Source: http://www.google.com/patents/US5621074?ie=ISO-8859-1
Timestamp: 2016-02-08 12:30:05
Document Index: 410121051

Matched Legal Cases: ['art, 1964', 'application NO. 4638', 'application No. 0214826', 'application No. 1956911', 'application No. 163529', 'Application No. 195691', 'Application No. 163529']

Patent US5621074 - Aprotinin analogs - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsThe present invention relates to methods for producing aprotinin and analogs thereof in yeast, synthetic genes encoding such products, expression vectors and transformed yeast cells. The invention further relates to aprotinin analogs, particularly analogs with increased specific inhibitory activity and/or...http://www.google.com/patents/US5621074?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US5621074 - Aprotinin analogsAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS5621074 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 08/443,977Publication dateApr 15, 1997Filing dateMay 18, 1995Priority dateAug 28, 1987Fee statusLapsedAlso published asUS5591603, US5618915Publication number08443977, 443977, US 5621074 A, US 5621074A, US-A-5621074, US5621074 A, US5621074AInventorsSoren E. Bj.o slashed.rn, Kjeld Norris, Viggo Diness, Leif N.o slashed.rskov-Lauritsen, Niels D. Christensen, Claus Bregengaard, Fanny Norris, Lars C. PetersenOriginal AssigneeNovo Nordisk A/SExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (15), Non-Patent Citations (22), Referenced by (8), Classifications (8), Legal Events (6) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetAprotinin analogs
US 5621074 AAbstract
The present invention relates to methods for producing aprotinin and analogs thereof in yeast, synthetic genes encoding such products, expression vectors and transformed yeast cells. The invention further relates to aprotinin analogs, particularly analogs with increased specific inhibitory activity and/or reduced nephrotoxicity compared to native aprotinin, as well as compositions comprising such analogs.
1. An aprotinin analog having an inhibitory effect against serine protease, reduced nephrotoxicity, reduced positive net charge, reduced stability compared to native aprotinin, and having the following formula: X'-aprotinin(3-40)-Y'n -Z'm -aprotinin(43-48) in which X' is Pro or hydrogen, aprotinin(3-40) is the amino acid sequence from amino acid residue 3 to 40 in native aprotinin, Y' is Lys or a non-basic amino acid residue, Z' is Arg or a non-basic amino acid residue, wherein at least Y' or Z' is a non-basic amino acid residue, n and m are each 0 or 1, and aprotinin(43-48) is the amino acid sequence from amino acid residue 43 to 58 in native aprotinin. 2. The aprotinin analog according to claim 1 in which X' is hydrogen, Y' is Lys, Z' is Ser and n and m are each one.
3. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an aprotinin analog according to claim 1 together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
This application is a divisional application of application Ser. No. 05/084,718, filed Jun. 23, 1993, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/024,925, filed Feb. 26, 1993, now abandoned, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/466,408, filed Jun. 21, 1990, now abandoned. This application is also a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 07/598,737, filed Nov. 19, 1990, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,373,090, and a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 07/827,687, filed Jan. 29, 1992, now abandoned. This application also claims priority under 35 U.S.C. �120 to PCT application no. PCT/DK88/00138, filed Aug. 26, 1988, PCT application no. PCT/DK89/0096, filed Apr. 25, 1989, and PCT application on. PCT/DK91/0029, filed Oct. 1, 1991.
The present invention relates to methods for producing aprotinin and analogs thereof in yeast, synthetic genes encoding such products, expression vectors and transformed yeast cells. The invention further relates to aprotinin analogs, compositions comprising such analogs.
Aprotinin (also known as bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, BPTI) is a basic protein present in several bovine organs and tissues, such as the lymph nodes, pancreas, lungs, parotid gland, spleen and liver. It is a single-chain polypeptide of 58 amino acid residues with the following amino acid sequence
Arg Pro Asp Phe Cys Leu Glu Pro Pro Tyr Thr Gly Pro Cys Lys Ala Arg Ile Ile Arg Tyr Phe Tyr Asn Ala Lys Ala Gly Leu Cys Gln Thr Phe Val Tyr Gly Gly Cys Arg Ala Lys Arg Asn Asn Phe Lys Ser Ala Glu Asp Cys Met Arg Thr Cys Gly Gly Ala (SEQ ID NO:1).
The amino acid chain is cross-linked by three disulphide bridges formed between Cys(5) and Cys(55), Cys(14) and Cys(38) and Cys(30) and Cys(51), respectively.
The isoelectric point of aprotinin is quite high (approximately 10.5). This is mainly caused by a relatively high content of the positively charged amino acids lysine and arginine. The three-dimensional structure of the aprotinin molecule is very compact which makes it highly stable against denaturation at high temperatures, or by acids, alkalis or organic solvents, or against proteolytic degradation (cf. B. Kassell, Meth. Enzym. 19, 1970, pp. 844-852).
Aprotinin is known to inhibit various serine proteases, including trypsin, chymotrypsin, plasmin and kallikrein, and is used therapeutically in the treatment of acute pancreatitis, various states of shock syndrome, hyperfibrinolytic hemorrhage and myocardial infarction (cf., for instance, J. E. Trapnell et al, Brit. J. Surg. 61, 1974, p. 177; J. McMichan et al., Circulatory shock 9, 1982, p. 107; L .M. Auer et al., Acta Neurochir. 49, 1979, p. 207; G. Sher, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1977, p. 164; and B. Schneider, Artzneim. -Forsch. 26, 1976, p. 1606). Administration of aprotinin in high doses significantly reduces blood loss in connection with cardiac surgery, including cardiopulmonary bypass operations (cf., for instance, B. P. Bidstrup et al., J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 97, 1989, pp. 364-372; W. van Oeveren et al., Ann. Thorac. Surg. 44, 1987, pp. 640-645).
2.1. PRODUCTION OF APROTININ
Aprotinin, hereinafter referred to as "native aprotinin" can be extracted from various bovine organs or tissues, such as lung, pancreas and parotid glands. Extraction from animal tissues is a cumbersome process and requires large amounts of the bovine organ or tissue.
A gene for aprotinin has been fused to the coding sequence for E. coli alkaline phosphatase signal peptide and expressed in E. coli under the control of the alkaline phosphatase promoter (Marks et al., 1986, J. Biol. Chem. 261:7115-7118). Also, a synthetic gene encoding the protein sequence of Met-aprotinin has been cloned in an E. coli expression vector (von Wilcken-Berman et al., 1986, EMBO J. 5:3219-3225) .
2.2. APROTININ ANALOGS
Certain aprotinin analogs are known, e.g. from U.S. Pat. No. 4,595,674 disclosing aprotinin analogs and derivatives wherein Lys(15) is replaced with Gly, Ala, Val, Leu, Ile, Met, Arg, L-α-butyric acid, L-norvaline, L-norleucine, dehydroalanine or L-homoserine. EP 238 993 discloses aprotinin analogs wherein Lys(15) is replaced with Arg, Val, Ile, Leu, Phe, Giy, Ser, Trp, Tyr or Ala, and wherein Met(52) is furthermore replaced with Glu, Val, Leu, Thr or Ser. EP 307 592 discloses aprotinin analogs wherein one or more of the amino acids in position 15, 16, 17, 18, 34, 39 and 52 are replaced with another amino acid residue. In position 17, the amino acid is preferably Leu, Arg, Ile or Val. Marks et al., 1987, Science 235:1370-1373 describes mutants of aprotinin which are substituted by Ala or Thr in positions 14 and 38. It is reported that these mutants were expressed in E. coli and properly folded.
The known aprotinin analogs are claimed to have modified effects and efficacies towards different proteinases. For instance, aprotinin(15 Val) has a relatively high selectivity for granulocyte elastase and an inhibitory effect on elastase and aprotinin (15 Gly) has an outstanding antitrypsin activity and surprisingly inhibits kallikrein.
2.3. TOXICITY OF APROTININ
It has previously been described that after intravenous injection of native aprotinin in animals or human volunteers, the plasma level of the inhibitor decreases rather quickly owing to distribution in the extracellular fluid and subsequently accumulation in the kidneys (I. Trautschold et al., in K. Heinkel and H. Sch on (Eds.): Pathogenese, Diagnostik; Klinik und Therapie der Erkrankungen des. Exokrinen Pankreas, Schattauer, Stuttgart, 1964, p. 289; E. Habermann et al., Med. Welt 24 (29), 1973, pp. 1163-1167; H. Fritz et al., Hoppe-Seylers Z. Physiol. Chem. 350, 1969, pp. 1541-1550; and H. Kaller et al., Eur. J. Drug Metab, Pharmacokin. 2, 1978, pp. 79-85). Following glomerulus filtration, aprotinin is almost quantitatively bound to the brush border membrane of the proximal tubulus cells. Aprotinin is then reabsorbed into micropinocytic vesicles and phagosomes followed by a very slow degradation in phagolysosomes. This type of transport has been suggested to be representative for peptides in general (M. Just and E. Habermann, Navnyn-Scmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 280, 1973, pp. 161-176; M. Just, Navnyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 287, 1975, pp. 85-95).
It would be commercially advantageous to develop a method for producing high yields of properly folded aprotinin or aprotinin analogs in mature form.
The invention is directed to a method for producing high yields of aprotinin or analogs thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the aprotinin or aprotinin analog is produced in yeast by cultivation of a yeast strain containing a replicable expression vector containing a synthetic gene encoding aprotinin or analog thereof in a suitable nutrient medium followed by recovery of the aprotinin or analog thereof from the culture medium. The aprotinin produced by the present invention can be characterized by the following formula
In a specific embodiment, the aprotinin analog has the formula as set forth in the Sequence Listing as SEQ ID NO:2.
X1 -Asp-Phe-Cys-Leu-Glu-Pro-Pro-Tyr-Thr-X2 -X3 -X4 -X5 -X6 -X7 - X8 -X9 -Arg-Tyr-Phe-Tyr-Asn-Ala-Lys-Ala-Gly-Leu-Cys-Gln-Thr-Phe-Val-Tyr-Gly-Gly-X10 -Arg-Ala-X10 -Arg-Ala-X11 -X12 -Asn-Asn-Phe-Lys-Ser-Ala-Glu-Asp-Cys-Met-Arg-Thr-Cys-Gly-Gly-Ala (I)
in which X1 is Arg-Pro, Pro or hydrogen; X2 and X3 are independently any naturally occurring amino acid residue; X4 and X10 are both Cys; X5 is Lys, Arg, Val, Thr, Ile, Leu, Phe, Gly, Ser, Met, Trp, Tyr or Ala; X6 is Ala or Gly; X7 is Ala or Gly; X8 is Ile, Leu, Met, Val or Phe; X9 is any naturally occurring amino acid residue; X11 is any naturally occurring amino acid residue; X12 is Lys, Arg or Ser, provided that X7 is Ala or Giy and each of X2 -X6 and X8 -X12 is different from the corresponding amino acid residue in native aprotinin.
