Source: https://www.atg.wa.gov/ago-opinions/offices-and-officers-state-pollution-control-commission-adoption-water-quality
Timestamp: 2019-12-07 16:22:50
Document Index: 344485011

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 5', '§ 7214', '§ 2', '§ 1200', '§ 2', '§ 2']

OFFICES AND OFFICERS - STATE - POLLUTION CONTROL COMMISSION - ADOPTION OF WATER QUALITY STANDARDS FOR WATERS OF THE STATE. | Washington State
OFFICES AND OFFICERS - STATE - POLLUTION CONTROL COMMISSION - ADOPTION OF WATER QUALITY STANDARDS FOR WATERS OF THE STATE.
AGO 1969 No. 4 - Feb 18 1969
(1) The water pollution control commission has the authority to establish water quality standards for waters of the state under RCW 90.48.035, including waters found in canals, drains, wasteways and reservoirs of irrigation and drainage systems located within the state.
(2) Persons who propose to discharge wastes of industrial and commercial operations into canals, drains, wasteways or reservoirs or irrigation and drainage systems are required by RCW 90.48.160 to obtain a waste discharge permit prior to such a discharge.
Honorable James P. Behlke
Director, Water Pollution Control Commission
Olympia Municipal Airport
Cite as: AGO 1969 No. 4
You have asked for an opinion of this office on two questions which we have paraphrased as follows:
(1) Does the authority of the water pollution control commission to establish water quality standards for waters of the state under RCW 90.48.035 include waters found in canals, drains, wasteways and reservoirs of irrigation and drainage systems?
(2) Are persons who propose to discharge wastes of industrial and commercial operations into canals, drains, wasteways or reservoirs of irrigation and drainage systems required by RCW 90.48.160 to obtain a waste discharge permit prior to such discharge?
As a background to your request, you have informed us that approximately one year ago the water pollution control [[Orig. Op. Page 2]] commission adopted regulations relating to water quality standards for that portion of the waters within the state of Washington which the commission referred to as "interstate waters."1/ You have also advised that your agency proposes to initiate, in the near future, appropriate administrative procedures which will ultimately lead to the adoption of a regulation relating to revised water quality standards for the remainder of the waters under the jurisdiction of the commission.2/
Additionally, you have pointed out that we have in our state a substantial number of entities, primarily municipal or public corporations, which operate irrigation and drainage systems. These systems are constructed, in most cases, for the purpose of transporting water to lands for agricultural irrigation, or of draining waters from lands so as to make them suitable for agricultural and other uses. Many of these systems contain canals, drains, wasteways, reservoirs and similar facilities. Some of these systems are made up entirely of constructed facilities, while others utilize a combination of constructed facilities and natural watercourses, sinks, lakes and other natural land formations. The waters flowing in many of these systems are quite large in volume; some are located therein because of the efforts of man, while other such systems, depending on the facts of each case, are made up of a combination of natural occurring and "man-occasioned" waters. Waters in these facilities are ofttimes used for such diverse purposes as fish and wildlife [[Orig. Op. Page 3]] propagation, feeding and resting areas, and as places for persons to fish, boat, swim and engage in other outdoor recreational activities. The questions you pose relate to the jurisdiction of the water pollution control commission over the various waters which are found in these canals, drains, wasteways, reservoirs and other similar facilities.
As we note in AGO 1967 No. 39, the first comprehensive water pollution control statute of this state was chapter 216, Laws of 1945, now codified in chapter 90.48 RCW. The thrust of this statute was to place primary control over the regulation of water quality in Washington in a state agency designated as the "Pollution Control Commission." Since its original enactment, this act has been significantly supplemented or amended on two occasions, in 1955, and in 1967.3/ Now named the "Water Pollution Control Commission,"4/ this agency has, by RCW 90.48.030:
". . . the jurisdiction to control and prevent the pollution of streams, lakes, rivers, ponds, inland waters, salt waters, water courses, and other surface and underground waters of the state of Washington."
