Source: http://www.patentgenius.com/patent/7587979.html
Timestamp: 2019-01-17 23:59:35
Document Index: 294881626

Matched Legal Cases: ['art 38', 'art 38', 'art 38', 'art 38', 'art 38', 'art 38', 'art 38']

Multi-stage mechanical delay mechanisms for inertial igniters for thermal batteries and the like - Patent # 7587979 - PatentGenius
7587979 Multi-stage mechanical delay mechanisms for inertial igniters for thermal batteries and the like
Application: 11/888,815
Murray; Richard (Sayville, NY)
U.S. Class: 102/247; 102/222; 102/231; 102/235; 102/249; 102/251; 102/254; 102/256
Field Of Search: 102/274; 102/275; 102/222; 102/231; 102/235; 102/247; 102/249; 102/251; 102/254; 102/256; 102/268
Abstract: An inertia igniter including a mechanical delay mechanism having two or more members which are movable under different acceleration conditions to sequentially move a movable member upon sequential movement of the two or more members and an ignition member actuatable by the movable member such that movement of the movable member by the two or more members ignites the ignition member. The movable member can be movable by one of translation and rotation. The inertia igniter can further comprise an impact mass releasably movable in the housing, wherein the impact mass is released and movable by movement of the movable member to impact the ignition member. The inertia igniter can also further comprise a stop member for preventing movement of the impact mass until the movable member has moved a predetermined distance.
1. A mechanical delay mechanism comprising: two or more members, at least one end of each of the two or more members being sequentially movable upon at least one of anincreasing magnitude and duration of an acceleration event; and a movable member movable in an actuation direction by the sequential movement of the two or more members, the movable member preventing each of the two or more members from moving until aprevious one of the two or more members has moved the movable member a predetermined distance to release a subsequent one of the two or more members; wherein the movable member is movable in a direction opposite to the actuation direction after at leasta first of the two or more members is engaged to move the movable member.
2. The mechanical delay mechanism of claim 1, further comprising a biasing member for biasing the movable member in the direction opposite to the actuation direction upon a reduction in at least one of the magnitude and duration of theacceleration event, the movable member being capable of subsequently moving in the actuation direction upon a subsequent increase in at least one of the magnitude and duration of the acceleration event.
3. The mechanical delay mechanism of claim 2, wherein the biasing member is a compression spring disposed between a housing and the movable member.
4. The mechanical delay mechanism of claim 2, wherein the biasing member is a leaf spring attached at one end to a housing and attached at another end to the movable member.
5. The mechanical delay mechanism of claim 1, wherein the two or more members are finger members cantilevered from a housing at one end and movable at the other end.
6. The mechanical delay mechanism of claim 1, wherein the movable member has a tapered surface at one end for engagement with the two or more members to facilitate movement of the movable member by the sequential movement of the two or moremembers.
7. The mechanical delay mechanism of claim 1, wherein the movable member is movable by translation.
8. The mechanical delay mechanism of claim 1, wherein the movable member is movable by rotation.
9. The mechanical delay mechanism of claim 1, wherein the movable member has a cavity for accepting the two or more movable members.
10. The mechanical delay mechanism of claim 1, further comprising an inertia igniter having an ignition member, the movable member being movable such that movement of the movable member by the two or more members in the actuation direction toan ignition position ignites the ignition member.
11. The mechanical delay mechanism of claim 10, wherein the inertia igniter further comprises a releasably movable impact mass, wherein the impact mass is released and movable by movement of the movable member to impact the ignition member.
12. The mechanical delay mechanism of claim 10, further comprising a stop member for preventing movement of the impact mass until the movable member has moved a predetermined distance.
13. The mechanical delay mechanism of claim 12, wherein the stop member is a shear pin which is breakable to allow movement of the impact mass upon a predetermined load being applied thereto.
14. The mechanical delay mechanism of claim 12, wherein the stop member is a ball that is disposed within a cavity in the impact mass and a detent on the movable member, the impact mass being movable upon an alignment of the ball and detent.
15. A mechanical delay mechanism comprising: a first member, at least one end of the first member being movable upon an acceleration event having a first magnitude and first duration; at least a second member, at least one end of the secondmember being movable upon movement of the first member a predetermined amount of travel and where the acceleration event has a second magnitude greater than the first magnitude and a second duration greater than the first duration; and a movable membermovable in an actuation direction by the movement of the first and at least second member, the movable member preventing movement of the at least second member until the first member has moved the movable member a predetermined distance; wherein themovable member is movable in a direction opposite to the actuation direction after at least the first member is engaged to move the movable member.
16. The mechanical delay mechanism of claim 15, wherein the movable member moves in the direction opposite to the actuation direction where the acceleration event has at least one of a decreasing magnitude and duration.
17. The mechanical delay mechanism of claim 15, wherein the first and at least second members are finger members cantilevered from a housing at one end and movable at the other end.
18. The mechanical delay mechanism of claim 15, wherein the movable member has a tapered surface at one end for engagement with the first and at least second members to facilitate movement of the movable member by the sequential movement of thefirst and at least second members.
19. The mechanical delay mechanism of claim 15, wherein the movable member is movable by translation.
20. The mechanical delay mechanism of claim 15, further comprising an inertia igniter having an ignition member, the movable member being movable such that movement of the movable member by the first and at least second members ignites theignition member.
21. The mechanical delay mechanism of claim 15, further comprising a biasing member for biasing the movable member in the direction opposite to the actuation direction.
22. A mechanical delay mechanism comprising: a first member, at least one end of the first member being movable in an acceleration direction upon an acceleration event having a first magnitude and first duration; a second member, at least oneend of the second member being movable in the acceleration direction upon movement of the first member a first predetermined amount of travel and where the acceleration event has a second magnitude greater than the first magnitude and a second durationgreater than the first duration; at least a third member at least one end of the second member being movable in the acceleration direction upon movement of the second member a second predetermined amount of travel and where the acceleration event has athird magnitude greater than the second magnitude and a third duration greater than the second duration; and a movable member movable in an actuation direction by the movement of the first, second and at least third member, the movable member preventingmovement of the second member until the first member has moved the movable member a first predetermined distance and preventing movement of the at least third member until the second member has moved the movable member a second predetermined distance.
23. The mechanical delay mechanism of claim 22, wherein the first, second and at least third members are finger members cantilevered from a housing at one end and movable at the other end.
