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Patent US5589576 - Cores for technetium radiopharmaceuticals - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsNovel complexes of technetium (99 Tc or 99m Tc) which contain the moiety Tc═NR, Tc--N═NY or Tc(--N═NY)2, and a ligand which confers biological target-seeking properties on the complex, wherein R represents an aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, or the grouping ═NR1 R2 ; Y...http://www.google.com/patents/US5589576?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US5589576 - Cores for technetium radiopharmaceuticalsAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS5589576 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 08/289,654Publication dateDec 31, 1996Filing dateAug 12, 1994Priority dateAug 29, 1989Fee statusLapsedPublication number08289654, 289654, US 5589576 A, US 5589576A, US-A-5589576, US5589576 A, US5589576AInventorsColin M. Archer, Jonathan R. Dilworth, Panna Jobanputra, Ian A. Latham, Russell M. ThompsonOriginal AssigneeAmersham International PlcExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (4), Non-Patent Citations (32), Referenced by (12), Classifications (7), Legal Events (9) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetCores for technetium radiopharmaceuticals
US 5589576 AAbstract
Novel complexes of technetium (99 Tc or 99m Tc) which contain the moiety Tc═NR, Tc--N═NY or Tc(--N═NY)2, and a ligand which confers biological target-seeking properties on the complex, wherein R represents an aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, or the grouping ═NR1 R2 ; Y represents an aryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; and R1 and R2 are hydrogen, aryl groups or substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic or cyclic alkyl groups, and may be both the same or different, provided that both are not hydrogen. The complexes are suitable for use in radiopharmaceuticals for a variety of clinical applications. Methods for the preparation of these technetium complexes are also described.
1. A complex of 99m Tc of formula: Ln Tc&#9552;NR, Ln Tc--N&#9552;NY or Ln Tc(--N&#9552;NY)2 where L is a mono-dentate or multi-dentate organic ligand; n is 1, 2, 3 or 4; R is C1-10 aryl, alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl or thioether group;or is the group ═-NR1 R2 ; Y is a C1-10 aryl, alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl or thioether group; R1 and R2 are H, an aliphatic or cyclic C1-10 alkyl group or a C1-10 aryl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl or thioether group; R1 and R2 may be the same or different provided that both are not H. 2. The complex as claimed in claim 1, where L is selected from phosphines and arsines of the formula: Q2 B(CD2)n BQ2, where Q is H, a C1-10 aryl group or a C1-10 alkyl or alkoxyalkyl group; B is P or As; (CD2) is a methylene group which may be substituted by a C1-10 alkyl or alkoxyalkyl group; n is 1, 2, 3 or 4. 3. A radiopharmaceutical which includes a complex as claimed in claim 1.
4. A radiopharmaceutical which includes a complex as claimed in claim 2.
5. A method of preparing the complex of claim 1 which comprises condensing a compound selected from the group consisting of a hydrazine, amine, isocyanate, sulphinylamine or phosphinimine with the technetium-99m complex of an organic ligand, said technetium-99m complex containing a technetium-oxo bond.
6. A method of preparing the complex of claim 2 which comprises condensing a compound selected from the group consisting of a hydrazine, amine, isocyanate, sulphinylamine or phosphinimine with the technetium-99m complex of an organic ligand, said technetium-99m complex containing a technetium-oxo bond.
7. A method of preparing the complex of claim 1 which comprises reacting a hydrazine or amine with the technetium-99m complex of an organic ligand, said technetium-99m complex containing one or more technetium-halogen bonds.
8. A method of preparing the complex of claim 2 which comprises reacting a hydrazine or amine with the technetium-99m complex of an organic ligand, said technetium-99m complex containing one or more technetium-halogen bonds.
This application is a continuation of now abandoned application Ser. No. 07/689,763, filed May 29, 1991.
The preparation of 99m Tc radiopharmaceuticals generally requires addition of generator-produced Na99m TcO4 eluate to a ligand or ligands in the presence of a reducing agent. Many reducing agents have been used to this effect including tin metal, stannous ion, sodium borohydride, ferrous ascorbate, ferrous ion and formamidine sulphonic acid. These procedures often lead to Tc complexes containing the Tc═O moiety, where the technetium is in the +4 or +5 oxidation state. The formation of such radiopharmaceutical complexes can often occur via substitution reactions on [TcV OX5 ]2- or [TcIV X6 ]2- molecules, which has been identified as a route of significant synthetic utility (Deutsch E, Libson K, Jurisson S, Lindoy L F, Technetium Chemistry and Technetium Radiopharmaceuticals, Prog. Inorg. Chem. (1982) 30 p 175). Only under harsh reaction conditions in the presence of powerful reducing agents and/or strong acids or bases are TcI oxidation state complexes attained and stabilised. A limitation to the formation of novel radiopharmaceutical products is the tendency towards formation of Tc═O species, but in addition formation of Tc4+ or Tc5+ complexes also limits the number and/or type of ligands prone to bind to the metal.
PCT Application W0 85/03063 describes the synthesis of the Tc═N moiety as an intermediate in the preparation of radiopharmaceuticals by virtue of its ability to undergo various ligand substitution reactions. The Tc═N core is again primarily based on the +5 oxidation state of Tc.
The reaction of TcCl6 2- with hydroxylamine salts under a variety of conditions to form a variety of complexes containing the Tc-NO moiety has been described (Eakins, JCS (1963) 6012; Radnovich and Hoard, J. Phys. Chem. 88 (26) (1984) 6713; Armstrong and Taube, Inorg. Chem. (1976) 15 (3), 1904). This literature is concerned with 99 Tc and not with its metastable isotope 99m Tc. 99 Tc has a half-life of 2.1�105 years, decays by emitting beta particles, and is of no interest as a radiopharmaceutical.
European Patent Application No. 0 291 281 A describes technetium complexes containing the 99m Tc-NO moiety, together with a ligand which confers biological target-seeking properties on the complex, and their use as radiopharmaceuticals. The complexes are made from pertechnetate (TcO4 -) by a variety of routes involving hydroxylamine salts. Studies of the coordination chemistry of technetium have generally been directed towards the synthesis and development of new 99m Tc labelled radiopharmaceuticals. 1 The majority of the technetium containing radiopharmaceuticals currently in clinical use involve technetium complexes containing either a mono-oxo or di-oxo core, i.e. [TcV ═O]3+ or [TcV O2 ]+ respectively.1,2 Technetium (V) oxo-species are used to image kidney, liver, brain and bone tissues.
When the R substituent of a terminal imide ligand is a dialkyl amide moiety, NY2, the imide ligand is more often described as a hydrazide (2-) ligand. Thus the terminal hydrazido (2-) moiety, ═N --NR2, is also isoelectronic to a terminal oxo (2-) function, and many transition metal complexes containing hydrazido (2-) ligands are known10. Examples of isostructural metal-oxo and metal-hydrazido 2-1 complexes include the following11,12,13,14 : ##STR2##
R represents an aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, or the grouping ═-NR1 R2 ;
Y represents an aryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; and
Ln Tc&#9552;NR; Ln Tc--N&#9552;NY or Ln Tc(--N&#9552;NY)2 wherein
a) Phosphines and arsines of the general formula Q2 B(CD2)n BQ2, where B is P or As; Q is H or aryl or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, preferably C1-C4 alkyl or phenyl; n is 1, 2, 3 or 4; and (CD2) is a substituted or unsubstituted methylene group. Related compounds are described in: U.S. Pat. No. 4,481,184, U.S. Pat. No. 4,387,087, U.S. Pat. No. 4,489,054, U.S. Pat. No. 4,374,821, U.S. Pat. No. 4,451,450, U.S. Pat. No. 4,526,776, EP-A-0266910 (Amersham International; methylene bridged diphosphine complexes) , EP-A-0311352 (Amersham International; phosphines containing ether groups), and ligands of general type
R3 m B--(CH2)n --W--(CH2)n --W--(CH2)n --BR3 m where
g) Ethane-1-hydroxy -1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP)
i Propyl (PIPIDA)
i) R5 =R11 =H R6,7,9,10 =Et R8 =N-methylspiropiperidinyl
ii) R5 =R11 =H R6,7,9,10 =Et R8 =N-ethylspiropiperidinyl
iii) R5 =R11 =H R6,7,9,10 =Et R8 =N-isopropylspiropiperidinyl ##STR3## m) phenanthroline, n) pentane-2,4-dione,
The invention further provides methods for the preparation of the aforementioned complexes of technetium. One such method involves the derivatisation of technetium oxo-containing species by condensation with hydrazines or amines (equation A), isocyanates (equation B), sulphinylamines (equation C) or pnosphinimines (equation D):
Ln Tc&#9552;O+H2 NR&#8594;Ln Tc&#9552;NR+H2 O A
Ln Tc&#9552;O+OCNR&#8594;Ln Tc&#9552;NR+CO2    B
Ln Tc&#9552;O+OSNR&#8594;Ln Tc&#9552;NR+SO2    C
Ln Tc&#9552;O+Ph3 P&#9552;NR&#8594;Ln Tc&#9552;NR+Ph3 P&#9552;O                                                   D
wherein R, L and n are defined as above. The driving force for these reactions is the formation of a stable product containing the former oxo function (i.e. water, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide or phosphine oxide), which is generally easily removed after the oxo group transfer, leaving the desired technetium hydrazido (2-) or imido complex.
