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Guidelines for Continuous Emission
Note: Efforts have been made to include all available monitoring
technologies/instrumentation in the document. In case any high
end technology/ instrumentation is not covered or is introduced
subsequently the details be forwarded to CPCB, so that the same
can be incorporated while reviewing this document subsequently.
1. Shri J.S. Kamyotra, Director
2. Shri. A. Pathak, Scientist ‘C’
3. Shri Vishal Gandhi, Scientist ‘C’
4. Shri Manish Kumar Gupta, RA
1.0 Background : 1
2.0 Genesis of Problem : 2
3.0 Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS) : 3
3.1 Objectives of Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems : 3
3.2 Merits of CEMS : 6
4.0 Technical Options for Sampling of Pollutants in CEMS : 7
4.1 Sampling Location for Particulate Matter : 10
4.2 Analysis of Measurement Techniques : 12
5.0 Measurement Techniques for Particulate Matter and Gaseous : 21
5.1 Techniques/ Instrumentation for online PM Monitoring : 21
5.2 Techniques/ Instrumentation for Online Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring : 31
6.0 Flue Gas Flow / Velocity Monitoring Techniques : 49
6.1 Ultrasonic Flow Monitors : 49
6.2 Differential Pressure Flow Monitors : 50
6.3 Thermal Flow Monitors : 51
6.4 Infrared Correlation : 51
7.0 Assessment of Monitoring Technologies : 52
8.0 Site Requirement and Preparation for Mounting of Continuous : 80
6 Data Consideration/ Exceedance for Violation : 89 9.7 Data Acquisition System (Das) : 90 10.0 Summ ary : 93 References : 96 IV .3 Calibration of Air Analysers (Gaseous Parameter) : 86 9.0 Calibration.2 Acceptance of CEMS Until Indigenous Certification System is Placed : 84 9.Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems 9.0 Data Acquisition. Performance Evaluation and Audit of CEMS : 81 9.4 Calibration of Air Analysers (Particulate Matter) : 87 9. Management and Reporting : 91 11.1 Recommended Instrumentation/Methodology for Monitoring : 83 9.5 Emission Monitoring : 88 9.
Tanneries. Zinc.0 BACKGROUND Central Pollution Control Board vide its letter No. Dye & Dye Intermediate Units. and Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETP). Remote). c) Ensure regular maintenance and operation of the online system with tamper proof mechanism having facilities for online calibration (onsite/ offsite. Parameters required to be monitored in the stack emissions using Continuous Emission Monitoring system. not later than by March 31. Iron & Steel. Zoom (PTZ) with leased line real time connection for data streaming and transmission of the same in case of industries claiming Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD). b) Installation of surveillance system with industrial grade IP (Internet Protocol) cameras having PAN. Oil Refineries. Sugar. B-29016/04/06PCI-1/5401 dated 05. Particulate Matter. 2015 and transmission of online data so generated simultaneously to SPCB/PCC and CPCB as well. The directions envisage: a) Installation of online emission quality monitoring system in 17 categories of highly polluting industries and in Common Hazardous waste and Biomedical waste incinerators for measurement of the parameters. Pesticides. Distillery. are industry specific and are specified below: a) Particulate Matter b) HF (Fluoride) 1 . Power Plants. Aluminum. Petrochemicals and Pharma Sector. SO2 (Sulphur Dioxide). Copper. NH3 (Ammonia).2014 issued directions under section 18(1) b of the Water and Air Acts to the State Pollution Control Boards and Pollution Control Committees for directing the 17 categories of highly polluting industries such as Pulp & Paper. Tilt. Chloral Alkali Plants.Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems 1. NOX (Oxides of Nitrogen) and other sector specific parameters. 2015. etc. Cement.. The deadline was later extended to June 31.02. Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs). Fertilizer. Common Bio Medical Waste and Common Hazardous Waste Incinerators for installation of online effluent quality and emission monitoring systems to help tracking the discharges of pollutants from these units.
Refineries. For strengthening the monitoring and compliance through self-regulatory mechanism. Moisture Content. Iron & Steel. These industries also release pollutants through effluent discharge. Verification.0 GENESIS OF PROBLEM The highly polluting industries such as Power. Temperature. Pulp & Paper. Pesticides. Flow.Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems c) NH3 (as Ammonia) d) SO2 (Sulphur Dioxide) e) NOX (Oxides of Nitrogen) f) Cl2 (Chlorine) g) HCl (Hydro Chloric acid) and HF (Hydro Fluoric Acid) h) TOC (Total Organic Carbon) / THC (Total Hydro Carbon) / VOC (Volatile Organic Carbon). Chlor-alkali. Pressure. Fertilizers. validation and accuracy check of the values indicated by the online devices needs to be done. Tanneries. and other categories of industries emit particulate matter and other gaseous pollutant into atmosphere. etc. 2. online emission and effluent monitoring systems need to be installed and operated by the developers and the industries on. CO2.CnHm i) Process parameters: Carbon Monoxide. The SPCBs and PCCs have prescribed standards for various pollutants emitted/ discharged by the industries as notified under the Environment (Protection) Act. Distilleries. O2 (Oxygen). Pharmaceuticals. Sugar. The compliance monitoring needs to be strengthened to ensure that emissions/ effluent complying with the stipulated norms are only discharged by the industries. Textile. efforts need to be made to bring discipline in the industries to exercise self-monitoring & compliance and transmit effluent and emission quality data to SPCBs/PCCs and CPCB on continuous basis. Cement. 'Polluter Pays Principle’. Therefore.1986. For proper interpretation of data measures 2 . it is becoming a need and necessity to regulate compliance by industries with minimal inspection of industries. With rapid industrialization.
the existing method of sampling. VOC. till further direction. no guidelines on selection of the Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems (CEMS) are available. NH3. However. Various technologies are available for monitoring the particulate matter and gaseous emission from the stack of industries and common treatment facilities in terms of the parameters specified in the directions issued by CPCB. etc. CO2. SO2. CO. HF. The data recorded/observed is gathered either through analog outputs to a recording system or send directly to a DAS (Data Acquisition System) for storage and onward transmission. HCl. Data Acquisition System includes special modules for data treatment and further transmission to the Central Data Acquisition and Handling System in 3 .1 Objectives of Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems The Continuous Emission Monitoring (CEM) System comprises of the total equipment necessary to determine the concentration of gaseous emission and/or particulate matter concentration and/or emission rate using analytical measurements and a computer program to pro vide results in units of the applicable emission limits or standards. operation and data transfer in a transparent self-regulatory mechanism..0 CONTINUOUS EMISSION MONITORING SYSTEM (CEMS) In recent years Online Emission Monitoring Technology has received attention and interest in context of providing accurate and continuous information on particulate matter/ gaseous emission from stacks. NOx. There are already commercially available systems for monitoring parameters such as PM. O2. 3. analysis and related procedures under the existing statutes need to be continued. This guideline document has aimed to help industries and regulator for proper implementatio n of online emission monitoring system through proper selection.Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems need to be taken at the level of SPCBs/PCCs. 3. For regulatory and for purpose of actions to be taken against non-complying industries/facilities.
limits have been imposed on the quantum of emissions that an industry is permitted to release to the atmosphere for a particular parameter/ pollutant.e. i) Compliance with legislation For any given process. preferably using reference gases/ blends with concentration certified by external body. Zero check on Gaseous CEMS must be achieved by using zero air supply (usually an inert gas like N2 ) done automatically and periodically. These limits are expressed as:- . preferably without human intervention.Maximum concentration in ppm or mg/Nm3 (as specified in standards) .Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems SPCB/ CPCB central office. Calibration check on Gaseous CEMS must be achieved by internal or external calibration gas supply.Maximum mass emission (Kg/ Tonne or Kg/unit production) For calculating maximum mass emissions i. to ensure continuous data validity and credibility. ii) Validity/ Availability of Measured Data Quality assurance procedures shall be used to evaluate the quality of data produced by the CEMS required for determining compliance with the emission standards on a continuous basis as specified in the Indian regulation. Reference methods will be defined to substantiate the accuracy and precision of the CEMS. Kg/ Tonne or Kg/unit production. The Cuvetts/ Cells and are known to have long term stability compared to cylinders. 4 . It is important to have properly engineered CEM systems. Certified by leading global Agencies like TUV/ MCERT are also acceptable for CEMS in India. Ambient air not being a certified gas is not recommended for calibration. The use of Certified Zero & Span Test Gas Cylinders or Gas filled “Calibration Cuvetts/ Cells”. values of flow and concentration are also required. Performance Specifications will be used for evaluating the acceptability of the CEMS at the time of or soon after installatio n and whenever specified in the Indian regulations. The CEMS has to include continuous quality check for Zero and for scale (Span) point.
i) It should have provision to send system a larm to central server in case any changes are made in configuration or calibration. e) The analyser should have inbuilt zero and calibration check capability f) It should have data validation facility with features to transmit raw and validated data to central server. 5 . n) Record of calibration and validation should be available on real time basis at central server from each location/parameter. d) The analyser should have inbuilt features for automatic sample matrix change adaptation. m) It should have provision of Plant level data viewing and retrieval with selection of Ethernet. g) It should have Remote system access from central server for provisional log file access. j) It should have provision to record all operational information in log file. h) It should have provision for simultaneous Multi-server data transmission from each station without intermediate PC or plant server. for optimal operation under extreme environmental conditions. calibration & data transmission for each parameter. Modbus & USB.Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems iii) Basic Requirement The major prerequisites of efficient Continuous Emission Monitoring System are: a) It should be capable of operating unattended over prolonged period of time. b) It should produce analytically valid results with precision/ repeatability c) The analyser should be robust and rugged. l) The instrument must have provision of a system memory (non-volatile) to record data for atleast one year of continuous operation. while maintaining its calibrated status. k) There should be provision for independent analysis. o) Record of online diagnostic features including analyzer status should be available in database for user-friendly maintenance. validation.
b) Direct Measurement of pollutant concentration. n) Minimum lifetime of analyzers should be 10 years/ o) Type approved according Indian Certification Scheme (or by foreign accredited institutes such as TÜV. h) Linearity:< 1% FS.5% Full Scale. j) Power supply compatible with utilities available on Indian industrial sites.2 Merits of CEMS The major advantages of CEMS over traditional laboratory based and portable field methods are: a) CEMS provide continuous measurement of data for long periods of time. f) Lower detection limit:< 0. l) RS232 / RS485 / Ethernet / USB communication ports. 3. k) Digital communication with distant computer for data acquisition/recording/reporting. MCERTS or USEPA). 6 . b) All the major steps in traditional analysis like sample collection. m) Analog Outputs for transmission to Plant’s supervision center. mg/m 3 or volume % as specified in standards. g) Zero & Span drift:< 1% Full Scale / week. without skilled staff being required to perform the analysis. c) Expression and display of measurements in ppm. at the monitoring site of interest.Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems p) It must have low operation and maintenance requirements with low chemical consumption and recurring cost of consumables and spares. The analyzer must include the following features (typical characteristics): a) Continuous measurements on 24X7 basis. d) Display of the measurement values as well as all the information required for checking/maintenance of the analyzer. e) Display of functional parameters. i) Response time < 200 seconds.
calibration and analysis procedures including QC are usually automated in on-line analyzers.Cross Duct 2) Extractive systems: - . 4.0 TECHNICAL OPTIONS FOR SAMPLING OF POLLUTANTS IN CEMS The sampling technologies are summarized in Figure1. Two types of systems available for monitoring of particulate and gaseous pollutant are mentioned below:- 1) In-Situ Systems: .Extractive dilution system (Instack and out stack) Techniques for continuous pollutants releases from stack Figure 1: Techniques for Continuous Sampling Pollutant Releases from Stacks 7 .Hot Extractive Systems with Sample Cooling and Cold Analyzer (Cold and Dry System) .Hot Extractive Systems with Heated Analyzer (Hot and Wet System) . c) In case of sudden disturbance in the system. the on-line analyzers provide timely information for taking immediate corrective/preventive steps compared to conventional methods. conditioning.Folded Beam/ Point .Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems transportation.
The sampling location has major impact on the representativeness and accuracy
of sample collected. Suitable measurement sites and sections are necessary to
obtain reliable and comparable emission measurement results. Appropriate
measurement sections and sites have to be planned while designing a plant.
Emission measurements in flue gases require defined flow conditions in the
measurement plane, i.e. an ordered and stable flow profile without vortexing and
backflow so that the velocity and the mass concentration of the measured
pollutant being released in the waste gases can be determined. Emission
measurements require appropriate sampling ports and working platforms. The
installation of measurement ports and working platforms should be considered in
the planning phase of a measurement section, refer Figures 1.1 & 1.2.
Specifications of regulations along with official requirements if any, should be
considered in selection and specification of measurement site and sections.
1. Measurement point
2. Measurement pot
3. Measurement section
4. Outlet (2D)
5. Inlet section (8D)
7. Manual sampling train
( Note: D= Stack Diameter)
Figure 1.1: Measurement Site and Measurement Section
Figure 1.2 : Measurement Site and Measurement Section
The measurement site and measurement section for CEMS is based or EN 15259
criteria for selection of measuring point/ port locations and depends upon
following conditions (For Details refer EN15259 Standards):
a) Whether to monitor concentration alone or gas flow also;
b) Whether the system requires periodic calibration using standard method or
whether the CEMS can be calibrated by other means.
The influence of these factors in determining the positional requirements is
shown in the decision tree in figure 2.
Figure 2: Selecting a sample location
4.1 Sampling Location for Particulate Matter
The analyser/ systems installed for particulate matter monitoring require
calibration performed by isokinetic sampling carried out to either BSEN 13284-1,
IS : 11255 Part 1 (Particulate Matter) or EPA method 17 or EPA method 5 or BS
ISO 9096:2003. The sampling location for the analyser must be in accordance
with the appropriate standard.
The sampling ports for manual extractive sampling should be located
approximately one hydraulic duct diameter or 500 mm upstream of the continuous
monitoring port, whichever is the smaller, or alternatively the manufacturer’s
guidance should be followed. The sampling position should be in a straight length
of duct (Figure 3) where;
a) The angle of gas flow is less than 15o
b) No local negative flow is present;
c) The minimum velocity is higher than the detection limit (3 m/ Sec) of the
method used for the flow rate measurement (for Pitot tubes, a differential
pressure larger than 5 Pa);
d) The ratio of the highest to lowest local gas velocities is less than 3:1.
If the above information cannot be verified e.g. on a new installation, then the
above criteria is generally fulfilled by siting the ports in sections of duct with atleast
eight hydraulic diameters of straight duct downstreams of the sampling plane and
two hydraulic diameters upstream hydraulic diameters from the top of a stack.
a surrogate gas such as oxygen or carbon dioxide is measured using a direct reading instrument in order to obtain information on the gas profile within the duct. Sampling line 2d 2. The two sets of data can then be compared in order to compensate for variations in concentration with time. Access port 4. the other is used to obtain samples at grid locations across the duct. Sampling plane 3.2 Sampling location for gas analysers Selection of a sampling location for gas analysis alone is less difficult than for particulate measurement. 11 .Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems 1.1 Sampling location for systems with particulate matter and gas analysers While selecting a location for installation of in-situ analysers in large ducts. The stratification test must take into account variations of gas composition with time. Flow 8d Figure 3: Sample Plane Requirement for Particulate Matter Measurement 4. A stratification test is undertaken to confirm that the composition of the gas is homogenous. One probe is placed at a fixed location in the duct.1.1. Typically. This can be achieved by using two continuous analysers each connected to sampling probes. 4. A location in the duct where the gas is well mixed and therefore homogenous should be chosen. the gas profile at the proposed sampling point must be checked for stratification.
