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Industrial Ethernet Planning and Installation GuideUploaded by hossamRelated InterestsElectrical ConnectorCableElectrical WiringNetwork TopologyInternational Electrotechnical CommissionRating and Stats0.0 (0)Document ActionsDownloadShare or Embed DocumentEmbedView MoreCopyright: Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)List price: $0.00Download as PDF, TXT or read online from ScribdFlag for inappropriate contentIndustrial Ethernet Planning and Installation GuideVersion 4.0 © IAONA IAONA e.V. Universitätsplatz 2 39106 Magdeburg Germany
4 Conformance tests .....................3..............................................................................5 Conductor lead-in in switch cabinets ..2 Hardware redundancy.............. 35 3.......2 Cabling in light-duty environment – general wiring guidelines.......................... 46
4......................6....5...............2
3..... 42 3.......................................6.......................................3..1....................................................................................................2 Wiring inside enclosures . 34
3 System installation ................................1D)......6.................................................5 Network security (ISO layer 4 and above) ...............38 3................1.....................................2............35 3......7 Management .........................................................................................................................................................................2.......1 4............5.........................6 System calculation ..........................................1.................. 46 Overview of tests for copper channels....................................................44 3...........1 Germany 42 3..4 VLAN (IEEE 802....................3 Priority switching (IEEE 802..1....... 30 2..6.......................................5................................1...........1...............6 Bonding and earthing..........................................................1 Routers..........30 2.................................................................................................1 Port redundancy 30 2........6.......................2..... 37 3..............2 IP switches ....5.......1......... 31 2..................... 40 3...............................................1...................................5 Real time Ethernet ......................6...............2........ 37 3..3.1...................................37 3.......... 36 3........1........................................................................................... 37 3.............................2........33 2......2.......4 Electromagnetic interference ..1 Ethernet hubs.......3 Cabling outdoor............................3 Spanning tree protocol STP 31 2.42 Installation of fiber optic cable.........................3 3...1................................3..2.. Release 4............1................. 36 3............................2.......2. 33 2........................ 35
3.1.......44 3...30 2.......................2 Cabling in heavy-duty environment ............................................... 30 2................6 Network availability ................................................................................... 43 3.............2....................................................... 41 3...........35 3.............2 Power budget ..................................................................6........................................................5.........................................38 3..................................................5 Screening .........................................5...............................................5.........................................................................6.....................1 Screening installation guidelines...30 2...................1 Wiring external to enclosures.........1..... 45 Documentation ............................................................................5 Ring redundancy 31 2..3 National requirements .....3..2.2 Ethernet switches...............................6...................1..2 Checklist..........................................0 4
.6................................................................................................................................6.........1 Installation of copper cabling........................5.................5.....1 Redundant links .................................. 33 2.............................5................................6...............39 3...........................1 Channel requirements........................................... 37 3........... 29 2............................1..................... 30 2......................6.........................................1 Earthing system ......... 29 2...... 30 2................1 Cable lengths ..........................................................2 Fiber optic cabling.......................... 33 2.........2 Length of permanent links and channels .5....................1 Electrical cabling ...............1 Cabling in light-duty environment – general wiring guidelines..2 Link requirements...........4............... 46 IAONA Planning and Installation Guide.............. 39 3..............................1 Electrical connectors..................1.... 30 2..........................43 3...................................1......3 Cabling in heavy-duty environment ............................... 45
3.......6................. 37 3.........................................................6 Conductor lead-in in buildings......................1...................................................6......................44 Cable paths ..................................1Q) ...................................................................................................3 Mechanical stress .............................5.....................5.........................................................2 Link aggregation 31 2........2.....................1.....1.4..........................................4 Electromagnetic compatibility ................4 Dual homing 31 2.............................................................................................................................5.3.................4 Segmentation of IP subnetworks (ISO layer 3)........2 Local requirements.................1................................4 Fiber optic connectors... 29 2.........................31 2......................................5............................................. 33 2....5......................1 Conductor lead-in outside of buildings............................................................5..1...............................................................1...........................................................33 2...................................... 44 Labeling.............................................................................6.................................6..................4 3................................................1......5............................2... 38 3.............................................................1...............5...............................................................7 Installation in an area with grounded reference potential .........1.....................5.................3............................
................................................2...........1.............5 Attenuation testing . 55 5.......................................2........................ 62 5...2 Measuring link loss 62 5.....................2.............................................................2....47 5..........2........ 54 5..........................................................0
................................................2..........1.................................... 47
5.......6 Near-end crosstalk (NEXT) testing ........... 53 5....................................2...........................2...................2.2..........................2.. 49 5..2...........2 Line map ...4.......................2....................2...2........4...........2 Loss budget.........2......7 Attenuation to crosstalk ratio (ACR)...............................................................................5 Loss measurement test results documentation 63 5...................................2.....2...... 47 5................................2 Fiber optic cabling.. 55 5...3......................4 Why measure in both directions? 63 5.........................................................................2..............3 Fiber optic test tools ...........3.........58 5..................4............................................11 Delay and skew test .......2......2...... 60 5...................1 Network expansion ..1 Calculating maximum loss budget 62 5........2................9 Return loss ....2............ 50 5........3.........................................1................1..............4........................................2...3...........3 DC loop resistance.......2...........1..2..1.....1 Dimensioning the network.................2.......2.......2 Specification measurements .............2.. 46
5 Annex......................2.....1 Overview of tests for copper cabling.......1 Basic fault finders 61 5............... 58 5.6 What causes failing loss measurements? 63
IAONA Planning and Installation Guide.......................2.............................................. 48 5.................2......2............................................................2.....4.....1..................................................2 Power loss meters 61 5............................................12 Connecting point issues ......................................2.............................................1 Differences between singlemode and multimode fiber ............................ 59 5..3
Overview of tests for fiber optic cabling .1........48 5......2....................... 50 5........................1.................3 Add-on fiber kits for copper test equipment 61 5...................................2.................... 58 5.......1.....................4..4............................................. 52 5.... 48 5....2..................2......................................... 57 5.. Release 4.......1 Twisted pair cabling ...................................................................................4 OTDR testers 61 5........2............................ 56 5............................................4 Cable length testing ..........8 ELFEXT..10 PowerSum measurements.........2.......1.............1..........3 Why measure both light wavelengths? 63 5...2........................4 Optical power loss measurement procedures...........1...
recommendations for repair and maintenance. 4. building infrastructure and facilities. They give a structure to the cabling by dividing it into conformance classes and 3 topology layers and by specifying appropriate categories for the components. incorrect installation. interruptions to service can have serious impact. It contains requirements and guidance related to the installation planning and practices and for the specification and quality assurance of the information technology cabling in industrial plants by defining: 1. 5.the management of connectivity and the maintenance of transmission performance during the life of the cabling. specification . electromagnetic environment. use of inappropriate components. If one tries to apply them to cabling projects in industrial plants. its accommodation and associated building services addressing specific environment(s) identified within the premises together with the quality assurance requirements to be applied. 3. For the cabling of office buildings and campuses the international standards ISO/IEC 11801 and EN 50173 have proven to be very successful. etc. building infrastructure and facilities. planning strategy (road map) and guidance depending on the application. This Installation Guide bridges the gaps as long as the appropriate standards for industrial IT cabling are on their way. This Installation Guide is intended to be used by personnel during the specification phase of the installation together with those responsible for the quality planning and operation of the installation and by the personnel directly involved in the implementation phase of the installation. implementation . 2. Poor quality of service due to lack of planning. etc. requirements for the documentation and administration of cabling.0
. aspects to be addressed during the specification of the cabling. electromagnetic environment. etc. electromagnetic environment. requirements on satisfactory operation of the cabling depending on the application. These are: 1.1 General
1. As with other utilities. lighting and mains power supplies. there are several issues. 7. design and installation rules for metallic and optical fiber cabling depending on the application. the practices and procedures to be adopted to ensure that the cabling is installed in accordance with the specification. the importance of the information technology cabling infrastructure is similar to that of other fundamental building utilities such as heating. 6. 3. Release 4. building infrastructure and facilities.the detailed requirement for the cabling.the physical installation in accordance with the requirements of the specification. operation .the selection of cabling components and their configuration. design . poor administration or inadequate support can threaten an organization’s effectiveness.1 Scope
Within premises and industrial plants.
IAONA Planning and Installation Guide. 4. 2. There are four phases in the successful installation of information technology cabling in industrial plants.
For undated references the latest edition of the publication referred to applies. For dated references. electrical continuity and contact resistance tests. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. insulation tests and voltage stress tests – Part 3: Current-carrying capacity tests – Part 4: Dynamic stress tests – Part 5: Impact tests (free components). subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this Installation Guide only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision.0
.1.1 International standards
1.2. static load tests (fixed components).2 Normative references
This Installation Guide incorporates by dated or undated reference. endurance tests and overload tests – Part 6: Climatic tests and soldering tests – Part 7: Mechanical operating tests and sealing tests – Part 8: Connector tests (mechanical) and mechanical tests on contacts and terminations – Part 11: Climatic tests – Section 7: Test 11g: Flowing mixed gas corrosion test – Section 14: Test 11p: Flowing single gas corrosion test Degree of protection provided by enclosure (IP Code)
IAONA Planning and Installation Guide. Both European and International Standards are cited. as in Europe the use of some EN standards is mandatory through directives that are transposed into national law. provisions from other Standards. Release 4.
1 IEC 60793 series Optical fibres IEC 60794 series Optical fibre cables IEC 60825-1 IEC 60825-2 IEC 60874-1 IEC 60874-2 IEC 60874-10 IEC 60874-14 IEC 60874-19 IEC 61034-1 IEC 61034-2 Safety of laser products – Part 1: Equipment classification. for data transmissions with frequencies up to 100 MHz Test on gases evolved during combustion of electric cables – Part 2: Determination of degree of acidity of gases evolved during the combustion of materials taken from electric cables by measuring pH and conductivity
IEC 60754-2-am1 Amendment No. including fixed and free connectors with common mating features. free and fixed connectors.0 (1993. for data transmissions with frequencies up to 100 MHz – Part 7-3: Detail specification for 8-way.. Release 4. 8-way. with assessed quality – Part 7-1: Generic specification – General requirements and guide for the preparation of detail specifications. standard for F-SMA connector) has been withdrawn by TC86B in 2002 without replacement] – Part 10: Sectional specification for fibre optic connector – Type BFOC/2. for use in d. unshielded.IEC 60603-7-1 + A1
Connectors for frequencies below 3 MHz for use with printed boards – Part 7: Detail specification for connectors. shielded. Sectional specification Part 3: Work area wiring.5 – Part 14: Sectional specification for fibre optic connector – Type SC – Part 19: Sectional specification for fibre optic connector – Type SCD(uplex) Measurement of smoke density of cables burning under defined conditions – Part 1: Test apparatus – Part 2: Test procedure and requirements
IEC 61076-2-101 Connectors with assessed quality. with assessed quality Connectors for electronic equipment – Part 7-2: Detail specification for 8-way.0
. low-frequency analogue and in digital high speed data applications – Part 2-101: Detail specification for circular connectors with screw and snap-in coupling M8 and M12 for low-voltage switchgear and controlgear IEC 61076-3-106 – Part 3-106: 8 way shielded and unshielded connectors for frequencies up to 600 MHz for industrial environments incorporating the 60603-7 series interface IEC 61156-1 IEC 61156-2 IEC 61156-3 IEC 61300-2 Multicore and symmetrical pair/quad cables for digital communications Part 1: Generic specification Part 2: Horizontal floor wiring. free and fixed connectors.c.2. Sectional specification Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components – Basic test and measurement procedures – Part 2: Tests Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components performance standard – Part 1-1: General and guidance – Interconnecting devices (connectors) Connectors – Safety requirements and tests
IAONA Planning and Installation Guide. requirements and user's guide – Part 2: Safety of optical fibre communication systems Connectors for optical fibres and cables – Part 1: Generic specification – Part 2: [IEC 60874-2 Ed.
2.2: Balanced Twisted Pair Cabling Components B. requirements and tests Maritime navigation and radiocommunication equipment and systems – General requirements – Methods of testing and required test results Programmable controllers – Part 2: Equipment requirements and tests IEC 364 Electrical installations of buildings – Part 3: Assessment of general characteristics Insulation coordination for equipment within low-voltage systems – Part 1: Principles. Release 4.3 Other references
DIN VDE 0100 Erection of power installations with rated voltages up to 1000 V DIN VDE 0110 Teil 1 Isolationskoordination für elektrische Betriebsmittel in Niederspannungsanlagen – Grundsätze.2. requirements and tests
EN 50310 prEN 50346 EN 60068 series EN 60512 series EN 60664-1 EN 60945 EN 61131-2 HD 384.3: Optical Fiber Cabling Components Standard
IAONA Planning and Installation Guide.Horizontal and building backbone cables Application of equipotential bonding and earthing in buildings with information technology equipment Information technology – Cabling installation Testing of installed cabling (harmonized with IEC 60068 series) (harmonized with IEC 60512 series) Insulation coordination for equipment within low-voltage systems – Part 1: Principles.1: General Requirements B.0
.2 European standards
EN 50173-1 EN 50174-1 EN 50174-2 EN 50174-3 EN 50265-2-1 Information technology – Generic cabling systems – Part 1: General requirements and office areas Information technology – Cabling installation – Part 1: Specification and quality Assurance – Part 2: Installation planning and practices inside buildings Information technology – Cabling installation – Part 3: Installation planning and practices external to buildings Common test methods for cables under fire conditions .1 kW pre-mixed flame Multi-element metallic cables used in analogue and digital communication and control – Part 2-1: Sectional specification for screened cables characterized up to 100 MHz . Anforderungen und Prüfungen DIN VDE 0185 Blitzschutz DIN VDE 0482 Teil 265-2-1 Allgemeine Prüfverfahren für das Verhalten von Kabeln und isolierten Leitungen im Brandfall – Prüfung der vertikalen Flammenausbreitung an einer Ader oder einem Kabel – 1-kW-Flamme mit Gas-Luft-Gemisch EIA/TIA 526-14 EIA/TIA 568-B Optical Power Loss Measurements of Installed Multimode Fiber Cable Plant Commercial Building Telecommunications Wiring Standard B.Test for resistance to vertical flame propagation for a single insulated conductor or cable – Part 2-1: Procedures .1.3 HD 625-1
The machine outlet provides the interface to the machine attachment cabling. other cabling subsystems and active equipment.
