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Timestamp: 2016-12-09 15:39:25
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Matched Legal Cases: ['Case No: 413', 'CASE NO: 441', 'Case No: 20157', 'Case No: 162', 'CASE NO: 13', 'Case No: 20794', 'Case No: 546', 'Case No: 195', 'Case No: 455', 'Case No: 455', 'Case No: 491', 'Case No: 491', 'Case No: 211', 'Case No: 499', 'ART 1']

⭐THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL OF SOUTH AFRICA JUDGMENT
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1 THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL OF SOUTH AFRICA JUDGMENT In the matter between: Case No: 413/09 GAIL SINGH NASHEE SINGH First Appellant Second Appellant and ASHRAFF EBRAHIM Respondent Neutral citation: Singh v Ebrahim (413/09) [2010] ZASCA 145 (26 November 2010) Coram: Conradie, Maya, Snyders, Leach JJA and R Pillay AJA Heard: 16, 17 and 18 August 2010 Delivered: 26 November 2010 Summary: Damages award medical negligence approach on appeal determination of life expectancy amendments on appeal claim for so-called lost years s 28(2) of Constitution alleged bias of trial judge offer in terms of Uniform Rule 342 2 ORDER On appeal from: KwaZulu Natal High Court (Durban) (Koen J sitting as court of first instance): 1.(a) The appellants application to amend by substituting the amount of R for the amount of R where it appears in paragraph 14.1 of the particulars of claim and in prayer B is granted in prayer D the amount of R is substituted for the amount of R ; (b) Save as aforesaid, the application to amend and to lead further evidence is dismissed with costs. 2. The appeal succeeds with costs, including the costs of the applications for leave to appeal to the high court and to this court and including those costs attendant upon the employment of two counsel 3. The orders granted on 30 July 2008 are set aside in part and reproduced below with substituted provisions and additions indicated in bold type. (1) The defendant is ordered to: (a) pay to the plaintiffs in their personal capacities the amount of R ,77; (b) pay to the plaintiffs in their representative capacities on behalf of Gian Singh the amount of R13 579,20; (c) pay to the plaintiffs in their representative capacities on behalf of Nico Singh, the amount of R ,50 subject to the provisions of paragraph (4) below; (2) the defendant is ordered to pay interest to the plaintiffs on the aforesaid amounts at 15.5% per annum a tempore morae from date of judgment to date of payment; (3) the defendant is ordered to pay the plaintiffs taxed or agreed costs on the party and party scale, such costs to include:3 3 3.1 the costs consequent upon the employment of two counsel, where applicable, including the preparation of written heads of argument; 3.2 the reasonable costs of obtaining medico-legal and actuarial reports from those experts who testified and whose qualifying fees are allowed; 3.3 the reasonable costs of those experts who attended joint meeting of expert witnesses; 3.4 the reasonable qualifying and reservation fees relating to attendance at court of the following witnesses: Dr R Koch Dr P Lofstedt Mr D Rademeyer Dr G Versfeld Mr H Schüssler Mr H Grimsehl Dr R Wiersma Miss B Donaldson Dr M Lilienfeld Miss I Hattingh Miss G Steyn Miss A Crosbie Mr J Lapp Dr A Botha Miss P Jackson Miss E Bubb Professor P A Cooper Dr D Strauss Mr G Whittaker 3.5 the costs of of obtaining a transcript of the proceedings;4 4 (4) the plaintiffs attorney of record, Joseph s Inc, is directed to pay the amount awarded in respect of Nico Singh in the amount of R less the attorney and own client costs and disbursements relating specifically to his claim excluding the attorney and own client cost relating to the claims of the plaintiffs in their personal capacities and on behalf of Gian as either agreed, taxed or assessed ( the capital amount ) over to the Trust (to be created within 1 month of the date of the order), which Trust: (a) (b) shall be created in accordance with the Trust Deed which shall contain the provisions set out in the draft Trust Deed, a copy of which is annexed hereto as annexure X ; shall have as its Trustee Investec Pvt Trust Limited, with those powers and duties as set out in the aforesaid Trust Deed. (5) The Trustee shall: (a) be entitled in the execution of its duties and fiduciary responsibilities towards the beneficiary of the Trust, to have the attorney and client costs and disbursements of Joseph Inc taxed, unless agreed; (b) be obliged to render security to the satisfaction of the Master of the High Court, subject to the provisions of paragraph 6.7 thereof; (6) in the event of the Trust not being created within 1 month of date of this order, the plaintiffs and their attorney are directed to approach this court within two months after the expiry of the first period of 1 month, to obtain further directions with regard to the manner in which the capital amount should be administered on behalf of Nico