In another specific embodiment, the aprotinin analog has the formula as set forth in the Sequence Listing as SEQ ID NO:2.
X1 -Asp-Phe-Cys-Leu-Glu-Pro-Pro-Tyr-Thr-X2 -X3 -X4 -X5 -X6 -X7 -X8 -X9 -Arg-Tyr-Phe-Tyr-Asn-Ala-Lys-Ala-Gly-Leu-Cys-GIn-Thr-Phe-Val-Tyr-Gly-Gly-X10 -Arg-Ala-X11 -X12 -Asn-Asn-Phe-Lys-Ser-Ala-Glu-Asp-Cys-Met-Arg-Thr-Cys-Gly-Gly-Ala (II)
in which X1 is Pro or hydrogen; X2 and X3 are independently any naturally occurring amino acid residue; X4 and X10 are both Cys; X5 is Lys, Arg, Val, Thr, Ile, Leu, Phe, Gly, Ser, Met, TrtD, Tyr or Ala; X6 is Ala or Gly; X7 is any naturally occuring amino acid residue; X8 is Ile, Leu, Met, Val or Phe; X9 is any naturally occurring amino acid residue; X11 is any naturally occurring amino acid residue; X12 is Lys, Arg or Ser, provided that X1 is Pro or hydrogen and at least one of the amino acid residues X2 to X9 is different from the corresponding amino acid residue in native aprotinin.
The term "protease-binding site" is intended to indicate the amino acid residues which are important for protease inhibition, i.e. the amino acid residues which are in intimate contact with the protease by binding to amino acid residues at or close to the active site of the enzyme. These are currently understood to include (and are, in the present context defined as) the amino acid residues in position 12-18 and 34-39 (cf. H. Fritz and G. Wunderer, Artzneim. -Forsch. 33(1), 1983, p. 484). It is preferred to remove, insert or replace amino acid residues outside the protease-binding site only in order to avoid substantially changing the protease inhibition profile of the analogue of the invention compared to that of native aprotinin.
FIG. 3 illustrates the construction of plasmid pMT636.
FIG. 5 shows a synthetic gene encoding aprotinin(3-58; 42 Ser).
FIG. 6 illustrates the construction of the plasmid pKFN306.
FIG. 7 illustrates the construction of the plasmid pKFN504.
FIG. 8 illustrates the construction of the plasmid pMT636.
FIG. 17 shows a synthetic gene encoding aprotinin(1-58, 42 Ser).
The invention is related to a method for producing high yields of aprotinin or analogs thereof, as well as genes encoding aprotinin and analogs thereof, vectors comprising such genes, and host cells capable of expressing the genes. The invention is directed to novel aprotinin analogs, specifically analogs having a more specific inhibitory effect towards certain serine proteases and analogs having a reduced nephrotoxicity compared to native aprotinin, as well as pharmaceutical compositions comprising such novel analogs.
6.1. PRODUCTION OF APROTININ AND APROTININ ANALOGS
Aprotinin and the aprotinin analogs of the present invention may be obtained by recombinant DNA methods known in the art exemplified below and described in the examples herein. A DNA construct is prepared comprising a gene encoding aprotinin or an analog thereof.
For secretion purposes, the DNA sequence encoding the desired aprotinin or aprotinin analog may be fused to a DNA sequence encoding a signal and leader peptide sequence. The signal and leader peptides are cleaved off by the transformed microorganism during the secretion of the expressed protein product from the cells ensuring a more simple isolation procedure of the desired product. A well suited leader peptide system for yeast is the yeast MFa1 leader sequence or a part thereof (Kurjan, J. and Herskowitz, I., Cell 30 (1982) 933-943) or a leader described in Danish patent application NO. 4638/87. However, any signal- or leader-sequence which provides for secretion in yeast may be employed and the present invention is not contemplated to be restricted to a specific secretion system.
The vector of the invention may further comprise a DNA sequence enabling the vector to replicate in the host cell in question. Examples of such a sequence (when the host cell is a mammalian cell) is the SV 40 origin of replication, or (when the host cell is a yeast cell) the yeast plasmid 2 μ replication genes REP 1-3 and origin of replication. The vector may also comprise a selectable marker, e.g. a gene the product of which complements a defect in the host cell, such as the gene coding for dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) or one which confers resistance to a drug, e.g. neomycin, hygromycin or methotrexate, or the Schizosaccharomyces pombe TPI gene (described by P. R. Russell, Gene 40, 1985, pp. 125-130.
The procedures used to ligate the DNA sequences coding for the aprotinin or aprotinin analog, the promoter, and the terminator, respectively, and to insert them into suitable vectors containing the information necessary for replication, are well known to persons skilled in the art (cf., for instance, Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laborary Manual, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989).
Examples of suitable mammalian cell lines are the COS (ATCC CRL 1650), BHK (ATCC CRL 1632, ATCC CCL 10) or CHO (ATCC CCL 61) cell lines. Methods of transfecting mammalian cells and expressing DNA sequences introduced in the cells are described in e.g. Kaufman and Sharp, J. Mol. Biol. 159, 1982, pp. 601-621; Southern and Berg, J. Mol. Appl. Genet. 1, 1982, pp. 327-341; Loyter et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79, 1982, pp. 422-426; Wigler et al., Cell 14, 1978, p. 725; Corsaro and Pearson, Somatic Cell Genetics, 7, 1981, p. 603, Graham and van der Eb, Virology 52, 1973, p. 456; and Neumann et al., EMBO J. 1, 1982, pp. 841-845.
In a preferred embodiment, the yeast organism used as the host cell according to the invention may be any yeast organism which, on cultivation, produces large quantities of the aprotinin analog of the invention. Examples of suitable yeast organisms are strains of the yeast species Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces kluyveri, Schizosaccharomyces pombe or Saccharomyces uvarun. The transformation of yeast cells may for instance be effected by protoplast formation followed by transformation in a manner known per se. The methods for transformation of yeast and cultivation of transformed yeast strains that can be used in the practice of the invention are those known in the art such as those described in the above mentioned EP patent application Nos. 0163529A and 0189998A.
Alternatively, fungal cells may be used as host cells of the invention. Examples of suitable fungal cells are cells of filamentous fungi, e.g. Aspergillus spp. or Neurospora spp., in particular strains of Aspergillus oryzae or Apergillus niger. The use of Aspergillus spp. for the expression of proteins is described in, e.g., EP 272 277.
6.2. ANALOGS HAVING A MORE SPECIFIC INHIBITORY EFFECT TOWARDS CERTAIN SERINE PROTEASES
The present aprotinin analogs may be represented by the formula as set forth in the Sequence Listing as SEQ ID NO:2 and in Formulae I and II (see Section 4, supra).
According to a more narrow aspect, the present aprotinin analogs may be represented by the following formula set forth in the Sequence Listing as SEQ ID NO:3: ##STR1## in which X1, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9, X11 and X12 are as defined above for SEQ ID NO:2, at least one of the amino acid residues X5 to X9, preferably X6 to X9 being different from the corresponding amino acid residue in native aprotinin.
According to an even narrower aspect the aprotinin analogues may be represented by the following formula set forth in the Sequence Listing as SEQ ID NO:4: ##STR2## in which X1, X6, X7, X8, X9, X11 and X12 are as defined above for SEQ ID NO:2, at least one of the amino acid residues X6 to X9 being different from the corresponding amino acid residue in native aprotinin.
In the sequence represend by formula I or II above, X1 is preferably hydrogen; X2 is preferably Gly; X3 is preferably Pro; X5 is preferably Lys or Arg; X6 is preferably Ala; X7 is preferably Ala; X8 is preferably Ile; X9 is preferably Ile; X11 is preferably Lys; and/or X12 is preferably Arg or Ser.
Examples of preferred aprotinin analogs according to the present invention are aprotinin(3-58; 17 Ala+42 Ser; SEQ ID NO:5) which lacks the first two amino acid residues of native aprotinin and has Ala substituted for Arg in position 17 and Ser substituted for Arg in position 42; aprotinin(3-58; 17 Ala+19 Glu+42 Ser; SEQ ID NO:6) which lacks the first two amino acid residues of native aprotinin and has Ala substituted for Arg in position 17, Glu substituted for Ile in position 19 and Ser substituted for Arg in position 42; and aprotinin(3-58; 15 Arg+17 Ala+42 Ser; SEQ ID NO:7) which lacks the first two amino acid residues of native aprotinin and has Arg substituted for Lys in position 15, Ala substituted for Arg in position 17 and Ser substituted for Arg in position 42, respectively.
Aprotinin(3-58; 17 Ala) (SEQ ID NO:8)
Aprotinin(3-58; 17 Ala+19 Glu) (SEQ ID NO:9)
Aprotinin(3-58; 15 Arg+17 Ala) (SEQ ID NO:10)
Aprotinin(17 Ala+42 Ser) (SEQ ID NO:11)
Aprotinin(15 Arg+17 Ala+42 Ser) (SEQ ID NO:12)
Aprotinin(17 Ala) (SEQ ID NO:13)
Aprotinin(17 Ala+19 Glu) (SEQ ID NO:14)
Aprotinin(15 Arg+17 Ala) (SEQ ID NO:15)
6.3. APROTININ ANALOGS WITH REDUCED NEPHROTOXICITY
The invention is also directed to aprotinin analogs having reduced nephrotoxicity compared to native aprotinin. In a specific embodiment, such analogs have a reduced positive charge and reduced stability.
According to the invention, any of the positively charged amino acid residues outside the protease-binding site might be replaced with either the negatively charged amino acid residues Glu or Asp or with any one of the neutral amino acid residues Ala, Cys, Phe, Gly, His, Ile, Leu, Met, Asn, Pro, Glu, Ser, Thr, Val, Trp or Tyr. However, in order to avoid inactive analogs or analogs with an inappropriate three-dimensional structure arising from an undesired folding of the molecule, it is preferred to select substitutions which are identical to amino acid residues in corresponding positions of other protease inhibitors or in domains of larger structures exhibiting a high degree of homology to native aprotinin. In other words, the selection of substituent amino acid residues is preferably based on an analysis of molecules which are homologous to aprotinin. It should be noted that, concomitantly with the amino acid substitution(s) directly contributing to a reduction in the positive net charge, one or more other amino acid substitutions my be carried out which do not in themselves result in a reduced positive net charge, but which may be required in order to produce an active analogue with an appropriate three-dimensional structure.
