Source: https://www.scribd.com/document/56200275/Sales
Timestamp: 2017-06-25 03:00:48
Document Index: 158681175

Matched Legal Cases: ['Art. 1458', 'Art. 1459', 'Art. 1460', 'Art. 1461', 'Art. 1462', 'Art. 1463', 'Art. 1464', 'Art. 1465', 'Art. 1466', 'Art. 1467', 'Art. 1468', 'Art. 1469', 'Art. 1470', 'Art. 1471', 'Art. 1472', 'Art. 1473', 'Art. 1474', 'Art. 1475', 'Art. 1476', 'Art. 1480', 'Art. 1481', 'Art. 1492', 'Art. 1486', 'Art. 1496', 'Art. 1495', 'Art. 1504', 'Art. 1521', 'Art. 1539', 'Art. 1541', 'Art. 1546', 'Art. 1555', 'Art. 1576', 'Art. 1579', 'Art. 1573', 'Art. 1587', 'Art. 1607', 'Art. 1610', 'art. 1635', 'Art. 1632']

Sales | Negotiable Instrument | Sales
SalesUploaded by motmagRelated InterestsNegotiable InstrumentSalesLeaseAuctionLienRating and Stats0.0 (0)Document ActionsDownloadShare or Embed DocumentEmbedView MoreCopyright: Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)List price: $0.00Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from ScribdFlag for inappropriate contentTitle VI. - SALES CHAPTER 1 NATURE AND FORM OF THE CONTRACT Art. 1458.By the contract of sale one of the contracting parties obligates himself to transfer the ownership and to deliver a determinate thing, and the other to pay therefor a price certain in money or its equivalent. A contract of sale may be absolute or conditional. (1445a) Art. 1459. The thing must be licit and the vendor must have a right to transfer the ownership thereof at the time it is delivered. (n) Art. 1460. A thing is determinate when it is particularly designated or physical segregated from all other of the same class. The requisite that a thing be determinate is satisfied if at the time the contract is entered into, the thing is capable of being made determinate without the necessity of a new or further agreement between the parties. (n) Art. 1461. Things having a potential existence may be the object of the contract of sale. The efficacy of the sale of a mere hope or expectancy is deemed subject to the condition that the thing will come into existence. The sale of a vain hope or expectancy is void. (n) Art. 1462. The goods which form the subject of a contract of sale may be either existing goods, owned or possessed by the seller, or goods to be manufactured, raised, or acquired by the seller after the perfection of the contract of sale, in this Title called "future goods."
There may be a contract of sale of goods, whose acquisition by the seller depends upon a contingency which may or may not happen. (n) Art. 1463. The sole owner of a thing may sell an undivided interest therein. (n) Art. 1464. In the case of fungible goods, there may be a sale of an undivided share of a specific mass, though the seller purports to sell and the buyer to buy a definite number, weight or measure of the goods in the mass, and though the number, weight or measure of the goods in the mass is undetermined. By such a sale the buyer becomes owner in common of such a share of the mass as the number, weight or measure bought bears to the number, weight or measure of the mass. If the mass contains less than the number, weight or measure bought, the buyer becomes the owner of the whole mass and the seller is bound to make good the deficiency from goods of the same kind and quality, unless a contrary intent appears. (n) Art. 1465. Things subject to a resolutory condition may be the object of the contract of sale. (n) Art. 1466. In construing a contract containing provisions characteristic of both the contract of sale and of the contract of agency to sell, the essential clauses of the whole instrument shall be considered. (n) Art. 1467. A contract for the delivery at a certain price of an article which the vendor in the ordinary course of his business manufactures or procures for the general market, whether the same is on hand at the time or not, is a contract of sale, but if the goods are to be manufactured specially for the customer and upon his special order, and not for the general market, it is a contract for a piece of work. (n) Art. 1468. If the consideration of the contract consists partly in money, and partly in another thing, the transaction shall be characterized by the manifest intention of the parties. If such
intention does not clearly appear, it shall be considered a barter if the value of the thing given as a part of the consideration exceeds the amount of the money or its equivalent; otherwise, it is a sale. (1446a) Art. 1469. In order that the price may be considered certain, it shall be sufficient that it be so with reference to another thing certain, or that the determination thereof be left to the judgment of a special person or persons. Should such person or persons be unable or unwilling to fix it, the contract shall be inefficacious, unless the parties subsequently agree upon the price. If the third person or persons acted in bad faith or by mistake, the courts may fix the price. Where such third person or persons are prevented from fixing the price or terms by fault of the seller or the buyer, the party not in fault may have such remedies against the party in fault as are allowed the seller or the buyer, as the case may be. (1447a) Art. 1470. Gross inadequacy of price does not affect a contract of sale, except as it may indicate a defect in the consent, or that the parties really intended a donation or some other act or contract. (n) Art. 1471. If the price is simulated, the sale is void, but the act may be shown to have been in reality a donation, or some other act or contract. (n) Art. 1472. The price of securities, grain, liquids, and other things shall also be considered certain, when the price fixed is that which the thing sold would have on a definite day, or in a particular exchange or market, or when an amount is fixed above or below the price on such day, or in such exchange or market, provided said amount be certain. (1448)
Art. 1473. The fixing of the price can never be left to the discretion of one of the contracting parties. However, if the price fixed by one of the parties is accepted by the other, the sale is perfected. (1449a) Art. 1474. Where the price cannot be determined in accordance with the preceding articles, or in any other manner, the contract is inefficacious. However, if the thing or any part thereof has been delivered to and appropriated by the buyer he must pay a reasonable price therefor. What is a reasonable price is a question of fact dependent on the circumstances of each particular case. (n) Art. 1475. The contract of sale is perfected at the moment there is a meeting of minds upon the thing which is the object of the contract and upon the price. From that moment, the parties may reciprocally demand performance, subject to the provisions of the law governing the form of contracts. (1450a) Art. 1476. In the case of a sale by auction: (1) Where goods are put up for sale by auction in lots, each lot is the subject of a separate contract of sale. (2) A sale by auction is perfected when the auctioneer announces its perfection by the fall of the hammer, or in other customary manner. Until such announcement is made, any bidder may retract his bid; and the auctioneer may withdraw the goods from the sale unless the auction has been announced to be without reserve. (3) A right to bid may be reserved expressly by or on behalf of the seller, unless otherwise provided by law or by stipulation. (4) Where notice has not been given that a sale by auction is subject to a right to bid on behalf of the seller,
unless the latter has incurred in delay. (n) Art. A promise to buy and sell a determinate thing for a price certain is reciprocally demandable. made independently and for a single price. the risk shall not be imputed to the vendee until they have been weighed. (3) Foreclose the chattel mortgage on the thing sold. 1484. shall be governed by Articles 1163 to 1165. 1479. An accepted unilateral promise to buy or to sell a determinate thing for a price certain is binding upon the promissor if the promise is supported by a consideration distinct from the price. 1478. or may be inferred from the conduct of the parties. (n) Art. (n) Art. or by word of mouth. (n) Art. number. 1485. In the contract of sale of goods by description or by sample. The ownership of the thing sold shall be transferred to the vendee upon the actual or constructive delivery thereof. counted. 1482. the contract may be rescinded if the bulk of the goods delivered do not correspond with the description or the sample. and if the contract be by sample as well as description. (1451a) Art. Any agreement to the contrary shall be void. Whenever earnest money is given in a contract of sale. (2) Cancel the sale. The parties may stipulate that ownership in the thing shall not pass to the purchaser until he has fully paid the price. should the vendee's failure to pay cover two or more installments. This rule shall apply to the sale of fungible things. it shall be considered as part of the price and as proof of the perfection of the contract. Subject to the provisions of the Statute of Frauds and of any other applicable statute. should the vendee fail to pay. Any injury to or benefit from the thing sold. The buyer shall have a reasonable opportunity of comparing the bulk with the description or the sample. or without consideration of their weight. 1477. (n) Art. 1480. (1452a)
Art. or partly in writing and partly by word of mouth. a contract of sale may be made in writing. he shall have no further action against the purchaser to recover any unpaid balance of the price. (1454-A-a) Art. the vendor may exercise any of the following remedies: (1) Exact fulfillment of the obligation. The preceding article shall be applied to contracts purporting to be leases of personal property with option to
. number. 1483. (1454a) Art. 1481. In this case. Should fungible things be sold for a price fixed according to weight. and 1262. or measure. if one has been constituted. after the contract has been perfected. it is not sufficient that the bulk of goods correspond with the sample if they do not also correspond with the description. from the moment of the perfection of the contract to the time of delivery. to employ or induce any person to bid at such sale on behalf of the seller or knowingly to take any bid from the seller or any person employed by him. or measured and delivered. In a contract of sale of personal property the price of which is payable in installments. should the vendee's failure to pay cover two or more installments. or measure. Any sale contravening this rule may be treated as fraudulent by the buyer.it shall not be lawful for the seller to bid himself or to employ or induce any person to bid at such sale on his behalf or for the auctioneer.