Singh; (7) the following persons are declared necessary witnesses: (a) (b) Dr R Wiersma, a paediatric surgeon; Mr D J Smythe, the headmaster of Browns School;5 5 (8) the trustee of the Trust is directed to employ an overseer/supervisor, of the calibre contemplated by the parties, as a case manager, nominated by the chairperson of the Cerebral Palsy Association of South Africa or any similar institution or organisation, having as its main object and purpose the advancement and care of cerebral palsy sufferers, with the following powers, duties and responsibilities: (a) (b) (c) (d) to enquire into and investigate whether Nico receives all the necessary therapies, treatment, other devices, aids and accessories as any of the professional therapists or doctors treating him may recommend from time to time; to undertake such investigation and enquiry at regular intervals but not less than once annually until Nico attains majority; in the event of any necessary treatments, therapies or accessories not being made available to Nico, to investigate the cause for such failure including liaison with the Trustee of the Trust as to the financial feasibility of such treatment; if necessary, to apply to the High Court, such application to be funded from the funds of the Trust, for whatever relief may be deemed appropriate; (9) all reserved costs are declared to be costs in the cause. (10) the defendant is ordered to pay the trustee s remuneration of R directly into the Trust. 4. The orders granted by the high court on 15 December 2008 are set aside and replaced by an order reading: The application is dismissed with costs, including the costs of two counsel. 5. The cross-appeal is dismissed with costs, including the costs of two counsel.6 6 JUDGMENT CONRADIE JA (LEACH JA and R PILLAY AJA concurring) [1] The appellants who were the plaintiffs in the court a quo are the parents of Nico, who is severely disabled by cerebral palsy as the result of a hypoxic brain injury sustained at birth. Just over 5 years old when the trial started, he is now nine. The respondent, the specialist gynaecologist whose negligence in delivering the baby caused the brain injury, admitted liability for the ensuing damages. [2] In their particulars of claim dated 18 June 2004, the appellants claimed in their personal capacities and on behalf of Nico amounts totalling R By amendment shortly before the commencement of the trial the claim escalated six- fold to R The trial, which turned into a marathon, started before Koen J on 30 October 2006 and ran until 14 November It was heard again from 16 April to 18 May, and then from 15 October to 2 November 2007, altogether twelve weeks. Koen J delivered three judgments. In the first he set about resolving the disputes of fact, which were many and varied, and having done so, gave directions for the computation of damages by an actuary agreed between the parties. On the basis of those calculations to which discretionary adjustments were made by the judge, the court awarded to the appellants damages of R in their personal capacities, R in their capacity as parents of their other son Gian, and R for damages claimed on behalf of Nico. [3] In his third judgment Koen J dealt with the costs of the action taking account of the fact that at the commencement of the trial the respondent had made a written offer in terms of Uniform Rule of Court 34(1) to settle the appellants claims for R12m including the costs of a curator. In the course of his judgment, realising that he had earlier failed to award any amount in respect of the costs of a curator which the parties had agreed would be calculated at 7.5 per cent of the capital amount of Nico s damages, the judge made the necessary calculation and allowed a further sum of R in that respect. This increased the total sum of the damages to R Since that sum fell R short of the offer, the judge, at the7 7 respondent s request, revised his earlier costs order to, broadly, provide that instead of the respondent paying the appellants costs, the latter were to pay the costs of the former. [4] Leave to appeal to this court against parts of the three judgments delivered in the high court on 20 March 2008, 30 July 2008 and 15 December 2008 was granted to the appellants by the court a quo, leave which was extended by this court to include all aspects on which the appellants had sought leave. The respondent obtained leave from the court a quo to cross-appeal against certain parts of the first and second judgments. [5] Due to the complexity and scope of the appeal my colleague Snyders and I were tasked with writing a joint judgment. However, since we differ on the outcome of the appeal, this has not proved possible. There are nevertheless extensive areas of agreement on the major issues in the appeal. I shall therefore make copious reference to her judgment, here and there adding my own observations. THE AMENDMENTS [6] The appellants seek leave to amend their pleadings to raise an issue