Source: http://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/fullhtml/inforce/act+160+1984+pt.1-sec.4+0+Y
Timestamp: 2013-05-25 12:28:48
Document Index: 649937638

Matched Legal Cases: ['art 2', 'art 3', 'art 4', 'art 3', 'art 5', 'art 6', 'arty\n53', 'art 7', 'art 8', 'art 1', 'art 5', 'art 3', 'art 3', 'art 2', 'art 3', 'art 4', 'art 3', 'art 3', 'art 5', 'art 6', 'art 7', 'art 8', 'art 7']

Commercial Arbitration Act 1984 No 160
Repealed version for 6 July 2009 to 30 September 2010 (accessed 25 May 2013 at 22:28).
Repeal:The Act was repealed by sec 42 of the Commercial Arbitration Act 2010 No 61 with effect from 1.10.2010.
File last modified 1 October 2010.
3 Repeal, transitional and application provisions
Part 2 Appointment of arbitrators and umpires
6 Presumption of single arbitrator
7 Presumption as to joint appointment of
8 Default in the exercise of power to appoint
9 Power to appoint new arbitrator or umpire
10 General power of the Court to fill vacancy
11 Power of the Court where arbitrator or umpire is
12 Appointment of umpire
13 Position of person appointed by the Court etc
Part 3 Conduct of arbitration proceedings
14 Procedure of arbitrator or umpire
15 Manner in which decisions are made
16 Circumstances in which umpires may enter on the
17 Parties may obtain subpoenas
18 Refusal or failure to attend before arbitrator or umpire
or to produce document
19 Evidence before arbitrator or umpire
21 Effect of appointment of new arbitrator or umpire on
evidence previously given and awards and determinations previously
22 Determination to be made according to law or as amiable
compositeur or ex aequo et bono (See UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules Article 33,
23 Interim awards
24 Specific performance
25 Extension of ambit of arbitration proceedings
26 Consolidation of arbitration proceedings
27 Settlement of disputes otherwise than by
Part 4 Awards and costs
28 Award to be final
29 Form of award
30 Power to correct award
31 Interest up to making of award
32 Interest on debt under award
33 Enforcement of award
35 Assessment of arbitrator’s or umpire’s fees
35A Application of Division 11 of Part 3.2 of Legal Profession Act
36 Costs of abortive arbitration
37 Duties of parties
Part 5 Powers of the Court
38 Judicial review of awards
39 Determination of preliminary point of law by Supreme
40 Exclusion agreements affecting rights under sections 38
41 Exclusion agreements not to apply in certain
42 Power to set aside award
43 Court may remit matter for reconsideration
44 Removal of arbitrator or umpire
45 Party not prevented from alleging that arbitrator
appointed by that party is not impartial, suitable or competent
46 Delay in prosecuting claims
47 General power of the Court to make interlocutory
48 Extension of time
49 Power to impose terms on orders etc
Part 6 General provisions as to arbitration
50 Authority of arbitrator or umpire
51 Liability of arbitrator or umpire
52 Death of party
53 Power to stay court proceedings
54 Interpleader
55 Effect of Scott v Avery clauses
Part 7 56–59(Repealed)Part 8 Miscellaneous
62 Supreme Court rules
63 District Court rules
An Act to make provision with respect to the arbitration of
certain disputes and to repeal the Arbitration Act
1902 and the Arbitration (Foreign Awards and
Agreements) Act 1973, and for other
purposes.Part 1 Preliminary1 Name of ActThis Act may be cited as the Commercial Arbitration Act
1984.2 Commencement(1) Sections 1 and 2 shall commence on the date of assent to this
notified by proclamation published in the Gazette.3 Repeal, transitional and application provisions(1) The Acts mentioned in Schedule 1 are repealed to the extent to
which they are in that Schedule expressed to be
repealed.(2) Subject to subsection (3):(a) this Act applies to an arbitration agreement (whether made before
or after the commencement of this Act) and to an arbitration under such an
(b) a reference in an arbitration agreement to the
Arbitration Act 1902, or a provision of that
Act, shall be construed as a reference to this Act or to the corresponding
provision (if any) of this Act.
(3) Where an arbitration was commenced before the commencement of this
Act, the law governing the arbitration and the arbitration agreement shall be
that which would have been applicable if this Act had not been
enacted.(4) Subject to this section, this Act shall apply to arbitrations
provided for in any other Act as if:(a) the other Act were an arbitration agreement,
(b) the arbitration were pursuant to an arbitration agreement,
(c) the parties to the dispute which, by virtue of the other Act, is
referred to arbitration were the parties to the arbitration
except in so far as the other Act otherwise indicates or
requires.(5) For the purposes of this section, an arbitration shall be deemed
to have been commenced if:(a) a dispute to which the relevant arbitration agreement applies has
arisen, and
(b) a party to the agreement:(i) has served on another party to the agreement a notice requiring
that other party to appoint an arbitrator or to join or concur in or approve
of the appointment of an arbitrator in relation to the
(ii) has served on another party to the agreement a notice requiring
that other party to refer, or to concur in the reference of, the dispute to
(iii) has taken any other step contemplated by the agreement, or the law
in force at the time the dispute arose, with a view to referring the dispute
to arbitration or appointing, or securing the appointment of, an arbitrator in
relation to the dispute.
