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Matched Legal Cases: ['art, 1994', 'art, 1994', 'arty 30', 'art, 1994', 'arty 881', 'arty 177', 'arty 359', 'arty 450', 'arty 479', 'art, 1989', 'art, 1994', 'art, 1989', 'art, 1994', 'art 1994', 'art, 1994', 'arty 881', 'arty 177', 'arty 359', 'arty 450', 'arty 30', 'arty 479']

The Parliamentary Electoral System in Denmark GUIDE TO THE DANISH ELECTOR AL SYSTEM - PDF
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1 The Parliamentary Electoral System in Denmark GUIDE TO THE DANISH ELECTOR AL SYSTEM
2 00 Contents 1 Contents Preface The Parliamentary Electoral System in Denmark Electoral Districts and Local Distribution of Seats The Electoral System Step by Step Step One: Allocating Constituency Seats Step Two: Determining of Passing the Threshold Step Three: Allocating Compensatory Seats to Parties Step Four: Allocating Compensatory Seats to Provinces Step Five: Allocating Compensatory Seats to Constituencies Step Six: Candidate Selection Some Effects of the Electoral System The Electoral System in a Historical and Future Perspective The Election Administration System The National Level The Multi-member Constituency Level The Nomination District Level The Municipality Level The Polling District Level Administrative Procedures Preceding an Election Administrative Districts and Electoral Districts The Electorate The Announcement Parties and Candidates The National Level The Multi-member Constituency Level The Nomination District Level The Campaign Public Financial Support for Political Parties Polling and Counting Polling on Election Day Practical Preparations for Polling Polling Supervisors and Appointed Electors Polling Advance Voting Advance Voting in Denmark Advance Voting Abroad Voting Material for Advance Voting Procedures for Advance Voting Examination of Advance Votes Counting Preliminary Count The Final Count... 28
3 2 5. Administrative Procedures Following an Election The Central Computations Election Complaints The Approval Procedure The Publication of Election Results Destruction of the Voting Material and Payment of the Bill Computerization Electronic computation of election results Electronic electoral registers and electronic logbooks E-voting Conclusion Annex Extract of ballot paper from the general election in November Tabulations on Candidate Selection References... 40
4 3 Preface This publication has two aims. First, to provide a brief description in English of the Danish electoral system of proportional representation (PR) for the Folketing, the Danish unicameral parliament; second, to give an account of the current national election administration system. Special emphasis is given to items which are considered particularly interesting in a comparative perspective, such as the establishment and updating of an electoral register, and the handling of advance voting. The publication has been prepared primarily for the benefit of foreigners with a general interest in electoral systems and election administration, and/or a specific interest in the electoral system and election administration in Denmark, e.g. politicians, journalists, election administrators, and ordinary voters interested in proportional representation systems. The text has been prepared with this audience in mind, while readers with more specialized interests may also consult the material referred to in list of references. After the presentation of the Danish parliamentary electoral system and a short introduction to the five levels of the Danish election administration system, the description proceeds in three steps. These steps correspond to the main phases of the conduct of elections, which are (1) the administrative procedures connected with the preparation of an election, (2) the rules for polling and counting, and (3) the administrative procedures after election day, including the final computations as well as the election approval procedure. The first and second editions of this paper dating from 1991 and 1995 respectively were prepared by Professor Jørgen Elklit, Department of Political Science, Aarhus University, and Ms Anne Birte Pade, former Chief Election Officer, Ministry of the Interior and Health. The current edition has been revised by Ms Nicoline Nyholm Miller, Chief Election Officer, Ministry of the Interior and Health, and Jørgen Elklit. This edition has, inter alia, been revised according to the changes which were the result of the Electoral District Reform in 2007 and all examples have been updated with new data from the latest general election, which took place in November Ms Mette Marie Sundbøll (former Ministry of the Interior and Social Affairs) has assisted in the updating. Her assistance is highly appreciated. Ministry of the Interior and Health / Aarhus University January 2011
5 4 The Parliamentary Electoral System in Denmark 1. The Parliamentary Electoral System in Denmark The unicameral Danish parliament, the Folketing, has 179 members, 175 from the Southern part of Denmark and two each from the Faroe Islands and Greenland. The members from these two parts of the realm are elected according to separate rules, which is why the following only deals with the election of the 175 members from Denmark strictu sensu. The Danish Constitution states that the members of the Folketing shall be elected by universal suffrage, and by direct and secret ballot. Further, the Constitution states that the electoral system shall be based on two main principles: the election shall be by proportional representation (PR) to secure equal representation of different opinions in the electorate; in determining the number of seats to be allotted to localities attention must be paid to the number of inhabitants, the number of electors, and the population density. The purpose of the following description of the Danish electoral system is to explain and demonstrate how these two principles are implemented in the Election Act. Other essential aspects of the electoral law such as franchise and eligibility requirements, rules for registration of new parties, and the like are discussed in Chapter 3. The Danish system of proportional representation is basically a list system (with provisions for effective preferential that is, personal voting within the parties lists). Seat allocation takes place at two levels, a multi-member constituency (lower) level and a national (higher) level. For this reason, it is often described as a two-tier allocation system and classified with other electoral systems with the same basic properties such as Sweden, Norway, and Iceland, Germany and Estonia, post-1995 New Zealand, and South Africa. The procedural steps whereby seats are allocated in this category of electoral systems actually define the category (Elklit, 2008a; Elklit & Roberts, 1996; see also Lijphart, 1994). The fact that the Danish PR system can be classified with other PR systems for analytical purposes does not imply that the Danish system is identical to any other system. The Danish system is unique, as are most other PR systems currently in use for parliamentary elections. Prior to the description of the basic procedural steps in the Danish case in Section 1.2, electoral districting and local/geographical seat distribution will be briefly described. Denmark belongs to the subcategory among the two-tier systems, which Arend Lijphart calls adjustment-seat systems, where the electoral districts at the lower level are used for the initial allocation of seats, but the final allocation takes place at the higher level on the basis of all the votes cast in all of the lower-tier districts that together make up the higher-tier district (Lijphart, 1994: 32) ELECTORAL DISTRICTS AND LOCAL DISTRIBUTION OF SEATS For electoral purposes, Denmark is divided into three electoral provinces: Metropolitan Copenhagen, Sealand-Southern Denmark, and Northern and Central Jutland. The three provinces are subdivided into a total of ten multi-member constituencies. 1 The multi-member constituencies are subdivided into a total of 92 nomination districts; the nomination districts have no importance as regards seat allocation; their relevance is related to candidate nomination and selection, and to election administration. 2 1 The Danish term is storkredse. The number of multi-member constituencies was reduced from 17 to ten after the Electoral District Reform in The Electoral District Reform in 2007 reduced the number of nomination districts from 103 to 92.