may enter into a contract of sale. with respect to the property and rights which may be the object of any litigation in which they may take part by virtue of their profession. even at a public or judicial auction. (1456)
Art. or (2) When there has been a judicial separation or property under Article 191. (6) Any others specially disqualified by law. (1458a)
. or institution. 1489. the property of the person or persons who may be under his guardianship. (1459a) Art. the property whose administration or sale may have been entrusted to them.buy. a stipulation that the installments or rents paid shall not be returned to the vendee or lessee shall be valid insofar as the same may not be unconscionable under the circumstances. (1457a) Art. 1492. In the case referred to in two preceding articles. (n) Art. (1455a) Art. The following persons cannot acquire by purchase. unless there is a stipulation to the contrary. compromises and renunciations. he must pay a reasonable price therefor. The husband and the wife cannot sell property to each other. 1487. The expropriation of property for public use is governed by special laws. when the lessor has deprived the lessee of the possession or enjoyment of the thing. All persons who are authorized in this Code to obligate themselves. The expenses for the execution and registration of the sale shall be borne by the vendor. (5) Justices. and other officers and employees connected with the administration of justice. unless the consent of the principal has been given. saving the modifications contained in the following articles. (1454-A-a) Art. 1486. this prohibition includes the act of acquiring by assignment and shall apply to lawyers. except: (1) When a separation of property was agreed upon in the marriage settlements. the property of the State or of any subdivision thereof. (3) Executors and administrators. the administration of which has been intrusted to them. in any manner whatsoever. 1490. or of any government-owned or controlled corporation. (n) CHAPTER 3
CHAPTER 2 CAPACITY TO BUY OR SELL Art. either in person or through the mediation of another: (1) The guardian. this provision shall apply to judges and government experts who. 1488. judges. clerks of superior and inferior courts. prosecuting attorneys. Where necessaries are those sold and delivered to a minor or other person without capacity to act. the property and rights in litigation or levied upon an execution before the court within whose jurisdiction or territory they exercise their respective functions. 1491. (4) Public officers and employees. The prohibitions in the two preceding articles are applicable to sales in legal redemption. the property of the estate under administration. Necessaries are those referred to in Article 290. (2) Agents. take part in the sale.
With regard to movable property. The thing sold shall be understood as delivered. When goods are delivered to the buyer "on sale or return" to give the buyer an option to return the goods instead of paying the price. the execution thereof shall be equivalent to the delivery of the thing which is the object of the contract. . when it is placed in the control and possession of the vendee. Where the parties purport a sale of specific goods. as well as warrant the thing which is the object of the sale. With respect to incorporeal property. When the sale is made through a public instrument. the placing of the titles of ownership in the possession of the vendee or the use by the vendee of his rights. (n)
SECTION 2. paying its price in proportion to the total sum agreed upon. 1497. (1463a) Art. 1496. (1460a) Art. if from the deed the contrary does not appear or cannot clearly be inferred.EFFECTS OF THE CONTRACT WHEN THE THING SOLD HAS BEEN LOST Art. If at the time the contract of sale is perfected. the buyer may at his option treat the sale: (1) As avoided. There may also be tradition constitutum possessorium. The ownership of the thing sold is acquired by the vendee from the moment it is delivered to him in any of the ways specified in Articles 1497 to 1501. (1464) Art. But if the thing should have been lost in part only. and the goods without the knowledge of the seller have perished in part or have wholly or in a material part so deteriorated in quality as to be substantially changed in character. 1499. The vendor is bound to transfer the ownership of and deliver. 1501. (1461a) Art. its delivery may also be made by the delivery of the keys of the place or depository where it is stored or kept. 1500. 1493. the ownership passes to the buyer of delivery.General Provisions Art. or (2) As valid in all of the existing goods or in so much thereof as have not deteriorated. 1502. if the sale was divisible. the provisions of the first paragraph of article 1498 shall govern. the thing which is the object of the contract has been entirely lost. . or if the latter already had it in his possession for any other reason. In any other case wherein said provisions are not applicable. the contract shall be without any effect. (1463a) Art. 1495. The delivery of movable property may likewise be made by the mere consent or agreement of the contracting parties. (n)
CHAPTER 4 OBLIGATIONS OF THE VENDOR SECTION 1. or in any other manner signifying an agreement that the possession is transferred from
Art. the vendee may choose between withdrawing from the contract and demanding the remaining part. (1462a) Art. but he may revest the ownership in the seller by returning or tendering the goods within the time fixed in the
. shall be understood as a delivery. with the vendor's consent. 1494. if the thing sold cannot be transferred to the possession of the vendee at the time of the sale. 1498. (n)
the vendor to the vendee.Delivery of the Thing Sold Art. and as binding the buyer to pay the agreed price for the goods in which the ownership will pass.
and. if no time has been fixed. if except for the form of the bill of lading. the bill of lading.
Where the seller of goods draws on the buyer for the price and transmits the bill of exchange and bill of lading together to the buyer to secure acceptance or payment of the bill of exchange. and if he wrongfully retains the bill of lading he acquires no added right thereby. however. the buyer acquires no better title to the goods than the
. by the terms of the contract. in pursuance of the contract and the ownership in the goods has been retained by the seller merely to secure performance by the buyer of his obligations under the contract. If. and by the bill of lading the goods are deliverable to the seller or his agent. (n) Art. 1504. What is a reasonable time is a question of fact. the bill of lading provides that the goods are deliverable to the buyer or to the order of the buyer. on the expiration of such time. the seller's property in the goods shall be deemed to be only for the purpose of securing performance by the buyer of his obligations under the contract. although the bill of exchange has not been honored. where goods are sold by a person who is not the owner thereof. or. the ownership would have passed to the buyer on shipment of the goods. if no time has been fixed. But. the seller thereby reserves the ownership in the goods. The right of possession or ownership may be thus reserved notwithstanding the delivery of the goods to the buyer or to a carrier or other bailee for the purpose of transmission to the buyer. provided that such purchaser has received delivery of the bill of lading indorsed by the consignee named therein. for value. or to the order of the seller or of his agent. and who does not sell them under authority or with the consent of the owner. or is indorsed in blank. (n) Art. the ownership therein passes to the buyer: (1) When he signifies his approval or acceptance to the seller or does any other act adopting the transaction. When there is a contract of sale of specific goods. (n) Art. but retains the goods without giving notice of rejection. but when the ownership therein is transferred to the buyer the goods are at the buyer's risk whether actual delivery has been made or not. except that: (1) Where delivery of the goods has been made to the buyer or to a bailee for the buyer. (n) When goods are delivered to the buyer on approval or on trial or on satisfaction. Where goods are shipped. then if a time has been fixed for the return of the goods. or other similar terms. one who purchases in good faith. on the expiration of a reasonable time. Subject to the provisions of this Title. Where goods are shipped. 1503. the seller may. (2) If he does not signify his approval or acceptance to the seller. the seller thereby reserves a right to the possession of the goods as against the buyer. within a reasonable time. Unless otherwise agreed. or of the goods. without notice of the facts making the transfer wrongful. the goods remain at the seller's risk until the ownership therein is transferred to the buyer. but possession of the bill of lading is retained by the seller or his agent. (2) Where actual delivery has been delayed through the fault of either the buyer or seller the goods are at the risk of the party in fault. and by the bill of lading the goods are deliverable to order of the buyer or of his agent. or to the buyer by the consignee named therein. or goods from the buyer will obtain the ownership in the goods. 1505.contract. the goods are at the buyer's risk from the time of such delivery. reserve the right of possession or ownership in the goods until certain conditions have been fulfilled. the buyer is bound to return the bill of lading if he does not honor the bill of exchange.
