Source: http://ca.findacase.com/research/wfrmDocViewer.aspx/xq/fac.20090204_0000410.CCA.htm/qx
Timestamp: 2016-12-11 04:19:37
Document Index: 619519337

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 752', '§ 1012', '§ 1012', '§ 752', '§ 723', '§ 722', '§ 722', '§ 733', '§ 1012', '§ 752', '§ 1', '§ 752', '§ 1', '§ 752', '§ 358', '§ 1', '§ 1', '§ 1', '§ 1', '§ 752', '§ 1', '§ 1', '§ 7805', '§ 1', '§ 1', '§ 1', '§ 1', '§ 752', '§ 1', '§ 752', '§ 1', '§ 6662', '§ 6221', '§ 752', '§ 1', '§ 6664', '§ 6226', '§ 301', '§ 752', '§ 1', '§ 6221', '§ 6226', '§ 6226']

| Maguire Partners -- Master Investments LLC v. United States
Maguire Partners -- Master Investments LLC v. United States
MAGUIRE PARTNERS -- MASTER INVESTMENTS, LLC, MAGUIRE PARTNERS, INC., TAX MATTERS PARTNERS, ET AL., PLAINTIFFS,v.UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, DEFENDANT.
This action came on for a court trial on August 12, 13, and 14, 2008. Steven R. Mather and Lydia Turanchik of Kajan Mather and Barish appeared for Plaintiffs Maguire Partners -- Master Investments LLC, Maguire Partners Inc., Thomas Master Investments LP, Thomas Partners Inc., Tax Matters Partner, Huntington/Fox Investments LP, Edward D. Fox, Jr., Thomas Division Partnership LP, Thomas Investment Partners Ltd., (collectively "Plaintiffs"). Andrew Pribe, Rick Watson, and Jonathan Sloat of the Office of the United States Attorney appeared for Defendant United States of America ("Defendant"). On September 22, 2008, the parties filed their proposed Post-Trial Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law. On October 6, 2008, the parties each filed their Post-Trial Briefs and their marked copies of the opposing parties' proposed Post-Trial Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law. After considering the evidence, briefs and argument of counsel, the Court makes the following findings of fact and conclusions of law:*fn1
James Thomas, a real-estate investor and developer, is the trustee of the Lumbee Clan Trust, which is a partner in Thomas Investment Partners Ltd. ("TIP"), which, in turn, is a partner in Thomas Division Partnership LP ("TDP"). In 2001 through 2002, these various partnerships owned an interest in: the Library Tower in Los Angeles; the Gas Company Tower in Los Angeles; the Wells Fargo Center in Los Angeles; the MGM Plaza in Santa Monica; the Solana project in Dallas; and Commerce Square in Philadelphia. These investments were highly leveraged with debt in the range of eighty to ninety percent of the value of the property. Thomas's net worth in 2001 was approximately $200 million, with approximately twenty to thirty percent in cash or marketable securities/cash equivalents and the remainder in real estate holdings, including those identified above.
Edward Fox, a real-estate investor and developer, is the trustee of The Edward D. Fox, Jr. Family Trust dated February 14, 1990 (the "Fox Trust"), which is a partner in Huntington/Fox Investments LP ("HFI"), which, in turn, is a partner in both Maguire Partners -- Master Investments LLC ("MP-MI") and Thomas Master Investments LP ("TMI"). In 2001 through 2002, these various partnerships owned an interest in: the Library Tower in Los Angeles; the Gas Company Tower in Los Angeles; the Wells Fargo Center in Los Angeles; the MGM Plaza in Santa Monica; the Solana project in Dallas; and Commerce Square in Philadelphia. These investments were highly leveraged with the debt in the range of eighty to ninety percent of the value of the property.
On December 20, 2001, the Lumbee Clan Trust and AIG entered into a transaction in which the Lumbee Clan Trust paid $1.5 million to AIG. The source of the funds used to pay AIG was a distribution from TIP. Thomas contends that the purpose of the transaction was to serve as a hedge against potential loss in the value of his real-estate interests arising from the risk of terrorism after September 11, 2001. Thomas also contends that the Lumbee Clan Trust paid $1.5 million for an opportunity to receive a net maximum of $38.4 million. The potential payout from the transaction was tied to the value of a portfolio of twenty REIT stocks (the "REIT basket").
In general, the transaction between the Lumbee Clan Trust and AIG consisted of a short option, a long option, and a promissory note. On December 20, 2001, the Lumbee Clan Trust and AIG in order to implement the transaction did the following: (1) the Lumbee Clan Trust sold a short option to AIG for $100 million; (2) the Lumbee Clan Trust purchased a long option from AIG for $61,683,169; (3) the Lumbee Clan Trust purchased a promissory note from AIG for $39,816,831; and (4) the Lumbee Clan Trust pledged the proceeds from the long option and the promissory note to secure the short option. The Lumbee Clan Trust's transaction costs amounted to $1.5 million. The long and short options were Asian-style European options.*fn3 The promissory note eliminated AIG's obligation to transfer funds to the Lumbee Clan Trust in the amount representing the difference between the price of the short option and the price of the long option. The strike price of the short option was fifty percent of the value of the REIT basket, or $100,021,176. The strike price of the long option was seventy percent of the value of the REIT basket, or $140,029,647.
i. Thomas Investment Partners
TIP reported on its 2001 Form 1065 that $101,500,000 had been contributed in capital during the year and that this amount constituted an asset of TIP. TIP also reported on its 2001 Form 1065 that the Lumbee Clan Trust had increased its capital in TIP by $101,500,000. TIP also issued a K-1 (partner's share of income, credits, deductions, etc.) to the Lumbee Clan Trust for 2001 that reflected an increase in the Lumbee Clan Trust's capital account of $101,500,000 due to the contribution of the transaction. TIP reported on its 2002 Form 1065 that it had interest income of $191,640 and it claimed deductions of $1,691,640. TIP did not account for the short option on either the Form 1065 or the K-1s for 2001 and 2002. For 2001, the IRS issued a notice of Final Partnership Adjustment ("FPAA") which adjusted downward the capital contributed to and assets of TIP by $101,500,000 and sought to adjust the outside basis of LCT by $101,500,000. For 2002, the FPAA adjusted downward income by $191,640 and disallowed the deduction of $1,691,640.
ii. Thomas Division Partnership
On December 20, 2001, the Fox Trust and AIG entered into a transaction in which the Fox Trust paid $675,000 to AIG. Fox contends that the purpose of the transaction was to serve as a hedge against potential loss in the value of his real-estate interests arising from the risk of terrorism after September 11, 2001. Fox also contends that the Fox Trust paid $675,000 for an opportunity to receive up to a net maximum of $17,242,574. The potential payout from the transaction was tied to the value of a portfolio of twenty REIT stocks (the "REIT basket"). This was the identical basket that the Lumbee Clan Trust transaction used.
