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Financial accounting 7e harmon chapter 07 internal control and cash 71
7-1 FRAUD, INTERNAL CONTROL, AND CASH 7-2 Financial Accounting, Seventh Edition Learning Learning Objectives Objectives After studying this chapter, you should be able to: 7-3 Define fraud and internal control Identify the principles of internal control activities Explain the applications of internal control principles to cash receipts Explain the applications of internal control principles to cash disbursements Prepare a bank reconciliation Explain the reporting of cash Discuss the basic principles of cash management Identify the primary elements of a cash budget Preview of Chapter 7-4 Financial Accounting Seventh Edition Kimmel Weygandt Kieso Fraud Fraud and and Internal Internal Control Control Fraud Dishonest act by an employee that results in personal benefit to the employee at a cost to the employer Three factors that contribute to fraudulent activity Illustration 7-1 7-5 LO Define fraud and internal control Fraud Fraud and and Internal Internal Control Control The Sarbanes-Oxley Act 7-6  Applies to publicly traded U.S corporations  Required to maintain a system of internal control  Corporate executives and boards of directors must ensure that these controls are reliable and effective  Independent outside auditors must attest to the adequacy of the internal control system  SOX created the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) LO Define fraud and internal control Fraud Fraud and and Internal Internal Control Control Internal Control Methods and measures adopted to: 7-7 Safeguard assets Enhance accuracy and reliability of accounting records Increase efficiency of operations Ensure compliance with laws and regulations LO Define fraud and internal control Fraud Fraud and and Internal Internal Control Control Internal Control Five Primary Components: 7-8 Control environment Risk assessment Control activities Information and communication Monitoring LO Define fraud and internal control 7-9 Fraud Fraud and and Internal Internal Control Control Principles of Internal Control Activities Establishment of Responsibility 7-10  Control is most effective when only one person is responsible for a given task  Establishing responsibility often requires limiting access only to authorized personnel, and then identifying those personnel LO Identify the principles of internal control activities Appendix Appendix 7A 7A Operation of the Petty Cash Fund Petty Cash Fund - Used to pay small amounts Involves: establishing the fund, making payments from the fund, and replenishing the fund 7-57 Ethics Note Internal control over a petty cash fund is strengthened by: (1) having a supervisor make surprise counts of the fund to confirm whether the paid petty cash receipts and fund cash equal the fund amount, and (2) canceling or mutilating the paid petty cash receipts so they cannot be resubmitted for reimbursement LO Explain the operation of a petty cash fund Operation Operation of of the the Petty Petty Cash Cash Fund Fund Illustration: If Laird Company decides to establish a $100 fund on March 1, the entry is: March Petty cash 100 Cash 100 7-58 LO Explain the operation of a petty cash fund Operation Operation of of the the Petty Petty Cash Cash Fund Fund Illustration: On March 15 the petty cash custodian requests a check for $87 The fund contains $13 cash and petty cash receipts for postage $44, supplies $38, and miscellaneous expenses $5 The entry is: March 15 Postage expense 44 Supplies 38 Miscellaneous expense Cash 87 7-59 LO Explain the operation of a petty cash fund Operation Operation of of the the Petty Petty Cash Cash Fund Fund Illustration: Assume in the preceding example that the custodian had only $12 in cash in the fund plus the receipts as listed The request for reimbursement would therefore be for $88 The entry is: March 15 Postage expense 44 Supplies 38 Miscellaneous expense Cash over and short Cash 88 7-60 LO Explain the operation of a petty cash fund Key Points 7-61  The fraud triangle discussed in this chapter is applicable to all international companies Some of the major frauds on an international basis are Parmalat (Italy), Royal Ahold (the Netherlands), and Satyam Computer Services (India)  Rising economic crime poses a growing threat to companies, with nearly half of all organizations worldwide being victims of fraud in a recent two-year period (PricewaterhouseCoopers’ Global Economic Crime Survey, 2005) Specifically, 44% of Romanian companies surveyed experienced fraud in the past two years LO 10 Compare the accounting procedures for fraud, internal control, and cash under GAAP and IFRS Key Points  7-62 Globally, the number of companies reporting fraud increased from 37% to 45% since 2003, a 22% increase The cost to