Source: http://www.patentgenius.com/patent/6703921.html
Timestamp: 2019-01-21 01:10:48
Document Index: 598705506

Matched Legal Cases: ['Application No. 99', 'Application No. 98', 'Application No. 99', 'Application No. 99', 'Application No. 98', 'Application No. 99', 'Application No. 00', 'Application No. 99', 'Application No. 00', 'Application No. 99', 'Application No. 99', 'Application No. 99', 'Application No. 00', 'Application No. 00', 'Application No. 00', 'Application No. 00', 'Application No. 00']

Operation in very close coupling of an electromagnetic transponder system - Patent # 6703921 - PatentGenius
6703921 Operation in very close coupling of an electromagnetic transponder system
Inventor: Wuidart, et al.
Application: 09/543,278
Inventors: Bardouillet; Michel (Rousset, FR)
Enguent; Jean-Pierre (Saint Savournin, FR)
Attorney Or Agent: Jorgenson; Lisa K.Morris; James H. Wolf, Greenfield & Sacks, P.C
U.S. Class: 340/10.2; 340/10.4; 345/41
Field Of Search: 340/10.2; 340/10.34; 340/10.3; 340/10.4; 340/850; 340/870.44; 341/20; 341/21; 341/22; 341/23; 341/24; 341/25; 341/26; 341/27; 341/28; 341/29; 341/30; 341/31; 341/32; 341/33; 341/34; 341/35; 572/3; 572/1; 455/41
U.S Patent Documents: 2411555; 3618089; 4068232; 4209783; 4278977; 4408185; 4593412; 4656472; 4660192; 4706050; 4782308; 4802080; 4814595; 4827266; 4928108; 4963887; 5013898; 5055853; 5099227; 5126749; 5142292; 5202644; 5214409; 5305008; 5324315; 5452344; 5493267; 5504485; 5521602; 5541604; 5550536; 5604411; 5619529; 5621411; 5691605; 5698837; 5698838; 5701121; 5703573; 5767503; 5801372; 5831257; 5850416; 5874725; 5883582; 5889273; 5905444; 5955950; 6014088; 6025780; 6028503; 6034640; 6070804; 6072383; 6075491; 6100788; 6137411; 6154635; 6172608; 6208235; 6229443; 6243013; 6265962; 6272320; 6272321; 6281794; 6307468; 6307517; 6393045; 6424820; 6441804; 6446049; 6491230
Foreign Patent Documents: 28 35 549; 44 44 984; 195 46 928; 196 21 076; 196 32 282; 0 038 877; 0 369 622; 0 568 067; 0 579 332; 0 645 840; 0 768 540; 0 857 981; 0 902 475; 2 114 026; 2 746 200; A-2 757 952; 2 298 553; 2 321 726; 407245946; 10-145267; 10-203066; WO 93/17482; WO 98/20363; WO 99/33017; WO 99/43096
Other References: French Search Report from French Patent Application No. 99 09563, filed Jul. 20, 1999..
French Search Report from French Patent Application No. 98 08025, filed Jun. 22, 1998..
French Search Report from French Patent Application No. 99 04547, filed Apr. 7, 1999..
French Search Report from French Patent Application No. 99 04546 , filed Apr. 7, 1999..
French Search Report from French Patent Application No. 98 08024, filed Jun. 22, 1998..
French Search Report from French Patent Application No. 99 04544, filed Apr. 7, 1999..
French Search Report from French Patent Application No. 00/01214, filed Jan. 31, 2000..
French Search Report from French Patent Application No. 99 09564, filed Jul. 20, 1999..
French Search Report from French Patent Application No. 00/06301, filed May 17, 2000..
French Search Report from French Patent Application No. 99 04548, filed Apr. 7, 1999..
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French Search Report from French Patent Application No. 99 07024, filed May 31 1999..
French Search Report from French Patent Application No. 00 06302, filed May 17, 2000..
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Abstract: A method and a system of data transmission between a terminal for generating an electromagnetic field and a transponder, the terminal and the transponder each including an oscillating circuit forming an antenna, and the transponder including an electronic circuit adapted to absorbing and giving back power provided by the terminal field, the oscillating circuits of the transponder and of the terminal being capable of transmitting radio-electric signals of determined frequency, this method including causing a detuning of at least one of the oscillating circuits with respect to the determined frequency when the transponder and the terminal are very close to each other.
1. A method of data transmission between a terminal for generating an electromagnetic field and a transponder, the terminal and the transponder each including an oscillatingcircuit forming an antenna, and said transponder including an electronic circuit adapted to drain and give back power provided by the electromagnetic field from the terminal, the oscillating circuits of the transponder and of the terminal being capableof transmitting radio-electric signals of determined frequency, the method including causing a detuning of at least one of the oscillating circuits with respect to the determined frequency, so as to decrease a coupling coefficient between the oscillatingcircuits while maintaining communication between the transponder and the terminal, when the transponder and the terminal are very close to each other.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the oscillating circuits are tuned when the transponder is further away from the terminal than a critical coupling position between the oscillating circuits, at least one of the circuits being detuned when thetransponder is between the critical coupling position and the terminal.
