclosed for your reference and consideration are the following documents:
The violence and crime committed
continues to adversely impact their lives and the safety of the City as a whole.
Juvenile Protection Curfew Ordinance can serve as an additional tool for the City and all
other stakeholders to combine our efforts to successfully reduce crime.
Noel Gallo Public Safety Committee Chairperson
Protecting the Children and Youth of Oakland
By Noel Gallo, Oakland City Councilmember
GOAL: Renewal and modification of the Juvenile Protection Curfew Ordinance and authorizing its implementation to begin immediately to remedy the victimization, exploitation, and criminal activities that adversely impact youth in Oakland.
BACKGROUND: Our purpose is to promote for the safety and well-being of our children and youth (persons under the age of 18) whose inexperience renders them particularly vulnerable to participation in unlawful activities {i.e. drugs and gang) and victimization by older perpetrators of crime; and to promote the general welfare and protect the general public through the reduction of juvenile violence and crime within Oakland, and assist in fostering and strengthening parental responsibility for their children. Similar legislation was introduced unsuccessfully by Oakland City Council Members Larry Reid and former Member Ignacio de la Fuente on October 4, 2011.
Hundreds of U.S. Cities have implemented curfew laws to restrict juveniles to be outdoors or in public places during certain hours of the day. Such laws aim to establish a safer community and to better protect young adults and children from becoming victims of crime or becoming involved in delinquent behaviors. It is important for the City Council and our families to come together to clearly define and know the purpose of the Juvenile Protection Curfew, how it will be enforced, and what alternative programs there will be for our young people.
What is the Proposed Juvenile Protection Curfew?
The Juvenile Protection Curfew states that
remain in or on
a street, park or other outdoor
establishment within "exempted" activities.
What are the Proposed Curfew Hours?
10:00 P.M. - 6:00 A.M., 7 days a week {Monday through Sunday)
Between the hours of 8:30 A.M. - 1:30 P.M. on school days
Reasons for the Daytime Curfew Hours:
A high rate of truancy exists in the city that significantly contributes to the number of incidences of juvenile crime, juvenile violence, and juvenile gang activity occurring during school hours
The establishment of daytime curfew hours for minors will help combat truancy thereby reducing juvenile crime, juvenile violence and juvenile gang activity
What Activities are Exempted from the Proposed Ordinance?
Persons under the age of 18 do not violate the law during curfew hours if they are:
Accompanied by a person or guardian or any person age 21 or older
Completing an errand at the direction of a parent or guardian, without detour or stop
Working or retuning home from a job, without detour or stop
Attending an official school, religious or other recreational activity sponsored by the City of Oakland, a civic organization, or other similar group that takes responsibility for juvenile (this includes traveling to and from the activity)
Exercising their First Amendment rights protected by the US Constitution, including the free exercise of speech, religion, and rights of assembly.
Truancy / School Exemptions from Proposed Curfew Ordinance:
The school in which the minor was enrolled or otherwise required to attend was not in session.
minor was enrolled or
otherwise required to attend.
The minor was participating in a school approved work study program, or was going to work study program or returning to home or school from the work study program without any detour or stop.
The minor was on lunch break from
a school that permits an open campus lunch and
was qualified to participate in the open campus lunch program.
The minor was on an excused absence from school in which the minor was enrolled or otherwise required to attend and had permission from a school official, or in the case of a home-schooled minor, the minor's parent or guardian.
or had received a high school equivalent
The Juvenile Protection Curfew would:
Make it unlawful for
any minor to
any establishment within the City of Oakland during curfew hours.
Make it unlawful for any parent or legal guardian of a minor knowingly to
permit, or by
insufficient control to allow the minor to be present in any public place or on the
premises of any establishment within Oakland during curfew hours.
Make it unlawful for the operator or any employee of an establishment to knowingly allow a minor to remain upon the premises of the establishment during curfew hours.
In an effort to prevent children and youth from involvement in unsafe and illegal activities that can lead to victimization and even death, the proposed ordinance will address the following crimes:
This ordinance is a mechanism to get sexually exploited minors off the street during hours when street prostitution is most prevalent and provide them with much needed services. The ordinance would allow counselors to
engage youth, find out why they were out during curfew hours, and provide activities and services to them and their parents/guardians. Robberies committed by youth are increasing throughout the City. This ordinance would provide a means for OPD to engage youth.
This ordinance is a mechanism to assist in reducing drug activities.
Imposition of community services or required enrollment in after-school programs
Restriction of diver's license privileges
The curfew hours are 10:00 P.M. - 6:00 A.M., Monday through Sunday and 8:30 A.M. - 1:30 P.M., Monday through Friday on school days.
Officers must ensure that the juvenile does not have a defense to prosecution before enforcement is taken.
Business owners and operators may be cited for allowing juveniles to remain on premises during curfew hours.
The penalty for violation of the ordinance is a fine
Juvenile Curfews, Selective Enforcement, and Leniency:
The Juvenile Curfew Ordinance will include a provision giving local law enforcement the ability to choose more lenient and socially constructive curfew enforcement policies (compared to automatic citations or arrest of offending minors). These alternatives might include issuing a warning, recommending a counseling program, or simply taking the minor home.
If a violation is observed, the juvenile may be:
Issued a field Interrogation report;
Taken home; or to the Youth Action Office (Fire Department Station, schools. Recreation Center, Non-profit Office, Library, or Church)
Issued a citation; or
Curfew Responsibility of Parent or Guardian:
It shall be unlawful for the parent or guardian or other adult person having the care, custody or
supervision of a juvenile to permit
such juvenile to
be, remain or loiter
place in the City of Oakland away from the dwelling house or usual place of abode of said
juvenile in violation of sections; provided, however that the provisions of this section do not apply when the juvenile is an emancipated minor, or when the juvenile is accompanied by his parent, guardian or other person having the care, custody or supervision of the juvenile; or where the juvenile is on an emergency errand, or where the juvenile is on reasonable,
and specific business or activity
directed or permitted
by his parent, guardian
other person having the care, custody or supervision of such juvenile.
Community-Wide Effort to Support the Curfew Ordinance:
Community organizations, faith-base networks,,schools, neighborhoods, and families have an opportunity to step in and save a child's and youth's life. A curfew is critical to reducing the risks posed by teens and younger children hanging out late at night in some of Oakland's most dangerous neighborhoods. We envision and public-private partnership with non-profit groups, public agencies, schools, churches, and other governmental agencies that can provide a facility where curfew violators are processed and await pick-up from parents or legal guardians.
"MAKING CURFEW IS IMPORTANT FOR YOUR SAFETY. AND IT CAN KEEP YOU OUT OF TROUBLE"
20,1 SEP 22
2^"° FLOO R
Ignacio De La Fuente City Council Member, District 5
Larry Reid City Council President
(510) 238-7005 FAX:{510) 238-6129
TO; Oakland City Council FROM: Councilmember De La Fuente and Council President Larry Reid DATE: 10/4/il RE: Adopt an Ordinance establishing a juvenile protection curfew to apply to youth under the age of 18 (1) between the hours of 10:00 PM and 5:00 AM Sunday through Thursday and 11:30 PM to 5:00 AM Friday and Saturday (2) between the hours of 8:30 AM and 1:30 PM on school days and (3) directing the City Administrator and the Chief of Police to come back to the City Council within 30 days with an implementation plan
The proposed ordinance enacts a Juvenile Protection Curfew that would:
1. Make it unlawful for any minor to be present in any public place or on the premises of any establishment within the City of Oakland during curfew hours.
2. Make it unlawful for any parent or legal guardian of a minor' knowingly to permit, or by insufficient control to allow the • minor to be present in any public place or on the premises of i. any establishment within the City of Oakland during curfew.ii-
' ,-•
3. Make it unlawful for the operator or any employee of an'^
establishment to knowingly allow a minor to remain upon the premises of the establishment during curfew hours.
ORA/City Council October 4,2011
"Curfew hours" are defined as
1. 10:00 p.m. on any Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, or Thursday until 5:00 a.m. of the following day; and
2. 11:30 p.m. on any Friday or Saturday until 5:00 a.m. the following day.
3. 8:30 a.m. on any school day until 1:30 p.m. the same day
Over the years curfews have raised a number of legal issues and constitutional challenges. In 1991 the City Council of Dallas, Texas adopted its curfew ordinance which was subsequently challenged by the ACLU and upheld by the U. S Court of
Appeals for the Firth Circuit in 1993. The court staled in its ruling that the ordinance was
properly aimed, that is, narrowly tailored to "
.allow the city to meet its stated goals
.. while respecting the rights of the affected minors."
