Source: https://www.scribd.com/document/262258079/Lecture2-Standards-and-Guidelines-and-Ethical-Code-of-Conduct
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Matched Legal Cases: ['art 1910', 'art 1915', 'art 1926', 'art 1928', 'art 1910', 'art 1910']

Lecture2-Standards and Guidelines and Ethical Code of Conduct | Occupational Safety And Health Administration | Labour Relations
Lecture2-Standards and Guidelines and Ethical Code of Conduct
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and Ethical Code of Conduct
Patrick N. Breysse, PhD, CIH
Peter S.J. Lees, PhD, CIH
Hatch Curve
 Hatch, T: Changing Objectives in
Occupational Health. Industrial Hygiene
Journal 3(1):1–7 (1962)
 Implications:
– Man-environment interaction is
– Shift in emphasis from overt illness
to physiological disturbances that
may be precursors of disease
Section B ACGIH Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices .
Threshold Limit Value (TLV)  Threshold limit values (TLVs) refer to airborne concentrations of substances and represent conditions under which it is believed that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed day after day without adverse health effects Continued 6 .
however.Threshold Limit Value (TLV)  Because of wide variation in individual susceptibility. a small percentage of workers may experience discomfort from some substances at concentrations at or below the TLV  A smaller percentage may be affected more seriously by aggravation of a preexisting condition or by development of an occupational illness Continued 7 .
Threshold Limit Value (TLV)        Published by ACGIH Established in 1946 (updated annually) Approximately 750 chemicals covered Guidelines not law Documentation of TLVs and BEIs Method of adoption “Balancing of health considerations and cost to industry” –ACGIH 1948 8 .
5 mg/mg³ __ A4 137.58 Irritation. lung Barium sulfate (7727-43-7) Benomyl (17804-35-2) Benz[a]anthracene (56-55-3) P-Benzoquinone. muscle toxin 10 mg/m³ (E) __ __ 233. as Ba 0. burns.5 ppm A4 140.22 Irritation Benzyl acetate (140-11-4) 10 ppm __ A4 150. A2 195. see Quinone Source: Adapted from TLV book 9 . BEI 317.) TWA (ppm/mg/m³) STEL/C (ppm/mg/m³) Notations Mol Wgt TLV Basis – Critical Effect(s) Azinphos-methyl (86-50-0) 0.11 Cancer Benzidine (92-87-5) __ __ Skin.23 Cancer (bladder) Benzo[b]fluoranthene (205-99-2) __ __ A2 252.5 ppm 2.57 Irritation Benzoyl perozide (94-36-0) 5 mg/m³ __ A4 242.32 Dermatitis. GI.30 Irritation.5 ppm Skin.50 Irritation.2 mg/m³ __ Skin. A1 184.18 Irritation Benzyl chloride (100-44-7) 1 ppm __ A3 126. BEI 78. A1.43 Pneumoconiosis (baritosis) 10 mg/m³ __ A4 290. irritation __ __ A2 228.Examples of TLVs Adopted Values Substance (CAS No.30 Cancer Benzene (71-43-2) 0.30 Cancer Benzo[a]pyrene (50-32-8) __ __ A2 252.1 ppm Skin.34 Cholinergic Barium (7440-39-3) and soluble compounds. cancer Benzoyl chloride (98-88-4) __ C 0. A4.30 Cancer Benzotrichloride (98-07-7) __ C 0.
. usually over a full work shift–i.e.Typical Time Constants  Time-weighted average (TWA) – Contaminant concentration averaged over a period of time. eight-hour TWA Continued 10 .
Typical Time Constants  Short-term exposure limit (STEL) – Contaminant concentration averaged over a 15-minute period Continued 11 .
Typical Time Constants  Ceiling – Instantaneous concentration. or concentration averaged over a 15 minute period if technology does not exist to measure instantaneous concentrations 12 .
Skin Notation  Skin notation (S) indicates substances for which there is the potential for substantial contribution to exposure via adsorption through the skin – Examples: • Diazanon • Chlordane • Carbon disulfide • Benzene 13 .
Sensitizer Notation  Listed substances followed by the sensitizer notation (SEN) refer to the confirmed potential for worker sensitization as a result of dermal contact and/or inhalation exposure – Examples • Formaldehyde • Flour dust • Glutaraldehyde 14 .
Carcinogenicity Classification  A1: Confirmed human carcinogen  A2: Suspected human carcinogen  A3: Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans  A4: Not classifiable as a human carcinogen  A5: Not suspected as a human carcinogen 15 .
