Source: http://www.google.com/patents/US7930815?dq=No.+6,411,949&ei=AUR7T-LGJqSr0AHy2aSiBg
Timestamp: 2015-05-03 22:18:10
Document Index: 769436290

Matched Legal Cases: ['Application No. 60', 'arts 45', 'arts 45', 'arts 45', 'arts 45', 'arts 45', 'arts 502', 'arts 502', 'arts 502', 'arts 502', 'arts 502']

Patent US7930815 - Conductive pattern and method of making - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsA method of forming an electrically-conductive pattern includes selectively electroplating the top portions of a substrate that corresponds to the pattern, and separating the conductive pattern from the substrate. The electroplating may also include electrically connecting the conductive pattern to an...http://www.google.com/patents/US7930815?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US7930815 - Conductive pattern and method of makingAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS7930815 B2Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 11/584,690Publication dateApr 26, 2011Filing dateOct 20, 2006Priority dateApr 11, 2003Fee statusPaidAlso published asUS8769805, US20070035466, US20100283615, US20130248608, WO2008036512A2, WO2008036512A3Publication number11584690, 584690, US 7930815 B2, US 7930815B2, US-B2-7930815, US7930815 B2, US7930815B2InventorsJames P. Coleman, David N. Edwards, Ian J. Forster, Pradeep S. Iyer, Mark A. LICONOriginal AssigneeAvery Dennison CorporationExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (101), Non-Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (7), Classifications (25), Legal Events (2) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetConductive pattern and method of making
US 7930815 B2Abstract
A method of forming an electrically-conductive pattern includes selectively electroplating the top portions of a substrate that corresponds to the pattern, and separating the conductive pattern from the substrate. The electroplating may also include electrically connecting the conductive pattern to an electrical component. Conductive ink, such as ink including carbon particles, may be selectively placed on the conductive substrate to facilitate plating of the desired pattern and/or to facilitate separation of the pattern from the substrate. An example of a conductive pattern is an antenna for a radio-frequency identification (RFID) device such as a label or a tag. One example of an electrical component that may be electrically connected to the antenna, is an RFID strap or chip.
1. A method of forming an RFID device, the method comprising:
forming a first conductive pattern;
coupling a chip to the first conductive pattern;
positioning a dielectric layer with openings therein over the first conductive pattern wherein the coupling occurs through the openings in the dielectric layer and adhesively attaching the first conductive pattern to the dielectric layer;
placing a second conductive pattern on the dielectric layer;
coupling the second conductive pattern to at least one of the first conductive pattern and the chip; and wherein the forming the first conductive pattern includes electroplating the first conductive pattern to the dielectric substrate or foil; and the adhesively attaching includes adhesively peeling the first conductive pattern from the conductive substrate or foil.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the forming the first conductive pattern includes electroplating the first conductive pattern.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the positioning the dielectric layer includes spraying the dielectric layer.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the placing includes placing the second conductive layer on a side of the dielectric layer opposite the first conductive layer.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the conductive layer patterns operate as an antenna to facilitate radio frequency communications with the chip.
6. The method of claim 1 including printing graphics on a surface of the dielectric layer.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the chip is part of an interposer that also includes conductive leads attached to contacts on the chip.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the method is part of a roll-to-roll process for making a roll of RFID devices.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the conductive pattern is formed from a metal foil.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the conductive pattern is formed from a conductive ink.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the conductive pattern has a thickness of about 3 microns.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein the dielectric layer is a flexible material.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein the chip is bonded to the conductive pattern with a conductive adhesive.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein the chip is bonded to the conductive pattern by one of welding or soldering.
15. The method of claim 1, including a further step of applying a sealing layer over the RFID device.
16. A method of forming an RFID device, the method comprising:
coupling a chip to the first conductive pattern and a battery is operatively connected to the chip;
positioning a dielectric layer with openings therein over the first conductive pattern wherein the coupling occurs through the openings in the dielectric layer;
placing a second conductive pattern on the dielectric layer; and
coupling the second conductive pattern to at least one of the first conductive pattern and the chip and wherein the battery is de-activated until the chip is coupled to the conductive pattern.
This application is a continuation-in-part of both U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/412,794, filed Apr. 11, 2003, now abandoned and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/294,039, filed Dec. 5, 2005 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,477,194. This application also claims priority under 35 USC 119 to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/845,383, filed Sep. 18, 2006. All of the above applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.
This invention relates to methods and devices for producing patterned conductors (conductive patterns), and for producing devices including conductive patterns.
One difficult manufacturing challenge is fabrication of patterns of electrically-conductive material, particularly atop dielectric materials. One past method of accomplishing the patterning is to etch a layer of conductive material, such as a metal film. However, etching is an exacting process and can be expensive.
An alternative method has been to deposit conductive ink traces on the dielectric material. However, the inks utilized may be expensive, and problems of continuity of the elements of the conductive pattern may arise when such a method is used.
One field where conductive patterns are employed is that of radio frequency identification (RFID) tags and labels (collectively referred to herein as �devices�). RFID devices are widely used to associate an object with an identification code. RFID devices generally have a combination of antennas (a conductive pattern) and analog and/or digital electronics, which may include for example communications electronics, data memory, and control logic. For example, RFID tags are used in conjunction with security-locks in cars, for access control to buildings, and for tracking inventory and parcels. Some examples of RFID tags and labels appear in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,107,920, 6,206,292, and 6,262,692, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.
One goal in employment of RFID devices is reduction in the cost of such devices.
From the foregoing it will be appreciated that improvements in conductive pattern fabrication methods would be desirable. In particular, improvements in RFID devices utilizing conductive patterns would be desirable.
According to an aspect of the invention, a conductive pattern is formed by plating atop a conductive substrate.
According to another aspect of the invention, a conductive pattern is formed by plating on a patterned conductive ink layer that includes a carbon-containing ink.
According to yet another aspect of the invention, a method of making a conductive pattern includes the steps of: plating the conductive pattern atop a conductive substrate; and separating the conductive pattern from the conductive substrate.
According to still another aspect of the invention, a method of making a radio frequency identification (RFID) device includes the steps of: plating a conductive pattern atop a conductive substrate, wherein the conductive pattern includes an RFID antenna; coupling the RFID antenna to a separation substrate; and separating the separation substrate and the conductive substrate, thereby separating the RFID antenna from the conductive substrate.
According to a further aspect of the invention, a radio frequency identification (RFID) device includes: an RFID chip; an RFID antenna; and electroplated conductive links providing electrical coupling between the chip and the antenna.
According to a still further aspect of the invention, an RFID device includes electroplated links between one or more components, such as a chip, an energy storage device, and/or a resonator, and an antenna, and/or between different components. The antenna and the links may be parts of a continuous electroplated conductive pattern.
According to another aspect of the invention, a method of producing an RFID device includes the steps of: depositing a patterned conductive ink layer on a substrate; placing an electrical component in contact with the conductive ink layer; and electroplating to form a conductive pattern electrically coupled to the electrical component.
According to yet another aspect of the invention, a method of making a conductive pattern includes the steps of: placing a dielectric layer on a conductive substrate, wherein the dielectric layer has openings therethrough; plating the conductive pattern atop the conductive substrate, through the openings; and separating the conductive pattern from the conductive substrate.
According to a further aspect of the invention, a method of making an RFID device includes the steps of: printing graphics on a front surface of a dielectric substrate; forming a conductive pattern on a conductive substrate; and after the printing, adhesively transferring the conductive pattern to a back surface of the dielectric substrate.
According to a still further aspect of the invention, an RFID device includes: a dielectric layer; a conductive pattern antenna; a chip operatively coupled to the antenna; and an adhesive on the dielectric layer. The adhesive both attaches the antenna to the dielectric layer, and is configured for attaching the RFID device to an object that is not part of the RFID device.
According to another aspect of the invention, a method of making a conductive pattern includes the steps of: plating the conductive pattern atop a conductive substrate that is partly covered with a mask made of a low surface energy material; and separating the conductive pattern from the conductive substrate.
According to yet another aspect of the invention, a method of forming an RFID device includes the steps of: forming a first conductive pattern; coupling a chip to the first conductive pattern; positioning a dielectric layer over the first conductive pattern; placing a second conductive pattern on the dielectric layer; and coupling the second conductive pattern to at least one of the first conductive pattern and the chip.
According to still another aspect of the invention, a method of making conductive patterns includes the steps of: plating on a conductive substrate to form a plurality of conductive patterns in a continuous sheet of conductive material; separating the continuous conductive material sheet from the conductive substrate; and singulating the conductive patterns.
According to a further aspect of the invention, a method of making conductive patterns includes the steps of: preparing opposite major surfaces of a conductive substrate for patterned electroplating; and simultaneously electroplating conductive patterns onto both major surfaces of the conductive substrate.