1.2 Equipotential lines
equipment connected to equipment interfaces of generic cabling in order to support applications.3
1.3af IEEE 802.8 Machine outlet
a fixed connecting device where the machine cable terminates. systems containing multiple machines can be considered as a single machine.0
.6 Machine network
1.4 Machine attachment cabling
cords used to connect a machine outlet to a machine network interface. Release 4. For the purposes of this document.3 Machine
a piece of equipment having a specific and defined overall function within industrial premises that is served by one or more machine network interfaces.3.
IAONA Planning and Installation Guide.5 Machine distributor
the distributor used to make connections between the machine cable.EIA/TIA 606 EIA/TIA 607 IEEE 518-1982 IEEE 802.3.3.3.3p IEEE 802.3.
All BDs are connected via a star topology to the campus distributor CD: the central communication unit of the company.3.3.
Permanently installed cabling (typically outside of cabinets).000 m2 of office floor generally. Both are covered extensively by this Installation Guide.1.
1. Redundant links for safety reasons are possible between the BDs.9 PE conductor
IAONA Planning and Installation Guide. Comparing those standards with the requirements in the industry.1:
Each building has at least one building distributor BD.3.12
Earthed conductor combining the functions of both protective conductor and neutral conductor.4 Comparison between office and industrial installation
The big success of ISO/IEC 11801 and EN 50173 in the IT cabling of office buildings and campuses is based on the definition of a cabling structure of 3 layers and on the definition of conformance classes for data links and performance categories for the components. floor distributors FD are placed in the different stories. In a building. Release 4.3.4.1.10 1.0
The topology of the generic cabling standards is shown in Figure 1. The communication-related parameters of the above named standards can be applied to industrial data networks without modifications.11 1.
1. each serving up to 2. one finds differences mainly in the topology of the cabling network and in the extended environmental protection requirements for the components used.
But the components designed for office use will not stand long in the rude environment of production machines. The “Light Duty” class is for an already protected area. A thorough analysis of the gaps shows that still most of the structure is relevant.
IAONA Planning and Installation Guide. additional or extended requirements will take effect and must be added in the single cases. But the two classes should support most of the installations. as they have to work together in the same areas.. one finds typically a building with only one floor.If in this company the Ethernet network has to be extended into the shop floors. The environmental protection classes are specified in more detail in chapter 2. There surely are more than the two sets of requirements for other areas where industrial IT cabling has to be installed. Release 4. More difficult it gets when we think of a petrochemical plant. They have to be protected by housings or they have to protect themselves. The details of the topology extensions you find described in chapter 2. EMC.000 m2. The term “floor distributor” loses its meaning.7. where most of the production facilities are without a building at all. “Polluted” means: dirt.
The classes are relevant for the passive as well as for the active components. Therefore two classes of environmental protection have been identified and distinguished for installation areas of industrial communication systems:
(1) “Light Duty”: the area inside of installation cabinets and (2) “Heavy Duty”: the area in the polluted working area of production facilities.0
.4.2 Components
The passive components. The installation cabinet may be mounted on or near moving machine parts..1. but extending over maybe 20.1. chemicals. Only dust and moisture are kept away from the components during operation. liquids. but must be distinguished from the better protected office environment. therefore has to withstand mechanical forces. For the others. Nevertheless the structure between the buildings will be the same and covered by the above named standards.
1. . Only some extensions have to be added. are well described in the generic cabling standards. The temperature range can be higher than in typical offices. regarding their communication performance.
e. one big machine with several Ethernet devices or even be a part of a very big machine.1 shows an example for a fabrication hall. a printing facility.7 come into effect.1.g. respectively. The building distributor of the fabrication hall serves several machine distributors. Figure 2. The campus cabling is completely covered by the named standards. is exactly the same as for the known floor distributor.1:
The area served by a machine distributor MD can be a group of smaller machines. As shown
IAONA Planning and Installation Guide.5.Building
Figure 2. the more stringent environment protection classes defined in chapter 2. If there is an office room inside the hall. though.2 System planning
2.4 and 2. The selection of the passive and active components should be according to the recommendations given in sections 2.1 Topology
2. Release 4.g. It is proposed to use the term “machine distributor” instead. In the production units. The functionality.1 Conformance with and difference to existing standards
Studies showed that the structured topology described in EN 50173 and ISO/IEC 11801 can almost completely be projected to industrial plants. because on shop floors.1. a fabrication hall with one floor extending over several hundreds of meters in length. only minor modifications have to be considered. The logical tree structure shown in Figure 1. One is the expression “floor distributor” which is no longer applicable to e.0
.1 can also be applied to industrial plants. it will contain a floor distributor with the standard office horizontal cabling to terminal outlets in the wall. those devices will normally serve a production unit within a radius of about 30 m.
Figure 2.2 outlines the fact that with redundant links between machine distributors and an appropriate redundancy protocol of active devices used as MDs. The length restrictions of the horizontal cabling have to be observed. also ring structures can be formed
2.in Figure 2.1. the MD can be placed at the edge or somewhere inside the served area.0
.2 Typical industrial topologies
IAONA Planning and Installation Guide.1.2:
Figure 2. Release 4.
Release 4.Enclosure Devices IP67 switch or switch in enclosure
They are mostly even more important close to the process control. redundancy links are mainly needed in or close to the backbone.0 16
. device connection. Figure 2. Release 4.3:
2.1 shows the possibilities which have to be planned according to the availability requirements of each link resp.3 Redundancy links
In the IT cabling of offices.jack interface
Figure 2. © IAONA IAONA Planning and Installation Guide.Enclosure
Bulkhead Jack to Jack Mated Pair wire to IDC or plug . In industrial IT cabling it is common practice to extend redundancy and security throughout the network.1.
The horizontal link is not restricted to 100 m. So from the communication point of view. On the other hand. In office cabling and therefore in the generic cabling standards. also links of several kilometers. e.5 Link length
For other physical topologies like at chemical or petrochemical plants with extended link lengths. Also copper links at lower bitrates can be extended well beyond 100 m. as people sometimes believe. there is also no difference between industry and office cabling. They are just defined as the connection interfaces to the generic cabling. This means.4 Machine outlet = connection interface to the generic cabling
The MOs surely will not look the same as the wall outlets in the offices. There are no regularly distributed MOs throughout the hall like in pre-cabled offices.1. always extends from the distributor to the end device. even several tens of kilometers can be realized and are covered by the cabling standards.g. In such a case. if only flexible cable is used. fiber optic cable.
IAONA Planning and Installation Guide. With appropriate components. the communication parameters of the standards can remain in effect as well.0
. the MO logically can be identified with the cable connector that is plugged into the end device. The horizontal cable link. In the industry. it is common practice to install the cabling completely with each new layout of the production floor. usually new buildings will be equipped with the complete IT cabling (pre-cabling).2.1.
2. Therefore patch panels and wall outlets normally don’t exist and the connectors are limited to the necessary minimum. ISO/IEC 11801 class D copper links have to be limited with respect to the cable’s communication parameters. that in many cases the MO even does not exist ! There is only one cable from the MD to the Ethernet end device or underlying infrastructure components. as defined and described by the generic cabling standards. Release 4.
in accordance with EN 50173 or ISO/IEC 11801 and using the same cabling components and link specifications.2.4:
Figure 2. e. for fieldbus systems or for chains of Ethernet switches.g.4:
. be added at a MO as sketched in Figure 2. Release 4.1. they can.6 Bus topology
7 Ring topology
Additionally.2.
IAONA Planning and Installation Guide.5 demonstrates how also such topologies can be handled without contradiction to the generic cabling standards.1. it is common practice in industrial IT cabling to chain Ethernet switches and close the loop at the end to form a redundant ring structure. Release 4. Figure 2.
Figure 2. and extending the generic cabling standards.0
lower area). The “Master” and “Slave” PCs are connected to this second network via a second network interface card and a MO linked directly to a BD.1. This could. The field “campus” has its own campus distributor CD: an industrial Ethernet switch. Release 4. with more open applications. although the field bus topology is closed to a redundant ring like shown in Figure 2.6:
Some clarification should be provided with the example in Figure 2. each serving a larger field area via several machine distributors MD in redundant ring configuration.6 of two plants (left and right).0
. linked to its correspondent in the other plant with a singlemode optical link. They can therefore be part in both networks without providing a direct link between them.2. also be an Internet connection.4. each with a small office (process control center. In each plant are Fieldbus ring structures in the field linked to control PCs in the process control center (“Master” and “Slave”). The office network is completely separated from the field network and both can therefore be treated like different campuses. representing a collapsed backbone architecture and linked via a singlemode optical cable with the other plant. the PCs are all connected to MOs directly linked to the collapsed backbone switch. upper area) and the field installation (plant automation. The offices are equipped with a modular Ethernet switch. This corresponds with the schematic in Figure 2.5 for Ethernet switches.
IAONA Planning and Installation Guide.8 Process control example
Figure 2. Connected to this CD are two “building” distributors BD.
. 11 ms acc. can be designed for the industrial installation areas specified in the following chapter.. +70°C 5 .. 95% non condensing
Installation > 5°C IEC 61131-2 IEC 60068-2-14 test N b IEC 60068-2-30.150 Hz acc.. +55°C -25 .. 3°C/min 10 .2. the test of special chemicals or products has to be agreed upon between the supplier and the customer.6
grounding cabling class EN 50173:2002 or ISO/IEC 11801. a seamless and reliable Ethernet / Fast Ethernet network in the sense of the standards for structured cabling.. requirement) Resistance against IEC 60068-2-x aggressive environment Environmental testing – Part 2: Tests where applicable 9: Guidance for solar radiation testing 10: Test J and guidance: Mould growth 45: Test XA and guidance: Immersion in cleaning solvents 60: Test Ke: Flowing mixed gas corrosion test 70: Test Xb: Abrasion of marking and lettering caused by rubbing of fingers and hands
Recommended environmental testing procedures.. Special applications or environments can require modifications of these parameters.1.
2. 55°C.. temperature.
2. © IAONA IAONA Planning and Installation Guide.. Class D (min. 95% condensing
Transmission performance shall be assured by the selection of cabling components suitable for the environmental Class(es) or by the use of pathway systems and installation practices that provide the required protection to the installed cabling. Release 4.3 Environment protection classes
IP 20 according to IEC 60529.. EN 60529 temperature cycle 25 to 55 to 25°C at 80 . EN 60529 95% non condensing
IP 67 according to IEC 60529. EN 50173 and ISO/IEC 11801. to EN 60068-2-6 or IEC 60068-2-6. to EN 60068-2-27 or IEC 60068-2-27 criterion: no mechanical or functional changes 5 G @ 10..4 Selection of passive components
By selecting the passive components according to the specification tables below.0 21
. application time and failure criterion. Indicating the concentration.. variant 2
15 G. criterion A see chapter 3.2 General requirements
/max. EN 50265-2-1 IEC 60754-2. 5 according to table in EN 50173-1 ISO/IEC11801 Cat 5 minimum
conductor cross section AWG 26/7 to AWG 24/7 AWG 22/7 min. Release 4.4. corresponding to approx Corresponding to approx 0. 50 m for reliable operation Up to 100 m for reliable operation
not specified braided shielded and / or braided foiled shielded overall not specified according to EN 50173:2002 or ISO/IEC 11801 EIA/TIA 568-B IEC 60332-1. requirement) max. 100 MHz EN 50173-1 or ISO/IEC 11801./max. cable length 2 or 4 AWG 24/1 to AWG 22/1 corresponding to 0.202 to 0. cable length pulling strength radial pressure Torsion Shielding sheath material minimum bending radius color codes flame resistance Halogen free Approbations © IAONA approx.0
.140 and 0.325 mm2 solid wire 100 m 2 pairs possible below generic cabling structure1) EN 50288-2-1 or IEC 61156. Cat. conductor type max.34 mm2 4) max. IEC 61034 not specified IAONA Planning and Installation Guide.2.1. link length Electrical permanent cabling number of pairs conductor cross section min.1 Copper cable both areas
General category (min.4.226 mm2 0.1 Cable
cost-sensitive cabling which normally will be replaced with device upgrade.4.0
. Release 4.1. Balance (ELTCTL). refer to chapter 2.2 Fiber optic cable
2.2. Gigabit Ethernet is not expected soon in this area. the tables below give a minimum requirement for each parameter. 4) Some connectors may not support AWG 22
permanent cabling outer cable diameter 2 pairs: 5 to 7 mm 4 pairs: 6 to 8.
IAONA Planning and Installation Guide.4.5 mm
2 pairs: 6 to 8 mm 4 pairs: 7 to 9. If not available. In the industrial environment telephony or other applications are not likely to be routed through the same cables. 2) In high noise environments and extreme temperatures cables defined under ISO/IEC 11801 may not provide enough noise rejection. Careful attention should be given to the selection of cables based on electrical performance such as Return Loss. 3) If the design exceeds the length specified in this table and/or hub technologies are used. It is not advised to use a 4 pair cable with a 4 pin connector as the un-terminated 2 pairs could cause interference with the terminated 2 pairs.5. Generally the requirements of the manufacturer apply.1.
2. Telcordia.2. 100Base-FX based on 10Base-FL.1 General both areas
field termination mounting situation pull-out forces (connector . Bellcore GR-1217-core. IEC 60512-5
IAONA Planning and Installation Guide.2 Fiber types
glass fiber singlemode Multimode hard cladded silica fiber (HCS) polymer fiber (POF) IEC 60793-2 SI 9/125 GI 50/125 or GI 62.4. IEC 60068-2-60.4. Release 4.1.socket) strain relief (cable connector .2.4.0
.4.2. further variants for different environments EN 60512-5. 100Base-FX 100Base-FX 100Base-FX
2.5/125 SI 200/230 SI 980/1000
POF HCS MMF SMF based on 10Base-FL.socket) break protection Coding Polarization corrosion stress static side load yes line-up possibility for socket 200 N 50 N yes no yes EN 60068-2-60.2.
