Source: https://www.scribd.com/doc/47078582/Scaffold-Procedures
Timestamp: 2016-08-29 13:15:36
Document Index: 25320230

Matched Legal Cases: ['art 1915', 'art 2', 'art 1', 'art 2', 'art 1910', 'art 1', 'art 2', 'art 1926', 'art 1926', 'art 1926', 'art 1', 'art 2']

4. Meteorological And Seismic Design Data SAES-A-204. Sub-systems and Components
ASTM A53. Ladders . Black and Hot-Dipped.Safety Requirements ANSI Z359. Welded and Seamless ASTM A123. Ladders .Safety Requirements ANSI A14.Fixed . And Materials Handling For Plant Facilities SAES-M-100.
ANSI A10.Portable Metal . Exit.Portable Reinforced Plastic . Standard Specification for Cold-Formed Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel Structural Tubing in Rounds and Shapes
. Standard Specification for Pipe. Safety Requirements for Personal Fall Arrest Systems. ZincCoated. Standard Specification for Zinc (Hot-Dip Galvanized) Coatings on Iron and Steel Products ASTM A370. Steel.3.1 / ANSI A14.Safety Requirements ANSI A14. Ladders-Portable Wood-Safety Requirements ANSI A14. Safety Requirements for Job-Made Ladders ANSI A14.3.8 (1988 or later). Lighting
9.Saudi Aramco Engineering Standard (SAES):
SAES-A-112.2.1a.1. Preparation Of Structural Calculations SAES-B-054. Saudi Aramco Building Code SAES-P-123. Access.Safety Requirements ANSI A14.2 References
The following resources are a basis for many of the requirements of this section and may be used for additional guidance and information. Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products ASTM A500. Ladders . Scaffolding .5.
The Use of Fall Arrest Equipment Whilst Erecting. Technical Delivery Requirements EN 10219-2: 1997 (or later). Part 1915.1: 1991 (or later). European Standard (EN):
EN 39: 2001 (or later). and Dismantling Scaffolding
United States Code of Federal Regulations 29 CFR. Loose Spigots and Base-Plates for Use in Working Scaffolds and Falsework Made of Steel Tubes BS 1139: Part 2: Section 2.British Standards Institution (BS):
BS 1139: Part 1: Section 1. Code of Practice for Access and Working Scaffolds and Special Scaffold Structures in Steel
European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Subpart D. Safety Requirements for Scaffolding OSHA 1910. Loose Spigots and Base-Plates for Use in Working Scaffolds and Falsework Made of Steel Tubes: Requirements and Test Procedures EN 10219-1: 1997 (or later). Couplers. Cold Formed Welded Structural Hollow Sections of NonAlloy and Fine Grain Structural Steels: Part 2. Fixed Industrial Stairs OSHA 1910. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA):
OSHA 1910. WalkingWorking Surfaces. Loose Steel Tubes for Tube and Coupler Scaffolds-Technical Delivery Conditions EN 74: 1998 (or later). Fittings. Tolerances. Subpart I. Specification for Timber Scaffold Boards BS 5973: 1993 (or later). and Accessories for Use in Tubular Scaffolding BS 2482: 1981 (or later). Personal Fall Arrest Systems (PFAS)
.1: 1990 (or later). Part 1910. Specification For Steel Couplers.29.24. Altering.2: 1991 (or later). Dimensions and Sectional Properties
NASC Guidance Note SG4:00. Personal Protective Equipment. Cold Formed Welded Structural Hollow Sections of NonAlloy and Fine Grain Structural Steels: Part 1.28. Specification for Steel and Aluminum Couplers. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA):
OSHA 1915. Manually Propelled Mobile Ladder Stands and Scaffolds (Towers)
United States Code of Federal Regulations 29 CFR.159. Specification For Steel Tube BS 1139: Part 2: Section 2.
General Requirements OSHA 1926. Application and Definitions Applicable to this Subpart OSHA 1926. General Requirements OSHA 1926. Part 1926. Training Requirements
.450. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA):
OSHA 1926.451. Appendices A. the scaffold terminology used in this document is based on GS 217/1994. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA):
OSHA 1926. are shown in brackets.1051. Fall Protection Systems Criteria And Practices
United States Code of Federal Regulations 29 CFR. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA):
OSHA 3146.1060. Equivalent BS 5973 scaffold terms. Ladders OSHA 1926.1050.452.450. Part 1926. where an equivalent term exists.1053. Scope. D and E
United States Code of Federal Regulations 29 CFR.4
Where possible. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA):
OSHA 1926. Stairways and Ladders. A Guide to Scaffold Use in the Construction Industry
9.8. Scaffolds. OSHA 1926. Application and Definitions Applicable to this Subpart OSHA 1926.9. Stairways OSHA 1926. Fall Protection in Construction OSHA 3150. Subpart X.United States Code of Federal Regulations 29 CFR. and ANSI A10.502.1052. See Figure II. Fall Protection.1. Part 1926.454. Additional Requirements Applicable to Specific Types of Scaffolds OSHA 1926. Scope. Subpart L. Subpart M.450. Training Requirements OSHA 1926.
9.* Anchorage Safe points of anchorage for lifelines or lanyards. Also known as a column box tie.” Also called “X” bracing or cross braces. particularly used in mobile and tower scaffolds. See Figure II.3.9. See Figure II. keep wearer away from edge of a roof). Board Bearer (Intermediate Transom) A horizontal transverse scaffold tube upon which the scaffold platform partially rests. Board bearers are supported by runners (ledgers) and are not installed near a transverse line of posts (standards). Box Tie An assembly of tubes and couplers forming a frame around a column or other part of a building to provide an anchor point for scaffold tie tubes.e.2 and Figure II. Bearer (Transom) A horizontal transverse scaffold member.9. See Figure II.9.260 kilograms (5. Diagonal Brace A scaffold tube placed diagonally with respect to the vertical and horizontal members of a scaffold and fixed to them to give the scaffold stability. which are part of a personal fall arrest system. and which is supported by at least two runners (ledgers) or connected directly to at least two posts (standards).9.9.000 pounds). Used to provide personnel positioning limits against a fall (i.9. Plan Bracing Diagonal braces installed in a horizontal plane. Base Plate A steel plate providing a flat bearing surface with a spigot or screwjack for distributing the load from posts (standards). Cross Bracing Two diagonal braces joined at their center to form an “X.
.3. Longitudinal (Facade or Sway) Bracing Diagonal braces installed in the plane of the longer dimension (length) of the scaffold. Brace A rigid connection of scaffold tubing that holds one scaffold member in a fixed position with respect to another member to give the scaffold rigidity. Body belts shall not be used as part of a personal fall arrest system. See Figure II.2 and Figure II. Anchorage points shall be fixed and able to support a load of at least 2. Body Belt (Safety Belt) A strap with means both for securing it about the waist and for attaching it (with a lanyard) to a lifeline or anchorage.3.9.9. that may support platform units. substantial structural members. It has an integral spigot and fixing holes for use with sills.3 and Figure II.9.4.27.1 and Figure II.19 and Figure II. See Figure II..9.4. See Figure II.9.21. including fixed. See Figure II.
8.30. Clamp) A component or device used to fix scaffold tubes together. See Figure II.9.1 and Figure II.13. End-to-End (Sleeve) Coupler A device used for externally joining two (2) scaffold tubes co-axially end to end. or to connect a tube used only as a guardrail to a post (standard).9. Deck. Also called an “SK” (Steel-Klamp). Zig-Zag (Dog-leg) Bracing Diagonal braces placed end-to-end and that alternate back and forth. Girder couplers shall only be used in pairs. See Figure II. containing a wheel lock.9.16.9. See Figure II.9. Types of couplers include: Adjustable (Swivel) Coupler A device used for connecting two tubes together at an angle other than 90o. See Figure II. 90 Degree. Right-Angle (Double. Bearer (Single or Putlog) Coupler A device used for fixing a bearer (transom or putlog) to a runner (ledger). Caster (Castor) A pivoting wheel. See Figure II.9. or Standard) Coupler A load bearing coupler used for connecting two tubes together at right angles.9. or Platform A scaffold platform unit equipped with end hooks that engage the scaffold bearer (transom). one on each opposite flange.4.7. See Figure II. See Figure II. See Figure II.Transverse (Sectional or Ledger) Bracing Diagonal braces installed in the plane of the shorter dimension (width) of the scaffold. See Figure II.
.9. It is a critical component in the scaffold structure and must resist both slip and distortion.9. Girder Coupler A device used for connecting a scaffold tube to a steel wideflange beam (I-beam).17. Load Bearing. The steel divider is located centrally to ensure equal insertion of each tube. Coupler (Fitting.9.34. Check (Safety) Coupler A Right-angle coupler added to a loaded joint on an underhung scaffold to give supplementary security against slip to the coupler carrying the load. Fabricated Scaffold Plank.4.9.9. See Figure II. which is attached to a vertical post (standard) of a mobile scaffold to allow for manual movement of the scaffold.
It consists of two sections that are arranged to permit length adjustment. buckling. or separation of component parts. slip. breakage. erected to prevent workers from falling off an elevated work area and to prevent objects from falling onto workers below. or structure to enhance the scaffold’s lateral stability. Ladder A device used for climbing vertically between levels. load refusal may be taken as the point at which a full depth plastic hinge forms at the midspan (plastic moment = yield stress times plastic section modulus). wire ropes) used between the scaffold and the ground. See Figure II.
. toeboards. but not tension. Straight Ladder A portable ladder that consists of one section that determines its overall length. building. chest and shoulders. Midrail A horizontal rail approximately midway between the toprail of a guardrail system and the platform.e. including: Extension Ladder A portable ladder that cannot support itself but can be adjusted in length. This device is used to connect posts (standards) in tube and coupler scaffolds vertically and handles compression.Failure Load refusal. except that hanger tubes are hung from an existing structure and loaded in tension. tools. It cannot support itself or be adjusted in length. midrails. For a simply supported bending member (such as a bearer).34. See Figure II. Hanger Tube Vertical tube similar to and serving the same load-carrying purpose as posts (standards). Toeboard A barrier secured along the sides and the ends of a platform to guard against the falling of material. Consists of: Toprail The uppermost horizontal rail of a guardrail system.1. Guardrail System A barrier consisting of toprails. with means for attaching it to other components of a personal fall arrest system. waist. pelvis. loads.9.. Full Body Harness A design of straps that may be secured about an individual in a manner to distribute the fall arrest forces over the thighs. See Figure II. and supporting uprights.9. Hot Surface The surface of a structure or equipment that is hotter than 70 degrees C or 160 degrees F. and other objects.14.9. Guys Tension members (i. Joint Pin (Expanding Spigot) An expanding fitting placed in the bore of a scaffold post (standard) to connect one post to another coaxially.