As established by the Dallas ordinance, the following exemptions arc included in this proposed ordinance so as to meet address the specific needs in the least restrictive means possible. It is a defense to prosecution under Subsection 9.12.110.A, 9.1-2.110.B, or 9.12.110.C of the ordinance that the minor was:
1. accompanied by the minor's parent or guardian, or by a responsible adult;
2. on an errand at the direction of the minor's parent or legal guardian, or the responsible adult, without any detour or stop;
4. engaged in an employment activity, or going to or returning ' home from an employment activity, without any detour or stop;
6. on the sidewalk abutting the minor's residence;
7. attending an official school, religious, or other recreational activity supervised by adults and sponsored by the City of Oakland, a civic organization, or another similar entity that takes responsibility for the minor;
8. exercising First Amendment rights protected by the United
States Constitution; or
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'A 1995 survey by The U.S. Conference of Mayors found that 272.cities,.:70 percent of •' those surveyed, had a nighttime curfew. Fifty-seven percent of these cities' considered!".';'^-",
their curfew effective. Since that survey was done the trend toward establishing"
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curfews—both nighttime and daytime—has continued and more is knowriiabout'their.n-! J:.
impact. A 1997 survey gathered information from 347 cities with a population ovcr^':^'; . -
30,000. Findings of the survey include:
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Four out of five of the survey cities (276) have a nighttime youth curfew. Of these cities, 26 percent (76) also have a daytime curfew.
Nine out of 10 of the cities (247) said that enforcing a curfew is a good use of a police officer's time. Many respondents felt that curfews represented a proactive way to combat youth violence. They saw curfews as a way to involve parents, as a deterrent to future crime, and as a way to keep juveniles from being victimized.
Examples of city comments from the survey include:
Tulsa: There is generally no useful purpose for a juvenile to be out late at night.
Enforcement of curfews serves to protect them fi*om being victimized by the criminal element. Charlotte: This is a good tool to protect children. Most parents didn't even know
their children were outside the home. Jacksonville (NC): It provides officers with "probable cause" to stop the youth.
Claremont: It frees up officers' time during the curfew hours to do other police
work. Kids don't go out because they-know they.will get in trouble. Anchorage: Parents are contacted each time a juvenile is picked up, often
eUminating repeat occurrences. St. Peters (MO): It assists in providing a method of controlling juveniles when
adult supervision is lacking. Less time is spent by officers in getting them off the street than responding to problems they create. Toledo: It provides officers an opportunity to intervene with potential issues before problems develop. Periodic sweeps remind the public about the law officer. Curfew enforcement has, in large part, become a part of routine enforcement.
A 2010 study conducted by Patrick Kline of UC Berkeley titled, "The Impact of Juvenile Curfew Laws," looked at 65 cities and compared arrest behavior of various age groups within a city before and after curfew enactment. The study found that "overall, curfews appear to have important effect on the criminal behavior of youth. The arrest data.
. suggest that being subject to a curfew reduces the number of violent and property crimes committed by juveniles below the curfew age by approximately, 10% in:the year after
enactment, with the effects intensifying substantially in subsequent years for violent •
crimes."•*
The Dallas Police department conducted an assessment of the effeefiveness of the n fin
juvenile eurfew after 3 months of enforcement. They found that juvenile victimization '1-: ..
during curfew hours dropped 17.7 percent while juvenile arrests during.curfew hoursr'- -'' ' ^
decreased 14.6percent.
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Long Beach,California In 1994, in an attempt to meet the needs of the city's growing population and-thwart- escalating gang activity, Long Beach officials established a 10 p.m. to 6 a.m. curfew law. The ordinance led to a 14-percent decrease in the average number of crimes committed per hour in 1994, compared with 1993. During the same time period, gang-related shootings decreased nearly 23 percent.
New Orleans, Louisiana New Orleans, which has enacted one of the strictest curfew ordinances in the country, also reports a significant decrease in juvenile crime since its curfew ordinance went into effect in May 1994. The dusk-to-dawn curfew, enacted in response to an escalating level of violent crime involving juveniles as both perpetrators and victims, was influential in decreasing the incidence of youth crime arrests by 27 percent the year after its adoption. In that same time period, armed robbery arrests decreased by 33 percent and auto theft arrests decreased by 42 percent.
Homicides and Shootings in Oakland
A 2008-2010 Measure Y study of the Demographics of Homicide and Shooting Victims revealed the following: In 2008, there were 11 homicide victims under the age of 18. In 2009, there were 09 homicide victims under the age of 18. In 2010, there were 10 homicide victims under the age of 18.' The 2008-2010 study also revealed that young people under the age of 18 accounted for 12% of shooting victims. '
The two following tables are taken from the same study:
Homicide s and Shootings by Time of Da y
^>n lo VMnleht
'DiuuQinOPD
Number of Homicides and Shootings by Day and Time
PnA»y UPM, HArutAty 1AM
A 2009 report by Urban Strategies Council which analyzed the 125 murders that took place that year, found that the deadliest hours in Oakland in 2008 were at night between 8:00 PM and 4:00 AM with 66,5 percent of homicides occurring during this 8 hour period.^
ACTION REQUESTED OF THE COUNCIL As the violence continues to escalate in our City and the homicide numbers continue to climb, taking the lives of young people in our City, we submit to you this proposed ordinance as an additional tool for our police department to use in their efforts to reduce crime. We also ask the City Administrator and the Chief of Police to come back to us with an implementation plan for this youth protection curfew.
-ouncil President Larry Reid
Prepared by Ray Leon
.ouncil President Pro Tempore 1!'
Ignacio De La Fuente • •'
Prepared by Claudia Burgos "
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- Attachments C & D -As requested by Vice Mayor Brooks during the September 22"* Rules and Legislation Committee
B - San Jose Ordinance
•; 1!.-,.,
meeting. Attachments C and D are included with this report,
•li.-
' Measure Y-The
Demographics of Homicide and
Shooting Victims 2003-2010
* Urban Strategies Council - Homicides in Oakland 2008 Homicide Report' An Analysis of Homicides in Oakland from January,
through December, 2008
' The Impact of Juvenile Curfew Laws by Patrick Kline
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• ' .'f.i. -
OFftCE OF THE C(T V Cl ER^
2011 SEP 22 PM6:05
*-^f%
DRAr T
INTRODUCED BY COUNCILMEMBER IGNACIO DE LA FUENTE & COUNCIL PRESIDENT LARRY REID
AN ORDINANCE (1) ADDING ARTICLE II TO CHAPTER 9.12 OF THE OAKLAND MUNICIPAL CODE (OWIC) TO ESTABLISH A JUVENILE PROTECTION CURFEW PROGRAM AND (2) AMENDING OMC SECTION 1.28.020 TO CODIFY THE PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS OF THE CURFEW ORDINANCE , AND (3) REPEALING OAKLAND MUNICIPAL CODE SECTIONS 9.12.020 AND 9.12.030 PROHIBITING MINORS FROM LOITERING IN PUBLIC PLACES
WHEREAS, the City Council has determined that there has.been an increase in juvenile violence, juvenile gang activity, and crime by persons under the age of eighteen (18) years ("Minors") in the City of Oakland; and
WHEREAS, Oakland Municipal Code sections 9.12.020 and 9.12.030 which intended to address loitering offenses committed by minors, were passed around 1947 and since then have been outdated by new case law and should therefore be repealed; and
WHEREAS, minors are particularly susceptible by their lack of maturity and experience to participate in unlawful, gang-related activities and to become victims of adult perpetrators of crime; and
WHEREAS, a significant amount of serious crime (burglaries,_robberies, assaults, rapes, etc.) is committed by and against minors during late night hours in the City of ' Oakland; and
WHEREAS, there has been an increase in minors committing-.shootings and other.-i
crimes during late night hours in the City of Oakland; and'
.';:.:.r
WHEREAS, the involvement of minors - as perpetrators arid victims ^ in offenses ••:
dealing with human trafficking and prostitution continue to increase; and-- ir;:,ff;;: -;r-^; ir-
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WHEREAS, a significant amount of serious crime is also committed, by adults^r .T-.-".-';L-;
during the late night hours in the City of Oakland therebyxompromising.the.public's r i: :;ir;;' ' -
safety and in particuiar the safety of minors, and
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WHEREAS, the California Legislature has found that a significant number'of injuryi ;
vehicle accidents involving minors occur between-9;00 p.m.
and.5:00 a.m
and,;for
the:Vj o.:
r d i_n a n_c e .
