Source: https://www.scribd.com/doc/129850441/Obligations-and-Contracts-Memory-Aid
Timestamp: 2018-04-25 19:21:25
Document Index: 619989604

Matched Legal Cases: ['art 1170', 'art 1191', 'art 1233', 'art 1171', 'art 2236', 'arts 1729', 'art 1189', 'art 1191', 'art 1687', 'art 1197', 'art 1197', 'art 1180', 'art 1241', 'Art 1314', 'ART 1312', 'Art 1312', 'Art 1338', 'Art 1331', 'art 1526', 'art 1381', 'art 1382']

Obligations and Contracts Memory Aid | Assignment (Law) | Bankruptcy
Description: oblicon memo aid
oblicon memo aid
PART I - OBLIGATION - An obligation is a juridical necessity to give, to do or not to do ELEMENTS: 1.
Active subject ( obligee/creditor ) – the one in whose favor the obligation is constituted 2. Passive subject ( obligor/debtor ) – the one who has the duty of giving, doing or not doing 3. Object – prestation; the conduct which has to be observed by the debtor/obligor 4. Vinculum Juris – juridical/legal tie 5. Causa (causa debendi/causa obligationes) - why obligation exists Requisites of Object: a. licit - if illicit, it is void b. possible - if impossible, it is void c. determinate or determinable - or else, void d. pecuniary value SOURCES OF OBLIGATION:
damage. enforceable and already liquidated or determinate in amount (2) There must be non-performance (3) There must be a demand. knowing and intending the effects which naturally and necessarily arise from such act or omission a.debtor bears risk of loss (even when there is fortuitous event) b. Causante ( causal ) .makes contract voidable b. unless demand is not required When demand is not necessary: (1) When law declares (2) When obligation expressly declares (3) When designation of time of delivery or rendering the service was a controlling motive (4) When demand would be useless as when debtor has rendered it beyond his powers to perform Effects: a. in either case 4. incidente – ( incidental ) . 2 kinds: (1) Mora Solvendi Ex re – default in real obligations (2) Mora Solvendi Ex persona – default in personal obligations 2. if determinate thing . claim damages. Fraud / Dolo – Voluntary execution of a wrongful act or willful omission.fraud in performance of obligation. circumstances of persons.Non performance with respect to time Mora solvendi – default on the part of the debtor.absence of due diligence Elements: a) Omission of diligence required b) Diligence required – per nature of obligation. Elements: (1) The obligation must be due. does not affect validity of obligations Remedies of Person in fraud under obligations are: a. resolution (art 1170. in proper cases) 3. Negligence /Culpa . debtor liable for damages/interest c. resolve contract (art 1191) c. . CAUSES ATTRIBUTABLE TO DEBTOR 1.EQUIVALENT PERFORMANCE SUBSTITUTE PERFORMANCE RESCISSION/ CANCELLATION X X Can only be demanded if obligation is not very personal X X X Undo the things already done at debtor's expense X X X IRREGULARITY OF PERFORMANCE/BREACH A. time and place FRAUD DISTINGUISHED FROM NEGLIGENCE FRAUD NEGLIGENCE There is deliberate intention to cause There is no deliberate intention to cause damage. Contravention of tenor Delay/ Mora . insist on specific performance (art 1233) b.
subject matter is generic. stipulation. equivalent 2. debtor is in delay ) b) when expressly declared by stipulation or contract c) when nature of obligation requires assumption of risk REMEDIES OF CREDITORS . Exact performance .non fulfillment with respect to time Mora accepiendi – default on part of creditor. or which though foreseen. CA): 1. the effect: is as if there is no default 2. Waiver for future negligence may be allowed in certain cases: a) gross – can never be excused in advance. Accion subrogatoria (art 1171) Requisites: a.generally transmissible (except: law. The event must be either unforeseeable or unavoidable 3. Creditor is guilty of default when he unjustifiably refuses to accept payment or performance at the time payment/performance can be done Effects: (1) responsibility of debtor is reduced to fraud and gross negligence (2) debtor is exempted from risk of loss of thing / creditor bears risk of loss (3) expenses by debtor for preservation of thing after delay is chargeable to creditor (4) if obligation bears interest. debtor does not have to pay from time of delay (5) creditor liable for damages (6) debtor may relieve himself of obligation by consigning the thing Compensatio morae – both parties are in default (in reciprocal obligations).specific. substitute. The debtor must be free from any participation in. The event must be such as to render it impossible for the debtor to fulfill his obligation in a normal manner 4. Liability may be mitigated. personal obligation): 1. The right of account is not purely personal .event which could not be foreseen. Attach and execute debtor's property which is not exempt (art 2236) 3. There is a failure of the debtor to collect his own debt from 3rd persons either through malice or negligence d. were inevitable REQUIREMENTS (Nakpil & Sons vs. The cause of the breach of the obligation must be independent of the will of the debtor 2. Delay/ Mora .Liability cannot be mitigated. Exemption – a) when expressly declared by law ( bad faith. Creditor must have right of return against debtor b. CAUSES NOT ATTRIBUTABLE TO DEBTOR 1. Debtor's assets are insufficient e. Waiver for future fraud is void. or aggravation of injury to the creditor Rule on Fortuitous Event: 1. The debt is due and demandable c. General Rule – no liability for fortuitous event 2. against public policy b) simple – may be excused in certain cases B. Fortuitous Events .
