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Timestamp: 2015-05-03 08:55:22
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Matched Legal Cases: ['Application No. 91', 'Application No. 101', 'Application No. 3', 'Application No. 4', 'Application No. 4', 'Application No. 73', 'Application No. 5', 'Application No. 4', 'in fine', 'Application No. 73']

Patent US4318738 - Amorphous carbon alloys and articles manufactured from said alloys - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsAmorphous alloys containing carbon as a metalloid having the amorphous alloy forming ability are low in the production cost because of use of carbon as the metalloid, do not generate harmful gas during production and are easily produced. These alloys have high strength, hardness, crystallizing temperature,...http://www.google.com/patents/US4318738?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US4318738 - Amorphous carbon alloys and articles manufactured from said alloysAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS4318738 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 05/170,664Publication dateMar 9, 1982Filing dateOct 3, 1979Priority dateFeb 3, 1978Also published asDE2966240D1, EP0010545A1, EP0010545A4, EP0010545B1, WO1979000674A1Publication number05170664, 170664, US 4318738 A, US 4318738A, US-A-4318738, US4318738 A, US4318738AInventorsTsuyoshi Masumoto, Akihisa Inoue, Shunsuke ArakawaOriginal AssigneeShin-Gijutsu Kaihatsu JigyodanExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (6), Referenced by (24), Classifications (9) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetAmorphous carbon alloys and articles manufactured from said alloys
US 4318738 AAbstract
Amorphous alloys containing carbon as a metalloid having the amorphous alloy forming ability are low in the production cost because of use of carbon as the metalloid, do not generate harmful gas during production and are easily produced. These alloys have high strength, hardness, crystallizing temperature, embrittling temperature and corrosion resistance. Alloys having high permeability, non-magnetic property or low magnetostriction are obtained depending upon the component composition and the alloys are utilized for various uses depending upon these properties.
1. Carbon series amorphous alloys characterized in that carbon is used as a metalloid having amorphous alloy forming ability and having a component composition substantially shown by the following formula [Xa Crb Mc Qd ]Xa Mc Qd wherein X is a atomic% of at least one selected from Fe, Co and Ni, M is atomic% of at least one selected from Mo and W, Q is carbon or a combination of carbon and nitrogen contained in an amount of d atomic%, a is 14-86, c is 4-38, d is 10-26 and the sum of a, c and d is 100, and a part of M may be at least one element selected from the group (A) consisting of V, Ta and Mn, at least one element selected from the group (B) consisting of Nb, Ti and Zr, or a combination of at least one element selected from the above described group (A) and at least one element selected from the above described group (B) and the content of the group of V, Ta and Mn and the group of Nb, Ti and Zr is not more than 10 atomic% and not more than 5 atomic% respectively, and the content of N is not more than 4 atomic%. 2. The alloys as claimed in claim 1, wherein a is 14-86, c is 10-38, and d is 14-26 said alloys having high strength, hardness and crystallizing temperature.
3. The alloys as claimed in claim 1, wherein Xa =[(Ni, Co)1-&#946; Fe.sub.&#946; ]a wherein β is 0-0.30, a is 38-86, c is 4-20 and d is 10-20, said alloys having high embrittling temperature. 4. The alloys as claimed in claim 1, wherein a is 14-84, c is 4-38 and d is 10-26 said alloys having high corrosion resistance.
5. The alloys as claimed in claim 1, wherein X is at least one of Fe and Co, a is 54-86, c is 4-20 and d is 10-26 said alloys having high permeability.
6. The alloys as claimed in claim 1, wherein X is at least one of Fe and Co, a is 16-70, c is 20-38 and d is 10-26.
7. The alloys as claimed in claim 1, wherein X consists of Co and Fe, Xa =(Co1-&#945; Fe.sub.&#945;)a wherein α is 0.02-0.1, a is 54-86 c is 4-20 and d is 10-26, said alloys having low magnetostriction. 8. The alloys as claimed in claim 1, wherein X consists of Co, Fe and Ni, Xa =(Co1-&#945;-&#947; Fe.sub.&#945; Ni.sub.&#947;)a wherein α is 0.02-0.1, γ is not more than 0.12%, a is 54-86, c is 4-20 and d is 10-26, said alloys having low magnetostriction. 9. Powders, wires or sheets manufactured from alloy as claimed in claims 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8.
10. Carbon series amorphous alloys characterized in that carbon is used as metalloid having amorphous alloy forming ability and having a component composition substantially shown by the following formula Xa Crb Mc Qd wherein X is at least one element selected from Co and Ni, M is at least one element selected from Cr, Mo and W, Q is carbon or a combination of carbon and nitrogen, a is 14-86 atomic%, b is less than 22 atomic%, c is 4-38 atomic%, d is 10-26 atomic% and the sum of a, b, c and d is 100, and a part of M may be at least one element selected from the group (A) consisting of V, Ta and Mn, at least one element selected from the group (B) consisting of Nb, Ti and Zr, or a combination of at least one element selected from the above described group (A) and at least one element selected from the above described group (B) and the content of the group of V, Ta and Mn and the group of Nb, Ti and Zr is not more than 10 atomic% and not more than 5 atomic % respectively, and the content of N is not more than 4 atomic%. 11. The alloys as claimed in claim 10, wherein a is 14-86, b is 10-22, c is 10-38, and d is 14-26, said alloys having high strength, hardness and crystallizing temperature.
12. The alloys as claimed in claim 10, wherein a is 14-84, b is 2-22, c is 4-38 and d is 10-26, said alloys having high corrosion resistance.
13. Powders, wires or sheets manufactured from alloy as claimed in claim 10, 11 or 12.
14. Carbon series amorphous alloys characterized in that carbon is used as a metalloid having amorphous alloy forming ability and having a component composition substantially shown by the following formula Xa Crb Mc Qd wherein X is Fe-Co, Fe-Ni or Fe-Ni-Co, M is at least one element selected from Cr, Mo and W, Q is carbon or a combination of carbon and nitrogen, a is 14-86 atomic%, but at least one of Co and Ni is not less than 40 atomic%, b is less than 22 atomic%, C is 4-38 atomic%, d is 10-26 atomic% and the sum of a, b, c and d is 100, and a part of M may be at least one element selected from the group (A) consisting of V, Ta and Mn, at least one element selected from the group (B) consisting of Nb, Ti and Zr, or a combination of at least one element selected from the above described group (A) and at least one element selected from the above described group (B) and the content of the group of V, Ta and Mn and the group of Nb, Ti and Zr is not more than 10 atomic% and not more than 5 atomic % respectively, and the content of N is not more than 4 atomic%. 15. The alloys as claimed in claim 14, wherein a is 14-86, b is 10-22, c is 10-38, and d is 14-26, said alloys having high strength, hardness and crystallizing temperature.
16. The alloys as claimed in claim 14, wherein a is 14-84, b is 2-22, c is 4-38 and d is 10-26, said alloys having high corrosion resistance.
17. Powders, wires or sheets manufactured from alloy as claimed in claim 14, 15 or 16.
The present invention relates to amorphous alloys and articles manufactured from said alloys and particularly to amorphous iron group alloys containing only carbon as a metalloid (amorphous alloy forming element) and articles manufactured from said alloys.
Solid metals or alloys are generally crystal state but if a molten metal is cooled at an extremely high speed (the cooling rate depends upon the alloy composition but is approximately 104 �-106 � C./sec), a solid having a non-crystal structure, which has no periodic atomic arrangement, is obtained. Such metals are referred to as non-crystal metals or amorphous metals. In general, this type metal is an alloy consisting of two or more elements and usually consists of a combination of a transition metal element and a metalloid element and an amount of the metalloid is about 15-30 atomic%.
Japanese Patent Laid-Open Application No. 91,014/74 discloses novel amorphous metals and amorphous metal articles. The component composition of the alloys is as follows.
The amorphous alloys have the following formula
Ma Yb Zc wherein M is a metal selected from the group consisting of iron, nickel, chromium, cobalt and vanadium or a mixture thereof; Y is a metalloid selected from phosphorus, carbon and boron or a mixture thereof; Z is an element selected from the group consisting of aluminum, silicon, tin, antimony, germanium, indium and beryllium or a mixture thereof; a, b, and c are about 60-90 atomic%, 10-30 atomic% and 0.1-15 atomic% respectively, a+b+c being 100.
However, the amorphous alloys are ones containing 0.1-15 atomic% of an element selected from the group consisting of aluminum, silicon, tin, antimony, germanium, indium and beryllium or a mixture thereof as the essential component and have drawbacks in the cost of the starting material, the crystallizing temperature, the corrosion resistance, the embrittlement resistance and the like.
