Source: https://www.scribd.com/presentation/354233529/Refresher-Training-for-X-Ray-Equipment-Operators-portal-3
Timestamp: 2018-09-19 20:37:34
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Matched Legal Cases: ['art 1', 'art 2', 'art 3', 'art 4', 'art 5', 'art 2', 'art 3', '§ 221', '§ 221', '§ 221', '§ 221', 'art 5', 'art 20', '§ 219', '§ 219', '§ 219', '§ 219', '§ 219', '§ 221', '§ 221', '§ 221']

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Refresher Training for
X-Ray Equipment Operators
David R. Simpson, CHP, PhD
• Part 1: Introduction and Overview of the
• Part 2: Fundamentals of Radiation Science
• Part 3: Review of X-ray Imaging
• Part 4: Safety Plan, Documentation and QA
• Part 5: Regulations
Introduction and Background • X-rays a key component of diagnostic medicine for many years • BUT will result in exposure of patient and staff to ionizing radiation • Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends two steps for medical X-rays: – Justification of procedure – Optimization of procedure 4 .
Justification of Imaging Procedure • Imaging procedure should do more good than harm. exams should be performed only when necessary to: – Answer a medical question – Treat a disease – Guide a procedure 5 . therefore.
radiation doses should be “As Low As Reasonably Achievable.Optimization of Imaging Procedure • Exams should use techniques that are adjusted to: – Administer lowest radiation dose that yields image quality adequate for diagnosis or intervention • That is.” referred to as the ALARA Principle 6 .
134) there are four major reasons for training: 1. Development of worker skills so that tasks may be performed efficiently and with confidence 7 . Purpose of Training • According to the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP Report No.
Workers will be aware of regulatory requirements involved with radiation exposure 8 . where possible. Purpose of Training 2. Number and seriousness of accidents can be reduced 4. reducing those risks 3. Individuals aware of risk of exposure become active participants in accepting and.
State Requirements for Training • Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) regulations require individuals operating X-ray equipment to: – Receive initial instructions in safe operating procedures – Be competent in the safe use of equipment – Receive continuing education 9 .
State Requirements for Continuing Education DEP Technical Guidance Document No. 291-4200-001 lists the following topics for continuing education: – Basic properties of radiation – Units of measurement – Sources of radiation exposure – Methods of radiation protection – Biological effects of radiation exposure 10 .
Topics for Continuing Education – X-ray equipment – Image recording and processing – Patient exposure and positioning – Procedures – Quality assurance program – Regulations 11 .
Training Goal To provide the generic portions of this training for operators performing low-risk medical procedures 12 .
Part 2 Fundamentals of Radiation Science 13 .
Fundamental Properties of Radiation for X-ray Imaging • Properties of Radiation • Units of Measurement • Sources of Radiation • Biological Effects of Radiation 14 .
Ionizing Radiation • High energy particles or electromagnetic (EM) energy • Capable of removing orbital electrons from atoms • Effect called ionization • Resulting atom and electron called ion pair 15 .
EM Ionizing Radiation Particulate EM • Includes alpha. • Includes gamma. neutrons and X-rays • Usually easier to shield • Generally more • Not used in diagnostic difficult to shield medicine (some • X-rays are major applications in therapy) tool in diagnostic medicine 16 . beta. Particulate vs.
and Ultraviolet (non-ionizing. visible. non-ionizing) ⁻ Microwaves (non-ionizing despite common perception) ⁻ Infra-red. Types of EM Radiation • Most EM radiation is non-ionizing • Common names for various energies of EM radiation: ⁻ Radio waves (very low energy. though intense forms may damage skin or eyes) ⁻ X-rays (ionizing) ⁻ Gamma rays and cosmic rays (ionizing) 17 .
EM Radiation Types 18 .
• X-rays cannot make a person radioactive and cannot result in contamination (loose radioactive materials). 19 . Other Forms of Ionizing Radiation • X-rays (with some minor exceptions) are produced by machines. X-rays vs. • Particulate radiations and gamma rays primarily come from radioactive materials.
Other Forms of Ionizing Radiation • X-ray machines have an on-off switch • They can be immediately turned off. X-rays vs. removing the source of radiation 20 .
Quantities & Their Units of Measurement • Three Basic Quantities – Exposure – measure of charge in air produced by X-ray or gamma radiation – Absorbed Dose – measure of energy deposited by any type of ionizing radiation in any material – Equivalent Dose – measure of biological damage to the human caused by various types of ionizing radiation 21 .
