Source: http://fra.europa.eu/cs/charterpedia/article/11-svoboda-projevu-informaci
Timestamp: 2018-12-10 08:46:52+00:00
Document Index: 26469333

Matched Legal Cases: ['čl. 52', 'čl. 10', 'čl. 10', '§ 7', '§ 40', '§ 41', '§ 44', '§ 45', '§1', 'Čl. 26', '§ 1', 'soud\n']

Článek 11 - Svoboda projevu a informací | European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights
Článek 11 - Svoboda projevu a informací
Každý má právo na svobodu projevu. Toto právo zahrnuje svobodu zastávat názory a přijímat a rozšiřovat informace nebo myšlenky bez zasahování veřejné moci a bez ohledu na hranice.
Svoboda a pluralita sdělovacích prostředků musí být respektována.
Vysvětlení k Listině základních práv
Článek 11 odpovídá článku 10 EÚLP, který zní:
„1. Každý má právo na svobodu projevu. Toto právo zahrnuje svobodu zastávat názory a přijímat a rozšiřovat informace nebo myšlenky bez zasahování státních orgánů a bez ohledu na hranice. Tento článek nebrání státům, aby vyžadovaly udělování povolení rozhlasovým, televizním nebo filmovým společnostem.
2. Výkon těchto svobod, protože zahrnuje i povinnosti a odpovědnost, může podléhat takovým formalitám, podmínkám, omezením nebo sankcím, které stanoví zákon a které jsou nezbytné v demokratické společnosti v zájmu národní bezpečnosti, územní celistvosti nebo veřejné bezpečnosti, předcházení nepokojům a zločinnosti, ochrany zdraví nebo morálky, ochrany pověsti nebo práv jiných, zabránění úniku důvěrných informací nebo zachování autority a nestrannosti soudní moci.“
Podle čl. 52 odst. 3 Listiny je smysl a rozsah tohoto práva stejný jako práva zaručeného EÚLP. Omezení, která na ně mohou být uvalena, proto nesmějí překročit omezení stanovená v čl. 10 odst. 2 úmluvy, aniž jsou dotčena případná omezení, která může soutěžní právo Unie uvalovat na právo členských států zavést opatření pro udělování povolení uvedených ve třetí větě čl. 10 odst. 1 EÚLP.
Odstavec 2 tohoto článku vyjadřuje důsledky odstavce 1 pro svobodu sdělovacích prostředků. Je založen zejména na judikatuře Soudního dvora v oblasti televizního vysílání, zejména ve věci C-288/89 (rozsudek ze dne 25. července 1991, Stichting Collectieve Antennevoorziening Gouda a další, Sb. rozh. 1991, s. I-4007) a na Protokolu o systému veřejnoprávního vysílání v členských státech, připojeném ke Smlouvě o ES a nyní ke Smlouvám, a na směrnici Rady 89/552/EHS (zejména na 17. bodě jejího odůvodnění).
Úřední věstník Evropské unie C 303/17 - 14.12.2007
Tato vysvětlení byla původně vyhotovena pod vedením prezídia Konventu, který vypracoval Listinu základních práv Evropské unie. Byla aktualizována pod vedením prezídia Evropského konventu s ohledem na změny návrhu znění Listiny provedené Konventem (zejména článků 51 a 52) a na vývoj práva Unie. Ačkoliv sama nemají právní závaznost, jsou cenným výkladovým nástrojem pro vyjasnění ustanovení Listiny.
The Basic Law on the General Rights of Nationals
Article 13[1] Everyone has the right within the limits of the law freely to express his opinion by word of mouth and in writing, print, or pictorial representation. [2] The Press may be neither subjected to censorship nor restricted by the licensing System. Administrative postal distribution vetoes do not apply to inland publication.
Read more about The Basic Law on the General Rights of Nationals
Federal Act dated 12th June 1981 on the Press and other Publication Media (Media Act)
Read more about Federal Act dated 12th June 1981 on the Press and other Publication Media (Media Act)
Staatsgrundgesetz über die allgemeinen Rechte der Staatsbürger
Artikel 13[1] Jedermann hat das Recht, durch Wort, Schrift, Druck oder durch bildliche Darstellung seine Meinung innerhalb der gesetzlichen Schranken frei zu äußern.[2] Die Presse darf weder unter Censur gestellt, noch durch das Concessions-System beschränkt werden. Administrative Postverbote finden auf inländische Druckschriften keine Anwendung.
Read more about Staatsgrundgesetz über die allgemeinen Rechte der Staatsbürger
Bundesgesetz vom 12. Juni 1981 über die Presse und andere publizistische Medien (Mediengesetz)
Read more about Bundesgesetz vom 12. Juni 1981 über die Presse und andere publizistische Medien (Mediengesetz)
Resolution of the Provisional National Assembly of 30 October 1918 [on the abolition of censorship]
Preamble/Clause of Promulgation Pursuant to Para. 7 of the Resolution of the National Assembly of 30 October 1918 about the fundamental establishment of the government is documented that the above-mentioned resolution has been taken by the Provisional National Assembly on 30 October 1918. 1. All censorship is abolished as illegal because contradictory to the basic rights of the citizen. 2. . Stops on publications and the issue of a postal distribution veto on such cease forthwith. Hitherto operative stops and postal distribution vetoes are abolished. Complete freedom of the Press is established. 3. The emergency ordinances with respect to rights of assembly and association are abolished. Complete freedom of assembly and association, without distinction of sex, is established.
Read more about Resolution of the Provisional National Assembly of 30 October 1918 [on the abolition of censorship]
Beschluß der Provisorischen Nationalversammlung vom 30. Oktober 1918
Beschluß der Provisorischen Nationalversammlung vom 30. Oktober 1918.
Präambel/Promulgationsklausel Auf Grund des § 7 des Beschlusses der Provisorischen Nationalversammlung vom 30. Oktober 1918 über die grundlegenden Einrichtungen der Staatsgewalt wird beurkundet, daß der obenstehende Beschluß von der Provisorischen Nationalversammlung am 30. Oktober 1918 gefaßt worden ist. 1. Jede Zensur ist als dem Grundrecht der Staatsbürger widersprechend als rechtsungültig aufgehoben. 2. Die Einstellung von Druckschriften und die Erlassung eines Postverbotes gegen solche findet nicht mehr statt. Die bisher verfügten Einstellungen und Postverbote sind aufgehoben. Die volle Freiheit der Presse ist hergestellt. 3. Die Ausnahmsverfügungen betreffs des Vereins- und Versammlungsrechtes sind aufgehoben. Die volle Vereins- und Versammlungsfreiheit ohne Unterschied des Geschlechts ist hergestellt.
Read more about Beschluß der Provisorischen Nationalversammlung vom 30. Oktober 1918
Article 10 1. Everyone has the right to freedom of expression. This right shall include freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authority and regardless of frontiers. This Article shall not prevent States from requiring the licensing of broadcasting, television or cinema enterprises.
Read more about The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)
Artikel 10 (1) Jedermann hat Anspruch auf freie Meinungsäußerung. Dieses Recht schließt die Freiheit der Meinung und die Freiheit zum Empfang und zur Mitteilung von Nachrichten oder Ideen ohne Eingriffe öffentlicher Behörden und ohne Rücksicht auf Landesgrenzen ein. Dieser Artikel schließt nicht aus, daß die Staaten Rundfunk-, Lichtspiel- oder Fernsehunternehmen einem Genehmigungsverfahren unterwerfen.
Read more about Konvention zum Schutze der Menschenrechte und Grundfreiheiten
Federal Constitutional Act of 10 July 1974 on Guaranteeing the Independence of Broadcasting
Article 1 (2) Federal legislation shall provide for more detailed provisions on broadcasting and its organisation. Such federal legislation shall in particular contain provisions ensuring the objectivity and impartiality of reporting, consideration to the diversity of opinion, the balance of programmes and the independence of the persons and executive bodies or officers who are entrusted with the tasks referred to in para 1.
Read more about Federal Constitutional Act of 10 July 1974 on Guaranteeing the Independence of Broadcasting
Bundesverfassungsgesetz vom 10. Juli 1974 über die Sicherung der Unabhängigkeit des Rundfunks
Artikel 1 (2) Die näheren Bestimmungen für den Rundfunk und seine Organisation sind bundesgesetzlich festzulegen. Ein solches Bundesgesetz hat insbesondere Bestimmungen zu enthalten, die die Objektivität und Unparteilichkeit der Berichterstattung, die Berücksichtigung der Meinungsvielfalt, die Ausgewogenheit der Programme sowie die Unabhängigkeit der Personen und Organe, die mit der Besorgung der im Abs. 1 genannten Aufgaben betraut sind, gewährleisten.
Read more about Bundesverfassungsgesetz vom 10. Juli 1974 über die Sicherung der Unabhängigkeit des Rundfunks
Article 19Freedom of worship, its public practice and freedom to demonstrate one’s opinions on all matters are guaranteed, but offences committed when this freedom is used may be punished.Article 25The press is free; censorship can never be introduced; no security can be demanded from authors, publishers or printers.When the author is known and resident in Belgium, neither the publisher, the printer nor the distributor can be prosecuted.
Article 19La liberté des cultes, celle de leur exercice public, ainsi que la liberté de manifester ses opinions en toute matière, sont garanties, sauf la répression des délits commis à l'occasion de l'usage de ces libertés.Article 25La presse est libre; la censure ne pourra jamais être établie; il ne peut être exigé de cautionnement des écrivains, éditeurs ou imprimeurs.Lorsque l'auteur est connu et domicilié en Belgique, l'éditeur, l'imprimeur ou le distributeur ne peut être poursuivi.
