Source: https://patents.google.com/patent/AU4704900A/en
Timestamp: 2020-02-17 20:19:26
Document Index: 495752305

Matched Legal Cases: ['art 21', 'art. 17', 'art 9', 'art. 25', 'art. 26', 'art 4', 'art 5']

AU4704900A - Hearing aid device incorporating signal processing techniques - Google Patents
AU4704900A
AU4704900A AU47049/00A AU4704900A AU4704900A AU 4704900 A AU4704900 A AU 4704900A AU 47049/00 A AU47049/00 A AU 47049/00A AU 4704900 A AU4704900 A AU 4704900A AU 4704900 A AU4704900 A AU 4704900A
AU781062B2 (en
1999-11-22 Priority to US09/444,972 priority Critical patent/US6885752B1/en
1999-11-22 Priority to US09/444972 priority
2008-08-06 First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=23767135&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=AU4704900(A) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
230000001629 suppression Effects 0 description 28
WO 01/39546 PCT/USOO/12413 1 £SEECIECATION 2 3 4 HEARING AID DEVICE INCORPORATING 5 SIGNAL PROCESSING TECHNIQUES 6 7 RELATED APPLICATIONS 8 9 This application is a continuation-in-part of United States patent application, 10 Serial No. 09/169,547, filed Sep. 9, 1998, which is a continuation-in-part of United 11 States patent application, Serial No. 08/697,412, filed August 22, 1996, which is a 12 continuation-in-part of United States patent application, Serial No. 08/585,481, filed 13 January 12, 1996, which is a continuation of United States patent application, Serial 14 No. 08/272,927, filed July 8, 1994, now United States Patent No. 5,500,902. 15 16 17 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 18 19 1. Field of the Invention. 20 21 The present invention relates to electronic hearing devices and electronic 22 systems for sound reproduction. More particularly, the present invention relates to 23 noise suppression to preserve the fidelity of signals in electronic hearing aid devices 24 and electronic sound systems. According to the present invention, the noise 25 suppression devices and methods utilize both analog and digital signal processing 26 techniques. 27 28 2. The Prior Art.
WO 01/39546 PCT/USOO/12413 1 2 One of the most common complaints made by hearing aid users is the inability 3 to hear in the presence of noise. Accordingly, the suppression of noise has long been 4 the focus of researchers, and many approaches to solving the noise suppression 5 problem have been proposed. In one approach, an independent measure of the noise 6 is made and then subtracted from the signal being processed. This technique is 7 typically applied to signals that are expressed as follows: 8 9 s(t) = d(t) + n(t) 10 11 Wherein s(t) is the signal being processed, d(t) is the desired portion of the 12 signal s(t), and n(t) the noise in the signal s(t). 13 14 For example, one or more sensors may be employed along with adaptive 15 techniques to form an independent measure of the estimate of the noise, ne(t) from 16 interference. By subtracting the noise estimate, ne(t), from the signal, s(t), an 17 improved version of the desired signal, d(t), is obtained. To emphasize the subtraction 18 of the noise estimate, ne(t), this technique is commonly referred to as "noise 19 canceling." This noise canceling technique has been applied to both sonar systems 20 and medical fetal electrocardiograms, and has further been found to be effective to 21 process acoustic signals containing both speech and interference. See for example, 22 Douglas M. Chabries, et al., "Application of Adaptive Digital Signal Processing to 23 Speech Enhancement for the- Hearing Impaired," Journal of Rehabilitation Research 24 and Development, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 65-74, and Robert H. Brey, et al., 25 "Improvement in Speech Intelligibility in Noise Employing an Adaptive Filter with 2 WO 01/39546 PCT/USOO/12413 1 Normal and Hearing-Impaired Subjects," Journal of Rehabilitation Research and 2 Development, Vol., 24, No. 4, pp. 75-86. 3 4 When no independent sample or estimate of the noise is available, other 5 techniques to provide noise suppression have been employed. In several instances, 6 researchers have exploited the differences in the temporal properties of speech and 7 noise to enhance the intelligibility of sound. These techniques are typically referred to 8 as noise suppression or speech enhancement. See for example, United States Patent 9 4,025,721 to Graupe, United States Patent 4,185,168 to Graupe, and S. Boll, 10 "Suppression of Acoustic Noise in Speech Using Spectral Subtraction," IEEE Trans. 11 on ASSP, Vol. ASSP-27, pp. 113-120, April 1979, H. Sheikhzadeh, et al., 12 "Comparative Performance of Spectral Subtraction and HMM-Based Speech 13 Enhancement Strategies with Application to Hearing Aid Design," Proc. IEEE 14 ICASSP, pp. 1-13 to 1-17, 1994, and P.M Crozier, BMG Cheethan, C. Holt, and E. 15 Munday, "Speech enhancement employing spectral subtraction and linear predictive 16 analysis," Electronic Letters, 29(12):1094-1095, 1993. 17 18 These approaches have been shown to enhance particular signals in comparison 19 to other signals that have been defined as noise. One researcher, Mead Killion, has 20 noted that none of these approaches has enhanced speech intelligibility. See Mead 21 Killion, Etymotic Update, Number 15, Spring 1997. However, in low noise 22 environments, compression techniques have been shown to relieve hearing deficits. 23 See Mead Killion, "The SIN report: Circuits haven't solved the hearing-in-noise 24 problem," The Hearing Journal, Vol. 50, No. 20, October 1997, pp. 28-34. 25 3 WO 01/39546 PCT/USOO/12413 1 With these techniques, researchers have generally noted a decrease in speech 2 intelligibility testing when noise contaminated speech is processed, despite the fact 3 that measures of quality or preference increase. Typically, the specification of the 4 noise characteristics or the definition of the speech parameters distinguishes the 5 various techniques in the second category of noise suppression from one another. It 6 has been demonstrated that acoustic signals can be successfully processed according 7 to these techniques to enhance voiced or vowel sounds in the presence of white or 8 impulsive noise, however, these techniques are less successful in preserving unvoiced 9 sounds such as fricatives or plosives. 10 11 Other noise suppression techniques have been developed wherein speech is 12 detected and various proposed methods are employed to either turn off the amplifier in 13 a hearing aid when speech is not present or to clip speech and then turn off the output 14 amplifier in the absence of detectable speech. See for example, Harry Teder, 15 "Hearing Instruments in Noise and the Syllabic Speech-to-Noise Ratio," Hearing 16 Instruments, Vol. 42, No. 2, 1991. Further examples of the approach to noise 17 suppression by suppressing noise to enhance the intelligibility of sound are found in 18 United States Patents 4,025,721 to Graupe, 4,405,831 to Michaelson, 4,185,168 to 19 Graupe et al., 4,188,667 to Graupe et al., 4,025,721 to Graupe et al., 4,135,590 to 20 Gaulder, and 4,759,071 to Heide et al. 21 22 Other approaches have focussed upon feedback suppression and equalization 23 (United States Patents 4,602,337 to Cox, and 5,016,280 to Engebretson, and see also 24 Leland C. Best, "Digital Suppression of Acoustic Feedback in Hearing Aids, " Thesis, 25 University of Wyoming, May 1995 and Rupert L. Goodings, Gideon A. Senensieb, 26 Phillip H. Wilson, Roy S. Hansen, "Hearing Aid Having Compensation for Acoustic 4 WO 01/39546 PCT/USOO/12413 1 Feedback," United States Patent 5,259,033 issued Nov. 2, 1993.), dual microphone 2 configurations (United States Patents 4,622,440 to Slavin and 3,927,279 to Nakamura 3 et al.), or upon coupling to the ear in unusual ways (e.g., RF links, electrical 4 stimulation, etc.) to improve intelligibility. Examples of these approaches are found 5 in United States Patents 4,545,082 to Engebretson, 4,052,572 to Shafer, 4,852,177 to 6 Ambrose, and 4,731,850 to Levitt. 7 8 Still other approaches have opted for digital programming control 9 implementations which will accommodate a multitude of compression and filtering 10 schemes. Examples of such approaches are found in United States Patents 4,471,171 11 to Kopke et al. and 5,027,410 to Williamson. Some approaches, such as that disclosed 12 in United States Patent 5,083,312 to Newton, utilize hearing aid structures which 13 allow flexibility by accepting control signals received remotely by the aid. 14 15 United States Patent 4,187,413 to Moser discloses an approach for a digital 16 hearing aid which uses an analog-to-digital converter and a digital-to-analog 17 converter, and implements a fixed transfer function H(z). However, a review of 18 neuro-psychological models in the literature and numerous measurements resulting in 19 Steven's and Fechner's laws (see S. S. Stevens, Psychophysics, Wiley 1975; G. T. 20 Fechner, Elemente der Psychophysik, Breitkopf u. Hartel, Leipzig, 1960) conclusively 21 reveals that the response of the ear to input sound is nonlinear. Hence, no fixed linear 22 transfer function H(z) exists which will fully compensate for hearing. 23 24 United States Patent 4,425,481 to Mansgold, et. al. discloses a programmable 25 digital signal processing (DSP) device with features similar or identical to those 26 commercially available, but with added digital control in the implementation of a 5 WO 01/39546 PCT/USOO/12413 1 three-band (lowpass, bandpass, and highpass) hearing aid. The outputs of the three 2 frequency bands are each subjected to a digitally controlled variable attenuator, a 3 limiter, and a final stage of digitally controlled attenuation before being summed to 4 provide an output. Control of attenuation is apparently accomplished by switching in 5 response to different acoustic environments. 6 7 United States Patents 4,366,349 and 4,419,544 to Adelman describe and trace 8 the processing of the human auditory system, but do not reflect an understanding of 9 the role of the outer hair cells within the ear as a muscle to amplify the incoming 10 sound and provide increased basilar membrane displacement. These references 11 assume that hearing deterioration makes it desirable to shift the frequencies and 12 amplitude of the input stimulus, thereby transferring the location of the auditory 13 response from a degraded portion of the ear to another area within the ear (on the 14 basilar membrane) which has adequate response. 