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2019/11/16 01:20 Oliver Wolcott 2019/11/16 00:40 Oliver Wolcott [15.What qualifications are prescribed for a Member of Congress] 2019/11/16 00:37 Oliver Wolcott [3. What is the role of the citizen in our Government?] 2019/11/16 00:32 Oliver Wolcott [SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES] 2019/11/16 00:30 Oliver Wolcott [167. Where are these congressional publications available?] 2019/11/16 00:29 Oliver Wolcott [161. What special information resources are found in other Federal libraries?] 2019/11/16 00:28 Oliver Wolcott [161. What special information resources are found in other Federal libraries?] 2019/11/16 00:27 Oliver Wolcott [160. What special information resources may be found at the Library of Congress?] 2019/11/16 00:26 Oliver Wolcott [159. What is the Federal Citizen Information Center Program?] 2019/11/16 00:25 Oliver Wolcott [158. Are there libraries across the United States that regularly receive copies of Federal Government publications as they are produced?] 2019/11/16 00:25 Oliver Wolcott [158. Are there libraries across the United States that regularly receive copies of Federal Government publications as they are produced?] 2019/11/16 00:24 Oliver Wolcott [157. What are these Presidential libraries and where are they located?] 2019/11/16 00:22 Oliver Wolcott [151. What are the qualifications to vote in a national election?] 2019/11/16 00:21 Oliver Wolcott [142. What is the tenure of a Federal judge?] 2019/11/16 00:18 Oliver Wolcott [128. To whom are independent agencies and commissions responsible? How do they report on their activities?] 2019/11/16 00:18 Oliver Wolcott [122. How are executive departments and agencies funded?] 2019/11/16 00:17 Oliver Wolcott [113. Of these successions, how many were caused by the assassination of Presidents?] 2019/11/16 00:15 Oliver Wolcott [104. What is the date for the commencement of a President's term and how is it set?] 2019/11/16 00:14 Oliver Wolcott [100. Have many bills been vetoed by Presidents?] 2019/11/16 00:13 Oliver Wolcott [97. What are the implied constitutional powers of the President?] 2019/11/16 00:12 Oliver Wolcott [91. What is meant by the "seniority rule"?] 2019/11/16 00:08 Oliver Wolcott [67. How are record votes taken in Congress?] 2019/11/16 00:07 Oliver Wolcott [52. What is sequestration?] 2019/11/16 00:06 Oliver Wolcott [50. What are the different types of appropriation measures?] 2019/11/15 23:54 Oliver Wolcott 2019/10/06 14:05 Oliver Wolcott 2019/10/05 03:03 Oliver Wolcott 2019/10/05 03:01 Oliver Wolcott [71. When does a bill, introduced at the beginning of a Congress, become %%''%%dead%%''%% and no longer open to considerations?] 2019/10/05 02:10 Oliver Wolcott 2019/10/05 02:06 Oliver Wolcott 2019/10/05 01:57 Oliver Wolcott 2019/10/05 01:38 Oliver Wolcott 2019/10/05 01:03 Oliver Wolcott 2019/10/05 00:52 Oliver Wolcott 2019/10/05 00:24 Oliver Wolcott [145. What is the oath of office for Federal judges and Justices?] 2019/10/05 00:23 Oliver Wolcott 2019/10/05 00:05 Oliver Wolcott 2019/10/04 12:51 Oliver Wolcott 2019/10/04 04:35 Oliver Wolcott 2019/10/04 03:33 Oliver Wolcott [91. What is meant by the "seniority rule"?] 2019/10/04 03:31 Oliver Wolcott 2019/10/04 03:18 Oliver Wolcott 2019/10/04 02:57 Oliver Wolcott 2019/10/04 02:30 Oliver Wolcott 2019/10/04 02:16 Oliver Wolcott 2019/10/04 02:14 Oliver Wolcott 2019/10/04 02:12 Oliver Wolcott 2019/10/04 02:02 Oliver Wolcott 2019/10/02 13:50 Oliver Wolcott 2019/10/02 13:36 Oliver Wolcott
2019/11/16 01:20 Oliver Wolcott 2019/11/16 00:40 Oliver Wolcott [15.What qualifications are prescribed for a Member of Congress] 2019/11/16 00:37 Oliver Wolcott [3. What is the role of the citizen in our Government?] 2019/11/16 00:32 Oliver Wolcott [SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES] 2019/11/16 00:30 Oliver Wolcott [167. Where are these congressional publications available?] 2019/11/16 00:29 Oliver Wolcott [161. What special information resources are found in other Federal libraries?] 2019/11/16 00:28 Oliver Wolcott [161. What special information resources are found in other Federal libraries?] 2019/11/16 00:27 Oliver Wolcott [160. What special information resources may be found at the Library of Congress?] 2019/11/16 00:26 Oliver Wolcott [159. What is the Federal Citizen Information Center Program?] 2019/11/16 00:25 Oliver Wolcott [158. Are there libraries across the United States that regularly receive copies of Federal Government publications as they are produced?] 2019/11/16 00:25 Oliver Wolcott [158. Are there libraries across the United States that regularly receive copies of Federal Government publications as they are produced?] 2019/11/16 00:24 Oliver Wolcott [157. What are these Presidential libraries and where are they located?] 2019/11/16 00:22 Oliver Wolcott [151. What are the qualifications to vote in a national election?] 2019/11/16 00:21 Oliver Wolcott [142. What is the tenure of a Federal judge?] 2019/11/16 00:18 Oliver Wolcott [128. To whom are independent agencies and commissions responsible? How do they report on their activities?] 2019/11/16 00:18 Oliver Wolcott [122. How are executive departments and agencies funded?] 2019/11/16 00:17 Oliver Wolcott [113. Of these successions, how many were caused by the assassination of Presidents?] 2019/11/16 00:15 Oliver Wolcott [104. What is the date for the commencement of a President's term and how is it set?] 2019/11/16 00:14 Oliver Wolcott [100. Have many bills been vetoed by Presidents?] 2019/11/16 00:13 Oliver Wolcott [97. What are the implied constitutional powers of the President?] 2019/11/16 00:12 Oliver Wolcott [91. What is meant by the "seniority rule"?] 2019/11/16 00:08 Oliver Wolcott [67. How are record votes taken in Congress?] 2019/11/16 00:07 Oliver Wolcott [52. What is sequestration?] 2019/11/16 00:06 Oliver Wolcott [50. What are the different types of appropriation measures?] 2019/11/15 23:54 Oliver Wolcott 2019/10/06 14:05 Oliver Wolcott 2019/10/05 03:03 Oliver Wolcott 2019/10/05 03:01 Oliver Wolcott [71. When does a bill, introduced at the beginning of a Congress, become %%''%%dead%%''%% and no longer open to considerations?] 2019/10/05 02:10 Oliver Wolcott 2019/10/05 02:06 Oliver Wolcott 2019/10/05 01:57 Oliver Wolcott 2019/10/05 01:38 Oliver Wolcott 2019/10/05 01:03 Oliver Wolcott 2019/10/05 00:52 Oliver Wolcott 2019/10/05 00:24 Oliver Wolcott [145. What is the oath of office for Federal judges and Justices?] 2019/10/05 00:23 Oliver Wolcott 2019/10/05 00:05 Oliver Wolcott 2019/10/04 12:51 Oliver Wolcott 2019/10/04 04:35 Oliver Wolcott 2019/10/04 03:33 Oliver Wolcott [91. What is meant by the "seniority rule"?] 2019/10/04 03:31 Oliver Wolcott 2019/10/04 03:18 Oliver Wolcott 2019/10/04 02:57 Oliver Wolcott 2019/10/04 02:30 Oliver Wolcott 2019/10/04 02:16 Oliver Wolcott 2019/10/04 02:14 Oliver Wolcott 2019/10/04 02:12 Oliver Wolcott 2019/10/04 02:02 Oliver Wolcott 2019/10/02 13:50 Oliver Wolcott 2019/10/02 13:36 Oliver Wolcott 2019/10/02 13:33 Oliver Wolcott
documents:external:our-american-government-2003 [2019/11/15 23:54]
documents:external:our-american-government-2003 [2019/11/16 01:20]
At the most basic level, the right to vote gives the citizen a chance to help select those who will ultimately be responsible for determining public policy. Beyond casting the ballot, a citizen may actively assist in nominating and electing preferred public officials through volunteer activities and campaign donations. The participation of citizens in the electoral process contributes greatly to the sense of legitimacy of the Government. At the most basic level, the right to vote gives the citizen a chance to help select those who will ultimately be responsible for determining public policy. Beyond casting the ballot, a citizen may actively assist in nominating and electing preferred public officials through volunteer activities and campaign donations. The participation of citizens in the electoral process contributes greatly to the sense of legitimacy of the Government.