Load Rating Live load for scaffold design and maximum intended loading shall be per the following categories: Light-duty: Scaffold designed and constructed to carry the weight of workmen only. with no material storage other than the weight of tools.9. and “kicker lift. See Figure II. Uniformly distributed maximum intended load is 120 kg/m2 (1. Shock-absorbing Lanyard A specially designed lanyard with a built-in shock absorber (to allow dissipation of energy) that elongates during a fall so that fall arresting forces are significantly reduced (by 65 – 80%) when compared to a traditional webbing or rope lanyard. Lifelines are also called static lines. Also known as “foot lift”. locking type snaphooks or carabineers with a self-closing.9. Lift Height The vertical distance between two lifts and is similar to a story in a building. rat lines. Lift The assembly of runners (ledgers) and bearers (transoms) forming a horizontal level of a scaffold.9.. Lifeline A component that consists of a flexible line that connects to an anchorage at one end to hang vertically (vertical lifeline). scare lines.5. access and light cleaning. See Figure II./ft2). Commonly used for inspection.2 kN/m2) (25 lb.Lanyard A flexible line with a positive means to lock end connections closed (i. Scaffolds used for abrasive blast cleaning (“sandblasting”) shall be classified Medium-duty if there is potential for buildup of abrasive on the platforms (all platforms are not continuously cleaned of abrasive). safety lines. or that connects to anchorages at both ends to stretch horizontally (horizontal lifeline). A shock-absorbing lanyard limits the maximum arresting force on the individual to less than 8. See Figure II.36.e.35. and which serves as a method to connect other components of a personal fall arrest system to the anchorage.
. A lift is similar to a floor in a building. Uniformly distributed maximum intended load is 240 kg/m2 (2.4 kN/m2) (50 lb. etc. painting. Medium-duty: Scaffold designed and constructed to carry the weight of light materials. drop lines. tools and workmen. Base Lift A lift erected near to the ground consisting of the first set of runners (ledgers) and bearers (transoms).800 pounds)./ft2). self-locking keeper) that is used to secure the wearer of a full body harness to a lifeline or a point of anchorage. “foot tie”.” Lift Head Room The clear distance between a platform and the tubular assembly of the lift above.000 Newtons (1.
transmitted loads.9. See Figure II. excavations. ramps. lifeline. Platform Unit An individual wood plank. and is classified as a Special Scaffold.22.9. It consists of a substantial anchorage. Maximum Intended Load The maximum load of all persons. piping or equipment.4. but are not limited to.23.56. Puncheon (False Upright) A vertical tube supported at its lower end by another scaffold tube or beam and not by the ground or deck. Section 9).9.1. pits.
. and other live loads reasonably anticipated to be applied to a scaffold or scaffold component at any one time (does not include scaffold or plank self-weight). Raker An inclined load bearing tube that braces the scaffold against the ground. Such areas include. See Figure II. water.54. Outrigger The structural members of a supported scaffold used to increase the base width of a scaffold in order to provide support for and increased stability of the scaffold. floors.9. See Figure II. Personal Fall Arrest System A system used to arrest an individual’s fall. connectors. Post (Standard) Vertical scaffold tube that bears the weight of the scaffold.9. such as masonry work. full body harness. See Figure II. equipment. tools. Lower Level Areas below the level where a person is located and to which he could fall.17.17. See Figure II. and equipment.9. and may include a lanyard. or suitable combinations of these (see CSM Chapter I. deceleration device. fabricated deck. Plank (Scaffold Board) An individual timber board or fabricated component (without end hooks) that serves as a flooring member of a platform. Node Point The intersection point of a post (standard) and runner (ledger). runways. or fabricated platform. See Figure II. tanks. or a post (standard) and bearer (transom). Platform An elevated work area composed of one or more platform units and a guardrail system.9.9. See Figure II. materials.4 kN/m2) (50 psf).Special-duty: Scaffold specially designed and constructed to carry maximum intended loads greater than 240 kg/m2 (2. fabricated plank. roofs. ground levels. materials. See Figure II. Outrigger Beam (Thrustout) A cantilevered structural member that supports a scaffold where the point of attachment to the scaffold is out and away from the face of the structure or building.
26. one line supporting the outside of the scaffold platform(s) and one line supporting the inside of the platform(s). See Figure II. Safe Working Load (SWL) The manufacturer’s specified maximum load to be applied to a scaffold component. fixed between opposing faces of an opening in a wall to provide an anchor point for scaffold tie tubes.9.9. if required.31.9.9. Mobile Scaffold A rigid scaffold assembly supported by casters that can be manually moved horizontally.11.29. reveal pin. and pads.1.27. Reveal Tube A tube fixed by means of a threaded fitting (reveal pin) between two opposing surfaces of a building or structure to form a solid anchorage to which a scaffold may be tied.9.9.9.9. Types of scaffolds include: Base-Supported Scaffold A scaffold with posts (standards) supported at their base (not underhung). materials. II. and braces that can be interconnected at predetermined levels. See Figure II. System Scaffold A scaffold consisting of posts (standards) with fixed connection points that accept runners (ledgers). Reveal Pin A fitting used for tightening a reveal tube between two opposing surfaces. or both. See Figure II.9.Reveal Tie An assembly of a reveal tube. * Fabricated Tubular Frame Scaffold A scaffold consisting of platform(s) supported on fabricated end frames with integral posts. Birdcage Scaffold A scaffold with more than two lines of posts (standards) or hanger tubes (if underhung) across the width of the scaffold. that supports the bearers (transoms) and that forms a tie between the posts.9. * Denotes change
.9.1 and Figure II.20.29. Upright brackets are hooked to the straps.21. It is usually tied to the building for stability. bearers (transoms). Bracket (Tank Builder’s) Scaffold A scaffold supported by bracket straps welded to the tank wall. See Figure II. Runner (Ledger) A lengthwise horizontal scaffold tube that extends from post (standard) to post. See Figure II. Scaffold A temporary elevated platform (supported or underhung) and its supporting components (including ties) used for supporting workmen. See Figure II.4. The bearers (transoms) are not built into the wall of the building.3.28 and II. Independent Run (Façade or Independent Tied) Scaffold A scaffold that has two lines of posts (standards).9. See Figure II.9. See Figure II. See Figure II. See Figures II.
See Figure II.33.34. Bay The space between the centerlines of adjacent posts (standards) along the face of a scaffold. Scaffold Measurements Dimensions of a scaffold.Tower Scaffold A supported scaffold consisting of only four (4) posts (standards) connected together longitudinally with runners (ledgers) and bearers (transoms) at right angles to each other. sometimes designated by the number of bays. bearers (transoms). Screwjack A load-carrying device used at the base of the scaffold to compensate for variations in ground levels. See Figure II.10. and specially designed scaffold couplers that serve to connect the various members. and ties.6. fabricated tubular frame.9. longitudinal distance between centers of two adjacent posts (standards). Sometimes designated by the number of planks that can fit within the posts. Underhung (Slung or Suspended) Scaffold A scaffold that is suspended by fixed length wire ropes (cables) or rigidly attached by scaffold tubes and load bearing couplers to an overhead structure directly above (not outrigger beams). a base supporting the posts. usually parallel to the scaffold’s planks. See Figures II. runners (ledgers). Width The maximum horizontal transverse distance of a scaffold measured at right angles to the runners (ledgers) from center of the posts (standards) that are the farthest apart. or system scaffolding.
.9. Transverse The short direction of the scaffold. Longitudinal The long direction of the scaffold. usually perpendicular to the scaffold’s planks. Bay Length The horizontal. Tube and Coupler Scaffold A scaffold constructed of steel tubing that serves as posts (standards).9. and having a work platform that cannot be raised or lowered. See Figure II. See Figure II.9. Length The horizontal distance along the runners (ledgers) between the scaffold’s extreme longitudinal posts (standards). braces. Height The vertical distance between the scaffold base and the topmost assembly of runners (ledgers) and bearers (transoms).9.3. forming a square or rectangular tower. A tower scaffold may be constructed of tube and coupler.
or loads other than workers and their materials.) total platform area and supported by or hung from an existing structure or building (e.34.9.18.9. and dismantling of an underhung scaffold. Used in system scaffolds. pipe rack. or a tube and coupler scaffold that exceeds the maximum limits in Section 9. Also known as a through tie.5 to 2. and coupling pin. See Figure II. equipment. including piping.9.g.9. masonry. dowel pin. * Special Scaffold A scaffold that meets any of the following conditions and for which a structural engineering review of the scaffold plan is required: • • • • • • higher than 38 meters (125 feet). reveal tie.18 .
.15. Also known as tension pin. new or existing structures.9. or supporting loads greater than 240 kg/sq. Trapeze tube A horizontal scaffold tube measuring between 450 and 600 mm (1.e. Used to provide lateral stability to the scaffold.m. ft. Tie Scaffold components installed to provide an anchor point for a scaffold to a building or structure.II. or supported by or hung from one or more outrigger beams. roof. or cantilevered (extended outward) by more than 3 meters (10 feet). box tie. See Figure II. See Figure II.9.9. It also serves as a secondary support if the runner slips. (50 psf). modification.15. workmen and/or materials.9.2.Sill (Sole Board or Sole Plate) A timber spreader used to distribute the load from a base plate to the ground. two-way tie). or supported by or hung from wind girders or roofs of floating roof tanks.9.0 * feet) in length and installed at the bottom portion of the hanger tubes approximately two feet beneath the runners (ledgers).. It is used in erection.21. Spigot Pin A pin or bolt placed transversely through the spigot and the scaffold post (standard) to prevent the spigot from pulling out of the tube. See Figure II. or over 30 sq.1 and Figure II.11. offshore platform). Working Level An elevated platform supporting equipment. Two-Way Tie An assembly of scaffold components through an opening in a wall or other solid structure to provide an anchor point for scaffold tie tubes.21. meters (320 sq. See Figure II. See Figures II.. Tie Tube A tube used to connect the scaffold to a tie anchor point (i. including tie tubes attached to the scaffold. See Figure II.