24. The mechanical delay mechanism of claim 22, wherein the movable member has a tapered surface at one end for engagement with the first, second and at least third members to facilitate movement of the movable member by the sequential movementof the first, second and at least third members.
25. The mechanical delay mechanism of claim 22, wherein the movable member is movable by translation.
26. The mechanical delay mechanism of claim 22, further comprising an inertia igniter having an ignition member, the movable member being movable such that movement of the movable member by the first, second and at least third members ignitesthe ignition member.
27. The mechanical delay mechanism of claim 22, further comprising a biasing member for biasing the movable member in a return direction opposite to that of the actuation direction.
28. The mechanical delay mechanism of claim 22, wherein the movable member moves in a return direction opposite to that of the actuation direction where the acceleration event has at least one of a decreasing magnitude and duration.
29. A method for providing a delay, the method comprising: moving a first member a predetermined amount of travel upon an acceleration event having a magnitude and duration; moving at least a second member upon the first member moving thepredetermined amount of travel and the acceleration event having a second magnitude greater than the first magnitude and a second duration greater than the first duration; engaging the first and at least second members with a movable member and movingthe movable member movable in an actuation direction by the movement of the first and at least second member, the movable member preventing movement of the at least second member until the first member has moved the movable member a predetermineddistance; and moving the movable member in a direction opposite to the actuation direction after at least the first member is engaged to move the movable member.
30. The method of claim 29, wherein the moving of the movable member in the direction opposite to the actuation direction occurs where the acceleration event has at least one of a decreasing magnitude and duration.
31. The method of claim 30, subsequent to the moving of the movable member in the direction opposite to the actuation direction, moving the movable member in the actuation direction upon a subsequent increase in at least one of the magnitudeand duration of the acceleration event.
32. The method of claim 29, further comprising igniting an ignition member with the movable member after the movable member has moved a predetermined distance.
33. The method of claim 29, further comprising biasing the movable member in the direction opposite to the actuation direction.
The present invention relates generally to multi-stage acceleration (deceleration) operated mechanical delay mechanisms, and more particularly for inertial igniters for thermal batteries used in gun-fired munitions and other similar applications.
Thermal batteries generally use some type of igniter to provide a controlled pyrotechnic reaction to produce output gas, flame or hot particles to ignite the heating elements of the thermal battery. There are currently two distinct classes ofigniters that are available for use in thermal batteries. The first class of igniter operates based on electrical energy. Such electrical igniters, however, require electrical energy, thereby requiring an onboard battery or other power sources withrelated shelf life and/or complexity and volume requirements to operate and initiate the thermal battery. The second class of igniters, commonly called "inertial igniters", operates based on the firing acceleration. The inertial igniters do not requireonboard batteries for their operation and are thereby often used in high-G munitions applications such as in gun-fired munitions and mortars.
A schematic of a cross-section of a thermal battery and inertial igniter assembly of the prior art is shown in FIG. 1. In thermal battery applications, the inertial igniter 10 (as assembled in a housing) is either positioned above the thermalbattery housing 11 as shown in FIG. 1 or within the thermal battery itself (not shown). When positioned outside the thermal battery as shown in FIG. 1, upon ignition, the igniter initiates the thermal battery pyrotechnics positioned inside the thermalbattery through a provided access 12. The total volume that the thermal battery assembly 16 occupies within munitions is determined by the diameter 17 of the thermal battery housing 11 (assuming it is cylindrical) and the total height 15 of the thermalbattery assembly 16. The height 14 of the thermal battery for a given battery diameter 17 is generally determined by the amount of energy that it has to produce over the required period of time. For a given thermal battery height 14, the height 13 ofthe inertial igniter 10 would therefore determine the total height 15 of the thermal battery assembly 16. To reduce the total volume that the thermal battery assembly 16 occupies within a munitions housing, it is therefore important to reduce the heightof the inertial igniter 10. This is particularly important for small thermal batteries since in such cases the inertial igniter height with currently available inertial igniters can be almost the same order of magnitude as the thermal battery height. When the inertial igniter is positioned inside the thermal battery itself, the total volume of the igniter must be reduced to minimally add to the total volume of the thermal battery.
With currently available inertial igniters of the prior art (e.g., produced by Eagle Picher Technologies, LLC), a schematic of which is shown in FIG. 2, the inertial igniter 20 has to be positioned within a housing 21 as shown in FIG. 3. Thehousing 21 and the thermal battery housing 11 may share a common cap 22, with the opening 25 to allow the ignition fire to reach the pyrotechnic material 24 within the thermal battery housing. As the inertial igniter is initiated, the sparks can igniteintermediate materials 23, which can be in the form of thin sheets to allow for easy ignition, which would in turn ignite the pyrotechnic materials 24 within the thermal battery through the access hole 25.
The aforementioned currently available inertial igniters have a number of shortcomings for use in thermal batteries, specifically, they are not useful for relatively small thermal batteries for munitions with the aim of occupying relatively smallvolumes, i.e., to achieve relatively small height total igniter compartment height 13 (FIG. 1). Firstly, the currently available inertial igniters, such as that shown in FIG. 2 are relatively long thereby resulting in relatively long total igniterheights 13. Secondly, since the currently available igniters are not sealed and exhaust the ignition fire out from the sides, they have to be packaged in a housing 21, usually with other ignition material 23, thereby increasing the height 13 over thelength of the igniter 20 (FIG. 3). In addition, since the pyrotechnic materials of the currently available igniters 20 are not sealed inside the igniter, they are prone to damage by the elements and cannot usually be stored for long periods of timebefore assembly into the thermal batteries unless they are stored in a controlled environment.
The need to differentiate accidental and initiation accelerations by the resulting impulse level of the event necessitates the employment of a safety system which is capable of allowing initiation of the igniter only during high total impulselevels. The safety mechanism described herein is a mechanical delay mechanism, which responds to acceleration applied to the inertial igniter. If the applied acceleration reaches or passes the designed initiation levels and if its duration is longenough, i.e., larger than any expected to be experienced as the result of accidental drops or explosions in their vicinity or other non-firing events, i.e., if the resulting impulse levels are lower than those indicating gun-firing, then the delaymechanism returns to its original pre-acceleration configuration, and a separate initiation system is not actuated or released to provide ignition of the pyrotechnics. Otherwise, the separate initiation system is actuated or released to provide ignitionof the pyrotechnics.