- Citizen involvement in the Government need not be manifested only during election campaigns. Legislators are accustomed to hearing from constituents expressing opinions about issues of the day, and procedures exist that mandate that executive agencies allow time for public comment before proposed regulations become final. Individuals may also join with others who hold similar views + Citizen involvement in the Government need not be manifested only during election campaigns. Legislators are accustomed to hearing from constituents expressing opinions about issues of the day, and procedures exist that mandate that executive agencies allow time for public comment before proposed regulations become final. Individuals may also join with others who hold similar views to make the most of their influence with Government on particular issues; this is how interest groups or political action committees are established and the lobbying process begins.
- to make the most of their influence with Government on particular issues; this is how interest groups or political action committees are established and the lobbying process begins. +
==== 4. What contributions has our country made to the institution of government? ==== ==== 4. What contributions has our country made to the institution of government? ====
**MEMBERS, OFFICES, AND STAFF** **MEMBERS, OFFICES, AND STAFF**
- ==== 15.What qualifications are prescribed for a Member of Congress ==== + ==== 15. What qualifications are prescribed for a Member of Congress ====
The Constitution (Article 1, Section 2 for the House and Section 3 for the Senate) prescribes qualifications for Members of Congress. The Constitution (Article 1, Section 2 for the House and Section 3 for the Senate) prescribes qualifications for Members of Congress.
==== 21. What is a Delegate or Resident Commissioner,​ as distinguished from a Representative?​ ==== ==== 21. What is a Delegate or Resident Commissioner,​ as distinguished from a Representative?​ ====
- The office of Delegate was established by ordinance from the Continental Congress (177489) and confirmed by a law of Congress. From the beginning of the Republic, accordingly,​ the House of Representatives has admitted Delegates from Territories or districts organized by law. Delegates and Resident Commissioners may participate in House debate but they are not permitted to vote on the floor. All serve on committees of the House and possess powers and privileges equal to other Members in committee, including the right to vote in committee. Currently, there are four Delegates in the House and one Resident Commissioner. + The office of Delegate was established by ordinance from the Continental Congress (1774-89) and confirmed by a law of Congress. From the beginning of the Republic, accordingly,​ the House of Representatives has admitted Delegates from Territories or districts organized by law. Delegates and Resident Commissioners may participate in House debate but they are not permitted to vote on the floor. All serve on committees of the House and possess powers and privileges equal to other Members in committee, including the right to vote in committee. Currently, there are four Delegates in the House and one Resident Commissioner.
==== 22. What oath of office is required for Members of Congress, and when is it administered?​ ==== ==== 22. What oath of office is required for Members of Congress, and when is it administered?​ ====
==== 50. What are the different types of appropriation measures? ==== ==== 50. What are the different types of appropriation measures? ====
- Appropriations are provided in three different types of appropriation measures. Regular appropriation bills are a series of measures that together fund many Federal operations and programs for a fiscal year (October 1September 30). Each of the 13 subcommittees of the House and Senate Appropriations Committees manages one regular appropriation bill. A supplemental appropriation bill is a measure which provides funds if a need develops that is too urgent to be postponed until the next fiscal year. Finally, a continuing resolution is a measure that provides stopgap funding if Congress is + Appropriations are provided in three different types of appropriation measures. Regular appropriation bills are a series of measures that together fund many Federal operations and programs for a fiscal year (October 1September 30). Each of the 13 subcommittees of the House and Senate Appropriations Committees manages one regular appropriation bill. A supplemental appropriation bill is a measure which provides funds if a need develops that is too urgent to be postponed until the next fiscal year. Finally, a continuing resolution is a measure that provides stopgap funding if Congress is unable to complete action on one or more regular appropriation bills before the beginning of a fiscal year.
- unable to complete action on one or more regular appropriation bills before the beginning of a fiscal year. +
All regular appropriation bills as well as supplemental appropriation bills that fund more than a single agency or purpose are also referred to as general appropriation bills. All regular appropriation bills as well as supplemental appropriation bills that fund more than a single agency or purpose are also referred to as general appropriation bills.
Sequestration is an across-the-board cut in Federal spending pursuant to a Presidential order. A sequestration order can only be issued if Congress fails to meet a budgetary requirement,​ such as a deficit target or a spending limit. Sequestration was first established in 1985 by the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Reduction Act, also known as the Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act. Sequestration is an across-the-board cut in Federal spending pursuant to a Presidential order. A sequestration order can only be issued if Congress fails to meet a budgetary requirement,​ such as a deficit target or a spending limit. Sequestration was first established in 1985 by the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Reduction Act, also known as the Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act.
- 53. What are the powers of Congress as provided in the Constitution?​ + ==== 53. What are the powers of Congress as provided in the Constitution? ​====
The Constitution (Article 1, Section 8) empowers Congress to levy taxes, collect revenue, pay debts, and provide for the general welfare; borrow money; regulate interstate and foreign commerce; establish uniform rules of naturalization and bankruptcy; coin money and regulate its value; punish counterfeiters;​ establish a postal system; enact patent and copyright laws; establish Federal courts inferior to the Supreme Court; declare war; provide for the armed forces; impeach and try Federal officers (Sections 2 and 3); and have exclusive legislative power over the District of Columbia. In Article II, Section 2, the Senate is given the power to consent to the ratification of treaties and confirm the nomination of public officials. Congress is also given the power to enact such laws as may be %%''​%%necessary and proper%%''​%% to implement its mandate in Article I. The power to enact laws is also contained in certain amendments to the Constitution. The Constitution (Article 1, Section 8) empowers Congress to levy taxes, collect revenue, pay debts, and provide for the general welfare; borrow money; regulate interstate and foreign commerce; establish uniform rules of naturalization and bankruptcy; coin money and regulate its value; punish counterfeiters;​ establish a postal system; enact patent and copyright laws; establish Federal courts inferior to the Supreme Court; declare war; provide for the armed forces; impeach and try Federal officers (Sections 2 and 3); and have exclusive legislative power over the District of Columbia. In Article II, Section 2, the Senate is given the power to consent to the ratification of treaties and confirm the nomination of public officials. Congress is also given the power to enact such laws as may be %%''​%%necessary and proper%%''​%% to implement its mandate in Article I. The power to enact laws is also contained in certain amendments to the Constitution.
The Constitution gives to Congress the authority to declare war; this has occurred on only five occasions since 1789, the most recent being World War II. But the President, as Commander in Chief, has implied powers to commit the Nation'​s military forces, which has occurred on more than 200 occasions in U.S. history. Moreover, Congress may authorize the use of the military in specific cases through public law. The Constitution gives to Congress the authority to declare war; this has occurred on only five occasions since 1789, the most recent being World War II. But the President, as Commander in Chief, has implied powers to commit the Nation'​s military forces, which has occurred on more than 200 occasions in U.S. history. Moreover, Congress may authorize the use of the military in specific cases through public law.
- The War Powers Resolution, enacted on November 7, 1973, as Public Law 93148, also tried to clarify these respective roles of the President and Congress in cases involving the use of armed forces without a declaration of war. The President is expected to consult with Congress before using the armed forces %%''​%%in every possible instance,​%%''​%% and is required to report to Congress within 48 hours of introducing troops. Use of the armed forces is to be terminated within 60 days, with a possible 30day extension by the President, unless Congress acts during that time to declare war, enacts a specific authorization for use of the armed forces, extends the 6090 day period, or is physically unable to meet as a result of an attack on the United States. + The War Powers Resolution, enacted on November 7, 1973, as Public Law 93148, also tried to clarify these respective roles of the President and Congress in cases involving the use of armed forces without a declaration of war. The President is expected to consult with Congress before using the armed forces %%''​%%in every possible instance,​%%''​%% and is required to report to Congress within 48 hours of introducing troops. Use of the armed forces is to be terminated within 60 days, with a possible 30day extension by the President, unless Congress acts during that time to declare war, enacts a specific authorization for use of the armed forces, extends the 60-90 day period, or is physically unable to meet as a result of an attack on the United States.