1508. to bearer or to a specified person. Nothing in this Title. or other bailee issuing a document of title or placing thereon the words "not negotiable. or to the order of any person named in such document is a negotiable document of title. If a document of title which contains an undertaking by a carrier. recording laws. for value. 1510. however." "nonnegotiable. (n) Art. warehouseman. to bearer or to another specified person. A negotiable document of title may be negotiated by delivery: (1) Where by the terms of the document the carrier. If indorsed to a specified person. or in fairs." or the like. But nothing in this Title contained shall be construed as limiting or defining the effect upon the obligations of the carrier. Such endorsement may be in blank. A non-negotiable document cannot be negotiated and the endorsement of such a document gives the transferee no additional right." "non-negotiable" or the like. but his title has not been avoided at the time of the sale. (n) Art. (2) The validity of any contract of sale under statutory power of sale or under the order of a court of competent jurisdiction. A negotiable document of title may be negotiated by the endorsement of the person to whose order the goods are by the terms of the document deliverable.seller had. Where by the terms of a negotiable document of title the goods are deliverable to bearer or where a negotiable document of title has been indorsed in blank or to bearer. such document may nevertheless be negotiated by the holder and is a negotiable document of title within the meaning of this Title. warehouseman or other bailee issuing the same undertakes to deliver the goods to the bearer. to a specified person or order of a specified person or which contains words of like import. (n) Art. unless the owner of the goods is by his conduct precluded from denying the seller's authority to sell. (n)
. provided he buys them in good faith. 1509. Where the seller of goods has a voidable title thereto. and such person or a subsequent endorsee of the document has indorsed it in blank or to the bearer. or any other provision of law enabling the apparent owner of goods to dispose of them as if he were the true owner thereof. A document of title in which it is stated that the goods referred to therein will be delivered to the bearer. in accordance with the Code of Commerce and special laws. (n) Art. warehouseman or other bailee to deliver the goods to bearer. or markets. (3) Purchases made in a merchant's store. A document of title which is not in such form that it can be negotiated by delivery may be transferred by the holder by delivery to a purchaser or donee. and without notice of the seller's defect of title. 1511. Subsequent negotiations may be made in like manner. the buyer acquires a good title to the goods. has placed upon it the words "not negotiable. (n) Art. it may be again negotiated by the endorsement of such person in blank. 1506. or (2) Where by the terms of the document the carrier. 1507. (n) Art. warehouseman or other bailee issuing the same undertakes to deliver the goods to the order of a
specified person. any holder may indorse the same to himself or to any specified person. and in such case the document shall thereafter be negotiated only by the endorsement of such endorsee. shall affect: (1) The provisions of any factors' act.
as against the transferor. 1513. (n) Art. The endorsement of a document of title shall not make the endorser liable for any failure on the part of the bailee who issued the document or previous endorsers thereof to fulfill their respective obligations. by the terms of the document the bailee issuing the document undertakes to deliver the goods to the order of the person to whom the possession or custody of the document has been entrusted. and (2) The direct obligation of the bailee issuing the document to hold possession of the goods for him according to the terms of the document as fully as if such bailee had contracted directly with him. A person who for value negotiates or transfers a document of title by endorsement or delivery. (n) Art. (n) Art. (3) That he has knowledge of no fact which would impair the validity or worth of the document. and (4) That he has a right to transfer the title to the goods and that the goods are merchantable or fit for a particular purpose. The negotiation shall take effect as of the time when the endorsement is actually made. acquires thereby. 1515. (n) Art. and thereby to acquire the direct obligation of such bailee to hold possession of the goods for him according to the terms of the document. such person also acquires the right to notify the bailee who issued the document of the transfer thereof. the title to the goods. If the document is non-negotiable.
Prior to the notification to such bailee by the transferor or transferee of a non-negotiable document of title. A negotiable document of title may be negotiated: (1) By the owner therefor. (n)
. whenever such warranties would have been implied if the contract of the parties had been to transfer without a document of title the goods represented thereby. warrants: (1) That the document is genuine. or by a notification to such bailee by the transferor or a subsequent purchaser from the transfer of a subsequent sale of the goods by the transferor. 1512. including one who assigns for value a claim secured by a document of title unless a contrary intention appears. or if at the time of such entrusting the document is in such form that it may be negotiated by delivery. (2) That he has a legal right to negotiate or transfer it. or (2) By any person to whom the possession or custody of the document has been entrusted by the owner. 1514.Art. subject to the terms of any agreement with the transferor. A person to whom a document of title has been transferred. 1517. the transferee acquires a right against the transferor to compel him to endorse the document unless a contrary intention appears. A person to whom a negotiable document of title has been duly negotiated acquires thereby: (1) Such title to the goods as the person negotiating the document to him had or had ability to convey to a purchaser in good faith for value and also such title to the goods as the person to whose order the goods were to be delivered by the terms of the document had or had ability to convey to a purchaser in good faith for value. 1516. but not negotiated. the title of the transferee to the goods and the right to acquire the obligation of such bailee may be defeated by the levy of an attachment of execution upon the goods by a creditor of the transferor. (n) Art. if. and the endorsement of the transferor is essential for negotiation. Where a negotiable document of title is transferred for value by delivery.
the seller has not fulfilled his obligation to deliver to the buyer unless and until such third person acknowledges to the buyer that he holds the goods on the buyer's behalf. (n) Art. fraud. Where the seller delivers to the buyer a quantity of goods larger than he contracted to sell. accident. Where the goods at the time of sale are in the possession of a third person. A creditor whose debtor is the owner of a negotiable document of title shall be entitled to such aid from courts of appropriate jurisdiction by injunction and otherwise in attaching such document or in satisfying the claim by means thereof as is allowed at law or in equity in regard to property which cannot readily be attached or levied upon by ordinary legal process. theft. 1520. which to the knowledge of the parties when the contract or the
sale was made were in some other place. the buyer shall not be liable for more than the fair value to him of the goods so received. (n) Art. but in case of a contract of sale of specific goods. the place of delivery is the seller's place of business if he has one. If goods are delivered to a bailee by the owner or by a person whose act in conveying the title to them to a purchaser in good faith for value would bind the owner and a negotiable document of title is issued for them they cannot thereafter. express or implied. the seller is bound to send them within a reasonable time. and if not his residence. The bailee shall in no case be compelled to deliver up the actual possession of the goods until the document is surrendered to him or impounded by the court. or usage of trade to the contrary. Where the seller delivers to the buyer a quantity of goods less than he contracted to sell. If the buyer accepts the whole of the goods so delivered he must pay for them at the contract rate. knowing that the seller is not going to perform the contract in full. but if the buyer accepts or retains the goods so delivered. but no time for sending them is fixed. (n) Art. while in possession of such bailee. Whether it is for the buyer to take possession of the goods or of the seller to send them to the buyer is a question depending in each case on the contract. Where by a contract of sale the seller is bound to send the goods to the buyer. The validity of the negotiation of a negotiable document of title is not impaired by the fact that the negotiation was a breach of duty on the part of the person making the negotiation. (n) Art. Where the seller delivers to the buyer the goods he contracted to sell mixed with goods of a different description not included
. fraud. express or implied. What is a reasonable hour is a question of fact. or by the fact that the owner of the document was deprived of the possession of the same by loss. mistake. or loss. the buyer may accept the goods included in the contract and reject the rest. theft. be attached by garnishment or otherwise or be levied under an execution unless the document be first surrendered to the bailee or its negotiation enjoined. duress or conversion. 1519. the buyer has used or disposed of the goods delivered before he knows that the seller is not going to perform his contract in full. or conversion. duress. between the parties. Demand or tender of delivery may be treated as ineffectual unless made at a reasonable hour. mistake.Art. 1521. however. Apart from any such contract. he must pay for them at the contract rate. 1522. if the person to whom the document was negotiated or a person to whom the document was subsequently negotiated paid value therefor in good faith without notice of the breach of duty. then that place is the place of delivery. accident. 1518. If. the expenses of and incidental to putting the goods into a deliverable state must be borne by the seller. the buyer may reject them. Unless otherwise agreed.