5. The method of claim 1, further including modifying a data transmission rate from the transponder to the terminal and/or from the terminal to the transponder according to whether the oscillating circuits are or are not tuned to the determinedfrequency.
7. A system of wireless and contactless data transmission between a terminal that generates an electromagnetic field and at least one transponder having no independent supply means, at least one of the terminal and the transponder includingmeans for implementing the method of claim 1.
8. A method for communication between a terminal and a remote transponder that receives operating power from the terminal, the method comprising acts of: generating with the terminal an electromagnetic field; determining a distance between theterminal and the remote transponder; detuning an oscillating circuit of one of the terminal and the transponder, so as to decrease a coupling coefficient between the transponder and the terminal in a detuned state, in response to the distance betweenthe terminal and the transponder being less than a predetermined value; wherein the transponder still receives operating power from the terminal in the detuned state.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein regulating the phase of the current includes acts of: measuring the phase of the current; and varying a capacitance of the oscillating circuit so as to achieve a desired phase of the current.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein measuring the phase of the current includes acts of: measuring the current with a current-measuring device to provide a measured current; comparing a phase of the measured current with a phase of a referencesignal using a phase comparator; and determining the phase of the current based on the comparing act.
12. The method of claim 8, wherein determining the distance includes acts of: measuring a first voltage when the oscillating circuit is in a tuned mode; measuring a second voltage when the oscillating circuit is in the detuned mode; comparingthe first and second voltages to provide a comparison bit; and determining the distance between the terminal and the transponder, relative to a critical coupling point, based on a value of the comparison bit.
The present invention relates to systems using electromagnetic transponders, that is, transceivers (generally mobile) capable of being interrogated in a contactless and wireless manner by a unit (generally fixed), called a read/write terminal. The present invention more specifically relates to transponders having no independent power supply. Such transponders extract the power supply required by the electronic circuits included therein from the high frequency field radiated by an antenna ofthe read/write terminal. The present invention applies to such transponders, be they read only transponders, that is, adapted to operating with a terminal only reading the transponder data, or read/write transponders, which contain data that can bemodified by the terminal.
Electromagnetic transponders are based on the use of oscillating circuits including a winding forming an antenna, on the transponder side and on the read/write terminal side. These circuits are intended to be coupled by a close magnetic fieldwhen the transponder enters the field of the read/write terminal. The range of a transponder system, that is, the maximum distance from the terminal at which a transponder is activated (awake) depends, especially, on the size of the transponder antenna,on the excitation frequency of the coil of the oscillating circuit generating the magnetic field, on the intensity of this excitation, and on the transponder power consumption.
Generally, unit 1 is essentially formed of an oscillating circuit formed of an inductance L1 in series with a capacitor C1 and a resistor R1, between an output terminal 2p of an amplifier or antenna coupler 3 (DRIV) and a terminal 2m at areference potential (generally, the ground). Amplifier 3 receives a high-frequency transmission signal Tx, provided by a modulator 4 (MOD). The modulator receives a reference frequency, for example, from a quartz oscillator 5 and, if necessary, a datasignal to be transmitted. In the absence of a data transmission from terminal 1 to transponder 10, signal Tx is used only as a power source to activate the transponder if said transponder enters the field. The data to be transmitted come from anelectronic system, generally digital, for example, a microprocessor 6 (.mu.P).
The connection node of capacitor C1 and inductance L1 forms, in the example shown in FIG. 1, a terminal for sampling a data signal Rx, received from a transponder 10 and intended for a demodulator 7 (DEM). An output of the demodulatorcommunicates (if necessary via a decoder (DEC) 8) the data received from transponder 10 to microprocessor 6 of read/write terminal 1. Demodulator 7 receives, generally from oscillator 5, a clock or reference signal for a phase demodulation. Thedemodulation may be performed from a signal sampled between capacitor C1 and resistor R1 and not across inductance L1. Microprocessor 6 communicates (bus EXT) with different input/output (keyboard, screen, means of transmission to a provider, etc.)and/or processing circuits. The circuits of the read/write terminal draw the power necessary for their operation from a supply circuit 9 (ALIM), connected, for example, to the electric supply system.
On the side of transponder 10, an inductance L2, in parallel with a capacitor C2, forms a parallel oscillating circuit (called a reception resonant circuit) intended for capturing the field generated by series oscillating circuit L1C1 of terminal1. The resonant circuit (L2, C2) of transponder 10 is tuned on the frequency of the oscillating circuit (L1, C1) of terminal 1.