**CONGRESSIONAL RULES AND PROCEDURES** **CONGRESSIONAL RULES AND PROCEDURES**
==== 67. How are record votes taken in Congress? ==== ==== 67. How are record votes taken in Congress? ====
- Most votes are taken by a simple voice method, in which the yeas and nays are called out, respectively,​ and the judgment of the chair as to which are greater in number determines the vote. If a recorded vote is desired, a sufficient second must support it. The + Most votes are taken by a simple voice method, in which the yeas and nays are called out, respectively,​ and the judgment of the chair as to which are greater in number determines the vote. If a recorded vote is desired, a sufficient second must support it. The Constitution simply provides that %%''​%%the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on any question shall at the Desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the Journal.%%''​%% A sufficient second in the Committee of the Whole is 25. Since 1973, the House has used an electronic voting system to reduce the time consumed in voting. The Senate continues to use an oral call of the roll. Each Chamber permits a minimum of 15 minutes to complete a vote, though time for each vote may be reduced if several votes are conducted sequentially.
- Constitution simply provides that %%''​%%the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on any question shall at the Desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the Journal.%%''​%% A sufficient second in the Committee of the Whole is 25. Since 1973, the House has used an electronic voting system to reduce the time consumed in voting. The Senate continues to use an oral call of the roll. Each Chamber permits a minimum of 15 minutes to complete a vote, though time for each vote may be reduced if several votes are conducted sequentially. +
==== 68. Are there time limitations on debate in Congress? ==== ==== 68. Are there time limitations on debate in Congress? ====
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==== 91. What is meant by the "​seniority rule"? ==== ==== 91. What is meant by the "​seniority rule"? ====
- It had been the custom whereby a member who served longest on the majority side of a committee became its chairman or if on the minority, its ranking member. Members were ranked from the + It had been the custom whereby a member who served longest on the majority side of a committee became its chairman or if on the minority, its ranking member. Members were ranked from the chairman or ranking member down, according to length of service on the committee.
- chairman or ranking member down, according to length of service on the committee. +
Modifications—including party practices, term limits on chairmanships,​ and limits on the number of committees and subcommittees chaired—have caused the seniority rule to be less rigidly followed than previously. Nevertheless,​ length of service on a committee remains the predominant criterion for choosing its chairman and ranking member. In both Chambers, nominees for committee chairmen are subject to public votes, first in meetings of their party colleagues (in conference or caucus), then in the full Chamber. Members who interrupt their service in a Chamber but subsequently return to the Congress, start again at the bottom of a committee list. Returning Members outrank other new Members who have no prior service. New Members also earn seniority over other newly elected Members by having prior service in the other legislative Chamber. In some cases, in which two Members have equal time in service in a Chamber, prior service as a State Governor or State legislator also may contribute in the determination of seniority. Modifications—including party practices, term limits on chairmanships,​ and limits on the number of committees and subcommittees chaired—have caused the seniority rule to be less rigidly followed than previously. Nevertheless,​ length of service on a committee remains the predominant criterion for choosing its chairman and ranking member. In both Chambers, nominees for committee chairmen are subject to public votes, first in meetings of their party colleagues (in conference or caucus), then in the full Chamber. Members who interrupt their service in a Chamber but subsequently return to the Congress, start again at the bottom of a committee list. Returning Members outrank other new Members who have no prior service. New Members also earn seniority over other newly elected Members by having prior service in the other legislative Chamber. In some cases, in which two Members have equal time in service in a Chamber, prior service as a State Governor or State legislator also may contribute in the determination of seniority.
In addition to express powers, the President possesses powers that are not enumerated within the Constitution'​s text. These implied powers have been, and continue to be, a subject of dispute and debate. The task of attributing implied powers to the President is complicated by three factors: the importance of the presidency in the political strategy of the Constitution;​ the President'​s extensive and vaguely defined authority in international relations; and the fact that the President is often said to have inherent or residual powers of authority. In addition to express powers, the President possesses powers that are not enumerated within the Constitution'​s text. These implied powers have been, and continue to be, a subject of dispute and debate. The task of attributing implied powers to the President is complicated by three factors: the importance of the presidency in the political strategy of the Constitution;​ the President'​s extensive and vaguely defined authority in international relations; and the fact that the President is often said to have inherent or residual powers of authority.
- For example, although the Constitution does not grant to the President express power to remove administrators from their offices, as the chief executive, the President holds power over executive branch officers, unless such removal power is limited by public law. The President, however, does not have such implied authority over officers in independent establishments. When President + For example, although the Constitution does not grant to the President express power to remove administrators from their offices, as the chief executive, the President holds power over executive branch officers, unless such removal power is limited by public law. The President, however, does not have such implied authority over officers in independent establishments. When President Franklin D. Roosevelt removed a member of the Federal Trade Commission, an independent regulatory agency, and not part of the executive branch, the Supreme Court, in 1935, ruled the removal invalid.
- Franklin D. Roosevelt removed a member of the Federal Trade Commission, an independent regulatory agency, and not part of the executive branch, the Supreme Court, in 1935, ruled the removal invalid. +
Another implied constitutional power is derived from the President'​s authority as Commander in Chief. Though the Congress has the explicit power to declare war, the President not only has the responsibility to protect the Nation from sudden attack, but also has initiated military activities abroad without a formal declaration of war. American Presidents have authorized military force abroad more than 225 times, but only on five occasions has Congress declared war: The War of 1812, the Mexican War, the Spanish-American War, World War I, and World War II. In recent years, most notably through the War Powers Resolution of 1973, Congress has sought to define more clearly the conditions under which Presidents unilaterally can authorize military action abroad. Another implied constitutional power is derived from the President'​s authority as Commander in Chief. Though the Congress has the explicit power to declare war, the President not only has the responsibility to protect the Nation from sudden attack, but also has initiated military activities abroad without a formal declaration of war. American Presidents have authorized military force abroad more than 225 times, but only on five occasions has Congress declared war: The War of 1812, the Mexican War, the Spanish-American War, World War I, and World War II. In recent years, most notably through the War Powers Resolution of 1973, Congress has sought to define more clearly the conditions under which Presidents unilaterally can authorize military action abroad.
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==== 100. Have many bills been vetoed by Presidents? ==== ==== 100. Have many bills been vetoed by Presidents? ====
- As of August 31, 2003, U.S. Presidents have vetoed 2,550 bills presented to them by Congress. Of that total number, 1,484 were + As of August 31, 2003, U.S. Presidents have vetoed 2,550 bills presented to them by Congress. Of that total number, 1,484 were regular vetoes, and 1,066 were pocket vetoes. This may appear to be a large number of vetoes, but it actually represents about 3 percent of the approximately 93,555 bills presented to U.S. Presidents since George Washington. (See the accompanying table, Vetoes by Presidents.)