2 Analysis of Measurement Techniques 4. so the sampling location must be carefully chosen to ensure that the sample is representative of the flue gas. The sampling path will be relatively short compared to the stack or duct diameter. In point in-situ systems the sensing optics are contained in a tube fitted with holes or filters to allow flow-through of stack gases.Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems 4.2.1 In Situ system: Cross Stack Non-extractive (in-situ) systems In-situ type analyzers may be of two types: point in-situ type or cross stack type. the measurement length is extended over the length of a probe (say 500mm to 1m) to increase resolution and provide a more representative measurement.2. o Point in-situ Point in-situ systems perform measurements at a single point in the stack. In certain CEMS. as do extractive system probes. Filter wheel Infrared source Sintered Detector Lens Figure 4.1 a: Point in-situ gas analyzer metal 12 . These are explained below.
There are two basic types of path systems: single pass and double pass where the beam is reflected back across the stack. Figure 4.2. In some systems.2. These systems can be simpler than extractive systems.Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems Cross stack monitors Cross stack monitors measure over the entire stack or duct diameter.1 c. Single pass transmissometer /opacity monitor Figure 4. Double pass transmissometer /opacity monitor 13 . a pipe may be used in the stack for support or calibration purposes. They are based on a beam of a certain wavelength that crosses the duct and is attenuated proportionately to the concentration of the target compound.1 b. or to reduce the optical path lengths in very large stacks or ducts. however there are additional challenges associated with making valid zero and span checks and minimizing interference from other pollutants.
Dual or double-beam configurations internally split the light emitted from the source into two beams – one becomes measurement beam and another becomes reference beam. There can be common or separate detectors for both the beam. which is totally contained within the instrument. Figure 4.Single-beam configuration is simplest where one light beam from source is passed to receiver.  Limitations:  Two flanges may be needed so an access to both side of stack is required.  Systems are subject to stack vibration and temperature variations  Sensitivity is limited due to the path length (critical for stacks with small diameters)  Limited quantity of gases can be monitored 14 .2. The measurement beam is projected through the optical medium of interest and is referenced to the second (reference) beam.1 d: Double Beam Transmissometer (Measurement)  Benefits:  Fast Response time  Reasonable cost  Process control  No sample conditioning required.Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems Single beam and double beam principle.
Particulate matter may be removed from the gas.2. but in all other respects the sample is not altered by the sampling process. 4.2 Extractive system (Gaseous Pollutant) Source-level extractive systems are those in which a sample of flue gases is continuously extracted and conveyed to the analyzer using a sampling line.  Calibration checks / After readjustment the equipment has to be brought down to lab for calibration / validation checks.2 a: Hot and wet gas sampling system Heated pump Heated analyser 15 .  Complete Calibration equipment to be installed with analyser on top of stack platform. Three types of source-level extractive systems are marketed commercially: Hot and wet systems Cool and dry systems with conditioning at the analyzer enclosure Heated sample line Probe 320 ppm Figure 4.  In situ systems are installed outside at top of stack so inconvenient conditions for maintenance  No absolute method of On Line Calibration using injection of span gases along the path length. Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems  Analyzer is subject to cross interfere nces especially from Water (Moisture)/ Temperature / Pressure. and it may be cooled and dried.2.
is mounted on the stack or duct. for example IR analyzer.  The closed coupled systems are subject to stack vibration a nd temperature variations requiring higher maintenance as calibration also mounted on 16 .  Limitations  Longer response time. A source-level extractive system consists of several basic components: probe.Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems Analyser Heated inertial Probe filter T o pump Figure 4. In this case.2 b: Close coupled gas analyzer In some cases.  Varying stack temperature does not affect the measurements  Can be proven using reference calibration gases. analyzer response times are very fast and apart from particulate filtering.2. sample conditioning is not required. These systems are known as close coupled.  Benefits:  Sensitivity of the system is not related to stack diameter. moisture-removal system and pump. for example when there is a requirement to measure both highly reactive and less reactive pollutants concurrently. after a short sample line. sample line. O2 zirconia sensor or TOC Flame Ionization Detector (FID). a combination of these systems may be used. In some source -level systems the analyzer. however meets the emission requirement. filters.
Dilution systems are used in conjunction with ambient air level gas analyzers.2. There are two types of commercially available dilution systems: dilution probes. where dilution of the sample gas takes place in the stack. Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems stack.3 a: Typical in-stack dilution probe 17 . however heated sample lines till out of stack dilution s ystem. however extractive system (Hot-Wet or Dry Direct Extractive does not have this issue) 4. where dilution is carried out external to the stack. Oxygen must be measured separately for correction purposes (the diluted sample is ‘swamped’ by dilution air). pressure and density. where gas is drawn into the probe at much lower flow rates than in a source-level system. and to filter and dry relatively large volumes of flue gas. and out-stack dilution systems.2. The latter is less sensitive to changes in stack gas temperature. This problem can be largely avoided by using dilution systems.3 Dilution based extractive system The need is to transport the sample hot. Figure 4.
Dilution  Sample gas needs to be of high Air concentration to avoid analyzer sensitivity issues or use of air quality analyzers.3 b: Typical out-stack dilution probe Sample gas is extracted from the stack at a known flow rate.  No power required at the probe so it can be used in hazardous areas.  Benefits:  It can be used to reduce moisture content so no heated sampling components are required.Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems Figure 4.  Limitations:  Flow rates are critical and need to be controlled to avoid varying dilution ratios.  Careful consideration of probe materials 18 .2. mixed with a known flow rate of dry air / dilutant.  Cannot be used for all gases including oxygen.
 Needs more maintenance due to presence of dust / ash \ sulfur presence which effect the micro critical orifice leading to erroneous measurements / higher maintenance.2.  Heated lines not UPS protected due to power required. including the analyzer measurement cell. 19 . pumps etc.  Varying stack temperature does not affect the measurements  Use technologies like FTIR that can measure most gases including NH3 .  Limitations  Costly heated sample lines and components. HF.  Multi gases including specialty gases that are difficult to measure in other techniques. HCl.risk of condensation and damage. The temperature of all components in contact with the sample gas is typically at 180°C to avoid Heated Pump & condensation and loss of soluble gases.  The ambient air type analyser technologies used here are not suitable for hazardous area and require elaborate care for installation like shelters for Installation & maintenance. H2O and O2 ..  More time required to maintain the system and heat stressed components.4 Hot Wet Extractive system with Heated Analyzer Sample gas is extracted from the stack and transported to the analyzer using heated line and heated sampling components – filters. Analyzers  Benefits  Sensitivity of the system is not related to stack diameter. Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems for high temperature and corrosive applications. VOC. 4.
 These are also available in hazardous area installation.  Benefits  Sensitivity of the system is not related to stack diameter.2. NH3 ) can be lost during the cooling. Probe 4.  Soluble gases (HCl.  Heated Sample gas line is required to maintain dew point.5 Hot Extractive System with Gas Cooler and Cold Heated line Analyzer Sample gas is passed through a cooler to bring the Analyzers sample gas temperature down to a low temperature Cooler and to remove water so sample is almost dry. HF.  Limitations  It cannot be used on very soluble/corrosive gases.  These analyser are versatile as suitable for harsh environments and can be placed in a clean. Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems  Online continuous H2 O measurement for online correction of moisture as normalization being a hot wet technique. dry & temperature controlled environment.  Can use analyzers operating at low/ambient temperatures so components are not heat stressed.  Varying stack temperature does not affect the measurements  Multi gas measurement is possible with flexibility of different principle of measurements. 20 . Pump Coolers are typically Peltier or Compressor type with outlet dew point 3°C. so more stable system and easier to maintain  Analyzers are running at low temperatures. so systems tend to be cheaper than heated systems and widely used concept.
Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems 5.0 MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES FOR PARTICULATE MATTER AND GASEOUS POLLUTANT 5. In-situ systems The main techniques used for Continuous Monitoring of Particulate Matter in dry stacks are: - a) Light Attenuation (Transmissiometry): In this method the amount of light absorbed by particles crossing a light beam is measured and correlated to dust concentration. whereas in Ratiometric Opacity systems the ratio of the amount of light variation (flicker) to the transmitted light is measured. The performance and suitability of any particulate monitor is therefore application dependent.1 Techniques / Instrumentation for Online PM Monitoring Particulate Matter Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems (PM CEMS) measure a parameter (e. 21 .g. In Opacity/Extinction instruments the amount of light reduction is measured directly. There are two main types of Particulate Measurement Techniques: a) In-Situ Systems for Dry Stacks b) Extractive Systems for applications with entrained water droplets in the gas stream 1. scattered light) which can be correlated to dust concentration by comparison to a gravimetric sample taken under isokineti c conditions rather than the mass concentration directly. A number of techniques are used in practice which provide a practical and robust solution for most industrial applications.
transmissometers may be single-pass or double-pass design. The tube contains a series of slots which allows the passage of PM-laden flue gas through the tube and hence between the light source and 22 .g. e. light emitting diodes and lasers. Some modern single-pass designs use two identical senders and receivers on each side of the stack to alternatively transmit and receive light in order to increase sensitivity and reduce the effects of fouling of the optical surfaces. Point in-situ analysers have been developed in which the light source and detector are carried at opposite ends of a rigid tube.1 : Light Attenuation As with in-situ path systems for monitoring gaseous pollutants. the Ringelmann scale. or with a reflector to pass the light through the flue gas twice.Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems Figure 5. The simplest of the transmissometers will produce an opacity that can be correlated with a smoke colour scale. More sophisticated analysers that are equipped with on-line zero and span adjustment can be programmed to produce an output proportional to 1mg/m3based on the results of calibration measurements. The light sources use includes filament bulbs. Transmissometers are usually of the cross duct design with a sender and receiver on opposite sides of the stack. Double-pass types use a reflector on the opposite side of the stack or duct so that the light is transmitted twice through the flue gas.
Adoption of opacity monitors for particulate matter monitoring in stacks is less universal due to their inapplicability to the lower levels of particulate now found in industrial processes.The calibration of the instrument changes with changes in the particle properties: 23 . There are a number of Opacity instruments with TUV approvals for particulate measurement.e.It cannot monitor particulate levels below 25mg/m3 per meter path-length. .The system is sensitive to dust contamination on the lens surfaces since it is not possible to distinguish between the reduction in light caused by dust in the stack and dust on the lenses. In practice a curtain of air (provided by a blower) is injected into the transmitter and receiver heads to keep the lens surfaces clean. Their limitations are widely accepted as follows: . variation in the intensity of the receiver with no dust conditions). This is particularly true in the utility and power generation industries. . “Opacity”.Systems without retro-reflectors (i. Industries where Opacity monitors are still well accepted are the power. since at low concentrations the reduction in the light beam caused by the particles is indistinguishable from the zero drift of the source/detector (i. This fundamental limitation makes the instrument unsuitable for many well abated emission applications (e.g.Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems detector. after a bag filter) as a result of the instrument requiring to measure a small reduction in a large baseline signal. cement and steel industries due to their historical experience in satisfying opacity requirements. non double-pass) are sensitive to misalignment between the transmitter and receiver. and stack vibrations. This arrangement overcomes some of the problems associated with the cross duct systems with regard to alignment of sender and receiver and differential expansion caused by temperature variations. . Limitations of measurement: Transmissometry (Opacity monitors) is used extensively worldwide to monitor.e.
 Particle type and refractive index (mainly changes the amount of light
 Particle colour mainly changes the amount of light absorbed
 Particle size and shape (changes the amount of light scattering)
manifests itself in requiring a number of regression curves to be
calculated at differing process conditions and differing fuels used for
- Water vapour and water droplets absorb light over the light frequency
range used by opacity monitors and therefore opacity instruments are not
suitable for stacks with flue gas below dew point or containing water
droplets from wet collectors. This makes opacity monitors unsuitable for
monitoring particulate matter emissions from coal fired power plant
applications where Flue Gas Desulphurization (FGD) plant is not fitted
with stack reheat (wet FGD).
b) Light scattering: In this system the amount of light scattered by the
particles in a specific direction is measured. Forward, side or back scatter
are a function of the angle of scattered light that is measured by the
detector. Light scattering techniques (especially forward scatter) are
capable of measuring dust concentrations several magnitudes smaller than
that measured by transmissometers.
When light is directed toward a particle, the particle may both absorb and
scatter the light, deflecting it from its incident path. An opacity monitor or
transmissometer measures the intensity of light that is not scattered. Other
instruments have been developed to measure the scattered light. The
intensity of the scattered light depends on the angle of observation, the size
of the particle, its refractive index and shape, and the wavelength of the
incident light. Both in-situ and extractive analysers of this type have been
developed. A light beam is passed through the Particulate Matter (PM)
laden flue gas. Absorption and scatter attenuate the light. Light scatter
analysers measure the intensity of the scattered light at a predetermined
angle to the beam direction. The amount of light scattered in any direction is
dependent on the size distribution and shape of the dust particles.
Variations in the intensity of the light source and sensitivity of the detector
are compensated for by the use of a reference beam, in the opposite phase
to the measuring beam, onto the photoelectric detector.
Scatter light measurement is a more sensitive measurement method for low
dust loading. Opacity measurement at low loading is limited by the
requirement to measure very small variations in the light received on the
axis from the transmitter. Scatter light analysers measure only the scattered
light and do not have to deal with the small variation in a large amount of
Instruments can be based on the
forward scatter, side scatter or back
scatter principles, and can be
in-situ, point in-situ or extractive.
This type of analyser scan claimed
to be more accurate for measure
low PM concentrations of upto
Limitations of technology: Side
Scatter or Back Scatter instruments
are used in low dust concentration
applications, such as those found in
Power plant, Lead Smelters and Incinerators equipped with bag house as
pollution control systems. Their technical limitations are as follows:
 The calibration is affected by changes in particle size and type of
particle. For example, with absorbing particles (such as b lack fly ash)
the response of a Back Scatter device is reduced by a factor of 20%
from peak response when the particle size changes from 0.8µm to
0.7µm. The peak response for non-absorbing particles is three times
greater than for absorbing particles.
 Back and Side Scatter devices are less sensitive than Forward
Scattering devices although can still provide sensitivity of less than
1mg/m3.
 In-situ light scattering instruments cannot differentiate between water
aerosols and solid particles
c) Probe Electrification (Non-Optical): The electrical current produced by
particles interacting with a grounded rod protruding across the stack/duct is
measured and correlated to dust concentration. Charge induction (AC
Tribolectric and Electro Dynamic) and DC Triboelectric instruments are
types of probe electrification devices in which different signal and current
analysis are performed. The Probe Electrification techniques are not all the
same and should not be confused by each other. Electro Dynamic systems
are used in Europe as Compliance devices due to their inherent reliability,
repeatability and self-check capability.
Consideration should be taken when selecting Probe Electrification
instruments. It should not be used after Electrostatic Precipitators as the
action of the filter can affect the charge characteristics of the measured
particulate causing errors in the instruments readings. Incase Tribo probe is
moist flue gases always pose threat to the performance. The scintillation monitor must be calibrated to manual gravimetric measurements at the specific source on which it is installed. Sticky. Little advance against opacity as it reduces zero and upscale drift with modulated light to eliminate effects of stray or ambient light. The stack diameter may be a limiting factor in probe electrification technique. The difference is that the scintillation monitor uses a wide beam of light. as the surface of the probe gets easily coated and restrict the charge exchange resulting in poor performance. therefore. Optical Scintillation Optical scintillation. this instrument also measures across-stack PM concentration. 27 . and the receiver measures the modulation of the light frequency due to the movement of particles through the light beam and not the extinction of light. The greater the particle concentration in the gas stream the greater the variation in the amplitude of the light signal received. The probe length shall cover atleast half diameter to make representative sampling. utilizes a light source and a remote receiver that measures the amount of received light. then a Faraday Shield is placed around the entire probe length and grounded to negate the charge of flue gas particles emerging from the ESP field. like light extinction. no focusing lenses. Frequent cleaning and maintenance is required. The principles at work here are that the particles in a gas stream will momentarily interrupt the light beam and cause a variation in the amplitude of the light received (scintillation). 2. The transmitter and receiver are located on opposite sides of the duct. All three techniques are highly sensitive and are responsive at low concentrations below 1mg/m3 .Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems mounted above ESP. The instrument response increases with PM concentration and can be correlated by comparison to manual gravimetric data.