The inventors have already discovered Fe-Cr series amorphous alloys (Japanese Patent Laid-Open Application No. 101,215/75) and filed said patent application. The alloys are Fe-Cr series amorphous alloys having high strength, excellent corrosion resistance and heat resistance and consist of 1-40 atomic% of chromium, not less than 2 atomic% of boron, not less than 5 atomic% of phosphorus and 15-30 atomic% of the sum of carbon or boron and phosphorus and the remainder being iron. However, since these alloys contain boron, the cost of the starting material is high, and since these alloys contain phosphorus, the embrittlement resistance is low and when melting, vaporous phosphorus is generated and is harmful. Furthermore, the inventors have already discovered Fe-Cr series amorphous alloys (Japanese Patent Laid-Open Application No. 3,312/76) having high strength and filed this patent application. The alloys involve the following two kind of alloys.
(1) Fe-Cr series amorphous alloys having high strength and excellent heat resistance consisting of 1-40 atomic% of chromium, not less than 0.01% of each content of carbon and boron and the total amount being 7-35 atomic% and the remainder being iron.
(2) Fe-Cr series amorphous alloys having high strength and excellent heat resistance consisting of 1-40 atomic% of chromium, not less than 0.01 atomic% of each content of carbon and boron and the total amount of carbon and boron being 2-35 atomic%, not more than 33 atomic% of phosphorus, and the total amount of carbon, boron and phosphorus being 7-35 atomic% and the remainder being iron.
The above described alloys (1) and (2) are excellent in the heat resistance and high in the strength but since boron is contained, the cost of the starting material is high and the corrosion resistance is not satisfied, and since the alloys (2) contain phosphorus, the embrittlement resistance is low and when melting, the vaporous phosphorus is generated and this alloy is harmful.
Moreover, the inventors have discovered amorphous iron alloys (Japanese Patent Laid-Open Application No. 4,018/76) having high strength and filed such patent application. The alloys are as follows.
(1) Amorphous iron alloys having high strength consisting of 1-40 atomic% of chromium, not less than 2 atomic% of either carbon or boron, not less than 5 atomic% of phosphorus, the total amount of either carbon or boron, and phosphorus being 7-15 atomic% and the remainder being iron.
(2) Amorphous iron alloys having high strength consisting of 1-40 atomic% of chromium, not less than 2 atomic% of either carbon or boron, not less than 5 atomic% of phosphorus, the total amount of either carbon or boron and phosphorus being 30-35 atomic% and the remainder being iron.
The above described alloys (1) and (2) are high in the heat resistance and the mechanical strength but since phosphorus is contained in a relatively large amount, the vaporous phosphorus is generated upon melting and these alloys are harmful.
The inventors have found amorphous iron alloys (Japanese Patent Laid-Open Application No. 4,019/76) having high pitting corrosion resistance, crevice corrosion resistance, stress corrosion resistance and hydrogen embrittlement resistance and filed such patent application. The alloys are the following three kind of alloys.
(1) Amorphous iron alloys having high pitting corrosion resistance, crevice corrosion resistance, stress corrosion resistance and hydrogen embrittlement resistance and consisting of 1-40 atomic% of chromium, not less than 0.01% of each carbon and boron, the total amount being 7-35 atomic% and the remainder being iron.
(2) Amorphous iron alloys having high pitting corrosion resistance, crevice corrosion resistance, stress corrosion resistance and hydrogen embrittlement resistance and consisting of 1-40 atomic% of chromium, not less than 0.01 atomic% of each carbon and boron and the total amount being 2-35 atomic%, not more than 33 atomic% of phosphorus and the total amount of carbon, boron and phosphorus being 7-35 atomic%, and the remainder being iron.
(3) Amorphous iron alloys having high pitting corrosion resistance, crevice corrosion resistance, stress corrosion resistance and hydrogen embrittlement resistance and consisting of 1-40 atomic% of chromium, 2-30 atomic% of either carbon or boron, 5-33 atomic% of phosphorus, the total amount of either carbon or boron and phosphorus being 7-35 atomic% and the remainder being iron.
Among the above described alloys (1), (2) and (3), the alloys (1) and (2) contain boron and the alloys (2) and (3) contain phosphorus, so that the cost of the starting material is high or the embrittlement resistance is low and further the vaporous phosphorus is generated when melting and the alloys are harmful.
The inventors have disclosed amorphous alloys having high permeability and having the following component composition range in Japanese Patent Laid-Open Application No. 73,920/76.
(1) Amorphous alloys having high permeability and consisting of 7-35 atomic% of at least one of phosphorus, carbon and boron and 93-65 atomic% of at least one of iron and cobalt.
(2) Amorphous alloys having high permeability as described in the above described item (1), which further contains not more than 50 atomic% of the total amount of at least one component selected from the following groups
(a), (b), (c), (d) and (e),
(a) not more than 50 atomic% of nickel,
(b) not more than 25 atomic% of silicon,
(c) not more than 15 atomic% of at least one of chromium and manganese,
(d) not more than 10 atomic% of at least one of molybdenum, zirconium, titanium, aluminum, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, tungsten, copper, germanium, beryllium and bismuth and
(e) not more than 5 atomic% of at least one of praseodymium, neodymium, prometium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium and holmium.
These alloys have not yet fully satisfied in view of the cost of the starting material, the crystallizing temperature, hardness, strength, embrittling temperature and the like.
Japanese Patent Laid-Open Application No. 5,620/77 discloses amorphous alloys containing iron group elements and boron. The amorphous alloys consist of the following component composition. At least 50% amorphous metal alloys having the following formula
Ma M'b Crc M"d Be wherein M is at least one element of iron, cobalt and nickel, M' is at least one element selected from the group consisting of iron, cobalt and nickel, which is different from the M element, M" is at least one element selected from the group consisting of vanadium, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten, niobium and tantalum, a is about 40-85 atomic%, b is 0 to about 45 atomic%, c and d are 0-20 atomic% respectively and e is about 15-25 atomic%, provided that when M is nickel, all b, c and d do not become 0.
The alloys contain boron as the essential component, so that there is problem in view of the cost of the starting material and the crystallizing temperature.
The inventors have already discovered amorphous iron alloys having high strength, fatigue resistance, general corrosion resistance, pitting corrosion resistance, crevice corrosion resistance, stress corrosion resistance, and hydrogen embrittlement resistance and filed a patent application (Japanese Patent Laid-Open Application No. 4,017/76). These alloys contain 1-40 atomic% of chromium, and 7-35 atomic% of at least one of phosphorus, carbon and boron as the main component and as the auxiliary component, 0.01-75 atomic% of at least one group selected from the group consisting of
(1) 0.01-40 atomic% of at least one of Ni and Co,
(2) 0.01-20 atomic% of at least one of Mo, Zr, Ti, Si, Al, Pt, Mn and Pd,
(3) 0.01-10 atomic% of at least one of V, Nb, Ta, W, Ge and Be, and
(4) 0.01-5 atomic% of at least one of Au, Cu, Zn, Cd, Sn, As, Sb, Bi and S, and the remainder being substantially Fe.
The above described amorphous alloys are novel ones in which the strength and the heat resistant are improved and the corrosion resistance is provided by adding chromium. These alloys have excellent properties, for example, the fracture strength is within the range of about 1/40-1/50 of Young's modulus and is near the value of the ideal strength and in spite of the high strength, the toughness is very excellent and the fracture toughness value (KIC) is about 5-10 times as high as the practically used high strength and tough steels (piano steel, maraging steel, PH steel and the like). More particularly, these alloys have novel properties in view of the corrosion resistance and have high resistance against not only the general corrosion, but also the pitting corrosion, crevice corrosion and stress corrosion, which cannot be avoided in the presently used stainless steels (304 steel, 316 steel and the like), but the component composition is broad, so that against the practical and novel use the heat resistance is high, and the hardness and strength are high and the embrittling temperature is high and the production is easy. The cheap component composition range has never been known.
The present invention aims to provide carbon series amorphous alloys which are easy and cheap in the production while holding the above described various properties and articles manufactured from said alloys.
The above described object of the present invention can be attained by providing carbon series amorphous alloys characterized in that said alloys have the component composition shown by the following formula and articles manufactured from the alloys.
Xa Crb Mc Qd in the formula Xa is a atomic% of at least one selected from Fe, Co and Ni, Crb is b atomic%, Mc is c atomic% of at least one selected from Cr, Mo and W, Qd shows that carbon is contained in an amount of d atomic%, a is 14-86 atomic%, b is 0-22 atomic%, c is 4-38 atomic%, d is 10-26 atomic% and the sum of a, b, c and d is substantially 100 atomic%, and a part of M may be at least one element selected from the group (A) consisting of V, Ta and Mn, at least one element selected from the group (B) consisting of Nb, Ti and Zr, or a combination of at least one element selected from the above described group (A) and at least one element selected from the above described group (B) and the content of the group of V, Ta and Mn and the group of Nb, Ti and Zr is not more than 10 atomic% and not more than 5 atomic% respectively, or a part of Q may be N and the content of N is not more than 4 atomic%.