. 2. soak (EN 60945:1997 duration 168 hrs.4. the definition of one certain type of locking mechanism is not possible at this time no salt mist 5%.Flowing IEC 60512-11 mixed gas corrosion test Ed. Release 4.) wire type electrical performance nominal voltage rating nominal current PE connection rated impulse voltage EMI shielding
ISO/IEC 11801 value demanded for IEEE 802.Flowing single gas corrosion test
2.3af (DTE power over MDI)
IAONA Planning and Installation Guide.2 Copper connectors
Design straight and angled cable termination pin material pin surface insulation material conductor cross section (min. 40°C. marine standard) cycles: 4 Sulphur dioxide: IEC 60068 Environmental testing Part 2-42: Tests Test Kc: Sulphur dioxide test for contacts and connections Test 11g ./max.2. IEC 60068-2-52 soak humidity 93%. 2 hrs.light duty
As development and standardization of industrial communication connectors for high bitrates are still under way at the release date of this document.0 Test 11p .
Sealing is not required in a service case. D key) can be used with 2-pair cable
5 to 9. RJ-45) 100 acc. PNO
IDA.5 mm HD 625-1 grade 2 (DIN VDE 0110 Teil 1)
8 (RJ-45) 4-pin connectors only or 4 (M12. Release 4.light duty
IEC 61076-2-101 (M12) only mating interface IEC 61076-3-106 Var 01 backwards compatible1) IEC 61076-3-106 Var 06 to IEC 60603-7 (RJ-45) See table: heavy duty connector versions (mating interface backwards compatible1) to IEC 60603-7. Interbus-Club
For details see documentation of each organization.5 mm HD 625-1 grade 2 (DIN VDE 0110 Teil 1) for the sealed connector 1) mating interface compatibility means that an RJ 45 pin element must fit into the socket from a mechanical and electrical point of view in accordance with IEC 60603-7 (e. Heavy duty connector versions: Type M12-4.
IAONA Planning and Installation Guide. 4 pole with D-coding IEC standard IEC 61076-2-101-A1 Also recognized by 1) ODVA. to IEC 61984
750 acc. g.0
. for service mains). to IEC 60603-7 according to EN 50173 or ISO/IEC 11801 8 (RJ-45) ISO/IEC 8802-3 4 to 8.
F-SMA Versatile Link IEC 60874-10-3 [BFOC.0
.3 2) not used with industrial Ethernet
2. "ST"].3 Fiber optic connectors
The connection technology described in this chapter is valid for installations with fiber optic cables and optical plug connectors in Light-Duty and Heavy-Duty environmental conditions. part 1-1: general and guidance IEC 61 300-2-4
POF 980/1000. F-SMA Versatile Link IEC 60874-19-1 [SC] or IEC 60874-10-3 [BFOC.The pin assignment is specified as follows: Signal Function pin assignment RJ-45 1) M12 1 1 2 3 3 2 6 4 4 5 7 8 housing housing
TD + Transmission data + TD – Transmission data – RD + Receiver data + RD – Receiver data – + 3rd pair + 2) – 3rd pair – 2) + 4th pair + 2) – 4th pair – 2) screen EMI shielding 1) according to IEEE 802.
EN 50173 or ISO/IEC 11801 or relevant connector standard necessary IEC Draft 61753-1-1 Fiber optic passive components performance standard. "ST"]
MMF 50/125.4. IEC 60874-10-3 [BFOC. Release 4. 62. "ST"] IEC 60874-19-1 [SC] or IEC 60874-10-3 [BFOC. "ST"].2.5/125 SMF 9/125
reducing the network expansion to 2. PLCs. Absolutely strong restrictions for response times are required by automation controls.) and on the applications that probably will be used on them in the coming years.1. collisions could not be detected throughout the network and thus the Ethernet media access (MAC) protocol CSMA/CD (carrier sense multiple access / collision detect) would not work. each active device adds delays to the propagation time in the links and therefore reduces the network expansion. I/O devices.2 Links (ISO layer 1)
2. To achieve a cost effective device design and installation technique.
IAONA Planning and Installation Guide..4 Hybrid connectors
Each field device needs for its operation power supply and data lines. Please keep in mind that Internet traffic doubles about every year whereas automation control traffic mainly depends on the complexity and real time necessities of the control network. the total network expansion is limited theoretically to 5.500 m.2 Response times
Most applications are tolerant about delivery or response time variations. In practice. In the applications of industrial automation.1 Bandwidth profiles
2. Typical response times needed are for: • video streams: 50 ms • voice streams: 20 ms • process control: 10 ms
2. . Less tolerant are audio or video streams which require a sufficient bandwidth and network throughput to deliver the expected quality.2 µs.5.5.2).
Based on assumptions about the connected Ethernet end devices (PCs.5.0
.1 Network expansion for hub based systems
Switches are the preferable solution for industrial applications (see 2.
2. It is not sufficient to calculate the average load.2.3. If this criterion would not be met.5 Selection of active components
2. actuators need “real” power for their operation.1. A rule of thumb says that not more than 4 hubs should be between two end devices. Release 4. It can easily be handled by a switched network with traffic priorities (chapter 2.5.120 m by the round trip time which must be below the Ethernet slot time of 51.5.2. Only for a HUB based system the following network expansion restrictions must be considered: In Ethernet networks. workstations. Caution: The EMC and local codes have to be carefully considered when combining copper data wires with power lines in the same jacket. peak loads have also to be estimated in order to avoid temporary overloads of the network.2..3).5.4. the combination of the auxiliary power lines (standard voltage 24 V DC and rated current of 10 A) with the data communication wires (electrical or optical) is of great benefit and therefore optionally possible in the Heavy Duty area. The relevant segments should be kept free from any unnecessary traffic and dimensioned with at least a factor of ten of bandwidth reserve. There will be an increasing management background load also in the automation control branches of the networks in the next years – but this will always be in temporary peaks and without stringent response time requirements.5. one has to calculate the traffic probabilities for each link in the planned network.
The Path variability value is applied in order to calculate the maximum number of hubs and transceivers which may be cascaded in one collision domain. The values must be specified by the active device manufacturer.2 Link media and link lengths
Another restriction applies for each individual link.5. ISO/IEC 11801 and EN 50173 show reference implementations for which minimum link lengths are achievable when using components that fulfill the minimum requirements of a certain Category.5.5. Release 4.
2. The path variability value is stated in bit times (BT). With components of higher quality greater lengths are possible. they are called Ethernet switches today.3. These are calculated for an Ethernet frame which is received on one port and sent out from another port of the same unit. The total bit times must be calculated for each individual path between all units (hubs and transceivers) of one domain. they act like a wired star point: they only modify the physical but not the logical shape of the network.1 shows some example calculations.5. quite similar like the PBXs switch communications in public networks. transceivers and NICs across the path is converted to meters.2 Ethernet switches
In order to overcome the network expansion restrictions of the collision domains.
IAONA Planning and Installation Guide. In a logical sense.5.3. As the Ethernet bridges are switching Ethernet frames between their ports. Typical throughput delays (port in to port out) for a 1518 byte Ethernet frame are: • Ethernet: 1.2. NICs (network interface cards) or external transceivers on PCs or other terminal units have a propagation equivalence of 140 m with a TP connection. The Propagation equivalence is applied in order to calculate the maximum allowed cable length between the two farthest devices in one segment. but the calculation has to take into account the worst case combination of all parameters' tolerances.520 m you receive the total maximum allowed cable length. According to the media and the appropriate transceiver used. small process control frames with stringent real time necessities can compete with heavy loads of software downloads or other file transfers. As Ethernet switches are much more intelligent than hubs and as they store the frame before it is resent. After deducting this total value of 4. Additionally they can switch traffic between segments of different data rates and offer full duplex and collision free communication.1.2.
2.3. Ethernet bridges were developed. they do not modify the collision sensing domain: each frame is distributed across the whole network and collisions have to be sensed also across the whole network.3 Priority switching (IEEE 802.A more precise calculation can be performed by using the Propagation Equivalence PE and Path Variability Value PVV. It must not exceed 40. They learn the Ethernet MAC addresses of connected devices at each port and deliver frames only to the port at which the address of the respective destination device is learned.3 Segmentation of Ethernet domains (ISO Layer 2)
Many different applications can use the same Ethernet network at the same time.
2.3 ms • Fast Ethernet: 150 µs • Gigabit Ethernet: 30 µs
2. Especially. they can have very much differing requirements for latency or response times. Annex 5.0
. they can perform many other logical functions as will be described in the following chapters. Each port of such a bridge represents a separate collision domain. can be cascaded. each with an expansion of several kilometers. Those are active devices with multiple ports that present each received frame at each of its ports (excepting the receive port).1 Ethernet hubs
The original bus structure of the Ethernet 10Base5 installations could be transformed to more flexible star and multi-star topologies using star couplers or hubs.5. The delay caused by hubs. therefore multiple collision domains. As explained in chapter 2. For the latter a delay in the range of seconds would not be a problem. In an industrial Ethernet installation for example. the length of each link is restricted to certain values.
4. There are several methods and protocols that can switch from damaged links to redundant links between the same or different devices in the network.0
2.5 Real time Ethernet
With a fully switched full duplex non-blocking network architecture. The latter is no real problem as e.
2. Moreover the delay time strongly depends on the number of criteria that have to be taken into account.5.6. but in order to set up connections initially. the frames are filed in separated queues inside the switches and sent according to the priority of the queues. They unfold each frame and “read” its content.
2.5. Many filtering decisions can then be applied to this content and influence the further processing of this frame. If needed.5.5. High load traffic using segmentation and prioritization techniques and that the sum of possible delays is kept well below the necessary response time.5 Network security (ISO layer 4 and above)
If above the Ethernet or IP address information also content or application based decisions shall determine the flow of the network traffic.4 Segmentation of IP subnetworks (ISO layer 3)
2. Firewalls have to be used. Non-routable traffic is kept completely in each subnetwork.5.1. which costs a significant delay time.g. The network has to be planned in a way that traffic with real time requirements does not interfere with latency tolerant.6 Network availability
2. An appropriately configured router forwards a frame with a specific IP address only to its port with the matching subnetwork criterion.5.1Q)
Ethernet switches switch unicast frames only to one port.
IAONA Planning and Installation Guide. link redundancies should be planned. Release 4.
2. So high priority traffic can navigate through the network with no extra delay while lower priority frames must wait for their chance.3.6.5.1 Port redundancy
Two ports in the same device can be coupled via a default switching mechanism to switch very fast (below 1 second) between a faulty and the redundant link. logical segments (the VLANs) can be configured and broadcast frames are then broadcast only within those segments.1 Routers
Based on filter masks laid over the Internet Protocol Address.In many Ethernet switches it is therefore possible to prioritize the traffic: according to a tag added to the frames and indicating the priority.3.2 IP switches
Faster than routers are IP switches which calculate the routing decision only once for each IP address and then forward each frame with the same IP address based on this decision. they distribute broadcast frames still to all ports.
2. The switching for all but the first frame is simple Ethernet switching and therefore has the same delay time. such broadcast domains can also be segmented using the VLAN (virtual LAN) functionality: based on several criteria.1 Redundant links
For a high availability of the network. with Fast Ethernet six cascaded switches add up to a delay of below 1 ms.
2. Routers have to decide the route for each frame individually. subnetworks can be set up within the network. real time Ethernet is possible today.5. This also means that no connection across the borders of the VLAN can be established and a kind of access security can be provided.5.4 VLAN (IEEE 802.
1.5. Modular systems have many possibilities to avoid single points of failure. With the advances of processing power. Agents and Network Management System (NMS). If one of the aggregated links fails.1. and presenting that information to the NMS in a format compatible with SNMP.
2. switches. the others keep on working and take over the traffic from the faulty link immediately (no port switching is necessary). The managed devices contain a Management Information Base (MIB).4 Dual homing
Devices that support this functionality can be bound to two different devices via redundant links. RMON functionality is now built into the network components themselves like network components and routers as an RMON MIB.
2. whether a LAN. Typical examples of manageable devices include hubs. The agent is responsible for collecting and storing information about the device. While unmanaged network components are typically plug-and-play devices used for smaller networks. The first RMON devices were known as RMON probes.5. which collects data from the Agents and presents this information in a format specified by the network administrator. color coded according to their operational status. With SNMP there are two basic components. The NMS consists of one or more devices running network management software. the topology is re-calculated and redundant links are switched to the forwarding state in order to take over. Release 4. BPDU frames are transferred between all of them that enable each device to calculate a topology of the logical network.6. or generate a Trap if a threshold is exceeded. designed to allow remote and independent monitoring of network traffic. the other link takes over below one second.2 Link aggregation
Several links of the same kind and between two devices are switched to work like one logical link with the aggregated bandwidth of all of them. SNMP allows an administrator to configure and monitor entire networks.
2. together with graphical views of the individual devices. The MIB is a collection of information about the device.3 Spanning tree protocol STP
If networking devices are used that support the STP. managed network components offer an enhanced feature set with greater functionality.1. © IAONA IAONA Planning and Installation Guide. also device related redundancies have to be considered better than bridging a faulty device is to avoid the fault itself.5.5. A device which can be managed contains software known as an Agent. The NMS will usually provide the network administrator with a graphical view of the network.5.7 Management
There are two general types of network components in Ethernet networks: managed and unmanaged. It is now the most widely used management protocol on TCP/IP networks.1. The topology change can take up to 30 seconds. It is mainly a cost versus availability decision which level of hardware redundancy should be planned for each networking device. The information is held as objects. and can either send statistics and alarms to an NMS on demand. These were physically separate devices which could be attached to a network segment.0 31
2. The main processing of network information is done by NMS. If one link or one device fails. Only the aggregated bandwidth is reduced.6. An RMON-enabled device can capture predefined data elements. and each object has an object identifier (OID) which allows the NMS to request specific information.2.6. thus optimizing performance and facilitating fault finding. SNMP is an application layer protocol.2 Hardware redundancy
Above those network related availability features.6. routers and servers. If one link or one device fails.5 Ring redundancy
Devices supporting the ring redundancy can switch the redundant link in a ring topology on and reroute the traffic below one second. To use the advantages given by managed network components the Simple Network Management Protocol SNMP can be used. and forms part of the TCP/IP suite. a WAN or the Internet itself.6. Remote Monitoring is an extension of SNMP.