oJ__e
0 r d i n_aji c e
fNjO-'2.
first 12 months of issuance of a driver's license, a minor may not transport passengers under age 20, and may not drive between the hours of 11:00 p.m. and 5:00 a.m. without a parent or other adult driver, as specified in Section 12814.6 of the California Vehicle Code; and
WHEREAS, reducing the number of minors in public places in the City of Oakland during late night hours will reduce the instances in which minors are at risk of committing serious crimes or become themselves the victims of serious crimes, and reduce the opportunity for minors to be involved in narcotics, prostitution and gang activity involving other youth or adults; and
WHEREAS reducing the number of minors in public places in the City of Oakland during late night hours will allow the Oakland Police Department to deploy its personnel to focus on investigating and preventing serious crimes committed by adults during the late night hours; and
WHEREAS, by addressing the presence of youth in public places during late night/eariy morning hours the City of Oakland seeks to provide for the protection of minors from violence committed by minors and adults, to enforce parental control over and responsibility for children, to protect the general public, to reduce the incidence of juvenile criminal activities and the victimization of juveniles, and to reduce the incidence of night/early morning lime juvenile injury motor vehicle accidents; and
WHEREAS, the City Council finds and determines that passage of a youth curfew ordinance will protect the welfare of minors by:
1. Reducing the likelihood that minors will be victims of criminal acts during the curfew hours;
2. Reducing the likelihood that minors will become involved in committing criminal acts; and
3. Reducing the likelihood that minors will be exposed to riarcotics trafficking and gang activity involving adults during the curi'ew hours;
4. Reducing the likelihood that minors will be involvedin night time injury motor vehicle collisions; and
- . • _.
5. Aiding parents and legal guardians in carrying out theirresppnsibility to : • - exercise reasonable supervision of minors entrusted to their care;".and
WHEREAS, OMC Chapter 1.28 sets forth the classificatiori^ofMGMC'-violationsras' '
i;-r-r?o; -,- .-i.
misdemeanors or infractions; and
the Juvenile Protection Curfew Ordinance-:grahtsidiscretion^^:to"the-'
prosecuting attorney to charge certain misdemeanor violations-as infractioris-and creates a^ -^^^^
new infraction offense; and
nor cli:^:^--
Ortiiii_ance_
Projectio n
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WHEREAS, OMC Chapter 1.28 should be amended to codify the discretion granted to the prosecuting attorney, now, therefore
Section 1. That the City Council finds and determines the foregoing recitals to be true and correct and hereby makes them a part of this Ordinance.
Section 2. Oakland Municipal Code Chapter 9.12, Article II is added to read as follows;
Article II Juvenile Protection Curfew
§9.12.100 Definitions for Curfew Provisions For purposes of this Article:
A. "Curfew hours" means;
3. 8:30 a.m on any school day until 1:30 pm the same day
B. "Emergency" means an unforeseen combination of circumstances or the resulting state that calls for immediate action. The term includes, but is not limited to, a fire, natural disaster, an automobile accident or any situation requiring immediate action to prevent serious bodily injury or loss of life.
C. "Establishment" means any privately owned place of business operated for a profit to which the public is invited, including but not limited to any place of amusement or entertainment.
D. "Legal Guardian" means (1) a person who, under court order, is the guardian of the person of a minor; or (2) a public or private agency
with whom a minor
has been placed by the court.
E. "Minor" means any person under eighteen (18) years of age.
F. "Operator" means any individual, firm, association, partriership, or,.
corporation operating,
managing, or conducting any
The term includes the members or partners of an association or p.;
establishment -^-y ... .^
partnership and the officers of a corporation.
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G. "Parent" means
natural parent, adoptive parent,,or^- c i^r-r-'-.-r; v ...
step-parent of another person. -ite: -:.:-r^.n.--irjU'^^! or-
H. "Public place" means any place to which the public "or a-substahtial* ::•
parks, plazas, playgrounds, sidewalks, alleys, streets, highways,
L ? yrn::
IK^Z--
group of the public has access and includes, but is not limited .to; v. -
a^-.-.^r-
and the common areas of schools, hospitals, apartment houses,-
office buildings, transport facilities and shops.
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Or_clinajice,J_uvenileProtecli_onOrdinanc e
I. "Responsible adult" means a person at least eighteen (18) years of age, temporarily authorized by a parent or legal guardian to have the care and custody of a minor.
J. "Serious bodily injury" means bodily injury that creates a substantial risk of death or that causes death, serious permanent disfigurement or protracted loss or impairment of the function'of any bodily member or organ.
§9.12.110 Curfew Offenses
A. It is unlawful for any minor to be present in any public place or on
the premises of any establishment within the City of Oakland during curfew hours.
B. It is unlawful for any parent or legal guardian of a minor knowingly to permit, or by insufficient control to allow the minor to be present in any public place or on the premises of any establishment within the City of Oakland during curfew hours.
C. It is unlaviffui for the operator or any employee of an establishment to knowingly allow a minor to remain upon the premises of the establishment during curfew hours.
D. It is a defense to prosecution under Subsection 9.12.110.A, 9.12.110,B, or 9.12.110.C that the minor was:
4. engaged in an employment activity, or going to or reluming home from an employment activity, without any detour or stop;
7. attending an official school, religious, or other recreational activity supervised by adults and sponsored by the City of Oakland, a civic organization, or another similar entity that takes:
responsibility for the minor;
8. exercising First Amendment rights protected by the United States .; ^. Constitution; or ^
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E. It is a defense to prosecution under Subsection 9.12.110.C; that the .,. -.re;- \. operator or employee of an establishment promptly notified the-.i police department that a minor was present on the premises of the - .. establishment during curfew hours and refused to
leave::;^c;;^.
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F. Before taking any enforcement action under
this Section;;a'polices(;
officer shall ask the apparent offender's age and reason.fon being in n^, i'-.u-:'-j' the public place or on the premises of the establishment during: c-^c--. or' \_i :,.,.is , curfew hours. The officer shall not issue a citation or make an arrest under this Section unless the officer reasonably believes that^an r:b_
Oj^dniaiics .
J u v e n 11 e_P r o t e c j i o_n
Ordin_anc 9
offense has occurred and that, based on any responses and other circumstances, no defense under Subsection 9.12.110:D or 9.12.110.E is present or applicable.
G. A person who violates a provision of this Article is guilty of a separate offense for each day or part of a day during which the violation is committed, continued, or permitted.
§9.12.120 Penalty
A. Any minor violating the provisions of Subsection 9.12.110.A shall be guilty of an infraction, and shall be dealt with in accordance with
juvenile court law and procedure. If a minor violates the curfew two (2) times with within a six (6) month period the prosecuting agency will have the discretion to elevate the infraction to a misdemeanor.
C' Any adult violating the provisions of Subsection 9.12.110.B or C shall be guilty of a misdemeanor or an infraction pursuant to the provisions of Section 1.28.020 of this Code and will, be cited.
D. The applicable fines for violations of this Chapter shall be imposed in accordance with Chapter 1.28 of this Code'
Section 3. Severability This Article shall be enforced to the full extent of the authority of the City of Oakland. The Subsections, paragraphs, sentences and words of this Section are deemed severable, so that, if any Section, Subsection, paragraph, sentence or word of this Section is found to be invalid or beyond the authority of the City, of Oakland, such finding shall not affect the applicability and enforcement of the remaining portions of this Section
Oakland Municipal Code Chapter 1.28.020 is amended to add the following
subsection to the list of infraction offenses:
§1.28.020.A.2.k'.
Section 9.12.110.A-Juvenile Protection Curfew:.'.
Oakland Municipal Code section 9.12.020
9.12.030;are
repealed-to.•
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This Ordinance shall become effective immediately upon final adeptien if it
receives six er mere affirmative vetes en final adeptien as provided by Section 216 ef the City Charter; ethenwise it shall become effective upen the seventh day after final adeptien.
, 2011_
AYES- BROOKS. BRUNNER, DE LA FUENTE/KAPLAN. KERNIGHAN; NADEL, SCHAAF. AND PRESIDENT REID
City Clerk and Clerk ef the Council
ef the City of Oakland, Califernia
Orrjt II ance:JuvenileProlec i ion
Ordinanc e
NO.'2.
Page] ?
