Source: http://wikipediaaudio.com/Special_member_state_territories_and_the_European_Union
Timestamp: 2017-10-18 03:46:53
Document Index: 65774774

Matched Legal Cases: ['sui generis', 'sui generis', 'sui generis', 'sui generis', 'art[87', 'art[87', 'Art.79']

See more Special member state territories and the European Union articles on AOD.
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According to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, both primary and secondary European Union law applies automatically to these territories, with possible derogations to take account of their "structural social and economic situation ... which is compounded by their remoteness, insularity, small size, difficult topography and climate, economic dependence on a few products, the permanence and combination of which severely restrain their development". All form part of the EU's customs area, however some fall outside of Schengen Area (all but Canary Islands, Madeira and the Azores) and European Union Value Added Tax Area (EU VAT Area). Seven outermost regions were recognised at the signing of the Maastricht Treaty in 1992. The Treaty of Lisbon included two additional territories (Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin) in 2007, both of which seceded from one of the original outermost regions (Guadeloupe). Saint Barthélemy changed its status from OMR to OCT with effect from 1 January 2012. Mayotte, which was formerly an OCT, joined the EU as a OMR with effect from 1 January 2014. As of April 2014, a total of nine territories (six French, two Portuguese, and one Spanish) were registered to have OMR status. Autonomous Regions of Portugal Azores and Madeira are two groups of Portuguese islands in the Atlantic. Azores and Madeira are integral parts of the Portuguese Republic, but both have the special status as Autonomous Regions, with a degree of self-governance. While derogations from the application of EU law could apply, none do. Their VAT is lower than the rest of Portugal, but they are not outside the EU VAT Area. Canary Islands The Canary Islands are a Spanish archipelago off the African coast which form one of the 17 Autonomous Communities of Spain–the country's principal first-level administrative division. They are outside the EU VAT Area. The Canary Islands are the most populated and economically strongest territory of all the outermost regions in the European Union. The outermost regions office for support and information is located in these islands, in the city of Las Palmas on the island of Gran Canaria. French overseas departments French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, and Réunion are five French overseas departments (and also overseas regions) which under French law are, for the most part, treated as integral parts of the Republic. The euro is legal tender; however, they are outside the Schengen Area and the EU VAT Area. Mayotte is the newest of the five overseas departments having changed from an overseas collectivity, with OCT status, on 31 March 2011. It became an outermost region and thus part of the EU on 1 January 2014. Collectivity of Saint Martin Saint Martin is the only overseas collectivity of France with the status of being an outermost region of the EU. As with the French overseas departments, the euro is legal tender in Saint Martin, and it is outside the Schengen Area and the EU VAT Area. On 22 February 2007, Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy were broken away from the French overseas department of Guadeloupe to form new overseas collectivities. As a consequence their EU status was unclear for a time. While a report issued by the French parliament suggested that the islands remained within the EU as outermost regions, European Commission documents listed them as being outside the European Community. The legal status of the islands was clarified on the coming into force of the Lisbon Treaty which listed them as an outermost region. However, Saint Barthélemy ceased being an outermost region and left the EU, to become an OCT, on 1 January 2012. Overseas countries and territories The overseas countries and territories (OCT) are dependent territories that have a special relationship with one of the member states of the EU, and have been explicitly invited by the EU treaty to join the EU-OCT Association (OCTA). They were listed in Annex II acc. to Article 198 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, which aside from inviting them to join OCTA, also provided them the opportunity to opt into EU provisions on the freedom of movement for workers and freedom of establishment. Yet, the freedom of establishment is limited by Article 203 TFEU and the respective Council Decision on OCTs (2013/755/EU). Its Article 51(1)(a) prescribes only that "the Union shall accord to natural and legal persons of the OCTs a treatment no less favourable than the most favourable treatment applicable to like natural and legal persons of any third country with whom the Union concludes or has concluded an economic integration agreement." Again this can be, according to Article 51(2)(b) limited. The obligations provided for in paragraph 1 of this Article shall not apply to treatment granted under measures providing for recognition of qualifications, licences or prudential measures in accordance with Article VII of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) or the GATS Annex on Financial Services. The OCTs are not subject to the EU's common external customs tariffs but may claim customs on goods imported from the EU on a non-discriminatory basis. They are not part of the EU and the EU acquis does not apply to them, though those joining OCTA are required to respect the detailed rules and procedures outlined by this association agreement (Council Decision 2013/755/EU). OCTA members are entitled to ask for EU financial support. When the Rome Treaty was signed in March 1957, a total of 15 OCTs existed: French West Africa, French Equatorial Africa, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Comoros Archipelago, French Madagascar, French Somaliland, New Caledonia, French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, French Togoland, French Cameroons, Belgian Congo, Ruanda-Urundi, Trust Territory of Somalia, Netherlands New Guinea. The list was since then revised multiple times, and comprised—as noted by the Lisbon Treaty—25 OCTs in 2007. One of the French territories subsequently switched status from OMR to OCT (Saint Barthélemy), while another French territory switched from OCT to OMR (Mayotte). As of July 2014, there are still 25 OCTs (twelve with the United Kingdom, six with France, six with the Netherlands and one with Denmark) of which 22 have joined OCTA. The three OCTs which are not part of OCTA (British Antarctic Territory, British Indian Ocean Territory and South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands) do not have a permanent population. British Overseas Territories Twelve overseas territories of the United Kingdom (all but Gibraltar, which, unlike the other territories, is part of the European Union (see below), and the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia on Cyprus), namely: Anguilla Bermuda British Antarctic Territory British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Montserrat Pitcairn Islands Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Bermuda did not—despite having OCT status as defined by the Rome Treaty—join the EU-OCT Association (OCTA) together with the other overseas territories in November 2001, but instead only joined OCTA on 2 July 2014. As of July 2014, it is only the three remote areas without any permanent population (British Antarctic Territory, British Indian Ocean Territory and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands), that are not members of OCTA. All citizens of the British overseas territories, except those residing at Britain's sovereign bases in Cyprus, were granted full British citizenship by the British Overseas Territories Act 2002, and are consequently citizens of the European Union. French overseas territories A total of six French overseas territories currently have OCT status within EU. The French Southern and Antarctic Lands (which also include the French Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean, and the French claim of Adélie Land in Antarctica) is a French Overseas Territory but has no permanent population. It has sui generis status within France. Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Barthélemy, French Polynesia, and Wallis and Futuna are overseas collectivities (formerly referred to as overseas territories) of France, while New Caledonia is a "sui generis collectivity". Saint Barthélemy and Saint-Pierre and Miquelon use the euro, while New Caledonia, French Polynesia and Wallis and Futuna use the CFP Franc, a currency which is tied to the euro and guaranteed by France. Natives of the collectivities are European citizens owing to their French citizenship and elections to the European Parliament are held in the collectivities. On 22 February 2007, Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin were separated from the French overseas department of Guadeloupe to form new overseas collectivities. As a consequence, their EU status was unclear for a time. While a report issued by the French parliament suggested that the islands remained within the EU as outermost regions, European Commission documents listed them as being outside the European Community. The legal status of the islands was clarified on the coming into force of the Lisbon Treaty which listed them as outermost regions. However, Saint Barthélemy ceased being an outermost region and left the EU, to become an OCT, on 1 January 2012. The change was made to facilitate trade with countries outside the EU, notably the United States, and was made possible by a provision of the Lisbon Treaty which allows the European Council to change the EU status of a Danish, Dutch, or French territory on the initiative of the member state concerned. Dutch overseas territories Six territories of the Netherlands — all of which are Caribbean islands — have OCT status. As such, they benefit from being able to have their own export and import policy to and from the EU, while still having access to receive various EU funds (i.e. from the European Development Fund). The inhabitants of the islands are EU citizens owing to their Dutch citizenship, with the right to vote in elections to the European Parliament. Initially they did not have voting rights for such elections, but the European Court of Justice granted them such rights, when they ruled their exclusion from the franchise was contrary to EU law, as all other Dutch citizens resident outside the EU did have the right to vote. None of the islands use the euro as their currency. The US dollar is used on Bonaire, St. Eustatius and Saba, while Curaçao and St. Maarten utilize their own shared currency the Antillean guilder, and finally the currency of Aruba is the Aruban florin. Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten are classified as "countries" under Dutch law and have considerable internal autonomy. In June 2008, the Dutch government published a report on the effect on the islands were they to join the EU as outermost regions. It concluded that it would be for the islands themselves to weigh up the advantages and disadvantages of becoming part of the EU as outermost regions and that nothing would be done absent the islands specifically requesting it. Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba (collectively called Caribbean Netherlands) are "special municipalities" of the Netherlands proper. Their current OCT status, and the prospect of advancing their status to become part of the EU as new OMRs (outermost regions), has been scheduled to be reviewed by the Dutch parliament in 2015, as part of the planned review of the Dutch law (WOLBES and FINBES) concerning the quality of their recently implemented new public administration bodies. In October 2015, the review concluded the present legal structures for governance and integration with European Netherlands was not working well within the framework of WolBES, but no recommendations were made in regards of whether a switch from OCT to OMR status would help improve this situation. The islands inherited their OCT status from the Netherlands Antilles which was dissolved in 2010. The Netherlands Antilles were initially specifically excluded from all association with the EEC by reason of a protocol attached to the Treaty of Rome, allowing the Netherlands to ratify on behalf of the Netherlands in Europe and Netherlands New Guinea only, which it subsequently did. Following the entry into force of the Convention on the association of the Netherlands Antilles with the European Economic Community on 1 October 1964, however, the Netherlands Antilles became OCTs. Greenland Greenland joined the then European Community in 1973 as a county along with Denmark, but voted to leave the EC in 1982 and left in 1985, to become an OCT. Citizens of Greenland are, nonetheless, EU citizens owing to their Danish citizenship. The EU-Greenland relationship is a comprehensive partnership, which is complementary to the OCT association arrangements under "Council Decision 2013/755/EU"; based specifically on "Council Decision 2014/137 of 14 March 2014" (outlining the relations) and the Fisheries Partnership Agreement of 30 July 2006. Special cases While the outermost regions and the overseas countries and territories fall into structured categories to which common mechanisms apply, this is not true of all the special territories. Some territories have ad hoc arrangements in their relationship with the EU. Some of these could be called "protocol territories" as their status is governed by protocols attached to their respective countries' accession treaties. The rest owe their status to European Union legislative provisions which exclude the territories from the application of the legislation concerned. Many were opted out from either the VAT area or the customs union or both. Åland Islands Åland, a group of islands belonging to Finland, but with partial autonomy, located between Sweden and Finland, with a Swedish-speaking population, joined the EU along with Finland in 1995. The islands had a separate referendum on accession and like the Finnish mainland voted in favour. EU law, including the fundamental four freedoms, applies to Åland. However, there are some derogations due to the islands' special status. Åland is outside the VAT area and is exempt from common rules in relation to turnover taxes, excise duties and indirect taxation. In addition, to protect the local economy, the treaty of accession allows for a concept of hembygdsrätt/kotiseutuoikeus (regional citizenship). Consequently, there are restrictions on the holding of property and real estate, the right of establishment for business purposes and limitations on who can provide services in Åland, for people not holding this status. The status may be obtained by any Finnish citizen legally resident in Åland for 5 years who can demonstrate an adequate knowledge of the Swedish language. Büsingen am Hochrhein The German exclave town of Büsingen am Hochrhein, fully surrounded by Switzerland, is in customs union with the latter non-EU country. The euro is legal tender, although the Swiss franc is preferred. Büsingen is excluded from the EU customs union and VAT area. Swiss VAT and sales taxes are paid. Campione d'Italia and Livigno The Italian exclave village of Campione d'Italia is enclaved by Switzerland's Ticino canton as well as Lake Lugano (or Ceresio), and is a comune in the Province of Como, whilst Livigno, a small and remote mountain resort town, is a comune in the Province of Sondrio. Both comuni are part of the Lombardy region. Although part of the EU, they are excluded from the customs union and VAT area, with Livigno's tax status dating back to Napoleonic times. Moreover, the only legal tender in Campione d'Italia is the Swiss franc, although in practice shops and restaurants accept payments also in euro - and their bills present dual price display in both Euros and Francs. Ceuta and Melilla Ceuta and Melilla are two Spanish cities on the North African coast. They are part of the EU but they are excluded from the common agricultural and fisheries policies. They are also outside the customs union and VAT area, but no customs are levied on goods exported from the Union into either Ceuta and Melilla, and certain goods originating in Ceuta and Melilla are exempt from customs charges. While nominally part of the Schengen Area, Spain performs identity checks on all sea and air passengers leaving the enclaves for elsewhere in the Schengen Area. Channel Islands The Bailiwick of Jersey and Bailiwick of Guernsey—which form the Channel Islands—are Crown dependencies, under the sovereignty of the British monarch and thus part of the remaining British Empire. The islands take part in the EU freedom of movement of goods but not labour, services or capital. They are outside the VAT area, but inside the customs union. Channel Islanders are British citizens and hence European citizens. As a result, they can travel freely within the EU, and all European citizens can travel to the islands without restrictions. However, the islands do not participate in the freedom of movement of labour, and as a result their citizens are not entitled to work or reside within the EU unless they are directly connected (through birth, or descent from a parent or grandparent) with the United Kingdom. After five years continuous residence in the United Kingdom, islanders are entitled to participate in the freedom of movement of labour or services throughout the EU. Isle of Man The Isle of Man is a Crown dependency, under the sovereignty of the British monarch. The island takes part in the EU freedom of movement of goods but not labour, services or capital. The Isle of Man is inside the VAT area and the customs union. Manx people are British citizens and hence European citizens. As a result, they can travel freely within the EU, and all European citizens can travel to the Isle of Man without restrictions. However, the island does not participate in the freedom of movement of labour, and as a result its citizens are not entitled to work or reside within the EU unless they are directly connected (through birth, or descent from a parent or grandparent) with the United Kingdom. After five years continuous residence in the United Kingdom, Manx people are entitled to participate in the freedom of movement of labour or services throughout the EU. Cyprus When the Republic of Cyprus became part of the European Union on 1 May 2004, the northern third of the island was outside of the effective control of its government due to the Turkish invasion of Cyprus, a United Nations buffer zone of varying width separated the two parts, and a further 3% of the island was taken up by UK sovereign bases (under British sovereignty since the Treaty of Establishment in 1960). Two protocols to the Treaty of Accession 2003 – numbers 3 and 10, known as the "Sovereign Base Areas Protocol" and the "Cyprus Protocol" respectively – reflect this complex situation. EU law only applies fully to the part of the island that is effectively controlled by the government of the Republic of Cyprus. EU law is suspended in the northern third of the island (the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, whose independence is recognised only by Turkey) by article 1(1) of the Cyprus Protocol. If the island is reunified, the Council of the European Union will repeal the suspension by a decision. Four months after such a decision has been adopted, new elections to the European Parliament will be held on the island to elect Cypriot representatives from the whole of the island. Cypriot nationality law applies to the entire island and is accordingly available to the inhabitants of Northern Cyprus and the British sovereign base areas on the same basis as to those born in the area controlled by the Republic of Cyprus. Citizens of the Republic of Cyprus living in Northern Cyprus are EU citizens and are entitled to vote in elections to the European Parliament; however, elections to that Parliament are not organised in Northern Cyprus. Akrotiri and Dhekelia The United Kingdom has two sovereign base areas on Cyprus, namely Akrotiri and Dhekelia. Unlike other British overseas territories, they are not listed as Overseas Countries and Territories under the Treaty of Rome and their inhabitants (who are entitled to British Overseas Territories Citizenship) have never been entitled to British citizenship. Prior to Cypriot accession to the EU in 2004, EU law did not apply to the sovereign base areas. This position was changed by the Cypriot accession treaty and EU law, while still not applying in principle, applies to the extent necessary to implement a protocol attached to that treaty. This protocol applies EU law relating to the Common Agricultural Policy, customs, indirect taxation, social policy and justice and home affairs to the sovereign base areas. The sovereign base areas' authorities have also made provision for the unilateral application of directly applicable EU law. The UK also agreed in the Protocol to keep enough control of the external (i.e. off-island and northern Cyprus) borders of the base areas to ensure that the border between the sovereign base areas and the Republic of Cyprus can remain fully open and will not have to be policed as an external EU border. Consequently, the sovereign base areas will become a de facto part of the Schengen Area if and when Cyprus implements it. The base areas are already de facto members of the eurozone due to their previous use of the Cypriot pound before it was replaced by the euro in 2008. As pointed out above, inhabitants of the sovereign base areas have never been entitled to British citizenship or to the European Union citizenship that would go with it, however Cypriot nationality law extends to Cypriots in the Sovereign Base Areas, meaning Cypriot residents, as citizens of the Republic of Cyprus, are entitled to EU citizenship. Just under half of the population of the sovereign base areas are Cypriots, the rest are British military personnel, support staff and their dependants. In a declaration attached to the Treaty of Establishment of the Republic of Cyprus of 1960 the British government undertook not to allow new settlement of people in the sovereign base areas other than for temporary purposes. United Nations buffer zone The United Nations buffer zone between north and south Cyprus ranges in width from a few metres in central Nicosia to several kilometres in the countryside. While it is nominally under the sovereignty of the Republic of Cyprus, it is effectively administered by the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP). The population of the zone is 8,686 (as of October 2007), and one of the mandates of UNFICYP is "to encourage the fullest possible resumption of normal civilian activity in the buffer zone". Article 2.1 of the Cyprus Protocol allows the European Council to determine to what extent the provisions of EU law apply in the buffer zone. Faroe Islands The Faroe Islands are not part of the EU, and they have not been part of the EU since Denmark joined the community in 1973. Danish citizens residing on the islands are not considered citizens of a member state within the meaning of the treaties or, consequently, citizens of the European Union. However, Faroese people may become EU citizens by changing their residence to the Danish mainland. The Faroe Islands are not part of the Schengen Area, and Schengen visas are not valid. However, the islands are part of the Nordic Passport Union and the Schengen Agreement provides that travellers passing between the islands and the Schengen Area are not to be treated as passing the external frontier of the Area. This means that there is an identity check at air or boat travel to the islands where Nordic citizens on intra-Nordic travel need no passport, only showing the ticket plus identity card. Gibraltar Gibraltar is a British overseas territory located near the southernmost tip of the Iberian Peninsula and overlooking the Strait of Gibraltar, sharing a border with Spain to the north. It is part of the EU, having joined the European Economic Community under the United Kingdom in 1973. Article 355(3) (ex Article 299(4)) applies the treaty to "the European territories for whose external relations a Member State is responsible", a provision which in practice only applies to Gibraltar. Although it is part of the EU, Gibraltar is outside the customs union and VAT area and is exempted from the Common Agricultural Policy; it does not form part of the Schengen Area. As a separate jurisdiction to the UK, Gibraltar's government and parliament are responsible for the transposition of EU law into local law. In 2016 Gibraltar voted "remain" in the UK EU membership referendum; however Gibraltar's membership is not distinct from the UK's and Gibraltar is bound by the overall result of "leave". Owing to a declaration lodged by the United Kingdom with the EEC in 1982, Gibraltarians were to be counted as British nationals for the purposes of Community law. This was notwithstanding that they were not all, at the time, British citizens but many were British Overseas Territories citizens. As such Gibraltarians have enjoyed European Union citizenship from its creation by the Maastricht Treaty. Since 21 May 2002, all Gibraltarians have been granted the right to register a full British citizenship, while those who previously held a British Overseas Territory citizenship automatically were converted now to have a full British citizenship. Any child born in Gibraltar after 21 May 2002 will automatically become a British citizen, if just one of its parents is a British citizen or a Gibraltarian resident. Despite their status as EU citizens resident in the EU, elections to the European Parliament were not held in Gibraltar until 2004. The inclusion resulted from the European Court of Human Rights' 1999 ruling in Matthews v. United Kingdom which deemed that Gibraltar's exclusion violated Article 3 of Protocol 1 to the European Convention on Human Rights. In the 2004 European Parliament election the territory formed part of