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Local Government Responsibilities In Health Care - PDF
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3 Local Government Responsibilities In Health Care U.S. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations Washington, DC 2575 M-192 July 1994
4 U.S. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations 8 K Street, NW South Building Suite 45 Washington, DC 2575 (22) FAX (22) ii U.S. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations
5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Local governments have a large and growing role in national health care, and they must be included in any plans for implementing reforms. Whether policies and standards are set by the federal and/or state governments, local governments deliver many health services, especially those directed at vulnerable populations. Unless local officials are involved early in planning for implementation of health care reforms, unnecessary delays and problems may result, with serious effects on people who depend on local governments for health care services. In this report--local Government Responsibilities in Heolfh Core-ACIR reviews local expenditures for health care, their relation to health care reform, and the needs for additional information. Highlights Local governments spend an estimated $85 billion per year on health care services-about one of every eight dollars spent by local governments. The biggest expenditures are for: (1) locally owned and operated hospitals, $32.8 billion (1992); (2) employee health care, $31.1 billion (1993); (3) retiree health care, $2.6 billion (1993); U.S. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations iii
6 (4) public health services, $13.7 billion (1992); and (5) local share of Medicaid, $4.6 billion (1993). Local government spending on health is growing rapidly. In just one year (1991 to 1992), spending on hospitals and public health increased 9.1 percent and 8.9 percent, far exceeding the overall 4.9 percent increase in local government spending. Counties, cities, and special districts in 41 states and the District of Columbia own and operate 1,45 acute care hospitals. In addition, local governments in 25 states operate 195 institutions that provide hospital-related services. These governments spent over $3 billion in 1991, or an average of $21.3 million per hospital owned. Local public hospital spending is financed predominantly from charges- $22.8 billion or about 75 percent in The charges are paid by Medicare, Medicaid, other third-party payers, and self-payers. The remaining $7.2 billion was financed by a combination of local own-source revenues and federal or state intergovernmental transfers. Local governments spent $13.7 billion on public health services in State aid financed about $6.4 billion of local Dublic health mending. I Y Counties are the principal providers of public health services, at an estimated cost of $9.1 billion in Cities followed at $2.9 billion and special districts at $.6 billion. Counties have some responsibility for Medicaid financing in 22 states. Counties in 15 states spent $4.6 billion on Medicaid in The local shares range from about 5 percent in Arizona and New York to 1 percent or less in five states. Local governments have more than 1 million full-time and part-time employees. These governments provided health insurance for approximately 9.1 million employees in 1993, at an estimated cost of about $31 billion. Local governments provide health insurance for an estimated 1.6 million retirees at a cost of about $2.6 billion. There are wide variations between states in the health care services local governments provide and in how they are financed. For example, in Texas, 16 local governments own and operate hospitals, at a cost of $2.2 billion; Maryland has no locally owned hospitals. It will be important in considering national health care reform to recognize the importance of the local government health care role as well as the different effects that changes will have on local governments depending on the type and size of government and the state in which they are located. iv U.S. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations
7 PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS National debates about health care reform are focused primarily on the roles of the federal and state governments in financing, administering, and regulating health care systems. The roles of local governments have received little attention. In part, this is because it is hard to evaluate how reform proposals will affect the large numbers of local governments with their diverse health care responsibilities, about which there is a lack of information. Nevertheless, health care reform will affect local governments, and they will play a role in effective implementation. This report reviews the information that ACIR has collected about local expenditures for health care, and discusses the need for additional information. The report was written by Philip M. Dearborn, Director of Government Finance Research at the Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations. He was assisted by Jill Gibbons, ACIR Finance Analyst. The Commission would like to thank all those who reviewed and commented on the report, or provided other information, especially: Cathie Eifelberg, Government Finance