An alternative method of preparation involves the reaction of hydrazines (equation E) or amines (eisner aliphatic or aromatic) (equation F) with complexes containing technetium-halogen bonds:
Ln Tc Cl2 +H2 NNR1 R2 &#8594;Ln Tc&#9552;NNR1 R2 +2HCl                            E
Ln Tc Cl2 +H2 NR&#8594;Ln Tc&#9552;NR+2HCl F
L, R, R1 and R2 are as previously defined.
The driving force for these reactions is the concomitant formation o f the volatile, easily removed hydrogen halide during the metathesis reaction.
It will be appreciated that the hydrazides and diazenides can be considered as essentially being functionalised imide ligands. The hydrazide (2-) ligand, ═NNR1 R2, is just the imide ligand, ═NR, where R is NR1 R2 ; and the diazenide ligand results when R1 is hydrogen. In this case, the intermediate hydrazide (2-) complex is deprotonated by a base to give a metal-diazenide complex with concomitant reduction of the metal centre: ##STR6## In the reactions reported herein, the base is always the added excess of hydrazine in the solution.
Turning now to the preparation of the technetium complexes containing an imido moiety, the approach has been to replace the oxo function in [TcOX4 ]- (X═Cl, Br) using arylisocyanates (reaction type equation B). This formed a convenient entry point into the work by extending an established route for the synthesis of Tc═NR complexes. This method has only been previously used for generation of neutral imido products from neutral transition metal oxo starting materials. The work reported here is thus the first example of the method extended to the preparation of anionic transition metal imido complexes, and also to technetium chemistry.
Reaction of [TcV OX4 ]- with excess ArNCO in refluxing dry toluene under nitrogen gives excellent yields of the desired TcV -imido products isolated as solids on ether trituration of the residue obtained directly from the reaction mixture (equation G): ##STR7## X: Cl, 95-100% 1 X═Br, 74% 2
The products [Tc(Ntol)X4 ]- contain the new core moiety [TcV ═NR]3+ which is formally analogous to the known [Tc═O]3+ core . [Tc(NR)X4 ]- is a sixteen electron species in which the imido ligand functions as a four electron donor; the technetium-nitrogen bond is therefore expected to be a short, linear multiple [Tc═NR] bond. Attempted structural characterisation of [Tc(Ntol)Cl4 ]- as its PPh4 + salt by X-ray crystallography has so far been unsuccessful due to its sensitive nature. The products 1 and 2 are very good starting materials for the preparation of many new Tc═NR complexes.
Reaction of [TcOCl4 ]- with ArNH2 in refluxing MeOH in the presence of the monodentate phosphine PPh3 gives the green-brown neutral TcV imido complexes which analyse for [Tc(NR)Cl3 (PPh3)2 ] (equation H): ##STR8##
The [Tc(NR)Cl3 (PPh3)2 ] compounds are much superior starting materials than [Tc(NR)X4 ]- because these are much more stable Tc═NR species.
Reaction of [TcOCl4 ]- with excess amine and dppe in refluxing MeOH or EtOH allows the isolation of good yields of the cationic Tc-imido complexes [TcIV (NC6 H4 Z)Cl-(dppe)2 ]+ as their BPh4 - salts (equation I): ##STR9##
These complexes 6,7, and 8 are all air-stable darkly coloured cationic TcIV -imido complexes. Chromatographic analysis (HPLC, beta detection) indicates single 99 Tc-containing species. They are quite soluble in CH2 Cl2 and insoluble in ether, petrol and alcohols. They may be conveniently recrystallised from CH2 Cl2 /MeOH.
Their assignment as Tc(IV) complexes is from the following characterisation: The analysis stoichiometry fits the formula [Tc(NR)Cl(dppe)2 ](BPh4). Although γTc═N is not assignable there is no evidence for γNH in the infrared. The compounds exhibit very broadened NMR spectra (1 H, 31 P) at room temperature which are not easily assigned. They are assumed to be paramagnetic TcIV imido complexes and not TcIII -amido (TcNHR) complexes on this basis.
This represents another new core, the [TcIV ═NR]2+ moiety. Evidence for the existence of this new TcIV core comes from the structural characterisation of a [TcIV -hydrazido(2-)bis(dppe)Cl]+ cation which contains a [TcIV NNR2 ]2+ core18. Hydrazido(2-) and imido(2-) are formally analogous. Further evidence comes from the existence and relative stability of the analogous [TcIV ═OV ]2+ core from the electrochemical reduction of some TcV oxo Schiff base complexes.
The facile synthesis of [TcCl(NNPh)2 (PPh3)2 ] from [Bu4 N][TcOCl4 ], PhNHNH2, and PPh3 in methanol under reflux has been demonstrated.25 This complex proved to be somewhat insoluble and could not be satisfactorily recrystallised due to its poor solubility. This unsubstituted phenyl-diazenido-complex thus appears to be polymeric, possibly containing chloro-bridges. Consequently it was not thought to be a suitable starting material for investigation of substitution chemistry.
Use of 4-substituted hydrazine hydrochlorides 4-XC6 H4 NHNH2.HCl (X═Cl, CH3) has lead to the preparation of the analogous bisdiazenido-complexes [TcCl (NNC6 H4 X)2 (PPh3)2 ] (X═Cl, 9; X═CH3, 10). These air-stable orange crystalline solids are reasonably soluble compounds and are much superior starting materials. Complex 9 (X═Cl) in particular has proved to be the most suitable for a systematic investigation of the substitution chemistry of the technetium bis diazenido-complexes, giving relatively clean products on reaction with the appropriate ligand.
A most important development in this work is the fact that these diazenido-complexes [TcCl(NNR)2 (PPh3)2 ] may also be synthesised directly from [TcO4 ]-. Reaction of [NH4 ] [TcO4 ] with ClC6 H4 NHNH2.HCl and PPh3 in dry methanol under reflux gives a good (60-70%) yield of [TcCl(NNC6 H4 Cl)2 (PPh3)2 ] 9. Many variations in experimental conditions were tried. The best method is reported here. This result suggests that all technetium diazenido-complexes may be synthesised in good yield directly from [TcO4 ]-.
In order to investigate which complexes could be synthesised directly from [TcO.sub. 4]- in future work, it has been important to demonstrate that the diazenido- (and imido-) cores may be incorporated into a wide variety of complex types. For diazenido-cores this has mainly been approached by the systematic substitution of 9.
Reaction of the commercially available hydrazine O2 NC6 H4 NHNH2 with [Bu4 N] [TcOCl4 ] and PPh3 in methanol leads to the isolation of the lime-green Tc(III) monodiazenido-complex [TcCl2 (NNC6 H4 NO2)(PPh3)2 ], 11 in reasonable yield. Apparently a bis diazenido-complex is not formed from reaction of this nitro-substituted phenyl hydrazine. The complex 11 promises to be a useful starting material for the preparation of a variety of monodiazenido-complexes as it has two easily replaceable chlorides. In the presence of dppe in methanol-toluene under reflux complex 11 gives orange [TcCl(NNC6 H4 NO2)(dppe)2 ]+, 13 isolated as its BPh4 - salt in good yield. [TcCl(NNC6 H4 NO2)(dmpe)2 ][PF6 ] (retention time 10 minutes, single species) was prepared in high yield directly from [TcOCl4 ]-, the hydrazine, and dmpe in refluxing methanol-toluene.
Reaction of 9 with the tetradentate N2 O2 (2-) ligand salenH2 in methanol-toluene under reflux in the presence of Et3 N gives the neutral dark-green Tc(III) diazenido-complex [Tc(NNC6 H4 Cl) (salen) (PPh3)], 16 in good yield. Similar reaction of 9 with the obligately planar tetradentate N2 O2 (2-) ligand salphenH2 gave no well defined product suggesting that a cis-geometry of the --N2 Ar and PPh3 groups is preferred. Further evidence for a preferred cis-geometry is suggested from the spectroscopic results of 14. This is expected to be confirmed by X-ray structure analysis.
Reaction of 9 with the N2 S2 ligand (HSCH(Me)CONHCH2 --)2 in the presence of Et3 N gave a dark-brown solid. The product was too insoluble for satisfactory analysis by NMR, but appeared to be diamagnetic. Elemental analysis on the product isolated directly from the reaction mixture suggested the formulation as a his diazenido-complex [Tc(NNC6 H4 Cl)2- (SCH(Me)CONHCH2 CH2 NHCOCH(Me)S)]x, 17.
Much effort has been directed to the development of a synthetic route to Tc imido-complexes directly from [TcO4 ]-. Reaction of aqueous methanolic solutions of [TcO4 ]- with aromatic amine and PPh3 in the presence of concentrated HCl gives only low yields of the desired Tc(V) imido-complexes [TcCl3 (NAr)(PPh3)2 ]. These complexes have been prepared previously from [Bu4 N][TcOCl4 ].25 The nature of the reaction from [TcO4 ]- appears to be very dependent on the concentration of HCl used. Use of excess HCl gives [TcCl4 (PPh3)2 ].