15 16 Mead C. Killion, The k-amp hearing aid: an attempt to present highfidelity for 17 persons with impaired hearing, American Journal of Audiology, 2(2): pp. 52-74, July 18 1993, states that based upon the results of subjective listening tests for acoustic data 19 processed with both linear gain and compression, either approach performs equally 20 well. It is argued that the important factor in restoring hearing for individuals with 21 hearing..losses is to provide the appropriate gain. In the absence of a mathematically 22 modeled analysis of that gain, several compression techniques have been proposed, 23 e.g., United States Patent 4,887,299 to Cummins; United States Patent 3,920,931 to 24 Yanick, Jr.; United States Patent 4,118,604 to Yanick, Jr.; United States Patent 25 4,052,571 to Gregory; United States Patent 4,099,035 to Yanick, Jr. and United 26 States Patent 5,278,912 to Waldhauer. Some involve a linear fixed high gain at soft 6 WO 01/39546 PCT/USOO/12413 1 input sound levels and switch to a lower gain at moderate or loud sound levels. 2 Others propose a linear gain at soft sound intensities, a changing gain or compression 3 at moderate intensities and a reduced, fixed linear gain at high or loud intensities. Still 4 others propose table look-up systems with no details specified concerning formation 5 of look-up tables, and others allow programmable gain without specification as to the 6 operating parameters. 7 8 Switching between the gain mechanisms in each of these sound intensity 9 regions has introduced significant distracting artifacts and distortion in the sound. 10 Further, these gain-switched schemes have been applied typically in hearing aids to 11 sound that is processed in two or three frequency bands, or in a single frequency band 12 with pre-emphasis filtering. 13 14 Insight into the difficulty with prior art gain-switched schemes may be obtained 15 by examining the human auditory system. For each frequency band where hearing 16 has deviated from the normal threshold, a different sound compression is required to 17 provide normal hearing sensation. Therefore, the application of gain schemes which 18 attempt to use a frequency band wider than a single critical band (i.e., critical band as 19 defined in "Fundamentals of Hearing, An Introduction," Third Edition by William A. 20 Yost, Academic Press, 1994, page 307) cannot produce the optimum hearing 21 sensation in the listener. If, for example, it is desired to use a frequency bandwidth 22 which is wider than the bandwidth of the corresponding critical bandwidth, then some 23 conditions must be met in order for the wider bandwidth to optimally compensate for 24 the hearing loss. These conditions are that the wider bandwidth must exhibit the same 25 normal hearing threshold and dynamic range and require the same corrective hearing 26 gain as the critical bands contained within the wider bandwidth. In general, this does 7 WO 01/39546 PCT/USOO/12413 1 not occur even if a hearing loss is constant in amplitude across several critical bands 2 of hearing. Failure to properly account for the adaptive full-range compression will 3 result in degraded hearing or equivalently, loss of fidelity and intelligibility perceived 4 by the hearing impaired listener. Therefore, mechanisms as disclosed, which do not 5 provide a sufficient number of frequency bands to compensate for hearing losses, will 6 produce sound which is of less benefit to the listener in terms of the quality (user 7 preference) and intelligibility. 8 9 Several schemes have been proposed which use multiple bandpass filters 10 followed by compression devices (see United States Patents 4,396,806 to Anderson, 11 3,784,750 to Stearns et al., and 3,989,904 to Rohrer). 12 13 One example of prior art in United States Patent No. 5,029,217 to Chabries 14 focused on a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) frequency domain version of a human 15 auditory model. As known to those skilled in the art, the FFT can be used to 16 implement an efficiently-calculated frequency domain filter bank which provides 17 fixed filter bands. As described herein, it is preferred to use bands that approximate 18 the critical band equivalents which naturally occur in the ear due to its unique 19 geometry and makeup. The use of critical bands for the filter bank design allows the 20 construction of a hearing aid which employs wider bandwidths at higher frequencies 21 while still providing the full hearing benefit. Because the resolution of the FFT filter 22 bank must be set to the value of the smallest bandwidth from among the critical bands 23 to be compensated, the efficiency of the FFT is in large part diminished by the fact 24 that many additional filter bands are required in the FFT approach to cover the same 25 frequency spectrum. This FFT implementation is complex and likely not suitable for 26 low-power battery applications. 8 WO 01/39546 PCT/USOO/12413 1 2 As known to those skilled in the art, prior-art FF17 implementations introduce a 3 block delay by gathering and grouping blocks of samples for insertion into the FFT 4 algorithm. This block delay introduces a time delay into the sound stream which may 5 be long enough to be annoying and to induce stuttering when one tries to speak. An 6 even longer delay could occur which sounds like an echo when low levels of 7 compensation are required for the hearing impaired individual. 8 9 For acoustic input levels below hearing threshold (i.e. soft background sounds 10 which are ever present), the FFT implementation described above provides excessive 11 gain. This results in artifacts which add noise to the output signal. At hearing 12 compensation levels greater than 60 dB, the processed background noise level can 13 become comparable to the desired signal level in intensity, thereby introducing 14 distortion and reducing sound intelligibility. 15 16 As noted above, the hearing aid literature has proposed numerous solutions to 17 the problem of hearing compensation for the hearing impaired. While the component 18 parts that are required to assemble a high fidelity, full-range, adaptive compression 19 system have been known since 1968, no one has to date proposed the application of 20 the multiplicative AGC to the several bands of hearing to compensate for hearing 21 losses. 22 23 As will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, there are three 24 aspects to the realization of a high effectiveness aid for the hearing impaired. The 25 first is the conversion of sound energy into electrical signals. The second is the 26 processing of the electrical signals so as to compensate for the impairment of the 9 WO 01/39546 PCT/USOO/12413 1 particular individual which includes the suppression of noise from the acoustic signal 2 being input to a hearing aid user while preserving the intelligibility of the acoustic 3 signal. Finally, the processed electrical signals must be converted into sound energy 4 in the ear canal. 5 6 Modem electret technology has allowed the construction of extremely small 7 microphones with extremely high fidelity, thus providing a ready solution to the first 8 aspect of the problem. The conversion of sound energy into electrical signals can be 9 implemented with commercially available products. A unique solution to the problem 10 of processing of the electrical signals to compensate for the impairment of the 11 particular individual is set forth herein and in parent application serial No. 08/272,927 12 filed July 8, 1994, now United States Patent No. 5,500,902. The third aspect has, 13 however, proved to be problematic, and is addressed by the present invention. 14 15 An in-the-ear hearing aid must operate on very low power and occupy only the 16 space available in the ear canal. Since the hearing-impaired individual has lower 17 sensitivity to sound energy than a normal individual, the hearing aid must deliver 18 sound energy to the ear canal having an amplitude large enough to be heard and 19 understood. The combination of these requirements dictates that the output transducer 20 of the hearing aid must have high efficiency. 21 22 To meet this requirement transducer manufacturers such as Knowles have 23 designed special iron-armature transducers that convert electrical energy into sound 24 energy with high efficiency. To date, this high efficiency has been achieved at the 25 expense of extremely poor frequency response. 26 10 WO 01/39546 PCT/USOO/12413 1 The frequency response of prior art transducers not only falls off well before 2 the upper frequency limit of hearing, but also shows resonances starting at about 1 to 3 2 kHz, in a frequency range where they confound the information most useful in 4 understanding human speech. These resonances significantly contribute to the 5 feedback oscillation so commonly associated with hearing aids, and subject signals in 6 the vicinity of the resonant frequencies to severe intermodulation distortion by mixing 7 them with lower frequency signals. These resonances are a direct result of the mass of 8 the iron armature, which is required to achieve good efficiency at low frequencies. In 9 fact it is well known to those of ordinary skill in the art of transducer design that any 10 transducer that is highly efficient at low frequencies will exhibit resonances in the 11 mid-frequency range. 12 13 A counterpart to this problem occurs in high-fidelity loudspeaker design, and is 14 solved in a universal manner by introducing two transducers, one that provides high 15 efficiency transduction at low frequencies (a woofer), and one that provides high 16 quality transduction of the high frequencies (a tweeter). The audio signal is fed into a 17 crossover network which directs the high frequency energy to the tweeter and the low 18 frequency energy to the woofer. As will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in 19 the art, such a crossover network can be inserted either before or after power 20 amplification. 21 22 From the above recitation, it should be appreciated that many approaches have 23 been taken in the hearing compensation art to improve the intelligibility of the 24 acoustic signal being input to the user of a hearing compensation device. These 25 techniques include both compensating for the hearing deficits of the hearing impaired 26 individual by various methods, and also for removing or suppressing those aspects of 11 WO 01/39546 PCT/USOO/12413 1 the acoustic signal, such as noise, that produce an undesirable effect on the 2 intelligibility of the acoustic signal. Despite the multitude of approaches, as set forth 3 above, that have been adopted to provide improved hearing compensation for hearing 4 impaired individuals, there remains ample room for improvement. 