- regular vetoes, and 1,066 were pocket vetoes. This may appear to be a large number of vetoes, but it actually represents about 3 percent of the approximately 93,555 bills presented to U.S. Presidents since George Washington. (See the accompanying table, Vetoes by Presidents.) +
VETOES BY PRESIDENTS VETOES BY PRESIDENTS
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|James E. Carter ....................................................................................| ​ 13| 18| 31| 2|||| |James E. Carter ....................................................................................| ​ 13| 18| 31| 2||||
|Ronald W. Reagan ................................................................................| ​ 39| 39| 78| 9|||| |Ronald W. Reagan ................................................................................| ​ 39| 39| 78| 9||||
- |George H.W. Bush .................................................................................| ​ 29| ((President Bush asserted that two bills were not enacted into law under the pocket veto provisions of the Constitution because Congress was in recess. Congress, however, maintained that these were not vetoes because they required action within 10 days of receipt by the President; both ultimately were considered to be law. A third bill was asserted by President Bush to be pocket-vetoed during a congressional recess, but he returned a veto message to the originating House and it was treated as a regular veto. For further explanation,​ See U.S. Congress, Office of the Secretary of the Senate, Presidential Vetoes, ​19891996, S. Pub. 10522 (Washington:​ GPO, September 1997), pp. 6, 12.)) 15| 44| 1|||| + |George H.W. Bush .................................................................................| ​ 29| ((President Bush asserted that two bills were not enacted into law under the pocket veto provisions of the Constitution because Congress was in recess. Congress, however, maintained that these were not vetoes because they required action within 10 days of receipt by the President; both ultimately were considered to be law. A third bill was asserted by President Bush to be pocket-vetoed during a congressional recess, but he returned a veto message to the originating House and it was treated as a regular veto. For further explanation,​ See U.S. Congress, Office of the Secretary of the Senate, Presidential Vetoes, ​1989-1996, S. Pub. 10522 (Washington:​ GPO, September 1997), pp. 6, 12.)) 15| 44| 1||||
|William J. Clinton ​ .................................................................................| ​ 36| 1| 37| 2|||| |William J. Clinton ​ .................................................................................| ​ 36| 1| 37| 2||||
|George W. Bush ....................................................................................| ​ 0| 0| 0| 0|||| |George W. Bush ....................................................................................| ​ 0| 0| 0| 0||||
==== 104. What is the date for the commencement of a President'​s term and how is it set? ==== ==== 104. What is the date for the commencement of a President'​s term and how is it set? ====
- When the Constitution was ratified, Congress was given power to determine the date for beginning the operations of the new administration. Congress set the date of March 4, 1789. Although George Washington did not take the oath of office until April 30, 1789, his term began March 4. Later, the 20th or so-called %%''​%%lame-duck%%''​%% amendment, ratified in 1933, established January 20 as the date on which Presidents would be inaugurated. In 1937, President + When the Constitution was ratified, Congress was given power to determine the date for beginning the operations of the new administration. Congress set the date of March 4, 1789. Although George Washington did not take the oath of office until April 30, 1789, his term began March 4. Later, the 20th or so-called %%''​%%lame-duck%%''​%% amendment, ratified in 1933, established January 20 as the date on which Presidents would be inaugurated. In 1937, President Franklin D. Roosevelt became the first President to take the oath on January 20. When inauguration day falls on a Sunday, it is traditional practice for the President to take the oath privately on January 20 and to hold the public ceremony the following day.
- Franklin D. Roosevelt became the first President to take the oath on January 20. When inauguration day falls on a Sunday, it is traditional practice for the President to take the oath privately on January 20 and to hold the public ceremony the following day. +
==== 105. What qualifications are prescribed for the President? ==== ==== 105. What qualifications are prescribed for the President? ====
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==== 113. Of these successions,​ how many were caused by the assassination of Presidents? ==== ==== 113. Of these successions,​ how many were caused by the assassination of Presidents? ====
- Four: Abraham Lincoln, James A. Garfield, William McKinley, and John F. Kennedy were assassinated. Andrew Johnson served as President all but 1 month of Lincoln'​s second term; Theodore Roosevelt served 3<​sup>​1</​sup>​⁄2 years of McKinley'​s second term; Chester A. + Four: Abraham Lincoln, James A. Garfield, William McKinley, and John F. Kennedy were assassinated. Andrew Johnson served as President all but 1 month of Lincoln'​s second term; Theodore Roosevelt served 3<​sup>​1</​sup>​⁄2 years of McKinley'​s second term; Chester A. Arthur served 3<​sup>​1</​sup>​⁄2 years of Garfield'​s term; and Lyndon B. Johnson served about 1<​sup>​1</​sup>​⁄4 years of Kennedy'​s term.
- Arthur served 3<​sup>​1</​sup>​⁄2 years of Garfield'​s term; and Lyndon B. Johnson served about 1<​sup>​1</​sup>​⁄4 years of Kennedy'​s term. +
==== 114. What would happen if the President-elect were to die before taking office? ==== ==== 114. What would happen if the President-elect were to die before taking office? ====
==== 122. How are executive departments and agencies funded? ==== ==== 122. How are executive departments and agencies funded? ====
- Most depend on annual appropriations passed by Congress. In some cases, though, the appropriation is permanent and requires no annual action by Congress. Certain agencies also operate from revenue received when loans are repaid and from non-appropriated + Most depend on annual appropriations passed by Congress. In some cases, though, the appropriation is permanent and requires no annual action by Congress. Certain agencies also operate from revenue received when loans are repaid and from non-appropriated funds such as money received from theaters, post exchanges on military bases, and various other types of user fees.
- funds such as money received from theaters, post exchanges on military bases, and various other types of user fees. +
==== 123. Who oversees the operations of executive departments and agencies? ==== ==== 123. Who oversees the operations of executive departments and agencies? ====
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==== 128. To whom are independent agencies and commissions responsible?​ How do they report on their activities? ==== ==== 128. To whom are independent agencies and commissions responsible?​ How do they report on their activities? ====
- Independent regulatory commissions,​ Government corporations,​ and various other Government-sponsored enterprises are bodies headed by several commissioners,​ directors, or governors, who are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. Unlike administrators of executive agencies, regulatory commissioners serve for fixed terms and cannot be removed at the pleasure of the + Independent regulatory commissions,​ Government corporations,​ and various other Government-sponsored enterprises are bodies headed by several commissioners,​ directors, or governors, who are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. Unlike administrators of executive agencies, regulatory commissioners serve for fixed terms and cannot be removed at the pleasure of the President. In some cases, Government-sponsored enterprises may also have directors who are private citizens. While all of the independent regulatory commissions and most of the Government-sponsored enterprises submit their budget requests to OMB for review and clearance, the degree of dependence on these budgets varies considerably. While nearly all of the Government-sponsored enterprises generate a substantial part of their financial resources from outside sources, almost all the independent regulatory commissions rely on the Government for their funding.
- President. In some cases, Government-sponsored enterprises may also have directors who are private citizens. While all of the independent regulatory commissions and most of the Government-sponsored enterprises submit their budget requests to OMB for review and clearance, the degree of dependence on these budgets varies considerably. While nearly all of the Government-sponsored enterprises generate a substantial part of their financial resources from outside sources, almost all the independent regulatory commissions rely on the Government for their funding. +
Activities of all of these entities are presented in public reports which are prepared annually. In addition, they are subject to periodic authorization and appropriations hearings in Congress, where their activities and operations can be reviewed. Activities of all of these entities are presented in public reports which are prepared annually. In addition, they are subject to periodic authorization and appropriations hearings in Congress, where their activities and operations can be reviewed.
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==== 142. What is the tenure of a Federal judge? ==== ==== 142. What is the tenure of a Federal judge? ====
- Judges of the Court of Federal Claims, Tax Court, Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces, and Court of Veterans Appeals have + Judges of the Court of Federal Claims, Tax Court, Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces, and Court of Veterans Appeals have terms of 15 years, and judges of the territorial District Courts in Guam, the Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands have 10year terms. Otherwise, the judges of the courts mentioned in the preceding questions, including the Supreme Court, courts of appeals, and most Federal district courts, have %%''​%%good behaviour%%''​%% tenure as specified in the Constitution,​ which is generally considered to be life tenure.
- terms of 15 years, and judges of the territorial District Courts in Guam, the Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands have 10year terms. Otherwise, the judges of the courts mentioned in the preceding questions, including the Supreme Court, courts of appeals, and most Federal district courts, have %%''​%%good behaviour%%''​%% tenure as specified in the Constitution,​ which is generally considered to be life tenure. +
==== 143. Why do most Federal judges have "good behaviour"​ tenure? ==== ==== 143. Why do most Federal judges have "good behaviour"​ tenure? ====
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The Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act of 1987 guarantees the right of persons in military service or living abroad to vote by absentee ballot in Federal elections. The Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act of 1984 mandates Federal standards of physical accessibility for polling places and registration sites and requires the availability of large type ballots and hearing devices for the handicapped. The Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act of 1987 guarantees the right of persons in military service or living abroad to vote by absentee ballot in Federal elections. The Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act of 1984 mandates Federal standards of physical accessibility for polling places and registration sites and requires the availability of large type ballots and hearing devices for the handicapped.