Why Three Quantities? • Exposure – Easy to measure using inexpensive instruments – Can be related to other two quantities • Absorbed Dose – Widely applicable to measuring effects of radiation – Often difficult to measure • Equivalent Dose (or Dose equivalent) – Allows for biological differences in humans for different types of radiations – Used for regulatory limits 22 .
defined as 0.000258 coulombs/kg in air – Still widely used in USA but not defined in the current international scientific unit system (SI) – Symbol: R • Air kerma (closest SI equivalent) – Defined as 1 joule/kg in air – Symbol: Gya (grays in air – see absorbed dose) • To a close approximation 1R = 0.01 Gya 23 . Exposure Units • Roentgen – Oldest unit.
01 Gy 24 . Absorbed Dose Units • rad – Traditional unit defined as 100 ergs/g of energy deposited by any type of ionizing radiation in any mass (g) of material • Gray (Gy) – SI unit defined as 1 joule/kg of energy deposited by any type of ionizing radiation in any mass (kg) of material • 1 rad = 0.
01 Sv 25 . Effective Dose Equivalent Dose Units • rem – traditional unit defined as absorbed dose in rad multiplied by modifying factors to account for responses in the human • Sievert (Sv) – SI unit defined as absorbed dose in gray multiplied by modifying factors to account for responses in the human • 1 rem = 0.
Relationship of Units • For X-ray radiation. to a close approximation we can assume that: – 1 R = 1 rad = 1 rem and – 1 Gya = 1 Gy = 1 Sv 26 .
Common Numerical Prefixes Numeric Value Prefix Symbol 106 mega. c 10-3 milli. n 27 . k 10-2 centi. M 103 kilo. m 10-9 nano. m 10-6 micro.
Dose and Dose Rate • Radiation often measured as a dose rate (dose per time) so dose received is calculated as follows: • Dose received = Dose Rate x Time exposed 28 .
• Exposure = 2mR/hr x 40 hr/wk x 50 wks/yr • Exposure = 4000 mR/yr = 4 R/yr • Assume 1R = 1 rad = 1 rem. limit not exceeded 29 . Is yearly limit of 5 rem exceeded? (Assume occupancy of 40 hours/week and 50 work weeks in year). Example of Dose Rate & Conversions Exposure rate in area is 2 mR/hr. so • Equivalent dose = 4 rem/yr.
) – Medical procedures – Occupational exposures – Consumer products • Following slide shows breakdown of exposures and recent trends 30 . air. our bodies. Sources of Radiation • Radiation exposure to the general public comes from a number of sources: – Natural background radiation (in soil. etc.
So what has happened? • Background levels are the same. but in % they have decreased to only about half of the total average exposure • Occupational and consumer product levels have remained very low • Medical exposures have increased significantly (on the average) • Why? 32 .
So what has changed? • Large increase in number of CT scans • Increase in nuclear medicine procedures • Newer techniques involve higher doses to the patient 34 .
chiropractic. 35 . but many more patients receive low-risk procedures (especially children and young adults). ⁻ Examples: CT scans. ⁻ Examples: conventional x-rays. podiatry. High-Risk vs. Low-Risk Procedures Pennsylvania has divided X-ray medical procedures into two risk classes: • High-risk procedures – utilize energies of < 1 MeV that could exceed skin doses of 200 rads (2 Gy). dental. and veterinary High-risk results in more dose per patient. interventional radiography • Low-risk procedures – any radiologic procedure that is not a “high-risk” procedure.
gonads and unborn children. blood-forming organs. the greater the sensitivity to radiation” – Not always true but helpful in explaining effects on certain organs such as skin. 36 . Biological Effects of Radiation • Harmful effects discovered very early – (Thomas Edison ceased work on X-rays in 1904 following a serious injury and subsequent death of his assistant due to radiation) • “Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau” developed in France in 1906: – “The more rapidly a cell is dividing.
illness. and possible death of exposed person • Or can result in cell mutations leading to cancer in exposed person and possible genetic effects to future generations • Greatest risk at low doses is cancer to exposed person – regulations based on this risk 37 . What is the primary biological effect? • Research has found that the primary hazard is to DNA • Can result in cell death leading to organ failure.
etc. Delayed Effects • Acute effects (also referred to as early effects or deterministic effects) – Typically occur at high doses and appear within days or weeks of exposure – Examples: skin burns. loss of hair. Acute vs. • Delayed effects (also referred to as late effects or stochastic effects) – Occur at low doses over long periods of time – Cancer is greatest concern 38 . sterility.
thyroid. Goal of Radiation Regulations • Prevent acute effects to exposed person – Shield sensitive organs such as lens of eye. unborn child • Reduce likelihood of delayed effects – Keep doses low and make sure they are justified • In other words. ALARA: As low as reasonably achievable 39 .