AN ORDINANCE (1) ADDING CHAPTER 9.12 OF THE OAKLAND MUNICIPAL CODE TO ESTABLISH A YOUTH PROTECTION CURFEW AND (2) REPEALING SECTIONS 9.12.020 AND 9.12.030 (MINORS LOITERING IN PUBLIC PLACES)
This Ordinance adds Oakland Municipal Code Chapter 9.12 and establishes a Youth Protection Curfew. The curfew prohibits persons
under 18 years of age from being in any public place or establishment in
the City of Oakland, between the
hours of 10:00 p.m. on any Sunday,
Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, or Thursday until 5:00 a.m. of the following day, and 11:30 p.m. on any Friday or Saturday until,5:00 a.m. the following day. And between the hours of 8:30 a.m and 1:30 p.m on school days. It also prohibits parents or legal guardians from allowing minors under their control to violate "this Ordinance. Additionally, it prohibits a business establishment from knowingly allowing minors to remain on its premises during curfew hours. Finally, this ordinance repeals sections 9.12.020 and 9.12.030 of the Oakland Municipal Code (minors loitering in public).
Lon g Beach, California, Municipal Code »
http .//I i brar y.muni code .coni/pr i nt.aspx?ci i
clentID-16115&HT
5&HTMReque.
Title 9 - PUBLIC PEACE, MORAL S
WELFAR E »
VII. - Offense s b y or Against Minor s »
Chapter 9.58 - LOITERING
9.55 010 - Prohibition against juvenile being in public place between the hours of ten p.m until six a.m, the {pjlpyyinq day. 9 58.020 - Prohibition against juvenile being in public place between the hours of eiqht-thirtv a m. until one-thirtv p.m.
9.58.010 - Prohibitio n agains t juvenil e bein g in publi c
unti l si x a.m. th e following day .
plac e betwee n
th e hour s
A. Curfew It is unlawful for any minor under the age of eighteen (18) years to remain in or upon any "public place," as denned in Section 9,02.090. between the hours of ten p m. until six a m. the following day.
B. Exceptions. The provisions of subsection A of this section shall not apply when
1. The minor is acconpanied by his or her parent, guardian or other adult person having the care and custody of the minor;
4. The minor is engaged in an employment activity, or going to or returning home from an enployment activity, without any detour or stop;
7. The minor is attending an official school, religious, or other recreational activity supen/ised by adults and sponsored by the city, a civic organization, or another similar entity that takes responsibility for the minor, or the minor is going to or returning home from, without any detour or stop, an official school, religious, or other recreational activity supervised by adults and sponsored by the city, a civic organization, or another similar entity that takes responsibility for the minor;
8. The m'nor is exercising First Amendment rights protected by the United States Constitution; , .
C. Enforcement. Before taking any enforcement action under this section, a'police officer shall ask the . • , apparent offender's age and reason for being in the public place.The officer shall not issue a citation or. make an arest under this section unless the officer reasonably believes that an offense has occurred . and that, tased on any response and other circumstances, no exception under subsection Bo f thiS'u:--.!
section is present.
(Ord, C-7488§ 1, 1997: Ord. C-6503§ 1.
1988: Ord C-5938§ 1. 1983).
,. • • '
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C .-U.
9.58.020
- Prohibitio n agains t juvenil e bein g in publi c plac e betwee n theihour s
of, TM;?;
eight-thirty a.m. unti l one-thirty
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Curfew. It is unlawful for any minor under the age of eighteen (18) years, who is subject to compulsory . education or to compulsory continuing education, to remain in or upon any "public place," as defined in • Section.9.02 090 of this code, between the hours of eight-thirty a m until one-thirty pm^on.days when":
such minor's school is in session.
Exceptions, The provisions of subsection A of this section shall not apply
when::-—.
; "^-^
1. The minor is accompanied by his or her parent, guardian or other adult person having the and custody of the minor; '
-'^"••j
The minor is on an emergency errand at the direction of the minor's parerit or guardian,.without-'-
9/22/2011 5:11 P M
NO.'J.
http://iibrary.municode,conVprint.aspx?cIientlD=l6l l5&MTMReque.
2. any detour or stop;
3. The minor is in a nrwlor vehicle involved in interstate travel;
4. ntinor is engaged in an employment activity, or going to or returning home frorn an
employment activity, without any detour or stop;
5. The rninor is involved in an emergency requiring immediate action to prevent serious bodily injury or loss of life;
6. The minor is going or coming to or from a medical appointment;
7. The minor has pem^ssion to leave campus for lunch or other school-related activity and has in his or her possession a valid, school-issued, off-campus perrttit;
8. The minor is attending an official school, religious, or other recreational activity supervised by adults and sponsored by the city, a civic organization, or another similar entity that lakes responsibility for the minor, or the minor is going to or returning home from, without any detour or stop, an official school, religious, or other recreational activity supervised by adults and sponsored by the city, a civic organization, or another similar entity that takes responsibility for the minor;
9. The minor is exercising First /Vnendment rights protected by the United States Constitution;
10. The minor is emancipated pursuant lo law;
11. The minor is not required by his or her school vacation, track or curriculum schedule to be in school.
C. Enforcement. Before taking any enforcement action under this section, a police officer shall ask the apparent offender's age and reason for being in the public place. The officer shall not issue a citation or make an arrest under this section unless the officer reasonably believes that an offense has occurred and that, based on any response and other drcumstances, no exception under subsection B of this section IS present,
(ORD'06-0025 § 1. 2006: Ord C-7386 § 1. 1996).
http://sanjose.ainlegal.com/alpscripts/get-content.aspx
San Jose, CA.Code of Ordinances
Chapter 10.28 YOUTH PROTECTION CURFEW ORDINANCE
10,28.060
'r-'-:-
The definitions set forth in this part shall govern the application and'interpretatioh of this'chapter.-J ;a:' -^c'
(Ords. 24648,25397.)
:.V\C:0
A. The hours between 10:00 p.m, to 5:00 a.m. for minors under the age.of.sixteen.years; or"^":
B. The hours between 11:30 p.m. to 5:00 a.m. for minors under the age.of eighteen years:-.-^^ \o :
(Ords. 24648, 24826, 25397.)
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10.28.030 Emergency.
•http://sanjose.amlcgal.com/alpscripis/get-contcnt.aspx
"Emergency" means an unforeseen circumstance or circumstances or the resulting situation that calls for immediate action to prevent serious bodily injury or toss of life: The term'includes, bulls not limited to, a fire, a natural disaster, or automobile accident, or any situation requiring immediate action to prevent serious bodily injury or loss of life.
10.28.040 Establishment.
"Establishment" means any privately owned place of business to which the public is invited, including but not limited to any place of amusement, entertainment, or recreation.
A person who is at least eighteen years of age and authorized by a parent or guardian lo have
the care and custody of a minor
(Ords. 24648. 25397.)
"Parent" means a person who is a natural parent, adoptive parent, or step-parent of a.minor.- i
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Any out-of<]oorarea to whichthe public ora substantial group of the public has access/.h ;f-.^'= •
including, but not limited to, streets, highways, sidewalks, alleys; parks, playgrounds; or other.publici-vj" ;.-
The out-of-doors common areas of establishments, including, but not limited:to„entry waysii- KK • --^
(Ords. 24648,25397,)
9/22/2011 5:12PM
10.28.090 Serious bodily injury.
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"Serious bodily injury" means bodily injury that creates a substantial risk of death or that causes death, serious permanent disfigurement,-or protracted loss or impairmerrt of'the function of any bodily member or organ.
10.28,100
10.28.100 Prohibition.
A. It is unlawful for any minor under the age of sixteen years to be in any public place within the
city during curfew hours, except as provided under Section 10.28.110.
B. It is unlawful for any minor under the age of eighteen years to be in any public place within the
city during curfew hours, except as provided under Section 10.28,110.
(Ords. 24648, 24826. 25397.)
10.28.110 Exemptions.
A minor under the age of eighteen years shall not be in violation of this chapter if. at the time the
minor was stopped by a police officer, the minor was:
B. On an errand at the direction
of the minor's parent or guardian, without detour
C. Driving or riding in a motor vehicle or
riding on public transportation;.^-
• r,.;
-vKry: v.-'-i^ ^
D. Engaged in a lawful volunteer or paid employment activity or.going to or returning home:from;.;ia
a lawful volunteer or
activity, without detouror stop; •
'z -'
/•:•"-•. t c
in response to an emergency;
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n :;n ^-^r-jiyru^ _
F. On the sidewalk abutting the minor's residence or abutting the residencevwhich'lsiimmediately>r - - - vi?.r^ r
adjacentto the minor's residence;
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Attending or going to or returning home, without detour or stop, from a scl;iool.' religious,: r-.x
cultural, sports, amusement, entertainment, or recreation activity; or any organized rally.^demonstration,
meeting or similar activity;
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I. Emancipated in accordance with the California Family Code or other applicable state law.