Spigot A pinned or bolted internal fitting to join one post (standard) to another coaxially.
9. such as guardrails. G.5. Fall protection systems include guardrail systems and personal fall arrest systems. Holes or gaps in elevated work areas shall have a guardrail system erected around them or they shall be securely covered with structurally substantial material. Each person who could fall more than 1. NASC Guidance Note SG4:00 provides detailed information on proper fall protection techniques for scaffold craftsmen.
. altering. If possible to do so. Midrails shall be installed approximately halfway between the walking/working surface and the toprail. Guardrail systems (consisting of toprails. The top edge height of toprails shall not be less than 0. each scaffold craftsman shall properly anchor his lanyard whenever he is not protected by a guardrail system and could fall more than 1. D.9.1 Fall Protection
A. are preferred over the use of personal fall arrest systems. C.15 meters (45 inches) above the walking/working surface of a platform.e. without failure. E. H.General Requirements
9. B. The lanyard shall be anchored to the scaffold only if it’s not possible to anchor to a stronger anchorage (including a lifeline). toeboards.95 meter (38 inches) and not more than 1. or dismantling a scaffold. Vertical uprights supporting guardrails shall not be spaced more than 2.5. a force of at least 90 kilograms (200 pounds) applied in any downward or horizontal direction at any point on the toprail or equivalent member.2 Guardrail Systems
A. and support uprights) shall be installed on all open sides and ends of all elevated work areas (including scaffold platforms and stair landings) where a person could fall 1. F.8 meters (6 feet) shall be protected from falling by a fall protection system. Fixed fall protection.. B. The ends of all horizontal guardrails shall not overhang the end uprights except when such overhang does not constitute a projection hazard to workers.8 meters (6 feet) or more.9. posts). See Figure II. Each scaffold craftsman shall continuously wear a full body harness with a shock-absorbing lanyard while erecting.7 meters (9 feet) apart. Toprails and midrails shall be securely fixed to the inside of vertical uprights (i.1. Guardrail systems shall be installed before an elevated work area may be used by anyone other than the scaffold craftsmen. Guardrail systems shall be able to withstand.8 meters (6 feet).5
Elevated Work Areas . midrails.
personal fall arrest systems shall be attached by lanyard to a vertical lifeline. self-locking keeper shall be attached to the end of each lanyard to prevent rollout. When used.
Whenever the horizontal distance from the edge of an elevated work area (including scaffold platforms) to the face of the wall or structure exceeds 360 mm (14 inches). or overhead structural anchorage capable of supporting * 2.000 pounds). be tied-off to an anchorage point or lifeline that is high enough (preferably above shoulder height) to prevent the worker from free falling more than 6 feet (1.5.8 meters (6 feet). the user shall inspect all components of the personal fall arrest system he will be using.
J. and possibly a lifeline. and other components of personal fall arrest systems shall be rated and labeled for a capacity * of at least 2. Before each use. H. However.8 meters) or striking any lower level should a fall occur.
. D-rings and snaphooks shall be compatible to prevent rollout.260 kilograms (5. lanyards (including snaphooks). a personal fall arrest system shall be continuously used by anyone on an elevated work area or platform. G. A chain or gate shall be properly secured across the opening between the guardrail sections when hoisting operations are not taking place.2 meters (4 feet) long shall be erected (if possible) on each side of the access point through which material is hoisted. B.260 kilograms (5. lanyard.8 meters (6 feet). At hoisting areas. horizontal lifeline. a guardrail system shall be erected along the edge or personal fall arrest systems shall be used. A personal fall arrest system includes a full body harness. Where a complete guardrail system cannot be implemented.
9. if feasible. Lanyards shall. F. At no time shall body belts or safety belts be used as part of a personal fall arrest system. Lanyards shall have a maximum length of 1. a guardrail system at least 1. lifelines. substantial anchorage(s). self-retracting lanyards (inertia reels) are preferred for these situations. Locking type snaphooks or carabineers with self-closing. C. E. Full body harnesses (including D-rings).3 Personal Fall Arrest Systems
A. D.000 pounds) by the manufacturer. Two or more lanyards may be connected together (hook to eye) provided the total possible free fall distance is not more than 1.I.
* K.000 pounds). or polypropylene rope shall not be used as a lifeline. electrical conduit. midrail. but do not include guardrails. shall be independent. B.4 Falling Object Protection
A. unless personnel access to the lower level under the elevated work area is physically prevented. or counterweights. * Denotes change
. preferably above shoulder height.5. 18 gauge wire with a maximum 13 mm (½-inch) mesh. they shall be fastened to fixed safe point(s) of anchorage capable of supporting 2. other small diameter piping systems. nylon. and toprail. diameter wire rope. Horizontal lifelines shall be maintained with an unloaded sag at the center no greater than 300 mm (12 inches) for every 10 meters (33 feet) of lifeline length between attachment points. or equipment are piled to a point higher than the top edge of the toeboard and where there is the danger of objects falling through guardrails and striking workers or equipment below. Toeboards shall be solid and capable of withstanding. Horizontal lifelines shall be installed at the highest feasible point. L. a protective screen consisting of a minimum No. vents. Toeboards shall be installed along all edges of elevated work areas (including scaffold platforms) more than 1.
J. outrigger beams. Supervision shall ensure continuous monitoring of employees wearing a personal fall arrest system so that prompt assistance is possible in the event of a fall. standpipes.
When lifelines are used. Where tools. shall be securely fixed to the toeboard. Wood toeboards shall be at least 25 mm (1 inch) thick. Personal fall arrest system components shall not be used for any other purpose and shall not be re-used after stopping a fall or if any component has any sign of damage. a force of at least 23 kilograms (50 pounds) in any downward or horizontal direction at any point along the toeboard. M. without failure. Horizontal and vertical lifelines shall be made from 10 mm (3/8-inch) min. Other materials such as manila. and shall be protected from sharp edges and abrasion.8 meters (6 feet) above lower levels. Toeboards shall be securely fastened in place along the outermost edge(s) of the platform and have not more than 6 mm (1/4-inch) clearance above the walking/working surface.300 kilograms (5. Toeboards shall conform to the following requirements: • • • The vertical distance from the top edge of the toeboard to the level of the walking/ working surface shall be at least 100 mm (4 inches). materials.
C.I. Safe points of anchorage may include structural members.
E. ladder) exceeds 15 meters (50 feet). A stair slope of between 30 and 35 degrees is preferred. Except for scaffolds. Materials are not to be piled. etc. per Section 9. D. * C. alteration. and be at least 560 mm (22 inches) wide. additional protection from falling objects may be provided by: • • barricading the area below into which objects can fall and not permitting workers to enter the hazard area. F. catch platforms.8 meters (6 feet). stacked. stairs/stairways. or canopy structures sufficient to catch falling objects. Temporary stairways shall be installed between 30 degrees and 50 degrees above the horizontal. each elevated work area shall have at least two means of exit. Stairways that are not be a permanent part of the structure on which construction work is being performed shall be at least 560 mm (22 inches) wide. except as required by scaffold craftsmen during scaffold erection.e. In addition to wearing hardhats.5 Entry and Exit
9.5.5 feet). is not permitted. runners.6 Temporary Stairways
A. Whenever the horizontal travel distance to the nearest exit (i. including stairways. shall be installed on open sides and edges of landings where a person could fall 1.
9. in the direction of travel. Temporary stairways shall have landings at not more than every 3. A debris net.5. A guardrail system. catch platform or canopy structure shall be strong enough to withstand the impact forces of potential falling objects. or walkways shall be used. shall be 2 meters (6. B. Climbing of scaffold braces.8 meters (6 feet) or more. Ladders.5. The minimum clear headroom above scaffold platforms and landings shall be 1. or erection of debris nets. or grouped unless they are stable and self-supporting. Such landings shall be at least 760 mm (30 inches) long. ramps.2..D. and dismantling. A safe means of entry and exit shall be provided and used whenever the elevated work area or scaffold platform is 0. the minimum clear headroom above walking/working surfaces. A means of exit shall be provided at least every 30 meters (100 feet). C. D. B. * Denotes change
.7 meters (12 feet) of vertical rise.6 meters (2 feet) above or below a point of access.
or rising more than 760 mm (30 inches) in height. a force of at least 90 kg (200 pounds) applied in any downward or horizontal direction at any point along the handrail or toprail. and the swing of the door shall not reduce the effective width of the platform to less than 510 mm (20 inches). Handrails and the toprail of stair guardrail systems shall be capable of withstanding. Handrails shall provide an adequate handhold for workers grasping them to avoid falling. or one (1) handrail on enclosed stairways on the right side descending. O.
J. I. in line with the face of the riser at the forward edge of the tread. The height of handrails for temporary stairways shall not be more than 940 mm (37 inches) nor less than 860 mm (34 inches) from the upper surface of the handrail to the surface of the tread. K. Temporary stairways having four or more risers. G. including any foundation structure used as one or more treads of the stairs. a platform shall be provided. without failure. Note: Permanent stairways shall be constructed in accordance with SAES-B-054 and SAES-M-100. Midrails shall be located at a height midway between the handrail and the stairway steps. Riser height and tread depth shall be uniform within each flight of stairs.E. A minimum clearance of 80 mm (3 inches) shall be provided between the handrail and wall or other object. Treads for temporary stairways shall be made of wood or other solid material. as applicable. N. and shall be installed the full width of the stair. variations in riser height and tread depth shall not be over 6 mm (¼-inch). Stairs shall not be used if slippery conditions exist. riser heights shall not exceed 215 mm (8 inches) or be less than 150 mm (6 inches). Spiral stairways are not permitted. whichever is less. For temporary stairways. M.
. shall have a sloping handrail and midrail system on all open sides. All parts of stairways shall be free of hazardous projections. H. L. F. Tread depths shall not exceed 280 mm (11 inches) or be less than 220 mm (9 inches). such as protruding nails or protruding handrails. Where doors or gates open directly on a stairway. In any stairway system.