Terminals 11, 12 of resonant circuit L2C2, which correspond to the terminals of capacitor C2, are connected to two A.C. input terminals of a rectifying bridge 13 formed, for example, of four diodes D1, D2, D3, D4. In the representation of FIG.1, the anode of diode D1 and the cathode of diode D3 are connected to terminal I1. The anode of diode D2 and the cathode of diode D4 are connected to terminal 12. The cathodes of diodes D1 and D2 form a positive rectified output terminal 14. Theanodes of diodes D3 and D4 form a reference terminal 15 of the rectified voltage. A capacitor Ca is connected to rectified output terminals 14, 15 of bridge 13 to store power and smooth the rectified voltage provided by the bridge. It should be notedthat the diode bridge may be replaced with a single-halfwave rectifying assembly.
When transponder 10 is in the field of terminal 1, a high frequency voltage is generated across resonant circuit L2C2. This voltage, rectified by bridge 13 and smoothed by capacitor Ca, provides a supply voltage to electronic circuits of thetransponder via a voltage regulator 16 (REG). These circuits generally include, essentially, a microprocessor (.mu.P) 17 (associated with a memory not shown), a demodulator 18 (DEM) of the signals that may be received from terminal 1, and a modulator 19(MOD) to transmit information to terminal 1. The transponder is generally synchronized by means of a clock (CLK) extracted, by a block 20, from the high-frequency signal recovered across capacitor C2 before rectification. Most often, all the electroniccircuits of transponder 10 are integrated in a same chip.
To transmit the data from transponder 10 to unit 1, modulator 19 controls a stage of modulation (back modulation) of resonant circuit L2C2. This modulation stage is generally formed of an electronic switch (for example, a transistor T) and of aresistor R, in series between terminals 14 and 15. Transistor T is controlled at a so-called sub-carrier frequency (for example, 847.5 kHz), much smaller (generally with a ratio of at least 10) than the frequency of the excitation signal of theoscillating circuit of terminal 1 (for example, 13.56 MHz). When switch T is closed, the oscillating circuit of the transponder is submitted to an additional damping as compared to the load formed of circuits 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20, so that thetransponder draws a greater amount of power from the high frequency field. On the side of terminal 1, amplifier 3 maintains the amplitude of the high-frequency excitation signal constant. Accordingly, the power variation of the transponder translatesas an amplitude and phase variation of the current in antenna L1. This variation is detected by demodulator 7 of terminal 1, which is either a phase demodulator or an amplitude demodulator. For example, in the case of a phase demodulation, thedemodulator detects, in the half-periods of the sub-carrier where switch T of the transponder is closed, a slight phase shift (a few degrees, or even less than one degree) of the carrier of signal Rx with respect to the reference signal. The output ofdemodulator 7 (generally the output of a band-pass filter centered on the sub-carrier frequency) then provides an image signal of the control signal of switch T that can be decoded (by decoder 8 or directly by microprocessor 6) to restore the binarydata.
FIG. 2 illustrates a conventional example of data transmission from terminal 1 to a transponder 10. This drawing shows an example of shape of the excitation signal of antenna L1 for a transmission of a code 0101. The modulation currently usedis an amplitude modulation with a rate of 106 kbits/s (a bit is transmitted in approximately 9.5 .mu.s) much smaller than the frequency (for example, 13.56 MHz) of the carrier coming from oscillator 5 (period of approximately 74 ns). The amplitudemodulation is performed either in all or nothing or with a modulation ratio (defined as being the difference of the peak amplitudes (a, b) between the two states (0 and 1), divided by the sum of these amplitudes) smaller than one due to the need forsupply of transponder 10. In the example of FIG. 2, the carrier at 13.56 MHz is modulated in amplitude, with a 106-kbit/s rate, with a modulation rate tm of, for example, 10%.
FIG. 3 illustrates a conventional example of a data transmission from transponder 10 to terminal 1. This drawing illustrates an example of the shape of control signal V.sub.T of transistor T, provided by modulator 19, and of the correspondingsignal Rx received by terminal 1. On the transponder side, the back modulation is generally of resistive type with a carrier (called a sub-carrier) of, for example, 847.5 kHz (period of approximately 1.18 .mu.s). The back modulation is, for example,based on a BPSK-type (binary phase-shift keying) coding at a rate on the order of 106 kbits/s, much smaller than the sub-carrier frequency. In FIG. 3, signal Rx has been shown as "smoothed", that is, without showing the high frequency carrier (forexample, at 13.56 MHz) ripple. In the example of FIG. 3, it has been assumed that each of the three shown bits is different from the preceding bit. Thus, it is, for example, a transmission of a code 010.
It should be noted that, whatever the type of modulation or back modulation used (for example, in amplitude, phase, frequency) and whatever the type of data coding (NRZ, NRZI, Manchester, ASK, BPSK, etc.), the modulation or back modulation isperformed digitally, by jumping between two binary levels.
