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Peer Review on Energy Efficiency in Chile
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Peer Review on Energy Efficiency in Chile Final Report 14 April 2009 Endorsed by the APEC Energy Working Group
Peer Review on Energy Efficiency in Chile i CONTENTS PREFACE . . iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . . iv RECOMMENDATIONS . . vi PART 1: BACKGROUND INFORMATION 1. STATISTICS, FORECASTS AND TRENDS IN ENERGY EFFICIENCY . 1 1.1 Energy Demand by Final Consumption Sector . 1 1.2 Overall Energy Consumption . 5 1.3 Energy Efficiency Potentials . 9 2. ENERGY EFFICIENCY INSTITUTIONS, POLICY AND OBJECTIVES . 10 2.1 Energy Efficiency at the Institutional Level . 11 2.2 Current Institutional Structure in Energy Efficiency .
13 2.3 Energy Efficiency Action Plan for 2010-2020 and the . 16 Energy Conservation Curve PART 2: REVIEW TEAM REPORT 1. INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT . 18 1.1 Critique . 18 1.2 Recommendations . 20 2. ENERGY EFFICIENCY GOALS, TARGETS AND STRATEGY . 20 2.1 Critique . 20 2.2 Recommendations . 21 3. ENERGY DATA COLLECTION AND MONITORING . 22 3.1 Critique . 22 3.2 Recommendations . 23 4. POLICY MEASURES – SECTORAL ANALYSIS . 23 4.1 Commercial, Public and Residential Sector . 23 4.2 Industrial and Mining Sectors . 24 4.3 Transport Sector . 25 4.4 Electricity Sector . 27 5. APPLIANCES AND EQUIPMENT . 29 5.1 Critique .
29 5.2 Recommendations . 30 6. RETROFIT PROJECTS AND PROJECT FINANCING . 30 6.1 Critique . 30 6.2 Recommendations . 31 7. EDUCATION, CAPACITY BUILDING AND R&D . 32 7.1 Critique . 32 7.2 Recommendations . 32
Peer Review on Energy Efficiency in Chile ii 8. STRENGTHS, WEAKNESSES AND OPPORTUNITIES . 32 8.1 Strengths . 32 8.2 Weaknesses . 33 8.3 Opportunities . 34 9. CONCLUSION . 35 APPENDIX A: MEMBERS OF THE REVIEW TEAM . 36 APPENDIX B: ORGANISATIONS AND OFFICIALS CONSULTED . 37 APPENDIX C: ACTION LINES PER AREA . 39 APPENDIX D: REFERENCES . 48 LIST OF CHARTS Chart 1 Final Consumption of Energy, 2007 . 1 Chart 2 Evolution of Energy Intensity in the Transport Sector . 2 Chart 3 Evolution of Energy Intensity in the Residential Sector . 3 Chart 4 Evolution of Energy Intensity in the Industrial Sector .
4 Chart 5 Evolution of Energy Intensity in the Mining Sector . 4 Chart 6 Evolution of Final Consumption by Economic Sector . 5 Chart 7 Evolution of Primary Energy Consumption in Relation to GDP . 5 Chart 8 Total Energy Consumption Per Capita by World Region, 2006 . 6 Chart 9 National Primary Energy Consumption, 2007 . 7 Chart 10 Production and Primary Imports of Energy, 1990-2007 . 7 Chart 11 End Consumption of Energy, 1990-2007 . 8 Chart 12 Forecasts of Final Consumption by Fuel Type . 8 Chart 13 Forecast of Energy Demand by Final Consumption . 9 Chart 14 Energy Demand Forecast Considering the Impact of Energy Efficiency .
9 Measures Chart 15 Sector Contribution to Energy Demand Reduction in 2021 . 10 Chart 16 Current Institutional Structure for Energy Efficiency . 11 Chart 17 Proposed Future Institutional Structure for Energy Efficiency . 12 Chart 18 Structure of the National Energy Efficiency Program (PPEE . 15 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Energy Consumption by Type of Transport, 2007 . 1 Table 2 Energy Consumption in the Commercial, Public and Residential Sector, 2007.... 2 Table 3 Energy Consumption in the Industrial and Mining Sectors, 2007 . 3
Peer Review on Energy Efficiency in Chile iii PREFACE The objectives of the APEC peer review on energy efficiency (PREE), endorsed by APEC leaders at their 2007 meeting, are to:  share information on energy efficiency performances as well as on policies and measures for improving energy efficiency;  provide opportunities for learning from other APEC member economies’ experiences and for broadening the network among energy efficiency policy experts;  explore how energy efficiency goals on an overall and/or sectoral basis and action plans could be effectively formulated in each APEC economy under review, taking into account the diversity of possible strategies that could be used, according to the circumstances of individual member economies;  monitor progress toward attaining energy efficiency goals on an overall and/or sectoral basis and implementing action plans, if such goals and action plans have been already formulated at the time of the review;  provide recommendations for voluntary implementation on how implementation of action plans could be improved with a view to achieving energy efficiency goals.