6 5 Of the nationwide 175 seats, 135 are constituency seats which are distributed among the ten multimember constituencies, while the remaining 40 seats are compensatory seats, which are distributed among the three electoral provinces as part of the higher tier (i.e. national) seat allocation (see below for details). Thus, before an election takes place it is clearly established how many of the 135 constituency seats each of the ten multi-member constituencies shall return. It is also known how many of the 40 compensatory seats each of the three electoral provinces shall return. Depending on the actual outcome of the election, the 40 compensatory seats will eventually be further allocated to individual multi-member constituencies within the provinces to which they were first allocated. Every five years (in 2010, 2015, 2020, and so on), the 135 constituency seats are distributed proportionally to the multi-member constituencies on the basis of the sum of three separate numbers: (1) population, (2) number of registered voters in the latest general election, and (3) area in square kilometres multiplied by 20 (as a measure of population density). The multi-member constituency of the island of Bornholm in the Baltic Sea is guaranteed the allocation of at least two seats (even if it might only qualify for one seat on the basis of the said numbers). For the period , the number of constituency seats allocated to individual multi-member constituencies, apart from Bornholm, ranges from 10 to 21. The number of seats actually returned by each multi-member constituency (i.e. when constituency seats and compensatory seats are combined) at the November 2007 election ranged from 14 to 28, apart from Bornholm which was left with the island s two constituency seats. As part of the quinquennial allocation of seats, a calculation is also made as to how many of the 40 compensatory seats should be allocated to each of the three electoral provinces. For the period from 2007 to 2010, 11 compensatory seats were allocated to Metropolitan Copenhagen, 15 to Sealand-Southern Denmark, and 14 to Northern and Central Jutland. 5 As mentioned, the 175 seats are distributed every five years. However, the last distribution of seats took place in 2007 due to the Electoral District Reform, which was carried out the same year, but the system of a quinquennial distribution was not changed; hence, the next redistribution of seats will take place in 2010, thus re-establishing the system of redistribution every five years hitherto employed.
7 THE ELECTORAL SYSTEM STEP BY STEP The administrative aspects of computing and tabulating election results are dealt with in Chapter 5. However, if we want to identify the individual steps, then there are six basic procedures. These six steps are described in the following subsections: Step One: Allocating Constituency Seats In the first step, the 135 constituency seats allocated to the ten multi-member constituencies are further allocated to parties within each multi-member constituency separately and definitively by the d Hondt formula on the basis of all votes cast for the parties in the multi-member constituency in question. The d Hondt formula used for seat allocation at this level i.e. in this first step is a so-called divisor method (or highest average method ), where the successive divisors are 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. All results of these computations from the 2007 general election are available for public scrutiny in the official electoral statistical publication, Folketingsvalget den 13. November 2007 (only available in Danish). Table 1. Allocation of Constituency Seats Among Parties and Independent Candidates. Eastern Jutland Multi-member Constituency. November 13, 2007 Eastern A. B. C. F. K. O. V. Y. Ø. Jutland Social Social Conservative SF - Socialist Christian Danish Liberals New Unity List Democratic Liberal People s People s People s People s Alliance Party Party Party Party Party Party Votes: 127,432 24,921 40,068 61,496 3,820 56, ,074 13,389 9,887 1st quota at divisor 1 2nd quota at divisor 2 3rd quota at divisor 3 4th quota at divisor 4 5th quota at divisor 5 6th quota at divisor 6 (1) 127,432 (16) 24,921 (9) 40,068 (5) 61,496 3,820 (6) 56,218 (2) 125,074 13,389 9,887 (3) 63,716 12,461 20,034 (12) 30,748 1,910 (13) 28,109 (4) 62,537 6,695 4,944 (7) 42,477 8,307 13,356 20,499 1,273 18,739 (8) 41,691 4,463 3,296 (10) 31,858 6,230 10,017 15, ,055 (11) 31,269 3,347 2,472 (14) 25,486 4,984 8,014 12, ,244 25,015 2,678 1,977 (17) 21,239 4,154 6,678 10, ,370 20,846 2,232 1,648 7th quota at 18,205 3,560 5,724 8, ,031 17,868 1,913 1,412 divisor 7 8th quota at 15,929 3,115 5,009 7, ,027 15,634 1,674 1,236 divisor 8 17 constituency seats 1) 1 independent candidate with very few votes is not included in this table. Altogether, 13 independent candidates stood for election across the country. All of them only got very few votes.