(6) Nothing in this Act applies to:(a) an arbitration under the Supreme
Court Act 1973 or Part 5 of the Civil Procedure Act 2005 (except to
the extent that those Acts expressly provide for the application of this Act),
(b) an arbitration, or class of arbitrations, prescribed as an
arbitration, or class of arbitrations, to which this Act does not
(7) Nothing in this Act shall affect the operation of section 19 of
the Insurance Act 1902 or
section 130 of the Credit Act
1984.(8) Nothing in this Act affects the operation of Part 3 of the Building and Construction Industry Security of
Payment Act 1999.4 Definitions(1) In this Act, except in so far as the context or subject-matter
otherwise indicates or requires:arbitration
agreement means an agreement in writing to refer present or future
disputes to arbitration.assess, in
relation to costs, means assess under Division 11 of Part 3.2 of the Legal Profession Act
2004.award means
final or interim award.misconduct includes corruption,
fraud, partiality, bias and a breach of the rules of natural
justice.party, in
relation to an arbitration agreement, includes any person claiming through or
under a party to the arbitration agreement.power of
appointment or power to appoint, in
relation to an arbitrator or umpire, means a power to appoint an arbitrator or
umpire, to join in the appointment of an arbitrator or umpire, to concur in or
approve of the appointment of an arbitrator or umpire, or to take any other
step in or towards the appointment of an arbitrator or umpire.the Court
means, subject to subsection (2), the Supreme Court.(2) Where:(a) an arbitration agreement provides that the District Court or the
Local Court shall have jurisdiction under this Act, or
(b) the parties to an arbitration agreement have agreed in writing
that the District Court or the Local Court shall have jurisdiction under this
Act and that agreement is in force,
a reference in this Act to the Court is, in relation to that agreement, a
reference to the District Court or the Local Court, as the case
requires.(3) A reference in this Act to an arbitrator includes, in a case where
there are 2 or more arbitrators, a reference to the
arbitrators.5 Crown to be boundWhere the Crown (whether in right of the State of New South Wales
or in any other capacity) is a party to an arbitration agreement, the Crown is
bound by this Act.Part 2 Appointment of arbitrators and umpires6 Presumption of single arbitratorAn arbitration agreement shall be taken to provide for the
appointment of a single arbitrator unless:(a) the agreement otherwise provides, or
arbitratorUnless otherwise agreed in writing by the parties to the
arbitration agreement, an arbitrator who is to be appointed for the purposes
of an arbitration to be conducted under an arbitration agreement shall be
jointly appointed by the parties to the agreement.8 Default in the exercise of power to appoint
arbitrator(1) Where a person who has a power to appoint an arbitrator defaults
in the exercise of that power, a party to the relevant arbitration agreement
may, by notice in writing:(a) require the person in default to exercise the power within such
period (not being a period of less than 7 days after service of the notice) as
may be specified in the notice, and
(b) propose that in default of that person so doing:(i) a person named in the notice (a default
nominee) should be appointed to the office in respect of which the
power is exercisable, or
(ii) specified arbitrators (being the arbitrators who have prior to the
date of the notice been appointed in relation to the arbitration) should be
the sole arbitrators in relation to the
(2) A notice under subsection (1) (or, where appropriate, a copy of
the notice) must be served upon:(a) each party to the arbitration agreement (except the party by whom
the notice is given), and
(b) each other person (not being a party to the arbitration agreement)
who is in default in the exercise of a power of appointment in relation to the
office in question,
and the notice shall be deemed to have been served when service is last
effected under this subsection.(3) Where a person who is in default in the exercise of a power of
appointment fails to exercise the power as required by a notice under
subsection (1), then:(a) where the notice named a default nominee—that nominee shall
be deemed to have been duly appointed to the office in respect of which the
power was exercisable, or
(b) where the notice proposed that specified arbitrators should be the
sole arbitrators in relation to the arbitration:(i) the power to which the notice relates shall
(ii) the arbitrators specified in the notice may enter on the
arbitration as if they were the sole arbitrators to be appointed in relation
to the arbitration, and
(iii) the arbitration agreement shall be construed subject to such
modifications (if any) as are necessary to enable those arbitrators
effectively to enter on and conduct the
(4) The Court may, on the application of a party to an arbitration
agreement, set aside an appointment or any other consequence of non-compliance
with a notice under this section that takes effect by operation of subsection
(3), and may itself make an appointment to the office in respect of which the
relevant power of appointment was exercisable.(5) For the purposes of this section, a person defaults in the
exercise of a power of appointment if, after an occasion for the exercise of
the power has arisen, that person does not exercise the power within the time
fixed by the relevant arbitration agreement or, if no time is so fixed, within
a reasonable time.9 Power to appoint new arbitrator or umpireUnless otherwise agreed in writing by the parties to the
arbitration agreement, where a person has a power to appoint an arbitrator or
umpire, that power extends to the appointment of a new arbitrator or umpire in
place of an arbitrator or umpire who dies or otherwise ceases to hold
office.10 General power of the Court to fill vacancyWhere there is a vacancy in the office of arbitrator or umpire
(whether or not an appointment has previously been made to that office)
and:(a) neither the provisions of the arbitration agreement nor the
provisions of this Act (other than this section) provide a method for filling
(b) the method provided by the arbitration agreement or this Act
(other than this section) for filling the vacancy fails or for any reason
cannot reasonably be followed, or
(c) the parties to the arbitration agreement agree that,
notwithstanding that the provisions of the arbitration agreement or of this
Act (other than this section) provide a method for filling the vacancy, the
vacancy should be filled by the Court,
the Court may, on the application of a party to the arbitration
agreement, make an appointment to fill the vacancy.11 Power of the Court where arbitrator or umpire is
removed(1) Where an arbitrator or umpire is removed by the Court, the Court
may, on the application of a party to the arbitration agreement:(a) appoint a person as arbitrator or umpire in place of the person
(b) subject to subsection (2), order that the arbitration agreement
shall cease to have effect with respect to the dispute to which the
arbitration relates.