Officers Association; Dave Garrison, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; John Goetz, Moodys Investors Service; Thomns Joseph, National Association of Counties; Ann Kernpinski, American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees; Sue Madden, Public Health Foundation; Marie Monmd, American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees; Doug Peterson, National League of Cities; Nanp Rawding, National Association of County Health Officials; Lisa Rovin, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; Mary Uyeda, National Association of Counties; and Heniy Wuls, U. s. Bureau of the Census. Joan Casey edited the report. The charts were prepared by Mark Schreiner, an Intern at ACIR. Stephanie Richardson and Cheryl Fortineau assisted in preparing the report for publication. The Commission and its staff take full responsibility for the contents of the report, which was approved by the Commission on June 17, William E. Davis 111 Executive Director U.S. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations v
8 vi U.S. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations
9 CONTENTS Introduction... 1 Local Government Hospitals... 3 Number. Type. and Expenditures... 3 Revenues... 3 Relation to Health Care Reform... 4 Information Needed... 5 Local Government Employee Health Care Costs... 7 Coverage of Employees... 7 Self-Insurance Plans... 7 Relation to Health Care Reform... 8 Information Needed... 8 Local Government Retiree Health Care Costs... 9 Coverage of Retirees... 9 Information Needed... 9 Public Health Services Spending on Public Health Revenues Information Needed Local Government Medicaid Responsibilities Extent of Local Responsibility Cost-Sharing Formulas Relation to Health Care Reform Bibliography Appendix Charts and Tables Chart I -Local Governments Spent $84.8 Billion for Health Chart 2-Local Hospital and Public Health Spending Leads All Other Increases from 1991 to Chart 3-Counties Operate the Most Hospitals. Cities Spend the Most Per Hospital... 4 Chart 4-Local Government Employee Health Coverage... 7 Table I -Hospitals Owned and Operated by Local Governments Table 2-Local Government Hospital Expenditures Financed from Charges Table 3-Local Government Estimated Costs for Employee Health Insurance. 8.Table 4-Changes in Public Health Expenditures State and Local Governments Table 5-Local Government Medicaid Payments Conclusion Notes U.S. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations vii
10 viii U.S. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations
11 INTRODUCTION Local governments spend an estimated $85 billion per year on health care, based on the latest years for which information is available (see Chart 1). This means about one of every eight dollars spent by local governments is for health-related activities, including (1) protecting the health of the community, (2) providing health care for low-income and uninsured residents, (3) providing health benefits for their employees and retirees, and (4) helping states finance Medicaid. Chart 1 Local Governments Spent $84.8 Billion for Health (in billions of dollars) $2.6 Local spending on health services is a large and rapidly growing budget component. Spending on two key services, hospitals and public health, increased 9.1 percent and 8.9 percent, respectively, from 1991 to These were the two fastest growing services of local governments, far exceeding the overall 4.9 percent increase in spending (see Chart 2 and Appendix Table 1). State governments' average health insurance premiums were reported to have risen about 1 percent in 1993, and local governments probably experienced a similar increase.' Local governments have a large and growing role in national health care, and they must be included in any plans for implementing reforms to that system. While overall policies and standards may be set by the federal and state governments, it is local governments that deliver many health services, especially those directed at vulnerable populations. To meet their responsibilities, local governments will need to adjust their budgets and operational plans. Unless local officials are involved in planning for implementation early in the process, delays and unnecessary problems may result, and people who depend on local governments for health care services may be affected. There are wide variations between states in the health care services local governments provide and in how they finance those services. For example, in Texas, 16 local governments own U.S. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations 1
12 1 Chart 2 Local Hospital and Public Health Spending Leads All Other Increases from 1991 to P S m c c C a 4 2 Q) P 2 a and operate hospitals with $2.2 billion in hospital expenditures; in Maryland, there are no locally owned hospitals.2 In considering national health care reform, the importance of the local government health care role must be recognized, as well as the different effects that changes may have on local governments depending on their type and size and the state where they are located. This report examines the five principal areas of local government spending on health care: (1) locally owned and operated hospitals; (2) employee health care; (3) retiree health care; (4) public health services; and (5) local share of Medicaid. Ideally, the sources of funding for these expenditures would also be shown, but the available information does not permit an esti- mate of how local governments finance each of these services. Based on the most recent information available, the estimated annual expenditures for these programs are as follows: Hospitals (1992) $32.8 billion Employee Health Care (1993) 31.1 Retiree Health Care (1993) 2.6 Public Health (1992) 13.7 Medicaid (1993) 4.6 Total $84.8 billion The nature of each of these services and their implications for health care reform will be considered separately. Some of the data and research questions for which answers are needed will also be discussed. 2 U.S. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations
13 ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~ LOCAL GOVERNMENT HOSPITALS Number, Type, and Expenditures Local governments (counties, cities, and special districts) in 41 states and the District of Columbia own and operate 1,48 acute care hospitals, as defined by the American Hospital Association. In addition, local governments in 25 states operate 195 institutions that provide hospital-related services but are not classified as hospital^.^ Local government direct hospital expenditures totaled over $3 billion in 1991, the latest year for which detailed information is available, including $2 billion of capital spending, or an average of $21.3 million per hospital owned (see Table 1 and Appendix Tables 2, 3, and 4).4 Table 7 Hospitals Owned and Operated by Local Governments, 1991 Average Number Expen- per Type of of ditures Hospital Government Hospitals (millions) (millions) County 618 $13,643 $22.1 Special Dislrict 528 9, City 262 7, Total 1,48 $3,2 $21.3 Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1992 Census of Governments (unpublished), and Government Finances (Washington, DC, 1993). Although cities operated the fewest hospitals, they tended to be larger institutions with average expenditures per hospital of $26.9 million, compared to $22.1 million for county hospitals and $17.7 million for special districts. There are wide variations among states. In New York, the 21 city-owned hospitals, including 14 in New York City, averaged $151.8 million in expenditures per hospital. In contrast, 26 county hospitals in Nebraska averaged just $3.5 million per h~spital.~ As would be expected, the states with large geographical areas and low population densities tend to have a lower average spending per hospital, but there are some exceptions. For example, the 45 county hospitals in Texas each averaged $26.5 million in spending, while 5 county hospitals in Massachusetts averaged $11.9 million.6 Overall, a relatively small number of large local hospitals accounts for a large share of total local spending. Of the 1,48 hospitals, 111 county and city hospitals, or 7.9 percent, account for $14.7 billion, or 48.9 percent of the total local hospital expenditures. New York City hospitals account for $3.1 billion, over 1 percent, and Los Angeles County hospitals account for another $1.4 billion, or almost 5 percent of all local hospital spending (see Chart 3 and Appendix Table 9. Revenues The revenues to finance local hospital spending came predominantly from charges, which totaled $22.8 billion, or about 75 percent US. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations 3
14 Chart 3 Counties Operate The Most Hospitals Cities Spend the Most In Number Per Hospital Millions of Hospitals County District Cities Hospitals Owned Average per Hospital Table 2 Local Government Hospital Expenditures Financed from Charges, 1991 (millions) of Dollars Percent Recovered Type of Expen- from Government ditures Charges Charges County $13,643 $9, O% Special District 9,342 9, City 7,35 4, Total $3,2 $22, Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Government Finances (Washington, DC, 1993). 5 of the costs in 1991 (see Table 2).s No details are available about who paid the charges, but they would include Medicare, Medicaid, other third-party payers, and self-payers. Disproportionate share payments from Medicare and Medicaid were undoubtedly a significant portion of some hospitals charges, but no information is available about the payments or which hospitals received them. The remaining $7.2 billion in spending was apparently financed from local own-source revenues, although some revenues could have come from federal or state intergovernmental transfers, which cannot be identified from Census data? Special districts depend almost entirely (96.8 percent) on charges to finance their hospitals, but, usually, they serve a local region and are self-supporting (see Appendix Table 6).1 City-operated hospitals recover on average 58 percent of their costs from charges, but this is distorted by the data from hospitals in New York State, which average only32 percent. In 24 states, the aggregate charges for city-operated hospitals equal more than 9 percent of costs.l* Relation to Health Care Reform Several features of local government hospital services may be relevant to health care reform: Local governments own and operate a large number of hospitals. Local responsibilities vary widely among states, with nine states having no local government hospitals and ten states having more than 5 local hospitals each. Locally owned and operated hospitals vary widely in size, with a few very large urban hospitals and a large number of smaller hospitals. Most hospitals, especially those owned by special districts, rely almost entirely on charges, but a few apparently rely on general government taxes and revenues. It is not possible to determine who pays the charges. The diversity across states means that changes made by the federal government in na- 4 U.S. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations
15 tional health care delivery systems will have disparate effects on local government hospital services. For hospitals that rely heavily on charges, including disproportionate share payments, reform could substantially alter or reduce those charge payments. For hospitals that do not rely mainly on charges, federal legislation has the potential to increase such revenues and reduce local governments need to provide support from general revenues, assuming that government-owned and nongovernment hospitals are treated the same way. Information Needed More information is needed about the financing of local government hospitals, partic- ularly about the sources of charges and noncharge revenues. There also is no information readily available about how much local governments may borrow to purchase or construct hospitals. Better information is needed about the roles of local public hospitals, including why they are an important component of the health care systems in some states and localities, while others elect not to provide them. Data on the characteristics of patients served, especially the numbers of indigent and uninsured, would be helpful in evaluating the role of locally owned and operated hospitals and how health care reform will affect them. U.S. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations 5
16 6 U.S. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations
17 ~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~ LOCAL GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEE HEALTH CARE COSTS Coverage of Employees Local governments had 9.4 million full-time and 1.4 million part-time employees in 199. The U.S. Department of Labor estimates that in 1992 about 9 percent of these full-time employees and about 43 percent of part-time employees-about 9.1 million local government employees -had health insurance provided by their employer (see Chart 4).12 Local governments were estimated to pay the total cost of family coverage for 35 percent of those covered and of individual coverage for another 27 percent. For Chart 4 Local Government Employee Health Coverage (9.12 Million Employees Covered) the remaining 38 percent of employees, local governments paid a portion of the costs. The average annual premium estimated for covered state employees in 1993 was $5,39 for families and $2,244 for individual^.^^ Assuming that local government premium costs were comparable, the total 1993 cost for employee health insurance was probably about $31 billion (see Table 3). Recent developments in local government employee coverage may have significance for health care reform. Between 199 and 1992, the percentage of employees covered by traditional fee-for-service plans dropped from 61 percent to 43 percent. The drop was split between preferred provider plans, up 1 percentage points to 27 percent, and health maintenance organizations (HMOs), up 7 percentage points to 29 percent. The remaining 1 percent had other types of plans.15 Self-Insurance Plans About 21 percent of state and local government employees receiving health insurance in 199 were covered by governments that self-insure.16 There are several types of self-insurance arrangements, including (1) pay-as-you-go, (2) a government-owned trust fund from which benefits are paid, and (3) care in government-owned facilities. Commercial carriers or other contractors often administer these self-insurance programs. U.S. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations 7
18 Table 3 Local Government Estimated Costs for Employee Health Insurance Employer Employees Covered 1993 Average Annual Total Cost Coverage Share (millions) Cost Per Employee (millions) Family 1% 3.19 $5,39 $1 6,74 Individual 1% ,244 5,543 Family Partial ,371 6,574 Individual Partial ,896 2,863 Total 9.12 $31,54 Source: AClR computations based on US. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employee Benefits in State and Local Governments, 199 (Washington, DC, 1992); and Segal Company, 1993 Survey of State Employee Health Benefit Plans (Atlanta, 1994) A smaller number of local government employees is covered through insurance pools sponsored by state municipal leagues or other local government organizations. The total number of employees enrolled is not available, but the National League of Cities (NLC) estimates that 86,755 public employees and their dependents are covered by municipal league health pools in 14 states. These pools provide coverage for employees of 2,677 local governments, 1,93 of which have less than 25 employees. Only 12 governments have more than 5 employees. NLC estimates that 68 percent of those covered live outside metropolitan areas. Although only a relatively small number of employees is covered, the pools are significant because they offer reasonable coverage for smaller and rural local governments. The median annual cost for individuals was $2,64; for families, $5,568. These amounts are about the same as the average estimated premiums for state government employees.18 Maine s Municipal