8 7 Table 1 gives as an example the numbers from the multi-member constituency of Østjylland (Eastern Jutland) Step Two: Determining of Passing the Threshold This step determines which parties are eligible for compensatory seats. This is done by checking if participating parties meet any of three requirements. Thus, the Danish electoral system has not one, but three different electoral thresholds, and parties qualify for participation in the allocation of compensatory seats by any one of them. The three thresholds are: 1. winning a seat directly in any of the ten multi-member constituencies; 2. obtaining in two of the three electoral provinces a number of votes corresponding at least to the provincial votes/seat ratio (using in the calculation of these ratios the number of seats in the multi-member constituencies in the electoral provinces in question, excluding the provinces compensatory seats); or 3. 2 per cent of the valid, national vote. For parties that do not meet the first requirement (in 2007 it was two of nine participating parties), the relevant numbers are shown in Table 2, which allows a comparison of thresholds (2) and (3), and the votes for the two parties in question in the three electoral provinces as well as nationally. Experience shows that threshold (3), the 2 per cent rule, is much more important than threshold (2), the vote/seat ratio in two of three electoral provinces. Parties that meet the 2 per cent requirement will often also have met threshold (2) as was the case in 2007 with the Unity List while parties below the 2 per cent hurdle almost invariably will not meet any of the other requirements (as shown by the example of the Christian People s Party in 2007, which failed to cross any of the three thresholds). This experience illustrates how Danish political parties are not (any longer) primarily local or provincial in their support patterns Step Three: Allocating Compensatory Seats to Parties This is the decisive step, since it is here that the proportional, overall, national (or upper-tier) allocation of all 175 seats takes place. The calculation (reproduced in Table 3 below) allocates the seats available to parties which have qualified for participation in this allocation in strict proportionality to the number of votes obtained by these parties. The calculation is done on the basis of the so-called pure Hare quota; seats not allocated by the full Table 2. How the Parties that Failed to Qualify for Seats at Threshold (1) Fared on Threshold (2) and (3). November 13, All of Denmark Metropolitan Sealand-Southern Northern and Copenhagen Jutland Central Jutland Threshold 2: Valid votes per multi-member n.a. 26,906 25,103 25,146 constituency seat Threshold 3: 2 per cent of valid national votes 69, The Parties Votes: K. Christian People s Party 30,013 5,513 7,635 16,865 Y. New Alliance 97,295 40,241 30,358 26,696
9 8 The Parliamentary Electoral System in Denmark quota are allocated on the basis of largest remainders. This gives the closest possible approximation to full proportionality (Lijphart, 1994: 159). Then the aggregate number of seats obtained by the party in all ten multi-member constituencies is deducted from the number of seats to which the party is entitled according to this proportional, at-large allocation. This difference is the party s share of the 40 compensatory seats. After an increase in the percentage of seats allocated as compensatory seats in the late 1940s, the number of compensatory seats has always been sufficient for full compensation, even though that will not necessarily be the case. Taagepera and Shugart argue that an electoral system of this kind should have at least 25 per cent of its total number of seats as compensatory seats (1989: 131). However, Denmark is only just below this level: 40 out of 175 corresponds to 23 per cent Step Four: Allocating Compensatory Seats to Provinces The fourth step is the allocation to the three electoral provinces of the compensatory seats allocated to each party. Each party s vote in each of the three electoral provinces is successively divided by the divisors 1, 3, 5, etc. (the pure Sainte-Laguë formula). As many of the largest quotients as the party gained constituency seats in the multi-member constituencies in the electoral province in question are disregarded. Then the 40 largest remaining quotients, for all provinces and all parties combined, determine the compensatory seats for the party and the electoral province in question. When all the compensatory seats available for a certain province or party have been allocated, quotients from that province or that party, respectively, are disregarded Step Five: Allocating Compensatory Seats to Constituencies The fourth step left the parties with a number of compensatory seats in each electoral province; in the fifth step these seats are allocated to individual multi-member constituencies within the province in question. Table 3 demonstrated that, e.g., the Social Democrats were entitled to a total of four compensatory seats, and in Step 4 it turned out that one of these seats were to be given to the Table 3. Allocation of Compensatory Seats to Eligible Parties. November 13, 2007 The parties votes Allocation of 175 seats Obtained multi-member Difference = according to nationwide vote a) constituency seats compensatory seats Total 3,428, = A. Social Democratic Party 881, = B. Social Liberal Party 177, = C. Conservative Party 359, = F. SF Socialist People s Party 450, = O. Danish People s Party 479,532 24,474 = V. Liberals 908, = Y. New Alliance 97, = Ø. Unity List 74, = Note a): To three decimal places in the first instance; then the actual seat allocation. 3,428,858 Quota = = 19,
10 9 party in Metropolitan Copenhagen, one in Sealand- Southern Denmark and two in Northern and Central Jutland. In the fifth step, the relevant parties votes in all the multi-member constituencies in the electoral province in question are divided successively by the divisors 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, etc. 6, and through a parallel procedure (i.e., by disregarding as many of the largest quotients as the party has already won seats in the multi-member constituency) the compensatory seats for each party are allocated locally to individual multi-member constituencies. Thus, the compensatory seats which the Social Democrats won in Metropolitan Copenhagen ended up in North Sealand, the one won in Sealand-Southern Denmark ended up in Sealand s multi-member constituency and the two in Northern and Central Jutland ended up in Eastern Jutland and Northern Jutland, respectively. With this step completed, all 175 seats (135+40) have been allocated to parties and multi-member constituencies. The next step, then, is to find the persons who will eventually take the seats when the