10.28.120 Constitutional rights.
Nothing in this chapter shall be interpreted to preclude minors from being in a public place for the ' purpose of exercising the rights guaranteed by the First Amendment of the United States Constitution and by Article 1. Sections 2, 3. and 4 of the California Constitution, including the free exercise of
religion, freedom of speech, the right
assembly, and the right to petition.
(Ord. 25397.)
10.28.130 Enforcement procedure.
A. Before taking any enforcement action under Section 10.28.100, a police officer shall ask the ^
reason for being in the public place.
apparent offender's
B. The officer shall not take enforcement action under this chapter unless the officer has probable
cause to believe that neither Section 10.28.120 nor any exemption under Section 10.28.110 applies.
Disclaimer:^
Ttiis Code of Ordinances and/or any other documents that appear on this site may not refect the most current legislation adopted by the Municipality American Legal Publishing Corporation provides these documents for informational purposes or ^ These docurnents should not be relied upon as the definitive authority for local legislabon. Additionally the fomiatting and pagination of the posted documents vanes from the formatting and pagination of the official copy "Die official printed cc^yofa Code of Ordinances shouU be consulted prior to any action being taken,
For further infonnation regarding the offidal version of any of this Code of Ordinances or other documents posted on this site, please contact the Municipalitydirectty or contact American Legal Publishing toll-free at 800-445-5588.
O 2011 American Legal Publishing Coiporation techsijpport@amtegal com
1.800.445.5588
The Impact orjiivenile Curfew Laws in California
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CRiiiiFtiit.
Center on~^uvenlle and Criminal Justice, 54 Dore Street, San Francisco, CA 94103
Tel : (415)
621-566 1 |
08/23/2005 10:50 AM
Fax : (415) 621-5466
[Press Release] [Executive Summary]
CONTACT: Daniel Macallair E-mail: [dmacallair@cjcj.org] Tel: (415) 621-5661 x310
In recent years cities and localities across the country have expanded the use of youth curfews to address growing public concern about juvenile crime and violence. By reducing the number of youths on the street during certain hours, curfews are assumed to lesson the number of circumstances in which youth crime can occur. It is also assumed that curfews reduce youth crime by deterring youths from being on the streets at certain hours out of fear of being arrested. Curfews have been widely-cited by policy makers as an effective tool for reducing youth crime. However, despite these assertions, virtually no comprehensive analysis of the effects of these laws has been completed. This study analyzes arrest data from jurisdictions throughout California, It is hypothesized that jurisdictions with strict curfew enforcement will experience lower overall, and serious crime arrests, than jurisdictions with less strict curfew enforcement. Also, because of their emphasis on youth curfew enforcement, jurisdictions with strict youth curfews will have accelerated rates of youth crime reduction in relation to adult crime trends.
National and California leaders,-including President Bill Clinton, Governor Pete Wilson, and Attorney General Dan Lungren, have endorsed implementation and enforcement of stronger "status" laws (those
imposed on children and youths but not on adults, such as laws criminalizing running away from home, :
truancy, underage drinking, incorrigibility, and presence in public during certain,hours). The last of these, nighttime and schoolday curfews, have won the most attention and have been cited.by Clinton and Lurigren.
for their potential to reduce juvenile crime (Krikorian, 1996; Riccardi, 1997).
Strict curfew, enforcement' ; ..
follows deterrence theory, which argues that "certain, swift,'and severe punishments" willxause-juveniles to •
rationally weigh consequences and commit fewer criminal acts (Lundman, 1993, p. 150). Defenders argue that such laws protect youth and the public from violence and crirninality-and deter violators fromlmorei
.. serious offenses (Reufle, Reynolds and Brantley, 1997). Detractors warn that arresting yoiith foracts thaty. •
would not be crimes if committed by adults violates basic constitutional guarantees,.leads to antagdnism-:
between non-criminal youth and law enforcement, and is an inefficient.wayto deter crime (Har.vard Lawj ii
Review Associarion, 1997).
s -.-i •
Curfews also employ elements of incapacitation theory, though only.if narrowly.-applied. Incapacitation theory holds that most youth crime is caused by a small number of juveniles-who can be identified andr-w ..•
http://www.cjcj.0r3/pubi/curfew/curfew.htjnt
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restrained. Curfews used to incapacitate would be selectively applied only to juveniles who are repeat offenders, not lo all youths. Boston has implemented incapacitory curfews targeting only youths on probation and, initially at least, claims success in preventing homicide. Incapacitory curfews are not evaluated in this paper since California curfews apply to all youths (Lundman 1993).
Instead of presenting controlled data, advocates on both sides have made anecdotal statements to the media such as, "Monrovia, California's, curfew adoption resulted in a 54% decline in daytime burglaries (Riccardi, 1997)." This assertion requires scrutiny since Monrovia had already experienced a 40% decline in juvenile burglaries (and had only 13 juveniles arrested for burglary per year) prior to the curfew's adoption (Criminal Justice Statistics Center, 1978-96). The decline was also not compared to that of cities which did not enforce curfews.
Recently, the U.S. Conference of Mayors surveyed the nation's 1,010 cities with populations more than 30,000, asking if law enforcement authorities would credit their curfews for any recent improvements in juvenile crime. Only one-third, or 347, of the cities responded to this invitation. Of those, 88% claimed their curfew enforcement was responsible for reducing youth crime - even though, the Los Angeles Times reported, the survey "did not include a statistical analysis of the effect curfews have had on crime" (Wilgoren and Fiore, 1997). Recently, the Los Angeles Police Department reported that vigorous curfew enforcement, including 101 task forces of 3,600 officers who wrote 4,800 curfew citations to youths in six months, had no effect on reported crime or juvenile violent crime. This report also did not include a scientific comparison with areas that did not enforce curfews (Lait 1998). Surprisingly, given that curfew arrests of California youth have risen fourfold, (from 5,400 in 1989 to 21,200 in 1996), it appears that no systematic study of California's experience with enforcement of status crime and curfew laws has been undertaken to shed light on whether they deter crime. A search turned up only 25 studies of curfews nationwide (only three in California) since 1990. These reached mixed, often diametrically opposite, conclusions, primarily because all examined philosophical issues rather than analytical studies. None adopted a scientific approach of analyzing the effects of curfew enforcement on juvenile crime over time; nearly all focused on just one jurisdiction rather than examining numerous and diverse experiences with curfews; and none compared jurisdictions which enforced curfews to those which did not (Reufle, Reynolds and Brantley, 1997; Harvard Law Review Association, 1997). Without long term, large scale, and controlled statistical analyses, it is impossible to reach even preliminary conclusions as to whether curfew enforcement reduces, increases, or has no effect compared to the myriad other factors that influence juvenile crime rates. The lack of systematic analysis is all the more surprising given that data.is readily available to test the •
effects of curfews on youth crime.
Statistics on crimes by type, age of arrestee, year, and county are taken directly from the tabialations by the :' California Department of Justice's Law Enforcement Information Center (LEIC), annually 'reported - statewide by Crime & Delinquency in California and county .wide^in- "CaliforniaiCriminal Justice Profile- • ^ .
1980-1994," and statewide and by county in the 1995 and;1996 updates. This study ^uses the LEICs definition of "youth" (age iO-17) and "adult" (age 18-69) and estimates ofpopulation for each'group:in -.--.^ calculation of crime rates. The categories of youth crime examined are: all anrestSi-feroniesj'Violeni felonies^ homicides, property felonies, and misdemeanors (Division of Law Enforcement,^ 1978-95;.Criminal Justice/ ',\ Statistics Center, 1978-1996). "All arrests" and "misdemeanors" do not'include arrests for-status (including ; • curfew) violations. Population figures are from the California Department of Finance's Demographic , ^
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The Impact of Juvenile Curfew Laws m California
C 08/23/200 5
Whether a particular police strategy (i.e., enforcement of curfews) is related to higher or lower levels of youth violence is examined by means of a standard correlation analysis of annual changes in arrest rates (called "differencing"). Correlation by the differencing method factors out the artificial patterns natural to trending series by comparing the year-to-year changes in rates of curfew enforcement with year-to-year changes in rates of other crime. This analysis examines whether year-by-year increases or decreases in the rates of police enforcement of curfews affects the corresponding rates of youth crime. Correlations determine whether Item A is related to Item B positively (A rises as B rises, A falls as B falls), negatively (A rises as B falls, A falls as B rises), or not at all.