Accordingly, in a more specific aspect, the present invention relates to an aprotinin analog having the following formula set forth in the Sequence Listing as SEQ ID NO:16: ##STR3## wherein
If it is desired to change the protease-inhibition properties of the aprotinin analogue apart from reducing its nephrotoxicity, it is possible additionally to modify the analog in the protease-binding site. For instance, it has previously been demonstrated (cf. H. R. Wenzel and H. Tschesche, Angew. Chem. Internat. Ed. 20, 1981, p. 295) that aprotinin(1-58, Val15) exhibits a relatively high selectivity for granulocyte elastase and an inhibitory effect on collagenase, aprotinin(1-58, Ala15) has a weak effect on elastase, and aprotinin(1-58, Gly15) exhibits an outstanding antitrypsin activity and surprisingly also inhibits kallikrein. Furthermore, it may be possible to modify the inhibitory effect of aprotinin concomitantly with reducing the positive net charge by replacing one or more positively charged amino acids in the protease-binding site by neutral or negatively charged amino acid(s).
Thus, the present invention further relates to an aprotinin analog having the following formula set forth in the Sequence Listing as SEQ ID NO:17: ##STR4## wherein X1 -X12 are as defined above,
X20 is an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of Gln, Lys, Met, Asn, Leu, Gly and Glu, with the proviso that at least one of the amino acid residues X1 -X12 and at least one of the amino acid residues X13 -X20 are different from the corresponding amino acid residue of native aprotinin.
Examples of currently favored aprotinin analogs of the general formula (SEQ ID NO:16) include an analog wherein X1 is Glu-Pro, X5 is Glu, X8 is Glu, X11 is Glu, and X2, X3, X4, X6, X7, X9, X10 and X12 are as in the native aprotinin sequence; or wherein X1 is Glu-Pro, X9 is Glu, X11 is Glu, and X2, X3, X4, X6, X7, X8, X10 and X12 are as in the native aprotinin sequence; or wherein X9 is Glu, X11 is Glu, and X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X10 and X12 are as in the native aprotinin sequence; or wherein X2 is Ser, X4 is Asp, X5 is Thr, X6 is Glu, X8 is Asn, X12 is Glu, and X1, X3, X7, X9, X10, and X11 are as in the native aprotinin sequence; or wherein X2 is Ser, X3 is Leu, X7 is Gly, X8 is Asn, X9 is Gly, X10 is Gln, X11 is Tyr, and X1, X4, X5, X6, and X12 are as in the native aprotinin sequence; or wherein X1 is a peptide bond, X9 is Ser, X11 is Glu, and X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X10 and X12 are as in the native aprotinin sequence or wherein X1 is a peptide bond, X9 is Ser, X11 is Ala, and X2, X3, X4 , X5, X6, X7, X8, X10 and X12 are as in the native aprotinin sequence; or wherein X1 is a peptide bond, X2 is Ser, X4 is Asp, X5 is Thr, X6 is Glu, X8 is Asn, X12 is Glu, and X3, X7, X9, X10 and X11 are as in the native aprotinin sequence; or wherein X1 is a peptide bond, X4 Asp, X5 is Thr, X6 is Glu, X12 is Glu, and X2, X3, X7, X8, X9, X10 and X11 are as in the native aprotinin sequence; or wherein X1 is a peptide bond, X2 is Ser, X7 is Gly, X8 is Asn, X9 is Gly, X12 is Glu, and X3, X4, X5, X6, X10 and X11 are as in the native aprotinin sequence; or wherein X1 is a peptide bond, X9 is Ser, X12 is Glu, and X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X10 and X11 are as in the native aprotinin sequence; or wherein X1 is a peptide bond, X9 is Glu, X12 is Glu, and X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X10 and X11 are as in the native aprotinin sequence; or wherein X1 is a peptide bond, X5 is Glu, X9 is Ser, X12 is Glu, and X2, X3, X4, X6, X7, X8, X10 and X11 are as in the native aprotinin sequence; or wherein X1 is a peptide bond, X5 is Glu, X9 is Glu, X12 is Glu, and X2, X3, X4, X6, X7, X8, X10 and X11 are as in the native aprotinin sequence.
6.4 USES FOR APROTININ ANALOGS
The analogs of the present invention as a result of their inhibition of human serine proteases may be used to treat acute pancreatitis, inflammation, thrombocytopenia, preservation of platelet function, organ preservation, wound healing, shock (including shock lung) and conditions involving hyperfibrinolytic hemorrhage. A high dose of aprotinin is indicated during and after cardiopulmonarybypass operations. The aprotinin analogs of the present invention having a lower nephrotoxicity is of particular interest for this application and possibly in other surgery involving a major loss of blood, as is the possibly reduced risk of causing anaphylactoid response due to the lower positive net charge of the analog.
The analogs of the present invention may be formulated in a pharmaceutical composition with an acceptable carrier. The pharmaceutical carriers may be such physiologically compatible buffers as Hank's or Ringer's solution, physiological saline, a mixture consisting of saline and glucose, and heparinized sodium-citrate-citric acid-dextrose solution. The aprotinin analogs of the present invention produced by the methods of the present invention can be mixed with colloidal-like plasma substitutes and plasma expanders such as linear polysaccharides (e.g. dextran), hydroxyethyl starch, balanced fluid gelatin, and other plasma proteins. Additionally, the aprotinin analogs may be mixed with water soluble, physiologically acceptable, polymeric plasma substitutes, examples of which include polyvinyl alcohol, poly(ethylene oxide), polyvinylpyrrolidone, and ethylene oxide-polypropylene glycol condensates. Techniques and formulations for administering the compositions comprising the aprotinin analogs generally may be found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Meade Publishing Col., Easton, Pa., latest edition.
7.1. EXAMPLE 1: PRODUCTION OF APROTININ(3-58)
A sequence encoding aprotinin(3-58) was constructed from a number of oligonucleotides by ligation.
__________________________________________________________________________I:  AAAGAGATTTCTGTTTGGAACCTCCATACACTGGTCC    37-mer (SEQ ID NO:18)                                 Duplex AII: TTACATGGACCAGTGTATGGAGGTTCCAAACAGAAACT    38-mer (SEQ ID NO:19)III:    ATGTAAAGCTAGAATCATCAGATACTTCRACAACG    35-mer (SEQ ID NO:20)                                 Duplex BIV: TTCGGCGTTGTAGAAGTATCTGATGATTCTAGCT    34-mer (SEQ ID NO:21)V:  CCAAGGCTGGTRMTGTCAAACTTTCGTTTACGGTGGCT    39-mer (SEQ ID NO:22)                                 Duplex CVI: CTCTGCAGCCACCGTAAACGAAAGTTTGACACKAAACCAGC    40-mer (SEQ ID NO:23)VII:    GCAGAGCTAAGTCCAACAACTTCAAGT    27-mer (SEQ ID NO:24)                                 Duplex DVIII:    AGCAGACTTGAAGTTGTTGGACTTAG    26-mer (SEQ ID NO:25)IX: CTGCTGAAGACTGCATGAGAACTTGTGGTGGTGCCTAAT    39-mer (SEQ ID NO:26)                                 Duplex EX:  CTAGATTAGGCACCACCACAAGTTCTCATGCAGTCTTC    38-mer (SEQ ID NO:27)__________________________________________________________________________
20 pmole of each of the duplexes A-E was formed from the corresponding pairs of the above oligonucleotides by heating for 5 min. at 90� C. followed by cooling to room temperature over a period of 75 minutes. The five duplexes were mixed and treated with T4 ligase. The synthetic gene was isolated as a 176 bp band after electrophoresis of the ligation mixture on a 2% agarose gel. The obtained synthetic gene is shown in FIG. 1 and set forth in the Sequence Listing as SEQ ID NOS:28 AND 29. The synthetic gene was ligated to a 330 bp EcoRI-HgaI fragment from plasmid pKFN9 coding for MFαl signal and leader sequence(1-85) and to the large EcoRI-XbaI fragment from pUC19. The construction of pKFN9 containing a HgaI site immediately after the MFαl leader sequence is described in EP application No. 0214826.
One plasmid pKNF305 was selected for further use. The construction of plasmid pKFN305 is illustrated in FIG. 2. pKFN305 was cut with EcoRI and XbaI and the 0.5 kb fragment was ligated to the 9.5 kb NcoI-XbaI fragment from pMT636 and the 1.4 kb NcoI-EcoRI fragment from pMT636, resulting in plasmid pKFN374 (see FIG. 2). Plasmid pMT636 was constructed from pMT608 after deletion of the LEU-2 gene and from pMT479 (see FIG. 3). pMT608 is described in EP application No. 1956911. pMT479 is described in EP application No. 163529. pMT479 contains the Schizo. pombe TPI gene (POT), the S. Cerevisiae triosephosphate isomerase promoter and terminator, TPIP and TPIT (Alber, T. and Kawasaki, G. J. Mol. Appl. Gen. 1 (1982) 419-434). Plasmid pKFN374 contains the following sequence
TpIP -MFαl-signal-leader(1-85)-aprotinin(3-58)-TPIT where MFαl is the S. cerevisiae mating factor alpha 1 coding sequence (Kurjan, J. and Herskowitz, I., Cell 30, (1982) 933-943), signal-leader(1-85) means that the sequence contains the first 85 amino acid residues of the MFαl signal-leader sequence and aprotinin(3-58) is the synthetic sequence encoding an aprotinin derivative lacking the first two amino acid residues.
100 ml of culture was harvested by centrifugation, washed with 10 ml of water, recentrifuged and resuspended in 10 ml of a solution containing 1.2M sorbitol, 25 mM Na2 EDTA pH=8.0, and 6.7 mg/ml dithiothreitol. The suspension was incubated at 30� C. for 15 minutes, centrifuged and the cells resuspended in 10 ml of a solution containing 1.2M sorbitol, 10 mM Na2 EDTA, 0.1M sodium citrate, pH=5.8, and 2 mg Novozym� 234. The suspension was incubated at 30� C. for 30 minutes, the cells collected by centrifugation, washed in 10 ml of 1.2M sorbitol and 10 ml of CAS (1.2M sorbitol, 10 mM CaCl2, 10 mM Tris HCl (Tris=Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane, pH=7.5) and resuspended in 2 ml of CAS. For transformation 0.1 ml of CAS-resuspended cells were mixed with approximately 1 μg of plasmid pKFN374 and left at room temperature for 15 minutes. 1 ml of (20% polyethylene glycol 4000, 10 mM CaCl2, 10 mM Tris HCl, pH=7.5) was added and the mixture left for further 30 minutes at room temperature. The mixture was centrifuged and the pellet resuspended in 0.1 ml of SOS (1.2M sorbitol, 33% v/v YPD, 6.7 mM CaCl2, 14 μg/ml leucine) and incubated at 30� C. for 2 hours. The suspension was then centrifuged and the pellet resuspended in 0.5 ml of 1.2M sorbitol. Then, 6 ml of top agar (the SC medium of Sherman et al., Methods in Yeast Genetics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1981) containing 1.2M sorbitol plus 2.5% agar) at 52� C. was added and the suspension poured on top of plates containing the same agar-solidified, sorbitol containing medium. Transformant colonies were picked after 3 days at 30� C., reisolated and used to start liquid cultures. One such transformant KFN322 was chosen for further characterization.