According to a still further aspect of the invention, a method of forming a conductive pattern includes the steps of: exposing a front side of a conductive substrate or foil to an electrolyte contained in a cell, wherein the conductive substrate or foil is a part of the cell; and electroplating the front side of the conductive substrate or foil, to form the conductive pattern. The conductive substrate or foil may be a web of conductive material that moves along a side of the cell such that at any given time a portion of the conductive substrate or foil is in contact with the electrolyte in the cell. The cell may also include: a pair of side walls; an electrode; and seals between the side walls and the conductive substrate or foil. The portion of the conductive substrate or foil may be a bent portion of the conductive substrate or foil. The bent portion may be a U-shape bent portion. The electroplating may include providing a voltage difference across the electrolyte between the electrode and the conductive foil or substrate; and the cell may include a power source connected to the electrode and to a back side of the conductive foil or substrate, to provide the voltage difference across the electrode. The power source may be connected to the conductive substrate or foil at a location along the conductive substrate or foil that is in contact with the electrolyte. The electrolyte may be a liquid electrolyte or a colloidal electrolyte.
According to another aspect of the invention, a method of making an RFID device includes the steps of: forming a conductive pattern on a conductive substrate; adhesively transferring the conductive pattern from the conductive substrate to a carrier; and adhesively transferring the conductive pattern from the carrier to an object. The adhesively transferring to the carrier may include adhesively transferring using a carrier adhesive that is a switchable adhesive having selectively activatable and deactivatable adhesive properties. The switchable adhesive may include a hot melt adhesive or a temperature switchable adhesive. The adhesively transferring from the carrier may include deactivating the adhesive properties of the carrier adhesive. According to an aspect, the adhesively transferring to the carrier includes adhesively transferring using a carrier adhesive; the adhesively transferring from the carrier includes adhesively transferring using a second adhesive; and the carrier adhesive and the second adhesive have different adhesive properties. The second adhesive may be an adhesive film on a covering layer that is attached to the conductive pattern. The second adhesive may be a patterned adhesive applied to at least parts of the conductive pattern. The second adhesive may be a temperature-switchable adhesive. The second adhesive may be a hot-melt adhesive. The second adhesive may be a pressure-sensitive adhesive. The method may also include operatively coupling a chip to the conductive pattern, wherein the conductive pattern functions as an antenna when coupled to the chip. The chip may be part of an interposer that also includes conductive leads attached to contacts of the chip. The chip may be coupled to the conductive pattern before the adhesively transferring. The chip may be coupled to the conductive pattern after the adhesively transferring. The carrier may be a film.
According to yet another aspect of the invention, a method of applying an RFID device to an object includes the steps of: forming a conductive pattern on a conductive substrate; and adhesively transferring the conductive pattern directly from the conductive substrate to the object. The adhesively transferring includes adhesively adhering the conductive pattern to the object. The method may also include operatively coupling a chip to the conductive pattern, wherein the conductive pattern functions as an antenna when coupled to the chip. The chip may be part of an interposer that also includes conductive leads attached to contacts of the chip. The chip may be coupled to the conductive pattern before the adhesively transferring. The chip may be coupled to the conductive pattern after the adhesively transferring.
According to still another aspect of the invention, a method of making an RFID device includes the steps of: plating a conductive pattern on a conductive substrate; transferring the conductive pattern from the conductive substrate to a vacuum roller; and transferring the conductive pattern to a device web. The conductive pattern is an antenna for the RFID device. The transferring from the conductive substrate may include using a vacuum to secure the conductive pattern to a vacuum pore of the vacuum roller. The transferring to the device web may include transferring the conductive pattern at a different pitch than on the conductive substrate. The method may include operatively coupling a chip to the conductive pattern, wherein the conductive pattern functions as an antenna when coupled to the chip.
According to a further aspect of the invention, a method of making a conductive pattern includes the steps of: forming a plating mask on a conductive substrate, wherein the forming the mask includes selectively oxidizing parts of a surface of the conductive substrate; and electroplating exposed portions of the surface of the conductive substrate, to form the conductive pattern. The forming the mask may include: patterned depositing of a removable mask over portions of the conductive substrate where the conductive pattern is to be formed; oxidizing portions of the conductive substrate not covered by the removable mask, to thereby produce the plating mask; and removing the removable mask.
FIG. 2 is an oblique view illustrating the method of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a high-level flowchart illustrating an alternative embodiment method in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating a specific embodiment of the methods of FIGS. 1 and 3;
FIG. 5 is an oblique view illustrating a first step in the method of FIG. 4;
FIG. 6 is an oblique view illustrating a second step in the method of FIG. 4;
FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an example electrical component used in the method of FIG. 4;
FIG. 7A is a plan view illustrating an example of an active RFID device formed in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 7B is a plan view illustrating an example of a semi-passive RFID device formed in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 8 is an oblique view illustrating a third step of the method of FIG. 4;
FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view along line 9-9 of FIG. 8;
FIG. 10 is an oblique view illustrating a fourth step of the method of FIG. 4;
FIG. 11 is an oblique view illustrating a fifth step of the method of FIG. 4;
FIG. 12 is a flowchart illustrating another example of the method of FIGS. 1 and 3;
FIG. 13 is an oblique view illustrating a first step of the method of FIG. 12;
FIG. 14 is an oblique view illustrating a second step of the method of FIG. 12;
FIG. 15 is an oblique view illustrating a third step of the method of FIG. 12;
FIG. 16 is an oblique view illustrating a fourth step of the method of FIG. 12;
FIG. 17 is an oblique view illustrating a step in an alternate embodiment of the method of FIG. 12;
FIG. 18 is a flowchart illustrating yet another example of the method of FIGS. 1 and 3;
FIG. 19 is an oblique view illustrating a first step of the method of FIG. 18;
FIG. 20 is an oblique view illustrating a second step of the method of FIG. 18;
FIG. 21 is an oblique view illustrating a third step of the method of FIG. 18;
FIG. 22 is a schematic view illustrating a system for carrying out the methods of FIGS. 1 and 3;
FIG. 23 is a plan view of a first RFID device in accordance with the present invention, utilizing a conductive pattern as an antenna;
FIG. 24 is a plan view of a second RFID device in accordance with the present invention, utilizing a conductive pattern as an antenna;
FIG. 25 is a plan view of a third RFID device in accordance with the present invention, utilizing a conductive pattern as an antenna;
FIGS. 26 and 27 are oblique views illustrating another method in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 28 is an oblique view illustrating yet another method in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 29 is an oblique view illustrating some steps in a method of forming an RFID device in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 30 is a bottom partial-cutaway view of an RFID device web made by the method of FIG. 29;
FIG. 31 is a high-level flow chart of steps in a method of forming RFID devices in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 32 is a schematic illustration of a system for performing the method of FIG. 31;
FIG. 33 is a schematic illustration of another variant of the system of FIG. 32;
FIG. 34 is an oblique view of a patterned conductive substrate for forming a conductive pattern in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 35 is an oblique view illustrating some steps in a method of forming an RFID device in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;
FIGS. 36-39 are oblique views illustrating some steps of methods of forming multilevel RFID devices in accordance with embodiments of the invention;
FIG. 40 is an oblique view illustrating some steps in a method of forming a conductive pattern in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;
FIGS. 41 and 42 are oblique views of conductive substrates for forming continuous conductive patterns, according to embodiments of the invention;
FIGS. 43-45 are schematic illustrations of systems for making continuous conductive patterns, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention;
FIGS. 46 and 47 are oblique views of steps of making a conductive pattern in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; and
FIGS. 48 and 49 are oblique views showing a conductive substrate in accordance with still another embodiment of the present invention.
A method of forming an electrically-conductive pattern includes selectively electroplating the top portions of a conductive substrate that corresponds to the pattern, and separating the conductive pattern from the conductive substrate. The electroplating may also include electrically connecting the conductive pattern to an electrical component. Conductive ink, such as ink including carbon particles, may be selectively placed on the conductive substrate to facilitate plating of the desired pattern and/or to facilitate separation of the pattern from the conductive substrate. An example of a conductive pattern is an antenna for a radio-frequency identification (RFID) device such as a label or a tag. One example of an electrical component that may be electrically connected to the antenna, is an RFID strap or chip.
In the following description, various methods are described for formation of a conductive pattern, and for formation of conductive patterns with electrical connection between the patterns to electrical components. Although reference is made throughout to a particular application of the disclosed fabrication methods, that of RFID devices such as RFID tags or labels, it will be appreciated that the methods may be utilized for creating a wide variety of conductive patterns and electrical components.
Referring initially to FIGS. 1 and 2, a method 10 for forming a conductive pattern 12 includes, in step 14, plating the conductive pattern 12 atop a conductive substrate 18. In step 20, the conductive pattern 12 is separated from the conductive substrate 18.
A possible additional step to the method 10 is illustrated with respect to FIGS. 2 and 3, wherein an electrical component 24 is placed atop the conductive substrate 18 in step 26, prior to step 14's plating to form the conductive pattern 12. Thus, an electrical connection is made between the conductive pattern 12 and the electrical component 24. In the separation of step 20, the electrical component 24 is separated from the conductive substrate 24 along with the conductive pattern 12.
