Source: http://www.google.com/patents/US8224705?dq=6,338,391
Timestamp: 2017-05-30 08:58:15
Document Index: 457106144

Matched Legal Cases: ['Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60', 'Application No. 96919405', 'Application No. 07112420', 'Application No. 96919405']

Patent US8224705 - Methods, systems and devices for packet watermarking and efficient ... - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsDisclosed herein are methods and systems for transmitting streams of data. The present invention also relates to generating packet watermarks and packet watermark keys. The present invention also relates to a computerized system for packaging data for transmission to a user. The system may utilize computer...http://www.google.com/patents/US8224705?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US8224705 - Methods, systems and devices for packet watermarking and efficient provisioning of bandwidthAdvanced Patent SearchTry the new Google Patents, with machine-classified Google Scholar results, and Japanese and South Korean patents.Publication numberUS8224705 B2Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 11/900,065Publication dateJul 17, 2012Filing dateSep 10, 2007Priority dateApr 17, 2002Fee statusPaidAlso published asUS7287275, US7530102, US8104079, US8473746, US8706570, US20030200439, US20080005571, US20080005572, US20090210711, US20120066402, US20130030938, US20130340100, USRE44222, USRE44307Publication number11900065, 900065, US 8224705 B2, US 8224705B2, US-B2-8224705, US8224705 B2, US8224705B2InventorsScott A. MoskowitzOriginal AssigneeMoskowitz Scott AExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (402), Non-Patent Citations (279), Referenced by (3), Classifications (20), Legal Events (4) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetMethods, systems and devices for packet watermarking and efficient provisioning of bandwidth
US 8224705 B2Abstract
1. An electronic method for purchasing at least one item and/or service, comprising:
establishing an account whereby a customer is credited with a predetermined amount of bandwidth usage;
establishing a communication link with a vending system; and
transmitting a stream of data using a packet watermark protocol, said transmitting comprising:
generating a packet watermark associated with the stream of data comprising a plurality of packets, wherein the packet watermark enables identification of at least one of the plurality of packets; and
combining the packet watermark with each of the plurality of packets to form watermarked packets;
wherein the transmitting is for at least one of the following:
selecting an item to be purchased;
agreeing to a purchase value for the selected item;
communicating to the vending system a request to purchase the selected item; and
causing a debit to the account in an amount of bandwidth usage which corresponds to the agreed upon purchase value for the selected item.
2. The electronic method of claim 1, wherein the communication link being established utilizes bandwidth on a given network; and said transmitting comprises transmitting packets along a path through the network determined based upon a history of transmission of packets along various paths through said network.
3. The electronic method of claim 2, further comprising:
a sniffer determining if a packet of the network transmission is authentic by reading a watermark in the packet.
4. The method of claim 2 wherein the selected item comprises a copy of digital data, further comprising: causing the copy of digital data to be created; and embedding a record of the transaction into the copy of the digital data.
5. The electronic method of claim 1, further comprising: causing a debit to the account in an amount of bandwidth usage which corresponds to an agreed upon transactional charge.
6. The electronic method of claim 1, wherein said transmitting further comprises applying quality of service to transmission of at least one packet in said network transmission based upon a quality of service value specified in a watermark in said at least one packet.
7. The method of claim 1 further comprising a router providing a packet of said network transmission a level of QOS based upon a level of QOS defined by a watermark in said packet.
8. An electronic method for selling at least one item and/or service said method comprising:
establishing a communication link between a vending system and a purchasing system; and
transmitting a stream of data comprising a plurality of packets using a packet watermark protocol, said transmitting comprising:
generating a packet watermark associated with the stream of data wherein the packet watermark enables identification of at least one of the plurality of packets; and
receiving a request to purchase a selected item;
determining a purchase value for the selected item;
causing a debit to the purchaser's account in an amount of bandwidth usage which corresponds to the agreed upon purchase value for the selected item; and
sending an instruction to deliver the selected item.
9. The electronic method of claim 8, wherein the selected item comprises a copy of digital data, further comprising: causing the copy of digital data to be created; and embedding a record of the transaction into the copy of the digital data.
10. The electronic method of claim 9, further comprising: wherein said transmitting comprises transmitting packets along a path through the network determined based upon a history of transmission of packets along various paths through said network.
11. The electronic method of claim 8, wherein the communication link being established utilizes bandwidth on a given network; and said transmitting comprises transmitting packets along a path through the network determined based upon a history of transmission of packets along various paths through said network.
12. The electronic method of claim 8, further comprising: causing a debit to the account in an amount of bandwidth usage which corresponds to an agreed upon transactional charge.
13. The electronic method of claim 8, further comprising:
a router providing a packet of said network transmission a level of QOS based upon a level of QOS defined by a watermark in said packet.
14. The electronic method of claim 8, wherein communications occurring on the communication link utilize receiving a stream of data;
generating a packet watermark associated with the stream of data wherein the packet watermark enables identification of at least one of the plurality of packets;
15. The method of claim 14, wherein the selected item comprises a copy of digital data, further comprising: causing the copy of digital data to be created; and embedding a record of the transaction into the copy of the digital data.
16. The electronic method of claim 8, wherein communications occurring on the communication link utilize receiving a stream of data;
transmitting at least one of the watermarked packets across a network;
wherein the step of generating a packet watermark comprises:
generating a packet watermark comprising: the unique identifier associated with the watermark packet key; and the quality of service level assigned to the stream of data;
wherein the step of combining the packet watermark comprises: placing the packet watermark in a header for each of the plurality of packets to form watermarked packets.
17. The electronic method of claim 8, wherein communications occurring on the communication link utilize receiving content data;
organizing the content data into at least two packets; generating at least a portion of a packet watermark associated with at least one of the packets of data wherein the portion of the packet watermark enables identification of the at least one of the packets of data;
generating a bandwidth rights certificate comprising: at least one cryptographic credential; and
combining the bandwidth rights certificate, the at least one portion of a packet watermark, and the at least one packet of data, for transmission across a network comprising a plurality of routers.