Part 3 Review of X-ray Imaging 40 .
Basic Components of X-ray Tube • Cathode – heated wire to produce large source of electrons and focusing cup to direct them • Anode – target of high atomic number struck by electrons to produce X-rays • Voltage supply – high voltage supply to accelerate electrons from cathode to anode • Envelope – glass or metal vacuum tube containing anode and cathode • Tube housing – shielding around envelope to protect tube and shield unwanted X-rays 41 .
Other Parts of X-ray Machine • Collimator – restricts X-ray beam to only the area of interest • Filtration – removes unwanted low energy X- rays • Transformer – converts low voltage to high voltage needed for tube • Rectifier – converts AC input voltage to DC needed for X-ray tube 43 .
Primary Settings on X-ray Tube • Current to cathode – measured in milliamps (mA) • Timer for current in seconds – Current and timer together are measured in mAs • Voltage across the cathode and anode – measured in kVp (kilovoltage peak. the maximum possible energy a photon exiting the X-ray tube can reach) – kVp determines the energy of electrons which is directly related to energy of X-rays produced 44 .
Quantity and Quality of X-rays • Medical X-rays characterized by quantity and quality • Quantity – number of X-rays reaching the patient • Quality – penetrability or ability of X-ray beam to pass through tissue (low quality X-rays have little chance of penetrating so they deliver dose to patient while providing no useful medical information) 45 .
Factors Affecting Quantity mAs when increased Increases quantity proportionately kVp when increased Increases quantity by square law distance when increased Decreases quantity by inverse square law filtration when increased Decreases quantity 46 .
Factors Affecting Quality mAs when changed does not change quality kVp when increased improves quality distance when changed does not change quality filtration when increased increases quality 47 .
Impact of Digital Imaging • Digital (computer) imaging replacing conventional (film) systems – Images immediately available. can be stored and transmitted electronically and post processed to improve image after the fact • Should result in lower dose to patients due to fewer retakes 48 .
even if patient dose was higher. techniques were used to reduce signal noise that resulted in increased dose. Dose Creep in Digital Imaging • In some cases doses increased in digital systems • Effect called dose creep – Digital resulted in good images without changing factors. – Also. so factors were not optimized to lower dose. • Manufacturer’s recommendations should be reviewed to minimize dose to patient 49 .
to the image receptor. generally a minor source from a properly housed tube. The patient is often the largest source of scatter. – Scatter radiation – radiation resulting from the primary beam interacting with other materials. through the patient. the X-ray beam coming from the tube. 50 . – Leakage radiation – leakage radiation from tube housing. Reducing Patient (and employee) Dose from Medical X-rays • Sources of radiation in Medical X-ray Imaging: – Primary beam – also called the useful beam.
Administrative Controls for Reducing Radiation Doses • Chapter 221. Title 25 - Environmental Protection. has a list of responsibilities for registrants to ensure doses are ALARA • These responsibilities are summarized in the following tables: 51 .11 of the Pa. Code.
Section Summary of Requirement Additional Comments and
Number Clarifications
Registrant is responsible for directing operation
221.11(a) and assuring requirements are met.
Operator(s) shall be instructed in safe operating Instructions shall include items in
221.11(b) procedures and competent to use equipment. Appendix A of this section.
Chart specifying techniques performed with system Chart (or protocol information)
221.11(c) and technique charts for patient size (ex., adult vs. should contain pertinent information
child) shall be provided in vicinity of control panel. to particular exams.
221.11(d) Written safety procedures and rules shall be Operator shall be able to
available- including restrictions for safe use. demonstrate familiarity with these
Only staff and others required for procedure or Exception may be made for other
221.11(e) training shall be in room during the exposure. patients in room that cannot be
moved out (see 221.11(e)(3) below).