The oscillating circuits of the terminal and of the transponder are generally tuned on the carrier frequency, that is, their resonance frequency is set on the 13.56-MHz frequency. This tuning aims at maximizing the power diffusion to thetransponder, which generally is a card of credit card size integrating the different transponder components.
As illustrated in FIG. 3, signal V.sub.T is formed of a pulse train at the sub-carrier frequency (for example, 847.5 kHz), a phase shift occurring upon each state change from a bit to the next bit. As concerns the signal recovered on the readerside, it appears not to have a "digital" form, which can make its decoding difficult. Indeed, the shape of signal Rx has, for each bit transmission time (9.4 .mu.s), a non-linear increase beginning (capacitor charge), to reach a maximum approximately attwo thirds of the duration of a bit, then an also non-linear decrease. The enable time, that is, the time taken by signal Rx to reach a level decodable by the demodulator, is linked to the oscillating circuits being tuned. The need for power transferfor the remote supply, associated with the desired system range, requires a high quality factor, and thus that the oscillating circuits be tuned. Now, a high quality factor results in a small passband. This results in a limited data flow for thesystem. Generally, the quality factors are on the order of 10 for the reader and for the transponder.
The transponder may be formed by various objects (key ring, keys, etc.), but now most often is in the form of a credit card integrating all the circuits and the antenna or inductance L2. For an information exchange with a reader or a terminal,the card is brought closer to antenna L1 of the reader. The distance between the reader and the card varies and, in some applications, a very close or tight coupling transmission is used, the antennas being distant from each other by less than twocentimeters. Such a tight coupling transmission may be used, for example, to enable a payment by means of a transponder, and thus guarantee that only the transponder that is closest to the terminal is recognized by said terminal.
A problem that is raised when the oscillating circuits are very close to each other is that, if they are substantially tuned, the power transmitted from the terminal to the transponder is such that the transponder heats up (antenna L2 isgenerally formed of one or several planar spirals at the card periphery). This thermal effect results in deforming the plastic card.
A frequency detuning of an electromagnetic transponder is known from document WO-A-98/29760. This document provides for the antenna of a transponder to be "detuned in frequency or mismatched in impedance, so that the transponder and itselectronic circuit absorb less radio field and power. Thus, another transponder located in the vicinity of the mismatched or detuned transponder can receive enough of the radio field to operate properly. The transmission system can then detect orconsult this other transponder as if it were alone in the field" of the transmitter. Still according to this document, the mismatch means are used "when the transponder is in an unselected state to limit the power and/or field absorption by thetransponder in the unselected state".
The solution advocated by this document amounts to detuning the transponders that are relatively remote from the terminal to maximize the power received by the closest transponder meant to communicate with the terminal. Such a solution does notsolve the above-mentioned tight coupling problems. Indeed, the transponder that remains tuned is the selected transponder.
Conversely to this document, the present invention provides a detuned operation in tight coupling. Thus, a feature of the present invention is to provide, for a tight coupling information transmission, a detuned operation of the oscillatingcircuits of a read (or read/write) terminal and of an electromagnetic transponder remotely supplied by this terminal.
Indeed, when the oscillating circuits are tuned on the remote supply carrier frequency, if the transponder comes close to a terminal, the remote supply amplitude starts increasing from the system range limit (on the order of some tencentimeters). This amplitude transits through a maximum (critical coupling position) then starts decreasing again when the transponder becomes very close (approximately less than 2 centimeters). For this reason, in particular, it is not provided inconventional systems to make the power of the terminal dependent from the distance at which the transponder is.
The critical coupling position corresponds to the distance at which the coupling between the transponder and the terminal is optimized by a maximum remote supply amplitude received by the transponder when the oscillating circuits of the terminaland of the transponder are both tuned on the remote supply carrier frequency. In other words, the critical coupling frequency corresponds to the distance at which the remote supply power is maximum for a minimum coupling factor, the coupling factorbeing the ratio of the mutual inductance on the square root of the product of the inductances of the oscillating circuits.
When at least one of the oscillating circuits is detuned from the remote supply carrier frequency, the power received by the transponder increases as the distance from the terminal decreases, but with a reduced range. In this case, there also isa distance at which the received power is maximum for a given detuning condition. This is an optimal coupling, the critical coupling position being the optimal coupling condition when the two oscillating circuits are tuned on the carrier frequency. Itshould be noted that the optimal coupling coefficient between the two oscillating circuits depends not only on inductances L1 and L2, on capacitors C1 and C2, and on the frequency (which here is a fixed frequency and corresponds to the carrierfrequency), but also on series resistance R1 of the terminal, and on the load of the oscillating circuit of the transponder, that is, on the equivalent resistance of the circuits (microprocessor, etc.) and on the back modulation means (for example,resistor R, FIG. 1), added in parallel on capacitor C2 and on inductance L2. This equivalent resistor will be designated hereafter as R2.
