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Northern Ireland Housing Executive: HMO Fire Safety Guide - PDF
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1 Northern Ireland Housing Executive: HMO Fire Safety Guide2 Contents Equality Statement 5 Houses in Multiple Occupation (HMOs) means of escape in case of fire and other fire precautions Introduction Definition of Houses in Multiple Occupation Article 75 of The Housing (Northern Ireland) Order 1992 as amended defines a HMO as: Categories of HMOs Specification for fire alarm systems to British standard BS : BS : Minimum System Requirements Type of Fire Detector and Their Selection Location and Siting of Fire Detectors Limitation of False Alarms Audible Fire Alarms Devices and Audibility Power Supply Means of escape and other fire precautions Fire Fighting Equipment Surface Finish of Walls, Ceilings etc Glass Final Exits and Communal Doors Means of Escape from all HMO's Fire Doors An HMO which is within a Building Containing Other Categories of Use Emergency Egress Windows Flats and Maisonettes Means of Escape from HMO's which are not Flats, Maisonettes, or Hostels Escape Provisions Travel distances Applicable to all HMO Categories Excluding Supported Living Stairways Ventilation of stairways Unacceptable Items within Stairway Enclosures External Stairways Spiral Stairways (External) Ladder/Ropes etc Inter-Communication between Rooms and By-Pass Routes Lifts general Specification and guidance for fire resisting doors Hinges 47 23 6.2 Self closing devices Door stops and fitting Smoke seals Use of automatic door release mechanisms Door furniture (Easy Opening Devices) Emergency/escape lighting , 2 and 3 Storey HMO's HMO's with 4 or more Storeys General provisions Electricity Supply to Normal Lighting and Emergency Lighting Room Layout and other Miscellaneous Matters Siting of Cooking Facilities Notices and signs Pipes and ducting penetrating fire separating elements Supported living accommodation Ignition Sources Fire Hazard Rooms Combustible Materials Textiles and Furniture Bedding and Sleepwear Management Training Signs and Notices Alarm and Detection System Travel Distances Emergency Lighting Manual Fire Fighting Equipment Stairlifts Resident Sleeping Arrangements Glazing Half hour fire resistance One hour fire resistance Glazing in fire doors Use of safety glass USER INSTRUCTIONS AND ROUTINE TESTING Routine Testing/Servicing Glossary of terms Annex A (Informative) 65 Step 1: Who is at risk? 65 34 Step 2: What fire hazards are there? 65 Step 3: What can you do to reduce/remove risk; what fire safety measures should be put in place? 66 Step 4: Record 67 Step 5: Review References 68 45 Equality Statement The contents of this Fire Safety Guide have been screened in accordance with the Housing Executive s Equality Scheme procedures. Please note that this document is available on request in alternative formats if necessary. 56 Houses in Multiple Occupation (HMOs) means of escape in case of fire and other fire precautions 1.0 Introduction The guidance in this document has been written on the understanding that a competent person will use it. For this purpose a competent person is regarded as having sufficient training and experience or knowledge and other qualities to enable them to both fully understand the dangers involved, and to undertake properly the measures referred to in the guide. This technical standard, details those standards to be applied to HMO properties and are based on the principle that all occupants of a HMO should be able to leave the premises safely in the event of a fire. This is to be achieved by a combination of measures to prevent the spread of products of combustion to occupancies or escape routes before the occupants have made good their escape, and/or measures such as fire warning systems which can help to ensure that occupants receive warning of a fire in sufficient time to make their escape before routes become impassable. In determining specific measures appropriate to a HMO, the competent person will have regard to: The adequacy of the means by which individual occupancies and the escape routes from them are protected from the spread of products of combustion. This will involve an assessment of the need for fire resisting construction to walls and floors, fire doors and sealing to prevent the spread of products of combustion. The distances of travel involved in escaping from each room to a final exit from the HMO. The nature of the means of escape and its suitability for the number and types of occupants. Regard should be had to the steepness of stairways and the width of doorways and corridors. Regard should be had to the need for escape lighting and adequate signposting of the means of escape. The need for fire precautions such as fire warning systems, fires sensors, and firefighting equipment. The capabilities of the occupants must also be considered. Specific guidance is contained within Section 10 in relation to supported living accommodation, where some degree of assisted evacuation may be necessary. 