Inertia-based igniters must therefore comprise two components so that together they provide the aforementioned mechanical safety (mechanical delay mechanism) and to provide the required striking action to achieve ignition of the pyrotechnicelements. The function of the safety system is to prevent the striker mechanism to initiate the pyrotechnic, i.e., to delay full actuation or release of the striker mechanism until a specified acceleration time profile has been experienced. The safetysystem should then fully actuate or release the striker, allowing it to accelerate toward its target under the influence of the remaining portion of the specified acceleration time profile and/or certain spring provided force. The ignition itself maytake place as a result of striker impact, or simply contact or proximity or a rubbing action. For example, the striker may be akin to a firing pin and the target akin to a standard percussion cap primer. Alternately, the striker-target pair may bringtogether one or more chemical compounds whose combination with or without impact or a rubbing will set off a reaction resulting in the desired ignition.
Herein is described multi-stage mechanical delay mechanisms that provide very long time delays (as compared to prior art mechanisms) when subjected to acceleration in a specified direction in very small size and volume packages (as compared toprior art mechanisms). The mechanisms take advantage of the quadratic nature of time and the distance traveled under an applied acceleration. The mechanisms are particularly suitable for inertial igniters. Also disclosed are a number of inertialigniter embodiments that combine such mechanical delay mechanisms (safety systems) with impact or rubbing or contact based initiation systems.
A need therefore exists for the development of novel methods and resulting mechanical delay mechanisms for miniature inertial igniters for thermal batteries used in gun fired munitions, particularly for small and low power thermal batteries thatcould be used in fuzing and other similar applications that occupy very small volumes and eliminate the need for external power sources. The development of such novel miniature inertial ignition mechanism concepts also requires the identification ordesign of appropriate pyrotechnics and their initiation mechanisms. The innovative inertial igniters would preferably be scalable to thermal batteries of various sizes, in particular to miniaturized igniters for small size thermal batteries. Suchinertial igniters must in general be safe and in particular they should not initiate if dropped, e.g., from up to 7 feet onto a concrete floor for certain applications; should withstand high firing accelerations, for example up to and in certain casesover 20-50,000 Gs; and should be able to be designed to ignite at specified acceleration levels when subjected to such accelerations for a specified amount of time to match the firing acceleration experienced in a gun barrel as compared to high Gaccelerations experienced during accidental falls which last over very short periods of time, for example accelerations of the order of 1000 Gs when applied for 5 msec as experienced in a gun as compared to for example 2000 G acceleration levelsexperienced during accidental fall over a concrete floor but which may last only 0.5 msec. Reliability is also of much concern since the rounds should have a shelf life of up to 20 years and could generally be stored at temperatures of sometimes in therange of -65 to 165 degrees F. This requirement is usually satisfied best if the igniter pyrotechnic is in a sealed compartment. The inertial igniters must also consider the manufacturing costs and simplicity in design to make them cost effective formunitions applications.
To ensure safety and reliability, inertial igniters should not initiate during acceleration events which may occur during manufacture, assembly, handling, transport, accidental drops, or other similar accidental events. Additionally, once underthe influence of an acceleration profile particular to the firing of ordinance from a gun, the device should initiate with high reliability. In many applications, these two requirements often compete with respect to acceleration magnitude, but differgreatly in impulse. For example, an accidental drop may well cause very high acceleration levels--even in some cases higher than the firing of a shell from a gun. However, the duration of this accidental acceleration will be short, thereby subjectingthe inertial igniter to significantly lower resulting impulse levels. It is also conceivable that the igniter will experience incidental low but long-duration accelerations, whether accidental or as part of normal handling, which must be guarded againstinitiation. Again, the impulse given to the miniature inertial igniter will have a great disparity with that given by the initiation acceleration profile because the magnitude of the incidental long-duration acceleration will be quite low.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the basic novel method for the development of multi-stage mechanical time delay mechanisms, the resulting mechanical time delay mechanisms, and the resulting inertial igniters disclosed herein mayprovide one or more of the following advantages over prior art mechanical time delay mechanisms and resulting inertial igniters in addition to the previously indicated advantages:
provide mechanical time delay mechanisms that are significantly shorter and occupy significantly less volume than currently available one stage mechanical time delay mechanisms;
provide mechanical time delay mechanisms with almost any possible time delay period that may be required for inertial igniters and other similar applications;
provide inertial igniters that are significantly shorter than currently available inertial igniters for thermal batteries or the like, particularly for relatively small thermal batteries to be used in munitions without occupying very largevolumes;
provide inertial igniters that can directly initiate the pyrotechnics materials inside the thermal battery without the need for intermediate ignition material (such as the additional material 23 shown in FIG. 3) or a booster; and
In this disclosure, a novel and basic method is presented that can be used to develop highly compact and long delay time mechanisms for miniature inertial igniters for thermal batteries and the like. The method is based on a "domino" type ofsequential displacement or rotation of inertial elements to achieve very large total displacements in a compact space. In this process, one inertial element must complete its motion due to the imparted impulse before the next element is released tostart its motion. As a result, the maximum speed that is reached by each element is controlled, thereby allowing the system to achieve maximum delay times. This process is particularly effective in reducing the required length (angle) of travel of theaforementioned inertial elements due to the aforementioned quadratic nature of time and the distance traveled by an inertial element under an applied acceleration.
FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic of a thermal battery and inertial igniter assembly of the prior art.
FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic of a cross-section of an inertial igniter of the prior art
FIG. 3 illustrates a partial schematic of the thermal battery and inertial igniter assembly of the prior art with the inertial igniter of FIG. 2 disposed therein.
FIG. 4 illustrates a schematic of a cross-section of an embodiment of an inertia igniter.
FIG. 5a illustrates an isometric view of an embodiment of a multi-stage mechanical delay mechanism.
FIGS. 5b-5d illustrate the multi-stage mechanical delay mechanism of FIG. 5a in various stages of acceleration.
FIG. 6 illustrates an expansion constrained mass-spring model for evaluating delay time as a function of total vertical distance that the inertial (mass) element(s) of the various mechanical delay mechanisms have to travel due to the verticaltravel distance of the inertial elements of the igniter.
FIG. 7 illustrates a plot of the expansion constrained mass-spring model of FIG. 6 where a 2000 G pulse is applied to the base for 0.5 millisecond duration.
