Source: http://www.google.com/patents/US20020079562?dq=autodesk
Timestamp: 2014-07-31 02:09:22
Document Index: 647559871

Matched Legal Cases: ['art 1400', 'art 1400', 'art 1400', 'art 1400', 'art 1500', 'art 1500', 'art 1500', 'art 1500', 'art 1500', 'art 1500', 'art 1600', 'art 1600', 'art 1600', 'art 1600', 'art 1700', 'art 1700', 'art 1700', 'art 1800', 'art 1800', 'art 1800', 'art 1800', 'art 1900', 'art 1900', 'art 1900', 'art 1900', 'art 2600', 'art 2600', 'art 2600', 'art 2600', 'art 2600', 'art 2600', 'art 2600', 'art 2600', 'art 2600', 'art 2600', 'art 2600']

Patent US20020079562 - Enhanced die-up ball grid array packages and method for making the same - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign in<nobr>Advanced Patent Search</nobr>PatentsAn electrically and thermally enhanced die-up tape substrate ball grid array (BGA) package and die-up plastic substrate BGA package are described. A substrate that has a first surface and a second surface is provided. An IC die is mounted to the first substrate surface. A plurality of solder balls is...http://www.google.com/patents/US20020079562?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US20020079562 - Enhanced die-up ball grid array packages and method for making the sameAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS20020079562 A1Publication typeApplicationApplication numberUS 09/984,259Publication dateJun 27, 2002Filing dateOct 29, 2001Priority dateDec 22, 2000Also published asEP1356516A2, US7132744, WO2002052645A2, WO2002052645A3Publication number09984259, 984259, US 2002/0079562 A1, US 2002/079562 A1, US 20020079562 A1, US 20020079562A1, US 2002079562 A1, US 2002079562A1, US-A1-20020079562, US-A1-2002079562, US2002/0079562A1, US2002/079562A1, US20020079562 A1, US20020079562A1, US2002079562 A1, US2002079562A1InventorsSam Zhao, Reza-ur KhanOriginal AssigneeBroadcom CorporationExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManReferenced by (6), Classifications (51), Legal Events (4) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetEnhanced die-up ball grid array packages and method for making the sameUS 20020079562 A1Abstract An electrically and thermally enhanced die-up tape substrate ball grid array (BGA) package and die-up plastic substrate BGA package are described. A substrate that has a first surface and a second surface is provided. An IC die is mounted to the first substrate surface. A plurality of solder balls is attached to the second substrate surface. A thermal connector is mounted to the second substrate surface. The thermal connector is configured be coupled to a printed circuit board. Images(31) Claims(33)
What is claimed is: 1. A ball grid array (BGA) package, comprising: a substrate that has a first surface and a second surface, wherein said second surface includes an array of exposed contact pads and an exposed metal plane, wherein said first surface is configured to mount an integrated circuit (IC) die; a plurality of solder balls, wherein each of said plurality of solder balls is attached to a corresponding one of said exposed contact pads; and a thermal connector that has a first surface coupled to said exposed metal plane, wherein a second surface of said thermal connector is configured to be coupled to a printed circuit board (PCB). 2. The package of claim 1, wherein a height of said thermal connector is less than a height of a solder ball of said plurality of attached solder balls. 3. The package of claim 1, wherein said first surface of said thermal connector is coupled to said exposed metal plane by a conductive adhesive material. 4. The package of claim 3, wherein said second surface of said thermal connector is plated with a metal. 5. The package of claim 4, wherein a combined height of said thermal connector, said conductive adhesive material, and said metal plating is less than a height of a solder ball of said plurality of attached solder balls. 6. The package of claim 5, wherein said second surface of said thermal connector is configured to be coupled to a second metal plating formed on a metal plane on said PCB. 7. The package of claim 6, wherein a combined height of said thermal connector, said conductive adhesive material, said first metal plating, and said second metal plating is substantially equal to a height of a solder ball of said plurality of attached solder balls when said second surface of said thermal connector is coupled to said second metal plating. 8. The package of claim 1, wherein said thermal connector comprises a plurality of separate thermal connectors. 9. The package of claim 8, wherein said exposed metal plane comprises a plurality of separate exposed metal planes, wherein each one of the plurality of separate exposed metal planes is coupled to a corresponding one of the plurality of separate thermal connectors. 10. The package of claim 1, wherein said substrate is an organic substrate. 11. The package of claim 1, further comprising at least one via that extends through said substrate, wherein each said at least one via is filled with a conductive material. 12. The package of claim 11, wherein said at least one via is configured to couple an IC die mounted on said first substrate surface to said exposed metal plane. 13. The package of claim 1, wherein said package further comprises: an integrated circuit (IC) die that is mounted to said first substrate surface. 14. The package of claim 1, wherein said substrate has a central portion that is defined by said exposed metal plane, wherein a first via density for vias in said central portion is greater than a second via density for vias outside of said central portion. 15. The package of claim 1, wherein the array of exposed contact pads are arranged in at least one ring that surrounds the exposed metal plane on the second surface of the substrate. 16. The package of claim 15, further comprising: at least one passive electronic device attached to the second surface of the substrate in a region bounded on a first edge by the exposed metal plane and on a second edge by the array of exposed contact pads. 17. The package of claim 15, wherein the PCB includes a first surface, wherein the first surface of the PCB includes a second exposed metal plane corresponding to said first exposed metal plane, and a second array of exposed contact pads arranged in at least one ring corresponding to the first array of exposed contact pads; and wherein the PCB includes at least one passive electronic device attached to the first surface of the PCB in a region bounded on a first edge by the second metal plane and on a second edge by the second array of exposed contact pads. 18. A method of assembling a ball grid array (BGA) package, comprising the steps of: providing a substrate that has a first surface; exposing an array of contact pads and a metal plane on the first surface of the substrate; attaching a solder ball to each of the exposed contact pads on the first surface of the substrate; and coupling a first surface of a thermal connector to the exposed metal plane. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the thermal connector has a height that is less than a height of a solder ball attached to one of the exposed contact pads. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein said step of coupling the first surface of the thermal connector to the exposed metal plane includes the step using a conductive adhesive material. 21. The method of claim 20, further comprising the step of: plating the second surface of the thermal connector with a metal. 22. The method of claim 2 1, wherein a combined height of the thermal connector, the conductive adhesive material, and the metal plating is less than a height of a solder ball attached to one of the exposed contact pads. 23. The method of claim 22, further comprising the step of: configuring the second surface of the thermal connector to be coupled to a second metal plating formed on a metal plane on a printed circuit board. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the second metal plating has a height, wherein a combined height of the thermal connector, the conductive adhesive material, the first metal plating, and the second metal plating is substantially equal to a height of a solder ball attached to one of the exposed contact pads and attached to a contact pad on the PCB when the second surface of the thermal connector is coupled to the second metal plating. 25. The method of claim 18, further comprising the step of: coupling a first surface of a plurality of separate thermal connectors to the exposed metal plane. 26. The method of claim 25, further comprising the steps of: exposing a plurality of metal planes on the first surface of the substrate; and coupling the first surface of each one of the plurality of separate thermal connectors to a corresponding one of the plurality of exposed metal planes. 27. The method of claim 18, further comprising the step of: mounting an IC die to a second surface of the substrate. 28. The method of claim 27, further comprising the step of: coupling the IC die to the exposed metal plane by at least one via that extends through the substrate. 29. The method of claim 28, further comprising the step of: filling the at least one via with a conductive material. 30. The method of claim 18, wherein the substrate has a central portion that is defined by the metal plane, further comprising the steps of: locating a plurality of vias in the substrate in the central region; and locating a plurality of vias in the substrate outside of the central region; wherein a first via density for the plurality of vias in the central portion is greater than a second via density for the plurality of vias outside of the central portion. 31. The method of claim 18, wherein said exposing step comprises the step of: arranging the array of contact pads in at least one ring to surround the metal plane on the first surface of the substrate. 32. The method of claim 31, further comprising the step of: attaching at least one passive electronic device to the first surface of the substrate in a region bounded on a first edge by the metal plane and on a second edge by the array of contact pads. 33. The method of claim 3 1, further comprising the steps of: exposing a second metal plane on a first surface of a PCB that corresponds to the first metal plane; exposing a second array of contact pads arranged in at least one ring that corresponds to the first array of contact pads; and attaching at least one passive electronic device to the first surface of the PCB in a region bounded on a first edge by the second metal plane and on a second edge by the second array of contact pads. Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] The present application is a continuation-in-part of pending U.S. application �Enhanced Die-Up Ball Grid Array and Method for Making the Same,� Ser. No. 09/742,366, filed Dec. 22, 2000, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] 1. Field of the Invention [0003] The invention relates generally to the field of integrated circuit (IC) device packaging technology, and more particularly to substrate stiffening and heat spreading techniques in ball grid array (BGA) packages. [0004] 2. Background Art [0005] Integrated circuit (IC) dies are typically mounted in or on a package that is attached to a printed circuit board (PCB). One such type of IC die package is a ball grid array (BGA) package. BGA packages provide for smaller footprints than many other package solutions available today. A BGA package has an array of solder balls located on a bottom external surface of a package substrate. The solder balls are reflowed to attach the package to the PCB. The IC die is mounted to a top surface of the package substrate. Wire bonds typically couple signals in the IC die to the substrate. The substrate has internal routing which electrically couples the IC die signals to the solder balls on the bottom substrate surface. [0006] A number of BGA package substrate types exist, including ceramic, plastic, and tape (also known as �flex�). In some BGA package types, a stiffener may be attached to the substrate to supply planarity and rigidity to the package. [0007] In such packages, the IC die may be mounted to the stiffener instead of the substrate. Openings in the stiffener may be used to allow the IC die to be wire-bonded to the substrate. [0008] Die-up and die-down BGA package configurations exist. In die-up BGA packages, the IC die is mounted on a top surface of the substrate or stiffener, opposite of the side to which the solder balls are attached. In die-down BGA packages, the IC die is mounted on a bottom surface of the substrate or stiffener, on the same side as which the solder balls are attached. [0009] Conventional BGA packages are subject to high thermal stresses that result from the heat given off during operation of the mounted IC die. The thermal stresses are primarily imposed on the IC die and solder balls due to the mismatch of the thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) between the semiconductor die and the metal stiffener. As a result, conventional flex BGA packages have difficulty in meeting reliability requirements for die sizes larger than 9 mm. See, e.g., Thompson, T., et al., Reliability Assessment of a Thin (Flex) BGA Using a Polyimide Tape Substrate, International Electronics Manufacturing Technology Symposium, IEEE, pp. 207-213 (1999). [0010] The tape substrate used in flex BGA packages is typically polyimide, which has very low values of thermal conductivity. Consequently, the IC die is separated from the PCB internally by the tape substrate thermal barrier. The lack of direct thermal connection from IC die to PCB leads to relatively high resistance to heat transfer from IC die-to-board (theta-jb). [0011] A stiffener attached to a substrate enhances heat spreading. However, the openings on the stiffener for wire bond connections tend to reduce the thermal connections between the IC die and the edges of the stiffener. As a result, heat spreading is limited largely to the region of the IC die attach pad, while areas at the stiffener peripheral do not contribute effectively to heat spreading. [0012] Furthermore, because of the high density of the substrate routing circuitry, it is difficult to bond each power and ground pad on the IC die to the substrate by a corresponding bond finger. As a result, the distribution of ground and power signals connecting to the IC die is frequently compromised in conventional BGA packages. [0013] Ball grid array packages that use plastic substrates (for example, BT or FR4 plastic) are commonly known as plastic BGAs, or PBGAs. See, e.g., Lau, J. H., Ball Grid Array Technology, McGraw-Hill, New York, (1995). A PBGA package, for example, may add solder balls to the bottom substrate surface under the IC die to aid in conducting heat to the PCB. Solder balls such as these are referred to as thermal balls. The cost of the PBGA package, however, will increase with the number of thermal balls. Furthermore, a large array of thermal balls may be necessary for heat dissipation into the PCB for high levels of IC device power. [0014] Hence, what is needed are BGA packages with improved heat spreading capabilities, while also providing for high levels of IC electrical performance. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0015] Ball grid array (BGA) packages having enhanced electrical and thermal characteristics are described herein. The BGA package has a substrate that has a first surface and a second surface. A stiffener has a first surface and a second surface. The second stiffener surface is attached to the first substrate surface. An IC die has a first surface and a second surface. The first IC die surface is mounted to the first stiffener surface. A plurality of solder balls are attached to the second substrate surface. [0016] In a first aspect of the present invention, a heat spreader has a first surface. [0017] The first heat spreader surface is mounted to the second IC die surface. [0018] In a further aspect of the present invention, the second IC die surface includes a contact pad. A wire bond corresponding to the contact pad couples the corresponding contact pad to the second stiffener surface. At least one power/ground/thermal solder ball is attached to the second substrate surface. Each of the power/ground/thermal solder balls are coupled to the stiffener through a corresponding via extending through the substrate. The at least one power/ground/thermal solder ball is coupled to a first potential. [0019] In a further aspect of the present invention, the substrate has a window opening that exposes a portion of the second stiffener surface. The exposed portion of the second stiffener surface is configured to be coupled to a printed circuit board (PCB). [0020] In a further aspect of the present invention, a metal ring is attached to the first stiffener surface. [0021] In a further aspect of the present invention, a wire bond opening is positioned along an edge of the IC die mount location. The wire bond opening extends through the stiffener. At least one stud corresponds to the wire bond opening. Each stud bridges the substrate across the corresponding the wire bond opening. [0022] In a further aspect of the present invention, BGA packages having enhanced electrical and thermal characteristics are described herein. A substrate has a first surface and a second surface. The second substrate surface includes an array of contact pads. The first substrate surface is configured to mount an integrated circuit (IC) die. A plurality of solder balls is attached to the contact pads of the substrate. A thermal connector has a first surface coupled to the second substrate surface. A second surface of the thermal connector is configured to be coupled to a printed circuit board (PCB). [0023] Further aspects of the present invention, and further features and benefits thereof, are described below. The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein and form a part of the specification, illustrate the present invention and, together with the description, further serve to explain the principles of the invention and to enable a person skilled in the pertinent art to make and use the invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS/FIGURES [0024] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein and form a part of the specification, illustrate the present invention and, together with the description, further serve to explain the principles of the invention and to enable a person skilled in the pertinent art to make and use the invention. [0025]FIGS. 1A and 1B illustrate conventional flex BGA packages. [0026]FIG. 2A shows a top view of a stiffener. [0027]FIG. 2B shows a temperature distribution for a stiffener during operation of an IC device in a flex BGA package. [0028]FIG. 2C shows an top view of an alternative stiffener configuration. [0029]FIG. 3 shows a cross-sectional view of a conventional die-up plastic BGA package. [0030]FIG. 4 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a die-up flex BGA package with heat spreader, according to an embodiment of the present invention. [0031]FIG. 5 show a cross-sectional view of an alternative BGA package, according to embodiments of the present invention, where the heat spreader is internal to the BGA package. [0032]FIG. 6 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a die-up flex BGA package with stiffener ground plane, according to an embodiment of the present invention. [0033]FIG. 7 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a die-up flex BGA package with patterned stiffener, according to an embodiment of the present invention. [0034]FIG. 8 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a die-up flex BGA package with ground/thermal connector, according to an embodiment of the present invention. [0035]FIG. 9A illustrates a cross-sectional view of a die-up tape BGA package with metal ring, according to an embodiment of the present invention. [0036]FIG. 9B illustrates a top view of the die-up tape BGA package with metal ring of FIG. 9A, according to an embodiment of the present invention. [0037]FIG. 10A illustrates a stiffener that includes one or more thermal studs, according to an embodiment of the present invention. [0038]FIG. 10B illustrates an IC die that is wire bound to a substrate through openings in the stiffener of FIG. 10A, according to an embodiment of the present invention. [0039]FIG. 11 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a die-up PBGA package with ground/thermal connector, according to an embodiment of the present invention. [0040]FIG. 12A illustrates a cross-sectional view of a die-up BGA package. [0041]FIGS. 12B and 12C illustrate exemplary solder ball arrangements for the die-up BGA package of FIG. 12A. [0042]FIG. 13 shows exemplary routing in a substrate layer. [0043]FIG. 14 shows a flowchart related to FIGS. 4 and 5, that provides operational steps of exemplary embodiments of the present invention. [0044]FIG. 15 shows a flow chart related to FIG. 6 that provides operational steps of exemplary embodiments of the present invention. [0045] FIGS. 16A-D show flowcharts related to FIGS. 7 and 8 that provide operational steps of exemplary embodiments of the present invention. [0046]FIG. 17 shows a flowchart related to FIGS. 9A and 9B that provides operational steps of exemplary embodiments of the present invention. [0047]FIG. 18 shows a flowchart related to FIGS. 10A and 10B that provides operational steps of exemplary embodiments of the present invention. [0048] FIGS. 19A-C show flowcharts related to FIG. 11 that provide operational steps of exemplary embodiments of the present invention. [0049]FIG. 20 illustrates a substrate that has a central window opening, according to an embodiment of the present invention. [0050]FIG. 21 illustrates a side view of a stiffener that has a downward protruding portion, according to an embodiment of the present invention. [0051]FIG. 22 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a portion of a die-up PBGA package, according to an embodiment of the present invention. [0052]FIG. 23 shows an example ground/thermal connector attached to a bottom surface of a substrate, according to an embodiment of the present invention. [0053]FIG. 24 shows first and second ground/thermal connectors attached to a bottom surface of a substrate, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. [0054]FIG. 25 shows first, second, third, and fourth ground/thermal connectors attached to a bottom surface of a substrate, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. [0055]FIG. 26 shows a flowchart providing operational steps for assembling one or more embodiments of the present invention. [0056]FIG. 27 shows first and second ground/thermal connectors attached to a bottom surface of a substrate, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. [0057]FIG. 28 shows a bottom view of a corner portion of a substrate with potential via locations. [0058]FIGS. 29 and 30 show an example bottom views of a corner portion of a substrate, according to embodiments of the present invention. [0059]FIG. 31 shows a bottom view of an example BGA package, according to an embodiment of the present invention. [0060]FIG. 32 shows a bottom view of the example BGA package of FIG. 31, with electronic devices attached, according to an embodiment of the present invention. [0061]FIG. 33 shows a portion of a printed circuit board for mounting a BGA package, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. [0062]FIG. 34 shows the printed circuit board portion of FIG. 33 with electronic devices attached, according to an embodiment of the present invention. [0063]FIG. 35 shows an cross-sectional view of the BGA package of FIG. 32 mounted to the printed circuit board of FIG. 34, according to an embodiment of the present invention. [0064]FIGS. 36A and 36B show flowcharts providing operational steps for assembling embodiments of the present invention.
[0065] The present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the drawings, like reference numbers indicate identical or functionally similar elements. Additionally, the left-most digit(s) of a reference number identifies the drawing in which the reference number first appears. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0066] Overview [0067] The present invention is directed to a method and system for improving the mechanical, thermal, and electrical performance of BGA packages. The present invention is applicable to all types of BGA substrates, including ceramic, plastic, and tape (flex) BGA packages. Furthermore the present invention is applicable to die-up (cavity-up) and die-down (cavity-down) orientations. [0068] Numerous embodiments of the present invention are presented herein. In a first embodiment, BGA package thermal stress at the IC die/stiffener interface is released or altered with the introduction of a heat spreader on the top surface of the IC die, enabling large size dies with high input and output (I/O) counts to be packaged using BGA technology. In a second embodiment, BGA package thermal resistance and the length of the current return path are reduced by introducing thermal/ground balls underneath or within close proximity of the IC die. In a third embodiment, the package thermal resistance and ground inductance are reduced by removing center solder balls, and enabling the attachment of a die pad to the PCB. The die pad is attached to the PCB with novel patternings of the metal stiffener, or by positioning a thermal/ground connector in between the IC die pad and the PCB. In a fourth embodiment, the package thermal resistance is reduced by attaching a metal ring to the top surface of a stiffener. In a fifth embodiment, the package thermal resistance is reduced by bridging the die pad to the outer regions of the stiffener with metal studs. [0069] In further embodiments according to the present invention, the electrical performance of the BGA package is improved. In a sixth embodiment, electrical performance is improved by connecting ground bonds from the IC die to the stiffener. In such a configuration, the stiffener operates as a package ground plane. The package ground plane may be connected to PCB ground through either thermal/ground balls or thermal/ground connectors mentioned in embodiments above, and further described herein. In a seventh embodiment, package power distribution is enhanced by using a layer in a tape substrate as a power or ground plane. [0070] In still further embodiments according to the present invention, plastic ball grid array (PBGA) package thermal and electrical performances are improved. [0071] In an eighth embodiment, replacing the center solder balls with a solid conductor reduces the package junction-to-board thermal resistance and package ground inductance of a PBGA package. [0072] Ball grid array package types are described below. Further detail on the above described embodiments, and additional embodiments according to the present invention, are presented below. The embodiments described herein may be combined in any applicable manner, as required by a particular application. [0073] Ball Grid Array (BGA) Package [0074] A ball grid array (BGA) package is used to package and interface an IC die with a printed circuit board (PCB). BGA packages may be used with any type of IC die, and are particularly useful for high speed ICs. In a BGA package, solder pads do not just surround the package periphery, as in chip carrier type packages, but cover the entire bottom package surface in an array configuration. BGA packages are also referred to as pad array carrier (PAC), pad array, land grid array, and pad-grid array packages. BGA packages types are further described in the following paragraphs. For additional description on BGA packages, refer to Lau, J. H., Ball Grid Array Technology, McGraw-Hill, New York, (1995), which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. [0075] Die-up and die-down BGA package configurations exist. In die-up BGA packages, the IC die is mounted on a top surface of the substrate or stiffener, in a direction away from the PCB. In die-down BGA packages, the IC die is mounted on a bottom surface of the substrate or stiffener, in a direction towards the PCB. [0076] A number of BGA package substrate types exist, including ceramic, plastic (PBGA), and tape (also known as �flex�). FIG. 1A illustrates a conventional flex BGA package 100. Flex BGA package 100 includes an IC die 102, a tape substrate 104, a plurality of solder balls 106, and one or more wire bonds 108. Tape or flex BGA packages are particularly appropriate for large IC dies with large numbers of input and outputs, such as application specific integrated circuits (ASIC) and microprocessors. [0077] Tape substrate 104 is generally made from one or more conductive layers bonded with a dielectric material. For instance, the dielectric material may be made from various substances, such as polyimide tape. The conductive layers are typically made from a metal, or combination of metals, such as copper and aluminum. Trace or routing patterns are made in the conductive layer material. Substrate 104 may be a single-layer tape, a two-layer tape, or additional layer tape substrate type. In a two-layer tape, the metal layers sandwich the dielectric layer, such as in a copper-Upilex-copper arrangement. [0078] IC die 102 is attached directly to substrate 104, for example, by an epoxy. IC die 102 is any type of semiconductor integrated circuit, separated from a semiconductor wafer. [0079] One or more wire bonds 108 connect corresponding bond pads 118 on IC die 102 to contact points 120 on substrate 