. In these instances. density. so that radioactive Beta particles can be passed through the sample and the amount of Beta particles transmitted 28 . extractive systems must be used. Moisture 3. after wet collectors will affect the monitoring response of all in-situ technologies to an extent where calibrated results cannot be guaranteed.Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems Table 3: The advantages and disadvantages Optical Scintillation Adv antages Disadvantages Low price Measures secondary particles as PM Easy to install properties of PM Adversely affected by Particle size. shape change Low m aintenance The cleaning of receiver in a dirty stack is an issue Sensitivity to little high Not Sensitive to low PM concentration concentration Perform better in dry stack Measures liquid drops as PM. The two common methods for measuring in wet stacks are :- a) Beta Attenuation: The moving gas stream is sampled and the particulate is collected onto a filter.e. The filter is advanced periodically (typically every 15 minuts) into a measurement chamber. Extractive systems The presence of water droplets in saturated gas streams below the dew point i.
b) Extractive Light Scatter: The flue gas is extracted (recommended under isokinetic conditions) and then passed into a heater unit to evaporate any water or water vapour below dew point water before measurement in an external light scattering chamber. 29 . Extractive systems have been designed to overcome the problematic issues of sample handling on a continuous basis. The advantage of this technique is that the absorption of radioactivity is not significantly affected by the type of particle (although particles with different Nucleonic density have different responses).Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems through the sample is measured. A Forward Light scattering technique is normally used in the chamber.
which can be directly correlated to dust concentration with limited cross interference from likely changes in process or flue gas conditions.1 Requirements of an efficient on-line PM CEMS One of the fundamental issues in obtaining good results from particulate matter measuring instruments is to ensure that the instrument fits for purpose of the intended application. reliable response. the dust loading and any other additional parameters (like corrosiveness. etc. The minimum detection level of the instrument should also be considered in relation to the normal operating condition of the plant to ensure a meaningful stable response from the instrument at normal plant conditions which can then be calibrated. Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems 5.) that may affect the operation of the PM CEMS i. The operating technology should be suitable for the type of Filtration system (pollution control system) used. moisture. the diameter of the stack or duct. The system has sufficient resolution for the intended application.e. 3.5 for low dust applications). 4. Must have a stable. Can operate long term in the application without the need for maintenance or cleaning. Guidance should be provided on the factor allowed between the instrument certification range and Emission Limit Value (2.5 or 1. The Maintenance Interval as stated in the certificate can provide guidance on servicing issues and longer duration tests and experience with an instrument are also very relevant. for applications with entrained water droplets an extractive PM CEMS which conditions the wet gas stream to remove the entrained liquid must be used to obtain quantitative results. Certified products provide guidance on the application suitability of different instruments. stickiness. This means that the instrument: - 1. The 3 systems certificates state the ranges in mg/Nm for the instrument which is the lowest dust range at which the instrument will still meet the required performance standards.1. 30 . 2. Manufacturers should be contacted for more detailed guidance on the application suitability of a specific type of instrument.
e. Simple non-dispersive infrared analysers use filters or other methods to measure the absorption of light over a re latively small range of wavelengths centered at an absorption peak of the molecule of interest. Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems 5. Heteroatomic gaseous molecules. Non Dispersive Infrared (NDIR) Many gaseous pollutants absorb light energy in one or more regions of the spectrum. they cannot be measured by this technique. Homoatomic molecules containing only one type of atom within the molecule do not produce characteristic vibrations when exposed to light in the infrared region. therefore. As a result. As the infrared beam passes through the sample cell. which states that the transmittance of light (i. The light is transmitted through two gas cells: a reference cell and a sample cell. It will also 31 . pollutant molecules will absorb some of the light. and therefore it can be distinguished from other pollutant species. infrared light is emitted from a source such as a heated coil or other type of infrared radiator. display unique absorption characteristics in the infrared region of the spectrum.2 Techniques/ Instrumentation for Online Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring The extractive type of emission gas analyzers available are: 1. A sample of the gas is passed through the sample cell of the instrument. In a simple NDIR analyser. By using this principle an instrument can be designed to measure pollutant gas concentrations. Non-dispersive photometry analysers using infrared (NDIR) have been developed for monitoring a wide range of gases. the ratio of the intensities of the transmitted and incident light) through a medium that absorbs it is decreased exponentially. The reference cell contains a gas such as nitrogen or argon that does not absorb light at the wavelength used in the instrument. Sulphur dioxide / Nitric Oxide / Carbon Monoxide and a wide range of other gases absorb infrared radiation and ultra violet radiation. Continuous emission monitors using this principle apply the Beer -Lambert Law. which contain two or more dissimilar atoms in the molecule. Each type of pollutant molecule absorbs light at a characteristic wave length. when the light emerges from the end of the sample cell it has less energy than when it entered.
The NDIR analysers combine with O2 measurement for online continuous correction / normalization for any diluent of emission gases being measured by CEMS system. which can be related to the pollutant gas concentration. One solution to this problem is to use absorption cells arranged in series. They are relatively low cost. reliable and robust. The energy difference is detected by a detector. as in the Luft detector. The ratio of the detector signals from the two cells gives the light transmittance.Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems have less energy than the light emerging from the reference cell.2 : NDIR System 32 . Simple non-dispersive infrared analysers are still supplied for applications where only one gaseous species is to be monitored. Figure 5. Water vapour are strongly absorbing in the infrared region and must be removed from the sample before the gas enters the analyser. A limitation of analysers based on this principle is that gases that absorb light in the same spectral region as the gas of interest will cause a positive interference in the measurement.
instead of the 0% concentration in the techniques discussed previously. 33 . which is widely used in in-situ monitors. the pressure will increase in the sealed chamber in which they are confined. a range of organic and inorganic compounds can be measured at ppb levels. as the sample must be sealed in the measurement chamber before the analysis sequence can begin. producing a pressure pulse or acoustic signal. Radiation from an infrared source passes through a filter wheel. In practice this is achieved by placing a rotating chopper between the light source and the measurement chamber. so if there is no absorbing gas in the measurement cell. In a light-absorbing molecule. In the photoacoustic technique light absorption is measured directly. 3. If the light beam is turned on and off. when vibrational-rotational energy dissipates absorbed light energy into kinetic energy.Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems 2. in one cell and the gas of interest in the other cell. The light is then passed through a modulator that creates an alternating signal. When the chopper produces pulses between 20Hz and 20 KHz frequency. Analysers based on this principle of operation monitor acoustic waves resulting from the absorption of chopped light by molecules in a sealed sample cell. which contains a neutral gas. the pressure will alternately increase and decrease. The gas filter correlation (GFC) technique uses a reference cell that contains a 100% concentration of the pollutant of interest. By placing different optical filters in a carousel located between the chopper and measurement chamber. Gas Filter Correlation (GFC) NDIR A type of NDIR technique. the pressure pulse can be detected by sensitive microphones. such as N2 . some sound will be generated and if more gas is present more sound will be generated. is also applied to extractive system analysers. Photoacoustic Detector A variant of the pneumatic detector technique is the photoacoustic detector. no pressure pulse will be generated. This cycle typically takes40 seconds to complete for five determinants. The technique does not provide continuous analysis. If some gas is present.
a : Gas Filter Correlation NDIR 34 . and can be related to the concentration of the gas of interest in the sample. Other gases having spectral patterns in the same regions as the target gas will not affect the measurement. The beam passing through the N2 side however will carry less energy because light is absorbed by the target gas in the sample cell. The gas filter contains enough of the target gas to remove most of the light at the wavelength where the target gas absorbs.Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems When the instrument is operating the filter wheel is continuously rotating.2. the absorption is already complete in the gas filter cell beam. Moisture has absorption and needs to be removed and adequate correction is required. The difference between the two beams is monitored. If a sample of gas containing the target pollutant is introduced into the sample cell the molecules will absorb light energy at the absorption wavelength of the target gas. The net result is reduction of light energy reaching the detector. and the detector will see the same signal as it did when the sample cell contained zero gas. When light passes through the gas filter it will be attenuated. Because the gas filter was chosen to absorb energy at the same wavelengths. Figure 5. as they do not correlate. When the light passes through the neutral cell its intensity is not reduced. The gases not absorbed at selected wave lengths are not removed and are passed on to the detector.
those at which the molecule absorbs energy and those that do not. Figure 5. Unlike in traditional spectroscopy. is applicable to both extractive system analysers and in-situ systems. can be deployed as CEMS for selective monitoring. The technique. the absorption spectrum is not recorded by means of dispersive elements such as lattices or prisms. CO. HF. NO2. can be measured simultaneously using Fourier transform IR spectroscopy (FTIR spectroscopy). such as CO2. 35 . VOC.b : Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy 5.2. In this system a reference wavelength is used instead of a reference cell. but using an interferometer arrangement. Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) Another non-dispersive method measures light absorption at different wavelengths. HCl. This technology was initially developed for O3 and NO2 measurement in ambient air and extended to other ambient species. This open path method is used in ambient for Fence Line Ambient Air Quality monitoring over long distances. SO2 . Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) Infrared-active gases. however.Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems 4. H2 O. NO. known as differential absorption spectroscopy or differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS).
HF. This difference (path difference of the interferometer) produces interference in the recombined beam which results in the fundamental coding. which is stored as software. depending on the software version used. This FTIR is an advanced technology and works on Hot Wet Technique completely heated at 180ºCand has wide applications due to multi gas measurement over the IR spectrum of 2 to 25 μm and can measure CO.NO. By comparing the IR spectrum recorded to a reference spectrum. This means the interferogram contains all the information about the spectrum in encrypted form. The reflected and transmitted beams hit two mirrors which are perpendicular to one another and are reflected back to the beam splitter. SO2.NO2. Essentially the FTIR technique provides a ‘signature’ of the total absorption spectrum of the sample gas over a broad spectral range.5 to 25 μm. The recombined beam is passed through a cell filled with the gas component to be measured and then focused on an IR detector. CO2. HCl and HF extractive system is preferred. The absorption of the modulated IR radiation in the measurement cell means that the interferogram contains all the spectral information at the same time. etc. The radiation hits a beam splitter which reflects 50 % of the radiation and transmits the remaining 50%. Continuously shifting one of the mirrors opposite the beam splitter produces differences in the optical path length which the two beams have to cover on the way back to the beam splitter. the FTIR spectrometer can quantitatively detect a number of IR-active measured objects. The beam splitter recombines the two reflected beams into one. The shifting makes the interference signal (local intensity distribution) variable (interferogram). Additional modules of O2 & 36 .Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems Most FTIR spectrometers are based on the Michelson interferometer which has the function of a monochromator. VOC. Instruments typically works in wavelength range from 2. A mathematical Fourier transformation into the IR range (demodulation) is then applied to the interferogram recorded. For monitoring of low concentration of NH3 . H2 O. Once the instrument has been calibrated the calibration data are stored as a spectral library.NH3. HCl.
waste to power. Best suited for wet process with high moisture even as high as 50 – 60 Vol% in background eg. the minimum detectable change in water content would be 1000 ppb.4 ppb if no other CO 2 is (CO2) present. Table 1: Minimum Detection Limit of FTIR Method for different compounds Sl. Sulfur Dioxide 1361 2. 37 . In air. waste.0 MDL is 5 ppb if no other water is present. process using alternative fuels like pet coke. water must be carefully (SO2) subtracted 7. In Humid air. when resolution is 0.5 Array of lines Chloride (HCl) 4. Hydrogen 3050-2700 1. bio mass.Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems VOC can also be integrated into the online measurement. The minimum detection limit (MDL) is in parts per billion (10 -9 ratio at atmospheres). Carbon Dioxide 2363 0.5 cm-1 and optical path is 100m (Table 1). process like Dry Cement. Frequency MDL Remarks Compound No (cm-1) (PPB) 1. etc.0 Array of lines (NO) 5.0 Array of Lines Dioxide (NO 2) 6. Water (H2O) 1700-1400 5.0 Array of lines Monoxide (CO) 3.0 Spike. Nitric Oxide 1920-1870 4. Carbon 2200-2100 2.4 MDL is 0. Waste Incineration. the minimum detectable change in CO 2 would be about 50 ppb 2. Nitrogen 2210 1.
Analysers that are designed to operate in the UV region typically employ the differential absorption technique. where absorption of high-energy photons can cause the electron to leave the molecule completely. Analysers designed to measure SO2 measure UV light absorption at a wavelength in the SO2 absorption band centered at 285nm. Absorption of ultraviolet photons excites the electrons of the atoms within the molecule to a higher energy state. dissociation. causing the gas to appear to glow. Non Dispersive Ultraviolet (NDUV) The characteristics of light in the ultraviolet (UV) region of the spectrum (shorter wavelength. Differential absorption NDUV instruments have proven to be very reliable in source monitoring applications and can also measure both NO & NO2 38 . where an identical photon is re-emitted as the electron decays back to its ground state. where a photon is emitted at a lower frequency than the original absorption as the electron decays back to its ground state. fluorescence. re -emission. causing it to fragment. The excited electrons quickly loose the energy by returning to the ground state by one of four methods.Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems 6. higher energy) lead to molecular electronic transitions when the light is absorbed. This is then compared to the absorption at the wavelength region of 578nm where there is no SO2 absorption.
O2 . etc. provided the sample flow rate is tightly controlled.Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems simultaneously without need of NOX Converter. The technique has lower interferences but cannot measure other pollutants like CO / CO2. Filters are used to produce a narrow waveband around 210nm. the quality of the dilution air significantly affects the measurement result.e. eg. does not vary significantly in composition. i. CO2. however it has found wide application as an ambient air analyser for SO2 where the matrix gas. N2. Commercially available instruments contain either a continuous or pulsed source of UV radiation. The quenching effect varies depending on the molecule involved and it is therefore very difficult to compensate for this effect when the matrix gas containing SO2 has a time variable composition. The amount of light received at the specific wavelength is directly proportional to the number of SO2 molecules and is a measure of concentration in the measurement cell. The light (photon) emitted from the exited molecules is passed through a filter and then to a detector photomultiplier tube. Ultraviolet Fluorescence Ultraviolet fluorescence analysers for SO2 are based on the absorption of UV light at one specific wavelength by the SO2 molecules. UV fluorescence analysers can be used for emission monitori ng purposes at Large Combustion Plants (LCPs) if a high ratio dilution sampling system as described earlier is used. A problem with this measurement principle is the 'quench effect' caused by the capture of the emitted radiation from the SO2 molecules by other molecules present in the gas e. is its limitation compared to other techniques like NDIR/NDUV with capacity for multi gas measurements. etc. This effect has limited the use of this type of analyser for emission monitoring purposes. CO2. 7. Besides inability to measure components like O2. ambient air. CO. 39 . a boiler flue gas. and its re-emission at a different wavelength. In case of measurement of SO2 concentrations in the stack gases.g.
In North America the system is used with conventional sampling systems and also with high ratio dilution samplers. compared to other techniques like NDIR/NDUV which can do multi gas measurements. The technique is non-selective. CO2. This type of system has found wide acceptance in Ambient Measurement for very low concentration levels. CO. but is a popular technique for Total Sulfur measurement as an online ASTM Technique. pumps etc besides inability to measure measurement components like SO2. It is therefore rarely used for continuous monitoring. 9. the system is not popular in Europe as it requires dilution technique for diluting the high concentrations in Stack gas by extractive dilution system.1 ppm) and a wide range (up to 10. Most commercial analysers contain a converter that catalytically reduces NO2 to NO.Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems 8. Flame Photometric Flame photometric analysers are specified in Environment Agency Technical Guidance NoteM2 for the measurement of total sulphur. etc. The method is also well established for ambient air monitoring. 40 . plus a short response time of a few seconds. For high concentration stack gases.000 ppm). It was found in the late 1960s that the reaction of nitric oxide (NO) and ozone (O3) produced infrared radiation from about 500 to 3000nm. and is not specific to SO2. These monitors have very low detection limits (of around 0. Chemiluminescence Analysers Chemiluminescence is the emission of light energy that results from a chemical reaction. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) does not participate in this reaction and must be reduced to NO before it can be measured by this method. It lost its status due to interferences / Quench Effect of CO2 / Moisture and additional accessories like Ozone generators. The NO (converted from NO2 ) plus the original NO in the sample is then reacted with O3 as described above to give a total NO + NO2 (NOx) reading. Chemiluminescence monitors are well established for the monitoring of NOx.