The use of amine hydrochloride (ArNH3 Cl) as an alternative to the addition of HCl in this reaction has also been investigated in some detail. [TcO4 ]- reacts with ArNH3 Cl and PPh3 in aqueous methanol to give a bright blue, neutral product in high yield after about 20 minutes stirring at room temperature. This product appears to be independent of the aromatic amine hydrochloride used. The blue compound appears to be diamagnetic (NMR) and shows evidence for coordinated PPh3, but contains no nitrogen. This compound analyses reasonably as [Tc2 Cl4 (PPh3)4 ] which is analogous to many known Re--Re multiply bonded species. Use of aliphatic amine hydrochlorides (RNH3 Cl) leads to rapid conversion to black insoluble "TcO2.xH2 O".
Reaction of [NH4 ][TcO4 ] with the hydrochloride of anthranilic acid (2-HO2 CC6 H4 NH3 Cl) under analogous conditions gives a lime-green precipitate. This analyses reasonably well as [TcCl2 (NC6 H4 CO2)(PPh3)2 ], 18 and is expected to have the novel structure containing a bent TcNC framework. The bent chelating imidobenzoate (3-) ligand is thus a new core moiety for technetium. The complex 18 may also be prepared from [TcOCl4 ]- in lower yield. Anthranilic acid is known to react with [ReOCl3 (PPh3)2 ] in ethanol to give the chelating imidobenzoate (3-) complex [ReCl(OEt) (NC6 H4 CO2)(PPh3)2 ].27 ##STR10##
Our work has resulted in the synthesis of two new classes of technetium complexes with hydrazido (2-), i.e. .sup.═ NNR2, and diazenido i.e. --NNR substituents, at both the carrier added (99 Tc) and the no carrier added (99m Tc) levels. Both neutral and cationic derivatives have been prepared within each class. These complexes are useful as radiopharmaceuticals and thus provide a new range of such reagents.
[TcV (NNMePh)Cl3 (PPh3)2 ]
[TcV (NNMePh)Cl2 (PMe2 Ph)3 ][PF6 ]
[TcV (NNMePh)Cl(Et2 NCS2)2 ]
[Tc(N2)Cl(dppe)2 ]
[TcIV (NNMe2)Cl(dppe)2 ][PF6 ]
[TcV O(NH)dppe][PF6 ]
[TcIII (NNPh)2 Cl(PPh3)2 ]
[TcIII (NNPh)Cl(dppe)2 ][PF6 ]
[Tc(NNC6 H4 Cl)Cl(dppe)2)[PF6 ]
[Bu4 N][Tc(NC6 H4 CH3)Br4 ], [Bu4 N][Tc(NC6 H4 CH3)Cl4 ], Tc(NC6 H4 Z)Cl3 (PPh3)2 where Z═CH3, Br, Cl, [Tc(NC6 H4 Z)Cl(dppe)2 ][BPh4 ], where Z is as above.
99m Tc: No-Carrier Added Level*
[TcIII (NNPh)Cl(L)2 ]+ L=dmpe, dppe, P46, P53, P56, P68, PL28, PL31, PL34, PL37, PL38, PL40, PL42, PL43, PL46, PL49, PL50.
[TcIII (NNC6 H4 NO2)Cl(L)2 ]+ L=dmpe
[TcIV (NNMePh)Cl(L)2 ]+ L=dmpe, P34, P46, P53, P65, P68, PL28, PL38
*The structures of the ligands, L, given here are shown in Table 1.
Of these, animal biodistribution data has been obtained for the following 99m Tc species and the results are shown in Tables 2, 3 and 4:
[TcIII (NNPh)Cl(L)2 ]+ L=dmpe, PL28, P46, PL42, PL43, P65, PL50. PL38                                                (Table 2)
[TcIII (NNC6 H4 NO2)Cl(L)2 ]+ L=dmpe (Table 3)
TcIV (NNMePh)Cl(L)2 ]+ L=dmpe, P46, P65     (Table 4)
All reactions were performed under an atmosphere of nitrogen using predried, distilled solvents unless noted otherwise. [NBu4 ] [TcOCl] was prepared by the literature procedure20. All other reagents used were obtained from commercial sources and used as received. Aqueous solutions of [NH4 ][TcO4 ] were obtained from Amersham International plc.
All complexes were characterised by elemental analysis, IR, 1 H NMR and 31 P NMR. Only analytical data are included here but spectroscopic information is available. In addition to the above physical characterisation of the complexes single crystal X-ray structures have been obtained for four complexes: [Tc(NNPh)Cl(dppe)2 ][PF6 ], [Tc(NH)O(dppe)2 ][PF6 ], [Tc(NNMe2)Cl(dppe)2 ][PF6 ] and Tc(NC6 H4 CH3)Cl3 (PPh3)2.
Reaction of (Bu4 N)[TcOX4 ] (X═Cl, Br) with 4-Tolylisocyanate
i) Tetrabutylammonium(1+)tetrachloro(p-tolylimido) technetate (V) (1-), (Bu4 N) [Tc(Ntol)Cl4 ]1
(Bu4 N)[TcOCl4 ] (0.194 g, 0.39 mmol) was suspended in dry degassed toluene (10 ml) and MePhNCO (0.25 ml, 1.98 mmol, 5 equivalents) was added. The mixture was then vigorously refluxed under N2 for 45 minutes. After cooling to room temperature the toluene was decanted off, and the black residue was triturated with dry diethyl ether (10 ml) before collection of the blue-black solid 1 by filtration. On washing thoroughly with diethyl ether the product was dried in vacuo. (Yield 0.229 g, 0.39 mmol, 100%). In similar preparations of 1 the yield was never less than 95% and therefore the conversion was considered to be essentially quantitative. (Found: C, 49.31; H, 7.22; N, 5.02. calc for TcC23 H43 N2 Cl4 : C, 47.03; H, 7.37; N, 4.77% ); 1 H NMR (d6 -DMSO) 0.9[12H, broad unresolved triplet, (CH3 (CH2)3)4 N]; 1.4[24H, broad multiplet, (CH3 (CH2)3)4 N]; 2.2[3H, singlet, CH3 C6 H4 N--Tc]; 7.0-7.4[4H, multiplet, CH3 C6 H4 NTc]; vmax. (Nujol mull, KBr plates) 1170 m br cm-1 (Tc═N, tentative assignment).
The blue-black product 2 was prepared in a similar fashion to 1 using (Bu4 N) [TcOBr4 ] (0.268 g, 0.396 mmol) and MePhNCO (0.25 ml, 1.98 mmol, 5 equivalents) in refluxing dry toluene (15 ml). (Yield 0.224 g, 0.29 mmol, 74%). HPLC retention time 9.6 minutes, single species; (Found : C, 36.73; H, 6.43; N, 3.16. calc for TcC23 H43 N2 Br4 : C, 36.10; H 5.66; N 3.66%); 1 H NMR (CDCl3) 1.0[12H, broad unresolved triplet, (CH3 (CH2)3)4 N]; 1.5[24H, broad multiplet, (CH3 (CH2)3)4 N]; 2.27[3H, singlet, CH3 C6 H4 NTc]; 6.9-7.5[4H, multiplet, CH3 C6 H4 NTc]; vmax. (Nujol mull, KBr plates) 1175 cm-1 (Tc═N, tentative assignment).
Reactions of (Bu4 N)[TcOCl4 ] with Aromatic Amines (4-ZC6 H4 NH2, Z═CH3, Br, Cl) in the Presence of Triphenylphosphine, PPh3 i) Trichloro(p-tolylimido)bis(triphenylphosphine) technetium (V), Tc(NC6 H4 Z)Cl3 (PPh3)2 Z═CH3, 3
(Bu4 N) [TcOCl4 ] (0.216 g, 0.43 mmol), CH3 C6 H4 NH2 (0.07 g, 0.65 mmol, 1.5 equivalents) and PPh3 (0.34 g, 1.3 mmol, 3 equivalents) were refluxed in dry methanol (10 ml) under N2 for 40 minutes. After cooling to room temperature, the brown-green mixture was evaporated to 5 ml, and diethyl ether (15 ml) was added to aid precipitation of 3. The green-brown product was collected by filtration, washed thoroughly with ether and dried. The product could be recrystallised from CH2 Cl2 /hexane mixture. (Yield 0.094 g, 0.11 mmol, 26%). HPLC retention time 10.8 minutes, single species; (Found: C, 59.01; H, 4.35; N, 1.76; Cl, 12.80. calc for TcC43 H37 NCl3 P2 : C, 61.84; H, 4.46; N, 1.68; Cl, 12.74%); 1 H NMR (CDCl3) 2.2[3H, s, CH3 C6 H4 NTc]; 6.5-6.8[4H, m, CH3 C6 H4 NTc]; 7.0-8.0[3.0H, m, phenyl H]. There was no evidence of NH in the proton spectrum; 31 P-{1 H} NMR (CDCl3) 30.02 s ppm; vmax. (Nujol mull, KBr plates) 1165 cm- (Tc═N, tentative assignment). There were no absorptions which could be attributed to v NH.