(2) Subsection (1) (b) does not apply unless all the parties to the
arbitration agreement are domiciled or ordinarily resident in Australia at the
time the arbitration agreement is entered into.(3) Subsection (2) does not apply to an arbitration agreement that is
treated as an arbitration agreement for the purposes of this Act by virtue
only of the operation of section 3 (4) (a).12 Appointment of umpire(1) Unless otherwise agreed in writing by the parties to the
arbitration agreement, where an arbitration agreement provides for the
appointment of an even number of arbitrators, the arbitrators may appoint an
umpire at any time after they are themselves appointed and shall do so
forthwith if they fail to determine a matter arising for
determination.(2) An umpire appointed in relation to an arbitration is not required
to sit with the arbitrators while the arbitrators are conducting proceedings
under the arbitration agreement.13 Position of person appointed by the Court etcAn arbitrator or umpire appointed pursuant to a power conferred by
this Part shall be deemed to have been appointed pursuant to the provisions of
the arbitration agreement.Part 3 Conduct of arbitration proceedings14 Procedure of arbitrator or umpireSubject to this Act and to the arbitration agreement, the
arbitrator or umpire may conduct proceedings under that agreement in such
manner as the arbitrator or umpire thinks fit.15 Manner in which decisions are madeUnless a contrary intention is expressed in the arbitration
agreement, where an arbitration agreement provides for the appointment of 3 or
more arbitrators:(a) the arbitrators may, by a majority, appoint one of their number to
(b) any decision to be made in the course of the proceedings may be
made by a majority, and
(c) if the arbitrators are equally divided in opinion, and one of the
arbitrators has been appointed to preside (whether under this section or the
agreement), the decision of the presiding arbitrator shall
arbitration(1) Unless otherwise agreed in writing by the parties to the
arbitration agreement, an umpire appointed in relation to an arbitration may
forthwith enter on the arbitration in place of the arbitrators and as if the
umpire were the sole arbitrator in any case where:(a) the arbitration agreement fixes a time within which an award is to
be made and the arbitrators fail to make the award within that time or any
extension of that time granted by the Court under section 48,
(b) the arbitrators fail to determine a matter arising for
determination and by reason of that failure the dispute cannot be resolved
pursuant to the arbitration agreement and at least one of the arbitrators has
served on a party to the dispute or the umpire a notice in writing to that
(2) At any time after the appointment of an umpire, the Court may, on
the application of a party to the arbitration agreement and notwithstanding
anything to the contrary in that agreement or any other agreement (whether
oral or written) made between the parties to the arbitration agreement, order
that the umpire shall enter on the arbitration in place of the arbitrators and
as if the umpire were the sole arbitrator.17 Parties may obtain subpoenas(1) The Court may, on the application of any party to an arbitration
agreement, and subject to and in accordance with rules of court, issue a
subpoena requiring a person:(a) to attend for examination before the arbitrator or umpire,
(b) to produce to the arbitrator or umpire the documents specified in
the subpoena, or
(2) A person shall not be compelled under any subpoena issued in
accordance with subsection (1) to answer any question or produce any document
which that person could not be compelled to answer or produce on the trial of
an action.18 Refusal or failure to attend before arbitrator or umpire
or to produce document(1) Unless a contrary intention is expressed in the arbitration
agreement, where any person (whether or not a party to the agreement):(a) refuses or fails to attend before the arbitrator or umpire for
examination when required under a subpoena or by the arbitrator or umpire to
(ba) refuses or fails to produce a document that the person is required
under a subpoena or by the arbitrator or umpire to produce,
(b) appearing as a witness before the arbitrator or umpire:(i) refuses or fails to take an oath or to make an affirmation or
affidavit when required by the arbitrator or umpire to do
(ii) refuses or fails to answer a question that the witness is required
by the arbitrator or umpire to answer, or
(c) refuses or fails to do any other thing which the arbitrator or
umpire may require,
a party to the arbitration agreement or the arbitrator or umpire may
apply to the Court and the Court may order the person so in default to attend
before the Court for examination or to produce to the Court the relevant
document or to do the relevant thing.(2) Where the Court makes an order under subsection (1), it may in
addition make orders for the transmission to the arbitrator or umpire
of:(a) a record of any evidence given pursuant to the
(b) any document produced pursuant to the order or a copy of any such
(c) particulars of any thing done pursuant to the
and any such evidence, document or thing shall be deemed to have been
given, produced or done (as the case requires) in the course of the
arbitration proceedings.(3) If a party to an arbitration agreement:(a) refuses or fails to attend before the arbitrator or umpire for
(b) fails within the time specified by the arbitrator or umpire or, if
no time is so specified, within a reasonable time to comply with a requirement
of the arbitrator or umpire,
the arbitrator or umpire may continue with the arbitration proceedings in
default of appearance or of any other act by the party if in similar
proceedings before the Supreme Court the Supreme Court could in the event of
such a default continue with the proceedings.19 Evidence before arbitrator or umpire(1) Unless a contrary intention is expressed in the arbitration
agreement, evidence before the arbitrator or umpire:(a) may be given orally or in writing, and
(b) shall, if the arbitrator or umpire so requires, be given on oath
or affirmation or by affidavit.
(2) Unless a contrary intention is expressed in the arbitration
agreement, an arbitrator or umpire may administer an oath or affirmation or
take an affidavit for the purposes of proceedings under that
agreement.(3) Unless otherwise agreed in writing by the parties to the
arbitration agreement, an arbitrator or umpire in conducting proceedings under
an arbitration agreement is not bound by rules of evidence but may inform
himself or herself in relation to any matter in such manner as the arbitrator
or umpire thinks fit.20 Representation(1) A party to an arbitration agreement may be represented in
proceedings before the arbitrator or umpire by a legal practitioner, but only
in the following cases:(a) where a party to the proceedings is, or is represented by, a
legally qualified person,
(b) where all the parties agree,
(c) where the amount or value of the claim subject to the proceedings
exceeds $20,000 or such other amount as is prescribed instead by regulation,
(d) where the arbitrator or umpire gives leave for such
(2) A party to an arbitration agreement may be represented in
proceedings before the arbitrator or umpire by a representative who is not a
legal practitioner, but only in the following cases:(a) where the party is an incorporated or unincorporated body and the
representative is an officer, employee or agent of the
(b) where all the parties agree, or
(c) where the arbitrator or umpire gives leave for such
(3) If a party applies for leave permitting representation by a legal
practitioner or other representative, it shall be granted if the arbitrator or
umpire is satisfied:(a) that the granting of leave is likely to shorten the proceedings or
reduce costs, or
(b) that the applicant would, if leave were not granted, be unfairly
(4) A party is entitled to be represented by a legal practitioner or
other representative on leave granted under subsection (3), notwithstanding
any agreement to the contrary between the parties.(5) A person not admitted to practise in New South Wales shall not be
taken to have committed an offence under or breached the provisions of the
or any other Act merely by representing a party in arbitration proceedings in
New South Wales.(6) A reference in this section to:(a) a legal practitioner shall be read as a reference to a person who
is admitted or entitled to practise as a barrister, solicitor or legal
practitioner in New South Wales or in any other place, whether within or
(b) a legally qualified person shall be read as a reference to:(i) such a legal practitioner, or
(ii) a person who, though not such a legal practitioner, has such
qualifications or experience in law (whether acquired in New South Wales or in
any other place, whether within or outside Australia) as, in the opinion of
the arbitrator or umpire, would be likely to afford an advantage in the
madeUnless otherwise agreed in writing by the parties to the
arbitration agreement, where an umpire enters on the arbitration in place of
the arbitrators and as if the umpire were the sole arbitrator or a new
arbitrator or umpire is appointed in place of an arbitrator or umpire who dies
or otherwise ceases to hold office:(a) the umpire or arbitrator shall treat any evidence given, document
produced or thing done in the course of, or for the purposes of, the earlier
proceedings in the same manner in all respects as if it had been given,
produced or done in the course of, or for the purposes of, the proceedings
conducted by the umpire or arbitrator,
(b) any interim award made in the course of the earlier proceedings
shall be deemed to have been made by the umpire or arbitrator,
(c) the umpire or arbitrator may adopt and act on any determination of
a matter made in the course of the earlier proceedings without applying his or
her own judgment to the matter.