67 1.1 Background Research has shown that for some types of HMOs the risk of death from fire is considerably greater than comparable single occupancy properties but for others there is little or no additional risk. Consequently standards of fire precautions in HMOs should be proportionate to the perceived risk. These should take account of the building, the layout, the number and types of occupants and the condition of the property. 1.2 Coverage The guidance in this technical standard describes appropriate standards for means of escape and other fire precautions in HMOs. The guidance reflects the type of individuals occupying HMOs, and instances where the suggested standard of provision varies according to the size of the property are distinguished in the text. The guidance does not cover purpose built flats or maisonettes. In addition, a building, which complies with The Building Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2012 (as amended), will by definition have adequate means of escape for normal use, but may not have adequate means of escape and/or other fire precautions for the size and category of HMO. 1.3 Fire Safety for Disabled People Particular attention needs to be had to the need of disabled persons and reference should be made to BS9991 and DHSSPSNI guide The Evacuation of disabled People from Buildings. However, incorporating special structural measures to aid means of escape for disabled people may not be needed where it can be shown that adequate management arrangements to provide assisted escape will be available. 1.4 What is the purpose of the Guide? This guidance has been prepared for the purpose of providing practical guidance with respect to fire safety in Houses in Multiple Occupation. The document includes performance standards and design provisions relating to the more common building situations by category of HMO. If the guidance is followed there will be a presumption of compliance with the requirement relating to means of escape from fire and other fire precautions. However, this presumption can be overturned, so simply following the guidance does not guarantee compliance. For example, if a particular circumstance is not one of the more common building situations the design provisions contained with the guidance may not be appropriate. In such circumstances the standards employed may need refinement/enhancement subject to a risk assessment being undertaken by a competent person. 1.5 Guide Structure Following the introduction, the guide firstly gives a summary of the fire precautions followed by an in depth description of the passive measures which contribute towards the means of escape in case of fire. These relate to the physical protection of the route of escape of each occupier from within their letting, normally through the common internal protected stairway and landings/hallways/corridors of the HMO to a place of safety. The guidance then 78 describes active measures, which relate to the provision of fire warning systems, emergency lighting, and firefighting equipment. 1.6 Limitations These standards apply to both traditional HMOs and purpose built high, medium and low rise buildings as well as converted buildings and single houses, so that the guidance is appropriate for use across the whole spectrum of residential dwelling houses that may require fire safety solutions. The escape standard is based on the occupants being asleep (life safety), so the fire precautions and detection solutions are designed with this in mind. 1.7 Document Control Control of this document rests with the Housing Executive s Private Sector Improvement Services (HMO) 1.8 The Need for Good Management to Ensure Fire Safety in HMO's. Adequate means of escape and other fire precautions are only sufficient if there are also adequate arrangements to ensure that the HMO is managed in such a way that the standard of fire safety is maintained. Means of escape, for instance, should be kept clear and fire precautions such as alarm systems and extinguishers need regular maintenance. Regulation 10 of the Housing (Management of Houses in Multiple Occupation) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 1993 imposes a duty on the manager of a HMO to maintain all means of escape free from obstruction. The regulations also require the manager to cause signs indicating means of escape to be displayed. The provisions of this Fire Safety guide have been written on the assumption that fire safety in the building concerned will be adequately managed. The Housing Executive reserves the right to increase fire provisions if insufficient management is identified. This guide was prepared to comply with the requirements of the Housing (NI) Order 1992 as amended. This document is also intended to provide fire safety guidance in relation to Houses in Multiple Occupation which are regarded as relevant premises under Article 50(6) of the Fire and Rescue Services (Northern Ireland) Order 2006 and its associated Fire Safety Regulations (Northern Ireland) Alternative Ways of Demonstrating Compliance There are likely to be alternative ways of demonstrating compliance with the relevant requirements for adequate means of escape from fire and other fire precautions other than by following a design provision given in this guide. There is therefore no obligation to adopt any particular provision set out in this guide, should you decide to comply in some other way. However, you will have to demonstrate that your 89 alternative solution meets the relevant requirements for adequate means of escape from fire and other for precautions by those other means Relationship with Other Regulations. In all cases where a regulatory authority specifies a higher standard that standard must be achieved Named Standards Where this document makes reference to a named standard, the relevant version of the standard is the one listed in Section 15. However, if this version has been replaced or updated by the issuing standards body, the new version may be used as a source of guidance provided that it continues to address the relevant requirements of this HMO guide. 