the unpaid seller of goods who is in possession of them is entitled to retain
. the seller is authorized or required to send the goods to the buyer. as such. for the purpose of transmission to the buyer is deemed to be a delivery of the goods to the buyer. or is directly responsible for the price. Subject to the provisions of this Title. or otherwise. the unpaid seller of goods. (3) A right of resale as limited by this Title. (n) Art. If the seller omit so to do. whether named by the buyer or not. the seller must make such contract with the carrier on behalf of the buyer as may be reasonable. and the condition on which it was received has been broken by reason of the dishonor of the instrument. Where the ownership in the goods has not passed to the buyer. Subject to the provisions of this Title. (2) In case of the insolvency of the buyer. and the goods are lost or damaged in course of transit. or if no period for the payment has been fixed in the contract. the buyer may decline to treat the delivery to the carrier as a delivery to himself. in pursuance of a contract of sale. where goods are sent by the seller to the buyer under circumstances in which the seller knows or ought to know that it is usual to insure. (2) When a bill of exchange or other negotiable instrument has been received as conditional payment. 1524. or course of dealing between the parties. or may hold the seller responsible in damages. has: (1) A lien on the goods or right to retain them for the price while he is in possession of them. (4) A right to rescind the sale as likewise limited by this Title. the goods shall be deemed to be at his risk during such transit. the buyer may accept the goods which are in accordance with the contract and reject the rest. delivery of the goods to a carrier. 1526. and. the buyer may reject the whole of the goods. (1466) Art. The provisions of this article are subject to any usage of trade. Unless otherwise agreed. The vendor shall not be bound to deliver the thing sold. if the subject matter is indivisible. or a consignor or agent who has himself paid. if the vendee has not paid him the price. In Articles 1525 to 1535 the term "seller" includes an agent of the seller to whom the bill of lading has been indorsed. notwithstanding that the ownership in the goods may have passed to the buyer. in addition to his other remedies a right of withholding delivery similar to and coextensive with his rights of lien and stoppage in transitu where the ownership has passed to the buyer. special agreement. or unless a contrary intent appears.in the contract. (n) Art. (n) Art. first. except in the case provided for in Article 1503. 1527. or any other person who is in the position of a seller. if the seller fails to do so. Unless otherwise authorized by the buyer. the insolvency of the buyer. the unpaid seller has. The seller of goods is deemed to be an unpaid seller within the meaning of this Title:
(1) When the whole of the price has not been paid or tendered. the seller must give such notice to the buyer as may enable him to insure them during their transit. 1525. Where. 1523. second and third paragraphs. In the preceding two paragraphs. a right of stopping the goods in transitu after he has parted with the possession of them. having regard to the nature of the goods and the other circumstances of the case. (n) Art.
(2) Where the goods have been sold on credit. (n) Art. he may exercise his right of lien on the remainder. namely: (1) Where the goods have been sold without any stipulation as to credit. obtains delivery of the goods before their arrival at the appointed destination. Subject to the provisions of this Title. after the arrival of the goods at the appointed destination. or his agent in that behalf. until the buyer. (3) Where the buyer becomes insolvent. Goods are in transit within the meaning of the preceding article: (1) From the time when they are delivered to a carrier by land. even if the seller has refused to receive them back. and he will then become entitled to the same rights in regard to the goods as he would have had if he had never parted with the possession. or air. (2) If. unless such part delivery has been made under such circumstances as to show an intent to waive the lien or right of retention. the unpaid seller who
has parted with the possession of the goods has the right of stopping them in transitu. but the term of credit has expired. having a lien thereon. when the buyer of goods is or becomes insolvent. Where an unpaid seller has made part delivery of the goods. 1530. and it is immaterial that further destination for the goods may have been indicated by the buyer. or other bailee for the purpose of transmission to the buyer. (2) When the buyer or his agent lawfully obtains possession of the goods. 1531. takes delivery of them from such carrier or other bailee. does not lose his lien by reason only that he has obtained judgment or decree for the price of the goods. (n) Art. and the carrier or other bailee continues in possession of them. 1529. or his agent in that behalf. (2) If the goods are rejected by the buyer. (3) By waiver thereof. (n) Art. the carrier or other bailee acknowledges to the buyer or his agent that he holds the goods on his behalf and continues in possession of them as bailee for the buyer or his agent. The unpaid seller of goods. The seller may exercise his right of lien notwithstanding that he is in possession of the goods as agent or bailee for the buyer. (n) Art. he may resume possession of the goods at any time while they are in transit.possession of them until payment or tender of the price in the following cases. (3) If the carrier or other bailee wrongfully refuses to deliver the goods to the buyer or his agent in that behalf.
. The unpaid seller of goods loses his lien thereon: (1) When he delivers the goods to a carrier or other bailee for the purpose of transmission to the buyer without reserving the ownership in the goods or the right to the possession thereof. that is to say. Goods are no longer in transit within the meaning of the preceding article: (1) If the buyer. water. 1528.
freight train. by the exercise of reasonable diligence. An unpaid seller having the right of lien or having stopped the goods in transitu. If part delivery of the goods has been made to the buyer. but may recover from the buyer damages for any loss occasioned by the breach of the contract. a negotiable document of title representing the goods has been issued by the carrier or other bailee. truck. to be effectual. 1532. the giving or failure to give such notice shall be relevant in any issue involving the question whether the buyer had been in default for an unreasonable time before the resale was made. where he expressly reserved the right to do so in case the buyer should make default. The seller is bound to exercise reasonable care and judgment in making a resale. He cannot. it is a question depending on the circumstances of the particular case. Such notice may be given either to the person in actual possession of the goods or to his principal. may rescind the transfer of title and resume the ownership in the goods. (n) Art. The unpaid seller may exercise his right of stoppage in transitu either by obtaining actual possession of the goods or by giving notice of his claim to the carrier or other bailee in whose possession the goods are. Where a resale is made. however. as authorized in this article. however. When notice of stoppage in transitu is given by the seller to the carrier. The expenses of such delivery must be borne by the seller. It is not essential to the validity of a resale that notice of the time and place of such resale should be given by the seller to the original buyer. 1533.If the goods are delivered to a ship. the buyer acquires a good title as against the original buyer. But where the right to resell is not based on the perishable nature of the goods or upon an express provision of the contract of sale. whether they are in the possession of the carrier as such or as agent of the buyer. the seller. It is not essential to the validity of resale that notice of an intention to resell the goods be given by the seller to the original buyer. If. must be given at such time and under such circumstances that the principal. In the latter case the notice. (n) Art. The seller shall not thereafter be liable to the buyer upon the contract of sale. (n) Art. or where the buyer has been in default in the payment of the price for an unreasonable time. or where the seller expressly reserves the right of resale in case the buyer should make default. or according to the directions of. Where the goods are of perishable nature. or other bailee in possession of the goods. but may recover from the buyer damages for any loss occasioned by the breach of the contract of sale. may prevent a delivery to the buyer. directly or indirectly buy the goods. but the giving or failure to give notice to the buyer of
. or his agent in that behalf. he must redeliver the goods to. unless such part delivery has been under such circumstances as to show an agreement with the buyer to give up possession of the whole of the goods. It is not necessary that such overt act should be communicated to the buyer. or where the buyer has been in default in the payment of the price for an unreasonable time. an unpaid seller having a right of lien or having stopped the goods in transitu may resell the goods. he shall not obliged to deliver or justified in delivering the goods to the seller unless such document is first surrendered for cancellation. the remainder of the goods may be stopped in transitu. 1534. and subject to this requirement may make a resale either by public or private sale. The transfer of title shall not be held to have been rescinded by an unpaid seller until he has manifested by notice to the buyer or by some other overt act an intention to rescind. He shall not thereafter be liable to the original buyer upon the contract of sale or for any profit
made by such resale. or airplane chartered by the buyer.