paragraph 2)(1) Unless otherwise agreed in writing by the parties to the
arbitration agreement, any question that arises for determination in the
course of proceedings under the agreement shall be determined according to
law.(2) If the parties to an arbitration agreement so agree in writing,
the arbitrator or umpire may determine any question that arises for
determination in the course of proceedings under the agreement by reference to
considerations of general justice and fairness.23 Interim awardsUnless a contrary intention is expressed in the arbitration
agreement, the arbitrator or umpire may make an interim
award.24 Specific performanceUnless a contrary intention is expressed in the arbitration
agreement, the arbitrator or umpire shall have power to make an award ordering
specific performance of any contract if the Supreme Court would have power to
order specific performance of that contract.25 Extension of ambit of arbitration proceedings(1) Where:(a) pursuant to an arbitration agreement a dispute between the parties
to the agreement is referred to arbitration, and
(b) there is some other dispute between those same parties (whenever
the dispute arose), being a dispute to which the same agreement
then, unless the arbitration agreement otherwise provides, the arbitrator
or umpire may, upon application being made to the arbitrator or umpire by the
parties to the arbitration agreement at any time before a final award is made
in relation to the first-mentioned dispute, make an order directing that the
arbitration be extended so as to include that other
dispute.(2) An arbitrator or umpire may make an order under subsection (1) on
such terms and conditions (if any) as the arbitrator or umpire thinks
fit.26 Consolidation of arbitration proceedings(1) The following provisions of this subsection apply to arbitration
proceedings all of which have the same arbitrator or umpire:(a) the arbitrator or umpire may, on the application of a party in
each of the arbitration proceedings, order:(i) those proceedings to be consolidated on such terms as the
arbitrator or umpire thinks just,
(ii) those proceedings to be heard at the same time, or one immediately
after the other, or
(iii) any of those proceedings to be stayed until after the
determination of any of them,
(b) if the arbitrator or umpire refuses or fails to make such an
order, the Court may, on application by a party in any of the proceedings,
make such an order as could have been made by the arbitrator or
(2) The following provisions of this subsection apply to arbitration
proceedings not all of which have the same arbitrator or umpire:(a) the arbitrator or umpire for any one of the arbitration
proceedings may, on the application of a party in the proceeding,
provisionally order:(i) the proceeding to be consolidated with other arbitration
proceedings on such terms as the arbitrator or umpire thinks
(ii) the proceeding to be heard at the same time as other arbitration
proceedings, or one immediately after the other, or
(b) an order ceases to be provisional when consistent provisional
orders have been made for all of the arbitration proceedings
(c) the arbitrators or umpires for arbitration proceedings may
communicate with each other for the purpose of conferring on the desirability
of making orders under this subsection and of deciding on the terms of any
such order,
(d) if a provisional order is made for at least one of the arbitration
proceedings concerned, but the arbitrator or umpire for another of the
proceedings refuses or fails to make such an order (having received an
application from a party to make such an order), the Court may, on application
by a party in any of the proceedings, make an order or orders that could have
been made under this subsection,
(e) if inconsistent provisional orders are made for the arbitration
proceedings, the Court may, on application by a party in any of the
proceedings, alter the orders to make them
(3) An order or a provisional order may not be made under this section
unless it appears:(a) that some common question of law or fact arises in all of the
arbitration proceedings,
(b) that the rights to relief claimed in all of the proceedings are in
respect of or arise out of the same transaction or series of transactions,
(c) that for some other reason it is desirable to make the order or
(4) When arbitration proceedings are to be consolidated under this
section, the arbitrator or umpire for the consolidated proceedings shall be
the person agreed on for the purpose by all the parties to the individual
proceedings, but, failing any such agreement, the Court may appoint an
arbitrator or umpire for the consolidated
proceedings.(5) Any proceedings before an arbitrator or umpire for the purposes of
this section shall be taken to be part of the arbitration proceedings
concerned.(6) Arbitration proceedings may be commenced or continued,
notwithstanding that an application to consolidate them is pending under
subsection (1) or (2) and notwithstanding that a provisional order has been
made in relation to them under subsection (2).(7) Subsections (1) and (2) apply in relation to arbitration
proceedings whether or not all or any of the parties are common to some or all
of the proceedings.(8) Nothing in subsection (1) or (2) prevents the parties to 2 or more
arbitration proceedings from agreeing to consolidate those proceedings and
taking such steps as are necessary to effect that
consolidation.27 Settlement of disputes otherwise than by
arbitration(1) Parties to an arbitration agreement:(a) may seek settlement of a dispute between them by mediation,
conciliation or similar means, or
(b) may authorise an arbitrator or umpire to act as a mediator,
conciliator or other non-arbitral intermediary between them (whether or not
involving a conference to be conducted by the arbitrator or
umpire),
whether before or after proceeding to arbitration, and whether or not
continuing with the arbitration.(2) Where:(a) an arbitrator or umpire acts as a mediator, conciliator or
intermediary (with or without a conference) under subsection (1),
(b) that action fails to produce a settlement of the dispute
acceptable to the parties to the dispute,
no objection shall be taken to the conduct by the arbitrator or umpire of
the subsequent arbitration proceedings solely on the ground that the
arbitrator or umpire had previously taken that action in relation to the
dispute.(3) Unless the parties otherwise agree in writing, an arbitrator or
umpire is bound by the rules of natural justice when seeking a settlement
under subsection (1).(4) Nothing in subsection (3) affects the application of the rules of
natural justice to an arbitrator or umpire in other
circumstances.(5) The time appointed by or under this Act or fixed by an arbitration
agreement or by an order under section 48 for doing any act or taking any
proceeding in or in relation to an arbitration is not affected by any action
taken by an arbitrator or umpire under subsection
(1).(6) Nothing in subsection (5) shall be construed as preventing the
making of an application to the Court for the making of an order under section
48.Part 4 Awards and costs28 Award to be finalUnless a contrary intention is expressed in the arbitration
agreement, the award made by the arbitrator or umpire shall, subject to this
Act, be final and binding on the parties to the
agreement.29 Form of award(1) Unless otherwise agreed in writing by the parties to the
arbitration agreement, the arbitrator or umpire shall:(a) make the award in writing,
(b) sign the award, and
(c) include in the award a statement of the reasons for making the
(2) Where an arbitrator or umpire makes an award otherwise than in
writing, the arbitrator or umpire shall, upon request by a party within 7 days
after the making of the award, give to the party a statement in writing signed
by the arbitrator or umpire of the date, the terms of the award and the
reasons for making the award.30 Power to correct awardWhere an award made under an arbitration agreement
contains:(a) a clerical mistake,
(b) an error arising from an accidental slip or
(c) a material miscalculation of figures or a material mistake in the
description of any person, thing or matter referred to in the award,
the arbitrator or umpire may correct the award or the Court, on the
application of a party to the agreement, may make an order correcting the
award.31 Interest up to making of award(1) Unless a contrary intention is expressed in the arbitration
agreement, but subject to subsection (4), where the arbitrator or umpire
determines to make an award for the payment of money (whether on a claim for a
liquidated or an unliquidated amount), the arbitrator or umpire shall have
power to include in the sum for which the award is made interest at such rate
as the arbitrator or umpire may direct (being a rate not exceeding the rate at
which interest is payable on a judgment debt of the Supreme Court) on the
whole or any part of the money for the whole or any part of the period between
the date on which the cause of action arose and the date on which the award is