- Voters must also meet State requirements in order to vote, the most common of which is registration. Citizens in 46 States and the District of Columbia must register between 10 and 50 days in advance of election day, while the States of Maine, Minnesota, and + Voters must also meet State requirements in order to vote, the most common of which is registration. Citizens in 46 States and the District of Columbia must register between 10 and 50 days in advance of election day, while the States of Maine, Minnesota, and Wisconsin provide for registration on election day. In addition, North Dakota does not require registration of voters, relying instead on presentation of personal identification at the polls. Thirty States and the District of Columbia require that voters be residents for a period of between 1 and 50 days prior to election day. In addition, most States bar registration and voting by convicted felons and those judged mentally incompetent.
- Wisconsin provide for registration on election day. In addition, North Dakota does not require registration of voters, relying instead on presentation of personal identification at the polls. Thirty States and the District of Columbia require that voters be residents for a period of between 1 and 50 days prior to election day. In addition, most States bar registration and voting by convicted felons and those judged mentally incompetent. +
==== 152. Who is responsible for the administration of elections in the United States? ==== ==== 152. Who is responsible for the administration of elections in the United States? ====
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==== 157. What are these Presidential libraries and where are they located? ==== ==== 157. What are these Presidential libraries and where are they located? ====
- The Presidential libraries managed by the National Archives began with President Franklin D. Roosevelt, but the current program was established with the Presidential Libraries Act of 1955. Under the terms of this law, a former President or heirs may purchase land, usually near the former President'​s birthplace or hometown, erect a library edifice, place his papers and records in it, and deed the facility to the Federal Government. These libraries and their holdings are open to both scholars and the public. Presidential libraries have been established for Herbert Hoover (West Branch, IA), Franklin D. Roosevelt (Hyde Park, NY), Harry S Truman (Independence,​ MO), Dwight D. Eisenhower (Abilene, KS), John F. Kennedy (Boston, MA), Lyndon B. Johnson (Austin, TX), Gerald R. Ford (Ann Arbor, MI), Jimmy Carter (Atlanta, GA), Ronald Reagan (Simi Valley, CA), and George Bush (College Station, TX). A Richard M. Nixon Presidential Library has been built (Yorba Linda, CA), but it is a private facility and has not been deeded to the Federal Government. The Nixon Presidential records, however, remain in Washington, DC, due to a special 1974 Act of Congress placing them in the custody of the Archivist. A library also is being planned for William Clinton in Little Rock, AR. Web sites for Presidential libraries maintained by the Archivist of the United States may be found at [[http://​www.archives.gov/​presidential libraries/​index.html|//<​http://​www.archives.gov/​presidential libraries/​index.html>​.//]] + The Presidential libraries managed by the National Archives began with President Franklin D. Roosevelt, but the current program was established with the Presidential Libraries Act of 1955. Under the terms of this law, a former President or heirs may purchase land, usually near the former President'​s birthplace or hometown, erect a library edifice, place his papers and records in it, and deed the facility to the Federal Government. These libraries and their holdings are open to both scholars and the public. Presidential libraries have been established for Herbert Hoover (West Branch, IA), Franklin D. Roosevelt (Hyde Park, NY), Harry S Truman (Independence,​ MO), Dwight D. Eisenhower (Abilene, KS), John F. Kennedy (Boston, MA), Lyndon B. Johnson (Austin, TX), Gerald R. Ford (Ann Arbor, MI), Jimmy Carter (Atlanta, GA), Ronald Reagan (Simi Valley, CA), and George Bush (College Station, TX). A Richard M. Nixon Presidential Library has been built (Yorba Linda, CA), but it is a private facility and has not been deeded to the Federal Government. The Nixon Presidential records, however, remain in Washington, DC, due to a special 1974 Act of Congress placing them in the custody of the Archivist. A library also is being planned for William Clinton in Little Rock, AR. Web sites for Presidential libraries maintained by the Archivist of the United States may be found at [[http://​www.archives.gov/​presidential libraries/​index.html|<​http://​www.archives.gov/​presidential libraries/​index.html>​.]]
==== 158. Are there libraries across the United States that regularly receive copies of Federal Government publications as they are produced? ==== ==== 158. Are there libraries across the United States that regularly receive copies of Federal Government publications as they are produced? ====
- Many years ago, Congress recognized the desirability of making Government publications available to the public. The depository library program was created by Congress in order to promote the American public'​s awareness of the activities of their Government. Under this program, which is administered by the Superintendent of Documents of the Government Printing Office, nearly 1,300 libraries throughout the country receive Federal Government publications free of charge, and, in return, pledge to provide free access to all library patrons. Depository libraries are designated by law, by the Superintendent of Documents, and by Members of Congress. The Superintendent prepares lists of documents that are available to the depositories;​ and they, on the basis of patron interest, select publications for their collections. A congressional Member'​s office, a Federal Citizen Information Center, or a local reference librarian can usually help to identify the locations of depository libraries. A Government Printing Office Web site located at [[www.gpoaccess.gov/​libraries.html|//<​www.gpoaccess.gov/​libraries.html> ​//]]may also be consulted to locate depository libraries. + Many years ago, Congress recognized the desirability of making Government publications available to the public. The depository library program was created by Congress in order to promote the American public'​s awareness of the activities of their Government. Under this program, which is administered by the Superintendent of Documents of the Government Printing Office, nearly 1,300 libraries throughout the country receive Federal Government publications free of charge, and, in return, pledge to provide free access to all library patrons. Depository libraries are designated by law, by the Superintendent of Documents, and by Members of Congress. The Superintendent prepares lists of documents that are available to the depositories;​ and they, on the basis of patron interest, select publications for their collections. A congressional Member'​s office, a Federal Citizen Information Center, or a local reference librarian can usually help to identify the locations of depository libraries. A Government Printing Office Web site located at [[http://www.gpoaccess.gov/​libraries.html|<​www.gpoaccess.gov/​libraries.html>​]]may also be consulted to locate depository libraries.
==== 159. What is the Federal Citizen Information Center Program? ==== ==== 159. What is the Federal Citizen Information Center Program? ====
- Established in 1966 and managed by the Administrator of the General Services Administration,​ the Federal Information Center (FIC) is a single point of contact for people who have questions about Federal agencies, programs, and services. The FCIC currently responds to about 2 million calls per year via its nationwide, tollfree number: ​8003344636. The Center is open for public inquiries from 8:00 AM to 8:00 PM ET each workday, except Federal holidays. Among the most frequent public inquiries are those having to do with workplace safety issues, State government matters, immigration and naturalization,​ Federal taxes, Federal employment, Government publications,​ disaster assistance, and consumer matters. A FIC Web site may be found at [[http://​fic.info.gov|//<​http://​fic.info.gov>​.//]] + Established in 1966 and managed by the Administrator of the General Services Administration,​ the Federal Information Center (FIC) is a single point of contact for people who have questions about Federal agencies, programs, and services. The FCIC currently responds to about 2 million calls per year via its nationwide, tollfree number: ​800-334-4636. The Center is open for public inquiries from 8:00 AM to 8:00 PM ET each workday, except Federal holidays. Among the most frequent public inquiries are those having to do with workplace safety issues, State government matters, immigration and naturalization,​ Federal taxes, Federal employment, Government publications,​ disaster assistance, and consumer matters. A FIC Web site may be found at [[http://​fic.info.gov|<​http://​fic.info.gov>​.]]
==== 160. What special information resources may be found at the Library of Congress? ==== ==== 160. What special information resources may be found at the Library of Congress? ====
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The Library of Congress in Washington, DC—which was established by an act of April 24, 1800 appropriating $5,000 %%''​%%for the purchase of such books as may be necessary for the use of Congress%%''​%%— is now a library both for the Congress and for the Nation. It was restarted in 1814, when Congress purchased Thomas Jefferson'​s personal library of 6,500 books to replace the 3,000 volumes that burned in the Capitol fire during the War of 1812. The Library serves Congress in numerous ways, especially through its collections,​ reference resources, and research and analysis provided by the Congressional Research Service, the Law Library, and other departments and divisions. The Library of Congress in Washington, DC—which was established by an act of April 24, 1800 appropriating $5,000 %%''​%%for the purchase of such books as may be necessary for the use of Congress%%''​%%— is now a library both for the Congress and for the Nation. It was restarted in 1814, when Congress purchased Thomas Jefferson'​s personal library of 6,500 books to replace the 3,000 volumes that burned in the Capitol fire during the War of 1812. The Library serves Congress in numerous ways, especially through its collections,​ reference resources, and research and analysis provided by the Congressional Research Service, the Law Library, and other departments and divisions.
