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⭐Richard R. James, INCE - Exhibit List
Richard R. James, INCE - Exhibit List
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1 Richard R. James, INCE - Exhibit List RJ-01 Direct Testimony of Richard R. James and CV Page RJ-02 The how to guide to siting wind turbines to prevent health risks from 8 sound, George W. Kamperman, P.E., and Richard R. James, INCE, October, RJ-03 Wind Turbine Noise-What Audiologists Should Know, Richard R. 9 James and Jerry Punch, Audiology Today, July/August RJ-04 Wind Energy Industry Acknowledgement of Adverse Health Effects, 9 Part 1 & Part 2 (detailed analysis), Society for Wind Vigilance, January 2010 RJ-05 Low frequency noise from large wind turbines, Henrik Moller & 9 Christian Sejer Pederson, June 11, 2010 (+ original in Danish) RJ-06 Research Plans for Improving Understanding of Effects of Very Low- 10 Frequency Noise of Heavy Lift Rotorcraft, Fidell, Horonjeff, Schmitz, NASA, February RJ-07 Wind Turbine Acoustics, Hubbard, Shepherd, NASA December RJ-08 Application of Ray Theory to Propagation of Low Frequency Noise 10 from Wind Turbines, NASA, July 1987 RJ-09 Potential Health Impact of Wind Turbines, CMOH Report, May RJ-10 Summary of Recent Research on Adverse Health Effects of Wind 10 Turbines, Sterling with Krogh, October 2009 RJ-11 Measurement and sound quality issues concerning low-frequency noise, 10 Bray, October 2007 RJ-12 Comments of Swinbanks on AWEA/CANWEA White Paper Wind 10 Turbine Sound & Health Effects April 14,2010 RJ-13 Rebuttal of MJWagner s statement to Huron County Planning 10 Commission, April 14, 2010 RJ-14 Swinbanks Comments to MPSC on Setbacks & Noise, December 9, (for PSC-MI docket U-15899) RJ-15 CV of Dr. Swinbanks 10 RJ-16 An Analysis of the Epidemiology and Related Evidence on the Health 10 Effects of Wind Turbines on Local Residents, Carl Phillips, July 3, 2010 (for PSC-WI docket 1-AC-231) RJ-17 Exhibit RJ-17 Wind Energy Facilities Local Law, Hartsville, New 10 York RJ-18 WHO 2007/2009 Night Noise Guidelines, excerpt 11 RJ-19 Proposed criteria in residential communities for low-frequency noise 11 emissions from industrial sources, Hessler, RJ-20 Noise Impact Assessment, Cape Vincent, Hessler, October 22, RJ-21 Background sound measurements and analysis in the vicinity of Cape 42 Vincent, New York, Schomer, May RJ-22 New study disputes Cape noise levels, NYTimes, June 23, RJ-23 Letter to Supervisor Hirschey, Town of Cape Vincent, Schomer, April 23,2 Testimony of Rick James, INCE Exhibit RJ-023 October 28, 2008 Version 2.1 THE HOW TO GUIDE TO SITING WIND TURBINES TO PREVENT HEALTH RISKS FROM SOUND By: George W. Kamperman, P.E., INCE Bd. Cert. Member Emeritus Fellow Member, Acoustical Society of America National Council of Acoustical Consultants Kamperman Associates Inc Wisconsin Dells, Wisconsin and Richard R. James, INCE INCE, Full Member E-Coustic Solutions Okemos, Michigan "A subset of society should not be forced to bear the cost of a benefit for the larger society." 1 I. Introduction A new source of community noise is spreading rapidly across the rural U.S. countryside. Industrial-scale wind turbines (WT), a common sight in many European countries, are now actively promoted by federal and state governments in the U.S. as a way to reduce coal-powered electrical generation and global warming. The presence of industrial wind projects is expected to increase dramatically over the next few years, given the tax incentives and other economic and political support currently available for renewable energy projects in the U.S. As a part of the widespread enthusiasm for renewable energy, state and local governments are promoting Model Ordinances for siting industrial wind farms which establish limits for noise and other potential hazards. These are used to determine where wind projects can be located in communities, which are predominantly rural and often extremely quiet during the evening and night. Yet, complaints about noise from residents near existing industrial wind turbine installations are common. This raises serious questions about whether current state and local government siting guidelines for noise are sufficiently protective for people living close to the wind turbine developments. Research is emerging that suggests significant health effects are associated with living too close to modern industrial wind turbines. Research into the computer modeling and other methods used to determine the layout of wind turbine developments, including the distance from nearby residences, is at the same time showing that the output of the models may not accurately predict sound propagation. The models are used to make decisions about how close a turbine can be to a home or other sensitive property. The errors in the predicted sound levels can easily result in inadequate setback distances thus exposing the property owner to noise pollution and potential health risks. Current information suggests the models should not be used for siting decisions unless known errors and tolerances are applied to the results. Our formal presentation and paper on this topic (Simple guidelines for siting wind turbines to prevent health risks) is an abbreviated version of this essay. The formal paper was presented to the Institute of Noise Control Engineers (INCE) at its July Noise-Con 2008 conference in Detroit, MI, A copy of 1 George S. Hawkins, Esq., One Page Takings Summary: U.S Constitution and Local Land Use, Stony Brook Millstone Watershed Association; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. Fifth Amendment, US Constitution George W. Kamperman, Richard R. James All Rights Reserved Prepared for Goodhue, MN Hearing All excerpts must credit the authors4 Siting Wind Turbines October 28, 2008 To Prevent Health Risks From Sound Version 2.1 the paper is included at the end of this document. The formal paper covered the community noise studies performed in response to complaints, research on health issues related to wind turbine noise, critiques of noise studies performed by consultants working for the wind developer, and research/technical papers on wind turbine sound immissions and related topics. The formal paper also reviewed sound studies conducted by consultants for governments, the wind turbine owner, or the local residents for a number of sites with known health or annoyance problems. The purpose was to determine if a set of simple guidelines using dba and dbc sound levels can serve as the safe siting guidelines for noise and its effects on communities and people. The papers considered in our review included, but were not limited to, those listed in Tables 1-4 on pages 2 through 4 of the Noise-Con document. This essay expands upon the Noise Con paper and includes information to support the findings and recommended criteria. We are proposing very specific, yet reasonably simple to implement and assess criteria for audible and non-audible sound on adjacent properties and also present a sample noise ordinance and the procedures needed for pre-construction sound test, computer model requirements and follow-up tests (including those for assessing compliance). The purpose of this expanded paper is to outline a rational, evidence-based set of criteria for industrial wind turbine siting in rural communities, using: 1) A review of the European and other wind turbine siting criteria and existing studies of the prevalence of noise problems after construction; 2) Primary review of sound studies done in a variety of locations in response to wind turbine noise complaints (Table 1); 3) Review of publications on health issues for those living in close proximity to wind turbines (Table 2); 4) Review of critiques of pre-construction developer noise impact statements (Table 3); and 