Scanning over the absorption spectrum produces ha rmonics of the absorption line. The second harmonic of the signal is usually used to measure the concentration of the absorbing gas.2.c : Chemiluminescence Analysis 10.Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems Figure 5. and this has the effect of increasing the detection sensitivity of the measurement. Tuneable diode lasers (TDL) have been used in extractive. point in-situ and close-coupled monitoring designs using second derivative detection techniques. Derivative/ Laser Spectroscopy Derivative/LASER spectroscopy involves scanning a spectral absorption peak and obtaining its second derivative or higher derivatives with respect to wavelength at the peak maxima. In analysers using this technique either the originating light from the light source is modulated or the light seen at the detector is modulated. The amplitude of the second harmonic is proportional to the second derivative of the intensity with respect to the wavelength. path in-situ. A simple diode laser system can employ the differential absorption 41 . The derivative peak is measured. This modulation produces a signal at the detector that is dependent on the shape of the absorption curve of the molecules.
This is due to line broadening effect as a result of molecular collisions. the path length containing flue gases and the temperature of the purge air and flue gases are measured. An interesting aspect of the technique is its ability to measure oxygen concentration. Advance TDL techniques like CRDS (cavity ring down spectroscopy) or ICOS (Cavity Off-Axis Spectroscopy) are very stable at as low as ppb levels. As mentioned previously. and the data are used to discrimi nate between oxygen present in the purge air and oxygen in the flue gases. Different types of molecule may broaden the absorption line differently. the path length containing purge air. In this technique the total path length. homoatomic molecules such as O2do not exhibit unique absorption characteristics in the infrared region of the spectrum. By using the derivative spectroscopic technique.Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems technique. it may be possible to correct the interference introduced by the purge air by calculation. tuning the laser to different wavelengths by changing the laser temperature or its driving current. If oxygen is to be monitored using this technique. it is important to use pure nitrogen rather than air to purge the sensor ‘windows’. Modern TDL analysers automatically compensate for this effect using digital filtering techniques. the spin of electron is modified can be detected. as the presence of oxygen in the purge gas will interfere with the measurement. Large interferences of gases may influence the measured concentration. Alternatively. 42 .
A mixture of hydrogen and helium is used in order to reduce oxygen synergistic effects. however. 12. The FID is selective and convenient to use in source sampling applications. oxygen or halogen atoms may give a reduced response. CO. which is sensed by an electrometer.Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems 11. The FID based system applicable for CEMS is hot. In a typical FID the gas sample enters the base of a combustion chamber. CO2 and water vapour are not ionised by the UV source. The major components of the flue gas sample such as O2. The flame produces ions and free electrons. CO. a light in the UV region of the spectrum ionises organic molecules. An alternative technique employs ceramic material to construct the burner nozzle. Flame Ionization Detector The Flame Ionization Detector (FID) is the standard method for the measurement of Total Hydro Carbon (THC) / Total Organic Carbon (TOC)/ Volatile Organic Compounds/ carbon (VOC). as the response of the detector is slightly different for different types of organic compounds. However organic compounds that contain nitrogen. in this case pure hydrogen may be used for the fuel gas. Photo Ionisation Detector In a photo ionisation detector (P ID). The current is approximately proportional to the number of carbon atoms entering the flame. A typical 43 . The mixture is burned in a jet with oxygen.wet extractive. water vapour. as a heated measurement. since it does not respond significantly to other gases in the sample such as N2. it has become widely used in environmental applications. SO2 and NO. N2. where it is mixed with either hydrogen or a mixture of hydrogen or O2 10% and helium. more fuel gas is required with this approach resulting in shortened operating times. and the ions and free electrons increase the current flow in the circuit. A current is applied between the burner and a collector plate. The FID is capable of sensing most organic compounds and because of its relatively high sensitivity. the detector must be calibrated for the compounds being analysed to achieve the best accuracy.
or alone as portable analysers. In the process. Selecting the appropriate column and operating it under the appropriate temperature with a suitable carrier gas flow rate will enable separation of the gas sample into its individual components. In an ideal column operated under ideal conditions. FPD. glass or stainless steel. Different molecules require different energies to photoionise. etc. PID. and the frequency of the light used in the PID may not ionise all of the organic species present in the sample. Columns are made from fused silica. Gas Chromatography Gas Chromatography (GC) is used to isolate the individual components of a mixture of organic and inorganic compounds from each othe r for subsequent identification and quantitative analysis. each molecular species will exit the column at a different time depending upon molecular weight and polarity. However. where the technique can be used to produce extremely rugged and compact instruments. commonly known as a ‘column’. The compounds separated in a chromatographic column must be detected and quantified. 44 . and is contained in a long thin tube. the most common by used in source monitoring applications are TCD. Many types of detectors are available. 13. analysers of this type are usually used as screening devices. PIDs are used in conjunction with gas chromatographs.Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems PID analyser consists of a UV lamp and a pair of electrodes to measure the current proportional to the concentration. the moving gas phase passes over a stationary material that is selected to adsorb the organic molecules contained in the sample gas depending on polarity. as the PID technique can be non-selective. FID. It should be noted that the technique is not truly continuous. GC is based on the selective distribution of compounds between a stationary phase and a mobile phase (carrier gas). UV lamps of varying intensities are used to monitor complex mixtures of organic compounds. The stationary phase can be either liquid or solid.
the measurement cell is in the stack. extractive on-stack. i. the oxygen concentration in the sample side will be less than in the reference side. 45 . In the cell the oxygen concentration in the reference side is maintained at 21%. In this method ceramic material. they are not often used for the continuous measurement of organic compounds in emissions to atmosphere from LCPs and waste. 14.Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems Analysers based on the principle of gas chromatography are complex and expensive. which is proportional to the difference in oxygen concentration between the two sides of the cell. the cell is mounted on the stack with a sampling probe protruding into the flue gas. Gas Chromatography techniques have been most popular technique in the Petroleum Refining/Petrochem industry for process measurements. oxygen ions can migrate through the material. Zirconium Oxide (ZrO2 ) coated with a thin layer of platinum. Zirconium Oxide (ZrO2) Analyzer for Oxygen measurement Analysers using ZrO2 for the measurement of oxygen concentration in flue gases can either be in-situ. Although portable versions are available. When the sample side of the cell is exposed to flue gases.e. acts as an electrolyte to allow the transfer of oxygen from one side of the cell to the other. the sample concentration can be calculated.  A fast response time (for in-situ measurement) makes it ideal for process control applications. When ZrO2 is heated to around 600°C.  It has a low capital cost and low maintenance. If the reference oxygen concentration is known.e. or extractive with the cell mounted in an analyser some distance from the stack.  It is a well-understood technology with examples at most boiler plants (for combustion control). The main characteristics of these analysers are:  Very accurate and reliable measurement of O2. This results in the generation of an electromotive force. i. releasing electrons in the process.
Oxygen has a relatively strong permanent magnetic moment.  Can be installed in the same sampling train as other analysers making use of common components. 21% oxygen. e. i. and 46 .e. It should be noted that the electrical output of the ZrO2 cell is zero when both sides of the cell contain ambient air. coolers. The general characteristics of the extractive paramag netic analysers are:  Accurate and reliable measurement. Paramagnetic Analysers for Oxygen measurement These extractive type analysers make use of the paramagnetic properties of oxygen for the measurement of concentration. which can be used to influence flow patterns of sample gas within an analyser. The level of water vapour must be known to calculate the concentration on a dry basis. Thus it is normal practice to ‘zero’ ZrO2analysers at the ‘air point’.Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems  The measurement is on a wet basis. 15.g.  Measure on a dry basis as part of an extractive system. therefore providing correct reference values for other extractive systems. The output of the cell increases as the oxygen content in the sample side of the cell is reduced. This also ensures that sample contamination by air in-leakage to the sampling system is taken into account. filters etc.
These analysers have a low maintenance requirement and are generally cheaper than other types of paramagnetic analysers.Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems  Usually situated adjacent to other analysers.1 Paramagnetic Thermo-magnetic (Magnetic Wind) Analysers for Oxygen measurement This method uses the temperature dependence of para-magnetism to generate a magnetically induced gas flow (magnetic wi nd). an enhanced circulatory flow proportional to O2 content is established in the sample chamber. Compensation current produced as a function of this position results in an electromagnetic torque 47 . The sample gas to be analysed flows through a two-chamber system.2 Paramagnetic Automatic Null-Balance Analysers The oxygen molecules in a flowing gas sample will establish a partial pressure gradient in a magnetic field. the thermodynamic conditio ns in both chambers remain identical. 15. If the gas in the sample chamber contains O2. The response time is also relatively slow. The two chambers hold temperature-dependent resistors that form part of a wheat stone bridge having thermodynamically identical conditions. The types of paramagnetic analysers available are: 15. so can be part of an integrated monitoring package. consisting of sample and reference chambers. The bridge is connected to a constant current source. while the reference chamber is not. When oxygen-free gas flows through both chambers. The torque on the dumbbell causes a displacement that is detected by a mirror and photocell assembly. which measures its angular position. which is then measured. This disturbs the temperature dependent balance of the bridge circuit creating a DC signal proportional to O2 content of the sample gas. The sample chamber is located in the field of a permanent magnet. the composition of the background gas must be taken into account during calibration. Because of the dependence of the principle on the thermal conductivity and specific heat of the sample gas. This gradient can be used to exert a force on a small dumbbell shaped body located within the field.
is not normally required. the problem of overloading (where the concentration is well above the measurement range) that causes problems for other sensors is not a 48 .Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems counteracting the measurement torque and tries to restore the dumbbell to its original position.d : Magnetic Null-Balance Analysis 16. Analysers of this type have become a standard for flue gas analysis and are also type approved for emission monitoring.2. current is generated which is proportional to the oxygen content of the sample gas. During reaction. This measurement principle can achieve high sensitivity and accuracy. This compensation current is proportional to the O2 content of the sample gas. O 2measurement is made using these cells. Reaction take place at the anode and cathode. The cross sensitivities of this cell are minimal and the use of gas filters. Additionally. Electrochemical Fuel Cells for Oxygen Measurement In recent years a wide range of portable flue gas analysers based on electrochemical fuel cell technology are available. as used for CO or SO2 measurement with electrochemical cells. A typical cell used for the measurement would be of the metal air battery type comprising an anode. Figure 5. In certain multi-component analyser applications. electrolyte and an air cathode.
6. Recent advances have led to O2 cells designed for continuous use that have been incorporated into the continuous analysers discussed above. The five varieties of flow monitors are stack or duct mounted and operate as a component (including a microcomputer. as O2 concentration in excess of 21 % are not possible. while having a shorter measurement length to cross stack instruments.0 FLUE GAS FLOW / VELOCITY MONITORING TECHNIQUES Most commercially available flue gas flow monitors operate using one of the five principles for measuring velocity and volumetric flow: ultrasonic pulse detection. thermal detection (convective cooling).1 Ultrasonic Flow Monitors The volumetric flow rate of stack gas is measured by transmitting ultrasonic pulses across the stack in both directions. This is approved technique with TUV/MCERT for O2 measurement for normalization of CEMS measurement as it does not monitor pollutant but O2 as a diluant for normalization. and temperature transmitters) of a system. these instruments have the advantage of not needing mounting and platforms at two different heights on the stack. pressure transmitters. 49 . audible acoustic detection and optical scintillation. Ultrasonic flow monitors are also available in probe design with the instrument being installed on o ne side of the stack only. Other types of flow monitoring systems are available: 6. Measurement of O2 would appear to be the most reliable and accurate measurement that can be made with flue gas alalyser using fuel cell technology. Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems problem for the O2 cell due to the nature of the combustion process. differential pressure.
as long as the traverse path length is not so long that the ultrasonic pulses become difficult to detect. The truss maintains a distance between the manifolds in a plane perpendicular to the flow and the 50 . The time required for traversing the distance of the stack with and against the flow is a function of the sound velocity and the effluent velocity. A side view of the probe resembles two stacked tubes with the ends tapered away from one another and the openings planed parallel to the horizontal axis. 6. The probe is constructed of two in-line tubes. however. Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems Vs t B t A L Figure 6.1: Ultrasonic Flow Monitor The tone pulses are accelerated or retarded due to the gas velocity in the stack. Stack flow can be calculated based on the difference in the time required to traverse the stack in both directions. traverses between angles of 40 and 70 degrees tend to provide the best results.2 Differential Pressure Flow Monitors The S-type Pitot tube is designed as per the design of Stausscheibe or reverse type Pitot. The Fechheimer Pitot probe consists of flow sensors mounted on two multipoint averaging manifolds. The ultrasonic pulses must traverse the stack or duct at a minimum angle of 10 degrees. The probe design consists of two manifolds (tubes) welded together with a truss plate. The sampling point of the probe consists of two opposing open faces perpendicular to the traverse axis.
This technology is used in numerous gas flow monitoring applications other than flue gas. and non. However. The impact and wake pressure averages are registered by the flow transmitter. 6. 6. Can be accounted for by using multiple probes/sensors 3. Pressure Transmitter (PT) and Temperature Transmitter (TT) are not installed with aThermal Anemometer as it directly measures Mass Flow which is usually the required quantity. and the other averages multiple points of wake pressure.850°C Up to 1000 ºC Temperature 1200°C 12000°C (model specific) (model specific) Low speed × 3 m /s ×   High Speed × 35 . Volumetric Flow is required and hence PT and TT are necessary to calculate density and convert mass flow calculated by the anemometer to volumetric flow. for the purpose of ETS in Type 2 CEMS configuration. Table 2: Flow Meter Selection Matrix Types of Flow (Velocity meter) Parameters Impact Differential Thermal Bi-directional Infrared Pressure (Pitot Tube) anemometer 1 ultrasonic correlation Irregular Flow Single point Multiport Wet stack ×     Max Flue Gas Up to Up to 200 – 300 ºC 450° C . The monitors are available for both single-point and multipoint analysis.4 Infrared Correlation Light based noncontact devices are also suitable for velocity measurement in flue gas.50 m /s    3 Calibration Factory Factory / Factory / Site Factory / Site Factory / Site / Site Site 1.sensing components of the systems can be constructed from various corrosion. One manifold averages multiple points of impact pressure. Calibration depends on physical properties (thermal conductivity.resistant metals. Other types of noncontact flow monitors are also available in market. 51 . Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems stack wall. specific heat) of the gas whose flow is to be measured. 2. Thus variation in properties of stack gas from factory calibrated values can result in inaccurate measurement.3 Thermal Flow Monitors Thermal flow monitors measure the electric power required to maintain a constant temperature of approximately 24 to 38ºC above the exhaust gas temperature in a flow sensor.
wherever available were also considered. Issues related to the utilities and maintenance required. Various technologies available and suitable for monitoring pollutants in specific matrices are given in Table-8.0 ASSESSMENT OF MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES The suitability of the technologies/instrumentation for monitoring the stack emission quality in different matrices. The prevailing industry specific emission standard and stacks in industries where CEMS are to be installed along with the CEMS options available for monitoring are presented in Table-7. specifications of above said technologies for measurement of particulate matter and gaseous pollutant is depicted in Table-3 and 4. etc. considering the limitations of the technologies. while Table-6 depicts CEMS technologies suitable for different categories of Industries. 52 . The comparative chart depicting working limitations. the varying Indian environmental conditions were assessed. Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems 7.. Table-5 depicts the composition analysis of available technologies for measurement of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants. including. operating costs.