FIGS. 8a and 8b illustrate an isometric view of another embodiment of a multi-stage mechanical delay mechanism with FIG. 8b being illustrated without its housing.
FIGS. 8c-8f illustrate the multi-stage mechanical delay mechanism of FIGS. 8 and 8a in various stages of acceleration.
FIG. 9a illustrates an isometric view of an embodiment of an inertia igniter including the multi-stage mechanical delay mechanism striker of FIG. 5a configured to initiate pyrotechnic materials.
FIGS. 9b-9e illustrate the inertia igniter of FIG. 9a in various stages of acceleration.
FIGS. 10a and 10b illustrate isometric views of another embodiment of an inertia igniter configured to initiate pyrotechnic materials, where FIG. 10a illustrates the inertia igniter without a top cover and FIG. 10b is a cut-away illustration toclearly show its internal components.
FIGS. 10c-10e illustrate the inertia igniter of FIG. 10a in various stages of acceleration.
FIG. 11a illustrates an isometric view of yet another embodiment of an inertia igniter configured to initiate pyrotechnic materials.
FIG. 11b illustrates a sectional view of FIG. 11a as taken along line A-A in FIG. 11a.
FIGS. 11c-11e illustrate the inertia igniter of FIG. 11a in various stages of acceleration.
A schematic of an embodiment of an inertial igniter design which reduces the height of the inertial igniter component 13 (FIG. 1) is shown in FIG. 4. In such embodiment, the height 13 is reduced by over 45% as compared to the height required forthe currently available igniters shown in FIG. 2 (see U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/599,878, filed on Nov. 15, 2006, the contents of which is incorporated herein by its reference). In FIG. 4, the schematic of a cross-section of an embodiment 30of the inertia igniter is shown, which is referred to generally with reference numeral 30. The inertial igniter 30 is constructed with an igniter body 31 and a housing wall 32. In the schematic of FIG. 4, the igniter body 31 and the housing wall 32 arejoined together at one end; however, the two components may be integrated as one piece. In addition, the base of the housing 31 may be extended to form the cap 33 of the thermal battery 34, the top portion of which is shown with dashed lines in FIG. 4. The base of the housing 31 is provided with a recess 35 to receive the percussion cap primer 37 (two component pyrotechnic compounds may be used instead). The base of the housing 31 is also provided with the opening 36 within the recess 35 to allow theignited sparks and fire to exit the primer 37 into the thermal battery 34 upon initiation of the percussion cap primer 37. The internal components of the inertial igniter 30 are sealed by a cap 42 which can be fastened by any means known in the art oradhered by brazing or welding at seam 42a or applied with a suitable adhesive.
Integral to the igniter housing 31 is a cylindrical part 38 (or bodies with other cross-sectional shapes) having a wall defining a cavity, within which a striker mass 39 can travel up and down. The striker mass 39 is however biased to stay inits upper most position as shown in FIG. 4 by a striker spring 41. In its illustrated position, the striker mass 39 is locked in its axial position to the cylindrical part 38 of the housing 31 of the inertial igniter 30 by at least one locking ball 43. The setback locking ball 43 locks the striker mass 39 to the cylindrical part 38 of the housing 31 through the holes 45 provided on the cylindrical part 38 of the housing 31 and a concave portion such as a groove (or dimple) 44 on the striker mass 39 asshown in FIG. 4. In the configuration shown in FIG. 4, the locking balls 43 are prevented from moving away from their aforementioned locking position by the cylindrical setback collar 46. The cylindrical setback collar 46 can ride on the outer surfaceof the cylindrical part 38 of the housing 31, but is biased to stay in its upper most position as shown in the schematic of FIG. 4 by the setback spring 48. The cylindrical setback collar 46 has a concave portion such as an upper enlarged shoulderportion 47, within which the locking balls 43 loosely fit and are kept in their aforementioned position locking the striker mass 39 to the cylindrical part 38 of the housing 31. The striker mass 39 has a tip 40, which upon release of the striker massand appropriate level of acceleration for the striker mass 39 to overcome the resisting force of the striker spring 41 and strike the percussion cap primer 37 with enough momentum, would initiate the percussion cap primer 37.
The basic operation of the disclosed inertial igniter 30 is as follows. Any non-trivial acceleration in the axial direction 49 which can cause the cylindrical setback collar 46 to overcome the resisting force of the setback spring 48 willinitiate and sustain some downward motion of only the setback collar 46. The force due to the acceleration on the striker mass 39 is supported by the locking balls 43 which are constrained by the shoulder 47 of the setback collar 46 to engage thestriker mass.
If an acceleration time in the axial direction 49 imparts a sufficient impulse to the setback collar 46 (i.e., if an acceleration time profile is greater than a predetermined threshold), it will translate down along the axis of the assembly untilthe setback locking balls 43 are no longer constrained to engage the striker mass 39 to the cylindrical part 38 of the housing 31. If the acceleration event is not sufficient to provide this motion (i.e., the acceleration time profile is less than thepredetermined threshold), the setback collar will return to its start position under the force of the setback spring.
Assuming that the acceleration time profile was at or above the specified "all-fire" profile, the setback collar 46 will have translated down full-stroke, allowing the striker mass 39 to accelerate down towards the percussion cap primer 37. Insuch a situation, since the locking balls 43 are no longer constrained by the shoulder 42 of the setback collar 46, the downward force that the striker mass 39 has been exerting on the locking balls 43 will force the locking balls 43 to move in theradial direction toward the housing wall 32. Once the locking balls 43 are tangent to the outermost surface of the striker mass 39, the downward motion of the striker mass 39 is impeded only by the elastic force of the striker spring 41, which is easilyovercome by the impulse provided to the striker mass 39. As a result, the striker mass 39 moves downward, causing the tip 40 of the striker mass 39 to strike the target percussion cap primer 37 with the requisite energy to initiate ignition.
As previously described, the safety mechanisms can be thought of as a time delay mechanism, after which a separate initiation system is actuated or released to provide ignition of the igniter pyrotechnics. In the designs of FIGS. 2 and 4, purelymechanical safety delay mechanism are used that operate based on the total length of travel of certain inertial elements (inertial element 66 in the device of FIG. 2 and the inertial element 46 in the device of FIG. 4), and the corresponding total amountof travel time of the said inertial elements that operate or release the ignition mechanism. To base a delay mechanism on the travel (translational, rotational or their combination) of a single inertial element is tantamount to limiting the axialcompactness achievable because of the necessary and significant stroke length required to achieve the requisite delay timing.