In general, the transaction between the Fox Trust and AIG consisted of a short option, a long option, and a promissory note. On December 20, 2001, the Fox Trust and AIG in order to implement the transaction did the following: (1) the Fox Trust sold a short option to AIG for $45 million; (2) the Fox Trust purchased a long option from AIG for $27,757,426; (3) the Fox Trust purchased a promissory note from AIG for $17,917,574; and (4) the Fox Trust pledged the proceeds from the long option and the promissory note to secure the short option. The Fox Trust's transaction costs amounted to $675,000. The options were Asian-style European options.
The promissory note eliminated AIG's obligation to transfer funds to the Fox trust in an amount representing the difference between the price of the short option and the price of the long option. The strike price of the short option was fifty percent of the value of the REIT basket, or $45,009,529. The strike price of the long option was seventy percent of the value of the REIT basket, or $63,013,341.
On December 27, 2001, the Fox Trust contributed the transaction to HFI. Specifically, the Fox Trust contributed the long option and the promissory note, and HFI assumed the short option. On December 27, 2001, HFI contributed $34,749,083 of the transaction to MP-MI. Specifically, HFI contributed seventy-six percent of the long option and the promissory note, and MP-MI assumed seventy-six percent of the short option. HFI had no prior investment in MP-MI. On December 27, 2001, HFI contributed $7,682,535 of the transaction to TMI. Specifically, HFI contributed seventeen percent of the long option and the promissory note, and TMI assumed seventeen percent of the short option. HFI had no prior investment in TMI. On December 27, 2001, HFI contributed the remaining seven percent of the transaction to Manhattan Properties, LP*fn4, which assumed the remaining seven percent of the short option. These contributions of the assets and assumptions of the short option were with the approval of AIG. After the contributions to the partnerships, AIG's position in the short option remained secured by the pledge of the long option and the note.
i. Huntington/Fox Investments
ii. Maguire Partners-Master Investments
MP-MI reported on its 2001 Form 1065 that it had made a capital contribution of $34,749,083 during the year and that this amount constituted an asset of the partnership. MP-MI also reported on its 2001 Form 1065 that HFI had increased its capital in MP-MI by $34,749,083. MP-MI also issued a K-1 to HFI for 2001 that reflected an increase in the HFI's capital account of $34,749,083 due to the contribution of the transaction. MP-MI reported on its 2002 Form 1065 that it had interest income of $65,609 and it claimed deductions of $579,143 pertaining to the transaction. It also reported other investments of $34,235,549. MP-MI did not account for the short option on either the Form 1065 or the K-1s for 2001 and 2002. For 2001, the IRS issued an FPAA that adjusted downward the capital contributed to and assets of MP-MI by $34,749,083 , and sought to adjust the outside basis of HFI by $34,749,083. For 2002, the FPAA adjusted downward income by $65,609, and disallowed the deduction of $579,143. The IRS also adjusted the other investments downward by $34,235,549.
iii. Thomas Master Investments
The transactions that were entered into by the Lumbee Clan Trust and AIG and the Fox Trust and AIG were designed by Arthur Andersen and referred to internally by various names, such as the "call-option spread", the "synthetic put" and "asset-hedging." The call-option spread consisted of two call options -- one long and one short -- and a promissory note.*fn5 By using the call-option spread, a taxpayer would be able to create a basis in an amount substantially greater than the amount of money actually paid for the call-option spread by taking the position that the transaction created a "contingent" liability for purposes of I.R.C. § 752. In order to create basis and obtain the tax benefit, the taxpayer was required to contribute the call-option to a partnership.
The call-option spread was viewed by Arthur Andersen tax partners as one of many-tax-avoidance techniques marketed by Arthur Andersen. In fact, from 1999 to 2001, Arthur Andersen arranged approximately ten call-option spread transactions, and in all but one of these transactions AIG was the counter-party. The call-option spread was considered a "proven solution" by Arthur Andersen, which included techniques offered by Arthur Andersen to minimize taxes. It is estimated that the call-option spread transactions generated about $14.7 million in fees for Arthur Andersen in fiscal years 2000 and 2001.
In 2001, Martin Griffiths, a tax partner in the Los Angeles office of Arthur Andersen, was the engagement partner and the main point of contact for Thomas and Fox. In fact, Thomas, Fox, and another real estate investor, Robert Maguire, represented approximately one hundred percent of Griffiths's business. Because Griffiths was familiar with the investment portfolios and tax needs of Thomas and Fox, he considered it his duty to investigate and determine if any of the "interesting planning ideas" presented to him by Arthur Andersen had any applicability to Thomas or Fox. He testified that it was his job to bring Arthur Andersen's "industry expertise" to bear on Thomas and Fox's interests.
In December 2001, Paul Rutter, outside transactional counsel to Thomas and Fox, met with Mandel to discuss the transaction. He also reviewed the transactional documents prepared by Sullivan & Cromwell, counsel to AIG. Rutter was not an expert on options or hedging, and did not provide business advice to Thomas or Fox regarding the transaction. Instead, Rutter's representation was limited to reviewing the documents prepared by AIG's counsel, which included the contribution agreements by which the transaction would be contributed to the partnerships. Rutter testified that it was his understanding "that they [AIG] were doing this transaction with other people and had a pre-existing set of documents they used[.]"
A. The Lumbee Clan Trust Transaction And The Fox Trust Transaction Lack Economic Substance
A taxpayer is not permitted to reap tax benefits from a transaction that lacks economic substance.*fn6 Coltec Industries, Inc. v. United States, 454 F.3d 1340, 1352-55 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (discussing Supreme Court precedent invoking economic substance since 1935). As the Federal Circuit explained in Coltec, the economic substance doctrine requires "disregarding, for tax purposes, transactions that comply with the literal terms of the tax code but lack economic reality," and, thus, "prevent[s] taxpayers from subverting the legislative purpose of the tax code by engaging in transactions that are fictitious or lack economic reality simply to reap a tax benefit." Id. at 1352-54.