that had not been raised before the court a quo and, on other aspects, seek leave under Rule 22(a) of the Uniform Rules of Court to introduce new evidence on appeal. Certain minor amendments to their particulars of claim sought by the appellants elicited no opposition. They are granted in the terms recorded in the order. [7] With regard to the application to adduce further evidence on appeal, I agree entirely with Snyders JA in rejecting the application for the reasons that she does. The remaining amendment seeks to introduce a claim for the patrimonial loss Nico would have suffered between his estimated date of survival and his pre-morbid retirement age of 65. This period, from the date of premature death to the date on which a victim s earnings would have ceased had his life not been shortened, is commonly referred to as the lost years. [8] Mr Delport for the respondent argued that the amendment should be refused for attempting to introduce allegations to sustain a proposed claim that is bad in law. The argument is obviously sound and I see no reason to go beyond it in refusing the8 8 amendment. The decision of this court in Lockhat s Estate v North British & Mercantile Insurance Company Limited 1959 (3) SA 295 (A) stands in the way of a claim for the lost years. There was no attempt by the appellants to persuade us that Lockhat s Estate is clearly wrong. All that Mr de Waal for the appellants submitted was that we ought to depart from Lockhat s Estate by preferring the reasoning of the House of Lords in Pickett v British Rail Engineering Ltd 1980 AC 36; [1979] 1 All ER 774. [9] Pickett s case put an end to an extended controversy in the English courts about claims for the lost years. In overruling the decision of the Court of Appeal in Oliver and Others v Ashman and Another [1962] 2 QB 210 the House of Lords was influenced by what it saw as an inequity arising from the provision of the Fatal Accidents Act 1976, that precluded a dependant of a deceased victim from suing for loss of support once a living victim had recovered damages. The equitable solution favoured by the House of Lords was to permit the living victim to claim for patrimonial loss 1 after his premature death in the hope that he would leave the damages so recovered to his dependants by will; or if he did not have a will, in the expectation that more often than not his dependants would also be his heirs. [10] Our law is quite different to, and as Snyders JA remarks, more satisfactory than, the English law. The loss of the capacity to save during the lost years is not regarded as establishing an enforceable claim by the victim of a wrong: Ramsbottom JA makes this unmistakably plain where he says at 305H-306B of Lockhat s Estate: But I think that it is clear that the only right which the injured man had was to claim loss of earnings up to the date of this death, and nothing more could pass to his executors. A man who has been killed has no claim for compensation after his death; after that event he needs no support for himself and is under no duty to support his family. His dependants have their own action against the wrongdoer for the loss that they have sustained. If the wrongdoer is unable to pay, they may be able to claim support from the estate of the deceased, but that does not give the executor the right to claim from the wrongdoer earnings or savings that have been lost through the death of the deceased. If it did, the dependants would have no claim 1 What precisely this loss is has remained controversial.9 9 against the wrongdoer; their claim for maintenance would be against the estate of the deceased. That is not the law. [11] No one has since Lockhat s Estate suggested that it is not good law. The cases which have dealt, if only in passing, with lost years claims have accepted it as sound. Academic opinion has been unwaveringly in support of its correctness. See J E Scholtens Damages for Death (1959) 76 SALJ 373; PQR Boberg Shortened Expectation of Life as an Element in the Assessment of Damages for Loss of Earnings (1960) 77 SALJ 438; PQR Boberg Damages occasioned by shortened (or lengthened) Expectation of Life (1962) 79 SALJ 43 ; PQR Boberg The Law of Delict vol 1 Aquilian Liability 542; see also Florence J Howroyd in Damages for Pecuniary Loss Occasioned by shortened Expectation of Life (1960) 77 SALJ 448. THE BILL OF RIGHTS [12] In regard to the application of section 28(2) of the Constitution, I agree with what my colleague states in paragraphs [123] to [130] of her judgment and have nothing to add. THE LIFE EXPECTANCY [13] Easily the most important from the point of view of dramatically affecting much of the appellants damages claims, and also the most controversial, is the question of Nico s life expectancy. In view of the importance of the issue, the appellants took a good deal of trouble to ensure that the most persuasive evidence available was placed before the court. They found a person who could give such evidence