companies was an average $1.7 million in losses from “tangible frauds,” that is, those that result in an immediate and direct financial loss These include asset misappropriation, false pretenses, and counterfeiting (PricewaterhouseCoopers’ Global Economic Crime Survey, 2005) LO 10 Compare the accounting procedures for fraud, internal control, and cash under GAAP and IFRS Key Points 7-63  Accounting scandals both in the United States and internationally have re-ignited the debate over the relative merits of GAAP, which takes a “rules-based” approach to accounting, versus IFRS, which takes a “principles-based” approach The FASB announced that it intends to introduce more principles-based standards  Internal controls are a system of checks and balances designed to prevent and detect fraud and errors While most companies have these systems in place, many have never completely documented them, nor had an independent auditor attest to their effectiveness Both of these actions are required under SOX LO 10 Compare the accounting procedures for fraud, internal control, and cash under GAAP and IFRS Key Points  7-64 Companies find that internal control review is a costly process but badly needed One study estimates the cost of SOX compliance for U.S companies at over $35 billion, with audit fees doubling in the first year of compliance At the same time, examination of internal controls indicates lingering problems in the way companies operate One study of first compliance with the internal control testing provisions documented material weaknesses for about 13% of companies reporting in a two-year period (PricewaterhouseCoopers’ Global Economic Crime Survey, 2005) LO 10 Compare the accounting procedures for fraud, internal control, and cash under GAAP and IFRS Key Points 7-65  The SOX internal control standards apply only to companies listed on U.S exchanges There is continuing debate over whether foreign issuers should have to comply with this extra layer of regulation  The accounting and internal control procedures related to cash are essentially the same under both IFRS and this textbook In addition, the definition used for cash equivalents is the same  Most companies report cash and cash equivalents together under IFRS, as shown in this textbook In addition, IFRS follows the same accounting policies related to the reporting of restricted cash LO 10 Compare the accounting procedures for fraud, internal control, and cash under GAAP and IFRS Key Points   7-66 IFRS defines cash and cash equivalents as follows ► Cash is comprised of cash on hand and demand deposits ► Cash equivalents are short-term, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value Under IFRS, cash and cash equivalents are often shown last in the statement of financial position LO 10 Compare the accounting procedures for fraud, internal control, and cash under GAAP and IFRS Looking to the Future Different cultures have different perspectives on bribery and other questionable activities, and consequently penalties for engaging in such activities vary considerably across countries High-quality international accounting requires both high-quality accounting standards and highquality auditing Similar to the convergence of GAAP and IFRS, there is movement to improve international auditing standards The International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB) works to establish high quality auditing and assurance and quality-control standards throughout the world Whether the IAASB adopts internal control provisions similar to those in SOX remains to be seen You can follow developments in the international audit arena at http://www.ifac.org/iaasb/ 7-67 LO 10 Compare the accounting procedures for fraud, internal control, and cash under GAAP and IFRS IFRS Practice Non-U.S companies that follow IFRS: a) not normally use the principles of internal control activities used in this textbook b) often offset cash with accounts payable on the balance sheet c) are not required to follow SOX d) None of the above 7-68 LO 10 Compare the accounting procedures for fraud, internal control, and cash under GAAP and IFRS IFRS Practice Which of the following is the correct accounting under IFRS for cash? a) Cash cannot be combined with cash equivalents b) Restricted cash funds may be reported as a current or noncurrent asset depending on the circumstances c) Restricted cash funds cannot be reported as a current asset d) Cash on hand is not reported on the balance sheet as Cash 7-69 LO 10 Compare the accounting procedures for fraud, internal control, and cash under GAAP and IFRS IFRS Practice The Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 applies to: a) all U.S companies listed on U.S exchanges b) all companies that list stock on any stock exchange in any country c) all European companies listed on European exchanges d) Both (a) and (c) 7-70 LO 10 Compare the accounting procedures for fraud, internal control, and cash under GAAP and IFRS Copyright Copyright “Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc All rights reserved Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in Section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the express written permission of the copyright owner is unlawful Request for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for distribution or resale The Publisher assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages, caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information contained herein.” 