18. The electronic method of claim 8, wherein the selected item comprises a copy of digital data, further comprising: causing the copy of digital data to be created; and associating a record of the transaction with the copy of the digital data.
19. A two-way communication system for selling at least one of an item and/or a service said system comprising:
an exchange system;
a communicator to establish a communication link between the exchange system and a purchasing system, whereby said two-way communication system can receive a request to purchase a selected item;
wherein said exchange system is configured to:
transmit a stream of data comprising a plurality of packets using a packet watermark protocol that generates a packet watermark associated with the stream of data wherein the packet watermark enables identification of at least one of the plurality of packets, and combine the packet watermark with each of the plurality of packets to form watermarked packets; and
wherein the transmitted stream is for at least one of the following:
a display for advertising, for sale, good and/or services;
a transaction module for determining a purchase value for a selected item; and
a delivery module for sending an instruction to deliver the selected item.
20. The two way communication system of claim 19, further comprising a sniffer configured to determine if a packet of the network transmission is authentic by reading a watermark packet.
21. The two way communication system of claim 19, further comprising a router configured to provide a packet of said network transmission a level of QOS based upon a level of QOS defined by a watermark in said packet.
22. The two way communication system of claim 19, wherein the debit module comprises: a communication link with a third party system, whereby the debit module sends a request to debit the purchaser's account in an specified amount of bandwidth usage, and whereby the third party system causes the debit in the specified amount.
23. The two way communication system of claim 19, wherein communications occurring on the communication link utilizes structure of the exchange system designed to receive a stream of data; organize the stream of data into a plurality of packets; generate a packet watermark associated with said stream of data; combine the packet watermark with each of the plurality of packets to form watermarked packets; transmit at least one of the watermarked packets across a network.
24. The two way communication system of claim 19, wherein communications occurring on the communication link with a third party system utilizes structure of the exchange system designed to generate a packet watermark key;
associate a watermark packet key identifier with the packet watermark key; assign a quality of service level to a stream of data;
generate a hash output for a portion of the stream of data; generate a packet watermark comprising the packet watermark key, the quality of service level, and the hash output.
This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/417,231, filed Apr. 17, 2003, issued as United States Patent on Oct. 23, 2007, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/372,788, filed Apr. 17, 2002, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
This application is also related to the following pending applications: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/046,627, filed Mar. 24, 1998, entitled “Method for Combining Transfer Function with Predetermined Key Creation” (issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,598,162); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/644,098, filed Aug. 23, 2000, entitled “Multiple Transform Utilization and Application for Secure Digital Watermarking” (issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,035,409); and pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/767,733, filed Jan. 24, 2001, entitled “Multiple Transform Utilization and Application for Secure Digital Watermarking”. The previously identified patents and/or patent applications are hereby incorporated by reference, in their entireties.
Each of the following pending applications is incorporated by reference, in its entirety: pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/594,719, filed Jun. 16, 2000, entitled “Utilizing Data Reduction in Steganographic and Cryptographic Systems” (which is a continuation-in-part of International Application No. PCT/US00/06522, filed Mar. 14, 2000, which PCT application claimed priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/125,990, filed Mar. 24, 1999) (issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,123,718); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/731,040, filed Dec. 7, 2000, entitled “Systems, Methods And Devices For Trusted Transactions” (issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,159,116); pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/049,101, filed Feb. 8, 2002, entitled “A Secure Personal Content Server” (which claims priority to International Application No. PCT/US00/21189, filed Aug. 4, 2000, which claims priority to U.S. Patent Application No. 60/147,134, filed Aug. 4, 1999, and to U.S. Patent Application No. 60/213,489, filed Jun. 23, 2000); pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/657,181, filed Sep. 7, 2000, entitled “Method And Device For Monitoring And Analyzing Signals”; pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/671,739, filed Sep. 29, 2000, entitled “Method And Device For Monitoring And Analyzing Signals”; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/956,262, filed Sep. 20, 2001, entitled “Improved Security Based on Subliminal and Supraliminal Channels For Data Objects” (issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,127,615); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/731,039, entitled “System and Method for Permitting Open Access to Data Objects and For Securing Data Within the Data Objects,” filed Dec. 7, 2000 (issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,177,429); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/545,589, filed Apr. 7, 2000, entitled “Method and System for Digital Watermarking” (issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,007,166); pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/999,766, filed Jul. 23, 1997, entitled “Steganographic Method and Device”; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/456,319, filed Dec. 8, 1999, entitled “Z-Transform Implementation of Digital Watermarks” (issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,853,726); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/674,726, filed Jul. 2, 1996, entitled “Exchange Mechanisms for Digital Information Packages with Bandwidth Securitization, Multichannel Digital Watermarks, and Key Management”; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/369,344, filed Feb. 18, 2003, entitled “Optimization Methods for the Insertion, Protection, and Detection of Digital Watermarks in Digitized Data” (issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,095,874); and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/789,711, filed Feb. 22, 2001, entitled “Optimization Methods for the Insertion, Protection and Detection of Digital Watermarks in Digital Data” (issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,107,451).
In addition, this application hereby incorporates by reference, as if fully stated herein, the disclosures of the following patents: U.S. Pat. No. 5,822,432, entitled “Method for Human Assisted Random Key Generation . . . ”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,905,800, entitled “Method & System for Digital Watermarking”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,613,004, entitled “Steganographic Method and Device”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,687,236, entitled “Steganographic Method and Device”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,745,569, entitled “Method for Stega-Protection of Computer Code”; U.S. Pat. No. 6,078,664, entitled “Z-Transform Implementation of Digital Watermarks”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,428,606, entitled “Digital Commodities Exchange”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,889,868, entitled “Optimization Methods for the Insertion, Protection and Detection . . . ”; U.S. Pat. No. 6,522,767, entitled “Optimization Methods for the Insertion, Protection and Detection . . . ”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,539,735, entitled “Digital Information Commodities Exchange”; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,205,249, entitled “Multiple Transform Utilization and Application for Secure Digital Watermarking”. The following article is also incorporated herein by reference: “Bandwidth as Currency,” IEEE Multimedia, January/March 2003 (Vol. 10, No. 1), by Scott Moskowitz.