104. [0080] An encapsulate, mold compound, or epoxy 116 covers IC die 102 and wire bonds 108 for mechanical and environmental protection. [0081] As shown in FIG. 1A, flex BGA package 100 does not include a stiffener. In some BGA package types, particularly in flex BGA packages, a stiffener can be attached to the substrate to add planarity and rigidity to the package. FIG. 1B illustrates a flex BGA package 110, similar to flex BGA package 100, that incorporates a stiffener 112. Stiffener 112 may be laminated to substrate 104. Stiffener 112 is typically made from a metal, or combination of metals, such as copper, tin, and aluminum, or may be made from a polymer, for example. Stiffener 112 also may act as a heat sink, and allow for greater heat spreading in BGA package 110. One or more openings 114 in stiffener 112 may be used to allow for wire bonds 108 to connect IC die 102 to substrate 104. Stiffener 112 may be configured in other ways, and have different opening arrangements than shown in FIG. 1B. [0082] The use of a stiffener in a flex BGA package requires additional considerations when attempting to manage heat spreading. FIG. 2A shows a top view of a stiffener 112. Stiffener 112 includes an opening 114 adjacent to all four sides of an IC die mounting position 202 in the center of stiffener 112. FIG. 2B shows a temperature distribution 204 of a stiffener, such as stiffener 112, during operation of an IC die in a flex BGA package. Temperature distribution 204 shows that heat transfer from IC die mounting position 202 to the edges of stiffener 112 is substantially limited by openings 114. Openings 114 act as thermal barriers to heat spreading in stiffener 112. [0083]FIG. 2C shows atop view of an alternative configuration for stiffener 112, according to an embodiment of the present invention. Stiffener 112 includes an opening 206 adjacent to all four sides of an IC die mounting position 202 in the center of stiffener 112. Openings 206 are similar to openings 114 of FIG. 2A, but of different shape. Further alternatively shaped openings in stiffener 112 are applicable to the present invention. [0084]FIG. 3 shows a cross-sectional view of a conventional die-up PBGA package 300. PBGA package 300 includes aplastic substrate 302, an IC die 304, a plurality of solder balls 306, a plurality of wire bonds 308, a die pad 310, one or more vias 314, and one or more thermal/ground vias 316. [0085] Plastic substrate 302 includes one or more metal layers formed on an organic substrate (for example, BT resin or FR4 epoxy/glass). IC die 304 is mounted to die pad 310. IC die 304 may be attached to die pad 310 with an epoxy, such as a silver-filled epoxy. Wire bonds 308 connect signals of IC die 304 to substrate 302. For instance, gold bonding wire is bonded from aluminum bond pads on IC die 304 to gold-plated contact pads on substrate 302. The contact pads on substrate 302 connect to solder balls 306 attached to the bottom surface of substrate 302, through vias 314 and routing within substrate 302 using copper conductors 312. Thermal/ground vias 316 connect die pad 310 to one or more thermal/ground balls 322 on the center bottom surface of substrate 302. An encapsulate, mold compound, or epoxy 320 covers IC die 304 and wire bonds 308 for mechanical and environmental protection. [0086] As described above, a BGA package includes an array of solder balls located on a bottom external surface of the package substrate. FIG. 12A illustrates a cross-sectional view of a die-up BGA package 1200. FIGS. 12B and 12C illustrate exemplary solder ball arrangements for die-up BGA package 1200. [0087] As shown in FIG. 12A, BGA package 1200 includes an IC die 1208 mounted on a substrate 1212. IC die 1208 is electrically connected to substrate 1212 by one or more wire bonds 1210. Wire bonds 1210 are electrically connected to solder balls 1206 underneath substrate 1212 through corresponding vias and routing in substrate 1212. The vias in substrate 1212 can be filled with a conductive material, such as solder, to allow for these connections. Solder balls 1206 are attached to substrate 1212, and are used to attach the BGA package to a PCB. [0088] Note that although wire bonds, such as wire bonds 1210, are shown and described herein, IC dies may be mounted and coupled to a substrate with solder balls located on the bottom surface of the IC die, by a process commonly referred to as �C4� or �flip chip� packaging. [0089] As shown in FIG. 12B, solder balls 1206 may be arranged in an array. [0090]FIG. 12B shows a 14 by 14 array of solder balls on the bottom surface of BGA package 1200. Other sized arrays of solder balls are also applicable to the present invention. Solder balls 1206 are reflowed to attach BGA package 1200 to a PCB. The PCB may include contact pads to which solder balls 1206 are bonded. PCB contact pads are generally made from a metal or combination of metals, such as copper, nickel, tin, and gold. [0091]FIG. 12C shows a bottom view of BGA package 1200, with an alternative solder ball array arrangement. BGA package 1200 attaches an array of solder balls 1206 on a bottom surface of substrate 1212. As shown in FIG. 12C, solder balls 1206 are located in a peripheral area of the bottom surface of substrate 1212, away from a substrate center 1224. For example, solder balls 1206 on the bottom surface of substrate 1212 may be located outside an outer profile area of an IC die mounted on the opposite surface of substrate 1212. The solder ball array may be organized in any number of ways, according to the requirements of the particular BGA package application. [0092] The solder ball arrangement shown in FIG. 12C is particularly applicable to embodiments of the present invention described below, such as for attaching a heat spreader or ground/thermal connector to a bottom surface of a BGA package. The heat spreader or ground/thermal connector may be connected in substrate center 1224. [0093] As described above, the BGA package substrate provides vias and routing on one or more layers to connect contact pads for wire bonds on its upper surface to solder balls attached to the bottom substrate surface. FIG. 13 shows an example routing 1304 in a substrate layer 1302 for accomplishing this. [0094] The present invention is applicable to improving thermal and electrical performance in the BGA package types described herein, and further BGA package types. [0095] BGA Embodiments According to the Present Invention [0096] Further details of structural and operational implementations of ball grid array packages of the present invention are described in the following sections. These structural and operational implementations are described herein for illustrative purposes, and are not limiting. For instance, the present invention as described herein may be implemented in both die-up and die-down BGA package types, as well as other IC package types. Furthermore, each of the embodiments presented below are applicable to tape substrate BGA packages, plastic substrate BGA packages, and ceramic substrate BGA packages. The description below is adaptable to these and other package types, as would be understood to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) from the teachings herein. For instance, in plastic substrate BGA packages, and some tape BGA packages, a stiffener may not be required in the BGA package. [0097] Features of each of the embodiments presented below may be incorporated into BGA packages independently, or may be combined in any manner, as would be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) from the teachings herein. [0098] Drop-in Heat Spreader Embodiments [0099] According to an embodiment of the present invention, a heat spreader may be used in a BGA package to provide for thermal stress relief and heat dissipation. In a preferred embodiment, a drop-in heat spreader is attached to the top surface of an IC die in a flex BGA package to provide for thermal stress relief and heat dissipation. [0100]FIG. 4 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a die-up flex BGA package 400, according to an embodiment of the present invention. BGA package 400 includes IC die 102, substrate 104, plurality of solder balls 106, one or more wire bonds 108, stiffener 112, epoxy 116, a drop-in heat spreader 402, and an epoxy 404. Refer to the discussion above related to FIGS. 1A-1B for additional detail on the structure and operation of some of these elements. [0101] Substrate 104 has a top surface to which a bottom surface of stiffener 112 is mounted. A bottom surface of substrate 104 attaches the plurality of solder balls 106. The plurality of solder balls 106 connect to vias and/or points on the bottom surface of substrate 104 to which signals internal to substrate 104 are routed and exposed. [0102] Stiffener 112 has a top surface to which IC die 102 is mounted. In alternate embodiments, BGA package 400 does not require a stiffener, and does not include a stiffener 112. In such an alternate embodiment, IC die 102 is mounted to substrate 104. [0103] One or more wire bonds 108 connect corresponding bond pads 118 on IC die 102 to contact points 120 on substrate 104. When a stiffener 112 is present, as shown in FIG. 4, wire bonds 108 extend through one or more openings 114 in stiffener 112 to form connections with substrate 104. [0104] Heat spreader 402 is attached to the top surface (active surface) of IC die 102 using epoxy 404. The epoxy 404 may be the same substance as epoxy 116, or may be a different substance. Silver filled epoxies may be used for epoxy 404 to enhance heat extraction from IC die 102. [0105] As shown in FIG. 4, heat spreader 402 is smaller in area than the upper surface of IC die 102. Alternative sizes for heat spreader 402 are also applicable to the present invention, including sizes equal to the area of IC die 102, or larger areas. Heat spreader 402 is shaped and configured to spread heat from IC die 102, as is required by the application. [0106] As shown in FIG. 4, the top surface of heat spreader 402 forms a portion of a top surface of BGA package 400. Heat dissipation to the environment can be improved by exposing the top surface of heat spreader 402. Furthermore, in such a configuration, additional heat sinks may be attached to heat spreader 402. [0107]FIG. 5 show a cross-sectional view of an alternative BGA package 500, according to embodiments of the present invention, where a heat spreader 502 is internal to BGA package 500. Heat spreader 502 is completely encapsulated by epoxy 116. [0108] By attaching heat spreader 402 to the top surface of IC die 102, the mechanical structure of BGA package 400 becomes more symmetrical in its center region, particularly when ground/thermal solder balls do not exist on the bottom surface of substrate 104 underneath the outer profile of IC die 102. Thermal stress at the interface of IC die 102 and stiffener 112 is substantially released or altered by heat spreader 402. Deformation caused by thermal stress in stiffener 112 and substrate 104 is substantially reduced through the use of heat spreader 402. Drop-in heat spreader 402 allows for even larger sizes for IC die 102 and greater I/O counts by providing for greater heat spreading capacity in BGA package 400. [0109]FIG. 14 shows a flowchart 1400 providing operational steps for assembling one or more embodiments of the present invention. The steps of FIG. 14 do not necessarily have to occur in the order shown, as will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the teachings herein. Other structural embodiments will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the following discussion. These steps are described in detail below. [0110] Flowchart 1400 begins with step 1402. In step 1402, a substrate that has a first surface and a second surface is provided. For example, the substrate is flex substrate 104, or another substrate type suitable for a BGA package. For example, an IC die mounting position and/or contact points are provided on a first, upper surface, and solder ball pads are provided on a second, bottom surface. [0111] In step 1404, a first surface of a stiffener is attached to the first substrate surface. For example, the stiffener is stiffener 112, which is attached to substrate 104. In alternative embodiments, a stiffener is not required. [0112] In step 1406, an IC die is mounted to the second stiffener surface. For example, the IC die is IC die 102, which is mounted to stiffener 112. In alternative embodiments, when a stiffener is not used, IC die 102 is mounted directly to the substrate. [0113] In step 1408, a heat spreader is mounted to the IC die, wherein the heat spreader dissipates heat from the IC die. For example, the heat spreader is heat spreader 402 or 502, which is mounted with epoxy 404 or other attachment means to the upper surface of IC die 102. Heat spreader 402 or 502 typically is mounted to the center of the upper surface of IC die 102, and covers less than the entire upper surface of IC die 102. For instance, the smaller area of heat spreader 402 or 502 allows for bond pads 118 to be exposed on the upper surface of IC die 102 for wire bond connections. In alternative embodiments, heat spreader 402 or 502 is of the same size, or comprises a larger area than the upper surface of IC die 102. [0114] In step 1410, a plurality of solder balls are attached to the second substrate surface. For example, the plurality of solder balls are plurality of solder balls 106, which connect to vias and/or solder ball pads on the bottom surface of substrate 104. The solder balls may be arranged on the bottom surface of substrate 104 as shown in FIGS. 12B and 12C, or in alternative arrangements. The solder balls are used to attach a BGA package to a PCB. [0115] A benefit of performing the steps of flowchart 1400 is that the heat spreader relieves thermal stress at an interface of the IC die and the first stiffener surface. [0116] Flowchart 1400 may include the additional step where the second stiffener surface is encapsulated. For instance, the second stiffener surface may be encapsulated by a resin or molding compound, that also encapsulates the IC die, heat spreader, and wire bonding. Stiffener Ground Plane Embodiments [0117] According to an embodiment of the present invention, electrical performance of an IC die, and thermal performance of a corresponding BGA package may be improved by allowing a stiffener to act as a ground plane. In a preferred embodiment, a stiffener in a die-up tape BGA (Flex BGA) package is coupled to PCB ground through one or more vias to ground solder balls. Ground contact pads of the IC die are connected to the stiffener by ground wire bonds. In a further aspect, one or more metal layers of a flex tape substrate may be coupled to a ground or power potential, to operate as a ground or power plane. [0118]FIG. 6 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a