Two activities are being undertaken as part of the peer review on energy efficiency, namely:  individual peer reviews of volunteer member economies; and  compilation of a compendium of energy efficiency policies of the APEC member economies based on either the APEC voluntary peer reviews or on the energy efficiency aspects of the International Energy Agency in-depth energy policy reviews. This report presents the results of a peer review on energy efficiency in Chile. Chile volunteered to undergo a peer review and this was the second review of an APEC economy undertaken under the PREE.
The primary accountability for each individual peer review is shared by the APEC economy being reviewed and the review team. The peer review in Chile was undertaken by a review team of eight experts (see Appendix A, page 36) who visited Chile from 16 to 20 March 2009. The review team considered written material provided in advance of the visit. During the visit, the team attended comprehensive presentations on energy efficiency in Chile given by representatives from various government and private sector organisations (see Appendix B, page 37). The team also had the opportunity to discuss this information with the presenters.
The review team wishes to thank all the people who made presentations and the representatives of the Government of Chile who organised the visit.
Peer Review on Energy Efficiency in Chile iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The review team was impressed with the broadly-based support for energy efficiency that currently exists in Chile. This support extends from the Minister for Energy who has a strong personal interest in promoting energy efficiency, to the general public who responded positively to an energy efficiency information and education campaign during an energy supply shortage in 2008. Currently, Chile has a range of government institutions working to achieve increased energy efficiency. The body directly responsible for developing and implementing energy efficiency policy and programs is the National Energy Efficiency Program (Programa País de Eficiencia Energética, or PPEE), a program of the National Energy Commission (Comisión Nacional de Energía, or CNE).
In addition, significant policy and program development related to energy efficiency takes place within other government agencies responsible for transport, housing, economic development and technology transfer. These institutions, as well as local government and other bodies, need to work cooperatively to achieve a common energy efficiency vision and objectives.
The Government of Chile has recognised some inadequacies in the institutions currently responsible for energy efficiency. The Government proposes to establish a new institutional structure involving the creation of a Ministry of Energy, an entity that will centralise the functions of developing, proposing and evaluating public policies in this area, including the definition of objectives, regulatory frameworks and strategies to be applied, as well as the development of public policy instruments. In addition, the Government intends to create a Chilean Energy Efficiency Agency (Agencia Chilena de Eficiencia Energética, or ACHEE).
This agency is currently designed as a corporation in which the state and the private sector will participate, so that decisions will be shared among the persons or companies that use energy and the authorities in charge of promoting efficient use of energy.
The review team welcomed the proposed new arrangements as a very positive step that will see ACHEE and a proposed new Energy Efficiency Action Plan become the focus of much greater attention on energy efficiency in Chile. However, the team cautioned that direct involvement of the private sector in ACHEE via a public/private governance structure creates a high risk that program design and implementation could be biased or even undermined by the commercial vested interests of private sector organisations represented on the governance board. Consequently, the review team recommended that the Minister of Energy should establish ACHEE with the responsibility for governance of the agency located entirely within the public sector.
The review team also felt that it is important that the ongoing development of energy efficiency policy and regulations by the Ministry of Energy be informed and shaped by the ‘real world’ experiences and contacts with stakeholders made during the course of ACHEE’s development and implementation of energy efficiency programs. That way program implementation experience keeps broader energy policy (and related national policies) closely linked to developments in the marketplace. This feedback also allows policy and program design to be modified on an ongoing basis to maximize the rate of energy efficiency improvement.
Therefore, the review team recommended that ACHEE should have a mandate to provide advice to the Ministry of Energy on the development of energy efficiency policy and regulations.
Peer Review on Energy Efficiency in Chile v The review team also made a number of other recommendations covering:  energy efficiency goals, targets and strategy;  energy data collection and monitoring;  energy efficiency in the commercial, public and residential sector;  energy efficiency in the industrial and mining sectors;  energy efficiency in the transport sector;  energy efficiency in the electricity sector;  energy efficient appliances and equipment;  energy efficiency retrofit projects and project financing; and  energy efficiency education, capacity building and R&D. A national election will be held in Chile in December 2009.
Because the Chilean Constitution prohibits the President from serving consecutive terms in office, a new President will be elected and is likely to replace most, if not all, the current Government Ministers. Given the broad-based support for energy efficiency in Chile, there is a unique opportunity to develop a long-term energy efficiency action plan with broad political support. This will be necessary if the current high momentum in developing and implementing energy efficiency programs is to be continued following the change of government in Chile.
Peer Review on Energy Efficiency in Chile vi RECOMMENDATIONS Institutional Context Recommendation 1 (page 20). The Minister of Energy should establish the new Energy Efficiency Agency (ACHEE) with the responsibility for governance of the agency located entirely within the public sector. A permanent advisory committee should be established with wide representation from the private sector and civil society to provide the agency with expert advice on energy efficiency program development and implementation. Recommendation 2 (page 20). The Minister of Energy should ensure that the Energy Efficiency Agency (ACHEE) has a strong legislative mandate to encourage energy efficiency improvement in the Chilean economy.
The agency should have as its main function the development, implementation and evaluation of programs that enable end- users in all sectors to increase the efficiency with which they use energy. In addition, the agency should have a mandate to collect relevant energy end-use data and to provide advice to the Ministry of Energy on the development of energy efficiency policy and regulations. Energy Efficiency Goals, Targets and Strategy Recommendation 3 (page 21). The Minister of Energy should ensure that an over-arching national energy strategy is developed for Chile, to provide a framework for energy efficiency policy.