A need exists for optimizing and provisioning the allocation of bandwidth. This is to assure better handling of the competitive needs between networks and the concept of Quality of Service (“QoS”), including determining the priority of available bandwidth in a given network. The prior art addresses priority of transmission paths for data in an attempt to alleviate bottlenecks within a given network. Caching technologies, as an example, seek to push higher demand data closer to the access points for which the data is demanded, so-called “edge traffic.” A related approach, Quality of Service (“QoS”), attempts to make decisions about bandwidth accessibility based on a user's ability to access material within some predetermined time frame. For instance, if X number of users are able to access Y amount of bandwidth over some fixed period of time T, bandwidth can be estimated as a function of satisfying users X, or some percentage of X, for each increment of Y divided by T.
Users, however, may seek data objects (note that the terms “data object”, “data”, “discrete analog waveform”, or “data signal”—may be used interchangeably in this application) which by their very structure or format may occupy large amounts of bandwidth, thereby creating bandwidth demand that has little or no relationship to how the data is valued by third parties, including owners of the rights related to the objects. An example is the higher bandwidth demand and creation of network latency when streaming an audio or video signal, where, in addition, the data signal itself may be copyrighted. It is reasonable to assume that a copyrighted work does indeed have more value than one that is not copyrighted.
If a network can be used to handle any number of data files which can be aesthetic or not (for instance, functional data, such as algorithms, which itself manipulates data, would be considered to be non-aesthetic), and the value of the potential data may not be known in advance of provisioning for understanding how to handle bandwidth, this disclosure is designed to address some of the key factors in enabling a market for handling bandwidth and related transactions for data, which is made up of bandwidth in terms of how the data is rendered, manipulated, distributed and “potentially” priced given delivery and derivatives pricing to assist in the aggregate with delivery (particularly, commercial, so as to maximize the value of a network at any given point in time) of said objects. Another example is peer-to-peer network technologies that may tie-up bandwidth based on extensive database functions to bring two or more parties together seeking some data object without regard to the object's price or the underlying cost of maintaining peer-to-peer links to enable transfers of files between users. Additionally, the data object being demanded may not be readily determined to have ownership, authentication or responsibility necessary for successful commerce. This includes virtual private networks (“VPN”) or demands made for security by senders, receivers, or combinations of both. Such clearinghouse features have been proposed by digital rights management (“DRM”) providers but they lack the efficiencies and consumer demand which are required to handle data objects in a manner consistent with historical sales of a variety of data objects offered in physical formats. Systems such as Napster™, have been estimated to command as much as 4% of overall Internet bandwidth and yet no financial transactions exist to pay for either this extensive use of network bandwidth or any affiliated ownership and usage rights of the data being exchanged nor the historical value of said objects in other mediums such as physical objects containing the data (for example, copyrighted music files).
TCP, or Transmission Control Protocol, is currently used to break data into packets for transmission, which are received and reconstructed, sequentially at the receiver's end of the transmission. Technologies exist to assist with error correction when packets are dropped or lost during transmission. IP, or Internet Protocol, is designed to provide each networked “device” with an IP address. Packets sent under TCP and labeled with IP addresses enable data to be broken into packets and sent between machines that share TCP/IP coding schemes. In IP version 4 (“IPv4”), the current Internet Protocol, there are option fields that can be exploited at any place in the transmission chain for writing/embedding and detecting/recovering digital watermarks, a feature of embodiments in the present invention, for provisioning and pricing schemes, bandwidth prioritization, management systems, dispute resolution and clearinghouse functions. IPv4 allows up to 40 bytes of options; the size of IPv6 extension headers will only be constrained by the size of the IPv6 packet. Because of the sequential nature of TCP/IP a variety of optimizations have been suggested in the art. These include better ways of handling packets that may not have arrived at the intended address, or may have been lost during the transmission for any number of reasons (timing, error, overcapacity, rerouting, etc.).
By means of associating a data object with a watermark, the present invention can analyze at the data that has been prepared for network delivery. Using the present invention, data can now be sent to a receiver in a manner which provisions bandwidth in an efficient manner (the novel embodiments described herein). When a single file is watermarked, it can be made as a unique copy. An advantage of the present invention is that it can create “postage for packets” (more articulately described as “bandwidth provisioning”). The present invention provides better granularity of what packets are demanded versus other packets. By means of associating identity and authenticating information of the packets, the present invention can more efficiently apportion bandwidth to meet market demands which are based on demand for information over networks and a better ability to identify the packets people are willing to pay for. The present invention also permits a better accounting system so that packets can be billed to the appropriate parties, and permits disputes to be more objectively resolved because the present invention can use cryptographic protocols that help to assure a higher level of confidence in how provisioning is being handled. Similarly, the present invention makes it possible to charge for bandwidth in a manner more closely similar to a traditional telephone billing system. The difference is that telephone billing systems do not take into account the contents or paths of packets, per se, nor do traditional telephone systems assist in creating a means for competitively evaluating bandwidth based on consumer demand for data which can be compared in media terms (type of media, rights, authenticity of the data, quality level of the media based on a differential price, etc.) not solely data size terms.
Using the present inventions, a network can check and verify efficient bandwidth delivery on a packet level and can store information concerning better paths between senders and receivers of these packets. The present inventions permit optimized “flows” so to speak. For certain economic or business models, further features may be added to make internet handling of data similar to how billing works for traditional telecommunications by phone companies. Such companies buy bandwidth resources in bulk by contract and do not have any underlying understanding of what the bandwidth is used for nor how to encourage higher value for any given bit for each bit per time calculation. There is no technology that does this either in the existing art Since the denominator, time, is fixed at any discrete moment, maximizing economic value for the numerator (the bit) given a market for information and goods and services that are informationally based, higher economic value can be attributed to a given network or networks which implement the features embodied herein. While no one can know in advance what the demand for a given data object—prior to being exposed to a marketplace of participants, parties can agree to the cost of bandwidth for a given business activity (streaming a live concert, handling bandwidth based transactions which are tied to a subscription with a bandwidth device such as a cell phone, choices between a streamed or copyable version of a data object, etc.). Streaming, to date, has never been made economically viable because, in part, vendors have not taken a packet level view of the flow of data to people demanding a stream. Nor have vendors tied payment or willingness to pay to the packets. This is where the present invention differs.