die-up flex BGA package 600, according to an embodiment of the present invention. BGA package 600 includes IC die 102, substrate 104, plurality of solder balls 106, one or more wire bonds 108, stiffener 112, epoxy 116, one or more ground bonds to stiffener 602, one or more ground/thermal vias 604, one or more ground/thermal balls 606, one or more ground contact pads 608, one or more power contact pads 610, and one or more power vias 612. [0119] Substrate 104 has atop surface to which a bottom surface of stiffener 112 is mounted. A bottom surface of substrate 104 attaches the plurality of solder balls 106. The plurality of solder balls 106 connect to vias and/or points on the bottom surface of substrate 104 to which signals internal to substrate 104 are routed and exposed. [0120] Stiffener 112 has a top surface to which IC die 102 is mounted. [0121] One or more wire bonds 108 connect corresponding bond pads 118 on IC die 102 to contact points 120 on substrate 104. Wire bonds 108 extend through one or more openings 114 in stiffener 112 to form connections with substrate 104. [0122] IC die 102 has a top surface that includes at least one ground pad 608. Ground pad 608 is coupled to a ground potential signal in IC die 102. A ground wire bond 602 connects ground pad 608 to stiffener 112. The bottom surface of stiffener 112 is coupled to a ground potential signal in the PCB to which BGA package 600 is attached, to cause stiffener 112 to operate as a ground plane. Stiffener 112 is coupled to PCB ground through one or more of ground/thermal via 604 that extend through substrate 104. The one or more of ground/thermal vias 604 are located in substrate 104, underneath IC die 102, and can be filled with a conductive material, such as solder. A ground/thermal solder ball 606 is attached to each ground/thermal via 604 on the bottom surface of substrate 104. Ground/thermal solder ball 606 forms the connection to PCB ground, when reflowed to attach to the PCB. Each ground/thermal via 604 connects the respective ground/thermal solder ball 606 to stiffener 112 both electrically and thermally. [0123] In a further embodiment, a tape substrate is configured such that a metal layer is used as a package power or ground plane. For instance, with a two-layer tape substrate, the bottom metal layer may be used as a power or ground plane. [0124] In FIG. 6, PCB package 600 includes a bottom metal layer 614 of a two-layer tape substrate 104 that is coupled to a potential to operate as a power plane, according to an embodiment of the present invention. One or more power contact pads 610 on IC die 102 are coupled to a power potential signal in IC die 102. Power contact pad 610 on IC die 102 is connected to a corresponding power via 612 by a power wire bond 616. When a stiffener 112 is present, power wire bond 616 extends through opening 114. Power via 612 extends through substrate 104. Power via 612 can be filled with a conductive material, such as solder. Each power via 612 is coupled to the bottom metal layer 614 of substrate 104. Furthermore, one or more power vias 612 may be connected to corresponding solder balls on the bottom of substrate 104, to connect bottom metal layer 614 to PCB power pads when the solder balls are reflowed. [0125] The introduction of a stiffener ground plane, and/or a power/ground plane using a metal layer of a tape substrate allows for very short power and ground connections. Current return path lengths are shortened, voltage drop across planes is reduced, and power/ground inductance is reduced. The shorter power and ground paths are also significant in reducing a power/ground path resistance, which advantageously reduces required IC device power levels. [0126] For further description of the use of a thermal vias in a flex tape substrate, and of the use of a thermal ball coupled to a heat spreader in a die-down TBGA package, refer to U.S. Pat. No. 6,020,637, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. For further description of the use of a thermal via and a thermal ball in a plastic substrate BGA package, refer to U.S. Pat. No. 5,894,410, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. [0127]FIG. 15 shows a flowchart 1500 providing operational steps for assembling one or more embodiments of the present invention. The steps of FIG. 15 do not necessarily have to occur in the order shown, as will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the teachings herein. Other structural embodiments will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the following discussion. These steps are described in detail below. [0128] Flowchart 1500 begins with step 1502. In step 1502, a substrate that has a first surface and a second surface is provided. For example, the substrate is flex substrate 104, or another substrate type suitable for a BGA package. For example, an IC die mounting position and/or contact points are provided on a first, upper surface, and solder ball pads are provided on a second, bottom surface. [0129] In step 1504, at least one opening in a stiffener from a first surface of the stiffener to a second surface of the stiffener is provided. For example, the at least one opening includes openings 114 in stiffener 112. In a preferred embodiment, an opening 114 is located on each of the four edges of IC die 102. [0130] In step 1506, the first stiffener surface is attached to the first substrate surface. For example, the stiffener is stiffener 112, which is attached to substrate 104. In alternative embodiments, a stiffener is not required, and is not attached to the substrate. [0131] In step 1508, an integrated circuit (IC) die is mounted to the second stiffener surface, wherein a first surface of the IC die includes a contact pad. For example, the IC die is IC die 102, which is mounted to stiffener 112. In alternative embodiments, when a stiffener is not used, IC die 102 is mounted directly to the substrate. For example, the contact pad is ground contact pad 608. [0132] In step 1510, the contact pad is coupled to the second stiffener surface. For instance, contact pad is ground contact pad 608, which is connected to stiffener 112 by ground wire bond 602. Ground wire bond 602 may be soldered, or otherwise attached to stiffener 112. [0133] In step 1512, a plurality of solder balls is attached to the second substrate surface, inside an outer dimensional profile of the IC die. For example, the plurality of solder balls include one or more ground/thermal balls 606, which are arranged on the bottom surface of substrate 104 in the region of substrate center 1224, shown in FIG. 12C. The outer dimensional profile of the IC die is the area bounded by the edges of IC die 102. [0134] In step 1514, the plurality of solder balls are coupled through corresponding vias in the substrate to the first stiffener surface. For example, the vias include ground/thermal via 604. The vias can be filled with a conductive material, such as solder, to allow the electrical connection of the solder balls to stiffener 112. [0135] In a further embodiment according to flowchart 1500, the substrate includes a metal layer, wherein the metal layer is coupled to a second potential. [0136] The stiffener has at least one opening extending from the first stiffener surface to the second stiffener surface. The second IC die surface includes a second contact pad. The second contact pad is coupled to the metal layer through one of the openings in the stiffener and through a corresponding via that extends through the substrate. The second contact pad may be coupled to a power or ground potential in the IC die. For example, the second contact pad is power contact pad 610, the metal layer is metal layer 614, and the corresponding via is power via 612. [0137] In an embodiment, flowchart 1500 may include an additional step, where the contact pad is coupled to a ground potential in the IC die. For example, the contact pad may be connected to a ground plane or ground signal in IC die that is routed to the contact pad. [0138] Flowchart 1500 may include the additional step where the second stiffener surface is encapsulated. For instance, the second stiffener surface may be encapsulated by a resin or molding compound, that also encapsulates the IC die and wire bonding. [0139] Flowchart 1500 may include the additional step where a second plurality of solder balls is attached to the second substrate surface, outside an outer dimensional profile of the IC die. For example, the second plurality of solder balls are plurality of solder balls 106, which connect to vias and/or solder ball pads on the bottom surface of substrate 104. The solder balls are arranged on the bottom surface of substrate 104 as shown in FIG. 12B, outside of substrate center 1224. The solder balls are used to attach a BGA package to a PCB. [0140] Embodiments with Stiffener Coupled to a PCB [0141] According to an embodiment of the present invention, electrical performance of the IC device, and thermal performance of a BGA package is improved by enabling an IC die pad to attach to a PCB. In an embodiment, the IC die pad is attached to the PCB by a novel patterning of the metal stiffener in a die-up tape BGA package. In an alternate embodiment, the IC die pad is attached to the PCB by placing a thermal/ground connector between the IC die pad and PCB in a die-up tape BGA package. [0142] A BGA package junction-to-board thermal resistance can be substantially reduced by the attachment of a metal die-attach pad directly to a PCB. Metal die-attach pads are coupled to a PCB for package junction-to-board thermal resistance minimization in an exposed pad quad flat pack (QFP), a QFP with exposed heat sink at bottom, and a leadless plastic chip carrier (i.e. LPCC, QFN, SON, QLP) package, for instance. All existing such designs that involve an exposed die pad or an exposed heat sink at package bottom are �lead frame� packages. The present invention provides for an exposed die-attach pad or heat sink at the bottom of flex BGA packages. [0143]FIG. 7 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a die-up flex BGA package 700, according to an embodiment of the present invention. BGA package 700 includes IC die 102, substrate 104, plurality of solder balls 106, one or more wire bonds 108, stiffener 112, epoxy 116, ground wire bond to stiffener 602, ground contact pad 608, and a stiffener cavity 702. [0144] Substrate 104 has a top surface to which a bottom surface of stiffener 112 is mounted. A bottom surface of substrate 104 attaches the plurality of solder balls 106. The plurality of solder balls 106 connect to vias and/or points on the bottom surface of substrate 104 to which signals internal to substrate 104 are routed and exposed. Substrate 104 in FIG. 7 has a central window-shaped opening 704, under which solder balls are preferably not connected. FIG. 20 illustrates a bottom view of a substrate 104 that has a central window opening 704, according to an embodiment of the present invention. [0145] Stiffener 112 has a top surface to which IC die 102 is mounted. Stiffener 112 in FIG. 7 is patterned with a cavity 702, which protrudes downward for attachment of IC die 102. As described above, a central window-shaped opening 704 exists in substrate 104. This opening 704 exists to allow stiffener 112 to protrude through, and make contact with soldering pads on a PCB to which BGA package 700 is to be mounted. The bottom exposed surface of cavity 702 can be plated with solder to facilitate surface mount to solder plated metal pads on a PCB to which BGA package 700 is mounted. Hence, stiffener 112 may act as a conduit for heat to be transferred from IC die 102 to the PCB. [0146] Stiffener 112 may optionally be configured to operate as a ground plane. One or more ground pads 608 may be coupled to a ground potential signal in IC die 102. A ground wire bond 602 connects each ground pad 608 to stiffener 112. With one or more ground wire bonds 602 coupled to stiffener 602, the bottom exposed surface of cavity 702 may function both as an exposed ground pad of BGA package 700, and as an exposed heat spreader. As described above, the bottom exposed surface of cavity 702 may be plated with solder to allows stiffener 112 to be surface mounted to one or more soldering pads on the PCB. The pads on the PCB can be connected to a PCB ground plane to shorten the length of electrical current return paths, as well as to form a conductive heat dissipation path from BGA package 700 to the PCB. [0147] Direct electrical and thermal connection from BGA package ground to a PCB ground plane is also possible by attaching a heat spreader between the stiffener and PCB. FIG. 8 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a die-up flex BGA package 700, according to an embodiment of the present invention. Substrate 104 in FIG. 8 has a central window-shaped opening, under which no solder balls are connected. A portion of the bottom surface of stiffener 112 is exposed through the central window-shaped opening 704 of substrate 104. A heat spreader (for example, manufactured from copper or aluminum), shown as ground/thermal connector 802, is coupled to the exposed portion of stiffener 112. Ground/thermal connector 802 can be made from the same material as stiffener 112. Material different from stiffener 112 may be used for ground/thermal connector 802 to compensate for the mismatch of thermal expansion coefficient between the die 102 and stiffener 112. Ground/thermal connector 802 may be laminated to the exposed portion of stiffener 112 using conductive epoxy or solder. The bottom surface of ground/thermal connector 802 may be plated with solder to facilitate its surface mount to soldering pads on the PCB. Metal pads on the PCB may be connected to a PCB ground plane to shorten the length of electrical current return paths, as well as enhance the conductive heat dissipation path from IC die 102 to the PCB. An advantage of this design is a high efficiency in the metal connector lamination process. [0148] In a further embodiment, stiffener 112 and ground/thermal connector 802 may be manufactured from a single piece of metal, and hence consist of a single metal piece. FIG. 21 illustrates a side view of stiffener 112 that has a downward protruding portion 2102, according to an embodiment of the present invention. When stiffener 112 shown in FIG. 21 is attached to substrate 104, portion 2102 extends partially or entirely through window-shaped opening 704. Portion 2102 may be directly connected to the PCB, or may be connected to a ground/thermal connector 802 that is connected to the PCB. Because of the thermal and electrical improvement enabled by the coupling of stiffener 112 to a PCB, length of wire bonds can be reduced by moving opening 114 closer to the proximity of die 102 without compromising thermal performance significantly. [0149]FIG. 16A shows a flowchart 