5) Review of technical papers on noise propagation and qualities from wind turbines (Table 4). The Tables are on pages 2-4 of the formal paper. We also cite standard international criteria for community noise levels and allowances for low-frequency noise. The specific sections are: 1. Introduction (This section) 2. Results of Literature Review and Sound Studies 3. Development of Siting Criteria 4. Proposed Sound Limits 5. How to Include the Recommended Criteria in Local or State Noise Ordinances 6. Elements of a Wind Energy System Licensing Ordinance 7. Measurement Procedures (Appendix to Ordinance) 8. The Noise-Con 2008 paper Simple guidelines for siting wind turbines to prevent health risks with revisions not in the paper included in the conference s Proceedings. The construction of large WT (industrial wind turbines) projects in the U.S. is a relatively recent phenomenon, with most projects built after Other countries, especially in Europe, have been using wind energy systems (WES) since the early 1990 s or earlier. These earlier installations generally used turbines of less than 1 MW capacity with hub heights under 61 m (200 feet). Now, many of these earlier turbines reaching the end of their useful life, are being replaced with the 2008 G. W. Kamperman and R. R. James Page 2 Prepared for Goodhue, MN Hearing5 Siting Wind Turbines October 28, 2008 To Prevent Health Risks From Sound Version 2.1 larger 1.5 to 3 MW units. Thus, the concepts and recommendations in this article, developed for the 1.5 MW and larger turbines being build in the U.S, may also be applicable abroad. II. Results of Literature Review and Sound Studies In the U.K. there are currently about 133 operating WT developments. Many of these have been in operation for over 10 years. The Acoustic Ecology Institute 2 (AEI) reported that a Special Report for the British government titled Wind Energy Noise Impacts, 3 found that about 20% of the wind farms in the U.K. generated most of the noise complaints. Another study commissioned by British government, from the consulting firm Hayes, McKensie, reported that only five of 126 wind farms in the U.K. reported problems with the noise phenomenon known as aerodynamic modulation. 4 Thus, experience in the U. K. shows that not all WT projects lead to community complaints. AEI posed an important question: What are the factors in those wind farms that may be problematic, and how can we avoid replicating these situations elsewhere? As experienced industrial noise consultants ourselves, we would have expected the wind industry, given the U.K. experience, to have attempted to answer this question, conducting extensive research -- using credible independent research institutions -- before embarking on wind power development in the U.S. The wind industry was aware, or should have been aware, that 20% of British wind energy projects provoked complaints about noise and/or vibration, even in a country with more stringent noise limits than in the U.S. The wind industry complies with stricter noise limits in the U.K. and other countries than it does in the U.S., for example 5 : Australia: higher of 35 dba or L dba Denmark: 40 dba France: L dba (night) and L dba (day) Germany: 40 dba Holland: 40 dba United Kingdom: 40 dba (day) and 43 dba or L dba (night) Illinois: Octave frequency band limits of about 50 dba (day) and about 46 dba (night) Wisconsin: 50 dba Michigan: 55 dba Industry representatives on state governmental committees have worked to establish sound limits and setbacks that are lenient and favor the industry. In Michigan, for example, the State Task Force (working under the Department of Labor and Economic Growth) recommended in its Siting Guidelines for Wind Energy Systems that the limits be set at 55 dba or L dba, whichever is higher. In Wisconsin, the State Task Force has recommended 50 dba. When Wisconsin's Town of Union wind turbine committee made an open records request to find out the scientific basis for the sound levels and setbacks in the state's draft model ordinance, it found that no scientific or medical data was used at all. Review of the meeting minutes provided 2 (http://www.acousticecology.org/srwind.html) 3 AEI is a 501(c)3 non profit organization based in Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA. The article is available at 4 Study review available at: 5 Ramakrishnan, Ph. D., P. Eng., Ramani, Wind Turbine Facilities Noise Issues Dec Prepared for the Ontario Ministry of Environment G. W. Kamperman and R. R. James Page 3 Prepared for Goodhue, MN Hearing6 Siting Wind Turbines October 28, 2008 To Prevent Health Risks From Sound Version 2.1 under the request showed that the limits had been set by Task Force members representing the wind industry. 6 This may explain why state level committees or task forces have drafted ordinances with upper limits of 50 dba or higher instead of the much lower limits applied to similar projects in other countries. There is no independent, scientific or medical support for claims that locating 400+ foot tall wind turbines as close as 1000 feet (or less) to non-participating properties will not create noise disturbances, economic losses or other risks. 7 But, there is considerable independent research supporting that this will result in public health risks and other negative impacts on people and property. To illustrate the way a typical WT developer responds to a question raised by a community committee about noise and health the following example is presented and discussed: Q: 19. What sound standards will EcoEnergy ensure that the turbines will be within, based on the setbacks EcoEnergy plans to implement, and what scientific and peer reviewed data do you have to ensure and support there will be no health and safety issues to persons within your setbacks? Answer: As mentioned, turbines are sited to have maximum sound level of 45dBA. These sound levels are well below levels causing physical harm. Medical books on sound indicate sound levels above 80 90dBA cause physical (health) effects. The possible effects to a person's health due to "annoyance" are impossible to study in a scientific way, as these are often mostly psychosomatic, and are not caused by wind turbines as much as the individuals obsession with a new item in their environment. From EcoEnergy s Response to the Town of Union Health & Safety Research Questionnaire By Curt Bjurlin, M.S., Wes Slaymaker, P.E., Rick Gungel, P.E., EcoEnergy, L.L.C., submitted to Town of Union, Wisconsin and Mr. Kendall Schneider, on behalf of the Town of Union A serious question was asked and it deserves a responsible answer. The committee, charged with fact-finding, sought answers they presumed would be based on independent, peer-reviewed studies. Instead, the industry response was spurious and misleading, and did not address the question. It stated that the turbines will be located so as to produce maximum sound levels of 45 dba, the tone and context implying that 45 dba is fully compatible with the quiet rural community setting. No acknowledgement is made of the dramatic change this will be for the noise environment of nearby families. No mention is made of how the WT, once in operation, will raise evening and nighttime background sound levels from the existing background levels of 20 to 30 dba to 45 dba. There is no disclosure of the considerable low frequency content of the WT sound; in fact, there are often claims to the contrary. They fail to warn that the home construction techniques used for modern wood frame homes result in walls and roofs that cannot block out WT low frequencies. There is no mention of the nighttime sound level recommendations set by the World Health Organization (WHO) in its reports, Guidelines for Community Noise 8 and Report on the third 6 Lawton, Catharine M., Letter to Wisconsin s Guidelines and Model Ordinances Ad Hoc Subcommittee of the Wisconsin Wind Power Siting Collaborative in Response to Paul Helgeson s 9/20/00 Wisconsin Wind Ordinance Egroups E Mail Message, Sept. 20, 2000, a Public Record obtained through Open Meetings Act request by the Town of Union, Wisconsin, Large Wind Turbine Citizens Committee. 