the South West England constituency of the United Kingdom. The inclusion was unsuccessfully challenged by Spain before the European Court of Justice. Like the UK, Gibraltar does not form part of the Schengen Area and, as a result, the border between Spain and Gibraltar is an external Schengen border through which Spain is legally obliged to perform full entrance and exit controls. However Gibraltar does participate in certain police and judicial cooperation aspects of the Schengen acquis in line with the UK's request to participate in the same measures. With respect to the application of EU law to Gibraltar, the governments of Spain and the United Kingdom made the following Declaration which is appended (as Declaration 55) to the Treaty on European Union: "The Treaties apply to Gibraltar as a European territory for whose external relations a Member State is responsible. This shall not imply changes in the respective positions of the Member States concerned." Heligoland Heligoland is an island of Germany situated in the North Sea 70 km (43 mi) off the German north-western coast. It is part of the EU, but is excluded from the customs union and the VAT area. Mount Athos Mount Athos is an autonomous monastic region of Greece. Greece's EU accession treaty provides that Mount Athos maintains its centuries-old special legal status, guaranteed by article 105 of the Greek Constitution. It is part of the customs union but outside the VAT area. Notwithstanding that a special permit is required to enter the peninsula and that there is a prohibition on the admittance of women, it is part of the Schengen Area. The monastery has certain rights to house monks from countries outside the EU. A declaration attached to Greece's accession treaty to the Schengen Agreement states that Mount Athos's "special status" should be taken into account in the application of the Schengen rules. Areas of extraterritoriality The Saimaa Canal and Värska–Ulitina road are two of several distinct travel arrangements that exist or existed because of changes in borders over the course of the 20th century, where transport routes and installations ended up on the wrong side of the border. Some have become superfluous thanks to the Schengen Agreement. Saimaa Canal Finland leases the 19.6 km-long Russian part of the Saimaa Canal from Russia and is granted extraterritoriality rights. The area is not part of the EU, it is a special part of Russia. Under the treaty signed by Finnish and Russian governments, Russian law is in force with a few exceptions concerning maritime rules and the employment of canal staff which fall under Finnish jurisdiction. There are also special rules concerning vessels travelling to Finland via the canal. Russian visas are not required for just passing through the canal, but a passport is needed and it is checked at the border. Euros are accepted for the canal fees. Prior to the 50-year lease renewal coming into effect in February 2012, the Maly Vysotsky Island had also been leased and managed by Finland. Since then it has been fully managed by Russian authorities, and is no longer part of the concession territory. Värska–Ulitina road The road from Värska to Ulitina in Estonia, traditionally the only road to the Ulitina area, goes through Russian territory for one kilometre (0.6 mi) of its length, an area called Saatse Boot. This road has no border control, but there is no connection to any other road in Russia. It is not permissable to stop or walk along the road. This area is a part of Russia but is also a de facto part of the Schengen area. Former special territories Many currently independent states or parts of such were previously territories of the following EU members since the latter joined the EU or, previously the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC): Belgium (with multiple territories, from ECSC formation until 1962) France (with multiple territories, from ECSC formation) Italy (with Italian Somaliland, from ECSC formation until 1960) The Netherlands (with multiple territories, from ECSC formation) Portugal (with multiple territories, from 1986 enlargement until 2002) United Kingdom (with multiple territories, from 1973 enlargement) Most of these territories seceded before the implementation of the Maastricht treaty in 1993 and the following years, meaning that cooperation like the EU citizenship, the VAT union or the Eurozone did not exist, so it made less difference to be a special territory then. These were: Cambodia (gained independence from France in 1953), no Community treaty applied there, besides ECSC preferences Laos (gained independence from France in 1954), no Community treaty applied there, besides ECSC preferences Vietnam (gained independence from France in 1954), no Community treaty applied there, besides ECSC preferences Tunisia (gained independence from France in 1956), no Community treaty applied there, besides ECSC preferences Morocco (gained independence from France in 1956), no Community treaty applied there, besides ECSC preferences Guinea (gained independence from France in 1958), had OCT status Cameroon (French-administered part gained independence from France in 1960 along with some of UK-administered parts); had OCT status for the French part Togo (gained independence from France in 1960), had OCT status Mali (gained independence from France in 1960), had OCT status Senegal (gained independence from France in 1960), had OCT status Madagascar (gained independence from France in 1960), had OCT status DR Congo (gained independence from Belgium in 1960), had OCT status Somalia (Italian-administered part gained independence from Italy in 1960 along with UK-administered part); had OCT status for the Italian part Benin (gained independence from France in 1960), had OCT status Niger (gained independence from France in 1960), had OCT status Burkina Faso (gained independence from France in 1960), had OCT status Ivory Coast (gained independence from France in 1960), had OCT status Chad (gained independence from France in 1960), had OCT status Central African Republic (gained independence from France in 1960), had OCT status Congo (gained independence from France in 1960), had OCT status Gabon (gained independence from France in 1960), had OCT status Mauritania (gained independence from France in 1960), had OCT status Burundi (gained independence from Belgium in 1962), had OCT status Rwanda (gained independence from Belgium in 1962), had OCT status Netherlands New Guinea (transferred from the Netherlands to UN in 1962, later annexed by Indonesia), had OCT status Suriname (gained independence from the Netherlands in 1975), had OCT status, EURATOM application unsure. Algeria (gained independence from France in 1962), had a status similar to OMR Bahamas (gained independence from the UK in 1973), had OCT status Grenada (gained independence from the UK in 1973), had OCT status Comoros (gained independence from France in 1975), had OCT status Seychelles (gained independence from the UK in 1976), had OCT status French Somaliland (gained independence from France as Djibouti in 1977), had OCT status Solomon Islands (gained independence from the UK in 1976), had OCT status Tuvalu (gained independence from the UK in 1978), had OCT status Dominica (gained independence from the UK in 1978), had OCT status Saint Lucia (gained independence from the UK in 1979), had OCT status Kiribati (gained independence from the UK in 1979), had OCT status Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (gained independence from the UK in 1979), had OCT status Zimbabwe (gained de jure independence from the UK in 1980), no Community treaty applied there, besides ECSC preferences Vanuatu (gained independence from the UK and France in 1980), generally had OCT status Belize (gained independence from the UK in 1981), had OCT status Antigua and Barbuda (gained independence from the UK in 1981), had OCT status Saint Kitts and Nevis (gained independence from the UK in 1983), had OCT status Brunei (gained independence from UK in 1984), had OCT status Hong Kong (sovereignty transferred from the UK to China in 1997), no Community treaty applied there, besides ECSC preferences Macao (sovereignty transferred from Portugal to China in 1999), EURATOM was applicable, besides the ECSC preferences Timor-Leste (East Timor) (gained independence from Indonesia in 2002, considered under Portuguese administration before that), no Community treaty applied there Additionally in Europe there were special territories in the past that had different status than their "mainland", because of various reasons, but now are part of a member state. Some of these territories were as follows: The Austrian areas of Kleinwalsertal and Jungholz formerly enjoyed a special legal status. The two areas have road access only to Germany, and not directly to other parts of Austria. They were in customs and currency union with Germany and there were no border controls between Kleinwalsertal and Jungholz, respectively, and Germany. When Austria entered the EU (and its customs union) in 1995, the customs union became defunct. The entry into force of the Schengen Agreement for Austria (1997) and the introduction of the euro (2002) caused Kleinwalsertal and Jungholz to lose their remaining legal privileges. It is now legally treated in the same manner as the rest of Austria. Saar (merged with West Germany on 1 January 1957), was fully part of the Community as French-administered European territory West Berlin (merged with West Germany on 3 October 1990), was subject to the full application of the treaties East Germany was until 1972 on paper a part of one Germany and the European Community, since West Germany, the NATO countries and the European Community did not recognize East Germany until 1972. East Germany did not recognize any membership of the EC. The West German government treated trade with East Germany as inter-German trade and not subject to the EC trade tariffs. The following areas are still special member state territories, but have changed their status. See their entries in the article for details. Greenland Saint Barthélemy Bermuda Mayotte European Free Trade Association Some European countries are strongly connected to the European Union, through the European Economic Area or similar agreements. These countries are Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland, the member states of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). They are inside the single market (with exceptions) and the Schengen area, but outside the Eurozone, customs territory, and VAT area. Norway and Switzerland have special areas. Liechtenstein Limitations on free movement of workers as a result of indefinite use of safeguard measures in Article 112 of the EEA Agreement. Norway Svalbard Outside the Schengen area Outside Norwegian VAT area Outside the Single Market De facto free movement of people as a result of Norwegian citizenship, and allowing EEA/Swiss citizens to reside without restrictions, although special rules on work permits apply Switzerland Samnaun Outside Swiss VAT area Summary Summary This table summarises the various components of EU laws applied in the EU member states and their sovereign territories. Member states that do not have special-status territories are not included (as there the EU law applies fully with the exception of the opt-outs in the European Union and states under a safeguard clause or transitional period). Some territories of EFTA member states also have a special status in regard to EU laws applied as is the case with some European microstates. Summary for member states that do not have special-status territories, but do not participate in certain EU provisions as they are either not yet eligible or have an opt-out. A list of the remaining member states which do not have special-status territories, and participate in all EU provisions: Austria Belgium Estonia Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Slovakia Slovenia See also Dependent territory Elections in the European Union Enlargement of the European Union European Union Association Agreement European Union law Eurozone Foreign relations of the European Union Freedom of movement for workers Future enlargement of the European Union History of the European Union Member state of the European Union Microstates and the European Union Opt-outs in the European Union Outline of the European Union Withdrawal from the European Union References External links Official website Information on the "Overseas countries and territories" from the European Commission Review of CARIFORUM-EU EPA - and Implications for the British and Dutch Caribbean Octs - What the CARIFORUM-EU trade deal means for current EU territories Regional policy & outermost regions ) ) ) )
( => ( => ( => Special member state territories and the European Union [pageid] => 544390 ) =>
Several "European Union member states have territories which, for historical, geographical, or political reasons, enjoy special status within or outside the "European Union. These statuses may have a wide range of "derogation from EU policies. Most of the territories which are outside the EU nonetheless have a special relationship with the EU.