Artikel 19De vrijheid van eredienst, de vrije openbare uitoefening ervan, alsmede de vrijheid om op elk gebied zijn mening te uiten, zijn gewaarborgd, behoudens bestraffing van de misdrijven die ter gelegenheid van het gebruikmaken van die vrijheden worden gepleegd.Artikel 25De drukpers is vrij; de censuur kan nooit worden ingevoerd; geen borgstelling kan worden geëist van de schrijvers, uitgevers of drukkers. Wanneer de schrijver bekend is en zijn woonplaats in België heeft, kan de uitgever, de drukker of de verspreider niet worden vervolgd.
Art. 38. No one shall be persecuted or restricted in his rights because of his views, nor shall be obligated or forced to provide information about his own or another person's views. Art. 39. (1) Everyone shall be entitled to express an opinion or to publicize it through words, written or oral, sound or image, or in any other way. (2) This right shall not be used to the detriment of the rights and reputation of others, or for the incitement of a forcible change of the constitutionally established order, the perpetration of a crime, or the incitement of enmity or violence against anyone.Art. 40. (1) The press and the other mass information media shall be free and shall not be subjected to censorship. (2) An injunction on or a confiscation of printed matter or another information medium shall be allowed only through an act of the judicial authorities in the case of an encroachment on public decency or incitement of a forcible change of the constitutionally established order, the perpetration of a crime, or the incitement of violence against anyone. An injunction suspension shall lose force if not followed by a confiscation within 24 hours.Art. 41. (1) Everyone shall be entitled to seek, obtain and disseminate information. This right shall not be exercised to the detriment of the rights and reputation of others, or to the detriment of national security, public order, public health and morality.[...]
Чл. 38. Никой не може да бъде преследван или ограничаван в правата си поради своите убеждения, нито да бъде задължаван или принуждаван да дава сведения за свои или чужди убеждения. Чл. 39. (1) Всеки има право да изразява мнение и да го разпространява чрез слово - писмено или устно, чрез звук, изображение или по друг начин. (2) Това право не може да се използва за накърняване на правата и доброто име на другиго и за призоваване към насилствена промяна на конституционно установения ред, към извършване на престъпления, към разпалване на вражда или към насилие над личността.Чл. 40. (1) Печатът и другите средства за масова информация са свободни и не подлежат на цензура. (2) Спирането и конфискацията на печатно издание или на друг носител на информация се допускат само въз основа на акт на съдебната власт, когато се накърняват добрите нрави или се съдържат призиви за насилствена промяна на конституционно установения ред, за извършване на престъпление или за насилие над личността. Ако в срок от 24 часа не последва конфискация, спирането преустановява действието си.Чл. 41. (1) Всеки има право да търси, получава и разпространява информация. Осъществяването на това право не може да бъде насочено срещу правата и доброто име на другите граждани, както и срещу националната сигурност, обществения ред, народното здраве и морала. [...]
Freedom of thought and expression shall be guaranteed.
Freedom of expression shall particularly encompass freedom of the press and other media, freedom of speech and public opinion, and free establishment of all institutions of public communication.
Censorship shall be forbidden. Journalists shall have the right to freedom of reporting and access to information.
The right to access to information held by any public authority shall be guaranteed.
Restrictions on the right to access to information must be proportionate to the nature of the need for such restriction in each individual case and necessary in a free and democratic society, as stipulated by law.
The right to correction is guaranteed to anyone whose constitutionally and legally established rights have been violated by public communication.
ΑΡΘΡΟΝ 19
1. Έκαστος έχει το δικαίωμα ελευθερίας του λόγου και της καθ’ οιονδήποτε τρόπον εκφράσεως.
2. Το δικαίωμα τούτο περιλαμβάνει την ελευθερίαν της γνώμης, της λήψεως και μεταδόσεως πληροφοριών και ιδεών άνευ επεμβάσεως οιασδήποτε δημοσίας αρχής και ανεξαρτήτως συνόρων.
3. Η ενάσκησις των δικαιωμάτων, περί ων η πρώτη και δευτέρα παράγραφος του παρόντος άρθρου, δύναται να υποβληθή εις διατυπώσεις, όρους, περιορισμούς ή ποινάς προδιαγεγραμμένους υπό του νόμου και αναγκαίους μόνον προς το συμφέρον της ασφαλείας της Δημοκρατίας ή της συνταγματικής τάξεως ή της δημοσίας ασφαλείας ή της δημοσίας τάξεως ή της δημοσίας υγιείας ή των δημοσίων ηθών ή προς προστασίαν της υπολήψεως ή των δικαιωμάτων άλλων ή προς παρεμπόδισιν της αποκαλύψεως πληροφοριών ληφθεισών εμπιστευτικώς ή προς διατήρησιν του κύρους και της αμεροληψίας της δικαστικής εξουσίας.
4. Η κατάσχεσις εφημερίδων ή άλλων εντύπων δεν επιτρέπεται άνευ εγγράφου αδείας του γενικού εισαγγελέως της Δημοκρατίας, ήτις δέον να επικυρωθή δι’ αποφάσεως αρμοδίου δικαστηρίου εντός εβδομήκοντα δύο ωρών το βραδύτερον, εν περιπτώσει δε μη επικυρώσεως αίρεται η κατάσχεσις.
5. Ουδέν εκ των διαλαμβανομένων εις το παρόν άρθρον εμποδίζει την Δημοκρατίαν ν’ απαιτή την έκδοσιν αδείας ή λειτουργίας επιχειρήσεων ραδιοφωνικών ή κινηματογραφικών ή τηλεοράσεως.
2. This right includes freedom to hold opinions and receive and impart information and ideas without interference by any public authority and regardless of frontiers.
3. The exercise of the rights provided in paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Article may be subject to such formalities, conditions, restrictions or penalties as are prescribed by law and are necessary only in the interests of the security of the Republic or the constitutional order or the public safety or the public order or the public health or the public morals or for the protection of the reputation or rights of others or for preventing the disclosure of information received in confidence or for maintaining the authority and impartiality of the judiciary.
4. Seizure of newspapers or other printed matter is not allowed without the written permission of the Attorney-General of the Republic, which must be confirmed by the decision of a competent court within a period not exceeding seventy-two hours, failing which the seizure shall be lifted.
5. Nothing in this Article contained shall prevent the Republic from requiring the licensing of sound and vision broadcasting or cinema enterprises.
Article 17 (1) The freedom of expression and the right to information are guaranteed. (2) Everyone has the right to express her opinion in speech, in writing, in the press, in pictures, or in any other form, as well as freely to seek, receive, and disseminate ideas and information irrespective of the frontiers of the State. (3) Censorship is not permitted. (4) The freedom of expression and the right to seek and disseminate information may be limited by law in the case of measures necessary in a democratic society for protecting the rights and freedoms of others, the security of the State, public security, public health, and morals. (5) State bodies and territorial self-governing bodies are obliged, in an appropriate manner, to provide information on their activities. Conditions therefore and the implementation thereof shall be provided for by law.
Článek 17 (1) Svoboda projevu a právo na informace jsou zaručeny. (2) Každý má právo vyjadřovat své názory slovem, písmem, tiskem, obrazem nebo jiným způsobem, jakož i svobodně vyhledávat, přijímat a rozšiřovat ideje a informace bez ohledu na hranice státu. (3) Cenzura je nepřípustná. (4) Svobodu projevu a právo vyhledávat a šířit informace lze omezit zákonem, jde-li o opatření v demokratické společnosti nezbytná pro ochranu práv a svobod druhých, bezpečnost státu, veřejnou bezpečnost, ochranu veřejného zdraví a mravnosti. (5) Státní orgány a orgány územní samosprávy jsou povinny přiměřeným způsobem poskytovat informace o své činnosti. Podmínky a provedení stanoví zákon.
Section 77. Any person shall be at liberty to publish his ideas in print, in writing, and in speech, subject to his being held responsible in a court of law. Censorship and other preventive measures shall never again be introduced.
Article 40. Everyone is entitled to freedom of conscience, freedom of religion and freedom of thought.
Everyone is free to belong to any church or any religious society. There is no state church.
Everyone is free to practise his or her religion, alone or in community with others, in public or in private, unless this is detrimental to public order, public health or public morality.
Article 41. Everyone has the right to abide by his or her opinions and beliefs. No one may be compelled to change his or her opinions or beliefs.
Beliefs are no defence for violating the law.
No one may be held legally liable for his or her beliefs.
Article 42. Government agencies, local authorities, and their officials may not gather or store information about the beliefs of a citizen of Estonia against the citizen’s free will.
Article 44. Everyone is entitled to free access to information disseminated for public use.
Pursuant to a procedure provided by law, all government agencies, local authorities, and their officials have a duty to provide information about their activities to any citizen of Estonia at his or her request, except for information whose disclosure is prohibited by law and information intended exclusively for internal use.
Pursuant to a procedure provided by law, any citizen of Estonia is entitled to access information about himself or herself held by government agencies and local authorities and in government and local authority archives. This right may be circumscribed pursuant to law to protect the rights and freedoms of others, to protect the confidentiality of a child’s filiation, and in the interests of preventing a criminal offence, apprehending the offender, or of ascertaining the truth in a criminal case.
Unless otherwise provided by law, citizens of foreign states and stateless persons in Estonia enjoy the rights specified in paragraphs two and three of this section equally with citizens of Estonia.
Article 45. Everyone has the right to freely disseminate ideas, opinions, beliefs and other information by word, print, picture or other means. This right may be circumscribed by law to protect public order, public morality, and the rights and freedoms, health, honour and good name of others. This right may also be circumscribed by law in respect of public servants employed by the national government and local authorities, or in order to protect a state secret, trade secret or information received in confidence which has become known to the public servant by reason of his or her office, and to protect the family and private life of others, as well as in the interests of the administration of justice.
There is no censorship.
Read more about Constitution of the Republic of Estonia
§ 40. Igaühel on südametunnistuse-, usu- ja mõttevabadus. Kuulumine kirikutesse ja usuühingutesse on vaba. Riigikirikut ei ole. Igaühel on vabadus nii üksinda kui ka koos teistega, avalikult või eraviisiliselt täita usutalitusi, kui see ei kahjusta avalikku korda, tervist ega kõlblust.
§ 41. Igaühel on õigus jääda truuks oma arvamustele ja veendumustele. Kedagi ei tohi sundida neid muutma. Veendumustega ei saa vabandada õiguserikkumist. Kedagi ei saa veendumuste pärast võtta õiguslikule vastutusele.
§ 44. Igaühel on õigus vabalt saada üldiseks kasutamiseks levitatavat informatsiooni. Kõik riigiasutused, kohalikud omavalitsused ja nende ametiisikud on kohustatud seaduses sätestatud korras andma Eesti kodanikule tema nõudel informatsiooni oma tegevuse kohta, välja arvatud andmed, mille väljaandmine on seadusega keelatud, ja eranditult asutusesiseseks kasutamiseks mõeldud andmed. Eesti kodanikul on õigus seaduses sätestatud korras tutvuda tema kohta riigiasutustes ja kohalikes omavalitsustes ning riigi ja kohalike omavalitsuste arhiivides hoitavate andmetega. Seaduse alusel võib seda õigust piirata teiste inimeste õiguste ja vabaduste ning lapse põlvnemise saladuse kaitseks, samuti kuriteo tõkestamise, kurjategija tabamise või kriminaalmenetluses tõe väljaselgitamise huvides. Kui seadus ei sätesta teisiti, siis on käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes kaks ja kolm nimetatud õigused võrdselt Eesti kodanikuga ka Eestis viibival välisriigi kodanikul ja kodakondsuseta isikul.
§ 45. Igaühel on õigus vabalt levitada ideid, arvamusi, veendumusi ja muud informatsiooni sõnas, trükis, pildis või muul viisil. Seda õigust võib seadus piirata avaliku korra, kõlbluse, teiste inimeste õiguste ja vabaduste, tervise, au ning hea nime kaitseks. Seadus võib seda õigust piirata ka riigi ja kohalike omavalitsuste teenistujatel neile ameti tõttu teatavaks saanud riigi- või ärisaladuse või konfidentsiaalsena saadud informatsiooni ning teiste inimeste perekonna- ja eraelu kaitseks, samuti õigusemõistmise huvides. Tsensuuri ei ole.
Read more about Eesti Vabariigi Põhiseadus
Section 12 Freedom of expression and the right of access to information Everyone has the freedom of expression. Freedom of expression entails the right to express, disseminate and receive information, opinions and other communications without prior prevention by anyone. More detailed provisions on the exercise of the freedom of expression are laid down by an Act. Provisions on restrictions relating to pictorial programmes that are necessary for the protection of children may be laid down by an Act. Documents and recordings in the possession of the authorities are public, unless their publication has for compelling reasons been specifically restricted by an Act. Everyone has the right of access to public documents and recordings.
12 § Sananvapaus ja julkisuus Jokaisella on sananvapaus. Sananvapauteen sisältyy oikeus ilmaista, julkistaa ja vastaanottaa tietoja, mielipiteitä ja muita viestejä kenenkään ennakolta estämättä. Tarkempia säännöksiä sananvapauden käyttämisestä annetaan lailla. Lailla voidaan säätää kuvaohjelmia koskevia lasten suojelemiseksi välttämättömiä rajoituksia. Viranomaisen hallussa olevat asiakirjat ja muut tallenteet ovat julkisia, jollei niiden julkisuutta ole välttämättömien syiden vuoksi lailla erikseen rajoitettu. Jokaisella on oikeus saada tieto julkisesta asiakirjasta ja tallenteesta.
Article 4Political parties and groups shall contribute to the exercise of suffrage. They shall be formed and carry on their activities freely. They shall respect the principles of national sovereignty and democracy.They shall contribute to the implementation of the principle set out in the second paragraph of article 1 as provided for by statute. Statutes shall guarantee the expression of diverse opinions and the equitable participation of political parties and groups in the democratic life of the Nation.
Read more about Constitution
Article 10.No one may be disturbed on account of his opinions, including his religious views, provided their manifestation does not disturb the public order established by law. Article 11.The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious rights of man. Every citizen may, accordingly, speak, write and print with freedom, but shall be responsible for such abuses of this freedom as shall be defined by law.
Read more about Declaration of human and civic rights of 26 August 1789
Art. 10. Nul ne doit être inquiété pour ses opinions, même religieuses, pourvu que leur manifestation ne trouble pas l'ordre public établi par la Loi.Art. 11. La libre communication des pensées et des opinions est un des droits les plus précieux de l'Homme : tout Citoyen peut donc parler, écrire, imprimer librement, sauf à répondre de l'abus de cette liberté dans les cas déterminés par la Loi.
Read more about Déclaration des Droits de l'homme et du citoyen du 26 août 1789
Freedom of Communication Act No. 86-1067 of 30 September 1986
Article 1 Audio-visual communication is free.The exercise of this freedom may be limited only, to the extent required, on the one hand, for the respect of human dignity, freedom and property of other people, the pluralistic nature of the expression of ideas and opinions and, on the other hand, for the safeguarding of law and order, for national defence, public service reasons, for technical reasons inherent to the means of communication as well as for the need to develop a national audio-visual production industry.The Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel, an independent authority, guarantees the exercise this freedom in accordance with the terms provided for in this Act.It ensures equality of treatment; it guarantees the independence and impartiality of the public radio and television broadcasting sector. It sees to the promotion of the free competition and the creation of non-discriminatory relations between producers and service distributors; it sees to the quality and diversity of programmes, the development of the national audio-visual production and creation as well as to the defence and illustration of the French language and culture. It may put forward proposals to improve the quality of programmes.It may send to the producers and distributors of audio-visual communication services recommendations relating to compliance with the principles set forth in this Act. Said recommendations shall be published in the Official Journal of the French Republic.
Read more about Freedom of Communication Act No. 86-1067 of 30 September 1986
Loi n°86-1067 du 30 septembre 1986 relative à la liberté de communication
Article 1 La communication au public par voie électronique est libre. L'exercice de cette liberté ne peut être limité que dans la mesure requise, d'une part, par le respect de la dignité de la personne humaine, de la liberté et de la propriété d'autrui, du caractère pluraliste de l'expression des courants de pensée et d'opinion et, d'autre part, par la protection de l'enfance et de l'adolescence, par la sauvegarde de l'ordre public, par les besoins de la défense nationale, par les exigences de service public, par les contraintes techniques inhérentes aux moyens de communication, ainsi que par la nécessité, pour les services audiovisuels, de développer la production audiovisuelle. Les services audiovisuels comprennent les services de communication audiovisuelle telle que définie à l'article 2 ainsi que l'ensemble des services mettant à disposition du public ou d'une catégorie de public des oeuvres audiovisuelles, cinématographiques ou sonores, quelles que soient les modalités techniques de cette mise à disposition.
Read more about Loi n°86-1067 du 30 septembre 1986 relative à la liberté de communication
Article 5 (1) Every person shall have the right freely to express and disseminate his opinions in speech, writing and pictures, and to inform himself without hindrance from generally accessible sources. Freedom of the press and freedom of reporting by means of broadcasts and films shall be guaranteed. There shall be no censorship. (2) These rights shall find their limits in the provisions of general laws, in provisions for the protection of young persons, and in the right to personal honour. (...) Article 17a (1) Laws regarding military and alternative service may provide that the basic right of members of the Armed Forces and of alternative service freely to express and disseminate their opinions in speech, writing and pictures (first clause of paragraph (1) of Article 5), the basic right of assembly (Article 8), and the right of petition (Article 17) insofar as it permits the submission of requests or complaints jointly with others, be restricted during their period of military or alternative service. (...)
Artikel 5 (1) Jeder hat das Recht, seine Meinung in Wort, Schrift und Bild frei zu äußern und zu verbreiten und sich aus allgemein zugänglichen Quellen ungehindert zu unterrichten. Die Pressefreiheit und die Freiheit der Berichterstattung durch Rundfunk und Film werden gewährleistet. Eine Zensur findet nicht statt. (2) Diese Rechte finden ihre Schranken in den Vorschriften der allgemeinen Gesetze, den gesetzlichen Bestimmungen zum Schutze der Jugend und in dem Recht der persönlichen Ehre. (...) Artikel 17a (1) Gesetze über Wehrdienst und Ersatzdienst können bestimmen, daß für die Angehörigen der Streitkräfte und des Ersatzdienstes während der Zeit des Wehr- oder Ersatzdienstes das Grundrecht, seine Meinung in Wort, Schrift und Bild frei zu äußern und zu verbreiten (Artikel 5 Abs. 1 Satz 1 erster Halbsatz), das Grundrecht der Versammlungsfreiheit (Artikel 8) und das Petitionsrecht (Artikel 17), soweit es das Recht gewährt, Bitten oder Beschwerden in Gemeinschaft mit anderen vorzubringen, eingeschränkt werden. (...)
Το Σύντγμα της Ελλάδος
Άρθρο 5 (1). Kαθένας έχει δικαίωμα να αναπτύσσει ελεύθερα την πρoσωπικότητά τoυ και να συμμετέχει στην κoινωνική, oικoνoμική και πoλιτική ζωή της Xώρας, εφόσoν δεν πρoσβάλλει τα δικαιώματα των άλλων και δεν παραβιάζει τo Σύνταγμα ή τα χρηστά ήθη. (2). Όλoι όσoι βρίσκoνται στην Eλληνική Eπικράτεια απoλαμβάνoυν την απόλυτη πρoστασία της ζωής, της τιμής και της ελευθερίας τoυς, χωρίς διάκριση εθνικότητας, φυλής, γλώσσας και θρησκευτικών ή πoλιτικών πεπoιθήσεων. Eξαιρέσεις επιτρέπoνται στις περιπτώσεις πoυ πρoβλέπει τo διεθνές δίκαιo. Aπαγoρεύεται η έκδoση αλλoδαπoύ πoυ διώκεται για τη δράση τoυ υπέρ της ελευθερίας. (3). H πρoσωπική ελευθερία είναι απαραβίαστη. Kανένας δεν καταδιώκεται oύτε συλλαμβάνεται oύτε φυλακίζεται oύτε με oπoιoνδήπoτε άλλo τρόπo περιoρίζεται, παρά μόνo όταν και όπως oρίζει o νόμoς. [...] Άρθρο 14 (1). Kαθένας μπoρεί να εκφράζει και να διαδίδει πρoφoρικά, γραπτά και δια τoυ τύπoυ τoυς στoχασμoύς τoυ τηρώντας τoυς νόμoυς τoυ Kράτoυς. (2). O τύπoς είναι ελεύθερoς. H λoγoκρισία και κάθε άλλo πρoληπτικό μέτρo απαγoρεύoνται. (3). H κατάσχεση εφημερίδων και άλλων εντύπων, είτε πριν από την κυκλoφoρία είτε ύστερα από αυτή, απαγoρεύεται. Kατ’ εξαίρεση επιτρέπεται η κατάσχεση, με παραγγελία τoυ εισαγγελέα, μετά την κυκλoφoρία: α) για πρoσβoλή της χριστιανικής και κάθε άλλης γνωστής θρησκείας, β) για πρoσβoλή τoυ πρoσώπoυ τoυ Πρoέδρoυ της Δημoκρατίας, γ) για δημoσίευμα πoυ απoκαλύπτει πληρoφoρίες για τη σύνθεση, τoν εξoπλισμό και τη διάταξη των ενόπλων δυνάμεων ή την oχύρωση της Xώρας ή πoυ έχει σκoπό τη βίαιη ανατρoπή τoυ πoλιτεύματoς ή στρέφεται κατά της εδαφικής ακεραιότητας τoυ Kράτoυς, δ) για άσεμνα δημoσιεύματα πoυ πρoσβάλλoυν oλoφάνερα τη δημόσια αιδώ, στις περιπτώσεις πoυ oρίζει o νόμoς. [...] Άρθρο 15 (1). Oι πρoστατευτικές για τoν τύπo διατάξεις τoυ πρoηγoύμενoυ άρθρoυ δεν εφαρμόζoνται στoν κινηματoγράφo, τη φωνoγραφία, τη ραδιoφωνία, την τηλεόραση και κάθε άλλo παρεμφερές μέσo μετάδoσης λόγoυ ή παράστασης. (2). Η ραδιοφωνία και η τηλεόραση υπάγονται στον άμεσο έλεγχο του Κράτους. Ο έλεγχος και η επιβολή των διοικητικών κυρώσεων υπάγονται στην αποκλειστική αρμοδιότητα του Εθνικού Συμβουλίου Ραδιοτηλεόρασης που είναι ανεξάρτητη αρχή, όπως νόμος ορίζει. Ο άμεσος έλεγχος του Κράτους, που λαμβάνει και τη μορφή του καθεστώτος της προηγούμενης άδειας, έχει ως σκοπό την αντικειμενική και με ίσους όρους μετάδοση πληροφοριών και ειδήσεων, καθώς και προϊόντων του λόγου και της τέχνης, την εξασφάλιση της ποιοτικής στάθμης των προγραμμάτων που επιβάλλει η κοινωνική αποστολή της ραδιοφωνίας και της τηλεόρασης και η πολιτιστική ανάπτυξη της Χώρας, καθώς και το σεβασμό της αξίας του ανθρώπου και την προστασία της παιδικής ηλικίας και της νεότητας.[..]
Read more about Το Σύντγμα της Ελλάδος
Article 5 (1). All persons shall have the right to develop freely their personality and to participate in the social, economic and political life of the country, insofar as they do not infringe the rights of others or violate the Constitution and the good usages. (2). All persons living within the Greek territory
shall enjoy full protection of their life, honour
and liberty irrespective of nationality, race
or language and of religious or political beliefs. Exceptions shall be permitted only in cases provided by international law. The extradition of aliens prosecuted for their
action as freedom-fighters shall be prohibited. (3). Personal liberty is inviolable. No one shall be prosecuted, arrested, imprisoned or otherwise confined except when and as the law provides.[..]; Article 14 (1). Every person may express and propagate his thoughts orally, in writing and through the
press in compliance with the laws of the State. (2). The press is free. Censorship and all other preventive measures are prohibited. (3). The seizure of newspapers and other
publications before or after circulation is prohibited. Seizure by order of the public prosecutor shall be allowed exceptionally after circulation and in case of: a) an offence against the Christian or any other known religion, b) an insult against the person of the President of the Republic, c) a publication which discloses information on the composition, equipment and set-up of the armed forces or the fortifications of the country, or which aims at the violent overthrow of the regime or is directed against the territorial integrity of the State, d) an obscene publication which is obviously offensive to public decency, in the cases stipulated by law. [...] Article 15 (1). The protective provisions for the press in
the preceding article shall not be applicable to films, sound recordings, radio, television or any other similar medium for the transmission of speech or images. (2). Radio and television shall be under the direct control of the State. The control and imposition of administrative sanctions belong to the exclusive competence of the National Radio and Television Council, which is an independent authority, as specified by law. The direct control of the State, which may also assume the form of a prior permission status, shall aim at the objective and on equal terms transmission of information and news reports, as well as of works of literature and art, at ensuring the quality level of programs mandated by the social mission of radio and television and by the cultural development of the Country, as well as at the respect of the value of the human being and the protection of childhood and youth. [...]
Article IX (Freedom and Responsibility) (1) Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression.
(2) Hungary shall recognise and protect the freedom and diversity of the press, and shall ensure the conditions for the free dissemination of information necessary for the formation of
democratic public opinion.
(3) In the interest of the appropriate provision of information as necessary during the electoral campaign period for the formation of democratic public opinion, political advertisements may only be published in media services free of charge, under conditions guaranteeing equal opportunities, laid down in a cardinal Act.
(4) The right to freedom of expression may not be exercised with the aim of violating the human
dignity of others.
(5) The right to freedom of expression may not be exercised with the aim of violating the dignity of the Hungarian nation or of any national, ethnic, racial or religious community. Persons belonging to such communities shall be entitled to enforce their claims in court against the expression of an opinion which violates the community, invoking the violation of their human dignity, as provided for by an Act.
(6) The detailed rules relating to the freedom of the press and the organ supervising media
services, press products and the communications market shall be laid down in a cardinal Act.
IX. cikk (SZABADSÁG ÉS FELELŐSSÉG) (1) Mindenkinek joga van a véleménynyilvánítás szabadságához.
(3) A demokratikus közvélemény kialakulásához választási kampányidőszakban szükséges megfelelő tájékoztatás érdekében politikai reklám médiaszolgáltatásban kizárólag ellenérték nélkül, az esélyegyenlőséget biztosító, sarkalatos törvényben meghatározott feltételek mellett közölhető.
(4) A véleménynyilvánítás szabadságának a gyakorlása nem irányulhat mások emberi méltóságának a megsértésére.
(5) A véleménynyilvánítás szabadságának a gyakorlása nem irányulhat a magyar nemzet, a nemzeti, etnikai, faji vagy vallási közösségek méltóságának a megsértésére. Az ilyen közösséghez tartozó személyek – törvényben meghatározottak szerint – jogosultak a közösséget sértő véleménynyilvánítás ellen, emberi méltóságuk megsértése miatt igényeiket bíróság előtt érvényesíteni.
(6) A sajtószabadságra, valamint a médiaszolgáltatások, a sajtótermékek és a hírközlési piac felügyeletét ellátó szervre vonatkozó részletes szabályokat sarkalatos törvény határozza meg.
Article 40.6 1. The State guarantees liberty for the exercise of the following rights, subject to public order and morality: i. The right of the citizens to express freely their convictions and opinions. The education of public opinion being, however, a matter of such grave import to the common good, the state shall endeavour to ensure that organs of public opinion, such as the radio, the press, the cinema, while preserving their rightful
liberty of expression, including criticism
of Government policy, shall not be used
to undermine public order or morality or
the authority of the state.
Read more about Constitution of Ireland
Freedom of Information (Amendment) Act 2003
Read more about Freedom of Information (Amendment) Act 2003
Art. 21. Anyone has the right to freely express their thoughts in speech, writing, or any other form of communication. The press may not be subjected to any authorisation or censorship. Seizure may be permitted only by judicial order stating the reason and only for offences expressly determined by the law on the press or in case of
violation of the obligation to identify the persons responsible for such offences. In such cases, when there is absolute urgency and timely intervention of the Judiciary is not possible, a periodical may be confiscated by the criminal police, which shall immediately and in no case later than 24 hours refer the matter to the Judiciary for validation. In default of such validation in the following 24 hours, the measure shall be revoked and considered null and void. The law may introduce general provisions for the disclosure of financial sources of periodical publications. Publications, performances, and other exhibits offensive to public morality shall be prohibited. Measures of preventive and repressive measure against such violations shall be established by law.
Art. 21. Tutti hanno diritto di manifestare liberamente il proprio pensiero con la parola, lo scritto e ogni altro mezzo di diffusione. La stampa non può essere soggetta ad autorizzazioni o censure. Si può procedere a sequestro soltanto per atto motivato dell'autorità giudiziaria nel caso di delitti, per i quali la legge sulla stampa espressamente lo autorizzi, o nel caso di violazione delle norme che la legge stessa prescriva per l'indicazione dei responsabili. In tali casi, quando vi sia assoluta urgenza e non sia possibile il tempestivo intervento dell'autorità giudiziaria, il sequestro della stampa periodica può essere eseguito da ufficiali di polizia giudiziaria, che devono immediatamente, e non mai oltre ventiquattro ore, fare denunzia all'autorità giudiziaria. Se questa non lo convalida nelle ventiquattro ore successive, il sequestro si intende revocato e privo d'ogni effetto. La legge può stabilire, con norme di carattere generale, che siano resi noti i mezzi di finanziamento della stampa periodica. Sono vietate le pubblicazioni a stampa, gli spettacoli e tutte le altre manifestazioni contrarie al buon costume. La legge stabilisce provvedimenti adeguati a prevenire e a reprimere le violazioni.
Read more about Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana
100. Everyone has the right to freedom of expression, which includes the right to freely receive, keep and distribute information and to express their views. Censorship is prohibited.
Section 2. (1) The purpose of this Law is to ensure public access to information which is under the control of State administrative institutions and Local Government institutions for the performance of their specified functions as prescribed in regulatory enactments. This Law determines a uniform procedure by which natural and legal persons are entitled to obtain information from State administrative institutions and Local Government institutions (hereinafter - institutions), and to utilise it.(2) This Law applies to documented information which is within the circulation of information of institutions.
Read more about Freedom of Information Law
Article 25. Everyone shall have the right to have his own convictions and freely express them. No one must be hindered from seeking, receiving, or imparting information and ideas. The freedom to express convictions, as well as to receive and impart information, may not be limited otherwise than by law when this is necessary to protect human health, honour or dignity, private life, or morals, or to defend the constitutional order. The freedom to express convictions and to impart information shall be incompatible with criminal actions—incitement to national, racial, religious, or social hatred, incitement to violence or to discrimination, as well as defamation and disinformation. Citizens shall have the right to receive, according to the procedure established by law, any information held about them by state institutions. Article 44. Censorship of mass information shall be prohibited.The State, political parties, political and public organisations, and other institutions or persons may not monopolise the mass media.
25 straipsnis. Žmogus turi teisę turėti savo įsitikinimus ir juos laisvai reikšti. Žmogui neturi būti kliudoma ieškoti, gauti ir skleisti informaciją bei idėjas. Laisvė reikšti įsitikinimus, gauti ir skleisti informaciją negali būti ribojama kitaip, kaip tik įstatymu, jei tai būtina apsaugoti žmogaus sveikatai, garbei ir orumui, privačiam gyvenimui, dorovei ar ginti konstitucinei santvarkai.Laisvė reikšti įsitikinimus ir skleisti informaciją nesuderinama su nusikalstamais veiksmais - tautinės, rasinės, religinės ar socialinės neapykantos, prievartos bei diskriminacijos kurstymu, šmeižtu ir dezinformacija.Pilietis turi teisę įstatymo nustatyta tvarka gauti valstybės įstaigų turimą informaciją apie jį. 44 straipsnis. Masinės informacijos cenzūra draudžiama.Valstybė, politinės partijos, politinės ir visuomeninės organizacijos, kitos institucijos ar asmenys negali monopolizuoti masinės informacijos priemonių.
Article 24. The freedom to manifest one's opinion by speech in all matters, and the freedom of the press are guaranteed, save the repression of offenses committed on the occasion of the exercise of these freedoms. - Censorship may never be established.
Article 24. La liberté de manifester ses opinions par la parole en toutes matières, et la liberté de la presse sont garanties, sauf la répression des délits commis à l'occasion de l'exercice de ces libertés. - La censure ne pourra jamais être établie.
Liberte D’expression Dans Les Medias Loi Du 8 Juin 2004 Sur La Liberté D’expression Dans Les Médias
Art. 1er. La présente loi vise à assurer la liberté d'expression dans le domaine des médias. Art. 2. Conformément à l'article 10 de la Convention de sauvegarde des droits de l'homme et des libertés fondamentales, signée à Rome, le 4 novembre 1950 et approuvée par la loi du 29 août 1953, toute restriction ou ingérence en la matière doit être prévue par la loi, poursuivre un but légitime et être nécessaire dans une société démocratique, c'est-à-dire répondre à un besoin social impérieux et être proportionnée au but légitime poursuivi.
Read more about Liberte D’expression Dans Les Medias Loi Du 8 Juin 2004 Sur La Liberté D’expression Dans Les Médias
Article 41(1) Except with his own consent or by way of parental discipline, no person shall be hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom of expression, including freedom to hold opinion without interference, freedom to receive ideas and information without interference, freedom to communicate ideas and information without interference (whether the communication be to the public generally or to any person or class of persons) and freedom from interference with his correspondence. (2) Nothing contained in or done under the authority of any law shall be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of subsection (1) of this section to the extent that the law in question makes provision (a) that is reasonably required (i) in the interests of defence, public safety, public order, public morality or decency, or public health; or (ii) for the purpose of protecting the reputations rights and freedoms of other persons, or the private lives of persons concerned in legal proceedings, preventing the disclosure of information received in confidence, maintaining the authority and independence of the courts, protecting the privileges of Parliament, or regulating telephony, telegraphy, posts, wireless broadcasting, television or other means of communication, public exhibitions or public entertainments; or (b) that imposes restrictions upon public officers, and except so far as that provision or, as the case may be, the thing done under the authority thereof is shown not to be reasonably justifiable in a democratic society. (3) Anyone who is resident in Malta may edit or print a newspaper or journal published daily or periodically: Provided that provision may be made by law (a) prohibiting or restricting the editing or printing of any such newspaper or journal by persons under twenty-one years of age; and (b) requiring any person who is the editor or printer of any such newspaper or journal to inform the prescribed authority to that effect and of his age and to keep the prescribed authority informed of his place of residence. (4) Where the police seize any edition of a newspaper as being the means whereby a criminal offence has been committed they shall within twenty-four hours of the seizure bring the seizure to the notice of the competent court and if the court is not satisfied that there is a prima facie case of such offence, that edition shall be returned to the person from whom it was seized. (5) No person shall be deprived of his citizenship under any provisions made under section 301(1) (b) of this Constitution or of his juridical capacity by reason only of his political opinions.
Read more about Constitution of Malta
Article 54.1. The freedom to express opinions, to acquire and to disseminate information shall be ensured to everyone. 2. Preventive censorship of the means of social communication and the licensing of the press shall be prohibited. Statutes may require the receipt of a permit for the operation of a radio or television station.
Art. 54.1. Każdemu zapewnia się wolność wyrażania swoich poglądów oraz pozyskiwania i rozpowszechniania informacji.2. Cenzura prewencyjna środków społecznego przekazu oraz koncesjonowanie prasy są zakazane. Ustawa może wprowadzić obowiązek uprzedniego uzyskania koncesji na prowadzenie stacji radiowej lub telewizyjnej.
Artigo 37.º (Liberdade de expressão e informação) 1. Todos têm o direito de exprimir e divulgar livremente o seu pensamento pela palavra, pela imagem ou por qualquer outro meio, bem como o direito de informar, de se informar e de ser informado, sem impedimentos nem discriminações. 2. O exercício destes direitos não pode ser impedido ou limitado por qualquer tipo ou forma de censura. 3. As infracções cometidas no exercício destes direitos ficam submetidas aos princípios gerais de direito criminal ou do ilícito de mera ordenação social, sendo a sua apreciação respectivamente da competência dos tribunais judiciais ou de entidade administrativa independente, nos termos da lei. 4. A todas as pessoas, singulares ou colectivas, é assegurado, em condições de igualdade e eficácia, o direito de resposta e de rectificação, bem como o direito a indemnização pelos danos sofridos. Artigo 38.º (Liberdade de imprensa e meios de comunicação social) 1. É garantida a liberdade de imprensa. 2. A liberdade de imprensa implica: a) A liberdade de expressão e criação dos jornalistas e colaboradores, bem como a intervenção dos primeiros na orientação editorial dos respectivos órgãos de comunicação social, salvo quando tiverem natureza doutrinária ou confessional; b) O direito dos jornalistas, nos termos da lei, ao acesso às fontes de informação e à protecção da independência e do sigilo profissionais, bem como o direito de elegerem conselhos de redacção; c) O direito de fundação de jornais e de quaisquer outras publicações, independentemente de autorização administrativa, caução ou habilitação prévias. 3. A lei assegura, com carácter genérico, a divulgação da titularidade e dos meios de financiamento dos órgãos de comunicação social. 4. O Estado assegura a liberdade e a independência dos órgãos de comunicação social perante o poder político e o poder económico, impondo o princípio da especialidade das empresas titulares de órgãos de informação geral, tratando-as e apoiando-as de forma não discriminatória e impedindo a sua concentração, designadamente através de participações múltiplas ou cruzadas. 5. O Estado assegura a existência e o funcionamento de um serviço público de rádio e de televisão. 6. A estrutura e o funcionamento dos meios de comunicação social do sector público devem salvaguardar a sua independência perante o Governo, a Administração e os demais poderes públicos, bem como assegurar a possibilidade de expressão e confronto das diversas correntes de opinião. 7. As estações emissoras de radiodifusão e de radiotelevisão só podem funcionar mediante licença, a conferir por concurso público, nos termos da lei. Artigo 39.º (Regulação da comunicação social) 1. Cabe a uma entidade administrativa independente assegurar nos meios de comunicação social: a) O direito à informação e a liberdade de imprensa; b) A não concentração da titularidade dos meios de comunicação social; c) A independência perante o poder político e o poder económico; d) O respeito pelos direitos, liberdades e garantias pessoais; e) O respeito pelas normas reguladoras das actividades de comunicação social; f) A possibilidade de expressão e confronto das diversas correntes de opinião; g) O exercício dos direitos de antena, de resposta e de réplica política. 2. A lei define a composição, as competências, a organização e o funcionamento da entidade referida no número anterior, bem como o estatuto dos respectivos membros, designados pela Assembleia da República e por cooptação destes. Artigo 40.º (Direitos de antena, de resposta e de réplica política) 1. Os partidos políticos e as organizações sindicais, profissionais e representativas das actividades económicas, bem como outras organizações sociais de âmbito nacional, têm direito, de acordo com a sua relevância e representatividade e segundo critérios objectivos a definir por lei, a tempos de antena no serviço público de rádio e de televisão. 2. Os partidos políticos representados na Assembleia da República, e que não façam parte do Governo, têm direito, nos termos da lei, a tempos de antena no serviço público de rádio e televisão, a ratear de acordo com a sua representatividade, bem como o direito de resposta ou de réplica política às declarações políticas do Governo, de duração e relevo iguais aos dos tempos de antena e das declarações do Governo, de iguais direitos gozando, no âmbito da respectiva região, os partidos representados nas Assembleias Legislativas das regiões autónomas. 3. Nos períodos eleitorais os concorrentes têm direito a tempos de antena, regulares e equitativos, nas estações emissoras de rádio e de televisão de âmbito nacional e regional, nos termos da lei.
Article 37 (Freedom of expression and information) (1) Everyone shall possess the right to freely express and publicise his thoughts in words, images or by any other means, as well as the right to inform others, inform himself and be informed without hindrance or discrimination. (2) Exercise of the said rights shall not be hindered or limited by any type or form of censorship. (3) Infractions committed in the exercise of the said rights shall be subject to the general principles of the criminal law or the law governing administrative offences, and shall be brought before the courts of law or an independent administrative body respectively, as laid down by law. (4) Every person and body corporate shall be equally and effectively guaranteed the right of reply and to make corrections, as well as the right to compensation for damages suffered. Article 38 (Freedom of press and media) (1) The freedom of the press shall be guaranteed. (2) Freedom of the press shall mean: (a) Journalists and other staff’s freedom of expression and creativity, as well as journalists’ freedom to take part in determining the editorial policy of the media body in question, save when it is doctrinal or denominational in nature; (b) Journalists’ right, as laid down by law, to gain access to sources of information and to the protection of professional independence and secrecy, as well as their right to elect editorial boards; (c) The right to found newspapers and any other publications, regardless of any prior administrative authorisation, bond or qualification. (3) In generic terms, the law shall ensure that the names of the owners of media bodies and the means by which those bodies are financed are publicised. (4) The state shall ensure the media’s freedom and independence from political power and economic power by imposing the principle of specialisation on businesses that own general information media, treating and supporting them in a non-discriminatory manner and preventing their concentration, particularly by means of multiple or interlocking interests. (5) The state shall ensure the existence and operation of a public radio and television service. (6) The structure and operation of public sector media shall safeguard their independence from the Government, the Public Administration and the other public authorities, and shall ensure that all the different currents of opinion are able to express themselves and to confront one another. (7) Radio and television broadcasting stations shall only operate with licenses that are granted under public calls for tender, as laid down by law. Article 39 (Regulation of the media) (1) An independent administrative body shall be responsible for ensuring the following in the media: (a) The right to information and the freedom of the press; (b) The non-concentration of ownership of the media; (c) Independence from political power and economic power; (d) Respect for personal rights, freedoms and guarantees; (e) Respect for the statutes and rules that regulate the work of the media; (f) That all different currents of opinion are able to express themselves and confront one another; (g) Exercise of the rights to broadcasting time, of reply and of political response. (2) The law shall define the composition, responsibilities, organisation and modus operandi of the body referred to in the previous paragraph, together with the status and role of its members, who shall be appointed by the Assembly of the Republic and coopted by those so appointed. Article 40 (Rights of broadcasting time, of reply and of political response) (1) Political parties, trade unions, professional and business organisations and other organisations with a national scope shall, in accordance with their size and representativity and with objective criteria that shall be defined by law, possess the right to broadcasting time on the public radio and television service. (2) Political parties that hold one or more seats in the Assembly of the Republic and do not form part of the Government shall, as laid down by law, possess the right to broadcasting time on the public radio and television service, which shall be apportioned in accordance with each party’s proportional share of the seats in the Assembly, as well as to reply or respond politically to the Government’s political statements. Such times shall be of the same duration and prominence as those given over to the Government’s broadcasts and statements. Parties with seats in the Legislative Assemblies of the autonomous regions shall enjoy the same rights within the ambit of the region in question. 3. During elections and as laid down by law, candidates shall possess the right to regular and equitable broadcasting time on radio and television stations with a national or regional scope.
Article 30(1) Freedom of expression of thoughts, opinions, or beliefs, and freedom of any creation, by words, in writing, in pictures, by sounds or other means of communication in public are inviolable. (2) Any censorship shall be prohibited. (3) Freedom of the press also involves the free setting up of publications. (4) No publication shall be suppressed. (5) The law may impose upon the mass media the obligation to make public their financing source. (6) Freedom of expression shall not be prejudicial to the dignity, honour, privacy of a person, and to the right to one's own image. (7) Any defamation of the country and the nation, any instigation to a war of aggression, to national, racial, class or religious hatred, any incitement to discrimination, territorial separatism, or public violence, as well as any obscene conduct contrary to morality shall be prohibited by law. (8) Civil liability for any information or creation made public falls upon the publisher or producer, the author, the producer of the artistic performance, the owner of the copying facilities, radio or television station, under the terms laid down by law. Indictable offences of the press shall be established by law. Article 31 (1) A person's right of access to any information of public interest shall not be restricted. (2) The public authorities, according to their competence, shall be bound to provide correct information to the citizens in public affairs and matters of personal interest. (3) The right to information shall not be prejudicial to the measures of protection of young people or national security. (4) Public and private media shall be bound to provide correct information to the public opinion. (5) Public radio and television services shall be autonomous. They must guarantee any important social and political group the exercise of the right to broadcasting time. The organization of these services and the parliamentary control over their activity shall be regulated by an organic law.
Articolul 30(1) Libertatea de exprimare a gândurilor, a opiniilor sau a credintelor si libertatea creatiilor de orice fel, prin viu grai, prin scris, prin imagini, prin sunete sau prin alte mijloace de comunicare în public, sunt inviolabile. (2) Cenzura de orice fel este interzisa. (3) Libertatea presei implica si libertatea de a înfiinta publicatii. (4) Nici o publicatie nu poate fi suprimata. (5) Legea poate impune mijloacelor de comunicare în masa obligatia de a face publica sursa finantarii. (6) Libertatea de exprimare nu poate prejudicia demnitatea, onoarea, viata particulara a persoanei si nici dreptul la propria imagine. (7) Sunt interzise de lege defaimarea tarii si a natiunii, îndemnul la razboi de agresiune, la ura nationala, rasiala, de clasa sau religioasa, incitarea la discriminare, la separatism teritorial sau la violenta publica, precum si manifestarile obscene, contrare bunelor moravuri. (8) Raspunderea civila pentru informatia sau pentru creatia adusa la cunostinta publica revine editorului sau realizatorului, autorului, organizatorului manifestarii artistice, proprietarului mijlocului de multiplicare, al postului de radio sau de televiziune, în conditiile legii. Delictele de presa se stabilesc prin lege. Articolul 31 (1) Dreptul persoanei de a avea acces la orice informatie de interes public nu poate fi îngradit. (2) Autoritatile publice, potrivit competentelor ce le revin, sunt obligate sa asigure informarea corecta a cetatenilor asupra treburilor publice si asupra problemelor de interes personal. (3) Dreptul la informatie nu trebuie sa prejudicieze masurile de protectie a tinerilor sau securitatea nationala. (4) Mijloacele de informare în masa, publice si private, sunt obligate sa asigure informarea corecta a opiniei publice. (5) Serviciile publice de radio si de televiziune sunt autonome. Ele trebuie sa garanteze grupurilor sociale si politice importante exercitarea dreptului la antena. Organizarea acestor servicii si controlul parlamentar asupra activitatii lor se reglementeaza prin lege organica.
Article 26(1) The freedom of expression and the right to information are guaranteed. (2) Everyone has the right to express his opinion in words, writing, print, images or by other means as well as the right to seek, receive and disseminate ideas and information freely, regardless of the state borders. No approval process is required for press publishing. Entrepreneurial activity in the field of radio and television broadcasting may be subject to permission from the State. The conditions shall be laid down by law. (3) Censorship is prohibited. (4) The freedom of expression and the right to seek and disseminate information may be restricted by law only if such measures is necessary in a democratic society to protect the rights and freedoms of others, State security, public order, protection of health and morals. (5) Public authority bodies are obliged to provide information about their activities in an appropriate manner and in the State language. The conditions and manner of exection shall be laid down by law.