in Dr D J Strauss, for thirty years a professor of statistics at the University of California who made it the central focus of his work for the last thirteen of those years to develop a data base recording the chances of survival of, inter alias, sufferers from cerebral palsy. His eminence and expertise in this field has not been questioned. In the course10 10 of his work Dr Strauss and his collaborators, referred to as the California Group, have assembled what he called an extremely large data base in California which has information on about people who have developed mental disabilities and that includes cerebral palsy. [14] Dr Strauss explained his mortality tables in this way: Essentially the mortality tables for cerebral palsy sufferers are constructed by identifying a group of similar persons closest in disabilities to the subject for whom a life expectancy figure is sought and determining from the assembled data what the life expectancy of a person would be. Since each individual within a group has his own particular disabilities, it is necessary to refine the life expectancy prediction for each, a topic which I deal with below. [15] The life expectancy estimates are summarized by Dr Strauss in a table as follows: Table 1. Life Expectancies for various profiles of functional level All estimates apply to a 5.2 year-old South African male. # Description Remaining Years 1. General population All persons in the database who have cerebral 27.9 palsy, feed orally, do not crawl, creep, scoot or walk, and do not feed self 3. Nico Singh a. Does not lift head in prone 20.311 11 b. Lifts head in prone, but does not roll over 25.2 c. Rolls; taking account of low weight 29.9 d. Rolls; low weight ignored 31.6 [16] Four days after having written his report on 5 October 2006, Dr Strauss, at the request of the appellants attorney, prepared a supplementary report on the footing that Nico s mass was 12.1 rather than 11kg. That pushed up his life expectancy by 0.6 of a year. Of greater import was the appellants attorney s request to use as an alternative basis for calculating Nico s life expectancy mortality tables devised by the actuary Mr R J Koch, giving for a person in the highest income bracket R and more annually at age 5.2 years, a normal life expectancy of 66.3 additional years compared to the 62.8 years of the official 84/86 Life Tables. [17] On 12 October 2006, in response to a request by the appellants attorney for estimates of life expectancies on the assumption that Nico was a child needing gastrostomy feeding (feeding by a tube permanently inserted into the stomach), Dr Strauss produced the following table: Table [2]. Life Expectancies for various profiles of functional level. All estimates apply to a 5.2 year-old South African male. Remaining Years Description White So Rand African 1. General population Nico Singh: cerebral palsy, tube fed and a. does not lift head when lying in prone b. lifts head, head and chest, or has partial or full rolling12 12 [18] Since motor function has been found to be the key determinant of survival, mobility is the main criterion for grouping similar people together. Feeding skill is important in assessing gross motor function; tube feeding or the need for it is taken to be a strongly negative factor, not because a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy interferes with life expectancy (on the contrary by introducing food directly into the stomach the intake of nutrients and consequently life expectancy is enhanced) but because a child who cannot eat at all is generally more disabled than one who can take food orally. [19] Body mass is an important determinant of survival but cognative ability, while not negligible, is a much smaller factor in assessing the chances of survival. Dr Strauss expressed it by saying that profound retardation is bad for life expectancy, although not as bad as bad mobility. [20] Motor function varies considerably and to construct a usable model with only children who match Nico exactly would leave one with a group too small to be statistically significant. As Dr Strauss expressed it: We estimate the hazard for a particular child that matches the criteria that we are interested in which in Nico s case was rolls, or lifts head, fed by others and so on. [21] Using these criteria as controls as well as taking into account that the survival rate of children like Nico with very severe disabilities has in recent years improved somewhat Dr Strauss drew up his tables of life expectancies for various profiles of functional level.13 13 [22] The criteria employed to construct these categories may be called mainstream criteria. There are subsidiary survival criteria that are not statistically taken into account in constructing the categories because no statistical data is available. The weight given to the subsidiary criteria, either positive or negative, must depend on the assessment of the individual child; they are used as an adjustment