5 12 WO 01/39546 PCT/USOO/12413 1 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 2 3 According to the present invention, a hearing compensation system for the 4 hearing impaired comprises a plurality of bandpass filters having an input connected 5 to an input transducer and each bandpass filter having an output connected to the input 6 of one of a plurality of multiplicative AGC circuits whose outputs are summed 7 together and connected to the input of an output transducer. 8 9 The multiplicative AGC circuits attenuate acoustic signals having a constant 10 background level without removing the portions of the speech signal which contribute 11 to intelligibility. The identification of the background noise portion of the acoustic 12 signal is made by the constancy of the envelope of the input signal in each of the 13 several frequency bands. It is presently contemplated that examples of background 14 noise that will be suppressed according to the present invention include multi-talker 15 speech babble, fan noise, feedback whistle, florescent light hum, and white noise. 13 WO 01/39546 PCT/USOO/12413 1 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIGURES 2 3 FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of a hearing compensation system according 4 to the present invention. 5 6 FIG. 2A illustrates a block diagram of a first embodiment of a multiplicative 7 AGC circuit suitable for use according to the present invention. 8 9 FIG. 2B illustrates a block diagram of an alternative embodiment of the 10 multiplicative AGC circuit shown in FIG. 2A suitable for use according to the present 11 invention. 12 13 FIG. 2C illustrates a block diagram of a first embodiment of a multiplicative 14 AGC circuit with noise suppression according to the present invention. 15 16 FIG. 3 is a plot of the response characteristics of the filter employed in the 17 multiplicative AGC circuit of FIG. 2A. 18 19 FIGS. 4A-4C illustrate plots of the response characteristics of the filters 20 employed in the multiplicative AGC circuit of FIG. 2C according to the present 21 invention. 22 23 FIG. 5A illustrates a block diagram of a second embodiment of a multiplicative 24 AGC circuit suitable for use according to the present invention. 25 14 WO 01/39546 PCT/USOO/12413 1 FIG. 5B illustrates a block diagram of an alternative embodiment of the 2 multiplicative AGC circuit shown in FIG. 5A suitable for use according to the present 3 invention. 4 5 FIG. 5C illustrates a block diagram of a second embodiment of a multiplicative 6 AGC circuit with noise suppression according to the present invention. 7 8 FIG. 5D illustrates a block diagram of a third embodiment of a multiplicative 9 AGC circuit with noise suppression according to the present invention. 10 11 FIG. 5E illustrates a block diagram of a fourth embodiment of a multiplicative 12 AGC circuit with noise suppression according to the present invention. 13 14 FIG. 6 illustrates the implementation of a high pass filter suitable for use 15 according to the present invention. 16 17 FIGS. 7A and 7B illustrate plots of the response characteristics of the filters 18 employed in the multiplicative AGC circuit of FIGS. 5C, 5D, and 5E according to the 19 present invention. 20 21 FIG. 8 illustrates a noise estimator suitable for replacing the filters depicted in 22 FIGS 5C and 5D according to the present invention. 23 24 25 FIG. 9A illustrates a block diagram of a third embodiment of a multiplicative 26 AGC circuit suitable for use according to the present invention. 15 WO 01/39546 PCT/USOO/12413 1 2 FIG. 9B illustrates a block diagram of an alternative embodiment of the 3 multiplicative AGC circuit shown in FIG. 9A suitable for use according to the present 4 invention. 5 6 FIG. 10 illustrates a block diagram of a presently preferred embodiment of a 7 multiplicative AGC circuit according to the present invention. 8 9 FIG. 11 illustrates a plot of the three slope gain regions of the multiplicative 10 AGC circuits of FIG. 10 according to the present invention. 11 12 FIG. 12 is a block diagram of an in-the-ear hearing compensation system 13 according to the present invention employing two transducers converting electrical 14 signals to acoustical energy. 15 16 WO 01/39546 PCT/USOO/12413 1 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 2 3 Those of ordinary skill in the art will realize that the following description of 4 the present invention is illustrative only and not in any way limiting. Other 5 embodiments of the invention will readily suggest themselves to such skilled persons. 6 7 It has been discovered that the appropriate approach to high fidelity hearing 8 compensation is to separate the input acoustic stimulus into frequency bands with a 9 resolution at least equal to the critical bandwidth, which for a large range of the sound 10 frequency spectrum is less than 1/3 octave, and apply a multiplicative AGC with 11 either a fixed or variable exponential gain coefficient for each band. 12 13 According to the present invention, the multiplicative AGC circuits attenuate 14 acoustic signals having a constant background level without removing the portions of 15 the speech signal which contribute to intelligibility. The portion of the input signal 16 which comprises the background noise portion of the acoustic signal is attenuated in 17 amplitude without distortion to preserve the intelligibility of the acoustic input signal. 18 The identification of the background noise portion of the acoustic signal is made by 19 the constancy of the envelope of the input signal in each of the several frequency 20 bands, as will be described below. 21 22 During highly dynamic variations in sound level, the output signal of the 23 hearing compensation circuit due to its noise suppression feature will be nearly the 24 same as the output of the hearing compensation system without such noise 25 suppression features, and that during the quiescent periods between words that the 26 output signal will have a significantly quieter background level due to the noise 17 WO 01/39546 PCT/USOO/12413 1 suppression of the present invention. It is presently contemplated that examples of 2 background noise that will be suppressed according to the present invention include 3 multi-talker speech babble, fan noise, feedback whistle, florescent light hum, other 4 colored noise and white noise. 5 6 Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the principles of the 7 present invention may be applied to audio applications other than just hearing 8 compensation for the hearing impaired. Non-exhaustive examples of other 9 applications of the present invention include music playback for environments with 10 high noise levels, such as automotive environments, voice systems in factory 11 environments, and graphic sound equalizers such as those used in stereophonic sound 12 systems. 13 14 As will be appreciated by persons of ordinary skill in the art, the circuit 15 elements of the hearing compensation apparatus of the present invention may be 16 implemented as either an analog circuit or as a digital circuit, preferably a 17 microprocessor or other computing engine performing digital signal processing (DSP) 18 functions to emulate the analog circuit functions of the various components such as 19 filters, amplifiers, etc. It is presently contemplated that the DSP version of the circuit 20 is the preferred embodiment of the invention, but persons of ordinary skill in the art 21 will recognize that an analog implementation, such as might be integrated on a single 22 semiconductor substrate, will also fall within the scope of the invention. Such skilled 23 persons will also realize that in a DSP implementation, the incoming audio signal will 24 have to be time sampled and digitized using conventional analog to digital conversion 25 techniques. 18 WO 01/39546 PCT/USOO/12413 1 Referring first to FIG. 1, a block diagram of a presently preferred hearing 2 compensation system 8 according to the present invention is presented. The hearing 3 compensation system 8 according to a presently preferred embodiment of the 4 invention includes an input transducer 10 for converting acoustical energy (shown 5 schematically at reference numeral 12) into an electrical signal corresponding to that 6 acoustical energy. Various known hearing-aid microphone transducers, such as a 7 model EK 3024, available from Knowles Electronics of Ithaca, Illinois, are available 8 for use as input transducer 10, or other microphone devices may be employed. 9 10 In FIG. 1, three audio bandpass filters are shown at reference numerals 14-1, 11 14-2. .. 14-n to avoid over complicating the drawing. According to a presently 12 preferred embodiment of the invention, n will be an integer from 9 to 15, although 13 persons of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the present invention will 14 function even if n is a different integer. 15 16 There are preferably nine audio bandpass filters 14-1 to 14-n having a bandpass 17 resolution of approximately 1/2 octave. The bandpass filters 14-1 through 14-n are 18 preferably realized as fifth-order Chebychev band-split filters which provide smooth 19 frequency response in the passband and about 65 dB attenuation in the stopband. The 20 design of 1/2 octave bandpass filters is well within the level of skill of the ordinary 21 worker in the art. Therefore the details of the circuit design of any particular bandpass 22 filter, whether implemented as an analog filter or as a DSP representation of an analog 23 filter, will be simply a matter of design choice for such skilled persons. 24 25 In an alternative embodiment, audio bandpass filters 14-1 to 14-n preferably 26 have a bandpass resolution of 1/3 octave or less, but in no case less than about 125 Hz, 19 WO 01/39546 PCT/USOO/12413 1 and have their center frequencies logarithmically spaced over a total audio spectrum 2 of from about 200 Hz to about 10,000 Hz. The audio bandpass filters may have 3 bandwidths broader than 1/3 octave, i.e., up to an octave or so, but with degrading 4 performance. In this alternative embodiment, the bandpass filters 14-1 through 14-n 5 are realized as eighth-order Elliptic filters with about 0.5 dB ripple in the passband 6 and about 70 dB rejection in the stopband. 