The formula produces a statistic in which a perfect positive correlation is 1.00, a perfect negative correlation is -1.00, and no coirelation is 0. If stronger enforcement of curfew laws against youths over the 1980-96 period is significantly negatively correlated with rates of youth crime in a particular county (that is, more curfew arrests were accompanied or followed by lower levels of youth crime), it could be argued as a working hypothesis that law enforcement strategy reduced crime.
Since curfew laws do not apply to adults, we might expect that enforcement of these laws would affect youth crime rates but not adult crime rales. Thus, both raw youth crime rales and net youth crime rates (expressed as a ratio to adult crime rales) for each year, type of crime, and state/county/city jurisdiction are compared. Three different analyses are conducted:
(1) Statewide curfew arrest rates and crime rates separated by race/ethnicity for all youths in aggregate and for California's four major groups (White non-Hispanic, Hispanic, Black non- Hispanic, and Asian/other non-Hispanic) are compared for the 1978-96 period, the maximum lime for which reliable statistics exist. The analysis of six types of crime for all groups in aggregate plus the four racial groups yields 30 separate correlations (six limes five) for raw youth crime rates, and 30 for youth crime rates net of adult crime rates.
A statewide comparison of total crime arrests and curfew arrests is also provided. This analysis is intended to examine a possible relationship between raw curfew arrests and overall arrest patterns.
It might be argued that gross statewide statistics would fail lo capture local variations. Therefore, two local analyses are also performed:
(2) County curfew arrest rales and youth crime rates are compared'for the I2.most populous . -
counties for the 1980-96 period; again» the maximum time for which reliable figures are
_.. available for all counties. The counties examined are Alameda, Contra Gosta. Fresno,'Los- -i. ; - ...
Angeles, Orange, Riverside, Sacramento, San Bernardino, San Diego,; San Francisco, Santa . Clara, and Ventura (see appendix tables). Together, these counties totaled'.22 million in; ji:. L-.^" .:
population in 1995 and accounted for 90% of the slate's arrests. This analysis of 12 counties for- • •" • ' six types of crime yields 72 separate correlations for raw, and 72 for net, youth .'crime rates. San- ' cf 'i . ^ Jose and San Francisco are compared separately. ^ n rj::-:::. •r;;-:-:,;.:.-' r-J
(3) Local curfew and youth crime rates and trends for all cities over 100,000 population in.Los .. Angeles and Orange counties, 21 in all, are compared for the,1990-96 period.(see-appendix;.- :;'' tables for list). This analysis examines felony crime rates and burglary rates, the latter due to^- ~ the fact that burglary is often cited as particularly affected by curfewand status" lawt-^;; z'vx/. >.i L.iy •-• ^ crackdowns. This analysis of 21 cities for two major types of crirne (felonies and;burglaries) • -. yields 42 separate correlations over time for the 1990-96 period, and 12'separate.correlations for - - '"^
http://www.cjcj.org/pubs/curfew/curfew.hlinl
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The Impact of Juvenile Curfew Laws in Californja
08/23/20OS 10:50 AM
the two types of crime for each of the six years, 1990 through 1995, the latter the most recent available. A separate analysis of Monrovia is presented as a case study.
Statistical analysis provides no support for the proposition that stricter curfew enforcement reduces youth crime either absolutely or relative to adults, by location, by city, or by type of crime. Curfew enforcement generally had no discernible effect on youth crime. In those few instances in which a significant effect was found, it was more likely to be positive (that is, greater curfew enforcement was associated with higher rates of juvenile crime) than negative.
(1) Statewide analysis.
Of the 30 correlations of statewide rates of youth crime by race/ethnicity for the 1978-96 period, seven were significantly positive, none were significantly negative, and 23 showed no effect (see table one). Of the 30 correlations of net youth crime rates compared to adult rates, four were significantly positive, none were negative, and 26 were not significant.
Greater curfew enforcement was associated with significantly higher absolute rates of misdemeanor arrest for whites, Hispanics, Asians, and all youth in aggregate. Curfew enforcement was also associated with higher rates of violent crime by Asian youth and with higher rates of all types of arrest (subtracting curfew arrests) among white and Asian youth. No significant effect was found on rates of juvenile arrests for property crime, violent crime, homicide, all felonies, or all offenses.
When stricter curfew enforcement in each year was compared to juvenile crime rales in the following year (on the theory that perhaps curfew laws have delayed effects), no significant effects were found for either absolute or net rates of juvenile crime (compared to adults'). In only two of 60 comparisons were significant results found, and both were positive. Conclusion: curfew enforcement does not reduce youth crime over time for any racial/ethnic group on a statewide basis.
(2) Correlations by county over time and by locale.
Of 72 correlations for absolute rates of six types of crime in the 12 largest counties for 1980-96? five were .:- significantly positive, none were negative, and 67 were not significant. A similar pattern emerged when 72" correlations for net rate of six types of crime in the 12 largest counties for l980-96 were examined'. Four
were significantly positive, none were negative, and 68 were not significant., ' r -
.• ^ * • , -
Curfew arrest rates were positively correlated with youth misdemeanor arrest rates as a whole,* both on an if.
absolute and net basis. Riverside and San Diego counties showed significant increases in'juvenileu ' 'i
in violence arrests, and San Francisco in felony and total arrests. Orange County showed significantly higher ... net rates of youth property crime and total arrests compared to adult rates associated with greater curfew. ^ • enforcement; Riverside showed higher net levels of juvenile misdemeanor arrests and Santa jElara County • had higher rates of youth homicide. No county showed a significant decrease in any. kind of yolith crime,
either on an absolute or net basis, associated with greater curfew enforcement:
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http;//www(Jcj.org/pubs/curfew/curfew,html
The Impact of Juvemie Curfew Laws in California
(3) County-by-county comparisons.
It might be argued that in locales with stronger status/curfew law enforcement, youth crime levels (rates) would be reduced. California counties are laboratories for the study of this question. Compared to the stale average, Fresno (2.1 times higher), San Diego (1.8), Los Angeles (1.6), Ventura (1.6) and Santa Clara (1.2) counties have curfew arrest rates dozens of times higher than San Francisco (0), Sacramento (0.01), Alameda (0.09) and Riverside (0.25). Youth violent crime levels in 1995-96 varied sixfold, from 1,779 per 100,000 youths in San Francisco County to 285 in Riverside. Youth property felony rates range from 1,727 in San Francisco and 1,685 in Fresno to 689 in Riverside (San Francisco's rates are elevated because it is the only county wholly comprised of a city). Relative to adults, the youth felony arrest rate is 1.51 times higher in Santa Clara and 1.44 times higher in Fresno, twice the net youth felony rate of Riverside (0.75). Rates of status crime arrests varied twentyfold, from 1,363 per 100,000 in Fresno County and 1,300 in San Diego to 60 in Sacramento.
If strong curfew enforcement reduces youth crime,
net youth crime rates relative lo adult crime rates in high
curfew enforcement counties should be lower than in low curfew enforcement counties. Again, this is not the case. In 1995-96, greater rates of curfew enforcement are associated with higher levels of youth property crime and no significant effect on other types of crime. In particular, much publicized curfew crackdowns in Fresno, San Diego and Santa Clara counties were followed by higher levels of youth crime in every category, both absolutely and relative to adult crime. Conversely, low enforcement counties such as Riverside and Sacramento have lower rates of youth crime relative to adult crime. Other counties show mixed results. Overall, no significant trends are evident.
(4) Correlations by city over time and location.
Cities in Los Angeles and Orange Counties show widely varying patterns of curfew enforcement. Burbank, Fullerton, and West Covina display high rates of status and curfew arrest; Pasadena and Anaheim very low rates; Los Angeles and Huntington Beach show rapidly increasing rates in the mid-1990s after low rates of enforcement in the early part of the decade. Even given these dramatic differences, no consistent effects of curfew arrest on local youth crime could be found. While more significant results were found due to small numbers and extreme values produced by certain cities, they were more likely to show curfew and status crime enforcement associated with higher levels of youth felony and burglary arrest than with lower levels. Monrovia in particular showed youth crime increases associated with its daytime curfew ..-
Of the 42 correlations of curfew arrest rates with youth crime'rates in 2rmajor Los Angelesiand Orange County cities for 1990-95, nine were significantly positive, seven were negativei'ahd^26:were:n6t:-.'-^w--. \-/ .
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Similar results were found for the 12 correlations comparing local status and^youth.felony^ahd burglary. ?
arrest rates by year for 1990 through 1995. '
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The year-by-year analysis shows that in no case did ciiies with stricterxurfew^ enforcement show.lower than^.^ expected levels of juvenile crime compared to corresponding adult crinie rates; the" opposite" was more likely to be the case.
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C 08/23/2005 10:50 AM
Statistical analysis does not support the claim that curfew and other status enforcement reduces any type of juvenile crime, either on an absolute (raw) basis or relative to adult crime rates. The consistency of results of these three different kinds of analysis of curfew laws point to the ineffectiveness of these measures in reducing youth crime. California counties display a number of interesting extremes.
In 1996, for example, Los Angeles arrested 10,800 youths for curfew violations, ten times more than in 1987. Supporters cite the 30% decline in youth crime from 1990 to 1994. Yet adult crime declined at the same rate, in almost identical fashion, for each category. The bottom line was that LA's rate of youth felonies relative to adults' (which had previously fallen rapidly from 1980 to 1987) was the same in 1996 as it was a decade earlier
Also, a comparison of San Francisco and San Jose reveals similar patterns. Despite San Jose's much toted curfew law, no effect on youth crime trends can be demonstrated. The San Jose figures contrast with San Francisco, where curfew arrests were almost nonexistent during this same period. As San Francisco's curfew arrests went down, its juvenile arrest rate declined.
Finally, of much greater significance in crime control is the fact that rates of serious crime among youths are strongly correlated with those of adults around them, both by local area and over time. Significant positive correlations (that is, youth and.adult crime rates rise and fall together) were found between rates of youth and adult violent, property, felony, and homicide arrests for the 12 largest counties and for the state as a whole (see table 7) (Criminal Justice Statistics Center, 1978-1996).
Youth and adult felony rates were correlated for all four major racial groups, as were violent and property crime arrests for all racial groups except whites, homicide rates for whites and Hispanics, and misdemeanor rates for Asians. Whiere adult crime rises or falls, youth crime rises or falls in tandem; where adults display a high rate of violent crime arrests, youths also display a high rate of violent crime arrests.
Law enforcement authorities have stated that they enforce curfew laws evenhandedly. For most major counties, this appears to be true. Arrestrates of white (non-Hispanic) youth are reasonably similar to those of Hispanics, blacks, and Asians. However, four large counties display discrepant racial/ethnic statistics. In Ventura County, curfew arrests of Hispanic and black youths are 8.4 times and 7.4 times higher, respectively, than those of white youths. In Fresno and Santa Clara counties, Hispanic youths are five times, and black youths three times, more likely to be arrested for curfew.violations than are white youths. Los " Angeles authorities arrest Hispanic and black youths for curfew violations at rates two to.three times that of :
It could also be argued that greater curfew enforcement evidences more proactive policing .whichrin turni-.
might result in more juvenile arrests for other offenses. In, this.sense, curfews would.be.seen as^serving an - incapacitation goal by selectively detaining youths likely to commit crime; Although this possibility, cannot. :
be categorically refuted with this data, it seems implausible as a general explanation
the. chief effect ;--.;;,
of greater curfew enforcement is not its effect on youth crime: If curfew arrests signaled more proactivey - policing, and greater police contacts with curfew violators who may also be offenders:in other regards, we would expect a consistent increase in non-curfew arrests coincident with curfew arrests:^This is not the case;.- . effects are inconsistent. Second, in Monrovia, the months showing higher levels of curfew aitests coincided- ••• not only with more juvenile arrests for other offenses, but with higher levels of criniinalactivity as; ' •
measured by crimes reported to police. More reported crime is>the:opposite,of!the;effect^expected-if curfews: • served an incapacitating goal. Finally, examination of a random sample of Monrovia's pbliceilogs.of several ' ' dozen curfew citations reveals only one that could have coincided .with arrest for. an. additional offense; andl
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The Impaa of Juvenile Curfew Laws in California
it is not clear which offense provided police attention.
08/23/2005 10.50 AM
In recent years curfew laws are frequently cited by public officials and law enforcement authorities as essential elements in reducing crime in their communities. Despite widespread endorsement of this policy approach, virtually no substantive analysis, prior to this study, has been completed that tests the hypothesis that tougher curfew enforcement reduces juvenile crime. Through an analysis of official data, this research compared the relative crime rates of jurisdictions with strict curfew enforcement and jurisdictions with less curfew enforcment. In addition, the study examined the effects of curfew enforcement on specific types of crime and the impact of curfew enforcement on juvenile crime rates relative to adults.
The current available data provides no basis to the belief that curfew laws are an effective way for communities to prevent youth crime and keep young people safe. On virtually every measure, no discemable effect on juvenile crime was observed. In fact, in many jurisdictions serious juvenile crime increased at the very time officials were toting the crime reduction effects of strict curfew enforcement.
Curfews also may be regarded as a "panacea" approach to juvenile crime. Panacea approaches, especially those perceived to entail little cost, usually have been found satisfying to proponents but wanting in terms of effect. For example, independent replications of Scared Straight, a program that employs verbal confrontations of juvenile delinquents by menacing prisoners, disputed the program's 90% success rate claim. Finckenauer's evaluations found that not only did Scared Straight sessions (which involved swaggering convicts loudly threatening youths with violence and mayhem should they be imprisoned) fail to deter delinquency, the only question was whether the session provoked increased criminality (1982).
The research suggests that the solutions to juvenile crime often championed by law enforcment agencies and public officials must be closely examined. Based on the current evidence, a crime reduction strategy founded solely on law enforcment intervention has little effect and suggests that solutions are more complex and multifaceted. Future policy and research should focus on the potential crime reduction effects of prevention strategies that provide a comprehensive array of services, opportunities, and interventions. While this approach is likely to require a substandal infusion of public resources, the long term benefits may prove worth the investment.
Criminal Justice Statisfics Center (1978-1996). California Criminal Justice-Profile
Vos Angles.
County. Orange County, Sacramento, CA: California Department of Justice. -r
'~ • • •
Division of Law Enforcement (1978-1996). Crime and Delinquency in Califoriiia, I978-.1995. Sacramento,r
CA: California Department of Justice.
v-t'- i
i^f .j- si^ o
Finckenauer, James O. 1982. Scared Straight! and the Panacea Phenomenon;.Ehglewbod Cliffs; NJ:^.:,
- • nt
.i.-i-
Harvard Law Review Association (1994). Curfews May Be Ineffective and Discriminatory: In Bender D.v
and Leone, B., eds. (1997). Juvenile Crime: Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego; .CA: Gi^eenhaven.Press,' 1,93-' ..
hnp7/www.cJcJ.org/pubs/cuffew/curfew.himl
The Impact of juvenile Curfew Uws in California
C 08/23/2005 10 50 AM
Johnson, R. (1998, January 8). Deposition Testimony. Harrahill vs. Santaro. Superior Court of the State of California, County of Los Angeles. Case Number BC 170089, Volume II, 94-105.
Lundman, Richard J. 1993. Prevention and Control of Juvenile Delinquency. Second Edition. New York:
Krikorian, G. (1996, August 11). Violent Youth Crime Arrests Decline. Los Angeles Times, A15.
Lait M. (1998, 10 February). Report Questions Teen Curfews. The Los Angeles Times, A15.
Lundman, R.L. (1993). Prevention and Control of Juvenile Delinquency, New York: Oxford Press.
Monrovia Police Department (1992-1997). Monthly report summary, arrests, incidents report to police. Monthly Report. Monrovia, CA. Available from January 1992 through July 1997.
Ruefle, Reynolds and Brantley (1995). Curfews Can Be Effective'and Constitutional. In Bender D., and Leone, B., eds. (1997). Juvenile Crime: Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 187-192.
Wilgoren, J., and Fiore, F. (1997, December 2). Curfews Cited For Drop In Juvenile Crime. Los Angeles Times,Al, A26, A27.
This site and its contents © 2002 Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
http7/www.cjcJ.org/pubs/curfew/curfew.htnil
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Why Curfews Don't Work ] Politics & Government | Oakland, Berkeley, Bay Area & California |
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in the aftermath of the tragic daytime shooting of tbree-year-old Carlos Nava this summer, Oakland Couucilmen Larry Reid and Ignacio De La Puente renewed their call for a youth curfew in the city. Even though the suspects in Nava's killing are adults, the couDcilmen contend that Oakland pohce need as many law enforcement took as possible to cope with this year's spike in
violent crime. Their proposal, which would make it illegal for youth under the age of eighteen to be out past to p.m. without a parent or guardian, also has been endorsed recently by the Oaklaai TVibune editorial board, and has been pushed by JViftune columnist Tammerlin Drummond and San Francisco CAront'cfe columnist Chip Johnson.