The strategy should include quantitative energy efficiency goals. Recommendation 4 (page 21). In developing the Energy Efficiency Action Plan, the National Energy Commission (CNE) should ensure that the Plan:  supports broader economic, energy and environmental policies;  does not distract the National Energy Efficiency Program (PPEE) from continuing to implement its existing energy efficiency programs;  is consistent with international best practice, ie the strategy should address a range of issues including setting clear quantitative energy efficiency targets, allocating responsibility for program implementation, and establishing a robust program evaluation process;  achieves appropriate levels of stakeholder engagement in both program development and implementation;  provides direction for the development of energy efficiency programs in areas where there is currently limited activity;  builds long term, broad-based political support for energy efficiency to ensure it remains relevant during the forthcoming change of government.
Peer Review on Energy Efficiency in Chile vii Energy Data Collection and Monitoring Recommendation 5 (page 23). Given that robust energy end-use statistics are a prerequisite for high-quality energy efficiency policy and program design and monitoring, the Minister of Energy should establish, within an appropriate agency, an energy efficiency data and monitoring team with relevant skills. The functions of this team should include:  establishing data collection systems that address urgent data gaps - particularly for collecting data on residential firewood collection, energy use in residential and commercial buildings and transport energy use;  conducting regular energy efficiency benchmarking studies for key sectors that gather information on energy end use and factors affecting end use;  providing relevant information to policymakers on past and current trends in energy efficiency and the potential for future energy efficiency improvements.
Commercial, Public and Residential Sector Recommendation 6 (page 24). The Ministry of Public Works (MOP) and Ministry of Housing (MINVU) should:  immediately embark on the development of mandatory energy efficiency standards for commercial and public buildings; and  advance the review process for existing energy efficiency standards in residential buildings to a 5-year cycle, as practised in many economies. Industrial and Mining Sectors Recommendation 7 (page 25). The Minister of Energy should require each large industrial and commercial enterprise with energy demand above a set level (e.g., 1,000 kW) to appoint an accredited energy manager and establish an energy management system.
Recommendation 8 (page 25). The Energy Efficiency Agency (ACHEE) should establish a technical service centre to assist small and medium size enterprises to implement energy efficiency measures in their facilities.
Transport Sector Recommendation 9 (page 27). The National Energy Commission (CNE) should include in the Energy Efficiency Action Plan a comprehensive, integrated approach to improving transport energy efficiency that:  systematically prioritises and targets resources on opportunities to improve transport energy efficiency and related sustainable energy outcomes; and  provides for strong government interagency coordination (around policy development, program design, implementation and resourcing) that recognises their shared interests in maximising benefits from improved energy efficiency.
Peer Review on Energy Efficiency in Chile viii Recommendation 10 (page 27).
Responsible government agencies should give priority to implementing transport energy efficiency (and related) measures that are currently acceptable and cost effective to the individual and organisation - while progressively working to create a physical infrastructure and pricing regime that supports transport energy efficiency over the longer term. Recommendation 11 (page 27). Government transport and energy agencies should implement MEPS for light-duty vehicles.
Electricity Sector Recommendation 12 (page 29). The National Energy Commission (CNE) should establish a regulatory regime that decouples the revenue of electricity distribution companies from their sales revenue, thereby removing disincentives for the companies to promote energy efficiency by their end-use customers. Recommendation 13 (page 29). The National Energy Commission (CNE) should investigate the feasibility of:  placing obligations on electricity distribution companies to achieve quantitative energy efficiency targets through programs directed at their end-use customers;  placing a levy on the revenue of electricity distribution companies to be used to fund energy efficiency programs.
Recommendation 14 (page 29). The National Energy Commission (CNE) should investigate the feasibility of requiring electricity distribution companies to undertake integrated resource planning so that demand-side options are considered on the same basis as supply-side options in meeting consumers’ energy needs. Appliances and Equipment Recommendation 15 (page 30). The National Energy Commission (CNE) should aggressively pursue the implementation of minimum energy performance standards (MEPS) covering electric, gas and wood-burning appliances and equipment. Coverage should span the range of residential and commercial/industrial products and should also include light-duty (and possibly other) vehicles.
Prioritisation of products to be covered by MEPS should be based on total energy savings potential as well as cost-effectiveness. Recommendation 16 (page 30). The National Energy Commission (CNE) should continue its appliance energy labelling program, maintaining or accelerating its current schedule. Beyond the 2009-2010 roster of products, consideration should be given to including commercial and industrial products in the labelling program. Close attention should be paid to the issue of “grade inflation,” where the range of available models clusters disproportionately in the highest categories.
Peer Review on Energy Efficiency in Chile ix Retrofit Projects and Project Financing Recommendation 17 (page 31). The National Energy Commission (CNE) and the Chilean Agency for Development (CORFO) should continue their efforts to address bank financing as the weak link in energy efficiency retrofit programs. The nascent loan guarantee initiative appears promising, but other initiatives to address the financing barrier, such as accelerated depreciation for project measures and further education of the financing sector, should also be explored.