made.(2) Unless a contrary intention is expressed in the arbitration
agreement, but subject to subsection (4), where:(a) arbitration proceedings have been commenced for the recovery of a
debt or liquidated damages, and
(b) payment of the whole or a part of the debt or damages is made
during the currency of the proceedings and prior to or without an award being
made in respect of the debt or damages,
the arbitrator or umpire may order that interest be paid at such rate as
the arbitrator or umpire may direct (being a rate not exceeding the rate at
whole or any part of the money paid for the whole or any part of the period
between the date when the cause of action arose and the date of the
payment.(3) Without limiting subsection (2), arbitration proceedings shall,
for the purposes of that subsection, be deemed to have been commenced
if:(a) a dispute to which the relevant arbitration agreement applies has
the other party to refer, or to concur in the reference of, the dispute to
(iii) has taken any other step contemplated by the agreement or the law
(4) This section does not:(a) authorise the awarding of interest upon
(b) apply in relation to any amount upon which interest is payable as
of right whether by virtue of an agreement or otherwise,
(c) affect the damages recoverable for the dishonour of a bill of
32 Interest on debt under award(1) Unless a contrary intention is expressed in the arbitration
agreement, where the arbitrator or umpire makes an award for the payment of
money, the arbitrator or umpire shall have power to direct that interest at
the same rate as that at which interest is payable on a judgment debt of the
Supreme Court shall be payable on and from the date of the making of the award
or such later date as the arbitrator or umpire may specify on so much of the
money as is from time to time unpaid and any interest that so accrues shall be
deemed to form part of the award.(2) If judgment is entered by the Court in terms of an award, interest
shall cease to accrue in pursuance of a direction under this section on the
date of the entry of the judgment.33 Enforcement of award(1) An award made under an arbitration agreement may, by leave of the
Court, be enforced in the same manner as a judgment or order of the Court to
the same effect, and where leave is so given, judgment may be entered in terms
of the award.(2) (Repealed)34 Costs(1) Unless a contrary intention is expressed in the arbitration
agreement, the costs of the arbitration (including the fees and expenses of
the arbitrator or umpire) shall be in the discretion of the arbitrator or
umpire, who may:(a) direct to and by whom and in what manner the whole or any part of
those costs shall be paid,
(b) settle the amount (or any part of the amount) of costs to be so
paid, or arrange for the assessment of those costs (or any part of them),
(c) award costs to be assessed or settled as between party and party
or as between legal practitioner and client.
(2) Any costs of the arbitration (other than the fees or expenses of
the arbitrator or umpire) that are directed to be paid by an award are to be
assessed (except to the extent that they have been settled by the arbitrator
or umpire).(3) A provision in an arbitration agreement (being an arbitration
agreement that provides for the reference of future disputes to arbitration)
is void if:(a) it is to the effect that a particular party, or the parties, to
the agreement shall in any event pay their own costs of the arbitration or any
part of those costs, or
(b) except in so far as it relates to a right of indemnity or a right
of subrogation—it is to the effect that a particular party to the
agreement shall in any event pay the costs of any other party or any part of
(4) If no provision is made by an award with respect to the costs of
the arbitration, a party to the arbitration agreement may, within 14 days of
the publication of the award, apply to the arbitrator or umpire for directions
as to the payment of those costs, and thereupon the arbitrator or umpire
shall, after hearing any party who wishes to be heard, amend the award by
adding to it such directions as the arbitrator or umpire may think proper with
respect to the payment of the cost of the
arbitration.(5) Where a sum of money has been paid into the Court in accordance
with the rules of court in satisfaction of a claim to which an arbitration
agreement applies, the arbitrator or umpire shall, in exercising the
discretion as to costs conferred on the arbitrator or umpire by subsection
(1), take into account both the fact that money was paid into the Court and
the amount of that payment.(6) Where in accordance with rules of court an offer of compromise has
been made in relation to a claim to which an arbitration agreement applies,
the arbitrator or umpire shall, in exercising the discretion as to costs
conferred on the arbitrator or umpire by subsection (1), take into account
both the fact that the offer was made and the terms of the
offer.(7) An arbitrator or umpire shall, in exercising the discretion as to
costs conferred on the arbitrator or umpire by subsection (1), take into
account any refusal or failure by a party to the arbitration agreement to
comply with the provisions of section 37.35 Assessment of arbitrator’s or umpire’s fees
and expenses(1) If an arbitrator or umpire refuses to deliver an award except on
payment of the fees and expenses demanded by the arbitrator or umpire, the
Court may, on application made by a party to the arbitration agreement, order
that:(a) the arbitrator or umpire deliver the award to the applicant on
such terms as to the payment of the fees and expenses of the arbitrator or
umpire as the Court considers appropriate, and
(b) the fees and expenses demanded by the arbitrator or umpire be
(2) Notwithstanding that the amount of the fees or expenses of the
arbitrator or umpire may be fixed by the award, those fees or expenses may, on
the application of a party to the arbitration agreement or of the arbitrator
or umpire, be assessed.(3) The arbitrator or umpire and any party to the arbitration
agreement shall be entitled to make written submissions to the costs assessor
in respect of any assessment required by this
section.(4) Where the fees and expenses of an arbitrator or umpire are
assessed, the arbitrator or umpire shall be entitled to be paid by way of fees
and expenses only such sum as may be found fair and reasonable on
assessment.35A Application of Division 11 of Part 3.2 of Legal Profession Act
2004For the purposes of sections 34 and 35, Division 11 of Part 3.2 of
2004 applies with any necessary
modifications.36 Costs of abortive arbitration(1) Unless otherwise agreed in writing by the parties to the
arbitration agreement, where an arbitration is commenced but for any reason
the arbitration fails, the Court may, on the application of a party to the
arbitration agreement or the arbitrator or umpire, make such orders in
relation to the costs of the arbitration as it thinks
just.(2) For the purposes of this section, where:(a) a final award is not made by the arbitrator or umpire before the
arbitration terminates, or
(b) an award made is wholly set aside by the
an arbitration shall be deemed to have failed.37 Duties of partiesThe parties to an arbitration agreement shall at all times do all
things which the arbitrator or umpire requires to enable a just award to be
made and no party shall wilfully do or cause to be done any act to delay or
prevent an award being made.Part 5 Powers of the Court38 Judicial review of awards(1) Without prejudice to the right of appeal conferred by subsection
(2), the Court shall not have jurisdiction to set aside or remit an award on
the ground of error of fact or law on the face of the
award.(2) Subject to subsection (4), an appeal shall lie to the Supreme
award.(3) On the determination of an appeal under subsection (2) the Supreme
Court may by order:(a) confirm, vary or set aside the award, or
(b) remit the award, together with the Supreme Court’s opinion
on the question of law which was the subject of the appeal, to the arbitrator
or umpire for reconsideration or, where a new arbitrator or umpire has been
appointed, to that arbitrator or umpire for
and where the award is remitted under paragraph (b) the arbitrator or
umpire shall, unless the order otherwise directs, make the award within 3
months after the date of the order.(4) An appeal under subsection (2) may be brought by any of the
parties to an arbitration agreement:(a) with the consent of all the other parties to the arbitration
(b) subject to section 40, with the leave of the Supreme
(5) The Supreme Court shall not grant leave under subsection (4) (b)
unless it considers that:(a) having regard to all the circumstances, the determination of the
question of law concerned could substantially affect the rights of one or more
parties to the arbitration agreement, and
(b) there is:(i) a manifest error of law on the face of the award,
(ii) strong evidence that the arbitrator or umpire made an error of law
and that the determination of the question may add, or may be likely to add,
substantially to the certainty of commercial law.