The next code section, RCW 90.48.035, empowers the commission to adopt such rules and regulations as are necessary to carry out the provisions of the chapter5/
". . . including but not limited to rules and regulations relating to standards of quality for waters of the state and for substances discharged therein, as such substances relate to the characteristics of the receiving waters." (Emphasis supplied.)
"Waters of the state" are defined in RCW 90.48.020, for purposes of the chapter, to include:
". . . lakes, rivers, ponds, streams, inland waters, underground waters, salt waters andall other surface waters and watercourses within the jurisdiction of the state of Washington. . . ." (Emphasis supplied.)
The answers to your questions involve the meaning of the phrase "waters of the state." Are waters flowing or stored in the aforementioned facilities "waters of the state" as the term is used in chapter 90.48 RCW?6/
The definition of this term in RCW 90.48.020, supra, is all-inclusive. After setting forth a specific list of waters, based either on their location, e.g., lakes, or on their quality, e.g., salt waters, which are within the scope of the chapter, the legislature included the following words of extremely broad coverage "all other surface waters and watercourses within the jurisdiction of the state of Washington."
To the extent that this language is not completely free from ambiguity, resort may be made to the rules of statutory construction, the fundamental object of which is to ascertain and give effect to the intent of the legislature. In re Kurtzman's Estate, 65 Wn.2d 260, 396 P.2d 786 (1964).
A well-established rule of statutory construction, which is most helpful in this discussion, is that when a statute is ambiguous the interpretation placed on it by the department charged with its administration, while not binding, is entitled to considerable weight in determining the intention of the legislature. Smith v. Northern Pac. R. Co., 7 Wn.2d 652, 110 P.2d 851 (1941). The persuasive force of such administrative interpretation is strengthened when the legislature, by its failure to amend the statute subsequently, "silently acquiesces" in the interpretation of the administrative agency. White v. State, 49 Wn.2d 716, 306 P.2d 230 (1957). This is particularly true when a code section is subsequently considered by the legislature and amended in some other particular, while leaving the administrative construction undisturbed. State ex rel. Pirak v. Schoettler, 45 Wn.2d 367, 27 P.2d 852 (1954). For an extended discussion of these principles see, 1 Davis, Administrative Law Treatise, §§ 5.05 and 5.06 (1958).
The long-standing interpretation given to chapter 90.48 RCW by the water pollution control commission, when coupled with the history of legislative amendments to this chapter, is most significant in the light of the rule just referred to. As noted earlier, the basic enactment of chapter 90.48 RCW took place with the passage of chapter 216, Laws of 1945. This statute included the definition of "waters of the state" found in RCW 90.48.020,supra.7/ During the next nine years the commission adopted a number of regulations relating to various aspects of water quality control. One set of these regulations, adopted on February 19, 1954, and now designated as chapter [[Orig. Op. Page 6]] 372-36 WAC dealt with waters in the Columbia Basin Project area of east central Washington.8/
WAC 372-36-020, which is a part of these regulations, provides as follows:
"The following regulations regarding the discharge of waste products to the canals, drains, wasteways, reservoirs and ground waters of the Columbia Basin Irrigation Project Area and the minimum standards for the treatment and disposal of sewage and industrial wastes in this area are hereby adopted and promulgated by the Washington pollution control commission on this 19th day of February, 1954."
In the regulations that follows, WAC 372-36-030 through 372-36-130, various water quality requirements were established. An example thereof, pertinent to this discussion, is WAC 372-36-030 (2) (a) which states that: "No raw sewage or septic tank effluent shall be discharged to any canal, reservoir, drain or wasteway."9/ (Emphasis supplied.)
It is clear from the adoption of these regulations that the commission had, as early as 1954, interpreted its authority over waters of the state to include waters in canals, drains, wasteways and reservoirs.10/
The legislative history of chapter 90.48 RCW since 1954, as it pertains to amendments thereto, is also important. The first major amendment11/ took place in 1955, with the introduction of the so-called "permit" system of water quality control into the basic law.12/[se See chapter 71, Laws of 1955. This amendment contained no indication of any legislative repudiation of the commission's interpretation of its jurisdiction as found in its 1954 regulations.