C. Ramps and walkways 1.2.5.7 Temporary Ramps
A. according to SAES-P-123. Workers shall not work on a roof that is exposed to the weather during storms or high winds (as defined in Section 9. If the slope of a ramp or walkway is steeper than one (1) vertical in four (4) horizontal.8 meters (6 feet) of the edge of a (flat or sloped) roof or for work at any location on roofs with a slope of 1:4 (vertical : horizontal) or greater. Oil spills.10
Every work area and every means of access to and exit from an elevated work area used during nighttime shall be provided with properly maintained and adequate lighting.8 meters (6 feet) or more above lower levels shall have guardrail systems that comply with Section 9. D.8 meters (6 feet) of the roof edge unless a guardrail system. etc. including toeboards.5.5. B. mud.5. either installation of temporary (rigid or wire rope) guardrails (per Section 9. A slope of not over 15 degrees is preferred. hoses.
9. if possible. and falls.
9.5. All cords. and other debris shall be cleared up immediately. leads. shall.9. is erected along the edge. the ramp or walkway shall have cleats not more than 350 mm (14 inches) apart which are securely fastened to the planks to provide footing. tripping.
9. C.4 meters (8 feet) above walkways and platforms by non-conductive material. Roofs shall be reinforced where necessary to bear the load of workers and materials.
.8 Slipping and Tripping
Good housekeeping shall be maintained to help prevent slipping. be supported at least 2.5. For work within 1.9 Roof Work
A. No temporary ramp or walkway shall be inclined more than a slope of one (1) vertical unit to three (3) horizontal units (20 degrees above the horizontal).2) or use of a personal fall restraint system is required. scrap. B.5. Materials shall not be stored within 1.11).
Outdoor scaffolds or elevated work platforms shall not be used during thunderstorms or when there is likelihood of lightning. including scaffolds.14
9.” If these are not possible.9.5. or near water.
. a guardrail system (per Section 9. Where men work on.5. then a standby man shall be assigned to warn other workers of the hazard. D.11
Personnel shall not be on any scaffold or other temporary elevated work area during storms or high winds – sustained winds more than 65 kph (40 mph) . or when men are outside the protection of these safeguards.15
Forklifts shall not be used to support temporary work platforms. Barriers shall be erected. A continuous man-watch shall be provided when personnel are working above or near water.3) shall be worn.
9. unless such wall was originally designed to be self-supporting and is in a safe condition. Wherever a guardrail system is impractical. C.2) shall be provided.5. The number of floatation rings and the length of the rope depend on the location and the vertical distance above the water. All walls shall be left in a stable condition at the end of each shift by bracing with support jacks. B.5. Floatation rings shall be provided at intervals not greater than 15 meters (50 feet) apart when personnel are working above or near water. a personal fall arrest system (per Section 9.unless the scaffold or working level is indoors or otherwise unaffected by the weather conditions.13
Suitable precautions shall be taken to prevent workers from coming into contact with any hot surface. over. An approved personal flotation device (life vest) shall be worn at all times by each person working above or near water.5. Personal flotation devices shall be inspected prior to each use. taking wind force and storm conditions into consideration.5.12
A. timbers and/or guy-wires.
9.5. Signs shall be posted warning: “Hot Surfaces.
hardware and fittings shall be securely attached. See Figure II. and be maintained in good condition at all times.2 (or equivalent standard). D. All portable ladders and stepladders shall meet the applicable ANSI standard in Section 9.
9. Note: Permanent ladders shall be constructed in accordance with SAES-B-054 and SAES-M-100. A rung spacing of 300 mm (12 inches) is preferable. All rungs. Joints shall be tight. Side rails shall have smooth surfaces (without slivers) with no projections.9. Each portable ladder shall be examined before use.
C.9. Examples of damage include: • • • • split or broken side rails missing or damaged rungs bent or missing hinges any other damage that hinders safe usage of the ladder. B. shall be 300 mm (12 inches). except for tripod ladders. between 250 mm (10 inches) and 360 mm (14 inches) on center.6. including job-made ladders. or any section of an extension ladder. The rungs of portable metal ladders shall be corrugated. E. Ladders shall have uniformly spaced rungs (all rungs shall be the same distance apart). F.37. Wood and aluminum ladders and stepladders shall not be painted. Any ladder that is damaged or weakened shall be immediately removed from Saudi Aramco property or project site.3. knurled. or otherwise treated to minimize the possibility of slipping. dimpled. coated with skid-resistant material. G.1 Condition
A. Minimum distance between side rails of a straight ladder.
. as applicable. and movable parts shall operate freely without binding or undue play.6
This sub-section contains requirements for portable ladders and stepladders.
or snagging onto. barrels. the door shall either be locked shut. Ladders shall not be supported on their rungs. platform. G. straight ladders and extension ladders may be placed vertically if both side rails are rigidly attached to a supporting structure (i. or scaffolds. C. D. other measures shall be taken to prevent movement by securing at the base.
J. The bottom rung of ladders shall not be more than 600 mm (2 feet) above the lower level used to mount the ladder. Where secure fixing is impractical.6. Ladders shall have a minimum clear perpendicular distance of 760 mm (30 inches) from the rungs to the nearest projecting object on the climbing side.. Both side rails of a ladder shall be evenly supported at the upper resting-place.2 Position
A. etc. middle. Side rails should be securely tied off to prevent movement.9.3 Clearances
A. B. shall not be used as a means of support.38. Rungs shall not be used to support scaffold planks.e. or a substantial barricade with flashers erected around the ladder base.38. When a ladder could be struck by moving vehicles or equipment. Boxes.
. the base set 1 meter out). F. All ladders shall extend at least 900 mm (3 feet) above the landing. Straight ladders and extension ladders shall be placed at a slope of 4:1 (for every 4 meters of vertical rise. Ladders shall not be used in a horizontal position as platforms. See Figure II. If a ladder is erected near a doorway. blocks. projecting objects while ascending or descending the ladder. using side guys. Or. or secured in the open position with a man on guard to prevent anyone from using the door. eave.
9. When unavoidable obstructions are encountered. or stationing a man at the base. See Figure II. The area at the base of a ladder shall be kept clear. the minimum clearance distance may be reduced to 610 mm (24 inches) if deflector plates are provided. and bottom of the ladder.6.9.9. Safe clearances shall be maintained to prevent workers from bumping into. B. The base supports of all ladders shall be equally supported on a firm level surface. H. or roofline. walkways. scaffold) at the top. a flagman shall be stationed to warn off drivers. E. I.
pipes. oil. B. Work requiring lifting of heavy materials or substantial exertion shall not be done from ladders. Tools may be carried in secure pockets or on special tool belts.
. The perpendicular distance from the face of the rung on the climbing side to the nearest fixed object on the back side of the ladder shall not be less than 250 mm (10 inches).g. Aluminum ladders shall not be used where there is a likelihood of contact with materials that chemically react with aluminum. ladders with metal reinforced side rails.C. E.) are encountered. acids. such as caustic liquids. I. and ladders that are wet shall not be used near electrical equipment or while using electrical tools. Material or heavy tools shall be raised and lowered by rope.8 meters (6 feet) above the ground. shifted. lash. D. The minimum vertical toe clearance shall be 100 mm (4 inches) above the top edge of the rung. either one hand shall remain on the ladder or a personal fall arrest system shall be used. If work is done while standing on a ladder and the worker is higher than 1. C. Portable metal ladders shall have a warning notice attached to guard against use near electrical equipment. workers shall face the ladder and keep both hands on the ladder. Metal ladders. While climbing or descending. The minimum clear distance between the sides of adjacent single-rung ladders or stepladders shall be 410 millimeters (16 inches).3(E) shall apply. Workers shall not carry tools and materials in their hands when climbing a ladder. F. D. workers shall check that their shoes and the ladder are free from grease. Before climbing a ladder. beams. etc. E. or tie ladders or ladder sections together. or extended while occupied. horizontal obstructions (e. Ladders shall not be moved. wet cement. F. etc. The minimum clearance to the nearest fixed object shall be 330 mm (13 inches) on each side of the centerline of single-rung ladders. damp lime.4 Usage
J.6. When unavoidable.6. and mud. Only wooden or fiberglass ladders shall be used for electrical applications. G. the vertical toe clearances specified in 9. Do not splice. Only one person shall be on a single-rung ladder at a time.
it shall be a doublerung ladder.5 meters (12 to 15 feet) in length. Nominal 2x4 lumber shall be used for side rails of singlerung ladders. or back section.5 Stepladders
In addition to requirements stated above. Both sections shall be fully opened with hinged braces flat and taut before use to ensure stability. or if simultaneous two-way traffic is expected. The length of portable stepladders shall not exceed 6 meters (20 feet). the following apply to stepladders: • Stepladders shall have folding cross-braces that are hinged. If a job-made ladder is to provide the only means of access and exit from a working area for 25 more workers. Never use a stepladder that is leaned against a wall or other support.6 meters (12 feet) in length. the minimum overlap between ladder sections depends on the extension ladder length: • • Up to and including 11 meters (36 feet) = 1.6 meters (36 to 48 feet) = 1.9. Where an extension ladder is fully extended.6 by 4. Do not use a stepladder to gain access to roofs or other elevated surfaces. C.
9. top step. D.6.5 meters (15 feet) in length. pail shelf. Single-rung job-made ladders shall not exceed 4.6 Extension Ladders
9.6. Stepladders shall only be used when equally supported by all four legs. Nominal 2x4 or equivalent lumber shall be used for side and middle rails of double-rung ladders up to 3.6. Job-made ladders shall not be used on scaffolds. B. Do not stand on stepladder top platform.2 meters (4 feet) overlap 11 to 14. Extension ladders shall be securely tied-off to a rigid structure. Never leave a ladder unattended with tools or materials stored on it.5 meters (5 feet) overlap
. Nominal 2x6 or equivalent lumber shall be used for doublerung ladders from 3. Double-rung job-made ladders shall not exceed 4. braces. Do not use the top platform or top step to store tools and materials. Only one man shall be on a stepladder at a time.7 Job-made Ladders
A. Stepladders shall be faced with the steps facing the work location.5 meters (15 feet) in length between supports (base and top landing).