The inventors have found that iron group series alloys containing carbon (or a part of carbon is substituted with nitrogen) as the metalloid can easily form the amorphous products within a broad composition range and have excellent strength, hardness, corrosion resistance, embrittlement resistance and heat resistance, that a part of the alloys has high permeability and that a part of the alloys becomes non-magnetic, and the present invention has been accomplished.
The well known iron group series amorphous alloys are combination of at least one of iron group elements and a metalloid of P, B, Si and C, for example, Fe70 Co10 P20, Co80 B20, Fe60 Co20 P12 B8, Fe70 Ni5 Si15 B10, Co60 Ni15 Si15 P10, Fe70 Co10 P13 C7 and the like. However, the inventors have found that the metalloids which are the additives necessary for making these amorphous have different inherent properties. The effects are shown in Table 1. In said table, the properties are estimated by (excellent), o (good), � (passable).
TABLE 1______________________________________Effect of metalloid elements against variousproperties of amorphous iron group series alloysProperties     B     C     Si  P   Ge  Remarks______________________________________Cost of starting     x     &#8858;                 o   &#8858;                         x   Higher cost in ordermaterial                          Gel &gt; B &gt; Si &gt; P &gt; CHarmfulness     o     &#8858;                 &#8858;                     x   x   Particularly P is harmfulwhen meltingAmorphous o     &#8858;                 x   o   x   Easy in orderalloy forming                     C &gt; B &gt; P &gt; Si &gt; GeabilityCrystallizing     x     o     &#8858;                     x   x   Higher in ordertemperature                       Si &gt; C &gt; B &gt; P &gt; GeHardness, &#8858;           &#8858;                 o   x   x   Increase in orderStrength                          B &gt; C &gt; Si &gt; P &gt; GeCorrosion x     o     x   &#8858;                         x   Higher in orderresistance                        P &gt; C &gt; B &gt;  Si &gt; GeEmbrittlement     o     &#8858;                 o   x   x   Higher resistance in order                             C &gt; B &gt; Si &gt; P &gt; Ge______________________________________
As seen from the above table, Ge is not preferable in all points and P is better in view of the cost of starting material and the corrosion resistance but is not preferable in the other points. Particularly, phosphorus generates harmful gas during melting and promotes the embrittlement of the material owing to heating, so that phosphorus is the element having many problems. In the above table, silicon and boron are not preferable, because these elements act to lower the corrosion resistance and boron has the defect that the cost of starting material becomes higher. It has been found that carbon is the element having the preferable properties in view of all points as seen from Table 1.
The inventors have made study in detail with respect to the iron group series amorphous alloys containing only carbon among the above described metalloids contributing to formation of amorphous alloys and the present invention has been accomplished.
FIGS. 1(a) and (b) are schematical views of apparatuses for producing amorphous alloys by rapidly cooling a molten alloy;
FIG. 2 is the polarization curve of the alloys of the present invention in 1 N aqueous solution of H2 SO4 ; and
FIG. 3 is the polarization curve of the alloys of the present invention in 1 N aqueous solution of HCl.
In general, the amorphous alloys are obtained by rapidly cooling molten alloys and a variety of cooling processes have been proposed. For example, the process wherein a molten metal is continuously ejected on an outer circumferential surface of a disc (FIG. 1(a)) rotating at a high speed or between twin rolls (FIG. 1(b)) reversely rotating with each other at a high speed to rapidly cool the molten metal on the surface of the rotary disc or both rolls at a rate of about 105 �-106 � C./sec. and to solidify the molten metal, has been publicly known.
The amorphous iron group series alloys of the present invention can be similarly obtained by rapidly cooling the molten metal and by the above described various processes can be produced wire-shaped or sheet-shaped amorphous alloys of the present invention. Furthermore, amorphous alloy powders of about several μm-10 μm can be produced by blowing the molten metal on a cooling copper plate by a high pressure gas (nitrogen, argon gas and the like) to rapidly cool the molten metal in fine powder form, for example, by an atomizer. The alloy can substitute a part of carbon with not more than 4 atomic% of N as the metalloid. Accordingly, the expensive boron as in the conventional amorphous alloys is not used, so that the production cost is low and further the production is easy, so that the powders, wires or sheets composed of the amorphous alloys of the present invention can be advantageously produced in the commercial scale. Moreover, in the alloys of the present invention, even if a small amount of impurities present in the usual industrial materials, such as P, Si, As, S, Zn, Ti, Zr, Cu, Al and the like are contained, the object of the present invention can be attained.
The amorphous alloys according to the present invention are classified into the following groups in view of the component composition.
(a) (at least one of Fe, Co and Ni)-Cr-C,
(b) (at least one of Fe, Co and Ni)-Mo-C,
(c) (at least one of Fe, Co and Ni)-W-C,
(d) (at least one of Fe, Co and Ni)-Cr-W-C,
(e) (at least one of Fe, Co and Ni)-Mo-W-C,
(f) (at least one of Fe, Co and Ni)-Cr-Mo-W-C,
(a)' (a)--(at least one of Mn, V, Ta, Nb, Ti and Zr),
(b)' (b)--(at least one of Mn, V, Ta, Nb, Ti and Zr),
(c)' (c)--(at least one of Mn, V, Ta, Nb, Ti and Zr),
(d)' (d)--(at least one of Mn, V, Ta, Nb, Ti and Zr),
(e)' (e)--(at least one of Mn, V, Ta, Nb, Ti and Zr),
(f)' (f)--(at least one of Mn, V, Ta, Nb, Ti and Zr).
Then, an explanation will be made with respect to the reason of the limitation of the component composition in the present invention.
When, X, that is at least one of Fe, Co and Ni, is less than 14 atomic % or is more than 86 atomic%, no amorphous alloy is obtained, so that X must be 14-86 atomic%.
When Q is less than 10 atomic% or more than 26 atomic%, no amorphous alloy is obtained, so that Q must be 10-26 atomic%.
When b and c in Crb Mc are beyond the ranges of 0-22 and 4-38 respectively, no amorphous alloy is obtained, so that b and c in Crb Mc must be 0-22 and 4-38 respectively.
When a part of M is substituted with V, Ta or Mn, if at least one of V, Ta and Mn is more than 10 atomic%, or when a part of M is substituted with Nb, Ti or Zr, if at least one of Nb, Ti and Zr is more than 5 atomic%, no amorphous alloy is obtained, so that the group of V, Ta and Mn and the group of Nb, Ti and Zr must be not more than 10 atomic% and not more than 5 atomic% respectively.
When a part of Q is substituted with N, if N is more than 4 atomic%, N separates in the alloy structure as pores upon solidification owing to rapid cooling and the shape of the alloy is degraded and the mechanical strength lowers, so that N must be not more than 4 atomic%.
The component composition, crystallizing temperature Tx (�C.), hardness Hv (DPN) and fracture strength σf (kg/mm2) are shown in Tables 2(a)-(e) and 3(a)-(d). The amorphous alloy samples are a ribbon shape having a thickness of 0.05 mm and a breadth of 2 mm produced by the single roll process as shown in FIG. 1, (a). The crystallizing temperature Tx is the initial exothermic peak starting temperature in the differential thermal curve when heating at 5� C./min and Hv is the measured value of a micro Vickers hardness tester of a load of 50 g. The mark (-) in the table shows that no measurement is made.