A high-level overview of the fabrication methods of the present invention now having been made, details are given regarding several embodiments of the method 10. Turning now to FIG. 4, several steps are shown for one embodiment of the method 10, a method 40 for forming or making a conductive pattern. FIGS. 5-9 illustrate various steps of the method 40.
In step 42, illustrated in FIG. 5, a patterned conductive ink layer 44 is deposited onto the conductive substrate 18. The conductive substrate 18 may be any of a wide variety of electrically-conductive materials. An example of a suitable conductive material is a metal foil such as an aluminum foil. The rate of plating on the aluminum foil may be a function of the surface roughness of the aluminum. It has been found electroplating proceeds at a lower rate on aluminum having a smooth or shiny surface, for example a polished surface, than on aluminum having a rough or matte surface, for example surface roughened by sanding.
A wide variety of conductive materials may alternatively be used as the material for the conductive substrate 18. Examples of suitable alternative materials include stainless steel and titanium. Other alternative materials that may be suitable include nickel, silver, gold, certain forms of carbon, and copper, with an appropriate surface treatment. Non-metal conductive materials, such as suitable intrinsically conductive polymers may also be utilized in the conductive substrate 18.
The conductive ink used in making the patterned conductive ink layer 44 may be any of a variety of suitable electrically-conductive inks. The conductive ink may include carbon particles or metal particles to make it electrically conductive. One example of an acceptable ink is Acheson 440B ink. Alternatively, inks based on black ink for use with regular office inkjet printers may be employed. Generally speaking, it is desirable to have an ink with a high ratio of carbon to polymer binder, so that a high surface area of carbon is achieved. The carbon ink may have a thickness of from about 0.5 to about 20 microns, although it will be appreciated that suitable thicknesses outside that range may be used.
As explained further below, carbon-based ink is desirable in that plating may occur faster on the carbon-based ink than on uncovered or un-inked parts 45 of the conductive substrate 18. Further, carbon-based ink may have a low adhesion to the conductive substrate 18, allowing for easy removal of the carbon-based ink and the overlying plated conductive pattern. It will be appreciated that the preferential plating of material on the carbon-based ink, as opposed to on the un-inked parts 45, may occur only for certain combinations of ink, conductive substrate (material and/or surface properties), and/or plating material.
It will be appreciated that additives may be included in the ink to make the ink easily detachable from the conductive substrate 18. For example, the ink may include wax or other substances having a relatively low melting temperature. Heating of the ink may facilitate removal of the conductive pattern plated on top of the conductive ink layer 44. As an example, the conductive ink may have approximately two parts by weight graphite per part polymer binder or wax. Other additives that may be included in the ink may include polymers with low glass transition temperatures Tg, (the temperature at which plastic material will change from the glassy state to the rubbery state). Also, ink with reduced carbon content may be used to facilitate separation of the conductive pattern 12 from the conductive substrate 18. More broadly, the carbon content of the ink may be reduced or increased, depending on the binder, to facilitate separation.
Of course, a wide variety of other suitable conductive materials may be included in the ink, for example an intrinsically conductive polymer such as polyethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT), polypyrrole (PPy), or polyaniline (PANI); silver particles; copper particles; nickel particles; or conductive metal oxide particles. More broadly, a wide range of conductive metal powders or conductive metal compound powders may be utilized as additives. It will be appreciated that a high surface area for the conductive particles would be desirable. Generally, however, it will be expected that carbon-based inks may be less expensive than metal-based conductive inks.
It will be appreciated that a variety of suitable non-ink depositable conductive materials may be used as alternatives to or in addition to conductive inks.
A variety of printing methods may be utilized in depositing the patterned conductive ink layer 44, such as screen printing, flexo printing, gravure printing, or inkjet printing.
In step 46, illustrated in FIG. 6, the electrical component 24 is placed atop the conductive substrate 18, for subsequent electrical connection to the conductive pattern 12. The electrical component 24 may be placed atop parts of the patterned conductive ink layer 44 before the conductive ink layer 44 has dried. Subsequent drying of the conductive ink layer 44 may then serve to adhere the electrical component 24 to the conductive ink layer 44. The adherence between the electrical component 24 and the conductive ink layer 44 may not be a strong, permanent attachment, but may only be sufficient to provide securement during subsequent plating processes.
As an alternative method of securing the electrical component 24 to the conductive ink layer 44 and/or the conductive substrate 18, the electrical component 24 may have an adhesive thereupon, such as a conductive or non-conductive pressure-sensitive adhesive. Pressing the adhesive against the patterned conductive ink layer 44 and/or the conductive substrate 18 secures the electrical component 24 in place. It will be appreciated that many alternative suitable adhesives may be used, for example heat-activated adhesives. It will further be appreciated that alternatively, the adhesive may be placed on the patterned conductive ink layer 44 and/or the conductive substrate 18, with the electrical component 24 then placed upon the adhesive. The adhesive may be deposited by any of a variety of suitable, well-known methods.
The electrical component 24 may be any of a variety of electrical components to be coupled to, and to perhaps interact with, the conductive pattern 12 to be formed. In one embodiment the conductive pattern 12 may be an antenna and the electrical component 24 may be a radio-frequency identification (RFID) chip or strap to be electrically coupled to the antenna. Examples include an RFID strap available from Alien Technologies, and the strap marketed under the name I-CONNECT, available from Philips Electronics. As shown in FIG. 7, an RFID strap 50 may include an RFID chip 52 (an electronic device for sending and receiving RF signals), conductive leads 54 for making electrical connections to the chip, and an insulating substrate 56 for supporting the conductive leads 54 and the chip 52.
More broadly, the electrical component 24 (FIG. 6) may be any of a variety of RFID devices, including active, passive, or semi-passive RFID devices. An active RFID device is defined as an RFID device that includes its own power source and generates an RF signal. A passive RFID device is defined as an RFID device that does not include its own power source, and which responds to a signal by modulated reflection of the signal. A semi-passive RFID device is defined as an RFID device that includes its own power source, for providing at least part of its power, but which responds to a signal by modulated reflection of the signal.
An example of an active RFID device 57 is illustrated in FIG. 7A. The active RFID device 57 includes an RFID chip 58, a SAW resonator 59, and a battery 60. The conductive pattern 12 attached to the components of the active RFID device 57 may include an antenna, such as a simple loop antenna. The conductive pattern 12 may also include traces for suitably connecting the components 58-60 together.
Turning now to FIG. 7B, an example of a semi-passive RFID device 61 includes an RFID chip 62 and a battery 63 operatively coupled to the conductive pattern 12. As with the active RFID device 57 shown in FIG. 7A and described above, the conductive pattern 12 may include traces operatively coupling the components of the semi-passive device 61, in addition to including an antenna such as a loop antenna or an antenna with another configuration.
The batteries 60 and 63 may be traditional batteries, for example flexible thin-film batteries sold by Cymbet Corporation of Elk Ridge, Minn., USA, which are described further in International Publication WO 01/73864, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Alternatively, the batteries 60 and 63 may be other sorts of devices for providing stored energy, such as printed super capacitors.
The batteries 60 and 63 may be configured so as to be de-activated until after the conductive pattern 12 is fabricated, thus avoiding shorting during fabrication processes, such as during the plating operation described below. Suitable methods of de-activation depend on the battery type. For zinc-air batteries a part of the finished RFID label or other structure may be removable, and when removed, such as by being torn off, may open an aperture and activate the battery. For lithium batteries, there may be a wax passivation inside the battery over the active materials, which is melted and removed when heat is applied.
In step 64 of the method 40, illustrated in FIG. 8, a conductive material is plated onto the patterned conductive ink layer 44 (FIG. 6) and the conductive substrate 18. The plating is done by a conventional electroplating operation using the conductive substrate 18 and the conductive ink layer 44 as one electrode of a system for forming a plating layer 66 by removing conductive material ions from a solution. The plating layer 66 may be any of a variety of suitable, platable, conductive materials. One example of such a suitable material is copper. Alternatively, an intrinsically conductive polymer may be used in place of copper plating. Examples of suitable intrinsically conductive polymers include PEDOT, PPy, and PANI. Plating a conductive polymer material may be done by an oxidative process, and may involve use of an oxidation-resistant conductive substrate.
The plating layer 66 includes a conductive pattern material portion 68 over the patterned conductive ink layer 44 (FIG. 6). In addition, dots or patches of an additional plated material portion 69 may form over the parts of the conductive substrate 18 not covered by the patterned conductive ink layer 44 (the un-inked parts 45 (FIG. 6) of the conductive substrate 18). In other words, plating may preferentially occur upon the patterned conductive ink layer 44. The preferential plating on the patterned conductive ink layer 44 results in a continuous plating layer only in the conductive pattern material portion 68. The additional plated material portion 69 may be substantially discontinuous, for example, being isolated dots or patches and/or being of insignificant thickness. The lack of continuous plated material in the un-inked parts 45 may advantageously reduce undesired electrical connections between parts of the conductive pattern material portion 68, thus possibly reducing the potential for electrically-induced damage to the electrical component 24. For carbon-based inks, copper may preferentially bond to the carbon in the ink at a faster rate than to the un-inked parts 45 of conductive substrate 18, such as un-inked portions of a smooth aluminum surface. Electroplated copper forms a matrix with carbon in the carbon-based inks, attaching the carbon and perhaps other components of the ink, to the copper that is formed by the plating. The carbon thus may act as a catalyst for plating of copper.