The novel method to achieve highly compact and long delay time mechanisms for miniature inertial igniters for thermal batteries and the like may be best described by the following "finger-driven wedge design," which is a multi-stage mechanicaldelay mechanism embodiment and its basic operation. The schematic of such a three-stage embodiment 80 is shown in FIG. 5a. The device 80 can obviously be designed with as many fingers (stages) as is required to accommodate any delay time requirementand no-fire specifications commonly seen in gun-fired munitions or the like. The mechanism generally has three fingers (stages) 81, 82 and 83, each of which provides a specified amount of delay when subjected to a certain amount of acceleration (in thevertical direction of the arrow 89 as viewed in FIG. 5a). The fingers are fixed to the mechanism base 84 on one end. Each finger is provided with certain amount of mass and deflection resisting elasticity (in this case in bending). Certain amount ofupward preloading may also be provided to delay finger deflection until a desired acceleration level is reached. When at rest, only the first finger 81 is resting on the sloped surface 87 of the delay wedge 85. The delay wedge 85 is preferably providedwith a resisting spring 88 to bring the system back to its rest position, if the applied acceleration profile is within the no-fire regime of the inertial igniter and to offer more programmability for the device. The delay wedge 85 is positioned in aguide 86 which restricts the delay wedge's 85 motion along the guide 86.
The operation of the device 80 is as follows. At rest, the delay wedge 85 is biased to the right by the delay wedge spring 88, and the three fingers 81, 82 and 83 are biased upwards with some pre-load. The ratio of pre-load to effective fingermass will determine the acceleration threshold below which there will be no relative movement between components. The positions of the three fingers 81, 82 and 83 are such that finger 81 is above the sloped surface 87 of the delay wedge 85 and fingers82 and 83 are supported by the top surface 90 of the delay wedge 85, and are prevented from moving until the delay wedge 85 has advanced the prescribed distance. This is illustrated in FIG. 5a.
If the device 80 experiences an acceleration in the direction 89 above the threshold determined by the ratio of initial resistances (elastic pre-loads) to effective component masses, the primary finger 81 will act against the sloped surface 87 ofthe delay wedge 85, advancing the delay wedge 85 to the left.
FIG. 5b shows the first finger 81 fully actuated and the delay wedge 85 advanced one-third of its total finger-actuated travel distance. At this instant, the second finger 82 is no longer supported by the top surface 90 of the delay wedge 85 andis free to move downwards provided that the acceleration is still sufficiently high to overcome the preload for the second finger 82 and the delay wedge spring 88 force at the aforementioned one-third travel distance.
If the acceleration continues at an all-fire profile, the second finger 85 will drive the delay wedge to two-thirds of its total finger-actuated travel distance, allowing the third finger 83 to act on the top surface 90 of the delay wedge 85. This is shown in FIG. 5c.
If the acceleration terminates or falls below the all-fire requirements, the mechanism will reverse until balance is achieved between the acceleration reaction forces and the elastic resistances. This may be a partial or complete reset fromwhich the mechanism may be re-advanced if an all-fire profile is applied or resumed.
Full actuation of the mechanism will occur once all three fingers 81, 82 and 83 have driven the delay wedge 85 to its full travel in succession. This non-linear progression will be carried out as a continuation of the partial actuationsdescribed above. The full actuation of such a mechanism is shown in FIG. 5d.
Obviously, the amount of preloading and/or resistance to bending of the fingers 81, 82, 83 vary such that the first finger 81 bends under a certain acceleration profile, finger 82 bends under a larger acceleration profile than the first finger 81and the third finger 83 bends under the largest acceleration profile. Furthermore, the delay wedge 85 can be configured to provide the ignition of the thermal battery upon full activation.
The above multi-stage mechanical delay mechanism 80 may obviously be configured in a wide variety of configurations with the common characteristics of providing the means for sequential travel of two or more inertial elements under an appliedacceleration. This novel method of providing a mechanical time delay mechanism via sequential travel of inertial elements provides devices that occupy very short heights while achieving very long time delays. The significance of the multi-stage designin reducing the height of the mechanical time delay mechanisms, thereby the size (particularly the height) of inertial igniters can be described as follows.
The mathematical model that can be used to evaluate the delay time as a function of the total vertical distance that the inertial (mass) element(s) of the various mechanical delay mechanisms have to travel due to the vertical travel distance ofthe inertial elements of the igniter, i.e., the minimum height of the device and thereby the resulting inertial igniter, is based on an expansion constrained mass-spring model as shown in FIG. 6, consisting of a mass (inertia) element 101 and springelement 102. The spring element 102 is attached to the base 103, which in turn is fixed to the accelerating platform 105. The spring element 102 is preloaded in compression, and is constrained to expand from its preloaded position shown in FIG. 6 bythe stop 107, which is fixed to the accelerating platform 105.
When the base is accelerated upwards in the direction of the arrow 106, the mass 101 will experience a reaction force downward. Since the spring 102 is preloaded in compression, a threshold will exist below which the reaction force on the masswill not be high enough to deflect the spring from its preloaded position. Beyond this acceleration threshold, the mass 101 will move downward. For relatively high preloads and relatively small spring 102 deflections (such as those employed in thedescribed miniature inertia igniters) the spring 102 force can be assumed to be constant throughout the deflection. The net force on the mass is then equal to the difference between the reaction force from the acceleration and the constant spring force.