The debtor has performed an act subsequent to the contract. creditor may preserve rights 4. Plurality of object . Suspensive – happening of condition gives rise to obligation Effects: 1.simple. he shall have no other right than that granted to the usufructuary. obligation extinguished 3. debtor – recovery of payment by mistake or even w/o mistake Rules on loss.with or without a penal clause (1) (2) Pure – demandable at once. restore to each other what was received plus interest/fruits iii. effectivity is retroactive 2.4. impairment. no term.pure. deterioration or improvement before the happening of the condition 4. no retroactive effect 2. The condition happens ii. giving advantage to other persons c. Plurality of subject . Accion directa (arts 1729 & 1652) Accion pauliana Requisites: a. The creditor is prejudiced by the debtor's act which are in favor of 3rd parties and rescission will benefit the creditor d. Demandability .simple. 5. (art 1189) Creditor to bear damages Creditor gets it w/o fault or not expense of obligor at Extinguished REQUISITES FOR THE AFOREMENTIONED RULE: 1. Resolutory – happening of condition extinguishes obligation Effects: 1. improvement of the subject matter pending the happening of suspensive condition/ term Loss/ Impairment Improvement w/ fault or at expense of Indemnity & damages obligor/ usufructuary specific performance rescission & damages If it improved at the expense of the debtor.void . Potestative – dependent on sole will of 1 party. There is an obligation to deliver a determinate thing 3. joint or solidary d. alternative or facultative c. The creditor has no other legal remedy e. Performance .A condition is a future and an uncertain event or a past event unknown to the parties Kinds: i. There is a suspensive condition 2. The debtor's acts are fraudulent DIFFERENT KINDS OF OBLIGATIONS CATEGORIES: a. There is a credit in favor of plaintiff b. There is loss. no condition Conditional . no retroactivity with reference to fruits or interest & prescription 3. conditional or with a term b.divisible or indivisible e. if on part of debtor & suspensive . Sanctions for breach .
remedy: a) agreement among parties b) court shall fix period of payment when parties unable to agree Kinds: a. 2nd. the debtor can choose from the remaining b. perform what is left. impaired security. the creditor is entitled to damages (4) if some are lost. Resolutory ( in diem ) – takes effect at once but terminate upon arrival of the day certain. or any of parties vi. delay or fraud of obligor: a) of thing intended as substitute . Mixed – chance. insolvency of debtor.no liability b) of the substitute after substitution is made – with liability (5).thru fault or fortuitous event d. payable when able When stipulation says “payable when able “ – it is with a period. 2nd paragraph c) art 1191. public policy and morals (3) With a period – future & certain. Day certain – that which must necessarily come. the debtor has the right of resolution and damages (3) if all are lost due to debtor. 3rd paragraph d) art 1687. Suspensive ( ex die ) – takes effect on the day stipulated WHEN COURTS MAY FIX PERIOD: a) art 1197 b) art 1197. did not deliver security c. The effect is that the debtor loses the right of choice (2) if the choice is limited because of the creditor's acts. past & uncertain. attempts to abscond (4). although it may not be known when b.both the condition and the obligation are void (2) Not to do –disregard the condition. the obligation is still valid Impossible condition – physically not feasible Illegal condition – prohibited by law. 3rd. violate undertaking in consideration of extension of period e. With term a) Positive – extinguished if time expires or indubitable of condition to happen b) Negative – effective from moment of time elapsed or evident it can't happen vii. Casual – dependent on chance or hazard v. Alternative – bound by different prestations but only one is due Right of choice: General rule: right of choice belongs to debtor a. the choice is with debtor (1) If only 1 is left either because of fortuitous events or due to debtor's acts. 4th sentence e) art 1180 WHEN DEBTOR LOSES RIGHT TO PERIOD: a.iv. Facultative – only one prestation has been agreed upon but another may be given in substitution Effect of loss or deterioration thru negligence. the choice is with creditor . Impossible and illegal – (1) To do . good custom. unless security provided b.
Demand on one produces delay only with respect to the debt b. Interruption in payment by one does not benefit or prejudice the other c. Active – on the part of creditor or obligee Effects: 1. expressly or impliedly DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN ALTERNATIVE AND FACULTATIVE OBLIGATIONS ALTERNATIVE FACULTATIVE a) Various things are due but the giving a) Only one thing is due but a substitute may be principally of one is sufficient given to render payment/fulfillment easy b) If one of prestations is illegal. the creditor may choose the value of any if some is lost due to debtor's fault. Credit is divided equally between creditors as among themselves 4. the one. Passive – on the part of debtors or obligors Effects: 1. the creditor chooses the remainder (4) if all is lost due to fortuitous event. obligation is extinguished (5) if all is lost due to creditor's fault. if it is impossible to give the substitute. nullity of P carries with it nullity of S c) If it is impossible to give all except c) If it is impossible to give the principal. the principal must still be given d) Right to choose may be given either d) The right of choice is given only to the debtor to debtor or creditor (6) Joint – presumption when 2 or more creditors or 2 or more debtors concur in one and the same obligation Effects: a. Insolvency of one debtor does not affect other debtors (7) Solidary – must be expressed in stipulation or provided by law or by nature of obligation a. Each creditor represents the other in the act of recovery of payment 3. Debtor may pay any of the solidary creditors b. Interruption of prescription to one creditor affects all 3. the last one must still be given substitute does not have to be given. the obligation is extinguished Requisites for making the choice: a) Made properly so that creditor or his agent will actually know b) Made with full knowledge that a selection is indeed being made c) Made voluntarily and freely d) Made in due time – before or upon maturity e) Made to all proper persons f) Made w/o conditions unless agreed by the creditor g) May be waived. others b) If principal obligations is void and there is no may be valid but obligation remains necessity of giving the substitute. Death of 1 solidary creditor transmits share to heirs (but collectively) 2. and damages in either case (3) if all is lost due to the debtor's fault.(1) if one or some are lost due to fortuitous event. the creditor chooses the remainder (2) if one or some is lost because of the fault of debtor. Vices of one debtor to creditor has no effect on the others d. Interest from delay on 1 debtor is borne by all . Each debtor may be requested to pay whole obligation with right to recover from co-debtors 2. the creditor may choose either the remainder or the value of any which disappeared.