(Bu4 N) [TcOCl4 ] (0.210 g, 0.42 mmol), BrC6 H4 NH2 (0.11 g, 0.64 mmol, 1.5 equivalents) and PPh3 (0.331 g, 1.26 mmol, 3 equivalents) were refluxed in dry methanol (10 ml) to give on workup and recrystallisation from CH2 Cl2 /hexane a very low yield of brown solid 4. (Yield 0.052 g, 0.06 mmol, 14%). HPLC retention time 9.6 minutes, single species; (Found: C, 54.38; H, 4.00; N, 1.53; Cl, 10.56. calc for TcC42 H34 NP2 Cl3 Br: C, 56.05; H, 3.81; H, 1.56; Cl, 11.82. calc for TcC42 H34 NP2 Cl3 Br.1/2 CH2 Cl2 : C, 54.45; H, 3.72; N, 1.48; Cl, 14.95%); 1 H NMR (CDCl3) 5.25[s, CH2 Cl2 ]; 6.8[4H, m, BrC6 H4 NTc]; 7.0-8.0[30H, m, phenyl H]; 31 P-{1 H} NMR (CDCl3) 29.93 s ppm; vmax. (Nujol mull, KBr plates) 1165 cm-1 (Tc═N, tentative assignment).
(Bu4 N)[TcOCl4 ] (0.272 g, 0.545 mmol), ClC6 H4 NH2 (0.104 g, 0.82 mmol, 1.5 equivalents) and PPh3 (0.43 g, 1.64 mmol, 3 equivalents) were refluxed In dry methanol (10 ml) to give a very low yield of brown solid 5. (Yield 0.084 g, 0.098 mmol, 18%). HPLC retention time 9.2 minutes, single species; (:Found: C, 55.85; H, 3.86; N, 1.63. calc for TcC42 H34 NP2 Cl4 : C, 58.96; H, 4.00; N, 1.64%); 1 H NMR (CDCl3) 6.5-6.7[4H m, ClC6 H4 NTc]; 7.0-8.0[30H, m, phenyl H]; 31 P-{1 H} NMR (CDCl3) 29.87 s ppm; vmax. (Nujol mull, KBr plates ) 1170 cm-1 (Tc═N, tentative assignment.
Reactions of (Bu4 N)[TcOCl4 ] with Aromatic Amines (4-ZC6 H4 NH2, Z═CH3, Br, Cl) in the Presence of Bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane, dppe
(Bu4 N) [TcOCl4 ] (0.333 g, 0.67 mmol), CH3 C6 H4 NH2 (0.36 g, 3.33 mmol, 5 equivalents), and dppe (0.80 g, 2.0 mmol, 3 equivalents) in dry degassed methanol (20 ml) were refluxed for 1 hour. After cooling to room temperature, the violet mixture was filtered in to a clean flask to remove some insoluble red material. Sodium tetraphenylborate (0.23 g, 0.67 mmol) in methanol (5 ml) was added with stirring to immediately precipitate out a copious amount of violet solid 6. The product was collected by filtration and washed thoroughly with MeOH, and then ether. The product could be recrystallised from CH2 Cl2 /MeOH or CH2 Cl2 /hexane. (Yield 0.544 g, 0.40 mmol, 60%). HPLC retention time 8.4 minutes, one major species; (Found: C, 74.09; H , 7.09; N, 1.70; Cl, 3.22. calc for TcC83 H75 NClP4 B: C, 73.54; H, 5.58; N, 1.03; Cl, 2.62%).
ii) [Tc(NC6 H4 Z)Cl(dppe)2 ](BPh4) Z═Br, 7
(Bu4 N)[TcOCl4 ] (0.179 g, 0.36 mmol), BrC6 H4 NH2 (0.31 g, 1.79 mmol, 5 equivalents) and dppe (0.429 g, 1.08 mmol, 3 equivalents) were refluxed in dry methanol (10 ml, 1 hour). NaBPh4 (0.122 g, 0.36 mmol) in MeOH (5 ml) was added to the cooled filtered reaction mixture with stirring to isolate 7 as a maroon solid on filtration. (Yield 0.325 g, 0.23 mmol, 64%). HPLC retention time 7.6 minutes, one major species. Analysis on the crude material gave (Found: C, 73.19; H, 5.91; N, 0.89; Cl, 3.19. calc for TcC82 H72 NBrClP4 B: C, 69.33; H, 5.11; N, 0.99; Cl, 2.50%) and suggests contamination with BPh4 - or Cl-. The product could be recrystallised from CH2 Cl2 /MeOH.
(Bu4 N)[TcOCl4 ] (0.28 g, 0.56 mmol), ClC6 H4 NH2 (0.358 g, 2.8 mmol, 5 equivalents) and dppe (0.67 g, 1.68 mmol, 3 equivalents) were refluxed in dry methanol (15 ml, 75 minutes). NaBPh4 (0.19 g, 0.56 mmol) in MeOH (5 ml) was added to the cooled filtered reaction mixture with stirring to precipitate out the dark maroon solid 8 which was collected by filtration. (Yield 0.497 g, 0.36 mmol, 64%). HPLC retention time 8.0 minutes, one major species. Analysis on the crude material gave (Found: C, 73.56; H, 5.94; N, 1.72; Cl, 3.26. calc for TcC82 H72 NCl2 P4 B: C, 71.57; H, 5.27; N, 1.02; Cl, 5.15%) and suggests contamination with BPh4 -. The product could be recrystallised from CH2 Cl2 /MeOH.
The preparation of [Tc(NNPh)2 Cl(PPh3)2 ]
Dry, distilled MeOH (5 cm3) was added to a reaction flask containing a magnetic stirring bar, 222 mg PPh3 (0.85 mmol) and 70 mg [NBu4 ][TcOCl4 ] (0.14 mmol). This gave an orange suspension containing undissolved PPh3. After five minutes 0.60 cm3 of PhNHNH2 (6.1 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was heated to reflux for one hour. The solution was cooled to room temperature overnight and the resultant yellow-gold precipitate was collected, washed with MeOH (5 cm3) and EtO2 O (10 cm3). The yield of Tc(NNPh)2 Cl(PPh3)2, after drying in vacuo, was 94 mg (0.11 mmol, 80%) based on technetium. This material is only partially soluble in halogenated solvents and insoluble in alcohols. Hence, attempts to purify the complex were only partially successful. Analysis calculated for C48 H40 ClN4 P2 Tc: 66.32% C; 4.64% H; 6.45% N. Found: 64.23% C; 4.28% H; 4.87% N.
The preparation of [Tc(NNPh)Cl(dppe)2 ][PF6 ]
52 μl of PhNHNH2 (0.53 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of 80 mg [NBu4 ][TcOCl4 ] (0.16 mmol) in 5 cm3 MeOH. After five minutes 253 mg of dppe (0.64 mmol) was added as a solid to the stirred reaction mixture and this was then heated to reflux for one hour. The solution was cooled to room temperature, filtered, and an excess of NH4 PF6 (1 g) in 3 cm3 water was added to precipitate an orange compound. This was collected, washed with MeOH (15 cm3) and Et2 O (30 cm3), and dried in the air. This gave 95 mg of product (0.08 mmol, 50%). The complex could be recrystallised from CH2 Cl2 /EtOH. Analysis calculated for C58 H53 ClF6 N2 P5 Tc: 58.97% C; 4.61% H; 2.37% N. Found: 58.92% C; 4.68% H; 2.70% N.
A methanolic solution of [NH4 ][TcO4 ] was prepared by adding 0.50 cm3 of a 0.29M aqueous solution of [NH4 ][TcO4 ] (0.15 mmol) to 3.0 cm3 of reagent grade MeOH. Phenyl hydrazine (50 μl, 0.51 mmol) was then added to this stirred solution. No reaction appeared to take place until 0.1 cm3 of concentrated HCl was added to the reaction mixture five minutes later. This was immediately followed by the addition of 241 mg dppe (0.81 mmol) as a solid. The reaction mixture was heated to reflux for one hour, cooled to room temperature and filtered to remove excess, unreacted dppe. An excess of [NH4 ][PF6 ] was added to the stirred solution as a solid and the resultant suspension was stirred at room temperature overnight. The orange precipitate was then collected, washed with i PrOH and Et2 O and dried in vacuo to give 108 mg of [Tc(NNPh)(dppe)2 Cl][PF6 ] (0.09 mmol, 60%). The product was identified by comparison of its IR and 1 H NMR spectra with those obtained from an authentic sample prepared by Method 1.
The Preparation of [Tc(NNC6 H4 Cl)(dppe)2 Cl][PF6 ]
This complex was prepared according to Method 2 above from [NH4 ][TcO4 ] (0.19 mmol), 129 mg trans-ClC6 H4 NHNH2.HCl (1.07 mmol), 0.1 cm3 concentrated HCl, and 561 mg dppe (1.41 mmol). Yield of [Tc(NNC6 H4 Cl)(dppe)Cl][PF6 ]: 298 mg, 0.24 mmol 84%. Analysis calculated for C58 H52 Cl2 F6 N2 P5 Tc. 1/2 CH2 Cl2 : 55.99% C; 4.25% H; 2.23% N. Found: 55.73% C; 4.37% H; 1.93% N.
The reaction of [NBu4 ][TcOCl4 ] with Benzoylhydrazine and PPh3 This reaction was performed according to the Method 1 above for the synthesis of Tc(NNPh)2 Cl(PPh3)2 using 77 mg [NBu4 ][TcOCl4 ], 70 mg PhC[O]NHNH2 (0.51 mmol) and 135 mg PPh3 (0.51 mmol). After the reaction solution had been heated to reflux for one hour and cooled to room temperature, a light orange compound precipitated and was collected, washed with MeOH (15 cm3) and Et2 O (30 cm3) and then dried in the air. The compound was identified as TcNCl2 (PPh3)2 by comparison of its IR and NMR spectroscopic characteristics with those of an authentic sample.8 The yield was 97 mg (0.14 mmol, 88%). Analysis calculated for C36 H30 Cl2 NP2 Tc: 61.12% C; 4.27% H; 1.98% N. Found: 60.66% C; 4.35% H; 2.32% N.
