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1 Tax Guide for Small Businesses 2014/152 Preface Tax Guide for Small Businesses 2014/15 This is a general guide dealing with the taxation of small businesses. This guide is not an official publication as defined in section 1 of the Tax Administration Act 28 of 2011 and accordingly does not create a practice generally prevailing under section 5 of that Act. It should, therefore, not be used as a legal reference. It is also not a binding general ruling under section 89 of Chapter 7 of the Tax Administration Act. Should an advance tax ruling be required, visit the SARS website for details of the application procedure. The information in this guide concerning income tax relates to individuals for the 2015 year of assessment which commenced on 1 March 2014 and ended on 28 February 2015; and companies and close corporations with tax years ending during the 12 month period ending on 31 March The information in this guide concerning value added tax and other taxes, duties, levies and contributions reflects the rates applicable as at the date of its publication. While care has been taken in the preparation of this document to ensure that the information and the rates published are correct at the date of publication, errors may occur. Should there be any doubt it would be advisable for users to verify the rates with the relevant legislation applicable to the tax concerned. Further, the guides and interpretations notes referred to in this guide are the guides and interpretation notes available on The SARS website as at the date of this publication. This guide has been updated to include the Taxation Laws Amendment Act 43 of 2014 promulgated on 20 January 2015 and the Rate and Monetary Amounts and Amendment Revenue Laws Act 42 of 2014 promulgated on 20 January Should you require additional information concerning any aspect on the interpretation and administration of tax and customs legislation, you may visit your nearest SARS branch office; contact the SARS National Contact Centre if calling locally, on ; or if calling from abroad, on ; visit the SARS website at or contact your own tax advisor or tax practitioner. Comments on this guide may be sent to Prepared by Legal and Policy Division SOUTH AFRICAN REVENUE SERVICE 27 March 2015 Tax Guide for Small Businesses 2014/15 i3 CONTENTS Preface... i Glossary Overview General characteristics of different types of businesses Introduction Sole proprietorship Partnership Close corporation (CC) Private company Co-operative Other types of business entities as described in the Act A business and SARS Introduction Income tax General Registration Change of address Year of assessment and filing of income tax returns efiling Payments at banks Provisional tax Employees tax Directors remuneration How to determine net profit or loss Comparative profit or loss statements Link between net profit and taxable income How to determine taxable income or assessed loss General deduction formula Tax rates Special allowances or deductions Tax relief measures for SBCs Tax relief measures for micro businesses (turnover tax) Deduction of home office expenditure Deductions in respect of expenditure and losses incurred before commencement of trade (pre-trade costs) Ring-fencing of assessed losses of certain trades Prohibited deductions Exemption of certified emission reductions Capital gains tax (CGT) a) Introduction b) Registration c) Rates d) Capital losses e) Disposal f) Exclusion g) Base cost Withholding of amounts from payments to non-resident sellers on the sale of their immovable property in South Africa Withholding tax on royalties Taxation of foreign entertainers and sportspersons Donations tax Value-added tax (VAT) Introduction Rates of tax Collection and payment of VAT Tax Guide for Small Businesses 2014/15 ii4 3.6.4 Application of VAT to supplies and imports Zero-rated supplies Exempt supplies Registration Refusal of registration How to register Accounting basis Tax periods Calculation of VAT Requirements of a valid tax invoice Submission of VAT returns Duties of a vendor Exports to foreign countries Estate duty Introduction Rate of estate duty Securities transfer tax (STT) Transfer duty Introduction Transfer duty rates from 23 February February Transfer duty rates from 1 March Importation of goods and payment of customs and excise duties Introduction Registration as an importer Goods imported through designated commercial points Import declarations Tariff classification Customs value Duties and levies Importation of goods Deferment, suspension and rebate of duties Exportation of goods Introduction Registration as an exporter Export declarations Free Trade Agreements and preferential arrangements with other countries Bi-lateral Agreements (non-reciprocal) Preferential dispensation for goods entering the RSA (non-reciprocal) Free or Preferential Trade Agreements (FTAs and PTAs) (reciprocal) Generalised System of Preferences (GSPs) (Non-reciprocal) Environmental levy Plastic Bags (Part 3A of Schedule 1 of the Customs and Excise Act, 1964) Electricity generated in South Africa from non-renewable resources (Part 3B of Schedule 1 of the Customs and Excise Act, 1964) Electrical filament lamps (Part 3C of Schedule 1 of the Customs and Excise Act, 1964) Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) vehicle emissions levy Air passenger departure tax Skills development levy (SDL) Unemployment insurance fund (UIF) contributions A business and other authorities Introduction Local sphere governments Tax Guide for Small Businesses 2014/15 iii5 4.3 Unemployment Insurance Commissioner South African Reserve Bank Exchange control Department of Trade and Industry Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment Act 53 of Environmental Safety and