7 It is worth noting that the version of the Vestas Mechanical Operating and Maintenance Manual for the model V MW VCRS 60 Hz turbine includes this warning for technicians and operators: 2. Stay and Traffic by the Turbine Do not stay within a radius of 400m (1300ft) from the turbine unless it is necessary. If you have to inspect an operating turbine from the ground, do not stay under the rotor plane but observe the rotor from the front. Make sure that children do not stay by or play nearby the turbine.. 8 Available at G. W. Kamperman and R. R. James Page 4 Prepared for Goodhue, MN Hearing7 Siting Wind Turbines October 28, 2008 To Prevent Health Risks From Sound Version 2.1 meeting on night noise guidelines. 9 In these documents WHO recommends that sound levels during nighttime and late evening hours should be less than 30 dba during sleeping periods to protect children's health. They noted that a child's autonomic nervous system is 10 to 15 db more sensitive to noise than is an adult. Even for adults, health effects are first noted in some studies when the sound levels exceed 32 dba L max. These sounds are dba lower than the sound levels needed to cause awakening. For sounds that contain a strong low frequency component, which is typical of wind turbines, WHO says that the limits may need to be even lower than 30 dba to avoid health risks. Further, they recommend that the criteria use dbc frequency weighting instead of dba for sources with low frequency content. When WT sound levels are 45 dba outside a home, we may find that the interior sound levels will drop to the 30 dba level recommended for sleeping areas but low frequency noise only decreased 6-7 dbc from outside to inside. That could create a sleep problem because the low frequency content of the noise can penetrate the home s walls and roof with little reduction. An example demonstrating how WT sound is affected by walls and windows is provided later in this document. The wind turbine developers in the excerpt above do not disclose that the International Standards Organization (ISO) in ISO recommends 25 dba as the maximum night-time limit for rural communities. As can be seen in the table below, sound levels of 40 dba and above are only appropriate in suburban communities during the day and urban communities during day and night. There are no communities where 45 dba is considered acceptable at night. District Type ISO Recommendations for Community Noise Limits (dba) Daytime Limit Evening Limit 7 11pm Night Limit 11pm 7am Rural 35dB 30dB 25dB Suburban 40dB 35dB 30dB Urban residential 45dB 40dB 35dB Urban mixed 50dB 45db 40dB Further, the wind industry claims, These sound levels are well below levels causing physical harm. Medical books on sound indicate sound levels above 80-90dBA cause physical (health) effects. Concern about sound levels in the dba range is for hearing health (your ears) and not the healthrelated issues of sleep disturbance and other symptoms associated with prolonged exposure to low levels of noise with low frequency and amplitude modulation such as the sound emitted by modern wind turbines. This type of response is a non-answer. It is an overt attempt to mislead while giving the appearance of providing a legitimate response. Furthermore, the statement, The possible effects to a person's health due to annoyance are impossible to study in a scientific way, as these are often mostly psychosomatic, and are not caused by wind turbines as much as the individuals obsession with a new item in their environment, is both inaccurate and misleading. It ignores the work of researchers such as Pedersen, Harry, Phipps, and Pierpont on wind turbine effects specifically, and the numerous medical research studies reviewed by Frey and Hadden. The studies belie the claims of the wind industry. This failure to locate published 9 Available at: References found in Report on third meeting at pages 13 and others 2008 G. W. Kamperman and R. R. James Page 5 Prepared for Goodhue, MN Hearing8 Siting Wind Turbines October 28, 2008 To Prevent Health Risks From Sound Version 2.1 studies that are readily available on the internet as to make some interpret the claim of no medical research as a conscious decision to not look for it. Those companies that do acknowledge the existence of medical research take the position that it is not credible for one or another reason and thus can be ignored. Making statements outside their area of competence, wind industry advocates, without medical qualifications, label complaints of health effects as psychosomatic in a pejorative manner that implies the complaints can be discounted because they are not really medical conditions. Such a response cannot be considered to be based in fact. It is, at best, an opinion. It ignores the work of many researchers, including the World Health Organizations, on the effect of sounds during nighttime hours that result in sleep disturbance and other disorders with physical, not just psychological, pathologies. 10,11 Many people find it difficult to articulate what has changed. They know something is different from before the wind turbines were operating and they may express it as feeling uncomfortable, uneasy, sleepless, or some other symptom, without being able to explain why it is happening. Our review of the studies listed in Tables 1-4 of our Noise-Con paper show that some residents living as far as 3 km (1.86 mi) from a wind farm complain of sleep disturbance from the noise. Many residents living 1/10 of this distance (300 m or 984 ft) from wind farms experience major sleep disruption and other serious medical problems from nighttime wind turbine noise. The peculiar acoustic characteristics of wind turbine noise immissions 12 cause the sounds at the receiving properties to be more annoying and troublesome than the more familiar noise from traffic and industrial factories. Limits used for these other community noise sources are not appropriate for siting modern industrial wind turbines. The residents who are annoyed by wind turbine noise complain of the repetitive, approximately once-per-second (1 Hz) swoosh-boom-swoosh-boom sound of the turbine blades and of low frequency noise. It is not clear to us whether the complaints about low frequency noise are about the audible low frequency part of the swooshboom sound, the once-per-second amplitude modulation (amplitude modulation means that the sound varies in loudness and other characteristics in a rhythmic pattern) of the swoosh-boom sound, or some combination of the two. Figure 1 of our Noise Con paper, reproduced as Figure 1, below, shows the data from one of the complaint sites plotted against the sound immission spectra for a modern 2.5 MWatt wind turbine; A home in the United States at 2km distance, Young s threshold of perception for the 10% most sensitive population (ISO 0266); and a spectrum obtained for a rural community during a three hour, 20 minute test from 11:45 pm until 3:05 am on a windless June evening near Ubly, Michigan. This is a quiet rural community located in central Huron County (also called Michigan s Thumb). It is worth noting that this sound measurement sample demonstrates how quiet a rural community can be when located at a distance from industry, highways, and airport related noise emitters. The line representing the threshold of perception is the focus of this graph. The remaining graphs show sound pressure levels (db) at each of the frequency ranges from the lowest inaudible sounds at the left, to sounds that rumble (20Hz to about 200 Hz) and then those in the range of communication (200Hz through about 4000Hz) through high pitched sounds (up to 10,000 Hz). At 10 WHO European Centre for Environment and Health, Bonn Office, Report on the third meeting on night noise guidelines, April According to Online Etymology Dictionary, psychosomatic means "pertaining to the relation between mind and body, applied from 1938 to physical disorders with psychological causes. 