2.5. SNMP has become a standard method of managing devices across an internet.
all relevant data of the network has to be available in the SCADA environment as well.
IAONA Planning and Installation Guide.In industrial applications and processes mainly SCADA systems (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) are used. With these systems the supervisor has the possibility to monitor all processes at any time. In an application where industrial Ethernet components are used the network becomes a part of the whole automation process.0
. For this reason it is necessary to integrate the information provided in the MIB in SNMP format into the OPC format. Release 4. For this purpose software tools are available which allow the integration of the network components into the SCADA environment – this can also be called “Integrated Architecture”. SCADA systems are following an open architecture and are therefore interoperable. SCADA systems are communicating in a defined data format called OPC.
2. The overview is given in clause 5. using the test methods defined.2).3.1 Electrical cabling
2. clause 7. The channel specifications in this clause allow for the transmission of defined Classes of applications over distances other than those of EN 50173. by this clause. and/or using media and components with different transmission performance than those of EN 50173. additional requirements shall be taken into account for balanced cabling.1. In addition.
IAONA Planning and Installation Guide. Up to this length a safe data transmission is guaranteed. chapter 6 or EN 50173.1 of EN 50173: This clause specifies the minimum channel performance of generic cabling. Release 4. or referred to.1 The cable length can further be reduced by additional connections (see Table 2. Special calculations for each link have then to be performed and verified by measurements after the installation.3.
2. chapter 8 or EN 50173.6.6 System calculation
2. these requirements can be used for application development and trouble shooting. 8 and 9.2 Fiber optic cabling
The link performance requirements for fiber optic cables are defined in ISO/IEC 11801. if the cables are laid according to the instructions.6.
2. Typically achievable link lengths are defined by Table 2.1 Cable lengths
For reliable operation the fiber optic link shall not exceed the recommended link length specified by the device manufacturer.6. The channel performance specifications for balanced cabling are separated into Classes that allow for the transmission of the applications in annex C. chapter 6 or EN 50173.6. In this case the length can be limited either by the optical power budget of the system (generally for 10 Mbps systems and all singlemode systems) or dispersion (generally for 100 Mbps systems on multimode fiber).6.2 Link requirements
The link performance requirements for balanced copper cabling are defined in ISO/IEC 11801.0
.1. The channel performance requirements described in this clause shall be used for the design and may be used for verification of any implementation of this European standard. annex A. or can be extended by using special active devices or high performance passive components. clauses 7. annex A. clause 5.1 Channel requirements
The requirements and the layout of communication channels has to be in accordance with ISO/IEC 11801.2. The performance of the cabling is specified for individual channels for two different media types (balanced cable and optical fiber). clause 6. In the case of cable sharing and alien crosstalk.2. The additional crosstalk requirements are specified in EN 50173.
80 2.2 Power budget
Class Distance m 660 nm OF-50 OF-100 OF-300 OF-500 OF-2000 Table 2. OF-100)
IAONA Planning and Installation Guide. OF-2000) and for large core fibers POF and HCS
L = the length of the channel in meters x = total number of mated connections in the channel y = total number of splices in the channel the maximum length can be extended by using special active devices or high performance passive components Table 2.0 4.50 1550 nm NA NA 1.00 3. OF-2000) and for large core fibers POF and HCS (OF-25.2: Optical fiber channel parameters according to EN 50173 (OF-300.50 1300 nm NA NA 1. OF-50. Release 4.0 NA NA NA Maximum Channel Attenuation dB Multimode 850 nm NA NA 2.95 2.50
Optical fiber channel attenuation limits according to EN 50173 (OF-300.25 8. OF-500.25 4.50 Singlemode 1310 nm NA NA 1.55 3.2.0
.1: 50 100 300 500 2000 18.6. OF-500.00 3.2.80 2.
the local conditions and the respective regulations for the implementation are decisive. or sources of rf/microwave radiation. The shield must not come in contact with the conduit at any point.1. Cables should not be routed near equipment that generates strong electric or magnetic fields. • Connect the wires properly. If you need to protect or route your Ethernet cable in a metal conduit then you must use a shielded cable. and must be bonded to the enclosure at the entry point. Expose only enough copper to make an adequate connection to the connector contacts. If the conductor is in a metal wireway or conduit. When planning your cable system there are certain installation considerations depending on your application. Follow these guidelines for wiring all Ethernet communication cables: • • • • If a cable must cross power lines. Cables can. A minimum distance of the cabling to possible interference sources is defined in the relevant regulations and standards. Plan your cable routing very carefully. it should do so at right angles. for instance. In particular.1 Electrical connectors
Please observe the following points: • Adjust the shield as extensively as possible under the strain relief or apply a shield sleeve. The following guidelines apply to the location of communications conductors with respect to power conductors. be installed in cable ducts or cable bridges. They have to be observed during planning and installation of an Industrial Ethernet system. • Avoid cold soldering points.
IAONA Planning and Installation Guide.1.2 Cabling in light-duty environment – general wiring guidelines
When preparing the installation of cables. The following rules should be observed to protect your Industrial Ethernet system against the effects of Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC).4. Only shielded Ethernet cables should be placed into metal conduit.0
. Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) and mechanical stresses. each section of the wireway or conduit must be bonded to each adjacent section so that it has electrical continuity along its entire length.1 Installation of copper cabling
3. as directed by the connector manufacturer.3 System installation
3.5 m (5 ft) from high-voltage enclosures. • Do not damage or squeeze conductors. You should spend sufficient time planning how to route your cable before attempting to do so. • Establish a good contact between plug connector and module.2 and handle them according to the assembly instructions of the manufacturer. Route at least 1. you should be concerned with routing near and around: • lights • motors • drive controllers • arc welders • conduit The following guidelines coincide with the guidelines for “the installation of electrical equipment to minimize electrical noise inputs to controllers from external sources” in IEEE 518-1982. Release 4.
3. • Only use plug connectors according to the requirements of chapter 2.
up to 100 KVA ac power lines greater than 100 KVA Cat. it is good practice to maintain a maximum separation between the Ethernet cable and other potential noise conductors.Category EMC1
Table 3. EMC1 conductors of less than 20 A ac power lines of 20 A or more.1:
Some UTP cables may not function properly when installed in conduit.
IAONA Planning and Installation Guide.3 m (12”) 0. state. as the metal conduit can effect the electrical properties of an unshielded cable. EMC1 conductors of less than 20 A ac power lines of 20 A or more.1. and national codes regarding the grouping of cables.15 m (6”) 0.2 Wiring inside enclosures
Cable sections that run inside protective equipment enclosures are relatively short. EMC1 conductors. In the absence of these codes the general rule for noise protection is a minimum distance of 8 cm (3”) from electric light and power conductors and additional 3 cm (1”) for each 100 volts over 100 volts: voltage level 0 – 100 V 101 – 200 V 201 – 300 V 301 – 400 V Table 3.6 m (24”) Table 3. route conductors external to all raceways in the same enclosure.
3.3: Minimum distance 8 cm (3”) 11 cm (4”) 14 cm (5”) 17 cm (6”) Cable routing distances regarding nominal voltage
3.2: Cat. EMC1 conductors.1 Wiring external to enclosures
Cables that run outside protective enclosures are relatively long. cable in a contiguous metallic from noise sources of this strength wireway or conduit route your cable at
yes 0. or in a raceway separate from Cat.15 m (6”) 0. Release 4.0
. As with wiring external to enclosures you should maintain maximum separation between your Ethernet cable and Cat. Consult the cable manufacturer when installing UTP cables in conduit. To minimize cross-talk from nearby cables.2.3 m (12”) 0.2. When you are running cable inside an enclosure.08 m (3”) 0. You should route your cable following these guidelines. up to 100 KVA ac power lines greater than 100 KVA
Consult your local.1.
Do not install cables where exposed to drive ways and machine movements.5. trailing cables). Only use plug connectors according to the requirements of chapter 2.
3. Use cable ducts or cable bridges (wireways).5 Conductor lead-in in switch cabinets
• • • Install Ethernet cables in own cable ducts or cable bundles.2.3 Cabling in heavy-duty environment
In addition to the contents of chapter 3. Install Ethernet cables as far away as possible from interference sources. Cables shall be installed such that movable machinery will not damage the cables.0
3.4 Electromagnetic interference
• • • • Signal lines and power supply lines should not be installed in parallel. Consider the minimum bend radius as defined in 3). you must observe the grounding according to the chapters 3. If necessary. In case of long cable connections install an additional equipotential cable between the connection points. Release 4.g.2.6 Conductor lead-in in buildings
• • • • • Use metal conductor carriers.1.2.
3.1. install an additional equipotential cable between the connection points.1.1 Conductor lead-in outside of buildings
• • Install Ethernet cables in metal tubes grounded on both sides or in concrete cable ducts with a through-connected reinforcement.1. In case of long cable connections. like engines and welding devices.3. Install Ethernet cables with a minimum distance of 10 cm to power lines.1.15 m (6”) 0. If possible.2. cap nuts) have to be fully engaged to guarantee the best possible contact of the shielding with the ground.3 Mechanical stress
• • • • • Choose the correct type of cable for the respective application (e. EMC1 conductors of less than 20 A ac power lines of 20 A or more. all locking devices of the plug connectors (screws. In the installation. use metal separation webs between the power supply and signal lines. In case of external lines between buildings.4: Cat.from noise sources of this strength
3.1.08 m (3”) 0.1. installation in internal or external area. The connection of the grounding or the shielding of the cables has to be checked for low-impedance transition before the first start up. Separate Ethernet cables on cable bridges or in cable ducts from power supply cables by means of separation webs.2.2 and handle them according to the installation instructions of the manufacturer.1. the following indications have to be observed.3 and 3.6 m (24”) Table 3. Install Ethernet cables together with power supply lines or parallel to them.4.1. do not install Ethernet cables parallel to power supply lines.
IAONA Planning and Installation Guide.1. up to 100 KVA ac power lines greater than 100 KVA Cable routing distances inside enclosures regarding EMC
b) screen bonded on both ends to equipment (i. a5. Special care shall be taken to assess and address transients that occur in the two end points when the machinery is in operation. This means that a cable screen shall be connected in one of the two following methods (a1 or a2): a1.3. The shield should be continuous up to the connector at the device. etc. e) screen in all above cases: virtually no effect against very low frequency magnetic fields (e. d) screen earthed on both ends: provides protection against electrical fields and gives partial compensation for the interfering magnetic field due to current loops (problems in case of high screen currents).1. Preferably the device's end should be open at the connector.5. The ground should not be defeated. The following should be considered: a) screen not bonded to equipment: not recommended.).
3.e.g. A direct way to take account of these different environments is to consider the relevant disturbing sources. A device that is internally grounded should have the shield opened at the connector end or an external RC circuit wired to earth ground as shown in Figure 3.
3. Switches provide a direct connection for the cable shield to earth ground.1 . The guidelines outlined in this clause shall be taken into account. a3. 50 Hz). Devices should be designed with a resistor and capacitor (1 MΩ and 0. A screen creates a separation between the external electromagnetic environment and the transmission line inside the screen.
IAONA Planning and Installation Guide.1.1. Safety always takes precedence over EMC.4 Electromagnetic compatibility
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of an installation implies that the emission from an installed system remains below accepted limits as defined in the relevant standard and that the installed system can operate satisfactorily and exhibits the specified immunity levels in a specific electromagnetic environment. a2. a4. Release 4. connected to the chassis of the terminal equipment): reduces electro-magnetic radiation by the principle of the Faraday cage but may introduce current loops when the two end ground points are of different potential. If there is an equal potential in the building ground system under all operating conditions then both ends on terminals or sockets should be grounded.5 Screening
A screen is formed by a conductive surface around the cores of a cable to avoid the coupling of noise by external EMI disturbances. unless special materials are used (µ-metal.1 Screening installation guidelines
The performance of the screen depends on the screening effectiveness of the components and on the way the components are connected to each other and to a local earth. then only one end of the cable shield should not be terminated. According to the above considerations: a) the cable screen shall be continuous from the transmitter to the receiver.0
. Manufacturer's instructions that may require more stringent installation practices shall also be followed. If there is no equal potential or the building ground system is not of low impedance or has excessive noise.01 µF) in parallel with the device jack to earth ground on the board (see Figure 3.1 below). Several International and European documents define different electromagnetic environments which influence the installation practice. Permalloy. c) screen earthed on one end: provides protection against electrical fields and current loops.
The screen should be applied over 360 degrees according to the principle of a Faraday cage. the stray high frequency currents will flow where they can.1:
b) the cable screen shall have a low transfer impedance. All Ethernet stations must be grounded to keep away possible interferences from the data telegram and to divert them to the ground.2 Local requirements
Building grounds are unpredictable in some regions and have a tendency to degrade over time. When an external magnetic field affects the site. d) the cable screen should totally surround the cable wires along its entire length. One method of controlling currents is by wiring the grounds in a star ground configuration. It is impossible to remove all sources of disturbances at a site. However. RF cross linking and high power welding. Further. Applications that use high magnetic fields or high power RF should use shielded cables. potential differences are induced in the loops and currents flow in the earthing system. A screening contact applied only through the drain wire has little effect at high frequencies. grounding is regulated in EN 50310.7.
3. f) avoid (even small) discontinuities in the screening: e. i.