This document addresses three things to assist in getting this done: efficient provisioning of the packets on the network the creation of a so-called “packet watermark”; creation of bandwidth credentials “to enhance liquidity and derivative pricing provisioning for future estimated use of bandwidth”; and market mechanisms with cryptographic protocols to assist in billing and resolution disputes, both for the packets themselves, and as an extension application of traditional watermarking to the data objects as a whole to uniquely identify the object as with previous watermarking disclosures. Preferably, packet watermarked data does not interfere with traditional watermarks to establish responsibility for the objects being transacted, since the consumer has no care about what the packets are but may benefit if the consumer is able to observe which paths are best for getting information. Vendors selling information similarly would pay premiums for a better understanding of this granularity. This may be to avoid “double payments” of bandwidth where they handle the sending and receiving costs—instead of a path between a sender and receiver.).
The present invention adds the novel layer of identity of the packets and subsequent provisioning by means of authenticating packets along a particular path (“flow”) and perhaps using the best path as history about various paths are captured by a database used for such purposes. Heuristics may be applied as the system learns the best paths for packets so that future or subsequent use can be optimized. Taken to another level, the packets can be further analyzed based on what the data is, if such identification is also provided. Packet watermarks and data object watermarks are two methods, one micro and macro, in terms of the data's aesthetics or utility to the sender and receiver. While packets may be useless as packets, in the aggregate, data objects have value. This value is determined by a market place for information that can create receipts for the objects and also postage for the packets.
A watermark is a data object embedded inside a carrier that is used to authenticate the carrier without interfering with its normal usage. The classic historical example is a watermark in a bank note that authenticates the paper used for printing. More recently, digital watermarks have been developed to imperceptibly embed data in rich content objects to transmit all varieties of information. Digital watermarks can also be applied to functional data such as software or code by means of obfuscation of the actual functional code, license information, identity, or other uniqueness hidden in similar or nonfunctional code. Software watermarking is intended to assist in authenticating code in a manner more robust to the underlying functionality of the software than can be accomplished by simple digital signing of the code. Signing aesthetic or functional data at the inherent granularity of perception or function enables authentication of said data even after data compression or code optimization; but such watermarking can also be used to detect manipulations of the data at a subsequent time. The following applications and pending applications represent a variety of digital watermarking and steganographic ciphering applications, and are incorporated herein by reference: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/046,627, filed Mar. 24, 1998, entitled “Method for Combining Transfer Function with Predetermined Key Creation”; pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/644,098, filed Aug. 23, 2000, entitled “Multiple Transform Utilization and Application for Secure Digital Watermarking”; pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/767,733, filed Jan. 24, 2001, entitled “Multiple Transform Utilization and Application for Secure Digital Watermarking”; pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/545,589, filed Apr. 7, 2000, entitled “Method and System for Digital Watermarking”; pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/999,766, filed Jul. 23, 1997, entitled “Steganographic Method and Device”; pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/456,319, filed Dec. 8, 1999, entitled “Z-Transform Implementation of Digital Watermarks”; and pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/674,726, filed Jul. 2, 1996, entitled “Exchange Mechanisms for Digital Information Packages with Bandwidth Securitization, Multichannel Digital Watermarks, and Key Management.” Other pending applications apply to a model for bandwidth optimization using digital watermarks (pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/369,344, filed Feb. 18, 2003, entitled “Optimization Methods for the Insertion, Protection, and Detection of Digital Watermarks in Digitized Data”; and pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/789,711, filed Feb. 22, 2001, entitled “Optimization Methods for the Insertion, Protection and Detection of Digital Watermarks in Digital Data”), which applications are incorporated herein in their entireties. Less attention, however, has been paid to the concept of perceptible but non-interfering digital watermarks.
When a receiver requests a data object from a sender, the sender creates a packet flow with the receiver's address and sends it out into the Internet. The packets may make many hops before arriving at the receiver's IP address. At each node, a router examines the address and chooses a route to the next node. Often there are many possible routes from each node to the final destination. These routes may be ranked by a number of criteria, including current load, historical load, historical reliability, current latency, and historical latency. All of these factors could be used to route individual packets by more or less optimal paths—assuming that the router could discriminate between different flows. The packet watermark becomes the method by which the router identifies streams and creates differential QoS.
Simply labeling a packet as express, regular, or slow delivery is insufficient. There is no way to enforce compliance with the label. Quickly, everyone would be marking their packets “express” and there would no longer be differentiation. This is an example of the “free-loader” problem. A “packet watermark,” on the other hand, is cryptographically associated with the contents of the packet itself. For example, a traditional digital watermark may be dependent on signal characteristics of the signal being watermarked. If a key-based system is used for watermarking, a cryptographic association between the key and the signal via the watermark may be created. Besides the noise or signal characteristics in the signal itself, the key may be seeded by independent random information to make it more difficult to guess (meaning randomness independent form the signal to be watermarked to make guessing the key more computationally difficult—if a watermark is based solely on the signal and its inherent noise, finding the needle in the haystack is simply a searching problem, not a computationally difficult problem), even if the watermark is found in the signal. Key-based watermarks are used to authenticate or verify a data signal to establish responsibility for said signal or alert users of unauthorized data signal copies. Unauthorized use of a particular routing priority could be detected by a packet sniffer, which sampled a fraction of the overall traffic to detect, and deter, abuse of the system. The sniffer reads the watermark on the packet, checks the authentication, and signals invalid packets. The flow can then be rerouted, delayed or halted, depending upon the terms of the commercial contract. Additional embodiments of the present invention can assist in enabling a workable exchange that may further alert participants of the exchange of particular users or unauthorized parties. This can assist in preventing Denial of Service (“DoS”) attacks and similar misuse of network traffic. Conversely, the exchange may maintain histories of the effectiveness of particular routes or particular parties that may command a premium price or similar consideration for the “recognition” or “reputation” a party has attained.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the packet watermark may be used to classify a stream of data for a particular QoS. In particular, the stream of data may be organized into a plurality of packets, and the sender may add a watermark to the header of each packet comprising the stream. The size of the watermark may vary, but for illustration, a 32-bit watermark is used. Preferably, the same 32-bit watermark may be placed in each and every packet in the flow. In a particular case of TCP/IPv4, the 32-bit watermark may be stored in the Stream ID option field (i.e., in the header) in the IPv4 packets. To indicate a QoS level for the flow, a portion of the watermark may be reserved for a QoS level identifier. For example, in the example of a 32-bit watermark, the 4 MSB's (“most significant bits”) of the watermark could be used to identify the QoS level, yielding 16 available levels, and the remaining 28 bits of the watermark could be used to uniquely identify the flow.