Yeast strain KFN322 was grown on YUPD medium (1% yeast extract, 2% peptone (from Difco Laboratories), and 2% glucose). A 10 ml culture of the strain was shaken at 30� C. to an O.D. at 600 nm of 32. After centrifugation, the supernatant was analyzed by FPLC ion exchange chromatography. The yeast supernatant was filtered through a 0.22 μm Millex� GV filter unit and 1 ml was applied on a MonoS cation exchange column (0.5�5 cm) equilibrated with 20 mM Bicine, pH 8.7. After wash with equilibration buffer the column was eluted with a linear NaCl gradient (0-1M) in equilibration buffer. Trypsin inhibitor activity was quantified in the eluted fractions by spectrophotometric assay and furthemore by integration of absorption at 280 nm from
For amino acid analysis and N-terminal sequencing, the yeast supernatant (7 ml) was adjusted to pH 8.7 with 0.1M NaOH and filtered (0.22 μm). The effluent from a Q-Sepharose anion exchange column (1�4 cm) equilibrated with 20 mM Bicine, pH 8.7 was applied to a MonoS cation exchange column (0.5�5 cm). The cation exchange chromatography was carried out as described above. Concentration of the gradient eluted aprotinin(3-58) was accomplished by rechromatography on MonoS and elution with a steep NaCl-gradient. The collected fractions were further concentrated by vacuum centrifugation to about 100 μl and applied to a RP-HPLC column (Vydac C4, 4.6�250 mm). Elution was carried out with CH3 CN gradient in 0.1% TFA. The collected fractions were concentrated to about 100 μl by vacuum centrifugation and samples were taken for N-terminal sequencing and amino acid analysis.
By N-terminal sequencing the following sequence was found
Asp-Phe-Cys-Leu-Glu-Pro-Pro-Tyr-Thr-Gly-Pro-Cys-Lys-Ala-Arg-Ile-Ile-Arg (SEQ ID NO:31)
confirming that the N-terminal end is correct.
TABLE 1______________________________________                               AprotininAmino Aprotinin  Aprotinin                     Aprotinin(3-58)                               (3-58,42 Ser)Acid  (Theoretical)            (Found)  (Found)   (Found)______________________________________Asx   5          5.00     4.96      5.02Thr   3          2.86     2.83      2.85Ser   1          0.94     0.97      1.78Glx   3          3.04     3.01      3.02Pro   4          4.18     3.15      3.19Gly   6          5.95     6.00      5.99Ala   6          5.85     5.93      6.01Cys   6          5.20     5.03      5.41Val   1          0.99     0.98      0.98Met   1          0.83     0.85      0.96Ile   2          1.39     1.41      1.50Leu   2          1.97     1.98      2.03Tyr   4          3.84     3.80      3.82Phe   4          3.98     3.92      3.96Lys   4          3.92     4.02      3.93Arg   6          6.39     5.20      4.26Total 58         56.33    54.04     54.73______________________________________
7.2. EXAMPLE 2: PRODUCTION OF APROTININ(3-58, 42 Ser)
A synthetic gene for aprotinin(3-58, 42 Ser; SEQ ID NO:29) was constructed as described in Example 1 (Section 7.1., supra). With the purlpose of substituting Arg(42) with Ser the following oligonucleotides VIIa and VIIIa were used instead of VII and VIII:
VIIa: GCAGAGCTAAGTCCAACAACAACTTCAAGT (SEQ ID NO:31) 27-mer
VIIa: AGCAGACTTGAAGTTGTTGGACTTAG (SEQ ID NO:32) 26-mer
The obtained synthetic gene is shown in FIG. 5 (SEQ ID NOS:33 and 34). This gene fused to the MFαl signal-leader(1-85) sequence was cloned in a pUC19 derived plasmid pKFN306 (see FIG. 6).
By following the procedure of Example 1 a plasmid pKFN375 was obtained containing the following construction
TPIp-MFαl-signal-leader(1-85)-aprotinin(3-58, 42 Ser)-TPIT where aprotinin(3-58, 42 Ser) is the synthetic gene encoding an aprotinin derivative lacking the first two amino acid residues and containing a Ser instead of Arg in position 42.
Yeast strain MT663 was transformed with plasmid pKFN375 as described above, and culturing of the transfomed strain KFN324 gave about 12 mg/liter of aprotinin(3-58, 42 Ser).
N-terminal sequencing carried out as described above confirmed the following N-terminal sequence
Asp-Phe-Cys-Leu-Glu-Pro-Pro-Tyr-Thr-Gly-Pro-Cys-Lys-Ala-Arg-Ile-Ile-Arg-Tyr-Phe (SEQ ID NO: 35)
i. e., the correct sequence.
The amino acid analysis is shown in Table 1 and confirms the expected amino acid composition, i.e., less Pro and Arg and more Set (see also the above remarks in Example 1).
When compared by the above mentioned method of Erlanger et al. the specific activity of aprotinin(3-58, 42 Ser) was found to be identical within the experimental error with the specific activity of native aprotinin.
7.3. EXAMPLE 3:PRODUCTION OF APROTININ(1-58)
The synthetic duplex (SEQ ID NOS:36 and 37) shown in FIG. 4 was ligated to the 330 bp EcoRI-HgaI fragment from plasmid pKFN9 coding for MFαl signal and leader sequence and to the 144 bp AvaII-XbaI fragment from pKFN305 and to the large EcoRI-XbaI fragment from pUC19.
When compared with the above mentioned method of Erlanger et al., the specific activity of aprotinin(1-58), produced according to this example was found to be identical within the experimental error with the specific activity of native aprotinin. The sequence of the synthetic gene encoding aprotinin(1-58) is shown in FIG. 16 and set forth in the Sequence Listing as SEQ ID NOS:38 and 39.
7.4. EXAMPLE 4: PRODUCTION OF APROTININ(1-58, 42 Ser)
A plasmid pKFN416 containing a gene for aprotinin(1-58, 42 Ser) was constructed from pKFN306 as described in Example 3 (Section 7.3., supra). The synthetic gene encoding aprotinin(1-58, 42 Ser) is shown in FIG. 17 and set forth in the Sequence Listing as SEQ ID NOS:40 and 41. By following the procedure of Example 1 (Section 7.1., supra) a yeast plasmid pKFN420 was obtained containing the following construction:
TPIP -MF&#945;l-signal-leader(1-85)-aprotinin(1-58, 42 Ser)-TPIT Yeast strain MT663 was transformed with plasmid pKFN420 as described above. Culturing of the transformed strain KFN387 gave about 1-13 mg/l of aprotinin(1-58, 42 Ser).
When compared with the above mentioned method of Erlanger et al., the specific activity of aprotinin(1-58, 42 Ser) was found to be identical within the experimental error with the specific activity of native aprotinin.
7.5. EXAMPLE 5: APROTININ(3-58; 17 Ala+42 Ser) (KFN 396)
A sequence encoding aprotinin(3-58; 42 Ser) was constructed from a number of oligonucleotides by ligation using procedures described in Example 2 (Section 7.2., supra).
To introduce Ala in position 17 the following oligonucleotides were synthesized as described below:
__________________________________________________________________________Ia:   CTGGTCCATGTAAAGCTGCTATCATCAGATACTTCTACAACGC   43-mer (SEQ ID NO:34)IIa:   CTTGGCGTTGTAGAAGTATCTGATGATAGCAGCTTTACATGGACCAGTGT   50-mer (SEQ ID NO:35)__________________________________________________________________________
A duplex formed by annealing 5'-phosphorylated oligonucleotides Ia and IIa was ligated to the 352 bp EcoRI-PflMI fragment and the 3 kbp EcoRI-StyI fragment, both from pKFN306. pKFN306 encodes the S. cerevisiae mating factor αl signal leader (1-85) fused to the synthetic aprotinin(3-58; 42 Ser) gene.
The ligation mixture was used to transform a competent E. coli strain (r-, m+) selecting for ampicillin resistance. Sequencing of a 32 P-XbaI-ECORI fragment (Maxam, A. and Gilbert, W. (1980) Methods Enzymol. 65:499-560) showed that plasmids from the resulting colonies contained the correct DNA sequence for aprotinin(3-58; 17 Ala+42 Ser).
pKFN501 was cut with EcoRI and XbaI and the 0.5 kb fragment was ligated to the 9.5 kb NcoI-XbaI fragment from pMT636 and the 1.4 kid NcoI-ECORI fragment from pMT636, resulting in plasmid pKFN504 (see FIG. 4). Plasmid pMT636 was constructed from pMT608 after deletion of the LEU-2 gene and from pMT479 (see FIG. 3). pMT608 is described in European Application No. 195691. pMT479 is described in European Patent Application No. 163529. pMT479 contains the Schizo, pombe TPI gene (POT), the S. cerevisiae triosephosphate isomerase promoter and terminator, TPIP and TPIT (Alber, T. and Kawasaki, G. (1982) J. Mol. Appl. Gen. 1, 419-434). Plasmid pKFN504 contains the following sequence: TPIP -MFαl-signal-leader(1-85)-aprotinin(3-58; 17 Ala+42 Ser)-TPIT where MFαl is the S. cerevisiae mating factor alpha 1 coding sequence (Kurjan, J. and Herskowitz, I. (1982) Cell 30, 933-943), signal leader (1-85) means that the sequence contains the first 85 amino acid residues of the MFαl signal leader sequence and aprotinin(3-58; 17 Ala+42 Ser) is the synthetic sequence encoding an aprotinin derivative lacking the first two amino acid residues at the N-terminus and having amino acid residues 17 and 42 replaced by an Ala and a Set residue, respectively.
The yield was about 4.3 mg/liter of aprotinin(3-58; 17 Ala+42 Ser).
For amino acid analysis the yeast supernatant (7 ml) was adjusted to pH 8.7 with 0.1M NaOH and filtered (0.22 μm). The effluent from a Q-Sepharose anion exchange column (1�4 cm) equilibrated with 20 mM Bicine, pH 8.7 was applied to a MonoS cation exchange column (0.5�5 cm). The cation exchange chromatography was carried out as described above. Concentration of the gradient eluted aprotinin(3-58) was made by rechromatography on MonoS and etution with steep NaCl gradient. The collected fractions were further concentrated by vacuum centrifugation to about 100 μl and applied to a RP-HPLC column (Vydac C4, 4.6�250 mm). Elution was carried out with CH3 CN gradient in 0.1% TFA. The collected fractions were concentrated to about 100 μl by vacuum centrifugation and samples were taken for amino acid analysis.