security Labour Promotion of Access to Information Act 2 of Regulation of Interception of Communications and Provision of Communication-related Information Act 70 of 2002 (RICA) Electronic Communications and Transactions Act 25 of 2002 (ECTA) Prevention of Organised Crime Act 121 of 1998 (POCA) Financial Intelligence Centre Act 38 of 2001 (FICA) Financial Advisory and Intermediary Services Act 37 of 2002 (FAIS Act) Prevention and Combating of Corrupt Activities Act 12 of 2004 (PCCA Act) Companies Act 71 of National Small Enterprise Act 102 of Lotteries Act 57 of Promotion of Administrative Justice Act 3 of 2000 (PAJA) Protected Disclosures Act 26 of National Credit Act 34 of Consumer Protection Act 68 of General Record-keeping Importance of accurate records Identify nature of receipt Prevent omission of deductible expenses Establish amounts paid out as salaries or wages Explain items reported on your income tax return Availability and retention of records Record-keeping as required under section 29 of the Tax Administration Act 28 of 2011 (the TA Act) and the retention period in case of audit, objection or appeal under section 32 of this Act as well as recordkeeping under section 55 of the VAT Act Appointment of auditor or accounting officer Representative taxpayer Tax clearance certificates Non-compliance with legislation Interest, penalties and additional tax Request for correction (RFC) Notice of objection (NOO) Dispute resolution Service Monitoring Office (SMO) Conclusion Tax Guide for Small Businesses 2014/15 iv6 Glossary In this guide, unless the context indicates otherwise CC means close corporation; CGT means capital gains tax; Commissioner means Commissioner for the South African Revenue Service; PAYE means Pay-As-You-Earn (Employees tax); SARS means South African Revenue Service; SBC means small business corporation; Schedule means a Schedule to the Act SDL means skills development levy; Schedule means a schedule to the Act; section means a section of the Act; SMME means small, medium and micro enterprise; South Africa means the Republic of South Africa; STT means securities transfer tax; the Act means the Income Tax Act 58 of 1962; the TA Act means the Tax Administration Act 28 of 2011; the VAT Act means the Value-Added Tax Act 89 of 1991; UIF means unemployment insurance fund; VAT means value-added tax; and any word or expression bears the meaning ascribed to it in the relevant Act. Tax Guide for Small Businesses 2014/15 17 1. Overview This guide contains information about the tax laws and some other statutory obligations that apply to small businesses. It describes some of the forms of business entities in South Africa sole proprietorship, partnership, close corporation and a private company and explains in general terms the tax responsibilities of each. It also contains general information, such as registration, aspects of record-keeping, relief measures for small business corporations, and how net profit or loss and taxable income or assessed loss are determined. This helps to illustrate the specific tax considerations for the different types of business entities. Furthermore, it contains information on some of the other taxes that may be payable in addition to income tax. While the information in this guide applies to different kinds of businesses and is of a general nature, specific types of businesses such as insurance companies, banks and investment companies are not discussed. However, the requirements of the tax laws regarding, for example, registration and filing of tax forms also apply to these businesses. 2. General characteristics of different types of businesses 2.1 Introduction A person wishing to start a business must decide (which will be that person s own choice entirely) what type of business entity to use. There are legal, tax and other considerations that can influence this decision. The legal and other considerations are beyond the scope of this guide while the tax consequences of conducting business through each type of entity will be an important element in making a decision. The purpose of this guide is not to provide advice on the type of business entity through which to conduct a business, but to provide entrepreneurs with information to assist them to make their own informed decisions when starting a business Sole proprietorship A sole proprietorship is a business that is owned and operated by a natural person. This is the simplest form of business entity. The business has no existence (therefore it is not a legal person such as a company as defined in the Act) separate from the owner who is called the proprietor. The owner must include the income from such business in his or her own income tax return and is responsible for the payment of taxes thereon. Only the owner has the authority to make decisions for the business. The owner assumes the risks of the business to the extent of all of his or her assets whether used in the business or not. Some advantages of a sole proprietorship are: Simple to establish and operate. Owner is free to make decisions. Minimum of legal requirements. Owner receives all the profits. Easy to discontinue the business. Tax Guide for Small Businesses 2014/15 28 Some disadvantages of a sole proprietorship are: Unlimited liability of the owner. The owner is legally liable for all the debts of the business. Not only the investment or business property, but any personal and fixed property may be attached by creditors. Limited ability to raise capital. The business capital is limited to whatever the owner can personally secure. This limits the expansion of a business when new capital is required. A common cause for failure of this form of business organisation is a lack of funds. This restricts the ability of the owner to operate the business effectively and survive at an initial low profit level, or to get through an economic rough spot. Limited skills. One owner alone has limited skills, although he or she may be able to hire employees with sought-after skills Partnership A partnership (or unincorporated joint venture) is the relationship existing between two or more persons who join together to carry on a trade, business or profession. A partnership is also not a separate legal person or taxpayer. 