Folketing convenes Step Six: Candidate Selection The sixth and final step establishes which candidates will actually fill the seats (constituency or compensatory) which the political parties have won in each of the ten multi-member constituencies. In this phase, no differentiation is made between the two kinds of seats. The starting point for the candidate selection procedures is that the individual voter can only cast one vote, which must be cast either for his/her preferred party as such (a party vote), or for the voter s preferred candidate among all the party s candidates on the ballot in the multimember constituency in question (a preferential or personal vote). Both kinds of votes count equally for the party in question in relation to seat allocation. the votes cast for his/her party as such (the party votes). How this share is calculated depends on the type of list organisation used by the party in the multi-member constituency in question. (On the different forms of list organisation, see below in Section ). A common feature of the calculations of the share of party votes is that the nomination district is the basic unit, not the entire multi-member constituency. Unless the party uses the party list form of list organisation (see Section ), candidates are elected according to the total number of votes received, i.e. the sum for all nomination districts of their preferential (personal) votes plus their allotted share of the party votes. Candidates not elected will be substitutes for members of the Folketing in an order which strictly reflects the size of their vote. In most cases, candidates with the largest numbers of personal votes also have the largest numbers of total votes. There are, however, exceptions to this general observation, since party votes are allotted for each nomination district separately, not for the entire multi-member constituency, and there might be considerable variation between the different nomination districts within a multi-member constituency as regards the number of party votes to be shared. If the party has used the party list form of list organisation, candidates are selected in the party list order, unless they have obtained enough votes (personal votes and allotted party votes combined) to pass a special threshold, which corresponds to the Droop quota. Substitutes are appointed in list order. Each candidate is credited with all preferential (personal) votes given to him/her plus a share of Substitute members fill seats in parliament in cases of vacancies (temporary or permanent) among the 6 This string of divisors is sometimes referred to as the Danish method, (e.g., Taagepera & Shugart, 1989: 31) because it is not used in other electoral systems. The objective of using this method in this step is to ensure a reasonable spread of allocated compensatory seats to the smaller multi-member constituencies; this is achieved by using a relatively large interval (namely 3) between the divisors
11 10 party MPs from the multi-member constituency in question (or, in some very special cases, from another multi-member constituency). As a result, by-elections are neither necessary in nor are they a feature of the Danish electoral system. Examples of the tabulations that establish which candidates have been elected under various forms of list organisation are shown in the Annex. The number of votes party votes as well as personal votes credited to every single candidate in the 2007 election can be found in the official electoral statistics, Folketingsvalget den 13. November SOME EFFECTS OF THE ELECTORAL SYSTEM A prime objective of the Danish electoral system is to ensure the highest possible degree of proportionality among the political parties passing the electoral thresholds. As in all PR electoral systems where the decisive part of the seat allocation process takes place at a national level (Step 3 above), the degree of proportionality is high among contestants above the thresholds. This is caused among other things by the use of the Hare plus largest remainders allocation formula, which generally results in high levels of proportionality (Elklit, 2008a; Gallagher & Mitchell, 2008, Appendix A; Lijphart, 1994: 96ff; Taagepera & Shugart, 1989: 104ff; Elklit & Roberts, 1996). The official results of the November 2007 parliamentary election in Denmark are shown in Table 4. The third and fourth columns show the closeness of the parties vote and seat shares. Various measures have been used over the years by political scientists to illustrate the degree of proportionality (or disproportionality) of electoral systems, the latest being a least squares index 7 developed by Michael Gallagher (1991; see also Gallagher & Mitchell, 2008, pp ) and now recommended in the most authoritative, recent analysis of electoral systems and their effects on party systems (Lijphart, 1994). The value of this least squares index for the 2007 Danish election is a very modest 0.72, which confirms that Denmark is a country with a very high degree of proportionality (Gallagher, 1991: 46; Lijphart 1994: 96-99). The average value for the last many elections has been around 1.6, which places the Danish electoral system among the most proportional in the world. The average least square index-value for 12 electoral PR systems (not individual election) (using Least Remainders and Hare, like Denmark) during the period 1945 to 1990 was 1.9, while the average value for plurality electoral systems in the same period was 13.6 (Lijphart, 1994: 96; see also Elklit & Roberts, 1996). The last column in Table 4 is included in order to demonstrate that the proximity of the vote percentages and seat percentages is of course improved if one excludes (1) the votes for the parties not qualifying for seats in the Folketing under any of the electoral thresholds, and (2) votes for independent candidates who were not elected. The closeness of the two final columns is indeed striking, demonstrating that the Danish electoral system is certainly capable of achieving its main goal. The only reason for the remaining discrepancies is, of course, that seats in parliaments do not come as fractions, only as whole numbers (or integers)! Table 4 also shows that only 0.9 per cent of the active electorate is without representatives of their choice in the Folketing elected in November Compared to other countries this share is low, and it is also lower than usual in a Danish context. The reason is a decline in the number of new party registrations and consequently fewer parties who are not able to achieve one of the 7 The formula is: ½ (v i s i )², v i and s i denoting the vote share and the seat share, respectively, for party #i. The main advantage of this index over others technically speaking is that it weighs vote-seat deviations by their own value.