To generate a generic model applicable to a system without a predetermined mass or spring rate, the preload force may be expressed in terms of a force equivalent to the supported mass under some acceleration F.sub.p=mA.sub.pg where F.sub.p is thepreload force, A.sub.p is the equivalent preload acceleration magnitude in G's, and g is the gravitational acceleration constant. This acceleration, A.sub.p, may now be subtracted from the acceleration which is producing the reaction force on the mass101. In other words, we specify the preload not in terms of force, but in terms of the threshold of acceleration below which there will be no spring 102 deflection. If the net equivalent acceleration on the mass 101 in G's is A, the displacement of themass 101, i.e., the deflection of the spring 102, y, as a function of time t, can be expressed as y=1/2Agt.sup.2 (1)
Now, from the equation (1) we can compare the necessary axial displacement of the inertial elements (mass 101 in the model of FIG. 6) in a single stage mechanical delay mechanism with the axial displacement of the inertial elements (mass 101 inthe model of FIG. 6) in a multi-stage mechanical delay mechanism. In the plot of FIG. 7, a 2000 G pulse is considered to be applied to the base 103 in the direction of the arrow 106 for 0.5 millisecond duration. The mass elements 101 in both mechanicaldelay mechanisms are supported by constant-force springs 102 with preload forces equivalent to a movement threshold of 700 G. The vertical displacement of the mass (inertial) elements 101 have been scaled such that the displacement of the mass 101 in thesingle-stage mechanical delay mechanism (indicated by the curve 110 in the plot of FIG. 7) at the end of the aforementioned acceleration pulse has a magnitude of one. Considering a three-stage mechanical delay mechanism, the vertical displacement of thefirst, second and third mass elements 101 of the first, second and third stages are shown in FIG. 7 by the curves 111, 112 and 113, respectively. The total vertical displacement required for the three stages (in fact for any number of stages) of amulti-stage mechanical delay mechanism is seen to be limited to the displacement of one of its stages alone. From the plot, the advantage of the three-stage design is clear: the total vertical displacement of a three-stage design nearly 90% smaller thanthat of the single-stage (currently available) designs.
It is noted that the reason behind a significant advantage of the disclosed multi-stage inertial mechanical delay mechanisms is the fact that for a single mass subjected to an acceleration, the resulting displacement is a quadratic function ofthe time of travel, equation (1) above. A quadratic function, curve 110 in FIG. 7, is more or less flat at the beginning, i.e., during the first relatively small intervals of time the displacement is small since the inertial element 101 has not gained aconsiderable amount of velocity. The present multi-stage inertial igniters take advantage of this characteristic of the aforementioned quadratic delay time vs. displacement relationship, equation (1), by limiting the total (vertical) displacement ofthe inertial elements 101 of each individual stage, thereby achieving very small vertical height requirement.
The mechanical delay mechanisms, such as the one shown schematically in FIG. 5, provide a high degree of design flexibility and programmability with the following parameters that can be used to tune the device for performance to meet requirementsin a broad range of applications:
Delay wedge interface angle
Delay wedge resistance spring rate
Delay wedge pre-load force
Delay wedge mass
The effective mass of each finger may be prescribed individually.
The spring rate of each finger may be prescribed individually.
The pre-load force of each finger may be prescribed individually.
The number of drive fingers (stages) in the design.
The distance through which fingers displace to advance the delay wedge.
The mechanical delay mechanisms developed based on the disclosed novel method may be applied in a variety of embodiments to a large number of initiation systems such as to inertial igniters through a plurality of locking mechanisms. Several ofsuch embodiments and their combinations are described herein.
It is noted that the present method and the resulting mechanical delay mechanisms do not rely on dry friction or viscous or any other type of damping elements to achieve time delay. This is a significant advantage of the present novel method andthe resulting mechanical delay mechanisms since friction and damping forces, particularly friction forces, are highly unpredictable or require velocity gain (large displacements) for effectiveness. In addition, the characteristics of friction anddamping elements generally change with time, thereby resulting in relatively short shelf life for such devices.
However, if shelf life and/or performance precision are not an issue, friction and/or viscous damping element(s) of some kind may be used together with the spring elements (preferably in parallel with the spring elements 102, FIG. 6, not shown)in one or more stages of the mechanical delay mechanism to slow down the motion of one inertial elements. The dry friction elements (such as braking elements) are well known in the art. Viscous damping elements operating based on fluid or gaseous flowthrough orifices of some kind or a number of other designs using the fluid or gas viscosity, or the use of viscoelastic (elastomers and polymers of various kind and designs) are also well known in the art.
However, the use of any of the aforementioned viscous damping elements has several practical problems for use in inertial igniters for thermal batteries that are to be used in munitions. Firstly, to generate a significant amount of damping forceto oppose the acceleration generated forces, the inertial element must have gained a significant amount of velocity since damping force is proportional to the attained velocity of the inertial element. This means that the element must have traveled longenough time and distance to attain a high enough velocity, thereby resulting in too long igniters. Secondly, fluid or gaseous based damping elements and viscoelastic elements that could be used to provide enough damping to achieve a significant amountof delay time cannot usually provide the desired shelf life of up to 20 years as required for most munitions.
The schematic of another embodiment 120 of the present invention is shown in FIG. 8a. In FIG. 8b, the housing 130 of the mechanical delay mechanism 120 is removed to show its internal components. In this embodiment, a closed-profile carriageelement 121 is used instead of an open profile delay wedge 85 of the embodiment of FIG. 5. The closed-profile carriage element 121 is constrained to longitudinal translation between the guides 127 and the bottom wall 129 and top wall 131 of the housing130 of the mechanical delay mechanism 120. The closed-profile carriage element 121 provides an anti-back-drive multi-stage mechanical delay mechanism that operates in a manner similar to the embodiment of FIG. 5. With the provision of theclosed-profile carriage element 121, the engaging fingers (stages), 123 and 124 and 125 and 126 in FIG. 8b, prevent the closed-profile carriage element 121 to translate along its longitudinal guides 127 if subjected to acceleration in the said direction. This characteristic of this mechanical delay mechanism allows it to withstand high centripetal accelerations experienced by spin-stabilized projectiles, and not to activate by not allowing the closed-profile carriage element 121 to displace under suchlongitudinal accelerations.
The fingers 123, 124, 125 and 126 are fixed on one end to the wall 128 of the housing 130. A spring element 122 (shown as a bending beam type of spring), attached on one end to the wall 128 of the housing 130 and on the other end to theclosed-profile carriage element 121, which is preferably preloaded, is used to bias the closed-profile carriage element 121 against the last finger 123 to the right.
When subjected to acceleration in the direction of the arrow 132, the mechanical delay mechanism 120 will operate as follows: At rest, the mechanical delay mechanism 120 is configured as shown in FIG. 8b, with all four delay fingers 123, 124, 125and 126 pre-loaded upwards inside the closed-profile carriage element 121. The lateral stiffness of the delay fingers prevents the bending drive spring 122 from displacing the closed-profile carriage element 121. Upon experiencing an acceleration greatenough to overcome the preload of the first bending finger 126, this first finger will begin to move downwards out of the closed-profile carriage element 121. All other fingers 125, 123 and 123 are prevented from displacing vertically by theclosed-profile carriage element 121 floor 133. Once the first (stage) finger 126 has exited the carriage 121, the bending drive spring 122 will advance the carriage 121 until the second (stage) bending finger 125 contacts the carriage 122 face 134. Thecarriage 121 will now come to rest. The result of this first-stage actuation is shown in FIG. 8c.