(6) The Supreme Court may make any leave which it grants under
subsection (4) (b) subject to the applicant complying with any conditions it
considers appropriate.(7) Where the award of an arbitrator or umpire is varied on an appeal
under subsection (2), the award as varied shall have effect (except for the
purposes of this section) as if it were the award of the arbitrator or
umpire.39 Determination of preliminary point of law by Supreme
Court(1) Subject to subsection (2) and section 40, on an application to the
Supreme Court made by any of the parties to an arbitration agreement:(a) with the consent of an arbitrator who has entered on the reference
or, if an umpire has entered on the reference, with the consent of the umpire,
(b) with the consent of all the other
the Supreme Court shall have jurisdiction to determine any question of
law arising in the course of the arbitration.(2) The Supreme Court shall not entertain an application under
subsection (1) (a) with respect to any question of law unless it is satisfied
that:(a) the determination of the application might produce substantial
savings in costs to the parties, and
(b) the question of law is one in respect of which leave to appeal
would be likely to be granted under section 38 (4)
and 39(1) Subject to this section and section 41:(a) the Supreme Court shall not, under section 38 (4) (b), grant leave
to appeal with respect to a question of law arising out of an award,
(b) no application may be made under section 39 (1) (a) with respect
to a question of law,
if there is in force an agreement in writing (in this section and section
41 referred to as an exclusion agreement)
between the parties to the arbitration agreement which excludes the right of
appeal under section 38 (2) in relation to the award or, in a case falling
within paragraph (b), in relation to an award to which the determination of
the question of law is material.(2) An exclusion agreement may be expressed so as to relate to a
particular award, to awards under a particular arbitration agreement or to any
other description of awards, whether arising out of the same arbitration
agreement or not.(3) An agreement may be an exclusion agreement for the purposes of
this section whether it is entered into before or after the commencement of
this Act and whether or not it forms part of an arbitration
agreement.(4) Except as provided by subsection (1), sections 38 and 39 shall
have effect notwithstanding anything in any agreement purporting:(a) to prohibit or restrict access to the Supreme Court,
(b) to restrict the jurisdiction of the Supreme
(5) An exclusion agreement shall be of no effect in relation to an
award made on, or a question of law arising in the course of, an arbitration
being an arbitration under any other Act.(6) An exclusion agreement shall be of no effect in relation to an
under an arbitration agreement which is a domestic arbitration agreement
unless the exclusion agreement is entered into after the commencement of the
arbitration in which the award is made or, as the case required, in which the
question of law arises.(7) In this section, domestic arbitration
agreement means an arbitration agreement which does not provide,
expressly or by implication, for arbitration in a country other than Australia
and to which neither:(a) an individual who is a national of, or habitually resident in, any
country other than Australia, nor
(b) a body corporate which is incorporated in, or whose central
management and control is exercised in, any country other than
is a party at the time the arbitration agreement is entered
into.41 Exclusion agreements not to apply in certain
cases(1) Subject to subsection (3), if an award or a question of law
arising in the course of an arbitration relates, in whole or in part,
to:(a) a question or claim falling within the Admiralty jurisdiction of
(b) a dispute arising out of a contract of insurance,
(c) a dispute arising out of a commodity
an exclusion agreement shall have no effect in relation to the award or
question unless either:(d) the exclusion agreement is entered into after the commencement of
the arbitration in which the award is made or, as the case requires, in which
the question of law arises, or
(e) the award or question relates to a contract which is expressed to
be governed by a law other than the law of New South
(2) In subsection (1) (c), commodity contract
means a contract:(a) for the sale of goods regularly dealt with on a commodity market
or exchange in New South Wales which is specified for the purposes of this
section by a regulation made by the Governor, and
(b) of a description specified for the purposes of this section by a
regulation made by the Governor.