principal cannot be demanded. no reimbursement if payment is made after prescription or became illegal d. b. Mixed – on the part of the obligors and obligees.c. Stipulation – granting right b. accomplices. Subsidiary . remission made after payment is made – co-debtor still entitled to reimbursement e. cases: a. damage & interest g.takes place of damage. Payment or performance 2. if with fault – there is liability (also for damage and interest) c. later on collect from any d. Loss of the thing due 3. except: Penalty is joint or cumulative 2. Exclusive . liability of principals. payment made before debt is due. Indivisible – one not capable of partial performance to give definite things not susceptible of partial performance provided by law intention of parties (9) (10) With penal clause . expressed by metrical units c. effect of insolvency or death of co-debtor – still liable for whole amount f.an accessory undertaking to assume greater liability in case of breach. or the part of the debtors and the creditors d. otherwise – interest can be charged b. obligations arising from tort 2.As a general rule. c. if without fault – no liability b. Conventional – agreed upon by the parties e. legal provisions regrading obligation of devisees and legatees 4. execution of certain no of days work b. refusal to pay penalty c. only penalty can be demanded. no interest can be charged. loss due to fortuitous event after default – there is liability (because of default) (8) Divisible – obligation that is capable of partial performance a. Legal – imposed by law Instances where law imposes solidary obligation: 1. bailees in commodatum Effects: a. if different terms & conditions – collect only what is due. complete/ personal defense – total or partial ( up to amount of share only ) if not personal to him Effect of loss or impossibility of the prestation: a. penalty provided is iniquitous/unconscionable EXTINGUISHMENT OF OBLIGATIONS Modes of Extinguishment of Obligation: 1. nature of obligation – susceptible of partial fulfillment a. d. Condonation or remission of debt . obligations arising from quasi-contracts 3. damage can only be demanded in the ff. with dolo ( not of creditor ) Causes for reduction of penalty: a. and accessories of a felony 5. partial/irregular performance b. CHARACTERISTICS OF PENAL CLAUSES 1. fault of any debtor – every one is responsible – price. insolvency of one – others are liable for share pro-rata c.
By creditor’s conduct. With respect to prestation itself: (1) identity (2) integrity or completeness (3) indivisibility B. Insofar as the payment has been beneficial to him PAYMENT TO A 3RD PARTY NOT AUTHORIZED.but will apply only if debt has not been previously garnished PAYMENT MADE TO AN INCAPACITATED PERSON . it must have redounded to the obligee's benefit and only to the extent of such benefit ii. 7. 3rd person acquires the creditor’s rights 2. or 2. There is subrogation except if the 3rd person intended it to be a donation (c) 3rd person pays/performs with consent of creditor but not with debtor's consent.3 . PAYMENT OR PERFORMANCE – delivery of money and performance. If performance is done also with debtor's consent . Creditor must be in possession of the credit & not merely the evidence of indebtedness C. Requisites: 1. Payment by debtor must be made in good faith 2. the repayment is only to the extent that the payment has been beneficial to debtor (2) Payee (a) payee . he can be the debtor himself or his heirs or assigns or his agent. In the place designated in the obligation 2. it falls under art 1241. VALID IF PROVED & ONLY TO THE EXTENT OF BENEFIT. 8.2.creditor or obligee or successor in interest of transferee. If there is no express stipulation and the undertaking is to deliver a specific thing – at the place where the thing might be at the moment the obligation was constituted 1.must be made by proper party to proper party (1) Payor (a) Payor . performance is total (c) anyone in possession of the credit .4.only the creditor's consent. With respect to time and place of payment . 9.the one performing. or agent (b) 3rd person . Confusion or merger of rights Compensation Novation Annulment Rescission Fulfillment of resolutory condition manner of the obligation REQUISITES FOR VALID PAYMENT/PERFORMANCE A. or anyone interested in the fulfillment of the obligation. par 1. 5. can be anyone as long as it is with the creditor's consent (b) 3RD person pays/performs . concur: i. Creditor ratifies payment to 3rd person 3.the benefit is total so. VALID IF: 1. in any other . With respect to parties . 6.if any of the ff.must be according to the obligation Where payment should be made: 1. After payment. debtor has been led to make the payment (estoppel) PAYMENT MADE IN GOOD FAITH TO A PERSON IN POSSESSION OF CREDIT SHALL RELEASE DEBTOR.he takes the place of the debtor. Incapacitated person kept the thing delivered. PRESUMED IF: 1.
If debts are of the same nature and burden. Right to rescind cannot be used for slight breach SPECIAL RULES/FORMS OF PAYMENT . Debtor makes the designation 2. Deviation is slight 3.3. then application. Same debtor 3. . Application of Payments – the designation of the debt which payment shall be made. to be valid: must be debtor’s choice or w/ consent of debtor Requisites for the Application of payment: 1. Must not be so material that intention of parties is not attained Effect of Substantial performance in good faith 1. creditor makes it by so stating in the receipt that he issues – unless there is cause for invalidating the contract 3. If neither the debtor nor creditor has made the application or if the application is not valid.Special Forms: a. Attempt in Good Faith to perform without willful or intentional departure 2. Same creditor 4. out of 2 or more debts owing the same creditor: stipulation or application of party given benefit of period – OK. is made by operation of law WHO MAKES APPLICATION: General Rule: Debtor Exception: Creditor – a) Debtor without protest accepts receipt in which creditor specified expressly and unmistakably the obligation to which such payment was to be applied – debtor in this case renounced the right of choice b) When monthly statements were made by the bank specifying the application and the debtor signed said statements approving the status of her account as thus sent to her monthly by the bank IN CASE NO APPLICATION HAS BEEN MADE 1. Various debts of the same kind 2. Obligor may recover as though there has been strict and complete fulfillment.time stipulated Effect of payment – extinguish obligation Except: order to retain debt SUBSTANTIAL PERFORMANCE 1. Apply payment to the most onerous 2. In other case – in the place of the domicile of the debtor Time of payment . Omission/Defect is technical or unimportant 4. Dacion en Pago – mode of extinguishing an obligation whereby the debtor alienates in favor of the creditor property for the satisfaction of monetary debt. Payment is not enough to extinguish all debts HOW APPLICATION IS MADE: 1. All debts must be due Exception: there may be application of payment even if all debts are not yet due if: a) parties so stipulate b) when application of payment is made by the party for whose benefit the term has been constituted 5. less damages suffered by the obligee 2. application shall be made to all proportionately b. If not.