12 11 Table 4. Official Results of the 2007 Danish Election to the Folketing Votes Seats Votes in per cent Seats in per cent Votes in per cent; only represented parties and elected independents A. Social Democratic Party 881, B. Social Liberal Party 177, C. Conservative People s Party 359, F. SF - Socialist People s Party 450, K. Christian People s Party 30, O. Danish People s Party 479, V. Liberals 908, Y. New Alliance 97, Ø. Unity List 74, Independents Total 3,459, Note: Turnout in 2007 was 86.6 per cent, i.e. higher than the average 85,4 per cent of the 10 previous general elections ( ) and more than two percentage points up from the 2005 parliamentary election. three electoral thresholds. The decline in the number of new party registrations might be a result of a change in registration procedures implemented after the 1990 election (see Section ) THE ELECTORAL SYSTEM IN A HISTORICAL AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVE Between 1849 when Denmark got its first free Constitution and 1915, the electoral system for the Folketing was a traditional plurality system with single-member constituencies. In 1915, the constitutional law was changed and a kind of PR system was implemented. However, an important element of the 1915 electoral system was that a considerable share of the seats was still filled by plurality elections in single-member constituencies. This mixed system of traditional first-past-thepost elections and proportional representation elements was only used in one election (1918). In 1920, a new electoral law was enacted, which is still in use with regard to its basic principles for the electoral system: (1) the multi-member constituencies, and (2) the nationwide district for the PR allocation of seats. As a remnant of the pre-1920 system, the previous single-member constituencies have to a certain degree survived as nomination districts within the multi-member constituencies. The importance of the nomination districts is related to candidate nomination and selection. The transformation of the single-member constituencies to nomination districts was intended to safeguard the close relationship between voters and their representatives which is considered by many to be a valuable feature of systems with single-member constituencies. The numbers and the boundaries of the nomination districts have, of course, been changed 8 The sum of the votes the Christian People s Party plus the votes for unsuccessful independent candidates.
13 12 compared with the pre-1920 single-member constituencies. Moreover, the single-member constituencies in the form of nomination districts are still the most important units in the subnational election administrative system. 89 years have now elapsed since the present scheme of proportional representation was implemented. Only details have been changed since then, and the electoral proportional representation system is probably one of the least disputed of Danish political institutions. No party any longer seriously wants to return to a plurality vote. The only issue which is sometimes discussed is the threshold rule i.e., the rule which dictates that in order to get a share of the compensatory seats and subsequent representation, a party must win at least one constituency seat or obtain a certain minimum number of votes (see above, Section ). Because some parties fall close to or short of the all-important two per cent threshold, political voices are frequently raised in favour of either eliminating or at least lowering the threshold. The argument is that a threshold rule is undemocratic as it leaves some voters without representation, which is not in accordance with the constitutional principle of equal representation of different political opinions and attitudes. Bills to either eliminate or lower the threshold are from time to time submitted to the Folketing, but they are never passed. Conversely, other voices especially from the larger parties speak in favour of raising the barrier to, for instance, five per cent as in Germany. The main argument in support of such a change is that it would lead to fewer parties in parliament, which would in turn produce stable governments, greater political decision-making power, fewer elections, and the like. However, a bill to raise the threshold has not been submitted to the Folketing since It is safe to say that the Danish electoral system will stay intact for many years to come. It will retain the principle of proportionality, so hallowed in Danish politics, while making it possible to preserve a relatively close relationship between voters and their representatives.
14 13 2. The Election Administration System The body of law governing elections to the Folketing comprises the Constitutional Act, the Parliamentary Elections Act, and regulations issued by the Minister for the Interior and Health in accordance with this Act. The Constitutional Act of the Kingdom of Denmark Act (1953) contains the main principles of the electoral system and the approval procedure. The franchise and eligibility requirements are also laid down in the Constitution. The Election Act (1987 with later amendments) contains the detailed rules for the electoral system and rules for election administration. The Danish election administrative system is best described as a five-level system, each with distinct functions to perform: (4) issuance of guidelines concerning the conduct of ongoing elections to all relevant authorities, and until October 2008 also (5) computations of the overall distribution of seats after an election, as well as the actual selection of elected candidates, etc. As of 1 October 2008, computations and the production of various election statistics have been outsourced to Statistics Denmark, although the responsibility for the computations and selection of candidates etc. still formally lays with the Ministry of the Interior and Health.. A separate (and independent) electoral commission has not been established at the national level THE NATIONAL LEVEL The Election Act assigns a number of specific tasks to the Minister for the Interior and Health. In practice, these tasks are dealt with in a separate election unit in the Ministry, headed by the Chief Election Officer. The number of staff assigned to handle electoral matters between elections is small (5). When an election is called, however, additional staff is temporarily assigned to assist the election unit in carrying out its tasks at the national level, directly connected with the conduct of the election. A common feature of the tasks at the national level is their central character: (1) issuance of detailed, permanent rules and guidelines for the entire election administration, (2) the allocation every five years of seats to the various provinces and constituencies according to the rules in the election law, (3) reception of registration requests from new parties, 2.2. THE MULTI-MEMBER CONSTITUENCY LEVEL Even though the ten multi-member constituencies are the central units in the Danish electoral system (and their borders outside the capital follow the boundaries of the five regions), the corresponding administrative level is not equally important in the election administration system. Only a few but crucial tasks are performed at this level. The tasks assigned to the registration authorities 9 concern the registration of candidates and the form of list organisation. The registration authorities compile a complete list of all parties and candidates who are up for election in the constituency. The list is based on information received (1) from all candidates who have to file an announcement of their candidature with the registration authorities, and (2) from the political parties about their approved candidates, their chosen form of list organisation, and the order of their candidates. These lists are sent to the election committees (see below) to form the basis for the procurement of the ballot papers. The lists are also distributed to other relevant authorities. 9 The registration authorities are the five regional state administrations and the chairman of the election committee of the Municipality of Bornholm (for nomination districts located in the Bornholm Multi-member Constituency).