The reaction between [NBu4 ][TcOCl4 ], Benzoylhydrazine and dppe
This reaction was performed according to Method 1 above using 119 mg [NBu4 ][TcOCl4 ] (0.24 mmol), 91 mg PhC[O]NHNH2 (0.67 mmol), and 323 mg dppe (0.81 mmol). The cooled reaction solution was filtered and an excess of [NH4 ][PF6 ] was added with stirring. The orange complex was identified as [TcN(dppe)2 Cl][PF6 ] by comparison of its spectroscopic properties with those of an authentic sample.21 Yield: 196 mg (0.18 mmol, 75%). Analysis calculated for C52 H48 ClF6 NP5 Tc: 57.28% C; 4.44% H; 1.28% N. Found: 56.72% C; 4.84% H; 0.87% N.
The reaction between [NBu4 ][TcOCl4 ], H2 NNH2 and dppe
The Synthesis of TcNNPhMe(PPh3)2 Cl3 108 mg [NBu4 ][TcOCl4 ] (0.22 mmol) was dissolved in 10 cm3 dry MeOH and 52 μl MePhNNH2 (0.44 mmol) was added to the stirred solution. The solution changed from pale green to red-orange immediately. 211 mg PPh3 (0.80 mmol) was added to the reaction solution and the resulting suspension was heated to reflux for one hour. The resulting suspension was cooled to room temperature and a large amount of a tan precipitate was collected, washed with MeOH (15 cm3) and Et2 O (30 cm3), and then dried in vacuo. The yield was 108 mg of a complex identified as [Tc(NNPhMe)Cl3 (PPh3)2 ] (0.13 mmol 59%). Analysis calculated for C43 H38 Cl3 N2 P2 Tc: 60.82% C; 4.51% H; 3.30% N; 12.53% Cl. Found: 60.01% C; 4.17% H; 3.53% N; 12.20% Cl.
The Preparation of [Tc(NNPhMe)Cl2 (PMe2 Ph)3 ][PF6 ]
A red-orange solution was prepared by adding 0.10 cm3 MePhNNH2 (0.85 mmol) to a stirred solution of 1.47 mg [NBu4 ][TcOCl4 ] (0.30 mmol) in 4.0 cm3 of MeOH. 0.20 cm3 of PMe2 Ph was then added to the reaction mixture and this was then heated to reflux for 45 minutes to give a clear orange solution. The solution was then concentrated to approximately 2 cm3 and then 94 mg [NH4 ][PF6 ] was added as a solid to the stirred reaction mixture. The precipitate which formed was collected and washed with 7:1 (v/v) Et2 O-i PrOH. The filtrate was reconcentrated to give a second crop of gold-brown microcrystalline material. The yield was 138 mg of [Tc(NNMePh)Cl2 (PMe2 Ph)3 ][PF6 ] (0.16 mmol, 54%). Analysis calculated for C31 H40 Cl2 F6 N2 P4 Tc: 43.93% C; 4.76% H; 3.31% N. Found: 44.53% C; 5.22% H; 3.10% N.
The Preparation of [TcV (NNPhMe)Cl(Et2 NCS2)2 ]
A red-orange solution was prepared as described above from 138 mg [NBu4 ][TcOCl4 ] (0.28 mmol) and 80 μl MePhNNH2 (0.68 mmol) in 3 cm3 of MeOH. After this solution had been stirred at room temperature for five minutes, a solution of 200 mg NaS2 cNEt2.3H2 O (0.89 mmol) in 2 cm3 MeOH. The resulting dark red solution was heated to reflux for 30 minutes, cooled to room temperature and the solvent was removed in vacuo to give a red, oily residue. This residue was taken up in 5 cm3 of i PrOH and this suspension was filtered to give 73 mg of a pale brown powder which was washed with Et2 O. The filtrate was concentrated to about 1-2 cm3 volume and 50 cm3 Et2 O was added. The precipitated thus formed was collected and identical to the original material isolated. The overall yield of the complex, identified as [Tc(NNMeph)Cl(Et2 NCS2)2 ] was 111 mg (0.02 mmol, 71%). The complex could be recrystallised from CH2 Cl2 /Et2 O. Analysis calculated for C17 H27 ClN4 S4 Tc: 37.12% C; 4.95% H; 10.19% N; 6.44% Cl. Found: 38% C; 5% H; 11% N; 9.4% Cl.
The Reaction between [NBu4 ][TcOCl4 ], MePhNNH2 and dppe
An orange solution was prepared as described above from 100 mg [NBu4 ][TcOCl4 ] (0.20 mmol), 45 μl MePhNNH2 (0.38 mmol) in 4 cm3 MeOH. 550 mg dppe (1.38 mmol) was then added to this stirred solution as a solid and the resultant suspension was heated to reflux for one hour, cooled to room temperature and filtered to remove unreacted dppe. An excess of [NH4 ][PF6 ] was added as a solid to the filtered solution to give a tan precipitate which was washed with MeOH (20 cm3) and Et2 O (10 cm3). This yielded 121 mg of [Tc(NH)O(dppe)2 ][PF6 ] (0.11 mmol, 55%). Analysis calculated for C52 H49 F6 NOP5 Tc: 58.27% C; 4.61% H; 1.31% N. Found: 56.90% C; 4.70% H; 1.61% N.
The Reaction of [NBu4 ][TcOCl4 ], Me2 NNH2 and dppe
Analysis calculated for C52 H48 ClN2 P4 Tc: 65.17% C; 5.05% H; 2.92% N. Found: 64.70% C; 5.32% H; 2.07% N.
Analysis calculated for C54 H52 ClF6 P5 Tc: 57.33% C; 4.63% H; 2.48% N. Found: 51.6% C; 4.4% H; 1.8% N.
A reaction solution was prepared as for Method 1 from 95 mg [NBu4 ][TcOCl4 ] (0.19 mmol), 27 μl Me2 NNH2 (0.36 mmol), 333 mg dppe (0.84 mmol) in 5 cm3 MeOH. This reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 70 hours. The reaction solution was filtered to remove excess dppe (no yellow precipitate was observed), 65 mg NH4 PF6 (0.40 mmol) was added to the filtrate as a solid and the solution was then concentrated in vacuo and the residue was taken up in 5 cm3 CH2 Cl2. This solution was filtered to remove undissolved inorganic salts. After filtration, 25 cm3 i PrOH was added to the filtrate to give 135 mg of a yellow-brown solid which was collected, washed and dried. This was identified by comparison of the IR spectrum of this complex with that of [Tc(NNMe2)Cl(dppe)2 ][PF6 ] prepared by Method 1 (0.12 mmol, 63%).
The Reaction of [NBu4 ][TcOBr4 ], Me2 NNH2 and dppe
This was performed by Method 1 for the reaction described above for [NBu4 ][TcOCl4 ] using 130 mg [NBu4 ][TcOBr4 ] (0.20 mmol), 20 μl Me2 NNH2 (0.26 mmol), 247 mg dppe (0.62 mmol) in 5 cm3 MeOH. This gave 55 mg of a yellow complex, Tc(N2)Br(dppe)2 (0.06 mmol, 30%). No salts were isolated from the reaction filtrate after the addition of an excess of NH4 PF6 to the solution. Analysis calculated for C52 H48 BrN2 P4 Tc: 62.22% C; 4.82% H; 2.79% N. Found: 58.48% C; 4.71% H; 2.03% N.
General: The 99m Tc diazenide and hydrazide (2-) complexes were prepared in a straightforward fashion from the appropriate hydrazine, 99m TcO4 - and a suitable ligand. The complex preparations were found to yield the desired cationic products in reasonably high radiochemical purity (see Tables 2-4). The main contaminants in these preparations were the [TcIII Cl2 (L)2 ]+ cations, as verified by comparison of HFLC and TLC characteristics of these impurities with authentic samples of these TcIII species prepared by a literature method.22 There is some question in the case of the MePhNNH2 labelled species whether the complexes formed are of the formulation [TcIV (NNMePh)Cl(L)2 ]+ or [TcV (NH)O(L)2 ]+. Recent ICES studies on the preparation obtained from the labelling where L=P65 (mmmpe) have shown that the oxidation state of the complex obtained is +4.23 This indicates that the species present in the MePhNNH2 preparations are the desired hydrazido (2-) species.
Complex Preparation: 20-25 μl of hydrazine was added to 2 cm3 of absolute ethanol, then 99m TcO4 - (0.2-3.0 GBq) and 10 mg of ligand were added to the solution. This mixture was heated to 120� C. for 30-60 minutes, cooled to room temperature and analyzed. For biodistribution studies the total volume of the preparation was made up to 5 cm3 by the addition of sterile saline solution.