Legal – governed by the insolvency law 2. after acceptance by creditor or after judge declares that consignation has been properly made – risk of loss is shifted to creditor) . Voluntary – agreement of creditors REQUISITES FOR VOLUNTARY ASSIGNMENT a) More than 1 debt b) More than 1 creditor c) Complete or partial insolvency of debtor d) Abandonment of all debtor’s property not exempt from execution e) Acceptance or consent on the part of the creditors EFFECTS: a) Creditors do not become the owner. apply the proceeds to their credits. he becomes in mora accepiendi & debtor is released from responsibility if he consigns the thing or sum due) Consignation – the act of depositing the thing due with the court or judicial authorities whenever the creditor cannot accept or refuses to accept payment. A special form of payment because 1 element of payment is missing: IDENTITY • Governed by law on sales • Conditions for a valid dacion: 1) If creditor consents. extinguish up to amount of net proceeds ( unless w/ contrary stipulation ) Kinds: 1. in the order ordinarily established by law d. obligation remains ( debtor bears risk of loss at the meantime. generally requires prior tender of payment REQUISITES OF VALID CONSIGNATION: (1) Existence of valid debt (2) Consignation was made because of some legal cause . Consignation Tender -the act of offering the creditor what is due him together with a demand that the creditor accept the same (When creditor refuses w/o just cause to accept payment. they are merely assignees with authority to sell b) Debtor is released up to the amount of the net proceeds of the sale. Cession/Assignment in Favor of creditors – the process by which debtor transfer all the properties not subject to execution in favor of creditors is that the latter may sell them and thus.previous valid tender was unjustly refused or circumstances making previous tender exempt (3) Prior Notice of Consignation had been given to the person interested in performance of obligation (1st notice) (4) actual deposit/Consignation with proper judicial authorities (5) subsequent notice of Consignation (2nd notice) Effects: Extinguishment of obligation (1) Debtor may ask judge to order cancellation of obligation (2) Running of interest is suspended (3) Before creditor accepts or before judge declares consignation has been properly made. for a sale presupposes the consent of both parties 2) If dacion will not prejudice the other creditors 3) If debtor is not judicially declared insolvent c. or in default of agreement.extinguish up to amount of property unless w/ contrary stipulation. unless there is a stipulation to the contrary c) Creditors will collect credits in the order of preference agreed upon.
it is extinguished by impossibility) (b) The event was not due to the act of any of the parties (c) The contract is for a future prestation .Consignation w/o prior tender – allowed in: 1.agreement is valid only if the same conditions prevailing at time of contracting continue to exist at the time of performance EFFECT OF DIFFICULTY BEYOND PARTIES’ CONTEMPLATION Rule: Obligor may be released in whole or in part REQUISITES: The event or change could not have been forseen at the time of the execution of the contract (a) The performance is extremely difficult. creditor absent or unknown/ does not appear at the place of payment 2. earthquake. but not impossible (because if it is impossible.LOSS OF THE THING DUE – partial or total/ includes impossibility of performance WHEN IS THERE A LOSS: 1) When the object perishes (physically) 2) When it goes out of commerce 3) When it disappears in such a way that: its existence is unknown or it cannot be recovered WHEN IS THERE IMPOSSIBILITY OF PERFORMANCE 1) Physical impossibility 2) Legal impossibility : (a) Directly – caused as when prohibited by law (b) Indirectly – caused as when debtor is required to enter a military draft OBLIGATION TO DELIVER A SPECIFIC THING General Rule: Extinguished Exceptions: a) Debtor is at fault b) Debtor is made liable for fortuitous event because of a provision of law. contractual stipulation or the nature of the obligation requires assumption of risk on part of debtor OBLIGATION TO DELIVER A GENERIC THING General Rule: Not extinguished Exceptions: a) if the generic thing is delimited b) if the generic thing has already been segregated c) monetary obligation OBLIGATION TO DO General Rule: Debtor is released when prestation becomes legally or physically impossible without fault on part of debtor EFFECT OF PARTIAL LOSS – ( judicial determination of extent is necessary) a) when loss is significant – may be enough to extinguish obligation b) when loss insignificant – not enough to extinguish obligation WHEN THING IS LOST IN THE POSSESSION OF THE DEBTOR Presumption: Loss due to debtor’s fault ( disputable ) Exception: natural calamity. incapacitated to receive payment at the time it is due 3. flood. storm 3. 2 or more creditor claiming the same right to collect 5. title of obligation has been lost 2. refuses to issue receipt w/o just cause 4. REBUS SIC STANTIBUS .