The 32-bit watermark, or a portion thereof, may act as an identifier. No particular format is required for the watermark, and accordingly almost any format may be used. In the example illustrated, the 4MSBs are used for the QoS level, and the remaining 28 bits can be used to store a unique identifier. One possible use for the remaining 28 bits is to store a unique identifier that is associated with a watermark packet key—which key can be used to help authenticate the data flows.
For example, the slender may create an array of SHA-1 hashes (or any hashing protocol deemed secure by the party or parties mutually) of the flow using a 4096 bit random sequence (the 4096 bit random sequence is referred to as the “Watermark Packet Key”). More particularly, the input to a hash function is comprised of three things: the Watermark Packet Key (in this case, 4096 bits), the Watermark (in this case, 32 bits), and a portion of the flow (for example, that portion of the flow that will be placed in a given packet). It is anticipated that the portion of the flow to be used as input to the hash function may comprise that the flow associated with one, two or even more data packets, but for purposes of illustration, the flow associated with one packet is used (i.e., the portion of the flow that will be inserted into one TCP/IPv4 packet). The output of the hash may have a predetermined number of bytes (usually as pre-determined by the hash function—for example, 20 for SHA-1). The array is the set of all of the hash outputs generated using successively portions of the flow until the complete flow has been processed. The outputs of the hash, the Watermark Packet Key, and the 32-bit watermark are combined to create the Watermark Identification (“WID”).
It is contemplated that the present invention may permit control over a ratio of the sizes of the original data to the size of the WID made from that data. A typical ratio might be 100:1, which means that every 100 bytes of original data create 1 byte of hash. Generally, it is desirable for a sniffer to collect 2x the original number of bytes to guarantee enough data to calculate a hash, given that the sniffer does not know a priori what the original size of the number of bytes. For very large flows, 100:1 may create unacceptable large WID's. The ratio can be set to any value. As the ratio decreases, the WID delivery channel needs to get larger. As the ratio increases, the amount of original content necessary to the sniffer increases, as does the amount of the flow that can pass before an authorization check can be completed. By making the ratio sensitive to data type and size, the system can be dynamically optimized to meet the needs of the market. To more fully extend the benefits of this embodiment we generalize additional novel features absent in the art concerning, management, pricing mechanisms, clearinghouse and dispute resolution methods and systems.
It is an object of the present invention to create methods for allocating bandwidth resources. One approach is to break the bandwidth into discrete, usable component pieces, and enable an electronic market system to set a price for the commodity (“the bandwidth’) setting an equilibrium level of supply and demand. The net effect of this approach, and its anticipated trading system, will be to efficiently apportion bandwidth to users who wish to download or upload value-added information, in whatever form it takes (including value-adding components, or VACs—disclosed in TRUSTED TRANSACTIONS—). This includes efforts to broadcast or stream data as well. Bandwidth affects the speed of information transfer. Bandwidth is defined as bits per second. If more bandwidth is used, speed increases, and the transfer is accomplished in less time. A need exists in the art for deciding which bits should be prioritized versus the fixed amount of time available to route or transmit the bits. Valuing bits in a bandwidth context is similar to quantizing risk in other commodities' transactions.
Focus has been made on options pricing models, such as the well-known Black-Scholes option pricing mechanism, and variations which exist to better estimate and quantize risk for a commodity that is being optioned (so-called “derivatives”). Given the imprecise nature of bandwidth allocation, without regard to decisions concerning the supply and demand of said bandwidth, the present invention introduces a number of improvements to the handling of data (e.g., provisioning) and by extension the bandwidth used to represent said data. Some of the mathematical techniques for pricing models, including Black Scholes, will be outlined below. These techniques can be used to facilitate better pricing in addition to the increased efficiencies evident with bandwidth provisioning using packet watermarking described above (applied to packets and in some cases additionally the data object—a micro and macro approach). Bandwidth is a commodity and by extension a potential form of currency that is better priced with financial tools such as options and other derivatives. Being able to communicate only that which people are willing to pay for, requires integration of identification and authentication of bandwidth between parties.
To purchase or to sell is the difference in the right of the option that is called a “call” or a “put” (the right but not obligation to “sell”, a call is the right to “buy”, the underlying asset covered by the option).
C0=S0N(d1)−Xe−rfTN(d2)
S0=the price of the underlying asset (a predetermined value)
N(d1)=the cumulative normal probability of unit normal variable d1 N(d2)=the cumulative normal probability of unit normal variable d2 X=the exercise price
rf=the risk free rate (a value which can be predetermined at the time of pricing the option)
e=the base of natural logarithms, constant=2.7128. . .
d1=[(ln(S/X)+rfT)/(σ✓T)]+[1/(2σ✓T)]
d2=d1−σ✓T
Helpfully, by isomorphic relationships we can extend the Black Scholes model to discrete mathematics which, as is known in the art, is able to handle continuous time and proof of the limit of options pricing. The present invention sets a limit for how much we can know in estimating the price of the option given both objective (that which can be predetermined) and subjective (that which like “indeterminable” or “unpredictable” risk cannot be predetermined) data elements. Making Black Scholes discrete also enables the present invention to describe more concretely aspects of optimizing bandwidth as an asset for which risk exists in how it should be allocated or used.
