Source: https://www.asylumlawdatabase.eu/en/case-law/uk-r-application-tigere-v-secretary-state-business-innovation-and-skills-2015-29-july-2015
Timestamp: 2019-08-22 00:45:51
Document Index: 408574761

Matched Legal Cases: ['UKSC ', 'UKSC ', 'EWCA ', 'UKSC ', 'EWCA ', 'CJEU ', 'CJEU ', 'CJEU ', 'CJEU ', 'CJEU ', 'EWCA ', 'Application No. 6339', 'Application No. 22341', 'Application No. 56328', 'Application No. 42184', 'Application No. 44774', 'EWCA ', 'UKHL ', 'UKSC ', 'UKHL ', 'UKHL ', 'UKHL ', 'UKHL ', 'UKHL ', 'UKHL ', 'UKHL ', 'UKHL ', 'EWCA ', 'UKHL ', 'UKHL ', 'UKHL ', 'UKHL ', 'UKSC ', 'UKSC ', 'EWCA ', 'UKSC ', 'UKSC ', 'UKSC ', 'EWCA ', 'UKSC ', 'UKSC ', 'UKSC ', 'EWCA ', 'CJEU ']

UK - R (on the application of Tigere) v Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills 2015, 29 July 2015 | European Database of Asylum Law
[2015] UKSC 57
Discrimination, Education (right to)
UK - Adoption (Northern Ireland) Order 1987 (SI 1987/2203)
UK - Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009
United Kingdom- Human Rights Act 1998
UK - Education (Fees and Awards) (England) Regulations 2007 (SI 2007/779)
UK - Education (Mandatory Awards) (Amendment) (No 3) Regulations 1980 (SSI 1980)
UK - Education (Mandatory Awards) Regulations 1997 (SI 1997/431)
Education (Student Fees
Awards and Support) (Amendment) Regulations 2011 (SI 2011/87)
UK - Education Act 1944
UK - Immigration Rules
UK - Immigration and Asylum Act 1999
UK - Learning and Skills Act 2000
uk - Statement of Changes in Immigration Rules 1994
uk - Statement of Changes in Immigration Rules 2012 (SI 2012)
UK - Teaching and Higher Education Act 1998
UK - University and Other Awards Regulations 1962 (SI 1962/1689)
uksc-2014-0255-judgment on student loans for refugees.pdf
Tigere (T) appealed against a decision that the legislation which prevented her from obtaining a student loan was compatible with her human right to education under Article 2 Protocol 1 and Article 14 ECHR. To qualify for a loan, the legislation specified that a student had to (a) be settled (i.e. not subject to immigration laws/restrictions) in the UK when the academic year began; (b) be ordinarily resident in England; (c) been ordinarily resident (i.e. “lawfully”) in the UK for the three years before the start of the course; and (d) their residence in the UK under ‘(c)’ was not at any point for full-time education. T was judged not to have met criteria (a) and (c).
T was Zambian, born in 1995. She came to the UK with her parents in 2001. Her father had a student visa and she and her mother came with him, lawfully, as his dependants. Her father left the UK in 2003, but she and her mother stayed on after their visas had expired. She had been educated in the UK and had excelled enough to be offered a university place for which she would need a student loan. Her mother, unbeknownst to T, had not regularised their immigration status since the father left.
T has had discretionary leave to remain since 30 January 2012. However, T was denied a public student loan in 2013. T did not meet criterion (c) (see abstract) because her residence had not been "lawful". She did not meet criterion (a) because "settlement" for the purposes of the immigration legislation was defined in terms of indefinite (not discretionary) leave to remain. The issue was whether criteria (a) and (c) breached T's right to education or unjustifiably discriminated against her in the enjoyment of that right.
She has unconditional offers from 5 universities, despite having had to start and prematurely end three other courses of higher education due to being denied a public student loan.
In the order the issues were dealt with in the judgment:
(1) Criterion (c), lawful residence for 3 years prior to the start of the course, was compatible with T's right to education and to not be discriminated against unjustifiably in accessing education. There are strong public policy reasons for stipulating a period of ordinary residence before becoming entitled to public services. Further, if the requirement were to be relaxed for people in T's position, it would also have to be relaxed for all the other categories of persons eligible for student loans to whom the requirement of three years' ordinary residence applied; people just as likely as T to be the victims of their parents' decisions rather than their own. The administrative burden involved in making the moral judgments required would be intolerable.
(2) As to (a), being settled in the UK, this criterion was in breach of T’s Convention rights, specifically Article 14 read with Article 2 Protocol 1. That said, it should not be quashed entirely as it may sometimes be compatible with those rights. Instead, a declaration of incompatibility in this case is appropriate. The claim is ultimately based on unjustified discrimination, as the right to education does not itself oblige countries to provide or fund tertiary education. In this case, T had lived the majority of her life in the UK, passed through secondary and primary education, and had been treated as a member of UK society; the only chance of removal would have been grave misconduct. All of this amounts to being settled, in ordinary language – so while the settlement rule was a good rule of thumb for identifying those who definitely should be eligible for student loans, it did not cater for people like T who clearly were settled, just not by the legislation’s definition. While the aim of the settlement rule is legitimate (i.e. ensuring that the loans are targeted to people more likely to pay them back), it does not fulfil that aim, excluding those who meet the criteria which the aim is designed to include, thereby creating discrimination outside the legitimate range of administrative decisions available to the Secretary of State (i.e. unjustified discrimination).