12 Emissions refer to acoustic energy from the viewpoint of the sound emitter, while immissions refer to acoustic energy from the viewpoint of the receiver G. W. Kamperman and R. R. James Page 6 Prepared for Goodhue, MN Hearing9 Siting Wind Turbines October 28, 2008 To Prevent Health Risks From Sound Version 2.1 each frequency where the graphs of sound pressures are above (exceed) the graph showing perception the wind turbine sounds would be perceptible or audible. The more the wind turbine sound exceeds the perception curve the more pronounced it will be. When it exceeds the quiet rural background sound level (L A90 ) it will not be masked or obscured by the rural soundscape. The over-all sounds from each of the frequency bands are summed and presented on the right hand side of the graph. These are presented with corrections for A-weighting (dba) and C-weighting (dbc). These show that if only dba criteria are used to assess and limit wind turbine sound the low frequency content of the wind turbines emissions are not revealed. Note that in many cases the values for dbc are almost 20 db higher than the dba values. This is the basis for the WHO warning that when low frequency sound content is present outside a home dba is not an appropriate method of describing predicted noise impacts, sound limits, or criteria. Figure 1-Graph Of Wind Turbine Sounds Vs. Rural Background And Threshold Of Perception (Note: The lowest LAeq and LCeq shown at right are measured background LA90 and LC90. The Leq values could be 0-5 db higher) Our review of the studies listed in Tables 1-4 in the Noise-Con paper at the end of this document, provided answers to a number of significant questions we had, as acoustical engineers, regarding the development of siting guidelines for industrial-scale wind turbines. They are provided below for easy of reading and continuity: Do international, national, or local community noise standards for siting wind turbines near dwellings address the low frequency portion of the wind turbines sound immissions? No. State and local governments are in the process of establishing wind farm noise limits and/or wind turbine setbacks from nearby residents, but the standards incorrectly assume that limits based on dba levels are sufficient to protect the residents G. W. Kamperman and R. R. James Page 7 Prepared for Goodhue, MN Hearing10 Siting Wind Turbines October 28, 2008 To Prevent Health Risks From Sound Version 2.1 Do wind farm developers have noise limit criteria and/or wind turbine setback criteria that apply to nearby dwellings? Yes. But the industry-recommended wind turbine noise levels (typically dba) are too high for the quiet nature of the rural communities and may be unsafe for the nearest residents. An additional concern is that some of the methods for pre-construction computer modeling may predict sound levels that are too low. These two factors combined can lead to post-construction complaints and health risks. An example of a condition that complies with Are all residents living near wind farms equally likely to be affected by wind turbine noise? No. Children, people with certain pre-existing medical conditions, and the elderly are likely to be the most susceptible. Some people are unaffected while nearby neighbors develop serious health problems caused by exposure to the same wind turbine noise. How does wind turbine noise impact nearby residents? Wind turbine-associated symptoms include sleep disturbance, headache, ringing in the ears, dizziness, nausea, irritability, and problems with memory, concentration, and problem solving, as described in the first paper in this volume. What are the technical options for reducing wind turbine noise immission at residences? There are only two options: 1) increase the distance between the source and receiver, or 2) reduce the source sound power emission. Either solution is incompatible with the objective of the wind farm developer, which is to maximize the wind power electrical generation within the land available. Is wind turbine noise at a residence much more annoying than traffic noise? Yes. Researchers have found that, Wind turbine noise was found to cause annoyance at sound pressure levels lower than those known to be annoying for other community noise sources, such as road traffic. Living in a clearly rural area in comparison with a suburban area increases the risk of annoyance with wind turbine noise. 13 In other papers by Pedersen wind turbine noise was perceived by about 85% of respondents to the study at sound levels as low as dba. 14 Currently, this increased sensitivity is believed to be due to the presence of amplitude modulation in the wind turbine s sound emissions which limits the masking effect of other ambient sounds and the low frequency content which is associated with the sounds inside homes and other buildings. Amplitude modulation is a continuing change in the sound level in synchronization with the turning of the wind turbine s blades. An example of amplitude modulation is shown in the figure 2 below. This figure shows the constantly varying dba sound level in the graph at the top. The sound level varies from a low of 40 dba to a high of 45 dba repeating every 1.3 seconds continuously when the turbine is operating. The turbine is located approximately 1200 feet from the farmhouse. The photo shows the turbine that was dominant during this test. 13 Pedersen E, Bouma J, Bakker R and Van den Berg F, Wind Farm perception A study on acoustic and visual impact of wind turbines on residents in the Netherlands; 2 nd International Meeting on Wind Turbine Noise, Lyon France; Sept , 2007 (Pages 2 and 3) 14 Pedersen E and Persson Waye K Perceptions and annoyance due to wind turbine noise a dose response relationship. J Acoust Soc Am 116(6): G. W. Kamperman and R. R. James Page 8 Prepared for Goodhue, MN Hearing11 Siting Wind Turbines October 28, 2008 To Prevent Health Risks From Sound Version 2.1 Figure 2 Amplitude Modulation at a farmhouse (Study sponsored by CCCRE, Calumet, Wisconsin) It is worth noting that this measurement averages about 43 dba (L eq ) which is very close to the sound level predicted for a single turbine at 1000 feet in Figure 1 (solid red line with solid triangle markers). The lower graph shows the frequency spectrum at approximately 9:49 PM at a low point in the amplitude modulation. (The frequency chart s cursor is the vertical line at the upper graph s midpoint.) Note the dominance of sound energy in the lower frequency range. This was also present in the model s predictions in Figure 1. It is not hard to understand why many people in this community feel that they have been forced to accept noise pollution as a side effect of the wind project. Even though the 40 to 45 dba sound levels in this example may comply with the 50 dba limits adopted by the host county from the Wisconsin Model Ordinance the impact on the people near the wind project are subjected to noise pollution. This example demonstrates why criteria set at 50 dba or higher do not protect the health and economic welfare of people living in the host communities. Adopting criteria such as those recommended later in this essay can prevent these situations from