If an individual instance of the present invention's proposed instrument is a bandwidth right (as well, by extension an “option” which is the right but not obligation to purchase the underlying covered commodity within some predetermined period of time: in this case bandwidth), it can be observed that several factors will affect its value, including the following:
This value is measured versus a minimal standard telecommunications cost. Telecommunications infrastructure has obvious relationships with the potential cost of carrying or allocating bandwidth. Intrinsic value may differ between providers, geographic location, wired or wireless connections, and countries. To the extent there exist such differences in pricing, elements of the present invention can create cost equivalencies based on such observable differences and identify the difference in cost. If there is a single underlying telecommunications cost to the owner of the right of X dollars per time, let min0 represent the amount of time it takes to download the information using the minimal bandwidth, and mini represent the amount of time to transfer the information at the bandwidth represented by this right. Note that
min0≧min1.
Then the intrinsic value V1=X x(min0−min1), or the amount of money saved in telecommunications costs at the higher bandwidth. The intrinsic value can be negative, which would imply a compensating premium placed on the time saved by using the more expensive transport.
This probability recognizes the generally unreliable nature of telecommunications and transmission mediums as well as underlying computer systems. There are basic and more advanced methods for estimating the so-called Quality of Service (“QoS”) of a given network which, as previously disclosed, estimates a raw measure of the percentage of bandwidth being offered to some number of users connected to network in question in capacity terms. To equate QoS with historical peer-to-peer, or end-to-end, handling of bandwidth, features of the present invention are directed. Rather than be burdened with the task of solving all of the “bugs” in a given piece of commercial software, or network, it would be better to account for failure in the valuation. This value could be adjusted over time, as the failure probability of a system becomes more apparent, or changes. Some actuarial measurement can be made as experience with the envisioned system is realized. Additionally, heuristic measures may be logged or stored to identify specific points of failures or inefficiencies to be addressed. Reputations or recognition for particular users or providers can assist in decisions made by other market participants. In short, “percentage chance of failure” represents the percentage chance a user cannot exercise its right or option (where the option is the right but not obligation to purchase an underlying asset) for bandwidth. It affects the expected value of the right. In this baseline approach, if the probability of failure is Pf, where 0≦Pf≦1, and the value of the right is V0, in the absence of failure, then:
Vf=(1−Pf)V0.
This represents some premium, VC, that a person is willing to pay to transfer their information within a specified period of time (i.e. “now” or “in the next 10 minutes”). The cost to the network to achieving the demand of individual users may require predetermined estimates of how much bandwidth can be re-allocated to a user in demand or may be dynamically adjusted by factoring in some excess bandwidth to serve as liquidity for estimates of potential demand. For instance, highly sought after data objects or data streams may cause higher demands for bandwidth in real time or may be reserved by exercising the right before its expiration. An exchange itself may wish to pay for the rights to provide additional needed liquidity to satisfy forecasted demand. The potential for increases in transparency by applying bandwidth provisioning, described herein, and cryptographic protocols for identification, authentication and verification, described in more detail below, make possible better mathematical estimates of the potential value of the convenience premium to all market participants.
Alternatively, the network may have higher demand which is consistent with more predictable peak periods of time of use by consumers, for instance between 4 pm and 7 pm on weekdays for consumer back from work or school. These rules can be used to filter and achieve better estimates of how bandwidth should be allocated. The rules may apply to: 1) particular or uniquely identifiable data objects 2) whether the data object is to be streamed 3) date or time schedules 4) geographic locations of either the provider or user 5) the hardware or software which underlies the network for which the bandwidth is being sought 6) other unique circumstances including live performances. Moreover, identification of the parties involved in a particular transmission may itself act as a contributing factor to increases in the value of the convenience premium: a form of recognition or reputation. The premium is also likely to come out as the market sets the price for a right. If there is a formula for what the price should be, then the premium is simply the difference between the result of that formula, and the actual market price. This really measures the balance between supply and demand. The more demand in excess of supply, the higher C will rise. VC is then a function of supply and demand.
This is a function of the exercise period of a bandwidth right. It is proportional to Pf, since more time allows for recovery from an individual failure to transfer. There are two components of time, over what period a transfer can be initiated and for how long the transfer can last once it is initiated. Note that this is made more complex by congestion factors. For instance, if a user has a right for 10,000 kbps for 10 seconds, and the user wants to transfer 100,000 kb, it is not likely that the transfer can be done in exactly 10 seconds. Protocol overhead and congestion will add some increment of time. It is advisable to leave room in the exercise period for these factors, rather than trying to value the time value in some manner that accounts for these transient conditions.
Thus: 1V=(1−Pf)(VI+VT+VC)=(1−Pf)[(X(min0−min1))+VT+VC)]
The convenience premium, VC, should be independent of all other values (except V). The equation behaves as follows: With increased failure probability decreasing bandwidth rights value, independent of other variables, while increased demand relative to supply would drive up VC. We might try to compute VC by accounting for known demand and supply values, and in fact, it is of vital importance to know the supply, and to allocate it so that any right issued can be exercised within its exercise period.
Additionally, it is observed that a method and system is needed to allocate supply based on demand that accounts for unused rights. This may be separate or complementary to the packet watermarking features previously disclosed or may be considered an additional feature to assure that bandwidth provisioning is properly accounted for. In other words, the system needs to over-allocate supply to some degree, knowing that some rights may go unexercised, so that demand is filled as much as possible. This is similar to airlines' practice of overbooking flights. It is also necessary in providing liquidity to the market and assuring that bandwidth is effectively allocated in a timely and efficient manner. Some mechanism must be in place to prevent attacks on the system, by a party, who, in effect, tries to corner the market in bandwidth, with no intention of using it, so that it goes unused. By extension, Denial of Service attacks are related to this unwanted occurrence. Naively, one would think that since one has to pay for the bandwidth, why would someone want to corner the market? Although bandwidth is not “free”, it should only comprise a small fraction of the value of the information to be transferred, and so this is not an unthinkable situation. Similarly, the accounting of the bandwidth used should not exceed the value of bandwidth provided. An accountant cannot charge more than the value being accounted, the economics cannot justify the cost. By breaking down the path of packets as well as provisioning for pricing based on supply and demand, features of the present invention address accountability in a transparent manner.