More specifically, the present invention provides a method of data transmission between a terminal for generating an electromagnetic field and a transponder, the terminal and the transponder each including an oscillating circuit forming anantenna, and the transponder including an electronic circuit adapted to absorbing and giving back power provided by the terminal field, the oscillating circuits of the transponder and of the terminal being capable of transmitting radio-electric signalsof determined frequency, this method consisting of causing a detuning of at least one of the oscillating circuits with respect to the determined frequency when the transponder and the terminal are very close to each other.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the oscillating circuits are tuned when the transponder is further away from the terminal than the critical coupling position between the two circuits, at least one of the circuits beingdetuned when the transponder is between this critical coupling position and the terminal.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the data transmission rate from the transponder to the terminal and/or from the terminal to the transponder is modified according to whether the oscillating circuits are or are not tuned to thedetermined frequency.
The present invention also relates to a system of wireless and contactless data transmission between a terminal of generation of an electromagnetic field and at least one transponder having no independent supply means, the terminal and/or thetransponder including means for implementing the method of the present invention.
The same elements have been referred to with the same references in the different drawings, and the drawings have been drawn out of scale. For clarity, only those elements necessary to the understanding of the present invention have been shownin the drawings and will be described hereafter. In particular, the digital electronic circuits have not been detailed, be it on the transponder or reader side.
A feature of the present invention is to provide detuning the oscillating circuit of a transponder and/or of a read or read/write terminal when in a situation of tight coupling with a terminal, that is, when their respective antennas are located,for example, at less than 2 centimeters from each other.
The consequence of such a detuning is that the operation becomes close to that of a transformer, that is, the quality factor is less. Now, in the conventional tuned operation, a quality factor as high as possible is desired, to optimize thepower transfer associated with the transponder remote supply.
In a detuned operation, the terminal power, that is, the current in the antenna (L1, FIG. 1), may be decreased while transmitting a sufficient power to the card remote supply. Indeed, since the transponder is very close to the terminal, theproblem of remote supply range has disappeared. The required power then essentially depends on the transformation ratio (ratio between the number of spirals) of the oscillating circuit inductances. The current decrease required in the antennasuppresses the thermal effect on the transponder side.
FIG. 4 illustrates the shape of signal Rx, on the reader side, after a resistive back modulation on the transponder side, while the oscillating circuit of the terminal is detuned from the remote supply carrier frequency (for example, 13.56 MHz). This drawing is to be compared with FIG. 3. As can be acknowledged, the enable times have almost disappeared. Signal Rx has a shape substantially similar to that of the control signal of the gate of transistor T, on the transponder side. Accordingly,it is now possible to increase the transmission rates since it is no longer necessary to wait, for each transmitted bit, that signal Rx reaches the detection threshold of the phase demodulator of the terminal.
It should be noted that the detuning of the transponder's oscillating circuit is only desirable in very close or tight coupling. Accordingly, the present invention enables easily dissociating two operating modes of the system according towhether the transponder is or not very close to the reader. It should also be noted that the coupling coefficient is decreased by the detuning of the oscillating circuit. This is not disturbing since the two oscillating circuits are then very close toeach other in a transformer type operation.
Several solutions may be used to detune the oscillating circuits. Indeed, as indicated hereabove, the optimal coupling coefficient depends on the respective values of elements R1, L1, C1 on the terminal side and R2, L2, C2 on the transponderside. It is thus possible to detune either the transponder's oscillating circuit, or the terminal's oscillating circuit, or both.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, it is provided, for efficiency reasons, to detune both circuits. Indeed, according to the present invention, a significant detuning has to be caused with respect to the remote supplycarrier frequency. Thus, controllable means for detuning the oscillating circuits are provided, preferably, on the terminal side and on the transponder side.
FIG. 5 partially shows an embodiment of a read/write terminal 1' of an electromagnetic transponder, provided with means for detuning the oscillating circuit with respect to the carrier frequency (for example, 13.56 MHz). This embodiment includesvarying the value of the capacitance (C1, FIG. 1) of the oscillating circuit.
As previously, terminal 1' includes an oscillating circuit formed of an inductance or antenna L1, in series with a capacitive element 24 and a resistor R1, between an output terminal 2p of an amplifier or antenna coupler 3 and a terminal 2m at areference potential (generally the ground). Amplifier 3 receives a high frequency transmission signal Tx coming from a modulator 4 (MOD) that receives a reference frequency (signal OSC), for example, from a quartz oscillator (not shown). Modulator 4receives, if necessary, a data signal to be transmitted. The other components of terminal 1' are, unless otherwise indicated, similar to those described in relation with FIG. 1.
According to the embodiment of FIG. 5, a phase regulation of the current in antenna L1 with respect to a reference signal REF is performed. This regulation is a regulation of the high-frequency signal, that is, of the carrier signal (forexample, at 13.56 MHz) corresponding to signal Tx in the absence of data to be transmitted. This regulation is performed by varying capacitance C1 of the oscillating circuit of terminal 1' to maintain the current in the antenna in constant phaserelation with the reference signal. Signal REF is at the carrier frequency and corresponds, for example, to signal OSC provided by the oscillator (5, FIG. 1) of the modulator.