3. grounding in accordance with the national and local regulations and adapted to the conditions is mandatory. The screening connection should be of a low impedance design. holes in the screen.1. chapter 6. The shield continuity should be maintained to 360° at the connecting hardware. normal pin contacts shall not be used. on signal cables.0 39
. pigtails.g.5.1. As long as the currents flow in the earthing system and not in the electronic circuits.e. To avoid these dangers as much as possible. Applications outside these environment should use high performance TP cables.7. So the inside building earth network depends largely on the countermeasures taken outside the building. providing multiple star ground systems is an effective means for controlling ground currents by © IAONA IAONA Planning and Installation Guide. loops which can decrease the overall effectiveness of screening. Release 4. Stray currents inevitably propagate in an earth network.6 Bonding and earthing
Grounding or earthing serves for protecting personnel and machines against dangerous voltages. they do not have any harmful effects. Equipment can suffer disturbance and even be destroyed. Ground loops are also inevitable.Switch
Figure 3. a field produced by lightning for example. • EMC: zero potential reference and voltage equalization. c) special attention shall be given to the assembly of connection elements. In Europe. In such cases screened cable should only be considered in environments where there is high noise generation equipment.1 of EN 50174-2:2000 explains: The basic purposes of earthing and bonding are applicable to copper cabling systems: • safety: touch voltage limitation and earth fault return path. Such applications might be induction heating. Chapter 6. when the earth networks are not at equal potential. e) the screening should continue through an adequate screen connection. earthing and bonding for metallic communication cabling systems are standardized in EN 50174-2. screening effect.
or where a high continuity of supply is required by the application (hospitals) or by national regulations.
Figure 3. TN-C.
3. on the occasion of refurbishment).3 S2.g. Daisy chaining of grounds from one cabinet to another shall be avoided. TT and IT system) are described in HD 384.1 Earthing system
a) There should be no PEN within the building b) Wherever possible. which are TT or IT. NOTE 2: The different electricity distribution systems (TN-S.0
.separating the communications and high noise generating device grounds from one another.
IAONA Planning and Installation Guide. EN 50310 shall be applied at least in the case of newly constructed buildings and whenever possible in existing buildings (e. Exceptions exist due to existing highvoltage power distribution systems. Release 4. NOTE 1: A PEN conductor within the building can be considered on the path from the building entrance to the first termination point where it will have to be split into separate neutral conductor (N) and protective earthing conductor (PE). the TN-S system should be used. where information technology installations are to be operated.2: wiring the grounds in a star ground configuration The specifications of EN 50310 are intended to provide optimum earthing and bonding conditions for buildings.1.6. TN-C-S.
IAONA Planning and Installation Guide. generic cabling parallel to power lines 2. IBN or MESH-IBN? Trunk structure? More than one answer a).6. fluorescent lighting).
Table 3. CBN or MESH-BN? Star topology.2 Checklist
Aspects to be considered 1 1a) 1b) 1c) 1d) 1e) 2 2a) 2b) 2c) 2d) 2e) 3 3a) 3b) 3c) 3d) 3e) 3f) 3g) 3h) 3i) 4 4a) 4b) 5 5a) 5b) 5c) 5d) 6 6a) 6b) Building Existing building? New building projected? New building existing? New and existing building mixed? Hospital? Power distribution system TN-S? TN-C-S? TN-C? TT? IT? Disturbing sources Transformer station? Proximity to electrical traction? Proximity to high voltage power lines? Arc welders? Frequency induction heaters? Transmitting equipment (radio.0
. Release 4.6. copiers. premises cabling parallel to power lines Plastic or metallic (aluminium or steel) cable management systems Answer Yes No ∆1) ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ Ο ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ Ο ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ Ο ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ Ο Ο Ο ∆ Ο Ο Ο Ο Ο ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ Ο Ο1) Ο Ο Ο Ο Ο Ο Ο Ο Ο Ο Ο Ο Ο Ο Ο ∆ Ο Ο Ο Ο Best solution Comment
NOTE 1 Ο = No action required ∆ = See A.c) Cable management systems.3.1. television. wireless telephone and radar)? Does the installed equipment2) comply with relevant European EMCStandards? Power cables screened? Proximity to coaxial or unbalanced cabling? Customer requirements concerning security Very sensitive application(s)? Hospital environment? Structure of the existing and/or future earthing and bonding network Mesh topology. NOTE 2 This refers not only to the connected equipment but also to other equipment in the environment (e.b). raised floors 1.g.
electrostatic discharge and lightening current discharge. The coupling mechanism for surge currents and voltages is inductive.
Figure 3.1.6.6. Hereby the cable shields have to have a sufficient cross section according to the respective standards. surge voltages reach the input power units and the sensitive interfaces of systems and end terminals. In this way.DIN VDE 0185 (See chapter 1.3: Surge voltage protection measures 1 Surge voltage protection devices 2 Cable shields 3 Equipotential cable Surge voltage protection devices Surge protection devices should be considered for all cables to provide protection to the devices (see Figure 3. The connection of the module to the protective earth is normally done via a metal clip at the back of the module. Grounding of cable shields Ground the cable shields (Figure 3. there may be national standards to be regarded as well. The type of grounding depends on the assembly of the modules.5mm2).
3. the rail must be connected with the protective earth through grounding terminal blocks before a module is snapped on.DIN VDE 0110 Teil 1 .1.5 mm2 shall be used for grounding (spring cage terminal blocks 1. the following standards and regulations have to be observed for grounding: .7 Installation in an area with grounded reference potential
Causes of surge voltages Surge voltages occur during switching processes. Release 4. The PE connection of the housing can be done via a mounting screw on a grounded mounting surface or an external grounding connection. Please observe all national and international regulations when installing surge voltage protection devices. capacitive or electrical.4) directly after the building entry to avoid surge voltages.1. The network supply and data lines can be affected.0
.3. With rail mounting.1 Germany
In Germany. For certain devices larger cross sections of conductors may be necessary.
3. In addition. there are modules that are screwed on a mounting surface (direct assembly).3.2.
IAONA Planning and Installation Guide.4).3 for further information.) A minimum cable size of 2.3 National requirements
In addition.2. Laying in cable ducts While installing the cable into cable ducts. care should be taken that the cable does not have loops or kinks. This is particularly important when you lead fiber optic cables through housings or lay them in cable ducts with a right angle. Use suitable components • • The components must be suitable for the use in the environmental and application conditions to be expected (chapter 2) It must be possible to use the components and active devices together
Observe bending radius ! Care should be taken to not go below the minimum bending radius described in the technical data of the cable. The calculated attenuation budget must be confirmed.4) between the grounding points of buildings that preferably are carried out in form of • a metal-sheathed concrete duct • an additional grounding cable • a metal tube
3. Do not exceed tension load and crush forces The permanent tension load of a cable shall not be exceeded as described in the cable manufacturer’s technical data sheet.0
. Release 4. Pay close attention to the bending radius as defined in chapter 3) by fixing the cable and use strain relief at the plug connectors and bulkhead connectors.1 Cabling in light-duty environment – general wiring guidelines
The properties of a fiber optic transmission system are mainly characterized by: • the power of the optic Interface • the kind of cable used • quality of the installation and the plug configuration Therefore. Protection against sharp edges Protect the cable against sharp edges with an edge protection.
IAONA Planning and Installation Guide. Loops and Kinks will adversely affect the performance of the cable and possibly permanently damage the cable. plug connector and device manufacturer have to be observed.Equipotential cable Install an additional equipotential cable (Figure 3.2 Installation of fiber optic cable
3. The cable should be protected from inadvertent crushing during installation. the instructions of the cable. it is absolutely necessary to observe the cable laying directives to ensure a long-lasting perfect function of the transmission distance. Measurement of power After having finalized the installation the luminous power and attenuation of the system have to be measured.
Release 4. The draw boxes shall be large © IAONA IAONA Planning and Installation Guide. This particularly applies to: • temperatures • resistance against UV rays • rodent protection
3.3 Cabling outdoor
In addition to the contents of the chapter 3. Location of pathways: “Pathways should not be installed within lightning conductor voids or lift shafts.2. Where multiple cable types are involved. d) enable installation of the cables whilst maintaining the minimum bend radii (installation) specified by the supplier or by the relevant standard.2. The location of pathways should avoid localized sources of heat. ducting or conduit systems should provide access at intervals of not greater than 12 m to enable the use of draw boxes.8. chapter 4.8. repair and maintenance to be undertaken without risk to personnel or apparatus.2. Pathways constructed using tray work should use pre-formed bends. b) provide the greatest working space possible subject to a minimum of 150 mm above the tray to enable access during installation.2. humidity or vibration that increase the risk of damage to either the cable construction or performance. Pathway systems shall be designed and installed to eliminate the risk of sharp edges or corners that could damage the cabling installed within or upon them. The entry points to the pathways shall: a) be accessible and not be covered with permanent building installations. The cabling installer shall ensure that all necessary guards. the following instructions have to be observed. Here a general overview from chapter 4. the largest minimum bend radius shall apply.2.1.0 44
. compatible with the trays.2. pathways shall not run adjacent to heating pipes unless appropriate components or protection is provided. This particularly applies to: • temperatures • resistance against aggressive media • mechanical loads like shock and vibration • bending load in drag chain applications The power budget must be considered when using special components with an increased attenuation. The components must be suitable for the use in the environmental and application conditions to be expected. The cable and the components shall be selected to be suitable for the targeted environment and application. to perform changes in pathway direction and shall be located to: a) provide a minimum clearance of 25 mm from the fixing surface.2 Cabling in heavy-duty environment
In addition to the contents of the chapter 3. atmospheric control of the internal pathways environment should be considered. Where possible incompatibility exists then alternative pathways. c) prevent damage to the installed cabling. c) provide adequate space for any equipment required for installation (including cable drums and drum stands). For example. protective structures and warning signs are used to protect both the cabling and third parties as required by local or national legislation. b) allow installation.3 Cable paths
The details for cabling pathways and spaces are described in EN 50174-1..4 Fiber optic connectors
The connectors have to be installed according to the assembly instructions of the manufacturer. Alternatively.
3.1 of EN 50174-1:2000.1 and 3.3.2. pathway systems or components with enhanced environmental (or other) characteristics should be considered.
3. the following instructions should be observed. Indoor pathways constructed using trunk cables.
where a 4 pair category 5 cable installed in the horizontal cabling is identified according to its type and location in the building using an appropriate coding method. chapter 7. Labels are either fixed to the component or are part of the component itself. b) labels shall be robust and the markings shall remain readable for the anticipated lifetime of the cabling c) labels shall not be affected by dampness nor smudge when handled. if used. In all cases: a) care shall be taken that labels are applied such that they are easily accessed. cabling should be installed in either vertical or horizontal pathways. The cabling installer shall advise the cabling owner of all proposed deviations. Access points shall not be obstructed. The use of hidden pathways (such as within plastered wall surfaces) is not recommended but.4 Labeling
The details for a standardized cabling administration are described in EN 50174-1. The cabling installer shall establish that the pathways defined in the installation specification are accessible and available in accordance with the installation program (see 5. e) if changes are made (for example. Where appropriate. For a general guideline chapter 7. 7.enough to maintain the minimum bend radii (installation) specified by relevant standards or by the supplier. identifiers are coded to indicate other relevant information about the component. Currently there is no international standard on this subject. read and modified if required.5 Documentation
The details for a standardized documentation of cabling are defined in ISO/IEC 14763-1 and in EN 50174-1. This clause details the recommended level of documentation throughout the design and installation stages. the electrical continuity of the installed sections shall be maintained and bonded to earth in accordance with relevant national or local regulations. • final cabling documentation (see 6. a cable generally needs to be labeled at both ends as a minimum requirement. Where conducting pathway systems are used.1 of EN 501741:2000).2.0 45
. c) cable assembly acceptance test records and other information. Such documentation includes: a) evidence of conformance of cables. d) delivery information (e. For example.” © IAONA IAONA Planning and Installation Guide. the documentation supplied shall include component acceptance test documentation. dates of receipt and batch numbers or other unique product identifiers of cables and accessories).3 of EN 50174-1:2000).2 of EN 50174-1:2000. Where multiple cable types are involved. at a patch panel). b) cable acceptance test records and other information.2 of EN 50174-1:2000).”
3. Identifiers is cited here: “In certain cases. connectors. Pathway systems should be selected and installed to ensure that water or other contaminant liquids cannot collect.g. labels shall be inspected to determine if the information recorded on the labels requires to be updated.3. chapter 6. the largest minimum bend radius shall apply. Release 4.5 (of EN 50174-1:2000) indicates the cabling components for which identification shall be considered. The general requirements are (chapter 6. Certain components are labeled more than once. • the quality plan (see 5. The cabling installer shall ensure that pathways are left clean and free from obstruction with all separators and bridging pieces in place before the installation of information technology cabling commences. cable assemblies etc.1 of EN 50174-1:2000): “The proposed level of documentation to be provided both during and following the installation shall be detailed within the installation specification.2 of EN 50174-1:2000). For example.”
3. d) labels used in an outdoor or other harsh environment shall be designed to withstand the rigorous of that environment. Commercial documentation should cover all technical and contractual aspects relating to the end user requirements and the installation undertaken and shall include: • the installation specification (see 5.
Annex chapter 5. optical pulses are generated from a fiber optic transmitter (light source). Because of its significantly greater bandwidth capacity and better signal loss to distance characteristics. cable installers need to plan their test equipment investments to cover the whole spectrum of fiber types.
IAONA Planning and Installation Guide.4 Conformance tests
The installed cabling has to be tested for its conformance with the standards and specifications listed in chapters 2 and 3.2of this “Planning And Installation Guide” gives detailed guidelines for the measurement process. In a fiber networking environment. Annex chapter 5.1 Length of permanent links and channels
The length of the permanent links and channels shall be in accordance to the Class D (EN 50173:2002 or ISO/IEC 11801:2002) or Category 5e (EIA/TIA 568-B) specification and shall be tested in accordance with prEN 50346:2001. For example.0
.2 of this Planning And Installation Guide gives detailed guidelines for the measurement process. Each transmission link has a transmit (+) and receive (-) fiber strand that propagates the signal. fiber optic cabling has quickly become the media of choice for higher traffic network links. it makes good sense to invest in lower cost options for quick-test verification of cabling before it is installed and for checking out raw un-terminated cabling after installation. that is used to convert the network signal from a digital signal to light. fiber cabling has already become the de facto solution for long-haul backbone applications and is also making significant inroads into the horizontal cabling environment. Release 4. Fiber cable media used in a network must be capable of supporting the transmission from point-to-point or end-to-end. because fiber cabling for premises wiring can be either multi-mode or single-mode supporting different distances and wavelengths.
