Source: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/2318
Timestamp: 2016-05-02 07:17:58
Document Index: 283435263

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18 U.S. Code § 2318 - Trafficking in counterfeit labels, illicit labels, or counterfeit documentation or packaging | US Law | LII / Legal Information Institute
(1) [1] Whoever, in any of the circumstances described in subsection (c), knowingly traffics in—
the term “traffic” has the same meaning as in section 2320(e) [2] of this title;
(d)Forfeiture and Destruction of Property; Restitution.—
Any copyright owner who is injured, or is threatened with injury, by a violation of subsection (a) may bring a civil action in an appropriate United States district court.
(2)Discretion of court.—In any action brought under paragraph (1), the court—
(A)In general.—The injured party is entitled to recover—
(B)Calculation of damages.—The court shall calculate actual damages by multiplying—
(C)Definition.—For purposes of this paragraph, the “value” of a phonorecord, copy, or work of visual art is—
(4)Statutory damages.—
The injured party may elect, at any time before final judgment is rendered, to recover, instead of actual damages and profits, an award of statutory damages for each violation of subsection (a) in a sum of not less than $2,500 or more than $25,000, as the court considers appropriate.
(5)Subsequent violation.—
The court may increase an award of damages under this subsection by 3 times the amount that would otherwise be awarded, as the court considers appropriate, if the court finds that a person has subsequently violated subsection (a) within 3 years after a final judgment was entered against that person for a violation of that subsection.
(6)Limitation on actions.—
A civil action may not be commenced under this subsection unless it is commenced within 3 years after the date on which the claimant discovers the violation of subsection (a).
(Added Pub. L. 87–773, § 1, Oct. 9, 1962, 76 Stat. 775; amended Pub. L. 93–573, title I, § 103, Dec. 31, 1974, 88 Stat. 1873; Pub. L. 94–553, title I, § 111, Oct. 19, 1976, 90 Stat. 2600; Pub. L. 97–180, § 2, May 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 91; Pub. L. 101–647, title XXXV, § 3567, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4928; Pub. L. 103–272, § 5(e)(10), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1374; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, § 330016(1)(U), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2148; Pub. L. 104–153, § 4(a), (b)(1), July 2, 1996, 110 Stat. 1386, 1387; Pub. L. 108–482, title I, § 102(a), (b), Dec. 23, 2004, 118 Stat. 3912, 3914; Pub. L. 109–181, § 2(c)(2), Mar. 16, 2006, 120 Stat. 288; Pub. L. 110–403, title II, § 202, Oct. 13, 2008, 122 Stat. 4260; Pub. L. 111–295, § 6(i), Dec. 9, 2010, 124 Stat. 3182.)
Section 2320 of this title, referred to in subsec. (b)(2), was amended generally by Pub. L. 112–81, div. A, title VIII, § 818(h), Dec. 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 1497, and, as so amended, provisions similar to those formerly appearing in subsec. (e) are now contained in subsec. (f).
2008—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 110–403, § 202(1), designated existing provisions as par. (1) and redesignated former pars. (1) and (2) as subpars. (A) and (B), respectively, of par. (1), and former subpars. (A) to (G) as cls. (i) to (vii), respectively, of subpar. (A).
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 110–403, § 202(2), amended subsec. (d) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (d) read as follows: “When any person is convicted of any violation of subsection (a), the court in its judgment of conviction shall in addition to the penalty therein prescribed, order the forfeiture and destruction or other disposition of all counterfeit labels or illicit labels and all articles to which counterfeit labels or illicit labels have been affixed or which were intended to have had such labels affixed, and of any equipment, device, or material used to manufacture, reproduce, or assemble the counterfeit labels or illicit labels.”
Subsecs. (e), (f). Pub. L. 110–403, § 202(3), redesignated subsec. (f) as (e) and struck out former subsec. (e) which read as follows: “Except to the extent they are inconsistent with the provisions of this title, all provisions of section 509, title 17, United States Code, are applicable to violations of subsection (a).”
2004—Pub. L. 108–482, § 102(a)(1), substituted “Trafficking in counterfeit labels, illicit labels, or counterfeit documentation or packaging” for “Trafficking in counterfeit labels for phonorecords, copies of computer programs or computer program documentation or packaging, and copies of motion pictures or other audio visual works, and trafficking in counterfeit computer program documentation or packaging” in section catchline.
Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 108–482, § 102(a)(2), added subsec. (a) and struck out former subsec. (a) which read as follows: “Whoever, in any of the circumstances described in subsection (c) of this section, knowingly traffics in a counterfeit label affixed or designed to be affixed to a phonorecord, or a copy of a computer program or documentation or packaging for a computer program, or a copy of a motion picture or other audiovisual work, and whoever, in any of the circumstances described in subsection (c) of this section, knowingly traffics in counterfeit documentation or packaging for a computer program, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned for not more than five years, or both.”
Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 108–482, § 102(a)(3)(A), struck out “and” after the semicolon at end.
Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 108–482, § 102(a)(3)(B), substituted “ ‘audiovisual work’, ‘literary work’, ‘pictorial, graphic, or sculptural work’, ‘sound recording’, ‘work of visual art’, and ‘copyright owner’ have” for “and ‘audiovisual work’ have” and a semicolon for the period at end.
Subsec. (b)(4) to (6). Pub. L. 108–482, § 102(a)(3)(C), added pars. (4) to (6).
Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 108–482, § 102(a)(4)(A), added par. (3) and struck former par. (3) which read as follows: “the counterfeit label is affixed to or encloses, or is designed to be affixed to or enclose, a copy of a copyrighted computer program or copyrighted documentation or packaging for a computer program, a copyrighted motion picture or other audiovisual work, or a phonorecord of a copyrighted sound recording; or”.
Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 108–482, § 102(a)(4)(B), struck out “for a computer program” after “packaging”.
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 108–482, § 102(a)(5), inserted “or illicit labels” after “counterfeit labels” in two places and inserted “, and of any equipment, device, or material used to manufacture, reproduce, or assemble the counterfeit labels or illicit labels” before period at end.
Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 108–482, § 102(b), added subsec. (f).
1996—Pub. L. 104–153, § 4(b)(1), substituted “Trafficking in counterfeit labels for phonorecords, copies of computer programs or computer program documentation or packaging, and copies of motion pictures or other audio visual works, and trafficking in counterfeit computer program documentation or packaging” for “Trafficking in counterfeit labels for phonorecords and copies of motion pictures or other audiovisual works” in section catchline.
Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–153, § 4(a)(1), substituted “a computer program or documentation or packaging for a computer program, or a copy of a motion picture or other audiovisual work, and whoever, in any of the circumstances described in subsection (c) of this section, knowingly traffics in counterfeit documentation or packaging for a computer program,” for “a motion picture or other audiovisual work,”.
Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 104–153, § 4(a)(2), inserted “ ‘computer program’,” after “ ‘motion picture’,”.
Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 104–153, § 4(a)(3)(A), struck out “or” at end.
Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 104–153, § 4(a)(3)(B), inserted “a copy of a copyrighted computer program or copyrighted documentation or packaging for a computer program,” after “enclose,” and substituted “; or” for period at end.
Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 104–153, § 4(a)(3)(C), added par. (4).
Pub. L. 108–482, title I, § 103, Dec. 23, 2004, 118 Stat. 3915, provided that:
“(a)Chapters 5 and 12 of Title 17; Electronic Transmissions.—The amendments made by this title [amending this section]—
shall not enlarge, diminish, or otherwise affect any liability or limitations on liability under sections 512, 1201 or 1202 of title 17, United States Code; and
in any case, to the electronic transmission of a genuine certificate, licensing document, registration card, similar labeling component, or documentation or packaging described in paragraph (4) or (5) of section 2318(b) of title 18, United States Code, as amended by this title; and
in the case of a civil action under section 2318(f) [now 2318(e)] of title 18, United States Code, to the electronic transmission of a counterfeit label or counterfeit documentation or packaging defined in paragraph (1) or (6) of section 2318(b) of title 18, United States Code.
“(b)Fair Use.—
The amendments made by this title shall not affect the fair use, under section 107 of title 17, United States Code, of a genuine certificate, licensing document, registration card, similar labeling component, or documentation or packaging described in paragraph (4) or (5) of section 2318(b) of title 18, United States Code, as amended by this title.”
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