Except for patient, individuals shall be positioned Lead equivalent of material
221.11(e)(1) so that no body part will be struck by the useful determined at 60kV.
beam unless protected by 0.5 mm lead equivalent
material. 52
Section Summary of Requirement Additional Comments and Clarifications
Personnel required for exam shall be protected Two meter distance is based on nearest
221.11(e)(2) by protective aprons or barriers of at least 0.25 portion of body from both tube head and
mm lead equivalent or not in direct line of useful nearest edge of image receptor
beam and at least 2 meters away
Other patient(s) in room that cannot be moved Again, two meter distance is based on
221.11(e)(3) shall be protected by barriers of at least 0.25 mm nearest portion of body from both the
lead or equivalent material; positioned out of tube head and nearest edge of image
direct line of the useful beam; and at least 2 receptor.
No individual except patient being examined may
221.11(e)(4) be in useful beam, unless required to conduct
When patient’s gonads are in useful beam, gonad
221.11(f) shielding of at least 0.5 mm lead equivalent shall
be used unless it interferes with procedure.
Individuals may not be exposed to useful beam Specifically prohibited are exposures for:
221.11(g) except for healing arts purposes or approved training, demonstrations, other non-
research (see 221.15) healing purposes. Exposures for
screening purposes must be approved
(see 221.13)
If patient or image receptor requires auxiliary support
221.11(h) during exposure: (1) Mechanical holding devices shall be
used when technique permits, (2) Human holder shall be
protected per 221.11(e), (3) Individual may not be used to
routinely hold image receptors or patients.
Procedures and auxiliary equipment for minimizing patient
221.11(i) and personnel exposure commensurate with needed
diagnostic information shall be utilized.
Screen and film systems used shall be spectrally Defective screens may not be
221.11(j) compatible. used for diagnostic screening.
Film may not be used without intensifying screens for An exception to this is for
221.11(k) routine diagnostic imaging. intraoral radiography.
Shall have a documented QA program in accordance with Records shall be maintained for
221.11(l) guidelines established by DEP or by an appropriate inspection by DEP for 3 years.
organization recognized by DEP. At a minimum, QA DEP’s guidelines and list of
program shall address: (1) Repeat rate, (2) Image recognized organizations are
recording, processing, and viewing, (3) Maintenance and available on DEP’s website and on
modifications to QA program request.
Neither the X-ray tube housing nor collimating device may
221.11(m) be hand-held during exposure.
– Prevent dose creep by “technique creep” – gradually increase kVp while decreasing mAs over successive exams as long as image quality remains satisfactory until optimum reached. 55 . Additional Techniques for Reducing Dose • kVp and mAs settings – Generally lowest dose is achieved when kVp settings are increased and mAs settings decreased within the limits of obtaining a good image.
grids and tables. 56 . they increase dose to patient. especially from beam side. • Reducing Dose from scatter radiation – Workers should increase distance from patient. Additional Techniques for Reducing Dose • Use of grids – While grids can reduce scatter radiation and increase image quality. – Use carbon fiber or similar material for cassettes. – Use only as necessary and avoid on children.
– Collimation to the clinical region of interest should be performed prior to patient exposure. Additional Techniques for Reducing Dose • Collimation and Beam Size – Primary beam should be sized to cover area of interest but not overly exceed it. 57 .
children have been imaged with settings similar to adults – resulting in unnecessary dose. • IMAGE GENTLY campaign designed to make medical staff and parents aware of potentially unnecessary exposure to children.Children • Historically. Special Cases .org/associations/5364/ig/home 58 .pedrad. • See website at: www.
iaea.htm • Poster from site: 62 . Additional Sources of Information • International Atomic Energy Agency has PowerPoints available for free: • http://rpop.org/RP OP/Content/AdditionalR esources/Training/1 TrainingMaterial/Paedia tricRadiology.
– Staff should take additional precautions such as increasing distance from patient or use of portable shields. 63 . Other Special Cases – Patient Size – Larger patients often require adjustments to kVp and mAs that result in higher dose. – Example: An increase of body thickness from 16 to 24 cm increases scatter 5X.
Pregnant Patients • Special care should be taken to reduce dose to fetus: – Females of child-bearing age should be informed of risks. efforts should be made to reduce dose to fetus through shielding and/or positioning. 64 . – Warning signs should be posted. – If X-ray is necessary.
