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Timestamp: 2020-01-25 18:10:18
Document Index: 39915925

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 151', '§ 151', '§ 152', '§ 153', '§ 153', '§ 154', '§ 155', '§ 156', '§ 158', '§ 151']

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29 U.S.C. § 151-169
NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation (1937)
NLRB v. Mackay Radio & Telegraph Co. (1938)
NLRB v. Sands Manufacturing Co. (1939)
NLRB v. Truck Drivers Local 449 (1957)
NLRB v. J. Weingarten, Inc. (1975)
Hoffman Plastic Compounds, Inc. v. NLRB (2002)
The National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (also known as the Wagner Act) is a foundational statute of United States labor law which guarantees the right of private sector employees to organize into trade unions, engage in collective bargaining, and take collective action such as strikes. The act was written by Senator Robert F. Wagner, passed by the 74th United States Congress, and signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
The NLRA was strongly opposed by conservatives and members of the Republican Party, but it was upheld in the Supreme Court case of NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. The 1947 Taft-Hartley Act amended the NLRA, establishing a series of unfair labor practices for unions and granting states the power to pass right-to-work laws.
President Franklin Roosevelt signed the legislation into law on July 5, 1935.[1]
It also has its roots in a variety of different labor acts previously enacted:[]
Norris-La Guardia Act (1932)
Under section 1 (29 U.S.C. § 151) of the Act, the key principles and policy findings on which the Act was based are explained. The Act aims to correct the "inequality of bargaining power between employees who, according to the Act's proponents, do not possess full freedom of association or actual liberty of contract and employers who are organized in the corporate or other forms of ownership association". To achieve this, the central idea is the promotion of collective bargaining between independent trade unions, on behalf of the workforce, and the employer.[2]
Various definitions are explained in section 2, (29 U.S.C. § 152) including 2(5) defining "labor organization" and 2(9) defining "labor dispute". The Act aims to protect employees as a group, and so is not based on a formal or legal relationship between an employer and employee.[3]
The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), which was established in NLRA 1935 sections 3 to 6 (29 U.S.C. § 153-156), is the primary enforcer of the Act. Employees and unions may act themselves in support of their rights, however because of collective action problems and the costs of litigation, the National Labor Relations Board is designed to assist and bear some of the costs. Under section 3, (29 U.S.C. § 153) the NLRB has two basic functions: overseeing the process by which employees decide whether to be represented by a labor organization and prosecuting violations. Those processes are initiated in the regional offices of the NLRB.[4] The General Counsel of the National Labor Relations Board give legal advice. Sections 4 (29 U.S.C. § 154) and 5 (29 U.S.C. § 155) set out provisions on the officers of the Board and their expenses. Section 6 (29 U.S.C. § 156) empowers the Board to issue rules interpreting the labor legislation. This will generally be binding, unless a court deems it to have acted outside its authority.
Employees are allowed to discuss wages.[5][6][7]
Under section 8 (29 U.S.C. § 158) the law defines a set of prohibited actions by employers, employees, and unions, known as an unfair labor practice.[8] The first five unfair labor practices aimed at employers are in section 8(a). These are,
In addition, added by the Taft-Hartley Act, there are seven unfair labor practices aimed at unions and employees.
The act also excludes independent contractors,[9] domestic workers, and farm workers. In recent years, advocacy organizations like the National Domestic Workers' Alliance have worked on the state level to pass a Domestic Workers' Bill of Rights, to extend to domestic workers the protections granted under the NLRA.[10] Similar advocacy efforts are taking place on behalf of farm workers.[11]
The Social Security Act of 1935 excluded from coverage about half the workers in the American economy. Among the excluded groups were agricultural and domestic workers--a large percentage of whom were African Americans.[12]
Opponents of the Wagner Act introduced several hundred bills to amend or repeal the law in the decade after its passage. All of them failed or were vetoed until the passage of the Labor Management Relations Act of 1947, or the Taft-Hartley Act, in 1947.
Along with other factors, the act contributed to tremendous growth of membership in the labor unions, especially in the mass-production sector.[15] The total number of labor union members grew from three million in 1933 to eight million at the end of the 1930s, with the vast majority of union members living outside of the Southern United States.[16]
^ 29 U.S.C. §§ 151-169, enacted July 5, 1950
^ Our Documents: 100 Milestone Documents from the National Archives. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2006. pp. 162-63. ISBN 978-0-19-530959-1.