Recommendation 18 (page 31). The National Energy Commission (CNE) should assist program managers in energy efficiency retrofit programs to learn from their international predecessors and avoid the common failures in retrofit programs:  low implementation rates of audits, which can be addressed with means such as pre- screening for commitment, higher recipient co-funding, and active follow-up;  “cream skimming” (i.e., implementing only the fast-payback measure(s) identified in an audit), which can be addressed by requiring comprehensive multi-measure projects (bundling) and minimum payback thresholds.
Education, Capacity Building and R&D Recommendation 19 (page 32). The Minister of Energy should establish clear priorities to substantially expand the resources (including human capacity) devoted to energy efficiency research and development. Recommendation 20 (page 32). The Minister of Energy should ensure that sufficient and stable funding for energy efficiency research and development is available. A defined evaluation procedure should be established for R&D projects that have been funded. Recommendation 21 (page 32). The Minister of Energy should establish a clear plan (securing sufficient and stable funding) to improve the quantity, quality and capacity of specialists at all levels carrying out the design and implementation of energy efficiency projects.
PART 1: BACKGROUND INFORMATION This part of the report was contributed by Chile and includes basic information on energy consumption and the main institutions associated with energy efficiency in the economy. The main purpose of this part is to provide the reader with the context within which the review team based its recommendations. The first section in this part shows energy consumption by sector. The second section includes a description of the energy efficiency institutions, their current policies and objectives and a glance at new institutions that are being proposed to be established in Chile.
Peer Review on Energy Efficiency in Chile 1 1. STATISTICS, FORECASTS AND TRENDS IN ENERGY EFFICIENCY 1.1 Energy Demand by Final Consumption Sector Final consumption of energy in Chile is determined by four major sectors1 : transportation, industry, mining and commercial,-public-and residential. Consumption distribution for 2007 is displayed in Chart 1. Chart 1: Final Consumption of Energy, 2007 Source: CNE (2007) 1.1.1 Transportation Sector The transportation sector demands the most energy, with 35% of final consumption, 99% of which comes from petroleum derivatives (more than 70% is diesel and gasoline).
There is also minor electricity consumption from urban trains (Metro) and interurban trains and minor natural gas consumption from a small number of lightweight vehicles. The breakdown by sub-sector is the following: Table 1. Energy Consumption by Type of Transport, 2007 Type of transport Consumption (Tcal) % Road 59,199 69.6 Maritime 19,26 21.1 Air 8,204 9.0 Railroad 255 0.3 TOTAL 86,923 100.0 Source: CNE (2007) 1 A fifth sector that may be considered within final consumption of energy is the energy sector itself, which corresponds to that sector's own consumption in its energy transformation plants and, therefore, also corresponds to final consumption of energy.
Peer Review on Energy Efficiency in Chile 2 In terms of energy intensity in transport activity, this declined by 10% from 1999 to 2003 and has remained relatively stable since that year (Chart 2). Chart 2. Evolution of Energy Intensity in the Transport Sector 500,0 550,0 600,0 650,0 700,0 750,0 800,0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 TOE/MMUS$ [1996] Source: Prepared by the CNE based on data from the Central Bank (transport GDP) and the CNE (transport sector consumption) 1.1.2 Commercial, Public and Residential Sector The commercial,-public-and residential sector represents 25% of final consumption of energy.
The largest energy source in this sector is firewood, used mostly for cooking and heating, which corresponds to 47% of total energy consumption and creates environmental problems and issues related to sustainable resource management. Electricity and petroleum derivatives are almost equally important in terms of final demand (23% and 20%, respectively). Natural gas has increased in importance, now representing 9% of final consumption in this sector.
The following table shows the breakdown of energy consumption in each of these sectors. Table 2. Energy Consumption in the Commercial, Public and Residential Sector, 2007 Sector Consumption (Tcal) % Commercial 8,757 14.1 Public 1,925 3.1 Residential 51,585 82.8 TOTAL 62,267 100.0 Source: CNE (2007) With regard to the energy intensity of Chilean homes, this value showed a sustained increase from 1990 to 2001, when it began to trend downward (Chart 3).
Peer Review on Energy Efficiency in Chile 3 Chart 3. Evolution of Energy Intensity in the Residential Sector Source: Prepared by the CNE based on data from the National Institute of Statistics (Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas, or INE) on the number of residents and the CNE (energy consumption in the residential sector) 1.1.3 Industrial and Mining Sectors The industrial sector represents 23% of final consumption.
Although this sector requires a variety of resources, 83% of consumption is derived from three sources: petroleum derivatives (33%), electricity (24%) and biomass (26%). The mining sector represents 13% of final consumption. Electricity is the most significant source for this sector at 50% of total consumption. Petroleum derivatives, in turn, constitute 46% of this sector's consumption. The following table shows the breakdown by sector. Table 3. Energy Consumption in the Industrial and Mining Sectors, 2007 Industry Consumption (Tcal) % Copper 25,376 27.7 Nitrate 1,204 1.3 Iron 1,020 1.1 Paper and cellulose 19,615 21.4 Steel 4,377 4.8 Petrochemicals 452 0.5 Cement 2,973 3.2 Sugar 869 0.9 Fishing 1,607 1.8 Other industries 28,508 31.1 Other mining 5,746 6.3 TOTAL 91,748 100.0 Source: CNE (2007) For its part, the industrial sector has varied its energy intensity from 1990 until 2005, but the value is the same for both the beginning and end of that period (Chart 4).