910 2.0 Definition of Houses in Multiple Occupation 2.1 Article 75 of The Housing (Northern Ireland) Order 1992 as amended defines a HMO as: 75. (1) In this Part "house in multiple occupation" means a house occupied by more than 2 qualifying persons, being persons who are not all members of the same family and for that purpose family includes spouse parent, grandparent, child, grandchild, brother/sister, uncle/aunt, nephew/niece of the other person. (1A) In paragraph (1) "qualifying persons" means persons whose only or principal residence is the house in multiple occupation, and for that purpose a person undertaking a full time course of further or higher education who resides during term time in a house shall, during the period of that person's residence, be regarded as residing there as his only or principal residence.". (2) For the purposes of this Article "house", in the expression "house in multiple occupation", includes any part of a building which (a) apart from this paragraph would not be regarded as a house; and (b) was originally constructed or subsequently adapted for occupation by a single household; and any reference in this Part to a flat in multiple occupation is a reference to a part of a building which, whether by virtue of this paragraph or without regard to it, constitutes a house in multiple occupation. For the purpose of this document the term house in multiple occupation includes the following categories of HMO. 2.2 Categories of HMOs Category A (Bedsits) Bedsits are units of accommodation, where there is some exclusive occupation (usually bedroom/living room) and some sharing of amenities (bathroom and/or toilet or kitchen). Each occupant lives otherwise independently of others. Category B (Shared Houses) Houses occupied on a shared basis where each individual or household will normally have their own bedroom or bed/living room, although in some circumstances this may be shared. There will be general sharing of the bathroom, W.C. and kitchen. 1011 Category C (Lodgings) Houses let in lodgings, i.e. a resident owner/occupier, catering for lodgers on a small scale but not living as part of the main household. Typified by a family or household who might take in a small number of individuals living away from their primary place of residence. Category D (Hostels; Bed and Breakfast; Guest Houses; Hotels) Accommodation for people with no other permanent place of residence, as distinct from an establishment which only provides accommodation for visitors to the area for a short time e.g. tourists. This category would include establishments used to house homeless families or persons who would otherwise be homeless. This also applies if there was a mix of homeless households, with that establishment as their only place of residence, and short term visitors. Category E (Residential Homes) Residential homes provide board and personal care for persons in need of such accommodation and care by reason of old age, disablement, past or present dependence on alcohol or drugs, or past or present mental disorder. These houses would provide permanent accommodation, and would include a level of support not normally present within Category D accommodation, which only provides a home for the time being. Residential homes which are registered under the Registered Homes (N.I.) Order 1992 and the Health and Personal Services (Quality, Improvement and Regulation) (NI) Order 2003 or any re-enactment or statutory modification must satisfy the requirements of the relevant Health and Social Services Board. The Executive therefore do not take any enforcement against such premises. Category F (Flats/Flatlets/Maisonettes) Houses or buildings which by conversion contain dwellings, which are flats, flatlets or maisonettes. Each dwelling would contain all the standards amenities, although not necessarily behind one door. There would be no sharing of amenities or habitable rooms with the occupants of other units of accommodation. 1112 3.0 Specification for fire alarm systems to British standard The building shall be designed and constructed so that there are appropriate provisions for the early warning of fire, and appropriate means of escape in case of fire from the building to a place of safety outside the building capable of being safely and effectively used at all material times. 