1600 providing operational steps for assembling one or more embodiments of the present invention. FIGS. 16B-D provide operational steps according to further embodiments. The steps of FIGS. 16A-D do not necessarily have to occur in the order shown, as will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the teachings herein. Other structural embodiments will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the following discussion. These steps are described in detail below. [0150] Flowchart 1600 begins with step 1602. In step 1602, a substrate that has a first surface and a second surface is provided. For example, the substrate is flex substrate 104, or another substrate type suitable for a BGA package. For example, an IC die mounting position and/or contact points are provided on a first, upper surface, and solder ball pads are provided on a second, bottom surface. [0151] In step 1604, a first surface of a stiffener is attached to the first substrate surface. For example, the stiffener is stiffener 112, which is attached to substrate 104. [0152] In step 1606, a portion of the first stiffener surface is exposed through a window opening in the substrate. For example, substrate 104 has a window opening 704 in its center. A portion of the bottom surface of stiffener 112 is exposed through window opening 704. [0153] In step 1608, an IC die is mounted to a second surface of the stiffener, wherein a surface of the IC die includes at least one contact pad. For example, the IC die is IC die 102, which is mounted to stiffener 112. [0154] In step 1610, a plurality of solder balls are attached to the second substrate surface. For example, the plurality of solder balls are plurality of solder balls 106, which connect to vias and/or solder ball pads on the bottom surface of substrate 104. The solder balls are arranged on the bottom surface of substrate 104 as shown in FIG. 12B, exclusive of the area of window opening 704. The solder balls are used to attach a BGA package to a PCB. [0155] In step 1612, the exposed portion of the first stiffener surface is configured to be coupled to a printed circuit board (PCB), whereby electrical and thermal performance of the BGA package is improved. [0156]FIG. 16B provides exemplary steps for performing step 1612: [0157] In step 1614, a heat spreader is coupled to the exposed portion of the first stiffener surface. For example, the heat spreader is ground/thermal connector 802, which is coupled to stiffener 112 through window opening 702. [0158] In step 1616, a surface of the heat spreader is configured to be coupled to the PCB. In an embodiment, step 1612 further includes the step where the heat spreader surface is plated with solder to allow the heat spreader surface to be surface mounted to soldering pads on the PCB. [0159] In an alternate embodiment, step 1612 comprises the step where the stiffener is shaped to have a centrally-located cavity shaped portion that protrudes through the window opening. In an embodiment, step 1612 further includes the step where a surface of the cavity shaped portion is plated with solder to allow the stiffener to be surface mounted to soldering pads on the PCB. For example, stiffener 112 is patterned with a cavity 702, which protrudes downward in window opening 704. The bottom surface of cavity 702 is plated with solder. [0160]FIG. 16C provides additional exemplary steps for flowchart 1600 of FIG. 16A: [0161] In step 1618, the stiffener is coupled to a potential. For example, the stiffener may be coupled to ground or power on the PCB. The bottom surface of cavity 702 may be coupled to the ground or power potential on the PCB, or ground/thermal connector 802 may make the connection to the PCB. [0162] In step 1620, each of the at least one contact pads are coupled to the second stiffener surface with corresponding wire bonds. [0163]FIG. 16D provides exemplary steps for performing step 1618: [0164] In step 1622, the stiffener is coupled to a ground potential. [0165] In step 1624, the stiffener allowed to serve as a ground plane. [0166] Flowchart 1600 may include the additional step where the second stiffener surface is encapsulated. For instance, the second stiffener surface may be encapsulated by an epoxy, that also encapsulates the IC die and wire bonding. [0167] Metal Ring Embodiments [0168] According to an embodiment of the present invention, the mechanical and thermal performance of a BGA package is enhanced by attaching a metal ring to the top surface of the stiffener. In a preferred embodiment, a metal ring is attached to the top surface of the stiffener in a die-up tape BGA package. [0169]FIG. 9A illustrates a cross-sectional view of a die-up tape BGA package 900, according to an embodiment of the present invention. BGA package 900 includes IC die 102, substrate 104, plurality of solder balls 106, one or more wire bonds 108, stiffener 112, epoxy 116, and a ring 902. FIG. 9B illustrates a top view of die-up tape BGA package 900, with ring 902. [0170] Substrate 104 has a top surface to which a bottom surface of stiffener 112 is mounted. A bottom surface of substrate 104 attaches the plurality of solder balls 106. The plurality of solder balls 106 connect to vias and/or points on the bottom surface of substrate 104 to which signals internal to substrate 104 are routed and exposed. [0171] One or more wire bonds 108 connect corresponding bond pads 118 on IC die 102 to contact points 120 on substrate 104. Wire bonds 108 extend through one or more openings 114 in stiffener 112 to form connections with substrate 104. Stiffener 112 has a top surface to which IC die 102 is mounted. Furthermore, ring 902 is attached to the top surface of stiffener 112. Ring 902 may be laminated to stiffener 112, after wire bonding is completed. Epoxy 116 is filled in and flushed to ring 902 after the attachment of ring 902. Ring 902 is preferably made of a metal, such as copper or aluminum, or a combination thereof, but may be constructed from other applicable materials. Preferably, ring 902 is made from the same material as stiffener 112, to minimize the mismatch of the thermal expansion coefficient. Ring 902 is preferably flush with the outer edges of stiffener 112 to form an outer edge of BGA package 900, but may also reside entirely within an outer profile of stiffener 112. [0172] A primary benefit of attaching ring 902 to stiffener 112 is an increase in stiffness of BGA package 900. Ring 902 also aids in reducing the amount of warp of BGA package 900. Furthermore, ring 902 promotes heat dissipation from stiffener 112, reduces junction-to-case thermal resistance, and facilitates the attachment of an external heat spreader to BGA package 900. [0173] Furthermore, ring 902 enhances the process of encapsulation of the BGA package. Ring 902, with stiffener 112, creates a cavity that may be filled with a dispensed glob top or encapsulating material, that locks IC die 102 and surrounding elements in place. [0174]FIG. 17 shows a flowchart 1700 providing operational steps for assembling one or more embodiments of the present invention. The steps of FIG. 17 do not necessarily have to occur in the order shown, as will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the teachings herein. Other structural embodiments will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the following discussion. These steps are described in detail below. [0175] Flowchart 1700 begins with step 1702. In step 1702, a substrate that has a first surface and a second surface is provided. For example, the substrate is flex substrate 104, or another substrate type suitable for a BGA package. For example, an IC die mounting position and/or contact points are provided on a first, upper surface, and solder ball pads are provided on a second, bottom surface. [0176] In step 1704, a first surface of a stiffener is attached to the first substrate surface. For example, the stiffener is stiffener 112, which is attached to substrate 104. In alternative embodiments, a stiffener is not required, and is not attached to the substrate. [0177] In step 1706, an IC die is mounted to the first stiffener surface. For example, the IC die is IC die 102, which is mounted to stiffener 112. In alternative embodiments, when a stiffener is not used, IC die 102 is mounted directly to the substrate. [0178] In step 1708, a plurality of solder balls are attached to the second substrate surface. For example, the plurality of solder balls are plurality of solder balls 106, which connect to vias and/or solder ball pads on the bottom surface of substrate 104. The solder balls may be arranged on the bottom surface of substrate 104 as shown in FIGS. 12B and 12C, or in alternative arrangements. The solder balls are used to attach a BGA package to a PCB. [0179] In step 1710, a metal ring is attached to the first stiffener surface. [0180] Attaching the metal ring enhances heat dissipation from the stiffener. For example, the metal ring is ring 902. In alternative embodiments, when a stiffener is not used, ring 902 is attached directly to the substrate. [0181] Flowchart 1700 may include the additional step where the second stiffener surface within the volume encompassed by the ring is encapsulated. For example, such a filled upper surface may be called a �glob top�. For instance, this volume may be encapsulated by a resin or molding compound, that also encapsulates the IC die and wire bonding. [0182] Embodiments Using Metal Studs to Bridge Stiffener Openings [0183] According to an embodiment of the present invention, the thermal performance of a BGA package is improved by bridging an IC die pad to which the IC die is mounted to the outer regions of the stiffener. In a preferred embodiment, one or more metal studs are used as thermal bridges, to bridge the openings in the stiffener that surround the IC die, in a die-up tape BGA package. [0184] The openings on a stiffener surface allow for wire bond connections between an IC die and a substrate. These openings have the additional effect of reducing the amount of heat that can spread to the outer surface regions of the stiffener, hampering the ability of the stiffener to act as a heat spreader. This effect is illustrated in FIG. 2B, which is further described above. To promote heat spreading according to the present invention, the stiffener is patterned such that one or more short studs run across each wire bond opening. More than one stud may be used to bridge each wire bond opening to promote heat spreading. The manufacturing process used for lead frame patterning may be adapted to pattern a stiffener with studs across the wire bond openings. The use of the studs, however, may reduce space for wire bonds, and may reduce BGA package I/O capability, in some situations. [0185]FIG. 10A illustrates a stiffener 1000, that includes one or more studs 1002, according to an embodiment of the present invention. Stiffener 1000, having one or more studs 1002, may be incorporated into a BGA package in the same manner as is described elsewhere herein for stiffener 112. As shown in FIG. 10A, a stud 1002 bridges each opening 114 in stiffener 1000. In alternative embodiments, more than one stud 1002 per opening 114 may be used. [0186] Furthermore, each opening 114 may be bridged by a different number of studs 1002. Some of openings 114 may be bridged by one or more studs 1002, while other openings 114 may not be bridged at all. [0187]FIG. 10B provides an illustration where IC die 102 is wire bound to substrate 104 through stiffener 1000, according to an embodiment of the present invention. One or more wire bonds 108 connect corresponding bond pads 118 on IC die 102 to contact points 120 on substrate 104. Wire bonds 108 avoid studs 1002 when making connections to substrate 104. [0188]FIG. 18 shows a flowchart 1800 providing operational steps for assembling one or more embodiments of the present invention. The steps of FIG. 18 do not necessarily have to occur in the order shown, as will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the teachings herein. Other structural embodiments will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the following discussion. These steps are described in detail below. [0189] Flowchart 1800 begins with step 1802. In step 1802, a substrate that has a first surface and a second surface is provided. For example, the substrate is flex substrate 104, or another substrate type suitable for a BGA package. For example, an IC die mounting position and/or contact points are provided on a first, upper surface, and solder ball pads are provided on a second, bottom surface. [0190] In step 1804, a wire bond opening is created along each edge of an IC die mount position on a stiffener, wherein each wire bond opening extends through the stiffener. For example, the wire bond openings are wire bond openings 114 in stiffener 1000. The IC die mount position is IC die mounting position 202, shown in FIG. 10A. [0191] In step 1806, a first surface of the stiffener is attached to the first substrate surface. For example, the stiffener is stiffener 1000, which is attached to substrate 104. [0192] In step 1808, an IC die is mounted to a second surface of the stiffener. For example, the IC die is IC die 102, which is mounted to stiffener 1000, in IC die mounting position 202. [0193] In step 1810, at least one of the wire bond openings are bridged with at least one stud. For example, one or more of wire bond openings 114 are bridged with one or more studs 1002. Studs 1002 allow for increased heat spreading across corresponding wire bond openings 114 to the outer edges of stiffener 1000. [0194] In step 1812, a plurality of solder balls are attached to the second substrate surface. For example, the plurality of solder balls are plurality of solder balls 106, which connect to vias and/or solder ball pads on the bottom surface of substrate 104. The solder balls may be arranged on the bottom surface of substrate 104 as shown in FIGS. 12B and 12C, or in alternative arrangements. The solder balls are used to attach a BGA package to a PCB. [0195] The flowchart 1800 may include the further step where a contact pad on the IC die is coupled to the substrate with a wire bond, wherein the wire bond passes through one of the wire bond openings in the stiffener. [0196] Flowchart 1800 may include the additional step where the second stiffener surface is encapsulated. For instance, the second stiffener surface may be encapsulated by a resin or molding compound, that also encapsulates the IC die and wire bonding. [0197] PBGA Thermal/Ground Connector Embodiments [0198] According to an embodiment of the present invention, the electrical and thermal performance of a plastic BGA (PBGA) package is improved by attaching a thermal/ground connector to the bottom surface of a PBGA package. The thermal/ground connector couples the bottom center of a plastic substrate of