Source: https://www.legalcrystal.com/case/97213/ftc-vs-bunte-bros-inc
Timestamp: 2017-02-28 03:57:59
Document Index: 369077274

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 5', '§ 5', '§ 45', '§ 5', '§ 5', '§ 2', '§ 152', '§ 4', '§ 834', '§ 1', '§ 51', '§ 5', '§ 13', '§ 5']

Ftc Vs Bunte Bros Inc - Citation 97213 - Court Judgment | LegalCrystal
Save as PDF Add a Tag Add a Note Semantics Visualize Ftc Vs. Bunte Bros., Inc. - Court Judgment	LegalCrystal Citationlegalcrystal.com/97213CourtUS Supreme CourtDecided OnFeb-17-1941Case Number312 U.S. 349AppellantFtcRespondentBunte Bros., Inc.Excerpt:.....(1941)
1. the federal trade commission is without authority under § 5 of the federal trade commission act to prevent a candy manufacturer within a state from selling, wholly within that state, candy in so-called "break and take" assortments. p.
312 u. s. 350
2. such selling is not a method of competition "in [interstate] commerce" within the meaning of the act, and therefore not within the jurisdiction of the commission, even though it be in..... Judgment:
FTC v. Bunte Bros., Inc. - 312 U.S. 349 (1941)
2. Such selling is not a method of competition "in [interstate] commerce" within the meaning of the Act, and therefore not within the jurisdiction of the Commission, even though it be in competition with and affect the sales of out-of-state manufacturers who are barred from selling "break and take" assortments in interstate commerce as an unfair method of competition. P.
3. The phrase "unfair methods of competition in [interstate] commerce," as used in the Federal Trade Commission Act, is not to be construed as though it meant "unfair methods of competition in any way affecting interstate commerce." P.
312 U. S. 355
which makes the amount the purchaser receives dependent upon chance, and that thereby it was enabled in the Illinois market to compete unfairly with manufacturers outside of Illinois who could not indulge in this device because the Trade Commission has barred "break and take" packages as an "unfair method of competition." Federal Trade Commission Act, § 5(a), 38 Stat. 719, as amended 15 U.S.C. § 45(a);
. Deeming the "break and take" sales unfair methods of competition under § 5, even though the sales took place wholly within Illinois, the Commission forbade Bunte Brothers further use of the device. The Circuit Court of Appeals set aside the order, 110 F.2d 412, and we brought the case here because the issue at stake presents an important aspect of the interplay of state and federal authority. 311 U.S. 624.
The scope of § 5 is in controversy. [
] That section, the court below held, authorizes the Commission to proceed only against business practices employed in interstate commerce. The Commission urges that its powers are not so restricted, that it may also proscribe unfair methods used in intrastate sales when these result in a handicap to interstate competitors.
The "commerce" in which these methods are barred is interstate commerce. [
] Neither ordinary English speech nor the considered language of legislation would aptly describe the sales by Bunte Brothers of its "break and take" assortments in Illinois as "using unfair methods of competition in [interstate] commerce." When, in order to protect interstate commerce, Congress has regulated activities which in isolation are merely local, it has normally conveyed its purpose explicitly.
National Labor Relations Act, §§ 2(7), 9(c), 10(a), 49 Stat. 450, 453, 29 U.S.C. § 152(7), 159(c), 160(a); Bituminous Coal Act, § 4-A, 50 Stat. 83, 15 U.S.C. § 834; Federal Employers' Liability Act, § 1, 35 Stat. 65, as amended, 53 Stat. 1404, 45 U.S.C. § 51. To be sure, the construction of every such statute presents a unique problem in which words derive vitality from the aim and nature of the specific legislation. But, bearing in mind that, in ascertaining the scope of congressional legislation, a due regard for a proper adjustment of the local and national interests in our federal scheme must always be in the background, we ought not to find in § 5 radiations beyond the obvious meaning of language unless otherwise the purpose of the Act would be defeated.
on control over intrastate transactions. [
] Authority actually granted by Congress, of course, cannot evaporate through lack of administrative exercise. But, just as established practice may shed light on the extent of power conveyed by general statutory language, so the want of assertion of power by those who presumably would be alert to exercise it is equally significant in determining whether such power was actually conferred.