However, a closer look at youth curfews reveals that there's little evidence that they lower juvenile crime rates in other cities, and instead can waste precious
Some civil rights and juvenile crime experts, including
Alameda County Probation Chief David Muhammad, also say that youth curfews have the potential to damage already strained relationships between police and black and Latino youth, and if not implemented properly, can lead to racial profiling. In addition, curfews must be worded carefully, or th^ will be overturned by the courts as unconstitutional. The City of San Diego, for example, has twice bad its youth curfew invalidated by appellate courts for violating young people's basic rights.
Over the years, there have been \-ery few studies on the effectK'eness of youth curfews, even though hundreds of cities have adopted such laws. A Februaiy 200g memo that the Oakland Polke Department co-authored with Reid's office had to reach back to the early* and mid-1990s to find drops in juvenile crime in three cities with youth curfews — E>allas, Denver, and Long Beach. Each of those cities reported decreases in youth crime in the year immediately following the adoption of curfews. However, the OPD memo did not report whether those cities also experienced drops in adult crime during the same period, so it's unclear whether the curfews were actually responsible for declines in youth crime.
According to Daniel Macallair, executive direaor of the Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice in San Francisco, it's a common problem when examining
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Why Curfews Don't Work [ Politics & Government | Oakland, Berkeley, Bay Area & California [
curi'ews. His onsaniiation is one of the few to thoroughly analyze curfews. The 1999 study, published in Western Oiminofoyj/ Review, analyeed adult and juvenile crime statistics from 1980 to 1996 in California cities with youth curfews. It found that there was no correlation between youth curfews and crime by or against juveniles, even in cities that strictly enforced their curfew laws.
Moreover, cities that experienced drops in juvenile crime aCler adopti&g curfews also saw similar declines in adult crime during the same time periods, meaning that the curfews were likely unrelated to the downward crime trends. In addition, cities with curfews that experienced juvenile crime drops typically wtre also surrounded by other cities that saw the same declines and had no curfew laws. "It's a common misconception," Macallair said, regarding the belief that curfews work. "According to the studies, (here's just no relationship between youth curfews and crime reduction. Kone. Nothing demonstrates that curfews have had any impact on crime."
In an interview, De La Fuente said he doesn't view curfews as a panacea. Instead, he said he sees them as another crime-fighting weapon that Oakland police need at their disposal. "No one is saying that curfews will stop crime by themselves," De La Fuente said 'But it'soneof many things — like gang injunctions and monitoring parolees. We need to do something. We are in a crisis. People are dying."
De La Fuente said he hopes to get the curfew proposal before the city council later this month. In early 20Q9, the last time he and Reid proposed a curfew, it tailed to gel out of the council's Public Safety Committee because of widespread opposition. But the proposal may have a better chance this time because the Nava killing, along with several other shocking murders this year, may galvanizesupportforit.
But if there's little evidence that youth curfews work, are they worth it? Juvenile crime experts say that the problem with enforcing curfews is that it requires police officers to divert valuable lime from crime prevention and patrol. If an officer, for example, comes across a teen who is out past 10 p.m., the officer is required to either take the kid home or to a late-night, police department-run >-outh center. According to the 2009 OPD memo, each such occurrence likely would take up to sixty minutes of the officer's time.
And it could be much longer than that if the cop decides to arrest a r^a t violatorof the curfew ordinance. In that case, it could take several hours to fill out a police report, and then transfer the youth to Alameda County Juvenile Hall in San Leandro, where the youth likely will be released as soon as a parent or guardian comes to get him or her — unless Cheyouth was also arrested for a ' more serious crime, noted Probation Chief Muhammad, whose department operates Juvenile Hall.
Oakland police spokeswoman Holly Joshi said that Police Chief Anthony Batts, who has also pushed for a curfew, was out of town until September 12 and unavailable for an interview for this stoiy. Batts' direct supervisor, Ci ^ Administrator Deanna Santana, declined to comment on her experiences with curfews in San Jose when she vt-as an assistant city manager there. San tana's current boss. Mayor Jean Quan, opposes curfev*3, and has been criticiced by De La Fuente and the CTironicle's Chip Johnson for her stance. Josbi said that no other pohce department official was prepared to comment on the curfew idea because the department has not yet drafted an ol^ciat proposal.
In 2009, however, the department apparently realized the costs of enforcing a curfew and the headaches it would create for patrol officers. So the department proposed to enforce the curfew, if adopted, only twelve times a year during special police sweeps using off-duty cops who would be paid overtime. "OPD does not currently have the capacity to run daily operations," the 2009 memo
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Why Curfews Don't Work | Politics & Government | Oakland, Berkeley, Bay Area & California |
explained. As a result, the department planned to deploy one sergeant at $81.62 an hour, and eight officers at $70.74 an hour during the seven-hour sweeps. The department estimated that the cost of twelve sweeps, along with operating late-night curfew centers, would be $75,290.36. It should be noted that at the lime, the department had 800 cops, compared to about 650 now, and thus would likely propose sweeps again to enforce a curfew since it now has fewer officers on patrol and can't afford to divert them to arresting kids who are out late. The city's finances also have nosedived during the interim, so it's im clear how Oakland woukl pay for such sweeps today.
Another flaw in the 2009 OPD proposal was that it failed to consider that }-outh are much more likely to commit crimes during the day orearly evening. According to Macallair, crime statistics show that youths are most likely to commit crimes from 3 p.m, to 6 p.m., when they get out of school. According to the 2009 OPD memo, just 23 percent of youth crime occurs between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m., when a cui^ew would be in effect. By contrast, 77 percent of youth crime in Oakland occurs during the day orevening when there would be no curfew.
Youth curfews also target the wrong people. According to the FBI, up to 90 percent of serious crimes in the United States are committed by adults each year. In addition, when juveniles break the law, it tends to be less serious. Muhammad noted that of 400 youths arrested on average each month in Alameda County, only 125 are brought to Ju\'enile Hall. The rest are released to their parents or guardians because the crimes the youths are suspected of committing aren't serious enough to warrant being locked up. In short, instituting a curfew in Oakland is unlikely lo impaa this year's rise in violent crime.
A curfew, if targeted mostly at >'outh in West and East Oakland, also runs the risk of further harming the already poor relationship that many youth of color in the city have with police. In the 2009 OPD memo, the department said it would train officers to not engage in racial profiling, but the memo abosaid that the sweeps woukl target "specific" areas Uased on prevailing crime trends of juveniles as either victims or suspects," In other wonls: West and East Oakland. Th^'renot going to doing this on Lakeshore [Avenue], stopping kids from Piedmont High; they're not going to be doing this in Rockridge, stopping kids ftom Berkeley High,' noted Jim Chanin, an East Bay civil rights attorn^.
Some civil rights advocates also contend that curfews are actually
to gel kids off the street at night, but to give police officers a legal reason to approach them, and then possibly arrest them for other minor offenses. "It's all about giving police probable cause to stop people," Chanin said. The 2009 OPD memo noted that even though the department only planned to enforce a curfew during special sweeps, individual officers were still free to enforce it on their own.
Finally, there's the issue of whether curfews are constitutional. Over the past two decades, appeflate courts throughout the nation have o^•ertttmed youth curfews for violating the basic rights of young people. In Februaty 2010, a state appellate court threw out San Diego's curfew ordinance for a second time, ruling that it was too broad and unlawfully infringed on the rights of youths to participate in legitimate, legal activities after 10 p.m. The San Diego City Council later rewrote its curfew law again in attempt to pass muster with the courts.
So why do cities continue to turn to curfews when th^' present so many problems? Juvenile crime experts say it's somewhat common for politicians and pundits to push for curfews during violent crime waves. At such times, people desperately want to do something to stanch the bloodshed. And
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curfews, on the surface, seem like a logical answer. After all, who thinks kids should be out on the streets at all hours of the night?
But from Muhammad's perspective, there are more effective ways to deal with juvenile crime. He said, for example, that if probation, parole, police, and school officials worked closely with crime-prevention groups they would be able to identify and target the relatively small number of young people who are committing most of the violent crime in the city — "without casting this broad net that ensnares people who sbouldn'I be,"
http;//www.eastbayexpress.com/ebx/why-curfews-dont-work/Content?oid=T2979555ssAOfr''V'^
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Oakland Police Department Crime Analysis
Crimes Involving Juveniles Victims - Suspects - Arrests 2010-YTD (140ctl3}
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Homicide (187)
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