but. (n) Art. the vendor shall be obliged to deliver to the vendee. shall only take place at the will of the vendee. The provisions of the two preceding articles shall apply to judicial sales. In case of loss. although there be a greater or less area or number than that stated in the contract. the rules in Article 1189 shall be observed. or other disposition of the goods which the buyer may have made. If he accepts the whole area. even when the area is the same. the lack in the area be not less than one-tenth of that stated. in conformity with the following rules: If the sale of real estate should be made with a statement of its area. (1470a) Art. the unpaid seller's right of lien or stoppage in transitu is not affected by any sale. but if. If. in the latter case. 1536. the vendor being considered the debtor. at the rate of a certain price for a unit of measure or
number. which is indispensable in every conveyance of real estate.the intention to rescind shall be relevant in any issue involving the question whether the buyer had been in default for an unreasonable time before the right of rescission was asserted. Nevertheless. in the case of the preceding article. (n) Art. no seller's lien or right of stoppage in transitu shall defeat the right of any purchaser for value in good faith to whom such document has been negotiated. 1535. made for a lump sum and not at the rate of a certain sum for a unit of measure or number. however. unless the seller has assented thereto. when the inferior value of the thing sold exceeds one-tenth of the price agreed upon. there is a greater area or number in the immovable than that stated in the contract. Subject to the provisions of this Title. should this be not possible. The rescission. (1469a) Art. (n) Art. 1539. besides mentioning the boundaries. deterioration or improvement of the thing before its delivery. If. 1537. (n) Art. whether such negotiation be prior or subsequent to the notification to the carrier. (1468a) Art. (1467a) Art. 1541. the vendor shall be bound to deliver all that is included within
. The same shall be done. The same rule shall be applied when two or more immovables as sold for a single price. 1538. the vendee may choose between a proportional reduction of the price and the rescission of the contract. All the fruits shall pertain to the vendee from the day on which the contract was perfected. the vendee may accept the area included in the contract and reject the rest. The vendor is not bound to deliver the thing sold in case the vendee should lose the right to make use of the terms as provided in Article 1198. of the seller's claim to a lien or right of stoppage in transitu. 1540. all that may have been stated in the contract. he may rescind the sale. if any part of the immovable is not of the quality specified in the contract. 1542. he must pay for the same at the contract rate. in this case. there shall be no increase or decrease of the price. if the latter should demand it. a negotiable document of title has been issued for goods. The vendor is bound to deliver the thing sold and its accessions and accessories in the condition in which they were upon the perfection of the contract. The obligation to deliver the thing sold includes that of placing in the control of the vendee all that is mentioned in the contract. provided that. or other bailee who issued such document. if the vendee would not have bought the immovable had he known of its smaller area of inferior quality. In the sale of real estate. its area or number should be designated in the contract.
1545. This Article shall not. Where the obligation of either party to a contract of sale is subject to any condition which is not performed. counted from the day of delivery. unless the contract is rescinded because the vendee does not accede to the failure to deliver what has been stipulated. Eviction shall take place whenever by a final judgment based on a right prior to the sale or an act imputable to the vendor. or other person professing to sell by virtue of authority in fact or law. in the absence thereof. pledgee. the ownership shall belong to the person acquiring it who in good faith first recorded it in the Registry of Property. Should there be no inscription. to the person who presents the oldest title. Any affirmation of fact or any promise by the seller relating to the thing is an express warranty if the natural tendency of such affirmation or promise is to induce the buyer to purchase the same. In a contract of sale. if it should be movable property. or any charge or encumbrance not declared or known to the buyer. such first mentioned party may also treat the nonperformance of the condition as a breach of warranty. and. in proportion to what is lacking in the area or number. (1471) Art. the buyer may treat the fulfillment by the seller of his obligation to deliver the same as described and as warranted expressly or by
. 1544. (n) Art. (1473)
implication in the contract of sale as a condition of the obligation of the buyer to perform his promise to accept and pay for the thing. the ownership shall be transferred to the person who may have first taken possession thereof in good faith. auctioneer. . and. he shall suffer a reduction in the price. mortgagee. 1548. unless the seller made such affirmation or statement as an expert and it was relied upon by the buyer.
SECTION 3. and that the buyer shall from that time have and enjoy the legal and peaceful possession of the thing. and if the buyer purchase the thing relying thereon.Conditions and Warranties Art. 1546. provided there is good faith. (n) Art. (1472a) Art. nor any statement purporting to be a statement of the seller's opinion only. (n) SUBSECTION 1.said boundaries. there is: (1) An implied warranty on the part of the seller that he has a right to sell the thing at the time when the ownership is to pass. shall be construed as a warranty. the ownership shall pertain to the person who in good faith was first in the possession. If the same thing should have been sold to different vendees. Should it be immovable property. for the sale of a thing in which a third person has a legal or equitable interest. If the other party has promised that the condition should happen or be performed. (2) An implied warranty that the thing shall be free from any hidden faults or defects.Warranty in Case of Eviction Art. Where the ownership in the thing has not passed. however. 1543. such party may refuse to proceed with the contract or he may waive performance of the condition. should he not be able to do so. No affirmation of the value of the thing. be held to render liable a sheriff. unless a contrary intention appears. . The actions arising from Articles 1539 and 1542 shall prescribe in six months. the vendee is deprived of the whole or of a part of the thing purchased. 1547. even when it exceeds the area or number specified in the contract.
the vendor shall only pay the value which the thing sold had at the time of the eviction. instead of enforcing the vendor's liability for eviction. 1551. The same rule shall be observed when two or more things have been jointly sold for a lump sum. 1552. if the vendee has paid them. he may demand the rescission of the contract. When adverse possession had been commenced before the sale but the prescriptive period is completed after the transfer. (1479a) Art. or suppress this legal obligation of the vendor. if the sale was made in bad faith. He may exercise this right of action. be it greater or less than the price of the sale. if he acted in bad faith. the vendor is liable for eviction. When the warranty has been agreed upon or nothing has been stipulated on this point. unless it is otherwise decreed in the judgment. 1557. in a proper case. 1549. may increase. The contracting parties. in case eviction occurs. If the vendee has renounced the right to warranty in case of eviction. those of the suit brought against the vendor for the warranty. (2) The income or fruits. Any stipulation exempting the vendor from the obligation to answer for eviction shall be void. The warranty cannot be enforced until a final judgment has been rendered. unless he is summoned in the suit for eviction at the instance of the vendee. the vendee shall have the right to demand of the vendor:
(1) The return of the value which the thing sold had at the time of the eviction. 1556. that he would not have bought it without said part. (4) The expenses of the contract. 1558. The judgment debtor is also responsible for eviction in judicial sales. however. 1554. if he has been ordered to deliver them to the party who won the suit against him. 1553. (1478) Art. or for a separate price for each of them. (1477) Art. 1555. Should the vendee lose. diminish. (n) Art. If the property is sold for nonpayment of taxes due and not made known to the vendee before the sale. 1550. (n) Art. a part of the thing sold of such importance. if it should clearly appear that the vendee would not have purchased one without the other. by reason of the eviction. (1476) Art. whereby the vendee loses the thing acquired or a part thereof. in relation to the whole. Should the vendee have made the waiver with knowledge of the risks of eviction and assumed its consequences. and ornamental expenses. The vendee need not appeal from the decision in order that the vendor may become liable for eviction. (5) The damages and interests. the vendor shall not be liable for eviction. (1481a)
. (1480) Art. and eviction should take place. the vendor shall not be liable. (n) Art. (3) The costs of the suit which caused the eviction. (1475a) Art. and. (n) Art. but with the obligation to return the thing without other encumbrances that those which it had when he acquired it. The vendor shall not be obliged to make good the proper warranty.The vendor shall answer for the eviction even though nothing has been said in the contract on the subject.
or sue for damages. (n) Art. expressly or by implication. but said vendor shall not be answerable for patent defects or those which may be visible. the vendee may bring the action for rescission. makes known to the seller the particular purpose for which the goods are acquired. (1483a)
(1) Where the buyer. he would not have acquired it or would have given a lower price for it. and the vendor was not aware of the hidden faults or defects in the thing sold. The vendor is responsible to the vendee for any hidden faults or defects in the thing sold. 1567. 1564. 1562.Warranty Against Hidden Defects of or Encumbrances Upon the Thing Sold Art. to be counted from the date on which he discovered the burden or servitude. he may only bring an action for damages within an equal period. (n) Art. (2) Where the goods are brought by description from a seller who deals in goods of that description (whether he be the grower or manufacturer or not). If the immovable sold should be encumbered with any non-apparent burden or servitude. 1564. there is an implied warranty that the goods shall be of merchantable quality. that the vendor be made a co-defendant. within the time fixed in the Rules of Court for answering the complaint. should they render it unfit for the use for which it is intended. and it appears that the buyer relies on the seller's skill or judgment (whether he be the grower or manufacturer or not). In a sale of goods. there is an implied warranty or condition as to the quality or fitness of the goods. 1560. (1484a) Art.Art. as follows:
. not mentioned in the agreement. Within one year. (n) Art. if the seller is a dealer in goods of that kind. there is an implied warranty that the goods shall be reasonably fit for such purpose. 1565. (n) Art. he may ask for the rescission of the contract. 1562. . unless there is an express warranty that the thing is free from all burdens and encumbrances. The vendor shall be responsible for warranty against the hidden defects which the thing sold may have. This provision shall not apply if the contrary has been stipulated. In the case of a contract of sale by sample. 1559. even though he was not aware thereof. or should they diminish its fitness for such use to such an extent that. 1565 and 1566. to be computed from the execution of the deed. 1563. by reason of his trade or profession. Neither right can be exercised if the non-apparent burden or servitude is recorded in the Registry of Property. unless there is a stipulation to the contrary. In the case of contract of sale of a specified article under its patent or other trade name. or for those which are not visible if the vendee is an expert who. One year having elapsed. An implied warranty or condition as to the quality or fitness for a particular purpose may be annexed by the usage of trade. the vendee may elect between withdrawing from the
SUBSECTION 2. unless he should prefer the appropriate indemnity. The defendant vendee shall ask. 1561. there is an implied warranty that the goods shall be free from any defect rendering them unmerchantable which would not be apparent on reasonable examination of the sample. In the cases of Articles 1561. of such a nature that it must be presumed that the vendee would not have acquired it had he been aware thereof. (1482a) Art. there is no warranty as to its fitness for any particular purpose. (1485) Art. should have known them. 1566. had the vendee been aware thereof.