mechanism once the mainstream category into which a child most closely falls has been identified. [23] With regard to the mainstream criteria governing the broad classification of a disabled child, it is important to appreciate that it is not that a child can lift its head or roll, but that it does so. Head lifting in prone is the first skill that a baby develops at the age of about one month. It is common knowledge that once it is able to do so, it does so typically and consistently from that age on. At the age of two months, the baby learns to roll; it then does so consistently and typically. For a disabled child to have the same ability to roll as a two month old baby, one would expect it to typically and consistently do so. To serve as a proper statistical control the head lifting and rolling should, Dr Strauss explained, be relatively normal for the child. [24] With regard to rolling, one other observation is required. The mainstream criterion is rolling over that is to say, from front to back and the other way round. Partial rolling, even if it is laborious, is nevertheless also taken into account by Dr Strauss and, although it is not full compliance with the data base criteria, one appreciates the merit of treating it as an element in assessing mobility. As I shall presently show, all of these manifestations of rolling must, in order to have statistical relevance, occur consistently and typically. [25] There is another element that ought to be taken into account in a mobility assessment: Nico has occasionally been seen to scoot, that is to say, by the use of his14 14 legs to propel himself along on his buttocks. This is an indication of mobility beyond that which one would expect of a two month old baby. [26] The evidence of Nico lifting his head is patchy. On 27 July 2006 Ms R M Hardy, a psychologist, reported that Nico, assessed by her on 6 June 2006, could hardly lift his head. Ms A M Crosbie, an occupational therapist, who tested Nico on 22 June 2006, reported that he had very little head control. Examined by a paediatrician Prof P A Cooper on the same day it was found that Nico was able to lift his head in prone. A day later, on 23 June 2006, the paediatric physiotherapist Ms Philippa Jackson assessed Nico; she reported that Nico could not lift his head lying in prone. Ida-Marie Hattingh, a speech/language pathologist and audiologist, who also assessed Nico on 23 June 2006 reported that Nico had poor head control and that his head needed to be supported at all times. On 4 August 2006 Dr Margaret Lilienfeld, an augmentative and alternative communication specialist and occupational therapist, reported that Nico is extremely weak and has difficulty in holding his head up even when in supported sitting. On 27 September 2006 Dr A S Botha reported that Nico, (assessed on 12 September 2006) could lift his head and part of his chest when lying on his stomach. However, two days earlier Nico had been assessed by Dr R D Campbell who reported that Nico was unable to lift his head. [27] At best for Nico, his ability to lift his head in prone is sporadic. There certainly was no sustained display of this vital mobility skill, something which is also demonstrated by the appellants failure to produce any recorded visual evidence of Nico lifting his head. In view of the critical importance of recording such evidence, the fact that no evidence appears to exist, leads to the irresistible inference that Nico s head lifting was so infrequent or intermittent that it was not reasonably practical to15 15 photograph it. Such video discs as do exist, do not assist. Dr Strauss says in his report of 29 September 2006 that in the video discs he reviewed, Nico did not demonstrate that he meets the criterion for head lifting. [28] Mr de Waal argued that Dr Strauss could not have been expected to observe evidence of head lifting because he was sent eating and sleeping videos, but did not explain why, if there were head lifting videos in existence, it was not thought advisable to make them available to Dr Strauss. [29] The first appellant had seen Nico roll to both sides although, she said, he had a preference for rolling to one side. She did not say how often he did this but from the fact that over a period of years no visual material was produced to the court or any of the experts to prove the rolling, we may assume that it happened too infrequently to be captured on camera. In regard to both the head lifting and the rolling, it is troubling to consider that with surveillance cameras widely available nowadays, it was not thought to place this crucial issue of motor skills beyond contention by obtaining video footage of how, and precisely when, Nico demonstrated the ability to roll or lift his head in prone. The visual material sent to Dr Strauss did not demonstrate an ability to roll, whether fully or partially. [30] Alison Crosbie who assessed Nico on 22 June 2006 reported that he could roll onto his back but not the