occurring. Low frequency noise is a problem inside buildings When low frequency sound is present outside homes and other occupied structures, it is often more an indoor problem than an outdoor one. This is very true for wind turbine sounds. Why do wind turbine noise immissions of only 35 dba disturb sleep at night? Affected residents complain of the middle- to high-frequency, repetitive swooshing sounds of the rotating turbine blades at a constant rate of about 1 Hz, plus low frequency noise. The amplitude modulation of the swooshing sound changes continuously. Residents also describe a thump or low frequency banging sound that varies in amplitude up to 10 dba in the short interval between the swooshing sounds. This may be a result of sounds from multiple wind turbines with similar spectral content combining to increase and decrease the sound over and above the effects of modulation. [Note: These effects (e.g. phasing and coherence effects) are not normally considered in predictive models.] It may also be a result of turbulence of the air and wind on wind turbine operations when the blades are not at an optimum angle for noise emissions and/or power generation. It is also a result of sounds penetrating homes and other buildings at night and at other times where quiet is needed. When low frequency sound is present outside homes and other occupied structures, it is 2008 G. W. Kamperman and R. R. James Page 9 Prepared for Goodhue, MN Hearing12 Siting Wind Turbines October 28, 2008 To Prevent Health Risks From Sound Version 2.1 often more likely to be an indoor problem than an outdoor one. This is very true for wind turbine sounds. Figure 3-A Single Wind Turbine Sound Inside 1000 Feet The usual assumption about wall and window attenuation being 15 dba or more, which is valid for most sources of community noise, may not be sufficiently protective given the relatively high amplitude of the wind turbines low frequency immission spectra. Figures 2 and 3 demonstrate the basis for this concern. To demonstrate the effects of outdoor low frequency content from wind turbines we prepared Figure 1 showing the effect of a single turbine (propagation model based on sound power level test data) at 1000 feet and then in Figure 4 projected the impact of ten (10) similar turbines at one (1) mile. We applied the façade sound isolation data from the Canada Research Council to the wind turbine example used in our Noise-Con 2008 paper and shown in Figure 1 above. The graphs each show the outdoor sound pressure levels predicted for the distance of 1000 feet and one mile as the upper graph line respectively. The curve showing the threshold of human perception for sounds at each 1/3 octave band center is also plotted. When the graphs representing wind turbine sound have data points above this threshold curve the sounds will be perceptible to at least 10% of the population (which includes most children) G. W. Kamperman and R. R. James Page 10 Prepared for Goodhue, MN Hearing13 Siting Wind Turbines October 28, 2008 To Prevent Health Risks From Sound Version 2.1 In addition to the top graph line representing the sounds outside the home there are two other graph lines for the sounds inside the home 15. One curve represents the condition of no open windows and the other represents one open window. With just one turbine at 1,000 feet there is a significant amount of low frequency noise above hearing threshold within rooms having exterior walls without windows or very well sealed windows. Even with the windows closed the sound pressure levels in the 63 Hz to 200 Hz oneoctave bands still exceed the perception curve, in many cases by more than 10 db. Note the perceptible sound between 50 and 200 Hz with a wall resonance frequency at 125 Hz (2 X 4 studs on 16 inch centers) for the windows closed condition. This would be perceived as a constant low rumble, which would be present inside homes whenever the turbines are operating. Figure 4-Sound from Ten (10) Wind Turbines inside home at One Mile When comparing the dbc values the difference between inside sounds and outside is much less. The maximum difference in this example is only 7 dbc and that is for the situation with windows closed. With windows open the sound inside the home would be 56 dbc while it is 61 dbc outside; a difference of only 5 dbc 16, 17, 18. If we looked only at dba it would appear that the home s 15 The typical wood stud exterior used in modern home construction is vinyl siding over 1/2 inch OSB or rigid fiberglass board applied to 2 X 4 studs with the stud space filled with thermal and 1/2 inch gypsum board applied on the exposed interior side. This has a mass of about 3 4 lbs/sq ft and low 26 STC. 16 The basis for these predictions includes reports on aircraft sound insulation for dwellings and façade sound isolation data from the Canada Research Council. 17 On the sound insulation of wood stud exterior walls by J. S. Bradley and J. S. Birta, institute for Research in Construction, National Research Council, Montreal Road, Ottawa K1A 0R6, Canada, published: J.Acoust. Soc. Am. 110 (6), December G. W. Kamperman and R. R. James Page 11 Prepared for Goodhue, MN Hearing14 Siting Wind Turbines October 28, 2008 To Prevent Health Risks From Sound Version 2.1 walls and roof provide a reduction of 15 dba or more. But, that that would be misleading because it ignores the effects of low frequency sound. We next increased the number of 2.5 Mw turbines from one to ten and moved the receiver one mile from the closest turbine. We assumed the acoustic center for the ten turbines to be 2km (1-1/4 miles) from the receiver. These results are presented in Figure 4. We were surprised to find that the one mile low frequency results are only 6.3 db below the 1,000 foot one turbine example. There is one other characteristic of wind turbine sound that increases the sleep disturbance potential above that of other long-term noise sources. The amplitude modulation of the sound emissions from the wind turbines create a repetitive rise and fall in sound levels synchronized to the blade rotation speed. Many common weather conditions increase the magnitude of amplitude modulation. Most of these occur at night. The graph in Figure 5 shows this effect in the first floor bedroom of a farm home in the U.K. The home is located 930 meters (3,050 feet) from the nearest turbine. The conditions documented by an independent acoustical consultant show the sound level varying over 9 dba range from 28 to 37 dba. The pattern repeats approximately every second often for hours at a time. For many people, especially seniors, children and those with pre-existing medical conditions, this represents a major challenge to restful sleep. Figure 5- Amplitude modulation in a home 930 meters (3000 feet) from the nearest turbine. 19 This may explain why some residents as far as two (2) miles from a wind farm find the wind turbines sounds highly annoying. It also demonstrates the primary reason why relying on dba 18 Dan Hoffmeyer, Birger Plovsing: Low Frequency Noise from Large Wind Turbines, Measurements of Sound Insulation of Facades. Journal no. AV 1097/08, Client: Danish Energy Authority, Amaliegade 44, 1256 Copenhagen 19 This chart used with permission of Mike Stigwood, MIOA, FRSH, MAS Environmental, U.K. and the Davis family G. W. Kamperman and R. R. James Page 12 Prepared for Goodhue, MN Hearing15 Siting Wind Turbines October 28, 2008 To Prevent Health Risks From Sound Version 2.1 alone will not work for community noise criteria. It is the low frequency phenomena associated with wind turbine emissions that makes the dbc test criteria an important part of the proposed criteria 20. III. Development of Siting Criteria Basis For Using L A90 To Determine Pre Construction Long Term Background Sound We began our research into guidelines for proper siting by reviewing guidelines used in other countries to limit WT sound emissions. A recent compendium of these standards was presented in the report Wind Turbine Facilities Noise Issues. 