Animal Biodistribution Studio: Six male Sprague Dawley rats were injected while under light ether anaesthesia with 0.1 cm3 of preparation (i.v., tail vein) and half were sacrificed by cervical dislocation while under ether anaesthesia at the appropriate time interval post-injection and dissected. Organs were weighed and their activities measured in an ionisation chamber. For the purposes of calculations blood was assumed to constitute 5.8% of the total body weight, muscle was assumed to be 43% and the lungs were assumed to weigh 1 g.
TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________Ligands used in 99m Tc labelling workAbbreviation  Structure                      Name__________________________________________________________________________dmpe   ##STR11##                     1,2-bis(dimethylphenylphosphino)etha                                 nedppe   ##STR12##                     1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethaneP56   ##STR13##                                  ##STR14##PL28   ##STR15##                     bis((dimethylphosphino)methyl)ether                                 7P46   ##STR16##                                  ##STR17##PL34   ##STR18##                                  ##STR19##PL38   ##STR20##                                  ##STR21##PL31   ##STR22##                     bis((diethlylphosphino)methyl)ether                                 .P53   ##STR23##                                  ##STR24##P65   ##STR25##                                  ##STR26##PL37   ##STR27##                                  ##STR28##PL40   ##STR29##                                  ##STR30##PL42   ##STR31##                                  ##STR32##PL43   ##STR33##                                  ##STR34##PL46   ##STR35##                                  ##STR36##PL49   ##STR37##                                  ##STR38##PL50   ##STR39##                                  ##STR40##P68   ##STR41##                                  ##STR42##__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________Biodistributions of Phenyldiazenide 99m Tc species in__________________________________________________________________________RatsNotebook  IV23          VI12          VI9Ligand dmpe          PL28          P46   MEK 60            84            80RCP (%)   HPLC  40            70            75Time P.I.  2      60     2      60     2      60__________________________________________________________________________Heart  0.91     (14)         0.78            (03)                1.12                   (11)                       0.65                          (06)                              0.96                                 (04)                                     0.80                                        (02)Blood  6.98     (71)         1.10            (02)                4.18                   (05)                       0.46                          (04)                              7.45                                 (63)                                     1.01                                        (16)Muscle 22.8     (3.0)         14.0            (3.7)                30.2                   (3.0)                       27.4                          (3.6)                              21.4                                 (3.1)                                     17.0                                        (4.0)Lung   1.88     (14)         0.86            (10)                1.18                   (14)                       0.62                          (05)                              1.41                                 (27)                                     0.36                                        (05)Liver  22.2     (2.6)         10.5            (8) 17.8                   (2.9)                       5.95                          (57)                              26.0                                 (1.0)                                     6.92                                        (1.23)S.I.   13.2     (8) 36.7            (4) 13.2                   (1.0)                       39.6                          (2.7)                              11.0                                 (3.2)                                     44.0                                        (1.9)Kidney 11.2     (8) 9.91            (1.25)                9.41                   (0.30)                       5.90                          (06)                              9.62                                 (48)                                     2.88                                        (16)Bladder  0.11     (03)         11.3            (4) 0.11                   (06)                       10.9                          (5.9)                              0.11                                 (05)                                     17.8                                        (2.6)&amp; UrineBrain  0.06     (01)         0.02            (01)                0.04                   (00)                       0.02                          (00)                              0.05                                 (01)                                     0.01                                        (00)H/Bl   1.97     (05)         9.52            (33)                3.97                   (32)                       21.3                          (0.8)                              2.05                                 (29)                                     13.2                                        (2.1)H/Li   0.54     (11)         0.93            (11)                0.82                   (19)                       1.56                          (12)                              0.58                                 (06)                                     1.79                                        (30)__________________________________________________________________________Notebook  VI31          LH2.17        LH2.30Ligand P46 (HPLC purified)                PL42          PL43   MEK 50            65            26RCP (%)   HPLC  50            70            50Time P.I.  2      60     2      60     2      60__________________________________________________________________________Heart  1.05     (09)         0.96            (04)                1.22                   (30)                       1.19                          (20)                              0.55                                 (03)                                     0.26                                        (03)Blood  7.00     (0.31)         0.78            (08)                28.6                   (1.4)                       8.99                          (2.28)                              21.5                                 (3.5)                                     1.14                                        (36)Muscle 21.0     (3.1)         21.3            (2.3)                18.1                   (0.5)                       21.3                          (0.3)                              21.7                                 (2.4)                                     10.9                                        (1.3)Lung   1.33     (14)         0.47            (05)                2.56                   (33)                       1.57                          (32)                              1.47                                 (04)                                     0.22                                        (03)Liver  22.1     (2.0)         4.94            (77)                22.8                   (3.2)                       14.7                          (1.6)                              21.4                                 (1.6)                                     9.08                                        (2.03)S.I.   11.5     (3.2)         39.8            (0.3)                7.66                   (18)                       31.8                          (2.0)                              8.6                                 (0.5)                                     45.6                                        (6.8)Kidney 11.1     (2.1)         3.31            (17)                5.35                   (46)                       3.52                          (47)                              9.19                                 (74)                                     2.32                                        (32)Bladder  1.01     (1.49)         17.0            (4.3)                0.06                   (01)                       2.61                          (23)                              0.16                                 (06)                                     25.4                                        (4.6)&amp; UrineBrain  0.04     (00)         0.01            (00)                --     --     --     --H/Bl   2.37     (12)         18.9            (1.6)                0.59                   (12)                       2.13                          (43)                              0.41                                 (06)                                     3.83                                        (1.03)H/Li   0.66     (12)         2.77            (36)                0.73                   (24)                       1.12                          (26)                              0.38                                 (03)                                     0.40                                        (03)__________________________________________________________________________Notebook  LH2.51        PAH1.26       VI28Ligand P65           PL50          PL38   MEK 60            70            86RCP (%)   HPLC  85            75            80Time P.I.  2      60     2      60     2      60__________________________________________________________________________Heart  1.20     (11)         1.08            (09)                0.83                   (09)                       0.65                          (04)                              1.04                                 (06)                                     0.65                                        (09)Blood  5.73     (58)         1.05            (09)                4.38                   (25)                       0.42                          (03)                              4.51                                 (1.36)                                     0.16                                        (02)Muscle 27.8     (8.4)         23.6            (7.7)                18.7                   (2.5)                       14.9                          (2.7)                              21.0                                 (5.1)                                     16.2                                        (4.1)Lung   1.61     (18)         0.53            (08)                1.02                   (12)                       0.43                          (06)                              1.41                                 (13)                                     0.35                                        (11)Liver  22.0     (1.8)         6.68            (1.19)                34.8                   (1.2)                       4.35                          (30)                              28.4                                 (1.6)                                     9.27                                        (35)S.I.   11.2     (2.1)         39.8            (4.3)                12.8                   (0.7)                       57.9                          (2.4)                              11.5                                 (2.0)                                     57.0                                        (2.8)Kidney 12.0     (1.2)         3.71            (07)                12.0                   (0.30)                       6.81                          (56)                              10.7                                 (1.9)                                     4.01                                        (44)Bladder  0.11     (0.05)         9.95            (66)                0.09                   (03)                       6.76                          (65)                              0.14                                 (04)                                     5.81                                        (1.46)&amp; UrineBrain  --     --     --     --     0.03                                 (00)                                     0.00                                        (00)H/Bl   3.33     (30)         15.8            (1.0)                2.68                   (22)                       22.2                          (0.4)                              3.59                                 (88)                                     62.5                                        (7.0)H/Li   0.81     (12)         2.33            (32)                0.31                   (04)                       1.27                          (96)                              0.48                                 (01)                                     1.05                                        (17)__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 3______________________________________Biodistributions of [TcIII (NNC6 H4 NO2)(Cl(dmpe).sub.2 ]+ in Rats______________________________________Notebook      CMAIV78Ligand        dmpe   MEK        86RCP (%)   HPLC       65Time P.I.     2                60______________________________________Heart         1.15   (22)      0.67 (05)Blood         5.68   (66)      0.92 (07)Muscle        26.2   (7.7)     16.8 (1.2)Lung          2.27   (15)      1.04 (23)Liver         22.4   (3.9)     12.3 (0.7)S.I.          13.0   (3.1)     33.8 (3.2)Kidney        9.47   (25)      9.47 (33)Bladder       0.08   (02)      7.28 (1.10)&amp; UrineBrain         0.12   (00)      0.06 (00)H/Bl          3.00   (49)      11.0 (0.9)H/Li          0.72   (28)      0.76 (12)______________________________________