See Norwegian Nitrogen Co. v. United States,
. This practical construction of the Act by those entrusted with its administration is reinforced by the Commission's unsuccessful attempt in 1935 to secure from Congress an express grant of authority over transactions "affecting" commerce in addition to its control of practices in commerce. S.Rep. No. 46, 74th Cong., 1st Sess. These circumstances are all the more significant in that, during the whole of the Commission's life, the so-called
doctrine operated in the regulatory field committed to the Interstate Commerce Commission. And it is that doctrine which gives the contention of the Trade Commission its strongest support.
Translation of an implication drawn from the special aspects of one statute to a totally different statute is treacherous business. The Interstate Commerce Act and the Federal Trade Commission Act are widely disparate in their historic settings, in the enterprises which they affect, in the range of control they exercise, and in the relation of these controls to the functioning of the federal system. We need not at this late day rehearse the considerations that led to the
. The nub of it, in the language of Chief Justice Taft, lay in the relation between intrastate and interstate railroad traffic:
. And so, when the Interstate Commerce Commission found that the intrastate rates of a carrier subject to the Act in effect operated as a discrimination against its interstate traffic, this Court sustained the power of the Commission to bring the two rates into harmonious relation, and thereby to terminate the unlawful discrimination. Congress. in 1920, revised the Interstate Commerce Act and explicitly confirmed this power of the Commerce Commission. 41 Stat. 484, 49 U.S.C. § 13(4).
There is the widest difference in practical operation between the control over local traffic intimately connected with interstate traffic and the regulatory authority here asserted. Unlike the relatively precise situation presented by rate discrimination, "unfair competition" was designed by Congress as a flexible concept with evolving content.
Federal Trade Comm'n v. Keppel & Bro., supra
-312. It touches the greatest variety of unrelated activities. The Trade Commission, in its Report
for 1939, lists as "unfair competition" thirty-one diverse types of business practices which run the gamut from bribing employees of prospective customers to selling below cost for hindering competition. [
] The construction of § 5 urged by the Commission would thus give a federal agency pervasive control over myriads of local businesses in matters heretofore traditionally left to local custom or local law. Such control bears no resemblance to the
strictly confined authority growing out of railroad rate discrimination. An inroad upon local conditions and local standards of such far-reaching import as is involved here ought to await a clearer mandate from Congress. The problem now before us is very different from that which was recently presented by
United States v. Darby, ante,
. We had there to consider the full scope of the constitutional power of Congress under the Commerce Clause in relation to the subject matter of the Fair Labor Standards Act. This case presents the narrow question of what Congress did, not what it could do. And we merely hold that to read "unfair methods of competition in [interstate] commerce" as though it meant "unfair methods of competition in any way affecting interstate commerce" requires, in view of all the relevant considerations, much clearer manifestation of intention than Congress has furnished.
The Commission makes no claim of a contrary administrative practice. The cases which it cites in no way mitigate what is stated in the text of the opinion. (1) Counsel for the Commission apparently argued for recognition of the power claimed here in
Canfield Oil Co. v. Federal Trade Comm'n,
274 F. 571, but the Commission had made no findings of discrimination against commerce, and had only found that the Oil Company was engaged in commerce. (2) The jurisdiction sustained in
Chamber of Commerce of Minneapolis v. Federal Trade Comm'n,
13 F.2d 673, was very different from that claimed here. It rested on the fact that the Chamber conducted a market for grain in the current of interstate commerce.
, and cases cited. (3) The order of the Commission reviewed in
California Rice Industry v. Federal Trade Comm'n,
102 F.2d 716, resulted from proceedings instituted more than a year after this proceeding against Bunte Brothers had begun.