The thickness of the conductive pattern material portion 68 may be any of a wide variety of suitable thicknesses, depending on the application for the conductive pattern 12 (FIG. 2). For RFID antennas, thickness may be on the order of 18-30 microns for antennas used with 13.56 MHz systems, may be about 3 microns for antennas used with 900 MHz systems, and may be less than 3 microns for antennas used with 2.45 GHz systems. However, these thicknesses are merely examples, and it will be appreciated that conductive patterns 12 with a wide variety of other thicknesses may be employed.
It will be appreciated that electroplating does not occur on surfaces not covered by a conductive material. There may be a gap 70 in the plating layer 66 over all or part of the electrical component 24. This may be due to part of the electrical component 24 being made of a dielectric material, such as a non-conductive plastic housing. It will be appreciated that parts of the electrical component 24 may be covered with a dielectric material prior to or after placement on the conductive substrate 18 and/or the patterned conductive ink layers 44 (FIG. 6), to prevent plating thereupon.
By plating atop the conductive substrate 18, it will be appreciated that higher current densities may be employed, when compared to typical plating processes using conductive traces atop a dielectric substrate. In addition, the plating described herein may advantageously produce more uniform conductive patterns when compared to plating along thin conductive lines on dielectric substrates.
The conductive pattern material portion 68 of the plating layer 66 atop the patterned conductive ink layer 44 (FIG. 6) is a conductive pattern 12 having a pattern corresponding to that of the patterned conductive ink layer 44. Thus, the plating in step 64 results in formation of the conductive pattern 12, and the conductive pattern material portion 68 referred to hereafter as the conductive pattern 12.
As illustrated in FIG. 9, the plating in step 64 may serve to form conductive links 74 coupling the conductive pattern 12 to conductive leads of the electrical component 24, such as the conductive leads 54 of the RFID strap 50. In addition, the links may help physically secure the electrical component 24 to the conductive pattern 12.
In step 80, illustrated in FIG. 10, an adhesive layer 84 is deposited onto the plating layer 66. The adhesive layer 84 covers at least some of the conductive pattern 12, and may cover all of the conductive pattern 12. The adhesive layer 84 may optionally cover all of the plating layer 66. The adhesive layer 84 is used in separating the conductive pattern 12 from the conductive substrate 18. The adhesive layer 84 may be any of a variety of suitable adhesives, such as pressure-sensitive adhesive or other types of adhesives described above. The adhesive layer 84 may include a thermoset adhesive, an adhesive that is activated by heat.
The adhesive layer 84 may be deposited by printing or by other suitable means, such as depositing by use of a roller.
In step 90, a dielectric substrate or sheet 92 (FIG. 11) is laminated atop the conductive substrate 18, onto the adhesive layer 84. The dielectric substrate or sheet is also referred to herein as a separation substrate or layer. The dielectric substrate or sheet 92 is thus adhesively bonded, via the adhesive layer 84 to the conductive pattern 12. In step 94, the dielectric substrate 92, with the attached conductive pattern 12, is separated from the conductive substrate 18. In step 96, the conductive pattern 12 and the electrical component 24 may be processed further. For example, the conductive pattern 12 and the electrical component 24 may be transferred to an object other than the dielectric substrate 92. Alternatively, other components or layers may be formed onto or in conjunction with the conductive pattern 12, the electrical component 24, and/or the dielectric substrate 92. For example, a printable layer or a release sheet may be added to produce an RFID device such as a RFID tag or a RFID label.
A wide variety of processes may be utilized in the separation of the conductive pattern and the electrical component 24 from the conductive substrate 18. As one example, the dielectric substrate 92 may be a flexible material such as paper or polyester, and the adhesive layer 84 may be a pressure-sensitive adhesive. The dielectric substrate 92 may be pressed onto the adhesive layer 84 to join the dielectric substrate 92 to the conductive pattern 12. When the dielectric substrate 92 is peeled away from the conductive substrate 18, the conductive pattern 12 may have greater adherence to the dielectric substrate 92 than to the conductive substrate 18, causing the conductive pattern 12 and the electrical component 24 to peel away from the conductive substrate 18 as well. Alternatively, the dielectric substrate 92 may be a rigid material, with, for example, a flexible conductive substrate 18 peeled away from the dielectric substrate 92.
Although reference has been made to the substrate 92 as a dielectric substrate, it will be appreciated that all or parts of the substrate 92 may be partially or wholly an electrically conducting material. If part of the substrate 92 is electrically conducting, the substrate 92 may have a surface layer of a dielectric material, for example, to contact the conductive pattern 12 without undesirably electrically connecting various parts of the conductive pattern 12. Thus, the dielectric substrate 92 may be more broadly considered as a separation substrate, that is, as a substrate used in separating the conductive pattern 12 from the conductive substrate 18.
It will be appreciated that separation is facilitated by having the conductive pattern 12 be more adherent to the separation substrate 92 than to the conductive substrate 18, during the separation process. Thus, the adhesive layer 84 may have greater adherence to the conductive pattern 12 than the conductive pattern 12 has to the conductive substrate 18. As noted, the separation process may be preceded by or may include changing of the adherence of the conductive ink layer 44 and/or the adhesive layer 84. Such changes may be accomplished by processes suitable to the adhesives, such as heating or pressure.
The separation substrate 92 and the conductive substrate 18 may be otherwise pulled from one another. In addition, the conductive pattern 12 may be removed from the conductive substrate 18 by use of other forces, for example, by use of a suitable magnetic force. As another alternative, high frequency ultrasonic forces may be used for separation. The ink layer 44, between two hard materials, the conductive pattern 12 and the conductive substrate 18, may be weakened by resonating the conductive substrate 18, for example, making the conductive pattern 12 more peelable from the conductive substrate 18.
Further variations on the above method are possible. For example, the adhesive layer 84, rather than being placed or deposited on the plating layer 66, may instead be printed or otherwise suitably deposited upon the dielectric layer 92. In addition, as suggested above, separation of the conductive pattern 12 from the conductive substrate 18 may involve additional steps, such as activating the adhesive layer 84 by heating or other suitable methods, and/or de-activation or weakening of an adhesive bond between the conductive ink layer 44 and the conductive substrate 18 and/or between the conductive ink layer 44 and the conductive pattern 12.
The conductive pattern 12 may include part or substantially all of the conductive ink layer 44. That is, the conductive ink of the conductive ink layer 44 may become embedded in or otherwise attached to the plated material of the conductive pattern 12. Alternatively, or in addition, all or part of the conductive ink layer 44 may form a residue which adheres to either or both the conductive substrate 18 and/or the plated material of the conductive pattern 12. It will be appreciated that such a residue may be removed, if desired, by a variety of suitable methods, including suitable washing and/or wiping processes, either of which may involve use of suitable solvents.
It will be appreciated that the electrical component 24 may be omitted entirely. Thus the conductive pattern 12 may be produced as a separate item. Such a separate conductive pattern 12 may be joined to the electrical component 24 in a later step, through use of suitable well-known processes. For example, soldering or conductive adhesives may be used to electrically connect the conductive pattern 12 to the electrical component 24 or other electrical components.
An alternative to soldering the electrical component 24 to the conductive pattern 12 is welding. Welding is advantageously accomplished while the conductive pattern 12 is adhered to the conductive substrate 18, in that the weld current will tend to flow vertically down through the conductive pattern 12 and into the conductive substrate 18. Any induced voltage may thus be shorted by the conductive substrate 18, reducing or eliminating the potential for electrical-induced damage to the electrical component 24.
The soldering, welding, or connection with a conductive adhesive, between the conductive pattern 12 and the electrical component 24, may occur before removal of the conductive pattern 12 from the conductive substrate, or alternatively, after the removal. However, it will be appreciated that the conductive pattern 12 may be a separate article requiring no connection to an electrical component. For example, the conductive pattern 12 may be used separately as a decorative or other visually-distinctive item, wholly apart from the conductive nature of the material. It will be appreciated that the conductive pattern 12 may be used at the same time for both electrical and non-electrical properties.
It will be appreciated that a wide variety of electrically-conductive patterns may be formed using the method 40 described above. As noted already, two possible uses for such conductive patterns are as decorative elements and as antennas for RFID devices. Another possible application for the method is in production of circuit cables or printed circuit boards, such as those used to couple together electronic devices. Such cables often require fine-resolution, flexible arrays of conductive elements, mounted on a plastic or other flexible substrate. In making such arrays, the dielectric or separation substrate 92 may be a flexible plastic such as polyester, polyimide, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene or other polyolefins, polycarbonate, or polysulfone.