TABLE 2(a)______________________________________           Crystallizing                      Hard-   Fracture           temperature                      ness    strength           Tx         Hv      &#963;fAlloy           (�C.)                      (DPN)   (kg/mm2)______________________________________(a) Fe--Cr--C series    Fe56 Cr26 C18               465        930   310    Fe50 Cr32 C18               491        960   350    Fe46 Cr36 C18               515        980   385(b) Fe--Mo--C series    Fe78 Mo6 C16               380        830   280    Fe74 Mo8 C18               447        880   310    Fe64 Mo16 C20               565        890   360    Fe62 Mo20 C18               587        970   390(c) Fe--W--C series    Fe68 W10 C22               450        1,020 340    Fe66 W12 C22               481        1,020 350    Fe68 W12 C20               481        1,030 350    Fe66 W14 C20               520        1,050 380(d) Fe--Cr--Mo--C series    Fe170 Cr4 Mo8 C18               527        880   300    Fe62 Cr12 Mo8 C18               565        900   330    Fe54 Cr20 Mo8 C.sub. 18               592        1,010 360    Fe46 Cr28 Mo8 C18               612        1,060 375    Fe42 Cr32 Mo8 C18               626        1,120 395    Fe46 Cr16 Mo20 C18               660        1,130 400    Fe59 Cr16 Mo10 C15               583        1,020 370______________________________________
TABLE 2(b)______________________________________           Crystallizing                      Hard-   Fracture           temperature                      ness    strength           Tx         Hv      &#963;fAlloy           (�C.)                      (DPN)   (kg/mm2)______________________________________(e) Fe--Cr--W--C series    Fe65 Cr13 W4 C18               469        940   350    Fe61.5 Cr17 W5.5 C16               560        980   375    Fe67 Cr13 W4 C16               476        960   380    Fe63 Cr13 W4 C20               460        920   340(f) Fe--W--Mo--C series    Fe72 W4 Mo8 C16               526        910   350    Fe68 W4 Mo8 C20               537        990   375    Fe62 W8 Mo12 C18               552        1,050 390    Fe54 W16 Mo12 C18               571        1,100 405(g) Fe--Co--Mo--C series    Fe54 Co16 Mo12 C18               430        870   290    Fe35 Co35 Mo12 C18               418        840   280    Fe25 Co45 Mo12 C18               412        830   280(h) Fe--Ni--Mo--C series    Fe63 Ni7 Mo.sub. 12 C18               466        890   310    Fe50 Ni20 Mo12 C18               420        830   290    Fe35 Ni35 Mo12 C18               381        820   280(i) Fe--Mo--Ta--C series    Fe66 Mo12 Ta4 C18               498        910   360    Fe64 Mo12 Ta6 C18               512        940   380______________________________________
TABLE 2(c)______________________________________           Crystallizing                      Hard-   Fracture           temperature                      ness    strength           Tx         Hv      &#963;fAlloy           (�C.)                      (DPN)   (kg/mm2)______________________________________(j) Fe--Mo--V--C series    Fe66 Mo12 V4 C18               491        880   350    Fe62 Mo12 V8 C18               503        910   370(k) Fe--Mo--Mn--C series    Fe66 Mo12 Mn4 C18               489        870   350    Fe62 Mo12 Mn8 C18               496        900   360(l) Fe--Cr--Mo--W--C    series    Fe59 Cr13 Mo8 W4 C16               589        1,020 385    Fe55 Cr13 Mo8 W4 C20               597        990   380(Other)Fe67 Mo12 Mn3 V2 C16           495        870     370Fe64 Mo12 Mn4 Ta4 C16           502        900     380Fe65 Mo12 Ta4 V3 C16           504        900     380Fe64 Mo12 Mn4 V2 Ta2 C16           511        920     --Fe58 Co8 Mo12 Mn6 C16           476        830     340Fe60 Co8 Mo12 V4 C16           480        850     350Fe59 Co8 Mo12 Ta5 C16           494        870     360Fe58 Ni8 Mo12 Mn6 C16           473        830     320Fe60 Ni8 Mo12 V4 C16           477        850     320Fe59 Ni8 Mo12 Ta5 C16           490        860     340______________________________________
TABLE 2(d)______________________________________           Crystallizing                      Hard-   Fracture           temperature                      ness    strength           Tx         Hv      &#963;fAlloy           (�C.)                      (DPN)   (kg/mm2)______________________________________(Other)Fe61 Co6 Mo12 Mn3 V2 C16           491        870     --Fe59 Co6 Mo12 Mn4 Ta3 C16           499        890     --Fe60 Co6 Mo12 Ta4 V2 C16           498        900     --Fe58 Co6 Mo12 Mn4 V2 Ta2 C16           504        910     --Fe61 Ni6 Mo12 Mn3 V2 C16           490        870     --Fe59 Ni6 Mo12 Mn4 Ta3 C16           496        890     --Fe60 Ni6 Mo12 Ta4 V2 C16           499        890     --Fe58 Ni6 Mo12 Mn4 V2 Ta2 C16           501        910     --Fe57 Co6 Cr4 Mo12 Mn3 V2 C16           500        910     --Fe55 Co6 Cr4 Mo12 Mn4 Ta3 C16           506        920     --Fe56 Co6 Cr4 Mo12 Ta4 V2 C16           507        920     --Fe56 Ni6 Cr6 Mo12 Mn2 V2 C16           505        920     --Fe56 Ni6 Cr6 Mo12 Mn2 Ta2 C16           511        920     --Fe56 Ni6 Cr6 Mo12 Ta2 V2 C16           520        940     --Fe70 Mo12 Nb2 C16           504        890     350Fe68 Mo12 Nb4 C16           521        910     --Fe70 Mo12 Ti2 C16           497        880     340Fe68 Mo12 Ti4 C16           518        900     --Fe70 Mo12 Zr2 C16           495        860     340Fe68 Mo12 Zr4 C16           516        900     --______________________________________
TABLE 2(e)______________________________________           Crystallizing                      Hard-   Fracture           temperature                      ness    strength           Tx         Hv      &#963;fAlloy           (�C.)                      (DPN)   (kg/mm2)______________________________________(Other)Fe60 Co8 Mo12 Nb4 C16           507        870     360Fe60 Co8 Mo12 Ti4 C16           502        850     340Fe60 Co8 Mo12 Zr4 C16           500        840     330Fe60 Ni8 Mo12 Nb4 C16           503        870     --Fe60 Ni8 Mo12 Ti4 C16           499        850     --Fe60 Ni8 Mo12 Zr4 C16           493        830     --______________________________________
TABLE 3(a)______________________________________            Crystall-            izing            temp-             Fracture            erature  Hardness strength            Tx       Hv       &#963;fAlloy            (�C.)                     (DPN)    (kg/mm2)______________________________________(a)' Co--Cr--C seriesCo56 Cr26 C18                352      890    330Co40 Cr40 C20                473      970    360(b)' Co--Mo--C seriesCo70 Mo12 C18                375      720    280Co44 Mo36 C20                596      1,190  390(c)' Co--W--C seriesCo68 W12 C20                346      790    310Co66 W14 C20                362      840    320(d)' Co--Cr--Mo--C seriesCo54 Cr12 Mo16 C18                510      920    340Co42 Cr20 Mo20 C18                623      1,080  360Co34 Cr28 Mo20 C18                664      1,400  410Co38 Cr20 Mo24 C18                638      1,380  370(e)' Co--Cr--W--C seriesCo46 Cr20 W16 C18                573      1,380  410Co34 Cr40 W8 C18                596      1,430  --(f)' Co--Mo--W--C seriesCo46 Mo32 W4 C18                590      1,310  370Co50 Mo24 W8 C18                614      1,380  390______________________________________
TABLE 3(b)______________________________________            Crystal-            lizing            tem-              Fracture            perature Hardness strength            Tx       Hv       &#963;fAlloy            (�C.)                     (DPN)    (kg/mm2)______________________________________(g)' Co--Cr--Mo--W--CseriesCo26 Cr24 Mo24 W8 C18                721      1,470  --Co34 Cr20 Mo20 W8 C18                683      1,420  410(h)' Ni--Cr--Mo--C seriesNi42 Cr16 Mo24 C18                497      960    340Ni34 Cr24 Mo24 C18                558      1,060  350(i)' Ni--Cr--Mo--W--CseriesNi38 Cr20 Mo20 W4 C18                612      1,120  350Ni30 Cr24 Mo20 W8 C18                631      1,170  350(j)' Ni--Cr--W--C seriesNi54 Cr16 W12 C18                437      910    340Ni34 Cr28 W20 C18                547      1,080  360Ni54 Mo20 W8 C18                521      1,070  360(k)' Ni--Cr--(V,Mn,Ta)--CseriesNi.sub. 46 Cr28 V8 C18                470      930    --Ni46 Cr28 Mn8 C18                461      930    --Ni46 Cr32 Ta4 C18                487      950    --______________________________________
TABLE 3(c)______________________________________             Crystall-             izing             temp-    Hard-   Fracture             erature  ness    strength             Tx       Hv      &#963;fAlloy             (�C.)                      (DPN)   (kg/mm2)______________________________________(l)' Co4 Fe66 Mo12 C18                 489      940   320Co16 Fe54 Mo12 C18                 447      870   290Co50 Fe20 Mo12 C18                 412      830   280Co60 Ni10 Mo12 C18                 373      710   280Co35 Ni35 Mo12 C18                 370      700   280Fe63 Ni7 Mo12 C18                 466      890   310Fe35 Ni35 Mo12 C18                 381      820   280Fe30 Co20 Ni20 Mo12 C18                 461      890   300(m)' Co50 Fe8 Cr8 Mo16 C18                 427      910   --Co30 Fe28 Cr8 Mo16 C18                 448      930   --Co50 Ni8 Cr8 Mo16 C18                 416      910   --Co30 Ni28 Cr8 Mo16 C18                 405      900   --Fe50 Ni18 Cr8 Mo16 C18                 543      930   --Fe30 Ni28 Cr8 Mo16 C18                 522      920   --Co20 Fe19 Ni19 Cr8 Mo16 C18                 531      910   --Co44 Fe10 Cr8 Mo16 W4 C18                 548      940   --______________________________________
TABLE 3(d)______________________________________              Crystal-              lizing           Fracture              tem-     Hard-   strength              perature ness    &#963;f              Tx       Hv      (kg/Alloy              (�C.)                       (DPN)   mm2)______________________________________(n)' Co40 Fe10 Cr8 Mo16 W4 V4 C18                  561      960   --Co40 Fe10 Cr8 Mo16 W4 Mn4 C18                  557      950   --Co40 Fe4 Cr30 V8 C18                  482      930   --Co38 Fe10 Cr26 Mn8 C18                  475      910   --Co50 Fe8 Mo16 V8 C18                  486      970   --Co50 Fe16 Mo12 Mn4 C18                  421      880   --Co46 Fe8 Cr8 Mo12 W4 Ta4 C18                  497      990   --______________________________________
In general, the amorphous alloys are crystallized by heating and the ductility and toughness which are the characteristics of the amorphous alloys are lost and further the other excellent properties are deteriorated, so that the alloys having high Tx are practically advantageous. Tx of the amorphous alloys of the present invention is about 350�-650� C. in the major part as seen from Tables 2(a)-(e) and 3(a)-(d) and it can be seen that as the content of Cr, Mo, W, V, Ta and Mn increases, Tx tends to rise, so that the alloys of the present invention have high Tx and are stable against heat. The hardness (Hv) and the fracture strength (σf) are 800-1,100 DPN and 280-400 kg/mm2 respectively and as the content of Cr, Mo, W, V, Ta and Mn increases, both the values increase. These values are equal to or more than the heretofore known maximum value (in the case of Fe-B series alloys, Hv=1,100 DPN, σf =330 kg/mm2) and the alloys have excellent hardness and strength. Namely, in (c) Fe-W-C series in Table 2, the alloys containing 10-14 atomic% of W have a hardness of more than 1,000 DPN, and in (d) Fe-Cr-Mo-C series in the same table, the hardness is more than 1,000 DPN, the crystallizing temperature exceeds 600� C. and the fracture strength reaches 400 kg/mm2.