• NRC Regulatory Guide 8.13 provides information on risks. Pregnant Workers • Female medical staff required by federal and state regulations to be instructed on risks. and lower limits that then apply. instructions on declaring pregnancy. 65 . • Special limits apply to “declared” pregnant female (woman has option to declare pregnancy).
Radiation Safety Plan,
Documentation and QA/QC
Mechanism that ensures registrant
properly directs X-ray program.
Guidance for Diagnostic &
Interventional X-ray Procedures
From Federal Guidance Report No. 14
• Plan should ensure that:
– Radiation activities are performed in accordance with
existing laws and regulations.
– Staff are equipped with knowledge of available options
regarding risk vs. benefit determinations and appropriate
– X-ray users and surrounding public receive adequate
• Pennsylvania regulations require certain documentation. procedures and other documentation are essential for safety and compliance. 69 . records. Documentation of Medical X-ray Program • Charts.
– Operators able to demonstrate familiarity with rules. – Procedures and rules should be specific for particular applications planned at facility. 70 .11(d) – Written safety procedures and rules available at facility. Code § 221. Pennsylvania Requirements for Documentation • 25 Pa.
Code § 221. – Records kept for inspection for minimum of 5 years. and modifications including names of person performing service.11(c) – Chart (protocol) provided in vicinity of control panel specifying techniques for exams on that system.12 – Registrant shall maintain records of surveys. • 25 Pa. Pennsylvania Requirements for Documentation • 25 Pa. 71 . calibrations. Code § 221. maintenance.
Chapter 221 (X-rays in the Healing Arts) for other documentation requirements for specific applications. 72 . Pennsylvania Requirements for Documentation See 25 Pa. Code.
” 73 . Quality Assurance is defined as: “…the planned and systematic actions that provide adequate confidence that a diagnostic X-ray facility will produce consistently high-quality images with minimum exposure of the patients and healing arts personnel. Quality Assurance • According to FDA Regulations.
74 . – QA procedures – management actions intended to guarantee monitoring techniques are properly performed and evaluated and corrective actions taken. FDA Statement on QA Actions • Should include both “quality control” techniques and “quality administration” procedures: – QC techniques – techniques used in monitoring or testing and maintenance. Concerned directly with equipment.
Pennsylvania Regulatory Requirements for QA Program 25 Pa.11(l) states: “…the registrant shall have a quality assurance program. This quality assurance program shall be documented and in accordance with guidelines…” 75 . Code. § 221.
htm • Pennsylvania guidelines and links to guidelines developed by appropriate professional organizations • Fact sheets on: – “Minimum QA Requirements for Healing Arts Radiography” – “Model QA Guidelines for Dental.pa. Diagnostic Radiology and Mammography” 76 . Guidelines for Developing QA Program Available on DEP’s website at: www.state.dep.us/brp/Radiation_Control_Division/X- Ray/QARequHealing.
Part 5 Regulations 77 .
Brief History and Overview of Radiation Regulations • X-ray machines regulated by states since their early development. • Shortly after WW II. most radioactive materials and all nuclear reactors assigned to be regulated by federal government. 78 . – Originally under the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) and later under the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC).
79 . Agreement State arrangements were made. • Federal agency (AEC and later NRC) would allow state regulatory oversight of most radioactive materials. • Federal government maintained control over reactors and certain materials dealing with defense. Agreement State Status • Because of overlap of many regulatory issues regarding X-rays and radioactive materials.
Pa. Code – Environmental Protection. Agreement State Status • Pennsylvania became Agreement State in 2008. Chapters 215-240. • Federal regulations from Title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations (or more commonly: 10 CFR) incorporated into some Pennsylvania regulations by reference. • State regulations found in 25 Pa. 80 .
• Oversees manufacturer compliance and studies biological effects of radiation. 81 . • FDA regulations found in 21 CFR. Role of FDA • Federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA) responsible for protecting public from hazardous or unnecessary exposure to radiation-emitting electronic products.
• In Pennsylvania. DEP and the MQSA • FDA also regulates mammography facilities under the Federal Mammography Quality Standards Act (MQSA). 82 . DEP’s Bureau of Radiation Protection contracts with FDA to perform annual inspections of mammography facilities. FDA. • Pennsylvania also maintains list of certified mammography facilities.