a die-up PBGA to the PCB. Heat from an IC die is more easily spread to the PCB through the thermal/ground connector, which is attached to the plastic substrate underneath the IC die. [0199] In the discussion above regarding FIG. 8, embodiments were described that used a ground/thermal connector to couple a flex BGA package to a PCB, to reduce package junction-to-board thermal resistance. Aspects of this discussion above are adaptable to other die-up BGA package types. These include BGA packages having an organic substrate, such as PBGA and fine pitch ball grid array (FBGA) packages. Further detailed description is provided in the following discussion that is applicable to BGA packages with organic substrates. [0200]FIG. 11 illustrates across-sectional view of a die-up PBGA package 1100, according to an embodiment of the present invention. PBGA package 1100 includes plastic substrate 302, IC die 304, plurality of solder balls 306, plurality of wire bonds 308, die pad 310, one or more vias 314, one or more thermal/ground vias 316, epoxy 320, a ground/thermal connector 1102, adhesive material 1104, a plurality of ground bonds 1106, and a plurality of ground bond pads 1108. [0201] IC die 304 is mounted to die pad 310. Wire bonds 308 connect signals of IC die 304 to contact pads on substrate 302. The contact pads on substrate 302 connect to solder balls 306 attached to the bottom surface of substrate 302, through vias 314 and routing within substrate 302. [0202] Thermal/ground vias 316 connect die pad 310 to an exposed metal plane 1110 at the bottom center of substrate 302. For instance, die pad 310 and metal plane 1110 may be exposed copper pads of plastic substrate 302. [0203] Solder balls are not attached to the bottom region of substrate 302 covered by metal plane 1110. Ground/thermal connector 1102 is attached to metal plane 1110. For instance, ground/thermal connector 1102 may be a metal piece (copper or aluminum, for example) that is laminated to metal plane 1110 at the bottom center of substrate 302 using a conductive adhesive material 1104, such as a conductive epoxy, solder, or other adhesive material. A bottom surface 1112 of ground/thermal connector 1102 may be plated with solder for surface mount to soldering pads on the PCB. [0204] BGA package 1100 provides a thermal path of IC die 304, to die pad 310, to thermal/ground vias 316, to metal plane 1110, to adhesive material 1104, to ground thermal connector 1102 (and bottom surface 1112) to the PCB soldering pads. Heat spreading is improved by a direct thermal path from IC die 304 to the PCB. [0205] Metal pads on the PCB can be connected to a PCB ground plane to advantageously shorten the length of electrical current return paths, as well shorten the conductive heat dissipation path from device junctions of IC die to the PCB. [0206] Ground bonds 1106 may be used to couple ground bond pads 1108 on IC die 304 to die pad 310, when die pad 310 is coupled to ground. This provides for very short ground connections for signals in IC die 304. [0207]FIG. 19A shows a flowchart 1900 providing operational steps for assembling one or more embodiments of the present invention. FIGS. 19B-C provide operational steps according to further embodiments. The steps of FIGS. 19A-C do not necessarily have to occur in the order shown, as will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the teachings herein. Other structural embodiments will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the following discussion. These steps are described in detail below. [0208] Flowchart 1900 begins with step 1902. In step 1902, a substrate that has a first surface and a second surface is provided. For example, the substrate is plastic substrate 302, or another substrate type suitable for a BGA package. For example, an IC die mounting position and contact points are provided on a first, upper surface, and solder ball pads are provided on a second, bottom surface. [0209] In step 1904, an IC die is mounted to the first substrate surface. For example, the IC die is IC die 304, which is mounted to substrate 302. IC die 304 may be mounted to a die pad 310 attached to substrate 302. [0210] In step 1906, a plurality of solder balls are attached to the second substrate surface. For example, the plurality of solder balls are plurality of solder balls 306, which connect to vias and/or solder ball pads on the bottom surface of substrate 302. The solder balls may be arranged on the bottom surface of substrate 302 as shown in FIG. 12B, or in other arrangements. The solder balls are used to attach a BGA package to a PCB. [0211] In step 1908, a first surface of a heat spreader is coupled to the second substrate surface. For example, the heat spreader is ground/thermal connector 1102, which is coupled to substrate 302 with adhesive material 1104. Ground/thermal connector 1102 may be mounted to metal plane 1110 on substrate 302 by adhesive material 1104. [0212] In step 1910, a second surface of the heat spreader is configured to be coupled to a printed circuit board (PCB). Second heat spreader surface is bottom surface 1112. In an embodiment, step 1910 may include the step where the second surface of the heat spreader is plated with solder. [0213] Flowchart 1900 may comprise the additional step where the first substrate surface is coupled to the heat spreader through at least one via that extends through the substrate. For example, the first substrate surface may be coupled to the heat spreader by one or more ground/thermal vias 316. [0214]FIG. 19B provides exemplary steps for performing step 1904: [0215] In step 1912, a copper plated die-attach pad is exposed in the center of the first substrate surface. The copper plated die-attach pad, die pad 310, may be an exposed portion of a metal layer of plastic substrate 302. [0216] In step 1914, the IC die is mounted to the copper plated die-attach pad. For example, the IC die may be mounted with an epoxy. [0217]FIG. 19C provides exemplary steps for performing step 1908: [0218] In step 1916, a copper plated plane is exposed in the center of the second substrate surface. The copper plated plane, metal plane 1110, is an exposed portion of a metal layer of plastic substrate 302. [0219] In step 1918, the die-attach pad is coupled to the copper plated plane with at least one via. [0220] Flowchart 1900 may include the additional step where the first substrate surface is encapsulated. For instance, the first substrate surface may be encapsulated by a resin or molding compound, that also encapsulates the IC die and wire bonding. [0221] Example PBGA Thermal/Ground Connector Embodiments [0222] Additional description for exemplary embodiments of die-up PBGA package 1100 are described in this section. FIG. 22 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a portion of die-up PBGA package 1100, according to an embodiment of the present invention. PBGA package 1100 includes plastic substrate 302, IC die 304, plurality of solder balls 306, one of the plurality of wire bonds 308, epoxy 320, ground/thermal connector 1102, adhesive material 1104, metal plane 1110, a connector plating 2202, and plurality of solder ball contact pads 2224 (vias 314 and 316, ground bonds 1106, and pads 310 and 1108 are not shown in FIG. 22). PBGA package 1100 is substantially configured as described above, and as further described below. Also shown in FIG. 22 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of an exemplary printed circuit board (PCB) 2222, according to an embodiment of the present invention. PCB 2222 includes a PCB substrate 2212, a PCB metal pad plating 2214, a PCB metal pad 2216, and plurality of solder ball contact pads 2226. Under normal operating conditions, PBGA package 1100 is attached to PCB 2222 in order for IC die 304 to be interfaced with an electronic circuit system. [0223] In the configuration of package 1100 shown in FIG. 22, IC die 304 is mounted to substrate 302. Wire bond 308 connects one or more signals of IC die 304 to contact pads (not shown) on the top surface of substrate 302. These contact pads connect through substrate 302 to solder ball contact pads 2224 exposed through the solder mask on the bottom surface of substrate 302. Solder balls 306 attach to solder ball contact pads 2224. [0224] Ground/thermal connector 1102 is attached to metal plane 1110. Metal plane 1110 is a portion of a metal layer of substrate 302 exposed though the solder mask on the bottom surface of substrate 302. As described above, ground/thermal connector 1102 may be a metal piece or slug (copper or aluminum, for example) similar to the heat spreaders described elsewhere herein, that is laminated to metal plane 1110 at the bottom center of substrate 302 using a conductive adhesive material 1104, such as a conductive epoxy, solder, or other adhesive material. A bottom surface 1112 of ground/thermal connector 1102 may be plated with a metal (including a metal alloy), such as a solder, which may include palladium, nickel, tin, gold, silver, lead and/or further related substance(s), to form connector plating 2202. Connector plating 2202 enhances the surface mounting of connector 1102 to PCB 2222. [0225] The top surface of PCB substrate 2212 includes solder ball contact pads 2226 for surface mount of solder balls 306 to PCB 2222, and includes PCB metal pad 2216 for surface mount of connector 1102 to PCB 2222. PCB metal pad plating 2214 may be attached to PCB metal pad 2216 to enhance the surface mounting of connector 1102 to PCB metal pad 2216. For example, PCB metal pad 2216 may be screen printed with a solder paste to form PCB metal pad plating 2214. PCB metal pad plating 2214 also may be formed in other known manners from processes and substances described herein or elsewhere. [0226] Heat spreading is improved in package 1100 by a direct thermal path from IC die 304 through connector 1102 to PCB 2222. Furthermore, PCB metal pad 2216 on PCB 2222 can be connected to a PCB ground plane to advantageously shorten the length of electrical current return paths, as well shorten the conductive heat dissipation path from device junctions of IC die 304 to PCB 2222. As described above, vias may be created in substrate 302, and filled with a conductive material, to enhance thermal and electrical performance by coupling IC die 304 to connector 1102 more directly. [0227] Example implementations for package 1100 and PCB 2222 according to the present invention will now be described. These implementations are provided for purposes of illustration, and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Alternate implementations, differing slightly or substantially from those described herein, will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the teachings contained herein. Such alternate implementations fall within the scope and spirit of the present invention. [0228]FIG. 22 illustrates various dimensions of package 1100 and PCB 2222. [0229] For package 1100, the following dimensions are shown: an adhesive material height 2204, a connector height 2206, a connector plating height 2208, a solder ball height 2218, and a ball pitch 2220. For PCB 2222, a PCB metal pad plating height 2210 is shown. These dimensions of package 1100 and PCB 2222 may have a variety of values, according to the present invention. [0230] In an example implementation, ground/thermal connector 1102 may be attached to metal plane 1110 on substrate 302 by adhesive material 1104 that has an adhesive material height 2204 in the range of 1 to 1.5 mil (0.025 to 0.0375 mm). Connector 1102 has a connector height 2206 equal to 0.38 mm. Connector plating 2202 has a connector plating height 2208 equal to 1 mil (0.025 mm). According to these example height values, the sum of adhesive material height 2204 (using a value of 0.025 mm), connector height 2206, and connector plating height 2208 is 0.43 mm. [0231] Furthermore, prior to attachment to substrate 302, solder balls 306 may have a height of 0.6 mm, for example. Ball pitch 2220, which represents the distance from the center of a solder ball mounted to substrate 302 to the center of an adjacent solder ball, is equal to 1 mm, for example. When attached to substrate 302, the height of solder balls 306 may decrease slightly, to have a solder ball height 2218 equal to 0.5 mm, for example. This decrease in height is due to the spreading of solder of the solder ball onto a solder ball pad 2224 to which it is attaching. In this example configuration, therefore, the difference in height between the solder ball height 2218 (0.5 mm) and the sum of adhesive material height 2204, connector height 2206, and connector plating height 2208 (0.43 mm) is equal to 0.07 mm, which is the value of a gap distance. When package 1100 is attached to PCB 2222, this gap distance appears between connector plating 2202 and PCB 2222. In this example implementation, the gap distance may vary between 2.0 to 4.0 mils (0.05 to 0.1 mm), or even outside of this range, due to variations in the actual height values recited above that occur during the manufacturing process. [0232] As described above, the dimensions shown in FIG. 22 and described above may have values that are different from those presented above. In an embodiment, solder ball height 2218 is greater than the height of the attached connector 1102 (including connector height 2206, adhesive material height 2204, and connector plating height 2208, when present), although in alternative embodiments, the attached connector 1102 may have an equal height. [0233] As described above, PCB metal pad plating 2210 may be formed on PCB metal pad 2216. PCB metal pad plating 2210 substantially bridges the above described gap distance, and enhances the connection of connector 1102 to PCB 2222. For example, PCB metal pad plating 2214 may be formed such that PCB metal pad plating height 2210 is in the range of 4 to 6 mil (0.1 to 0.15 mm) to substantially fill the gap distance. [0234] In another example configuration, ball pitch 2220 may be equal to 1.27 mm and solder ball height 2218 may be equal to 0.75 or 0.76 mm. In further implementations, these dimensions may have other values. As described above, the dimension values provided in the section are examples, and are not limiting to the present invention. [0235] Furthermore, ground/thermal connector 1102 may be shaped in additional ways, to enhance the operation and manufacturability of package 1100. FIG. 23 shows ground/thermal connector 1102 attached to a bottom surface of substrate 302, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. Connector 1102 is attached to metal plane 1110, and is plated with connector plating 2202. As shown in FIG. 23, connector 1102 may be rectangular in shape. Ground/thermal connector 1102 may be formed in other shapes, such as an ellipse, polygon, star-shaped, and irregular. [0236] Furthermore, in the example embodiment shown in FIG. 23, connector 1102 is smaller in area than metal plane 1110. In alternative embodiments, connector 1102 may have the same area, or a greater area than metal plane 1110. [0237] Ground/thermal connector 1102 may also include two or more separate sub-sections that are attached to package 1100. FIG. 24 shows first and second ground/thermal connectors 2402 and 2404 attached to a bottom surface of substrate 302, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. Connector plating, which may be present on first and second ground/thermal connectors 2402 and 2404, is not shown in FIG. 24. First ground/thermal connector 2402 is attached to first metal plane 2406 on substrate 302. Second ground/thermal connector 2404 is attached to second metal plane 2408 on substrate 302. In alternative embodiments, first and second metal planes 2406 and 2408 may be combined into a single metal plane, or may be each divided into any number of metal planes, for attachment of first and second ground/thermal connectors 2402 and 2404 to substrate 302. Furthermore, one or more PCB metal pads may be present on PCB substrate 2212 (shown in FIG. 22) to attach first and second ground/thermal connectors 2402 and 2404 to PCB 2222. [0238] The use of more than one ground/thermal connector, as shown in FIG. 24, may enhance the functionality, thermal performance, electrical performance, mechanical performance, and the manufacturability of package 1100. For example, electrical performance may be enhanced by electrically isolating first and second connectors 2402 and 2404, and coupling them to separate potentials (i.e., ground or other potentials) of IC die 304 (through vias in substrate 302). First and second connectors 2402 and 2404 may then be coupled to the separate potential signals in PCB 2222. [0239] Any number of additional ground/thermal connectors may be used, according to the present invention. FIG. 25 shows first, second, third, and fourth ground/thermal connectors 2502, 2504, 2506, and 2508 attached to a bottom surface of substrate 302, according to a further exemplary embodiment of the present invention. Connector plating, which may be present on first, second, third, and fourth ground/thermal connectors 2502, 2504, 2506, and 2508, is not shown in FIG. 25. First, second, third, and fourth ground/thermal connectors 2502, 2504, 2506, and 2508 are attached to first, second, third, and fourth metal planes 2510, 2512, 2514, and 2516, respectively, on substrate 302. [0240] According to the present invention, ground/thermal connectors may be shaped and arranged in a variety of configurations. For example, one or more ground/thermal connectors may be formed around a portion of, or all of one or more other ground/thermal connectors. FIG. 27 shows first and second ground/thermal connectors 2702 and 2704 attached to a bottom surface of substrate 302, according to a further exemplary embodiment of the present invention. First and second ground/thermal connectors 2702 and 2704 are attached to first and second metal planes 2706 and 2708. As shown in FIG. 27, first ground/thermal connector 2702 is formed in a substantially rectangular shape, and second ground/thermal connector 2704 is formed in a substantially rectangular ring shape that surrounds first ground/thermal connector 2702 on the bottom surface of substrate 302. First metal plane 2706 is correspondingly formed in a rectangular-shaped metal plane, and second metal plane 2708 is formed in a rectangular ring-shaped metal plane. As shown in FIG. 27, a portion of the bottom surface of substrate 302 is present between first and second metal planes 2706 and 2708. [0241] Vias through a package substrate may be located in a variety of places in a substrate. One example pattern for locating vias in a substrate is shown in FIG. 28. FIG. 28 shows a bottom view of a corner portion of substrate 302 with potential via locations. Substrate 302 of FIG. 28 is divided into a peripheral region 2804 and a central region 2806. The central region 2806 corresponds to the portion of the substrate adjacent to amounted IC die 102 (and corresponding metal pad) and/or a mounted ground/thermal connector. The peripheral region 2804 corresponds to the portion of the substrate that is not adjacent to the mounted IC die 102. As shown in FIG. 28, a plurality of potential vias 2802 may be located in substrate 302 in an array configuration. In the peripheral region 2804 of substrate 302, the plurality of solder balls 306 are arranged in an array. In this region, each via of the plurality of potential vias 2802 is located between surrounding solder balls 306. In the central region 2806 of substrate 302, solder balls are not attached. In the central region 2806, potential vias 2802 continue to be arranged in the array configuration as they are in the peripheral region 2804. [0242] The present invention is applicable to the via configuration shown in FIG. 28, and to other via configurations. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the potential vias located in the central region may be located relatively closer to each other than in the peripheral region, allowing for the use of a greater number of vias in a given area in the central region. The resulting increased density of vias allows for more connections by vias between IC die 102 and a ground/thermal connector attached to the bottom surface of substrate 302. This will allow for a greater heat transfer from IC die 102 to the PCB through the vias and ground/thermal connector. Furthermore, if the ground/thermal connector is used as a ground potential (or other potential), additional vias will enhance the ground connection, reduce ground bounce and other types of unwanted circuit noises. [0243]FIG. 29 shows an example bottom view of a corner portion of substrate 302, according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 29, the spacing of potential vias 2904 in central region 2806 is denser than the spacing of potential vias 2902 in peripheral region 2804. A variety of possible via arrangements are applicable to the present invention. FIG. 30 shows another example of a bottom view of a corner portion of substrate 302, according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 30, the spacing of potential vias 3004 in central region 2806 is denser than the spacing of potential vias 3002 in peripheral region 2804. However, central region vias 3004 are not located adjacent to solder balls 306 as they are in FIG. 29. Furthermore, although central region vias 2904 and 3004 are arranged in columns and rows, central region vias may be arranged in any other applicable arrangement. [0244] Referring to the example shown in FIG. 29, an example via 2902 may have a via diameter of 0.2 mm. The invention is applicable to alternative via diameters. In peripheral region 2804, a solder ball pitch (i.e., spacing between solder ball centers) 2906 may be equal to 1.0 mm. In peripheral region 2804, a peripheral region via pitch 2908 may be equal to 1.0 mm. In central region 2806, a central region via pitch 2910 is smaller than peripheral region via pitch 2908. For example, central region via pitch 2910 may be equal to 0.4 mm, 0.45 mm, 0.5 mm, or any other value in this range, or less than peripheral region via pitch 2908. These solder ball/via pitch values are provided for exemplary purposes, and are not limiting to the present invention. [0245] Note that in FIGS. 29 and 30, the distances between adjacent vias in central region 2806 and peripheral region 2804 are shown to be uniform. These distances are not required to be uniform in a particular region. In an alternative embodiment, in either the central or peripheral region, a distance between a first pair of adjacent vias may differ from a distance between a second pair of adjacent vias. However, taken as a whole, the distances between adjacent vias in central region 2806 may still on average be less than the distances between adjacent vias in peripheral region 2804. In other words, in such an embodiment, a via density in central region 2806 will be greater than a via density in peripheral region 2804, even if the distances between via pairs differ. [0246]FIG. 26 shows a flowchart 2600 providing operational steps for assembling one or more embodiments of the present invention. The steps of FIG. 26 do not necessarily have to occur in the order shown, as will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the teachings herein. Other structural embodiments will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the following discussion. These steps are described in detail below. [0247] Flowchart 2600 begins with step 2602. In step 2602, a substrate that has a first surface is provided. For example, the substrate is plastic substrate 302, or another substrate type suitable for a BGA package. The first surface is the bottom surface of substrate 302 shown in FIG. 22, for example. [0248] In step 2604, an array of contact pads and a metal plane on the first surface of the substrate are exposed. For example, the contact pads are solder ball contact pads 2224, and the metal plane is metal plane 1110. The contact pads and metal plane are portions of a metal layer of substrate 302 that are completely or partially exposed through a solder mask on the bottom surface of substrate 302. [0249] In step 2606, a solder ball is attached to each of the exposed contact pads on the first surface of the substrate. For example, the solder balls attached to each contact pad are plurality of solder balls 306, which attach to solder ball contact pads 2224. [0250] In step 2608, a first surface of a thermal connector is coupled to the exposed metal plane. For example, the thermal connector is ground/thermal connector 1102, which is coupled to metal plane 1110. [0251] In an embodiment, step 2608 may include a step wherein the first surface of the thermal connector is coupled to the exposed metal plane, wherein the thermal connector has a height that is less than a height of a solder ball attached to one of the exposed contact pads. For example, as shown in FIG. 22, ground/thermal connector height 2206 is less than solder ball height 2218. In alternative embodiments, ground/thermal connector height 2206 may be equal to or greater than solder ball height 2218. Step 2608 may include a further step wherein the first surface of the thermal connector is coupled to the exposed metal plane by a conductive adhesive material. For example, the conductive epoxy is adhesive material 1104, which may be a silver-filled epoxy, solder, or other similar substance. [0252] Flowchart 2600 may include the additional step wherein the second surface of the thermal connector is plated with a metal. For example, as shown in FIG. 22, a bottom surface 1112 of ground/thermal connector 1102 is plated with connector plating 2202. The second surface of the thermal connector 1102 may be plated with a metal, wherein a combined height of the thermal connector, the conductive adhesive material, and the metal plating is less than a height of a solder ball attached to one of the exposed contact pads. As shown in FIG. 22, connector height 2206, adhesive material height 2204, and connector plating height 2208 are less than solder ball height 2218. In alternative embodiments, this combined height may be equal to or greater than solder ball height 2218. [0253] Flowchart 2600 may include the additional step wherein the second surface of the thermal connector is configured to be coupled to a second metal plating formed on a metal plane on the PCB. As shown in FIG. 22, PCB 2222 has a PCB metal pad 2216, with a PCB metal pad plating 2214 formed thereon. Ground/thermal connector 1102 is configured to be coupled to PCB metal pad plating 2214 during surface mount of package 1100 to PCB 2222. For example, connector 1102 may be shaped and sized to conform to being surface mounted to PCB 2222. The second surface of the thermal connector 1102 may be configured to be coupled to the second metal plating, wherein the second metal plating has a height. For example, PCB metal pad plating 2214 has a PCB metal pad plating height 2210. The second surface of the thermal connector 1102 may be coupled to the PCB metal pad 2216 through PCB metal pad plating 2214. This may occur during the surface mount process, where package 1100 is attached to PCB 2222. Connector 2206 may be configured such that when package 1100 is attached to PCB 2222, a combined height of the thermal connector (e.g., connector height 2206), the conductive adhesive material (e.g., adhesive material height 2204), the first metal plating (e.g., connector plating height 2208), and the second metal plating (e.g., PCB metal pad plating height 2210) may be substantially equal to a height of a solder ball (e.g., solder ball height 2218) attached to one of the exposed contact pads (e.g., solder ball contact pad 2224) and attached to a contact pad (e.g., PCB contact pad 2226) on PCB 2222. [0254] In an embodiment, the thermal connector of step 2608 may include a plurality of separate thermal connectors. For example, as shown in FIG. 24, a first and second ground/thermal connector 2402 and 2404. Step 2608 may include a step wherein a first surface of the plurality of separate thermal connectors is coupled to the exposed metal plane. The exposed metal plane of step 2604 may include a plurality of separate exposed metal planes. For example, FIG. 24 shows first and second metal planes 2406 and 2408. Step 2608 may further include the step wherein the first surface of each one of the plurality of separate thermal connectors is coupled to a corresponding one of the plurality of separate exposed metal planes. FIG. 24 shows first and second ground/thermal connectors 2402 and 2404 attached to first and second metal planes 2406 and 2408, respectively, on the bottom surface of substrate 302. Alternatively, the plurality of thermal connectors may include first and second ground/thermal connectors 2702 and 2704, and the exposed metal planes may include first and second metal planes 2706 and 2708, for example. [0255] In an embodiment, step 2602 may include the step wherein an organic substrate that has a first surface is provided. For example, the organic substrate may be plastic substrate 302, which includes one or more metal layers formed on an organic substrate (for example, BT resin or FR4 epoxy/glass). [0256] In an embodiment, flowchart 2600 may include the additional step wherein an IC die is mounted to a second surface of the substrate. For example, the IC die may be IC die 304. IC die 304 may be mounted to a die pad 310 attached to substrate 302, as shown in FIG. 3. Furthermore, flowchart 2600 may include the additional step wherein the IC die is coupled to the exposed metal plane by at least one via that extends through the substrate. For example, IC die 304 may be coupled to metal plane 1110 by one or more ground/thermal