TABLE 4__________________________________________________________________________Biodistributions of 99m Tc-hydrazide (2-) species in Rats and GuineaPigs__________________________________________________________________________Notebook  PAH2.14      CMAIV58      CHAV141Ligand P65          dmpe         dmpe (HPLC purified)   MEK 86           78           83RCP (%)   HPLC  90           70           73Time P.I.  2      60    2      60    2      60__________________________________________________________________________Heart  0.95     (09)         0.69            (03)               1.13                  (13)                      0.80                         (08)                            1.25                               (08)                                   0.99                                      (15)Blood  4.77     (10)         0.69            (13)               7.84                  (47)                      1.05                         (11)                            7.95                               (21)                                   1.05                                      (21)Muscle 26.1     (5.8)         20.2            (2.7)               27.9                  (4.9)                      20.6                         (3.2)                            26.3                               (5.2)                                   19.3                                      (4.9)Lung   1.58     (0.36)         0.33            (02)               2.36                  (37)                      1.14                         (07)                            2.40                               (0.21)                                   1.28                                      (20)Liver  22.8     (1.4)         9.23            (26)               22.2                  (0.6)                      11.6                         (1.6)                            21.1                               (1.7)                                   10.8                                      (1.9)S.I.                10.5                  (2.2)                      30.6                         (3.4)                            11.9                               (3.2)                                   31.1                                      (4.5)Kidney 7.76     (12)         1.95            (15)               9.95                  (1.40)                      11.1                         (0.4)                            10.8                               (0.6)                                   11.6                                      (1.3)Bladder             0.08                  (01)                      6.84                         (77)                            0.12                               (07)                                   4.70                                      (93)&amp; UrineBrain               0.05                  (01)                      0.03                         (01)                            0.07                               (01)                                   0.04                                      (01)H/Bl   3.25     (27)         15.0            (3.4)               2.43                  (12)                      12.2                         (1.4)                            2.27                               (21)                                   14.2                                      (2.4)H/Li   0.64     (06)         1.11            (02)               0.78                  (13)                      1.06                         (13)                            0.82                               (04)                                   1.30                                      (41)__________________________________________________________________________Notebook CMAVI15        CMAVI36       CMAVI36Ligand   P46            P46* (HPLC purified)                                 P46 (HPLC                                 purified)                                 RATS   MEK   64             54            54RCP (%)   HPLC  65             53            53Time P.I.    2       60     2      60     60__________________________________________________________________________Heart    0.81       (07) 0.58               (04)                   0.96                      (12)                          0.65                             (03)                                 0.97                                    (06)Blood    7.10       (0.51)            0.50               (05)                   10.1                      (1.7)                          0.89                             (12)                                 0.27                                    (02)Muscle   28.4       (2.5)            18.4               (2.5)                   21.9                      (3.3)                          28.5                             (2.2)                                 20.0                                    (1.2)Lung     1.33       (09) 0.30               (07)                   1.30                      (05)                          0.51                             (11)                                 0.36                                    (10)Liver    23.3       (0.5)            7.23               (70)                   15.9                      (1.1)                          5.18                             (36)                                 8.29                                    (67)S.I.     9.38       (3.20)            44.8               (2.6)                   11.3                      (1.2)                          15.0                             (7.1)                                 43.6                                    (2.2)Kidney   9.37       (52) 2.13               (10)                   13.0                      (1.6)                          11.0                             (0.3)                                 4.05                                    (66)Bladder  0.18       (10) 19.2               (1.6)                   0.22                      (17)                          10.6                             (1.1)                                 12.7                                    (1.0)&amp; UrineBrain    0.04       (02) 0.51               (13)                   --     --     --H/Bl     1.65       (08) 16.5               (1.0)                   2.89                      (53)                          17.8                             (2.1)                                 58.7                                    (1.0)H/Li     0.48       (03) 1.01               (13)                   0.88                      (10)                          1.89                             (0.22)                                 1.68                                    (14)__________________________________________________________________________ *In Guinea Pig
All reactions were performed under an atmosphere of dinitrogen using predried, distilled solvents unless noted otherwise. [Bu4 N][TcOCl4 ] was prepared by the literature procedure.28 EXAMPLE 17
Technetium Diazenido--Starting Materials
[Bu4 N][TcOCl4 ] (0.134 g, 0.268 mmol), 4-ClC6 H4 NHNH2.HCl (0.120 g, 0.67 mmol, 2.5 equivalents), Et3 N (0.09 ml, 0.67 mmol), and PPh3 (0.211 g, 0.804 mmol, 3 equivalents) in dry methanol (5 ml were stirred for 2 hours at room temperature. The khaki solid was collected by filtration, washed with methanol and ether and dried. (yield 0.134 g, 53%). The product could be recrystallised from CH2 Cl2 /MeOH yielding bright orange crystals. (Found: C,61.23; H,3.98; N,6.05; Cl,11.74. TcC48 H38 N4 P2 Cl3 requires C,61.45; H,4.08; N,5.97; Cl,11.34%). HPLC retention time 9.4 minutes, single species. vmax. (KBr plates, nujol mull) 1600, 1555 cm-1 (NN). 31 P NMR (CDCl3) 30.27 ppm singlet.
Aqueous [NH4 ][TcO4 ] (0.5 ml, 0.181 mmol) was evaporated to dryness in vacuo. ClC6 H4 NHNH2.HCl (0.142 g, 0.793 mmol) in dry methanol (2.5 ml) was added with stirring to give an orange solution after 10 minutes. Solid PPh3 (0.204 g, 0.778 mmol) was added and the mixture heated under reflux for 1.5 hours. After cooling to room temperature the khaki solid was collected by filtration and washed with ether (yield 0.113 g, 67%). The product could be crystallised from CH2 Cl2 /MeOH to yield an orange crystalline solid which has an identical IR spectrum to an authentic sample of 9 prepared from [TcOCl4 ]-.
[Bu4 N][TcOCl4 ] (0.178 g, 0.356 mmol), CH3 C6 H4 NHNH2.HCl (0.282 g, 1.78 mmol, 5 equivalents), Et3 N (0.25 ml, 1.78 mmol), and PPh3 (0.280 g, 1.07 mmol, 3 equivalents) were stirred in dry methanol (5 ml) overnight to give a khaki suspension. The product was collected by filtration, washed with ether and dried (yield 0.122 g, 40%). HPLC retention time 10.4 minutes, one major species. Analysis on the crude material gave (Found: C,64.1; H,4.6; N,5.9; Cl,3.53. TcC50 H44 N4 P2 Cl requires C 66.93; H 4.94; N 6.24; Cl, 3.95%) 1 H NMR (CDCl3) 2.29[6H, s, 2�CH3 ], 6.5-8.0 [38H, m, phenyl H]. 31 P NMR (CDCl3) 28.6 ppm singlet. vmax. 1620, 1570, 1535 cm-1 (NN). The product may be recrystallised from CH2 Cl2 /MeOH.
c) [TcCl2 (NNC6 H4 NO2) (PPh3)2 ] 11
[Bu4 N[TcOCl4 ] (0.152 g, 0.304 mmol), O2 NC6 H4 NHNH2 (0.116 g, 0.76 mmol, 2.5 equivalents), and PPh3 (0.239 g, 0.912 mmol, 3 equivalents) in dry methanol (5 ml) were stirred overnight to give a pale orange solid which was collected by filtration (yield 0.223 g, 77%). This was recrystallised from CH2 Cl2 /MeOH to give a lime-green solid (0.151 g, 52%). vmax. 1620, 1600 (NN), 1555 (NO2), 1335 (NO2) cm-1. 1 H NMR (CDC3) 3.4 [MeOH], 7.0-8.0[phenyl H]. 31 P NMR (CDCl3) 30.0 ppm singlet. HPLC retention time 10.4 minutes. (Found: C,57.65; H,4.18; N,4.94; Cl,8.60. Found: C,57.42; H,4.24; N,4.95; Cl,7.95. TcC43 H38 N3 Cl2 P3 P2 requires C,58.92; H, 4.37; N, 4.79; Cl,8.09%).
Substitution Chemistry of the Technetium Diazenido--Starting Materials
9 (0.098 g, 0.104 mmol) and dppe (0.104 g, 0.26 mmol, 2.5 equivalents) in methanol-toluene (1:1, 4 ml) were heated under reflux for 3 hours to give a dark orange solution. Solid NaBPh4 (0.035 g, 1 equivalent) was added with stirring to precipitate an orange solid. The product was collected by filtration (yield 0.117 g, 77%). The crude product could be recrystallised from CH2 Cl2 /ether. (Found: C,70.55; H,5.34; N,2.17; Cl,4.72. TcC80 H72 N2 BP4 Cl2 requires C,70.34; H,5.31; N,2.05; Cl,5.19%). HPLC retention time 14 minutes. vmax. 1575, 1665 cm-1 (NN). 1 H NMR (CDCl3) 2.68[8H, broad m, 2�--CH2 CH2 --], 6.5-7.5[64H, broad unresolved m, phenyl H].
11 (0.051 g, 0.06 mmol) and dppe (0.060 g, 0.151 mmol, 2.5 equivalents) in methanol/toluene (1:1, 3 ml) were heated under reflux for 1 hour to give an orange-red solution. After cooling to room temperature solid NaBPh4 (0.02 g, 1 equivalent) was added with stirring to precipitate the product as an orange solid. This was collected by filtration and washed with MeOH and Et2 O (yield 0.06 g, 72%). The product was recrystallised from CH2 Cl2 /Et2 O (yield 0.042 g, 50%) as an orange crystalline solid. vmax. 1645s, 1600w (NN), 1570 (NO2), 1340 (NO'2) cm-1. HPLC retention time 14.2 minutes, single peak. (Found: C,67.65; H,5.12; N,2.93; Cl,4.14. TcC82 H72 N3 O2 ClP4 B. 1/2CH2 Cl2 requires C,68.66; H,5.10; N,2.91; Cl,4.91%).
d) [Tc(NNC6 H4 Cl)(S2 CNMe2)(PPh3)] 14
9 (0.139 g, 0.148 mmol) and NaS2 CNMe2 (0.08 g, 0.444 mmol, 3 equivalents) in absolute ethanol (2 ml) were heated under reflux for 1.5 hours. The orange solid was collected by filtration after cooling (yield 0.072 g) and redissolved in CH2 Cl2 before passage down a Fluorsil column eluting the orange band with CH2 Cl2. This eluate was evaporated to dryness and the residue recrystallised from CH2 Cl2 /Et2 O to give dark orange crystals (yield 0.072 g, 66%). HPLC retention time 13.6 minutes, single species. (Found: C,45.82; H,4.09; N,6.79; Cl,6.25. Found: C,45.99; H,4.04; N,6.77. TcC30 H31 N4 ClS4 P. 1/2CH2 Cl2 requires C,46.74; H,4.11, N, 7.15; Cl,9.05. TcC30 H31 N4 ClS4 P. 1/4CH2 Cl2 requires C,47.65; H,4.16, N,7.35; Cl, 6.97%). 1 H NMR (CDCl3) 2.92[3H, s, CH3 ], 3.06[3H, s, CH3 ], 3.31[3H, s, CH3 ], 3.39[3H, s, CH3 ], 5.27[CH2 Cl2 ], 6.8-7.7[19H, m, phenyl H]. 31 P NMR (CDCl3) no signal was observed in this sample at room temperature.