15 THE NOMINATION DISTRICT LEVEL For each of the 92 nomination districts an election committee is elected, by and among the council members (including the mayors, who are ex officio members) from the municipalities of the nomination district. About 1/3 of the nomination districts consist of two or three municipalities. The opposite is the case in the larger cities consisting of several nomination districts, with one election committee covering all nomination districts in such municipalities (in 37 of the 92 nomination districts). Therefore, the number of election committees is only 68, compared with the 92 nomination districts. When a nomination district consists of two or more municipalities, the Election Act distinguishes one of the municipalities as the district municipality. The tasks assigned to the election committee are performed in this municipality, and its mayor is ex officio chairman of the election committee. In cases where a nomination district consists of only one municipality or where a municipality consists of more than one nomination district, this municipality is, of course, the district municipality and its mayor ex officio chairman of the election committee. The election committees are responsible for the procurement of ballot papers for all polling districts within their nomination district(s). Furthermore, they are assigned the tasks of collecting and reporting to the Ministry and Statistics Denmark the election evening counts from the district s polling stations. They are also in charge of the final count of the votes in the nomination district the day after the election THE MUNICIPALITY LEVEL Election administration directly related to the voters is carried out at the municipal level. Each of the 98 municipalities is governed by a council elected on the same day in local elections every four years. The tasks assigned by the election law to the municipal councils are primarily of a practical nature. They include voter registration, mailing poll cards to voters, arrangements for parts of advance voting (see below), dividing the municipality into polling districts, and other practical and administrative polling arrangements THE POLLING DISTRICT LEVEL Each municipality is divided into polling districts. Each such district has one polling station (with one or more polling sections), usually at a school, a sports centre, or a town hall. The total number of polling districts (and polling stations) amounts to about 1,645. The average number of polling districts per municipality is, thus, about seventeen, and per nomination district about 18. These averages conceal wide variations, with the number of polling districts per municipality ranging from two (in two municipalities) to 61 (in Aalborg), and the number of polling districts per nomination district ranging from four to 44. The number of voters per polling district averages about 2,446, ranging from 32 (on a small island) to 20,224. The municipal council appoints polling supervisors as well as other polling station officials (appointed electors) from among the local electorate (in practice, they are party representatives). Their duties primarily connected to the orderly conduct of the polling and the preliminary count are described below (in Section 4.1.2). Polling supervisors and appointed voters are elected by proportional representation, unless the municipal council can agree on this election unanimously. Voters standing as candidates in the election are eligible both as polling supervisors and appointed electors, although there are some restrictions in the electoral legislation as to candidates participation in the counting of votes No candidate standing for a party in a multi-member constituency is thus allowed to participate in counting the number of votes cast for the party concerned. Similarly, no candidate standing as an independent candidate in a multimember constituency is allowed to participate in counting the number of votes cast for each independent candidate. Furthermore, no candidate standing for a party in a multimember constituency is allowed to participate in the tabulation of votes cast for the party reflecting the distribution between personal votes for each individual candidate and party votes. Similar rules apply for candidates standing for elections to the European Parliament and local and regional elections.
16 15 3. Administrative Procedures Preceding an Election 3.1. ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICTS AND ELECTORAL DISTRICTS A central feature of the Danish electoral system is that districts at all levels 11 are delimited according to the boundaries of other administrative units, i.e. the regions (for the multi-member districts) and the municipalities (for the nomination districts, both when one or several municipalities together constitute a nomination district and when one municipality is divided into several nomination districts). Since the central level of the electoral system is the multi-member constituencies, and since they correspond exactly to the administrative regions, district delimitation issues are virtually absent from the Danish political debate. Furthermore, the distribution of the 135 seats in the multi-member districts and the 40 compensatory seats among the three electoral provinces (Metropolitan Copenhagen, Sealand-Southern Denmark, and Northern and Central Jutland) is undertaken according to principles set out in the Constitution and spelled out in detail in the Election Act. As mentioned above (Section 1.1), new computations are compulsory at fixed five-year intervals (i.e. after the publication of the official population figures on January 1, 2010, 2015, 2020, etc.). The distribution is valid for the following five years. Because the overall electoral system is a nationwide PR-system (with thresholds 1 and 2 referred to in Section as the only non-national ele-ments), the distributions of seats among (1) multi-member constituencies and (2) electoral provinces have no implication for the number of seats which a political party can expect to win on election day. The computations are purely technical, and therefore no allegations of gerrymandering are ever heard. This is a positive side-effect of having a nationwide proportional representation system. The delimitation of the local polling districts is the responsibility of the municipalities. These districts have no effect at all on the outcome of the election, and changes in delimitation are carried out primarily for reasons of convenience THE ELECTORATE The Constitution states the franchise requirements as: (1) Danish citizenship, (2) permanent residence in the realm, and (3) the voting age prescribed by law (18, since 1978). Furthermore, a prospective voter must not have been declared legally incompetent. The residence requirement of the Constitution does not allow the extension of franchise to all Danes living abroad, but the interpretation of the meaning of permanent residence has been broadened to a certain extent since 1970, giving the way for some Danish citizens to retain their right to vote despite living abroad. The first step away from a strict interpretation of the term permanent residence was taken in 1970, where the residence requirement was construed to the effect that employees of the Danish state working abroad (diplomats) are regarded to fulfill the residence requirement. Furthermore, since 1980 the requirement has also been construed in such a way that employees of a Danish public agency or Danish private companies working abroad, people working in international organisations of which Denmark is a member, or Danish aid or relief organisations, students studying abroad, or people living abroad for health reasons as well as their spouses, registered partners or co-habiting partners are all considered to have fulfilled the residence requirement, provided that their stay abroad is not permanent. 12 Finally, in 2003 the group of Danish citizens who retain their right to vote at national elections in Denmark despite living 11 Except within municipalities. 12 According to the practice of a special board that decides on applications by Danish citizens staying abroad to be included in the electoral register (the Election Board), this means less than 10 years, except for diplomats, who are no longer registered as emigrated in the national civil registration and therefore automatically retain their right to vote and registration in the electoral register.