voluntary delivery – presumption. It must take place between principal debtor & principal creditor only b. of the same kind or quality c. There must be a subject matter (object of the remission. Cause of consideration must be liberality (Essentially gratuitous. it is a mode of extinguishment to the concurrent amount the obligation of persons who are in their own right reciprocally debtors or creditors REQUISITES: a. accessory oblig. Obligation remitted must have been demandable at the time of remission h. rebuttable Requisites of Implied: 1. Of pledge – condoned. Parties must be capacitated and must consent. total of donation b.in their own right and as principals b. express or implied REQUISITES: a. if reason for confusion ceases. donation. COMPENSATION – Set off.whole debt is condoned c. Both debts are liquidated & demandable (determined) e. CONDONATION/REMISSION OF THE DEBT – gratuitous abandonment of debt. if in hands of joint debtor – only his share is condoned b. as long as 5 requisites concur. legal – by operation of law. Formalities of a donation are required in the case of an express remission f. legitime is impaired ) & ingratitude & condition not followed g. when evidence of indebtedness is w/ debtor – presumed voluntarily delivery by creditor. indemnity for expense of exchanges. made to prescribe w/o demanding 5. Merger must be clear & definite c. Neither debt must be retained in a controversy commenced by 3rd person & communicated w/ debtor (neither debt is garnished) Kinds: a. Principal – accessory also condoned b. the obligation is revived 6. Express – formalities a. right to claim. an act of liberality ) d. Both debts must consist in sum of money or if consumable . requires acceptance by obligor. accessory – principal still outstanding c. CONFUSION OR MERGER OF RIGHTS– character of debtor & creditor is merged in same person with respect to same obligation REQUISITES: a. There must be an agreement b. otherwise there would be nothing to condone) c. rules of donation applies. presumption only. voluntary delivery of private document a. rebuttable 2. partial sufficient Kinds: a. effect of delivery of evidence of indebtedness is conclusion that debt is condoned – already conclusion. Both parties must be mutually creditors and debtors .even if unknown to parties & if payable in diff places. if in hands of solidary debtor . Both debts are due d. even if not equal debts – only up to concurring amount . Waivers or remission are not to be presumed generally Forms: Extent: a.4. The obligation involved must be same & identical – one obligation only d. implied in mortis causa & expressed inter vivos e. Implied – conduct is b. Tacit – voluntary destruction of instrument by creditor. Revocable. Revocable – subject to rule on inofficious donation ( excessive.
criminal offense. commodatum. judicial – set off. upon order of the court. extinguishment of principal carries accessory. facultative – one party has choice of claiming/opposing – one who has benefit of period may choose to compensate . valid obligation b. valid new obligation EFFECT OF NOVATION: a.b. with knowledge but w/o consent of debtor – compensation may be set up as to debts maturing prior to assignment 3. must be compatible with the new obligation. no new obligation since nothing to novate if suspensive & it never occurred –as if no obligation. compensation already perfected b. except: stipulation to contrary stipulation pour autri unless beneficiary consents modificatory novation only.not all requisites are present . obliged to w/c is less onerous old obligation is void b. PERSONAL/SUBJECTIVE 1.depositum. changing object or principal conditions b. if made after compensation took place – no effect. all requirements must concur except liquidation e. can there still be compensation a. capacity & consent of parties to the new obligation d. also nothing to novate d. if old obligation has condition. needs pleading & proof. REAL/OBJECTIVE – change object. w/o knowledge – compensation may be set-up on all debts prior to his knowledge 7. substituting person of debtor ( passive ) . if made before compensation took place – depends 1. partial – when 2 debts are not of the same amount Effect of assignment of credit to 3rd person. cause/consideration or principal condition b. if new obligation has condition if resolutory: valid if suspensive & did not materialize: old obligation is enforced KINDS: a. with consent of debtor – debtor is estopped unless he reserves his right & gave notice to assignee 2. taxes d. if old obligation has condition if Resolutory & it occurred –old obligation already extinguished. substituting person of debtor c. NOVATION – extinguishment of obligation by creating/ substituting a new one in its place a. forget other requirement as long as both consented c. claim for future support. conventional – agreement of parties is enough. subrogating 3rd person in right of creditor REQUISITES: a. intent to extinguish old obligation – expressed or implied: completely/substantially incompatible old and new obligation on every point c. if new is w/o condition – deemed attached to new e. old obligation subsists if: new obligation is void or voidable but annulled already ( except: intention of parties ) c. total – when 2 debts are of the same amount f.
full reimbursement.creditor c. subrogating 3rd person to rights of creditor ( active ) a. not responsible since w/o his consent DELEGACION. 2 obligations. initiative is from 3rd person or new debtor. Obligatory Force – parties are bound from perfection of contract: a. strangers cannot demand enforcement EXCEPTION TO RELATIVITY: a. usage & law 4. 3rd person not interested in obligation pays w/ approval of debtor 3. Accion pauliana b. not presumed except as provided for in law: presumed when1. 1 obligation 4. Autonomy of wills – parties may stipulate anything as long as not illegal. not the whole contract (3) That the favorable stipulation should not be conditioned or compensated by any kind of obligation whatsoever . to pay if insolvent Change of debtor 1.EXPROMISION. their assigns. fulfill what has been expressly stipulated b. 1 is extinguished & new one created 4. Released from debt 2. debtor is not nec.CONTRACTS -meeting of minds bet 2 parties whereby one binds himself with respect to other to give something or render some service PRINCIPAL CHARACTERISTICS: 1. needs consent of creditor – express or implied 3. Mutuality – performance or validity binds both parties. Accion directa c. new debtor is obliged to pay PART II .takes place by operation of law. Delegado – new debtor 2. conventional. legal. 2. Delegante – old debtor b.agreement & consent of all parties. old debtor released from obligation. Stipulation pour autrui REQUISITES OF STIPULATION POUR AUTRUI (1) Parties must have clearly and deliberately conferred a favor upon a 3rd person (2) The stipulation in favor of a 3rd person should be a part of. etc. if new debtor is insolvent. all parties to consent. no need for consent. immoral. only beneficial reimbursement. all consequences w/c may be in keeping with good faith. clearly established b. initiative of old debtor. Delegatario . subject to full reimbursement & subrogation if made w/ consent of old debtor. new debtor & creditor to consent. Relativity – binding only between the parties. can be done w/o consent of creditor 3. person interested in fulfillment of obligation pays debt even w/o knowledge of debtor Difference from payment by 3rd person 1. not left to will of one of parties 3. heirs. debtor is released 2. if w/o consent or against will . creditor pays another preferred creditor even w/o debtor’s knowledge 2. 3rd person has no oblig. if insolvent new debtor – not responsible old debtor because obligation extinguished by valid novation unless: insolvency already existing & of public knowledge or know to him at time of delegacion a.