(1487a) Art. 1576. 1575. 1578. If the vendor acted in bad faith. and they are found to be unfit therefor. If the animal should die within three days after its purchase. 1569. and reimburse the expenses of the contract which the vendee might have paid. (1488a) Art. Actions arising from the provisions of the preceding ten articles shall be barred after six months. This action can only be exercised with respect to faults and defects which are determined by law or by local customs. and shall be obliged to return the price and refund the expenses of the contract. even in case a professional inspection has been made. (1493a) Art. 1579. There is no warranty against hidden defects of animals sold at fairs or at public auctions. 1571. whether for a lump sum or for a separate price for each of them. (1496a) Art. 1573. with damages in either case. A contract of sale of animals shall also be void if the use or service for which they are acquired has been stated in the contract. (1489a) Art. except that the judgment debtor shall not be liable for damages. less the value which the thing had when it was lost. The provisions of the preceding article with respect to the sale of animals shall in like manner be applicable to the sale of other things. he shall be liable for damages. and not that of the others. 1568. the vendor shall be liable if the disease which cause the death existed at the time of the contract. he shall pay damages to the vendee. (1494a) Art. with damages. If the thing sold should be lost in consequence of the hidden faults. 1570. The preceding articles of this Subsection shall be applicable to judicial sales. through ignorance or bad faith should fail to discover or disclose it. But if the veterinarian. (1486a) Art.contract and demanding a proportionate reduction of the price. based on the faults or defects of animals. the vendee
. If two or more animals are sold together. If the thing sold had any hidden fault at the time of the sale. he shall only return the price and interest thereon. and the vendor was aware of them. the latter may demand of the vendor the price which he paid. The redhibitory action. (1497a) Art. (1495) Art. (1490) Art. unless it should appear that the vendee would not have purchased the sound animal or animals without the defective one. (1491)
Art. from the delivery of the thing sold. he shall bear the loss. 1577. the animal shall be returned in the condition in which it was sold and delivered. or set is bought. If he was not aware of them. yoke pair. the defect shall be considered as redhibitory. even if a separate price has been fixed for each one of the animals composing the same. the redhibitory defect of one shall only give rise to its redhibition. or of live stock sold as condemned. 1574. 1572. The sale of animals suffering from contagious diseases shall be void. If the hidden defect of animals. (1492) Art. should be of such a nature that expert knowledge is not sufficient to discover it. must be brought within forty days from the date of their delivery to the vendee. The latter case shall be presumed when a team. and should thereafter be lost by a fortuitous event or through the fault of the vendee. If the sale be rescinded.
he is bound. (1500a) Art. he is not deemed to have accepted them unless and until he has had a reasonable opportunity of examining them for the purpose of ascertaining whether they are in conformity with the contract if there is no stipulation to the contrary. upon the terms that the goods shall not be delivered by the carrier to the buyer until he has paid the price." or otherwise. 1581. The form of sale of large cattle shall be governed by special laws. whether such terms are indicated by marking the goods with the words "collect on delivery. the payment must be made at the time and place of the delivery of the thing sold. or whether the breach is severable. when the seller tenders delivery of goods to the buyer. in the absence of agreement or usage of trade permitting such examination. if. the vendee shall also enjoy the right mentioned in article 1567. acceptance of the goods by the buyer shall not discharge the seller from liability in damages or other legal remedy for breach of any promise or warranty in the contract of sale. Unless otherwise agreed. it depends in each case on the terms of the contract and the circumstances of the case. which are to be separately paid for. on request. or
CHAPTER 5 OBLIGATIONS OF THE VENDEE Art. which he has not previously examined. If the time and place should not have been stipulated. the buyer of goods is not bound to accept delivery thereof by installments. after acceptance of the goods. 1580. Where there is a contract of sale of goods to be delivered by stated installments. and not arising from the redhibitory fault or defect. (1498) Art. The buyer is deemed to have accepted the goods when he intimates to the seller that he has accepted them. (1499) Art. (n)
Art. (n)
. The vendee is bound to accept delivery and to pay the price of the thing sold at the time and place stipulated in the contract. and the seller makes defective deliveries in respect of one or more instalments. the buyer fails to give notice to the seller of the breach in any promise of warranty within a reasonable time after the buyer knows. giving rise to a claim for compensation but not to a right to treat the whole contract as broken. But. to afford the buyer a reasonable opportunity of examining the goods for the purpose of ascertaining whether they are in conformity with the contract. (n) Art. and he does any act in relation to them which is inconsistent with the ownership of the seller. 1586. Where goods are delivered to the buyer. after the lapse of a reasonable time. (n) Art. In the absence of express or implied agreement of the parties. in accordance with an order from or agreement with the buyer. 1585. or when the goods have been delivered to him. Where goods are delivered to a carrier by the seller. 1582. 1583. 1584. or when. the buyer is not entitled to examine the goods before the payment of the price. he retains the goods without intimating to the seller that he has rejected them. In the sale of animals with redhibitory defects. or the buyer neglects or refuses without just cause to take delivery of or pay for one more instalments. Unless otherwise agreed. but he must make use thereof within the same period which has been fixed for the exercise of the redhibitory action.being answerable for any injury due to his negligence. whether the breach of contract is so material as to justify the injured party in refusing to proceed further and suing for damages for breach of the entire contract.
from the time of judicial or extrajudicial demand for the payment of the price. the vendee shall be bound to make the payment. 1593. 1595. If there is no stipulation as specified in the first paragraph of article 1523. Should the vendee be disturbed in the possession or ownership of the thing acquired. under a contract of sale. (n) Art. as long as no demand for rescission of the contract has been made upon him either judicially or by a notarial act. and he refuses to accept them. the vendee may pay.
. or it has been stipulated that. Unless otherwise agreed. by other applicable provisions of this Title. Where. the seller shall not be liable therefor. Should the vendor have reasonable grounds to fear the loss of immovable property sold and its price. if the vendee. The vendee shall owe interest for the period between the delivery of the thing and the payment of the price. the provisions of Article 1191 shall be observed. unless a longer period has been stipulated for its payment. the ownership of the goods has passed to the buyer and he wrongfully neglects or refuses to pay for the goods according to the terms of the contract of sale. in the following three cases: (1) Should it have been so stipulated. (1502a)
Art. unless the latter gives security for the return of the price in a proper case. but it is sufficient if he notifies the seller that he refuses to accept them. 1588. and as to matters not specifically provided for herein. even after the expiration of the period. the court may not grant him a new term. 1592. A mere act of trespass shall not authorize the suspension of the payment of the price. by a vindicatory action or a foreclosure of mortgage. the title thereto passes to him from the moment they are placed at his disposal. 1591. (n) Art. notwithstanding any such contingency. even though it may have been stipulated that upon failure to pay the price at the time agreed upon the rescission of the contract shall of right take place. 1594. (1501a) Art. (1503) Art. 1587. the rescission of the sale shall of right take place in the interest of the vendor. (1505)
CHAPTER 6 ACTIONS FOR BREACH OF CONTRACT OF SALE OF GOODS Art. should not have appeared to receive it. (3) Should he be in default. having appeared. (1504a) Art.ought to know of such breach. (n) Art. he may suspend the payment of the price until the vendor has caused the disturbance or danger to cease. when the buyer's refusal to accept the goods is without just cause. Actions for breach of the contract of sale of goods shall be governed particularly by the provisions of this Chapter. he should not have tendered the price at the same time. having the right so to do. With respect to movable property. 1590. or should he have reasonable grounds to fear such disturbance. he shall be liable as such. where goods are delivered to the buyer. 1589. (n) Art. upon the expiration of the period fixed for the delivery of the thing. After the demand. the seller may maintain an action against him for the price of the goods. If he voluntarily constitutes himself a depositary thereof. he may immediately sue for the rescission of the sale. (2) Should the thing sold and delivered produce fruits or income. he is not bound to return them to the seller. In the sale of immovable property. Should such ground not exist. or.