1 . EP. Cyclone. none Notes: (1) Concentration dependant (5) No water droplets (10) Advised (9) with Faraday Using Extractive Shield/ Wet Stack edge System monitoring A ll T ansmisometry and S cattered Light Instruments M ust be prov ided with constant (2) Representative Flow dependant (6) No filter . None O O P O O P O No Transmittance Bag. Cyclone.10 (1) (2) 20 1000 Cyclone.not advised All Transmisometry and Scattered Light Instruments Must be provided with constant clean air purge supply (3) Application specific (7) Model specific clean air purge supply (4) Stack diameter dependant (8) Varing velocity range 8-20m/sec This document is meant as a guide and reflects the majority of technology limitations of instruments currently commercially available.05 1000 (7) (7) (8) Scrubber (5) P P P P O P O No (6) None Probe Electrification Contact Charge Transfer Bag. (9) ProScatter 1-4 (2) 0. P P (7) P O O P O No None Ratiometric Opacity (1) Dynamic Detection Bag .2-2 1 1000 (6) O P (7) P O O P O Yes DC / Tribo None (1) Bag . (9) 1-3 (2) 0.10 (1) (2) 30 1000 EP. DynamicOpacity 1 .2 . EP. Cyclone. Bag Cyclone cyclone DC Triboelectric 0.02 300 P P P O P P P (12) No EP & none Scattered Light (Forward) Other Forward Bag. Cyclone Combination AC & DC 0. None P P P O O P O No Opacity Non Comliance (4) 2 . P P P O O P O No EP.4 0. Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems Table 3: PM CEMS Technology Applications and Limitations Concentration self-checks Type of Dust (mg/m3 ) Velocity Measurement Technology Technology Stack Diameter (m) Filter Type Dry Humid Wet sensor Dependant Min Max zero & span Same Changing contamina tion check Bag.2 1 1000 None (6) (6) O O P O O P O Yes (DC) None ESP (10) Combination AC & Bag. none Scattered Light (1) Bag .1 200 P P P O P P O No Scatter EP .15 (1) (2) (7) 10 (3) 1000 Cyclone. Back/Side Scatter 1-4 (1) (2) 25 500 Cyclone. Charge Induction (AC) ElectroDynamic 0. however specific models may offer decreased or increased capability the actual stack conditions will dictate instrument suitability 53 . ProScatter 2 .10 (1) (2) 30 (4) 1000 EP. P P P O O P O No Scattered Light EP.2 .15 10 501 Cyclone. P O P O O P O No Transmisometry Principle None Opacity 2 . Drier. none (Back/Side) (1) Bag .
Pumps.Inability to measure other emission components like SO 2. H2S*. CO2. 54 .Uses Internal optical filters for removal of interferences. etc. etc. . etc. . etc. etc.To operate it requires additional accessories like Ozone Generator. CO. .Suitable for very low concentrations of SO2. . in case calibration does not follow the same system of cooling. H2S.as compared to other techniques which can do multi gas measurements. compared to other techniques which can do multi gas measurements. Dilution Probes/ Assemblies. .Inability to measure other emission components like HF. UV Fluorescence Extractive SO2.Quench Effect of CO 2/Moisture. SO2. CO 2.Suitable for very low concentrations of NOx applications like Ambient Quality Monitoring in cleaner environment. applications like Ambient Quality Monitoring in cleaner environment. . CO2. .Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems Table 4: Overview on Technical Selection & Suitability for Gaseous CEMS Technology Parameter(S) Technique Type Comments& Limitations Measured Chimiluminescence Extractive NO.To operate it requires additional accessories Dilution Probes/ Assemblies. compared to other techniques which can do multi gas measurements. NO2* *NO2 calculated (NO x -NO). .Quench Effect of CO 2/Moisture. .Inability to measure other emission components like NO x . . Cl2.A direct method for continuous monitoring NOX. . Sulphur) . etc. etc.Used in cold Dry extractive technique to remove moisture to avoid background interference from moisture. NDIR Extractive CO. etc. NOx .Issue of disolution and stripping of CO2/ SO2 can under estimate the measured concentration. CO. . TRS* *Cannot be measured simultaneously with (Total Reduced SO2. . of multiple gases suitable upto 4-5 gas measurements without any dilutions.Popular for low SO2/ NOx concentrations with moisture removal.
Suitable for trace measurements -Limitations in High Dust & Moisture applications . SO2. . HF. Tunable Diode Path CO. is necessary for moisture correction. HCl. NO2.H2O measurement in FTIR spectroscopy (H2O). O2 makes it cost effective over all solution. . Flame Ionization Extractive Total HC (VOC) -Very selective technique for Total HC/ TOC/ VOC. very expensive. as calibration needs to be done through a bench.etc. HF.Indirect measurement technique having calibration challenges at site. .Uses Hot Wet Preferred technique for complex stack gas matrix like waste Incinerators or waste to power plants.Popular in harsh applications in wide spectrum of Industrial process. alternative fuels fired Cement Plants. CO2. . Hot Wet options available for soluble gases like NH3. CH4 etc. of multiple gases suitable upto 2-3gas measurements without any dilutions. of multiple gases upto 5 .12 gases using Infra-Red (FTIR) (NH3).Used in cold Dry extractive technique to remove moisture to avoid background interference from moisture. HF. Moisture . etc. cost effective technique for single HCl.Cl 2.(VOC). for multi gas O2 & H2S measurement. VOC. but has Spectroscopy Long (NH3). NO NO2.A direct method for continuous monitoring Transformed NO. CO2. etc.Suitable of monitoring of multiple gases Absorption Path NO2.(HF). open path fence line ambient quality Perimeter monitoring . CO 2. 55 . .A direct method for continuous monitoring NH3. CH4. compared to other techniques which can do multi gas measurements.Inability to measure other emission components like CO. CS2. .Ideal for very low concentration of NH 3. . (HCl). HCl. high end spectroscopy technique. Requires H2 gas for flame and carrier Gas. .High Price. SO2. CO2. Fourier Extractive CO.Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems Parameter(S) Technique Type Comments& Limitations Measured NDUV Extractive SO2. HCl Differential Optical Open CO. with multi complex gases and integrated modules like VOC. however. N2O. maintenance issues as it is suitable for (DOAS) Distance / HF etc. . component. preferably more than 5. Usually selective laser techniques are not Laser Moisture (H2O). -Integrated with extractive Hot wet / cold dry techniques. with high moisture and soluble gases. NH3.
etc. Technology explained earlier. .Electrochemical sensor is a consumable and requires regular replacement and gets influenced by process stack background gas matrix. Electrochemical Extractive O2.Limitation in measuring SO2 and NOx due to lack of selectivity. . Notes: (a) Based on requirement. etc. 56 .Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems Parameter(S) Technique Type Comments& Limitations Measured . CO and CO2 installed (b) Any dilution extractive system must have CO 2 measurement facility at source and measuring point to prove the correctness of the selected dilution ratio.Limitations Influenced by moisture.Not suitable for online stack emission monitoring in Industries. (both extractive and in-situ) Paramagnetic Extractive O2 Stable and accurate and the technology type explained in detailed earlier. .Measurement of H2O for moisture correction is necessary and available in recent analysers.Suitable for Ambient / LEL / Portable detection . temperature. CEM System must have Flow (Velocity) measurement device and direct measurement facilities for O 2. Zirconium Oxide / In-situ O2 Widely used for boiler/ Stack O 2 correction/ O2Cell Normalisation. CO/CO 2. . dust.
stack gas High Initial cost actual flue gas and same rugged technique corrode the probe and optics condition. amount of light stack to the analyser. installation at lower height of even 3 to 4D possible. Limitations Installation takes more Cannot measure low levels. parameter. gas is conditioned measuring light absorbed the emits light.Readings can be has been adopted in easily. water interference. challanged in High Dusty date to measure other arrangement for Calibration is recommended or process applications. slightly more no expansion possible. maintenance. More time because analyzer not The complete analyser harsh conditions like High required for calibration as exposed to outside system along with calibrtaion moisture. also we can add the stack platform and would can be measured both ppm and The Critical Orifice is any other analyzer at a later require adequate %age. Very less Low Intial Cost. by across the stack. the calibration gases will conditions. and analyzed with a analyzer measures the absorbed at receiver sent to Analyser normally used for multi-gas NDIR analyzer gases analyser through Optic Fibre AQM can be used here. Works very well in dry sample. consumes less maintenance and calibration when any changes. water interference is a tampered by changing emissions. less failure concentrations. Dilution ratio Its widely used technique in consumes much more should be fixed as per harsh process applications calibration gases. Calibration gas calibration gas and no by operator / vendor / consumption is very high. This from analyser till probe. increases operation costs. problem dilution ration. For CO. Lower cost for multi gas Needs special care for installation as these are 57 . Clean & measured. Probe Laboratory. easy to maintain equipment needs to be Single analyser can be used for pass the complete system because no need to climb installed on a height (8D )at multi stack measurements. required for each expensive difficult to maintain. gases. Receiver mounted Very small amount of gas transported to sampling mounted on the stack. Optical head is directly Emitter. tall stacks. High Data capture rate. cable Advantage Very low levels can be Suitable for high levels of No sampling. Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems Table 5: Comparative analysis of technologies available for measurement of Particulate matter and Gaseous pollutant Type of DOAS (Differential Optical Extractive NDIR In-situ NDIR DILUTION EXTRACTIVE Technology Absorption Spectroscopy) How it works Gas is extracted from stack. Usualy quaterly (3 month). mts. Optic Fibre cable limted to 25 Individual analyser time. NO etc. Xenon lamp Extracted (Diluted) from system.
UV analyser. So2. Formaldehyde. List of gases CO. Moisture (number of HCl.CO. low water Hot Wet applications Only those having very which vapor stacks high concentrations. Less than temperature 400oC 58 . industries Remote YES YES NO NO calibration Y/N Online YES YES NO YES calibration Y/N Effect of dust . MCERTS and meets Only conforms to USEPA and conforms to US EPA. recommend Insitu because USEPA calibration protocols not approved / prefered by of high expectations in EU-TUV/MCERT performance in the USA Multiplexing YES NO NO NO possible Y/N Suited for All Only low dust. N2O. NO. HF. protected Approvals TUV / MCERT approvals US EPA does not TUV. NOx. etc. calculates) H2O. CO2. CO2. NO. Moisture – but limited to measured gases not limited because any 3 or 4 gases in one Benzene we can add analyzers) system (Note insitu do not measure NO2 only IR analyser. NO2 SO2. CH4 Maintenance Easy as it is inside a Difficult as one has to climb Very Very less as compared to More maintenance requirements building. CH4. SO3. Limited Temperature . CO. Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems Type of DOAS (Differential Optical Extractive NDIR In-situ NDIR DILUTION EXTRACTIVE Technology Absorption Spectroscopy) ambient air technologies. Cl2.SO2. less failure as the stack. NH3. So2. CO that can be Phenol. CO2. more failures as any other analyser sensitive analyzer is more exposed to harsh conditions. CH4. NO. Maximum Maximum Maximum Effect of . HCL.
instrument Very much affected moisture measure H2O online effected Calibration Refer Calibration Refer Calibration references Refer Calibration references in Daily Calibration (big adjustment references in this guidelines in this guidelines this guidelines drawback) as per Protocol Calibration frequency Table 6: Suitability of Gas CEM Technologies for Different Categories of Industries 59 . - pressure Effect of Nil as removed or Hot Wet Very much affected. Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems Categories of Aluminium Cement Distillery Chlor Fertilizers Iron Oil Petrochemical Power Zinc Copper Common Common Bio Type of DOAS (Differential Optical Extractive NDIR In-situ NDIR DILUTION EXTRACTIVE Technology Absorption Spectroscopy) Effect of . need to If moisture over 40%. Limited Pressure .
CO requirements Hot / Dry Extractive BRT BRT OPT BRT BRT BRT BRT CEMS (with Gas Cooler) Hot / Dry Extractive OPT BRT OPT OPT CEMS (with Gas Dryer) In-Situ CEM S OPT OPT OPT Hot Extract ive Systems with Heated BRT BRT BRT BRT BRT Analyzers Dilution Sampling + Ambient OPT OPT OPT OPT OPT Analysers BRT = Best Recommended Technique OPT = Other Possible Technique Table 7: Parameter specific Emission Standards for industries need to install CEMS 60 . TOC. SO2. NH3 SO2 CO. SO2 . SO2 SO2 SO2 HCl. CO. NOx. Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems Industries Alkali & Refinery Plants Hazardous Me dical Waste Steel Waste Incinerators Incinerators Emission Gas Parameters as Cl2 . HCl. NOx. HF. NOx. HF NOx. NOx per CPCB HCl SO2 SO2 NOx.
8 (Fence) monitoring Kg/MT (Soderberg Tech. VOC. CO PM 250 mg/NM3 and CO 1% (Max) NDIR for CO Green Anode PM PM 150 mg/NM3 Shop FTIR for CO Anode Bake PM and total PM 50 mg/NM3 and0. Industries/ Units of Parameters Emission Limits Options available for CEMS No. PM in Blending Plant mg/NM3 the date of e in the etc. NO. (25. NOx ) its periphery of 5. (NH3)*.) 0. (FID for THC) & O2 Analysers notification country can be added *in-situ laser based (25.Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems S.8.0 kilometer radius 61 .2014) method may be preferred for lower before the critically 30 concentration. Cement Plant Rotary Kiln Parameter Date of Location Concentrati PM CEMS Insitu (without co –without co Commissio on not to processing). date of polluted Hot wet extractive gaseous CEMS notification area or Preferable as given above. Grinding Plant or. in FTIR based hot wet technique to Standalone Clinker mg/Nm3 measure CO. Facilities Operation Prescribed 1 Aluminum Raw Material PM PM 150 mg/NM3 In situ PM CEMS Handling Calcination PM.3 Kg/MT of Al Oven fluoride (F) DOAS for open Path /Perimeter Pot room PM (as HF) PM 150 mg/NM3 and Total F 2. NO2.0 lakh NDIR / NDUV/ FTIR for multigas or within analysis (SO2.2014) urban Paramagnet for O2 centres When NOx-SNCR implanted NH3 with must be measured on the stack populatio preferably with TDLAS/ FTIR n above 1.8 kg/MT (Pre-baked Technology) Flow measurement is essential 2.8. H2O. on or after anywher 30 (HCl)*. processing ning exceed. SO2. CO 2. (HF)*.
25%. 0. 700 Dioxide of date of where in and 1000 (SO2) in commission the when pyritic mg/Nm3 ing country sulphur in the limestone is less than 0.5% respectively Oxides of After the Anywher (1) 600 Nitrogen date of e in the (NOx) in notification country mg/Nm3 (25. 62 .5% and more than 0. Industries/ Units of Parameters Emission Limits Options available for CEMS No.2014) Before the Anywher (2) 800 for date of e in the rotary kiln notification country with In Line (25.8.Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems S.8.25 to 0. (3) 1000 for rotary kiln using mixed stream of ILC.2014) Calciner (ILC) technology. Facilities Operation Prescribed other 30 than critically polluted area or urban centres Sulphur Irrespective Any 100.
Cement Plant with Rotary Kiln – Parameter Date of Location Concentrati PM CEMS coprocessing of with Commissio on not to wastes co-processin ning exceed. NO2. (HCl)*. 63 . (NH3)*.Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems S. SO2. VOC. H2O.8. Facilities Operation Prescribed Separate Line Calciner (SLC) and suspension preheater technology or SLC technology alone or without calciner. in FTIR based hot wet technique to g of Wastes mg/Nm3 measure CO. Particulate on or after Anywher 30 etc. (HF)*. (FID for THC) & O2 Analysers Matter PM) the date of e in the can be added *in-situ laser based (mg/NM3) notification country method may be preferred for lower (25. Industries/ Units of Parameters Emission Limits Options available for CEMS No. NO. CO 2.2014) concentration.
Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems S. Industries/ Units of Parameters Emission Limits Options available for CEMS No. NOx ) or within its periphery of 5.0 lakh analysis (SO2. notification area or Paramagnet for O2 (25. 0.8. 700 (mg/NM3) of date of e in the and 1000 commission country when pyritic ing sulphur in the limestone is less than 0.5% respectively 64 .5% and more than 0.0 kilometer radius other 30 than critically polluted area or urban centres SO2 irrespective anywher 100. Facilities Operation Prescribed before the critically 30 Hot wet extractive gaseous CEMS date of polluted Preferable as given above.25 to 0.2014) urban When NOx-SNCR implanted NH3 centres must be measured on the stack with preferably with TDLAS/ FTIR populatio n above NDIR / NDUV/ FTIR for multigas 1.25%.
(3) 1000 for rotary kiln using mixed stream of ILC.2014) Before the Anywher (2) 800 for date of e in the rotary kiln notification country with In Line (25.8.05 mg/Nm 3 compounds 65 . Facilities Operation Prescribed NOx After the Anywher (1) 600 (mg/NM3) date of e in the notification country (25.2014) Calciner(IL C) technology. Separate Line Calciner (SLC) and suspension pre-heater technology or SLC technology alone or without calciner. HClmg/NM3 10 mg/Nm 3 HF mg/NM3 1 mg/Nm 3 NA 3 TOC 10 mg/Nm (mg/NM3) Hg and its 0.Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems S.8. Industries/ Units of Parameters Emission Limits Options available for CEMS No.
Industries/ Units of Parameters Emission Limits Options available for CEMS No. NH3.05 mg/Nm 3 their compounds Sb+As+Pb+ 0. HCl Cl2-15 mg/NM3 FTIR.5 mg/Nm 3 NA Co+Cr+Cu+ Mn+Ni+V and their compounds Dioxins and 0. NDIR / NDUV/ FTIR for multigas analysis (SO2. Facilities Operation Prescribed Cd +Tl and 0. Fluoride PM-150 mg/NM3  In-situ or Cross Duct PM CEMS Total Fluorides-25 mg/NM3  FTIR. FTIR for multigas New NOx 500 mg/NM3 analysis (SO2. NOx ) CO Batteries at Extractive due to high dust.1 ngTEQ/ Nm 3 Furans 3 Distillery Boiler Stack PM 150 mg/NM3 In Situ or cross duct / Triboelectric PM CEMS 4 Chlor Alkli (Hyper Cl2.NDUV (Hot Wet) (HCl Plant) 5 Fertilizers Phosphate PM.Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems S. NOx ) 6 Integrated Iron & Coke oven PM 50 mg/NM3 In Situ or cross duct for PM Steel Plants plant SO2 800 mg/NM3 NDIR / NDUV. TDLAS for HF/NH3 gases Urea (Old PM 150 mg/NM3 (Hot Wet) Plants)  Hot/wet extractive NDIR/ NDUV before acceptable for NH3 01/01/1982 In Situ or cross duct for PM Urea (New PM 50 mg/NM3 Plants) after TDLAS in-situ would be preferred 01/01/1982 for HF. GF sites coke+Tar present in the sample Rebuild 66 . TDLAS (Hot Wet ) tower) *HCl vapour and mists-35 mg/NM3 Cl2.
Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems S. Industries/ Units of Parameters Emission Limits Options available for CEMS No. Facilities Operation Prescribed Batteries Existing Batteries Sintering PM 150 mg/NM3 Plant Blast Existing Units New Units Furnace PM 50 mg/NM3 30 mg/NM3 SO2 250 mg/NM3 200 mg/NM3 NOx 150 mg/NM3 150 mg/NM3 CO 1% (Max) 1% (Max) Steel making shop-basic oxygen furnace Blowing/lanci PM 300 mg/NM3 Should be with ng operation gas recovery Normal PM 150 mg/NM3 Should be with operation gas recovery Dedusting of 50 mg/NM3 PM 100 mg/NM3 desulphurisat ion Rolling mill PM 150 mg/NM3 Sensitive area Other areas Re-heating (reverberator 150 mg/NM3 250 mg/NM3 PM y) furnaces Arc furnaces PM 150 mg/NM3 Induction PM 150 mg/NM3 furnaces 67 .
Facilities Operation Prescribed Cupola PM Melting capacity Melting capacity foundary less than 3 tonn/hr 3 tonn/hr and above 450 mg/NM3 150 mg/NM3 SO2 300 mg/NM3. NO2 & CO by NDIR H2S in fuel 150mg/NM3 150mg/NM3 gas Furnace Before 2008 After 2008 In Situ or cross duct PM CEMS boiler and PM preferably optical based technology captive SO2 100 mg/NM3 50 mg/NM3 NDIR (CO/SO2/NOx) / NDUV (NO x.0 0. NO2 & CO by NDIR based 200 mg/NM3 150 mg/NM3 S content in weight % 1. power plant NOx 1700 mg/NM3 850 mg/NM3 SO2) Multi gas / UVF – SO2/ CLD – liquid fuel CO 450 mg/NM3 350mg/NM3 NO. corrected at 12% CO 2 Calcination Parameter Capacity upto 40 Capacity above plant/lime PM Tonne/ day 40 Tonne/ day kiln/ dolomite 500 mg/NM3 150 mg/NM3 kiln Refractory PM 150 mg/NM3 unit Rotary Kiln PM 100 mg/NM3 (Coal based) 50 mg/NM3 (Gas based) Sponge Iron Plants 7 Oil Refinery Furnace Before 2008 After 2008 In Situ or cross duct PM CEMS boiler and PM 10 mg/NM3 5 mg/NM3 preferably optical based technology captive SO2 50 mg/NM3 50 mg/NM3 NDIR (CO/SO2/NOx) / NDUV (NOx. power plant NOx 350mg/NM3 250mg/NM3 SO2) Multi gas / UVF – SO2/CLD – gas based CO 150mg/NM3 100mg/NM3 NO. Industries/ Units of Parameters Emission Limits Options available for CEMS No.Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems S.5 68 .
SO2 1700 mg/NM3 850 mg/NM3 NDIR (CO/SO2/NOx) / NDUV (NO x.Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems S.03 mg/NM3 measurement Atomic Absorption with Zeemans 69 . NO2 & CO by NDIR 9 Power Plant TPP Installed Less than 500 MW More than 500 Cross Duct PM CEMS before MW NDIR / NDUV for multigas analysis 31/12/2003 PM 100 mg/NM3 100 mg/NM3 (SO2. PM 100 mg/NM3 50 mg/NM3 (Preferably optical) Heater. Industries/ Units of Parameters Emission Limits Options available for CEMS No. Existing Plant New/ Expansion In situ or Cross Duct PM CEMS Boiler.03 mg/NM3 low value expected after emission control TPP Installed Less than 500 MW More than 500 Mercury Vapours – on &after MW Hot extractive system with gold 01/01/2004 PM 50 mg/NM3 50 mg/NM3 amahgamation chemical or Thermal upto SO2 600 mg/NM3 200 mg/NM3 desorption using Alomic 31/12/2016 NOx 300 mg/NM3 300 mg/NM3 Fluorosence technique for Hg 0.03 mg/NM3 0. Existing Plant New/ Expansion In situ or Cross Duct PM CEMS Boiler. SO2) Multi gas / UVF – SO2/ CLD – NO.03 mg/NM3 0. Vaporizer NOx 450 mg/NM3 350 mg/NM3 SO2)Multi gas / UVF – SO2/ CLD – Liquid Fuel CO 200 mg/NM3 150 mg/NM3 NO. SO2 50 mg/NM3 50 mg/NM3 Gaseous analyser preferably be Vaporizer NOx 350 mg/NM3 250 mg/NM3 dilution extractive due to safety Gas based CO 150 mg/NM3 100 mg/NM3 issues NDIR (CO/SO2/NOx) / NDUV (NO x. NOx ) CO SO2 600 mg/NM3 200 mg/NM3 NH3 for DeNOx control as operating NOx 600 mg/NM3 600 mg/NM3 parameter with TDLAS/ FTIR due to Hg 0. NO2 & CO by NDIR based Furnace. Facilities Operation Prescribed Sulphur Existing SRU New SRU NDIR (CO/SO2/NOx) / NDUV (NO x. NO2 & CO by NDIR CO 150 mg/NM3 150 mg/NM3 8 Petrochemical Furnace. PM 10 mg/NM3 5 mg/NM3 (Preferably optical) Heater. Recovery H2S 15 mg/NM3 10 mg/NM3 SO2)Multi gas / UVF – SO2/ CLD – Unit NOx 350 mg/NM3 250 mg/NM3 NO.
Facilities Operation Prescribed TPP to be PM 30 mg/NM3 correction Installed from SO2 100 mg/NM3 01/01/2017 NOx 100 mg/NM3 Hg 0.1 ng TEQ/NM3 (at 11% O2) Extractive is preferable) dioxines and Ideally system should be Hot-wet furans Extractive Type 70 .03 mg/NM3 10 Zinc Smelter. Existing unit New unit In Situ PM CEMS 3 3 SRU PM 100 mg/NM 75 mg/NM NDIR/ UVF/ NDUV for SO2 SO2 1370 mg/NM3 1250 mg/NM3 (Upto (Upto 300) 300) 1250 mg/NM3 950 mg/NM3 (Above (Above 300) 300) Acis mist / 90 mg/NM3 70 mg/NM3 (Upto sulphur (Upto 300) 300) trioxide 70 mg/NM3 50 mg/NM3 (Above (Above 300) 300) 11 Copper Smelter.Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems S. 400 mg/NM3 HCl 50 mg/NM3 FTIR. for gases (Hot Dry Total ** 0. TDLAS. Industries/ Units of Parameters Emission Limits Options available for CEMS No. Existing unit New unit In Situ PM CEMS SRU PM 100 mg/NM3 75 mg/NM3 NDIR/ UVF/ NDUV for SO 2 SO2 1370 mg/NM3 1250 mg/NM3 (Upto (Upto 300) 300) 1250 mg/NM3 950 mg/NM3 (Above (Above 300) 300) Acis mist / 90 mg/NM3 70 mg/NM3 (Upto sulphur (Upto 300) 300) trioxide 70 mg/NM3 50 mg/NM3 (Above (Above 300) 300) 12 Biomedical waste Incinerator PM 50 mg/NM3 In Situ PM CEMS Incinerator Stack NOx.
71 . Cd. CO 2 0. 800 oC All monitored values shall be Temp. Sludge.C.05 mg/NM3 compunds Sb+ As+ 3 Pb+ Cr+ Co+ 0. CO2 (permeation drying) P. 13 Common Hazardous Incinerator PM 50 mg/NM3 Recomended system should be Hot Waste Incinerator Stack HCl 50 mg/NM3 wet Extractive Type. Temp. Waste. Combustion Efficency >99% NOx.5 mg/NM Cu+ Mn+ Ni+ V *** 14 Sugar Boiler PM 150 mg/NM3 Note: # Alternative fuels like Petcoke.05 mg/NM3 HF. SO2 200 (30min). HCl.05 mg/NM3 Cold/ dry extractive NDIR for HCI. Bio Mass. HF & HCl furans TDLAS preferred for low level NH3. tyre.C. Th & its 0. CO. CO 100 mg/NM3 (30 minutes) & FTIR type multigas analysis is best 50 mg/NM3 (24 hourly) suitable TOC 20 mg/NM3 NDIR & FID for multigas analyser HF 4 mg/NM3 FID based instrument for NOx 400 mg/NM3 THC(VOC)/ TOC Total ** 0. compounds Paramagnetic or Zirconum / Hg and its NDIR for CO.C.1 ng TEQ/NM3 (Existing incinerator) NDIR+FID+TDLAS+FTIR preferred dioxines and for low level of NH3.Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems S. S. Facilities Operation Prescribed Hg 0. 1050 ± 50 oC corrected to 11 % O 2on dry basis. Industries/ Units of Parameters Emission Limits Options available for CEMS No. etc.C. In situ Optical based PM CEMS.
CO 2 and O2 measurement are compulsory for all installations.53+ NO 2= NOx as NO2 (to ensure no under reporting)  De NOx (SCR / SNCR). Installation using dilution techniques must have CO 2 measurement facilities at stack and at the instrument end.  NOx values are required to be reported as NO 2mg/NM3 NOx = NO + NO 2 = NO X 1. Temperature. Moisture.Recommended to go for NO + NO2 measurement for correct reporting as NO 2 72 .Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems * Mist not possible by CEMS ** PCDDs/ FCDDs not possible by CEMS *** Metals not possible by CEMS  Flue gas velocity.  All the data has to be corrected to mass/volume at STP (760mm Hg Pressure and 298 K temperature in dry condition).
Vibration. measurement UV Dilution Cement. etc. Flow. Dynamic measurement Dynamics like measurement to be Petrochemical. Iron Incinerat ors / Wet based Stack Separate moisture & Steel.P. Zinc. eg. Zinc. Process requires online T. Power. etc. backgrounds . Length Stacks measurement Dynamics like measurement to be Petrochemical. Zinc. Oil Refinery. Moisture and continuous high purity T. Power. Coolers and measure before Copper as dry basis. measurement require Dynamics like the analyser CE Petrochemical. Wet based HC. removed using sample gas coolers Petrochemical. Flow. Copper corrosive instrument air Moisture. calibrated and also moisture to be compens ated IR Extraction Cement Power Iron & Wet based H2O Separate moisture Hot Wet Steel Oil Refinery measurement measurement to be 73 . Limitation in high moisture to be dusty stacks and compens ated smaller dia stacks due to lack of optical path length. P. done and moisture Copper stacks measurement of H2O. Refinery.P. can not be mechanisms Incinerators applicable SO2 NDIR / NDUV Extraction Cement Power Iron & Incinerat ors Interfering Moisture is H2O Removal of H2O by Cold Dry Steel. measurement to be O2. O2. Stack HC kicker inbuilt in FLUORES CEN & Steel. calibrated and also. petcoke fired units. P.. Oil. Moisture. Vibration. Zinc. High Dust. Oil Refinery. UV DOAS In-Situ Cement. Iron Closed Path Wet based Stack Separate moisture & Steel. Vibration. Oil Refinery.T. Flow. Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems Table 8: Suitability of Technologies for Different Matrices Industries where Industries technology is where Interference Limitations of Interfering Parameter Technology Type applicable (17 technology removal Technology substances category. T. measurement to be CO2. etc. Flow.P. Flow. requires online T. Power. done and moisture Copper measurement of H2O. Iron Incinerat ors. IR-GFC In-Situ Cement. Open path better suited for perimeter monitoring. Moisture.
Zinc. P. Oil Refinery. Iron Incinerat ors Wet based H2O Removal of H2O by Cold Dry & Steel. etc. O2. Vibration. before Copper measurement Chemiluminesc Dilution Cement. Vibration. Zinc. NO2 cannot be measured is a limitation. Iron Incinerat ors Wet based Stack Separate moisture & Steel. T. Flow. calibrated also Limitation in high moisture to be dusty stacks and compens ated smaller dia stacks due to lack of optical path length. P. Vibration. measurement require Dynamics like the analyser Petrochemical. Iron High Dust. etc.P. Zinc. measurement to be O2. Oil Refinery. Usualy for ope path perimeter monitoring. measurement sample gas coolers Petrochemical. Moisture. measurement eg. continuous high purity T. Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems Industries where Industries technology is where Interference Limitations of Interfering Parameter Technology Type applicable (17 technology removal Technology substances category. before Copper backgrounds . Iron Incinerat ors Wet based HC. Wet based Hot Wet Petrochemical. Stack HC kicker inbuilt in ence & Steel. Wet based Stack Removal of H2O by & Steel. UV Extraction Oil Refinery. Moisture and measurement Dynamics like sample gas coolers Petrochemical. etc. NOx IR-GFC In-Situ Cement. Flow. requires online T. measurement Dynamics like measurement to be Petrochemical. Moisture. T. P. Oil Refinery. UV DOAS In-Situ Cement. petcoke CO2. Oil Refinery. 74 . Flow. done and moisture Copper measurement of H2O. Power. Power. can not be mechanisms Incinerators applicable Petrochemical Zinc done online Copper Incinerators correction. measurement of H2O. fired units. Power. Power. corrosive requires online T. (SRU measurement Incinerat ors Stacks) NDIR Extraction Cement. Zinc. Flow. Flow.P. Copper instrument air Moisture.
Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems Industries where Industries technology is where Interference Limitations of Interfering Parameter Technology Type applicable (17 technology removal Technology substances category. P. Zinc. Iron Incinerat ors Wet based Hydrocarbons NIL & Steel. Iron Incinerat ors Interfering Moisture is H2O Removal of H2O by Cold Dry & Steel. Zinc. continuous high purity interferences Copper instrument air IR-GFC In-Situ Cement. P. T. Vibration. Iron Wet based H2O Removal of H2O by Hot Wet & Steel. required >180 Deg C. IR Extraction Cement. O2. Copper measurement of H2O. Vibration. Copper NH3 TDLS In-Situ Fertilizer Hot wet Wet based Stack Hot Wet. measurement of H2O. measurement have high Petrochemical. Power. Power. Power. can not be mechanisms Incinerators applicable IR Extraction Cement. Oil Refinery. Zinc. before Copper Incinerators measurement CO IR Extraction Cement. O2. limitation. Power. Flow. Zinc. Wet process measurement Petrochemical. Zinc. CO2. etc. Oil Refinery.P. Oil Refinery. Flow. etc. Iron Incinerat ors Wet based Hydrocarbons & Steel. measurement sample gas coolers Petrochemical. Oil Refinery. Oil Refinery. P. Dynamics like NO2 cannot be T. Flow. measured is a Moisture.H2O required measurement Dynamics like measurement above due requires online T. Stack CO2. measurement require have high Petrochemical. T. requires online interferences. measurement IR-GFC Dilution Cement. Iron Incinerat ors/ Wet based NIL NIL Hot Wet & Steel. removed using sample gas coolers Petrochemical. Coolers and measure before Copper as dry basis. Flow. Power. Limitation in high dusty stacks and smaller dia stacks due to lack of optical 75 . Moisture.
etc. Limitation in high dusty stacks and smaller dia stacks due to lack of optical path length.H2O Hot Wet required measurement Dynamics like measurement above due T. etc. Flow. hot measurement measurement 76 . Flow. require 0 >180 C. can not be mechanisms Incinerators applicable path length. P. Moisture. Vibration. Limitation in high dusty stacks and smaller dia stacks due to lack of optical path length. O2. T. required >180 Deg C. P. Flow. Vibration. Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems Industries where Industries technology is where Interference Limitations of Interfering Parameter Technology Type applicable (17 technology removal Technology substances category. O2.H2O Hot Wet Incinerat ors situable. TDLS Extraction Aluminum Fertilizer Hot wet Wet based Stack Hot Wet. FTIR Extraction Aluminum Fertilizer Hot wet Wet based H2O Hot Wet. P. measurement of H2O. etc. required >180 Deg C. NDUV Extraction Fertilizer Wet based NIL NIL Hot Wet measurement HF TDLS In-Situ Aluminum Fertilizer Hot wet Wet based Stack Hot Wet.H2O required measurement Dynamics like measurement above due requires online T. Flow. measurement of H2O. HCl TDLS In-Situ Chlor Alkali Hot wet Wet based Stack Hot Wet. P. Vibration. IR Extraction Chlor Alkali Cold dry not Wet based H2O Hot Wet. T. Flow.P. Moisture. Moisture.H2O required measurement Dynamics like measurement above due requires online T.H2O Hot Wet required measurement measurement above due require >180 Deg C.
Power. value (KG/ HR) Dynamics like Copper Frequent probe T. Oil Refinery. Thermal In-Situ Selective Dusty stacks Varying gas Stack flowmeter Probe need auto composition and wet Dynamics like blowback for gases contamination T. Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems Industries where Industries technology is where Interference Limitations of Interfering Parameter Technology Type applicable (17 technology removal Technology substances category. cleaning Moisture. Power. etc. Zinc. Copper Moisture. smaller dia stacks Vibration. Flow.P. Iron Output available only Water droplets.P. Zinc. Iron NIL Stack NIL Based & Steel. cleaning. etc. Zinc.P. T. require FTIR Extraction Chlor Alkali Hot wet Wet based H2O Hot Wet. Vibration. DC In-Situ Cement. Iron Not suitable for low Stack NIL & Steel. Oil Refinery. - Triboelectric & Steel. can not be mechanisms Incinerators applicable 0 wet >180 C. in mass emission Stack Petrochemical. Power. Vibration. (>2M) Scatterd Light In-Situ Cement. PM Transmissomet ry In-Situ Cement. Flow. (>100mg/NM ) T. P. etc. Dynamics like Petrochemical. Pitot tube In-Situ Selective Dusty stacks Plugging problem No Stack Back Air Purge for 77 . Flow Ultrasonic In-Situ All industries Dusty stacks NIL Stack NIL need auto Dynamics blow back for effective cleaning. effective of probe Moisture. etc. Flow. Flow. Oil Refinery. level measurement Dynamics like 3 Petrochemical.H2O Hot Wet Incinerat ors required measurement measurement above due require 0 >180 C. Copper Not suitable for Moisture. Vibration.
Vibration. Range 0-40% o CO IR In-Situ All Combustion Max. cleaning. P. Moisture. Flow. H2O TDLAS In-Situ Calibration not Stack E very time should possible at site Max. Flow. Dynamics like be taken to factory Range 0-30% T. etc. Flow. Vibration. Temp. Dust 100g/m Dynamics like T. Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems Industries where Industries technology is where Interference Limitations of Interfering Parameter Technology Type applicable (17 technology removal Technology substances category. for calibration Moisture. effective Moisture. Temp. P. etc. Vibration. 400 C Stack 3 (Cross Max. Moisture. Vibration. 78 .P.P. Flow. etc. FTIR Extractive External calibration Hot Wet unit to be used for calibration Max. 400 C Stack 3 Probe Max. IR Extractive All Combustion Larger response time Shorter Hot Wet transportation lines IR Extractive All Combustion Larger response time Removal of H2O by Cold Dry sample gas coolers before measurement Oxygen Zirconia In-Situ All Combustion Stack Dynamics like T. etc. P. Flow. Moisture. etc. Dust 100g/m Dynamics like Duct) T. o IR In-Situ All Combustion Max. Vibration. can not be mechanisms Incinerators applicable need auto mass flow Dynamics like periodic cleaning blowback for measurement T.
Guidelines for Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems Industries where Industries technology is where Interference Limitations of Interfering Parameter Technology Type applicable (17 technology removal Technology substances category. 79 . assessment of H2O (moisture) is important to correct the results on dry basis. can not be mechanisms Incinerators applicable Paramagnetic Extractive All Combustion Larger respons e time Removal of H2O by Measurement in dry sample gas coolers basis before measurement * In case of wet based measurement.
Utilities a. steps should be evenly distributed with adequate height. CEMs analyser mounting flanges needs to be welded/grouted as per the mounting guidelines furnished by the vendor. will have to be made available as per CEMs system requirement and confirming the regulatory requirement b. Uninterrupted power supply . strong & reliable platforms at CEMs analyser mounting location with safe approach ladders or stair case (spiral) or elevator. the stack platform width for metallic stacks should be 800mm minimum & for concrete stack platform width should be minimum of 1000mm. e. should have back guard.0 SITE REQUIREMENT AND PREPARATION FOR MOUNTING OF CONTINUOUS EMISSION MONITORING SYSTEM 1. 2. d. c. d. signal cables. c. Infrastructure and mounting a. etc. 110/ 230 VAC as applicable should be supplied up to the analyser mounting location b. stair case if provided.Guidelines for Real-time Emission Monitoring Systems 8. Quality of instrument air shall depend upon the specific demand of parameter being measured. For ease of maintenance work. 80 . All the power cables. Monkey ladder is not preferred in case the height of platform is more than 30 meter from the ground. All platforms should have hand rails. Power supply should be properly earthed.single phase. All measurement ports in the stack / duct. instrument air tubing’s should be properly laid & clamped so that should not be an obstacle for personnel movements. lightning arrestor wire line & earthing cable wire line should be separate. Vertical ladders if provided. should be with proper hand rail. Industry to ensure availability of permanent. length & width. Instrument air connection – Clean and dry compressed air will have to be supplied by end user upto the analyser probe mounting location.
all the instructions in the vendor specific CEMs manual shall be followed. Safety With respect to instrument safety.0 CALIBRATION. e. Mounting bolts. c. then at every 10-12 mtrs landing should be provided. Ladder must continue through platform approach to some distance above such that landing on platform is easy.Guidelines for Real-time Emission Monitoring Systems 3. Industry to ensure removal of bee hive from stack or stack nearby location before proceeding for any CEMs mounting/maintenance work on stack platform. All personnel safety standards and procedures for working at height must be adhered to at site. a. d. ports must be well supported and welded as per required standards. b. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND AUDIT OF CEMS The calibration process for CEMS is well established in European Union and USA. f. The European Union follow EN 14181 which specifies procedures for establishing Quality Assurance level in terms of QAL 2. QAL 3 and Annual Surveillance Test (AST) for CEMS (CEMS is also called Automated Measurement Systems (AMS) in Europe) installed at industrial plants for 81 . If analyser mounting location is above 45meter elevation then for ease of maintenance and personnel safety. 9. must be fully tight before commissioning. The completed ladder network and stack has to be regularly inspected for corrosion and must be painted periodically. If the approach to platform is by using vertical ladder’s. The entire length of ladder must have protective back guard/cage. Ladder must be well maintained with all fasteners rigidly fixed in the stack wall. proper stair case or lift/elevator should be provided g. All flanges.2 mtr in height from platform surface. etc. Platform railing must be rigid at least reach 1.
82 . The USEPA follows a different route by using Relative Accuracy Test Audit (RATA) for gases and Relative Response Assessment (RRA) for Particulate. The difference between the European System and that followed in USA for Quality Assurance of CEMS is given in Table 9. Although the same EPA reference methods are used to determine emissions for compliance purposes (as in a stack test). After the initial certification had been completed the RATA performance audit must be conducted at least once every four calendar quarters. A RATA is initially conducted during the certification or performance specification testing period of each CEMS. the primary function of reference method data in a RATA is as the benchmark for comparison with the CEMS data. CEMS accuracy is determined relative to the EPA reference method. The suitability evaluation of CEMS and its measuring procedures are described in EN ISO 14956 (QAL 1). Only three test runs are required for an RAA. 2. which subsequently became EN 15267-1. The details of the RATA system are mentioned below: 1. A Relative Accuracy Audit is an abbreviated version of a RATA and was originally intended for auditing CEMS (3 out of 4 calendar quarters) which were not designed to accept Cylinder Gas Audits (CGA). In the UK QAL 1 procedures are covered by certification under MCERTS Scheme for Continuous Monitoring System. A RATA is an audit in which data from a CEMS is compared to data from EPA reference methods of 40 CFR Part 60.Guidelines for Real-time Emission Monitoring Systems determination of flue gas components and other glue gas parameters.
All indigenous and foreign Manufacturers of analysers/ instruments for real time monitoring of industrial emissions shall obtain certificate for their system within six months after the Indian certification system is in place. the year shall mean the period from 01. Each manufacturer shall subject its product range to the verification for Conformity of Production (COP). 83 . d. since the CEM is specifically characterized and calibrated for the individual application. For this. and Relative provide valid quarterly Accuracy Test data linearity test Audits (RA TA ) for gases and Relative Response Assessment (RRA) for particulat e The system for Quality Assurance followed in European Union as well as in EPA requires a well-established infrastructure for calibration of the systems. CPCB will notify agency for COP. b. for uncertainty calculations and performance evaluation besides requiring skills and expertise to support each CEM.Guidelines for Real-time Emission Monitoring Systems Table 9: Difference between the two QA systems followed in European Union &USA Stability Valid Ongoing Ongoing Selection of Installation before calibration instrumental calibration CEM calibration stability stability EU QAL1 (E N15267 EN15259 QAL3 Functional QAL3 plus Functional test parts 1 to 3) with test and annual and annual appropriate QAL2 linearity surveillance certification tests (AST) range USA None but legal Field 7‐day drift Correlation Zero and Annual onus on the Performance test tests over 3 Span correlation test operator to Test days plus. 9. April of a calendar year to 31 st March of the succeeding calendar year. The USEPA TUV & MCERTS certified analysers for emissions alone are recognised for use as CEMS.1 Recommended Instrumentation/Methodology for Monitoring a. c. every year.
in case their manufacturer fails to obtain the required certification from the Indian Certification Agency/ agencies within 12 months of the establishment of Indian Certification System. The testing shall be done as per the procedure and specifications laid down by CPCB. The performance tests are performed on suitable CEMS that have been correctly installed and 84 . h.2 Acceptance of CEMS Until Indigenous Certification System is Placed A CEMS to be used at installations covered by CPCB direction shall have to be proven suitable for its measuring task (parameter and composition of the flue gas) by use of the procedure equivalent to international standards (EPA PS or EN QAL Standards). f. The analysers/ instruments will not be considered for installation. g. The following parameters shall also be monitored: -  Carbon Dioxide (CO2)  Carbon Monoxide (CO)  Stack gas velocity  Stack gas Volumetric Flow Rate  Stack Gas Temperatures  Stack Gas Parameters like Moisture  Oxygen (O2 ) 9. If the COP verification report indicates non-compliance the manufacturer must stop the manufacturing immediately and recall back all the systems installed of the models observed non-complaint. The Regulator has to inspect the installation and collect information. The comments on this information are essential tool to qualify the installation for further performance testing Field-testing is a procedure for the determination of the calibration function and its variability and a test of the variability of the measured values of the CEMS compared with the data quality objectives specified. vendor and testing laboratories. The performance testing procedures involve all concerned including plant operator. It shall prove performance in accordance to the set performance characteristics during the field-testing.Guidelines for Real-time Emission Monitoring Systems e.
Specification Tolerance ranges/values 1 Zero Drift between two ≤ ± 2 % of Full Scale range servicing intervals 2 Reference point Drift between ≤ ± 2 % of Reference value range two servicing intervals 3 Analyzer’s Linearity The difference between the actual value and the reference value must not exceed ±2 percent of full scale (for a 5 point check). Specification Tolerance ranges/values 1 Zero Drift /Weekly ≤ ± 1 % of Span 2 Span Drift /Weekly ≤ ± 1 % of Span 3 Analyzer’s Linearity ≤ ± 1 % of Span from calibration curve 4 Performance Accuracy ≤ ± 10 % of compared Reference measurement Table 11: Performance Specification for O2 .No. The variability of the measured values obtained with the CEMS is then evaluated against the required criteria to satisfy the Data Quality Objective. and CO2 S.No. A calibration function is established from the results of a number of parallel measurements performed with a Standard Reference Method (SRM).No. Table 10: Performance Specification for SO2 . Specification Tolerance ranges/values 1 Zero Drift /Weekly ≤ ± 1 % of O2 2 Span Drift /Weekly ≤ ± 1 % of O2 3 Analyzer’s Linearity ≤ ± 1 % of O2 4 Performance Accuracy ≤± 10 % of compared Reference measurement or within 1% of O2 Table 12: Performance Specification for PM CEMS S. NOX and CO S. 4 Performance Accuracy ≤ ± 10 % of compared Reference measurement 85 .Guidelines for Real-time Emission Monitoring Systems commissioned.