In Co-Cr-C series, when Cr is not less than 40 atomic%, the alloys having Tx of higher than 500� C. and Hv of more than 1,000 DPN are obtained.
In Co-Mo-C series, when Mo is not less than 30 atomic%, the alloys having Tx of higher than 550� C. and Hv of more than 1,000 DPN are obtained.
The comparison of the (a)' series alloys with the (b)' series alloys shows that both Tx and Hv are considerably improved by combination function of Cr and Mo in addition to Co-C. When Cr is not less than 20 atomic% and Mo is not less than 20 atomic%, the alloys having Tx of higher than 600� C. and Hv of more than 1,200 DPN are easily obtained.
From the comparison of (a)' series alloys with (e)' series alloys, it can be seen that the addition of Cr and W to Co-C highly improves Hv and σf.
The comparison of (f)' series alloys with (g)' series alloys shows that the combination addition of Mo-W-Cr more improves all Tx, Hv and σf than the addition of Mo-W.
The comparison of (h)' series alloys with (i)' series alloys shows that the use of W in addition to Cr-Mo considerably improves Tx and Hv.
The comparison of (j)' series alloys with (k)' series alloys shows that V, Mn and Ta have the same effect as in W and Mo.
Moreover, it has been newly found that the alloys wherein X is at least one of Fe, Co and Ni and a is 14-66 atomic%, b is 10-22 atomic%, c is 10-38 atomic% and d is 14-26 atomic%, have high strength, hardness and crystallizing temperature.
Furthermore, it has been found that the alloys wherein a part of M in the above described alloy composition is not more than 10 atomic% of at least one element selected from the group (A) consisting of Ta, Mn and V or not more than 5 atomic% of at least one element selected from the group (B) consisting of Nb, Ti and Zr, or a combination of at least one element selected from the group (A) and at least one element selected from the group (B), have high strength, hardness and crystallizing temperature.
It has been known that the amorphous alloys generally become brittle at a lower temperature range than the crystallizing temperature. According to the inventors' study, it has been found that the embrittlement of the above described amorphous iron group series alloys greatly depends upon the content and the kind of the metalloid contained in the alloys. The result comparing the embrittling temperature of amorphous iron group series alloys containing various metalloids with that of the amorphous iron group series alloys containing C according to the present invention is shown in Table 4(a)-(b).
TABLE 4(a)__________________________________________________________________________Embrittlement of alloys of present invention owing to heating         Embrittling           Embrittling         temperature           temperature         Tf                    TfComposition   (�C.)                    Composition                               (�C.)__________________________________________________________________________    Fe50 Cr32 C18         310        Ni38 Cr20 Mo20 W4 C18                               350    Fe62 Mo20 C18         290        Co50 Fe20 Mo12 C18                               410    Fe66 W12 C22         290        Co16 Fe54 Mo12 C18                               320    Fe59 Cr16 Mo10 C15         350        Co6 Fe64 Mo12 C18                               310    Fe42 Cr32 Mo8 C18         310        Co60 Ni10 Mo12 C18                               380Present    Fe61.5 Cr17 W5.5 C16         340    Present                    Co35 Ni35 Mo12 C18                               360inven-               inven-tion    Fe72 Mo8 W4 C16         410    tion                    Fe63 Ni7 Mo12 C18                               320    Fe55 Cr13 Mo8 W4 C20         300        Fe.sub. 35 Ni35 Mo12 C18                               320    Fe52 Co16 Mo14 C18         350        Fe40 Co10 Cr24 V8 C18                               300    Fe61 Ni7 Mo14 C18         340        Fe40 Ni10 Cr24 V8 C18                               310    Co50 Cr32 C18         410        Fe40 Co10 Cr24 Mn8 C18                               320    Co58 Mo24 C18         440        Fe40 Ni10 Cr24 Mn8 C18                               320__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 4(b)__________________________________________________________________________Embrittlement of alloys of present invention owing to heating          Embrittling        Embrittling          temperature                 Composition temperature          Tf     of conventional                             TfComposition    (�C.)                 iron series alloys                             (�C.)__________________________________________________________________________    Co46 Mo36 C18          400          Fe80 P13 C7                             290    Co70 W12 C18          380          Fe78 Si10 B12                             300                 Compara-    Co62 Cr8 Mo12 C18          450    tive  Fe85 B15                             320                 Example    Co54 Cr12 Mo16 C18          420          Fe60 B20                             350    Co46 Cr20 W16 C18          400          Fe80 P20                             240    Co34 Cr40 W8 C18          370Presentinven-    Co46 Mo32 W4 C18          370tion    Co34 Cr20 Mo20 W8 C18          340    Ni42 Cr16 Mo24 C18          390    Ni34 Cr24 Mo24 C18          380    Ni54 Cr16 W12 C18          390    Ni.sub. 34 Cr28 W20 C18          370    Ni54 Mo20 W8 C18          370__________________________________________________________________________
The embrittling temperature shown in the table shows the temperature at which 180� bending when heating at each temperature for 30 minutes is feasible and it means that as this temperature is higher, the embrittling tendency is low. As seen in the table, the alloys containing P are noticeable in the embrittlement but the major part of the alloys of the present invention has higher embrittling temperature than Fe80 B20 alloy which has heretofore been known as the alloy which is hardly embrittled.
In the alloys of the present invention, Co or Ni base amorphous alloys show higher embrittling temperatures than Fe base amorphous alloys. The smaller the content of Cr, Mo, W and the like in the alloys, the higher the embrittling temperature is. In the alloys of the present invention, when X is Ni alone or Ni and Co, not only are the corrosion resistance and the toughness more improved than the alloys wherein X is Fe alone, but also the production (forming ability) becomes more easy.
Particularly, Ni base alloys readily provide thick products and the embrittling temperature becomes higher.
It has been found that in the alloys according to the present invention, the alloys wherein X consists of Ni and/or Co and Fe and have the following formula
Xa =[(Ni, Co)1-&#946; Fe.sub.&#946; ]a wherein β is 0-0.30 atomic%, a is 38-86 atomic%, and b is 0-22 atomic%, c is 4-20 atomic% and d is 10-20, are higher 150� C. in the embrittling temperature than Fe base alloys and their workability, punchability and rolling ability are improved. The alloys having such properties do not become brittle even by raising temperature in an inevitable heat treatment and production, when said alloys are used for tool materials, such as blades, saws and the like, hard wires, such as tire cords, wire ropes and the like, composite materials of synthetic resins, such as vinyls, rubbers and the like, and composite materials to be used together with low melting metals, such as aluminum, so that such alloys are advantageous. Furthermore, such alloys are useful for magnetic materials.