Report, pp. 83, 88.
these additional examples (pp. 83, 85, 89):
Under the Sherman Act, 26 Stat. 209, a contract or conspiracy may be "in restraint of trade or commerce among the several States" even though the acts or conduct are intrastate.
283 U. S. 168
-169. Sec. 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act is "supplementary" to the Sherman Act.
. Like the Sherman Act, it seeks
Federal Trade Commission v. Raladam Co., supra,
-648. And, as this Court said in
, the declaration of public policy contained in the Sherman Act is
For the Federal Trade Commission Act "undoubtedly was aimed at all the familiar methods of law violation which prosecutions under the Sherman Act had disclosed."
Federal Trade Commission v. Keppel & Bro.,
That history, of course, does not give us license to disregard plain and unambiguous limitations on the power of the Commission. But it does admonish us to construe one of a series of legislative acts dealing with a common or related problem in light of the integrated statutory scheme.
See United States v. Hutcheson, ante,
. It warns us not to whittle away administrative power by resolving an ambiguity against the existence of that power where the full arsenal of that power is necessary to cope with the evil at hand. The evil here is direct injurious discrimination against interstate commerce. The Commission has issued orders against some 120 of respondent's competitors prohibiting them from selling chance assortments of candy in interstate commerce. Under this decision, respondent may continue to use this same unfair method of competition to increase its business at the expense of those who sell in interstate commerce and who are not free to employ the same methods in self-defense. I think the Act, an exercise by Congress of its commerce power, should be interpreted to protect interstate commerce not to permit discrimination against it.
Such an approach was used in the
case (234 U.S. 342) to give the Interstate Commerce Commission control over intrastate rates which injuriously affected, through an unreasonable discrimination, traffic that was interstate. That result was reached though the Act expressly denied the Commission any jurisdiction where the "transportation" was "wholly within one state." This Court said (234 U.S. at
234 U. S. 358
) that those
The interrelation between the intrastate and interstate activities in the instant case is hardly less intimate than in the
case. The fact that the nexus here is economic, and not physical, is inconsequential. In this case, as in the other, the problem is the existence of administrative authority to provide effective protection of interstate commerce against discrimination. In the
case, statutory doubts were resolved so as to strengthen the administrative process even against the claim that thereby the state authorities would be "shorn of those powers which alone can justify their existence." Similar arguments should not deter us from being tolerant of an asserted power, admittedly constitutional, to deal effectively with the realities of economic interdependence.
The fact that a clarifying amendment to the Act was sought which would have removed the doubts as to the meaning of "in commerce" is not material except to the extent that it shows that doubts existed. It does not aid in resolving those doubts. To be sure, recent statutes dealing with other fields have removed such doubts by explicit provisions. But they are of little aid in interpreting an earlier act in its own legislative setting.
. And, as to the charge that, for a quarter of a century, the Commission made no claim to such a power, two answers may be made. In the first place, as early as 1921, the Commission urged that the doctrine of the
case permitted an interpretation of the Act which would give it control over certain intrastate activities.
Canfield Oil Co. v. Federal Trade Commission,
274 F. 571; Hankin, Jurisdiction of the Federal Trade Commission, 12 Calif.L.Rev.
179, 197,
Although the question does not appear to have been definitely settled, in 1926, the Commission received some support for its view.
See Chamber of Commerce v. Federal Trade Commission,
13 F.2d 673, 684.
Cf. American Can Co. v. Ladoga Canning Co.,
44 F.2d 763, 770, 771. But, in 1939, that power was denied.
California Rice Industry v. Federal Trade Commission,
102 F.2d 716, 723. Nonuse of the asserted power clearly cannot be inferred from that record. In the second place, it would not be relevant if this power did lay dormant for years. Mere nonuse does not subtract from power which has been granted. The host of practical reasons which may defer exhaustion of administrative powers lies in the realm of policy. From that delay we can hardly infer that the need did not or does not exist.