3.1 BS :2013 Category L Systems Category L systems are installed primarily for the protection of life. There are 5 levels of protection. In HMO Properties categories L3 to L1 are employed in accordance with table 3.1 and 3.2. L3 Protection of Escape Routes Automatic fire detection along the route of escape and within the adjacent rooms. The system is to be designed so that in the event of a fire an alarm is given at a sufficiently early stage to allow time for the escape routes to be used before they are blocked by smoke. A detector should be sited in each room (other than a toilet) that opens directly onto any stairway and at each storey level. Detectors may be necessary in dormitories. The absence of structural separation in roof voids could allow a fire to spread from an unprotected room and affect adjoining escape routes. Where the possibility of fire spread is not eliminated by structural means detectors should be sited either in the areas where fire might start or in the areas through which the fire products might reach the escape routes. L2 Protection of Vulnerable Areas: Installation of detectors in those parts of the premises where the most vulnerable people are likely to be, or where the most dangerous fires are likely to start, as well as the escape routes. Initial coverage is within the escape route as the L3 system described above. Additionally: Those areas in which the normal occupants are especially vulnerable to fire starting in their vicinity and Those areas having a particularly high probability of ignition and from which fire or fire products could spread to affect the building occupants. L1 Total Coverage Requires fire detection in all parts of the premises. 1213 In those areas which would have a direct effect on the occupants or their escape routes smoke detectors should be installed. Where fire would only affect the occupants or the escape routes after fire spread has occurred beyond the room of origin, either heat or smoke detectors may be installed. 3.2 BS :2013 The installation of automatic fire detection and alarm systems can significantly increase the level of safety by automatically giving an early warning of fire. Higher grade systems tend to provide a greater level of control and monitoring of the system, or greater reliability and availability to perform correctly in the event of fire. The grade of the system that needs to be installed depends on the nature of the dwelling, the level of fire risk and the characteristics of the occupants. System Grades Six different grades of fire detection systems are being defined. Generally speaking, the greater the fire risk the more sophisticated the system should be. Briefly, these 6 grades are: Grade A - A full system with control and indicating equipment installed to BS 5839: Part 1 Grade B - Detectors and sounders using simpler specified equipment Grade C - Detectors and sounders or alarms with central control Grade D - Mains powered alarms with an integral stand-by power supply Grade E - Mains powered alarms with no stand-by power supply Grade F - Battery powered alarms System Categories Three different categories of life protection systems are defined. Briefly these are (starting at the highest): LD1 - Alarms in all circulation spaces that form part of escape routes and all areas where a fire might start, but not bathrooms, shower rooms or toilets LD2 - Alarms in all circulation spaces that form part of escape routes and rooms or areas that present a high fire risk LD3 - Alarms in circulation spaces that form part of escape routes BS5839-1:2013 emphasises that no one type of alarm is most suitable for all applications. Consideration must be given to the most suitable type of detection - optical, ionisation and heat. 3.3 Minimum System Requirements Tables 3.1 and 3.2 specify the minimum system requirements by size and type of HMO property 1314 Table 3.1 Minimum Requirements for Automatic Fire Detection and Alarm Systems Applicable to HMO properties occupied by no more than 6 non vulnerable individuals and with no floor area greater than 200m2 NUMBER OF STOREYS CATEGORY A HMO CATEGORY B HMO CATEGORY C HMO CATEGORY D HMO CATEGORY E HMO CATEGORY F HMO 1 BS 5839: Part 6 Grade D Category LD2 2 BS 5839: Part 6 Grade D Category LD2 3 BS 5839: Part 6 Grade D Category LD1 BS 5839: Part 6 Grade D Category LD2 BS 5839: Part 6 Grade D Category LD2 BS 5839: Part 6 Grade D Category LD1 BS 5839: Part 6 Grade D Category LD2 BS 5839: Part 6 Grade D Category LD2 BS 5839: Part 6 Grade D Category LD1 BS 5839: Part 1 Category L2 BS 5839: Part 1 Category L2 BS 5839: Part 1 Category L2 Fire alarm and detection system should comply with the requirements as specified by the regulating authority to meet the requirements of the Registered Homes (NI) Order 1992 and/or the Health and Personal Services (Quality, Improvement and Regulations) (NI) Order 2003 or any re-enactment or statutory modification. Mixed System BS 5839: Part 6 Grade D, Category LD2 within the flat and BS 5839: Part 6, Grade A, Category LD2 with detectors sited in accordance with the recommendations of BS for a Category L2 system in the communal areas. 