- The Library'​s vast multimedia holdings include books, papers, maps, prints, photographs,​ motion pictures, and sound recordings. Among them are the most comprehensive collections of Chinese, Japanese, and Russian language books outside Asia and the Commonwealth of Independent States; volumes relating to science and legal materials outstanding for American and foreign law; the world'​s largest collection of published aeronautical literature; the most extensive collection in the Western Hemisphere of books printed before 1501 A.D.; and manuscript collections relating to manifold aspects of American history and civilization,​ including the personal papers of the Presidents from George Washington through Calvin Coolidge. No introduction or special credentials are required for persons over high-school age to use the general reading rooms; special collections,​ however, may be used only by those with a serious purpose for doing so. The Library of Congress Web site is located at [[www.loc.gov|<​//www.loc.gov//>]]. + The Library'​s vast multimedia holdings include books, papers, maps, prints, photographs,​ motion pictures, and sound recordings. Among them are the most comprehensive collections of Chinese, Japanese, and Russian language books outside Asia and the Commonwealth of Independent States; volumes relating to science and legal materials outstanding for American and foreign law; the world'​s largest collection of published aeronautical literature; the most extensive collection in the Western Hemisphere of books printed before 1501 A.D.; and manuscript collections relating to manifold aspects of American history and civilization,​ including the personal papers of the Presidents from George Washington through Calvin Coolidge. No introduction or special credentials are required for persons over high-school age to use the general reading rooms; special collections,​ however, may be used only by those with a serious purpose for doing so. The Library of Congress Web site is located at [[http://www.loc.gov|<​www.loc.gov>​]].
==== 161. What special information resources are found in other Federal libraries? ==== ==== 161. What special information resources are found in other Federal libraries? ====
- The national medical collection is located at the National Library of Medicine <//​www.nlm.nih.gov//> in Bethesda, MD, and the national agricultural collection is housed at the National Agricultural Library [[www.nal.usda.gov|<​//www.nal.usda.gov//>]] in Beltsville, MD. + The national medical collection is located at the National Library of Medicine <http://​www.nlm.nih.gov>​ in Bethesda, MD, and the national agricultural collection is housed at the National Agricultural Library [[http://www.nal.usda.gov|<​www.nal.usda.gov>​]] in Beltsville, MD.
==== 162. How may someone get access to unpublished Federal records that are still in agency files? ==== ==== 162. How may someone get access to unpublished Federal records that are still in agency files? ====
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==== 167. Where are these congressional publications available? ==== ==== 167. Where are these congressional publications available? ====
- All Members receive a limited allotment of most congressional publications and documents. Committees also maintain a limited supply of hearings transcripts,​ committee prints, reports, documents, bills, and resolutions. The House and Senate each have a document room that is open to the public where bills, reports, public laws, and certain documents may be obtained free of charge. Some congressional publications and documents are available for purchase from the Superintendent of Documents of the Government Printing Office (GPO). Original or microform copies of the items may also be found, to varying extents, in major public libraries, Federal depository libraries, and university and law libraries throughout the United States. Congressional publications are available, as well, through websites of the Government Printing Office [[www.access.gpo.gov/​su docs/​index|(<​www.access.gpo.gov/​su docs/​index>​)]],​ the Library of Congress [[http://​thomas.loc.gov|(<​http://​thomas.loc.gov>​)]],​ and the House [[http://​www.house.gov|(<​www.house.gov/>​)]] and the Senate [[http://​www.senate.gov/​|(<​www.senate.gov/>​)]],​ the latter two sites providing avenues to committee Web sites where documents may be posted. + All Members receive a limited allotment of most congressional publications and documents. Committees also maintain a limited supply of hearings transcripts,​ committee prints, reports, documents, bills, and resolutions. The House and Senate each have a document room that is open to the public where bills, reports, public laws, and certain documents may be obtained free of charge. Some congressional publications and documents are available for purchase from the Superintendent of Documents of the Government Printing Office (GPO). Original or microform copies of the items may also be found, to varying extents, in major public libraries, Federal depository libraries, and university and law libraries throughout the United States. Congressional publications are available, as well, through websites of the Government Printing Office [[http://www.access.gpo.gov/​su docs/​index|(<​www.access.gpo.gov/​su docs/​index>​)]],​ the Library of Congress [[http://​thomas.loc.gov|(<​http://​thomas.loc.gov>​)]],​ and the House [[http://​www.house.gov|(<​www.house.gov/>​)]] and the Senate [[http://​www.senate.gov/​|(<​www.senate.gov/>​)]],​ the latter two sites providing avenues to committee Web sites where documents may be posted.
==== 168. How may someone obtain access to unpublished records of Congress? ==== ==== 168. How may someone obtain access to unpublished records of Congress? ====
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Bibby, John F. //Politics, Parties, and Elections in America.// Chicago, Nelson-Hall,​ 1999 (4th ed.). Bibby, John F. //Politics, Parties, and Elections in America.// Chicago, Nelson-Hall,​ 1999 (4th ed.).
- //​Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, ​17741996:// + //​Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, ​1774-1996://
Congressional Quarterly, Washington, DC, 1997. Congressional Quarterly, Washington, DC, 1997.
- Byrd, Robert C. //The Senate, ​17891989.// Washington, DC, U.S. + Byrd, Robert C. //The Senate, ​1789-1989.// Washington, DC, U.S.
- Govt. Print. Off., 19881991. 2 vols. + Govt. Print. Off., 1988-1991. 2 vols.
Chandler, Ralph Clark (ed.). //A Centennial History of the American Administrative State. //New York, The Free Press, 1987. Chandler, Ralph Clark (ed.). //A Centennial History of the American Administrative State. //New York, The Free Press, 1987.
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//The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation:​ Annotations of Cases Decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to July 2, 1992. //Prepared by the Congressional//​ //Research Service, Library of Congress. Washington, DC, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1996 (Senate Document 1036, 103rd Congress, 1st Sess.). //The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation:​ Annotations of Cases Decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to July 2, 1992. //Prepared by the Congressional//​ //Research Service, Library of Congress. Washington, DC, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1996 (Senate Document 1036, 103rd Congress, 1st Sess.).
- Corwin, Edward S. //The President: Office and Powers, ​17871984.// + Corwin, Edward S. //The President: Office and Powers, ​1787-1984.//
New York, New York University Press, 1984 (5th rev. ed.). New York, New York University Press, 1984 (5th rev. ed.).
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Farrand, Max. //The Framing of the Constitution of the United// //States. //New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 1913. Farrand, Max. //The Framing of the Constitution of the United// //States. //New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 1913.
- //The Federalist. //[178788] by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay. Edited by Benjamin Fletcher Wright. Cambridge, MA, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1961. + //The Federalist. //[1787-88] by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay. Edited by Benjamin Fletcher Wright. Cambridge, MA, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1961.
Fesler, James W. and Donald F. Kettl. //The Politics of the Administrative Process. //Chatham, NJ, Chatham House, 1996 (2nd ed.). Fesler, James W. and Donald F. Kettl. //The Politics of the Administrative Process. //Chatham, NJ, Chatham House, 1996 (2nd ed.).
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Hofstadter, Richard. //The American Political Tradition and the// //Men Who Made It. //Foreword by Christopher Lasch. New York, Vintage Books, 1974 [cl948]. Hofstadter, Richard. //The American Political Tradition and the// //Men Who Made It. //Foreword by Christopher Lasch. New York, Vintage Books, 1974 [cl948].
- Hutson, James H. //To Make All Laws: The Congress of the United// //​States, ​17891989. //Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1990. + Hutson, James H. //To Make All Laws: The Congress of the United// //​States, ​1789-1989. //Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1990.
Jones, Charles O. //Separate But Equal Branches: Congress and// //the Presidency. //New York, Chatham House, 1999 (2nd ed.). Jones, Charles O. //Separate But Equal Branches: Congress and// //the Presidency. //New York, Chatham House, 1999 (2nd ed.).
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Kurian, George Thomas (ed.). //A Historical Guide to the U.S. Government. //New York, Oxford University Press, 1998. Kurian, George Thomas (ed.). //A Historical Guide to the U.S. Government. //New York, Oxford University Press, 1998.