The outermost regions (OMR) are territories forming part of a member state, situated a significant distance from "mainland Europe, which are part of the EU. According to the "Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, both primary and secondary "European Union law applies automatically to these territories, with possible derogations to take account of their "structural social and economic situation ... which is compounded by their remoteness, insularity, small size, difficult topography and climate, economic dependence on a few products, the permanence and combination of which severely restrain their development".[1] All form part of the "EU's customs area, however some fall outside of "Schengen Area (all but Canary Islands, Madeira and the Azores) and "European Union Value Added Tax Area (EU VAT Area).
Seven outermost regions were recognised at the signing of the "Maastricht Treaty in 1992.[2] The "Treaty of Lisbon included two additional territories ("Saint Barthélemy and "Saint Martin) in 2007,[1] both of which seceded from one of the original outermost regions ("Guadeloupe). Saint Barthélemy changed its status from OMR to OCT with effect from 1 January 2012.[3] "Mayotte, which was formerly an OCT, joined the EU as a OMR with effect from 1 January 2014.[4] As of April 2014, a total of nine territories (six French, two Portuguese, and one Spanish) were registered to have OMR status.[5]
"Azores "North Atlantic 000002333 !2,333 km2 (901 sq mi) 245,746 "Ponta Delgada "Portugal
"Madeira "North Atlantic 000000801 !801 km2 (309 sq mi) 289,000 "Funchal "Portugal
"Canary Islands "North Atlantic 000007493 !7,493 km2 (2,893 sq mi) 2,117,519 "Las Palmas "Spain
"French Guiana "South America 000083534 !83,534 km2 (32,253 sq mi) 250,109 "Cayenne "France
"Guadeloupe "Caribbean 000001628 !1,628 km2 (629 sq mi) 402,119 "Basse-Terre "France
"Martinique "Caribbean 000001128 !1,128 km2 (436 sq mi) 385,551 "Fort-de-France "France
"Saint Martin "Caribbean 000000053 !53 km2 (20 sq mi) 36,286 "Marigot "France
"La Réunion "Indian Ocean 000002511 !2,511 km2 (970 sq mi) 844,994 "Saint-Denis "France
"Mayotte "Indian Ocean 000000374 !374 km2 (144 sq mi) 212,645 "Mamoudzou "France
"Azores and "Madeira are two groups of Portuguese islands in the Atlantic. Azores and Madeira are integral parts of the Portuguese Republic, but both have the special status as "Autonomous Regions, with a degree of self-governance. While derogations from the application of EU law could apply, none do. Their "VAT is lower than the rest of Portugal, but they are not outside the "EU VAT Area.
The "Canary Islands are a "Spanish "archipelago off the African coast which form one of the 17 "Autonomous Communities of Spain–the country's principal first-level administrative division. They are outside the EU VAT Area.[6] The Canary Islands are the most populated and economically strongest territory of all the outermost regions in the European Union. The outermost regions office for support and information is located in these islands, in the city of "Las Palmas on the island of "Gran Canaria.
"French Guiana, "Guadeloupe, "Martinique, "Mayotte, and "Réunion are five French "overseas departments (and also "overseas regions) which under French law are, for the most part, treated as integral parts of the Republic. The "euro is legal tender;[7] however, they are outside the "Schengen Area and the EU VAT Area.[6]
"Mayotte is the newest of the five overseas departments having changed from an overseas collectivity, with OCT status, on 31 March 2011. It became an outermost region and thus part of the EU on 1 January 2014.[4]
"Saint Martin is the only "overseas collectivity of France with the status of being an outermost region of the EU.[8] As with the French overseas departments, the "euro is legal tender in Saint Martin, and it is outside the Schengen Area and the EU VAT Area.
On 22 February 2007, Saint Martin and "Saint Barthélemy were broken away from the French overseas department of "Guadeloupe to form new overseas collectivities. As a consequence their EU status was unclear for a time. While a report issued by the French parliament suggested that the islands remained within the EU as outermost regions,[9] European Commission documents listed them as being outside the European Community.[10] The legal status of the islands was clarified on the coming into force of the "Lisbon Treaty which listed them as an outermost region.[11] However, Saint Barthélemy ceased being an outermost region and left the EU, to become an OCT, on 1 January 2012.
The overseas countries and territories (OCT) are dependent territories that have a special relationship with one of the member states of the EU, and have been explicitly invited by the EU treaty to join the "EU-OCT Association (OCTA).[12] They were listed in Annex II acc. to Article 198 of the "Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, which aside from inviting them to join OCTA, also provided them the opportunity to opt into EU provisions on the freedom of movement for workers[13] and freedom of establishment.[14] Yet, the freedom of establishment is limited by Article 203 TFEU and the respective Council Decision on OCTs (2013/755/EU). Its Article 51(1)(a) prescribes only that "the Union shall accord to natural and legal persons of the OCTs a treatment no less favourable than the most favourable treatment applicable to like natural and legal persons of any third country with whom the Union concludes or has concluded an economic integration agreement." Again this can be, according to Article 51(2)(b) limited. The obligations provided for in paragraph 1 of this Article shall not apply to treatment granted under measures providing for recognition of qualifications, licences or prudential measures in accordance with Article VII of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) or the GATS Annex on Financial Services.