as the court may deem just. 1598. then at the time of the refusal to accept. are not applicable. (4) Rescind the contract of sale and refuse to receive the goods or if the goods have already been received. (n) Art. (2) Accept or keep the goods and maintain an action against the seller for damages for the breach of warranty. the buyer
shall be liable to the seller for labor performed or expenses made before receiving notice of the buyer's repudiation or countermand. or has manifested his inability to perform his obligations thereunder. Where the goods have not been delivered to the buyer. if they cannot readily be resold for a reasonable price. and the buyer has repudiated the contract of sale. the measure of damages is. (n) Art. may notify the buyer that the goods are thereafter held by the seller as bailee for the buyer. The judgment or decree may be unconditional. or. if no time was fixed for acceptance. the buyer may. at his election: (1) Accept or keep the goods and set up against the seller. The measure of damages is the estimated loss directly and naturally resulting in the ordinary course of events from the buyer's breach of contract. (n) Art. return
. the seller may totally rescind the contract of sale by giving notice of his election so to do to the buyer. without giving the seller the option of retaining the goods on payment of damages. Where the seller has broken a contract to deliver specific or ascertained goods. or has committed a breach thereof. and. the difference between the contract price and the market or current price at the time or times when the goods ought to have been accepted. 1597. 1599. the seller may maintain an action for the price although the ownership in the goods has not passed. Where there is a breach of warranty by the seller. Thereafter the seller may treat the goods as the buyer's and may maintain an action for the price. But it shall be a defense to such an action that the seller at any time before the judgment in such action has manifested an inability to perform the contract of sale on his part or an intention not to perform it. and maintain an action against the seller for damages for the breach of warranty. on the application of the buyer. Where the buyer wrongfully neglects or refuses to accept and pay for the goods. 1596.Where. or upon such terms and conditions as to damages. direct that the contract shall be performed specifically. (n) Art. the breach of warranty by way of recoupment in diminution or extinction of the price. If. the price is payable on a certain day. payment of the price and otherwise. a court may. and if the provisions of article 1596. the buyer repudiates the contract or notifies the seller to proceed no further therewith. if the buyer refuses to receive them. while labor or expense of material amount is necessary on the part of the seller to enable him to fulfill his obligations under the contract of sale. The profit the seller would have made if the contract or the sale had been fully performed shall be considered in awarding the damages. irrespective of delivery or of transfer of title and the buyer wrongfully neglects or refuses to pay such price. under a contract of sale. Although the ownership in the goods has not passed. the seller may offer to deliver the goods to the buyer. (3) Refuse to accept the goods. Where there is an available market for the goods in question. in the absence of special circumstances showing proximate damage of a different amount. fourth paragraph. the seller may maintain an action against him for damages for nonacceptance.
is the difference between the value of the goods at the time of delivery to the buyer and the value they would have had if they had answered to the warranty. When the buyer has claimed and been granted a remedy in anyone of these ways. in any of the following cases: (1) When the price of a sale with right to repurchase is unusually inadequate. Where the buyer is entitled to rescind the sale and elects to do so.
(5) In the case of breach of warranty of quality. 1600. (4) When the purchaser retains for himself a part of the purchase price. he cannot rescind the sale if he knew of the breach of warranty when he accepted the goods without protest. (2) When the vendor remains in possession as lessee or otherwise. with the obligation to comply with the provisions of Article 1616 and other stipulations which may have been agreed upon. without prejudice to the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 1191. such deterioration or injury shall not prevent the buyer from returning or offering to return the goods to the seller and rescinding the sale. 1602. Sales are extinguished by the same causes as all other obligations. (3) When upon or after the expiration of the right to repurchase another instrument extending the period of redemption or granting a new period is executed. by those stated in the preceding articles of this Title. (1507) Art.Conventional Redemption Art. or if he fails to return or to offer to return the goods to the seller in substantially as good condition as they were in at the time the ownership was transferred to the buyer. he shall cease to be liable for the price upon returning or offering to return the goods. (1506) SECTION 1. 1601. Where the buyer is entitled to rescind the sale and elects to do so. Where the goods have been delivered to the buyer. if the seller refuses to accept an offer of the buyer to return the goods. The contract shall be presumed to be an equitable mortgage. such loss. concurrently with the return of the goods. If the price or any part thereof has already been paid. Conventional redemption shall take place when the vendor reserves the right to repurchase the thing sold. But if deterioration or injury of the goods is due to the breach or warranty. . or if he fails to notify the seller within a reasonable time of the election to rescind. and with the remedies for the enforcement of such lien allowed to an unpaid seller by Article 1526. or immediately after an offer to return the goods in exchange for repayment of the price. and by conventional or legal redemption. no other remedy can thereafter be granted. (n)
CHAPTER 7 EXTINGUISHMENT OF SALE Art. the seller shall be liable to repay so much thereof as has been paid. but subject to a lien to secure payment of any portion of the price which has been paid. in the absence of special circumstances showing proximate damage of a greater amount.
.them or offer to return them to the seller and recover the price or any part thereof which has been paid. the buyer shall thereafter be deemed to hold the goods as bailee for the seller.
1613. However. The vendor may bring his action against every possessor whose right is derived from the vendee. none of them may exercise this right for more than his respective share. after the vendor has been duly heard. (n) Art. if the latter wishes to make use of the right of redemption.(5) When the vendor binds himself to pay the taxes on the thing sold. (1511) Art. (n) Art. (1513) Art. 1607. (n) Art. (n) Art. 1610. The creditors of the vendor cannot make use of the right of redemption against the vendee. 1606. in which case each of the latter may only redeem the part which he may have acquired. 1608. the vendee of a part of an undivided immovable who acquires the whole thereof in the case of article 498. 1609. (1514) Art. In any of the foregoing cases. the vendee may demand of all the vendors or co-heirs that they come to an agreement upon the purchase of the whole thing sold. a contract purporting to be a sale with right to repurchase shall be construed as an equitable mortgage. The provisions of Article 1602 shall also apply to a contract purporting to be an absolute sale. in the absence of an express agreement. (6) In any other case where it may be fairly inferred that the real intention of the parties is that the transaction shall secure the payment of a debt or the performance of any other obligation. In case of doubt. without prejudice to the provisions of the Mortgage Law and the Land Registration Law with respect to third persons. (n) Art. In the case of the preceding article. and should they fail to do so. shall last four years from the date of the contract. In the cases referred to in Articles 1602 and 1604. (1508a) Art. the apparent vendor may ask for the reformation of the instrument. the vendee cannot be compelled to consent to a partial redemption. 1611. jointly and in the same contract. any money. may compel the vendor to redeem the whole property. fruits. 1604. In a sale with a right to repurchase. Should there be an agreement. the period cannot exceed ten years. If several persons. should sell an undivided immovable with a right of repurchase. (1510) Art. the vendor may still exercise the right to repurchase within thirty days from the time final judgment was rendered in a civil action on the basis that the contract was a true sale with right to repurchase. or other benefit to be received by the vendee as rent or otherwise shall be considered as interest which shall be subject to the usury laws. The vendee is subrogated to the vendor's rights and actions. 1612. the consolidation of ownership in the vendee by virtue of the failure of the vendor to comply with the provisions of article 1616 shall not be
recorded in the Registry of Property without a judicial order. The right referred to in Article 1601. even if in the second contract no mention should have been made of the right to repurchase. (1515)
. 1603. In case of real property. until after they have exhausted the property of the vendor. (1512) Art. The same rule shall apply if the person who sold an immovable alone has left several heirs. 1605.