(3) The Governor may by regulation provide that subsection (1):(a) shall cease to have effect, or
(b) subject to such conditions as may be specified in the regulation,
shall not apply to any exclusion agreement made in relation to an award of a
description specified in the regulation,
and a regulation made under this subsection may contain such
supplementary, incidental and transitional provisions as appear to the
Governor to be necessary.42 Power to set aside award(1) Where:(a) there has been misconduct on the part of an arbitrator or umpire
or an arbitrator or umpire has misconducted the proceedings,
(b) the arbitration or award has been improperly
agreement, set the award aside either wholly or in
part.(2) Where the arbitrator or umpire has misconducted the proceedings by
making an award partly in respect of a matter not referred to arbitration
pursuant to the arbitration agreement, the Court may set aside that part of
the award if it can do so without materially affecting the remaining part of
the award.(3) Where an application is made under this section to set aside an
award, the Court may order that any money made payable by the award shall be
paid into court or otherwise secured pending the determination of the
application.43 Court may remit matter for reconsiderationSubject to section 38 (1), the Court may remit any matter referred
to arbitration by an arbitration agreement together with any directions it
thinks proper to the arbitrator or umpire for reconsideration or, where a new
arbitrator or umpire has been appointed, to that arbitrator or umpire for
consideration.44 Removal of arbitrator or umpireWhere the Court is satisfied that:(a) there has been misconduct on the part of an arbitrator or umpire
or an arbitrator or umpire has misconducted the
(b) undue influence has been exercised in relation to an arbitrator or
umpire, or
(c) an arbitrator or umpire is incompetent or unsuitable to deal with
the particular dispute,
agreement, remove the arbitrator or umpire.45 Party not prevented from alleging that arbitrator
appointed by that party is not impartial, suitable or competent(1) A party to an arbitration agreement is not prevented from alleging
in any legal proceedings with respect to the agreement that an arbitrator is
not or may not be impartial, suitable or competent by reason of a power of
appointment having been exercised by that party in relation to the appointment
of that arbitrator or by reason of facts or circumstances that that party knew
or ought to have known when exercising that power.(2) For the purposes of this section, where an arbitrator is named or
designated in an arbitration agreement, a party to the agreement shall be
deemed:(a) to have exercised a power of appointment in relation to the
appointment of that arbitrator, and
(b) to have exercised that power at the time when the party entered
into the arbitration agreement.
46 Delay in prosecuting claims(1) Unless a contrary intention is expressed in the arbitration
agreement, it is an implied term of the agreement that in the event of a
dispute arising to which the agreement applies it is the duty of each party to
the agreement to exercise due diligence in the taking of steps that are
necessary to have the dispute referred to arbitration and dealt with in
arbitration proceedings.(2) Where there has been undue delay by a party, the Court may, on the
application of any other party to the dispute or an arbitrator or umpire, make
orders:(a) terminating the arbitration proceedings,
(b) removing the dispute into Court, and
(c) dealing with any incidental matters.
(3) The Court shall not make an order under subsection (2) unless it
is satisfied that the delay:(a) has been inordinate and inexcusable, and
(b) will give rise to a substantial risk of it not being possible to
have a fair trial of the issues in the arbitration proceedings or is such as
is likely to cause or to have caused serious prejudice to the other parties to
ordersThe Court shall have the same power of making interlocutory orders
for the purposes of and in relation to arbitration proceedings as it has for
the purposes of and in relation to proceedings in the
Court.48 Extension of time(1) Subject to subsection (3), the Court shall have power on the
application of a party to an arbitration agreement or an arbitrator or umpire
to extend the time appointed by or under this Act or fixed by the agreement or
by an order under this section for doing any act or taking any proceeding in
or in relation to an arbitration.(2) The Court may make an order under this section although an
application for the making of the order was not made until after the
expiration of the time appointed or fixed for doing the act or taking the
proceeding.(3) An order shall not be made under this section extending the time
within which arbitration proceedings might be commenced unless:(a) the Court is satisfied that in the circumstances of the case undue
hardship would otherwise be caused, and
(b) the making of the order would not contravene the provision of any
enactment limiting the time for the commencement of arbitration
49 Power to impose terms on orders etcSubject to this Act, an order, direction or decision made under
this Act by the Supreme Court or the District Court may be made on such terms
and conditions (including terms and conditions as to costs) as the Supreme
Court or the District Court thinks just.Part 6 General provisions as to arbitration50 Authority of arbitrator or umpireSubject to this Act, the authority of an arbitrator or umpire is,
unless a contrary intention is expressed in the arbitration agreement or the
parties to the agreement otherwise agree in writing,
irrevocable.51 Liability of arbitrator or umpireAn arbitrator or umpire is not liable for negligence in respect of
anything done or omitted to be done by the arbitrator or umpire in the
capacity of arbitrator or umpire but is liable for fraud in respect of
anything done or omitted to be done in that capacity.52 Death of party(1) Unless a contrary intention is expressed in the arbitration
agreement, where a party to an arbitration agreement dies the agreement shall
not be discharged (either as respects the deceased or any other party) and the
authority of an arbitrator or umpire shall not be revoked by the death of that
party but that agreement shall be enforceable by or against the personal
representative of the deceased.(2) Nothing in subsection (1) shall be taken to affect the operation
of any enactment or rule of law by virtue of which a right of action is
extinguished by the death of a person.53 Power to stay court proceedings(1) If a party to an arbitration agreement commences proceedings in a
court against another party to the arbitration agreement in respect of a
matter agreed to be referred to arbitration by the agreement, that other party
may, subject to subsection (2), apply to that court to stay the proceedings
and that court, if satisfied:(a) that there is no sufficient reason why the matter should not be
referred to arbitration in accordance with the agreement,
(b) that the applicant was at the time when the proceedings were
commenced and still remains ready and willing to do all things necessary for
the proper conduct of the arbitration,
may make an order staying the proceedings and may further give such
directions with respect to the future conduct of the arbitration as it thinks
fit.(2) An application under subsection (1) shall not, except with the
leave of the court in which the proceedings have been commenced, be made after
the applicant has delivered pleadings or taken any other step in the
proceedings other than the entry of an appearance.(3) Notwithstanding any rule of law to the contrary, a party to an
arbitration agreement shall not be entitled to recover damages in any court
from another party to the agreement by reason that that other party takes
proceedings in a court in respect of the matter agreed to be referred to
arbitration by the arbitration agreement.54 InterpleaderWhere relief by way of interpleader is granted in any court and it
appears to that court that the claims in question are matters to which an
arbitration agreement (to which the claimants are parties) applies, the court
may, unless it is satisfied that there is sufficient reason why the matters
should not be referred to arbitration in accordance with the agreement, make
an order directing the issue between the claimants to be determined in
accordance with the agreement.55 Effect of Scott v Avery clauses(1) Where it is provided (whether in an arbitration agreement or some
other agreement, whether oral or written) that arbitration or an award
pursuant to arbitration proceedings or the happening of some other event in or
in relation to arbitration is a condition precedent to the bringing or
maintenance of legal proceedings in respect of a matter or the establishing of
a defence to legal proceedings brought in respect of a matter, that provision,
notwithstanding that the condition contained in it has not been
satisfied:(a) shall not operate to prevent:(i) legal proceedings being brought or maintained in respect of that
(ii) a defence being established to legal proceedings brought in
respect of that matter, and
(b) shall, where no arbitration agreement relating to that matter is
subsisting between the parties to the provision, be construed as an agreement
to refer that matter to arbitration.