Now that the second finger 125 is no longer supported by the carriage floor 133, if the acceleration is great enough to overcome the preload of the second finger 125, this finger will begin to move down in a manner similar to the finger 126 inthe first stage. The result of this and subsequent stages are shown in FIGS. 8d-f.
As can be observed, the mechanical delay mechanism 120 makes use of multiple stages and lateral displacement of the carriage 121 to control the delay characteristics (this leads to great vertical compactness), but is not sensitive to lateralforces which may back-drive the carriage 121.
As previously stated, any one of the multi-stage mechanical delay mechanisms developed using the present novel method, such as those of the embodiments shown in FIGS. 5 and 8, can be readily mated with an appropriate striker mechanism to initiatethe pyrotechnic materials of the resulting inertial igniter. The schematic of one embodiment 140 of such an inertial igniter is shown in FIG. 9a. In this embodiment 140, the mechanical delay mechanism 80 illustrated in FIGS. 5a-5d is indicated assegment 141 of the inertial igniter 140, is used with an attached striker portion, indicated as 142. The multi-stage mechanical delay mechanism shown has three stages with three fingers 143, 144 and 145, a delay wedge 146 and resisting spring 147, allmounted on the base structure 148 and operating as described for the embodiment of FIG. 5. The striker portion 142 consists of an extension 149 of the base structure 148 of the mechanical delay mechanism; and a striker mass 152, which when free couldtraverse the guide 155, and is normally attached to the sides of the guide 155 with an appropriately sized shear pin 153. In the schematic of FIG. 9a, two part pyrotechnic components 151 and 150 are shown to be attached to the striker mass 152 and theend piece 154 of the base structure 149. If a one piece pyrotechnic element or a percussion primer is used, they are preferably attached to the end piece 154 with the initiation pin (if necessary) attached to the striker mass 152.
The operation of the mechanical delay portion 141 is identical to that of the embodiment of FIG. 5. In this embodiment, however, the spring element 147, which resists the progression of the delay wedge 146, serves also as the spring for thestriker mass 152. In FIG. 9a the inertial igniter 140 is shown at rest. The direction of the acceleration that the inertial igniter is subjected to during the munitions firing is shown by the arrow 156. The operation of the striker system is describedas follows. In the event of an all-fire acceleration profile, the delay wedge 146 is driven to the left first by the first stage finger 143, then by the second stage finger 144 and then by the third stage finger 145, while potential energy is beingstored in the spring element 147 due to its compression as shown sequentially in FIGS. 9b-d. The device can be designed such that the shear pin 153 (or other anchoring element which is securing the striker mass 152 to the structure 149) will fail whenthe force developed in the spring element 147 is indicative of full actuation of the delay wedge 146. The fingers 143, 144 and 145, still under the influence of the all-fire acceleration profile, will keep the delay wedge 146 in place while the springelement 147 accelerates the striker mass 152 towards its target, causing the component 151 of the two component pyrotechnic to impact its second component 150, thereby initiating the pyrotechnic ignition. This initiation is shown in the FIG. 9e.
In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, instead of the pin 153, a stop mechanism such as a lever mechanism or a sliding stop mechanism (not shown) is used to prevent the striker mass 152 from moving to the right. Then as the thirdstage finger 145 is depressed and moves the delay wedge 146 towards its leftmost position, the delay wedge 146 actuates the aforementioned stop mechanism, thereby freeing the striker mass 152 to accelerate to the left and affect the initiation of thepyrotechnic element(s). Alternatively, the aforementioned stop mechanism is actuated by the last stage finger 145. Such mechanical stops that are actuated by the movement of a secondary element are well known in the art and are therefore not describedin more detail herein.
One of the advantages of the above embodiment of the inertia igniter of FIG. 9a is its high degree of initiation safety in the sense that the spring element 147 that actuates the striker mass 152 is not preloaded while the device is at rest;therefore there is no possibility of accidental ignition. In addition, the device does not use dry friction or damping elements which are highly unpredictable or require velocity gain (large displacements) for effectiveness. The above advantages are inaddition to the previously stated advantage of multi-stage mechanical delay mechanisms in significantly reducing the required size, particularly height, and volume of the resulting inertial ignited.
Another embodiment 160 is shown schematically in FIGS. 10a-10e. The inertial igniter 160 without a top cap is shown in FIG. 10a. Cutaway drawings of this device are used in the drawings 10b-10e to clearly show its internal components and itsoperation. The mechanical delay mechanism of the embodiment of FIG. 10a is a two-stage finger design, similar to the embodiment shown in FIG. 5, with a difference being that fingers 161 and 162 operate in a plane parallel to the direction of advancementof the delay wedge 163 during its motion. The fingers 161 and 162 are preferably flexural members to achieve a compact design. In this embodiment, a ball release mechanism is used to couple the mechanical delay mechanism component 164 to an adjacentpre-loaded striker system and its pyrotechnic component 165 as shown in FIG. 10b. The operation of this inertial igniter embodiment can be described as follows. At rest, the fingers 161 and 162 are preloaded upwards and the delay wedge 163 preloaded tothe left by the spring 166. These preload forces and the effective mass of the fingers 161 and 162 and associated components establish an acceleration magnitude threshold below which no relative motion of these components may occur. The device at restis shown in FIGS. 10a and 10b. Upon having a sufficient impulse imparted on the housing of the device in the direction of the arrow 167, the finger 161 will act against the sloped surface 168 (FIG. 10c) of the delay wedge 163 with a force caused byreaction to the acceleration of the projectile in the direction of the arrow 167. This resultant force will drive the delay wedge 163 to the right. If the acceleration profile is sufficient to fully depress the first finger 161, the delay wedge 163will be driven half its full stroke, allowing the finger 162 to engage the sloped surface 168 of the delay wedge 163 rather than being supported by the top surface 169 of the delay wedge 163 as was previously the case. This is shown in FIG. 10c. In thecase of an all-fire acceleration profile, the second finger 162 will also be driven fully downwards, fully advancing the delay wedge 163. This is shown in FIG. 10d. At this point, the ball 170 is pushed into a recess 171 provided on the side of thedelay wedge 163, thereby releasing the striker 172, allowing the preloaded striker spring 173 to accelerate the striker 172 towards the element 174, causing their impact. By providing pyrotechnic materials (one or two part pyrotechnic elements) oneither or both impacting surfaces (with pressure concentrating pins if necessary--not shown), the pyrotechnic material(s) is ignited. This is shown in FIG. 10e. In the case of partial actuation of the mechanical delay mechanism 164, the mechanism willfully reverse and reset, ready for future operation.