Another option is the potential need to necessitate a secondary market for the trading of bandwidth, which could be divided up by a trading syndicate, and traded on a secondary basis to users. In a manner of operations, telecommunications companies perform this role between national telecommunications systems to facilitate international phone usage. But the difference with the system envisioned in the present system is that “any” user could buy bandwidth rights at times of low demand, and hope to sell them at a profit in times of higher demand. This would seem to imply the exchange itself should do some proprietary trading in this manner, both to profit, and to ensure some bandwidth is available for sale to users when they need it. This will have a purpose to serve in making the market efficient in the future. The present invention anticipates such facilities which can be created and handled by parties with an interest in the efficiencies and potential profit opportunities afforded to maximizing the value of bits being handled by any given network, or networks. Time being typically fixed for users, value of the data objects being offered being subjective, features of the present invention offer robust handling of supply and demand of bandwidth.
Bandwidth rights instruments are likely to be highly localized to specific subnets, domains, internet service providers (“ISPs””, portals, wireless networks, etc). Especially since certain types of connections may be available only from certain exchanges, and since failure probabilities are likely to vary with specific hardware, operating systems, and service providers (including ISPs). Additionally, the basic valuation equations above do not address telecommunications costs across various types of lines. This problem at least, can be solved by active maintenance of cost tables, designation codes for types of lines, and the designation of a low cost standard: a minimal intrinsic value to bandwidth is an example of a minimum cost. Secondary markets for the cash or cash equivalent value of bandwidth given the limitations of a particular means for bandwidth exchanges, including POTs, DSL, cable, fiber, wireless, etc., is enabled by features of the present invention given the link between supply and demand, additions of rights and options for time value, and the cost of bandwidth for objects being exchanged or streamed, in satisfying demand.
Bandwidth as “Currency” Between Exchanges
The problem of moving rights between exchanges can be difficult since supply/demand planning for one exchange will not translate to another, unless some means for interconnecting exchanges is developed, and exchange bandwidth planning is global. The race by many parties to link users to the Internet via varying access links (modem) including DSL, POTs, cable, fiber, wireless, satellite may further the need for common bandwidth pricing. In fact, improved handling of bandwidth is a result of the success of TCP/IP and the vendors who have integrated much of the public Internet as well as gateways to virtual private networks (“VPNs”). What is clear is that the basic structure of the present invention would facilitate such planning to the benefit of all market participants: telecommunications providers, ISPs, users and publishers as well as more general aggregators of content and bandwidth such as, phone companies, cable companies, personal digital assistant manufacturers, personal music device manufacturers, and satellite companies intending on providing services across multifarious line types.
The EXCHANGE creates and manages a supply of uniquely distinguished bandwidth rights certificates. These certificates are good for a specific period only. They may traded over the course of time, anywhere from the moment they are created to the expiration time. It is questionable whether a right should be exercisable once it is clear that even if a transfer is initiated, it cannot be completed given that right only. However, consider that the right is usable, but its value decreases rapidly as it approaches expiration (i.e. value is based on time left, not total transfer time). Once a certificate is expired it is deleted. Inclusion of more traditional notions of options, as previously disclosed would greatly assist in measuring and quantifying risk associated with bandwidth rights certificates. Hash values incorporating a time-stamp could be used to serialize certificates. Such a cryptographic method is well noted in the art. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,136,646 and 5,136,647 (“Digital Document Time-Stamping With Catenate Certificate” and “Method For Secure Time-Stamping Of Digital Documents” respectively) describe methods for cryptographic time stamping. Besides “universal time,” used for secure time stamps, other methods for data uniqueness include digital signatures or one-way hash functions alone. These elements may include information relating to an independent third party, the exchange where the transaction takes place, an agent or principal to a transaction, a certification authority, or some subset of the data may be handled anonymously to assure levels of anonymity which may be required in assuring higher efficiencies in handling and settling trades for bandwidth rights certificates and the associated bandwidth.
The exchange creates a central hub, or plurality of hubs, for planning bandwidth supply, accounting, and disseminating pricing information. This hub may take the form of a syndication or plurality of similarly suited exchanges or there may be exchange rate features to account for differences between telecommunications costs in a given locality or geographic location (such as a country, city or states). Differences may exist between exchanges in the types of cryptographic protocols which are used by the exchange, as well. Alternatively, the differences between how pricing information is disseminated between various exchanges will relate specifically to the cost of the telecommunications (i.e., “intrinsic value”) based on the form of deployment (POTS versus cable) or spectrum being handled (wireless 900 MHz versus 3 G). In some cases, spectrum allocation may suffer from other market pressures in pricing including government control or some other similar restriction for how the bandwidth may be allocated or used. Client-side software will value the rights relative to a particular user's needs, and used by any party trading rights. A seller creates a SELL advertisement, which is entered into the “exchange.” The exchange verifies the seller actually holds the right in their account.
The exchange may further maintain records regarding the reputations of the market of SELLERS and BUYERS who have traded on the exchange. Additionally, embodiments of the present invention may separate the trading facility from the facilities for advertising BUY and SELL orders. A buyer then enters a BUY offer against the sell advertisement. The exchange validates the buyers and sellers, and then clears the transaction, transferring money from the buyer's payment method or credentials (credit card, micropayment, payment facility, credit terms, etc.) to the seller's account, and the right to the buyer's account. The unbundled right may be so infinitesimal that the actual cost of the right must be bundled with the underlying content or information being sought. The rights could also be bound to underlying titles (by an associated hash or digital signature or an embedded digital watermark). Essentially the relative cost of the bandwidth right represents some small amount of bandwidth, satisfactory in serving as a cryptographic or trusted piece of information, which is factored into various classes of trades so that higher computational efficiencies can be maintained. As certain bandwidth certificate attributes are used more frequently, perhaps, than others who are buyers or sellers or both, of bandwidth rights, smaller more compact amounts of bandwidth will likely be result as improvements and experience dictate. This may be similar to attaching sales taxes, handling charges, and credit card use charges that are typically bundled with the cost of a given physical goods purchase. The underlying telecommunications cost (i.e., “intrinsic value”), the underlying computational cost of the bandwidth certificate and its attributes, as well as additional information overhead for accounting and clearing trades, would represent the cost floor in computational cost, bandwidth, and time for embodiments contemplated herein.