To determine whether a transaction is merely an economic sham, the court must determine whether the transaction had any practical economic effect other than the creation of tax benefits. Casebeer v. Commissioner, 909 F.2d 1360, 1363 (9th Cir. 1990); Sochin v. Commissioner, 843 F.2d 351, 354 (9th Cir. 1988). Therefore, the court must exam the objective economic substance of the transaction and the subjective business motivation of the taxpayer. Sochin, 843 F.2d at 354; Casebeer, 909 F.2d at 1363. However, the objective and subjective inquiries are not "discrete prongs of a rigid two-step analysis," but "are simply more precise factors to consider in the application of [the Ninth Circuit's] traditional sham analysis; that is, whether the transaction had any practical economic effects other than the creation of income tax losses." Id.
Under the objective economic substance inquiry, the Court must determine "whether the transaction ha[s] economic substance beyond the creation of tax benefits." Casebeer, 909 F.2d at 1365 (citing Bail Bonds by Marvin Nelson, Inc. v. Commissioner, 820 F.2d 1543, 1549 (9th Cir. 1987). To do so, the court must analyze whether the "substance of the transaction reflects its form" and whether, objectively, "the transaction was likely to produce economic benefits aside from a tax deduction." Id.
A transaction lacks objective economic substance where it does not appreciably affect a taxpayer's beneficial interest except to reduce his taxes. Knetsch v. United States, 364 U.S. 361, 366 (1960); ACM Partnership v. Commissioner, 157 F.3d 231 248 (3d Cir. 1998). For example, de minimis economic effect -- such as the accumulation of small amounts of cash value in an annuity contract or the assumption of marginal risks in a partnership arrangement -- are insufficient to create economic substance. Knetsch, 364 U.S. 361, 365-66 (finding transaction involving leveraged annuities to be economic sham because possible $1,000 cash value of annuities at maturity was "relative pittance" compared to purported value of annuities); ASA Investerings Partnership v. Commissioner, 201 F.3d 505, 514 (D.C. Cir. 2000); ACM, 157 F.3d at 251-52.
The Court analyzes a taxpayer's subjective business purpose by determining "whether the taxpayers have shown that they had a business purpose for engaging in the transaction other than tax avoidance." Casebeer, 909 F.2d 1363-64. This analysis "often involves an examination of the subjective factors that motivated a taxpayer to make the transaction at issue," such as the experience of the taxpayer, the extent of the taxpayer's investigation into a transaction, the extent of any advisor's investigation into the deal, and the taxpayer's trial testimony regarding their motivation for entering into the transaction." Bail Bonds, 820 F.2d at 1549; see, also, Casebeer, 909 F.2d at 1364.
One factor that can be considered in analyzing a taxpayer's subjective business purpose is whether the taxpayer was acting like a prudent economic actor or contrary to rational business interests in the transaction. See, e.g., Gilman v. Comm'r, 933 F.2d 143, 146-47 (2d Cir.1991) (requiring taxpayer to demonstrate that prudent investor could have concluded that "realistic potential for economic profit" existed) (internal quotation marks omitted); Rice's Toyota World, Inc. v. Comm'r, 752 F.2d 89, 91 (4th Cir.1985) (equating lack of economic substance with finding that "no reasonable possibility of a profit exists"); Long Term Capital, 330 F.Supp.2d at 172 (finding that transaction lacked economic substance because, "at the time the transaction was entered into, a prudent investor would have concluded that there was no chance to earn a non-tax based profit return in excess of the costs of the transaction"); Estate of Strober v. Comm'r, 63 T.C.M. (CCH) 3158, 3160 (1992) ("We conclude that ... a prudent investor, relying upon independently obtained appraisals and research, would not have concluded that [the] transaction offered a reasonable opportunity for economic gain exclusive of tax benefits."). Thus, as the Federal Circuit found in Coltec, there must be an objective inquiry into economic reality that would ask "'whether a reasonable possibility of profit from the transaction existed,'" Coltec, 454 F.3d at 1356 (quoting Black & Decker, 436 F.3d at 441), and "whether the transaction has 'realistic financial benefit.'" Id. at 1356 n. 16 (quoting Rothschild, 407 F.2d at 411); see, also, Jade Trading, 80 Fed. Cl. At 47-48 ("The inquiry is not whether the [taxpayers] believed the Jade transaction was a real investment capable of making a profit, but whether the Jade transaction in fact objectively was a real investment capable of making a profit and altering their financial positions."). In addition, where a taxpayer is sophisticated in economics and/or taxation, entering a bad deal may shed light on the taxpayer's true tax-avoidance motivation. Id. ("the absence of reasonableness sheds light on Long Term's subjective motivation, particularly given the high level of sophistication possessed by Long Term's principals in matters economic."). Similarly, a conspicuous lack of concern over the particulars of the transaction by the taxpayer may be evidence that the transaction is a sham. See, Mahoney v. Commissioner, 808 F.2d 1219, 1220 (6th Cir. 1987).
The presence or lack of economic substance for federal tax purposes is determined by a fact-specific inquiry on a case-by-case basis. Frank Lyon, 435 U.S. at 584. In this case, the Court finds that the evidence demonstrates that the transactions at issue do not have economic substance because Thomas and Fox received no economic benefit, other than the increase in basis, from the transactions. In addition, the Court finds that the evidence demonstrates that Thomas and Fox were motivated by this increased basis and not by any purported "hedging" benefit.
a. Under the Economic Substance Analysis as Applied in Stobie Creek, The Transactions At Issue in This Case Lack Economic Substance
Stobie Creek involved the contribution of offsetting long and short foreign-currency options to single-member LLCs.
The plaintiffs in Stobie Creek alleged that the principal involved was a "reasonable investor" who "made a reasonable assessment regarding profitability." Id. at 693. In evaluating this claim, the court stated that it could not "ignore the functional and historical reality that the [offsetting option pairs] were part of the prepackaged J&G strategy marketed to shelter taxable gains." Id. In addition, the Court in Stobie Creek relied heavily on the expert testimony offered by the Government in concluding that "plaintiffs' attempts to establish a legitimate profit motive wither against the devastating, much more credible expert testimony that established the objective economic reality that the [offsetting option pairs] were severely over-priced, had a negative expected-rate-of-return, and consequently had a scant profit potential." Stobie Creek, 823 Fed. Cl. At 696. The Government's expert concluded that the transaction "was priced at levels that far exceeded [the components'] theoretical value[,]" where those values were computed using an adaptation of the Black-Scholes model. Id. At 685.
The court dismissed the plaintiffs' expert's criticism of the Government's expert's reliance on the Black-Scholes model. While the court recognized the validity of the criticism that "the model involves assumptions of perfect and static markets[,]" it found that the plaintiffs' expert "could not offer a more appropriate substitute." Id. at 689-90. The court concluded that the expert testimony "suggests that no reasonable and prudent investor would have expected a possibility of a profit on these transactions." Id. at 693.