7 8 Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that several bandpass filter 9 designs including, but not limited to, other Elliptic, Butterworth, Chebyshev, or Bessel 10 filters, may be employed. Further, filter banks designed using wavelets, as disclosed, 11 for example, in R. A. Gopinath, "Wavelets and Filter Banks- New Results and 12 Applications," Ph.D Dissertation, Rice University, Houston, Texas, May 1993, may 13 offer some advantage. Any of these bandpass filter designs may be employed without 14 deviating from the concepts of the invention disclosed herein. 15 16 Each individual bandpass filter 14-1 to 14-n is cascaded with a corresponding 17 multiplicative automatic gain control (AGC) circuit. Three such devices 16-1, 16-2, 18 and 16-n are shown in FIG. 1. Multiplicative AGC circuits are known in the art and 19 an exemplary configuration will be disclosed further herein. 20 21 The outputs of the multiplicative AGC circuits are summed together and are 22 fed to an output transducer 18, which converts the electrical signals into acoustical 23 energy. As will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, output transducer 24 18 may be one of a variety of known available hearing-aid earphone transducers, such 25 as a model ED 1932, available from Knowles Electronics of Ithaca, Illinois, in 26 conjunction with a calibrating amplifier to ensure the transduction of a specified 20 WO 01/39546 PCT/USOO/12413 1 electrical signal level into the correspondingly specified acoustical signal level. 2 Alternately, output transducer 18 may be another earphone-like device or an audio 3 power amplifier and speaker system. 4 5 Referring now to FIG. 2A, a more detailed conceptual block diagram of a 6 typical multiplicative AGC circuit 16-n suitable for use according to the present 7 invention is shown. As previously noted, multiplicative AGC circuits are known in 8 the art. An illustrative multiplicative AGC circuit which will function in the present 9 invention is disclosed in the article T. Stockham, Jr., The Application of Generalized 10 Linearity to Automatic Gain Control, IEEE Transactions on Audio and 11 Electroacoustics, AU-16(2): pp. 267-270, June 1968. A similar example of such a 12 multiplicative AGC circuit may be found in United States Patent No. 3,518,578 to 13 Oppenheim et al. 14 15 Conceptually, the multiplicative AGC circuit 16-n which may be used in the 16 present invention accepts an input signal at amplifier 20 from the output of one of the 17 audio bandpass filters 14-n. Amplifier 20 is set to have a gain of 1/emax , where emax 18 is the maximum allowable value of the audio envelope for which AGC gain is applied 19 (i.e., for input levels above emax , AGC attenuation results). Within each band 20 segment in the apparatus of the present invention, the quantity emax is the maximum 21 acoustic intensity for which gain is to be applied. This gain level for emax 22 (determined by audiological examination of a patient) often corresponds to the upper 23 comfort level of sound. In an analog implementation of the present invention, 24 amplifier 20 may be a known operational amplifier circuit, and in a DSP 25 implementation, amplifier 20 may be a multiplier function having the input signal as 26 one input term and the constant l/emax as the other input term. 21 WO 01/39546 PCT/USOO/12413 1 2 The output of amplifier 20 is processed in the "LOG" block 22 to derive the 3 logarithm of the signal. The LOG block 22 derives a complex logarithm of the input 4 signal, with one output representing the sign of the input signal and the other output 5 representing the logarithm of the absolute value of the input. Those of ordinary skill 6 in the art will recognize that by setting the gain of the amplifier 20 to l/ema, the 7 output of amplifier 20 (when the input is less than ema ,) will never be greater than 8 one and the logarithm term out of LOG block 22 will always be 0 or less. 9 10 In a DSP implementation, LOG block 22 is realized preferably by employing a 11 circuit that converts binary numbers to a floating point format in a manner consistent 12 with the method described in "ADSP-2100 Family Applications Handbook," Volume 13 1, published by Analog Devices, pp. 46-48. In this implementation, several different 14 bases for the logarithm may be employed. The LOG block 22 may be alternatively 15 implemented as a software subroutine running on a microprocessor or similar 16 computing engine as is well known in the art, or from other equivalent means such as 17 a look-up table. Examples of such implementations are found in Knuth, Donald E., 18 The Art of Computer Programming, Vol. 1, Fundamental Algorithms, Addison 19 Wesley Publishing 1968, pp. 21-26 and Abramowitz, M. and Stegun, I.A., Handbook 20 of Mathematical Functions, US Department of Commerce, National Bureau of 21 Standards, Appl. Math Series 55, 1968. 22 In an analog implementation of the present invention, LOG block 22 may be, 23 for example, an amplifier having a logarithmic transfer curve, or a circuit such as the 24 one shown in FIGS. 8 and 9 of United States Patent No. 3,518,578. 25 26 The first output of LOG block 22 containing the sign information of its input 22 WO 01/39546 PCT/USOO/12413 1 signal is presented to a Delay block 24, and a second output of LOG block 22 2 representing the logarithm of the absolute value of the input signal is presented to a 3 filter 26 having a characteristic preferably like that shown in FIG. 3. Conceptually, 4 filter 26 may comprise both high-pass filter 28 and low-pass filter 30 followed by 5 amplifier 32 having a gain equal to K, where, as shown in FIG. 3, gain factor K has a 6 value less than 1 at frequency below fc. It should be noted that the gain factor K 7 shown in FIG. 3 may be chosen to be a different value for each of the multiplicative 8 AGC circuits 16-1 through 16-n, but once chosen for that channel the value of K will 9 remain constant. As will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, high-pass 10 filter 28 may be synthesized by subtracting the output of the low-pass filter 30 from its 11 input. 12 13 Both high-pass filter 28 and low-pass filter 30 have a cutoff frequency that is 14 determined by the specific application. In a hearing compensation system application 15 according to the embodiments depicted in FIGS. 2A-2C, where the LOG operation is 16 performed prior to the low-pass operation, it is preferred that a nominal cutoff 17 frequency of about 16 Hz be employed. However, it should be appreciated that other 18 cutoff frequencies may be chosen for low-pass filter 30 up to about 1/8 of the critical 19 bandwidth associated with the frequency band being processed without deviating from 20 the concepts of this invention. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that 21 filters having response curves other than that shown in FIG. 3 may be used in the 22 present invention. For example, other non-voice applications of the present invention 23 may require a cutoff frequency higher or lower than fc =16 Hz in FIG. 3. 24 25 The sign output of the LOG block 22 which feeds delay 24 has a value of either 26 1 or 0 and is used to keep track of the sign of the input signal to LOG block 22. The 23 WO 01/39546 PCT/USOO/12413 1 delay 24 is such that the sign of the input signal is fed to the EXP block 34 at the same 2 time as the data representing the absolute value of the magnitude of the input signal, 3 resulting in the proper sign at the output. In the present invention, the delay is made 4 equal to the delay of the high-pass filter 28. 5 6 Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that many designs exist for 7 amplifiers and for both passive and active analog filters as well as for DSP filter 8 implementations, and that the design for the filters described herein may be elected 9 from among these available designs. For example, in an analog implementation of the 10 present invention, high-pass filter 28 and low-pass filter 30 may be conventional high 11 pass and low-pass filters of known designs, such as examples found in Van 12 Valkenburg, M.E., Analog Filter Design, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1982, pp. 58 13 59. Amplifier 32 may be a conventional operational amplifier. In a digital 14 implementation of the present invention, amplifier 32 may be a multiplier function 15 having the input signal as one input term and a constant K as the other input term. 16 DSP filter techniques are well understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. 17 18 The outputs of high-pass filter 28 and amplifier 32 are combined (i.e. added 19 together) and presented to the input of EXP block 34 along with the unmodified but 20 delayed output of LOG block 22. EXP block 34 processes the signal to provide an 21 exponential function. The sign of the output from EXP block 34 is determined by the 22 output from the delay D block 24. In a DSP implementation, EXP block 34 is 23 preferably realized as described in "ADSP-2100 Family Applications Handbook," 24 Volume 1, 1995, published by Analog Devices, pp. 52-67. EXP block 34 preferably 25 has a base that corresponds to the base employed by LOG block 22. The EXP block 26 34 may alternatively be implemented as a software subroutine as is well known in the 24 WO 01/39546 PCT/USOO/12413 1 art, or from other equivalent means such as a look-up table. Examples of known 2 implementations of this function are found in the Knuth and Abramowitz et al. 3 references, and in United States Patent No. 3,518,578, previously cited. 4 5 In an analog implementation of the present invention, EXP block 34 may be an 6 amplifier with an exponential transfer curve. Examples of such circuits are found in 7 FIGS. 8 and 9 of United States Patent No. 3,518,578. 