User A has a cellular phone and a personal digital assistant (“PDA”). He pays a fixed rate of $100 per month for 1000 minutes of cellular air time (which equates to $0.00167 per second). There are times at which this rate may be higher or lower or locations for which charges may be assessed when the use utilizes either device in some geographic location outside of, for instance, the location where the devices were registered for use. The user alternatively pays $200 per month for 1000 minutes for PDA connectivity (which equates to $0.00333 per second), which may include e-mail functions, image or audio file downloads or streams, and any other functionality commonly attributable to a general computing device such as a PC. The PDA may also place a cost structure on where the device is used in relation to its registration location and may charge for the amount of data which is uploaded, downloaded or exchanged. This may be measured in bandwidth terms (such as a charge per some amount of bytes or bits). The functionality being different for each device, an arbitrage opportunity exists if the user can trade his cellular phone minutes for PDA minutes. The benefits in this example are a 2:1 ratio of expense.
User A may want to use either of the devices in the example to make some purchase of a good or service which can be handled by the device itself The security for the transaction must have been previously agreed to by the vendor providing the goods and the provider of the device for which embodiments of the present invention can be used to facilitate a commercial transaction. For instance, a vending machine which can handle transmissions from either of the two devices to enable a transaction for a can of soda or a weather forecast, or some other valued consideration, is a device with which the present invention has applicability. The user has bandwidth rights which may be separate from the minutes that have been paid for solely for the functions of the respective device. The user may use a valid or existing bandwidth rights certificate to represent a payment facility for which the cellular or PDA bandwidth provider can monitor and account. If the transaction can be handled with the vending machine, for instance a wireless exchange of credentials between the vending machine and user's device, value has been attributed to the use of bandwidth. The cellular phone, in this example is the cheaper mode of bandwidth based strictly on functionality. The PDA provider may change its pricing to reflect transaction specific pricing to have competitive payment facilities based on bandwidth rights certificates and higher value added services to the customer.
The point of this embodiment is to emphasize the treatment of bandwidth as a commodity which may be valued in a transaction. The value inherent in information content or the facility of information itself to assist in transactional activity is valuable in an information economy. The time it takes for sender and receiver confirmation of a transaction between the user and the vending machine may take, say 5 seconds. The time spent in completing the transaction includes how much information was exchanged, in some quantitative measure such as bits, to satisfy the rules of a successful transaction. If the vending machine item is one dollar, the cost of the transaction is one dollar plus the cost of 5 seconds of air time that was used to consummate the transaction. Hence the total cost is: $1.00+5×$0.00167 (or $1.00833), if the cell phone is used; or $1.00+5×$0.00333 (or $1.01667), if the PDA is used. The cost of the goods or services sold leaves a margin of profit There is a relationship to the efficiencies of increasing the convenience of a means of payment for users, increasing the ability of traditional bandwidth providers to leverage existing subscriptions and arrangements with customers, and the ability to atomize bandwidth as a valued commodity given its inherent nature: it is a measure of information in discrete time.
In this embodiment we use bandwidth to purchase other information resources such as kilowatts of power from a utility power grid. As such, bandwidth acts as a currency which has a defined (though perhaps fluctuating) value. The amount of bandwidth that is used to “purchase” a specified amount of power will be determined based on the market forces at play. The total amount of bandwidth will be the cost of the goods being purchased (in this case, the specified amount of power) plus the cost of the bandwidth used to complete the transaction—which may vary with the communication channel being used (e.g., the use of a PDA vs. the use of a cell phone). In effect, “bandwidth” is removed from my account in an amount necessary to complete the transaction. To further illustrate this point, it is assumed that the amount of power being purchased is valued at $50, and it is further assumed that the transaction requires 5 seconds of air time to complete. If the purchaser has an account balance of 60,000 seconds of air time (equating to 1,000 minutes), and the fair market value of the air time is $0.00167 per second, then the purchaser's account is debited 29,945 seconds (equating to $50.00835—in other words, the $50 for the power plus the cost of the air time to complete the transaction). In some circumstances, the total cost may be increased if there is a transactional cost in addition to the cost of goods and the cost of air time. For example, if the airtime is tied to a credit card, the credit card company may charge a transactional fee (e.g., 1% or more) for all transactions executed in connection with the credit card, in which case, the credit card may debit the purchaser's account an additional 1% of air time (by way of example) which the credit card company may utilize for internal purposes or may turn around and re-sell to another user.
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"A WWW Service to Embed and Prove Digital Copyright Watermarks", Proc. of the European conf. on Multimedia Applications, Services & Techniques Louvain-La-Nevve Belgium May 1996.Referenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS9124568Mar 15, 2013Sep 1, 2015Disney Enterprises, Inc.Device and method for asset protection schemeUS20160171490 *Dec 12, 2014Jun 16, 2016International Business Machines CorporationSearchable transaction based commerce databaseUS20160171585 *Jun 11, 2015Jun 16, 2016International Business Machines CorporationSearchable transaction based commerce database* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification705/26.1, 705/27.1International ClassificationG06Q30/06, G06T1/00, H04L29/06, G06Q30/00, H04N1/32Cooperative ClassificationH04N2201/3246, H04N2201/3233, H04N2201/3222, H04N2201/3205, H04N1/32128, H04L63/0823, G06Q30/0641, G06Q30/0601, G06F21/64European ClassificationH04N1/32C17, H04L63/08C, G06Q30/0601, G06Q30/0641Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionSep 4, 2012CCCertificate of correctionAug 17, 2015ASAssignmentOwner name: WISTARIA TRADING LTD, BERMUDAFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:MOSKOWITZ, SCOTT A.;REEL/FRAME:036342/0953Effective date: 20150814Feb 24, 2016FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Feb 24, 2016SULPSurcharge for late paymentRotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services