3(H)). The components used to assemble scaffolds shall be inspected before each use and shall conform to requirements of this section regarding materials.7.7. Rungs shall be secured to each rail with three 10d common nails.78 in. defective sections of planks or tubing may be cut off (see Section 9.9. defective.) 20 mm (0.
. Any scaffold component that is obviously damaged. dimensions.78 in. Scaffold components shall be free from detrimental corrosion. or does not meet the applicable codes and standards shall be marked with bright fluorescent orange paint and immediately removed from Saudi Aramco property or project site.1: Wood Rung Dimensions LENGTH OF RUNG Up to and including 500 mm (20 inches) Over 500 mm (20 in.9. etc.) THICKNESS 20 mm (0. or filler blocks shall be used on the rails between the rungs. the plank or tubing may be reused. Table II. if possible.75 in. Scaffold components made of dissimilar metals shall not be used together because of the potential for galvanic corrosion. Rungs shall be uniformly spaced at 300 mm (12 inches) from top of rung to top of the next rung.4 requirements for job-made ladders.) 95 mm (3. Scaffold components manufactured by different manufacturers shall not be modified in order to intermix them. D. Rungs shall be inset into the edges of the side rails 13 mm (1/2-inch). Wood rungs shall have the minimum dimensions shown in Table II. strength. E. B.E.
9.) WIDTH 80 mm (3 in. However. Defective couplers shall be immediately destroyed and shall not be re-used on any Saudi Aramco property or project site. See Figure II.) and up to and including 760 mm (30 in. or other fasteners of equivalent strength.7
9. excessively corroded.41.1 and shall be made of wood that meets ANSI A14. In this case.1 General
A.39 and Figure II. Scaffold components manufactured by different manufacturers shall not be intermixed unless the components are compatible (fit together without mechanical force) and the scaffold’s structural integrity is maintained.9.)
F. C. G.9.
is not equivalent). 3. 240 N/mm2 (35 ksi) (24 kg/mm2) minimum yield stress. *
. ASTM A53. substandard tubing. EN 10219. using a low stress rolling die embossed marking system. of test specimens taken from two lengths of tubing for each lot of 500 lengths.
C. Each piece of scaffold tubing produced in accordance with the above specifications shall be clearly. Scaffold components shall not be exposed to acids or other corrosive substances. D. and (2) by independent mechanical testing.2 Scaffold Tubing and Fittings Specifications
A.1.3 mm (1. in a position remote from any electric resistance weld (ERW) seam.76 mm nominal wall thickness. system. prior to galvanizing. H. Actual yield and tensile strengths shall be verified by Purchaser of scaffold tubing by: (1) receipt from Supplier and review of certified inspection test reports for each lot of tubing produced from the same heat of steel. All mechanical properties shall meet minimum requirements after galvanizing. and permanently marked to distinguish it from unacceptable.2 mm nominal wall thickness (EN 39. 290 N/mm2 (42 ksi) (30 kg/mm2) minimum yield stress. Scaffold tubing (for tube-and-coupler. Section 1. is equivalent). 235 N/mm2 (34 ksi) (24 kg/mm2) minimum yield stress. with the pipe manufacturer’s name or logo. or fraction thereof. * B. with characters a minimum of 4 mm high and impression depth of at least 0. and year of manufacture continuously along its full length. 320 N/mm2 (46 ksi) (32 kg/mm2) minimum yield stress.) shall be welded or seamless structural steel pipe fabricated in accordance with any of the following pipe fabrication specifications and as specified in this section: • • • • ASTM A500. continuously. unless adequate precautions have been taken to protect the scaffold from damage. received. thickness type 3.7. Painted marking is unacceptable. thickness type 4.4 mm or 3.0 mm nominal wall thickness (EN 39. G. Part 1.2 mm deep. 3. 3. All tubing shall be marked. The marking interval shall not exceed 1. etc. including flattening test.F.68 mm nominal wall thickness.
9. * E. Where a built-in ladder is part of a scaffold system. per ASTM A370. BS 1139. Grade B. it shall conform to the requirements for ladders. Scaffold tubing shall be 48.9 inch) nominal outside diameter. 4. All tubing produced shall meet the testing and inspection requirements of ASTM A500. Scaffold components shall be properly stored to prevent damage. All test reports shall be written in English. and fabricated tubular frame scaffolds. Grade B.5 meter. applicable pipe fabrication specification (including Grade and nominal wall thickness).
etc.0 kN (675 lb.)
Right-angle Coupler.-ft.) SWL = 3. H.100 lb. All fittings (including couplers. Individual couplers shall comply with the rated safe working loads (SWL) in Table II. and if inspected and embossed as stated above.6). Table II. BS 5973: 1993.59 kN-m (435 lb.)
* * Ref.2. Threaded parts of scaffold components and fittings shall be capable of attaining full thread engagement and shall be lubricated regularly. also known as Swivel Coupler End-to-End Coupler. This shall be verified from the technical literature submitted by the manufacturer. * Denotes change
.) SWL = 5. Scaffold tubing conforming to other specifications may be used if approved by the Saudi Aramco Consulting Services Department (CSD). Steel tubing for tube and coupler scaffolds shall be hot-dip galvanized (not painted) in accordance with ASTM A123.) SWL = 0. EN74.190 lb.9. also known as Sleeve Coupler
Bearer Coupler.53 kN (120 lb.) SWL = 0. joint pins.9. Scaffold couplers shall be marked as conforming to either BS 1139. Applied loads (unfactored) shall be less than 40% of the rated capacity (to ensure a safety factor of 4). Steel tubing for system and fabricated tubular frame scaffolds may be painted.) shall be galvanized or zinc coated to resist corrosion. Always install scaffold components and fittings per manufacturer’s instructions. also known as Putlog or Single Coupler
SWL=0 kN (0 lb.4 kN (2.
J.F. * L.3 kN (1. Couplers may be either pressed or dropforged type. or Saudi Aramco approved equivalent specification. G. Table 17 (based on a slipping safety factor of 1. I. clamps. K.2: Safe Working Loads for Individual Couplers
TYPE OF COUPLER TYPE OF LOAD EN74 CLASS B RATED SAFE WORKING LOAD (SWL) * * SWL = 9. also known as Double or Load Bearing Coupler Adjustable Coupler. Girder couplers shall always be used in pairs.
. or 50mmx225mm (basic). laminated veneer lumber (LVL) planks. D. Where the height of a stack exceeds 20 planks. See Figure II. fabricated planks.7. Scaffold platform units shall be either solid sawn wood planks. E. off the ground. * F.9. including damage. Planks shall be inspected for defects. decayed. decay and warping. Even with banding. All recommendations by the platform unit manufacturer or the lumber grading association or inspection agency shall be followed. the cut end(s) shall be banded. or Saudi Aramco accepted equivalent.3
A. Solid sawn wood planks shall be of solid sawn timber and may be either 2x10 inch (nominal). I. Southern Pine Inspection Bureau (SPIB). C.17. Planks shall be properly stacked. plank ends shall not be split over 300 mm (12 inches). Solid sawn wood scaffold planks shall be of a “scaffold plank grade” and shall be certified by and bear the grade stamp of the West Coast Lumber Inspection Bureau (WCLB). saw-cut.9.
J. the defective parts may be cut off to produce shorter planks. broken. drilled.41. B. continuously embossed along at least one edge. twisted (more than allowed above). Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) planks shall measure 38 millimeters (1-1/2 inch) thick by 225 millimeters (9 inches) wide. Solid sawn wood and LVL planks shall conform to the following (see Figure II. treated. In this case. Planks shall not be twisted from end-to-end or curled from side-to-side more than 13 mm (1/2-inch).9. prior to each use. or larger.9. measures shall be taken to tie or bond succeeding layers. Planks shall not be painted. All laminated veneer lumber (LVL) planks shall have the words “PROOF TESTED SCAFFOLD PLANK” and “OSHA”. published by the American Lumber Standards Committee). Solid sawn wood scaffold planks conforming to and marked in accordance with BS 2482 are also acceptable. 38mmx225mm (basic).
H. or fabricated platforms. See Figure II. or damaged shall not be used. worn. warped. Planks that are split. on a suitable foundation. or other lumber-grading agency approved by the American Lumber Standards Committee (See Certified Agencies and Typical Grade Stamps. or coated in any way (except at the ends) that could conceal defects or obscure the top or bottom surfaces. G. 2x9 inch (rough).40): • • Plank ends shall not be split more than 25 mm (1 inch) without metal banding. However.
3: Concentrated Load Cases for Platform Units
110 kg (250 lbs.1 Capacity
A. All scaffolds shall have a specified load rating.8
9. F.) 110 kg (250 lbs.9. Self-weight of platform units (including planks) may be considered as dead load. of either Light-duty.
9. and shall be the shortest simple span required to support. as applicable given the scaffold’s load rating.250 lbs. fabricated platforms. without failure. or Special-duty.3.) 110 kg (250 lbs. Table II.9. Medium-duty (50 psf).are not additive. These uniformly distributed loads and the concentrated loads in Table II. trench shoring. the platform unit’s own weight and at least four times the most critical maximum intended load case shown in Table II.3. or Special-duty (>50 psf) uniformly distributed load.9. its own weight (dead load) and at least four (4) times the maximum intended load (live load) applied or transmitted to it (D+4*L).8. For design. C. Every scaffold and scaffold component (including platform units) shall be capable of supporting. fabricated platforms. L. without failure.
. corresponding to the maximum intended load.9 m (36”) 250 lbs. the maximum intended load (live load) shall be taken as the scaffold’s load rating. and laminated veneer lumber (LVL) planks shall be determined by the manufacturer.K. Scaffold planks shall not be used as concrete forms. Planks shall not be stood on end unattended. The maximum allowable span for fabricated planks. D. The maximum deflection for platform units shall not exceed 1/60th of the span length when supporting any of the above (unfactored) concentrated or uniformly distributed maximum intended loads. and laminated veneer lumber (LVL) planks shall also not be less than what is required to support. B. Scaffolds and scaffold components shall not be loaded in excess of their load rating. or as sills for scaffolds.) 0. The maximum span for fabricated planks. without failure. the platform unit’s own weight and at least four times the Light-duty (25 psf). 18” 18”
E. 250 lbs. Medium-duty.
unless the manufacturer’s identification mark is clearly visible on each plank and the manufacturer’s published literature permits.9. (Exception: the requirement to provide full planking or decking does not apply to platforms and walkways currently being erected or used solely by workmen performing scaffold erection or dismantling).8 meters (6 feet) or more. See Figure II.
. See Figure II. by using fiber rope or wire lashing. If the front edge of a working platform is less than 360 mm (14 inches) from the face of the wall or structure.5.8 meters (6 feet) long. clamped toeboards.50. nets. Ends of planks shall extend beyond the centerline of their end support bearer (transom) by at least 150 mm (6 inches). C. in accordance with Section 9. falling object protection shall be provided by covering the gap with planks or by using toeboards. Toeboards shall not be nailed to scaffold planks.9. F.5. A complete guardrail system (per Section 9. longer spans for that plank. The maximum span (distance between bearers/board bearers) for solid sawn wood planks and laminated veneer lumber (LVL) planks with a thickness of 50 mm (2 inches) shall not exceed 2. at least one board bearer (intermediate transom) shall be used in every bay at each platform level.8. shall be installed around all open sides and ends of every planked/platformed level (even when not being used as a working platform) where a person could fall 1. This is especially important for planks less than 1. D. guardrails do not need to be erected along that edge.51. including toeboards per Section 9.3. The maximum span (distance between bearers/board bearers) for solid sawn wood planks and laminated veneer lumber (LVL) planks with a thickness of 38 mm (1-1/2 inches) shall not exceed 1.8. Every scaffold platform shall be closed planked or decked as fully as possible between the guardrails. Planks shall be secured at both ends to prevent vertical and horizontal movement.48 and Table II.5 meters (5 feet). See Figure II.9.9.9. However.2).3. I. barricades. See Figure II. G. B.4. E. in accordance with Section 9.4 Scaffold Platform Construction and Use
A. or other equivalent means.49 and Table II.4. as described in Section 9.4 meters (8 feet). See Figure II.51.8. longer spans for that plank.5. unless the manufacturer’s identification mark is clearly visible on each plank and the manufacturer’s published literature permits. For medium-duty and more heavily loaded scaffolds. etc. H.. Ends of planks shall not extend more than 300 mm (12 inches) beyond the centerline of their end support bearer (transom).9.9.1.1.9. unless cleated or otherwise restrained by equivalent means.
The slope of scaffold platform units (i. At all points of a scaffold where the planks change direction. See Figure II. on top of the first plank. landings. Planks shall be laid flush side-by-side to each other on all scaffold platforms. S. or fabricated platform) shall be installed so that gaps between platform units are less than 25 mm (1 inch) wide. and planks which rest at right angles over the same bearer (transom) shall be laid second. N. Q. or otherwise removed and replaced. sand.51..
O. and walkways shall be at least 675 mm (27 inches) (3 planks) wide. 300 mm (12 inches) minimum. Precautions (such as covering planks with fire retardant blankets) shall be taken to prevent wood planks from coming into contact with welding slag or open flame. dismantling and alteration. including during scaffold erection. or any other substance shall be cleaned. K. to support abutting planks. they shall be covered as follows: • Gaps less than 600 mm (2 feet) in width shall be covered with at least 20-millimeter (¾-inch) thick.
. When larger gaps are unavoidable. Adequate space for workers to safely pass shall be provided and maintained wherever materials are placed on platforms or if any higher platform is erected thereon. on both sides of the opening and held in place with cleats.e. R. any planks that rest on a bearer (transom) an angle other than a right angle shall be laid first. fabricated plank. On platforms where scaffold planks are placed end-to-end. M. Such plywood coverings shall be overlapped at least the width of the gap. bearers or board bearers).e..9. Scaffold platforms. Planks lap lengths shall not be less than 300 mm (12 inches). Gaps larger than 600 mm (2 feet) in width shall be covered with properly secured (not nailed) cross planks. such as “T” sections. exterior grade plywood. Platform units that have become slippery with oil. Whenever a scaffold is to be erected near a heat source (such as a heater) or process equipment containing hydrocarbon material above its auto ignition temperature. Plank overlaps shall occur only over supports (i. such as turning a corner. L. each end shall be independently supported. fabricated deck. projecting nails and other unnecessary tripping hazards (including uneven decking). prior to continuing use. Each platform unit (scaffold plank. instead of using wood planks.J. Platforms shall be kept free of obstructions. (Exception: this provision does not preclude the use of common support members. P. unnecessary materials. use of a system scaffold with compatible fabricated metal planks is preferred. or hook-on platforms designed to rest on common supports). Planks shall not be nailed together. planks) shall not exceed 1 vertical to 4 horizontal.
or protective coverings installed to prevent accidental contact with the lines.9.. Scaffold operations adjacent to overhead power lines are prohibited unless one of the following conditions are satisfied: 1. Or.
9. U. positive means (lockout/tagout) shall be used to prevent the lines from being energized until the line has been relocated or protected.9. used. a step-through opening in the guardrail system (protected by a self-closing drop bar at toprail height) is preferred. If an external ladder is used.5 Clearances
A.28 and Figure II. dismantled. relocated. Hinged covers shall be kept closed at all times. Landings shall be closed planked and protected by a guardrail system. the existing platform shall be left undisturbed until . The power line has been de-energized. Scaffolds shall not be erected. a hinged cover (trapdoor) may be used. Y Ladders shall not be used on top of scaffold platforms. See Figure II.27 and Figure II.e. Safe landings shall be provided at the top of all ladders and at least every 9 meters (30 feet) of ladder height.9. X. altered.52. Scaffold materials shall not be thrown or dropped from heights.9. Access openings through working platforms shall be protected by a sturdy guardrail system with a self-closing drop bar (at toprail height). See Figure II. The width of step-through openings in a guardrail system shall not be less than 675 mm (27 inches) or more than 760 mm (30 inches). or moved such that they or any conductive material handled on them (i. W. scaffold tubes) might come closer to exposed and energized power lines than as follows:
. . instead of workers having to climb over or through the guardrails.T When moving platforms to the next level.9. the access opening in a landing or platform through which the ladder passes shall be at least 675 mm (27 inches) (3 planks) wide and not less than 900 mm (36 inches) deep. See Figure II. If an internal ladder is used. 2.8.33.54. except when workmen are passing through. If the power line has been de-energized. V. the next lift has been fully installed and braced prior to receiving the new platforms.
not greater than 750 mm (30 inches).6 Raising and Lowering Materials Using Gin Wheels
A. but never less than 3 meters (10 feet). The horizontal tube holding the gin wheel shall be fixed with right-angle couplers to two scaffold posts (standards). B. The gin wheel shall be mounted on a cantilever tube projecting outward from the scaffold and shall be kept to a minimum distance. See Figure II.4: Clearances Between Scaffolds and Power Lines Insulated Lines Voltage Less than 300 volts Minimum Distance 1 meter (3 feet) Alternatives 2 times the length of the line insulator. Revised 1998. A Guide to Scaffold Use in the Construction Industry B.9.
. but never less than 3 meters (10 feet).5 times the depth of excavation away from edges of excavations (including trenches).
3 meters (10 feet) 3 meters (10 feet) plus 100 mm (4 inches) for each 1 kV over 50 kV. Uninsulated Lines
Alternatives 2 times the length of the line insulator.9.
3 meters (10 feet) plus 100 mm (4 inches) for each 1 kV over 50 kV.53. unless adequate precautionary measures are taken to prevent the collapse of the excavation and ensure the integrity of the scaffold foundation. Gin wheels should be fixed to scaffolds for purposes of raising and lowering material during scaffold construction or use.8.
Reference: OSHA 3150.Table II. Bases of scaffolds shall be at least 1.
Vertical bracing to prevent excessive sway is necessary in both the transverse and longitudinal directions of all system and tube and coupler scaffolds for the full height of the scaffold (see Sections 9. Every line of posts (standards) shall have runners (ledgers) installed horizontally in continuous lengths along the entire scaffold length (longitudinally) and bearers (transoms) installed in continuous lengths horizontally across the entire scaffold width (transversely).1 Horizontal Members
A.8. not more than 300 millimeters (12 inches) from the node point.49).9. usually 18-mm (3/4-inch).59. Board bearers (intermediate transoms) shall be installed as required to limit plank spans to the distances specified in Section 9. it shall not be hooked through a coupler. Transverse (sectional) braces shall be connected to either posts (standards) or runners (ledgers).9.
. See Figure II.48 and II. These may be removed when no longer required to support planks.C. C. No lift height shall exceed 2 meters (6.53. D.
9. A ring-type gin wheel is preferable. Longitudinal (facade) braces shall be connected to posts (standards) as close as possible to the intersection (node point) of the runner (ledger) and post (standard).).13.11). B.9.64.5. and where necessary to accommodate differences in plank lengths. B. D. See Figure II. the gin wheel fixing to the tube shall be prevented from slipping toward or away from the scaffold by one coupler mounted on either side of the fixing. Gin wheel ropes shall be of the correct size to suit the gin wheel. See Figure II.9. Materials to be raised shall be firmly attached to the gin wheel rope and shall not exceed 50 kg. See Figure II.4 (see Figures II.9.9. but. (110 lbs. See Figure II.9. This connection shall be as close as possible to the intersection (node point) of the bearer (transom) and post (standard). If a hook-type gin wheel is used.10 and 9.9. it shall be lashed to the supporting tube and the hook moused. not more than 300 millimeters (12 inches) from the node point.9. at each lift. C.9.5 feet). Bridging of scaffolds shall be as conceptually shown in Figure II.56. In either case. Bearers (transoms) and board bearers (intermediate transoms) shall be installed on top of and not underneath supporting runners (ledgers).9
9. E.2 Bracing
See Figure II.9. Unless otherwise specified in manufacturer’s instructions. Posts (standards) shall be connected by bolted spigots and shall be secured into place using two spigot pins for situations where uplift may occur. not joint pins. and lift heights shall be used as required for load rating of the scaffold.9. However. Correct lengths of runners (ledgers). All system scaffolds shall be erected per the manufacturer’s published instructions and the requirements of this Manual. runners (ledgers). Connections shall be tightened with a single hammer blow to the wedge or cup to provide high degree of rigidity.