It would be for the Secretary of State to draft a clear and simple rule that includes T’s cohort, namely extending the eligibility on the basis of long (although not necessarily lawful) residence. A template for use could be that included in Immigration Rule 276ADE(1). It would not have to be an elastic “exceptional case” discretion in order to be rights-compliant.
Lady Hale, Lord Kerr and Lord Hughes were all in favour of the above.
Lord Sumption and Lord Reed dissented.
This case summary was written by Ben Wild, a trainee solicitor with an MA in International Law from UN University for Peace in Costa Rica.
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Allocation of housing and reservations for "working households" and "model tenants" H.L.M. 2016, May, 4-12
Public law in the Supreme Court 2014-2015 J.R. 2016, 21(1), 1-30
Education: recent developments Legal Action 2016, Apr, 35-37
Higher education: immigration controls and student loan entitlement Ed. L.M. 2015, Aug/Sep, 8-10
Student loans: human rights Ed. Law 2015, 16(4), 272-276
Education - higher education - student loans H.R.U. 2015, 150(Sep), 14-15
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Government policy on student loans unlawful S.J. 2015, 159(30), 9
De Smith's Judicial Review 7th Ed. Second Supplement: Chapter 9 - Procedural Fairness: Fettering of Discretion: Section 2. - Fettering of Discretion by Self-Created Rules or Policy
De Smith's Judicial Review 7th Ed. Second Supplement: Chapter 13 - Convention Rights as Grounds for Judicial Review: Section 4. - The Human Rights Act 1998
Dicey, Morris & Collins 15th Ed. Third Cumulative Supplement: Chapter 6 - Domicile and Residence: Section 3. – Residence
UK - R. v Barnet LBC Ex p. Shah[1983] 2 A.C. 309
ECtHR - Ponomaryov v Bulgaria (5335/05)
UK - R. (on the application of Lord Carlile of Berriew QC) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2014] UKSC 60
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ECtHR - O'Donoghue v United Kingdom (34848/07)
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UK - ZH (Tanzania) – v – Secretary of State for the Home Department [2011] 2 AC 166
ECtHR- Catan and Others v. the Republic of Moldova and Russia [GC], (Application nos. 43370/04, 8252/05 and 18454/06)
ECtHR - Evans v. United Kingdom [GC], Application No. 6339/05
ECtHR - Hode and Abdi v. the United Kingdom, Application No. 22341/09
ECtHR - Bah v. the United Kingdom, Application No. 56328/07
ECtHR - Carson and others v. the United Kingdom, Application No. 42184/05
ECtHR - Leyla Sahin v Turkey [GC], Application No. 44774/98
UK - EM (Lebanon) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2006] EWCA Civ 1531, [2007] 3 FCR 1, [2008] UKHL 64, [2009] 1 All ER 559, [2008] 3 WLR 931
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UK - R. (on the application of M) v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions [2008] UKHL 63
UK - R. v Bexley LBC Ex p. Jones [1995] C.O.D. 46
UK - Ghaidan v Godin-Mendoza [2004] UKHL 30
UK - Sheldrake v DPP [2004] UKHL 43
UK - A v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2004] UKHL 56
UK - R. (on the application of Carson) v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions [2005] UKHL 37
UK - Mark v Mark [2005] UKHL 42
UK - R. (on the application of Begum) v Denbigh High School Governors [2006] UKHL 15
UK - R. (on the application of O) v Harrow Crown Court [2006] UKHL 42
UK - R. (on the application of Elias) v Secretary of State for Defence [2006] EWCA Civ 1293
UK - Huang v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2007] UKHL 11
UK - Belfast City Council v Miss Behavin' Ltd [2007] UKHL 19
UK - P (A Child) (Adoption: Unmarried Couples), Re [2008] UKHL 38
UK - R. (on the application of Corner House Research) v Director of the Serious Fraud Office [2008] UKHL 60
UK - R. (on the application of T) v Chief Constable of Greater Manchester [2014] UKSC 35
UK - R. (on the application of Aguilar Quila) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2011] UKSC 45
UK - R. (on the application of Hurley) v Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills [2012] EWHC 201 (Admin)
UK - Burnip v Birmingham City Council [2012] EWCA Civ 629
UK - Humphreys v Revenue and Customs Commissioners [2012] UKSC 18
UK - R. (on the application of Alvi) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2012] UKSC 33
UK - Bank Mellat v HM Treasury [2013] UKSC 39
UK - R. (on the application of Arogundade) v Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills [2013] EWCA Civ 823
UK - R. (on the application of New London College Ltd) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2013] UKSC 51
UK - R. (on the application of Kebede) v Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills [2013] EWHC 2396 (Admin)
UK - A v A (Children) (Habitual Residence) [2013] UKSC 60
UK - LC (Children) (International Abduction: Child's Objections to Return), Re [2014] UKSC 1
R. (on the application of Kebede) v Newcastle City Council [2013] EWCA Civ 960
CJEU - C-38/02 Collins v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions