Source: https://austroads.com.au/publications/pavement/agpt02
Timestamp: 2019-05-26 01:03:38
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AGPT02-18 | Austroads
AGPT02-18
Publication no: AGPT02-17
ISBN: 978-1-925671-11-7
Edition: 4.2
Guide to Pavement Technology Part 2: Pavement Structural Design provides advice for the structural design of sealed road pavements. The advice has been generally developed from the approaches followed by the Austroads member agencies. However, as it encompasses the wide range of materials and conditions found in Australia and New Zealand, some parts are broadly based.
This Part covers the assessment of input parameters needed for design, design methods for flexible and rigid pavements and gives guidance on the economic comparisons of alternative pavement designs.
AustPADS
In association with the revised 2017 edition of the Austroads Guide to Pavement Technology Part 2, pavement design software incorporating a finite element method based pavement response to load model has been developed.
This web-based software tool, AustPADS, is currently being finalised and it is expected to be made available early in 2018 for use by member road agencies and industry organisations working with road agencies.
A user name and password is required to access the software. Advice on establishing access to the AustPADS software tool will be provided when the software is available.
A 12 month member agency focussed trial of the AustPADS software has been agreed by the Austroads Pavements Task Force to commence in early 2018.
The primary target users for AustPADS are Austroads member road agencies in Australia and New Zealand and industry organisations working with member road agencies. During the trial period, access credentials will be prioritised for this target user group. Access may not be granted to other potential users until a later date.
Edition 4.2 Published October 2018
Corrections to equation numbering from Section 7.4.7 onwards.
Edition 4.1 published September 2018
Corrections to 7.4.6 Cumulative Number of Heavy Vehicles Considering Capacity and Appendix D.
Edition 4.0 published December 2017
Changes to this edition of the Guide include:
Editorial changes and minor technical changes throughout
Major technical changes to Sections 5.3.8, 5.8, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 7, 8, 9.2.1, 9.4.6, 9.7, Appendix B, Appendix C, Appendix D, Appendix E, Appendix F, Appendix G, Appendix H, Appendix I, Appendix J, Appendix L, Appendix M and Appendix O.
AGPT02-17 Appendix E TLD data
1.1 Scope of the Guide and this Part
1.2 Project Scope and Background Data Requirements for Design
1.2.1 Investigation and Design Proposal
2. Pavement Design Systems
2.2 Common Pavement Types
2.2.2 Granular Pavements with Sprayed Seal Surfacings
2.2.3 Cemented Granular Bases with Sprayed Seal Surfacings
2.2.4 Granular Pavements with Thin Asphalt Surfacings
2.2.5 Asphalt over Granular Pavements
2.2.6 Flexible Composite, Deep Strength and Full Depth Asphalt Pavements
2.2.7 Concrete Pavements
2.3 Overview of Pavement Design Systems
2.3.1 Input Variables
2.3.2 Selecting a Trial Pavement Configuration
2.3.3 Structural Analysis
2.3.4 Distress Prediction
2.3.5 Comparison of Alternative Designs
3. Construction and Maintenance Considerations
3.2 Extent and Type of Drainage
3.2.1 Purpose and Details of Drainage Measures
3.2.2 Drainage of Pavement Materials
3.2.3 Use of a Drainage Blanket
3.2.4 Permeable Pavements on Moisture-sensitive Subgrades
3.2.5 Full Depth Asphalt Pavements on Moisture-sensitive Subgrades
3.2.6 Treatment of Stormwater Run-off
3.3 Use of Boxed Construction
3.4 Availability of Equipment
3.5 Use of Staged Construction
3.6 Use of Stabilisation
3.7 Pavement Layering Considerations
3.8 Use of Strain Alleviating Membrane Interlayers
3.9 Environmental and Safety Constraints
3.10 Social Considerations
3.11 Construction under Traffic
3.12 Maintenance Strategy
3.13 Acceptable Risk
3.14 Improved Subgrades
3.14.1 Soft Subgrades
3.14.2 Improved Layers under Bound Layers
3.15 Surfacing Type
3.15.1 Sprayed Seals
3.15.2 Asphalt or Concrete Surfaces
3.15.3 Open-graded Asphalt
3.15.4 Surfacings in Tunnels
3.16 Pavement Widenings
4.2 Moisture Environment
4.2.1 Equilibrium Moisture Content
4.3 Temperature Environment
5. Subgrade Evaluation
5.2 Measures of Subgrade Support
5.3 Factors to be Considered in Estimating Subgrade Support
5.3.1 Subgrade Variability
5.3.2 Performance Risk
5.3.3 Sequence of Earthworks Construction
5.3.4 Compaction Moisture Content Used and Field Density Achieved
5.3.5 Moisture Changes during Service Life
5.3.6 Pavement Cross-section and Subsurface Drainage
5.3.7 Presence of Weak Layers below the Design Subgrade Level
5.3.8 Lime-stabilised Subgrades
5.4 Methods for Determining Subgrade Design CBR Value
5.5 Field Determination of Subgrade CBR
5.5.1 In situ CBR Test
5.5.2 Cone Penetrometers
5.5.3 Deflection Testing
5.6 Laboratory Determination of Subgrade CBR and Elastic Parameters
5.6.1 Determination of Density for Laboratory Testing
5.6.2 Determination of Moisture Conditions for Laboratory Testing
5.7 Adoption of Presumptive CBR Values
5.8 Limiting Subgrade Strain Criterion
6. Pavement Materials
6.2 Unbound Granular Materials
6.2.2 Factors Influencing Modulus and Poisson’s Ratio
6.2.3 Determination of Modulus of Unbound Granular Materials
6.2.4 Permanent Deformation
6.3 Modified Granular Materials
6.4 Cemented Materials
6.4.2 Factors Affecting Modulus of Cemented Materials
6.4.3 Determination of Design Modulus
6.4.4 Determination of Design Flexural Strength
6.4.5 Factors Affecting the Fatigue Life of Cemented Materials
6.4.6 Determining the In-service Fatigue Characteristics from Laboratory Fatigue Measurements
6.4.7 Determining the In-service Fatigue Characteristics from Laboratory Measured Flexural Strength and Modulus
6.4.8 Determining the In-service Fatigue Characteristics from Presumptive Flexural Strength and Modulus
6.5 Asphalt
6.5.2 Factors Affecting Modulus of Asphalt
6.5.3 Definition of Asphalt Design Modulus
6.5.4 Determination of Design Modulus from Direct Measurement of Flexural Modulus
6.5.5 Determination of Design Modulus from Measurement of ITT Modulus
6.5.6 Design Modulus from Bitumen Properties and Mix Volumetric Properties
6.5.7 Design Modulus from Published Data
6.5.8 Poisson’s Ratio
6.5.9 Factors Affecting Asphalt Fatigue Life
6.5.10 Fatigue Criteria
6.5.11 Means of Determining Asphalt Fatigue Characteristics
6.5.12 Permanent Deformation of Asphalt
6.6 Concrete
6.6.2 Subbase Concrete
6.6.3 Subbase Concrete for Flexible Pavements
6.6.4 Base Concrete
7. Design Traffic
7.2 Role of Traffic in Pavement Design
7.3 Overview of Procedure for Determining Design Traffic
7.4 Procedure for Determining Total Heavy Vehicle Axle Groups
7.4.2 Selection of Design Period
7.4.3 Identification of Design Lane
7.4.4 Initial Daily Heavy Vehicles in the Design Lane
7.4.5 Cumulative Number of Heavy Vehicles when Below Capacity
7.4.6 Cumulative Number of Heavy Vehicles Considering Capacity
7.4.7 Cumulative Heavy Vehicle Axle Groups
7.4.8 Increases in Load Magnitude
7.5 Estimation of Traffic Load Distribution (TLD)
7.6 Design Traffic for Flexible Pavements
7.6.1 Damage to Flexible Pavements
7.6.2 Pavement Damage in Terms of Equivalent Standard Axle Repetitions
7.6.3 Design Traffic for Mechanistic-empirical Design Procedure
7.7 Design Traffic for Rigid Pavements
7.8 Example of Design Traffic Calculations
8. Design of Flexible Pavements
8.2 Mechanistic-empirical Procedure
8.2.1 Selection of Trial Pavement
8.2.2 Procedure for Elastic Characterisation of Selected Subgrade and Lime‑stabilised Subgrade Materials
8.2.3 Procedure for Elastic Characterisation of Granular Material
8.2.4 Procedure for Determining Critical Strains for Asphalt, Cemented Material and Lean‑mix Concrete
8.2.5 Procedure for Determining Allowable Loading for Asphalt, Cemented Material and Lean‑mix Concrete
8.2.6 Consideration of Post-cracking Phase in Cemented Material and Lean-mix Concrete
8.2.7 Design of Granular Pavements with Thin Bituminous Surfacings
8.3 Empirical Design of Granular Pavements with Thin Bituminous Surfacing
8.3.1 Determination of Basic Thickness
8.3.2 Pavement Composition
9. Design of Rigid Pavements
9.2 Pavement Types
9.2.1 Base Types
9.2.2 Subbase Types
9.2.3 Wearing Surface
9.3 Factors used in Thickness Determination
9.3.1 Strength of Subgrade
9.3.2 Effective Subgrade Strength
9.3.3 Base Concrete Strength
9.3.4 Design Traffic
9.3.5 Concrete Shoulders
9.3.6 Project Reliability
9.4 Base Thickness Design
9.4.2 Base Thickness Design Procedure
9.4.3 Minimum Base Thickness
9.4.4 Example of the Use of the Design Procedure
9.4.5 Example Design Charts
9.4.6 Provision of Dowels
9.4.7 Provision of Tiebars
9.5 Reinforcement Design Procedures
9.5.2 Reinforcement in Plain Concrete Pavements
9.5.3 Reinforcement in Jointed Reinforced Pavements
9.5.4 Reinforcement in Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavements
9.6 Base Anchors
9.7 Joint Types and Design
9.7.2 Transverse Contraction Joints
9.7.3 Transverse Construction Joints
9.7.4 Expansion and Isolation Joints
9.7.5 Longitudinal Joints
9.7.6 Joint Design
10. Economic Comparison of Designs
10.2 Method for Economic Comparison
10.3 Construction Costs
10.4 Maintenance Costs
10.5 Salvage Value
10.6 Real Discount Rate
10.7 Analysis Period
10.8 Road User Costs
10.9 Surfacing Service Lives
11. Implementation of Design and Collection of Feedback
11.1 Implementation of Design
11.2 Collection of Feedback
11.2.1 Need
11.2.2 Benefits
11.2.3 Current Australian LTPP Program
11.2.4 Data Collection
12. Design of Lightly-Trafficked Pavements
12.2 Pavement Design Systems
12.2.1 Selecting a Trial Pavement Configuration
12.3 Construction and Maintenance Considerations
12.3.1 Extent and Type of Drainage
12.3.2 Use of Boxed Construction
12.3.3 Availability of Equipment
12.3.4 Use of Staged Construction
12.3.5 Environmental and Safety Constraints
12.3.6 Social Considerations
12.3.7 Maintenance Strategy
12.4 Environment
12.4.1 General
12.4.2 Moisture
12.4.3 Temperature
12.5 Subgrade Evaluation
12.5.1 Methods for Estimating Subgrade Support Value
12.6 Pavement Materials
12.6.1 Unbound Granular Materials
12.6.2 Cemented Materials
12.6.3 Asphalt
12.6.4 Concrete
12.7 Design Traffic
12.7.1 Procedure for Determining Total Heavy Vehicle Axle Groups
12.7.2 Design Traffic for Flexible Pavements
12.8 Design of Flexible Pavements
12.8.1 Mechanistic-empirical Procedure
12.8.2 Empirical Design of Granular Pavements with Thin Bituminous Surfacing
12.8.3 Mechanistic-empirical Procedure – Example Charts
12.9 Design of Rigid Pavements
12.9.1 General
12.9.2 Pavement Types
12.9.3 Factors Used in Thickness Determination
12.9.4 Base Thickness Design
12.9.5 Reinforcement Design Procedures
12.9.6 Joints
12.10 Implementation of Design and Collection of Feedback
Appendix A Australasian Road Agency Pavement Design Manuals or Supplements
Appendix B Appendix B	Weighted Mean Annual Pavement Temperature
Appendix C Calculating CGF For Non‑Constant Annual Growth Rates
Appendix D Example Determination of Cumulative Number of Heavy Vehicles Considering Capacity
Appendix D 1 Calculation of Annual Number of Heavy Vehicles
Appendix D 2 Calculation of Maximum Annual Number of Heavy Vehicles
Appendix D 3 Adjusted Annual Number of Heavy Vehicles
Appendix D 4 Cumulative Number of Heavy Vehicles
Appendix E Characteristics of Traffic at Selected WIM Sites
Appendix F Adjustment of Design Traffic for Anticipated Increases in Load Magnitude
Appendix G Traffic Load Distribution
Appendix H Damage in Terms of Equivalent Standard Axles
Appendix H 1 Evaluation of Number of Equivalent Standard Axle (ESA) Repetitions per Axle Group
Appendix H 2 Specification of Design Traffic Loading and its Calculation
Appendix I Example of Design Traffic Calculations
Appendix I 1 Total Number of Heavy Vehicle Axle Groups
Appendix I 2 Design Traffic for Flexible Pavements
Appendix I 2.1 Estimating Equivalent Standard Axles per Heavy Vehicle Axle Group
Appendix I 2.2 Design Traffic Loading Calculation in ESA
Appendix I 2.3 Design Traffic Loading Calculation for Bound Materials
Appendix I 3 Design Traffic for Rigid Pavements
Appendix J Procedures for Evaluation of Pavement Damage Due to Specialised Vehicles
Appendix J 1 Introduction
Appendix J 2 Granular Pavements with Thin Bituminous Surfacings
Appendix J 3 Flexible Pavements which include Bound Materials
Appendix J 4 Rigid Pavements
Appendix J 5 Attachment – Example of the Use of Evaluation Procedures for Specialised Vehicles
Appendix K Effect of Asphalt Thickness on Fatigue Life of Asphalt‑Surfaced Pavements
Appendix L Examples of Use of the Mechanistic-Empirical Procedure for Flexible Pavements
Appendix L 1 Sprayed Seal Surfaced Unbound Granular Pavement
Appendix L 2 Full Depth Asphalt Pavement
Appendix L 3 Asphalt Pavement Containing Cemented Material Subbase
Appendix M Examples of Use of the Empirical Design Charts for Granular Pavements with Thin Bituminous Surfacings
Appendix M 1 Example 1: Utilising Unbound Granular Materials
Appendix M 2 Example 2: Utilising Crushed Rocks and Selected Subgrade Materials
Appendix M 3 Example 3: Utilising Crushed Rocks and Lime‑stabilised Subgrade Materials
Appendix N Examples of Use of the Design Procedure for Rigid Pavements
Appendix O Traffic Load Distributions for Lightly-Trafficked Roads
Table 1.1: Project scope and required background data
Table 2.1: Typical project reliability levels
Table 2.2: Distress modes for flexible and rigid pavements
Table 5.1: Use of subgrade support measures
Table 5.2: Guide to classification of expansive soils
Table 5.3: Typical moisture conditions for laboratory CBR testing
Table 5.4: Typical presumptive subgrade design CBR values
Table 6.1: Pavement material categories and characteristics
Table 6.2: Factors affecting modulus of granular materials and effect of increasing factor values
Table 6.3: Presumptive values for elastic characterisation of unbound granular materials under thin bituminous surfacings
Table 6.4: Suggested vertical modulus of top sublayer of normal standard base material
Table 6.5: Suggested vertical modulus of top sublayer of high standard base material
Table 6.6: Factors affecting modulus of cemented materials and effect of increasing factor values
Table 6.7: Presumptive values for elastic characterisation of cemented materials
Table 6.8: Suggested reliability factors (RF) for cemented materials fatigue
Table 6.9: Presumptive fatigue constants
Table 6.10: Selection of nominal size of dense graded asphalt mix
Table 6.11: Factors affecting modulus of asphalt and effect of increasing factor values
Table 6.12: Relationships for determining PI and T800 pen from bitumen penetration and viscosity data
Table 6.13: Factors to estimate the modulus of polymer modified binder asphalts for modulus estimated from the Shell nomographs using a Class 320 bitumen
Table 6.14: Modulus (MPa) of typical Australian dense-graded asphalts determined on laboratory-manufactured samples using the indirect tensile test procedure and standard test conditions and 5% air voids
Table 6.15: Effect of increasing mixture variables on fatigue life and flexural stiffness
Table 6.16: Suggested reliability factors (RF) for asphalt fatigue
Table 6.17: Factors affecting the stability of asphalt
Table 6.18: Presumptive values for elastic characterisation of lean-mix concrete
Table 6.19: Presumptive fatigue constants for lean-mix concrete
Table 7.1: Austroads vehicle classification system
Table 7.2: Typical pavement design periods
Table 7.3: Typical lane distribution factors
Table 7.4: CGF values for below-capacity traffic flow
Table 7.5: Capacity flow rates
Table 7.6: Presumptive numbers of heavy vehicle axle groups per heavy vehicle (NHVAG)
Table 7.7: Loads on axle groups with dual tyres which cause same damage as a Standard Axle
Table 7.8: Loads on axle groups with single tyres which cause same damage as a Standard Axle
Table 7.9: Suggested upper limits on design traffic for asphalt fatigue
Table 8.1: Mechanistic-empirical design procedure: input requirements
Table 8.2: Mechanistic-empirical design procedure: calculation of critical strains
Table 8.3: Mechanistic-empirical design procedure: interpretation of results
Table 8.4: Elastic characterisation of post-cracking phase of lean-mix concrete
Table 9.1: Minimum subbase requirements for rigid pavements
Table 9.2: Load safety factors (LSF) for rigid pavement types
Table 9.3: Design procedure for base thickness
Table 9.4: Coefficients for prediction of equivalent stresses
Table 9.5: Coefficients for prediction of erosion factors for undowelled bases
Table 9.6: Coefficients for prediction of erosion factors for dowelled or CRCP bases
Table 9.7: Minimum base thickness
Table 9.8: Example design charts for various traffic and pavement configurations
Table 9.9: Minimum dowel bar diameters for concrete pavements
Table 9.10: Estimated values for coefficient of friction
Table 12.1: Typical asphalt layer thicknesses
Table 12.2: Indicative heavy vehicle axle group volumes for lightly-trafficked urban streets
Table 12.3: Catalogue of light traffic example design charts
Table 12.4: Values of input parameters adopted for development of example design charts
Table 12.5: Traffic load distribution used in development of example design charts
Table 12.6: Steel reinforcement for slabs up to 15 m long
Table D 1: Heavy vehicle calculations
Table E 1: Characteristics of traffic at selected WIM sites
Table G 1: Example traffic load distribution
Table I 1: Project traffic load distribution
Table I 2: Project traffic load distribution by proportion of axle groups of each type and load
Table I 3: ESA for each axle group load of each axle group type
Table I 4: ESA for each axle group load of each axle group type
Table J 1: Load radii for various wide single tyres
Table J 2: Load radii for various dual tyres
Table L 1: Candidate pavement: sprayed seal surfaced unbound granular pavement
Table L 2: Elastic properties of unbound granular material sublayers
Table L 3: Candidate pavement: full depth asphalt pavement
Table L 4: Elastic properties of full depth asphalt pavement structure
Table L 5: Calculation of expected repetitions – single axle/single tyre (SAST) – full depth asphalt pavement
Table L 6: Calculation of expected repetitions – triaxle axle group/dual tyres (TRDT) – full depth asphalt pavement
Table L 7: Calculation of asphalt damage – single axle/single tyre (SAST) – full depth asphalt pavement
Table L 8: Calculation of asphalt damage – triaxle group/dual tyres (TRDT) – full depth asphalt pavement
Table L 9: Total group asphalt fatigue damage – full depth asphalt pavement
Table L 10: Candidate pavement: pavement with cemented material subbase
Table L 11: Elastic properties of pavement with cemented material subbase
Table L 12: Calculation of asphalt damage for pre-cracking cemented material phase – SAST
Table L 13: Calculation of asphalt damage for pre-cracking cemented material phase – TRDT
Table L 14: Calculation of asphalt damage for post-cracking cemented material phase – SAST
Table L 15: Calculation of asphalt damage for post-cracking cemented material phase – TRDT
Table L 16: Total group asphalt fatigue damage for both cemented material phases
Table L 17: Calculation of cemented material damage for pre-cracking phase – SAST
Table L 18: Calculation of cemented material damage for pre-cracking phase – TRDT
Table L 19: Total group cemented material fatigue damage for pre-cracking phase
Table M 1: Example 1 final design
Table M 2: Example 2 trial design
Table M 3: Example 2 final design
Table M 4: Example 3 final design
Table N 1: Calculation of expected repetitions – single axle/single tyre (SAST)
Table N 2: Calculation of expected repetitions – triaxle group/dual tyres (TRDT)
Table N 3: Calculation of allowable repetitions and damaged caused by each group load – SAST
Table N 4: Calculation of allowable repetitions and damaged caused by each group load – TRDT
Figure 1.1: Components of flexible and rigid road pavement structures
Figure 1.2: Primary factors influencing pavement performance
Figure 2.1: Pavement design system
Figure 4.1: Moisture movements in road pavements
Figure 5.1: Example of variation of CBR with density and moisture content for clayey sand
Figure 5.2: Methods for estimating subgrade support values
Figure 5.3: Correlation between dynamic cone penetration and CBR for fine-grained cohesive soils
Figure 6.1: Example relationships between modulus and dry density
Figure 6.2: Example relationships between modulus and moisture content
Figure 6.3: Example relationships between modulus and stress level
Figure 6.4: Example relationships between permanent strain and loading cycles
Figure 6.5: Cross-sectional view of flexural beam testing apparatus for cemented materials
Figure 6.6: In-service fatigue constants K determined from cemented materials design modulus and flexural strength (FS)
Figure 6.7: Variation of ratio of modulus at in-service air voids to modulus at 5% air voids with air voids content
Figure 6.8: Example of the variation of laboratory measured flexural modulus with temperature and load frequency
Figure 6.9: Variation of modulus at WMAPT to modulus from standard indirect tensile test with WMAPT (mixes with conventional binders only)
Figure 6.10: Variation of ratio of modulus at vehicle speed V to modulus from standard indirect tensile test (40 ms rise time) with design speed (conventional mixes only)
Figure 6.11: Nomograph for determining modulus of conventional bituminous binders
Figure 6.12: Nomograph for predicting the modulus of asphalt
Figure 6.13: Example plots of tensile strain against load repetitions to asphalt fatigue for a project reliability of 95%
Figure 6.14: Example of mix specific fatigue curve
Figure 6.15: Factors affecting mix stability
Figure 7.1: Dominant vehicles in each Austroads class
Figure 7.2: Procedure for determining design traffic
Figure 7.3: Maximum annual heavy vehicles in design lane for EHV \= 2
Figure 8.1: Design procedure for flexible pavements
Figure 8.2: Pavement model for mechanistic-empirical procedure
Figure 8.3: Flexible pavement design system for granular pavements with thin bituminous surfacing
Figure 8.4: Design chart for granular pavements with thin bituminous surfacing
Figure 9.1: Effective increase in subgrade strength due to the provision of bound or lean‑mix concrete subbase (LCS) course (to be used for rigid pavement thickness design)