21 We found common ground in many of them. Some set explicit not-to-exceed sound level limits, for example, in Germany, 40 dba nighttime in residential areas and 35 dba nighttime in rural and other noise-sensitive areas. Other countries use the existing background sound levels for each community as the basis for establishing the sound level limits for the WES project. This second method has the advantage of adjusting the allowable limits for various background soundscapes. It makes use of a standard method for assessing background sound levels by measuring over a specified period of observation to determine the sound level exceeded 90% of the time (L 90 ) during the night. The night is important because it is the most likely time for sleep disturbance. Then, using the background sound level as the base, the WES project is allowed to increase it by 5 dba. It is this second method (L dba) that was adopted for the criteria in this document. It has the advantage of adjusting the criteria for each community without the need for tables of allowable limits for different community types. The focus is only on the nighttime criteria. This is because the WES will operate 24 hours a day and the nighttime limits will be the controlling limits whether or not there are other limits for daytime. Wind turbine noise is more annoying than other noises and needs lower limits Since many rural communities are very quiet, it is possible that some will have L 90 values of 25 dba or lower. This may seem extreme when compared to limits usually imposed on other sources of community noise. However, wind turbine sounds are not comparable to the more common noise sources of vehicles, aircraft, rail, and industry. Several studies have shown that annoyance to wind turbine sounds begins at levels as low as 30 dba. 22 This is especially true in quiet rural communities that have not had previous experience with industrial noise sources. This increased sensitivity may be due to the periodic swoosh from the blades in the quiet rural soundscape, or it may be more complex. In either case, it is a legitimate response to wind turbine sound documented in peer-reviewed research. 20 Hessler Jr., George F., Proposed criteria in residential communities for low frequency noise emissions from industrial sources, 52(4), , (July Aug 2004) 21 Ramani Ramakrishnan, Ph.D., P. Eng., Wind Turbine Facilities Noise Issues, December Prepared for the Ontario Ministry of Environment. 22 Eja Pedersen, Human response to wind turbine noise: perception, annoyance and moderating factors. Dissertation, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Goteborg University, Goteborg, Sweden, 2007, and Van den Berg F, Pedersen E, Bouma J, and Bakker R, Wind Farm Perception, Final Report Project no , University of Gothenburg and Medical Center Groningen, Netherlands June 3, G. W. Kamperman and R. R. James Page 13 Prepared for Goodhue, MN Hearing16 Siting Wind Turbines October 28, 2008 To Prevent Health Risks From Sound Version 2.1 Noise criteria need to take into account low frequency noise In the table to the right are a series of observations and recommendations by the World Health Organization (WHO) supporting the need for stricter limits when there is substantial low frequency content in outdoor sound. Our review of other studies, and our own measurements, has demonstrated that wind turbine sound includes considerable low frequency content. We include a dbc limit in our guidelines to address the WHO recommendation that when low The World Health Organization recognizes the special place of low frequency noise as an environmental problem. Its publication Community Noise (Berglund et al., 2000) makes a number of references to low frequency noise, some of which are as follows: It should be noted that low frequency noise can disturb rest and sleep even at low sound levels. For noise with a large proportion of low frequency sounds a still lower guideline (than 30dBA) is recommended. When prominent low frequency components are present, noise measures based on A weighting are inappropriate. Since A weighting underestimates the sound pressure level of noise with low frequency components, a better assessment of health effects would be to use C weighting. It should be noted that a large proportion of low frequency components in a noise may increase considerably the adverse effects on health. WHO also states: "The evidence on low frequency noise is sufficiently strong to warrant immediate concern. Available at References found at pages ix, xii through xv and others. frequency sound may be present, criteria based on measurements using a C-weighting filter on the sound level meter (dbc) are needed in addition to dba criteria. IV. Proposed Sound Limits The simple fact that so many residents complain of low frequency noise from wind turbines is clear evidence that the single A-weighted (dba) noise descriptor used in most jurisdictions for siting turbines is not adequate. The only other simple audio frequency weighting that is standardized and available on sound level meters is C-weighting or dbc. A standard sound level meter set to measure dba is increasingly less sensitive to low frequency below 500 Hz (one octave above middle-c). The same sound level meter set to measure dbc is equally sensitive to all frequencies above 32 Hz (lowest note on grand piano). It is generally accepted that dbc readings are more predictive of perceptual loudness than dba readings if low frequency sounds are significant. We are proposing to use the commonly accepted dba criteria that is based on the pre-existing background sound levels allowing the wind turbine development to increase this by 5 db (e.g. L 90A +5) by the audible sounds from wind turbines. According to the New York State Energy Research & Development Authority: A change in sound level of 5 db will typically result in a noticeable community response; and A 10 db increase is subjectively heard as an approximate doubling in loudness, and almost always causes an adverse community response. 23 To address the lower frequencies that are not considered in A-weighted measurements we are proposing to add limits based on dbc that follow the same scheme as used for dba limits. The Proposed Sound Limits are presented in the text box at the end of this section. For the current industrial grade wind turbines in the 1.5 to 3 MWatt (or over) range, the addition of the dbc requirement may result in an increased distance between wind turbines and the nearby 23 (Wind Energy Development: A Guide for Local Authorities in New York; page 30; New York State Energy Research & Development Authority, Albany, NY October 2002) 2008 G. W. Kamperman and R. R. James Page 14 Prepared for Goodhue, MN Hearing17 Siting Wind Turbines October 28, 2008 To Prevent Health Risks From Sound Version 2.1 residents. For the conditions shown in Figure 1, the distances would need to be increased significantly. This would result in setbacks in the range of 1 km or greater for the current generation of wind turbines if they are to be located in rural areas with little or no low frequency sound from man-made noise sources and where the L A90 background sound levels are 30 dba or lower. In areas with higher background sound levels, turbines could be located somewhat closer, but still at a distance greater than the 305 m (1000 ft.) or smaller setbacks commonly seen in U.S. based wind turbine standards set by many states and used for wind turbine developments. Following are some additional Questions and Answers that summarize