Source: https://law.justia.com/cases/massachusetts/supreme-court/1958/337-mass-14-2.html
Timestamp: 2020-01-24 04:11:27
Document Index: 739434369

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 5', '§ 124', '§ 826', '§ 826', '§ 2205', '§ 2205', '§ 826', '§ 826']

Warfield v. Merchants National Bank :: 1958 :: Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court Decisions :: Massachusetts Case Law :: Massachusetts Law :: US Law :: Justia
Justia › US Law › Case Law › Massachusetts Case Law › Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court Decisions › 1958 › Warfield v. Merchants National Bank
Warfield v. Merchants National Bank
337 Mass. 14 (1958)
147 N.E.2d 809
The plaintiff is the executor by appointment of the Surrogate's Court for the County and State of New York, under the will of Bertha Coolidge Slade who died domiciled in New York city, January 9, 1953. The plaintiff seeks in these proceedings to recover the portions of Federal and New York estate taxes paid by him, which, according to decree of the Surrogate's Court, are apportionable to and payable by Day Trust Company, a Massachusetts corporation, as trustee under an inter vivos "Massachusetts trust" created by Slade on February 13, 1951. The defendant is the successor trustee. The case is here on reservation and report by a single justice of this court.
The will was dated and executed on January 26, 1951. It provides as follows: "I direct my Executor, hereinafter named, to pay all my just debts and funeral expenses as *16 soon after my death as practicable, and I further authorize and direct my said Executor to pay out of my residuary estate all transfer, inheritance, succession or estate taxes which may be imposed upon or with respect to the bequests and devises herein made (but not with respect to any transfers or gifts, if any, made by me prior to my decease)."
The Surrogate's Court on December 27, 1956, decreed "that the express exception [in the provision of the will quoted above] relating to nontestamentary gifts was intended by said testatrix to charge such transfers with their proportionate share of the tax burden to the extent that they were included within the taxable estate, and ... that the Federal estate tax apportionable against said Day Trust *17 Company as trustee ... is $28,026.95 and that the New York estate tax [so] apportionable ... is $4,172.46, both said amounts being subject to adjustment on the final determination of said ... taxes; and ... that said ... trustee ... pay said sums to the ... [executor]; and ... that ... [the executor] take such steps as may be reasonably necessary to enforce the obligation of ... [the] trustee...."
Although both Massachusetts and New York have estate tax apportionment statutes, the plaintiff recognizes that neither applies; the Massachusetts statute (G.L. [Ter. Ed.] c. 65A, § 5) because it applies only to residents, and the New York statute (Decedent Estate Law, § 124) because this court has held that extraterritorial effect is not to be given to the tax apportionment statutes of other States against trust property the situs of which is and always has been in Massachusetts. See as to both points Isaacson v. Boston Safe Deposit & Trust Co. 325 Mass. 469.
We are unable to construe the provisions of the Federal statute to create a right of apportionment against these trust assets. The plaintiff relies on Internal Revenue Code of 1939, § 826 (b), U.S.C. (1952 ed.) Title 26, § 826 (b) (see now Internal Revenue Code of 1954, § 2205, U.S.C. [1952 ed.] Sup. IV, Title 26, § 2205). "Reimbursement out of estate. If the tax or any part thereof is paid by, or *18 collected out of that part of the estate passing to or in the possession of, any person other than the executor in his capacity as such, such person shall be entitled to reimbursement out of any part of the estate still undistributed or by a just and equitable contribution by the persons whose interest in the estate of the decedent would have been reduced if the tax had been paid before the distribution of the estate or whose interest is subject to equal or prior liability for the payment of taxes, debts, or other charges against the estate, it being the purpose and intent of this subchapter that so far as is practicable and unless otherwise directed by the will of the decedent the tax shall be paid out of the estate before its distribution."
The court held in Riggs v. Del Drago, supra, (page 101) that § 826 (b) "does not command that the tax is a nontransferable charge on the residuary estate" and said (pages 100-101), "But that section does not direct how the estate is to be distributed, nor does it determine who shall bear the ultimate burden of the tax.... By that section Congress intended to protect a distributee against bearing a greater burden of the tax than he would have sustained had the tax been carved out of the estate prior to the distribution.... In short, § 826 (b), especially when cast in the background of Congressional intent, discussed before, simply provides that, if the tax must be collected after distribution, the final impact of the tax shall be the same as though it had first *19 been taken out of the estate before distribution, thus leaving to state law the determination of where that final impact shall be."
We are unable to find a basis in reason or in our decisions for recognizing a right in the executor, apart from statute, to enforce against the trustee an intent of the donor of the trust, expressed by will alone, that the tax be paid by the trustee. No obligation having been created by statute to contribute to the tax, what the trustee is to do with the property is determined by the trust instrument and any instruments which lawfully amend its terms. The will, unless it conforms to the requirements of the trust instrument for amendment, is as inoperative upon the trust as is every other nonconforming expression of the donor's wishes however informal. We cannot accept the view expressed in Goodson v. United States, 151 Fed. Sup. 416, 420 (D.C. Minn., appeal pending), that the donor "has enough interest in or connection with the property to provide a basis for his right to determine by a testamentary provision what property shall bear the estate tax burden attributable to his inter vivos gifts." See also 43 Ill. L. Rev. 153, 168; 54 Harv. L. Rev. 10, 45. The accurate statement is, we think, that the donor has retained only enough interest to make such a determination if it is done by an act which operates to amend the trust in the way provided therein. We deem it irrelevant that the sovereign having jurisdiction may take the tax due it from the trust property if there is no other property available to pay it. In such a case applicable law imposes the tax.