In evaluating the subjective business purpose prong of the economic substance analysis, the court rejected the testimony of the principal that he "believed a 30% chance of doubling his investment existed" because the court found that "the [offsetting option pairs] had no objectively reasonable possibility of returning a profit and therefore lacked an objective business purpose." Id. at 698. The court found that the transactions were "integral to a 'preconceived' tax shelter scheme that was not structured to create a viable profit-producing investment, but, rather, to inflate the basis in an unrelated asset that would yield large capital gains upon sale." Id. Moreover, the court found that while there was "limited evidence" of an investment motive, the evidence was "not sufficient to overcome the evidence that the [offsetting option pairs] were economic nullities beyond producing the claimed tax benefits." Id.
Similarly, in this case, Defendant's expert, Professor Grendier, used recognized option-pricing-modeling techniques to conclude that the value of the Thomas transaction was $574, and the value of the Fox transaction was $259.*fn7
Therefore, based on a thirty-five percent volatility, Thomas and Fox paid approximately 2,700 and 2,600 times the value of the transactions they purchased.
Moreover, like the transaction in Stobie Creek, the call option spread was a prepackaged deal offered by Arthur Andersen that focused on the creation of basis. Arthur Andersen did not offer any advice on whether the transaction was a hedge, and Mandel, who offered the call option spread to Thomas and Fox, had no expertise on hedging or options.
Finally, there is no credible evidence that the transactions performed as hedges. First, there is no credible evidence that a close correlation exists between the value of the broad-based REIT basket and the value of any of Thomas's and Fox's real estate investments. Second, even if the transactions served as hedges, the price paid by Thomas and Fox vastly exceeded any benefit they could have received. In addition, despite claiming to follow the REIT market closely, Fox did not know the difference between the average drop required to produce a return of one dollar on his transaction, and the historical drop that occurred in 1974. Therefore, as in Stobie Creek, the Court does not find that the self-serving testimony of the principals, Thomas and Fox, sufficient to overcome the substantial and objective evidence that the transactions at issue are economic nullities entered into for the purpose of fabricating tax basis in amounts that are vastly disproportionate to the actual cost.
b. Under the Economic Substance Analysis as Applied in Jade Trading, The Transactions At Issue in This Case Lack Economic Substance
Jade Trading, another recent case involving economic substance analysis, involved the contribution of a long option and a short option to a partnership. Jade Trading, 80 Fed. Cl. at 11-13. The three taxpayers each paid $150,002, and each obtained an increased basis of $15 million. Id. The court disallowed the claimed tax benefits and determined that the transaction was an economic sham. Id. at 14. The court reached its conclusion based on five reasons. First, the claimed losses "were purely fictional" because the taxpayers "did not invest $15 million in the spread and did not lose $15 million when exiting Jade without exercising either option." Second, the plaintiffs contentions that the transaction had a profit potential was contradicted by the large limitation on the maximum net profit that could be earned and the "large and unusual" fees that the plaintiffs paid. Third, the transaction was "devised and marketed by a tax accounting group . . .as a tax product, not by an investment advisor as a vehicle to earn a profit," and, thus, the court found it "was developed as a tax avoidance mechanism and not an investment strategy." Fourth, the initiation of the transaction outside the partnership followed by the contribution to the partnership "had no effect whatsoever on the investment's value, quality, or profitability, except to add cost and burden," but "packaging the investment in the partnership vehicle was an absolute necessity for securing the tax benefits." Fifth, there was a "highly disproportionate tax advantage to the underlying monetary outlay -- the tax loss per [taxpayer], $14.9 million, was roughly 65 times greater than each LLC's $225,002 financial commitment to Jade, almost 100 times each LLC's $150,002 investment in the spread transaction which generated the loss, and approximately 100 times the $140,000 potential net profit each LLC could have earned."
Similarly, the Court finds that consideration of these same five reasons in this case leads to the same result -- that the transactions at issue in this case lack economic substance. First, the claimed basis is fictional, because Thomas and Fox paid only $1.5 million and $675,000, respectively for the integrated transactions they purchased, but gained an increased basis of $101,500,000 and $45,675,000, respectively. The increase in basis is approximately sixty-seven times what they paid for the transactions. Second, as Professor Grenadier explained, there is virtually no likelihood of a thirty percent average drop over ninety days -- the drop required to yield a one dollar return -- much less the average fifty percent drop required to yield the maximum payout possible.*fn8 Third, the design of the call option spread demonstrates that it was designed for the creation of tax benefits. Mandel, who was intimately familiar with the call option spread transaction format and was integral in selling these transactions to Thomas and Fox, was a tax expert specializing in "leading edge tax solutions," not an options or risk-management expert. Moreover, there is no evidence that the call option spread was designed as a hedge generally, or that it operated as a hedge with respect to the transactions at issue in this case. Fourth, there is no evidence that the contribution to the partnerships, which was part of the design of the prepackaged transactions, had any effect "on the investment's value, quality, or profitability." However, the contribution was required for the creation of an increased basis. In addition, in the weeks after Mandel first discussed the call option spread with Thomas and Fox, Griffiths provided tax advice to them about the increased basis they would achieve if they purchased the transactions. Fifth, the tax benefit is highly disproportional -- sixty-seven times -- to the actual economic outlay. As a result the Court finds that the transactions at issue lack economic substance.
c. The Transactions At Issue In This Case Are Economic Shams
In this case, it is clear that Plaintiffs are not taxpayers "who structured their transactions and ordered their affairs in a way so as to reduce their liability for taxes or to achieve the greatest tax benefits; rather, the tax benefits shaped the structure of the investment in order to achieve the goal of tax avoidance." Stobie Creek, 82 Fed. Cl. at 698; see, also, Coltec, 454 F.3d at 1357 ("there is a material difference between structuring a real transaction in a particular way to provide a tax benefit (which is legitimate), and creating a transaction, without a business purpose, in order to create a tax benefit (which is illegitimate)."). Because of the mismatch between the purported purpose of "hedging" and the inability of the Asian-style options to satisfy that purpose, the dramatic overpayment by Thomas and Fox for the de minimis value they received in return, and the virtual impossibility of receiving even one dollar in return versus the certain increase in basis by $101,500,000 Thomas and 445,675,000 by Fox, the Court finds that the only appreciable benefit gained by the transactions at issue was an increased basis. This conclusion is supported by the fact that Thomas and Fox were sophisticated economic actors. In fact, Thomas was a former trial attorney with the IRS. Thomas and Fox, along with Griffiths, their tax advisor, obviously recognized the value that would result from the increased basis, such as shielding distributions of cash and property from their partnerships by characterizing that property as a return on capital, or reducing the obligation to restore a negative capital account on termination of their partnerships.