1 Each partner is taxed on his or her share of the partnership profits. Each person may contribute money, property, labour or skills, and each expects to share in the profits and losses of the partnership. It is similar to a sole proprietorship except that a group of owners replaces the sole proprietor. The number of persons who may form a partnership agreement is limited to 20. Some advantages of a partnership are: Easy to establish and operate. Greater financial strength. Combines the different skills of the partners. Each partner has a personal interest in the business. Some disadvantages of a partnership are: Unlimited liability of the partners. Each partner may be held liable for all the debts of the business, therefore, one partner who is not exercising sound judgment could cause the loss of the assets of the partnership as well as the personal assets of all the partners. Authority for decision-making is shared and differences of opinion could slow the process down. Not a legal entity. Lesser degree of business continuity as the partnership technically dissolves every time a partner joins or leaves the partnership. Number of partners restricted to 20 except in the case of certain professional partnerships such as accountants, attorneys etc. 1 A partnership is, however, regarded as a separate person for VAT purposes as it is included in the definition of person in section 1(1) of the VAT Act. Tax Guide for Small Businesses 2014/15 39 2.1.3 Close corporation (CC) A CC is similar to a private company. It is a legal entity with its own legal personality and perpetual succession and must register as a taxpayer in its own right. A CC has no share capital and therefore no shareholders. The owners of a CC are the members of the CC. Members have a membership interest in the CC. Members interest is expressed as a percentage. Membership, generally speaking, is restricted to natural persons or (from 11 January 2006) a trustee of an inter vivos trust or testamentary trust as contemplated in section 29(1A) or 29(2)(b) of the Close Corporation Act 69 of A CC may not have an interest in another CC. The minimum number of members is one and the maximum number of members is 10. For income tax purposes, a CC is dealt with as if it is a company. Some advantages of a CC are: Relatively easy to establish and operate. Life of the business is perpetual, that is, it continues uninterrupted as members change. Members have limited liability, that is, they are generally not liable for the debt of the CC. However, certain tax liabilities do exist. One such liability is where an employer or vendor is a CC, every member and person who performs functions similar to a director of a company and/or who controls or is regularly involved in the management of the CC s overall financial affairs, will be personally liable for employees tax, valueadded tax, additional tax, penalty or interest for which the CC is liable, that is, where these taxes have not been paid to SARS within the prescribed period. Transfer of ownership is easy. Fewer legal requirements than a private company. Some disadvantages of a CC are: Number of members restricted to a maximum of 10. More legal requirements than a sole proprietorship or partnership. Section 27 of the Close Corporations Act 69 of 1984 has been repealed. As from 1 May 2011 (implementation date of the Companies Act 71 of 2008), no new close corporation can be registered or any conversion from a company to a close corporation allowed Private company A private company is treated by law as a separate legal entity and must register as a taxpayer in its own right. It has a life separate from its owners with rights and duties of its own. The owners of a private company are the shareholders. The managers of a private company may or may not be shareholders. A private company may not have an interest in a close corporation. The maximum number of shareholders is restricted to 50. Some advantages of a private company are: Life of the business is perpetual, that is, it continues uninterrupted as shareholders change. Shareholders have limited liability, that is, they are generally not responsible for the liabilities of the company. However, certain tax liabilities do exist. One such liability is where an employer or vendor is a company, every shareholder and director who Tax Guide for Small Businesses 2014/15 410 controls or is regularly involved in the management of the company s overall financial affairs shall be personally liable for the employees tax, value-added tax, additional tax, understatement penalty, penalty or interest for which the company is liable, that is, where the taxes have not been paid to SARS within the prescribed period. Personal liability on directors. The Companies Act 71 of 2008 imposes personal liability on directors where in common law, such liability may not exist or be difficult to prove. Any person, not only a director, who is knowingly a party to the carrying on of a business in a reckless (gross carelessness or gross negligence) or fraudulent manner can be personally held liable for all or any of the debts of the private company. Transfer of ownership is easy. Easier to raise capital and to expand. Efficiency of management is maintained. Adaptable to both small and medium to large business. Some disadvantages of a private company are: Subject to many legal requirements. More difficult and expensive to establish and operate than other forms of ownership such as a sole proprietorship or partnership Co-operative A co-operative is defined in the Act as any association of persons registered under section 27 of the Co-operatives Act 91 of 1981 or section 7 of the Co-operatives Act 14 of Other types of business entities as described in the Act a) Small business corporation (SBC) This is discussed in under the heading Tax relief measures for small business corporations (SBCs). b) Micro business (turnover tax) This is discussed in under the heading Tax relief measures for micro businesses (turnover tax). c) Personal service provider A personal service provider means any company or trust where any service rendered on behalf of such company or trust to a client of such company or trust is rendered personally by any person who is a connected person in relation to such company or trust, and such person would be regarded as an employee of such client if such service was rendered by such person directly to such client, other than on behalf of such company or trust; or those duties must be performed mainly at the premises of the client, such person or such company or trust is subject to the control or supervision of such client as to the manner in which the duties are performed or are to be performed in rendering such service; or Tax Guide for Small Businesses 2014/15 511 more than 80% of the income of such company or trust during a year of assessment from services rendered consists of or is likely to consist of amounts received directly or indirectly from any one client of such company or trust, or any associated institution as defined in the Seventh Schedule, in relation to such client. A company that falls within the above definition of a personal service provider will not qualify as an SBC. However, should that company employ three or more full-time employees (excluding shareholders or members or any persons connected to the shareholders or members) throughout the year of assessment and the employees are engaged in the business of the company in rendering the specific service, that company may qualify as an SBC. Payments made to a personal service provider are subject to the deduction of employees tax. For more information see the interpretation note 2 available on the SARS website. d) Labour broker A labour broker is any natural person who carries on a business for reward of providing clients with other persons to render a service to the clients for which such other persons are remunerated by the labour broker. Employers are required to deduct employees tax from all payments made to a labour broker, unless the labour broker is in possession of a valid exemption certificate issued by SARS. An exemption certificate will be issued by SARS to a labour broker if the labour broker carries on an independent trade and is registered as a provisional taxpayer; the labour broker is registered as an employer; and the labour broker has, subject to any extension granted by the Commissioner, submitted all returns as are required to be submitted by the labour broker. SARS will not issue an exemption certificate if more than 80% of the gross income of the labour broker during the year of assessment consists of amounts received from any one client of the labour broker, unless the labour broker employs three or more full-time employees throughout the year of assessment who are engaged in the business of the labour broker on a full-time basis and who are not connected persons in relation to the labour broker; the labour broker provides to any of its clients the services of any other labour broker; or the labour broker is contractually obliged to provide a specified employee of the labour broker to render service to the client. 2 Interpretation Note No. 35 (Issue 3) dated 31 March 2010 Employees Tax: Personal Service Providers and Labour Brokers. Tax Guide for Small Businesses 2014/15 612 For more information see the interpretation note 3 available on the SARS website. Notes: (1) The deduction of expenses incurred by a labour broker without an exemption certificate is limited to the amounts paid to the employees of the labour broker for services rendered that will comprise remuneration in the hands of those employees. (2) The deduction of expenses incurred by a personal service provider is limited to the amounts paid to the employees of the personal service provider for services rendered that will comprise remuneration in the hands of those employees; legal expenses; bad debts; contributions to pension or provident funds or medical schemes for the benefit of the employees; refunds by a personal service provider of any amount previously paid as remuneration or compensation for restraint of trade; and expenses in respect of premises, finance charges, insurance, repairs and fuel and maintenance of assets, if such premises or assets are used wholly and exclusively for purposes of trade. e) Independent contractor The concept of an independent trader or independent contractor remains one of the more contentious features of the Fourth Schedule. An amount paid or payable for services rendered or to be rendered by a person in the course of a trade carried on by him or her independently of the person by whom the amount is paid or payable is excluded from remuneration for employees tax purposes. Notes: (1) A person will be deemed to be carrying on a trade independently if he or she employs three or more full-time employees throughout the year of assessment who are in the business of the person rendering that service (other than any employee who is a connected person) on a full-time basis engaged. (2) A person will be deemed not to be carrying on a trade independently if the services are