1415 Table 3.2 Minimum Requirements for Automatic Fire Detection and Alarm Systems Applicable to all HMO properties other than those specified in Table 3.1 NUMBER OF STOREYS CATEGORY A HMO CATEGORY B HMO CATEGORY C HMO CATEGORY D HMO CATEGORY E HMO CATEGORY F HMO 1 2 Grade A, Category LD1, with detectors sited in accordance with the recommendations of BS for a Category L2 system. (when occupied by vulnerable occupants or more than 6 persons) BS 5839: Part 6 BS 5839: Part 6 Grade A, Category LD1, with detectors sited in accordance with the recommendations of BS for a Category L2 system. (when occupied by vulnerable occupants or more than 6 persons) BS 5839: Part 6 Grade A, Category LD1, with detectors sited in accordance with the recommendations of BS for a Category L2 system. (when occupied by vulnerable occupants or more than 6 persons) BS 5839: Part 1 Category L2 BS 5839: Part 1 Category L2 3 BS5839: Part 6 BS5839: Part 6 BS5839: Part 6 BS5839: Part 1 Grade A, Grade A, Category Grade A, Category Category L2 Category LD1 LD1 LD1 4 BS5839: Part 1 BS5839: Part 1 BS5839: Part 1 BS5839: Part 1 Category L2 5 BS5839: Part 1 Category L2 Housing Providing supported living in the community All Premises Category L2 BS5839: Part 1 Category L2 Category L2 BS5839: Part 1 Category L2 Category L2 BS5839: Part 1 Category L2 Fire alarm and detection system should comply with the requirements as specified by the regulating authority to meet the requirements of the Registered Homes (NI) Order 1992 and/or the Health and Personal Services (Quality, Improvement and Regulations) (NI) Order 2003 or any re-enactment or statutory modification. Mixed System BS 5839: Part 6 Grade D, Category LD2 within the flat and BS 5839: Part 6, Grade A, Category LD2 with detectors sited in accordance with the recommendations of BS for a Category L2 system in the communal areas. If any individual flat is occupied by more than 6 persons or vulnerable persons a Grade D, Category LD1 is required within the flat. Grade A, Category LD1, with detectors sited in accordance with the recommendations of BS for a Category L1 system 1516 3.4 Type of Fire Detector and Their Selection Fire detectors are designed to detect one or more of the four characteristics of a fire namely smoke, heat, combustion gas (normally carbon monoxide) and flame. Commentary and recommendations on types of detectors and their application can be found in Clause 10 of BS and Clause 21 of BS as applicable for the grade and category of the system. 3.5 Location and Siting of Fire Detectors Reference should be made to Clause 11 of BS and Clause 22 of BS as applicable for the grade and category of the system. 3.6 Limitation of False Alarms Guidance on limiting false alarms is available in Clause 12 of BS and Section 3 (Clauses 30-35) of BS Audible Fire Alarms Devices and Audibility A fire detection and fire alarm system only provides satisfactory protection of life if it is capable of rousing sleeping occupants. The criteria set down in Clause 13 of BS or Clause 16 of BS must be adhered to. Additional guidance in relation to fire alarm warnings for deaf and hard of hearing people is contained within Clause 14 of BS or Clause 18 of BS and must also be adopted subject to the carrying out of a personal emergency evacuation plan for any impacted individual. 3.8 Power Supply Fire detection and alarm systems are reliant on electrical power for their operation. No source of electrical power is totally reliable; every source will fail at some time, even if only for a limited period. Therefore to attain higher reliability all of the grades of systems specified in this guide require a battery powered standby supply which is connected automatically in the event of mains failure. In Grade A Systems to BS and Category L Systems to BS the mains supply must not be connected via a card-operated meter or similar. 1617 In Grade D systems it is strongly recommended that the mains supply is not connected via a card-operated meter or similar. In addition, where in a house in multiple occupation, the accommodation of each resident is served by a separate key or card-operated meter (e.g. Category A HMOs) Grade D smoke or heat alarms in common parts should not be supplied via the meter of any resident. In a house in multiple occupation with a permanent landlord s supply in the common parts, but prepayment meters in individual flats or bedsits, a supply to any smoke alarms in the dwelling unit should be derived from the landlord s permanent supply in the common parts. Where this applies, permanent notices should be displayed on or adjacent to the meter, as well as on or adjacent to any secondary consumer unit in the dwelling which states: CAUTION, SMOKE ALARMS ARE NOT CONNECTED TO THIS CIRCUIT. ISOLATION/SWITCHING OFF AT THIS POINT, OR HAVING NO CREDIT ON THE METER, DOES NOT ISOLATE THE ELECTRICAL SUPPLY TO THE SMOKE ALARM. 1718 4.0 Means of escape and other fire precautions It is primarily intended that this guidance will be applied to existing HMO s but the standards may also be applied to a property to be converted to an HMO. Within individual flats or maisonettes the reader should refer to BS9991 unless otherwise stated. 4.1 Fire Fighting Equipment In exceptional circumstances the need for firefighting equipment may be waivered in a HMO occupied by vulnerable people on receipt of a risk assessment from a competent person which indicates that the occupants would not be capable of operating such equipment or may endanger themselves by the misuse of the equipment in a fire situation. 