8 9 Sound may be conceptualized as the product of two components. The first is 10 the always positive slowly varying envelope which may be written as e(t), and the 11 second is the rapidly varying carrier which may be written as v(t). The total sound 12 may be expressed as: 13 s(t) = e(t) - v(t) 14 15 which is the input to block 20 of FIG. 2A. 16 17 Since an audio waveform is not always positive (i.e., v(t) is negative about half 18 of the time), its logarithm at the output of LOG block 22 will have a real part and an 19 imaginary part. If LOG block 22 is configured to process the absolute value of s(t) 20 scaled by emax , its output will be the sum of log[e(t)/emax] and log lv(t)I. Since log 21 Iv(t)l contains high frequencies, it will pass through high-pass filter 28 essentially 22 unaffected. The component log[e(t)/emax] contains low frequency components and 23 will be passed by low-pass filter 30 and emerges from amplifier 32 as K log[e(t)/emax 24 ]. The output of EXP block 34 will therefore be: 25 26 (e(t)/emax)K -v(t) 25 WO 01/39546 PCT/USOO/12413 1 2 The output of EXP block 34 is fed into amplifier 36 with a gain of emax in 3 order to rescale the signal to properly correspond to the input levels which were 4 previously scaled by 1/ema in amplifier 20. Amplifiers 20 and 36 are similarly 5 configured except that their gains differ as just explained. 6 7 When K<1, it may be seen that the processing in the multiplicative AGC circuit 8 16-n of FIG. 2A performs a compression function. Persons of ordinary skill in the art 9 will recognize that embodiments of the present invention using these values of K are 10 also useful for applications other than hearing compensation. 11 12 According to such embodiments of the invention employed as a hearing 13 compensation system, K may be a variable with a value between zero and 1. The 14 value of K will be different for each frequency band for each hearing impaired person, 15 and may be defined as follows: 16 17 K = [1 - (HL / (UCL - NHT)] 18 19 where HL is the hearing loss at threshold (in dB), UCL is the upper comfort level (in 20 dB), and NHT is the normal hearing threshold (in dB). Thus, the apparatus of the 21 present invention may be customized to suit the individual hearing impairment of the 22 wearer as determined by conventional audiological examination. The multiplicative 23 AGC circuit 16-n in the present invention provides either no gain for signal intensities 24 at the upper sound comfort level or a gain equivalent to the hearing loss for signal 25 intensities associated with the normal hearing threshold in that frequency band. 26 26 WO 01/39546 PCT/USOO/12413 1 In embodiments of the block diagram shown in FIGs. 2A-2C, when K>1, the 2 AGC circuit 16-n becomes an expander. Useful applications of such a circuit include 3 noise reduction by expanding a desired signal. 4 5 In contrast, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that embodiments of 6 block diagrams shown in FIGs. 2A-2C where the value of K is negative (in a typical 7 useful range of about zero to negative one), soft sounds will become loud and loud 8 sounds will become soft. Useful applications of the present invention in this mode 9 include systems for improving the intelligibility of a low volume audio signal on the 10 same signal line with a louder signal. 11 12 Despite the fact that multiplicative AGC has been available in the literature 13 since 1968, and has been mentioned as having potential applicability to hearing aid 14 circuits, it has been largely ignored by the hearing aid literature. Researchers have 15 agreed, however, that some type of frequency dependent gain is necessary to provide 16 adequate hearing compensation and noise suppression, since hearing loss is also 17 frequency dependent. Yet even this agreement is clouded by perceptions that a bank 18 of filters with AGC will destroy speech intelligibility if more than a few frequency 19 bands are used, see, e.g., R. Plomp, The Negative Effect of Amplitude Compression in 20 Hearing Aids in the Light of the Modulation-Transfer Function, Journal of the 21 Acoustical Society of America, 83, 6, June 1983, pp. 2322-2327. An approach, 22 whereby a separately configured multiplicative AGC for a plurality of sub-bands 23 across the audio spectrum may be used according to the present invention is a 24 substantial advance in the art. 25 27 WO 01/39546 PCT/USOO/12413 1 FIG. 2B is a block diagram of a variation of the circuit shown in FIG. 2A. 2 Persons of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that amplifier 20 may be eliminated 3 and its gain (1/ema ) may be equivalently implemented by subtracting the value 4 log[emax] from the output of low pass filter 30 in subtractor circuit 38. Similarly, in 5 FIG. 2B, amplifier 36 has been eliminated and its gain (ema ) has been equivalently 6 implemented by adding the value log[ema] to the output from amplifier 32 in adder 7 circuit 40 without departing from the concept of the present invention. In a digital 8 embodiment of FIG. 2B, the subtraction or addition may be achieved by simply 9 subtracting/adding the amount log[ema]; while in an analog implementation, a 10 summing amplifier such as shown in examples in "Microelectronic Circuits", by A.S. 11 Sedra and K.C. Smith, Holt Rinehart and Winston, 1990, pp. 62-65, may be used. 12 13 When noise is present, the input signal to the multiplicative system may be 14 characterized as follows: 15 16 s(t) = [ed(t) x en (t)]v (t) 17 18 where ed(t) is the dynamic part of the envelope, and en(t) is the near stationary 19 part of the envelope. 20 21 According to a preferred embodiment of the multiplicative AGC circuit 16 of 22 the present invention, FIG. 2C illustrates noise suppression that is performed on the 23 near stationary parts of the envelope, en(t). In FIG. 2C, the second output of LOG 24 block 22 is connected to high pass filter 28, bandpass filter 42, and low-pass filter 44. 25 The high pass filter 28 is preferably set to 16 Hz as described above to separate 28 WO 01/39546 PCT/USOO/12413 1 loglv(t)I and log[ed(t)xen(t)] which is equivalently log[ed(t)] + log [en(t)], where ed(t) 2 and en(t) are positive quantities. 3 4 In the preferred embodiment, the band pass filter 42 is implemented with a 5 single order pole at 16 Hz that is consistent with the desired operation of separating 6 the log[ed(t)] and log[en(t)] signals of the envelope amplitude and a zero (i.e. a zero 7 response) at D.C. (an example of a preferred implementation of a band pass filter 8 transfer function which provides this response is indicated in FIG. 4B). According to 9 the present invention, sounds that remain nearly constant in envelope amplitude for 10 more than 6 seconds are characterized as stationary. Accordingly, the specification of 11 the lower cutoff frequency to be 1/6 Hz for the band-pass filter 42 corresponds to 12 signals with a 6 second duration. It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in 13 the art that other cut- off frequencies and filter orders may be selected to implement 14 the desired specifications for separating the log[ed (t)] and log[en(t)] signal portions 15 of the envelope according to the present invention. 16 17 FIGS. 4A-4C illustrate the transfer functions of the high pass filter 28, the band 18 pass filter 42 and the low pass filter 44, respectively. In FIG. 4A, the output of the 19 high pass filter 28 is the log Iv(t)I. In FIG. 4B, the output of the band pass filter 42, is 20 the logarithm of the dynamic or rapidly varying time envelope, often associated with 21 speech, such as for log[ed(t)] . In FIG. 4C, the output of the low pass filter 44 is the 22 logarithm of the near stationary or slowly varying time envelope, log[en(t)]. The near 23 stationary envelope is most often associated with noise such as a multi-talker speech 24 background that provides a constant din, a fan with a constant level of output hum, or 25 white or colored noise with a constant power level. 26 29 WO 01/39546 PCT/USOO/12413 1 According to the present invention, the noise, en(t), may be reduced by a linear 2 attenuation factor, atten, wherein the amplitude is changed so as to equal the original 3 amplitude times the atten factor. A reduction in the level of the constant component 4 of sound (i.e., the near stationary envelope) is obtained by adding the logarithm of the 5 attenuation to the log[en(t)]. Referring now to FIG. 2C, log[atten], the value of which 6 is negative for atten values less than one, is added to the output of the amplifier 32. It 7 should be appreciated that the inclusion of - log[enax] is made in place of the 8 amplifier 20 as taught with respect to node 38 illustrated in FIG. 2B. 9 10 Still referring to FIG. 2C, the outputs of the amplifiers 32 and 33 along with the 11 output of high pass filter 28 are added with the log[atten] factor at the summing node 12 48 with the output connected to the exponentiation block 34. 13 14 15 The value of gain G selected for amplifier block 33 is determined by the 16 amount of desired enhancement to be applied to the dynamic portions of speech. In 17 the present invention the value of G is selected to be in the range 18 19 K & G!5 K log(atten) log(ed .. ) 20 where edmax is the level of the dynamic or speech portion which the designer prefers 21 to be restored to the signal level as if there were no noise attenuation. In the preferred 22 embodiment, edmax is set to value of the comfortable listening level and the 23 attenuation value is set to 0.1. Hence, with this choice of variables, the output signal is 24 attenuated by a factor of 0.1 but the dynamic portion of the envelope is amplified by a 30 WO 01/39546 PCT/USOO/12413 1 factor G to provide enhancement. Those with ordinary skill in the art will understand 2 that other values of G may be selected to provide specific desired output levels for the 3 dynamic portions of the signal envelope, including a time varying calculation for 4 values of G based upon short term averages of the output of BPF 42 (or equivalently 5 log[ed (t)]), without deviating from the teachings of this invention. 6 7 The output of summing junction 48 is connected to the second input of 8 exponent block 34. The first input of exponent block 34 contains the sign information 9 of v(t), and when combined with the input at the second input of exponent block 34 10 forms an output of exponent block 34 as follows: 11 12 atten eaxJ(ed)Gv(t) 13 14 15 Accordingly, the multiplicative AGC circuit 16 set forth in FIG. 2C will 16 attenuate an acoustic signal having a relatively constant amplitude for more than 17 approximately six seconds but will provide increased gain (by virtue of the constant 18 G) to dynamic and speech signals. Preferably, the value of atten, the logarithm of 19 which is added to the summing junction block 48 may be under the control of the user 20 of the hearing aid. In this manner, the user of the hearing aid may set the background 21 noise attenuation in a way that is analogous to the selection of volume by a volume 22 control. It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that any variety of 23 known volume control devices typically employed in hearing aids or stereo sound 24 systems may be employed to adjust the background noise attenuation level in either a 25 digital or an analog system. 