B. Application of the Step Transaction Doctrine Yields a Cost-Basis of $1.5 Million for Thomas and $675,000 for Fox
As an alternative to the economic substance doctrine, Defendant also seeks to invalidate the tax effects claimed by Plaintiffs under the step transaction doctrine. "The Supreme Court has expressly sanctioned the step transaction doctrine, noting that 'interrelated yet formally distinct steps in an integrated transaction may not be considered independently of the overall transaction.'" The Falconwood Corp. v. United States, 422 F.3d 1339, 1349 (2005) (quoting Comm'r v. Clark, 489 U.S. 726, 738 (1989)). "[T]he objective of the doctrine is to 'give tax effect to the substance, as opposed to the form of a transaction, by ignoring for tax purposes, steps of an integrated transaction that separately are without substance.'" Id. (quoting Dietzsch v. United States, 204 Ct.Cl. 535, 498 F.2d 1344, 1346 (1974)).
Courts principally rely on two tests to determine whether to apply the step-transaction doctrine: the interdependence test and the end result test. See, Kornfield v. Commissioner, 137 F.3d 1231, 1235 (10th Cir. 1998); Brown v. United States, 782 F.2d 559, 563-64 (6th Cir. 1986); Security Indus. Ins. Co. v. United States, 702 F.2d 1234, 1244 (5th Cir. 1983); McDonald's Rests. v. Commissioner, 688 F.2d 520, 524-25 (7th Cir. 1982). While the two tests have different formulations, both tests have as their central purpose the implementation of "the central purpose of the step transaction doctrine; that is, to assure that tax consequences turn on the substance of a transaction rather than on its form." King, 418 F.2d at 517.
The end-result test applies when "a series of separate transactions were prearranged parts of what was a single transaction, cast from the outset to achieve the ultimate result." Greene v. United States, 13 F.3d 577, 583 (2d Cir. 1994)(citing Penrod v. Commissioner, 88 T.C. 1415, 1429 (T.C. 1987). "[p]urportedly separate transactions will be amalgamated into a single transaction when it appears that they were really component parts of a single transaction intended from the outset to be taken for the purpose of reaching the ultimate result." Brown, 782 F.2d at 564 (quoting King, 418 F.2d at 516). While the taxpayer's intent is relevant under the end-result test, it is not the intent to avoid taxes; instead, it is whether the taxpayer intended to achieve a particular end-result, legitimate or not, through a series of interrelated steps. True, 190 F.3d at 1175. Thus, if a taxpayer structures a single transaction in a certain way that involves multiple steps, "he cannot request independent tax recognition of the individual steps unless he shows that at the time he engaged in the individual step, its result was the intended end result in and of itself." Id. at 1175 fn. 9.
In this case, both Thomas and Fox contend that the reason they engaged in the transactions at issue was to "hedge" against a catastrophic collapse in the real-estate market. Thus, as they described it, Thomas and Fox essentially placed a "bet" that they now contend amounted to a hedge. Therefore, the long option, the short option, and the promissory note are simply the "interrelated steps" through which Thomas and Fox accomplish this "bet" or "hedge." Under the end results test, these interrelated steps of the transaction should be collapsed into a unified whole and the tax consequences determined accordingly.
In addition, any attempt by Plaintiffs to argue that they had a valid business purposes, such as the plaintiff in the Falconwood case, in engaging in the transactions at issue does not "immunize" these transactions from the step transaction doctrine. See, Stobie Creek, 82 Fed. Cl. at 701. While the court in Falconwood held that the step transaction doctrine did not apply to the series of transactions at issue, it did so because the taxpayer had an independent business purpose for the initial step, and then was bound by regulation to follow the remaining steps that the Government had sought to collapse. Falconwood, 422 F.2d at 1351-52 ("Upon completing a downstream merger for independent business reasons, Falconwood therefore had little choice in the face of quasi-legislative mandates but to file a final consolidated tax return for the group that covered Falconwood's operations for its entire taxable year."). However, as in Stobie Creek, Plaintiffs "cannot align themselves with the factual circumstances presented in Falconwood" because they "were not bound by any legislative or regulatory mandate to proceed along the tortuous steps that resulted in the claimed basis enhancement." Stobie Creek, 82 Fed. Cl. at 702.
"The interdependence formulation of the step transaction doctrine requires an inquiry into whether the individual transactions in the series would be "fruitless" without completion of the series." Id. at 699 (quoting Falconwood, 422 F.3d at 1349). Under this test, courts analyze whether or not one part of the overall transaction would have occurred without another part. Kornfield, 137 F.3d at 1235; Security Indus. Ins., 702 F.2d at 1247. If not, the transaction is then integrated and the step transaction applies. Id. Thus, under this test, courts "disregard the tax effects of individual transactional steps if "it is unlikely that any one step would have been undertaken except in contemplation of the other integrating acts." True, 190 F.3d at 1175 (citing Kuper v. Commissioner, 533 F.2d 152, 156 (5th Cir. 1976)).
In this case, the components of the transactions at issue were interdependent because each component was required to accomplish the desired economic result, which was, as Plaintiffs describe it a "bet" or "hedge" against a collapse in the real estate market. This is best demonstrated by the fact that the documents executed as part of the transactions created interlocking contractual obligations. For example, the Certificate re: Consent and Authorization discusses a "Master Transaction." The Master Transaction "would be effectuated through the execution and delivery by the Trust of the following agreements: (a) Master Agreement to be entered into by . . . the Trust and [AIG] . . .; (b) Note . . ., to be entered into by and between the Trust and [AIG]. . .; (c) Pledge Agreement by and between Trust and [AIG]; (d) Option and Equity Derivative Account Agreement by and between Trust and [AIG], and (e) Confirmation Letter Agreements re: share option transaction I and re: share option transaction II to Trust from [AIG]." Moreover, the Master Agreement specifies that all transactions and confirmations constitute a single agreement.
The creation of these interlocking obligations with respect to the long option, the short option, and the note accomplished the goal of creating the "bet" sought by Thomas and Fox. Neither the long or short option independently could have created the required "bet." For example, Thomas and Fox would have only benefitted from an independent purchase of the long option if prices of the stocks in the REIT basket increased, which is the opposite of what they were trying to accomplish in "hedging" against a drastic downturn in the real estate market. In addition, an independent purchase of the short option would have exposed Thomas and Fox to unlimited losses if the price of the stocks in the REIT basket increased. Thus, the purchase of the long option, the short option, and the AIG note were required to accomplish the desired "hedge." Therefore, the transactions making up the steps of the "hedge" strategy pursued by the Plaintiffs "are interdependent and have no independent functional justification outside of the series." Stobie Creek, 82 Fed. Cl. at 700. "Under the interdependence test, the individual steps must be disregarded and collapsed into a single transaction." Id.