The OCTs are not subject to the EU's common external customs tariffs[15] but may claim customs on goods imported from the EU on a non-discriminatory basis.[16] They are not part of the EU and the "EU acquis does not apply to them, though those joining OCTA are required to respect the detailed rules and procedures outlined by this association agreement (Council Decision 2013/755/EU).[17] OCTA members are entitled to ask for EU financial support.[18]
When the "Rome Treaty was signed in March 1957, a total of 15 OCTs existed: "French West Africa, "French Equatorial Africa, "Saint Pierre and Miquelon, "Comoros Archipelago, "French Madagascar, "French Somaliland, "New Caledonia, "French Polynesia, "French Southern and Antarctic Lands, "French Togoland, "French Cameroons, "Belgian Congo, "Ruanda-Urundi, "Trust Territory of Somalia, "Netherlands New Guinea. The list was since then revised multiple times, and comprised—as noted by the Lisbon Treaty—25 OCTs in 2007. One of the French territories subsequently switched status from OMR to OCT ("Saint Barthélemy), while another French territory switched from OCT to OMR ("Mayotte). As of July 2014, there are still 25 OCTs (twelve with the United Kingdom, six with France, six with the Netherlands and one with Denmark)[19] of which 22 have joined OCTA.[20] The three OCTs which are not part of OCTA ("British Antarctic Territory, "British Indian Ocean Territory and "South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands) do not have a permanent population.[21]
"Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon "North Atlantic 000000242 !242 km2 (93 sq mi) 6,080 "Saint-Pierre "French Republic
"Greenland "North Atlantic 002166086 !2,166,086 km2 (836,330 sq mi) 56,483 "Nuuk "Kingdom of Denmark
"Saint Barthélemy "Caribbean 000000025 !25 km2 (10 sq mi) 9,279 "Gustavia "French Republic
"Sint Maarten "Caribbean 000000037 !37 km2 (14 sq mi) 33,609 "Philipsburg "Kingdom of the Netherlands
"Saba[22] "Caribbean 000000013 !13 km2 (5 sq mi) 1,991 "The Bottom "Kingdom of the Netherlands
"Sint Eustatius[23] "Caribbean 000000021 !21 km2 (8 sq mi) 3,193 "Oranjestad "Kingdom of the Netherlands
"Aruba "Caribbean 000000179 !179 km2 (69 sq mi) 103,400 "Oranjestad "Kingdom of the Netherlands
"Curaçao "Caribbean 000000444 !444 km2 (171 sq mi) 158,986 "Willemstad "Kingdom of the Netherlands
"Bonaire[24] "Caribbean 000000294 !294 km2 (114 sq mi) 18,905 "Kralendijk "Kingdom of the Netherlands
"Wallis-et-Futuna "Pacific 000000142 !142 km2 (55 sq mi) 15,500 "Mata-Utu "French Republic
"French Polynesia "Pacific 000004167 !4,167 km2 (1,609 sq mi) 285,735 "Pape'ete "French Republic
"New Caledonia[25] "Pacific 000418576 !18,576 km2 (7,172 sq mi) 268,767 "Nouméa "French Republic
"Clipperton Island "Pacific 000000006 !6 km2 (2 sq mi) 0 "French Republic
"French Southern and Antarctic Lands "Indian Ocean & "Antartica 000439781 !439,781 km2 (169,800 sq mi) 196 "Port-aux-Français "French Republic
Twelve "overseas territories of the United Kingdom (all but "Gibraltar, which, unlike the other territories, is part of the European Union (see below), and the "Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia on Cyprus), namely:
Bermuda did not—despite having OCT status as defined by the Rome Treaty—join the EU-OCT Association (OCTA) together with the other overseas territories in November 2001,[27] but instead only joined OCTA on 2 July 2014.[20] As of July 2014, it is only the three remote areas without any permanent population (British Antarctic Territory, British Indian Ocean Territory and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands), that are not members of OCTA.[21] All "citizens of the British overseas territories, except those residing at Britain's sovereign bases in Cyprus, were granted full British citizenship by the "British Overseas Territories Act 2002, and are consequently citizens of the European Union.
The "French Southern and Antarctic Lands (which also include the French "Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean, and the French claim of "Adélie Land in "Antarctica) is a French Overseas Territory but has no permanent population.[28] It has sui generis status within France.[29]
"Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, "Saint Barthélemy, "French Polynesia, and "Wallis and Futuna are "overseas collectivities (formerly referred to as overseas territories) of France, while "New Caledonia is a ""sui generis collectivity". Saint Barthélemy[30] and Saint-Pierre and Miquelon use the "euro,[31] while New Caledonia, French Polynesia and Wallis and Futuna use the "CFP Franc, a currency which is tied to the euro and guaranteed by France. Natives of the collectivities are "European citizens owing to their French citizenship and elections to the European Parliament are held in the collectivities.
On 22 February 2007, "Saint Barthélemy and "Saint Martin were separated from the French overseas department of "Guadeloupe to form new "overseas collectivities. As a consequence, their EU status was unclear for a time. While a report issued by the French parliament suggested that the islands remained within the EU as outermost regions,[9] European Commission documents listed them as being outside the European Community.[10] The legal status of the islands was clarified on the coming into force of the "Lisbon Treaty which listed them as outermost regions.[11] However, Saint Barthélemy ceased being an outermost region and left the EU, to become an OCT, on 1 January 2012. The change was made to facilitate trade with countries outside the EU, notably the United States,[3] and was made possible by a provision of the Lisbon Treaty which allows the "European Council to change the EU status of a Danish, Dutch, or French territory on the initiative of the member state concerned.[32]
Six territories of the "Netherlands — all of which are Caribbean islands — have OCT status. As such, they benefit from being able to have their own export and import policy to and from the EU, while still having access to receive various EU funds (i.e. from the "European Development Fund). The inhabitants of the islands are EU citizens owing to their Dutch citizenship, with the right to vote in elections to the European Parliament.[33] Initially they did not have voting rights for such elections, but the "European Court of Justice granted them such rights, when they ruled their exclusion from the franchise was contrary to EU law, as all other Dutch citizens resident outside the EU did have the right to vote.[34] None of the islands use the euro as their currency. The "US dollar is used on Bonaire, St. Eustatius and Saba, while Curaçao and St. Maarten utilize their own shared currency the "Antillean guilder, and finally the currency of Aruba is the "Aruban florin.[33]
"Aruba, "Curaçao, and "Sint Maarten are classified as "countries" under Dutch law and have considerable internal autonomy. In June 2008, the Dutch government published a report on the effect on the islands were they to join the EU as outermost regions.[35][36] It concluded that it would be for the islands themselves to weigh up the advantages and disadvantages of becoming part of the EU as outermost regions and that nothing would be done absent the islands specifically requesting it.[37]
"Bonaire, "Sint Eustatius, and "Saba (collectively called "Caribbean Netherlands) are "special municipalities" of the "Netherlands proper. Their current OCT status, and the prospect of advancing their status to become part of the EU as new OMRs (outermost regions), has been scheduled to be reviewed by the Dutch parliament in 2015,[38] as part of the planned review of the Dutch law (WOLBES and FINBES) concerning the quality of their recently implemented new public administration bodies.[39] In October 2015, the review concluded the present legal structures for governance and integration with European Netherlands was not working well within the framework of WolBES, but no recommendations were made in regards of whether a switch from OCT to OMR status would help improve this situation.[40][41][42][43]
The islands inherited their OCT status from the "Netherlands Antilles which was "dissolved in 2010. The "Netherlands Antilles were initially specifically excluded from all association with the EEC by reason of a protocol attached to the Treaty of Rome, allowing the Netherlands to ratify on behalf of the Netherlands in Europe and "Netherlands New Guinea only, which it subsequently did.[44] Following the entry into force of the "Convention on the association of the Netherlands Antilles with the European Economic Community on 1 October 1964, however, the Netherlands Antilles became OCTs.
Main article: "Greenland–European Union relations
"Greenland joined the then "European Community in 1973 as a "county along with Denmark, but "voted to leave the EC in 1982 and left in 1985, to become an OCT. Citizens of Greenland are, nonetheless, "EU citizens owing to their Danish citizenship. The EU-Greenland relationship is a comprehensive partnership, which is complementary to the OCT association arrangements under "Council Decision 2013/755/EU"; based specifically on "Council Decision 2014/137 of 14 March 2014" (outlining the relations)[45] and the Fisheries Partnership Agreement of 30 July 2006.[46]
While the outermost regions and the overseas countries and territories fall into structured categories to which common mechanisms apply, this is not true of all the special territories. Some territories have ad hoc arrangements in their relationship with the EU. Some of these could be called "protocol territories"["citation needed] as their status is governed by protocols attached to their respective countries' accession treaties. The rest owe their status to European Union legislative provisions which exclude the territories from the application of the legislation concerned. Many were opted out from either the "VAT area or the "customs union or both.[47]
Channel Islands ("Bailiwick of Jersey and "Bailiwick of Guernsey)
"Åland, a group of islands belonging to Finland, but with partial autonomy, located between Sweden and Finland, with a Swedish-speaking population, joined the EU along with "Finland in 1995. The islands had a separate referendum on accession and like the Finnish mainland voted in favour.
EU law, including the fundamental "four freedoms, applies to Åland.[48] However, there are some derogations due to the islands' special status. Åland is outside the VAT area[6] and is exempt from common rules in relation to "turnover taxes, excise duties and indirect taxation.[49] In addition, to protect the local economy, the treaty of accession allows for a concept of hembygdsrätt/kotiseutuoikeus (regional citizenship). Consequently, there are restrictions on the holding of property and real estate, the right of establishment for business purposes and limitations on who can provide services in Åland, for people not holding this status.[50] The status may be obtained by any Finnish citizen legally resident in Åland for 5 years who can demonstrate an adequate knowledge of the Swedish language.[51]
The "German "exclave town of "Büsingen am Hochrhein, fully surrounded by "Switzerland, is in "customs union with the latter non-EU country.[52] The euro is legal tender, although the "Swiss franc is preferred.[53] Büsingen is excluded from the EU customs union and VAT area.[6] Swiss VAT and sales taxes are paid.[54]
The "Italian "exclave village of "Campione d'Italia is enclaved by "Switzerland's "Ticino "canton as well as "Lake Lugano (or Ceresio), and is a "comune in the "Province of Como, whilst "Livigno, a small and remote mountain resort town, is a comune in the "Province of Sondrio. Both comuni are part of the "Lombardy "region. Although part of the EU, they are excluded from the customs union and VAT area, with Livigno's tax status dating back to Napoleonic times.[6] Moreover, the only "legal tender in Campione d'Italia is the "Swiss franc,[55][56] although in practice shops and restaurants accept payments also in euro - and their bills present dual price display in both Euros and Francs.[57]
"Ceuta and "Melilla are two Spanish cities on the North African coast. They are part of the EU but they are excluded from the "common agricultural and fisheries policies.[58] They are also outside the customs union and VAT area,[6] but no customs are levied on goods exported from the Union into either Ceuta and Melilla, and certain goods originating in Ceuta and Melilla are exempt from customs charges.