Peer Review on Energy Efficiency in Chile 4 Chart 4. Evolution of Energy Intensity in the Industrial Sector 60,0 65,0 70,0 75,0 80,0 85,0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 TOE/MMUS$ [1996] Source: Prepared by the CNE based on data from the Central Bank (industrial sector GDP) and the CNE (industrial sector energy consumption) In the mining sector, there was a clear trend toward reduction of energy intensity during the 1990s; subsequently, that trend was reversed and since then, a slight increase has been observed (Chart 5).
Chart 5. Evolution of Energy Intensity in the Mining Sector 150,0 160,0 170,0 180,0 190,0 200,0 210,0 220,0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 TOE/MMUS$ [1996] Source: Prepared by the CNE based on data from the Central Bank (mining sector GDP) and the CNE (mining sector energy consumption)
Peer Review on Energy Efficiency in Chile 5 1.2 Overall Energy Consumption The participation of each sector has remained relatively stable over time, as can be seen in Chart 6. Chart 6. Evolution of Final Consumption by Economic Sector2 Source: CNE (2007) Chile has experienced significant growth in energy consumption over the last few decades, which is particularly evident in the electricity sector. Final consumption of energy has grown an average of 2.8% per year over the past 10 years while electricity consumption has increased by an annual average of close to 6%. In effect, energy demand has closely followed GDP growth, as seen in Chart 7.
Chart 7. Evolution of Primary Energy Consumption in Relation to GDP3 Source: CNE (prepared by the CNE based on national account data from the Central Bank) 2 End-consumption in this chart does not include consumption by the energy sector itself, which corresponds to this sector’s own consumption in its transformation plants. Disaggregated figures for consumption by transformation plants and actual energy transformed began to be calculated in 2004. 3 In this chart, primary consumption includes the difference between secondary imports and exports (i.e., it is equivalent to TPES, or total primary energy supply).
Peer Review on Energy Efficiency in Chile 6 In 2007, Chile consumed 31.4 million TOE, while all OECD economies combined consumed 5.591 billion TOE. One could say that, on average, an OECD economy consumes 186.4 million TOE, which is 5.9 times Chile’s consumption. In 2007, Chile had energy intensity4 of 0.166 TOE/ThUSD, while average intensity for OECD economies was 0.175 TOE/ThUSD. Chart 8 shows that Chile’s total primary energy consumption per capita is relatively low in comparison to more developed regions, which predicts that total consumption will increase as an economy’s income levels rise.
The electricity sector follows the same general trend. Chart 8. Total Energy Consumption Per Capita by World Region, 2006 Source: IEA (2008 b).
Hydrocarbons represent more than 70% of total national primary consumption without including secondary net imports5 , and the majority of this total is imported. Chile has three significant national energy sources: firewood/biomass (heating and electricity), which represents around 50% of all energy produced in Chile with local resources; water (hydroelectric generation), at 24%, and natural gas from the Magallanes region, which makes up 21% of total national production, based on averages for the 2005-2007 period. National primary consumption between 1990 and 2006 grew at an annual average rate of 4.6%.
During this period (1990-2006), annual average growth of production, imports and exports were 4.8%, 13% and 12%, respectively. Beginning in 1994, a break in this trend is observed.
The growing proportion of consumption made up of imports increased the economy’s level of external dependence (Charts 9 and 10). The predominance of imported energy sources exposes the economy to not only supply risks but also to risks related to increases in and volatility of international prices. 4 toe/GDP measured in toe/thousands of US dollars from 2000 with purchasing power parity. 5 That is, including consumption of natural resources: crude oil, natural gas, coal, hydroelectricity and biomass.
Peer Review on Energy Efficiency in Chile 7 Chart 9.
National Primary Energy Consumption, 20076,7 Source: CNE (2007) Chart 10. Production and Primary Imports of Energy, 1990-2007 Source: CNE (2007) This dependence on external sources is exacerbated when there is only one supplier, as is the case with Chile’s natural gas, which comes solely from Argentina. Crude oil imports for 2007 (11.8 million m3 ) came from South America, Angola and Turkey (65%, 15% and 14%, respectively), while coal imports (5.8 million tons) came from four major sources: Colombia, Indonesia, Australia and Canada (34%, 26%, 22% and 11%, respectively). Once gas began to arrive from Argentina, natural gas consumption within the primary energy consumption matrix increased from 9% to 29% between 1997 and 2004, replacing primary consumption of coal, biomass and crude oil.
However, beginning in 2005, the situation began to reverse in favor of coal consumption, gradually returning to the pre-1998 consumption pattern, as a result of restrictions on exports of gas from Argentina. 6 End-consumption of energy in 2007 was 4.4% greater than in 2006; however, gross primary consumption decreased with respect to 2006. This is due to the fact that petroleum derivatives were imported directly in 2007 (close to 72,000 Tcal), which are not reflected at the primary level. CNE (2007) 7 Imports greater than 100% indicate that imports exceeded consumption, which translates into increased inventory of energy sources.