or it has been partitioned among them. Should two or more co-owners desire to exercise the right of redemption. If the vendee should leave several heirs. The vendor who recovers the thing sold shall receive it free from all charges or mortgages constituted by the vendee. A co-owner of a thing may exercise the right of redemption in case the shares of all the other co-owners or of any of them. 1619. if no indemnity was paid by the purchaser when the sale was executed. counted from the anniversary of the date of the sale. Should there have been no fruits at the time of the sale and some exist at the time of redemption. (1520)
SECTION 2. but he shall respect the leases which the latter may have executed in good faith. 1618. drains. (1518) Art. is alienated. But if the inheritance has been divided. may independently exercise the right of repurchase as regards his own share. the action for redemption may be instituted against him for the whole. Legal redemption is the right to be subrogated. 1616. 1620. 1614. (1516) Art. (1519a)
Art. whether the thing be undivided. and in addition: (1) The expenses of the contract. roads and other apparent servitudes for the benefit of other estates. This right is not applicable to adjacent lands which are separated by brooks. unless the grantee does not own any rural land. they may only do so in proportion to the share they may respectively have in the thing owned in common. and the vendee cannot compel him to redeem the whole property. in the place of one who acquires a thing by purchase or dation in payment. 1617. and any other legitimate payments made by reason of the sale. the redemptioner shall pay only a reasonable one. 1615. Each one of the co-owners of an undivided immovable who may have sold his share separately. and the thing sold has been awarded to one of the heirs. ravines. The vendor cannot avail himself of the right of repurchase without returning to the vendee the price of the sale. there shall be no reimbursement for or prorating of those existing at the time of redemption. If two or more adjoining owners desire to exercise the right of redemption at the same time. (2) The necessary and useful expenses made on the thing sold. upon the same terms and conditions stipulated in the contract. the area of which does not exceed one hectare. . If the price of the alienation is grossly excessive. they shall be prorated between the redemptioner and the vendee. 1621. the owner of the adjoining land of smaller area shall be preferred. visible or growing fruits. (1522a) Art. and should both lands have
. are sold to a third person. (1517) Art. giving the latter the part corresponding to the time he possessed the land in the last year. or by any other transaction whereby ownership is transmitted by onerous title. and in accordance with the custom of the place where the land is situated. the action for redemption cannot be brought against each of them except for his own share. The owners of adjoining lands shall also have the right of redemption when a piece of rural land.Legal Redemption Art. (1521a) Art.Art. If at the time of the execution of the sale there should be on the land.
1628. and the contracting parties should not have agreed upon the duration of the liability. 1622. 1629. also at a reasonable price. (1527) Art. The deed of sale shall not be recorded in the Registry of Property. The vendor in good faith shall be responsible for the existence and legality of the credit at the time of the sale. (n) Art. The debtor who. 1627. The right of redemption of co-owners excludes that of adjoining owners. right or action shall produce no effect as against third person. If the credit should be payable within a term or period which has not yet expired. The right of legal pre-emption or redemption shall not be exercised except within thirty days from the notice in writing by the prospective vendor. When two or more owners of adjoining lands wish to exercise the right of pre-emption or redemption. An assignment of creditors and other incorporeal
. 1625. the one who first requested the redemption. unless it has been so expressly stipulated or unless the insolvency was prior to the sale and of common knowledge. The assignment of a credit includes all the accessory rights. (n) Art. The vendor in bad faith shall always be answerable for the payment of all expenses. it shall last for one year only. unless it appears in a public instrument. but not for the solvency of the debtor. the owner of the adjoining land shall have a right of redemption. or by the vendor. unless it should have been sold as doubtful. 1626. unless accompanied by an affidavit of the vendor that he has given written notice thereof to all possible redemptioners. Whenever a piece of urban land which is so small and so situated that a major portion thereof cannot be used for any practical purpose within a reasonable time. (1526) Art. and for damages. before having knowledge of the assignment. the owner whose intended use of the land in question appears best justified shall be preferred. Even in these cases he shall only be liable for the price received and for the expenses specified in No. (1530a)
CHAPTER 8 ASSIGNMENT OF CREDITS AND OTHER INCORPOREAL RIGHTS Art. pledge or preference. or the instrument is recorded in the Registry of Property in case the assignment involves real property. the liability shall cease one year after the maturity. mortgage. the owner of any adjoining land has a right of pre-emption at a reasonable price. 1623. (1523a) Art.the same area. If the re-sale has been perfected. (1529) Art. pays his creditor shall be released from the obligation. as the case may be. An assignment of a credit. (1528) Art. from the time of the assignment if the period had already expired. having been bought merely for speculation. 1 of Article 1616. (1524a)
rights shall be perfected in accordance with the provisions of Article 1475. such as a guaranty. is about to be re-sold. 1624. In case the assignor in good faith should have made himself responsible for the solvency of the debtor.
on his part. 1635. but he shall not be obliged to warrant each of the various parts of which it may be composed. or products. Should the vendor have profited by some of the fruits or received anything from the inheritance sold. The debtor may exercise his right within thirty days from the date the assignee demands payment from him. unless the context or subject matter otherwise requires: (1) "Document of title to goods" includes any bill of lading. One who sells for a lump sum the whole of certain rights. reimburse the vendor for all that the latter may have paid for the debts of and charges on the estate and satisfy the credits he may have against the same. (3) To the possessor of a tenement or piece of land which is subject to the right in litigation assigned. or any other document used in the ordinary course of business in the sale or transfer of goods. (1536) CHAPTER 9 GENERAL PROVISIONS Art. (1533) Art. In the preceding articles in this Title governing the sale of goods. shall only be answerable for his character as an heir. 1631. (1535) Art. goods represented by such document. dock warrant. shall comply by answering for the legitimacy of the whole in general. The term includes growing fruits or crops.
(2) To a creditor in payment of his credit. constitutes "value" where goods or documents of title are taken either in satisfaction thereof or as security therefor." or warehouse receipt or order for the delivery of goods. The vendee shall. the debtor shall have a right to extinguish it by reimbursing the assignee for the price the latter paid therefor. An antecedent or pre-existing claim. either by endorsement or by delivery. rents. 1636. as proof of the possession or control of the goods. he shall pay the vendee thereof. A credit or other incorporeal right shall be considered in litigation from the time the complaint concerning the same is answered. "Specific goods" means goods identified and agreed upon at the time a contract of sale is made. if the contrary has not been stipulated. "Quality of goods" includes their state or condition. (1532a) Art. "Goods" includes all chattels personal but not things in action or money of legal tender in the Philippines.
.Art. 1632. (1531) Art. One who sells an inheritance without enumerating the things of which it is composed. except in the case of eviction from the whole or the part of greater value. (1534) Art. When a credit or other incorporeal right in litigation is sold. and the interest on the price from the day on which the same was paid. "Order" relating to documents of title means an order by endorsement on the documents. 1633. unless there is an agreement to the contrary. the judicial costs incurred by him. 1634. 1630. whether for money or not. or authorizing or purporting to authorize the possessor of the document to transfer or receive. "quedan. From the provisions of the preceding article shall be excepted the assignments or sales made: (1) To a co-heir or co-owner of the right assigned.
under the contract. If one of the contracting parties. By the contract of barter or exchange one of the parties binds himself to give one thing in consideration of the other's promise to give another thing. and without prejudice to the rights acquired in good faith in the meantime by a third person. 1639. 1640. be bound to take delivery of them. should prove that it did not belong to the person who gave it. but he shall be entitled to damages. The provisions of this Title are subject to the rules laid down by the Mortgage Law and the Land Registration Law with regard to immovable property. 1638.(2) A person is insolvent within the meaning of this Title who either has ceased to pay his debts in the ordinary course of business or cannot pay his debts as they become due. 1641. or he may only demand an indemnity for damages. As to all matters not specifically provided for in this Title. he can only make use of the right to recover the thing which he has delivered while the same remains in the possession of the other party. he cannot be compelled to deliver that which he offered in exchange. barter shall be governed by the provisions of the preceding Title relating to sales. (3) Goods are in a "deliverable state" within the meaning of this Title when they are in such a state that the buyer would. whether insolvency proceedings have been commenced or not. However. 1637. (1540a) Art. having received the thing promised him in barter. (1538a) Art. (1539a) Art. (1541a)
. (n) Art. (1537a) Title VII. .BARTER OR EXCHANGE Art. One who loses by eviction the thing received in barter may recover that which he gave in exchange with a right to damages.
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