4. The test equipment available on the market supports all of the necessary tests and supplies automatically the relevant tests limits and test adapters for link and/or channel measurements. this widespread trend toward fiber cabling present a number of new challenges and opportunities for the LAN premises cabling installer.3 Overview of tests for fiber optic cabling
To meet constantly increasing demands for higher performance. From an installation and testing standpoint. The class D link performance limits are listed in Annex A of EN 50173:2002 and ISO/IEC 11801:2002. Some very advanced systems also use wave division multiplexing (WDM) that allows multiple transmit and receive signals to be carried at different wavelengths on a shared fiber strand. These light pulses are transmitted along the fiber core and decoded at the receiving end (fiber to copper receiver) to complete the physical layer signal transmission. The measurement is described in prEN 50346:2001.2 Overview of tests for copper channels
The copper cabling shall meet the appropriate Class D (EN 50173:2002 or ISO/IEC 11801:2002) or Category 5e (EIA/TIA 568-B) link and/or channel specifications.
3dB) / 1.860m = 3660m 2 x140m (DTE TP) + 2 x100m (Transceiver) + 1 x190m (Hub)+ 2 x 390m (Hub) = 1450m max.1 Network expansion
2 x140m (DTE TP) + 2 x100m (Transceiver) + 2 x190m (Hub) = 860m max.cable delays .1 Dimensioning the network
5.1450m = 3070m 2 x140m (DTE TP) + 2 x190m (Hub) + 2 x 390m (Hub) = 144 0m max.4BT) / 1BT/m = 228m
Full duplex segment: Transceiver Transceiver 80m Link budget 11dB 5m 5m HDX GI50/125.0
.system reserve) / 1. distance f-g: 4520m . FO cable length = (412BT.7dB/km HDX
max.7 dB/km = 2940 m
Figure 5.112BT/m .system reserve) / fiber attenuation max.5 Annex
5. distance f-h: 4520m . distance g-h: 4520m .Σ TP. FO cable length = ( 8dB . attenuation: 1.7dB/km FDX FDX
max.10m x 1.1:
Half duplex segment: 80m HDX Transceiver Transceiver Link budget 11dB 5m 5m HDX GI50/125.1.0BT/m max. Release 4.Σ repeater delays .2 x 84BT . FO cable length = (412BT . FO cable length = ( Link budget .1440m = 3080m
Figure 5. attenuation: 1.2:
This will be the propagation rate for this cable.6:
The speed at which electricity travels in a cable is called the propagation rate of the cable. sophistication. or Nominal Velocity of Propagation refers to the same thing. These units also require that you know the length of the cable sample being evaluated. Occasionally. The speed of light is designated by a lower case "c" (i. there are several ways to determine it. displays range from "raw" oscilloscope-type screens (no user reference points) to detailed graphic printouts giving average impedance and distance references for the entire length of the cable. able to detect impedance mismatches in a cable. They are. The first method would be to go to the cable specification manual or directly to the manufacturer and ask.Pulse into Cable
. Any TDR you choose will only be as accurate as the propagation rate entered into it. which are much more subtle than a simple short or open circuit. Typically. You should know its length to within ±1 foot.. Some of the primary causes of Capacitance Test failures include: • Excessive bending or stretching damage to the cable • Defective connectors • Insulation damage at the connector • Poor connections at punch-downs and wall plates • Incorrect NVP settings • Poor installation practices
IAONA Planning and Installation Guide. NVP. This is fine. and other defects. except that the value obtained would be considered "nominal". Almost all TDR's have the capability to adjust the NVP for different cable types. Depending upon the type of TDR used. or a trace on an oscilloscope-like screen. results will be either a numeric value in meters. however.) The second method minimizes the errors involved. It requires that you have a known length of the cable you wish to test. poor punch downs. We will look at cable impedance in more detail in the next section. the propagation rate may vary slightly even between two batches of the same cable type from the same manufacturer! There is even more margin for error when dealing with multiple manufacturer's cables in a single segment.e. Release 4. The primary factor is whether or not there is too much cable on a given segment. TDR's vary in their ease of use. installation personnel leave a length of cable in a wall or ceiling in anticipation of a future move. split cable pairs. To avoid short link problems resulting in inaccurate measurements. If you don't know the NVP of the cable you are testing. Adjust the NVP until the TDR displays the length you know the cable to be. internal cable water damage. It is expressed as a percentage of the speed of light. TSB-67 recommends that you should have at least 15 meters of cable. This is fine as long as it is considered as part of the overall run. At that point it becomes an accuracy question and your length readings will vary based on the TDR's accuracy + the NVP error (which could end up being as much as ±10%. That is.65c means its NVP is 65 percent of the speed of light). These can include bad taps. cable labeled 65%c or . the high-end TDR's have many adjustments for sensitivity and display interpretation may require a highly trained user. Length test results will apply to the topology being tested. and type of display. Testing for NVP is essential for accurate length measurements. As price and sophistication increase. The next step is to attach it to your TDR and look at the end of the cable on the display. it would be a baseline from which the actual cable might vary up to ±2%. The least expensive units on the market usually give only a numeric reading on an LCD indicating the distance to a severe short or open circuit. More sophisticated TDR-type testers have actual propagation rate tests which will calculate the NVP for you.
The reference signal is usually set to 0 dB. however.12 . At these levels. The typical LAN TP length limit for ordinary cable is 100 meters between repeating devices. It is somewhat confusing because it is a negative term. most cables display what appears to be a linear behavior when attenuation is measured over increasing signal frequency and plotted on a logarithmic scale. a measurement of -20 dB would be a very significant amount of signal lost. signals deteriorate beyond recognition within a few hundred meter.24 . TP rarely carried frequencies greater than 5-10 kHz. if you refer to Table 5. Most of these types of cables are typically over-specified for the applications in which they function to allow for a large margin of performance error. with transmission frequencies approaching 100 MHz and beyond. TP cabling exhibits far more loss than its axial counterparts. In actual testing. twice the cable should cause twice the attenuation across the frequency spectrum you are testing. Attenuation is also a dynamic measurement. What that means is that for every 6 dB decrease.5. Originally designed for voice use. etc. however. including all patch and crossconnecting equipment. the maximum allowable attenuation for any segment at 10 MHz will be no greater than 11. -35 dB. more cable will cause more attenuation. that is.2. however.e.63 7. the IEEE specifies that. Just as with DC resistance. Remember though.1. This type of measurement requires a known signal level as a reference from which to calculate the amount of loss.2: Decibels (dB) 0 -6 . especially at high frequencies. Release 4.). Attenuation is typically measured in decibels (dB). etc. the measurement of a particular segment's attenuation characteristics becomes more critical. See the following table for some comparative voltage measurements and their decibel equivalents to provide a perspective on the impacts of attenuation on signal strength.5 dB. The more attenuation you have. -15 dB. since we are reading in decibels that would be only 6 dB more attenuation! In the axial and shielded cable world. The most useful specifications as they apply to attenuation testing are those which pertain to a particular cable segment. 22 dB. The values obtained should be fairly additive with respect to the cable length. the less signal present at the receiver. attenuation readings will generally be seen as 10 dB. the signal strength is cut by 1/2. it changes with respect to frequency. An important point to note is that decibel readings are logarithmic and not linear like resistance and voltage measurements. Therefore. Millivolts for a 500 mV reference
As you can see. Since that is our reference. are difficult to transfer to real segment lengths
IAONA Planning and Installation Guide.25 15.0
. This is one reason for tighter restrictions on segment length.30 . measured in thousand foot increments. Although that sounds rather harsh.18 . Our input signal is 500 mV.5 31. For TP (applications).5 dB is really only about 25% of the original signal! That is actually quite a large margin.3 (10BASET-supplement) document. Millivolts (mV) 500 250 125 62. It can become a significant factor. signals could travel several hundert meters before a repeater was needed. Nominal numbers for cable. as topological length limitations are approached. By convention. Most cables attenuate more as the frequency of the carried signal increases. In a LAN. the minus sign (-) is dropped or assumed in the reading display. In their 802. you will see that -11. The values shown are illustrative only. This is especially true when the cable is of unknown or questionable origin. Parameters such as DC resistance and characteristic impedance will affect a particular cable's attenuation performance.36 Decibels vs. attenuation is not a particularly burning issue.5 Attenuation testing
Attenuation is the amount of signal lost or absorbed in the cable itself. we calibrate our 0 dB to that value.. All subsequent measurements are then negative (i.82 Table 5.
8 Ω / 100 m
Table 5. the change will be much more dramatic as the cable is flexed and stressed. Untwisted patch cables as short as an half meter can cause an entire cable segment to fail NEXT testing. As little as half inch of untwisted cable at a punch-down or a connector.6 dB @ 100MHz NEXT 30. Crosstalk is the tendency for a portion of a signal traveling in a pair of wires to be induced into adjacent pairs. These induced signals can have sufficient amplitude to corrupt the original signal or be falsely detected as valid data. Excessive NEXT can cause problems ranging from intermittent workstation lockups to complete network attachment failure. the cable is monitored as the test frequency increases gradually and constantly from base to high end.7 dB @ 20MHz 29.8 dB @ 16MHz 9. The length of the cable will also affect its crosstalk characteristics. TSB-67 (at 20°C)
These peaks and valleys only appear when the frequency band is swept during testing.3:
UTP cable specifications. Paired cable's extent of immunity to NEXT is related to how tightly each conductor is twisted together with its other half.2 dB @ 16MHz 4. The principle is the same. its immunity to NEXT is decreased. instead of making measurements at fixed frequencies between 100 kHz to 100 MHz.7 dB @ 20MHz 51.6 dB @ 10 MHz 35. Similar to attenuation.7 dB @ 4 MHz 24. therefore.3 dB @ 10 MHz 21 dB @ 16MHz 45. TP exhibits "peaks" and "valleys" of NEXT susceptibility that is very dynamic and changes even when the cable is moved slightly. NEXT is typically measured in decibels (dB). Testing proves this to be true and is the primary reason that this type of cable is unacceptable as a data transmission medium. Like attenuation.8 Ω / 100 m
18. As a general trend.0 dB @ 4 MHz 6.5 dB @ 10 MHz 42. The following table shows characteristics for AWG 24 twisted pair cable (basic link: 90 m horizontal cable and 4 m equipment attachment cords). although the "conversations" consist of digital signals being transmitted and received between network nodes. Category 3 DC resistance 18. Flat cable makes an adequate tele-phone extension cord and should not be used for anything else. can cause marginal performance with respect to crosstalk susceptibility.3 dB @ 4 MHz 6. values derived from EIA/TIA 568-B. In fact.1 dB @ 4 MHz 10 dB @ 10 MHz 13. NEXT increases with signal frequency as attenuation does. care should be taken to maintain the integrity of the cable twist during installation.8 Ω / 100 m attenuation 6.3 dB @ 10 MHz 8. It is based on a reference signal of known value so as to determine the amount of that signal which has been induced over to the adjacent pair. As the segment gets longer.3 dB @ 100MHz
18.3 dB @ 16MHz 40.5.1. © IAONA IAONA Planning and Installation Guide. Release 4. The term comes from the early telephone days when conversations carried on nearby wires could be overheard on other circuits.2 dB @ 16MHz 9. For loosely twisted cable. Flat cable would therefore have the least immunity to both NEXT and environmental noise because it is not twisted at all. is another parameter affecting the maximum length of TP cable segments. Crosstalk.8 dB @ 4 MHz 45. NEXT test results are also read in negative decibels. Recent studies have shown that NEXT on TP is not totally linear with respect to frequency as previously thought.2.2 dB @ 20MHz 21.1 dB @ 4 MHz 38. It is important to note that the location and amplitude of these peaks change relative to the cable's position.6 Near-end crosstalk (NEXT) testing
One of the most important test parameters in the TP world is near-end crosstalk or NEXT.0 53
.3 dB @ 16MHz 33. Test results for cable on a spool will be very different for an installed segment. The following table shows an example of the NEXT values for a sampling of currently-released cabling standards. Even when high quality twisted cable is used to interconnect network devices.9 dB @ 20MHz 4.8 dB @ 10 MHz 8.
Therefore attenuation and crosstalk requirements must be specified in detail for a variety of distinct frequency levels. NEXT should be measured between all pair combinations for complete compliance. Since near-end crosstalk is an undesirable characteristic. NEXT exhibits "peaks and valleys" of performance throughout the measured frequency band. however. Essentially.0
. Actual data speed on the cable ranges from less than 4 Mbps during relatively idle moments to more than 10 Mbps during heavy file transfers. the larger the ACR. a 10BASE-T system is nominally rated at 10 Mbps. For example. ACR becomes increasing important for higher speed cabling categories that must reliably perform across a wide range of frequencies. and since networks transmit and receive from both ends. The Manchester encoding scheme contributes to these high frequencies because there is a state transition (0 to 1 and vice versa) for every data bit regardless of its value.31. Whenever possible. a measurement of 31.0 dB (-26. and since the test should be performed from both ends. a dual NEXT test is required.Using the same signal level reference (0 dB). These systems operate over a range of frequencies often far lower and occasionally higher than their common rating.