86 . d. following multi point calibration (at least 03 span concentrations) using standard methods and certified reference materials. the system shall be rechecked for its health and data accuracy and reliability. It is advised to mention that calibration for certified CEMS and full performance demonstration of uncertified CEMS (whic h involves calibration) must be performed while being installed. No adjustment is allowed.Guidelines for Real-time Emission Monitoring Systems Table 13: Specification for Analyser S. linearity detection limit.3 Calibration of Air Analysers (Gaseous Parameter) a.m. operating temperature and other relevant parameters before installation.) by checking the zero drift. output. b. In case the daily zero drift is more than the acceptable limit as specified in the catalogue/brochure of the instrument/analyser manufacturer and persists continuously for five days. after a failure of the CEMS or as demanded by regulators. The health of the instruments/analysers shall be assessed on daily basis at fixed time (10. f. drift. the instrument/ analyser shall be recalibrated following procedure laid down at point (d) above. The instruments/ analysers for real time monitoring of gaseous emissions shall be calibrated with respect to their functioning. 9.00 a. The data comparison and calibration verification shall be done once in 06 months by empanelled laboratories following standard procedures and using certified reference standards. after a major change of plant operation. After six months of operation. No. Specification Tolerance ranges or values 1 Zero Drift /Weekly ≤1% 2 Span Drift /Weekly ≤1% 3 Analyzer’s Linearity < 1 % of full scale ≤ ± 10 % of compared reference 4 Performance accuracy measurement The performance test procedures are repeated periodically. c. e.
i. Non Dispersive Ultra Violet (NDUV)/Non Dispersive Infra-Red lamp based systems. k. The instruments/ analysers shall be rechecked for zero and span drift every Friday at fixed time (10:00 a. m. and after replacement of lamp. For FTIR Spectroscopy calibration once a year checks are acceptable or when major over haul as change in Lazer / Spectrometer. Details of Particulate Matter CEMS calibration are given below. 9.m. The intensity of the lamp shall be checked once every fortnight.00 am).) using standard methods and standard reference materials. n.4 Calibration of Air Analysers (Particulate Matter) The PM CEMS device is ready for calibration only after performing all of the required installation. for verification of the system performance by SPCBs/PCCs whenever. the calibration shall be revalidated once in 03 months. and configuration steps.Guidelines for Real-time Emission Monitoring Systems g. The instrument/ analyser system shall have provision of remote calibration. The drift needs to be recorded and suitably incorporated in the data collected over the period. j. Using Air for Zero/Span calibration is not acceptable. o. Zero / Span Gas / Gas filled Cuvette to be used with required certifications. a. felt necessary. In-situ based TDLS/ DOAS needs to be brought down to lab for calibration. l. h.00 am) and Zero drift checked daily at fixed time (10. For Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS). The continuous Particulate Matter monitoring system (PM-CEMS) shall be calibrated at different operational loads against isokinetic sampling method 87 . The instrument/ analyser shall be recalibrated after any major repair/replacement of parts/lamps or readjustment of the alignment using standard methods and certified reference materials. Data capture rate of more than 85% shall be ensured. The values of NDUV / NDIR based system will be compared with the standard methods using Standard Reference Material every Friday at fixed time (10. registration.
After any major repair to the system.e. the system shall be recalibrated at variable loads against isokinetic sampling method (replicate samples). The intensity of lamp shall be checked once every fortnight.00 am. the system shall be recalibrated against isokinetic sampling method. deviation of the comparison values for 02 consecutive monitoring is more than 10%. The data comparison/calibration verification shall be done by laboratories empanelled by CPCB using standard reference methods and at a frequency specified. The calibration may be more difficult in these cases and the full scale calibration shall cover all working 88 . (Extractive CEMS can be installed at 4 times of stack diameter downstream) In rare cases the PM CEMS analyzer can be installed at a distance atleast 4 times the stack diameter downstream from any flow disturbance. The results from the Particulate Matter monitoring system shall be compared on fortnightly basis i. change in fuel quality.5 Emission Monitoring a. c. d. In case. readjustment of the alignment. To ensure laminar flow the Particulate Matter monitoring systems (CEMS) shall be installed at a distance at least at 8 times the stack diameter downstream and 2 times stack diameter upstream from any flow disturbance. however. The data capture rate of more than 85% shall be ensured. Change of CDF should be permitted only if it is approved by SPCB/ PCC. No adjustment of Calibrated Dust Factor (CDF) is allowed unless full-scale calibration is performed for PM CEMS. b. 9.Guidelines for Real-time Emission Monitoring Systems (triplicate samples at each load) at the time of installation and thereafter. g. (triplicate samples at each load) f. at fixed time (replicate sample) starting 10. e. with standard isokinetic sampling method. every six months of its operation. change of lamp. second Friday of the fortnight. correction for stratification shall be made. h.
9. time average value (as decided by CPCB) will be used for compliance check. The construction of chimney shall adhere to CPCB publication. c. However. excluding start up and shut down periods. 50%. CEMS devices shall be installed at minimum 500mm below from the port hole designed for manual sampling. b. d. Any day in which more than three hourly average values are invalid due to malfunction or maintenance of the automated measuring system shall be considered lost date for the day 85% date capture in based on available daily average. 89 . one half hourly value is lost and in case the loss is more than 5 half hourly data per day.6 Data Consideration/ Exceedance for Violation a. d. e. “Emission Regulation Part III” (COINDS/20/1984-85) unless otherwise specified by CPCB or SPCB/ PCC. Instantaneous elevated data i. Probe / sampling device for gaseous CEMS shall be installed protruding downwards with suction system facing the direction of flow of flue gases. e. the operator shall reduce or close down operation if the problem is not rectified within 24 hours. 75% and 100% load) sampling shall be carried out for dust factor. Any exceedance of values over the prescribed standards or norms shall be considered as violation. f. b. c. All measurement ports into the stack shall be as per CEMS system requirement. f. Operating hours – means the time expressed in hours during which the plant in whole or in part is operating and discharging emission into the air. spikes with duration less than one minute shall be dealt separately and not considered for data averaging. Particulate CEMS devices (Cross Duct) or probe shall be installed in horizontal plane. In the case of a breakdown of the RTMS. In case of loss of data for more than 10 minutes per half hour. a day’s data is lost.Guidelines for Real-time Emission Monitoring Systems loads and atleast 12 (triplicate sample at 25%.e.
DAS to automatically and seamlessly transfer data to Data Acquisition & Handling System (DAHS). Web server to meet the needs of local PCBs. e. average value to DAHS. The system shall operate on Open Application Programme Interface (API) protocol based on REST based technology. h. j. Any exceedance of the monitored values against the standards shall invite SMS & email to the industry from SPCBs/PCCs.Guidelines for Real-time Emission Monitoring Systems g.7 Data Acquisition System (DAS) a. The system shall record all the monitored values and transfer 30 min. h. Data dissemination to stakeholders from web server linked to DAHS. c. i. Plant start-up or batch process starting emissions shall not be considered for averaging for the initial. g. The values recorded during calibration or during preventive maintenance shall not be considered for exceedance and assessing the data capture rate. k. Industry and CPCB. Data should be in encrypted format (tamper proof) d. i. f. 30 minutes’ period in case of batch processes or small furnaces/ boilers not operating continuously. For any second failure of the industry to keep the emissions within the norms the industry shall immediately move towards closure of its operation under intimation to SPCBs/PCCs. Data validation protocol inbuilt with data quality codes to defined specification in DAS/DATA LOGGER. 9. requiring immediate feedback on the corrective action initiated/taken. The system shall have provision to assess the momentarily values as and when required. Plant shut down period shall be excluded while calculating data capture rate. DAS (Data Acquisition System) defines the logging of digital data from the analysers b. The data shall be transferred directly from the analyser (no in between logic) to the server at CPCB/ SPCBs or PCCs via Data Acquisition System. 90 .
d. data transmission. 91 . b. the data transmission should be marked delayed data and reports of delayed data should by displayed on the portal f. data pick up. e. The functional capabilities of such software systems shall include: a. Data validation should be permitted only through the administrator and data changes recorded with date and time stampings. The data submitted electronically shall be available to the data generator through internet. Raw data should be transmitted simultaneously to SPCBs /PCCs and CPCB. h. manual data handling shall be permitted. g. data integration at server end should be automatic. c. In case any setting change is required it should be notified and recorded through the authorized representatives only. The data generation.0 DAT A ACQUISITION. M ANAGEM ENT AND REPORT ING Considering the heterogeneity of real time monitoring systems industries are required to submit real time data through their respective instrument suppliers. At no point of time. In case of delay in collection of data due to any reason. so that corrective action if any required due to submission of erroneous data can be initiated by the industry. should not be changed. Configurations of the systems once set up (through remote procedure) and verified.Guidelines for Real-time Emission Monitoring Systems 10. The system enables two ways communication required to manage such real time systems. This mechanism shall help in consolidating the data avoiding the complexity of different technologies and availability of monitored data in different data formats while involving the instrument suppliers in data transferring mechanism. The submitted data shall be available to SPCBs/PCCs and CPCB for immediate corrective action. The system should be capable of collecting data on real time basis without any human intervention.
 Data Generator  SPCBs/ PCCs  CPCB k. covariance. correlation. The environmental conditions around the site surrounding shall also be recorded along with other environmental parameters.  Auto report and auto mail generation etc. 92 . MS Word. CPCB and or SPCBs/ PCCs shall develop a map based system for data integration at a single location.. diurnal variation.  Transmitting data to different locations as per EC. as these have the potential to affect the monitoring system adversely and corrupt the data generated. l.Guidelines for Real-time Emission Monitoring Systems i. max. CTE/CTO. The software should be capable of analyzing the data with statistical tools and shall have the following capabilities:  Statistical data analysis (customizable) for average.  Capability of comparison of data with respect to standards/threshold values. *. A system for data validation shall be incorporated in the software with two stage/three stage validation and fixed responsibilities of stakeholders. m. etc. The software should be capable to verify the data correctness which means at any given point of time the regulatory authorities/data generator should be able to visualize the current data of any location’s specific parameter.  Providing calibration database for further validation/correction of data.  Comparison of parameters of different locations in user selectable time formats i. and other directives in force. RSD. Change Request Management: window for requesting data changes due to actual field conditions shall be provided by the industry in line to SPCBs/ PCCs to consider the request or not. min.txt etc.. System should have capability to depict data at the actual location of industry over the map. j.e. in graphical and tabular formats compatible to MS Excel.
 Providing data in export format on continuous basis through central/station computer system to other system. The responsibility of data submission lies with the Individual units. n. processed and interpreted a software system will be developed in future at CPCB in consultation with all SPCBs/PCCs exploring common data format to collect data from different servers to a common server. 11. p. Broadband. so that the data from the real time systems can be transferred directly to the server installed by SPCBs/PCCs and CPCB in a compatible form. Data transmission through different media like GPS. CPCB in consultation with SPCBs/PCCs shall explore the possibility to identify a common protocol. Data Storage for next five years. The industries falling in 17 categories of highly polluting industries. (at least any two media supported). Common Bio Medical waste and Common Hazardous waste incinerators have to install Continuo us Emission Monitoring System. System should be connected to a backup power source with adequate capacity to avoid any power disruption. as required for specific parameters and facility. etc.0 SUMM ARY a. The vendors/ instrument supplier shall install their server in SPCB/PCCs and CPCB for transferring data from the real time CEM systems. o. Normal phone line. CDMA. d. The instrument supplier will facilitate data transmission on behalf of industries.Guidelines for Real-time Emission Monitoring Systems  Channel configuration for range. 3G etc. Data-cards. Considering the large volume of data required to be collated. compiled. units. b. Industry will ensure at least 85% data availability from the system installed. 93 . c.
The authorized Indian service partner/instrument manufacturer shall ensure that any problem in monitoring system/data acquisition and transfer system does not persist beyond 72 hours. CPCB.Guidelines for Real-time Emission Monitoring Systems e. j. analyzers and software  Supply equipment/instruments capab le of monitoring/ measuring the parameters identified in the range of occurrence in the industrial unit  Supplied software should establish two ways communication sending diagnostics of instruments on demand. interpreting and interpolation of data on periodic basis. l. The plausibility control of data received shall be done. with central servers at SPCBs/PCCs and CPCB 94 . The vendor/instrument supplier shall make provisions to provide data continuously at least at 04 locations in SPCBs/PCCs. h. the Indian Bidder has to provide copy of the authorization from the original instrument manufacturer for bidding on his behalf. Role of manufacturers/supplier authorized Indian Service Partner:  Supply and install equipment suitable to monitor the emission in the available matrix  Supply all the supporting equipment. and industry directly from the analyzers. The vendor/instrument supplier will regularly cross check the data obtained from CEM system with that of the samples collected manually and analyzed using approved laboratory techniques and revalidate the calibration factor essential for generating better quality data. g. The vendors / instrument manufacturers shall ensure availability of spare parts for at least 07 years after installation of the system. As nearly all the Emission analyzers are manufactured abroad. k. The industries shall ensure that the monitoring systems are covered under Comprehensive Maintenance Contract with the vendors/ authorized Indian service partners of the instrument manufacturer for at least for 05 years after installation. i. RO/DO of SPCBs. f. The team members will be responsible for validating.
calibration of CEMS.Guidelines for Real-time Emission Monitoring Systems  The software should be capable of transmitting the data along wit h diagnostics of the instrument m. 95 . etc. CPCB empaneled laboratories shall only be engaged as third party agency for all activities related to assessment of installation. validation of data.
0 USEPA Documents related to CEMS a) Continuous Monitoring Manual b) 40 CFR Part 75: CEMS Field Audit Manual c) USEPA CEMS Performance Specification i) PS – 2 : Performance Specification for SO 2 and NOX ii) PS – 3 : Performance Specification for O 2 and CO2 iii) PS – 4 : Performance Specification for CO iv) PS – 4A: Performance Specification and Test Procedure for CO v) PS – 4B: Performance Specification and Test Procedure for CO and O 2 vi) PS – 6: Performance Specification and Test Procedure for Emission Rate vii) PS – 8A: Performance Specification and Test Procedure for Hydrocarbon (TOC) viii) PS – 11: Performance Specification and Test Procedure for PM CEMS ix) PS – 15: Performance Specification for Extractive FTIR CEMS x) PS – 18: Performance Specification for HCl – CEMS d) Quality Assurance (QA) Documents i) Procedure 1: QA Requirement for Gaseous CEMS ii) Procedure 2: QA Requirement for PM CEMS iii) Procedure 5: QA Requirement for Total Gaseous Mercury (TGM) CEMS and Sorbent Trap e) 40 CFR part 180 f) COMS (Continuous Opacity Monitoring System) 3. Guidelines for Real-time Emission Monitoring Systems S.0 Standard Operating Procedure for Compliance Monitoring using CEMS – Abu Dhabi 96 . HWI.0 UK Documents a) RM:QG-06: Calibration of PM CEMS ( Low Concentration) b) MCERTS : BS EN 13284: PM CEMS 5. BMWI ii) Draft Notification on CEMS and CWQMS iii) Minutes of Meeting with Industries on Online Monitoring iv) List of Parameters for CEMS and CWQMS v) First hand information on list of suppliers vi) CPCB/e-PUBLICATION/2013-14 on “Specifications and Guidelines for Continuous Emissions Monitoring Systems (CEMS) for PM Measurement With Special Reference to Emission Trading Programs” 2. 1.0 CPCB’s CEMS related Documents i) Direction for installation of CEMS and CWQMS in 17 Categories Industries. References No. CETP.0 EN Documents i) EN 15267 – Part 1: Certification of AMS (CEMS) ii) EN 15267 – Part 2: Certification of AMS (CEMS) iii) EN 15267 – Part 3: Certification of AMS (CEMS) iv) EN 14181 – Quality Assurance of AMS (CEMS) v) EN 14884 – Test Method AMS (CEMS) for TGM 4.
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