1 and 2 Storey Properties A fire blanket shall be installed in each kitchen in accordance with BS6575 A carbon dioxide (CO2) extinguisher shall be installed adjacent to any incoming mains electric supply cupboard A multi risk fire extinguisher of 13A rating shall be installed on the primary escape route. All extinguishers shall be installed and maintained in accordance with BS EN 3; Part 3 and BS5306 Part 3. 3 or more Storey Properties A fire blanket shall be installed in each kitchen in accordance with BS6575 A carbon dioxide (CO2) extinguisher shall be installed adjacent to any incoming mains electric supply cupboard. A multi risk fire extinguisher of 13A rating shall be installed on each floor All extinguishers shall be installed and maintained in accordance with BS EN 3; Part 3 and BS5306 Part Surface Finish of Walls, Ceilings etc. The surface finishes of walls and ceiling should be of a standard not lower than that indicated in the table below. Room or circulation space Surface class for both walls and Ceiling National Class BS476-7 European Class BS EN Rooms not exceeding 4m2 3 D-s3,d2 All other rooms 1 C-s3,d2 Circulation spaces 0 B-s3,d2 or higher 1819 4.3 Glass For the purpose of this document glass can be used to give periods of fire resistance up to one hour, the actual fire resistance is determined by the nature and dimensions of the glass, the type of frame and method of securing the glass. Reference at all time should be made to BS Where applicable, glass in fire-resisting glazed elements should conform to BS for impact safety, BS 6180 if used in a barrier, and the relevant part of BS 5234 if used in a partition. 4.4 Final Exits and Communal Doors All final exit and communal doors will be fitted with an easy opening device. 4.5 Means of Escape from all HMO's Fire Doors A fire door in a HMO should be FD30S or FD30 as specified. 4.6 An HMO which is within a Building Containing Other Categories of Use. HMO s which are situated within a building comprising other categories of use i.e. offices, shops factories, shall be structurally separated from such premises by imperforate construction which affords a fire resistance of not less than 60 minutes. Provision should also be made for independent and protected escape routes and for an automatic fire detection system which will give warning to the residents of the HMO if a fire occurs in the commercial part of the building. 4.7 Emergency Egress Windows An emergency egress window shall: (a) have a clear opening that is not less than 0.33 m2 in area; and (b) have a clear opening that is at least 450 mm high and at least 450 mm wide. The lower edge of the window opening shall be not less than 800 mm and not more than 1100 mm above the floor except in the case of a roof window where the lower edge of the window opening may be not less than 600 mm above the floor, Diagram 4.1a & b. For the purposes of this paragraph an emergency egress window shall be taken to include a door which leads to an area (e.g. a balcony) from which a person could escape or be rescued. The minimum height to the lower edge of the opening shall not apply to such a door. An emergency egress window shall lead to a place that is free from the danger of fire and not lead to an enclosed yard or garden unless it has an area of relative safety which is not less than the height of the dwelling house from the dwelling house. An enclosed yard or garden is one from which there is no exit under the control of the occupants of the dwelling house. (c) be accessible from an area below the window that facilitates rescue. 1920 Diagram 4.1 a & b 1.7 m max 1.7 m max Bottom of opening Bottom of opening mm mm Eaves Floor level Eaves Floor level (a) Dormer window (b) Roof window (skylight) Notes: 1. Clear window opening not less than 0.33m² in area and at least 450mm high and at least 450mm wide. 2. Window located to facilitate rescue by ladder from the ground. 3. The window may be in the end wall of the dwelling house instead of the roof as shown. Diagrams derived from Technical Booklet E of the Building Regulations (Northern Ireland) (c) (d) (e) Where provided for rescue purposes from a room above ground level: (1) any door (including a French window or a patio window) should lead to a balcony guarded with a protective barrier complying with BS6180; (2) the ground beneath a window or balcony should be clear of any obstructions (such as iron railings or horizontally hung windows) and should be of a size and material suitable and safe for supporting a ladder. A door or window should not face onto an internal shaft or enclosure unless: (1) escape to a place of safety is possible without re-entering the building and (2) there is sufficient space for the Fire and Rescue Service to bring in and safely erect a suitable ladder if rescue would be from a room above ground level. Where practicable the emergency egress window or door should be located remote from the primary escape route. See tables 4.3 and View more
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