It is noted that a difference between the embodiments shown in FIGS. 5 and 10 is that in the embodiment of FIG. 5, the spring 147 which actuates the striker 152 is not preloaded. In contrast, in the embodiment of FIG. 10, the spring 173 thatactuates the striker 172 is preloaded. This means that in general, the embodiment of FIG. 5 provides for more safety since accidental ignition due to the release of the striker (i.e., 172 in the embodiment of the FIG. 10) cannot occur in the embodimentof FIG. 5.
In yet another embodiment 180, the mechanical delay mechanism portion 181 is combined with a striker and pyrotechnic part (the remaining components of the inertial igniter embodiment 180). The mechanical delay mechanism component 181 is afour-stage finger design with fingers 182, 183, 184 and 185, similar to the multi-stage fingers of the embodiments of FIGS. 5, 9 and 10. The four-stage fingers 182, 183, 184 and 185 are fixed at one end to the inertial igniter structure 186 as shown inFIG. 11a and the section A-A illustrated at FIG. 11b. The free end of the fingers 182, 183, 184 and 185 are provided with a preferably rounded extension 195.
The striker component of the inertial igniter 180 is a toggle type of mechanism with the toggle link 187, which is attached to the structure of the inertial igniter 180, by a pin joint indicated with numeral 188. In its rest and normal position,the striker (toggle) link 187 is biased to rest on its right-most position shown in FIG. 11a, against the stop 196, by the spring 189. The spring 189 is preloaded in tension, and serves as the toggle mechanism spring, and is attached to the structure186 on one end and to the striker link 187 on the other end, preferably with pin or pin-like joints. The surface of the striker link 187 that faces the multi-stage mechanical delay mechanism 181 is provided with a sloped section 192, shown in FIG. 11aand in the cross-section A-A in FIG. 11b. The elements 190 and 191, fixed to the striker link 187 and the inertial igniter structure 186, respectively, are the two components of the ignition pyrotechnic. Alternatively, a one piece pyrotechnic elementmay be used, in which case the element 190 is preferably the ignition impact mass or pin and the element 191 is preferably the one piece impact initiated pyrotechnic element.
Each finger 182, 183, 184 and 185 is provided with certain amount of mass and deflection resisting elasticity (in this case in bending). Certain amount of upward preloading may also be provided to delay finger deflection until a desiredacceleration level is reached. When at rest, only the extension 195 of the first finger 182 is resting on the sloped surface 192 of the striker link 187. The extensions 195 of the other fingers 183, 184 and 185 rests on the top (flat) surface 193 ofthe striker link 187.
The operation of the device is as follows. At rest, the striker link 187 is biased to the right by the spring 189, and the four fingers 182, 183, 184 and 185 are biased upwards with some pre-load. The ratio of pre-load to effective finger masswill determine the acceleration threshold below which there will be no relative movement between components. The positions of the four fingers 182, 183, 184 and 185 are such that the extension 195 of the finger 182 is over the sloped surface 192 of thestriker link 187 as shown in FIGS. 11a and 11b, and extensions 195 of the fingers 183, 184 and 185 are supported by the top surface 193 of the striker link 187, and are prevented from moving until the striker link 187 has rotated a prescribed angle tothe left (counterclockwise), allowing the next extension 195 of the next finger (finger 183) to move over the sloped surface 192. This is illustrated in FIG. 11a. If the device 180 experiences an acceleration in the direction 194, FIG. 11b, above thethreshold determined by the ratio of initial resistances (elastic preloads) to effective component masses, the first stage finger 182 will act against the sloped surface 192 of the striker link 187, rotating it one step counterclockwise.
FIG. 11c shows the first finger 182 fully actuated and the striker link 187 advanced in rotation one step in the counterclockwise direction. At this instant, the second stage finger 183 is no longer supported by the top surface 193 of thestriker link 187, and is moved over the sloped surface 192, and is therefore free to move downwards provided that the acceleration is still sufficiently high to overcome the preload for the second stage finger 183 and the striker link spring 189 force. If the acceleration continues at an all-fire profile, the second stage finger 183 will move down and rotate the striker link 187 further counterclockwise, allowing the extension 195 of the third stage finger 184 to move over the sloped surface 192. Thisis shown in FIG. 1d. If the acceleration continues at an all-fire profile, the third stage finger 184 and then the fourth stage finger 185 will sequentially move down and rotate the striker link 187 further counterclockwise. This is shown in FIG. 11e.
If the acceleration terminates or falls below the all-fire requirements any time before the last (fourth) stage finger 185 has actuated downward, the mechanical delay mechanism 181 will reverse until balance is achieved between the accelerationreaction forces and the elastic resistances. This may be a partial or complete reset from which the mechanism may be re-advanced if an all-fire profile is applied or resumed. If the fourth stage finger 185 is actuated downward as shown in FIG. 1e, thestriker link 187 (the toggle mechanism) passes its spring 189 stabilized position on the right hand side of the inertial igniter 180, and is accelerated in the counterclockwise direction, until the pyrotechnic components 190 and 191 impact and causeignition. The latter state of the striker link 187 is shown in dashed lines in FIG. 11e.
Besides use in munitions, as described above, the novel inertial igniters disclosed above have widespread commercial use and can be utilized in any application where a safe power supply having a very long shelf life is desired. Examples of suchdevices are emergency consumer devices, such as flashlights and communication devices, such as radios, cell phones and laptops. The inertial igniters disclosed above could provide such a power supply upon a required acceleration, such as striking thedevice upon a hard surface/ground.
Method of reporting signal quality measurements from a mobile terminal with enhanced demodulation algorithm
Ultra-light, hingeless plastic eyeglass frame
Electrophotographic photosensitive member whose insert member has first and second surfaces of different levels, process cartridge, and electrophotographic apparatus having such photosensitive