5.. this will be a 100-ohm resistor. such as Ethernet. so that all cable and interconnecting components can be evaluated as a system.ATT wc where NEXT wc = Worst Case Near-end Crosstalk in decibels and ATT wc = Worst Case Attenuation in decibels Typically. the measured results should be as far from that reference as possible. equally important. CSMA/CD with Manchester encoded data). NEXT is a test whereby you inject a signal on one pair and measure the induced noise on the adjacent pairs. we are now interested in the amount of that signal that has been induced into the adjacent pair of wires. larger negative numbers are best.1. others will move up on the list.2.e. the tester will default to the worst case measurement in the link. It has been determined that within a four Pair cable sheath there are six different combinations of NEXT. When looking at the results for a NEXT sweep. The tester then gives a "pass/fail" indication of the installed link. Release 4. A typical NEXT test from 1 MHz to 100 MHz will include a minimum of 483 measurement points. try to test the cable plant with signals approaching real data characteristics.0 dB) at the same frequency. Proper testing procedures dictate that both the disturbing (signal source) and disturbed (tested) pairs be terminated in a matching impedance. This provides a more accurate picture of the transmission medium's capabilities under actual operating conditions. This is performed with the swept/stepped frequency generator and TSB67 requires it to be done in both directions. NEXT behavior is unpredictable and must be tested using a sweeping source with specified measurement increments.5 dB) is better than a result of 26.7 Attenuation to crosstalk ratio (ACR)
Absolute values for NEXT throughout the operating frequencies of the transmission medium are certainly important. is a valuable indicator of cable performance. Unlike attenuation which gradually and regularly increases with test frequency. If the link fails. Because of their dynamic nature. the better the noise immunity. NEXT is also measured with respect to a 0 dB source signal. is the relation-ship between NEXT and attenuation for the same frequency range. but since we are testing for induced signal onto an adjacent pair. crosstalk measurements should be taken after the installation is completely finished. In essence. be careful to evaluate the segment's performance over the range of frequencies. It can be expressed as follows: ACR = NEXT wc . The attenuation to NEXT ratio (ACR). Category 5 testers measure NEXT and compare it against the suggested curve. Because we are measuring near-end crosstalk. As mentioned earlier. attenuation readings should be as close to zero as possible while NEXT readings should be as far away from zero as possible. For most TP applications. there are actually twelve NEXT combinations for a given link. For example.5 dB at 100 MHz (actually . Some network systems. it is the difference between the worst case attenuation and the worst case near-end crosstalk. Keep in mind that you could have multiple incidences of NEXT failure and when you solve one. or signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The following table provides maximum attenuation and minimum NEXT limits at specified frequencies for Category 5 cabling installations. do not move data at a fixed frequency by virtue of their nature (i.
2 9. such as Gigabit Ethernet.4 31. whereas 3 dB ACR is better than 0 dB.0 5.3 10.0 Table 5. the adoption of two-way Return Loss testing will now become a more routine world-wide requirement to achieve the transmission efficiencies required for higher speed networks.1 37.8 ELFEXT
ELFEXT is "Equal-Level Far End Crosstalk" and it is essentially a measure of crosstalk noise between pairs at the receive end of the transmission line.6 47.5 100.5 8. Most people want a high ACR value. Good Return Loss is extremely important in new high-speed full duplex LAN applications.7 32.7 6. ELFEXT can also be thought of as far end ACR because it combines the measurement of both attenuation and crosstalk at the far end of the link.0 21.0 51.7 18. the more bandwidth capability of the product.8 62.
IAONA Planning and Installation Guide.5 44.5 4.0 39.2.6 29. and 10 dB is considered to be a strong signal.maximum attenuation (dB / 100m) frequency (MHz) basic link channel link 1.
5.6 35.0 60. Many cable and hardware connectivity manufacturers are rating their products with ACR margins because the higher the value. connector problems.0 16.3 7. This margin is sometimes called "overhead" because it indicates that the signal is better than the minimum specified values.3 40. the greater the Return Loss. Basically the amount of far end crosstalk is measured and attenuation is subtracted to get ELFEXT. with higher values representing a better result.6 40. The Return Loss test sends a signal from the near-end to the far-end of the link and then measures the amount of that signal that is reflected.1
Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio (ACR) is one of the best indicators of the band-width capability of a link because it is derived from the worst case NEXT measurements with attenuation subtracted to come up with a value considered to be a margin.7 39. Simple FEXT measurements would not yield useful information because the amount of far end crosstalk varies significantly with the length of the cable.1 2. but marginally weak.4:
minimum NEXT (dB) basic link channel link 60.0 10.1.8 50.0 8. Therefore "equal level" FEXT is used to normalize for attenuation effects.0
.5 12.6 24.3 25.0 42.0 4. It is this point where it becomes difficult to ascertain a "0" or "1" value in digital logic because the noise is the same value as the signal (the stronger will win).0 2.5 16. Release 4.3 27. In essence.3 11.2.2 10. A higher level of reflected signal could indicate potential problems with impedance mismatch at the far-end. etc.4 37.7 30. The point where NEXT and Attenuation meet is considered to be "0" dB signal reference.
5.6 45.0 9.1. While Return Loss testing has been included in European specifications for some time.25 11.0 6.2 20.1 45. The smaller the number.0 4.9 Return loss
Return Loss is a measure of impedance mismatch at the far end of the cable. such as faulty termination. Excessive Return Loss is indicated by a large reflection to the transmitting end.
cable segments or patch cords • Kinks in cable
5. Likewise. however it is conducted at the far-end of the structured wiring link.2.10
PowerSum measurements perform an additional mathematical calculation to meaningfully aggregate the data for all of the wiring pairs within a cable. By stepping through all four pairs. in order to support the demands of Gigabit Ethernet. short or damaged cables or connectors • Poor installation or poor cable quality • Improper characteristics in installed cable. The natural line attenuation occurring for any signal being received tended to make it too weak to have much crosstalk impact on the signal being transmitted. an aggregate PowerSum evaluation can be derived for any combination of simultaneous transmitting and receiving.8:
In contrast PowerSum ELFEXT performs a similar crosstalk test (three pairs at a time on each fourth pair).1 2 3 6 4 5 7 8
Figure 5. For instance. For speeds up to 100Base-T levels.7:
Some of the primary causes of Return Loss failures include: • Open. PowerSum ACR measures the aggregate attenuation to crosstalk ratios. this far-end crosstalk test has not been critical because typically only one pair would be transmitting and another receiving at any given point in time.0 56
. This means that. testing each against the other three. an enhanced CAT5 or a CAT6 installation must be tested for its susceptibility to farend crosstalk problems.1. the high probability of as many as three signals being received simultaneously in higher speed networks certainly poses a real potential for a crosstalk impact on any transmission occurring over the fourth pair. However.
Figure 5. PowerSum NEXT measures the nearend crosstalk effects of three pairs on the fourth pair. Release 4. © IAONA IAONA Planning and Installation Guide.
and skew relates that measured delay to the worst case pair within the cable.11
Delay and skew are measurements regarding the time that it takes for a test signal applied to one end of the cable to reach the other end. While tying a knot in a toaster cord is okay. © IAONA IAONA Planning and Installation Guide.
Skew: Measured Pair vs. in a LAN circuit it can cause a small impedance mismatch.2. pairs within the sheath. that affects the clarity and timing of the transmitted signal.PowerSum ELFEXT 2 1 6 3 5 4 8 7
5. Problems in Category 5 installations such as excessive attenuation or near-end crosstalk that can be attributed to the cable are usually because the structural integrity of the cable has been compromised. Wire pairs in a typical Category 5 cable are comprised of two insulated conductors very tightly twisted around each other.1.10:
Cable structural integrity Today's data circuits are very sensitive to irregularities in the physical media caused by kinking. Release 4. conductor pairs. It is imperative that the integrity of this twist be maintained throughout the entire Category 5 link to ensure performance through 100 MHz. and the insulation material. The transmission media's quality is based upon the complex interrelationship between the conductors. Worst Pair
Figure 5. stretching. and general rough handling. binding.0 57
. Delay measures the time delay on a specific pair.
1 Differences between singlemode and multimode fiber
There are many types of fiber used today in a variety of network environments. Multimode fiber uses LED (light emitting diode) technology to transmit the optical signal allowing for significantly less expense and © IAONA IAONA Planning and Installation Guide.5/125 fiber has become dominant in the U. It is recommended that the cable sheath be preserved as close to the connecting point as possible to maintain the inter-pair relationships (referred to as “cable lay") designed into the cabling. a good rule of thumb is to stop pulling and guide the cable around intrusive objects if you find yourself really leaning into a particular pull. Multimode fiber is the type typically used in LANs with a 50/125 or 62.e. Damage can range from a slight flattening of the cable pairs to complete sheath destruction and removal of individual conductor insulation. The cable will sometimes be untwisted and spread apart a certain amount to allow connection to a plug.5/125 µm (micro meters = one millionth of a meter) core/cladding rating. Impedance mismatching and excessive NEXT are two situations that can arise from a kinked cable.5/125. thus providing less available signal path and. and 50/125 in Europe. a common issue. cross-connects must be limited to one only.S. Since all installed cable runs are less than or equal to 100 meters. When analyzed with a TDR.2 Fiber optic cabling
5. Four multimode fibers have been used in datacom systems: 50/125. jack or punch-down block causing minor impedance mismatches and structural variations at these points. Kinking of the cable is occasionally difficult to avoid. These connecting points are normally implemented using IDC (Insulation Displacement Connectors) style connectors. the EIA/TIA 568-B requires pair twists to be 1/2" or less of the termination point for a Category 5 compliant link. can actually cause the wire thickness to change. An impedance mismatch occurs because the cable is so tightly bent that the relationship between the conductors is disturbed. Tight radius bends cause similar problems. At issue today are the modular connectors and termination facilities. however. are connected to "110" (horizontal orientation) style IDC blocks or on the back of patch panels on "110" style IDC connections.12
Until recently.. the more connecting and termination points that exist. As of this writing. Since each mating connecting point (i.2. a trace resembling an offset sine wave is produced. This change in thickness of the copper conductor is not a regular occurrence and results in irregular portions of the cable being alternately thin. Release 4.0 58
. are producing very consistent.2. As mentioned earlier. 62. Problems caused can range from mildly excessive crosstalk to open and shorted conductors. plug and jack) adds 1" of untwisted cable to the overall link. Connecting block devices that comply with category 5 performance criteria are available from many manufacturers and in configurations that differ from the "66" and "110" styles mentioned above. patch panels or hub/concentrators). Current manufacturing techniques.. especially with some of the current plenum (fireresistant.
5. Return Loss and ELFEXT. Previous installation practices where the sheathing was removed from several cm or meter of the cabling. resulting in fluctuating capacitive and inductive characteristics at that particular point. then normal. tightly twisted media that are capable of handling extremely high frequencies with minimal NEXT coupling.2. Care must be taken to insure that this limit is observed to minimize the susceptibility to NEXT interference at higher frequencies. 85/125 and 100/140 but 62. or ventilation equipment. and patch cables to a maximum of two per any one horizontal cable segment. EIA/TIA 568-B standard requires that all category 5 cable installations maintain a minimum bend radius of no less than one inch in diameter. therefore. Multimode fiber used in LANs typically operates in two basic wave-lengths (850 nm and 1300 nm). Abnormal geometry caused by stretching reduces the cable's designed immunity to attenuation. usually coated with Teflon or equivalent) varieties of Category 5 TP.A.5/125 fiber was chosen as the preferred fiber for FDDI and ESCON.
5. These are the points in the link at which the cable structural integrity is compromised to allow an interface to active or passive interconnect hardware (i. the cabling itself was thought to be the primary cause of NEXT interference. the more susceptible the system will be to interference and signal degradation.1. 62.e. Binding occurs when the cable is pulled tightly around a sharp object such as a support beam.2. severely impair the cable's ability to reliably transmit and receive high frequency signals. however.Stretching. increased attenuation. Very simply put. Most terminations. hanging ceiling hardware. designs have been verified on an improved version of the original "66" (vertical orientation) style punch-connect termination block that exhibits category 5 compliance.
The bandwidth throughput is almost unlimited for single-mode and many users pull single-mode fiber with the multi-mode and leave it disconnected until a future application can use its capabilities. the efficiency of single-mode fiber can extend link distances up to 3000 km. In addition. Single-mode fiber has its application in backbones and inter/intra building connections for LANs. because the parameters for launching the light into the fiber require less precision. a process known as propagation. the maximum limit for loss only needs to be used by the installer as the pass/fail demarcation point. thereby increasing both the bandwidth and the difficulty with accurately launching the light into the fiber. the connector technology for multimode is significantly less expensive than for singlemode. Loss budget is the primary benchmark measurement for fiber optic cable installers. summed and averaged. However. © IAONA IAONA Planning and Installation Guide. in many cases the installers must determine the loss budget themselves and then stay below the calculated maximum loss figure during the testing phase in order to verify a fiber optic link is satisfactory. Primarily used by installers.
Figure 5. so termination and splicing of single-mode require more training and proper tools. and light transmitted towards the core (lower mode). This Annex document is informative in nature and defines the minimum recommended performance testing criteria for an optical fiber cabling system installed in compliance with the standards. couplers. this budget figure is compared to a computed maximum loss budget to determine the quality of the link.80 km without using repeaters.power consumption than with single-mode fiber. In single-mode the fiber core is so narrow that the light can take only a single path down the fiber. The original "paper calculations" and blueprint estimates for the system must then be updated with "real measurements" and documented on "as-built drawings" in order to ensure that the deployed net-work system can live within the actual fiber links' loss budget. These pulses are sent in a manner that the different modes of a signal actually arrive at the other end at different times and the maximum delay is limited to 15 to 30 ns (nanoseconds = one billionth of a second). mainly the requirements for expensive lasers. and patch cords) contributes to the overall loss. Release 4. Long haul carriers use singlemode fiber for the trunk lines connecting cities to one another and typically can go from 60 .33/125 µm. Coupled with the higher power of laser light sources. It provides users recommended field test procedures and acceptance values.2. System designers then use the loss budget figure to compute their final margins of power budget. the optical signal is transmitted along the length of the core and the cladding is an outer covering with a lower refractive index. In some cases the maximum permissible loss budget is pre-calculated and specified in the drawings by the system designer. This overall loss is often referred to as the Optical Loss Budget (OLB). One primary drawback for single-mode fiber is the cost of the electronics. Multimode LEDs consume only tens of Milliwatts of power as compared to the greater than 100 mW required by singlemode lasers. and is entitled "Optical Fiber Link Performance Testing".2. Single-mode fiber core/cladding size is 8. which greatly restricts modal dispersion and increases propagation efficiency. Another drawback is that the core is about seven times smaller than its multi-mode counterpart. light transmitted (angled) towards the cladding (higher mode). With multimode fiber.2 Loss budget
Loss budget is the measured loss of the installed fiber link in both directions.