Intelligence and free will d. Gratuitous – founded on liberality 3. consummation – performance ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS: 1. Preparation . Manifestation of intent of parties e. Bilateral – both parties are required to render reciprocal prestations As to name or designation: 1. Innominate a) Do ut des – I give that you may give b) Do ut facias – I give that you may do c) Facio ut des – I do that you may give d) Facio ut facias – I do that you may do STAGES IN A CONTRACT: 1. Art 1314 REQUISITES OF ART 1312: (1) Existence of a valid contract (2) Knowledge of the contract by a 3rd person (3) Interference by the 3rd person KINDS OF CONTRACTS As to perfection or formation: 1. Art 1312 e. concurrence of offer & acceptance Requirements: a. Conformity of manifestation and cognition Note: We follow the theory of cognition and not the theory of manifestation. Preparatory – not an end by itself.negotiation 2. Plurality of subject b.(4) Neither of the contracting parties bears the legal representation or authorization of 3rd party (5) The third person communicates his acceptance before revocation by the original parties d. Nominate 2. Capacity c. deposit ) 3. Unilateral – only one of the parties has an obligation 2. Onerous – with valuable consideration 2. the offer and acceptance concur only when the offeror comes to know. Cognition by the other party f. Consent – meeting of minds between parties on subject matter & cause of contract. pledge. Remunerative – prestation is given for service previously rendered not as obligation As to importance or dependence of one upon another 1. perfection/birth 3. may not exist on its own 3. and not when the offeree merely manifests his acceptance ELEMENTS OF VALID OFFER ELEMENTS OF VALID ACCEPTANCE . Under our civil law. formal/solemn – perfected by conformity to essential formalities ( donation ) As to cause 1. a means through which future contracts may be made As to parties obliged: 1. consensual – perfected by agreement of parties 2. accessory – depends on another contract for its existence. principal – contract may stand alone 2. real – perfected by delivery ( commodatum.
Art 1338 . They were entered unto by a guardian and the court having jurisdiction had approved the same 3. unconditional WHEN OFFER BECOMES INEFFECTIVE: 1. Intoxicated and under hypnotic spell 5. under normal circumstances. Mayfair(264 SCRA 483) held that an option clause in order to be valid and enforceable must indicate the definite price at which the person granting the option is willing to sell. Equatorial v. intentional a.person induced by fraud (dolo causante) Note: Dolus bonus (usual exaggerations in trade) are not in themselves fraudulent RULE ON CONTRACTS ENTERED INTO BY MINORS General Rule: VOIDABLE EXCEPTIONS: 1. Minors could not be estopped . death. stated fixed period in the offer 2. civil interdiction. CA (1994) states that a unilateral promise to buy or sell. definite b. in Braganza v Villa-Abrille. the dissent became the ruling. Insane or demented persons 3. Subsequently. qualified or conditional acceptance of the offer 4. Minors 2. unequivocal b. no stated fixed period a) offer is made to a person present – acceptance must be made immediately b) offer is made to a person absent – acceptance may be made within such time that. Illiterates/ deaf-mutes who do not know how to write 4. Upon reaching age of majority – they ratify the same 2. if not supported by a distinct consideration. may be withdrawn but may not be done whimsically or arbitrarily.a. Paranaque Kings V CA (1997) states that right of first refusal may be enforced by specific performance. complete c. Minor is estopped for having misrepresented his age and misled the other party (when age is close to age of majority as in the Mercado v Espiritu & Sia Suan v Alcantara cases) Note: In the Sia Suan v Alcantara case. PERSONS WHO CANNOT GIVE CONSENT TO A CONTRACT: 1. one that is too young to give consent is too young to be estopped.person under mistake.Padilla to the effect that the minor cannot be estopped if he is too young to give consent. contract can be enforced and not only damages. there is a strong dissent by J. but here the persons who are bound to give them support should pay therefor 4. an answer can be received from him OPTION . insanity or insolvency of either party before acceptance is conveyed 2. They were contracts for necessities such as food. subject matter becomes illegal or impossible before acceptance is communicated PERIOD FOR ACCEPTANCE 1.option may be withdrawn anytime before acceptance is communicated but not when supported by a consideration other than purchase price: option money Note: Ang Yu v. express or implied revocation of the offer by the offeree 3. mistake may deprive intelligence 6. Art 1331 . the right of the grantee here is damages and not specific performance.
hospitalized lepers 3.burden of proof is on the person CONTRACT assailing its existence INADEQUACY OF CAUSA DOES NOT INVALIDATE CONTRACT PER SE Exceptions: 1. Produces a well grounded fear that the person making it will carry it over 3.DISQUALIFIED TO ENTER INTO CONTRACTS: ( contracts entered into are void ) 1. when merged into one ABSENCE OF CAUSA ILLEGALITY OF CAUSA FALSITY OF CAUSA VOID . deaf and dumb who are unable to read and write 5. undue influence SIMULATED CONTRACTS a. weak mind and other similar causes. presumption of validity but rebuttable CAUSA NOT STATED IN PRESUMED TO EXIST . concealed contract binds: 1. cannot without outside aid. etc. OBJECT – The prestation REQUISITES: a) Within the commerce of man . fictitious only – void from beginning b. morals. no prejudice to 3rd persons 2. 2. take care of themselves and manage their property. mistake . Threatened act is unjust and unlawful c. Intimidation REQUISITE: a. Such force is the determining cause for giving consent 2. prodigals 4. becoming an easy prey for deceit and exploitation CAUSES WHICH VITIATE FREEDOM 1. Irresistable physical force b.purely private reason. fraud 2.produce no legal effect VOID . CAUSA – reason why parties enter into contract REQUISITES: a) It must exist b) It must be true c) It must be licit MOTIVE . Determining cause for the contract b. absolute – no intention to be bound at all. relative – there is intention to be bound but concealed. disease. those under civil interdiction 2. not contrary to law. illegality does not invalidate contract except when it predetermines purpose of contract. violence REQUISITE: a.either existing or in potency b) Licit or not contrary to law. Real and serious d. good customs c) Possible d) Determinate as to its kind or determinable w/o need to enter into a new contract e) Transmissible 3.produce no legal effect VOIDABLE – party must prove that cause is untruthful. those who by reason of age.