Employees Health Trust, for example, covers more than 7,5 enrollees from more than 3 local governments. Over 8 percent of the enrollees are estimated to come from jurisdictions with fewer than 75 employees. All employees in the participating governments who work 2 hours a week or more are eligible to join the trust pool. The benefits are comparable to those typically offered by comprehensive plans, and the plan provides both fee-for-service and managed care options.lg Relation to Health Care Reform In implementing national health care reform, it will be important to recognize that most local governments provide access to insurance coverage for their employees and pay a substantial share of the costs. This means that mandatory employer coverage and substantial employer cost-sharing may affect local governments less than some other employers. It also means that existing arrangements that meet employee health care needs should be disrupted as little as possible. Information Needed Additional information would be desirable about the characteristics of (1) local government health care coverage of part-time and temporary employees; (2) types, sizes, and regional variations in coverage; and (3) the health care coverage portion of local government budgets. 8 U.S. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations
19 LOCAL GOVERNMENT RETIREE HEALTH CARE COSTS Coverage of Retirees In addition to employees, many local governments provide health care coverage for their retirees. An estimated 58 percent of state and local retirees received employer-financed coverage, with about half receiving full payment.*o In 199, there were 4. million beneficiaries of state and local retirement systems.21 Assuming that the ratio of local government beneficiaries to state government beneficiaries is about the same as the ratio for employees, then 71 percent or 2.8 million are local government retirees, of whom about 1.6 million probably receive health care benefits. For state government retirees over age 65 with Medicare coverage, the average cost in 1993 was $1,452 for individuals and $2,868 for families.22 Assuming that half of the local government retirees with coverage receive full payment and the rest receive 5 percent, with an annual average cost of $2,16, the total annual cost to local governments would be about $2.6 billion. This understates the cost somewhat, because it does not reflect higher costs for early or disabled retirees who are not eligible for Medicare. Police and fire service retirees are especially likely to fall into these categories. Information Needed Better information is needed about coverage of retired employees, especially the costs for those who do not qualify for Medicare, and the numbers receiving individual and family coverage. It also would be desirable to have better information about the differences in costs among local governments resulting from variations in early retirement policies, such as those for police and fire personnel. U.S. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations 9
20 1 U.S. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations
21 PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICES Spending on Public Health Local governments spent $13.7 billion on public health services in 1992, or almost as much as the $15.6 billion of direct health expenditures by state governments. State aid financed $6.4 billion of local health spending, leaving local governments to finance $7.3 billion. Because of a 13 percent decrease in state aid in 1992, local net expenditures increased 39 percent, from $5.3 billion in 1991 to $7.3 billion in 1992 (see Table 4),23 The definition of public health used by the Census Bureau includes outpatient services (nonhospital), research and education, categori Table 4 Changes in Public Health Expenditures, State and Local Governments (thousands) Percent Type Change State Direct $14,119,717 $15,638, % Local Direct 12,585,887 13,76, Total 26,75,64 29,344, State Aid 7,292,15 6,359, Net Local 5,293,782 7,346, Net State 21,411,822 21,998, Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Government Finances (Washington, DC, 1993). cal health programs, treatment and immunization clinics, nursing, environmental health, ambulance service, mosquito abatement, and school health (if not a school expenditure). However, because of differences in the way local governments classify expenditures, it is not possible to determine exactly what is included as public health expenditures. For example, emergency medical services, ambulance transportation, and prisoner health care are usually classified by local governments as expenditures for public safety, not as public health. Similarly, expenditures for long-term care, mental health services, substance abuse, and preventing health risks through regulation may be reported in other categories. There are no reported amounts for health services provided by independent local school districts, and such services may be recorded as public health expenditures of the general government or as educational expenditures, depending on which government provides the service. The share of direct public health expenditures paid by local governments varies widely from state to state. In Rhode Island, less than 2 percent of public health spending is local: the rest is state direct expenditure. At the other extreme, Wisconsin s local governments spend over 79 percent of the total (see Appendix Table 7).24 In seven states, local governments spend less than 1 percent of total public health expenditures, but in seven other states, local govern- U.S. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations 11