______________________________________                AprotininAmino                (3-58; 17 Ala + 42 Ser)Acid       Theoretical                (Found)______________________________________Asx        5         4.90Thr        3         2.95Ser        2         2.10Glx        3         3.01Pro        3         3.14Gly        6         5.93Ala        7         6.69Cys        6         5.91Val        1         1.02Met        1         0.99Ile        2         2.00Leu        2         1.98Tyr        4         3.73Phe        4         3.75Lys        4         4.29Arg        3         3.21Total      56        55.60______________________________________
7.6. Example 6: Aprotinin(3-58; 17 Ala+19 Glu+42 Ser) (KFN 399)
A synthetic gene encoding aprotinin(3-58; 17 Ala+19 Glu+42 Ser) was constructed as described in Example 5 (Section 7.5., supra). The following oligonucleotides Ib and IIb were used instead of Ia and IIa:
__________________________________________________________________________Ib:   CTGGTCCATGTAAAGCTGCTATCGAAAGATACTTCTACAACGC   43-mer (SEQ ID NO:42)IIb:   CTTGGCGTTGTAGAAGTATCTTTCGATAGCAGCTTTACATGGACCAGTGT   50-mer 9(SEQ ID NO:43)__________________________________________________________________________
By following the procedure of Example 5 a plasmid pKFN507 was obtained containing the following construction: TPIP -MFαl-signal-leader(1-85)-aprotinin(3-58; 17 Ala+19 Glu+42 Ser)-TPIT, where aprotinin(3-58; 17 Ala+19 Glu+42 Ser) is the synthetic gene encoding an aprotinin derivative lacking the first two amino acid residues at the N-terminal and having the residues 17, 19 and 42 of native aprotinin replaced by an alanine, a glutamic acid and a serine residue, respectively.
Plasmid pKFN507 was transformed in yeast strain MT663 as described above and culturing of the transformed strain KFN399 gave about 10 mg/liter of aprotinin(3-58; 17 Ala+19 Glu+42 Ser).
______________________________________             AprotininAmino             (3-58; 17 Ala + 19 Glu + 42 Ser)Acid    Theoretical             (Found)______________________________________Asx     5         4.95Thr     3         2.83Ser     2         1.90Glx     4         4.08Pro     3         2.98Gly     6         5.98Ala     7         6.92Cys     6         5.06Val     1         0.99Met     1         0.86Ile     1         0.99Leu     2         1.99Tyr     4         3.77Phe     4         3.89Lys     4         4.07Arg     3         3.06Total   56        54.36______________________________________
7.7. EXAMPLE 7: APROTININ(3-58; 15 Arg+17 Ala+42 Ser) (KFN 773)
A synthetic gene encoding aprotinin(3-58; 15 Arg+17 Ala+42 Ser) was constructed as described in Example 5 (See Section 7.5., supra). The following oligonucleotides Ic and IIc were used instead of Ia and IIa:
__________________________________________________________________________Ic:   CTGGTCCATGTAGAGCTGCTATCATCAGATACTTCTACAACGC   43-mer (SEQ ID NO:44)IIc:   CTTGGCGTTGTAGAAGTATCTGATGATAGCAGCTCTACATGGACCAGTGT   50-mer (SEQ ID NO:45)__________________________________________________________________________
By following the procedure of Example 5 (Section 7.5, supra) a plasmid pKFN807 was obtained containing the following construction: TPIp -MFαl-signal-leader(1-85)-aprotinin(3-58; 15Arg+17Ala+42Ser)-TPIT, where aprotinin(3-58; 15 Arg+17 Ala+42 Ser) is the synthetic gene encoding an aprotinin derivative lacking the first two amino acid residues at the N-terminal and having the residues 15, 17 and 42 of native aprotinin replaced by an arginine, an alanine and a serine residue, respectively.
Plasmid pKFN807 was transformed in yeast strain MT663 as described above and culturing of the transformed strain KFN773 gave about 8.5 mg/liter of aprotinin(3-58; 15 Arg+17 Ala+42 Ser).
______________________________________             AprotininAmino             (3-58; 17 Arg + 17 Ala + 42 Ser)Acid    Theoretical             (Found)______________________________________Asx     5         4.95Thr     3         2.85Ser     2         1.81Glx     3         3.01Pro     3         3.05Gly     6         5.92Ala     7         6.91Cys     6         5.31Val     1         1.02Met     1         0.73Ile     2         1.41Leu     2         1.99Tyr     4         3.80Phe     4         3.94Lys     3         2.97Arg     4         4.24Total   56        53.91______________________________________
7.8. EXAMPLE 8: INHIBITION OF SERINE PROTEASES FROM PLASMA BY APROTININ(3-58; 17 Ala+42 Ser) (KFN 396) AND APROTININ(3-58; 17 Ala+19 Glu+42 Ser) (KFN 399), APROTININ(3-58; 15 Arg+42 Ser) (KFN772) AND APROTININ(3-58; 15 Arg+17 Ala+42 Ser) (KFN 773).
Aprotinin(3-58; 17 Ala+42 Ser; SEQ ID NO:5) (KFN 396), aprotinin(3-58; 17 Ala+19 Glu+42 Ser; SEQ ID NO:6) (KFN 399) and aprotinin(3-58; 15 Arg+17 Ala+42 Ser; SEQ ID NO:7) (KFN 773) were purified as described above. As native, bovine pancreatic aprotinin(1-58; SEQ ID NO:1) batch B 5029-65 (67,000 KIU/mg) from NOVO (Bagsvaerd, Denmark) was used. The concentration was calculated using E280 m=8.3 and Mr =6,500. Human plasma kallikrein was obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, Mo.), bovine factor Xa was purified according to (H. Nobukazu et al. J. Biochem. 97 (1985) 1347-1355), human factor IIa (thrombin) was a gift from Dr. W. Lawson (New York State Department of Health, Albany, N.Y.), recombinant human factor VIIa was from NOVO (Bagsvaerd, Denmark) and recombinant human protein Ca was from ZymoGenetics, Inc. (Seattle, Wash.). Substrate S2302 (H-D-Pro-Phe-Arg-p-nitroanilide) substrate S2238 (H-D-Phe-Pip-Arg-p-nitroanilide) and substrate S2366 (Glu-Pro-Arg-p-nitroanilide) were from Kabi (Stockholm, Sweden). Substrate FXa-1 (methoxycarbonyl DCH-Gly-Arg-p-nitroanilide) was from NycoMed (Oslo, Norway). The experiments were performed in 100 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris-HCl 0.01% Tween80, pH 7.4 at 25� C.
Human plasma kallikrein (3 nM) was incubated with aprotinin (0-20 nM) for 30 minutes in a micro-titer well. Substrate S2302 (0.6 mM) was added to a final volume of 300 μl and the rate of nitroaniline generation was measured at 405 nm by means of a Micro ELISA� Autoreader MR 580 from Dynatech Laboratories. The rate is proportional to the concentration of free enzyme. The inhibition of plasma kallikrein by native aprotinin and the 4 analogues KFN 396, KFN 399, KFN 772 and KFN 773 is shown in FIG. 9A and 9B. With native aprotinin a moderate inhibition was observed. The inhibition was strongly increased by analogs KFN 396 and KFN 399 containing Ala in position 17 (FIG. 9A).
TABLE 5__________________________________________________________________________Ki *.sup.) (nM); AmidolyticActivityof Serine Proteases �                        ClotPlasma               Prot.                        AssaysProductKallikrein FIIa              FVIIa                  FXa                     Ca PTT APTT__________________________________________________________________________Native180        -- --  -- 400                        --  --AprotininKFN 39612         -- --  --    --  --KFN 39912KFN 7721          -- --  1,800                      10                        --  +KFN 7730.1        -- --    150                     100                        --  +__________________________________________________________________________ -- No inhibition at 1.0 &#956;M aprotinin analog + Prolonged Clotting time at 1.0 &#956;M aprotinin analog *.sup.) Inhibition constants estimated according to the graphical Dixon method (M. Dixon, Biochem. J. 129 (1972) 197-202) � Substrates: Plasma kallikrein: S2302; FIIA: S2238; FVIIA: Substrat FXa1; FXa: Substrate FXa1; Prot. Ca: S2366.
7.9. EXAMPLE 9: PRODUCTION OF [Glu1, Glu26, Glu41, Glu46]-APROTININ FROM YEAST STRAIN KFN-1512
A synthetic gene coding for [Glu1, Glu26, Glu41, Glu46]-aprotinin was constructed from 10 oligonucleotides by ligation.
The oligonucleotides were synthesized on an automatic DNA synthesizer using phosphoramidite chemistry on a controlled pore glass support (Beaucage, S. L., and Caruthers, M. H., Tetrahedron Letters 22, (1981) 1859-1986).
NOR-1948: CATGGCTGAGAGATTGGAGAAGAGAGAGCCTGATTTCTGTTTGGAACCTCCATACACTGGTCC (SEQ ID NO:46)
NOR-1947: TTACATGGACCAGTGTATGGAGGTTCCAAACAGAAATCAGGCTCTCTCTCTTCTCCAATCTCTCAGC (SEQ ID NO:47)
NOR-354: ATGTAAAGCTAGAATCATCAGATACTTCTACAACG (SEQ ID NO:20)
NOR-1939: TTCGGCGTTGTAGAAGTATCTGATGATTCTAGCT (SEQ ID NO: 21)
NOR-1938: CCGAAGCTGGTTTGTGTCAAACTTTCGTTTACGGTGGCT (SEQ ID NO:48)
NOR-357: CTCTGCAGCCACCGTAAACGAAAGTTTGACACAAACCAGC (SEQ ID NO:49)
NOR-1940: GCAGAGCTGAAAGAAACAACTTCGAAT (SEQ ID NO:50)
NOR-1949: AGCAGATTCGAAGTTGTTTCTTTCAG (SEQ ID NO:51)
NOR-360: CTGCTGAAGACTGCATGAGAACTTGTGGTGGTGCCTAAT (SEQ ID NO: 26)
NOR-361: CTAGATTAGGCACCACCACAAGTTCTCATGCAGTCTTC (SEQ ID NO:27)
5 duplexes A-E were formed from the above 10 oligonucleotides as shown in FIG. 10. 20 pmole of each of the duplexes A-E were formed from the corresponding pairs of 5'-phosphorylated oligonucleotides by heating for 5 min. at 90� C. followed by cooling to room temperature over a period of 75 minutes. The five duplexes were mixed and treated with T4 DNA ligase. The synthetic gene was isolated as a 203 bp band after electrophoresis of the ligation mixture on a 2% agarose gel. The obtained synthetic gene is shown in FIG. 10 and is set forth as SEQ ID NO:28. The synthetic gene was ligated to a 209 bp EcoRI-NcoI fragment from pLaC212spx3 and to the 2.8 Kb EcoRI-XbaI fragment of plasmid DTZ19R (Mead, D. A., Szczesna-Skorupa, E. and Kemper, B., Prot. Engin. 1 (1986) 67-74). Plasmid pLaC212spx3 is described in Example 3 of International Patent Application No. PCT/DK88/00147. The 209 bp EcoRI-NcoI fragment from pLaC212spx3 encodes a synthetic yeast leader peptide.