The inventors have found that nitrogen has substantially the same functional effect as carbon in the amorphous alloy forming ability and their properties and a part of carbon in the alloy composition of the present invention can be substituted with nitrogen. Namely a part of C constructing Q of the alloys of the present invention may be substituted with not more than 4 atomic% of N. However, nitrogen is a gaseous element, so that when nitrogen is added in an amount of more than equilibrium absorbing amount of the molten alloy, nitrogen separates in the alloy structure as pores when being solidified by rapidly cooling and deteriorates the alloy shape reduces its mechanical strength so that the addition of more than 4 atomic% of nitrogen is not advantageous. Table 5(a)-(c) shows the component composition and various properties of the amorphous alloys containing nitrogen.
TABLE 5(a)______________________________________Properties of alloys ofpresent inventioncontaining nitrogen        Crystal-                 Embrittl-        lizing   Hard-   Fracture                                 ing tem-        tem-     ness    strength                                 perature        perature Hv      &#963;f                                 TfComposition  (�C.)                 (DPN)   (kg/mm2)                                 (�C.)______________________________________Fe56 Cr26 C16 N2        452      910     --      --Fe78 Mo6 C14 N2        395      850     270     310Fe62 Mo20 C14 N4        575      960     380     280Fe68 W12 C18 N2        501      980     --      --Fe70 Cr4 Mo8 C16 N2        531      860     --      --Fe54 Cr20 Mo8 C14 N4        610      1,010   340     330Fe65 Cr13 W3 C16 N2        472      955     --      --Fe72 W4 Mo8 C14 N2        550      1,000   360     390Fe62 W8 Mo12 C16 N2        574      1,110   405     350Fe59 Cr13 Mo8 W4 C14 N2        601      1,080   390     370Fe54 Cr20 Mo4 W4 C14 N4        650      1,170   --      --______________________________________
TABLE 5(b)______________________________________Properties of alloys ofpresent inventioncontaining nitrogen       Crystal-       lizing         Fracture Embrittl-       temp-  Hard-   strength ing tem-       erature              ness    &#963;f                               perature       Tx     Hv      (kg/     Tf       (�C.)              (DPN)   mm2)                               (�C.)______________________________________Co56 Cr26 C16 N2         364      910     330    400Co68 Mo16 C14 N2         410      750     280    450Co66 Mo16 C14 N4         430      770     300    410Co70 W12 C16 N2         348      820     290    380Co54 Cr12 Mo16 C16 N2         516      930     360    400Co42 Cr20 Mo20 C16 N2         638      1,130   370    340Co46 Cr20 W16 C16 N2         584      1,410   410    320Co46 Mo32 W4 C16 N2         596      1,370   380    320Co50 Mo24 W8 C16 N2         621      1,410   400    330Ni42 Cr16 Mo24 C16 N2         507      990     350    380Ni54 Cr16 W12 C16 N2         441      930     340    400Ni54 Mo20 W8 C16 N2         525      1,080   360    390Co16 Fe54 Mo12 C16 N2         434      880     290    310Co50 Fe20 Mo12 C16 N2         418      840     280    390Co60 Ni10 Mo12 C16 N2         378      730     290    360Co60 Ni10 Mo12 C14 N4         389      740     300    340Fe35 Ni35 Mo12 C16 N2         386      840     290    300Fe35 Ni35 Mo12 C14 N4         391      850     300    300Fe30 Co20 Ni20 Mo12 C16 N2         470      910     320    320______________________________________
TABLE 5(c)______________________________________Properties of alloys ofpresent inventioncontaining nitrogen       Crystal-       lizing         Fracture Embrittl-       temp-  Hard-   strength ing tem-       erature              ness    &#963;f                               perature       Tx     Hv      (kg/     Tf       (�C.)              (DPN)   mm2)                               (�C.)______________________________________Co50 Fe8 Cr8 Mo16 C16 N2         431      930     330    340Co50 Fe8 Cr8 Mo16 C14 N4         437      950     350    340Co50 Ni8 Cr8 Mo16 C16 N2         420      920     310    360Fe50 Ni18 Cr8 Mo16 C16 N2         551      930     340    310______________________________________
As seen from the comparison of Table 5(a)-(c) with Tables 2(a)-(c), 3(a)-(d) and 4(a)-(b) various properties of the alloys wherein a part of carbon is substituted with nitrogen do not substantially vary from those of the alloys not containing nitrogen and these alloys show excellent properties in all the crystallizing temperature, hardness, fracture strength and embrittling temperature.
The alloys of the present invention are highly strong materials having surprising hardness and strength as mentioned above and are far higher than hardness of 700-800 DPN and fracture strength of 250-300 kg/mm2 of a piano wire which is a representative of heretofore known high strength steels. In general, it is difficult to manufacture wires and sheets from high strength steels and complicated production steps (melting→casting→normalizing→forging, rolling→annealing) are needed but the alloys of the present invention can produce directly the final products of wires and sheets immediately after melting and this is a great advantage. Accordingly, the amorphous alloys of the present invention have a large number of uses, for example tool materials, such as blades, saws and the like, hard wire materials, such as tire cords, wire ropes and the like, composite materials to organic or inorganic materials, reinforcing materials for vinyls, plastics, rubbers, aluminum, concrete and the like, mix-spinning materials (safety working clothes, protective tent, ultra-high frequency wave protecting clothes, microwave absorption plate, thield sheets, conductive tape, operating clothes, antistatic stocking, carpet, belt, and the like), public nuisance preventing filter, screen, magnetic materials and the like.
It has been newly found that the alloys of the present invention wherein a is 14-84 atomic%, b is 2-22 atomic%, c is 4-38 atomic% and d is 10-26 atomic%, are particularly excellent in the corrosion resistance. Table 6 shows the results when the corrosion test wherein ribbon-shaped alloys having a thickness of 0.05 mm and a breadth of 2 mm produced by the twin roll process shown in FIG. 1(b) are immersed in 1 N aqueous solution of H2 SO4, HCl and NaCl at 30� C. for one week, was carried out.
TABLE 6______________________________________Result of corrosion test            Corrosion rate            (mg/cm2 /year)                        1N      1N              1N H2 SO4                        HCl     NaClAlloy              30� C.                        30� C.                                30� C.______________________________________   Fe76 Cr6 C18                  1.5       3.2   3.0   Fe72 Cr10 C18                  0.00      0.05  0.1   Fe62 Cr20 C18                  0.00      0.00  0.00   Fe62 Cr40 C18                  0.00      0.00  0.00   Fe74 Cr2 Mo6 C18                  0.00      0.00  0.00   Fe54 Cr10 Mo16 C20                  0.00      0.00  0.00   Fe74 Cr2 W6 C18                  0.00      0.00  0.00   Fe54 Cr10 W16 C20                  0.00      0.00  0.00   Fe76 Cr2 Mo2 W2 C18                  0.00      0.00  0.00   Fe60 Cr10 Mo8 W4 C18                  0.00      0.00  0.00   Fe60 Ni10 Mo12 C18                  1.6       2.8   2.7Present Fe60 Co10 Mo12 C18                  1.9       3.4   3.1inven-  Fe70 Co10 Ni10 Mo12 C18                  1.1       2.4   2.1tion    Fe56 Cr6 Ni10 Co10 C18                  0.46      0.87  0.74   Co56 Cr26 C18                  0.00      0.00  0.00   Co46 Ni10 Cr26 C18                  0.00      0.00  0.00   Co46 Fe10 Cr26 C18                  0.00      0.00  0.00   Co36 Fe10 Ni10 Cr26 C18                  0.00      0.00  0.00   Co70 Mo12 C18                  1.3       2.9   2.6   Co68 Cr2 Mo12 C18                  0.00      0.06  0.02   Co60 Cr10 Mo12 C18                  0.00      0.00  0.00   Co60 Cr10 W12 C18                  0.00      0.00  0.00   Ni46 Cr12 Mo24 C18                  0.00      0.00  0.00   Ni46 Cr20 W16 C.sub. 18                  0.00      0.00  0.00Compara-   13% Cr steel   515       600   451tive    304 Steel      25.7      50    22alloys  316 L steel    8.6       10    10______________________________________
For comparison, the similar test was carried out with respect to commercially available 13% Cr steel, 18-8 stainless steel (AISI 304 steel), 17-14-2.5 Mo stainless steel (AISI 316L steel).
As seen from this table, the iron group series amorphous alloys of the present invention are more excellent in the corrosion resistance against all the solutions than the commercially available steels.
Furthermore, the alloys wherein X is a combination of at least one of Co and Ni with Fe, more improve the corrosion resistance than the alloys wherein X is Fe alone.