The "Bailiwick of Jersey and "Bailiwick of Guernsey—which form the "Channel Islands—are "Crown dependencies, under the sovereignty of the British monarch and thus part of the remaining "British Empire. The islands take part in the EU freedom of movement of goods but not labour, services or capital. They are outside the VAT area, but inside the customs union.[6]
Channel Islanders are British citizens and hence European citizens.[60] As a result, they can travel freely within the EU, and all European citizens can travel to the islands without restrictions. However, the islands do not participate in the freedom of movement of labour, and as a result their citizens are not entitled to work or reside within the EU unless they are directly connected (through birth, or descent from a parent or grandparent) with the United Kingdom. After five years continuous residence in the "United Kingdom, islanders are entitled to participate in the freedom of movement of labour or services throughout the EU.[61]
"Manx people are British citizens and hence European citizens.[60] As a result, they can travel freely within the EU, and all European citizens can travel to the Isle of Man without restrictions. However, the island does not participate in the freedom of movement of labour, and as a result its citizens are not entitled to work or reside within the EU unless they are directly connected (through birth, or descent from a parent or grandparent) with the United Kingdom. After five years continuous residence in the "United Kingdom, Manx people are entitled to participate in the freedom of movement of labour or services throughout the EU.[61]
When the "Republic of Cyprus became part of the "European Union on 1 May 2004, the northern third of the island was outside of the effective control of its government due to the "Turkish invasion of Cyprus, a United Nations buffer zone of varying width separated the two parts, and a further 3% of the island was taken up by "UK sovereign bases (under British sovereignty since the Treaty of Establishment in 1960). Two "protocols to the "Treaty of Accession 2003 – numbers 3 and 10, known as the "Sovereign Base Areas Protocol" and the "Cyprus Protocol" respectively – reflect this complex situation.
EU law only applies fully to the part of the island that is effectively controlled by the government of the Republic of Cyprus. EU law is suspended in the northern third of the island (the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, whose independence is recognised only by "Turkey) by article 1(1) of the Cyprus Protocol.[62] If the island is reunified, the "Council of the European Union will repeal the suspension by a decision. Four months after such a decision has been adopted, new elections to the "European Parliament will be held on the island to elect Cypriot representatives from the whole of the island.[63]
"Cypriot nationality law applies to the entire island and is accordingly available to the inhabitants of Northern Cyprus and the British sovereign base areas on the same basis as to those born in the area controlled by the Republic of Cyprus.[64][65] Citizens of the Republic of Cyprus living in "Northern Cyprus are EU citizens and are entitled to vote in elections to the European Parliament; however, elections to that Parliament are not organised in Northern Cyprus.["citation needed]
The United Kingdom has two sovereign base areas on Cyprus, namely "Akrotiri and Dhekelia. Unlike other British overseas territories, they are not listed as Overseas Countries and Territories under the Treaty of Rome and their inhabitants (who are entitled to "British Overseas Territories Citizenship) have never been entitled to "British citizenship.
Prior to Cypriot accession to the EU in 2004, EU law did not apply to the sovereign base areas.[66] This position was changed by the Cypriot accession treaty and EU law, while still not applying in principle, applies to the extent necessary to implement a protocol attached to that treaty.[67] This protocol applies EU law relating to the "Common Agricultural Policy, customs, indirect taxation, social policy and justice and home affairs to the sovereign base areas. The sovereign base areas' authorities have also made provision for the unilateral application of directly applicable EU law.[68] The UK also agreed in the Protocol to keep enough control of the external (i.e. off-island and northern Cyprus) borders of the base areas to ensure that the border between the sovereign base areas and the Republic of Cyprus can remain fully open and will not have to be policed as an external EU border. Consequently, the sovereign base areas will become a "de facto part of the Schengen Area if and when Cyprus implements it. The base areas are already de facto members of the "eurozone due to their previous use of the "Cypriot pound before it was replaced by the "euro in 2008.[69]
The "United Nations buffer zone between north and south Cyprus ranges in width from a few metres in central "Nicosia to several kilometres in the countryside. While it is nominally under the sovereignty of the Republic of Cyprus, it is effectively administered by the "United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP). The population of the zone is 8,686 (as of October 2007), and one of the mandates of UNFICYP is "to encourage the fullest possible resumption of normal civilian activity in the buffer zone".[73] Article 2.1 of the Cyprus Protocol[62] allows the European Council to determine to what extent the provisions of EU law apply in the buffer zone.[74]
The "Faroe Islands are not part of the EU, and they have not been part of the EU since Denmark joined the community in 1973. Danish citizens residing on the islands are not considered citizens of a member state within the meaning of the treaties or, consequently, citizens of the European Union.[75] However, Faroese people may become EU citizens by changing their residence to the Danish mainland.
The Faroe Islands are not part of the Schengen Area, and Schengen visas are not valid. However, the islands are part of the "Nordic Passport Union and the Schengen Agreement provides that travellers passing between the islands and the Schengen Area are not to be treated as passing the external frontier of the Area.[76] This means that there is an identity check at air or boat travel to the islands where Nordic citizens on intra-Nordic travel need no passport, only showing the ticket plus identity card.[77]
"Gibraltar is a "British overseas territory located near the southernmost tip of the "Iberian Peninsula and overlooking the "Strait of Gibraltar, sharing a "border with Spain to the north. It is part of the EU, having joined the "European Economic Community under the United Kingdom in 1973. Article 355(3) (ex Article 299(4)) applies the treaty to "the European territories for whose external relations a Member State is responsible", a provision which in practice only applies to Gibraltar. Although it is part of the EU, Gibraltar is outside the "customs union and VAT area and is exempted from the "Common Agricultural Policy; it does not form part of the "Schengen Area.[78] As a separate "jurisdiction to the UK, Gibraltar's "government and "parliament are responsible for the "transposition of EU law into local law. In 2016 Gibraltar voted "remain" in the "UK EU membership referendum; however Gibraltar's membership is not distinct from the UK's and Gibraltar is bound by the overall result of "leave".
Owing to a declaration lodged by the United Kingdom with the EEC in 1982, Gibraltarians were to be counted as British nationals for the purposes of Community law. This was notwithstanding that they were not all, at the time, "British citizens but many were "British Overseas Territories citizens. As such "Gibraltarians have enjoyed European Union citizenship from its creation by the "Maastricht Treaty. Since 21 May 2002, all Gibraltarians have been granted the right to register a full "British citizenship, while those who previously held a British Overseas Territory citizenship automatically were converted now to have a full British citizenship. Any child born in Gibraltar after 21 May 2002 will automatically become a British citizen, if just one of its parents is a British citizen or a Gibraltarian resident.[70]
Despite their status as EU citizens resident in the EU, elections to the "European Parliament were not held in Gibraltar until 2004. The inclusion resulted from the "European Court of Human Rights' 1999 ruling in "Matthews v. United Kingdom which deemed that Gibraltar's exclusion violated Article 3 of Protocol 1 to the "European Convention on Human Rights. In the "2004 European Parliament election the territory formed part of the "South West England constituency of the "United Kingdom. The inclusion was unsuccessfully challenged by Spain before the "European Court of Justice.[34]
Like the UK, Gibraltar does not form part of the "Schengen Area and, as a result, the border between Spain and Gibraltar is an external Schengen border through which Spain is legally obliged to perform full entrance and exit controls. However Gibraltar does participate in certain police and judicial cooperation aspects of the "Schengen acquis in line with the UK's request to participate in the same measures.[79]
With respect to the application of EU law to Gibraltar, the governments of Spain and the United Kingdom made the following Declaration which is appended (as Declaration 55) to the "Treaty on European Union: "The Treaties apply to Gibraltar as a European territory for whose external relations a Member State is responsible. This shall not imply changes in the respective positions of the Member States concerned."[80]
"Heligoland is an island of Germany situated in the "North Sea 70 km (43 mi) off the German north-western coast. It is part of the EU, but is excluded from the customs union and the VAT area.[6]
"Mount Athos is an autonomous monastic region of "Greece. Greece's EU accession treaty provides that Mount Athos maintains its centuries-old special legal status,[81] guaranteed by article 105 of the "Greek Constitution. It is part of the customs union but outside the VAT area.[6] Notwithstanding that a special permit is required to enter the peninsula and that there is a prohibition on the admittance of women, it is part of the "Schengen Area.[82] The monastery has certain rights to house monks from countries outside the EU. A declaration attached to Greece's accession treaty to the "Schengen Agreement states that Mount Athos's "special status" should be taken into account in the application of the Schengen rules.[83]
For more details on this topic, see "Privileged transit traffic.
Finland "leases the 19.6 km-long Russian part of the "Saimaa Canal from "Russia and is granted "extraterritoriality rights.[84] The area is not part of the EU, it is a special part of Russia. Under the treaty signed by Finnish and Russian governments, Russian law is in force with a few exceptions concerning maritime rules and the employment of canal staff which fall under Finnish jurisdiction. There are also special rules concerning vessels travelling to Finland via the canal. Russian "visas are not required for just passing through the canal, but a passport is needed and it is checked at the border.[84] Euros are accepted for the canal fees. Prior to the 50-year lease renewal coming into effect in February 2012, the "Maly Vysotsky Island had also been leased and managed by Finland. Since then it has been fully managed by Russian authorities, and is no longer part of the concession territory.