FIG. 12 is a flowchart illustrating a method 100, an alternative embodiment of the method 10, that involves placing a patterned dielectric layer on the conductive substrate. In step 102, illustrated in FIG. 13, a patterned dielectric mask 108 is placed on the conductive substrate 18. The dielectric mask has one or more openings 110 corresponding to desired locations for forming portions of the conductive pattern 12. The dielectric mask 108 covers portions of the conductive substrate 18, to prevent plating of the covered portions.
The dielectric mask 108 may be any of a variety of suitable materials. According to one embodiment of the invention a dielectric material may be printed in the desired pattern on the conductive substrate 18. A variety of suitable printing methods may be used to print the dielectric mask 108. One example of a suitable dielectric material is a UV-curable material, catalog number ML-25198, available from Acheson Colloids, of Port Huron, Mich., U.S.A.
Alternatively, the dielectric mask 108 may be a pre-formed solid mask that is placed upon the conductive substrate 18. The pre-formed dielectric mask may be a rubber or polymer mask having the openings 110 formed therein. In addition, inorganic materials, such as electrically-insulating enamel, may be used in the dielectric mask 108. An adhesive layer or other layer may be used to seal the underside of the dielectric mask 108 to prevent seepage of electrolyte and resultant plating.
It will be appreciated that other suitable, well-known methods may be used for forming a suitable dielectric mask 108.
In step 112, a patterned conductive ink layer 114, shown in FIG. 14, is deposited into the openings 110 of the dielectric mask 108. The conductive ink may be similar to the types of conductive ink discussed above with regard to the patterned conductive ink layer 44 (FIG. 5). The conductive ink layer 114 may be deposited by printing or by other suitable methods, such as blade coating.
In step 118, electroplating is used to form the conductive pattern 12, as illustrated in FIG. 15. The plating process may be similar to that described above with regard to step 64 of the method 40. The exposed surfaces of the dielectric mask 108 will generally not be plated during the plating process, as the plating is confined to exposed portions which conduct electricity from the conductive substrate 18.
As illustrated in FIG. 16, an adhesive layer 120 is then deposited onto the conductive pattern 12, in step 124. The materials and method of deposit for the adhesive layer 120 may be similar to those for the adhesive layer 84 (FIG. 10). The adhesive layer 120 may be deposited such that it leaves portions 126 of the dielectric mask 108 substantially free of adhesive.
Following placement of the adhesive layer 120 a separation or dielectric sheet is laminated onto the adhesive layer in step 130, and the conductive pattern 12 is separated from the conductive substrate 18 in step 140. Details of these steps may be similar to those of the corresponding steps of the method 40 (FIG. 4). The dielectric mask 108 may be attached to the conductive substrate 18 such that it remains attached to the conductive substrate 18 even as the conductive pattern 12 is peeled off or otherwise separated from the conductive substrate 18. This may be due to strong adherence between the dielectric mask 108 and the conductive substrate 18. Alternatively, the separation of the conductive pattern 12, and not the dielectric substrate 108, may be due to a relatively weak adhesion between the dielectric mask 108 and the separation or dielectric substrate. An adhesive may be utilized in attaching the dielectric mask 108 to the conductive substrate 18.
The method 100 described above may be modified by placing the electrical component 24 in a suitable location on the conductive ink 114 prior to plating, as is illustrated in FIG. 17. The electrical element 24 may be placed before the conductive ink 114 is dried, thereby adhering it to the conductive ink 114 on drying. Alternatively, a suitable adhesive may be used to adhere the electrical element 24 to the conductive ink 114. It will be appreciated that other steps of the method 100 may be carried out in a similar manner to that described above.
As another alternative, the conductive ink 114 may be omitted entirely, with the plating involving plating material directly on the conductive substrate 18 through the openings 110. Materials for the plating and for the conductive substrate 18, as well as other materials involved, may be selected such that the material directly plated on the conductive substrate 18 is able to be separated from the conductive substrate 18, thereby forming a separate conductive pattern.
It will be appreciated that some of the steps in the methods 40 and 100 may be varied or performed in an order different from that described above. For example, in the method 100, the conductive ink may be placed prior to the placement of the patterned dielectric layer. For example, the conductive ink may be a uniform layer on the conductive substrate 18 with the dielectric mask 108 relied upon to prevent plating except where desired for formation of the conductive pattern 12. Alternatively, the placement of the conductive ink on the conductive substrate 18 may be a patterned placement, with the dielectric mask 108 then formed to, for example, �fine tune� resolution of the conductive pattern 12. Also, by placing the dielectric mask 108 over areas of the conductive substrate 18 that do not correspond to the conductive pattern 12, plating is concentrated toward areas where the conductive pattern 12 is to be formed, thus reducing material consumption and cost.
Although the dielectric mask 108 has been described above as being adhered to the conductive substrate 18 during the separation of the conductive pattern 12 from the conductive substrate 18, it will be appreciated that other alternatives may be possible. For example, the dielectric mask 108 may be separated from the conductive substrate 18 at the same time that the conductive pattern 12 is separated from the conductive substrate 18. The dielectric mask 108 may then be separated from the conductive pattern 12, or alternatively, left to remain connected to the conductive pattern 12. As another alternative, the dielectric mask 108 may be separately removed, for example, with a solvent, after the electroplating and prior to or after separation of the conductive pattern 12 from the conductive substrate 18.
FIG. 18 is a flow chart of another alternate method, a method 150 for fabricating the conductive pattern 12 in connection with the electrical component 24. In step 152, illustrated in FIG. 19, the electrical component 24 is placed on the conductive substrate 18. The electrical component is placed in a �face-up� configuration, such that the connection points for linking the conductive pattern 12 to the electrical component 24 are exposed. For example, if the electrical component 24 is an RFID strap 50 (FIG. 7), the strap 50 may be placed with its conductive leads 54 uncovered and facing upward.
The electrical component 24 may be secured to the conductive substrate by use of a suitable adhesive, or by other suitable means. Also, the electrical component 24 may be placed in a depression in the conductive substrate 18 by fluidic self assembly methods. Further description regarding such methods may be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,783,856, 5,824,186, 5,904,545, 5,545,291, 6,274,508, 6,281,038, 6,291,896, 6,316278, 6,380,729, and 6,417,025, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.
In step 154, illustrated in FIG. 20, the patterned conductive ink layer 44 is printed or otherwise deposited. Parts of the conductive ink layer 44 may cover parts of the electrical component 24, thereby assuring good contact between the electrical component 24 and the subsequently-formed conductive pattern 12. For example, parts of the conductive ink layer 44 may cover parts of the conductive leads 54 that are parts of the RFID device 50 that may be utilized as the electrical component 24.
In step 156, illustrated in FIG. 21, electroplating is performed to form the plating layer 66. The conductive pattern material portion 68 over the patterned conductive ink layer 44 includes conductive links 74 providing electrical connection between the electrical component 24 and the conductive pattern 12. In addition, the conductive links 74 may include portions plated directly on contacts of the electrical component 24, such as directly on parts of the conductive leads 54 of the RFID device 50. The continuity of plated material from the conductive pattern 12, through the conductive links 74, to parts of the electrical component 24, provides strong electrical and mechanical coupling between the conductive pattern 12 and the electrical component 12.
Finally in step 160 the conductive pattern 12 and the electrical component 24 are separated from the conductive substrate 18. The separation process may be similar to separation processes discussed in detail with regard to other methods discussed above.
It will be appreciated that the method 150 may be suitably modified to employ a dielectric layer such as the dielectric layer 108 (FIG. 13) utilized in the method 100 (FIG. 12).
The methods described above may be performed in one or more roll-to-roll operations wherein a system 200 for performing such an operation is schematically illustrated in FIG. 22. The below description is only an overview, and further details regarding roll-to-roll fabrication processes may be found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,451,154, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The conductive substrate material 18 moves from a conductive substrate supply roll 202 to a conductive substrate take-up roll 204. A conductive ink printer 208 is used to print the patterned conductive ink layer 44 on the conductive substrate 18. The electrical component 24 is then placed in contact with the conductive ink layer 44 at a placement station 212. As shown in FIG. 22, the electrical components 24 are located on a web 216 of material, for example, being lightly adhesively coupled to the web 216. The web proceeds from a web supply roll 218 to a web take-up roll 220. A pair of press rollers 224 and 226 press the web 216 down toward the conductive substrate 18, bringing the electrical component 24 into contact with the patterned conductive ink layer 44. As described above with regard to the method 40, the electrical component 24 may be adhesively coupled to the conductive ink layer 44, and separated from the web 216.
It will be appreciated that the placement station 212 may alternatively have other sorts of devices for placing the electrical components 24 onto the patterned conductive ink layer 44. For example, the placement station 212 may include one or more pick-and-place devices and/or rotary placers. Examples of pick-and-place devices include the devices disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,145,901, and 5,564,888, both of which are incorporated herein by reference, as well as the prior art devices that are discussed in those patents. An example of a rotary placer is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,153,983, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
After placement of the electrical components 24, the conductive ink layer may be suitably dried at a drying station 228, for example by suitably heating the conductive substrate 18 and its surroundings.