Twelve years later, in 1967, a major review of the state's water pollution laws by the legislature's interim committee for water resources13/ resulted in the development and ultimately in the passage of a bill "upgrading" chapter 90.48 RCW.14/ See chapter 13, Laws of 1967. This amendment is especially significant [[Orig. Op. Page 8]] because it included a large number of modifications or additions to many sections of chapter 90.48 RCW, including RCW 90.48.020, but it in no way repudiated the administrative interpretation previously given to the chapter by the commission.
With this background in mind, and following the rules of statutory construction stated in the cases ofSmith v. Northern Pacific R. Co., White v. State, andState ex rel. Pirak v. Schoettler, supra, the administrative interpretation of the water pollution control commission is entitled to the greatest weight.
It is also important to note that just ten days prior to the passage by the House of Representatives of the bill which ultimately became chapter 13, Laws of 1967, an informal opinion was requested from this office by State Representative S. E. Flanagan, Chairman of the Natural Resources Committee of the House of Representatives, at the time his committee was considering the bill.15/ This opinion concluded that the water pollution control commission's jurisdiction extended to regulations of discharges of wastes into "canals, waterways, pipelines, drainage ditches and reservoirs within an irrigation district or project."16/
Another rule of statutory construction which is applicable to chapter 90.48 RCW provides that conservation statutes relating to the protection and regulation of the uses of natural resources should be given extended interpretation to accomplish the objectives the legislature intended. See, generally, 3Horack, Sutherland Statutory Construction, § 7214 (3rd ed. 1943). With this in mind, and given all of the foregoing factors i.e., the broad definition of "waters of the state" contained in RCW 90.48.020, and as used throughout chapter 90.48 RCW, and the long-standing administrative interpretation of the scope of this definition, impliedly approved by the legislature as evidenced by its failure to modify it through statutory changes, we are of the opinion that the authority of the water pollution control commission over "waters of the state," as defined in RCW 90.48.020, includes the waters within canals, wasteways, drains and reservoirs of the various irrigation and drainage systems in our state.
Therefore, in response to your specific inquiries you are advised:
(1) That the water pollution control commission is empowered by RCW 90.48.035 to adopt water quality standards for waters [[Orig. Op. Page 10]] located in canals, drains, wasteways and reservoirs of irrigation and drainage systems; and
(2) That a person who proposes to discharge wastes from a commercial or industrial operation into such waters must first obtain a waste discharge permit pursuant to RCW 90.48.160.17/
1/See WAC 372-12-050, et seq. WAC 372-12-150 (1) defines "interstate waters" as follows:
"'Waters of the state' or 'state's waters' or 'interstate waters' shall mean the entire stretch within the state of Washington of all rivers, lakes, and other waters that flow across or form a part of the state or international boundaries anywhere along their length including coastal waters. 'Coastal waters' are further defined as the ocean waters along straight coasts and the waters along indented coasts which are subject to the ebb and flow of the tides."
2/General standards established for these waters are presently on file in the office of the code reviser as a regulation of the water pollution control commission, filed March 1, 1960. See former codification thereof as WAC 372-12-030, which will be restored in WAC as a part of Supplement 3 thereof.
3/See chapter 71, Laws of 1955, and chapter 13, Laws of 1967.
4/The agency's name was changed by the legislature with the addition of the word "Water" to "Pollution Control Commission" in § 2, chapter 13, Laws of 1967.
5/RCW 90.48.010, the first section of chapter 90.48 RCW, provides:
"It is declared to be the public policy of the state of Washington to maintain the highest possible standards to insure the purity of all waters of the state consistent with public health and public enjoyment thereof, the propagation and protection of wild life, birds, game, fish and other aquatic life, and the industrial development of the state, and to that end require the use of all known available and reasonable methods by industries and others to prevent and control the pollution of the waters of the state of Washington." (Emphasis supplied.)