the major points of this discussion relevant to criteria. What are the typical wind farm noise immission criteria or standards? Limits are not consistent and may vary even within a particular country. Examples are listed above in the section on Results of Literature and Sound Studies. What is a reasonable wind farm sound immission limit to protect the health of residences? We are proposing a not-to-exceed immission limit of 35 L Aeq and a site-specific limit of L A dba at the closest property line, whichever is exceeded first. We also propose the use of C-weighted criteria to address complaints of wind turbine low frequency noise. For the C-weighted criteria, we propose a site-specific limit of L C dbc. We also require that the site-specific L Ceq (dbc) sound level at a receiving property line not exceed the pre-existing L A90 db background sound level + 5dB by more than 20 db. In other words, the dbc operating immission limit (as L Ceq ) at the receiving property line should not be more than 20 db above the measured dba (as L A90 ) pre-construction long-term background sound level + 5dB. 24 This criterion prevents an Immission Spectra Imbalance that often leads to complaints about rumble or other low frequency problems. We also include a not-to-exceed immission limit of 55 and 60 L Ceq at the receiving property line. 25 Use of the multiple metrics and weightings will address the audible and inaudible low frequency portions of wind turbine sound emissions. Exceedances of any of the limits establish non-compliance. Why should the dbc immission limit not be permitted to be more than 20 db above the background measured L A90 +5 db? The World Health Organization and others 26 have determined that if a noise has a measured difference between dbc and dba more than 20 db, the noise is highly likely to create an annoyance because of the low frequency component. Isn t L A90 the minimum background noise level? Not exactly. This is the sound level that represents the quietest 10% of the time. It is often considered to be the sound level that represents the sounds one hears late in the evening or at night when there are no near-by or short term sounds present. It is very important to establish this long term background noise environment at the property line for a potentially impacted residence (L A90 ) during the quietest sleeping hours of the night, between 10 p.m. and 4 a.m.. Why? Because nighttime sleep disturbance has generated the majority of wind farm noise complaints throughout the world those conditions should guide the design of wind projects. ANSI standards define the long term background sound as excluding all short term sounds from the test sample using carefully selected sampling times and conditions using ten (10) minute long samples. This means that nature sounds not present during all seasons and wind noise are not to be included in the measurement. Following the procedures in ANSI S12.9, Part 3 for long term background sound the L A90 and L C90 can be measured with one or more 10-minute 24 Hessler Jr., George F., Proposed criteria in residential communities for low frequency noise emissions from industrial sources, Noise Control Engineering Journal; 52(4), pg. 180 in 2. Purpose of Proposed Criteria, (July Aug 2004) 25 Ibid, pg. 180 in 3. Proposed Criteria. 26 Ibid 2008 G. W. Kamperman and R. R. James Page 15 Prepared for Goodhue, MN Hearing18 Siting Wind Turbines October 28, 2008 To Prevent Health Risks From Sound Version 2.1 measurements during any night when the atmosphere is classified as stable with a light wind from the area of the proposed wind farm. The basis for the immission limits for the proposed wind farm would then be the Nighttime Immission Limits, which we propose to be the minimum ten (10) minute nighttime L A90 and L C90 plus 5 db, a test for Spectra Imbalance, and not-to-exceed limits for the period of 10 p.m. to 7 a.m. Daytime Limits (7 a.m. to 10 p.m.) could be set using daytime measurements, but unless the wind utility only operates during the day, the nighttime limit will always be the limiting sound level. Thus, daytime limits are not normally needed. A nearby industrial scale wind utility meeting these noise immission criteria would occasionally be audible to the residents during nighttime and daytime. However, it would be unlikely for it to be an indoor problem. The method used for establishing the background sound level at a proposed wind farm in many of the studies in Table 1, does not meet the requirements set by ANSI S12.9 Part 3 for outdoor measurements and determination of long-term background sound levels. Instead, they use unattended noise monitors to record hundreds of 10-minute or one-hour un-observed measurements that include the short term sounds from varying community and wind conditions over a period of days or weeks. The results for daytime and nighttime are usually combined to determine the average wind noise at the microphone as a function of wind velocity measured at a height of ten (10) meters. This provides an enormous amount of data, but the results have little relationship to wind turbine sound immissions or to potential for turbine noise impacts on nearby residents. They also do not comply with ANSI standards for methodology or quality and as such are not suitable for use in measurements that will be used to assess compliance with other standards and guidelines. This exhaustive exercise often only demonstrates how much pseudonoise is generated by instruments located in a windy environment that exceeds the capability of the instrument s wind screen to protect the microphone. In many cases, this unqualified data is used to support a claim that the wind noise masks the turbines sound immissions. The major complaints of residents living near wind farms is sleep disruption at night when there is little or no wind near ground level and the wind turbines located at a much higher elevation are turning and generating near or at maximum power and maximum noise emission. There is usually more surface wind and turbulence during daytime caused by solar radiation. Thus, the use of averaged data involving one or more 24-hour periods is of little value in predicting conditions that will result in people who cannot sleep in their homes during the night because of loud intrusive wind turbine noise. The methodology used to predict the sound propagation from the turbines into the community also fails to represent the conditions of maximum turbine noise impact on nearby residents. This should be expected given the limitations of models based on ISO They also do not consider the effects of a frequent nighttime condition when winds at the ground are calm and the winds at the hub are at or above nominal operating speed. This condition is often referred to as a stable atmosphere. During this condition, the wind turbines can be producing the maximum or near maximum power while the wind at ground level is calm and the background noise level is low. The Michigan rural night test data in the earlier figure shows how quiet a night can be in the absence of wind at the ground. This common condition is known to directly cause chronic sleep 27 The ISO sound propagation model formulas have known errors of 3 db even when the conditions being modeled are a perfect match to the limiting conditions specified in the standard. Wind turbines operate far outside the limits for wind speed, height of the noise source above the ground, and other factors identified in the standard thus increasing the likelihood for error above the specified 3 db. In addition, there are known measurement errors in the IEC test that add another 2 db of uncertainty to the model s predictions G. W. Kamperman and R. R. James Page 16 Prepared for Goodhue, MN Hearing19 Siting Wind