9 (0.145 g, 0.155 mmol) and maltol (0.059 g, 0.465 mmol, 3 equivalents) in a absolute ethanol (2 ml) were heated under reflux for 2 hours. After cooling to room temperature the orange product was collected by filtration and washed with ethanol. The product was recrystallised from CH2 Cl2 /ether (yield 0.03 g, 21%) as dark orange crystals. (Found: C,59.68; H,4.11; N,3.03; Cl,7.73. TcC48 H39 N2 Cl2 O3 P2 requires C,62.41; H,4.23; N,3.03, Cl,7.68%). vmax. 1615s, 1560 cm-1. 1 H NMR (CDCl3) 2.21[3H, s, CH3 ], 5.63[1H, d, J3 HH =4 Hz, C═CH], 6.92[1H, d, J3 HH =4 Hz, C═CH], 7.0-8.0[34H, m phenyl H]. 31 P NMR (CDCl3) 30.0 ppm singlet. HPLC retention time 10 minutes.
9 (0.100 g, 0.107 mmol), salenH2 (0.032 g, 0.119 mmol, 1.1 equivalents), and Et3 N (0.40 ml, 0.259 mmol, 2.2 equivalents) in dry methanol/toluene (1:1, 3 ml) were heated under reflux for2 hours. After cooling, addition of ether gave a khaki-green solid which was collected by filtration, washed with ether and dried (yield 0.052 g, 63%). The product could be recrystallised from CH2 Cl2 /heptane as very dark green crystals. (Found: C,61.77; H,4.41; N, 7.17; Cl,4.77. TcC40 H33 N4 PO2 Cl requires C,62.63; H,4.34; N,7.30; Cl,4.62%). vmax. 1600, 1610, 1620 (NN), 1540 (C═N) cm-1. 1 H NMR (CDCl3) 4.0[4H, broad m, --CH2 CH2 --], 6.0-7.6[27H, broad m, phenyl H], 8.14[2H, s, N═CH]. 31 P NMR (CDCl3) no signal was observed at room temperature. HPLC retention time 11.6 minutes.
g) [Tc(NNC6 H4 Cl)2 (N2 S2)]x 17 N2 S2 =(HSCH(Me)CONHCH2 --)2 9 (0.083 g, 0.088 mmol), N2 S2 (0.023 g, 0.097 mmol, 1.1 equivalents), and Et3 N (0.05 ml, 0.34 mmol, 4 equivalents) in dry methanol (2 ml) were heated under reflux for 1 hour to give a dark brown-green solution. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the brown oil triturated with isopropanol to give a dark brown solid product (yield 0.011 g). The product was too insoluble for satisfactory recrystallisation and analysis by NMR, but appeared to be diamagnetic. HPLC retention time 12.2 minutes. (Found: C,40.36; H,4.40; N,9.19; Cl,11.97. TcC20 H24 N4 Cl2 S2 O2 requires C,40.96; H,4.12; N,9.55; Cl, 12.09%).
[TcCl2 (NC6 H4 CO2)(PPh3)2 ] 18
Aqueous [NH4 ][TcO4 ] (1 ml, 0.343 mmol), 2-HO2 CC6 H4 NH3 Cl (2-carboxyaniline hydrochloride) (0.298 g, 1.715 mmol, 5 equivalents), and PPh3 (0.360 g, 1.372 mmol, 4 equivalents) in reagent grade methanol (10 ml) were stirred overnight to give a bright green precipitate. The product was collected by filtration, washed with MeOH, ether and dried in vacuo (yield 0.139 g, 50%). (Found: C,63.30; H,4.44; N, 1.77. TcC43 H34 NO2 P2 Cl2 requires C,62.33; H,4.14; N, 1.67%). The product was soluble in DMF and CH2 Cl2.
[Bu4 N][TcOCl4 ] (0.262 g, 0.525 mmol), anthranilic acid (0.72 g, 5.25 mmol, 10 equivalents), and PPh3 (0.48 g 1.84 mmol 3 5 equivalents) in absolute ethanol (20 ml) were heated under reflux for 2 hours. The hot solution was filtered (air) and taken to dryness in vacuo. The residue was then triturated with ether and the solid green product isolated after filtration was recrystallised from EtOH/hexane (yield 0.114 g, 26%). 31 P NMR (DMSO) 31.2 ppm singlet.
2. Clark, M. L.; Podbielski, L. Coord. Chem. Rev., 1987, 78, 253.
10. a. Johnson, B. F. G.; Haymore, B. L.; Dilworth J. R. in "Comprehensive Coord. Chem.", Wilkinson, G.; Gillard, R. D.; McCleverty, J. A., eds.; Pergamon Press: Oxford, 1988.
c. Hsieh, T.-C.; Shaikh, S. N.; Zubieta, J. Inorg. Chem., 1987, 26, 4079.
13. Moore, F. W.; Larson, M. L. Inorg. Chem., 1967, 6, 998.
21. Dilworth, J. R.; Archer, C. M., published results.
27. O. D. Sloan and P. Thornton, Polyhedron, 1988, V, 329.
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Chem. , 12 4 8 (1987).29 *Moore et al., Inorganic Chemistry, 6(5), 998 1003 (May 1967).30Moore et al., Inorganic Chemistry, 6(5), 998-1003 (May 1967).31Nugent, W. et al., "Coordination Chemistry Reviews", 31, 123-175 (1980).32 *Nugent, W. et al., Coordination Chemistry Reviews , 31, 123 175 (1980).* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS5651954 *Jun 6, 1995Jul 29, 1997Bracco International B.V.Method of using hydrazone containing ligands and metal complexes thereofUS5663307 *Jun 6, 1995Sep 2, 1997Bracco International B.V.Hydrazone containing ligands and metal complexes thereofUS5900498 *Sep 19, 1996May 4, 1999Wayne State UniversityProcess for the preparation of metal nitride coatings from single source precursors and precursors suitable thereforUS5993774 *Oct 8, 1993Nov 30, 1999Amersham International PlcMetal-oxime chelates for use as radiopharmaceutical agentsUS5997843 *Aug 3, 1994Dec 7, 1999Amersham International PlcRadiometal complexes that localise in hypoxic tissueUS6001979 *Dec 24, 1996Dec 14, 1999Nycomed Amersham PlcCores for technetium radiopharmaceuticalsUS6124440 *Nov 1, 1999Sep 26, 2000Nycomed Amersham PlcCores for technetium radiopharmaceuticalsUS6329513May 11, 2000Dec 11, 2001Nycomed Amersham PlcCores for technetium radiopharmaceuticalsUS6403054 *May 28, 1997Jun 11, 2002Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharma CompanyTernary ligand complexes useful as radiopharmaceuticalsUS6515112 *Oct 15, 2001Feb 4, 2003Amersham PlcCores for technetium radiopharmaceuticalsUS7396523 *Oct 31, 2003Jul 8, 2008Bracco Imaging S.P.A.Radioactive transition metal-imido hetero-diphosphine complexes, their preparation and radiopharmaceutical compositions thereofUS7771704Jun 23, 2008Aug 10, 2010Bracco Imaging S.P.A.Radioactive transition metal-imido hetero-diphosphine complexes, their preparation and radiopharmaceutical compositions thereof* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification534/14International ClassificationA61K51/04Cooperative ClassificationA61K51/0478, A61K51/0476, A61K2123/00European ClassificationA61K51/04L8, A61K51/04L4Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionNov 1, 1999ASAssignmentJun 19, 2000FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Nov 27, 2002ASAssignmentMay 26, 2004FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8Oct 18, 2005ASAssignmentOwner name: GE HEALTHCARE LIMITED, UNITED KINGDOMFree format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:AMERSHAM PLC;REEL/FRAME:016891/0728Effective date: 20050825Nov 30, 2005ASAssignmentOwner name: GE HEALTHCARE LIMITED, UNITED KINGDOMFree format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:AMERSHAM PLC;REEL/FRAME:017073/0846Effective date: 20050825Jul 7, 2008REMIMaintenance fee reminder mailedDec 31, 2008LAPSLapse for failure to pay maintenance feesFeb 17, 2009FPExpired due to failure to pay maintenance feeEffective date: 20081231RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services