The road from "Värska to "Ulitina in "Estonia, traditionally the only road to the Ulitina area, goes through Russian territory for one kilometre (0.6 mi) of its length, an area called "Saatse Boot.[85] This road has no border control, but there is no connection to any other road in Russia. It is not permissable to stop or walk along the road. This area is a part of "Russia but is also a de facto part of the Schengen area.
Many currently independent states or parts of such were previously territories of the following EU members since the latter joined the EU or, previously the "European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC):
Italy (with "Italian Somaliland, from ECSC formation until 1960)
Portugal (with multiple territories, from "1986 enlargement until 2002)
United Kingdom (with multiple territories, from "1973 enlargement)
Most of these territories seceded before the implementation of the "Maastricht treaty in 1993 and the following years, meaning that cooperation like the EU citizenship, the VAT union or the Eurozone did not exist, so it made less difference to be a special territory then.
"Cambodia (gained independence from France in 1953), no Community treaty applied there, besides ECSC preferences[86]
"Laos (gained independence from France in 1954), no Community treaty applied there, besides ECSC preferences[86]
"Vietnam (gained independence from France in 1954), no Community treaty applied there, besides ECSC preferences[86]
"Tunisia (gained independence from France in 1956), no Community treaty applied there, besides ECSC preferences[86]
"Morocco (gained independence from France in 1956), no Community treaty applied there, besides ECSC preferences[86]
"Guinea (gained independence from France in 1958), had OCT status[87]
"Cameroon ("French-administered part gained independence from France in 1960 along with some of "UK-administered parts); had OCT status for the French part[87]
"Togo (gained independence from France in 1960), had OCT status[87]
"Mali (gained independence from France in 1960), had OCT status[87]
"Senegal (gained independence from France in 1960), had OCT status[87]
"Madagascar (gained independence from France in 1960), had OCT status[87]
"DR Congo (gained independence from Belgium in 1960), had OCT status[87]
"Somalia ("Italian-administered part gained independence from Italy in 1960 along with "UK-administered part); had OCT status for the Italian part[87]
"Benin (gained independence from France in 1960), had OCT status[87]
"Niger (gained independence from France in 1960), had OCT status[87]
"Burkina Faso (gained independence from France in 1960), had OCT status[87]
"Ivory Coast (gained independence from France in 1960), had OCT status[87]
"Chad (gained independence from France in 1960), had OCT status[87]
"Central African Republic (gained independence from France in 1960), had OCT status[87]
"Congo (gained independence from France in 1960), had OCT status[87]
"Gabon (gained independence from France in 1960), had OCT status[87]
"Mauritania (gained independence from France in 1960), had OCT status[87]
"Burundi (gained independence from Belgium in 1962), had OCT status[87]
"Rwanda (gained independence from Belgium in 1962), had OCT status[87]
"Netherlands New Guinea (transferred from the Netherlands to "UN in 1962, later annexed by Indonesia), had OCT status[87]
"Suriname (gained independence from the Netherlands in 1975), had OCT status,[86][88][89] EURATOM application unsure.[90]
"Algeria (gained independence from France in 1962), had a status similar to OMR[91]
"Bahamas (gained independence from the UK in 1973), had OCT status[92]
"Grenada (gained independence from the UK in 1973), had OCT status[92]
"Comoros (gained independence from France in 1975), had OCT status[87]
"Seychelles (gained independence from the UK in 1976), had OCT status[92]
"French Somaliland (gained independence from France as "Djibouti in 1977), had OCT status[87]
"Solomon Islands (gained independence from the UK in 1976), had OCT status[92]
"Tuvalu (gained independence from the UK in 1978), had OCT status[92]
"Dominica (gained independence from the UK in 1978), had OCT status[92]
"Saint Lucia (gained independence from the UK in 1979), had OCT status[92]
"Kiribati (gained independence from the UK in 1979), had OCT status[92]
"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (gained independence from the UK in 1979), had OCT status[92]
"Zimbabwe (gained de jure independence from the UK in 1980), no Community treaty applied there, besides ECSC preferences[86][93]
"Vanuatu (gained independence from the UK and France in 1980), generally had OCT status[94]
"Belize (gained independence from the UK in 1981), had OCT status[92]
"Antigua and Barbuda (gained independence from the UK in 1981), had OCT status[92]
"Saint Kitts and Nevis (gained independence from the UK in 1983), had OCT status[92]
"Brunei (gained independence from UK in 1984), had OCT status[92]
"Hong Kong (sovereignty transferred from the UK to "China in 1997), no Community treaty applied there,[93] besides ECSC preferences[86]
"Macao (sovereignty transferred from Portugal to "China in 1999), EURATOM was applicable,[95] besides the ECSC preferences[86]
"Timor-Leste (East Timor) (gained independence from "Indonesia in 2002, considered under Portuguese administration before that), no Community treaty applied there [96]
The Austrian areas of "Kleinwalsertal and "Jungholz formerly enjoyed a special legal status. The two areas have road access only to Germany, and not directly to other parts of Austria. They were in "customs and "currency union with "Germany and there were no border controls between Kleinwalsertal and Jungholz, respectively, and Germany. When Austria entered the EU (and its customs union) in 1995, the customs union became defunct. The entry into force of the "Schengen Agreement for Austria (1997) and the introduction of the "euro (2002) caused Kleinwalsertal and Jungholz to lose their remaining legal privileges. It is now legally treated in the same manner as the rest of Austria.
"Saar ("merged with West Germany on 1 January 1957), was fully part of "the Community as French-administered European territory [97]
"West Berlin ("merged with West Germany on 3 October 1990), was subject to the full application of the treaties[98]
"East Germany was until 1972 on paper a part of one Germany and the European Community, since West Germany, the NATO countries and the European Community did not recognize East Germany until 1972. East Germany did not recognize any membership of the EC. The West German government treated trade with East Germany as inter-German trade and not subject to the EC trade tariffs.
Some European countries are strongly connected to the European Union, through the "European Economic Area or similar agreements. These countries are "Iceland, "Liechtenstein, "Norway and "Switzerland, the member states of the "European Free Trade Association (EFTA). They are inside the single market (with exceptions) and the Schengen area, but outside the Eurozone, customs territory, and VAT area. "Norway and "Switzerland have special areas.
"Iceland Partial No Yes No No With exemptions[102] No, "ISK
"Liechtenstein Partial No Yes No, Swiss–Liechtenstein VAT area No, Swiss–Liechtenstein customs territory With exemptions[102] No, "CHF
"Norway, except: Partial No Yes No No With exemptions[102] No, "NOK
"Svalbard Partial No No[100] No, VAT free[99] No No[102][103] No, "NOK
"Bouvet Island No No No No No No No, "NOK
"Peter I Island No No No No No No No, "NOK
"Queen Maud Land No No No No No No No, "NOK
"Switzerland, except: Partial Participating associated state[104] Yes No, Swiss–Liechtenstein VAT area No, Swiss–Liechtenstein customs territory With exemptions[105] No, "CHF
"Samnaun Partial Participating[104] Yes No, VAT free[101] No, Swiss–Liechtenstein customs territory With exemptions[105] No, "CHF
This table summarises the various components of EU laws applied in the EU member states and their sovereign territories. Member states that do not have special-status territories are not included (as there the EU law applies fully with the exception of the "opt-outs in the European Union and "states under a safeguard clause or transitional period). Some territories of EFTA member states also have a "special status in regard to EU laws applied as is the case with some "European microstates.[106]
"EU elections
"Republic of Cyprus,
" "UN Buffer Zone With exemptions ? Yes No No Yes Yes[108] With exemptions[109] Yes
"Northern Cyprus Suspended No Citizens of the Republic of Cyprus[110] No No No No[111] No[112] No, "TRY
"Denmark,
except: Yes[113] Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes "DKK ("ERM II)
"Greenland Minimal (OCT)[19] No[114] Yes No No No No[111] Partial[115] "DKK ("ERM II)
"Faroe Islands No No[116] No No No No No[111] Minimal (FTA)[106][117] "DKK ("ERM II)
"Finland,
"Åland Islands With exemptions Yes[118] Yes Yes Yes No Yes[111] With exemptions Yes
"France ("Metropolitan),
"French Guiana With exemptions (OMR) Yes Yes Yes[119] No[120] No, VAT free Yes[111] Yes Yes
"Guadeloupe With exemptions (OMR) Yes Yes Yes[119] No[120] No, low rate VAT Yes[111] Yes Yes
"Martinique With exemptions (OMR) Yes Yes Yes[119] No[120] No, low rate VAT Yes[111] Yes Yes
"Réunion With exemptions (OMR) Yes Yes Yes[119] No[120] No, low rate VAT Yes[111] Yes Yes
"Mayotte With exemptions (OMR) Yes Yes Yes[119] No[120] No, VAT free Yes[111] Yes Yes
"Saint Martin With exemptions (OMR)[121] Yes Yes Yes[119] No[120] No, low rate VAT Yes[111] Yes Yes[122]
"Saint Barthélemy Minimal (OCT)[19] Yes Yes Yes[119] No[120] No No Partial[115] Yes[122]
"Saint Pierre and Miquelon Minimal (OCT)[19] Yes Yes Yes[119] No[120] No No[111] Partial[115] Yes[122]