The conductive substrate 18 thereafter moves into and through a plating bath 230, in which the electroplating occurs. It will be appreciated that the plating bath 230 may be configured so that each part of the conductive substrate 18 has a sufficient residence time so as to form a plating layer 66 of the desired thickness. The conductive substrate 18 is guided through the plating bath 230 by rollers 232, 234, and 236.
An adhesive printer 240 is then used to print the adhesive layer 84 atop the plating layer 66. The adhesive layer 84 may be dried at a drying station 242.
Finally, separation of the conductive pattern 12 from the conductive substrate 18 is accomplished at a separation station 250. A separation substrate 92 moves from a separation substrate supply roll 252 to a separation substrate take-up roll 254. A pair of press rollers 256 and 258 press the separation substrate onto the adhesive layers 84, thereby adding the separation substrate 92 to the laminate based on the conductive substrate 18. The separation substrate 92 is pulled away from the conductive substrate 18 and towards the separation substrate take-up roll 254. As discussed above, the conductive pattern 12 and the electrical component 24 preferentially adhere to the separation substrate 92, and are pulled off the conductive substrate 18.
It will be appreciated that other operations may be performed, such as cleaning of the conductive substrate 18, which may then be re-used.
As alternatives to the roll-to-roll operation shown and described, the conductive substrate 18 may be part of a continuous loop of material, or a rotating drum of material, enabling the conductive substrate 18 to be continuously re-used.
The roll-to-roll operation illustrated in FIG. 22 and described above is but one example of a range of suitable operations. Alternatively, the method 10 may involve multiple roll-to-roll operations, as well as operations that are not performed in a roll-to-roll manner.
FIG. 23 illustrates one possible configuration for the conductive pattern 12, an antenna 300 coupled to an RFID strap 50 to produce an RFID device 302. FIG. 24 shows another possible antenna configuration, an antenna 310 that is part of an RFID device 312. FIG. 25 shows yet another possible antenna configuration, an antenna 320 that is part of an RFID device 322.
It will be appreciated that the antennas shown in FIGS. 23-25 may alternatively be coupled to suitable electronics for forming other types of RFID devices, such as active or semi-passive RFID devices. Examples of such devices are shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B, and are discussed above.
FIGS. 26 and 27 illustrate another embodiment, utilizing a non-conductive substrate. Referring to FIG. 26, the conductive ink layer 44 may be deposited on a non-conductive substrate 400. An electrical component 24 may be placed on and in contact with the conductive ink layer 44. The non-conductive substrate 400 may include plastic or another suitable material.
The conductive ink layer 44 may include portions electrically coupling together various of the portions where plating is desired, to thereby facilitate plating. It will be appreciated that different parts of the conductive ink layer 44 may include different types of ink. For example, portions of the layer 44 where plating is desired may include an ink that preferentially encourages plating, when compared with other areas of the conductive ink layer 44 where plating is not desired. Alternatively, portions of the conductive pattern 12 to be formed may have a lower adherence to the non-conductive substrate 400 than the adherence of other portions of the conductive ink layer 44.
Turning now to FIG. 27, electroplating may be used to form the conductive pattern 12 atop the non-conductive substrate 400, including forming conductive links with the electrical component 24. Following the electroplating, the conductive pattern 12 and the electrical component 24 may be separated from the non-conductive substrate, for example using an adhesive to peel the conductive pattern 12 and electrical component 24 from the non-conductive substrate 400.
FIG. 28 illustrates yet another embodiment of the invention, where a dielectric layer or mask 108 covers parts of a conductive substrate 18. The mask also has openings 110 therein, leaving parts 502 of the conductive substrate 18 uncovered. Electroplating is then performed to form a conductive pattern 12, such as that shown in FIG. 2, on the un-inked, uncovered parts 502 of the conductive substrate 18. The conductive pattern 12 may then be separated from the conductive substrate 18.
The conductive substrate 18 may have a roughened surface at least on the parts 502 upon which the conductive pattern 12 is formed. The surface roughness may provide faster plating of the conductive pattern 12. An example of a suitable roughening method for aluminum is rubbing the aluminum surface with 320 grit sandpaper.
A thin layer of a suitable material, such as oil, may be placed on the otherwise-uncovered parts 502, prior to the plating of the conductive pattern 12, to facilitate subsequent separation of the conductive pattern 12 from the conductive substrate 18.
As an alternative to the method described with regard to FIG. 28, it may be possible to dispense with the need for the dielectric layer or mask 108, by selectively roughening the parts 502 of the conductive substrate 18 upon which formation of the conductive pattern 12 is desired. As already mentioned above, electroplating may preferentially occur on the roughened surface. That is, electroplated material may be deposited at a faster rate on a rough or roughened surface, as compared with a smooth surface. The difference between rougher and smoother surface in growth rates and/or adherence may be sufficient to allow suitable selective plating and separation of the conductive pattern 12, without use of the mask 108.
FIGS. 29 and 30 show part of the process of formation of a web material 600 of devices 604, such as RFID devices, that include conductive patterns 12. The web 600 (which may be part of a roll) includes a printable substrate 612 that is printed by a printer 614 with graphics 616 on a front surface 617. The printable substrate 612 may be made of a suitable printable dielectric material such as paper or one or more of the polymer materials described above with regard to the substrate 92 (FIG. 11). The graphics 616 may be any sort of suitable printed matter, including words, symbols, and/or pictures. The printer 614 may utilize any of a variety of suitable printing techniques.
As described earlier, the conductive patterns 12 may be formed on a conductive substrate or foil 18. A printable substrate 612 is coated with an adhesive layer 618 on a back surface 619. The adhesive layer 618 is used for removing the conductive patterns 12 from the conductive substrate or foil 18. This removal step may be similar to that described above with regard to the dielectric substrate or sheet 92 and the adhesive 84 (FIG. 11). The adhesive layer 618 may be suitably coated or sprayed onto the printable substrate 612 by a coating or spraying device. As described above, the adhesive layer 618 and the graphics may be on opposite sides (opposite major surfaces) of the printable substrate 612.
It will be appreciated that the conductive patterns 12 may each have a respective interposer (strap) or chip 622 coupled thereto. The conductive patterns 12 may thus function as antennas for individual RFID devices that include the interposers or chips 622.
After the conductive patterns 12 are adhered to the printable substrate 612, the adhesive layer 618 may be covered by a release layer 626. The release layer 626 may facilitate rolling up of the material 600 without unwanted adherence of various layers to one another. The release layer 626 may also protect the underlying adhesive layer 618 from dirt or other contaminants.
The finished roll material 600 subsequently may have its individual RFID labels (or other devices) 604 singulated and adhered to objects. The adhesive layer 618 may be used to adhere the individual RFID labels 604 to the objects. Thus the adhesive 618 may serve a dual purpose, being used both for adhering the conductive patterns 12 to the printable substrate 612, and for adhering the RFID labels 604 to objects.
The use of the printable (and printed) substrate 612 for removing the conductive patterns 12 from the conductive substrate or foil 18 may reduce the cost, thickness, and/or complexity of the RFID or other devices 604, for instance by eliminating the need for a separate substrate layer.
It will be appreciated that the devices 604 may include additional layers not shown, such as a protective covering layer. Also, it will be appreciated that additional steps may be performed in the fabrication of the roll 600 of the devices 604.
FIG. 31 shows the steps of a method 650 for fabricating an RFID device, and FIG. 32 schematically illustrates a system 654 for carrying out one embodiment of the method 650. In step 656 of the method 650, a series of conductive patterns 12 is formed on a conductive substrate foil 18. The conductive substrate foil 18 may be a steel foil or any of the other suitable foil materials described above. The formation of the conductive patterns 12 may be in accordance with any suitable of the methods described herein.
In step 658 the conductive patterns 12 are transferred to a carrier 660. The carrier 660 is shown as a film, but it will be appreciated that the carrier may alternatively be other sorts of structures, such as a foil, a sheet (such as a paper sheet), or a drum or cylinder. The carrier 660 is covered with a carrier adhesive layer 664. The carrier adhesive layer 664 is used to pull the conductive patterns 12 off of the conductive substrate foil 18, in a manner similar to that of the adhesive layer 84 on the substrate or sheet 92 (FIG. 11). The carrier 660 may be a suitable polymer film, such as a PET film. The carrier adhesive 664 may be an adhesive that is a switchable adhesive, defined herein as an adhesive with adhesive properties that may be selectively activated and deactivated. Examples of such switchable adhesives include suitable hot melt adhesives and temperature switchable adhesives. The adhesiveness of the carrier adhesive layer 664 may be activated to cause the conductive patterns 12 to be easily transferred to the carrier 660. As explained below, in a subsequent step the adhesiveness of the carrier adhesive film layer 664 may be deactivated to facilitate removal of the conductive patters 12 from the carrier 660.