One plasmid pKFN-1503 was selected for further use. The construction of plasmid pKFN-1503 is illustrated in FIG. 11. pKFN-1503 was cut with EcoRI and XbaI and the 412 bp fragment was ligated to the 9.5 kb NcoI-XbaI fragment from pMT636 and the 1.4 kb NcoI-EcoRI fragment from pMT636, resulting in plasmid pKFN-1508 (see FIG. 11). Plasmid pMT636 is described in International Patent Application No. PCT/DK88/00138.
pMT636 is an E. coli - S. cerevisiae shuttle vector containing the Schizosaccharomyces pombe TPI gene (POT) (Russell, P. R., Gene 40 (1985) 125-130), the S. cerevisiae triosephosphate isomerase promoter and terminator, TPIP and TPIT (Alber, T., and Kawasaki, G. J. Mol. Appl. Gen. 1 (1982), 419-434). Plasmid pKFN-1508 contains the following sequence: TPIp-LaC212spx3 signal-leader(1-47)-Glu(ArgLeuGluLysArg [Glu1, Glu26, Glu41, Glu46]-aprotinin-TPIT where LaC212spx3 signal-leader is the synthetic yeast leader described in International Patent Application No. PCT/DK88/00147. The DNA sequence of the 412 bp EcoRI-XbaI fragment from pKFN-1503 and pKFN1508 is SEQ ID NOS:52 and 53.
S. cerevisiae strain MT663 (E2-7B XE11-36 a/α, tpi/tpi, pep 4-3/pep 4-3) was grown on YPGaL (1% Bacto yeast extract, 2% Bacto peptone, 2% galactose, 1% lactate) to an O.D. at 600 nm of 0.6.
100 ml of culture was harvested by centrifugation, washed with 10 ml of water, recentrifuged and resuspended in 10 ml of a solution containing 1.2M sorbitol, 25 mM Na2 EDTA pH=8.0 and 6.7 mg/ml dithiothreitol. The suspension was incubated at 30� C. for 15 minutes, centrifuged, and the cells resuspended in 10 ml of a solution containing 1.2M sorbitol, 10 mM Na2 EDTA, 0.1M sodium citrate, pH=5.8, and 2 mg Novozym� 234. The suspension was incubated at 30� C. for 30 minutes, the cells collected by centrifugation, washed in 10 ml of 1.2M sorbitol and 10 ml of CAS (1.2M sorbitol,10 mM CaCl2, 10 mM Tris HCl (Tris=Tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane, pH=7.5) and resuspended in 2 ml of CAS. For transformation, 0.1 ml of CAS-resuspended cells were mixed with approx. 1 μg of plasmid pKFN-1508 and left at room temperature for 15 minutes. 1 ml of (20% polyethylene glycol 4000, 20 mM CaCl2, 10 mM CaCl2, 10 mM Tris HCl, pH=7.5) was added and the mixture left for a further 30 minutes at room temperature. The mixture was centrifuged and the pellet resuspended in 0.1 ml of SOS (1.2M sorbitol, 33% v/v YPD, 6.7 mM CaCl2, 14 μg/ml leucine) and incubated at 30� C. for 2 hours. The suspension was then centrifuged and the pellet resuspended in 0.5 ml of 1.2M sorbitol. Then, 6 ml of top agar (the SC medium of Sherman et al., (Methods in Yeast Genetics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (1982)) containing 1.2M sorbitol plus 2.5% agar) at 52� C. was added and the suspension poured on top of plates containing the same agar-solidified, sorbitol containing medium.
7.10. EXAMPLE 10: PRODUCTION OF [Glu1, Glu42, Glu46]APROTININ FROM YEAST STRAIN KFN-1514
A synthetic gene coding for [Glu1, Glu42, Glu46]-aprotinin was constructed from 10 oligonucleotides by ligation as described in Example 9.
By following the procedure of Example 1, a yeast expression plasmid pKFN-1510 was obtained containing the following construction TPIP -LaC212spx3 signal-leader(1-47)-GluArgLeuGluLysArg [Glu1, Glu42, Glu46]-aprotinin-TPIT.
The DNA sequence of the 412 bp EcoRI-XbaI fragment from pKFN-1505 and pKFN-1510 is SEQ ID NOS:54 and 55. Plasmid pKFN-1510 was transformed in yeast strain MT663 as described above resulting in yeast strain KFN-1514.
7.11. EXAMPLE 11: PRODUCTION OF [Glu42, Glu46]-APROTININ FROM YEAST STRAIN KFN-1544
The 144 bp AvaII-XbaI fragment encoding [Glu42, Glu46]-aprotinin (12-58) from pKFN-1505 was used to replace the corresponding DNA fragment encoding aprotinin(12-58) from plasmid pKFN-1000 resulting in plasmid pKFN-1528. Plasmid pKFN-1000 is described in Example 4 of International Patent Application, Publication No. WO 90/10075.
By following the procedure of Example 9, a yeast expression plasmid pKFN-1541 was obtained containing the following construction TPIP -LaC212spx3 signal-leader (1-47)-GluArgLeuGluLysArg-[Glu42, Glu46]-aprotinin-TPIT.
The DNA sequence of the 412 bp EcoRI-XbaI fragment from pKFN-1528 and pKFN-1541 is SEQ ID NOS:56 and 57. Plasmid pKFN-1541 was transformed in yeast strain MT663 as described above resulting in yeast strain pKFN-1544.
7.12. EXAMPLE 12: PRODUCTION OF [Ser10, Asp24, Thr26, Glu31, Asn41, Glu53]-APROTININ FROM YEAST STRAIN KFN-1545
The synthetic gene coding for [Ser10, Asp24, Thr26, Glu31, Asn41, Glu53]was constructed from 10 oligonucleotides by ligation as described in Example 9 (see Section 7.9., supra).
By following the procedure of Example 9 (see Section 7.9., supra), a yeast expression plasmid pKFN-1532 was obtained containing the following construction TPIP -LaC212spx3 signal-leader(1-47)-GluArgLeuGluLysArg-[Ser10, Asp24, Thr26, Glu31, Asn41, Glu52]-aprotinin-TPIT. The DNA sequence of the 412 bp EcoRI-XbaI fragment from pKFN-1530 and pKFN-1532 is SEQ ID NOS:58 and 59.
7.13. EXAMPLE 5: PRODUCTION OF [Ser10, Leu20, Gly40, Asn41, Gln44, Tyr46]-APROTININ FROM YEAST STRAIN KFN-1547
The synthetic gene coding for [Ser10, Leu20, Gly40, Asn41, Gly42, Gln44, Tyr46]-aprotinin was constructed from 10 oligonucleotides by ligation as described in Example 9 (see Section 7.9., supra).
By following the procedure of Example 9 (see Section 7.9., supra), a yeast expression plasmid pKFN-1537 was obtained containing the following construction TPIP -LaC212spx3 signal-leader(1-47)-GluArgLeuGluLysArg-[Ser10, Leu20, Gly40, Asn41, Gly42, Gln44, Tyr46]-aprotinin-TPIT. The DNA sequence of the 412 bp EcoRI-XbaI fragment from pKFN-1534 and pKFN-1537 is SEQ ID NOS:60 and 61. Plasmid pKFN-1537 was transformed in yeast strain MT663 as described above resulting in yeast strain KFN-1547.
7.14. EXAMPLE 14: PRODUCTION OF Des-Arg1, des-Pro2-[Ser 42,Glu46]-APROTININ FROM YEAST STRAIN KFN-1660
The 1.4 kb AhaII-Styl fragment and the 1.8 kb AhaII-SalI fragment both from plasmid pKFN-306 were ligated to a duplex consisting of the following two synthetic oligonucleotides:
NOR-2188: 5'CAAGGCTGGTTTGTGTCAAACTTTCGTTTACGGTGGCTGCAGAGCTAAGTCCAACAACTTCGAATCTGCTGAAGACTGCATGAGAACTTGTGGTGGTGCCTAATCTAGAG 3' (SEQ ID NO:62)
NOR-2189: 5'TCGACTCTAGATTAGGCACCACCACAAGTTCTCATGCAGTCTTCAGCAGATTCGAAGTTGGCTTAGGATCTGCAGCCACCGTAAACGAAAGTTTGACACAAACCAGC 3' (SEQ ID NO:63)
Plasmid pKFN-306 is a pTZ19R derived plasmid with a 502 bp EcoRI-XbaI insert containing the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mating factor alpha-1-signal-leader (1-85) gene fused in-frame with a synthetic gene for des-Arg1, des-Pro2-[Ser42]-aprotinin. The construction of plasmid pKFN-306 is described in WO 89/01968.
The ligation mixture was used to transform a competent E. coli strain (r-, m+) selecting for ampicillin resistance. DNA sequencing (Sanger, F., Micklen, S., and Coulsen, A. R., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74 (1977) 5463-5467) showed that plasmids from the resulting colonies contained the correct sequence for des-Arg1, Pro2-[Ser42, Glu46] aprotinin.
By following the procedure of Example 9 (see Section 7.9., supra), a yeast expression plasmid pKFN-1656 was obtained containing the following construction: TPIP -MFαl signal-leader(1-85)-des-Arg1, des-Pro2-[Ser42, Glu46]-aprotinin-TPIT.
The DNA sequence of the 502 bp EcoRI-XbaI fragment from pKFN-1629 and pKFN-1656 is SEQ ID NOS:64 and 65.
Culturing of the transformed strain KFN-1660 in YPD-medium, analysis for des-Arg1, des-Pro2-[Ser42, Glu46]-aprotinin in the supernatant and production of material for toxicological studies was performed as described above.
7.15. EXAMPLE 15: PRODUCTION OF Des-Arg1, des-Pro2- [Ser42, Ala46]-APROTININ FROM YEAST STRAIN KFN-1661
The 1.4 kb AhaII-StyI fragment and the 1.8 kb AhaII-SalI fragment both from plasmid pKFN-306 were ligated to a duplex consisting of the following two synthetic oligonucleotides:
NOR-2196: 5'CAAGGCTGGTTTGTGTCAAACTTTCGTTTACGGTGGCTGCAGAGCTAAGTCCAACAACTTCGCTTCTGCTGAAGACTGCATGAGAACTTGTGGTGGTGCCTAATCTAGAG 3' (SEQ ID NO:66)
NOR-2197: 5'TCGACTCTAGATTAGGCACCACCACAAGTTCTCATGCAGTCTTCAGCAGAAGCGAAGTTGTTGGACTTAGCTCTGCAGCCACCGTAAACGAAAGTTTGACACAAACCAGC 3' (SEQ ID NO:67)
Plasmid pKFN-306 is a pTZ19R derived plasmid with a 502 bp EcoRI-XbaI insert containing the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mating factor alpha 1 signal-leader(1-85) gene fused in-frame with a synthetic gene for des-Arg1, des-Pro2- [Ser42]-aprotinin. The construction of plasmid pKFN-306 is described in Example 3 (see Section 7.3., supra).