- Light, Paul C. //The Tides of Reform: Making Government Work,// //19451995. //New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 1997. + Light, Paul C. //The Tides of Reform: Making Government Work,// //1945-1995. //New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 1997.
Lowi, Theodore. //The End of Liberalism: The Second Republic of// //the United States. //New York, Norton, 1979 (2nd ed.). Lowi, Theodore. //The End of Liberalism: The Second Republic of// //the United States. //New York, Norton, 1979 (2nd ed.).
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Waldo, Dwight. //The Administrative State.// New York, Holmes and Meier, 1984 (rev. ed.). Waldo, Dwight. //The Administrative State.// New York, Holmes and Meier, 1984 (rev. ed.).
- White, Leonard D. [Four studies in administrative history] //The// //​Federalists. The Jacksonians. The Jeffersonians. //and// The Republican Era, 18691901. //New York, Macmillan, 1948, 1951, 1951, and// //1958, respectively. + White, Leonard D. [Four studies in administrative history] //The// //​Federalists. The Jacksonians. The Jeffersonians. //and// The Republican Era, 1869-1901. //New York, Macmillan, 1948, 1951, 1951, and// //1958, respectively.
Wilson, Woodrow. //​Congressional Government.//​ Boston, Houghton, Mifflin, 1885. Wilson, Woodrow. //​Congressional Government.//​ Boston, Houghton, Mifflin, 1885.
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World Wide Web Sites: World Wide Web Sites:
- [[www.congress.gov|www.congress.gov]] [Legislative Information System of Congress] + [[http://www.congress.gov|www.congress.gov]] [Legislative Information System of Congress]
- [[www.fedworld.gov|www.fedworld.gov]] [clearinghouse for information at many federal sites] + [[http://www.fedworld.gov|www.fedworld.gov]] [clearinghouse for information at many federal sites]
- [[www.loc.gov|www.loc.gov]] [Library of Congress site, including Thomas and legislation] + [[http://www.loc.gov|www.loc.gov]] [Library of Congress site, including Thomas and legislation]
- [[www.nara.gov/​fedreg|www.nara.gov/​fedreg]] [Office of Federal Register publications] ​ + [[http://www.nara.gov/​fedreg|www.nara.gov/​fedreg]] [Office of Federal Register publications] ​
- [[www.uscourts.gov|www.uscourts.gov]] [federal judiciary, including Supreme Court] + [[http://www.uscourts.gov|www.uscourts.gov]] [federal judiciary, including Supreme Court]
- [[www.whitehouse.gov|www.whitehouse.gov]] [White House and presidential activities]. + [[http://www.whitehouse.gov|www.whitehouse.gov]] [White House and presidential activities].
===== STATE APPORTIONMENT AND HOUSE APPORTIONMENT ===== ===== STATE APPORTIONMENT AND HOUSE APPORTIONMENT =====
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- | 34th ............ ​ | ​18551857 ​ ​| ​ 62| 42| 15| 5| ........| ​ 234| 83| 108| 43| ........|| + | 34th ............ ​ | ​1855-1857 ​ ​| ​ 62| 42| 15| 5| ........| ​ 234| 83| 108| 43| ........||
- | 35th ............ ​ | ​18571859 ​ ​| ​ 64| 39| 20| 5| ........| ​ 237| 131| 92| 14| ........|| + | 35th ............ ​ | ​1857-1859 ​ ​| ​ 64| 39| 20| 5| ........| ​ 237| 131| 92| 14| ........||
- | 36th ............ ​ | ​18591861 ​ ​| ​ 66| 38| 26| 2| ........| ​ 237| 101| 113| 23| ........|| + | 36th ............ ​ | ​1859-1861 ​ ​| ​ 66| 38| 26| 2| ........| ​ 237| 101| 113| 23| ........||
- | 37th ............ ​ | ​18611863 ​ ​| ​ 50| 11| 31| 7| 1| 178| 42| 106| 28| 2|| + | 37th ............ ​ | ​1861-1863 ​ ​| ​ 50| 11| 31| 7| 1| 178| 42| 106| 28| 2||
- | 38th ............ ​ | ​18631865 ​ ​| ​ 51| 12| 39| ........| ​ ........| ​ 183| 80| 103| ........| ​ ........|| + | 38th ............ ​ | ​1863-1865 ​ ​| ​ 51| 12| 39| ........| ​ ........| ​ 183| 80| 103| ........| ​ ........||
- | 39th ............ ​ | ​18651867 ​ ​| ​ 52| 10| 42| ........| ​ ........| ​ 191| 46| 145| ........| ​ ........|| + | 39th ............ ​ | ​1865-1867 ​ ​| ​ 52| 10| 42| ........| ​ ........| ​ 191| 46| 145| ........| ​ ........||
- | 40th ............ ​ | ​18671869 ​ ​| ​ 53| 11| 42| ........| ​ ........| ​ 193| 49| 143| ........| ​ 1|| + | 40th ............ ​ | ​1867-1869 ​ ​| ​ 53| 11| 42| ........| ​ ........| ​ 193| 49| 143| ........| ​ 1||
- | 41st ............ ​ | ​18691871 ​ ​| ​ 74| 11| 61| ........| ​ 2| 243| 73| 170| ........| ​ ........|| + | 41st ............ ​ | ​1869-1871 ​ ​| ​ 74| 11| 61| ........| ​ 2| 243| 73| 170| ........| ​ ........||
- | 42d ............. ​ | ​18711873 ​ ​| ​ 74| 17| 57| ........| ​ ........| ​ 243| 104| 139| ........| ​ ........|| + | 42d ............. ​ | ​1871-1873 ​ ​| ​ 74| 17| 57| ........| ​ ........| ​ 243| 104| 139| ........| ​ ........||
- | 43d ............. ​ | ​18731875 ​ ​| ​ 74| 19| 54| ........| ​ 1| 293| 88| 203| ........| ​ 2|| + | 43d ............. ​ | ​1873-1875 ​ ​| ​ 74| 19| 54| ........| ​ 1| 293| 88| 203| ........| ​ 2||
- | 44th ............ ​ | ​18751877 ​ ​| ​ 76| 29| 46| ........| ​ 1| 293| 181| 107| 3| 2|| + | 44th ............ ​ | ​1875-1877 ​ ​| ​ 76| 29| 46| ........| ​ 1| 293| 181| 107| 3| 2||
- | 45th ............ ​ | ​18771879 ​ ​| ​ 76| 36| 39| 1| ........| ​ 293| 156| 137| ........| ​ ........|| + | 45th ............ ​ | ​1877-1879 ​ ​| ​ 76| 36| 39| 1| ........| ​ 293| 156| 137| ........| ​ ........||
- | 46th ............ ​ | ​18791881 ​ ​| ​ 76| 43| 33| ........| ​ ........| ​ 293| 150| 128| 14| 1|| + | 46th ............ ​ | ​1879-1881 ​ ​| ​ 76| 43| 33| ........| ​ ........| ​ 293| 150| 128| 14| 1||
- | 47th ............ ​ | ​18811883 ​ ​| ​ 76| 37| 37| 2| ........| ​ 293| 130| 152| 11| ........|| + | 47th ............ ​ | ​1881-1883 ​ ​| ​ 76| 37| 37| 2| ........| ​ 293| 130| 152| 11| ........||
- | 48th ............ ​ | ​18831885 ​ ​| ​ 76| 36| 40| ........| ​ ........| ​ 325| 200| 119| 6| ........|| + | 48th ............ ​ | ​1883-1885 ​ ​| ​ 76| 36| 40| ........| ​ ........| ​ 325| 200| 119| 6| ........||