In step 668 RFID chips or interposers 670 are operatively coupled to the conductive patterns 12. The chips or interposers 670 are attached to the conductive patterns 12. The chips or interposers 670 are also electrically coupled to the conductive patterns 12, either by direct ohmic coupling or by indirect capacitive or magnetic coupling. The chips or interposers 670 may be coupled to the conductive patterns 12 using electroplated material, as described herein. The conductive patterns 12 function as antennas when coupled to the chips or interposers 670. Each of the combinations of a conductive pattern 12 and an chip or interposer 670 functions as a passive, semipassive, or active RFID device 672, able to transmit and/or receive signals. As an alternative, the chips or interposers 670 may be attached prior to the transfer to the carrier 660 in step 658, rather than subsequent to the transfer.
A second (attachment) adhesive film 680, for transferring the RFID devices 672 off of the carrier 660, is deposited in step 684. The second adhesive film 680 has different adhesive properties from those of the carrier adhesive layer 664. For example, the second adhesive layer 680 may have substantially constant (non-switchable) adhesive properties, or may have adhesive properties that change in a different manner from those of the carrier adhesive layer 664. Put another way, the carrier adhesive 664 and the second adhesive film 680 may have different release properties. The second adhesive film 680 may be a suitable pressure-sensitive adhesive, or may be a hot melt adhesive with different properties from those of the carrier adhesive 664. As a further alternative, the second adhesive film or layer 680 may include an adhesive that does not need to be heated to be activated.
The second adhesive layer 680 may be sprayed, printed, or otherwise suitably deposited. The second adhesive 680 may be a patterned and registered placement of adhesive, so as to place the adhesive on the conductive pattern (antenna) 12, while avoiding placement of adhesive on the carrier adhesive layer 664. The second adhesive 680 may be applied using a suitable patterned printing process. Alternatively, the second adhesive film 680 may be a substantially uniform layer.
In step 686 one of the RFID devices 672 is transferred to an object 688, such as a carton or a product to be tracked. The second adhesive film 680 may be used to secure the RFID device 672 to the object 688. As discussed above, the carrier adhesive 664 and the second adhesive 680 are selected such that the RFID device 672 is preferentially transferred from the carrier 660 to the object 688. The RFID device 672 may be singulated (cut or otherwise physically separated other devices on the roll) before or after being affixed to the object 672.
It will be appreciated that the carrier 660 of the system 654 advantageously may be reusable. As shown in FIG. 32, the carrier 660 may be a belt that transfers conductive patterns 12 from the conductive film or substrate 18 to a series of the objects 688.
Finally, in step 690, a sealing layer 692 may be placed over the placed RFID device 672. The sealing layer 692 may be a sprayed layer of a suitable material to form a non-sticky coating, such as a suitable UV-curable acrylic coating. Alternatively, the sealing layer 692 may be a suitable polymer or paper layer, that may include printed matter, such as words, symbols, or graphics. The sealing layer 692 may protect fragile components of the RFID device 672, such as the conductive pattern antenna 12 and the chip or interposer 670. The sealing layer 692 may be placed on the RFID device 672 by a suitable mechanism, such as by use of a suitable adhesive, for example a hot melt adhesive. It will be appreciated that the sealing layer 692 may be omitted, if desired.
FIG. 33 shows an alternative system 696, which omits the carrier 660 (FIG. 32) entirely. In the system 696, the chips or interposers 670 are coupled to the conductive pattern antennas 12 to form the RFID devices 672, while the conductive patterns 12 are still adhered to the conductive foil substrate 18. An adhesive 698 is then applied to the RFID devices 672. The adhesive 698 performs a function similar to that of the second adhesive 680 (FIG. 32), although it will be appreciated that there is no concern in the system 696 with needing to overcome the carrier adhesive 664 of the carrier 660 (FIG. 32). The adhesive 698 may be a hot melt adhesive, to give one example of a suitable class of adhesives.
The RFID devices 672 are directly transferred from the conductive substrate foil 18 to objects such as the object 688. The adhesive 698 permanently attaches the RFID device 672 to the object 688. The system 696 reduces the number of steps required in forming and attaching the RFID devices 672 to the objects 688. In addition, the RFID devices 672 are of minimal size and thickness, since the RFID devices 672 may each consist only of the conductive pattern antenna 12, and the chip or interposer 670 coupled to the conductive pattern antenna 12.
Referring now to FIG. 34, a conductive foil or substrate 18 has a patterned low surface energy material mask 720 on parts of its surface. An exposed surface portion 724 corresponds to a desired shape and size for the conductive patterns 12 (FIG. 1) to be grown on the conductive foil or substrate 18.
The low surface energy material of the mask 720 is a material that has a low peel strength value with regard to the adhesive 84 (FIG. 11) used to peel the conductive pattern 12 from the conductive foil or substrate 18. Such a low surface energy material may be broadly defined as a material that has less than the peel strength value, with regard to the adhesive 84, as does the conductive pattern 12. It will be appreciated that the greater the difference in peel strength value, the better the transfer of the conductive pattern 12 in preference to the low surface energy material mask 720.
The low surface energy material of the mask 720 may include a low surface energy additive, such as silicone, that migrates preferentially to the exposed surface of the mask 720. Examples of suitable materials include silicone-containing inks, such as Daw Ink 01AV26UV002, and silicone-containing epoxies, such as Wearlon Super F-4 epoxy-silicone and Wearlon 4545-76 epoxy-silicone. In 90-degree peel strength tests for a particular adhesive the above materials were found to have respective peel strengths of 0.097 lbs/in, 0.0108 lbs/in, and 0.044 lbs/in. This contrasted with peel strengths of 0.639-1.05 lbs/in for UV-acrylic and TEFLON-containing surface coating materials. The peel strength of plated copper on stainless steel (5 microns on a 200 grit finish) was found to be 0.174 lbs/in.
FIG. 35 shows a vacuum roller 740 used to transfer conductive patterns 12 from the conductive substrate or foil 18 to a destination, such as a web of RFID devices 742. The vacuum roller 740 includes a series of vacuum pores 744 that may be substantially evenly spaced about a circumference of a roller surface 748. The vacuum roller 740 provides suction at the vacuum pores 744, allowing lifting of the conductive patterns 12 from the conductive substrate or foil 18. Rotation of the vacuum roller 740 moves the conductive patterns 12 to the RFID device web 742, where the conductive patterns 12 are deposited. The device web 742 may have an adhesive 750 on its surface to adhesively adhere the conductive patterns 12 and pull the conductive patterns 12 away from the vacuum roller 740. The roller surface 748 may be coated with a low surface energy material to discourage adhesive coupling between the vacuum roller 740 and the device web 742. Suitable coatings include silicone and fluorocarbons, for instance. The vacuum roller 740 may move at a substantially constant rotation rate, or alternatively may move at a variable rate. The vacuum roller 740 may be used to change the pitch of the conductive patterns 12 from the pitch on the conductive substrate or foil 18 to the pitch on the device web 742. It will be appreciated that alternatively that multiple vacuum rollers may be used to transfer the conductive patterns 12. Further details regarding use of rollers to transfer small devices may be found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,951,596, and in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 10/947,010, filed Sep. 22, 2004, and 11/148,676, filed Jun. 9, 2005, the descriptions and figures of which are herein incorporated by reference.
FIGS. 36-39 illustrate steps in the process of fabricating a multi-level RFID device 760. FIG. 36 shows a conductive pattern 12 coupled to a chip or interposer 764 on a substrate 766. The conductive pattern 12 and the chip or interposer 764 together constitute a first circuit 770. The conductive pattern 12 may be made according to the plating methods disclosed herein. The conductive pattern 12 may be transferred and coupled to the substrate 766 by any of the methods disclosed herein, for example being adhesively coupled to the substrate 766. It will be appreciated that the coupling to the substrate 766 may either be temporary or permanent. The chip or interposer 764 may be coupled to the conductive pattern 12 either before or after the transfer of the conductive pattern 12 to the substrate 766. As one example, the chip or interposer 764 may be coupled by plated material joining the chip or interposer 764 to the conductive pattern 12.
FIG. 37 shows a dielectric material layer 774 placed on top of most of the conductive pattern 12. The dielectric material layer 774 leaves openings 776 for connection to the conductive pattern 12 or the chip or interposer 764. The dielectric material layer 770 may be a printed layer, and may be a layer of any of a wide variety of suitable dielectric materials, such as a UV-cured material. The dielectric layer 770 may be sprayed on.
FIGS. 38 and 39 illustrate coupling of a second circuit 780 to the first circuit 770. The second circuit 780 may include a second conductive pattern 784 and a second chip or interposer (not shown). Alternatively, either the second conductive pattern 784 or the second chip or interposer may be omitted from the second circuit 780. The second circuit 780 may be formed according to the plating and other methods described herein, and may be transferred to and adhesively adhered to the dielectric material layer 774. The second circuit 780 may be electrically coupled to the first circuit 770 through the openings 776 in the dielectric layer 774. The electrical coupling between the circuits 770 and 780 may be made by any of a variety of suitable methods, such as by use of conductive pastes or by ultrasonic welding.