22 ments spend over 6 percent of the For the District of Columbia, because of its unique status, all spending is classified as local. Among local governments, counties are the principal providers of public health services, although in New England and some other states, cities and special districts play an important role. Based on 1991 information, county governments spent $9.1 billion, or 73 percent of total local public health spending, followed by cities with $2.9 billion and special districts with $.6 billion (see Appendix Table 8).26 Revenues The sources of funds for local public health spending are state aid and locally raised revenues. It is not possible to determine how much state aid may be passthrough federal aid, or how much local funding is from charges or other nontax sources. State aid in 1991 financed 58 percent of local public health expenditures, but in 1992, it dropped to 46 percent (see Appendix Table 9).* This dramatic change was caused primarily by a reassignment of financing responsibilities in California that saw state aid decline from $2.5 billion in 1991 to $1. billion in In general, state aid for public health averages about 5 percent, with wide differences among states. In eight states, state aid for health purposes exceeded local government reported expenditures, apparently because some aid went to nonprofit or quasi-government providers.28 Using a very narrow definition of local public health expenditures that totaled only $4.1 billion in 1989, the Public Health Foundation reported that states were the source for 28.1 percent and the federal government for 15.5 percent of local public health financing. The remaining expenditures were financed from local general revenues (33.6 percent) and other sources, apparently charges (22.8 percent).b The foundation considers local health departments in some states, Virginia for example, to be technically or legally state agencies, even though they are reported by the Census Bureau to be local agencies. Assuming that the financing ratios reported by the Public Health Foundation would be about the same for the larger local expenditures reported by Census, local governments would have received about $2.3 billion from federal aid in Information Needed A vital part of health care reform proposals relates to improving public health prevention services. While local governments are obviously important providers of these services, their role is hard to evaluate without more specific data. Information is needed about the specific purposes of public health expenditures and how they relate to state and federal grants for health. It also would be desirable to know the sources of local funds spent for public health services. 12 U.S. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations
23 LOCAL GOVERNMENT MEDICAID RESPONSIBILITIES Extent of Local Responsibility Local governments are not responsible under federal law for any portion of Medicaid funding. However, states may require local governments to share in financing the nonfederal share of Medicaid program Counties have partial responsibility for Medicaid financing in 15 states, and are reported to have some Medicaid responsibilities in seven other states (see Appendix Table Total Medicaid expenditures by local governments in the 15 states from which data could be obtained was $4.6 billion in The local share of nonfederal spending in these states varies from a high of about 5 percent in Arizona and New York to 1 percent or less in Ohio, Colorado, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, and Wisconsin (see Table 5).32 If the other seven states require local payments, it appears the amounts would also be negligible, based on the reported responsibilities. New York counties and New York City accounted for $3.85 billion, or 83.9 percent, of total local Medicaid spending. Arizona and North Carolina followed, with $18 million and $165 million, respectively, for local Medicaid costs. The five states where local governments spend 1 percent or less on nonfederal Medicaid costs accounted for $29.6 million, or about.1 percent of the Cost-S hari ng Formulas The local cost-sharing formulas for Medicaid vary widely. New York counties pay 5 per- Table 5 Local Government Medicaid Payments (thousands) Total Local Local Nonfederal Percent State Payments Medical of Total Arizona $18,938 $325,344 Colorado 1, ,529 Florida 114,527 1,535,277 Iowa 65, ,434 Minnesota 128,423 82,172 Montana 69,363 New Hampshire 41, ,489 New York 3,853,543 7,78,736 North Carolina 164, ,367 North Dakota 6,422 7,117 Ohio 1,841 1,555,971 Pennsylvania 18,58 1,96,388 South Dakota* 53 56,476 Utah 7,148 97,54 Wisconsin 7,54 721,829 Total $4,593,16 $16,432, % o o 28. * Counties in South Dakota contribute to ICF/MR an( mental health residents in state inpatient facilities The state considers this a county welfare program not part of Medicaid. Source: Library of Congress, Congressional Re search Service, Medicaid Source Boo, (Washington, DC, 1993), and informatior from state Medicaid offices. U.S. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations 13