For determining the electrochemical properties of the amorphous alloys, the polarization curve was measured by a potentiostatic method (constant potential process). FIGS. 2 and 3 show the polarization curves with respect to several amorphous iron alloys and the comparative Fe63 Cr17 P13 C7 amorphous alloys and AISI 304 steel immersed in each of 1 N aqueous solution of H2 SO4 and 1 N aqueous solution of HCl. In 1 N aqueous solution of H2 SO4 (at room temperature) in FIG. 2, AISI 304 steel is high in the current density in active range and is narrow in the passivation potential, while the alloys of the present invention containing Cr are completely passivative until the potential of 1.0 V (S.C.E.) and dissolve off Cr in the alloy at the potential of more than 1.0 V and show the ideal polarization behavior. On the other hand, Fe68 Mo16 C16 amorphous alloy of the present invention containing no Cr shows the similar behavior to AISI 304 steel, but is broad in the passivation region and is stable until the oxygen generating potential of more than 1.5 V. In 1 N aqueous solution of HCl in FIG. 3, the more noticeable difference can be observed. As well known, AISI 304 steel does not become passivative at the potential more than the active range and increases the current density due to the pitting corrosion but the amorphous alloys of the present invention do not cause pitting corrosion but becomes passivative. These experimental results coincide with the immersion results in Table 6.
As seen from the above described results, the amorphous alloys of the present invention are more excellent 103 -105 times as high as the commercially available high class stainless steels in the corrosion resistance and are unexpectedly higher corrosion resistant materials and can be utilized for wires and sheets to be used under severe corrosive atmosphere. For example, the amorphous alloys may be used for filter or screen materials, sea water resistant materials, chemical resistant materials, electrode materials and the like instead of stainless steel fibers which have been presently broadly used.
It has been newly found that the amorphous alloys wherein X is Fe and Co, a is 54-86 atomic%, b is 0 atomic%, c is 4-20 atomic%, d is 10-26 atomic%, and the amorphous alloys wherein not more than 10 atomic% of Ni is contained as a part of X have high permeability. Table 7(a)-(b) shows the comparison of the alloys of the present invention having soft magnetic properties with the commercially available magnetic alloys.
The alloys of the present invention have the same magnetic properties as the amorphous alloys having high permeability described on the above described Japanese Patent Laid-Open Application No. 73,920/76. In addition, the alloys of the present invention are low in the cost of the starting materials and are excellent in the crystallizing temperature, hardness, strength, embrittling temperature and the like and are novel alloys having high permeability.
TABLE 7(a)__________________________________________________________________________Magnetic properties of alloys ofpresent invention and commerciallyavailable alloys         Saturation         magnetic               Coercive                    Initial                        Curie  Specific         flux density               force                    perme-                        temperature                               resistance         Bs    Hc   ability                        Tc     &#961;Alloy         (Gauss)               (Oersted)                    (&#956;o)                        (�C.)                               (&#937; . cm)__________________________________________________________________________    Fe78 Mo4 C18         12,000               0.10 30,000                        360    185 � 10-6    Fe74 Mo8 C18         10,350               0.05 42,000                        250    190 � 10-6    Fe70 W10 C20         9,500 0.08 32,000                        235    195 � 10-6    Fe72 Cr10 C18         8,500 0.03 23,000                        210    192 � 10-6    Fe74 Cr4 Mo4 C18         9,000 0.03 20,000                        --     --Present    Fe72 Cr4 Mo4 W2 C18         7,200 0.02 40,000                        --     205 � 10-6inven-    Co79 Mo5 C16         6,500 0.15 --  310    --tion    CO76 Mo8 C16         7,000 0.10 --  260    --    Co72 Mo12 C16         8,100 0.02 20,000                        210    165 � 10-6    Co68 Mo16 C16         6,200 0.10 10,000                        160    --    Co67 Fe5 Mo12 C16         9,000 0.01 32,000                        250    172 � 10-6    Co62 Fe10 Mo12 C16         12,000               0.05 15,000                        310    175 � 10-6__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 7(b)__________________________________________________________________________Magnetic properties of alloys ofpresent invention and commerciallyavailable alloys          Saturation          magnetic                Coercive                     Initial                         Curie  Specific          flux density                force                     perme-                         temperature                                resistance          Bs    Hc   ability                         Tc     &#961;Alloy          (Gauss)                (Oersted)                     (&#956;o)                         (�C.)                                (&#937; . cm)__________________________________________________________________________ Co62 Ni10 Mo12 C16          7,000 0.12 12,000                         180    -- Fe71 Co5 Mo8 C16          11,600                0.10 25,000                         --     --Present Fe66 Co10 Mo8 C16          12,000                0.11 21,000                         270    180 � 10-6inven- Fe61 Co15 Mo8 C16          9,500 0.11 18,000                         250    --tion  Fe71 Ni5 Mo8 C16          10,800                0.08 15,000                         220    -- Fe61 Ni15 Mo8 C16          8,000 0.05 18,000                         180    180 � 10-6Compara- Supermalloy          7,700 0.01 50,000                         460    60 � 10-6tive  Sendust  10,000                0.05 30,000                         500    80 � 10-6alloys Ferrite  4,000 0.02 20,000                         180    3 (monocrystal)__________________________________________________________________________
The alloys of the present invention having high permeability can be annealed at a temperature lower than the crystallizing temperature. Furthermore, if necessary, the above described annealing treatment can be carried out under stress and/or magnetic field. The amorphous alloys can be adjusted to the shape of the hysteresis curve by the annealing treatment depending upon the use. The alloys of the present invention having high permeability can be used for wire materials or sheet materials, for iron cores of transformers, motors, magnetic amplifiers, or acoustic, video and card reader magnetic cores, magnetic filters, thermal sensor and the like.
It has been newly found that the alloys wherein X is at least one of Fe and Co, a is 16-70 atomic%, b is 0-20 atomic%, c is 20-38 atomic% and d is 10-26 atomic% are non-magnetic. Also, when at least one of Fe and Co in X of these alloys is substituted with not less than 10 atomic% of Ni, non-magnetic alloys can be obtained.
However, the conventional crystal alloys having the same component composition range as the above described alloy component composition range are ferromagnetic. The inventors have newly found that the reason why the amorphous alloys are non-magnetic and the crystal alloys are ferromagnetic, even if both the alloys have the same component composition, is based on the fact that curie temperature becomes lower than room temperature in the amorphous alloys. Accordingly, these alloys are suitable for part materials for which the influence of the magnetic field is not desired, for example, for part materials for watches, precise measuring instruments and the like.
In the alloys of the present invention, when X consists of Co and Fe and is shown by the formula
Xa =(Co1-&#945; Fe.sub.&#945;)a wherein α is 0.02-0.1 and a is 54-86 atomic%, and b is 0 atomic%, c is 4-20 atomic% and d is 10-26 atomic%, the magnetostriction becomes very small and the alloys having permeability of 10,000-30,000, Bs of less than 10,000 G, Hc of less than 0.10e and Hv of more than 1,000 DPN can be easily obtained and an embodiment of such alloy composition is Co67 Fe5 Mo12 C16 shown in Table 7.
When the alloy composition is shown by the formula
(CO1-&#945; Fe.sub.&#945;)a Crb Moc Qd,
the alloys of the present invention wherein α is 0.02-0.1, a is 74-84 atomic%, b is 0 atomic%, c is 4-10 atomic% and d is 12-16 atomic%, are particularly preferable low magnetostriction materials. In these alloys, the addition of Cr contributes to improve the magnetic stabilization and the corrosion resistance.
It has been found that in the alloys of the present invention, the alloys wherein X is shown by the following formula
Xa =(Co1-&#945;-&#947; Fe.sub.&#945; Ni.sub.&#947;)a,
in which α is 0.02-0.1, γ is less than 0.12, a is 54-86 atomic%, and b is 0 atomic%, c is 4-20 atomic% and d is 10-26 atomic%, are substantially 0 in the magnetostriction, and by containing Ni, the amorphous alloy forming ability is particularly improved.
The examples wherein the tests of the physical properties, the magnetic properties and the corrosion resistance of the amorphous alloys of the present invention have been made, are shown hereinafter.
Blades made of carbon steels, hard stainless steels and low alloy steels have been heretofore broadly used for razors, paper cutter and the like and as the properties suitable for blades, the high hardness, corrosion resistance, elasticity and wear resistance have been required. It has been found that the alloys of the present invention are provided with the above described properties and are very excellent. The hardness and the weight decrease, that is the worn amount when the alloys were worn on emery papers (#400) by adding a load of 193 g for 10 minutes are shown in Table 8 by comparing with the commercially available blades. The worn amounts in this table show the results obtained by measuring twice with respect to the same sample.