9. See Figure II. all system scaffolds shall be vertically braced in both directions with diagonal braces (as close to 45 degrees as possible) to its full height for each 10 meters (33 feet) of run.32. for braces subject to large tension loads. tube and coupler scaffold components may be used for bracing of system scaffolds.63. and diagonal braces shall not exceed the load carrying Denotes change
. H. The locking-pin type of system scaffold shall not be used.
9. See Figure II.9. The applied loads on posts (standards). and bearers (transoms) shall be connected by means of one of the following fastening methods: • • • Captive wedge system (such as Saudi Scaffolding Factory “Kwikstage”) Quick-fix system (such as Layher “All-round”) Cup locking system (such as SGB “Cuplock”)
G.15. Unless otherwise permitted by Loss Prevention.3 Tools
Tools that are recommended by the scaffolding manufacturer shall be used during scaffold erection and dismantling. The upper post (standard) shall slide over the spigot. bearers (transoms). Alternatively.10 System Scaffolds
A. bearers (transoms).9. I.62. Brace ends may be joined together with end-to-end (sleeve) couplers. F. brace ends shall be overlapped by at least 300 mm (12 inches) and joined with at least two adjustable (swivel) couplers. posts (standards). See Figure II. runners (ledgers).* D. Components from different scaffold manufacturers shall not be intermixed (except bracing as noted below). Bracing for system scaffolds shall be specially designed for the grid size of the scaffold. C.9. B. where specially designed system bracing cannot be used. D. E.
) 1.) 1. along with material tensile/yield stress test reports for the specific scaffold tubing to be used.2 m (4. All Light-duty tube and coupler scaffolds may have a maximum of three working levels in use at any one time only when there are no additional levels where platform units (i.25 ft.8. 3. The maximum total number of levels that can be planked at one time depends on the number of working levels simultaneously being used by workers and shall be as shown in Table II. planks) are installed..5: Embossed Light-duty Tube and Coupler Scaffold Post Spacing Embossed Tubing Number of 225mm (9”) wide planks per bay width 4 5 Transverse Post Spacing (Bearer/Transom Span) 1.
* Based on 48.) max.e.) max.0 m (3. steel tubing. 2. For Light-duty tube and coupler scaffolds constructed using any tubing which is NOT embossed (stamped) in accordance with Section 9.70 and Figure II. The maximum uniformly distributed load on each working level shall be 120 kg/m2 (1.9.Table II.0 ft.) Longitudinal Post Spacing (Runner/Ledger Span) 2.0 ft.6: Non-Embossed Light-duty Tube and Coupler Scaffold Post Spacing* Number of 225mm (9”) wide planks per bay width 4 5 Transverse Post Spacing (Bearer/Transom Span) 1. Table II.2 m (4.001.2 kN/m2) (25 lb. Fy=235 N/mm2 (34 ksi).7.6.25 ft. 1.2.0 ft.
. See Figure II.D.9.) Longitudinal Post Spacing (Runner/Ledger Span) 2.4 m (8./ft2).9.3 m (7.5 ft. C. the permitted bearer (transom) spans and the corresponding maximum runner (ledger) spans shall be reduced and shall be as shown in Table II.2 mm wall thickness.9.
B..) max.) max.3 mm O.0 m (3.8 m (6.0 ft.7 m (9.9.7.0 ft.9. D. Larger post spacing may be used if justified (per Section 9.1) by structural calculations or load tests submitted for review per GI 8.71.
9.. All tubing used to construct Medium-duty and more heavily loaded tube and coupler scaffolds shall be manufactured and embossed (stamped) in accordance with Section 9. when only one working level is being used.4 kN/m2) (50 lb. a properly designed system scaffold should be used instead of tube and coupler construction for scaffolds over 38 meters (125 ft.
.e. D. Preferably.9. The maximum distributed load on each working level shall not exceed 240 kg/m2 (2. a maximum of six additional levels may be planked if they are not being used at the same time. Total Number Planked/Platformed Levels 9 6 3 Maximum Scaffold Height 38 m (125 ft.) 28 m (91 ft.001. For Medium-duty tube and coupler scaffolds constructed entirely of tubing manufactured and embossed in accordance with Section 9. Scaffold tubing that is not properly embossed shall not be used for Medium-duty or more heavily loaded tube and coupler scaffolds. At least one board bearer (intermediate transom) shall be installed in each bay of every platform (planked) level. E. or over the maximum heights shown in Table II. Larger post spacing may be used if justified (per Section 9.9.) tall. double bearers may be used only if the maximum allowable plank spans in Section 9.7: Light-duty Tube and Coupler Scaffolds Maximum Number of Working Levels 1 2 3 Reference: GS 217/1994. shall be classified as a Special Scaffold and shall be properly designed and reviewed per GI 8. Medium-duty tube and coupler scaffolds may have a maximum of two working levels in use at any one time only when there are no additional levels where platform units (i. Light-duty tube and coupler scaffolds requiring more than the above working or planked levels.2 meters (4 feet) and the maximum longitudinal post spacing (runner/ledger span) is 1. E. Alternately./ft2).8. See Figure II.8.72.8 meters (6 feet). C. the maximum transverse post spacing (bearer/transom span) is 1.001. See Figure II.11.7. planks) are installed. However.72 and Figure II. B.2.73.)
9.9.Table II.7.5
A.4 are not exceeded.7.) 38 m (125 ft.2. Table 8. along with material tensile/yield stress test reports for the specific scaffold tubing to be used.9.1) by structural calculations or load tests submitted for review per GI 8. Max.
9.12 Mobile and Tower Scaffolds
9.29.9.28. Medium-duty tube and coupler mobile and tower scaffolds that are one bay long by one bay wide (only 4 posts) shall be entirely constructed of steel tubing manufactured and embossed per Section 9. Medium-duty tube and coupler scaffolds requiring more than the above working or planked levels.33. a properly designed system scaffold should be used instead of tube and coupler construction for scaffolds over 38 meters (125 ft.7.7 meters (5. In this case.)
9.1 Mobile and Tower Scaffold Construction
A. See Figure II. level.9.8.2 shall have a maximum post spacing of 2 meters (6.9. D. Mobile and tower scaffolds shall be plumb. B. and at least every third lift of all mobile and tower scaffolds to prevent racking (twisting). Total Number Planked/Platformed Levels 7 2 Maximum Scaffold Height 38 m (125 ft. shall be classified as a Special Scaffold and shall be properly designed and reviewed per GI 8.7.5 feet) in both directions.33.2 and shall have a maximum post spacing of 1.2 shall have a maximum post spacing of 1.) 24 m (78 ft.27. and square and be horizontally and vertically braced (in both directions) by diagonal braces.9.9. F. at the top. or higher than the maximum heights shown in Table II.Table II. Max. II.
.5 feet) in both directions. Light-duty tube and coupler mobile and tower scaffolds that are one bay long by one bay wide (only 4 posts) and constructed with steel tubing that is NOT manufactured and embossed per Section 9. and II.5 meters (5 feet) in both directions. at least two equally spaced board bearers (intermediate transoms) shall be used. Table 9.001.27 and Figure II. Plan (horizontal) bracing shall be installed at the base.12.) tall.7. C.8: Medium-duty Tube and Coupler Scaffolds Maximum Number of Working Levels 1 2 Reference: GS 217/1994. E. II.9. See Figures II.9. Light-duty tube and coupler mobile and tower scaffolds (used only for personnel access and inspection) that are one bay long by one bay wide (only 4 posts) and constructed entirely of steel tubing manufactured and embossed per Section 9. Preferably.
See Figure II.9. screwjacks shall be used. Mobile scaffolds rated for Light-duty shall have steel casters not less than 120 mm (5 inches) in diameter. Where leveling of a mobile or tower scaffold is necessary. or provisions (such as guys. or rakers) shall be taken to stabilize the scaffold against tipping. it shall be designed to apply loads no greater than the capacity of the floor or roof. M. H. Mobile scaffolds rated for Medium-duty shall have heavy-duty steel casters not less than 170 mm (7 inches) in diameter. A mobile scaffold shall only be used and moved on surfaces sufficiently firm and level to ensure stability.30. The working area of any platform shall not extend outside the scaffold base dimensions. B. instead of workers having to climb over the guardrails.5. an internal ladder with a cover (preferably hinged) over the access hole in the platform is preferred over an external ladder. equipment. or materials shall be on the working platform or elsewhere on the scaffold while it is in motion. If an external ladder must be used. it shall be installed vertically on the narrow side of the scaffold (to minimize the potential for overturning) and a step-through opening in the guardrail system (protected by a self-closing drop-bar at toprail height) shall be provided.
J. For mobile scaffolds. O. G.2
A. Cantilevered working areas are not permitted for mobile or tower scaffolds. All casters shall be fitted with a positive wheel lock (which cannot be accidentally released) to prevent movement while the mobile scaffold is being used. Casters shall be securely fixed to the base of scaffold posts or screwjacks by locking pins. A complete guardrail system shall be provided at every platform. No men. L. Force shall not be applied at a height greater than 1. C.12. Platform units (planks) shall be securely fixed in position.
. I. K. per Section 9. The uppermost work platform height shall not exceed 4 times the minimum base dimension of any mobile or tower scaffold. A mobile scaffold shall be moved only by manually pushing or pulling at the base.
9. ties.F.2. N. outriggers shall be installed on the scaffold to achieve this least base dimension.5 meters (5 feet) above the supporting surface. Where the basic scaffold does not meet this requirement. Where the scaffold is to be used on an elevated floor or roof.
e.2.9. per Section 9.5.
9. C./ft2).26. Each frame must have flip-lock fittings. G. (1. E. shall be at least 250 mm (10 inches) wide x 75 mm (3 inches) high x 10 mm (3/8-inch) thick. D. The maximum height of fabricated tubular frame scaffolds shall be 6 meters (20 feet).2 kN/sq. Fabricated tubular frame scaffolds shall not be used for a loading greater than a Lightduty loading of 120 kg/sq.). D. Brackets. for the attachment of horizontal members (i. The gap created by the bent section of the bracket strap must be compatible in size with the bracket to be inserted. or defects. Temporary foundations or tracks shall be properly set in place on soft or uneven ground to facilitate movement of the mobile scaffold. with bends at the center for inserting brackets.m) (25 pounds/sq. B. E. Scissor (cross) bracing shall be installed on both sides in every bay between each lift. welded to the tank wall. Bracket straps. using the minimum dimensions shown in Figure II.14 Bracket Scaffolds
9.D.13 Fabricated Tubular Frame Scaffolds
A.m (1.14. damage. Brackets and bracket straps shall be constructed and erected in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and this Manual. The temporary foundation or track shall be level and properly secured..