31 WO 01/39546 PCT/USOO/12413 1 2 Referring now to FIG. 5A, a block diagram is presented of an alternate 3 embodiment of the multiplicative AGC circuit 16-n of the present invention wherein 4 the logarithm function follows the low-pass filter function. Those of ordinary skill in 5 the art will appreciate that the individual blocks of the circuit of FIG. 5A which have 6 the same functions as corresponding blocks of the circuit of FIG. 2A may be 7 configured from the same elements as the corresponding ones of the blocks of FIG. 8 2A. 9 10 Like the multiplicative AGC circuit 16-n of FIG. 2A, the multiplicative AGC 11 circuit 16-n of FIG. 5A accepts an input signal at amplifier 20 from the output of one 12 of the audio bandpass filters 14-n shown in FIG. 1. Still referring to FIG. 5A, 13 amplifier 20 is set to have a gain of 1/emax , where emax is the maximum allowable 14 value of the audio envelope for which AGC gain is to be applied. 15 16 The output of amplifier 20 is passed to absolute value circuit 60. In an analog 17 implementation, there are numerous known ways to implement absolute value circuit 18 60, such as given, for example, in A. S. Sedra and K. C. Smith, Microelectronic 19 Circuits, Holt, Rinehart and Winston Publishing Co., 2nd ed. 1987. In a digital 20 implementation, those skilled in the art know that the absolute value circuit can be 21 implemented by simply by taking the magnitude of the digital number at the input of 22 the circuit. 23 24 The output of absolute value circuit 60 is passed to low-pass filter 30. Low 25 pass filter 30 may be configured in the same manner as disclosed with reference to 26 FIG. 2A. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the combination of the 32 WO 01/39546 PCT/USOO/12413 1 absolute value circuit 60 and the low-pass filter 30 provides an estimate of the 2 envelope e(t), and hence is known as an envelope detector. Several implementations 3 of envelope detectors are well known in the art and may be used without departing 4 from the teachings of the invention. Since, in the embodiment of FIG. 5A, the low 5 pass filter 30 precedes the LOG block 22, it is preferred that the cutoff frequency be 6 up to 1/8 of the critical bandwidth of the cutoff frequency. It should be appreciated, 7 however, that a nominal cutoff frequency of 16 Hz may also be employed. 8 9 In a presently preferred embodiment, the output of low-pass filter 30 is 10 processed in the LOG block 22 to derive the logarithm of the signal. The input to the 11 LOG block 22 is always positive due to the action of absolute value block 60, hence 12 no phase or sign term from the LOG block 22 is used. Again, because the gain of the 13 amplifier 20 is set to 1/emax , the output of amplifier 20 for inputs less than emax , 14 will never be greater than one and the logarithm term out of LOG block 22 will 15 always be 0 or less. 16 17 In FIG. 5A, an alternative implementation of LOG block 22 from the 18 description provided with respect to FIG. 2A may be made, because less accuracy is 19 required in the LOG block 22 implementation in FIG. 5A. It should be understood 20 that this alternative implementation is not considered suitable for use in the 21 implementation of LOG block 22 of FIG. 2A because an unacceptably high level of 22 noise is created by the inaccuracies. In this alternative embodiment of LOG block 22, 23 the exponent and the fractional part of the mantissa of the floating point representation 24 of the input to LOG block 22 are added together to form the output of the LOG block 25 22. For example, the floating point representation of the number 12 pursuant to IEEE 26 standard 754-1985 format is 1.5 x 23. In accordance with the alternative 33 WO 01/39546 PCT/USOO/12413 1 implementation of LOG block 22, the value of log212 is treated as 3.5, since the sum 2 of the exponent of 23 and the fractional part of 1.5 is calculated as 3 + .5 = 3.5. The 3 true value of log212 is 3.58496. The error of approximately 2% is considered 4 acceptable. 5 6 The logarithmic output signal of LOG block 22 is presented to an amplifier 62 7 having a gain equal to (K -1). Other than its gain being different from amplifier 32 of 8 FIG. 2A, amplifiers 32 and 62 may be similarly configured. The output of amplifier 9 62 is presented to the input of EXP block 34, which processes the signal to provide an 10 exponential (anti-log) function. 11 12 The output of EXP block 34 is combined with a delayed version of the input to 13 amplifier 20 in multiplier 64, where delay element 66 functions to provide the 14 appropriate amount of delay. There are a number of known ways to implement 15 multiplier 64. In a digital implementation, this is simply a multiplication of two 16 digital values. In an analog implementation, an analog multiplier such as shown in A. 17 S. Sedra and K. C. Smith, Microelectronic Circuits, Holt, Rinehart and Winston 18 Publishing Co., 3rd ed. 1991 (see especially page 900) is required. 19 20 As in the embodiment depicted in FIG. 2A, the input to amplifier 20 of the 21 embodiment of FIG. 5A is delayed prior to presentation to the input of multiplier 64. 22 Delay block 66 has a delay equal to the group delay of low pass filter 30. 23 24 FIG. 5B is a block diagram of a circuit which is a variation of the circuit shown 25 in FIG. 5A. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that amplifier 20 may be 26 eliminated and its gain, 1/emax , may be equivalently implemented by subtracting the 34 WO 01/39546 PCT/USOO/12413 1 value log[emax] from the output of LOG block 22 in summing circuit 68, as shown in 2 FIG. 5B, without deviating from the concepts herein. 3 4 FIG. 5C illustrates a preferred embodiment of a multiplicative AGC circuit 16 5 including noise suppression according to the present invention. The multiplicative 6 AGC circuit 16 is similar to the multiplicative AGC circuit 16-n depicted in FIGS. 5A 7 and 5B, except that the noise suppression components according to the present 8 invention have been included. Accordingly, only the additional circuit elements 9 illustrated in FIG. 5C will be described herein. 10 11 According to the present invention, the log[e(t)] -at the output of LOG block 22 12 is connected to the high pass filter 70 and the low pass filter 72. The implementation 13 of the low pass filter 72 may be made with a simple first order low pass filter 14 characteristic having a corner at 1/6 Hz, embodiments of which are well known to 15 those of ordinary skill in the art. The high pass filter 70 may be implemented with the 16 understanding that the first order high pass filter transfer function is the low pass filter 17 function subtracted from 1. A high pass filter 70 implemented in this manner is 18 depicted in FIG. 6, and is well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. The transfer 19 functions for the high pass filter 70 and the low pass filter 72 are illustrated in FIGS. 20 7A and 7B, respectively. It will be appreciated that filter orders and cut off 21 frequencies other than those recited herein may be selected as a matter of design 22 choice according to the present invention. 23 24 Alternatively, the high pass filter 70 and the low pass filter 72 of FIG. 5C may 25 be replaced with a noise estimator in a manner illustrated in FIG. 8. Various 26 implementations of noise estimators are well known to those of ordinary skill in the 35 WO 01/39546 PCT/USOO/12413 1 art. A suitable implementation of a noise estimator is suggested in the article by 2 Harry Teder, "Hearing Instruments in Noise and the Syllabic Speech-to-Noise Ratio," 3 Hearing Instruments, Vol. 42, No. 2, 1991 recited above. In this embodiment, 4 switching artifacts are generated as the noise estimator switches between an estimate 5 of the noise when speech is present and an estimate when the speech is absent. 6 7 Turning again to FIG. 5C, the output of the high pass filter 70 is log[ed(t)], 8 representing the dynamic portion of the acoustic signal envelope. The output of the 9 low pass filter 72 is log[en(t)], representing the near stationary portion of the signal 10 envelope. At the summing junction 38, the value log[emax] is subtracted from the 11 output of the low pass filter 72 in the same manner as the value log[emax] was 12 subtracted at the summing junction 68 in FIG. 5B. The dynamic portion of the 13 logarithm of the signal which is the output from HPF2 block 70 is amplified by the 14 gain (G-1). According to the present invention, the value log [atten] is then also added 15 to the outputs of the amplifier blocks 61 and 62 at the summing junction 74. 16 17 The output from the summing junction 74 is input into the exponentiation 18 block 34. The output of the exponentiation block 34 is multiplied by the value of the 19 input signal through the delay block 66 by multiplier 64. The selection of K as 20 described above, along with the selection of the attenuation value, atten, may be made 21 in two or more of the multiplicative AGC circuits 16 to provide a similar attenuation 22 of the background noise across several of the channels. The attenuation value, atten, 23 may be controlled by a volume control circuit in a manner as described above. 24 25 FIG. 5D illustrates an alternative embodiment of noise suppression according 26 to the present invention. In FIG. 5D output of the LOG block 22 is split into two 36 WO 01/39546 PCT/USOO/12413 1 paths. One output from LOG block 22 is fed into the summing junction 75 and a 2 quantity designated by "a" is added. The value of "a" is the logarithm (to the same 3 base as the log in block 22) of the threshold value of sound for the respective AGC 4 band 16-n. As recited earlier, a noise estimator block 45 is used to provide an 5 estimate of the stationary portion of the logarithm of the envelope, log[en(t)]. An 6 estimate of the dynamic portion of the logarithm of the envelope, log[ed (t)], is 7 obtained at the output of the summing junction 76 by adding the output of the 8 summing junction 75 to the output of the noise estimator block 45. This output from 9 summing junction 76 is then multiplied by a gain G' which is 10 11 G=1- Xlog(atten) I log[ed (t)] I -Y -log(atten) 12 where 13 14 Y k k(K max-i) + log(atten) 15 and 16 17 X = K .. Y 18 19 The choice of an adaptive gain G' is obtained from three specifications: (1) the 20 maximum gain Kmax which corresponds to the gain to restore a maximum desired 21 speech level to a comfortable listening level; (2) the amount of desired attenuation, 22 atten; and (3) the value of k=log[ed (t)] for which unity gain is desired. 