other way round. She said Nico is able to roll to one side on his own. The next day Philippa Jackson in her assessment of Nico observed that he could only roll to his left and only with great difficulty. Dr Campbell s observation on 25 September 2006 was that Nico rolled and could indeed roll in such a way as to meet the Strauss criteria. At an examination by Prof Cooper on 12 November 2006, Nico16 16 was observed to be rolling from supine into prone and the other way, both to the left and to the right. [31] Dr Strauss reviewed nineteen expert reports produced up to the time of his own report and saw two or three video discs. His recollection was that Nico was in a chair most of the time so that there was not much opportunity to observe gross motor activity. Based on what he saw or read, and in view of the divergence of opinion among the experts, Dr Strauss did not, as he put it, take a position on either the issue of head lifting or that of rolling. What he did say, was that Nico s severe disabilities in gross motor function are a strongly negative factor for his life expectancy. In regard to the ability to lift the head in prone, Dr Strauss said that it is a significant skill in children with severe cerebral palsy, as it distinguishes those with some modest gross motor function from those with effectively none. [32] The appellants supplementary summary of expert testimony in respect of Dr Strauss informs the reader that Dr Strauss was requested on the basis of recent evidence in the matter to express an opinion on Nico s life expectancy. The only recent evidence to have come to light, evidence that Dr Strauss did not already have, was a report by Dr Cooper on his examination of Nico on 12 November [33] Dr Strauss s envisaged testimony was in this document said to be that it appears that Nico s ability to roll has been seen on a consistent basis, and that he has been observed to lift his head in prone consistently. This, he declared, places Nico in the consistently rolls scenario and that, therefore, one should assume the most favourable of the three motor function scenarios. (ie 3(b), (c) and (d) see para [16]) [34] When Dr Strauss came to testify he was referred to Dr Cooper s finding and it was put to him that he, Dr Strauss,17 assumed rolling and sitting (sic) and particularly that he [Nico] was able to roll from side to side in both directions consistently and typically as per your requirement and that he was able to roll from supine to prone and prone to supine in both directions, correct? The answer to this was, That was considered in one of my scenarios, yes. [35] Dr Strauss then proceeded to explain how the scenario that assumed the ability to roll, which was the most optimistic of the three, was constructed. It did not measure the mobility only of children who roll over but also of children who roll from side to side but not from front to back or vice versa, children who consistently roll from front to back but not vice versa, and those who roll both ways from front to back and back to front. He did not, as I understand his evidence, deviate from the statistical control imperative that the rolling, whether full or partial, and whether laborious or easy, should occur consistently and typically. 2 [36] Dr Strauss followed this methodology to achieve greater statistical stability from a larger cohort and to cater for the uncertainty about Nico s abilities; on the assumptions he was asked to make, the three levels combined, in his view, produced a life expectancy that would be a fair reflection of the ability of a child like Nico. He neatly explained it by saying that, If it is assumed that Nico has the ability to roll but we don t want to specify just how good it is, then I think four, five, six [the three categories mentioned above] is the right group. [37] Throughout his evidence Dr Strauss was careful to emphasise that it was for the court with the help of medical professionals to determine the category into which a 2 In describing the rolling criteria used in the construction of what Dr Strauss described as the scenario that assumes the ability to roll, which was the most optimistic of the three he used the expression consistently only once and that in regard to the ability to roll from front to back but not vice versa. However, it is highly improbable that the consistency criterium applied only to this one indicator of mobility and not to the others.18 18 child most properly falls. All he was prepared to do was point out which criteria, both mainline and peripheral, were or might be significant. Assessing the statistical significance of the particular disabilities displayed by a particular child, he recognised as a bit of an art form. The court may well decide, he said, that one group is more appropriate than another, but my own sense is that, based on what I am hearing now, is that four, five, six pretty much captures Nico s situation. [38] In speaking of his own sense based on what he