9. F. Bracket scaffolds shall only be used to support a Light-duty loading of 120 kg/sq. Components from different scaffold manufacturers shall not be intermixed. All fabricated tubular frame scaffolds shall be erected per the manufacturer’s published instructions and the requirements of this Manual. in good condition. bracket straps and other associated structural members shall be free from detrimental corrosion. Casters shall be locked at all times except during scaffold movement. bracing). with a 3 mm (1/8-inch) maximum clearance on the front or back faces.
. B.. guardrails) and diagonal members (i.1 Brackets and Straps
A.2 kN/m2) (25 lb.m. C.ft. A complete guardrail system shall be provided at every platform.e.
14. Bracket straps shall be welded to the tank shell for a length of at least 150 mm (6 inches) along the top edge of the strap (two 75 mm welds min. Appendix A. Damaged or defective brackets shall be removed from service. Brackets shall be inspected prior to installation by scaffold craftsmen and prior to each use by scaffold users.2
A. See Figure II. “Tank builder’s scaffold.450.E.2 meters (10’-6”) on center. platform units (planks). if 50 mm (2-inch) thick wood planks are used.” the maximum circumferential distance between brackets may be 3. L. K. completed bracket strap welds shall be inspected and approved by a welding inspector who is certified by Saudi Aramco. etc.) and down 25 mm (1 inch) along each side of the strap. I. Wire rope guardrails shall be 10 mm (3/8-inch) diameter and shall be securely fixed and kept tight (i. by the use of turnbuckles).4 meters (8 feet) on center. are certified to meet all requirements in OSHA 1926. In this case. Brackets shall be installed vertically. Section 2(z). Except as noted in the following paragraph.26. Steel tubing shall meet the capacity requirements of 9.
9. F. If 38 mm (1-1/2 inch) thick wood planks are used.. A continuous guardrail system shall be provided along the outside platform edge.
. with a 5 mm (3/16 inch) fillet weld. Only welders certified by Saudi Aramco shall weld bracket straps to the tank wall. Prior to attaching the bracket. C. B. planks shall be full-dimensioned 50 mm (2-inch) thick by 300 mm (12-inch) wide Douglas Fir or Southern Yellow Pine of Select Structural Grade or Scaffold Grade. approval of welding procedures and verification of tank integrity is required from the Proponent’s Engineering Unit.
J. Guardrails for bracket scaffolds shall be constructed using either wire rope or steel tubing. G.5. A guardrail system shall be provided on the inside platform edge wherever the gap between the platform and the tank exceeds 360 mm (14 inches).5 meters (5 feet) on center. the maximum circumferential distance between brackets shall not be more than 1.2(E) and there shall be no end-to-end connections occurring anywhere but at the guardrail support uprights.e. Prior to welding on any tank.9. No weld is required along the bottom edge of the bracket straps. the maximum circumferential distance between brackets shall not be more than 2. Only if all brackets (frames). H.
9. Section 1(d) may be used for bracket scaffolds. I.
H. an acceptable alternative is for each upright to be firmly secured into a 150 mm (6-inch) minimum high sleeve or spigot pin. or canopy structures sufficient to catch falling objects. catch platforms. G. All working levels shall be fully planked. In addition to wearing hardhats. A guardrail system shall be provided per Section 9. The area below bracket scaffolds shall be barricaded and warning signs posted. or installing toeboards with or without screens. Toeboards. Guardrail support uprights shall be made of scaffold grade tubing or structural angles.5. shall be installed per Section 9. L.5.15. However.450.
J. E. or erection of debris nets. B. these uprights are to be permanently welded to the brackets. Appendix A.15 meters (45 inches) above the walking surface.D. either of which is welded to the bracket.15 Underhung Scaffolds
9. Guardrails and support uprights that are certified to meet OSHA 1925. Preferably. F. K.2.1 Criteria for Underhung Scaffolds
A. each person shall be provided with additional protection from falling objects through one or more of the following means: • • • barricading the area below into which objects can fall and not permitting workers to enter the hazard area. where used.
. Working levels shall be at least 2 planks but not more 3 planks wide.95 meter (38 inches) and not more than 1. Toeboards shall not be nailed into scaffold planks. Guardrail support uprights shall be constructed to such that the toprail is at least 0. Planks shall overlap in one direction only and the minimum overlap shall be 230 mm (9 inches). Platform units and planks shall be secured to the brackets in a manner that will prevent movement. All underhung scaffolds shall be hung from structures capable of supporting at least 4 times the load imposed on them by the scaffold.
At least one board bearer (intermediate transom) shall be installed when the hanger tube spacing is more than 1. a second horizontal tube shall be attached underneath the supporting beam with a pair of girder couplers. H. G. E.9. See Figure II.5 meters (5 feet) apart in the longitudinal direction. Both horizontal tubes shall be attached to the hanger tube with right-angle couplers.15. See Figure II. without failure.9. Wire suspension ropes shall be minimum 9 mm (3/8-inch) diameter.34.2
A.9. A working platform shall have at least six suspension points evenly spaced and kept taut. Each wire rope or cable suspending an underhung scaffold.9. See Figure II. C. Runners (ledgers) and bearers (transoms) shall be coupled to hanger tubes using rightangle (not adjustable) couplers. I.34. Hanger tube spacing shall comply with the tube and coupler post spacing requirements for the load duty of scaffold (see Sections 9.
9. shall be capable of supporting. D.
. B. Check (safety) couplers shall also be installed directly beneath all trapeze tubes. modification and dismantling. Whenever possible vertical hanger tubes should be in one length.34.5). Check (safety) couplers shall be installed at the tops and bottoms of all hanger tubes. Where joints are necessary. When a hanger tube is coupled to a horizontal tube that is placed across the top of a supporting beam.34. the tubes should be single lapped using at least four couplers. including connecting hardware. Pressed girder couplers shall not be used for the support of hanging scaffolds. See Figure II. and also to serve as a secondary support should the runner slip. Trapeze tubes shall be installed approximately 600 millimeters (2 feet) below the runners (ledgers) to assist in erection. Only drop-forged girder couplers shall be used for the support of hanging scaffolds. at least 6 times the maximum intended load applied or transmitted to that rope.4 and 9.11.3
A. Suspension points of hanger tubes shall be securely fixed to prevent their being dislodged by all potential forces acting upon them. and shall be tied or otherwise secured to prevent it from swaying.15. C. F.9.11. B.
J. Abrasion. flattening or peening which has caused loss of more than one-quarter of the original diameter of the outside wires. Wire ropes shall be inspected for defects prior to each workshift and after every occurrence. Clips shall be spaced a minimum of 6 rope diameters apart.
Spacing of wire ropes used to carry the scaffold load shall comply with the post spacing requirements for the duty of scaffold (see Sections 9. When acids or other corrosive substances are used on a scaffold. D. Any physical damage that impairs the function or strength of the rope. Heat damage caused by a torch or any damage caused by contact with electrical wires. Suspension wire ropes shall be shielded from heat-producing processes. the U-bolt shall be placed over the dead end of the rope. (“Don’t saddle a dead horse.
9. Splices in wire ropes used to support an underhung scaffold are not permitted. or shall be of a material that will not be damaged by the substance being used.”)
. The use of repaired wire rope to suspend an underhung scaffold is prohibited.11.D. Clips shall be installed according to the manufacturer’s recommendations.15. Clips shall be inspected and retightened to the manufacturer’s recommendations at the start of each work shift thereafter. K. H. When an underhung scaffold is suspended by wire rope. When wire rope clips are used. B.4
A.11. treated to protect against the corrosive substances. Underhung scaffolds supported by wire ropes shall be tied or otherwise secured to prevent them from swaying. F. E.5). corrosion. scrubbing. including if any of the following conditions exist: • • • I. which could affect a rope’s integrity. G. Softeners shall be used to prevent rubbing action between wire suspension ropes and supporting members and to protect supporting members.4 and 9. Wire ropes shall be replaced. such wire rope shall be wrapped at least twice around the supporting members and twice around the bearers (ledgers) of the scaffold. There shall be a minimum of 3 clips installed at the load end and 3 clips installed at the attachment end of each wire rope. the ropes shall be shielded. and the saddle (bridge) shall be placed over the live (loaded) end of the rope. C. Clips shall be retightened to the manufacturer’s recommendations after initial loading.
published by the Construction Industry Training Board (CITB). a grounding conductor shall be connected from the scaffold to the structure. from A Guide to Practical Scaffolding. as applicable: • • • An insulated thimble shall be used to attach each suspension wire rope to its support. END OF SECTION
. The size of this conductor shall be at least the size of the welding process work lead. the welding machine shall be shut off.5
To reduce the possibility of welding current flowing through the suspension wire rope when performing welding from underhung scaffolds. Additional independent lines to provide grounding shall be insulated. with permission.2 meters (4 feet) above the working platform. An active welding rod or uninsulated welding lead shall not be allowed to contact the scaffold or its suspension system. In addition to a work lead attachment required by the welding process. All suspension wire rope shall be covered with insulating material extending at least 1.9. If the scaffold grounding lead is disconnected at any time. and this conductor shall not be in series with the welding process or the work piece.15.
Note: Some of the Figures herein have been reproduced. the following precautions shall be taken.
Driving Policy Signed ApprovedDriving Policy QuestionairesSAFETY Statistics AprIncident Graphic RecordVehicle Checklist With Hindi TranslationFire ExtinguisherFull Body HarnessSmoke DetectorNearMiss Example34A. Compressed Gas CylindersScaffold RegisterNear Miss Temple FormMaaden-JSA -Piping Erection 1Maaden-JSA -Painting Works 1Jsa - Cable TerminationJsa - Cutting and WeldingDeep ExcavationMaterial StorageHousekeepingEye Protection 9-11Confined SpacesSupervisor Training SelfEngine OilHempel's Galvosil 1578919840 en-usErp
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