The ligation mixture was used to transform a competent E. coli strain (r-, m+) selecting for ampicillin resistance. DNA sequencing (Sanger, F., Micklen, S., and Coulsen, A. R., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA74 (1977) 5463-5467) showed that plasmids from the resulting colonies contained the correct sequence for des-Arg1, des-Pro2-[Ser42, Glu46]aprotinin. One plasmid pKFN-1631 was selected for further use.
By following the procedure of Example 9 (see Section 7.9., supra), a yeast expression plasmid pKFN-1657 was obtained containing the following construction: TPIP -MFαl signal-leader(1-85)-des-Arg1, des-Pro2-[Ser42,Ala46]-aprotinin-TPIT.
The DNA sequence of the 502 bp EcoRI-XbaI fragment form pKFN-1631 and pKFN-1657 is SEQ ID NOS:68 and 69.
Culturing of the transformed strain KFN-1661 in YPD-medium, analysis for des-Arg1, des-Pro2-[Ser42, Ala46]-aprotinin in the supernatant and production of material for toxicological studies was performed as described above.
7.16. EXAMPLE 16: PRODUCTION OF Des-Arg1,des-Pro2-[Ser10, Asp24, Thr26, Glu31, Asn41, Glu53]-APROTININ FROM YEAST STRAIN KFN-1735
A synthetic gene coding for des-Arg1,des-Pro2-[Ser10, Asp24, Thr26, Glu31, Asn41, Glu53]-aprotinin was constructed from 10 oligonucleotides by ligation as described in Example 9 (see Section 7.9., supra).
By following the procedure of Example 9 (see Section 7.9., supra), a yeast expression plasmid pKFN-1709 was obtained containing the following construction TPIP -LaC212spx3 signal-leader(1-47)-GluArgLeuGluLysArg-des Arg1,des-Pro2-[Ser10, Asp24, Thr26, Glu31, Asn41, Glu53]-aprotinin-TPIT.
The DNA sequence of the 406 bp EcoRI-XbaI fragment from pKFN-1707 and pKFN-1709 is SEQ ID NOS:70 and 71.
Culturing of the transformed strain KFN-1735 in YPD-medium, analysis for des-Arg1,des-Pro2-[Ser10, Asp24, Thr26, Glu31, Asn41, Glu53]-aprotinin in the supernatant and production of material for toxicological studies was performed as described above.
7.17. EXAMPLE 17: PRODUCTION Of Des-Arg1,des-Pro2-[Asp24, Thr26, Glu31, Glu53]-APROTININ FROM YEAST STRAIN KFN-1737
The 1.8 kb AhaII-XbaI fragment and the 1.4 kb AhaII-AvaII fragment both from plasmid pKFN-306 (see example 5) were ligated to a synthetic 141 bp AvaII-XbaI fragment encoding [Asp24, Thr26, Glu31, Glu53]-aprotinin. The resulting pTZ19R-derived plasmid was pKFN-1711.
By following the procedure of Example 9 (see Section 7.9., supra), a yeast expression plasmid pKFN-1713 was obtained containing the following construction TPIP -MFαl signal-leader(1-85)-des-Arg1,des-Pro2-[Asp24, Thr26, Glu31, Glu53]-aprotinin-TPIT.
The DNA sequence of the 502 bp EcoRI-XbaI fragment from pKFN-1711 and pKFN-1713 is SEQ ID NOS:72 and 73.
Plasmid pKFN-1713 was transformed in yeast strain MT663 as described above resulting in yeast strain KFN-1737. Culturing of the transformed strain KFN-1737 in YPD-medium, analysis for des-Arg1,des-Pro2-[Asp24, Thr26, Glu31, Glu53]-aprotinin in the supernatant and production of material for toxicological studies was performed as described above.
7.18. EXAMPLE 18: PRODUCTION Of Des-Arg1,des-Pro2-[Ser10, Gly40, Asn41, Gly42, Glu53]-APROTININ FROM YEAST STRAIN KFN-1739
A synthetic gene coding for des-Arg1,des-Pro2-[Ser10, Gly40, Asn41, Gly42, Glu53]-aprotinin was constructed from 10 oligonucleotides by ligation as described in Example 9 (see Section 7.9., supra).
By following the procedure of Example 9 (see Section 7.9., supra), a yeast expression plasmid pKFN-1718 was obtained containing the following construction TPIP -LaC212spx3 signal-leader(1-47)-GluArgLeuGluLysArg-des Arg1,des-Pro2-[Ser10, Gly40, Asn41, Gly42, Glu53]-aprotinin-TPIT.
The DNA sequence of the 406 bp EcoRI-XbaI fragment from pKFN-1715 and pKFN-1718 is SEQ ID NOS:74 and 75.
Plasmid pKFN-1718 was transformed in yeast strain MT663 as described above resulting in yeast strain KFN-1739. Culturing of the transformed strain KFN-1739 in YPD-medium, analysis for des-Arg1, Pro2-[Ser10, Gly40, Asn41, Gly42, Glu53]-aprotinin in the supernatant and production of material for toxicological studies was performed as described above.
7.19. EXAMPLE 19: PRODUCTION OF Des-Arg1,des-Pro2-[Ser42, Glu53]-APROTININ FROM YEAST STRAIN KFN-1742
The 1.8 kb AhaII-XbaI fragment and the 1.4 kb AhaII-AvaII fragment both from plasmid pKFN-306 (see example 5) were ligated to a synthetic 141 bp AvaII-XbaI fragment encoding [Ser42, Glu53]-aprotinin. The resulting pTZ19R-derived plasmid was pKFN-1721.
By following the procedure of Example 9 (see Section 7.9., supra), a yeast expression plasmid pKFN-1724 was obtained containing the following construction TPIP -MFαl signal-leader(1-85)-des-Arg1,des-Pro2-[Ser42, Glu53]-aprotinin-TPIT.
The DNA sequence of the 502 bp EcoRI-XbaI fragment from pKFN-1721 and pKFN-1724 is SEQ ID NOS:76 and 77.
Plasmid pKFN-1724 was transformed in yeast strain MT663 as described above resulting in yeast strain KFN-1742. Culturing of the transformed strain KFN-1742 in YPD-medium, analysis for des-Arg1,des-Pro2-[Ser42, Glu53]-aprotinin in the supernatant and production of material for toxicological studies was performed as described above.
7.20. EXAMPLE 20: PRODUCTION OF Des-Arg1,des-Pro2-[Glu42, Glu53]-APROTININ FROM YEAST STRAIN KFN-1752
The 1.8 kb AhaII-XbaI fragment and the 1.4 kb AhaII-AvaII fragment both from plasmid pKFN-306 (see Example 14) were ligated to a synthetic 141 bp AvaII-XbaI fragment encoding [Glu42, Glu53]-aprotinin. The resulting pTZ19R-derived plasmid was pKFN-1762.
By following the procedure of Example 9 (see Section 7.9., supra), a yeast extpression plasmid pKFN-1765 was obtained containing the following construction TPIp -MFαl signal-leader(1-85)-des-Arg1,des- Pro2-[Glu42, Glu53]-aprotinin-TPIT.
Plasmid pKFN-1765 was transformed in yeast strain MT663 as described above resulting in yeast strain KFN-1752. Culturing of the transformed strain KFN-1752 in YPD-medium, analysis for des-Arg1,des-Pro2-[Glu42, Glu53]-aprotinin in the supernatant and production of material for toxicological studies was performed as described above.
7.21. EXAMPLE 21: PRODUCTION OF Des-Arg1,des-Pro2-[Glu26, Ser42, Glu53]-APROTININ FROM YEAST STRAIN KFN-1755
The 1.8 kb AhaII-XbaI fragment and the 1.4 kb AhaII-AvaII fragment both from plasmid pKFN-306 (see Example 14) were ligated to a synthetic 141 bp AvaII-XbaI fragment encoding [Glu26, Ser42, Glu53]-aprotinin. The resulting pTZ19R- derived plasmid was pKFN-1768.
By following the procedure of Example 9 (see Section 7.9., supra), a yeast expression plasmid pKFN-1770 was obtained containing the following construction TPIP -MFαl signal-leader(1-85)-des-Arg1,des-Pro2-[Glu26, Ser42, Glu53]-aprotinin-TPIT.
The DNA sequence of the 502 bp EcoRI-XbaI fragment from pKFN-1768 and pKFN-1770 is SEQ ID NOSS:80 and 81 and 65.
Plasmid pKFN-1770 was transformed in yeast strain MT663 as described above resulting in yeast strain KFN-1755. Culturing of the transformed strain KFN-1755 in YPD-medium, analysis for des-Arg1,des-Pro2-[Glu26, Ser42, Glu53]-aprotinin in the supernatant and production of material for toxicological studies was performed as described above.
7.22.EXAMPLE 22: PRODUCTION OF Des-Arg1,des-Pro2-[Glu26, Glu42, Glu53]-APROTININ FROM EAST STRAIN KFN-1756
The 1.8 kb AhaII-XbaI fragment and the 1.4 kb AhaII-AvaII fragment both from plasmid pKFN-306 (see Example 5) were ligated to a synthetic 141 bp AvaII-XbaI fragment encoding [Glu26, Glu42, Glu53]-aprotinin. The resulting pTZ19R-derived plasmid was pKFN-1771.
By following the procedure of Example 9 (see Section 7.9., supra), a yeast expression plasmid pKFN-1773 was obtained containing the following construction: TPIP -MFαl signal-leader(1-85)-des-Arg1,des-Pro2 -[Glu26, Glu42, Glu53]-aprotinin-TPIT.
The DNA sequence of the 502 bp EcoRI-XbaI fragment from pKFN-1771 and pKFN-1773 is SEQ ID NOS:82 and 83.
Plasmid pKFN-1773 was transformed in yeast strain MT663 as described above resulting in yeast strain KFN-1756. Culturing of the transformed strain KFN-1756 in YPD-medium, analysis for des-Arg1,des-Pro2-[Ser42, Glu42, Glu53]-aprotinin in the supernatant and production of material for toxicological studies was performed as described above.
7.23. EXAMPLE 23: TOXICOLOGICAL SCREENING OF APROTININ ANALOGS BY SINGLE-DOSE INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION TO WISTAR RATS
7.23.1. MATERIALS
The following aprotinin analogs with a reduced positive net charge and thermal stability compared to recombinant aprotinin(1-58) were selected for toxicological screening: KFN-1512, KFN-1514, KFN-1544, KFN-1545, KFN-1547, KFN-1660, KFN-1661, KFN-322, KFN-324, KFN-396, KFN-399, KFN-430, and KFN-773. Their main characteristics as seen from a toxicological point of view, are shown in Table 6. Data for recombinant aprotinin are shown for comparison. The denaturation temperature is shown as an indication of biological stability.