Code and the incorporated section of 10 CFR. • Not intended to be comprehensive. registrants should always refer directly to the regulations for issues at their facilities. 83 . Regulations Related to Use of Diagnostic X-rays • Following slides briefly review regulations regarding diagnostic X-rays in 25 Pa.
renewal. or termination of certificate of registration and transfer or disposal of machine. 84 . • Applications for renewal sent out at least 2 months prior to expiration. Code Chapter 216 • Provides requirements for registration. • DEP must be notified of transfer or disposal of X-ray devices. Registration of Radiation- Producing Machines 25 Pa. expiration.
85 . which are incorporated by reference. • Will highlight those that apply to medical X-ray devices. Standards for Protection Against Radiation 25 Pa. Code Chapter 219 • Largely parallels federal regulations in 10 CFR Part 20. • Many sections not relevant to X-ray facilities since they apply to radioactive materials.
86 . • Does not include background radiation. Note: this means that radiation doses to an individual from medical procedures performed on them do not fall under these regulations – a frequent concern of radiation workers. Occupational Dose Limits medical administration to the worker.21-22 • Applies only to occupational workers – individuals exposed in course of their work. Code §§ 219. Occupational Dose Limits 25 Pa. or other exposures as a member of the public.
Guide 8.5 Sv) body or extremity Dose limits for minors (occupational) 10 % of adult limits (< 18 years old) Dose equivalent to embryo/fetus of 0.13) information and guidelines) 87 . Annual Occupational Dose Limits for Diagnostic X-ray Workers with no Other Occupational Exposure Effective Dose Equivalent to Whole Body 5 rem (0.1208 for additional (See NRC Reg.05 Sv) Lens of Eye Dose Equivalent 15 rem (0.15 Sv) Shallow dose equivalent to skin of whole 50 rem (0.5 rem (5 mSv) during entire pregnancy declared pregnant female (See 10CFR20.
1995 as long as similar equipment is used. 88 .1 rem (1 mSv) in a year. 18.5 rem in 1990s. • Excludes background radiation or medically administered radiation. Pennsylvania does not require retrofitting of shielding for installations existing before Nov. Code § 219.51 • Shall not exceed 0. Dose Limits for Public 25 Pa. Example: This limit applies to a patient (or other family member) in a waiting room. Note: Value was changed from 0. but not to the medical treatment of the patient.
89 . • Major renovations of facilities or replacement of machines resulting in higher workloads may require a review of the shielding in-place to ensure that it is still adequate. Shielding of X-ray Facilities • X-ray facilities are shielded to protect individuals in adjoining areas and are based on expected use of those areas outside the X- ray room.
90 . Storage and Control 25 Pa.131-132 • Sources of radiation (including X-ray machines) shall be secured from unauthorized removal or access while in storage or available for use. Code §§ 219.
Posting Requirements 25 Pa. 91 . Code §§ 219.159-160 Radiation-producing machines are required to be labeled indicating that radiation is produced when energized: CAUTION – RADIATION THIS EQUIPMENT PRODUCES RADIATION WHEN ENERGIZED (Caution signs based on radiation level not required for rooms with machines used solely for diagnosis in the healing arts).
92 .222.221. Code §§ 219.229 • Report shall be made to the state of stolen. • Report required to state if determination by physician of actual or suspected damage to organ or system of patient exposed to therapeutic or diagnostic radiation. Reporting Requirements 25 Pa. lost or missing sources of radiation including radiation- producing machines.
Instructions & Reports to Workers. 93 . Inspections &Investigations • Registrants required to post: – Pa. Code Chapters 219 and 220 – Certificate of Registration 25 PA Code Chapter 220 – Applicable operating procedures – Notices of violations • Alternatively. Notices. registrant may post notice describing documents and where they may be examined.
items covered by regulations. Notices to Employees” • DEP Form 2900-FM-RP0003 “Notice to Employees” required to be posted. • Provides contact information for DEP’s Bureau of Radiation Protection. • Available on DEP’s website. reports on workers’ radiation history and inspections. • Outlines employer’s and worker’s responsibilities. 94 .