As illustrated in FIG. 5, capacitive element 24 provided in series with resistor R1 and inductance L1 is controllable by means of signal CTRL, which is provided by a circuit 21 (COMP), the function of which is to detect the phase shift withrespect to reference signal REF and to accordingly modify capacitance C1 of element 24.
Variable capacitance 24 may be formed in several ways. Generally, this capacitance must reach a few hundreds of picofarads and withstand, across its terminals, a voltage of more than 100 volts. A diode in which the capacitance of thereverse-biased junction is used as a variable capacitance that depends on this biasing may for example be used. The diode is then connected, by its anode, on the side of reference terminal 2m and by its cathode, on the side of inductance L1. As analternative, a diode-mounted MOSFET transistor may be used. Be it a diode or a MOSFET transistor, the control performed by means of signal CTRL includes modifying the voltage across the diode or the transistor to modify its capacitance.
The phase measurement in the oscillating circuit is performed, for example, from a measurement of the current 1 through this oscillating circuit, symbolized by an element 23. This current measurement element is connected in series with element24 and inductance L1. The result of measurement MES is sent to phase comparator 21 that then compares the phase of the current measured by block 23 with reference signal REF, and accordingly controls capacitive element 24 by means of signal CTRL.
It should be noted that the phase regulation loop must be sufficiently slow so as not to disturb the phase modulation at 847.5 kHz, but sufficiently fast as compared to the displacement speed of a transponder in the terminal field, which isgenerally the displacement speed of a hand. For example, a response time on the order of one millisecond is adequate, the displacement time of a transponder being of several hundreds of milliseconds.
For a detuned operation, the phase reference of comparator 21 may for example be modified to modify the control order of the loop that then regulates on another value, the signals to be compared being then phase-shifted by a value other than90.degree. in base value. It should be noted that, for the optimal coupling to correspond to the shortest possible distance between the terminal and the transponder, capacitance C1 has to be increased with respect to its tuned value. This amounts todecreasing the resonance frequency of the terminal's oscillating circuit. Instead of modifying the reference phase of comparator 21, the bias voltage of element 24 may be shifted, for example, by means of a switched resistor network, controlled by theterminal microprocessor, to make the biasing resistance of element 24 variable.
To detune the oscillating circuit of the transponder, a first solution includes connecting, in parallel with the transponder antenna, two capacitors, one of which is associated in series with a switch to make it controllable. This solutionconsists of using, for other purposes, an assembly of the type described in document WO-A-98/29760 that provides a frequency detuning of a transponder by means of a modifiable capacitance in the oscillating circuit.
According to the present invention, for the optimal coupling to correspond to the smallest possible distance between the terminal and the transponder, capacitance C2 has to be increased with respect to its tuned value. This amounts to decreasingthe resonance frequency of the oscillating circuit of the transponder.
FIG. 6 shows a first embodiment of a transponder 30 according to the present invention. As previously, this transponder is formed from a parallel oscillating circuit including an inductance L2 and a capacitor C2' between two terminals 11', 12'of the circuit.
In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 6, the rectification performed to extract a D.C. supply voltage Va smoothed by a capacitor Ca is a single-halfwave rectification by means of a diode D, the anode of which is connected to terminal 11 ' andthe cathode of which is connected to positive terminal 14 of capacitor Ca. Voltage reference 15 corresponds to the negative terminal of capacitor Ca directly connected to terminal 12'. Voltage Va is meant for an electronic block 31 including, forexample, circuits 16 to 20 of FIG. 1. A capacitor C3 is connected in series with a switch (for example, a MOS transistor) K1 between terminals 11' and 12'. Switch K1 is controlled by circuit 31 by being closed for a tuned operation.
FIG. 7 shows a second embodiment of a transponder 30' according to the present invention. According to this embodiment, terminals 11, 12 of the oscillating circuit are connected to the A.C. input terminals of a bridge 13 formed, for example, ofdiodes D1 to D4 as in FIG. 1. Two rectified output terminals 14, 15 of bridge 13 provide, via smoothing capacitor Ca, voltage Va of supply of electronic block 31.
According to this embodiment, two capacitors C3 and C4 are respectively connected, each, in series with a switch (for example, a MOS transistor) K1, K2, respectively between terminals 11 and 12 and terminals 15. Thus, a first terminal ofcapacitor C3 is connected to terminal 11, its second terminal being connected, via transistor K1, to terminal 15. A first terminal of capacitor C4 is connected to terminal 12 while its other terminal is connected, via a transistor K2, to terminal 15. Capacitors C3 and C4 are respectively associated with each sign of high frequency A.C. voltage V2 across antenna L2. Capacitors C3 and C4 are thus of same values. Transistors K1 and K2 are controlled by block 31, preferable from a same signal, to beclosed when the circuit has to be tuned on the remote supply carrier frequency.