7-71 [...]... activities Cash Cash Controls Controls Cash Receipt Controls Illustration 7-4 7-26 LO 3 Cash Cash Controls Controls Cash Receipt Controls Illustration 7-4 7-27 LO 3 Cash Cash Controls Controls Cash Receipt Controls Over-the-Counter Receipts Important internal control principle— segregation of recordkeeping from physical custody Illustration 7-5 7-28 LO 3 Explain the applications of internal control principles... of internal control principles to cash receipts Cash Cash Controls Controls Review Question Permitting only designated personnel to handle cash receipts is an application of the principle of: 7-30 a segregation of duties b establishment of responsibility c independent check d other controls LO 3 Explain the applications of internal control principles to cash receipts Cash Cash Controls Controls Cash. .. Fraud and and Internal Internal Control Control Principles of Internal Control Activities Segregation of Duties 7-11  Different individuals should be responsible for related activities  The responsibility for recordkeeping for an asset should be separate from the physical custody of that asset LO 2 Identify the principles of internal control activities Fraud Fraud and and Internal Internal Control Control... Cash Disbursement Controls Generally, internal control over cash disbursements is more effective when companies pay by check or electronic funds transfer (EFT) rather than by cash Applications: 7-31  Voucher System Controls  Petty Cash Fund (Appendix 7A) LO 4 Explain the applications of internal control principles to cash disbursements Cash Cash Controls Controls Cash Disbursement Controls Illustration... Fraud and and Internal Internal Control Control Principles of Internal Control Activities Human Resource Controls 7-15  Bond employees who handle cash  Rotate employees’ duties and require vacations  Conduct background checks LO 2 Identify the principles of internal control activities ANATOMY OF A FRAUD Maureen Frugali was a training supervisor for claims processing at Colossal Healthcare As a standard... Principles of Internal Control Activities Documentation Procedures 7-12  Companies should use prenumbered documents, and all documents should be accounted for  Employees should promptly forward source documents for accounting entries to the accounting department LO 2 Identify the principles of internal control activities Fraud Fraud and and Internal Internal Control Control Principles of Internal Control. .. LO 4 Cash Cash Controls Controls Cash Disbursement Controls Illustration 7-6 7-33 LO 4 Cash Cash Controls Controls Review Question The use of prenumbered checks in disbursing cash is an application of the principle of: 7-34 a establishment of responsibility b segregation of duties c physical, mechanical, and electronic controls d documentation procedures LO 4 Explain the applications of internal control. .. Physical Controls 7-13 Illustration 7-2 LO 2 Identify the principles of internal control activities Fraud Fraud and and Internal Internal Control Control Principles of Internal Control Activities Independent Internal Verification 7-14  Records periodically verified by an employee who is independent  Discrepancies reported to management Illustration 7-3 LO 2 Identify the principles of internal control. .. principles to cash receipts Cash Cash Controls Controls Cash Receipt Controls Mail Receipts 7-29  Mail receipts should be opened by two people, a list prepared, and each check endorsed “For Deposit Only.”  Each mail clerk signs the list to establish responsibility for the data  Original copy of the list, along with the checks, is sent to the cashier’s department  Copy of the list is sent to the accounting. .. Control Control Limitations of Internal Control  Costs should not exceed benefit  Human element  7-25 Size of the business Helpful Hint Controls may vary with the risk level of the activity For example, management may consider cash to be high risk and maintaining inventories in the stockroom as lower risk Thus, management would have stricter controls for cash LO 2 Identify the principles of internal control
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