17 16 abroad was further broadened to include all Danish citizens taking up residence in a foreign country provided they intend to return to the realm within two years of their departure. Beyond this, it is not likely to see any further broadening of the interpretation of the permanent residence -criteria in the Constitution. 13 It is a prerequisite for voting that the prospective voter is registered in the electoral register (the voters list). The computerized electoral register is based on information already available in the national civil registration system (also administered by the Ministry of the Interior and Health), to which the municipal authorities continuously convey basic, administratively relevant information about citizens, including the acquisition of voting rights, changes of address, and death. Thus, inclusion on the electoral register and changes due to change of residence, etc. take place automatically and continuously. As a result, the register is permanently updated, and only people living abroad, i.e. the various groups mentioned above, have to take the initiative and apply for registration in the electoral register by sending a request to the municipality where they were permanent residents before going abroad. A printout of the permanently updated, computerized electoral register is made, with 15 days prior to an election as the reference day. Different deadlines apply to different groups of voters who move to Denmark or are otherwise allowed to vote (Danish citizens living abroad) close to election day: Voters moving to Denmark from Greenland or the Faroe Islands will be entered in the electoral register provided that they have moved to the Danish municipality and notified the local national registration office of the change of address no later than on the 18th day prior to election day. If they move to Denmark after this date, they will remain on the Greenlandic/ Faroese election register and can either vote in Greenland or the Faroe Islands proper or vote in advance in Denmark (their votes will then be sent by mail to their North Atlantic destination). Persons who move to another municipality less than 15 days before a general election remain on the electoral register of the initial municipality until after election day. Changes in the electoral register because of (1) emigration, (2) death, (3) issue (or withdrawal) of declarations of legal incompetence, and (4) people losing or obtaining Danish citizenship, which are reported to the local authorities less than 15 days before an election, are entered manually in the electoral register printout. Voters formerly living abroad, who move back to Denmark no later than seven days before election day and notify the local national registration office of their move no later than this day will be included manually in the electoral register. Prospective voters who move to the country after this date cannot be included in the register and are therefore not allowed to vote. Similarly, voters living abroad who no later than seven days before election day apply to retain their right to vote despite their foreign residence on one of the grounds mentioned above, and 13 This latest change of the rules regarding the legal interpretation of the franchise requirement of permanent residence stated in the Constitution was a culmination of a political process, where the newly elected government after a change of system from a left wing to a right wing government in 2001 set out to fulfill one of its electoral pledges: to broaden to the widest possible extent the group of Danish citizens, which could retain the right to vote despite living abroad and therefore, formally according to the wording of the Constitution, did not have permanent residence within the realm. The government set up a committee consisting of among others three impartial legal experts on constitutional law to investigate this question. The committee concluded that the legal interpretation of the wording of the Constitution could only be further broadened to include any Danish citizen staying abroad, who intended to return to the realm within two years of their departure. At the same time, the committee concluded that the interpretation of the term permanent residence in the Constitution could not be stretched any further, thus quashing any future attempts to open the discussion again, which have of course nonetheless been attempted, but hitherto failed.
18 17 whose request to be included in the electoral register is granted by the authorities no later than seven days prior to election day, will be manually included in the election register. The electoral register is not published for inspection and it is not accessible either for the public in general, or for the political parties. One week prior to polling day, the municipal authorities send all voters a poll card to be used in connection with polling. The cards have to be delivered to voters not later than five days before election day. Through nationwide advertisements in newspapers ten days before election day the Ministry of the Interior and Health tries to attract the attention of voters to inform them about the distribution of the poll cards. The advertisements also inform voters who do not receive a poll card of how to complain to the relevant municipal authorities. In this way, erroneous omissions from the electoral register can be corrected. Poll cards are not sent to voters abroad, who instead should bring some form of ID in order for the election officials to be able to match the voter with the electoral register. The poll card is printed on the basis of the electoral register. It contains the following items: the voter s name and address, his/her serial number in the electoral register, the location of the voter s polling station, the date of the election, and the opening hours of the polling station. These items correspond to those of the electoral register, apart from the voter s birthday, which is no t printed on the poll card. As mentioned above, some Danish citizens living abroad are allowed to participate in general elections (and elections to the European Parliament and referendums as well). At the November 2007 election, 4,904 Danish citizens living abroad were registered as voters in the electoral register (0.12 per cent of the total electorate). Foreign citizens living in Denmark, on the other hand, are not allowed to participate in general elections. Furthermore, the Constitutional requirement of citizenship prevents changing this part of the parliamentary election law. By contrast, the municipal election law bestows voting rights (and the right to stand as a candidate) not only to Danish citizens resident in the municipality in question, 14 but also to foreign citizens on the additional condition that they have been resident in the realm for three years prior to election day. At the November 2005 local elections, 189,485 voters (4.5 per cent of the total electorate) were foreign citizens. Since 1995 citizens from the other Member States of the European Union as well as citizens from the other Nordic countries 15 have enjoyed voting rights and the right to stand as candidates on the same basis as Danish citizens (i.e., without the 3-year residence requirement). Foreign citizens from other countries will, however, remain subject to the 3-year residence requirement. Danish citizens living in any EU Member State as well as citizens from the other EU Member States resident in Denmark who meet the other franchise requirements (having reached the qualifying age 18 for national elections and not having been deprived of their legal capacity under a guardianship order) can participate in the quinquennial elections to the European Parliament in Denmark. They must, however, at the same time abstain from voting for the same election in their residence 14 Or regions, when election to regional councils are concerned. 15 Citizens from the other Nordic countries (Sweden, Norway, Finland and Iceland) have been permitted to vote at municipal elections since 1977, initially provided that they had been resident in the realm for a minimum of three years prior to election day. This requirement was later abolished in In 1981 this right was also bestowed to immigrants and refugees with a valid residence permit that had been resident in the realm for at least three years prior to election day (i.e. as for Nordic citizens).