It should be noted that, due to the doubling of the capacitors, a reference node is available (line 15) for the control of switches K1 and K2. Thus, if switches K1 and K2 are formed of N-channel MOS transistors, it is now possible, by a logicsignal coming from block 31, to control these switches in all or nothing, which is not possible with the solution advocated by document WO-A-98/29760.
For example, capacitors C2', C3 and C4 have, each, a capacitance corresponding to half the capacitance (C2, FIG. 1) necessary to tune the oscillating circuit on the reader carrier frequency.
Transponder 30 (FIG. 6) or 30' (FIG. 7) also includes a resistive back modulation circuit formed, preferably, of two resistors R3, R4 respectively in series with a switch K3, K4 between terminals 14 and 15. Resistors R3 and R4 have differentvalues, respectively high and low.
Consider being between the critical coupling and the terminal, resistor R3, which is of high value, is used to perform the back modulation and transistor K1 (or transistors K1 and K2) is turned off. The system then has a detuned operation closeto a transformer operation.
Consider being far from the critical coupling position while being further away from the terminal than this position, that is, consider a loose coupling. Transistor K1 (or transistors K1 and K2) is then turned on and the resistive backmodulation is performed by means of resistor R4 that is of smaller value. This then is a conventional operating mode.
It should be noted that the present invention, by using a resistance of small value when away from the terminal, optimizes the system range. The ratio between the respective values of resistors R3 and R4 is, for example, included between 4 and10 (R3 included between 0.4 and 5 kiloohms and R4 included between 100 and 500 kiloohms) and, preferably, on the order of 6 (for example, approximately 1500 and 250 ohms).
As an alternative, the capacitor(s) used to detune the circuit is (are) also used as back modulation means. In this case, switched resistors R3, K3, and R4, K4 are eliminated and the values of capacitors C2', C3 (and C4 for the embodiment ofFIG. 7) are chosen so that the importance of the detuning is compatible with the phase shift to be detected by the terminal in case of a capacitive modulation. The capacitive modulation directly influences the phase of the voltage across inductance L1of the terminal without acting upon its amplitude. This eases the phase detection by the terminal. It should be noted that the type of back modulation does not modify the coding, that is, the control signal of the back modulation switch(es) at thecarrier frequency.
In the sizing of the oscillating circuit capacitors, account will be taken of the rectifying means used and of the value of smoothing capacitor Ca. Indeed, the conduction periods of the diodes of a bridge (FIG. 7) are generally shorter ascompared to the remote supply carrier period than the conduction periods of a single-halfwave rectifying diode (FIG. 6). Accordingly, the duty cycle of action of the back modulation means is different according to the type of rectification performed. Now, this duty cycle has an influence, in particular, on the value of equivalent resistance R2, and thus on the coupling coefficient.
On the transponder side, one of the embodiments of FIGS. 6 and 7 may be used. According to the present invention, their respective electronic circuit is provided with an input DET receiving the local supply voltage Va. Input DET is associatedwith a circuit (not shown) for measuring voltage Va and with at least one element for storing this measurement. In a specific example of embodiment, this may be a microprocessor (6, FIG. 1). The storage of the values of the measured voltages isperformed either analogically or, preferentially, digitally over several bits, the number of which depends on the desired analysis precision.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the following measurement cycle is periodically performed when the transponder is in the terminal range and, preferably, as soon as the transponder is activated (supplied) by itsentering the field of a reader. Transistor K1 (FIG. 6) or transistors K1 and K2 (FIG. 7) are initially on, the oscillating circuit being tuned. The voltage present on terminal DET is measured. Then, transistor(s) K1, K2 is (are) turned off. Thecircuit is then detuned, its resonance frequency being shifted to, in the case of FIG. 6, more than twice the tuning frequency if capacitors C2' and C3 have the same value. The voltage on terminal DET is measured again. As an alternative, the firstmeasurement is performed with a detuned circuit. The two obtained values are compared and the result of this comparison is stored, for example on a single bit.
It should be noted that the time (for example, on the order of a few hundreds of milliseconds) required to perform the two "tuned" and "detuned" measurements is small as compared to the transponder displacement speed that corresponds, in mostapplications, to the displacement speed of a hand.
It should also be noted that the duration for which the oscillating circuit is detuned to perform a measurement is, preferably, chosen to be substantially different from the sub-carrier half-period, so that this measurement is not interpreted bythe terminal as a back modulation. Indeed, the detuning of the transponder oscillating circuit translates as a phase shift in oscillating circuit L1C1 (FIG. 1) of the terminal that, during the distance determination, must not be mistaken for a datatransmission.