C. Application of the Substance Over Form Doctrine Yields a Cost-Basis of $1.5 Million for Thomas and $675,000 for Fox
In 1945, the Supreme Court stated: "The incident of taxation depends on substance rather than form of the transaction." Commissioner v. Court Holding Co., 324 U.S. 331, 334 (1945); see, also, True v. United States, 190 F.3d at 1174 (10th Cir. 1999); Allen v. Commissioner, 925 F.2d 348, 352 (9th Cir. 1991). In applying this principle, a court "must look beyond the taxpayers' characterization of isolated, individual transaction steps, and also review the substance of each series of transactions in its entirety." True, 190 F.3d at 1174. Thus, taxpayers may not characterize a transaction solely based on the labels they have used, because such an approach "would completely thwart the Congressional policy to tax transactional realities rather than verbal labels." Crenshaw v. United States, 450 F.2d 472, 477-78 (5th Cir. 1971). Therefore, it is the "true nature" of the transaction, not its "mere formalisms" that control. Court Holding, 324 U.S. at 334; see, also, Allen, 925 F.3d at 352; True, 190 F.3d at 1174.
The countervailing consideration to application of the substance over form doctrine is the principle that taxpayers may generally structure their transactions as they wish. Brown v. United States, 329 F.3d 664, 671 (9th Cir. 2003). Thus, courts do not invalidate claimed tax benefits if the form of the transaction yields tax benefits which are consistent with Congressional intent as to the particular Internal Revenue Code provisions at issue. Id. at 672. Therefore, courts must make a fact-specific inquiry to determine if the facts fall within the intended scope of the applicable statute. Stewart v. Commissioner, 714 F.2d 977, 988 (9th Cir. 1983).
In this case, Thomas and Fox entered into the transactions at issue, which they described as "bets" or "hedges" against a collapse in the real estate market. Thomas contends that he "paid approximately $1,500,000 to take a chance that he could receive up to $38,400,000."
According to Thomas, "[t]he $1.5 million is, in effect, the TDP transaction cost, the cost of inducing Banque AIG to make a bet on real estate values. Similarly, Fox contends he "paid approximately $675,000 to take a chance that he could receive up to $17,242,574." According to Fox, "[t]he $675,000 is, in effect, the Fox transaction cost, the cost of inducing Banque AIG to make a bet on real estate values."
Once these initial payments of $1.5 million and $675,000were made, Thomas and Fox had no downside exposure from their "bets," and only an extremely remote possibility of receiving a return. These contractually interlocking transactions were carefully structured so that the amount payable under the short option would never exceed the amounts to be received from the long option and the AIG note. The assets -- the long option and the note -- were pledged to AIG to secure the liability created by the short option.
Because the basis of property is its cost per I.R.C. § 1012, and because Thomas's economic cost for the entire transaction was $1.5 million, his basis was $1.5 million. Thomas's partnerships succeeded to that basis. Similarly, because Fox's economic cost for the entire transaction was $675,000, his basis was $675,000. HFI succeeded to that basis, while MP-MI and TMI succeeded to their proportional share of that basis. The partnerships' characterization of the contribution at more than sixty times what Thomas and Fox actually paid for their unified position is plainly inconsistent with the fundamental principle that basis equals cost as expressed by Congress in I.R.C. § 1012. Accordingly, under the substance over form doctrine, the tax consequences should be determined on the substance of the transactions at issue, and not on the form used by Plaintiffs.
D. Even if the Transactions At Issue Have Economic Substance and the Step-Transaction and Form Over Substance Doctrines Do Not Apply, the Obligation Created by the Short Option is a Liability for Purposes of I.R.C. § 752
When a partner contributes property to a partnership, the partnership succeeds to the contributing partner's basis in the property under I.R.C. § 723. In addition, the contributing partner increases his basis in the partnership by his cost basis in the property under I.R.C. § 722.
On the other hand, when a partnership assumes a liability of a partner, the partner's basis in his partnership interest is: (1) decreased by the amount of the liability; and (2) increased by the partner's share of the partnership liability resulting from the assumption of the liability. I.R.C. §§ 722, 733(1), and 752(a) and (b). Once the liability is satisfied, the partner's basis in his partnership interest is decreased by the amount of the liability. I.R.C. §§ 733(1) and 752(b).
In this case, Plaintiffs argue that the short option was not a liability for purposes of Section 752. Therefore, for example, Thomas argues that the $101.5 million increase in basis that he received when he contributed the long option and the AIG note should not be reduced to account for the offsetting $100 million short option. However, as explained above, when the liability is satisfied, Thomas's basis should be reduced by $100 million pursuant to Section 752. Therefore, the increase in Thomas's basis would be merely $1.5 million, or the equivalent of Thomas's net payment for the transaction. Thus, the characterization of the partnership's short option as a liability for purposes of Section 752 is consistent with the cost basis -- and the economic reality -- of Thomas's contribution. See, I.R.C. § 1012.
The above interpretation of Section 752 is consistent with Revenue Ruling 88-77, where the I.R.S. determined that when an obligation creates or increases the basis of the obligor's assets, the obligation is a "liability" for the purposes of Section 752. In Revenue Ruling 88-77, the I.R.S. defined liability for purposes of Section 752 to "include an obligation only if and to the extent that incurring the liability creates or increases the basis to the partnership of any of the partnership's assets (including cash attributable to borrowings)."
In this case, the short option, the long option, and the AIG note were contractually interlocked, and the acquisition of the obligation (the short option) clearly created basis (via the long option and the note) and should be recognized as a liability for purposes of Section 752. In fact, the long option and the AIG note were purchased with the proceeds of the sale of the short option.
The above interpretation of Revenue Ruling 88-77 is consistent with the Fifth Circuit's interpretation in Korman & Associates, Inc., v. United States, 527 F.3d 443 (5th Cir. 2008), and the Court of Federal Claim's recent interpretation in Marriott International Resorts, L.P., v. United States, 83 Fed. Cl. 291 (2008).*fn9 At the time of the transactions at issue in this case and prior to the Fifth Circuit's decision in Korman, the Helmer line of cases found that certain liabilities assumed by partnerships should not be recognized for basis purposes because they were too indefinable or "contingent." See, Helmer v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1975-160 (1975); see, also, Long v. Commissioner, 71 T.C. 1 (1978), and La Rue v. Commissioner, 90 T.C. 465 (1988).