vias 316, as shown in FIG. 11. This step may include the step wherein the at least one via is filled with a conductive material, such as a solder. [0257] In an example embodiment, substrate 302 has a central portion that is defined by the metal plane to which an IC die may be mounted. In an embodiment, flowchart 2600 may include the additional steps where a plurality of vias are located in the substrate in the central region, and a plurality of vias are located in the substrate outside of the central region. For example, the central region may be central region 2806, and an area outside of the central region may be peripheral region 2804. In an embodiment, a first via density for the plurality of vias in the central portion is greater than a second via density for the plurality of vias outside of the central portion. [0258] Embodiments Allowing Attachment of Additional Electronic Devices [0259] According to an embodiment of the present invention, the electrical performance of a BGA package is improved by configuring the BGA package to allow the attachment of electronic devices to the bottom surface of a BGA package. In an example BGA package, a thermal/ground connector couples the bottom center of the package substrate to a PCB. According to the present invention, electronic devices are attached to the bottom surface of the BGA package, in a region between the thermal/ground connector and the array of solder balls. This configuration allows for enhanced electrical performance, by allowing additional electronic devices to be present in the BGA package. Furthermore, the electronic devices are mounted closely to the thermal/ground connector, and hence may have shorter ground current paths. Further benefits may be realized, as would be understood by persons skilled in the relevant art(s) from the teachings herein. [0260] Embodiments allowing the attachment of electronic devices to the bottom surface of the BGA package are adaptable to any BGA package types, including any of those described elsewhere herein. These BGA package types include tape and organic substrate BGA packages, and include die-up and die-down BGA package configurations. For exemplary purposes, the present invention is described below in relation to a die-up BGA package similar to BGA package 800 shown in FIG. 8, but the present invention is also applicable to other BGA package configurations, as would be understood by persons skilled in the relevant art(s) from the teachings herein. [0261]FIG. 31 shows a bottom view of an example BGA package 3100, according to an embodiment of the present invention. BGA package 3100 is configured similarly to BGA package 800 described above. Attached to substrate 104 on the bottom of BGA package 3100 are plurality of solder balls 106 and ground/thermal connector 802. Additional or fewer solder balls 106 may be present. Ground/thermal connector 802 may be attached directly to the bottom surface of substrate 104, or may be attached to a stiffener in BGA package 3100 through a central opening formed in substrate 104. Ground/thermal connector 802 may be relatively larger or smaller, or differently shaped than as shown in FIG. 31, and may be centrally located, or located off-center of the bottom surface of substrate 104. [0262] As shown in FIG. 31, a substrate region 3102 exists on the bottom surface of substrate 104, bounded on an outer edge 3104 by solder balls 106, and on an inner edge 3106 by thermal connector 802. According to the present invention, electronic devices may be attached/mounted to the bottom surface of substrate 104 in substrate region 3102. [0263]FIG. 32 shows a bottom view of BGA package 3100, with first and second electronic devices 3202 and 3204 attached to the bottom surface of substrate 104, according to an embodiment of the present invention. First and second electronic devices 3202 and 3204 may be any applicable type of electronic device that would be useful to include in an integrated circuit package, that meet applicable size constraints. For example, first and second electronic devices 3202 and 3204 may be passive or active components. For instance, first and second electronic devices 3202 and 3204 may be any passive component type, including resistors, capacitors, and/or inductors. Furthermore, first and second electronic devices 3202 and 3204 may be leaded and/or leadless devices. Any number of one or more electronic devices may be attached/mounted to the bottom surface of substrate 104 in substrate region 3102. [0264] Electronic devices may be attached to the bottom surface of substrate 104 adjacent to ground/thermal connector 802. In some configurations, electronic devices may be attached more closely to ground/thermal connector 802 than in others. For example, as described above, ground/thermal connector 802 may be coupled to a stiffener in BGA package 3100 through a central opening in substrate 104. When ground/thermal connector 802 is directly coupled to the bottom surface of substrate 104, no central opening in substrate 104 is required. The structural integrity of substrate 104 near ground/thermal connector 802 when a central opening is present may be less than when a central opening is not present. Hence, in some embodiments, electronic devices may be attached in substrate region 3102 more closely to ground/thermal connector 802 when a central opening is not present in substrate 104, than when a central opening is present. [0265]FIG. 33 shows a PCB portion 3300 for mounting a BGA package such as BGA package 3100, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. PCB portion 3300 includes PCB contact pads 3302 and a PCB metal pad 3304. When BGA package 3100 is attached to PCB portion 3300, solder balls 106 attach to PCB contact pads 3302, and ground/thermal connector 802 attaches to PCB metal pad 3304. For example, solder balls 106 may be reflowed to attach to PCB contact pads 3302, and ground/thermal connector 802 may be attached by solder to PCB metal pad 3304. The present invention is applicable to additional ways of attaching BGA package 3100 to PCB portion 3300. [0266] As shown in FIG. 33, a PCB region 3306 exists on PCB portion 3300, bounded on an outer edge 3308 by PCB contact pads 3302, and on an inner edge 3310 by PCB metal pad 3304. According to the present invention, electronic devices attached/mounted to the bottom surface of substrate 104 in substrate region 3102, as shown in FIG. 32, will be present above PCB region 3306 when BGA package 3100 is attached to PCB portion 3300. Furthermore, according to additional embodiments of the present invention, electronic devices may be attached/mounted to PCB portion 3300 in PCB region 3306. [0267]FIG. 34 shows PCB portion 3306 with third and fourth electronic devices 3402 and 3404 attached, according to an embodiment of the present invention. Third and fourth electronic devices 3402 and 3404 may be any applicable type of electronic device that would be useful to attach to a PCB, that meet applicable size constraints. For example, third and fourth electronic devices 3402 and 3404 may be passive or active components. For instance, third and fourth electronic devices 3402 and 3404 may be any passive component type, including resistors, capacitors, and/or inductors. Furthermore, third and fourth electronic devices 3402 and 3404 may be leaded and/or leadless devices. Any number of one or more electronic devices may be attached/mounted to PCB portion 3300 in PCB region 3306. [0268] When BGA package 3100 is mounted on PCB portion 3306, either or both of substrate region 3102 and PCB region 3306 may have electronic devices attached/mounted on them. For example, FIG. 35 shows an cross-sectional view of a portion of BGA package 3100 mounted to PCB portion 3300, according to an embodiment of the present invention. The portion of BGA package 3100 shown in FIG. 35 includes substrate 104, respective bottom substrate surface contact pads, solder balls 106 a-c, and ground/thermal connector 802. Solder balls 106-c, which are attached to solder ball contact pads 3502 on substrate 104, are attached to PCB contact pads 3302. Ground/thermal connector 802 attaches to a metal plane 3506 on the bottom surface of substrate 104 by an epoxy or other adhesive material (not shown). Ground/thermal connector 802 attaches to PCB metal pad 3304 by solder or other attachment material (not shown). [0269] As shown in FIG. 35, first electronic device 3202 is attached to the bottom surface of substrate 104 between ground/thermal connector 802 and solder ball 106 b. First electronic device 3202 attaches to one or more substrate contact pads 3504 by solder or other attachment material (not shown). Furthermore, third electronic device 3402 is attached to PCB portion 3306, between ground/thermal connector 802 and solder ball 106 c. Third electronic device 3402 attaches to one or more PCB contact pads 3508 by solder or other attachment material (not shown). The present invention is applicable to any number of electronic devices attached to BGA package 3100 and/or PCB 3300. [0270] As described above, FIG. 26 shows a flowchart 2600 providing operational steps for assembling one or more embodiments of the present invention. FIGS. 36A and 36B show additional steps for flowchart 2600, according to embodiments of the present invention. These steps do not necessarily have to occur in the order shown, as will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the teachings herein. Other structural embodiments will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the following discussion. These steps are described in detail below. [0271] In an embodiment, step 2604 includes the step where the array of contact pads are arranged in at least one ring to surround the metal plane on the first surface of the substrate. For example, as shown in FIG. 31, solder balls 106, which are attached to an array of contact pads such as solder ball contact pads 3502 shown in FIG. 35, are arranged in three rectangular rings around ground/thermal connector 802. Ground/thermal connector 802 is attached to metal plane 3506. The invention is applicable to any number of such solder ball rings. [0272] As shown in FIG. 36A, flowchart 2600 may include step 3602. In step 3602, at least one passive electronic device is attached to the first surface of the substrate in a region bounded on a first edge by the metal plane and on a second edge by the array of contact pads. For example, as shown in FIG. 32, first and second electronic devices 3202 and 3204 are attached to the bottom surface of substrate 104 in substrate region 3102. Substrate region 3102 is bounded on an inner edge 3106 by ground/thermal connector 802, and on an outer edge 3104 by solder balls 106. Ground/thermal connector 802 is attached to metal plane 3506. [0273] As shown in FIG. 36B, flowchart 2600 may include additional steps. In step 3604, a second metal plane is exposed on a first surface of a PCB that corresponds to the first metal plane. For example, as shown in FIG. 33, PCB metal pad 3304 is exposed on PCB portion 3300. PCB metal pad 3304 corresponds to metal plane 3506 on the bottom surface of substrate 104. Ground/thermal connector 802 attaches to PCB metal pad 3304 when BGA package 3100 is mounted to PCB portion 3300. [0274] In step 3606, a second array of contact pads are exposed arranged in at least one ring that corresponds to the first array of contact pads. For example, as shown in FIG. 33, array of PCB contact pads 3302 are exposed on PCB portion 3300. Solder balls 106 are attached to PCB contact pads 3302 when BGA package 3100 is mounted on 3300. PCB contact pads 3302 are arranged in three rectangular rings, that correspond to the three rectangular rings formed by solder balls 106 and their respective contact pads on substrate 104, as shown in FIG. 31. [0275] In step 3608, at least one passive electronic device is attached to the first surface of the PCB in a region bounded on a first edge by the second metal plane and on a second edge by the second array of contact pads. For example, as shown in FIG. 34, third and fourth electronic devices 3402 and 3404 are attached to PCB portion 3300 in PCB region 3306. PCB region 3306 is bounded on an inner edge 3310 by PCB metal pad 3304, and on an outer edge 3308 by PCB contact pads 3302. [0276] Conclusion [0277] While various embodiments of the present invention have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. It will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art that various changes in form and detail can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, the breadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents. Referenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS6861750Oct 31, 2002Mar 1, 2005Broadcom CorporationBall grid array package with multiple interposersUS7126210 *Apr 2, 2003Oct 24, 2006Stmicroelectronics, Inc.System and method for venting pressure from an integrated circuit package sealed with a lidUS7199466May 3, 2004Apr 3, 2007Intel CorporationPackage design using thermal linkage from die to printed circuit boardUS7432591 *Feb 28, 2008Oct 7, 2008International Business Machines CorporationThermal enhanced plastic ball grid array with heat sink attachment optionUS7534716Sep 8, 2006May 19, 2009Stmicroelectronics, Inc.System and method for venting pressure from an integrated circuit package sealed with a lidUS20110298117 *Jun 3, 2011Dec 8, 2011Sehat SutardjaPad configurations for an electronic package assembly* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification257/678, 257/E23.106, 257/E23.092International ClassificationH01L23/433, H01L23/373Cooperative ClassificationH01L24/48, H01L2924/01031, H01L2924/14, H01L2224/45144, H01L2224/49109, H01L2924/0105, H01L2924/014, H01L24/49, H01L2924/01078, H01L2224/48091, H01L2924/30107, H01L2224/48237, H01L2924/1433, H01L2224/49171, H01L2924/01039, H01L2224/48227, H01L2224/85424, H01L2924/01013, H01L2224/48465, H01L2924/01082, H01L2924/01029, H01L24/45, H01L2924/01028, H01L2924/01006, H01L23/3677, H01L2924/15311, H01L2924/01079, H01L2224/05624, H01L2224/48228, H01L23/3735, H01L23/4334, H01L2924/19043, H01L2924/01046, H01L2924/19041, H01L2924/01033, H01L2224/0401, H01L2924/01005, H01L2924/19042, H01L2924/01047, H01L2224/48624, H01L2924/01043, H01L2224/73265, H01L2224/32225European ClassificationH01L24/49, H01L23/373L, H01L23/433ELegal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionMay 7, 2014FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8May 13, 2010SULPSurcharge for late paymentMay 13, 2010FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Oct 29, 2001ASAssignmentOwner name: BROADCOM CORPORATION, CALIFORNIAFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:ZHAO, SAM ZIQUN;KHAN, REZA-UR RAHMAN;REEL/FRAME:012292/0036Effective date: 20011022RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services©2012 Google