cession of action of rights proceeding from an act appearing in a public inst. others specified by law – to avoid frustration of true intent REQUISITES: . mistake by 3rd persons – due to ignorance. needed only to bind 3rd parties ex: public documents needed for the ff: 1. mutual: instrument includes something w/c should not be there or omit what should be there • mutual • mistake of fact • clear & convincing proof • causes failure of instrument to express true intention b.3. registration of chattel mortgage. undue influence 4. need ratification to be enforceable c. object & cause b. bad faith of drafter.donation & acceptance of real property b. Real – creation of real rights over immovable prop – must be written WHEN FORM IS IMPORTANT: 1) for validity (formal/solemn contracts) 2) for enforceability (statute of frauds) 3) for convenience General Rule: contract is valid & binding in whatever form provided that 3 essential requisites concur Exception: a. Law requires contract to be in some form to be enforceable . contract is valid but right to enforce cannot be exercised. transmission or reformation of real rights over immovables 2.000 c. lack of skill. unilateral • one party was mistaken • other either acted fraudulently or inequitably or knew but concealed • party in good faith may ask for reformation c. inequitable conduct. Law requires contract to be in some form for validity . repudiation. cases specified by law . renunciation of hereditary rights/CPG 3. contract of antichresis. sale of land thru agent. transfer of large cattle.contract is valid & enforceable. power to administer property for another 4. donation of personal prop in excess of 5. FORM – in some kind of contracts only as contracts are generally consensual. form is a manner in which a contract is executed or manifested a. contract of partnership. 5. negligence . typist d. accident CAUSES/GROUNDS: a. cession. clerk. all other docs where amount involved is in excess of 500 ( must be written even private docs ) REFORMATION OF CONTRACTS – remedy to conform to real intention of parties due to mistake. stipulation to pay interest.contracts entered when ward suffers lesion of more than 25% 4. contracts w/c object is creation. Formal – required by law to be in certain specified form such as: donation of real property. Informal – may be entered into whatever form as long as there is consent. fraud. Law requires contract to be in some form for convenience .Statute of Frauds.
contract entered into by defendant w/o knowledge or approval of litigants or judicial authority (e) Payment by an insolvent – on debts w/c are not yet due. It must be made within the prescribed period OBLIGATION CREATED BY THE RESCISSION OF THE CONTRACT: Mutual Restitution 1. 4.A. 1542.art 1526. if there are 2 or more alienations – liability of 1st infractor 2. May be assailed or attacked only in an action for that purpose . when party has brought suit to enforce it KINDS OF DEFECTIVE CONTRACTS: 1. valid until annulled. simple donation inter vivos b. Things w/c are the objects of the contract & their fruits 2. 5.Payments made in a state of insolvency b. Contracts entered into by persons exercising fiduciary capacity (a) Entered into by guardian whenever ward suffers damage by more than 1/4 of value of object (b) Agreed upon in representation of absentees. there is a written instrument there is meeting of minds true intention not expressed in instrument clear & convincing proof facts put in issue in pleadings Note: prescribes in 10 years from date of execution of instrument WHEN NOT AVAILABLE: a. prejudices claim of others (f) Provided for by law . Plaintiff has no other means to obtain reparation b. subject to indemnity only. 3. thing already in possession of party in good faith. Contract must be rescissible (1) Under art 1381: i. to the extent of the damage caused' REQUISITES: a. 2. when: 1. The things must not have been passed to 3rd parties who did not act in bad faith d. VOIDABLE CONTRACTS – intrinsic defect. Plaintiff must be able to return whatever he may be obliged to return due to rescission c. 1538. when real agreement is void d. 1567 and 1659 ii. defect is due to vice of consent or legal incapacity CHARACTERISTICS: a.1. RESCISSIBLE CONTRACTS – Those which have caused a particular economic damage either to one of the parties or to a 3rd person and which may be set aside even if valid. if absentee suffers lesion by more than ¼ of value of property (c) Contracts where rescission is based on fraud committed on creditor (accion pauliana) (d) Objects of litigation. creditor did not receive anything from contract 2. 1534. estoppel. 1560. 1556.Under art 1382 . wills c. 1539. It may be set aside in whole or in part. Price with interest Note: Mutual restitution N. Effective until set aside b.
UNDUE INFLUENCE OR FRAUD (vice of consent) (1) mistake – false belief into something REQUISITES: 1. ascendants or descendants (moral coercion) undue influence – person takes improper advantage of his power over will of another depriving latter of reasonable freedom of choice fraud – thru insidious words or machinations of contracting parties. Obligation to do – value of service PRESCRIPTION IN ACTION FOR ANNULMENT OF VOIDABLE CONTRACTS: Intimidation/Violence/undue Influence 4 years from time defect of consent ceases Mistake/Fraud 4 years from time of discovery Contracts entered into by 4 years from time guardianship ceases minors/incapacitated persons 3. undue influence 4 years from time defect of consent ceases Mistake. Can be assailed only by the party whose consent was defective or his heirs or assigns WHAT CONTRACTS ARE VOIDABLE: a. VIOLENCE. Refers to the nature of the contract 3.when mistake is mutual and frustrates the real purpose of parties (2) (3) violence – serious or irresistible force is employed to wrest consent intimidation – one party is compelled by a reasonable & well-grounded fear of an imminent & grave danger upon person & property of himself. violence. Refers to the subject of the thing which is the object of the contract 2. produce legal efefcts only after ratified KINDS/VARIETIES: . UNENFORCEABLE CONTRACT – valid but cannot compel its execution unless ratified. THOSE WHERE ONE OF THE PARTIES IS INCAPABLE OF GIVING CONSENT TO A CONTRACT (legal incapacity) (1) minors ( below 18 ) (2) insane unless acted in lucid interval (3) deaf mute who can’t read or write (4) persons specially disqualified: civil interdiction (5) in state of drunkenness (6) in state of hypnotic spell b. THOSE WHERE THE CONSENT IS VITIATED BY MISTAKE.c. extrinsic defect. Obligation to give – mutual restitution 2. spouse. other is induced to enter into contract w/o w/c he will not enter (dolo causante) (4) (5) PERIOD TO BRING ACTION FOR ANNULMENT Intimidation. fraud 4 years from time of discovery Incapacity from time guardianship ceases EFFECTS OF ANNULMENT: 1. Can be confirmed ( Note: CONFIRMATION IS THE PROPER TERM FOR CURING THE DEFECT OF A VOIDABLE CONTRACT) d. Refers to the principal conditions in an agreement 4. INTIMIDATION.when it is the principal consideration of the contract 5. Error as to legal effect . Error as to person .