Figure 9.2: Example design chart for plain concrete pavements without dowelled joints for combinations of two effective subgrade strengths and two load safety factors
Figure 9.3: Example design chart for CRCP or pavements with dowelled joints for combinations of two effective subgrade strengths and two load safety factors
Figure 9.4: Typical joints in concrete road pavements
Figure 9.5: Example of PCP sawn transverse contraction joint
Figure 9.6: Example of PCP formed and tied transverse construction joint
Figure 9.7: Example of JRCP formed and tied transverse construction joint at a planned joint
Figure 9.8: Example of CRCP formed and tied transverse construction joint
Figure 9.9: Example of PCP isolation joint with subgrade beam (left) and PCP expansion joint with dowel (right)
Figure 9.10: Sawn and sealed (left) and formed PCP (right) longitudinal joint types
Figure 12.1: Lightly-trafficked street categories
Figure 12.2: Example design chart for lightly-trafficked granular pavements with thin bituminous surfacings
Figure 12.3: Presumptive asphalt moduli of dense graded mixes with Class 320 binder for various heavy vehicle design speeds (km/h)
Figure 12.4: Example design chart for asphalt surfaced granular pavement with asphalt modulus of 1000 MPa and subgrade modulus of 30 MPa
Figure 12.5: Example design chart for asphalt surfaced granular pavement with asphalt modulus of 1000 MPa and subgrade modulus of 50 MPa
Figure 12.6: Example design chart for asphalt surfaced granular pavement with asphalt modulus of 1000 MPa and subgrade modulus of 70 MPa
Figure 12.7: Example design chart for asphalt surfaced granular pavement with asphalt modulus of 2000 MPa and subgrade modulus of 30 MPa
Figure 12.8: Example design chart for asphalt surfaced granular pavement with asphalt modulus of 2000 MPa and subgrade modulus of 50 MPa
Figure 12.9: Example design chart for asphalt surfaced granular pavement with asphalt modulus of 2000 MPa and subgrade modulus of 70 MPa
Figure 12.10: Example design chart for asphalt surfaced granular pavement with asphalt modulus of 3500 MPa and subgrade modulus of 30 MPa
Figure 12.11: Example design chart for asphalt surfaced granular pavement with asphalt modulus of 3500 MPa and subgrade modulus of 50 MPa
Figure 12.12: Example design chart for asphalt surfaced granular pavement with asphalt modulus of 3500 MPa and subgrade modulus of 70 MPa
Figure 12.13: Example design chart for lightly-trafficked roads with tied or integral concrete shoulders (LSF \= 1.05)
Figure 12.14: Example design chart for lightly-trafficked roads with tied or integral concrete shoulders (LSF \= 1.2)
Figure 12.15: Example design chart for lightly-trafficked roads without tied or integral concrete shoulders (LSF \= 1.05)
Figure 12.16: Example design chart for lightly-trafficked roads without tied or integral concrete shoulders (LSF \= 1.2)
Figure J 1: Variation in tyre load radius of 16R25 and 20.5R25 tyres with tyre load and inflation pressure
Figure K 1: General relationship between asphalt thickness and horizontal strain at the base of an asphalt layer
Figure M 1: Example 1 use of Figure 8.4 to obtain total thickness of material over subgrade and the pavement composition
Figure M 2: Example 2 use of Figure 8.4 to obtain total thickness of material with selected subgrade and the pavement composition
Figure M 3: Example 3 use of Figure 12.2 to obtain total thickness of material with lime-stabilised subgrade and the pavement composition
Webinar: Pavement Design - Guide to Pavement Technology Parts 2 and 4C (2017 Editions)
WEB-AGPT-18
Stabilised materials guidance updated
Foamed bitumen stabilised materials showing good deformation performance