"Wallis and Futuna Minimal (OCT)[19] Yes Yes Yes[119] No[120] No No[111] Partial[115] "XPF, pegged to "EUR
"French Polynesia Minimal (OCT)[19] Yes Yes Yes[119] No[120] No No[111] Partial[115] "XPF, pegged to "EUR
"New Caledonia Minimal (OCT)[19] Yes Yes Yes[119] No[120] No No[111] Partial[115] "XPF, pegged to "EUR
"French Southern and Antarctic Lands Minimal (OCT)[19] Yes Yes No[123] No[120] No No[111] Partial[115] Yes[124]
"Clipperton Island ? Yes[125] Yes[124] No[123] No[120] ? ? ? Yes[124]
"Büsingen am Hochrhein Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes[126] No No[111] Yes Yes
"Heligoland Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No[111] Yes Yes
"Mount Athos Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No, VAT free[6] Yes[111] Yes Yes
"Livigno Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No[111] Yes Yes
"Campione d'Italia Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes[126] No No[111] Yes No, "CHF[55]
"Netherlands,
"Bonaire Minimal (OCT)[19] No[127] Yes Yes No[120] No No[128] Partial[115] No, "USD[129]
"Saba Minimal (OCT)[19] No[127] Yes Yes No[120] No No[128] Partial[115] No, "USD[129]
"Sint Eustatius Minimal (OCT)[19] No[127] Yes Yes No[120] No No[128] Partial[115] No, "USD[129]
"Curaçao Minimal (OCT)[19] No[130] Yes Yes No[120] No No[128] Partial[115] No, "ANG[131]
"Sint Maarten Minimal (OCT)[19] No[130] Yes Yes No[120] No No[128] Partial[115] No, "ANG[131]
"Aruba Minimal (OCT)[19] ?[116][132] Yes Yes No[120] No No[128] Partial[115] No, "AWG
"Azores Yes (OMR) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
"Madeira Yes (OMR) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
"Canary Islands With exemptions (OMR) Yes Yes Yes Yes No, VAT free Yes Yes Yes
"Ceuta With exemptions Yes Yes Yes Partial[134] No No Yes Yes
"Melilla With exemptions Yes Yes Yes Partial[134] No No Yes Yes
"United Kingdom,
except: Yes[113] Yes Yes Yes Police and judicial cooperation only,[135] "CTA Yes Yes Yes No, "GBP
"Gibraltar With exemptions[136] Yes[116] Yes[137] Yes[138] Police and judicial cooperation only[135] No No With exemptions No, "GIP
" "Akrotiri and Dhekelia Minimal[139] No[116] Citizens of the Republic of Cyprus[140] No[141] Set to implement later[107] Yes[144] Yes[128] With exemptions[145] Yes[146]
"Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Minimal (OCT)[19] Yes[116][147] Yes No No No No Partial[115] No, "SHP
"Falkland Islands Minimal (OCT)[19] Yes[116][147] Yes No No No No Partial[115] No, "FKP
"South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Minimal (OCT)[19] Yes[116][147] Yes No No No No Partial[115] No, "GBP
"British Antarctic Territory Minimal (OCT)[19] Yes[116][147] Yes No No No No Partial[115] No, "GBP[148]
"Bermuda Minimal (OCT)[19] Yes[116][147] Yes No No No No Partial[115] No, "BMD
"Cayman Islands Minimal (OCT)[19] Yes[116][147] Yes No No No No Partial[115] No, "KYD
"Anguilla Minimal (OCT)[19] Yes[116][147] Yes No No No No Partial[115] No, "XCD
"Montserrat Minimal (OCT)[19] Yes[116][147] Yes No No No No Partial[115] No, "XCD
"British Virgin Islands Minimal (OCT)[19] Yes[116][147] Yes No No No No Partial[115] No, "USD
"Turks and Caicos Islands Minimal (OCT)[19] Yes[116][147] Yes No No No No Partial[115] No, "USD
"British Indian Ocean Territory Minimal (OCT)[19] Yes[116][147] Yes No No No No Partial[115] No, "GBP, "USD[149]
"Pitcairn Islands Minimal (OCT)[19] Yes[116][147] Yes No No No No Partial[115] No, "NZD
"Isle of Man Minimal[150] Partial[116][150] With restrictions[151] No No,[135] "CTA Yes[144] Yes[128] Minimal (FTA)[106][152] No, "GBP
"Bailiwick of Guernsey Minimal[150] Partial[116][150] With restrictions[151] No No,[135] "CTA No, VAT free[144] Yes[128] Minimal (FTA)[106][152] No, "GBP
"Bailiwick of Jersey Minimal[150] Partial[116][150] With restrictions[151] No No,[135] "CTA No, VAT free[144] Yes[128] Minimal (FTA)[106][152] No, "GBP
EU "single market
Summary for member states that do not have special-status territories, but do not participate in certain EU provisions as they are either not yet eligible or have an "opt-out.
"Bulgaria Yes Yes Yes Yes Set to implement later[107] Yes Yes Yes No, "BGN
"Croatia Yes Yes Yes Yes Set to implement later[107] Yes Yes Yes No, "HRK
"Czech Republic Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No, "CZK
"Hungary Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No, "HUF
"Ireland Yes Yes Yes Yes Police and judicial cooperation only,[135] "CTA Yes Yes Yes Yes
"Poland Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No, "PLN
"Romania Yes Yes Yes Yes Set to implement later[107] Yes Yes Yes No, "RON
"Sweden Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No, "SEK
"Elections in the European Union
"Member state of the European Union
^ a b Article 349 of the "Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union.
^ See Article 299(6)(b) of the Consolidated Treaty establishing the European Community as amended by the "Nice Treaty. [6]
^ a b "British Overseas Territories Act 2002.
^ See the Protocol on the application of the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community to the non European parts of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and Act ratifying the EAEC Treaty in the Netherlands. The protocol on non-application of EURATOM by derogation was abrogated by Article 8 (III) of the "Treaty of Amsterdam, which entered into force in 1999, but there is no evidence that the EURATOM treaty was ever extended to other countries within the Kingdom (now: Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten, formerly: the Netherlands Antilles and Suriname).
^ "New Hebrides had ECSC preferences and EURATOM application 1952–1973 stemming from the French administration in the territory, from 1973 to 1980 from both the French and British administrations, no EEC law applied 1958–1973, EEC OCT status 1973–1980
^ When Portugal became a Community member in 1986 East Timor was considered a "non-self-governing-territory under Portuguese administration by the "United Nations despite "Indonesian occupation of East Timor between 1975 and 1999. None of the "EC laws were ever in force, but EURATOM and ECSC preferences were to apply if not for the Indonesian occupation. The "de jure Portuguese administration formally ceased on 20 May 2002 when Portugal recognised East Timor's independence.
^ Until the "unification of Germany in 1990 the de jure status of "West Berlin was that of French, UK and US occupied zones with "West German civilian administration. The treaties applied fully during 1952–1990 given the Federal German and French treaty responsibilities European Coal and Steel Community Treaty, Art.79, and during 1973–1990 given the British treaty responsibilities.[7]["clarification needed] For the 1979, 1984 and 1989 European Parliaments, three MEPs were appointed on the nomination of the Berlin House of Representatives rather than being directly elected. From 3 October 1990 "West Berlin was fully integrated in Berlin in the "Federal Republic of Germany, along with the former "East Germany.
^ a b c d e "List of free trade agreements
^ a b c d e "Akrotiri and Dhekelia, and "Cyprus should implement together the Schengen area.[142] As of 2011 the target is for 2016.[143]
^ Exceptions may be in place for Turkish goods and services destined for "Pyla.
^ a b "Opt-outs in force for some treaty provisions and legislations
^ Lauri Hannikainen; Frank Horn (1997). Autonomy and Demilitarisation in International Law: The Åland Islands in a Changing Europe. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 94. "ISBN "978-90-411-0271-3.
^ a b Together with "Switzerland
^ a b c Article 16 of the law on the monetary system BES "Dutch: Wet geldstelsel BES stipulates the use of the Netherlands Antillean guilder as official tender until the official introduction of the "US Dollar, probably on 1-1-2011.
^ a b The Netherlands Antillean guilder will be replaced by the "Caribbean guilder, possibly on 1-1-2012
^ See the PRO PRI.htm Protocol on the application of the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community to the non European parts of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and Act ratifying the EAEC Treaty in the Netherlands. The protocol on non-application of EURATOM by derogation was abrogated by Article 8 (III) of the "Treaty of Amsterdam, which entered into force in 1999, but there is no evidence that the EURATOM treaty was ever extended to other countries within the Kingdom (now: Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten, formerly: the Netherlands Antilles and Suriname).
^ a b The full Schengen acquis applies to all Spanish territories, but there are border checks on departure from Ceuta and Melilla to Spain or other Schengen countries, because of specific arrangements for visa exemptions for Moroccan nationals resident in the provinces of "Tetuan and "Nador.[59][133]
^ a b c d e f Council Decision of 29 May 2000 concerning the request of the United Kingdom, Council Decision of 22 December 2004 on the putting the request into effect Article 5(2) states that Police and Judicial Co-operation measures should apply to Gibraltar. Article 5(1) states that the UK should make additional notification about the measures that would apply to the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. No such notification is made so far.["citation needed]
^ There were reports that it was possible for all Cypriots from Northern Cyprus, or UN Buffer Zone or Akrotiri and Dekhelia to vote, but they had to travel to a voting station in the South.["citation needed]
^ Since several countries have bases, the currency of the home country of each base is probably["citation needed] used.