VOID OR INEXISTENT – of no legal effect CHARACTERISTICS: a. restoration is in order. no object. chattels or things in action at price not less than 500. It produces no effect whatsoever either against or in favor of anyone b. There is no action for annulment necessary as such is ipso jure.1. to the presentation of parole evidence in court. the defect is waived 4. except if pari delicto will apply e. It cannot be confirmed. also estoppel sets in by accepting performance. A judicial declaration to that effect is merely a declaration c. Acceptance of benefits under the contract. Agreement for sale of goods. whether it amounts to a crime or not 3) Illegal/Illicit ones – Those whose cause. Ex: Contract to sell marijuana . Unauthorized/No sufficient authority – entered into in the name of another when: a. it takes it out of unenforceable contracts. the defect of unenforceability is cured 2. exception: auction when recorded sale in sales book e. Failure to comply with Statute of Frauds a. morals. If performed.Contracts w/c violate any legal provision. no authority conferred b. Anyone may invoke the nullity of the contract whenever its juridical effects are asserted against him KINDS OF VOID CONTRACT: 1) Those lacking in essential elements: no consent. no cause (inexistent ones) – essential formalities are not complied with ( ex: donation propter nuptias – should conform to formalities of a donation to be valid ) (a) Those w/c are absolutely simulated or fictitious – no cause (b) Those which cause or object did not exist at the time of the transaction – no cause/object (c) Those whose object is outside the commerce of man – no object (d) Those w/c contemplate an impossible service – no object (e) Those w/c intention of parties relative to principal object of the contract cannot be ascertained 2) Prohibited by law (f) Those expressly prohibited or declared void by law . ratified or cured d. Representation as to credit of another 2 WAYS OF CURING UNENFORCEABLE CONTRACTS: 1. in excess of authority conferred ( ultra vires ) Note: Curable by RATIFICATION 2. Agreement made in consideration of promise to marry d. default or miscarriage of another c. good customs. Agreement for lease of property for more than 1 year & sale of real property regardless of price f. Imprescriptible g. Special promise to answer for debt. Agreement to be performed within a year after making contract b. Failure of defendant to object in time. The right to set up the defense of nullity cannot be waived f. If there is performance in either part and there is acceptance of performance. public order or public policy . Both parties incapable of giving consent -2 minor or 2 insane persons Note: Curable by ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 3. object or purpose is contrary to law.
Where laws are issued to protect certain sectors: consumer protection.KINDS OF ILLEGAL CONTRACTS CONTRACT CONSTITUTE CONTRACT DOES NOT CRIMINAL OFFENSE CONSTITUTE CRIMINAL OFFENSE BUT IS ILLEGAL OR UNLAWFUL PER SE Parties are in • No action for specific • No action for specific pari delicto performance performance • No action for restitution on • No action for restitution on either side. The law will leave you where you are you where you are • Both shall be prosecuted • No confiscation • Thing/price to be confiscated in favor of government Only one party • No action for specific • No action for specific is guilty performance performance • Innocent party is entitled to • Innocent party is entitled to restitution restitution • Guilty party is not entitled to • Guilty party is not entitled to restitution restitution • Guilty party will be prosecuted • Instrument of crime will be confiscated in favor of govt PARI DELICTO DOCTRINE -both parties are guilty. does not apply when a superior public policy intervenes EXCEPTION TO PARI DELICTO RULE 1. The law will leave either side. usury law a) Consumer protection – if price of commodity is determined by statute. If purpose has not yet been accomplished & If damage has not been caused to any 3rd person Requisites: a) contract is for an illegal purpose b) contract must be repudiated by any of the parties before purpose is accomplished or damage is caused to 3rd parties c) court believes that public interest will be served by allowing recovery (discretionary upon the court ) – based on remorse. courts may allow recovery of money. If one party is incapacitated. if law set max working hours & laborer who undertakes to work longer may demand additional compensation c) Interest paid in excess of the interest allowed by the usury law may be recovered by debtor with interest from date of payment 3. If agreement is not illegal per se but merely prohibited & prohibition is designated for the protection of the plaintiff – may recover what he has paid or delivered by virtue of public policy . any person paying an amount in excess of the maximum price allowed may recover such excess b) Labor – if law sets the minimum wage for laborers. labor. those who come in equity must come with clean hands. unable to understand the consequences of his own action 4. pari delicto cannot apply because an incapacitated person does not know what he is entering into. applies only to illegal contracts & not to inexistent contracts. no action against each other. before it takes effect – party w/c is remorseful prevents it 2. any laborer who agreed to receive less may still be entitled to recover the deficiency. illegality is accomplished when parties entered into contract. property delivered by incapacitated person in the interest of justice.
MUTUAL RESTITUTION IN VOID CONTRACTS General Rule: parties should return to each other what they have given by virtue of the void contract in case where nullity arose from defect in essential elements 1. return object of contract & fruits 2. except: a. incapacitated – not obliged to return what he gave but may recover what he has given b. return price plus interest Exception: No recovery can be had in cases where nullity of contract arose from illegality of contract where parties are in pari delicto. other party is less guilty or not guilty .
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