(2) Subsection (1) does not apply to an arbitration agreement unless
all the parties to the agreement are domiciled or ordinarily resident in
Australia at the time the arbitration agreement is entered
into.(3) Subsection (2) does not apply to an arbitration agreement that is
only of the operation of section 3 (4) (a).Part 7 56–59(Repealed)Part 8 Miscellaneous60 Service of noticesWhere under this Act a notice is required or permitted to be
served on any person, the notice may be served in or out of New South
Wales:(a) by delivering it personally to the person to be
(b) by leaving it at the usual or last known place of residence or
business of the person to be served with a person apparently over the age of
16 years and apparently residing thereat or (in the case of a place of
business) apparently in charge of or employed at that
(c) by sending it by post addressed to the person to be served at the
usual or last known place of residence or business of that person,
(d) by serving it in such other manner as the Court may, on
application made to it in that behalf, direct.
61 (Repealed)62 Supreme Court rules(1) Rules of court may be made under Supreme Court Act 1970 for carrying
the purposes of this Act into effect and, in particular, for or with respect
to:(a) applications to the Supreme Court under this Act and the costs of
such applications,
(b) the payment or bringing of money into and out of the Supreme Court
in satisfaction of claims to which arbitration agreements apply and the
investment of such money,
(c) the examination of witnesses before the Supreme Court or before
any other person and the issue of commissions or requests for the examination
of witnesses outside New South Wales, for the purposes of an
(c1) offers of compromise in relation to claims to which arbitration
agreements apply, and
(d) any other matter or thing for or with respect to which rules are
by this Act authorised or required to be made by the Supreme
(2) Subsection (1) does not limit the rule-making powers conferred by
1970.63 District Court rules(1) Rules of court may be made under the District Court Act 1973 for or with
respect to:(a) applications to the District Court under this Act and the costs of
(b) the payment or bringing of money into and out of the District
Court in satisfaction of claims to which arbitration agreements apply and the
(b1) offers of compromise in relation to claims to which arbitration
(c) any other matter or thing for or with respect to which rules are
by this Act authorised or required to be made by the District
the District Court Act
1973.64 RegulationsThe Governor may make regulations, not inconsistent with this Act,
out or giving effect to this Act.65 SavingSection 5 of the Commercial Arbitration (Amendment)
Act 1990 continues in force despite the repeal of that Act by
Act (No 2) 2003.Schedule 1 Repeals(Section 3 (1))Arbitration Act 1902 No 29—the
whole Act.Supreme Court Act 1970 No
52—so much of the Second Schedule as amends the
Arbitration Act 1902.Arbitration (Foreign Awards and Agreements) Act
1973 No 36—the whole Act.Schedule 2 (Repealed)Historical notesThe following abbreviations are used in the Historical notes:
Am amended LW legislation website Sch Schedule Cl clause No number Schs Schedules Cll clauses p page Sec section Div Division pp pages Secs sections Divs Divisions Reg Regulation Subdiv Subdivision GG Government Gazette Regs Regulations Subdivs Subdivisions Ins inserted Rep repealed Subst substituted Table of amending instrumentsCommercial Arbitration Act
1984 No 160. Assented to 14.12.1984. Date of commencement,
secs 1 and 2 excepted, 1.5.1985, sec 2 (2) and GG No 73 of 26.4.1985, p 1797.
23.12.1986.1990No 51Crimes (Public Justice) Amendment Act
No 100Commercial Arbitration (Amendment) Act
1990. Assented to 13.12.1990.Date of commencement, 25.1.1991, sec 2 and GG No 16 of 18.1.1991, p
1995. Assented to 21.12.1995.Date of commencement of the provisions of Sch 1 relating to the Commercial Arbitration Act 1984,
1999No 46Building and Construction
Industry Security of Payment Act 1999. Assented to
5.10.1999.
Date of commencement, 26.3.2000, sec 2 and GG No 37 of 17.3.2000,
p 1955.
Provisions) Act (No 2) 2003. Assented to 27.11.2003.Date of commencement of Sch 2.4, assent, sec 2
2004. Assented to 6.7.2004.Date of commencement of Sch 2, assent, sec 2
2005. Assented to 1.6.2005.Date of commencement of Sch 5.4, 15.8.2005, sec 2 (1) and GG No 100 of
Sec 3Am 1986 No 218, Sch 47; 1990 No 100, Sch 2 (1);
1999 No 46, Sch 1; 2005 No 28, Sch 5.4 [1].Sec 4Am 1990 No 100, Schs 1 (1), 2 (2); 2004 No 68, Sch
2 [1]; 2005 No 28, Sch 5.4 [2] [3]; 2005 No 46, Sch 11.2 [1]; 2007 No 94, Sch
2.Sec 5Am 1990 No 100, Sch 2 (3).Sec 6Subst 1990 No 100, Sch 2 (4).Sec 15Subst 1990 No 100, Sch 2 (5).Sec 17Am 1995 No 99, Sch 1.Sec 18Am 1990 No 100, Sch 2 (6); 1995 No 99, Sch
1.Sec 19Am 1990 No 100, Sch 2 (7).Sec 20Subst 1990 No 100, Sch 1 (2). Am 2005 No 46, Sch
11.2 [2].Sec 21Am 1990 No 100, Sch 2 (8); 1995 No 99, Sch
1.Sec 22Am 1990 No 100, Sch 2 (9).Sec 23Am 1990 No 100, Sch 2 (10).Sec 24Am 1990 No 100, Sch 2 (11).Sec 26Subst 1990 No 100, Sch 1 (3).Sec 27Subst 1990 No 100, Sch 1 (4).Sec 28Am 1990 No 100, Sch 2 (12).Sec 29Am 1990 No 100, Sch 2 (13).Sec 31Am 1990 No 100, Sch 2 (14).Sec 32Am 1990 No 100, Sch 2 (15).Sec 33Am 1990 No 100, Sch 2 (16).Sec 34Am 1990 No 100, Schs 1 (5), 2 (17); 2004 No 68, Sch
2 [2]–[4]; 2005 No 46, Sch 11.2 [3].Sec 35Am 2004 No 58, Sch 2
[5]–[7].Sec 35AIns 2004 No 68, Sch 2 [8]. Am 2005 No 46, Sch 11.2
[4].Sec 38Am 1990 No 100, Schs 1 (6), 2
(18).Sec 40Am 1990 No 100, Sch 2 (19).Sec 46Subst 1990 No 100, Sch 1 (7).Part 7 (secs 56–59)Rep 1990 No 100, Sch 1 (8).Sec 61Rep 1990 No 51, Sch 2.Sec 62Am 1990 No 100, Sch 1 (9).Sec 63Am 1990 No 100, Sch 1 (10).Sec 65Ins 2003 No 82, Sch 2.4.Sch 2Rep 1990 No 100, Sch 1 (11).