Related matters. surveys. 6.2900-FM-RP0003 Rev. You should observe their provisions for your own protection and protection of your co-workers. labels. 3. and safety interlock equipment. 95 . YOUR RESPONSIBILITY AS A WORKER You should familiarize yourself with these provisions of the Department of Environmental Protection regulations and operating procedures which apply to the work in which you are engaged. Limits on exposure to radiation and radioactive materials in restricted and unrestricted areas. Measures to be taken after accidental exposure. Post or otherwise make available to you a copy of the Department of Environmental Protection regulations. 7. If you work where personal monitoring is required pursuant to Chapter 219: (a) Your employer must advise you annually of your exposure to radiation. NOTICES. 2. Personal monitoring. WHAT IS COVERED BY THESE REGULATIONS 1. EMPLOYEE PROTECTION In Title 25 of its Rules and Regulations. 8/2008 COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION BUREAU OF RADIATION PROTECTION NOTICE TO EMPLOYEES STANDARDS FOR PROTECTION AGAINST RADIATION. 3. 5. Post Notice of Violation involving radiological working conditions. This chapter specifies limits on exposure to radiation and exposure to concentrations of radioactive material in air. INSTRUCTIONS AND REPORTS TO WORKERS. 2. Caution signs. and operating procedures which apply to work in which you are engaged. proposed imposition of civil penalties and orders. 4. Options for workers regarding Department inspections. The basic limits for exposure to employees are set forth in Chapter 219 of the regulations. the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection has established standards for your protection against radiation hazards and has established certain provisions for the options of workers engaged in work under a Department license or registration. Apply these Department of Environmental Protection regulations and any conditions of your employer’s radioactive materials license to all work involving radiation sources. and explain their provisions to you. Exposure records and reports. INSPECTIONS. If you observe a violation or possible safety concern. licenses. and (b) You may request a written report of your radiation exposure when you leave your job. YOUR EMPLOYER’S RESPONSIBILITY Your employer is required to: 1. REPORTS ON YOUR RADIATION HISTORY 1. and equipment. The Department of Environmental Protection regulations require that your employer give you a written report if you receive an exposure in excess of any applicable limit as set forth in the regulations or the license. You may be personally subject to enforcement action if through deliberate misconduct you cause or attempt to cause a violation of DEP requirements or deliberately provide inaccurate or incomplete safety information to DEP or your employer. you should report it immediately to your supervisor or contact DEP. 2.
Department inspectors may confer privately with workers.O. and must be signed by the worker as the representative of the workers or their self. In addition. any worker or representative of workers who believes that there is a violation of the Department regulations of the terms of the employer’s license or registration with regard to radiological working conditions in which the worker is engaged. and any worker may bring to the attention of the inspectors any past or present condition which that worker believes contributed to or caused any violation as described above. INQUIRIES Inquiries dealing with matters outlined above or other reports and correspondence can be sent to the Bureau of Radiation Protection. The request must set forth the specific grounds for the notice. During inspections. Box 8469. Telephone (717) 787-3720 Facsimile (717) 783-8965 Off hours emergency call PEMA: (717) 651-2001 96 . Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection. may request an inspection by sending a notice of the alleged violation to the Bureau of Radiation Protection. Harrisburg PA 17105-8469. P.INSPECTIONS All activities involving radiation are subject to inspection by representatives of the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection.
1 and 221. X-rays in the Healing Arts Chapter 221 provides detailed information on requirements for medical X-rays – General Provisions (§§ 221.2) discuss purpose and scope of this chapter and provide extensive list of definitions.15) cover registrant responsibilities. These controls have largely been covered during the section on X-ray machines. records. – Administrative Controls (§§ 221. reports. 97 . applicability and associated information.11-221.
maintenance. X-rays in the Healing Arts – Diagnostic Installations General Requirements (§§ 221. – Registrant should review these regulations for their specific facility to determine application. and control of X-rays used in healing arts.49) provide specific regulations for operation. – A table of the section titles and a brief review of the requirements follows: 98 .21-221.