Peer Review on Energy Efficiency in Chile 8 Final consumption of energy grew at an annual average of 4.7% between 1990 and 2007. Petroleum derivatives, biomass and electricity represented on average (during the 2000- 2007 period) close to 90% of final consumption (Chart 11). Chart 11. End Consumption of Energy, 1990-2007 Source: CNE (2007) Forecasts for final consumption of energy predict upward trends, with an average annual increase of 5.4% until 2030. During this period, the most important energy sources will be diesel, fuel oil, electricity and wood, together representing between 69% (for 2007) and 78% (for 2030) of the total.
As shown in Chart 12, relative consumption of diesel and fuel oil increases as electricity and biomass decrease.
Chart 12. Forecasts of Final Consumption by Fuel Type Source: Environmental Management and Economics Program - University of Chile, PROGEA-UCH (2008 b). Chart 13 shows the forecasts for energy demand by end-use, and what stands out is strong growth in the transport sector.
Peer Review on Energy Efficiency in Chile 9 Chart 13: Forecast of Energy Demand by Final Consumption 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000 700000 800000 900000 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 Tcal Other sectors CPR Transport Other Industry and Mines Pulp and paper Cement Copper Source: PROGEA-UCH (2008 b) 1.3 Energy Efficiency Potentials A recent study by the Energy Studies and Research Program (Programa de Estudios e Investigaciones en Energía, or PRIEN) at the Universidad de Chile10 , estimated the potential for energy efficiency in the largest consumption sectors in the economy.
As Chart 14 shows, without energy efficiency measures, demand could double in the period from 2007 to 2021.
Chart 14: Energy Demand Forecast Considering the Impact of Energy Efficiency Measures Source: PRIEN (2008) However, if energy efficiency measures are incorporated, this demand could be reduced by approximately 20% by the end of the indicated period. Chart 15 shows the participation of each sector in demand reduction in 2021.
Peer Review on Energy Efficiency in Chile 10 Chart 15: Sector Contribution to Energy Demand Reduction in 2021 Source: PRIEN (2008) For Chile’s electricity requirements alone, projections indicate that without energy efficiency, by 2020 the economy will need an additional 14,500 MW of installed capacity.
Reducing incremental consumption by 20% in the 2008-2020 period will reduce the additional installed capacity needed by 1,600 MW (or slightly more than 11% of the total). 2. ENERGY EFFICIENCY INSTITUTIONS, POLICY AND OBJECTIVES Historically, the Chilean government's efforts to promote energy efficiency have not been a priority, nor have they been included in state policies. While there were some sporadic attempts to promote energy efficiency (e.g., the Conservation and Rational Energy Use Program, known as CUREN), these only lasted a short time and did not have a major impact. The predominant perspective was that given the advantages of energy efficiency, the market would undertake, on its own, the actions and investments necessary to incorporate energy efficiency into the various sectors of demand.
Practical experience has shown, just as in the rest of the world, that this is not the case. Because of this, the principal actions have come from academic centers (e.g., PRIEN at the Universidad de Chile, international organisms (e.g., GTZ and ECLAC), some energy-intensive companies (e.g., CODELCO) and other institutions.
However, the scenario changed in 2005, when the government began to take on a leadership role in promoting and developing energy efficiency. This was reflected in the inclusion of energy efficiency as one of the central elements of the government's energy policy, and as will be shown later in this document, in the creation and strong backing for the National Energy Efficiency Program (PPEE).
Peer Review on Energy Efficiency in Chile 11 2.1 Energy Efficiency at the Institutional Level In general terms, and consistent with the international reality, the systematic and structured pursuit of energy efficiency in Chile has its origins in the economy's real needs, which are characterized by the lack of electric supply and a heavy dependence on oil and gas.
External motivations, such as the need to reduce greenhouse gases and international accords, have been less relevant, but this could change in the near future as Chile seeks to become a member of the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).
2.1.1 Existing Institutional Structure The Ministries and public services which are responsible for the direction, economic regulation and oversight of the energy sector are structured as shown in Chart 16. Chart 16: Current Institutional Structure for Energy Efficiency President Ministry Of Mining Ministry of Economy CChEN SEC ENAP CNE PPEE President Ministry Of Mining Ministry of Economy CChEN SEC ENAP CNE PPEE National Energy Commission (CNE): This is a decentralized public service whose function is to “create and coordinate plans, policies and regulations that are necessary for efficient operation and development of the economy’s energy sector, as well as making sure that all of the matters related to energy are complied with and to advise the government on all energy-related matters”.
It is led by an Executive Committee, composed of a representative of the President of the Republic (President of the National Energy Commission) and the Ministers of Mining; Economy, Development and Reconstruction; Treasury; National Defense; the Secretary General of the Presidency; and Planning. The President of the Commission holds the rank of a Minister of State. Within the National Energy Commission structure, and subordinate to the Minister-President, is the National Energy Efficiency Program (PPEE), whose structure and functions will be detailed later in this document.