^ "Salary and Benefit Discussions Among Employees". Retrieved .
^ "Where Does NLRA Apply?". Retrieved .
^ "Know Your Rights". Retrieved .
^ Iafolla, Robert (January 25, 2019). "Companies Using Contract Labor Get Boost From New NLRB Test (1)". Bloomberg.
^ Hilgers, Lauren (2019-02-21). "The New Labor Movement Fighting for Domestic Workers' Rights". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved .
^ "When labor laws left farm workers behind -- and vulnerable to abuse". PBS NewsHour. 2016-09-18. Retrieved .
^ Ravo, Nick (1999-05-20). "Ida Klaus, 94, Labor Lawyer For U.S. and New York, Dies". New York Times. Retrieved .
^ "Ida Klaus". Jewish Women's Archive. Retrieved .
^ Colin Gordon, New Deals: Business, Labor, and Politics in America, 1920-1935 (1994) p. 225
^ Kennedy 1999, p. 320.
Cortner, Richard C. (1964). The Wagner Act Cases. Knoxville: Univ. of Tenn. Press. LCCN 64016880.
Gregory, Charles O. (1961). Labor and the Law 2d rev. ed., with 1961 Supplement. New York: Norton. LCCN 61007636.
Schlesinger, Arthur M. (c. 2003). The Coming of the New Deal: 1933-1935 (1. Mariner books ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-618-34086-6.
F. L. B., Jr. (Mar 1941). "Reinstatement with Back Pay under the Wagner Act". U. Pa. L. Rev. & Amer. L. Reg. 89 (5): 648-60. doi:10.2307/3309199. JSTOR 3309199.
Keyserling, Leon H. (1960-1961). "The Wagner Act: Its Origin and Current Significance". Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 29: 199.
Klare, Karl E. (1977-1978). "Judicial Deradicalization of the Wagner Act and the Origins of Modern Legal Consciousness, 1937-1941". Minn. L. Rev. 62: 265.
Lynd, Staughton (1984). "Communal Rights". Tex. L. Rev. 62 (1417): 1430-35.
Mikva, A. J. (1986). "The Changing Role of the Wagner Act in the American Labor Movement". Stan. L. Rev. 38 (4): 1123-40. doi:10.2307/1228578. JSTOR 1228578.
Nathanson, N.L.; Lyons, E. (1938-1939). "Judicial Review of the National Labor Board". Ill. L. Rev. 33: 749.
"Effect on the A. F. of L. -C. I. O. Controversy of the Determination of Appropriate Bargaining Units under the National Labor Relations Act". Yale L.J. 47 (1): 122-124. 1935-1958. doi:10.2307/791821. JSTOR 791821.
"The Proposed Amendments to the Wagner Act". Harv. L. Rev. 52 (6): 970-983. 1938-1939. doi:10.2307/1334189. JSTOR 1334189.
Pope, J. G. (2004). "How American Workers Lost the Right to Strike, and Other Tales". Mich. L. Rev. 103 (3): 518-53. doi:10.2307/4141930. JSTOR 4141930.
Pope, Jim (2006). "Worker Lawmaking, Sit-Down Strikes, and the Shaping of American Industrial Relations, 1935-1958". Law & Hist. Rev. 24 (1): 45-113. doi:10.1017/S0738248000002273. JSTOR 27641352.
Warm, J. Louis (1938-1939). "A Study of the Judicial Attitude Toward Trade Unions and Labor Legislation". Minn. L. Rev. 23: 256.
Woods, Warren; Wheatley, Altha C. (1936-1937). "The Wagner Act Decision - A Charter of Liberty for Labor?". Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 5: 846.
Wagner Act New Deal Project (Parody of Rick Astley "Never Gonna Give you Up")
Der Fliegende Hollander (Wagner) - Act III
Der Fliegende Hollander (Wagner) - Act II
[PDF Download] The ACLU and the Wagner act: An inquiry into the Depression-era crisis of American
Toddler nearly strangles mother to death with seatbelt after escaping car seat, cop saves life
Wagner_Act