TABLE 8______________________________________Result of wear test of commerciallyavailable safety razor blade andalloy blade of present invention          Hard- Worn amount (mg)            ness    Run       Run            Hv      distance  distanceAlloy            (DPN)   85 m      205 m______________________________________  Fe56 Cr26 C18                930     0.49 0.52 0.99 1.01  Fe62 Mo20 C18                970     0.51 0.48 1.05 0.88Present  Fe66 W14 C20                1050    0.15 0.14 0.37 0.31invention  Fe54 Cr20 Mo8 C18                1010    0.18 0.17 0.41 0.33  Fe46 Cr16 Mo20 C18                1130    0.13 0.14 0.30 0.28  Fe59 Cr13 Mo8 W4 C16                1020    0.15 0.22 0.54 0.33  W Company product                659     14.5 15.5 43.3 45.3Commer-  F Company productcially (higher stain-                710     12.1 13.1 33.3 33.6available  less steel)razor  F Company     1023    10.5 13.3 31.5 30.0blade  C product  P Company product                728     15.0 13.9 42.0 42.4  G Company product                722     15.0 14.5 38.7 37.1______________________________________
From this table it can be seen that the worn amount of the blades of the alloys of the present invention is less than 1/100 of that of the commercially available razor blades.
The properties of the alloys of the present invention as the reinforcing material and the used results are shown in Table 9 by comparing with piano steel wire, glass fiber and nylon filament, which have been practically used as the reinforcing material.
TABLE 9______________________________________Comparison of properties ofpresent invention and variousreinforcing materials                             Alloy wire     Piano                   of present     steel    Glass    Nylon inventionProperties     wire     fiber    fiber Fe52 Mo12 Cr8 C18______________________________________Tensile strengthat room   250-300  220      75-118                             300-400temperature(kg/mm2)Tensile strengthat highttemperature     200-250  180      &lt;50   250-330(100� C.)(kg/mm2)Heat resistanttemperature     550      350      150   500(�C.)Thermal            some-conductivity     good     what     poor  good              goodAdhesion  necessary(rubber,  copper,  poor     good  goodplastic)  brass     platingBending fatiguelimit     35-45     20      &lt;20   60-90(kg/mm2)______________________________________
As seen from the above table, the tensile strength required as the reinforcing material is 50-100 kg/mm2 higher than that of piano wire and the tensile strength at high temperature and the bending fatigue limit are also higher. The adhesion which is required as another important property is good when using as the reinforcing material for rubber and plastics.
As the reinforcing material, steel wire, synthetic fibers and glass fibers have been heretofore used but it is difficult to more increase the fatigue strength obtained by steel wire and it has been well known that synthetic fibers and glass fibers cannot obtain the higher fatigue strength than steel wire. For reinforcing synthetic resins, matformed reinforcing material obtained by mainly processing glass fibers has been heretofore used and the reinforcing material is good in the corrosion resistance but is brittle, so that the bending strength is not satisfactory.
Concrete structures involve PC concrete using steel wires or steel ropes as the reinforcing material, concrete randomly mixing short cut steel wires and the like but any of them has defect in view of corrosion resistance. However, when the alloys of the present invention are used as the reinforcing material, they can be very advantageously used as the reinforcing material for the above described rubbers, synthetic resins, concrete and the like. An explanation will be made with respect to several embodiments hereinafter.
(A) Fe56 Cr26 C18 and Fe26 Cr12 Mo8 C18 amorphous alloy filaments having a breadth of 0.06 mm and a thickness of 0.04 mm were manufactured by using the apparatus shown in FIG. 1, (a), these filaments were woven into networks and these networks were embedded into tire rubber to obtain test pieces.
The distance of the mesh was 1 mm and the test piece is a plate 3�20�100 mm. When the rubber was vulcanized, the test piece was heated to about 150�-180� C. for 1 hour. By using this test piece, the fatigue test (amplitude elongation: 1 cm) was conducted for a long time by means of a tensile type fatigue tester. As the result, the breakage did not occur even in 106 cycle and the separation of the alloy filaments from the rubber was not observed. This is due to the fact that Fe62 Cr12 Mo8 C18 alloy has excellent fracture strength (330 kg/mm2), crystallizing temperature (565� C.) and fatigue strength (82 kg/mm2). Furthermore, the alloys for rubber must endure corrosion due to sulfur. The above described alloy filaments were embedded in an excessively vulcanized rubber and left to stand at 30� C. for about one year and then the surface of the alloy filament and the strength were examined but there was substantially no variation.
(B) Fe56 Cr26 C18, Fe74 Mo8 C18 and Fe62 Cr12 Mo8 C18 amorphous alloy filaments having 0.05 mmφ were manufactured by means of the apparatus shown in FIG. 1, (a) and the filaments were cut into a given length and a given amount of the cut filaments were mixed in resin concrete. The shape of the test piece was a square pillar 15�15�52 cm, the distance supporting said test piece was 45 cm and the points applying load were two points 15 cm distant from each supporting point. The results of the bending test as shown in Table 10.
TABLE 10______________________________________Result of bending test of concretereinforced with alloy fibers(Fe62 Cr12 Mo8 C18 alloy) of presentinvention Fiber    Mixing ratio                     Maximum  Strain atTest  length   of fiber   load     maximum loadNo.   (cm)     (volume %) (kg)     (mm)______________________________________1     --       --         1,730    0.382      5       0.5        4,870    0.503      5       1          5,950    0.654     10       0.5        4,600    0.485     10       1          4,950    0.60______________________________________
As seen from the above table, the concrete reinforced with the alloy filaments has the maximum load of about 3-4 times as large as the concrete not reinforced and the strain of about 2 times as large as the concrete not reinforced. Namely, in the strength and the strain, the concrete reinforced with the alloy filaments has the strength of 1.5-2.0 times as high as the general steel reinforced concrete.
Fe56 Cr26 C18 alloy plate according to the present invention having a breadth of 50 mm and a thickness of 0.05 mm was manufactured by means of the apparatus as shown in FIG. 1, (a) and this plate was immersed in sea water for 6 months. For comparison, commercially available 12% Cr steel plate and 18% Cr-8% Ni stainless steel plate were used. As the result, 12% Cr steel was corroded and broken in about 10 days and 18-8 steel was corroded and broken in about 50 days but the alloy of the present invention was not corroded after 6 months. The commercially available 12% Cr steel was general corroded due to rust and 18-8 steel caused pitting corrosion and many corroded pits and rusts were observed on the surface.
Fe74 Mo8 C18 alloy filament of the present invention having a breadth of 0.5 mm and a thickness of 0.05 mm was manufactured by means of the apparatus of FIG. 1, (a) and the filaments were packed 5 cm at the center of a quartz glass tube having a diameter of 20 mm. 2% aqueous suspension of Fe3 O4 powders was flowed through the quartz glass tube at a rate of 10 cc/sec while applying magnetic field of about 100 Oersted from the outer portion. By this process, 98-99% of ferro-magnetic powders in the solution was removed. That is, this alloy is useful as the filter.
There has been substantially no alloy having non-magnetic property and high strength and ductility in the commercially available metal materials. For example, in order to make ferromagnetic steel materials non-magnetic, an alloy having a large amount of chromium is produced or an alloy containing nickel or manganese is produced to form austenite phase. Presently, the useful non-magnetic alloy is Fe-Ni alloy containing not less than about 30% of nickel but the strength of this alloy is about 80 kg/mm2. However, the alloys of the present invention are non-magnetic materials having a fracture strength of about 300-400 kg/mm2 and toughness and can be used as the materials for producing articles suitable for these properties. For example, the stop and shutter materials of camera must be non-magnetic and have wear resistance. Presently aluminum alloys have been used. When Fe72 Cr12 C16 alloy sheet of the present invention having a breadth of 5 cm and a thickness of 0.05 mm produced by the twin roll process was punched by punching process to form stop blades and the obtained blades were used, any trouble did not occur owing to the outer magnetic field and the wear resistance was about 1,000 times as long as the conventional aluminum alloy blades and the durable life of the stop blades was noticeably increased.
In addition, as the specific use, there is a relay line, when attenuation of ultrasonic wave was measured by using Fe72 Cr12 C16 alloy wire, dB/cm was about 0.08 and was near 0.06 of quartz glass which has been heretofore known to have the best property and further this alloy has the characteristic that the alloy is not embrittled as in glass. As the metal materials for the relay line, Fe-Ni series Elinvar alloy has been frequently used but dB/cm is as high as about 10. Therefore, the alloy of the present invention can be advantageously used as the material for the relay line.
As mentioned above, the alloys of the present invention are high in the hardness and strength and excellent in the fatigue limit and the corrosion resistance and may be non-magnetic and the alloys are more cheap and can be more easily produced than the conventional amorphous alloys and can expect a large number of uses.
The alloys of the present invention can be produced into powders, wires or sheets depending upon the use.
The amorphous alloys of the present invention can be utilized for tools, such as blades, saws and the like, hard wires, reinforcing materials for rubber, plastics, concrete and the like, mix-spinning materials, corrosion resistant materials, magnetic materials, non-magnetic materials and the like. Amorphous alloys having various properties can be produced depending upon the component composition and the use is broad depending upon the properties.
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