19 18 (Danish citizens living in one of the other EU Member States) or home (EU citizens living in Denmark) country. All EU citizens can also stand as candidates. Since Greenland and the Faroe Islands are not part of the European Union, their inhabitants do not possess voting rights in these elections PARTIES AND CANDIDATES As in other proportional representation systems, political parties are assigned a major role. This is, for example, the case with the nomination of candidates, the layout of ballot papers, the polling procedures, and the allocation of seats THE ANNOUNCEMENT The Constitution states that MPs are elected for a period of four years. The Prime Minister can, however, call an election at any time, whether for parliamentary, political-strategic, or other reasons. A new election has the obvious implication that (1) old parliamentary mandates lose their validity once the election has taken place, and (2) a new electoral period of four years starts. This prerogative of the Prime Minister means that the electoral administration has to be permanently alert, since elections can be called at any time. Normally, though, the authorities concerned are able to stay so well informed about the situation in parliament that they will not be taken by surprise. Neither the Constitution nor the election law states that a certain period of time has to elapse between the calling of an election and polling day. But a number of time limits in the Election Act e.g. the rules about advance voting, procurement of computerized electoral registers and poll cards, registration of new parties, and announcement of candidacies require at least a three week period between the announcement of an election and polling day itself. However, the general state of preparedness and readiness of the Danish election administration does allow parliamentary elections to be called with only three weeks notice. Elections are traditionally held on Tuesdays, although the September 1994 as well as the December 1990 elections were held on Wednesdays The National Level All political parties which gained representation in parliament at the previous Folketing election and which are still represented in parliament when an election is called, are automatically assigned the right to participate in a Folketing election as a registered party. New parties have until 15 days before polling day to register, and do so by requesting registration and by presenting signatures on a special form from voters supporting the registration of the party in question. The number of signatures must correspond to at least 1/175 of the valid votes cast at the previous election. The number of signatures required for registration prior to the February 2005 election was 19,185 (because 3,357,215 valid votes were cast in the February 2005 election). Because of an increase in the number of votes cast in the November 2007 election (3,459,420 valid votes), the requirement has now risen to 19,769. The German Minority Party can participate in general elections without presenting signatures, but has not done so since To make sure that non-voters do not sign such forms, all signatures must be checked by the voter s local municipal authorities normally at the party s request to verify that the signer has voting rights. After this validation the form is not returned to the party, but to the signer who must forward it to the party, provided the voter still wishes to participate in the registration of the party. The latter part of the procedure was implemented in 1989 in order to improve verification of the signatures and to impose a modest barrier on the registration of new 16 The problem of the German Minority Party as regards representation in Parliament, are discussed by Elklit (1981).
20 19 parties. The effect of this rule has indeed proven to lead to a decline in the registration of new parties. him/her unworthy of membership. The House itself is the judge of this). The registration of a new party is valid until the next parliamentary election or if the election comes within a year for at least one year. The registration of new parties some of which might have stood at previous elections takes place centrally, in the Ministry of the Interior and Health. The Ministry counts and scrutinizes the forms with voter signatures to ensure (1) that voters who support the registration of a new party only sign one form, and (2) that voters do not sign for more than one new party. The scrutiny is carried out manually, as computerized scrutiny is not allowed. Before registration, the Election Board 17 has to approve new party names to ensure that such names are distinguishable from party names already in use. The Ministry is also responsible for the allocation of party letters to be used on the ballot paper, where parties are listed alphabetically, according to party letter. The Ministry of the Interior and Health must publish the official list of registered parties as well as their assigned party letters in the official Gazette as soon as possible after the 15th day before an election. At the November 2007 election, only one of the eight participating parties was totally new, while another was at that time not currently represented in parliament, but had been so previously The Multi-member Constituency Level Any person fulfilling the franchise requirements is eligible for membership of the Folketing (unless convicted of an act which in public opinion makes A person who wants to stand in an election must register as candidate in at least one nomination district, either as a candidate for a registered party or as an independent candidate. The candidate registration form must be submitted to the registration authorities not later than noon 11 days prior to election day. This time limit must be strictly observed as is the case with all other time limits specified in the election law. Candidates who register as party candidates must have the approval from the party in question (see below), while independent candidates along with their request for registration have to submit between 150 and 200 recommendations in writing from voters resident in the nomination district. A person can be a candidate in more than one nomination district within a multi-member district (even in all the nomination districts), 18 but a candidate cannot stand in more than one multi-member constituency. At least eight days before election day, all registered parties must inform the registration authorities who their official (i.e. approved) candidate or candidates are in each nomination district within the multi-member constituency. The registration authorities then check this information against the received registrations of candidates in the individual nomination districts. Inconsistencies may entail that prospective candidates will not be able to stand. A party s approval of a candidate for a specific nomination district is ineffective if the prospective candidate has not filed his/her candidature for the relevant nomination district with the registration authorities (and vice versa). The parties also have to inform the registration 17 An independent body, which has two tasks according to the Election Act: 1) to decide on certain applications from Danish citizens living abroad, who wish to retain their right to vote and apply to be included in the electoral register, 2) to approve forms for voter s declarations for new parties requesting to participate in general elections and elections to the European Parliament in Denmark. In this last capacity, the Board also has to approve the name of a new party and in this process ensure that there is no risk of confusion with another already approved party or a party entitled to participate in general or European Parliament elections. 18 If a party wants to use the Standing in Parallel form of list organisation in its pure form, all candidates from the party must stand in all nomination districts in the multi-member constituency.
GRAND NATIONAL ASSEMBLY of TURKEY RESEARCH CENTER 2012 GRAND NATIONAL ASSEMBLY of TURKEY RESEARCH CENTER 2012 Authors Kasım ERDEM (Legislative Expert) Mehmet SOLAK (Legislative Expert) Graphic Design and