Source: http://dccode.elaws.us/code?no=28:7%7C1&e=8
Timestamp: 2020-01-22 23:06:50
Document Index: 401999300

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 28', '§ 1', '§ 28', '§ 28', '§ 28', '§ 1', '§ 27', '§ 28', '§ 28', '§ 28', '§ 28', '§ 28', '§ 28', 'arts 2', '§ 28', '§ 28']

§ 28:7-101. Short title.
This article shall be known and may be cited as Uniform Commercial Code -- Documents of Title.
(Dec. 30, 1963, 77 Stat. 718, Pub. L. 88-243, § 1.)
This Article is a consolidation and revision of the Uniform Warehouse Receipts Act and the Uniform Bills of Lading Act, and embraces also the provisions of the Uniform Sales Act relating to negotiation of documents of title.
The only substantial omissions of material covered in the previous uniform acts are the criminal provisions found in the Warehouse Receipts and Bills of Lading acts. These criminal provisions are inappropriate to a Commercial Code, and for the most part duplicate portions of the ordinary criminal law relating to frauds.
The Article does not attempt to define the tort liability of bailees, except to hold certain classes of bailees to a minimum standard of reasonable care. For important classes of bailees, liabilities in case of loss, damage or destruction, as well as other legal questions associated with particular documents of title, are governed by federal statutes, international treaties, and in some cases regulatory state laws, which supersede the provisions of this Article in case of inconsistency. See Section 7-103.
1981 Ed., § 28:7-101.
1973 Ed., § 28:7-101.
§ 28:7-102. Definitions and index of definitions.
(d) "Delivery order" means a written order to deliver goods directed to a warehouseman, carrier or other person who in the ordinary course of business issues warehouse receipts or bills of lading.
(e) "Document" means document of title as defined in the general definitions in Article 1 (section 28:1-201).
(g) "Issuer" means a bailee who issues a document except that in relation to an unaccepted delivery order it means the person who orders the possessor of goods to deliver. Issuer includes any person for whom an agent or employee purports to act in issuing a document if the agent or employee has real or apparent authority to issue documents, notwithstanding that the issuer received no goods or that the goods were misdescribed or that in any other respect the agent or employee violated his instructions.
(h) "Warehouseman" is a person engaged in the business of storing goods for hire.
"Duly negotiated" section 28:7-501.
"Person entitled under the document" section 28:7-403(4).
(3) Definitions in other articles applying to this article and the sections in which they appear are:
"Contract for sale" section 28:2-106.
"Overseas" section 28:2-323.
"Receipt" of goods section 28:2-103.
(Dec. 30, 1963, 77 Stat. 718, Pub. L. 88-243, § 1; Apr. 9, 1997, D.C. Law 11-255, § 27(vv), 44 DCR 1271.)
Section 76, Uniform Sales Act; Section 58, Uniform Warehouse Receipts Act; Sections 1 and 53, Uniform Bills of Lading Act.
Applicable definitions from the uniform acts have been consolidated and revised; definition of delivery order is new.
1. "Bailee" was not defined in the old uniform acts. It is used in this Article as a blanket term to designate carriers, warehousemen and others who normally issue documents of title on the basis of goods which they have received. The definition does not, however, require actual possession of the goods. If a bailee acknowledges possession when he does not have it he is bound by sections of this Article which declare the "bailee's" obligations. (See definition of "Issuer" in this section and Sections 7-203 and 7-301 on liability in case of non-receipt.)
2. The definition of warehouse receipt contained in the general definitions section of this Act (Section 1-201) eliminates the requirement of the Uniform Warehouse Receipts Act that the issuing warehouseman be "lawfully engaged" in business. The warehouseman's compliance with applicable state regulations such as the filing of a bond has no bearing on the substantive issues dealt with in this Article. Certainly the issuer's violations of law should not diminish his responsibility on documents he has put in commercial circulation. The Uniform Warehouse Receipts Act requirement that the warehouseman be engaged "for profit" has also been eliminated in view of the existence of state operated and co-operative warehouses. But it is still essential that the business be storing goods "for hire" (Section 1-201 and this section). A person does not become a warehouseman by storing his own goods.
3. Delivery orders, which were included without qualification in the Uniform Sales Act definition of document of title, must be treated differently in this consolidation of provisions from the three uniform acts. When a delivery order has been accepted by the bailee it is for practical purposes indistinguishable from a warehouse receipt. Prior to such acceptance there is no basis for imposing obligations on the bailee other than the ordinary obligation of contract which the bailee may have assumed to the depositor of the goods.
Point 1: Sections 7-203 and 7-301.
1981 Ed., § 28:7-102.
1973 Ed., § 28:7-102.
§ 28:7-103. Relation of article to treaty, statute, tariff, classification or regulation.
To the extent that any treaty or statute of the United States, regulatory statute of the District or tariff, classification or regulation filed or issued pursuant thereto is applicable, the provisions of this article are subject thereto.
2. To make clear also that regulatory state statutes (such as those fixing or authorizing a commission to fix rates and prescribe services, authorizing different charges for goods of different values, and limiting liability for loss to the declared value on which the charge was based) are not affected by the Article and are controlling on the matters which they cover. Notice that the reference is not only to such statutes, but to tariffs, classifications and regulations filed or issued pursuant to them.
Sections 7-201, 7-202, 7-204, 7-206, 7-309, 7-401, 7-403.
1981 Ed., § 28:7-103.
1973 Ed., § 28:7-103.
§ 28:7-105. Construction against negative implication.
To avoid any impairment, for example, of any common-law right of indemnity a warehouseman may have corresponding to Section 7-301(5), or of any contractual security interest a carrier might have corresponding to Section 7-209(2).
Parts 2 and 3 of Article 7.
1981 Ed., § 28:7-105.
1973 Ed., § 28:7-105.