For example, in Helmer, a corporation held a purchase option on real estate owned by a partnership, and made periodic payments to maintain the option. T.C. Memo. 1975- 160 (1975). Because the partnership was obligated to apply the option payments to the purchase price if the corporation exercised its option, the partners argued that its receipt of these payments created a partnership liability that increased their basis in the partnership. Id. However, the Tax Court found that the payments "created no liability on the part of the partnership to repay the funds paid nor to perform any services in the future."*fn10 Id.
However, in Korman, the Fifth Circuit addressed the question whether the assumption of a liability from a short sale of Treasury notes is a liability under Section 752, and determined that it was a Section 752 liability because the assumption was accompanied by the contribution of the proceeds from the short sale. In Korman, the taxpayer borrowed $100 million in Treasury bills and sold them for $102.5 million. The taxpayer then contributed the $102.5 million to a partnership, and the partnership assumed the liability for covering the short sale. The taxpayer then conveyed the partnership interest to another partnership, which sold the interest for $1.8 million. The taxpayer claimed a loss of $100 million, and ignored the liability created by the obligation to cover the short sale because it was "contingent."*fn11
The Fifth Circuit noted that the taxpayer acknowledged "only suffer[ing] a $200,000 economic loss" but "claim[ing] a $102.6 [m]illion tax loss on its return." Id. at 456. The Fifth Circuit found the taxpayer was making a "premeditated attempt to transform this wash transaction (for economic purposes) into a windfall (for tax purposes)" that was "reminiscent of an alchemist's attempt to transmute lead into gold." Id.
In this case, as in Kornman, Plaintiffs are seeking to "treat[] [their] contingent assets and . . . contingent liabilities asymmetrically." Id. at 460 (internal citation omitted). Moreover, the proceeds from the initial short sale and the subsequent covering transaction in this case are "inextricably intertwined." Id. at 460-61. Therefore, to apply the Helmer line of cases to this case would, as the Korman court found, "fl[y] in the face of reality" and result in an "unwarranted aberration." Id. at 461.
E. Even if the Short Option is Not an I.R.C. § 752 Liability, the Obligation Created by the Short Option Must Still be Taken into Account under Treasury Regulation § 1.752-6
Section 1.752-6 of the Treasury Regulations applies to a partnership's assumption of liability occurring after October 18, 1999, and before June 24, 2003, if I.R.C. § 752(a) and (b) do not apply to that liability.*fn12 26 C.F.R. 1.752-6. On June 24, 2003, the Treasury Department proposed regulations, including temporary Treasury Regulation § 1.752-6, that would define "liability" in the partnership context under I.R.C. § 752, and which relied on the interpretation of "liability" found in I.R.C. § 358(h)(3)*fn13 and Revenue Ruling 88-77. See, Assumption of Partner Liabilities, 68 Fed.Reg. 37,434 (June 24, 2003) (Prop. Treas. Reg. §§ 1.752-0 to -7). These temporary regulations became final on May 26, 2005, and the Treasury Department specified that Treasury Regulation § 1.752-6 would apply retroactively. See, 70 Fed.Reg. 30,334, 30,335 (May 26, 2005). Treasury Regulation § 1.752-6 was adopted by Congressional directive pursuant to Section 309 of the Community Renewal Tax Relief Act of 2000 ("2000 Act"), which added Section 358(h) to the I.R.C., and which defines "liability" as including contingent obligations for purposes of certain corporate stock exchanges. Section 309(c)(1) of the 2000 Act required the Secretary of the Treasury to adopt comparable rules for transactions involving partnerships, and expressly authorized retroactivity of those rules by stating that the Treasury Regulations adopted under Section 309(c) "shall apply to assumption of liabilities after October 18, 1999, or such later date as may be prescribed in such rules."
If Treasury Regulation § 1.752-6 is applied retroactively in this case, the short options at issue would constitute liabilities for purposes of I.R.C. § 752, and, thus, would require a reduction in the partnership basis claimed by Plaintiffs.
Plaintiffs argue that, as the court in Stobie Creek recently found, the requirement under Section 1.752-6 that a partner's basis in a partnership interest must be reduced by the value of the contingent liabilities assumed by the partnership is "contrary to the then existing policy to exclude contingent liabilities from the computation of partnership basis." Stobie Creek Investments, LLC v. United States, 82 Fed. Cl. 636, 668 (2008) (citing Helmer, 34 T.C.M. (CCH) 727 (1975)). Both Plaintiffs and the court in Stobie Creek base the conclusion that Section 1.752-6 represented a change from previous policy on the Treasury Department's statement that "[t]he definition of a liability contained in these proposed regulations [including Section 1.752-6] does not follow Helmer." Stobie Creek, 82 Fed. Cl. At 668 (citing 68 Fed.Reg. at 37,436).
However, other courts have found that Treasury Regulation § 1.752-6 does apply retroactively. For example, in Cemco the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit observed that Treasury Regulation § 1.752-6 was "explicit" in stating that it applied retroactively to assumptions of liabilities occurring before its enactment. Cemco Investors, LLC v. U.S., 515 F.3d 749, 752 (7th Cir. 2008). The Cemco court relied on I.R.C. § 7805(b)(6) which specifically allows retroactivity.*fn14 Cemco, 515 F.3d at 752. The Cemco court found that the effect of Treasury Regulation § 1.752-6 was to "instantiate the pre-existing norm that transactions with no economic substance don't reduce people's taxes." Cemco, 515 F.3d at 752.
This Court agrees with the Cemco court that Treasury Regulation § 1.752-6 should be applied retroactively. The Court finds that the rationale of the First Circuit in Stobie Creek and Plaintiffs with respect to Treasury Regulation § 1.752-6 "misrepresents the state of prior law" by interpreting the statement that "[t]he definition of a liability contained in these proposed regulations does not follow Helmer v. Commissioner" as an indication that Helmer represented the prevailing prior law. Burke, Karen C. and McCough, Gayson, M.P., Cobra Strikes Back: Anatomy of a Tax Shelter (June 19, 2008), at 33 and 39 n. 121. In addition, the Treasury Department also stated that "following the principles set forth in § 1.752-1T(g) and Rev. Rul. 88-77, the proposed regulations provide that an obligation is a liability if and to the extent that incurring the obligation:
(A) Creates or increases the basis of any of the obligor's assets (including cash)." 68 Fed. Reg. 37434, 37437 (2003).