TABLE 6______________________________________General Information                           DenaturationKFN-Type   Chain Length  Net Charge                           T, �C.______________________________________rAprotinin   1-58          +6        &gt;1001512    1-58          -2        871514    1-58            0       881544    1-58          +2        981545    1-58            0       931547    1-58          +2        861660    3-58          +2        771661    3-58          +3        791735    3-58          -1        681737    3-58            0       701739    3-58          +1        811742    3-58          +2        711752    3-58          +11755    3-58            0       681756    3-58          -1        70 322    3-58          +5        84 324    3-58          +4        84 396    3-58          +3        75 399    3-58          +2        67 430    3-58          +3        70 773    3-58          +3        71______________________________________
7.23.2. DESIGN
On Day 1 of the screening of each analog, groups of 2 male and 2 female rats received 33, 100, 300, or 900 mg analog/kg body weight. Two similarly constituted control groups received physiological saline or physiological saline acidified with hydrochloric acid to an approximate pH 4.5. The latter solution served as vehicle. The dose volume was 10 ml/kg body weight in all cases. The rats were observed for 7 days and killed on Day 8. At autopsy the kidneys were weighed and prepared for histopathology. Response variables are shown in the heading of Table 7.
7.23.3. RESULTS
Results from individual screenings are summarized in Table 7. Data for recombinant aprotinin are included for comparison (dosage: 11-300 mg/kg). KFN-1512 could not be dissolved as required for administration of the top dose (900 mg/kg).
TABLE 7__________________________________________________________________________No-toxic-effect levels by response variable, mg/kgClinical observations  Macro-                      Micro- 0-30 min      2 hours     scopic                      scopic                          Body                              Kidney after      after   Morta-                  obser-                      obser-                          weight                              weightKFN-type dosage      dosage          Daily              lity                  vations                      vations                          Day 8                              Day 8__________________________________________________________________________rAproti-  33  300 300 300  33  11 100 100nin1,215121  33  300 300 300 300 300 300 3001514  900  900 900 900 900 900 900 9001544   33  100 100 900 300 300 900 3001545   33  900 300 300 300 300 300 3001547   33  300 900 900 900 900 900 9001660  300  900 900 900 900 900 900 9001661  100  900 900 900 300 900 900 900 322  100  900 300 300 300 100 100 300 324   33  300 300 900 300 100 300 300 396  300  900 900 900 900 300 300 900 399  100  300 300 900 900 900 900 300 430  100  100 300 300 300 300 300 300 773  100  100 300 300 300 300 300 300__________________________________________________________________________ 1,2 Top Dose = 300 mg/kg 2 Low Dose = 11 mg/kg
7.23.4. CONCLUSION
The toxicity profile of aprotinin analogs assessed by single-dose intravenous screening in Wistar rats was improved to a varying degree as compared to the toxicity profile of aprotinin. All aprotinin analogues had no-nephrotoxic-effect levels of 100 mg/kg or more as compared to 11 mg/kg for r-Aprotinin.
7.24. EXAMPLE 16: ELIMINATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF RECOMBINANT APROTININ AND APROTININ ANALOGS
7.24.1. MATERIALS
Recombinant authentic aprotinin and the analogues produced according to Examples 1-4 and 9-15 were dissolved in 0.9% NaCl in order to obtain a dose volume of 1 μl/g rat. The concentrations of the injection solutions were controls analyzed by methods given in the method section.
7.24.2. METHODS
Female Wistar rats, weighing 200-230 g were used. Aprotinin and analogs were tested in two different models, 1) anaesthetized and 2) unanesthetized rats.
7.24.3. ANAESTHETIZED RATS
The rats were anaesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital sodium. The carotid artery and the jugular vein were exposed and cannulated with polyethylene catheters (PE-50, Intramedic). The carotid catheter was connected to a perfusor (B. Braun) for infusion of 3.8 ml 0.9% NaCl/h, and to a blood pressure transducer. Changes in blood pressure were recorded by using a chart recorder (Kipp & Zonen, BD 9). The analogues were administered as bolus injections over 15 seconds through the jugular catheter.
Blood samples were obtained from the carotid catheter at 3, 10, 20, 40, and 60 minutes after administration. The samples (0.45 ml) were collected in 3 ml test tubes containing 50 μl 0.13M sodium citrate and centrifuged. Plasma was stored at -20� C. until analysis. Sixty minutes after administration the rats were killed with an excessive dose of pentobarbital sodium and the kidneys and liver were removed, weighed, and stored at 80� C.
7.24.4. UNANESTHETIZED RATS
An oral dose of 2 ml distilled H2 O was given prior to the administration of analogs. The analogs were given intravenously as bolus injections into a tail vein by using an intravenous catheter (Venflon 22 G, Viggo-Spectrareed, Helsingborg, Sweden). After administration, the catheter was flushed by 0.5 ml 0.9% NaCl and removed. A plaster was applied on the injection site in order to avoid bleeding from the tail. The rat was then placed in a metabolism cage in order to collect the urine produced.
7.24.5. PREPARATION OF HOMOGENATES
One kidney (approx. 1 g) and approximately 2 g liver tissue were placed in separate 10 ml plastic test tubes and 2 ml 0.9% NaCl were added. The tissues were homogenized 5 min by using a High Intensity Ultrasonic Processor (Model VC50, solics & Materials Inc. Danbury Conn., USA). The kidney and liver homogenates were then diluted with saline in order to obtain a total volume of 10-25 and 4 ml, respectively.
7.24.6. METHODS OF ANALYSIS
The levels of aprotinin and analogues in plasma, liver homogenates and injection solutions were measured photometrically on a Cobas Fara II (Roche). Briefly, plasma, homogenates or injection solutions were precipitated with acid in order to remove other kallikrein inhibitors than aprotinin. The kallikrein inhibitory activity in the sample were measured by using kallikrein from porcine pancreas (Sigma K 3627) and the chromogenic substrate S2266 (Kabi).
7.24.7. STUDY DESIGN
14 groups of anaesthetized and 14 groups of unanesthetized rats were studied. A dose of 1.56 μmoles (approximately 10 mg) aprotinin or aprotinin analogue per kg body weight were administered to each rat. Basal data on the 28 groups are given in Table 8.
TABLE 8______________________________________Groups       n     BW          KW   LW______________________________________rAprotinin A 5     251.8       0.98 9.9KFN 1512 A   4     230.0       0.84 9.6KFN 1514 A   4     220.5       0.85 8.6KFN 1544 A   4     226.0       0.97 9.3KFN 1545 A   4     224.8       0.92 9.2KFN 1547 A   4     229.0       0.75 8.6KFN 1660 A   4     220.5       0.93 9.7KFN 1661 A   4     240.8       0.97 9.0KFN 322 A    4     244.0       0.83 9.0KFN 324 A    4     235.0       0.87 8.9KFN 396 A    4     266.0       0.98 10.0KFN 399 A    4     254.7       0.88 9.3KFN 430 A    4     235.3       0.93 8.7KFN 773 A    4     253.3       0.94 8.9rAprotinin U 4     192.5       0.77 9.8KFN 1512 U   5     191.0       0.65 7.2KFN 1514 U   6     188.3       0.69 7.3KFN 1544 U   5     190.0       0.64 6.5KFN 1545 U   6     185.8       0.66 7.3KFN 1547 U   5     188.0       0.67 7.3KFN 1660 U   6     205.0       0.77 8.5KFN 1661 U   6     204.2       0.80 8.1KFN 322      6     193.3       0.71 8.7KFN 324      4     198.8       0.76 9.5KFN 396      5     194.0       0.77 10.7KFN 399      5     183.0       0.74 9.5KFN 430      4     195.0       0.77 8.9KFN 773      5     193.0       0.75 9.8______________________________________ BW: Body weight (g). KW: Kidney weight (g) LW: Liver weight (g). A: anaesthetized rat model U: Unanaesthetized rat model.
7.24.8. RESULTS
7.24.8.1. ANALOGS IN KIDNEYS AND URINE
The total content in kidneys (in percent of dosage) after 1 and 3 hours and in urine after 3 h is shown in FIGS. 12 and 13 and Table 9. It appears that great differences between the analogues were found.
7.24.9. STABILITY OF ANALOGS
In order to study the stability of the analogs in kidney tissue, one kidney from 14 anaesthetized rats (one from each group) was divided into two pieces of identical weight. One piece was stored at 37� C. and the other piece at 4� C. After 4 hours, the tissues were homogenized and the content of analogues was measured. A stability index was defined as the content in the piece stored at 37� C. divided by the content in the piece stored at 4� C. The stability indices are given in Table 10 showing that rAprotinin, KFN 1514, KFN 1544 and KFN 322, seem to be the most stable compounds as compared to e.g. KFN 1660 and KFN 396 which appears to be more unstable.
7.24.10. CONCLUSIONS
7.24.11. TOXICOLOGICAL SCREENING OF APROTININ ANALOGS BY SINGLE-DOSE INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION TO WISTAR RATS
7.24.11.1. MATERIALS
The following aprotinin analogues with a reduced positive net charge and thermal stability compared to recombinant aprotinin(1-58) were selected for toxicological screening: KFN 322, KFN 324, KFN 396, KFN 399, KFN 430 and KFN 773. Their main characteristics as seen from a toxicological point of view, are shown in Table 6. Data for recombinant aprotinin are shown for comparison. The denaturation temperature is shown as an indication of biological stability.
7.24.11.2. DESIGN
On Day 1 of the screening of each analog, groups of 4 rats (3 for KFN 322) received 33, 300, or 900 mg analogue/kg body weight. Two control groups received physiological saline or physiological saline acidified with hydrochloric acid to an approximate pH 4.5. The latter solution served as vehicle. The dose volume was 10 ml/kg body weight in all cases. The rats were observed for days and killed on Day 8. At autopsy the kidneys were weighed and prepared for histopathology. Response variables are shown in the heading of Table 10.
TABLE 10______________________________________        Macro-  Micro-        scopic  scopic  Mortality          changes   changesKFN-type 900 mg/kg 900 mg/kg 900 mg/kg                                300 mg/kg______________________________________322      3/3       PK 3/3    lethal  moderate324      0/4       PK 3/4    NF      moderate396      0/4       normal    weak    normal399      0/4       normal    normal  normal430      4/4       PK 2/2    lethal  normal773      4/4       normal    lethal  normal______________________________________
7.24.12. RESULTS
Results from individual screenings are summarized in Table 10. By way of comparison, rAprotinin (1-58) has a mortality dose of 300 mg/kg, macroscopic kidney changes at 33 mg/kg and microscopic kidney changes at 11 mg/kg.
7.24.13. CONCLUSION
The toxicity profile of aprotinin analogues assessed by single-dose intravenous screening in Wistar rats was improved to a varying degree as compared to the toxicity profile of aprotinin.
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