required to be performed mainly at premises of the person by whom the above amount is paid or payable or of the person to whom such services were or are to be rendered and the person who rendered or will render the services is subject to control or supervision as to the manner in which his or her duties are performed or as to his or her hours of work. An amount paid to a person who is deemed not to carry on a trade independently will constitute remuneration and will be subject to the deduction of employees tax. 3 Interpretation Note No. 35 (Issue 3) dated 31 March 2010 Employees Tax: Personal Service Providers and Labour Brokers. Tax Guide for Small Businesses 2014/15 713 For more information see the interpretation note 4 available on the SARS website. f) Small, medium and micro enterprises (SMMEs) Information on SMMEs, details of various assistance schemes, rebates, incentives and information such as how to start a business, types of business entities and requirements of registration of a business entity, can be obtained from the Department of Trade and Industry or on its website 3. A business and SARS 3.1 Introduction Once a business has been started, it will be helpful to have a general understanding of the various activities of SARS, as well as the duties and obligations of the business operator in terms of the various tax laws. The tax laws are administered by the Commissioner or by any officer or person engaged in carrying out the relevant laws under a delegation from or under the control, direction or supervision of the Commissioner in various centres throughout the country. SARS is obligated by law to determine and collect from each taxpayer only the correct amount of tax that is due. The SARS officials or persons are the representatives of the Commissioner and in that capacity must ensure that the tax laws are administered correctly and fairly so that no one is favoured or prejudiced above the rest. 3.2 Income tax General Income tax is the state s main source of revenue and is levied on taxable income determined in terms of the Act Registration As soon as a taxpayer commences a business, whether as a sole proprietor, a partner in a partnership or as a shareholder in a company, the taxpayer, or the taxpayer and the company respectively, is required to register with their local SARS office in order to obtain an income tax reference number. The taxpayer must register within 21 business days after he or she has commenced business operations by completing an IT 77 form, which can be obtained from the local SARS office or from the SARS website. A company must be registered with the Company Intellectual Property Commission (CIPC) to obtain a business reference number. For registration procedures see The company will then be registered automatically as a taxpayer. A company, which does not hear from SARS after registering with CIPC, must contact its SARS office. Depending on other factors such as turnover, payroll amounts, whether involved in imports and exports etc. a taxpayer could also be liable to register for other taxes, duties, levies and contributions such as VAT, PAYE, Customs, Excise, SDL and UIF contributions. 4 Interpretation Note No. 17 (Issue 3) dated 31 March 2010 Employees Tax: Independent Contractors. Tax Guide for Small Businesses 2014/15 814 3.2.3 Change of address The Tax Administration Act 28 of 2011 (the TA Act) requires that if a person s address which is normally used by the Commissioner for any correspondence with that person changes, the person must, within 21 business days after the change, notify SARS of the new address for correspondence Year of assessment and filing of income tax returns The year of assessment for natural persons, deceased estates, insolvent estates and trusts covers a 12 month period which commences on 1 March of a specific year and ends on the last day of February of the following year. However, in some circumstances natural persons and trusts may be allowed to draw up financial statements for their business to a date other than the end of February. For more details see the interpretation note 5 available on the SARS website. Companies on the other hand are permitted to have a year of assessment ending on a date that coincides with their financial year-end. The year of assessment of a company with a financial year-end of 30 June will run from 1 July and end on 30 June of the following year. Income tax returns must be submitted manually or electronically by a specific date each year. The date is published for information of the general public and is promoted by way of a filing campaign to encourage compliance in this regard efiling SARS efiling is a free, online process for the submission of tax returns and related functions. This free service allows individual taxpayers, tax practitioners and businesses to register, submit tax returns, make payments and perform a number of other interactions with SARS in a secure online environment. Taxpayers registered for efiling can engage with SARS online for the submission of returns and payments in respect of the following taxes/duty/levy/contribution: Dividends tax Estate duty Income tax Pay-As-You-Earn (PAYE) Provisional tax Skills Development Levy (SDL) Transfer duty Unemployment insurance fund (UIF) contributions Value-added tax (VAT) The following should, however, be noted: A taxpayer must retain all supporting documents to a return for five years from the date upon which the return was received by SARS, as SARS may require it for audit purposes. 5 Interpretation Note No. 19 (Issue 3) dated 9 October 2013 Year of Assessment of Natural Persons and Trusts: Accounts Accepted to a Date other than the Last Day of February. Tax Guide for Small Businesses 2014/15 9 View more
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