§1 Subject of the ActThis act shall regulate the terms, procedure and scope of free access to information.
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Čl. 26 (1) Sloboda prejavu a právo na informácie sú zaručené. (2) Každý má právo vyjadrovať svoje názory slovom, písmom, tlačou, obrazom alebo iným spôsobom, ako aj slobodne vyhľadávať, prijímať a rozširovať idey a informácie bez ohľadu na hranice štátu. Vydávanie tlače nepodlieha povoľovaciemu konaniu. Podnikanie v odbore rozhlasu a televízie sa môže viazať na povolenie štátu. Podmienky ustanoví zákon. (3) Cenzúra sa zakazuje. (4) Slobodu prejavu a právo vyhľadávať a šíriť informácie možno obmedziť zákonom, ak ide o opatrenia v demokratickej spoločnosti nevyhnutné na ochranu práv a slobôd iných, bezpečnosť štátu, verejného poriadku, ochranu verejného zdravia a mravnosti. (5) Orgány verejnej moci majú povinnosť primeraným spôsobom poskytovať informácie o svojej činnosti v štátnom jazyku. Podmienky a spôsob vykonania ustanoví zákon.
Zákon o slobodnom prístupe k informáciám a o zmene a doplnení niektorých zákonov (zákon o slobode informácií)
§ 1 Predmet úpravy - Tento zákon upravuje podmienky, postup a rozsah slobodného prístupu k informáciám.
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Article 39 Freedom of expression of thought, freedom of speech and public appearance, of the press and other forms of public communication and expression shall be guaranteed. Everyone may freely collect, receive and disseminate information and opinions. Except in such cases as are provided by law, everyone has the right to obtain information of a public nature in which he has a well founded legal interest under law.
Article 40 The right to correct published information which has damaged a right or interest of an individual, organisation or body shall be guaranteed, as shall be the right to reply to such published information.
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39. člen Zagotovljena je svoboda izražanja misli, govora in javnega nastopanja, tiska in drugih oblik javnega obveščanja in izražanja. Vsakdo lahko svobodno zbira, sprejema in širi vesti in mnenja. Vsakdo ima pravico dobiti informacijo javnega značaja, za katero ima v zakonu utemeljen pravni interes, razen v primerih, ki jih določa zakon.
40. člen Zagotovljena je pravica do popravka objavljenega obvestila, s katerim sta prizadeta pravica ali interes posameznika, organizacije ali organa, in prav tako je zagotovljena pravica do odgovora na objavljeno informacijo.
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Article 201. The following rights are recognized and protected: a) the right to freely express and spread thoughts, ideas and opinions through words, in writing or by any other means of reproduction; b) the right to literary, artistic, scientific and technical production and creation; c) the right to academic freedom; d) the right to freely communicate or receive truthful information by any means of dissemination whatsoever. The law shall regulate the right to the clause of conscience and professional secrecy in the exercise of these freedoms. 2. The exercise of these rights may not be restricted by any form of prior censorship. 3.The law shall regulate the organization and parliamentary control of the masscommunication means under the control of the State or any public agency and shall guarantee access to such means by the significant social and political groups, respecting the pluralism of society and of the various languages of Spain. 4. These freedoms are limited by respect for the rights recognized in this Part, by the legal provisions implementing it, and especially by the right to honour, to privacy, to the own image and to the protection of youth and childhood. 5. The seizure of publications, recordings and other means of information may only be carried out by means of a court order.
Read more about Constitution of the Kingdom of Spain
Artículo 20 1. Se reconocen y protegen los derechos: a) A expresar y difundir libremente los pensamientos, ideas y opiniones mediante la palabra, el escrito o cualquier otro medio de reproducción. b) A la producción y creación literaria, artística, científica y técnica.c) A la libertad de cátedra. d) A comunicar o recibir libremente información veraz por cualquier medio de difusión. La ley regulará el derecho a la cláusula de conciencia y al secreto profesional en el ejercicio de estas libertades. 2. El ejercicio de estos derechos no puede restringirse mediante ningún tipo de censura previa. 3. La ley regulará la organización y el control parlamentario de los medios de comunicación social dependientes del Estado o de cualquier ente público y garantizará el acceso a dichos medios de los grupos sociales y políticos significativos, respetando el pluralismo de la sociedad y de las diversas lenguas de España. 4. Estas libertades tienen su límite en el respeto a los derechos reconocidos en este Título, en los preceptos de las leyes que lo desarrollan y, especialmente, en el derecho al honor, a la intimidad, a la propia imagen y a la protección de la juventud y de la infancia. 5. Sólo podrá acordarse el secuestro de publicaciones, grabaciones y otros medios de información en virtud de resolución judicial.
2 kapitlet - Grundläggande fri- och rättigheter: 1 § Var och en är gentemot det allmänna tillförsäkrad 1. yttrandefrihet: frihet att i tal, skrift eller bild eller på annat sätt meddela upplysningar samt uttrycka tankar, åsikter och känslor; 2. informationsfrihet: frihet att inhämta och ta emot upplysningar samt att i övrigt ta del av andras yttranden; 3. mötesfrihet: frihet att anordna och delta i sammankomster för upplysning, meningsyttring eller annat liknande syfte eller för framförande av konstnärligt verk; 4. demonstrationsfrihet: frihet att anordna och delta i demonstrationer på allmän plats; 5. föreningsfrihet: frihet att sammansluta sig med andra för allmänna eller enskilda syften (...); 2 § Ingen får av det allmänna tvingas att ge till känna sin åskådning i politiskt, religiöst, kulturellt eller annat sådant hänseende. Inte heller får någon av det allmänna tvingas att delta i sammankomst för opinionsbildning eller i demonstration eller annan meningsyttring eller att tillhöra politisk sammanslutning, trossamfund eller annan sammanslutning för åskådning som avses i första meningen; 3 § Ingen svensk medborgare får utan samtycke antecknas i ett allmänt register enbart på grund av sin politiska åskådning. Lag (2010:1408).
Chapter 2 - Fundamental rights and freedoms: Article 1 Everyone shall be guaranteed the following rights and freedoms in his or her relations with the public institutions: 1. freedom of expression: that is, the freedom to communicate information and express thoughts, opinions and sentiments, whether orally, pictorially, in writing, or in any other way; 2. freedom of information: that is, the freedom to procure and receive information and otherwise acquaint oneself with the utterances of others; 3. freedom of assembly: that is, the freedom to organise or attend meetings for the purposes of information or the expression of opinion or for any other similar purpose, or for the purpose of presenting artistic work; 4. freedom to demonstrate: that is, the freedom to organise or take part in demonstrations in a public place; 5. freedom of association: that is, the freedom to associate with others for public or private purposes (...); Article 2 No one shall in his or her relations with the public institutions be coerced to divulge an opinion in a political, religious, cultural or other such connection. Nor may anyone in his or her relations with the public institutions be coerced to participate in a meeting for the shaping of opinion or a demonstration or other manifestation of opinion, or to belong to a political association, religious community or other association for opinion
referred to in sentence one; Article 3 No record in a public register concerning a Swedish citizen may be based without his or her consent solely on his or her political opinions.
Chapter 1 - Basic provisions: Article 1 Every Swedish citizen is guaranteed the right under this Fundamental Law, vis-à-vis the public institutions, publicly to express his or her thoughts, opinions and sentiments, and in general to communicate information on any subject whatsoever on sound radio, television and certain similar transmissions, through public playback of material from a database, and in films, video recordings, sound recordings and other technical recordings. The purpose of freedom of expression under this Fundamental Law is to secure the free exchange of opinion, free and comprehensive information, and freedom of artistic creation. No restriction of this freedom shall be permitted other than such as follows from this Fundamental Law. (...); Article 2 Every Swedish citizen is guaranteed the right to communicate information on any subject whatsoever to authors and other originators, as well as to editors, editorial offices, news agencies and enterprises for the production of technical recordings for publication in radio programmes or such recordings. He or she also has the right to procure information on any subject whatsoever for such communication or publication. No restriction of these rights shall be permitted other than such as follows from this Fundamental Law; 3§ There shall be no prior scrutiny by a public authority or other public body of a matter which is intended for release in a radio programme or technical recording. Nor is it permitted for public authorities or other public bodies to prohibit or prevent the release or dissemination to the general public of a radio programme or technical recording on grounds of its known or expected content, except by virtue of this Fundamental Law.(...)
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The Freedom of the Press Act
Chapter 1 - On the freedom of press: Article 1 The freedom of the press is understood to mean the right of every Swedish citizen to publish written matter, without prior hindrance by a public authority or other public body, and not to be prosecuted thereafter on grounds of its content other than before a lawful court, or punished
therefore other than because the content contravenes an express provision of law, enacted to preserve public order without suppressing information to the public. (...); Article 2 No written matter shall be scrutinised prior to printing, nor shall it be permitted to prohibit the printing thereof. Nor shall it be permitted for a public authority or other public body to take any action not authorised under this Act to prevent the printing or publication of written matter, or its dissemination among the general public, on grounds of its content; Article 3 No person may be prosecuted, held liable under penal law, or held liable for damages, on account of an abuse of the freedom of the press or complicity therein, nor may the publication be confiscated or impounded other than as prescribed and in the cases specified in this Act.