23 24 Still referring to FIG. 5D, the output of the noise estimator block 45 is also 25 combined with the log[atten] at summing junction 79. The outputs of this summing 26 junction 79 and the amplifier G' are summed in junction 77 and the subsequent output 37 WO 01/39546 PCT/USOO/12413 1 is multiplied by K in block 32. The output from LOG block 22 is then subtracted 2 from the output of the multiplier K (the selection of K being recited earlier) and then 3 summed at summing junction 74 with the logarithm of the threshold for the user, "b". 4 5 FIG 5E illustrates another embodiment of noise reduction according to the 6 present invention. 7 8 While the multiplicative AGC circuits 16-n shown in FIGS. 2A-2C and FIGS. 9 5A-5C are implemented differently, it has been determined that the output resulting 10 from either the log-lowpass implementation of FIGS. 2A-2C and the output resulting 11 from the lowpass-log implementation of FIGS. 5A-5C are substantially equivalent, 12 and the output of one cannot be said to be more desirable than the other. In fact, it is 13 thought that the outputs are sufficiently similar to consider the output of either a good 14 representation for both. Listening results of tests performed for speech data to 15 determine if the equivalency of the log-lowpass and the lowpass-log was appropriate 16 for the human auditory multiplicative AGC configurations indicate the intelligibility 17 and fidelity in both configurations was nearly indistinguishable. 18 19 Although intelligibility and fidelity are equivalent in both configurations, 20 analysis of the output levels during calibration of the system for specific sinusoidal 21 tones revealed that the lowpass-log maintained calibration while the log-lowpass 22 system deviated slightly from calibration. While either configuration would appear to 23 give equivalent listening results, calibration issues favor the low-pass log 24 implementation of FIGS. 5A-5C. 25 38 WO 01/39546 PCT/USOO/12413 1 The multi-band multiplicative AGC adaptive compression approach of the 2 present invention has no explicit feedback or feed forward. With the addition of a 3 modified soft-limiter to the multiplicative AGC circuit 16-n, a stable transient 4 response and a low noise floor are ensured. Such an embodiment of a multiplicative 5 AGC circuit for use in the present invention is shown in FIG. 9A. 6 7 The embodiment of FIG. 9A is similar to the embodiment shown in FIG. 5A, 8 except that, instead of feeding the absolute value circuit 60, amplifier 20 follows the 9 low-pass filter 30. In addition, a modified soft limiter 86 is interposed between EXP 10 block 34 and multiplier 64. In an analog implementation, soft limiter 86 may be 11 designed, for example, as in A. S. Sedra and K. C. Smith, Microelectronic Circuits, 12 Holt, Rinehart and Winston Publishing Co., 2nd ed. 1987 (see especially pp. 230-239) 13 with the slope in the saturation regions asymptotic to zero. The output of block 86 is 14 the gain of the system. The insertion of the soft limiter block 86 in the circuit of FIG. 15 9A limits the gain to the maximum value which is set to be the gain required to 16 compensate for the hearing loss at threshold. 17 18 In a digital implementation, soft limiter 86 may be realized as a subroutine 19 which provides an output to multiplier 64 equal to the input to soft limiter 86 for all 20 values of input less than the value of the gain to be realized by multiplier 64 required 21 to compensate for the hearing loss at threshold and provides an output to multiplier 64 22 equal to the value of the gain required to compensate for the hearing loss at threshold 23 for all inputs greater than this value. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize 24 that multiplier 64 functions as a variable gain amplifier whose gain is limited by the 25 output of soft limiter 86. It is further convenient, but not necessary, to modify the soft 26 limiter to limit the gain for soft sounds below threshold to be equal to or less than that 39 WO 01/39546 PCT/USOO/12413 1 required for hearing compensation at threshold. If the soft limiter 86 is so modified, 2 then care must be taken to ensure that the gain below the threshold of hearing is not 3 discontinuous with respect to a small change in input level. 4 5 Use of the modified soft limiter 86 provides another beneficial effect by 6 eliminating transient overshoot in the system response to an acoustic stimulus which 7 rapidly makes the transition from silence to an uncomfortably loud intensity. The 8 stabilization effect of the soft limiter 86 may also be achieved by introducing 9 appropriate delay into the system, but this can have damaging side effects. Excessive 10 delayed speech transmission to the ear of one's own voice causes a feedback delay 11 which can induce stuttering. Use of the modified soft limiter 86 eliminates the 12 acoustic delay used by other techniques and simultaneously provides stability and an 13 enhanced signal-to-noise ratio. 14 15 FIG. 9B is a block diagram of a variation of the circuit shown in FIG. 9A. 16 Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that amplifier 20 may be eliminated 17 and its gain function may be realized equivalently by subtracting the value log[emax] 18 from the output of LOG block 22 in summing circuit 88 as shown in FIG. 9B without 19 deviating from the concepts herein. 20 21 Turning now to FIG. 10, a preferred embodiment of multiplicative AGC circuit 22 16 implementing a three slope gain curve according to the present invention is 23 illustrated. In FIG. 10, the output of the LOG block 22 is connected to first and 24 second comparator circuits 90-1 and 90-2. The comparator circuits compare the 25 output of LOG block 22 with predetermined input levels to determine which of the 26 three gain regions in FIG. 11 is applied. The outputs of first and second comparator 40 WO 01/39546 PCT/USOO/12413 1 circuits are connected to the first and second select inputs of gain multiplexer 92 and 2 normalization multiplexer 94. The first, second and third inputs, KO', K 1 ', and K2'to 3 gain multiplexer 92 provide the value of 4 (K-1) in the amplifier 42. 5 6 The first, second and third inputs, A 0 ', A 1 ', and A2'to normalization 7 multiplexer 94 provide the normalization implemented by the amplifier 20 in FIGS. 8 2A, 5A, and 9A by adding the value (K-1) log[emax] to the output of amplifier 42 by 9 summing node 96. Since the normalization occurs after the operation of amplifier 42, 10 it should be appreciated that the value of K is included in each of the three inputs to 11 the normalization multiplexer 94. Further, the value of K included in each of the three 12 inputs corresponds to the value of K that is employed by amplifier 42 in response to 13 the output from gain multiplexer 92. 14 15 According to this embodiment of the present invention, comparator circuits 90 16 1 and 90-2 divide the amplitude of the output from LOG block 22 into expansion, 17 compression and saturation regions. An exemplary graph of the gain provided to the 18 input in the three regions is illustrated in FIG. 11. The upper limit of the expansion 19 region is set by the threshold hearing loss determined during a fitting of the hearing 20 aid on the user. When the amplitude of the output from LOG block 22 is below the 21 threshold hearing loss, the inputs KO' and AO' will be selected, and the gain of the 22 amplifier 42 will preferably provide expansive gain to the input. For input signal 23 energy at low levels constituting unwanted noise, expansion is useful by reducing the 24 gain to those low level signals. 25 41 WO 01/39546 PCT/USOO/12413 1 The lower limit of the compression region is set by the threshold hearing loss, 2 and the upper limit is set by compression provided to the signal in the compression 3 region and the compression provided in the saturation region. When the amplitude of 4 the output from LOG block 22 is above the threshold hearing loss, and below the 5 upper limit of the compression region, the inputs K 1 ' and A 1 ' will be selected, and the 6 gain of the amplifier 42 will preferably provide compressive gain to the input. The 7 compression provided in each channel will be determined during the fitting of the 8 hearing aid. 9 10 When the amplitude of the output from LOG block 22 is above the upper limit 11 of the compression region, the inputs K 2 ' and A 2 ' will be selected, and the gain of the 12 amplifier 42 will preferably provide compressive gain to the input. The compression 13 in the saturation region will typically be greater than the compression in the 14 compression region. In the saturation region, the output is limited to a level below the 15 maximum output capability of the output transducer. This is preferred to other types 16 of output limiting, such as peak clipping. 17 18 An alternate method for achieving stability is to add a low level (i.e. with an 19 intensity below the hearing threshold level) of noise to the inputs to the audio 20 bandpass filters 14-1 through 14-n. This noise should be weighted such that its 21 spectral shape follows the threshold-of-hearing curve for a normal hearing individual 22 as a function of frequency. This is shown schematically by the noise generator 100 in 23 FIG. 1. Noise generator 100 is shown injecting a low level of noise into each of audio 24 bandpass filters 14-1 through 14-n. Numerous circuits and methods for noise 25 generation are well known in the art. 26 42 WO 01/39546 PCT/USOO/12413 1 In the embodiments of FIGS. 5A-5D, FIGS. 9A and 9B, and FIG. 10, the 2 subcircuit comprising absolute value circuit 60 followed by low-pass filter 30 3 functions as an envelope detector. The absolute value circuit 60 may function as a 4 half-wave rectifier, a full-wave rectifier, or a circuit whose output is the RMS value of 5 the input with an appropriate scaling adjustment. Because the output of this envelope 6 detector subcircuit has a relatively low bandwidth, the envelope updates in digital 7 realizations of this circuit need only be performed at the Nyquist rate for the envelope 8 bandwidth, a rate less than 500 Hz. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate 9 that this will enable low power digital implementations. 