6/The Washington state supreme court has not construed the phrase "waters of the state" as used in chapter 90.48 RCW. Other courts have, however, interpreted the same words as used in water pollution control acts of sister states to include waters, whether public or private, in natural or artificial conveyance systems. A New York Court of Appeals has, for example, in Application of City of Johnstown, 209 N.Y.S.2d 982 (Sup. Ct. 1961), construed the words "waters of the state" in the New York state water pollution statute, which is the same in significant respects as chapter 90.48 RCW (see, for example, the policy of the act as stated in RCW 90.48.010 which is almost identical with the policy statement in 33 New York Public Health Law § 1200) to mean waters in both public and private streams. See, also,People v. Miles, 143 Cal. 636, 77 Pac. 666 (1904); andModesto Properties Co. v. State Water Rights Board, 179 Cal. App.2d 856 (1960).
7/Section 2, chapter 216, Laws of 1945.
8/See, generally WAC 372-36-010.
9/Similar examples are found in WAC 372-36-030 (1) (b), (c) and (f); WAC 372-36-080 (3); WAC 372-36-090 (1) and (2); WAC 372-36-110; WAC 372-36-120 (2) and (3); and WAC 372-36-130 (1).
10/You have informed us that, through administrative implementation of the "permit system" waste discharge permits relating to numerous industrial and commercial operations which discharge wastes into waters within the Columbia Basin project have been issued pursuant to RCW 90.48.160 et seq., since 1955. RCW 90.48.160 is set forth in full in footnote 12.
11/Prior to 1955, the act was amended once. This was a minor amendment found in chapter 58, Laws of 1949, relating to cooperation by the agency with the federal government and sister states of the union.
12/RCW 90.48.160, the first section of chapter 71, Laws of 1967, as now amended, provides:
"Any person who conducts a commercial or industrial operation of any type which results in the disposal of solid or liquid waste material into the waters of the state, including commercial or industrial operators discharging solid or liquid waste material into sewerage systems operated by municipalities or public entities which discharge into public waters of the state, shall procure a permit from the pollution control commission before disposing of such waste material: Provided, That this section shall not apply to any person discharging domestic sewage only into a sewerage system."
13/See House Concurrent Resolution No. 33, 1965 legislature, Ex. Sess.; and § 2, chapter 160 and § 2, chapter 169, Laws of 1965, Ex. Sess.
14/See statement of Representative Stewart Bledsoe, joined by Representatives Robert W. O'Dell, Eric Anderson and Dan Jolly, all sponsors of chapter 13, Laws of 1967, at page 531, House Journal, Washington State Legislature, 1967 Session.
15/See letter to Representative S. E. Flanagan, dated February 3, 1968, signed by the writer of this opinion, on file in the office of the attorney general.
16/Three sponsors of chapter 13, Representatives Robert O'Dell, Eric Anderson and Dan Jolly, joined in a statement of a fourth sponsor, Representative Stewart Bledsoe, relating to the background and meaning of chapter 90.48 RCW as amended by chapter 13. In discussing the meaning of "pollution" and the authority of the water pollution control commission, Representative Bledsoe, the House Majority "Whip" and a member of the Interim Committee on Water Resources, made the following pertinent comments immediately preceding the vote on final passage of chapter 13, as recorded on page 531 of the House Journal, Washington State Legislature, 1967 Session:
"In Section 1 of the bill, you will find a very comprehensive definition of pollution. . . . We believe that the commission should have full control over pollution, but we donot believe that every act which would result in a change in a condition of the state's waters should be prohibited. This is in accord with the intent of the Legislature when a comprehensive water pollution control act was first enacted in 1945.
"We all recognize, for example, that the various discharges cause a measurable change in the temperature of the Columbia River. Likewise, we recognize that normal irrigation return flows may cause some changes in the physical or chemical characteristics of the waters of an irrigation canal. We all recognize that dredging operations and road building operations by necessity cause changes in the turbidity of the waters. We do not intend that these practices be prohibited. We do intend that these operations be subject to the control of the commission in order that it mayregulate practices which are detrimental to the public interest." (Double emphasis ours.)
17/The text thereof is set forth in footnote 12.