Excursions  Excursions are concentrations above the TLV and are permitted as long as they are balanced by concentrations below the TLV such that the eight-hour TWA is less than the TLV  Refer to the magnitude of these elevated concentrations and current guidance is that up to 30 minutes at three times the TLV is permitted but five times the TLV is not permitted 16 .
Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs)  Measurement of chemical determinant in a biological media  Examples – Acetone in urine – S-Phenylmercapturic acid (metabolite of benzene) in urine – n-Hexane in end-exhaled air – Lead in blood 17 .
Section C Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Standards .
Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL)         Set by OSHA Established in 1970 (rarely updated) Antecedents–Walsh Healey. TLV. ANSI Approximately 450 chemicals covered Eight-hour TWA. and C Z table and complete standards Legally enforceable Method of promulgation 19 . STEL.
OSHAct Each employer  “Shall furnish to each of his employees employment and a place of employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his employees.  Shall comply with occupational safety and health standards promulgated under this Act.” 20 .
to the extent feasible.… Continued 21 . shall set the standard which most adequately assures. on the basis of the best available evidence.Criteria for PEL from OSHAct  “The Secretary. in promulgating standards dealing with toxic materials or harmful physical agents under this subsection.
Criteria for PEL from OSHAct  … that no employee will suffer material impairment of health or functional capacity even if such employee has regular exposure to the hazard dealt with by such standard for the period of his working life” 22 .
Examples of PELs Source: US Code of Federal Regulations 23 .
OSHA Standards 29 CFR  Part 1910: Occupational Safety and Health Standards  Part 1915: Occupational Safety and Health Standards for Shipyard Employment  Part 1926: Safety and Health Regulations for Construction  Part 1928: Occupational Safety and Health Standards for Agriculture 24 .
1000 Table Z-1 Limits for Air Contaminants  1910.1000 Table Z-2  1910.OSHA Standards 29 CFR Part 1910  Subpart Z Authority for 1910 subpart Z  1910.1000 Air Contaminants  1910.1000 Table Z-3 Mineral Dusts 25 .
1028 Benzene  1910.1025 Lead  1910.1051 1.3-Butadiene 26 .1002 Coal tar pitch volatiles  1910.1001 Asbestos  1910.29 CFR Part 1910 Complete Standards Examples  1910.1017 Vinyl Chloride  1910.1018 Inorganic Arsenic  1910.
OSHA Standards Benzene 1910.1028  Scope and application  Definitions  PELs  Regulated areas  Exposure monitoring  Methods of compliance  Respiratory protection  Protective clothing and equipment  Med. surveillance  Hazard communication  Record-keeping 27 .
which shall not be exceeded Continued 28 . which shall not be exceeded  Short term exposure limit (STEL) is that concentration expressed as a 15minute time-weighted average.OSHA Terms  Permissible exposure limit (PEL) is that concentration expressed as an eighthour time-weighted average.
OSHA Terms  Ceiling (C) is that concentration which shall never be exceeded. although it is expressed as a 10.or 15-minute TWA  Action level (AL) is defined as one-half the PEL – Concentrations in excess of the AL trigger specified activities in complete standards Continued 29 .
OSHA Terms  Immediately dangerous to life and health (IDHL) signifies concentrations to substances for which exposure of more than 30 minutes would be expected to be fatal – Used in the selection of respirators Continued 30 .
OSHA Terms  OSHA does not classify carcinogens. but instead relies on the classifications made by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) 31 .
Section D National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety (NIOSH) and Other Organizations .
NIOSH  National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) – Part of Centers for Disease Control – Research. recommendation. and training duties – Recommended Exposure limits (RELs) 33 .
Recommended Exposure Limits (RELs)        Recommended by NIOSH Created by the OSHAct Associated with Criteria Documents Recommendations to OSHA Used as another guideline but not law Based solely on health considerations Usually below corresponding PEL 34 .
Other Relevant Organizations  American National Standards Institute (ANSI)  International Radiation Protection Association (IRPA)  American Society of Heating. and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)  Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 35 . Refrigeration.
Section E Code of Ethics .
Practice their profession following recognized scientific principles with the realization that the lives.Cannons of Ethical Conduct 1. and well-being of people may depend upon their professional judgment and that they are obligated to protect the health and well-being of people Continued 37 . health.
Counsel affected parties factually regarding potential health risks and precautions necessary to avoid adverse health effects Continued 38 .Cannons of Ethical Conduct 2.
except when required by law or overriding health and safety considerations Continued 39 . Keep confidential personal and business information obtained during the exercise of industrial hygiene activities.Cannons of Ethical Conduct 3.
Avoid circumstances where a compromise of professional judgment or conflict of interest may arise 5. Perform services only in the areas of their competence 6.Cannons of Ethical Conduct 4. Act responsibly to uphold the integrity of the profession 40 .
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