Turbines October 28, 2008 To Prevent Health Risks From Sound Version 2.1 disruption. Further, the studies report average sound levels and do not disclose the effects of amplitude modulation or low frequency sound which makes the turbine s sound more objectionable and likely to cause sleep problems. Are there additional noise data to be recorded for a pre-wind turbine noise survey near selected dwellings? Yes. The precision measuring sound level meter(s) need to be programmed to include measurement of L Aeq, L A10, L A90, L Ceq, L C10, and L C90, with starting time and date for each 10-minute sample. The L 10 results will be used to validate the L 90 data. For example, on a quiet night one might expect L 10 and L 90 to show similar results within 5 to 10 db between L 10 and L 90 for each weighting scale. On a windy night or one with nearby short term noise sources the difference between L 10 and L 90 may be more than 20 db. There is also often a need to obtain a time-averaged, one-third octave band analysis over the frequency range from 6.3 Hz to 10 khz during the same ten minute sample. The frequency analysis is very helpful for identifying and correcting for extraneous sounds such as interfering insect noise. An integrating averaging sound level meter meeting ANSI or IEC Type 1 standards has the capability to perform all of the above acoustic measurements simultaneously and store the results internally. There is also a requirement for measurement of the wind velocity near the sound measurement microphone continuously throughout each 10-minute recorded noise sample. The 10-minute maximum wind speed near the microphone must be less than 2 m/s (4.5 mph) during measurements of background noise (L 90 ), and the maximum wind speed for noise measurements during turbine operation must be less than 4 m/s (9 mph). Measurements should be observed (without contaminating the data) and notes identifying short-term noises should be taken for these tests. Is there a need to record weather data during the background noise recording survey? One weather monitor is required at the proposed wind farm on the side nearest the residents. The weather station sensors are at the standard 10 meter height above ground. It is critical that the weather be recorded every 10 minutes, synchronized with the clocks in the sound level recorders without ambiguity, at the start and end time of each 10 minute period. The weather station should record wind speed and direction, temperature, humidity and rain. Why do Canada and some other countries base the permitted wind turbine noise immission limits on the operational wind velocity at the 10m height wind speed instead of a maximum dba or L dba immission level? First, it appears that the wind turbine industry will take advantage of every opportunity to elevate the maximum permitted noise immission level to reduce the setback distance from the nearby dwellings. Including wind as a masking source in the criteria is one method for elevating the permissible limits. The background noise level does indeed increase with surface wind speed. When this happens, it can be argued that the increased wind noise provides some masking of wind turbine noise. However, this is not true if the surface winds are calm. After sunset, when the ground cools (e.g. in the middle of the night), the lower level atmosphere can separate from the higher-level atmosphere. Then, the winds at the ground will be calm while wind at the turbine hub is very strong. Under this condition, the wind velocity at a 10-meter high wind monitoring station (such as those often used for weather reporting) may be ¼ to ½ the speed of the wind at the hub, yet drop to calm at ground level. The result is that no ground level wind noise is present to mask the sound of the wind turbines, which can be operating at or close to full capacity. This condition is one of the major causes of wind turbine related noise complaints for residents within 3 km (1.86 miles) of a wind farm. When the turbines are producing high sound levels, it is quiet outside the surrounding homes. The PhD thesis of G.P. van den Berg, The Sounds of High 2008 G. W. Kamperman and R. R. James Page 17 Prepared for Goodhue, MN Hearing20 Siting Wind Turbines October 28, 2008 To Prevent Health Risks From Sound Version 2.1 Winds, is very enlightening on this issue (Table 3). See also the letter by John Harrison in Ontario On Wind Turbine Guidelines. 28 What sound monitor measurements would be needed for enforcement of the wind turbine sound ordinance? A similar set of sound tests using the ten (10) minute series of measurements would be repeated, with and without the operation of the wind turbines, at the location where noise was measured before construction, which is closest to the resident registering the wind turbine noise complaint. If the nighttime background (L 90 ) noise level (turbines off) was found to be slightly higher than the measured background prior to the wind farm installation, then the results with the turbines operating must be corrected using standard acoustical engineering methods to determine compliance with the pre-turbine established sound limits. Who should conduct the sound measurements? An independent acoustics expert should be retained who reports to the County Board or other responsible governing body. This independent acoustics expert should be responsible for all the acoustic measurements including setup and calibration of instruments and interpretation of recorded results. He or she should perform all preturbine background noise measurements and interpretation of results to establish the nighttime (and daytime, if applicable) industrial wind turbine sound immission limits, and to monitor compliance. At present, the acoustical consultants are retained by, and work directly for, the wind farm developers. This presents a serious problem with conflict of interest on the part of the consultants. The wind farm developer would like to show that a significant amount of wind noise is present to mask the sounds of the wind turbine immissions. The community is looking for authentic results showing that the wind turbine noise will be only barely perceptible, and then only occasionally, during the night or daytime. Is frequency analysis required either during the pre-construction background noise survey or for compliance measurements? Normally one-third octave or narrower band analysis would only be required if there is a complaint of tones immission from the wind farm. Although only standardized dba and dbc measurements are required to meet the proposed criteria, the addition of one-third octave band analysis is often useful to validate the dba and dbc results. The following summarizes the criteria necessary when siting wind turbines to minimize the risk of adverse impacts from noise on the adjacent community 29. For those not familiar with acoustical annotation the table and its formulas may seem overly complex, but the criteria are defined in this manner to be as unambiguous as possible. They will be clear for those who are familiar with acoustical terminology. Definitions are provided in a later section of this essay. 28 Harrison, J., Wind Turbine Guidelines, available at 29 The authors have based these criteria, procedures, and language on their current understanding of wind turbine sound emissions, land use compatibility, and the effects of sound on health. However, use of the following, in part or total, by any party is strictly voluntary and the user assumes all risks. Please seek professional assistance in applying the recommendations of this document to any specific community or WES development G. W. Kamperman and R. R. James Page 18 Prepared for Goodhue, MN Hearing Vis mere
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