Peer Review on Energy Efficiency in Chile 12 Ministry of Mining: This Ministry is authorized to define policies, plans and standards on matters related to hydrocarbons and nuclear and geothermal energy. Ministry of Economy, Development and Reconstruction: In electricity matters, this Ministry dictates decrees on service prices, grants concessions, and determines energy transport and rationing systems, among others. Superintendence of Electricity and Fuels (SEC): Thus agency is a decentralized public service whose function is to supervise and oversee compliance with legal, regulatory and technical standards on liquid fuels, gas and electricity.
It is overseen by the Ministry of Economy, Development and Reconstruction.
Chilean Nuclear Energy Commission (CChEN). This is a decentralized public service whose legal function is development of nuclear science and technology in Chile. It is in charge of production, acquisition, transfer, transport and peaceful use of atomic energy. It is overseen by the Ministry of Mining. 2.1.2 A New Institutional Framework The Chilean institutional framework in energy matters is undergoing a process of reform which is oriented largely toward the creation of the Ministry of Energy, an entity that will centralize the functions of developing, proposing and evaluating public policies in this area, including the definition of objectives, regulatory frameworks and strategies to be applied, as well as the development of public policy instruments.
At the same time, this entity, which is responsible for developing directives and policies, will delegate the functions related to implementation of policies and instruments to other organisations which are not directly subordinate to the Ministry of Energy but are closely linked to it (Chart 17). These executing organisations will be responsible for implementing national programs and specific work plans, technical regulation, enforcement and other functions related to implementation.
Chart 17: Proposed Future Institutional Structure for Energy Efficiency President Ministry of Transport Ministry of Housing Ministry of Energy AChEE SEC CChEN CNE Ministry of Mining Ministry of Economy
Peer Review on Energy Efficiency in Chile 13 The legislative proposal which will create the Ministry of Energy contemplates authority for the Ministry to participate in the creation of a private law corporation whose fundamental purpose is promotion, information, development and coordination of research initiatives, and the transfer and distribution of economic, technological and experiential knowledge in the energy arena.
This entity has been conceived principally for the creation of what will be the Chilean Energy Efficiency Agency (Agencia Chilena de Eficiencia Energética, or ACHEE). This agency is designed as a corporation in which the state and the private sector will participate, so that decisions will be shared among the persons or companies that use energy and the authorities in charge of promoting efficient use of energy. This type of public-private participation model is used in various economies around the world (such as the United Kingdom and Germany) where the experience has been successful. It is based on the existence of a common interest of the state and private parties in energy efficiency.
The public-private nature of this future agency is consistent with what is proposed in the government modernization agenda. Its structure is proposed to include a board of directors with various important stakeholders in the area of energy efficiency, thus contributing to efficiency and transparency both for energy users and for the general public. Its functions will be centered on activities with a comparative advantage, such as technical assistance and the execution of programs which require logistical expertise and flexibility of action. International experience also demonstrates that in order for this kind of institution to successfully meet its objectives, a permanent source of financing is required that does not depend on political or economic changes.
The forms of financing for these initiatives range from a surcharge on electricity bills for the industrial sector (as in the United Kingdom) to requiring that companies self-finance them, by providing consulting services to other companies.
The need for a new institutional framework for energy efficiency derives mainly from the fact that there has been strong support from the political authorities for energy efficiency in recent years. The budget allocated to PPEE has grown from USD1 million to more than USD30 million in just four years, which demonstrates the strong support for making energy efficiency one of the pillars of the economy’s energy policy. 2.2 The National Energy Efficiency Program (PPEE) On January 24, 2005, the Chilean government organized and brought together a group of public and private stakeholders and put the Ministry of Economy, Development and Reconstruction in charge of starting up and implementing the National Energy Efficiency Program (Programa País de Eficiencia Energética, or PPEE).
Currently, PPEE is the main mechanism whereby the Government of Chile’s energy efficiency policy and programs are developed and implemented. To develop PPEE, a committee was created that included representatives from the most relevant state institutions, the private sector, local governments and civil society. For its operation, a series of performance agreements with various public services were signed.
In December of that year, the PPEE Commission was created by a supreme decree signed by the ministers of Economy and Energy; the Secretariat General of the Presidency; Public Works; Transport and Telecommunications; Education; Housing and Urbanism; and Mining.
Peer Review on Energy Efficiency in Chile 14 2.2.1 Mission of the PPEE To consolidate energy efficiency as a source of energy that contributes to Chile’s sustainable energy development. 2.2.2 Strategic Objectives  Establish the institutional foundations and regulatory framework for energy efficiency.
 Develop incentives and support tools for energy efficiency.  Develop useful and accessible information for making public and private decisions, as well as collective and individual ones.  Position and introduce energy efficiency in all levels of training, both formal and informal.
 Take advantage of international experiences and instruments to accelerate the development of energy efficiency and measure the reduction in generated emissions.  Strengthen institutional management through process quality. 2.2.3 Function of the PPEE Commission To operate, the PPEE functions with an Executive Secretary, an Assessment Council and an Operating Committee.8 The Assessment Council includes ministerial representatives and high-level representatives from the private sector, and meets two times each year. It provides continuous counsel to those state ministries which are most important for energy efficiency issues, regarding orientation of their policies related to energy efficiency matters.