. and each component in a link (cable. Fiber testing methods and procedures are specified in EIA/TIA 568-B. Standards for optical loss budgets Losses in fiber optic signals are measured in dB (decibels). there are many different modes transmitted and this can be more easily understood if you think about light transmitted down the center. connectors. splices. In this case. hence the name multi-mode.11:
In multimode installations. The cladding redirects the fiber pulse towards the center.
wavelength 850 nm 1300 nm Table 5.75 dB/km wavelength 1300 nm 1. For instance. a simple bend in single-mode fiber cable can induce several dB of loss. splicing. Therefore installers need a full range of tools that efficiently support everything from conducting a quick test of fiber prior to installation to rigorously testing a variety of different long and short haul fiber links after installation. Bandwidth and dispersion are important factors but because they cannot be affected by installation practices.3 dB) Based upon these values. the following table shows calculated attenuation for various cabling lengths of 62.
5. thereby allowing the higher link losses. For instance. One should take care that respective design.6: 500 m 3. The single primary performance parameter that is measured when testing fiber is link attenuation or power loss. connectors. Annex H Optical Fiber Performance Testing.
IAONA Planning and Installation Guide. numbers do not include any splice loss.0
. each fiber type can support varying lengths (distances) because the link loss attenuation formula for the fiber cable can be referenced as a value of dB/km.2.3 dB cable length 1000 m 1500 m 5. they are tested by the fiber manufacturer and not in the field. After installation.5/125 µm fiber (assuming two connector pairs). fiber type 62.The fiber link is defined as the passive cabling network which includes cable.0 dB 3. Now that newer high-speed technologies such as Gigabit Ethernet and Fiber Channel allow for much less loss tolerance.5/125 µm 9 /125 µm Table 5.2 dB 2. For example.0 dB 4. system designers must be much more cognizant of their overall loss budget and the impacts of link attenuation factors.5: 850 nm 3.2.
Some networking protocols are less tolerant than others and require much lower loss limits.75 dB loss) Splice Attenuation (dB) = number of splices • splice loss (dB) (Each splice loss allowance is 0. Add 0.1 dB 3.2 dB
2000 m 9.5/125 µm fiber Note: these values are approximate and extrapolated from EIA/TIA 568-B.50 dB/km
The standard also specifies connector and splice attenuation maximum loss values: Connector Attenuation (dB) = number of connector pairs • connector loss (dB) (Each mated connector pair = 0. Release 4. installation and test parameters are correct. typically results in a very complex set of factors that impact the fiber link's overall transmission characteristics. with any length less than or more than one km being shown proportionately. the cumulative effect of handling. which are considered as the maximum allowed loss values in dB/km. The EIA/TIA 568-B Standard lists the following parameters as link attenuation coefficients.3 Fiber optic test tools
Fiber optic components are sensitive to physical stress that can actually induce additional loss factors. Just handling fibers to make measurements can cause readings to vary by several tenths of dB. The mere physical movement of fiber optic cables and connectors can have measurable negative effects on fiber optic assemblies.3 dB for each splice in a link.2 dB 7. many users have been unaware of the importance of loss budget calculations because their systems have been operating with older technology. adding connectors. etc.3 dB
calculated attenuation for various cabling lengths of 62.55 dB/km
1310 nm 0. and splices (if present) between two optical fiber patch panels.
the reflected signal can be analyzed in the OTDR to provide an accurate representation of the link's performance characteristics over given distances. thereby identifying overall link length as well as the existence of and distance to any discontinuities. an OTDR injects a pulse of laser light into the fiber link and then samples return signals from the pulse over a specified time domain. Because OTDR information can be displayed in a comprehensive graphical representation. based upon the return time required for their reflected signal from the originating light pulse.2. cable attenuation and optical return loss for the full link or any point along it. Essentially.g. In addition.3. In addition to minimizing incremental equipment expense. The ability to stimulate and measure power loss for both multi-mode and single-mode fiber links at a variety of wavelengths and power levels make these instruments popular with installers that have to handle a wide range of fiber requirements. a single operator can efficiently use it. the investment in standalone high-end dedicated fiber test instruments can sometimes be prohibitive for installation contractors who are incrementally migrating from copper to a mix of copper and fiber LANs for their customers. For example. such as a laser diode. In these instances. such as end-points.0 61
. can be identified and located. kinks.2. an installer can simply invest in small. especially those with a number of splices and connections. In addition to checking and verifying raw fiber cabling.3 Add-on fiber kits for copper test equipment
5. splices and connectors.2.
5. These instruments consist of a simple light source.3. for quickly assessing the attenuation characteristics for a fiber link at the specified wavelength. however they have the inherent disadvantage of lacking flexibility to test different wavelengths. etc. pre-calibrated power sources and meters. visual faultfinders can also be helpful in locating faults for installed cabling when used with other test methods. display and memory of a copperbased test device. If relatively simple testing needs to be accomplished at a single wavelength.4 OTDR testers
Optical Time Domain Reflectometers (OTDRs) can be very valuable devices for checking longer-haul fiber links and/or complex LAN configurations.2.2 or 0. such as breaks.2. the ability to store many different readings and test settings in the device's local memory can be significantly helpful when testing a variety of different links. the operator simply observes the cable for the presence of a steady or blinking red light in order to pin point the fault. low-cost.3 dB) that could degrade its actual performance. a link might meet the overall specifications for link loss. For repetitive testing of a series of similar links. Because any optical fiber exhibits a certain degree of backscattering.1 Basic fault finders
Visual faultfinders provide a quick and inexpensive way to check cable prior to investing in the time and expense to install it. etc. On the other end of the scale are full-featured programmable power loss meters and light sources that allow the operator to quickly switch between different wavelengths and to calibrate the meter reading precisely to the power output of the light source. Release 4. Because the light will "leak out" wherever there is a fault in the fiber jacketing due to kinks or breakage.2. using either a continuous or pulsed mode. that injects a highly visible red light into the cable. These basic units typically provide a simple bar-graph readout of power loss. © IAONA IAONA Planning and Installation Guide. For example. whereas typical power loss measurements require a source at one end and a meter at the other. splices. continuity. the use of add-on fiber accessory kits for existing copper cable test sets has become a very cost-effective alternative that provides most of the capabilities of a high-end fiber test device at a fraction of the cost. Visual faultfinders can be used to check either multi-mode or single-mode cabling to lengths as long as 5km (3 miles). an inexpensive addon fiber kit can provide power source and metering capabilities to test both multi-mode and singlemode fiber while leveraging the existing measurement capability.3. Individual events on the link. 0. Most OTDR devices also include built-in software algorithms that automatically analyze the link to high-light and pin-point the location of any threshold optical discontinuities that can impact performance. such as 850nm.3. Visual faultfinders can be especially effective at spotting the high percentage of breaks that typically occur within a few meters of the connectors.
5. these devices can be a very cost-effective and easy-to-use alternative to higher end test capabilities.5.2. many installers also find that the use of add-on fiber accessory kits significantly cuts down on re-training costs because their technicians don't have to learn a whole new device. such as -2dBm increments. Because the OTDR is operated from only one end of the fiber link. but might still contain a number of point discontinuities (e.2. it can visually identify anomalies along the link that might not be apparent with other testing methods.2 Power loss meters
Equipment for measuring power loss essentially consists of an optical power source and a power meter. It can readily measure splice loss.
4. Current standards only require backbone fiber cabling to be tested in one direction at both operating wavelengths. but need to be as to their measured values. The "m" indicates this reading is referenced to one milliwatt of power. your maximum loss budget is now your PASS/FAIL demarcation point.
TC1 TC2 Wallplate Link Loss = link in the wall loss + two connector losses + Test Cable 2 loss (TC2 loss adds error of 0. Release 4. Multi-mode links should be tested at 850 nm and 1300 nm and single-mode links should be tested at 1310 nm and 1550 nm in accordance with EIA/TIA 526-14-7. The actual readings of light received by the power meter are in dBm. splice and the cable's loss by length and wavelength. In multi-mode applications for LAN this often is a very simple task. using the equipment manufacturer's guidelines. the values may only signify a marginal pass margin over and above the specified loss budget.2.1 Calculating maximum loss budget
The calculated maximum loss budget is developed by summing the maximum expected losses for each connector. Links measuring more loss budget than the amount calculated need troubleshooting to determine what is causing the excessive loss. a reference dBm level is subtracted from each reading to obtain the relative dB readings. To obtain accurate test readings. Most links will be made up of a single cable with one connector on either end. If additional launch cables and/or connectors are added that were not used during calibration (reference level setting) these are © IAONA IAONA Planning and Installation Guide.2. It is important to remember that this measurement will include everything between the source and the meter. Since the light sources rarely output zero dBm. To obtain accurate loss testing information the reference levels for the Light Source to Power Meter should be set daily.2. Remember. The standards are very specific in how a fiber link is to be tested and recommends use of the OFSTP-14-Method B for an insertion loss test.4. Links with a measured loss budget lower than the requirement will pass.2. the power meter's reference level must be checked and set prior to testing.2.4 Optical power loss measurement procedures
Once the application's OLB has been determined and the fiber has been installed. the fiber optic links can be physically tested by connecting the light source at one end of the link and the power meter at the other end of the link to take comparative measurements. the link must be tested for compliance. Reference settings should also be checked with every battery change or anytime the launch cables are changed.
5. the standards are only minimum guidelines and by adding fiber testing in both directions. Setting the reference level means establishing the zero dB reference on which all the measurements are based. and there are losses in the launch cable(s) and connectors.12:
However it is important to note that going the extra step to test fiber strands at both wavelengths and both directions increases the predicted reliability of the link's performance.0 62
. Cable is generally specified in maximum loss per kilometer (3280 feet).04 dB @ 850 nm and 0.2 Measuring link loss
Once calculated.2.5. Once the values are known.004 dB @ 1300 nm) Fiber Link to be Tested
5. Horizontal fiber links (fiber cabling from the patch panel to work area outlet) only need to be tested at one fiber wavelength because of the short length of cabling allowed (90 meters or less for the permanent link). With all the preliminaries out of the way (reference levels and setup complete). the installer can find all connections in a link that might be marginal. one can keep a close watch over the ones that are marginal and post them for regular maintenance. and the specification is different for respective light wavelengths. In some cases. All these maximum loss specifications are available from the component or cable manufacturers.
These records can prove invaluable at a later date for making moves. fiber links fail because too much of the light that has been injected at one end fails to reach the other end because it has been lost through either reflection or absorption. splices and connector gapping. reversed after setting the reference levels. most technicians prefer starting with the shorter light wavelength (850nm for multi-mode or 1310 nm for single-mode). On the other hand.5 Loss measurement test results documentation
Once the testing is completed there is always the paperwork to finish the job correctly. The only way to be sure the fiber will work at both light wavelengths is to test it at both light wavelengths. it is imperative to produce a clear record of how well each fiber optic link worked at the time of installation. An excessive bend may not show any significant loss at 850nm.
5. the primary causes of reflection include poor connector polishing. If the measured loss is less than the maximum the instrument will immediately provide a PASSED or a FAILED indication. In either of these cases.2. © IAONA IAONA Planning and Installation Guide.an 850 nm light wave will go around a bend like a sports car. per wavelength. In addition.4. it is normally attributed to a procedural error. Most test equipment uses ST type connectors and a hybrid ST to SC jumper may be required for those installations that use the SC connector recommended by the cabling standards. Many available test instruments provide for storing. Refer to EIA/TIA 606 for full documentation references.2.2. In either case. which in most cases is caused by removing one or more launch cables that were used during the calibration (reference setting) phase. it is also strongly recommended that the original blueprints for the fiber link's installation be annotated with "As Built" notes including the loss measurement results.4. One other cause for failing a loss measurement test is by gaining light.0 63
. As the LED warms up it increases the amount of light output. In addition to this record.4 Why measure in both directions?
EIA/TIA Standards don't require bi-directional measurement for backbones. adds and changes (MACs) or repairing damaged cable.2.part of the system under test.3 Why measure both light wavelengths?
Because different wavelengths react differently to bends.4.4. but a 1300 nm light wave corners more like a semi-tractor trailer rig. then measuring the longer wavelength. or disconnected and reconnected at the source. The only way to be sure the bi-directional performance is acceptable is to measure the fiber link in both directions. As an example . The polished faces and alignment of the connectors is crucial to bi-directional performance. excessive absorption can be caused by poor connector alignment. Most sources need only one to two minutes turned on for the LED to reach peak output. dirty connector ends.
5. and/or broken or cracked fiber cable.6 What causes failing loss measurements?
In essence. This will result in two measured values per strand. and/or cable manufacturing defects. Typically the cable that causes this error is the one attached to the light source because it is the most critical to set the amount of light transitioned from the source's LED into the fiber optic cable's cone of numerical acceptance (NA). this can change the initial amount of light entering the cable and make the stored reference level invalid. Most full-featured power meters will automatically compare the test results to the "Budget Loss" maximum entered earlier. The logic behind this is that the shorter one is generally more forgiving and produces a passing result more easily. The result is a test measurement value greater than the zero dB reference. While requirements for documenting the test results will vary with different jobs. Release 4. but could show unacceptable loss at 1300nm. future technologies will most likely use the longer wavelengths because they support more bandwidth. poor connector alignment.
5.2. While some absorption is normal and allowed for in the loss budget. excessive bends in the cable. re-calibrating the reference level will correct the problem. Since this is not possible under the laws of physics. Reflected light never reaches its destination as it is reflected toward the source. poor splice alignment.2. Absorption of the light by the fiber optic cable reduces the amount of light at the destination.
5. While there is no specific order for performing the tests. If this cable is dirty. The fact that a light wave traveling from east to west through a connector exited on a polished end and entered the other with minimum loss does not guarantee it can cross this gap in the opposite direction equally well. printing or PC uploading test results.2. but one must keep in mind the way light reacts across connectors.2. Another error is setting the reference level too quickly after turning on the light source. the cable should be measured at both it's rated light wavelengths and in both directions.
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