33) 221.25 Beam Quality Table I gives minimum filtration requirements based on operating voltage.21 Diagnostic equipment Certified components shall comply with relevant regulations of requirements the Food and Drug Agency (21CFR 1020.26 Multiple tubes When multiple tubes are controlled by one switch.24 Radiation from May not exceed 2 mR in 1 hour at 5 cm from accessible surface components other than diagnostic source assembly 221. Section Number and Title Abbreviated summary of section requirements (See Regulations for Additional Details) 221. Table II gives minimum HVL values that will meet these requirements 221. indicators on the control panel and at or near the tube housing assembly shall indicate which tube has been selected 99 .30 – 1020.23 Leakage radiation from May not exceed 100 mR in one hour at 1 meter diagnostic source assembly 221.22 Battery charge Control panels on battery powered x-ray generators shall indicator visually indicate proper battery operation 221.
and alignment. may not exceed 2 mR/hour nergy storage equipment in at 5 cm from accessible surface when fully charged and beam100 . Intraoral dental system requirements for beam limitation are specified 21.27 Mechanical support of Tube housing assembly shall remain stable during exposure ube head (unless movement is a designed function of system) 21.31a Locks Position locking. Equipment having fixed technique factors may indicate them with permanent marking on equipment 21. holding and centering devices shall function as intended 21.28 Technique indicators Technique factors shall be indicated (except for automatic exposure controls in which case mAs shall be indicated).33a Radiation from capacitor When switch or timer not activated. (See definitions in 221. mitations Specifics are given for beam limiting devices regarding accuracy.1 when technique factors held constant.32a Radiographic beam Useful beam shall be limited to area of clinical interest.30 Exposure reproducibility Coefficient of variation of exposure reproducibility may not or noncertified systems exceed 0.2 for formula for this calculation) 21.21. adjustment.29 Kilovoltage (kV) accuracy Output for variable kV units may not vary from set-indicated value by more than 10% Output for fixed kV units may not vary from set-indicated value by more than 20% 21.
systems shall use image intensifier and comply with systems prior regulations in this chapter.221. Also stationary systems shall have controls in protected area and require operator to remain there.35a Fluoroscopic x-ray Fluoro.34a Radiation exposure Requirements to ensure exposure controls are given including control switch operations. 221.36a Limitation of useful Requirements are given for primary protective barrier beam of fluoroscopic placement.37a Activation of Dead-man switch and means to terminate serial images shall 101 fluoroscopic tube be provided . 221. mobile and portable units shall be designed so operator is at least 2 meters from patient and x-ray tube head when operating system. adjustment and size of the x-ray field. and spot image device requirements 221. visible and audible signals and other requirements for manual and automatic exposure control. minimum equipment source to skin distance.
42a Control of Limits for scatter radiation originating either under or above the table top scattered radiation are specified 221. shall provide image 102 fluoroscopes intensification . of entrance radiation rate limits exposure rate 221. for systems without high level control 20 R/min.43a Mobile In addition to other fluoroscopic requirements.38a Entrance Entrance exposure rates.39a Barrier Protective barrier may not transmit >2mR/hr at 10 cm from accessible transmitted surface of fluoroscopic imaging assembly for each R/min. voltage and current shall be of tube voltage and indicated current 221.41a Timing device activated by fluoroscopic switch shall be provided. for systems with high level control. for systems with high level control activated 10 R/min. It shall Fluoroscopic timer provide audible signal or temporary/permanent interruption when preset limit not exceeding 5 minutes is reached 221. frequency of measurements and compliance Exposure Rate requirements are given Entrance exposure rates are: 10 R/min.221. but not activated 221.40a Indication During fluoroscopy and cinefluorography.
therapeutic X-rays systems with energies less than 1 MeV and computed tomography X-ray systems and are beyond the scope of this training program. X-rays in the Healing Arts • Remainder of Chapter 221 deals with radiation therapy simulations systems. 103 .
Conclusion • This section has presented an overview of the regulations that apply to medical X-rays used in low-risk procedures. for questions or concerns. Registrants should directly consult the applicable regulations or contact the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection. Bureau of Radiation Protection. 104 .
• This section has presented an overview of the regulations that apply to medical X-rays used in low-risk procedures. Registrants should directly consult the applicable regulations or contact the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection. for questions or concerns. Bureau of Radiation Protection. 105 .
portal. 106 .Online Continuing Education Radiation Safety Quiz • The Online Continuing Education Radiation Safety Quiz is found at http://www.pt/com munity/x- ray_machine_program/21929/continuing_education _in_radiation_safety_quiz/1947281 • Upon successful completion of the quiz.us/portal/server.pa. print out the confirmation webpage and retain in your records.state.
PA 17105-8469 Telephone (717) 787-3720 Email: RA-EPRadiationContro@pa. Contact Information Pa.gov Off-hours emergency call PEMA (717) 651-2001 107 .O. Department of Environmental Protection Bureau of Radiation Protection P. Box 8469 Harrisburg.
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