The Operating Committee has a functional role and is comprised of representatives from various public sector, civil society and private sector institutions. This committee provides guidance to the PPEE in terms of its own formulation and functioning, and meets periodically.
Specifically, the Committee is in charge of the following:  Tracking energy efficiency projects being designed or executed in the economy.  Proposing specific actions for developing energy efficiency in the economy.  Promoting the development of national and international relations which are beneficial for the development of energy efficiency in the economy.  Promotion and channeling the creative participation of public and private stakeholders, citizens, academics and communicators in PPEE activities.
 Generation and implementation of energy efficiency actions in the economy.  Fulfillment of the objectives proposed for the various parts of the program.
8 Supreme Decree, December 14, 2005.
Peer Review on Energy Efficiency in Chile 15 2.2.4 PPEE Structure The current structure of PPEE is shown in Chart 18. Chart 18: Structure of the National Energy Efficiency Program (PPEE) Direction and Support Includes areas that cut across all of the work of the PPEE:  Regional Activities  Institutional Development  Management Planning and Oversight  Communications  Administration and Finance  Legal  International Affairs Public Policy Area Purpose of the Area: Generate, evaluate and update the Action Plan in Energy Efficiency for Chile, which serves as a short-term, medium-term and long-term (2020) guide for maximizing the execution of the economy’s energy efficiency.
Market Development Area Purpose of the Area: Facilitate the development of an energy services market in the industrial, transport, commerce and public sectors.
Technological Development Area Purpose of the Area: Support the development and introduction of technologies that promote energy savings and efficiency in the economy’s different productive and social levels. Direction and Support (17) Market Development (7) Information Management (2) Sectoral Development (1) Education and Training (3) Technology Development (3) Public Policy (5)
Peer Review on Energy Efficiency in Chile 16 Sectoral Development Area Purpose of the Area: Promote energy efficiency in accordance with the characteristics of the diverse productive and service sectors.
Information Management Area Purpose of the Area: To provide users with energy efficiency information that is differentiated, updated and organized. Education and Training Area Purpose of the Area: To educate, train, create awareness and implement energy efficiency competencies in the various energy consumption segments and/or among those who benefit from the projects and incentives promoted by the PPEE.
See Appendix C (page 39) for a description of action lines per area. 2.3 Energy Efficiency Action Plan for 2010-2020 and the Energy Conservation Curve One of the primary tasks of the National Energy Efficiency Program during 2009 will be the development of the Energy Efficiency Action Plan for 2010-2020, which will establish goals, objectives and lines of action for each of the relevant sectors, with their corresponding indicators, financing and evaluation instruments. As an input for this plan, the baselines for the main energy consumption sectors will be determined. To do this, we will deliver a description of the end use of energy in both the industrial/mining and residential sectors, together with an energy conservation curve for these sectors to guide policies.
Other important consumption sectors, such as commercial buildings, will be described in the following years.
Given the complexities involved in developing an energy conservation curve, we started working with the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory with the goal of them providing us with the necessary technical support to develop the methodologies for the construction of the curve, the analysis of public policy instruments derived from the results and to develop the long-term capacity in this area.
PART 2: REVIEW TEAM REPORT This part of the report was written by the review team and presents the team’s conclusions and recommendations about energy efficiency policies and programs in Chile.
Peer Review on Energy Efficiency in Chile 18 1. INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT 1.1 Critique Robust institutional structures are critical to the successful development and implementation of energy efficiency policies and programs. Currently, Chile has a range of government institutions working to achieve increased energy efficiency. The body directly responsible for developing and implementing energy efficiency policy and programs is the National Energy Efficiency Program (Programa País de Eficiencia Energética, or PPEE), a program of the National Energy Commission (Comisión Nacional de Energía, or CNE).
In addition, significant policy and program development related to energy efficiency takes place within other government agencies responsible for transport, housing, economic development and technology transfer. These institutions, as well as local government and other bodies, need to work cooperatively to achieve a common energy efficiency vision and objectives. It is important that the government’s institutional arrangements relating to energy efficiency clearly:  identify objectives;  provide a mandate to act – linked to empowering legislation objectives;  allocate areas of responsibility;  set lines of accountability for performance;  define the governance structure;  facilitate access to expert advice from the market; and  provide adequate funding for energy efficiency activities.
Chile’s proposed future institutional arrangements focus on creating both a new Ministry of Energy as the body with primary energy policy setting responsibilities, and a new energy efficiency implementation agency (ACHEE) responsible for the administration of energy efficiency program delivery. In general terms, this proposed new structure appears consistent with institutional arrangements made in other parts of the world. The new arrangements are a very positive step that will see ACHEE and a proposed new Energy Efficiency Action Plan become the focus of much greater attention on energy efficiency in Chile.
However there are several critical decisions that must be made: Governance Structure of ACHEE. Options under consideration for the governance of ACHEE include the possibility of direct involvement of representatives of the private sector in the governance of the agency. Direct involvement of the private sector via a public/private governance structure creates a high risk that program design and implementation could be biased or even undermined by the commercial vested interests of private sector organisations represented on the governance board. However, it is very important for ACHEE to have direct and ongoing access to advice from private sector businesses, alongside diverse expertise and experience from academics, NGOs, consultants