10 11 The multiplicative AGC full range adaptive compression for hearing 12 compensation differs from the earlier FFT work in several significant ways. The 13 multi-band multiplicative AGC adaptive compression technique of the present 14 invention does not employ frequency domain processing but instead uses time domain 15 filters with similar or equivalent Q based upon the required critical bandwidth. In 16 addition, in contrast to the FFT approach, the system of the present invention 17 employing multiplicative AGC adaptive compression may be implemented with a 18 minimum of delay and no explicit feedforward or feedback. 19 20 In the prior art FFT implementation, the parameter to be measured using this 21 prior art technique was identified in the phon space. The presently preferred system 22 of the present invention incorporating multi-band multiplicative AGC adaptive 23 compression inherently includes recruitment, and requires only the measure of 24 threshold hearing loss and upper comfort level as a function of frequency in the 25 embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 2A-2C, FIGS. 5A-5E, and FIGS. 9A and 9B. 26 43 WO 01/39546 PCT/USOO/12413 1 Finally, the multi-band multiplicative AGC adaptive compression technique of 2 the present invention utilizes a modified soft limiter 86 or alternatively a low level 3 noise generator 100 which eliminates the additive noise artifact introduced by prior-art 4 processing and maintains sound fidelity. However, more importantly, the prior-art 5 FFT approach will become unstable during the transition from silence to loud sounds 6 if an appropriate time delay is not used. The presently preferred multiplicative AGC 7 embodiment of the present invention is stable with a minimum of delay. 8 9 The multi-band, multiplicative AGC adaptive compression approach of the 10 present invention has several advantages. For the embodiments described with 11 respect to FIGS. 2A-2C, FIG. 5A-5 E and FIGS. 9A and 9B, only the threshold and 12 upper comfort levels for the person being fitted need to be measured. The same 13 lowpass filter design is used to extract the envelope, e(t), of the sound stimulus s(t), or 14 equivalently the log[e(t)], for each of the frequency bands being processed. Further, 15 by using this same filter design and simply changing the cutoff frequencies of the low 16 pass filters as previously explained, other applications may be accommodated 17 including those where rapid transition from silence to loud sounds is anticipated. 18 19 The multi-band, multiplicative AGC adaptive compression approach of the 20 present invention has a minimum time delay. This eliminates the auditory confusion 21 which results when an individual speaks and hears his or her own voice as a direct 22 path response to the brain and receives a processed delayed echo through the hearing 23 aid system. 24 25 Normalization with the factor emax , makes it mathematically impossible for 26 the hearing aid to provide a gain which raises the output level above a predetermined 44 WO 01/39546 PCT/USOO/12413 1 upper comfort level, thereby protecting the ear against damage from excessive sound 2 intensity. For sound input levels greater than emax the device attenuates sound rather 3 than amplifying it. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that further ear 4 protection may be obtained by limiting the output to a maximum safe level without 5 departing from the concepts herein. 6 7 A separate exponential constant K is used for each frequency band which 8 provides precisely the correct gain for all input intensity levels, hence, no switching 9 between linear and compression ranges occurs. Thus, switching artifacts are 10 eliminated. 11 12 The multi-band, multiplicative AGC adaptive compression approach of the 13 present invention has no explicit feedback or feedforward. With the addition of a 14 modified soft limiter, stable transient response and a low noise floor are ensured. A 15 significant additional benefit over the prior art which accrues to the present invention 16 as a result of the minimum delay and lack of explicit feedforward or feedback in the 17 multiplicative AGC is the amelioration of annoying audio feedback or regeneration 18 typical of hearing aids which have both the hearing aid microphone and speaker 19 within close proximity to the ear. 20 21 The multiplicative AGC may be implemented with either digital or analog 22 circuitry due to its simplicity. Low power implementation is possible. As previously 23 noted, in digital realizations, the envelope updates (i.e., the operations indicated by 24 amplifier 20, LOG block 22, amplifier 42) need only be performed at the Nyquist rate 25 for the envelope bandwidth, a rate less than 500 Hz, thereby significantly reducing 26 power requirements. 45 WO 01/39546 PCT/USOO/12413 1 2 The multi-band, multiplicative AGC adaptive compression system of the 3 present invention is also applicable to other audio problems. For example, sound 4 equalizers typically used in stereo systems and automobile audio suites can take 5 advantage of the multi-band multiplicative AGC approach since the only user 6 adjustment is the desired threshold gain in each frequency band. This is equivalent in 7 adjustment procedure to current graphic equalizers, but the AGC provides a desired 8 frequency boost without incurring abnormal loudness growth as occurs with current 9 systems. 10 11 According to another aspect of the present invention, an in-the-ear hearing 12 compensation system employs two transducers converting electrical signal-to 13 acoustical energy . Two recent developments have made a dual-receiver hearing aid 14 possible. The first is the development of miniaturized moving-coil transducers and 15 the second is the critical-band compression technology disclosed herein and also 16 disclosed and claimed in parent application serial No. 08/272,927 filed July 8, 1994, 17 now United States Patent No. 5,500,902. 18 19 Referring now to FIG. 12, a block diagram of an in-the-ear hearing 20 compensation system 110 employing two transducers converting electrical-signal to 21 acoustical-energy-is presented. A first such transducer 112, such as a conventional 22 iron-armature hearing-aid receiver is employed for low frequencies (e.g., below 1 23 kHz) and a second such transducer 114 is employed for high frequencies (e.g., above 24 1 kHz). 25 46 WO 01/39546 PCT/USOO/12413 1 Demand for high-fidelity headphones for portable electronic devices has 2 spurred development of moving-coil transducers less than 1/2 inch diameter that 3 provide flat response over the entire audio range (20-20,000 Hz). To fit in the ear 4 canal, a transducer must be less than 1/4 inch in diameter, and therefore the 5 commercially available transducers are not applicable. A scaling of the commercial 6 moving-coil headphone to 3/16 in diameter yields a transducer that has excellent 7 efficiency from 1 kHz to well beyond the upper frequency limit of human hearing. 8 The system of the present invention uses such a scaled moving-coil transducer 114 as 9 the tweeter, and a standard Knowles (or similar) iron-armature hearing-aid transducer 10 112 as the woofer. Both of these devices together can easily be fit into the ear canal. 11 12 The hearing compensation system shown in FIG. 12 is conceptually identical to 13 the parent invention except that the processing channels, each containing a bandpass 14 filter and multiplicative AGC gain control, are divided into two groups. The first 15 group, comprising bandpass filters 14-10, 14-11, and 14-12 and multiplicative AGC 16 circuits 16-10, 16-11, and 16-12, processes signals with frequencies below the 17 resonance of the iron-armature transducer 112. The second group, comprising 18 bandpass filters 14-20, 14-21, and 14-22 and multiplicative AGC circuits 16-20, 16 19 21, and 16-22 processes signals above the resonance of the iron-armature transducer 20 114. The outputs of the first group of processing channels are summed in summing 21 element 116-1, and fed to power amplifier 118-1, which drives iron-armature 22 transducer 112. The outputs of the second group of processing channels are summed 23 in summing element 116-2, and fed to power amplifier 118-2, which drives high 24 frequency moving-coil transducer 114. The inputs to both processing channels are 25 supplied by electret microphone 120 and preamplifier 122. 26 47 WO 01/39546 PCT/USOO/12413 1 2 Using the arrangement shown in FIG. 12 where the frequency separation into 3 high and low components is accomplished using the bandpass filters, no crossover 4 network is needed, thereby simplifying the entire system. Persons of ordinary skill in 5 the art will appreciate that processing and amplifying elements in the first group may 6 be specialized for the frequency band over which they operate, as can those of the 7 second group. This specialization can save considerable power dissipation in practice. 8 Examples of such specialization include using power amplifiers whose designs are 9 optimized for the particular transducer, using sampling rates appropriate for the 10 bandwidth of each group, and other well-known design optimizations. 11 12 An alternative to a miniature moving-coil transducer for high-frequency 13 transducer 114 has also been successfully demonstrated by the authors. Modern 14 electrets have a high enough static polarization to make their electro-mechanical 15 transduction efficiency high enough to be useful as high-frequency output transducers. 16 Such transducers have long been used in ultrasonic applications, but have not been 17 applied in hearing compensation applications. When these electret devices are used as 18 the high-frequency transducer 114, persons of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate 19 that the design specializations noted above should be followed, with particular 20 emphasis on the power amplifier, which must be specialized to supply considerably 21 higher voltage than that required by a moving-coil transducer. 22 23 While embodiments and applications of this invention have been shown and 24 described, it would be apparent to those skilled in the art that many more 25 modifications than mentioned above are possible without departing from the inventive 48 WO 01/39546 PCT/USOO/12413 1 concepts herein. The invention, therefore, is not to be restricted except in the spirit of 2 the appended claims. 49
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