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1 kapitlet - Grundläggande bestämmelser: 1 § Varje svensk medborgare är gentemot det allmänna tillförsäkrad rätt enligt denna grundlag att i ljudradio, television och vissa liknande överföringar, offentliga uppspelningar ur en databas samt filmer, videogram, ljudupptagningar och andra tekniska upptagningar offentligen uttrycka tankar, åsikter och känslor och i övrigt lämna uppgifter i vilket ämne som helst. Yttrandefriheten enligt denna grundlag har till ändamål att säkra ett fritt meningsutbyte, en fri och allsidig upplysning och ett fritt konstnärligt skapande. I den får inga andra begränsningar göras än de som följer av denna grundlag. (...); 2 § Varje svensk medborgare är tillförsäkrad rätt att till författare och andra upphovsmän samt till utgivare, redaktioner, nyhetsbyråer och företag för framställning av tekniska upptagningar lämna uppgifter i vilket ämne som helst för offentliggörande i radioprogram och sådana upptagningar. Han har också rätt att anskaffa uppgifter i vilket ämne som helst för sådant uppgiftslämnande eller offentliggörande. I dessa rättigheter får inga andra begränsningar göras än de som följer av denna grundlag; 3 § Det får inte förekomma att något som är avsett att framföras i ett radioprogram eller en teknisk upptagning först måste granskas av en myndighet eller något annat allmänt organ. Inte heller är det tillåtet för myndigheter och andra allmänna organ att utan stöd i denna grundlag, på grund av det kända eller väntade innehållet i ett radioprogram eller en teknisk upptagning, förbjuda eller hindra dess offentliggörande eller spridning bland allmänheten.(...)
Read more about Yttrandefrihetsgrundlag (1991:1469)
1 kapitlet - Om tryckfrihet 1 § Med tryckfrihet förstås varje svensk medborgares rätt att, utan några av myndighet eller annat allmänt organ i förväg lagda hinder, utgiva skrifter, att sedermera endast inför laglig domstol kunna tilltalas för deras innehåll, och att icke i annat fall kunna straffas därför, än om detta innehåll strider mot tydlig lag, given att bevara allmänt lugn, utan att återhålla allmän upplysning. I överensstämmelse med de i första stycket angivna grunderna för en allmän tryckfrihet och till säkerställande av ett fritt meningsutbyte och en allsidig upplysning skall det stå varje svensk medborgare fritt att, med iakttagande av de bestämmelser som äro i denna förordning meddelade till skydd för enskild rätt och allmän säkerhet, i tryckt skrift yttra sina tankar och åsikter, offentliggöra allmänna handlingar samt meddela uppgifter och underrättelser i vad ämne som helst. (...); 2 § Någon tryckningen föregående granskning av skrift eller något förbud mot tryckning därav må ej förekomma. Ej heller vare tillåtet för myndighet eller annat allmänt organ att på grund av skrifts innehåll, genom åtgärd som icke äger stöd i denna förordning, hindra tryckning eller utgivning av skriften eller dess spridning bland allmänheten; 3 § För missbruk av tryckfriheten eller medverkan däri må ej någon i annan ordning eller i annat fall än denna förordning bestämmer kunna tilltalas eller dömas till ansvar eller ersättningsskyldighet eller skriften konfiskeras eller läggas under beslag.
Read more about Tryckfrihetsförordning (1949:105)
See ECHR provisions of Article 10 which have been incorporated into UK law by the Human Rights Act 1998. Schedule 1 Article 10 Freedom of expression
1Everyone has the right to freedom of expression. This right shall include freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authority and regardless of frontiers. This Article shall not prevent States from requiring the licensing of broadcasting, television or cinema enterprises.
2The exercise of these freedoms, since it carries with it duties and responsibilities, may be subject to such formalities, conditions, restrictions or penalties as are prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic society, in the interests of national security, territorial integrity or public safety, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, for the protection of the reputation or rights of others, for preventing the disclosure of information received in confidence, or for maintaining the authority and impartiality of the judiciary.
Read more about Human Rights Act 1998
Section 12 Freedom of expression (1) This section applies if a court is considering whether to grant any relief which, if granted, might affect the exercise of the Convention right to freedom of expression. (2) If the person against whom the application for relief is made (“the respondent”) is neither present nor represented, no such relief is to be granted unless the court is satisfied— (a) that the applicant has taken all practicable steps to notify the respondent; or (b) that there are compelling reasons why the respondent should not be notified. (3) No such relief is to be granted so as to restrain publication before trial unless the court is satisfied that the applicant is likely to establish that publication should not be allowed. (4) The court must have particular regard to the importance of the Convention right to freedom of expression and, where the proceedings relate to material which the respondent claims, or which appears to the court, to be journalistic, literary or artistic material (or to conduct connected with such material), to— (a) the extent to which— (i) the material has, or is about to, become available to the public; or (ii) it is, or would be, in the public interest for the material to be published; (b) any relevant privacy code. (5) In this section— “court” includes a tribunal; and “relief” includes any remedy or order (other than in criminal proceedings).
Section 1 General right of access to information held by public authorities.
(1)Any person making a request for information to a public authority is entitled—
(b)has informed the applicant of that requirement,the authority is not obliged to comply with subsection (1) unless it is supplied with that further information.
(b)which is to be communicated under subsection (1)(b),is the information in question held at the time when the request is received, except that account may be taken of any amendment or deletion made between that time and the time when the information is to be communicated under subsection (1)(b), being an amendment or deletion that would have been made regardless of the receipt of the request.
Read more about Freedom of Information Act 2000
Part 1 Regulation of biometric dataPart 5 Chapter 2 Criminal recordsPart 6 Freedom of information and data protection
Read more about The Protection of Freedoms Act 2012
CJEU - C-160/15 / Judgment
CJEU - C-486/14 / Opinion
CJEU - C-157/14 / Judgment
CJEU - C-157/14 / Opinion
CJEU - C 293/12 and C 594/12 / Judgment
CJEU - C 131/12 / Opinion
CJEU - C 234/12 / Opinion
CJEU - C 283/11 / Judgment
CJEU - C 283/11 / Opinion
CJEU - C 360/10 / Judgment
CJEU - C 145/10 / Judgment
CJEU - C 70/10 / Judgment
CJEU - C 163/10 / Judgment
CJEU - Joined cases C 244/10 and C 245/10 / Judgment
CJEU - C 421/07 / Judgment
CJEU - C 101/01 / Judgment
Vnitrostátní soud
Austria / Constitutional Court / G47/2012 ua
Bulgaria / Supreme Administrative Court / 15050/2013
Croatia / Constitutional Court / U-I-3861/2013
Italy / Court of Cassation, Criminal Division V / 7155
Lithuania / Supreme Administrative Court / eA-631-143/2017
Malta / Criminal Court of Appeal / 98/2011
Netherlands / District Court The Hague / C/09/480009 / KG ZA 14/1575
Slovakia / Constitutional Court / PL. ÚS 10/2014-78
Slovakia / Constitutional Court / PL. ÚS 10/2014
Slovenia / Constitutional Court / U-I-65/13-19
Spain / Supreme Court, civil section / STS 2957/2015
FRA publikování
Read more about Civil society space: views of organisations
Challenges facing civil society organisations working on human rights in the EU – Summary
Civil society organisations in the European Union play a crucial role in promoting fundamental rights, but it has become harder for them do so – due to both legal and practical restrictions. This summary outlines the main findings and FRA’s opinions on the different types and patterns of challenges faced by civil society organisations across the EU,
Read more about Challenges facing civil society organisations working on human rights in the EU – Summary
Read more about Incitement in media content and political discourse in Member States of the European Union
Protection against discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation, gender identity and sex characteristics in the EU – Comparative legal analysis – Update 2015
While awareness of the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) persons is on the rise across the European Union, hurdles to their full enjoyment of their fundamental rights remain. This report updates FRA’s 2010 report on homophobia, transphobia and discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation and gender identity.
Read more about Protection against discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation, gender identity and sex characteristics in the EU – Comparative legal analysis – Update 2015
Reactions to the Paris attacks in the EU: fundamental rights considerations
The events that took place in France and Belgium in January 2015 had tremendous impact across the European Union (EU) and beyond. In the immediate aftermath of the events in Paris, FRA collected responses across Europe, focusing on Jewish and Muslim community organisations, political leaders, civil society and the media. The current paper provides an overview of this material and should be regarded as a snapshot of a rapidly changing situation.
Read more about Reactions to the Paris attacks in the EU: fundamental rights considerations
Data protection reform package FRA opinion – October 2012
Data protection is an issue that affects a number of fundamental rights contained in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU. This factsheet discusses some of the key points mentioned in the opinion.
Read more about Data protection reform package FRA opinion – October 2012
The legal protection of persons with mental health problems under non-discrimination law
This report is the second publication from the legal study carried out in the context of the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights' (FRA) project on the ‘Fundamental rights of persons with intellectual disabilities and persons with mental health problems'.
Read more about The legal protection of persons with mental health problems under non-discrimination law
Homophobia, transphobia and discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation and gender identity in the EU Member States
The European Union (EU) is founded on the values of equality and non-discrimination, and through its policies works to combat discrimination, including discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity. This report of the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) twins its research findings in the field with the relevant EU standards in a short and easy-to-read publication designed to equip those who shape policy with the information they need to develop a coherent and systematic approach to the protection of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transsexual (LGBT) rights.
Read more about Homophobia, transphobia and discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation and gender identity in the EU Member States
Homophobia, transphobia and discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation and gender identity
This report updates the FRA comparative legal analysis of discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity first published in June 2008. It presents the situation as it stood at the end of 2009, though information gathered in 2010 has been incorporated to the greatest possible extent. Five main trends among EU Member States can be noted from the information presented in this report.
Read more about Homophobia, transphobia and discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation and gender identity
Článek 10 - Svoboda myšlení, svědomí a náboženského vyznání
Článek 12 - Svoboda shromažďování a sdružování
Představujeme agenturu FRA