The variation of the value of the comparison bit enables knowing whether the transponder is closer or further away from the terminal as compared to the critical coupling position. If the bit indicates a higher level in detuned position than intuned position, this means that the transponder is very close to the terminal (in tight coupling). In the opposite case, the transponder is either close to the critical coupling, or between the critical coupling position and the system range limit.
As a simplified embodiment, the use of a dedicated distance determination input (DET) may be avoided by using an existing input of the microprocessor (contained in block 31) of the transponder). This conventional input controls the availablelocal supply voltage across capacitor Ca with respect to a predetermined threshold. The microprocessor stores (in the form of a bit) the state of this voltage with respect to the threshold. The bit is conventionally used, for example, for detectingwhether the voltage recovered by the oscillating circuit is sufficient for the transponder supply, and thus to activate said transponder when it enters the field of a reader. This function exists, for example, in transponder microprocessors, forexample, circuits ST16 and ST19 of STMicroelectronics, and may thus be used with no significant modification of the transponder.
The distance determination with respect to the critical coupling has the advantage that the performed distance determination or area detection (tight coupling or loose coupling) resembles a differential measurement. Indeed, the detection isperformed with respect to the critical coupling that depends on the system and on its environment. Only at the critical coupling is the recovered voltage threshold maximum when the circuits are tuned. It is thus not necessary to provide a specificreference or distance threshold. In other words, the threshold distance between the two tuned and detuned operating modes is then self-adaptive.
For a distance determination on the terminal side, a system such as described in WO-A97/34250 may for example be used. However, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the determination performed does not require involvingthe terminal, that is, it needs no reception of data coming from the transponder.
FIG. 8 partially shows a terminal according to the present invention provided with means for determining the distance of a transponder entering its field. FIG. 8 is based on FIG. 5, of which it only shows capacitive element 24 and currentmeasurement element 2.
According to the embodiment of FIG. 8, the voltage across element 24 is measured by a resistive bridge (resistors R5, R6), the midpoint of which is connected to the anode of a diode D5, the cathode of which is connected to a first input of acomparator (COMP) 40. A capacitor C5 connects the cathode of diode D5 to ground 2m. Capacitor C5 thus has across its terminals a D.C. voltage, as the peak amplitude of the voltage at the midpoint of bridge R5-R6. A second input of comparator 40receives a reference voltage Vref. As previously indicated, when the transponder enters the terminal field, the load that it forms varies the current in oscillating circuit L1C1. Since the oscillating circuits are, by default, tuned, the closer thetransponder comes, the more the voltage across the capacitive element decreases. The voltage across capacitor C1 (element 24) is indeed equal to the product of the voltage amplitude (constant) provided by the A.C. generator (amplifier 3) by the qualityfactor. Now, when the distance decreases, the quality factor also decreases. The output of comparator 40 thus indicates the transponder position with respect to a distance threshold (transformed in a voltage threshold Vref). The output of comparator40 is, for example, sent to microprocessor 6, to switch the system operation to the mode corresponding to the tight coupling and control the detuning or not of the oscillating circuits.
It should be noted that the fact of maintaining the tuned phase constant by means of the regulation loop enables making the distance-impedance characteristic monotonic, that is, without any point of inflexion, and thus to obtain a reliabledistance determination.
It should also be noted that, once the distance determination has been performed by the transponder or the terminal, that of the elements which has not participated in the determination can receive the information by a data transmission from theother element. Thus, the choice of the detuning mode (transponder, terminal, transponder and terminal) is independent from the distance determination mode.
Of course, the present invention is likely to have various alterations, modifications, and improvements which will readily occur to those skilled in the art. In particular, the sizing of the different resistive and capacitive elements depend onthe application and, especially, on the application and, especially, on the frequency of the various carriers and on the system range. Similarly, the practical implementation of the different circuits of a transponder or a terminal according to thepresent invention is within the abilities of those skilled in the art based on the functional indications given hereabove.
Further, the choice of the distance determination mode depends on the application and on the element of the system that is preferentially desired to be modified. Preferably, the two oscillating circuits will be detuned in a very close couplingto optimize the effects of the detuning. It should be noted that, since the elements communicate with each other, the decision and the detuning may be implemented by a single element that then communicates its state to the other.
Moreover, it should be noted that the implementation of the present invention is perfectly compatible with conventional modulations. In particular, the data transmission from the transponder to the terminal can always be based on a phase shiftkeying, be it a tuned or detuned operation. Indeed, the detuning does not change the high frequency carrier frequency (for example, 13.56 MHz) on which the phase shifts are detected at the sub-carrier rate (for example, 847.5 kHz).
The present invention is applicable to, among other areas, contactless chip cards (for example, identification cards for access control, electronic purse cards, cards for storing information about the card holder, consumer fidelity cards, tolltelevision cards, etc.) and read or read/write systems for these cards (for example, access control terminals or porticoes, automatic dispensers, computer terminals, telephone terminals, televisions or satellite decoders, etc.).
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