It may be thought anomalous that, although the State of domicil and of the trust each has an apportionment statute, no apportionment is had. We have already determined that to overcome this anomaly by applying the foreign statute *20 would give it "extraterritorial effect contrary to first principles." Isaacson v. Boston Safe Deposit & Trust Co. 325 Mass. 469, 473. Compare New York decisions cited in footnote, ibid., page 473. The anomaly results from what the donor of the trust did, or failed to do, in the particular frame of reference, as to statutes, domicil, and situs of trust, in which she acted. There is no general jurisdiction in equity to overcome anomalies. Bemis v. Converse, 246 Mass. 131, 134. We may not act in the place of the donor, and should not, in the guise of doing justice, modify legislative enactments. To assert that apportionment should be decreed in "equity and good conscience" (Carpenter v. Carpenter, 364 Mo. 782, 796-797) we respectfully suggest begs the question.
In Isaacson v. Boston Safe Deposit & Trust Co. 325 Mass. 469, there was no testamentary direction, but we think the statement there made (page 474) is applicable. "It must be regarded as settled in this Commonwealth that without the aid of statute the executor is not entitled to apportionment of the Federal estate tax as against others whose interests have been gathered into the gross estate." There is nothing in Martin v. New England Deaconess Hospital, 328 Mass. 259, inconsistent with this. There a testamentary provision that "legacy and succession taxes" imposed "upon any devise or legacy in this will, or upon the estate itself" should be paid out of the residue "of my estate" was construed to direct that the residue bear the tax on inter vivos gifts included in the gross estate. This was a recognition of a new gift benefiting the donees of inter vivos gifts, not a change in a gift already made. Our cases cited by the plaintiff are not in conflict. In Bemis v. Converse, 246 Mass. 131, in the absence of a definite declaration in either the inter vivos trust or the will, it was presumed that the intention of the testator was to let the ultimate burden of taxation *21 mon.... Absence of such provision from the trust deed here in issue is significant." And see Pratt v. Dean, 246 Mass. 300, where there was no relevant provision in the will and the court said (page 305), "Neither of the declarations of trust makes any provision for the payment of succession or estate taxes. Therefore the entire burden of this tax must rest upon the residuary estate in the hands of the executors ..." citing Bemis v. Converse, supra, and other cases. Plunkett v. Old Colony Trust Co. 233 Mass. 471, Taylor v. Jones, 242 Mass. 210, and Beals v. Magenis, 307 Mass. 547, deal with the power to direct apportionment between legacies, bequests, and residue. Dexter v. Jackson, 245 Mass. 333, concerns a general power of appointment exercisable by will.
There are suggestions elsewhere, mostly in dicta, that testamentary intent should control. We do not find the suggested reasons persuasive.[1a]
The plaintiff supports his assertion that the New York decree is conclusive (because a declaration by a competent court of the domiciliary State of the meaning of words used in the will) with citation of cases holding that decrees admitting wills to probate or ordering distributions are in rem proceedings. Crippen v. Dexter, 13 Gray, 330. Bonnemort v. Gill, 167 Mass. 338. Cleaveland v. Draper, 194 Mass. 118. We need not determine whether, since the decree is not binding on the trustee so far as it purports to settle its rights and obligations (Harvey v. Fiduciary Trust Co. 299 Mass. 457, 464, Sadler v. Industrial Trust Co. 327 Mass. 10, 12-13, Feeney v. Feeney, 335 Mass. 534, 539, Pink v. A.A.A. Highway Express, Inc. 314 U.S. 201, rehearing denied 314 U.S. 716; see Bircks v. Armstrong, 73 R.I. 232), the underlying interpretation of language is nevertheless binding. And, in the view we take of the case, it is not important, *22 whether, if the New York construction is not binding, it is nevertheless the construction we would make, reading the will apart from the trust.[1b]
[1a] See in addition to the cases cited above Commercial Trust Co. v. Millard, 122 N.J. Eq. 290; Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co. v. Peabody, 190 Misc. (N.Y.) 66; and for dicta the following: Central Trust Co. v. Burrow, 144 Kans. 79; Knowles v. National Bank, 345 Mich. 671; Gelin v. Gelin, 229 Minn. 516; First National Bank v. First Trust Co. 242 Minn. 226; In matter of Voronoff, 127 Misc. (N.Y.) 440.
[1b] The defendant points out that the language of the will is a direction to pay from the residue the taxes in respect of bequests and devises therein; it says, expressly, that the direction given is not as a direction to pay from the residue taxes in respect of inter vivos transfers; but it does not expressly state the testatrix's intent in the event that, in the absence of direction by her, the law places such taxes on the residue.