was hearing, Dr Strauss was referring to the assumptions that underlay the assessment in his first report in regard to scenario (d) which assumed rolling and ignored the low weight. What he testified to was based on information that he had been given by the appellants attorney and counsel such as the following: Professor Cooper found on his examination on 12 November 2006 that Nico was able to roll from supine to prone and prone to supine in both directions. He was able to roll from side to side in both directions consistently and typically as per the requirement database discussed by Dr Strauss in his previous reports. [39] As I read his evidence, Dr Cooper said nothing of the kind. He did indeed see Nico rolling from front to back and back to front in both directions towards an object that he wanted. Although it took him several minutes to advance a metre by a mixture of rolling and scooting, he managed to get there. This, I would think, demonstrates quite a lot of mobility, but of course Dr Cooper could not say, and could not know, whether he moved in this way consistently or typically.19 19 [40] The conclusion that Dr Strauss was in the expert notice said to have come to was that should the information set out in paragraph 1 3 be accepted it would appear that the balance is more favourable than the average among children with comparable physical disabilities.... [41] This, on my reading, is what Dr Strauss meant when he said, if it is assumed that Nico has the ability to roll but we do not want to specify just how good that is, then I think four, five and six is the right group. Four, five and six are, of course, subgroups that do not carry a statistical value: they are encompassed in group 3(d) of Rolls: Low weight ignored but they are evidently enough to bring Nico into that group. However, I do not understand Dr Strauss to imply that anything less than consistent and typical activity of this kind would meet any of the criteria. He put the matter beyond doubt when he replied to the following question in cross examination:... she [Ms McFarlane] says that he is able to roll to the left and the right independently.... She then adds that he expends a lot of time and energy in doing so and then says the manner in which he moves through these positions is also abnormal. Would that meet you criterion? Yes, if you could do it in an abnormal fashion, this doesn t speak to the consistent and typical issue, abnormal is not a problem, however, I agree with what I think you are saying which is that expending a lot of time and energy should be listed as a minus compared to children who can do it more easily. [42] A further indication that Dr Strauss thought Nico belonged in the 3(d) group only on the basis of the factors he had been asked to assume is the exchange 3 Matters such as Nico s weight, his rolling and head lifting, and absence of epilepsy. When asked by counsel whether he confirms the report, he replied that that was the information he had received and understands.20 20 between him and Mr Delport in cross-examination where Dr Strauss replies affirmatively to the question:...he does not lift his head in prone consistently and typically and he doesn t roll over, then we are, I assume, back at 3(a)? Dr Strauss adds the caveat, that if it were found that Nico does not consistently lift his head in prone I would say that he is unusually high functioning in other respects for that group and so I would not have analysed it that way. [43 ] Dr Strauss was careful to emphasise that the totality of the evidence should be taken into account and that he would not presume to tell the court what the right category is. He did not have a personal view of whether the information furnished to him was right. That would be for the judge, steeped in the atmosphere of the trial, to decide. 4 [44] The court found that Nico had not, on a balance of probability, been shown to meet the mainline criteria, a finding that it expressed by remarking that a huge question mark remains over whether Nico can roll over consistently and typically. Having lamented the fact that his doubts were not removed by evidence of consistent and typical rolling adduced by someone who had regular contact with him, the judge referred to the evidence of Dr Campbell who was... generous in putting Nico into the group that can roll consistently and typically, giving him, as he explained it, the benefit of the doubt. 5 The judge then, with equal generosity, made the following finding: Maybe, as is apparently common with persons with Nico s type of cerebral 4 The appellants did not contend for anything less. In their delineation of the issues on appeal, they state as one of the issues Nico s gross motor skills assessed in terms of the ability to roll and the lift the head consistently and typically. 5 For one who had only seen Nico once, it was a bold conclusion for Dr Campbell to have drawn. View more
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