Recognizing that "[t]here is no statutory or regulatory definition of liabilities for purposes of section 752" (68 Fed. Reg. 37434, 37435 (2003)), the Treasury Department relied upon Revenue Ruling 88-77 and Salina Partnership v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo 2000-352 (T.C. 2000), and concluded that "[c]ase law and revenue rulings, however have established that, as under section 357(c)(3), the terms liabilities for this purpose does not include liabilities the payment of which would give rise to a deduction, unless the incurrence of the liability resulted in the creation of, or increase in, the basis of property." 68 Fed. Reg. 37334, 37435 (2003). Thus, the Treasury Department found that "[t]he question of what constitutes a liability for purposes of section 752 was addressed in Revenue Ruling 88-77," and that the definition of liability in Revenue Ruling 88-77 was consistent with the Internal Revenue's position in Revenue Ruling 95-26. Id. at 37436. Therefore, the Treasury Department simply applied the pre-existing rule contained in Revenue Ruling 88-77 to address the possibility of abuse caused by contingent liabilities not being recognized under I.R.C. § 752.*fn15
Moreover, Notice 2000-44 placed Plaintiffs on notice that the transactions it described would be scrutinized and penalized. Because Notice 2000-44 was issued in August 2000, and notified taxpayers that the contribution of paired long and short options to partnerships in order to artificially increase outside basis were abusive, and would not be allowed, the Secretary's exclusion of these transactions from the exceptions in Treas. Reg. § 1.752-6(b) should not have been a surprise to sophisticated taxpayers such as Thomas and Fox, and their advisor, Arthur Andersen tax partner Griffiths. Moreover, while Plaintiffs argue that Notice 2000-44 did not give them notice because the transactions at issue are not identical to those described in Notice 2000-44, Plaintiffs conveniently ignore the "substantially similar" language contained in the Notice. Accordingly, the Court finds that even if the short options at issue in this case are not liabilities under I.R.C. § 752, the obligations created by the short options still must be taken into account under Treasury Regulation § 1.752-6.
F. The Partnerships Made a Gross Valuation Misstatement Under I.R.C. § 6662
Section 6662 of the Internal Revenue Code governs accuracy-related penalties. The purpose of penalties is "to deter taxpayers from playing the 'audit lottery,' that is, taking undisclosed questionable reporting positions and gambling that they [will] not be audited. Caulfield v. Commissioner, 33 F.3d 991, 994 (8th Cir. 1994). As Plaintiffs have argued, Thomas and Fox have not yet used any of the tax benefits associated with the transactions at issue in this case. Because this case is a partnership-level proceeding, the Court must determine "the applicability of any penalty . . . which relates to an adjustment to a partnership item." I.R.C. § 6221. However, the actual computation of the penalty in not done at the partnership level. In this case, the partnership returns reported the valuation of the transaction at sixty-seven times the appropriate value under either I.R.C. § 752 or the substance over form or step-transaction analysis. For example, the Thomas partnerships reported an increase in its capital account of $101,500,000, which is sixty-seven times the actual economic outlay of $1.5 million that Thomas paid for the transaction. A gross valuation misstatement is one in which the value of any property claimed on any tax return is four hundred percent or more of the amount determined to be the correct amount. Therefore, the valuations of the transactions by the partnerships in this case are well over the four hundred percent threshold for a finding of a gross valuation misstatement. The reasonable cause and good faith defense is a fact and circumstance test that focuses on the taxpayer's affirmative actions to determine its correct tax liability: "[g]enerally, the most important factor is the extent of the taxpayer's effort to assess the taxpayer's proper tax liability." Treas. Reg. § 1.6662-4(b). The taxpayer's "experience, knowledge, and education" may be taken into account. Id. Reliance on a tax advisor "does not necessarily demonstrate reasonable cause and good faith." Id.
In this case, the partnerships did not have reasonable cause to disregard the liabilities created by the short options in valuing the Arthur Andersen call option spreads contributed to the partnerships. The transactions were entered into over one year after the IRS issued IRS Notice 2000-44 entitled "Tax avoidance using artificially high basis." This notice alerted taxpayers and their representatives that purported losses arising from certain transactions designed to create artificially high basis in partnership interests would be disallowed. In addition, the partnerships have failed to provide evidence that they diligently attempted to properly assess their proper tax reporting. The partnerships also have failed to demonstrate any attempt to determine whether the transactions would potentially be covered by Revenue Ruling 88-77. Furthermore, the partnerships have failed to demonstrate that they attempted to determine whether the transactions had any economic substance. Finally, the partnerships have failed to demonstrate that they sought and received disinterested and objective tax advice because the tax advice that they did receive came from Arthur Andersen, which also arranged the transactions resulting in the increased basis that is at issue in this case. Therefore, the partnerships have failed to demonstrate that they acted in good faith as required by the reasonable cause exception of I.R.C. § 6664(c)(1).
1. The Court has original jurisdiction over the federal claims asserted in this action pursuant to Section 6226 of the Internal Revenue Code. The Court's jurisdiction extends to all items of the partnership for the period at issue.
I.R.C. § 6226(f). Contributions to partnerships and distributions from partnerships are partnership items. Treas. Reg. § 301.6231(a)(3)-1(a)(4)(I) and (ii). The characterization of offsetting options when contributed to partnerships is a partnership item. See, Jade Trading, LLC v. United States, 80 Fed. Cl. 11, 41-43 (Fed. Cl. 2007); Nussdorf v. Comm'r, 129 T.C. 30, 43-44 and n. 16 (2007).*fn16
6. The obligations created by the short options in the transactions at issue are liabilities for purposes of I.R.C. § 752.
7. The obligations created by the short options in the transactions at issue are liabilities for purposes of Treasury Regulation § 1.752-6.
8. I.R.C. § 6221 requires that "the tax treatment of any partnership item (and the applicability of any penalty, addition to tax, or additional amount which relates to an adjustment to a partnership item) shall be determined at the partnership level." I.R.C. § 6226(e) authorizes this Court to conduct partnership-level proceedings and determine "the applicability of any penalty, addition to tax, or additional amount which relates to an adjustment to a partnership item," I.R.C. § 6226(f). In this case, the Court concludes that the partnerships made gross valuation misstatements and, therefore, accuracy-related penalties are applicable in this case.
Defendant is ordered to prepare a proposed Judgment consistent with this Order, and submit it to counsel for Plaintiffs for approval as to form and content by February 11, 2009. In the unlikely event that counsel cannot agree on a proposed judgment, they shall meet and confer and prepare a joint statement setting forth their respective arguments for each disputed paragraph of the proposed judgment. The proposed judgment and joint statement shall be filed by February 18, 2009.