As shown in FIG. 38, the second circuit 780 may be registered to the first circuit 770 such that the second conductive pattern overlies the first conductive pattern 12. Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 40, the second circuit 780 may be registered relative to the first circuit 770 such that the conductive patterns 12 and 784 are staggered relative to one another.
FIG. 38 also shows an additional component 782, such as a battery, that is coupled to circuits 770 and 780. The additional component is one example of components that could be operatively coupled at or between levels of the multiple circuits 770 and 780.
It will be appreciated that additional levels may be built up in the device 760, adding additional components and additional layers of circuitry, with layers of dielectric material between. The additional circuits and additional components may be offset or staggered so as to minimize the overall thickness of the multilayer device. The multilayer device 760 advantageously allows circuitry that could not be placed on a conventional circuit board (even a two-sided circuit board). In addition, the multilayer device 760 advantageously may be thinner and more flexible than a conventional circuit board.
FIG. 40 shows an alternate arrangement system 800 for plating to form the conductive patterns 12 on the conductive substrate or foil 18. The system includes a U-bend cell 804 with a U-bend 806 in the conductive foil 18. A pair of rollers 808 and 810 may be used to move the conductive substrate 18 along, and facilitate maintaining the U-shape bend portion 806 of the conductive foil or substrate 18. An electrolyte 814 is on the inside of the U-bend cell 804. Side plates 816 and 818 form sides of the U-bend cell 804. Seals 820 provide sealing between the side plates 816 and 818, and edges of the U-bend portion 806 of the conductive foil 18. The seals 820 are seals capable of maintaining the electrolyte 814 within the U-bend cell 804 as the conductive foil 18 moves along the U-bend cell 804, along the bottom edges of the side plates 816 and 818. The seals 820 may be any of a variety of suitable seals, such as sliding seals or rotating seals.
The U-bend cell 804 has an electrode cover 824, functioning as an anode and covering the top of the enclosure of the U-bend cell 804. A voltage source 828 hooked up to the electrode cover and a back or bottom surface 830 of the conductive foil 18 causes plating in exposed sections 834 of a front or top surface 836 of the U-bend portion 806 of the conductive foil or substrate 18. This plating forms the conductive patterns 12.
The use of the U-bend cell 804 advantageously limits plating to only the front or top surface 836, without any need to coat the back or bottom surface 830 of the conductive foil 18 with a dielectric material. This concentrates the plating where it is useful, while maintaining easy access to electrical connection along the back or bottom surface 830 of the conductive foil 18. In addition, the U-bend cell 804 advantageously allows electrical connection to the foil 18 essentially within the electrolyte bath, at locations along the conductive foil 18 wherein the conductive patterns 12 are being plated. This allows plating to be performed more efficiently along the conductive foil 18, compared to systems with connections removed from the plating bath. Placing electrical connections to the foil away from the plating bath disadvantageously results in voltage gradients along the foil that reduce the voltages available for performing actual plating. Such voltage gradients along the foil are avoided by making electrical connections to the foil 18 in the same part of the foil that is being plated.
It will be appreciated that many variations are possible for the U-bend cell 804. The electrolyte 814 may be a colloidal electrolyte instead of a liquid electrolyte. The colloidal electrolyte may be a porous gel electrolyte or a foam electrolyte, for example. The use of a colloidal electrolyte may make sealing of the cell 804 easier. Also, the cell 804 may have a different shape, for instance confining the electrolyte to a thin layer between the anode 824 and the conductive foil 18. That is, the electrode cover 824 may have a shape that is similar to that of the U-bend portion 804 of the conductive foil 18.
Referring now to FIG. 41, a conductive substrate or foil 860 has an arrangement that produces a continuous conductive pattern that is later cut, slit, or otherwise separated into individual antennas. The conductive substrate or foil 860 has a series of unconnected mask elements 862 that are used to prevent plating where central holes of the resulting antennas would be. The mask elements 862 may be convex elements, such as the rectangles illustrated in FIG. 41. Alternatively, the mask elements 862 may have a wide variety of other shapes and/or configurations. The mask elements 862 may be made of dielectric material, such as the mask materials described above. As will be described further below, the continuous exposed surface 864 of the conductive substrate or foil 860 allows formation of the continuous conductive pattern, which may be continuously formed and removed from a belt or drum having the conductive substrate or foil 860 at its surface.
FIG. 42 shows an alternative conductive substrate or foil 870 that includes a treated preferential plating area 874 that is preferentially plated relative to an untreated area 872. The treated area 874 may be a continuous area, and may be similar in configuration to the exposed surface 864 of the conductive substrate or foil 860 (FIG. 41).
The treated area 874 may be treated in any of a variety of ways to improve its ability to be plated. For example, the surface of the treated area 874 may be roughened, such as by treating it with an abrasive, such as sandpaper. As an alternative, a granular conductive seed layer may be printed in a pattern on the conductive foil or substrate 870 to produce the treated area 874 with improved plating properties. As another alternative, suitable chemical etching or sandblasting may be used to produce the treated area 874.
FIGS. 43-45 show various systems for utilizing the conductive foils 860 and 870 to produce a continuous conductive pattern 880. The system 884 shown in FIG. 43 has the substrate or foil 860 or 880 as the surface of an endless belt 886 located in a plating bath 888. The continuous conductive pattern 880 is continuously formed as the belt 886 is moved within an electrolyte 890 in the plating bath 888. At a location in the bath 888 the continuous conductive pattern 880 is separated from the belt 886. The continuous conductive pattern 880 is pulled out of the bath 888 by a pair of rollers 892. Further steps may be taken to join chips or interposers to the continuous conductive pattern 880, to singulate individual antennas from the conductive pattern 880, and to produce RFID devices from the continuous conductive pattern 880.
FIG. 44 shows an alternative system 894, with the conductive foil or substrate 860 or 870 on the surface of a drum 896, rather than on the belt 886 shown in FIG. 43. The drum 896 is located in a bath 888 containing an electrolyte 890 for plating the continuous conductive pattern 880 on the surface of the drum 896. The continuous conductive pattern 880 produced on the drum 896 may be pulled off the drum 896 and subsequently collected in a manner similar to that shown in FIG. 43 and described above.
FIG. 45 shows another alternative system 900, in which a continuous conductive pattern 880 is transferred from a belt 902 to a substrate 904. The belt 902 has the conductive foil 860 or 870 on its surface. The belt 902 may be similar to the belt 886 (FIG. 43), and may operate in a manner similar to the belt 886. The conductive pattern 880 is separated from the belt 902 onto the substrate 904 outside the electrolyte bath 888. The separation may be an adhesive separation, as described elsewhere herein. The separation onto the substrate 902 may be advantageous when the conductive pattern 880 is fragile, or when the conductive pattern 880 needs to be attached to a substrate for another reason. Also, it will be appreciated that the conductive pattern 880 that is attached to the substrate 902 may include certain noncontinuous conductive elements, if desired.
FIGS. 46 and 47 illustrates formation of an alternate embodiment conductive substrate or foil 958 which is selectively masked by forming a patterned surface oxide layer 960 on a part of its surface where the conductive pattern 12 (FIG. 1) is not to be formed. First a patterned removable mask material 962 is deposited on the conductive substrate or foil 958 in a pattern corresponding in size and shape to that of the desired conductive pattern 12. An example of a suitable mask material is an elastomer material sold under the trademark VITON, available from DuPont. Then the remaining exposed surface of the conductive substrate or foil 958 is oxidized to form the patterned surface oxide layer 960. The patterned surface oxide layer 960 may be formed by anodizing the exposed surface of the conductive substrate or foil 958 in a suitable anodizing bath. The removable positive mask 962 is then removed to leave the conductive substrate or foil 958 shown in FIG. 48. The conductive substrate or foil 958 has a patterned exposed surface 964 corresponding in shape and size to the desired conductive pattern 12.
Titanium, aluminum, and niobium are examples of suitable metals for use in the conductive substrate or foil, although it will be appreciated that other suitable metals which form impervious insulating oxides upon anodization may be used instead. It also will be appreciated that similar methods may be used for forming other sorts of dielectric metallic compound masks.
FIGS. 48 and 49 illustrate part of a system 970 that involves formation of conductive patterns 972 on both sides (major surfaces) 974 and 976 of a conductive substrate 978. The conductive substrate 978 may be a plate, belt, roller, or the like, with both of its major surfaces 974 and 976 treated in any of the ways discussed above to allow formation of conductive patterns by electroplating. The electroplating may be accomplished by immersing the conductive substrate 978 in a plating bath, while applying a suitable current to the conductive substrate 978.
The conductive patterns 972 that form on both of the major surfaces 974 and 976 may be removed from the conductive substrate 978 by any of the methods described herein, such as by use of a suitable adhesive. The conductive patterns 972 may be coupled to label or tag substrates, or to objects, as described elsewhere.
The system 970 advantageously increases output of the conductive patterns 972 from the plating process. By plating on both sides (major surfaces) 974 and 976 of the conductive substrate 978, the output rate of conductive patterns may be effectively doubled.
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