- | 49th ............ ​ | ​18851887 ​ ​| ​ 76| 34| 41| ........| ​ 1| 325| 182| 140| 2| 1|| + | 49th ............ ​ | ​1885-1887 ​ ​| ​ 76| 34| 41| ........| ​ 1| 325| 182| 140| 2| 1||
- | 50th ............ ​ | ​18871889 ​ ​| ​ 76| 37| 39| ........| ​ ........| ​ 325| 170| 151| 4| ........|| + | 50th ............ ​ | ​1887-1889 ​ ​| ​ 76| 37| 39| ........| ​ ........| ​ 325| 170| 151| 4| ........||
- | 51st ............ ​ | ​18891891 ​ ​| ​ 84| 37| 47| ........| ​ ........| ​ 330| 156| 173| 1| ........|| + | 51st ............ ​ | ​1889-1891 ​ ​| ​ 84| 37| 47| ........| ​ ........| ​ 330| 156| 173| 1| ........||
- | 52d ............. ​ | ​18911893 ​ ​| ​ 88| 39| 47| 2| ........| ​ 333| 231| 88| 14| ........|| + | 52d ............. ​ | ​1891-1893 ​ ​| ​ 88| 39| 47| 2| ........| ​ 333| 231| 88| 14| ........||
- | 53d ............. ​ | ​18931895 ​ ​| ​ 88| 44| 38| 3| 3| 356| 220| 126| 10| ........|| + | 53d ............. ​ | ​1893-1895 ​ ​| ​ 88| 44| 38| 3| 3| 356| 220| 126| 10| ........||
- | 54th ............ ​ | ​18951897 ​ ​| ​ 88| 39| 44| 5| ........| ​ 357| 104| 246| 7| ........|| + | 54th ............ ​ | ​1895-1897 ​ ​| ​ 88| 39| 44| 5| ........| ​ 357| 104| 246| 7| ........||
- | 55th ............ ​ | ​18971899 ​ ​| ​ 90| 34| 46| 10| ........| ​ 357| 134| 206| 16| 1|| + | 55th ............ ​ | ​1897-1899 ​ ​| ​ 90| 34| 46| 10| ........| ​ 357| 134| 206| 16| 1||
- | 56th ............ ​ | ​18991901 ​ ​| ​ 90| 26| 53| 11| ........| ​ 357| 163| 185| 9| ........|| + | 56th ............ ​ | ​1899-1901 ​ ​| ​ 90| 26| 53| 11| ........| ​ 357| 163| 185| 9| ........||
- | 57th ............ ​ | ​19011903 ​ ​| ​ 90| 29| 56| 3| 2| 357| 153| 198| 5| 1|| + | 57th ............ ​ | ​1901-1903 ​ ​| ​ 90| 29| 56| 3| 2| 357| 153| 198| 5| 1||
- | 58th ............ ​ | ​19031905 ​ ​| ​ 90| 32| 58| ........| ​ ........| ​ 386| 178| 207| ........| ​ 1|| + | 58th ............ ​ | ​1903-1905 ​ ​| ​ 90| 32| 58| ........| ​ ........| ​ 386| 178| 207| ........| ​ 1||
- | 59th ............ ​ | ​19051907 ​ ​| ​ 90| 32| 58| ........| ​ ........| ​ 386| 136| 250| ........| ​ ........|| + | 59th ............ ​ | ​1905-1907 ​ ​| ​ 90| 32| 58| ........| ​ ........| ​ 386| 136| 250| ........| ​ ........||
- | 60th ............ ​ | ​19071909 ​ ​| ​ 92| 29| 61| ........| ​ 2| 386| 164| 222| ........| ​ ........|| + | 60th ............ ​ | ​1907-1909 ​ ​| ​ 92| 29| 61| ........| ​ 2| 386| 164| 222| ........| ​ ........||
- | 61st ............ ​ | ​19091911 ​ ​| ​ 92| 32| 59| ........| ​ 1| 391| 172| 219| ........| ​ ........|| + | 61st ............ ​ | ​1909-1911 ​ ​| ​ 92| 32| 59| ........| ​ 1| 391| 172| 219| ........| ​ ........||
- | 62d ............. ​ | ​19111913 ​ ​| ​ 92| 42| 49| ........| ​ 1| 391| 228| 162| 1| ........|| + | 62d ............. ​ | ​1911-1913 ​ ​| ​ 92| 42| 49| ........| ​ 1| 391| 228| 162| 1| ........||
- | 63d ............. ​ | ​19131915 ​ ​| ​ 96| 51| 44| 1| ........| ​ 435| 290| 127| 18| ........|| + | 63d ............. ​ | ​1913-1915 ​ ​| ​ 96| 51| 44| 1| ........| ​ 435| 290| 127| 18| ........||
- | 64th ............ ​ | ​19151917 ​ ​| ​ 96| 56| 39| 1| ........| ​ 435| 231| 193| 8| 3|| + | 64th ............ ​ | ​1915-1917 ​ ​| ​ 96| 56| 39| 1| ........| ​ 435| 231| 193| 8| 3||
- | 65th ............ ​ | ​19171919 ​ ​| ​ 96| 53| 42| 1| ........| ​ 435| ((Democrats organized House with help of other parties.)) 210| 216| 9| ........|| + | 65th ............ ​ | ​1917-1919 ​ ​| ​ 96| 53| 42| 1| ........| ​ 435| ((Democrats organized House with help of other parties.)) 210| 216| 9| ........||
- | 66th ............ ​ | ​19191921 ​ ​| ​ 96| 47| 48| 1| ........| ​ 435| 191| 237| 7| ........|| + | 66th ............ ​ | ​1919-1921 ​ ​| ​ 96| 47| 48| 1| ........| ​ 435| 191| 237| 7| ........||
- | 67th ............ ​ | ​19211923 ​ ​| ​ 96| 37| 59| ........| ​ ........| ​ 435| 132| 300| 1| 2|| + | 67th ............ ​ | ​1921-1923 ​ ​| ​ 96| 37| 59| ........| ​ ........| ​ 435| 132| 300| 1| 2||
- | 68th ............ ​ | ​19231925 ​ ​| ​ 96| 43| 51| 2| ........| ​ 435| 207| 225| 3| ........|| + | 68th ............ ​ | ​1923-1925 ​ ​| ​ 96| 43| 51| 2| ........| ​ 435| 207| 225| 3| ........||
- | 69th ............ ​ | ​19251927 ​ ​| ​ 96| 40| 54| 1| 1| 435| 183| 247| 5| ........|| + | 69th ............ ​ | ​1925-1927 ​ ​| ​ 96| 40| 54| 1| 1| 435| 183| 247| 5| ........||
- | 70th ............ ​ | ​19271929 ​ ​| ​ 96| 47| 48| 1| ........| ​ 435| 195| 237| 3| ........|| + | 70th ............ ​ | ​1927-1929 ​ ​| ​ 96| 47| 48| 1| ........| ​ 435| 195| 237| 3| ........||
- | 71st ............ ​ | ​19291931 ​ ​| ​ 96| 39| 56| 1| ........| ​ 435| 163| 267| 1| 4|| + | 71st ............ ​ | ​1929-1931 ​ ​| ​ 96| 39| 56| 1| ........| ​ 435| 163| 267| 1| 4||
- | 72d ............. ​ | ​19311933 ​ ​| ​ 96| 47| 48| 1| ........| ​ 435| ((Democrats organized House because of Republican deaths.)) 216| 218| 1| ........|| + | 72d ............. ​ | ​1931-1933 ​ ​| ​ 96| 47| 48| 1| ........| ​ 435| ((Democrats organized House because of Republican deaths.)) 216| 218| 1| ........||
- | 73d ............. ​ | ​19331935 ​ ​| ​ 96| 59| 36| 1| ........| ​ 435| 313| 117| 5| ........|| + | 73d ............. ​ | ​1933-1935 ​ ​| ​ 96| 59| 36| 1| ........| ​ 435| 313| 117| 5| ........||
- | 74th ............ ​ | ​19351937 ​ ​| ​ 96| 69| 25| 2| ........| ​ 435| 322| 103| 10| ........|| + | 74th ............ ​ | ​1935-1937 ​ ​| ​ 96| 69| 25| 2| ........| ​ 435| 322| 103| 10| ........||
- | 75th ............ ​ | ​19371939 ​ ​| ​ 96| 75| 17| 4| ........| ​ 435| 333| 89| 13| ........|| + | 75th ............ ​ | ​1937-1939 ​ ​| ​ 96| 75| 17| 4| ........| ​ 435| 333| 89| 13| ........||
- | 76th ............ ​ | ​19391941 ​ ​| ​ 96| 69| 23| 4| ........| ​ 435| 262| 169| 4| ........|| + | 76th ............ ​ | ​1939-1941 ​ ​| ​ 96| 69| 23| 4| ........| ​ 435| 262| 169| 4| ........||
- | 77th ............ ​ | ​19411943 ​ ​| ​ 96| 66| 28| 2| ........| ​ 435| 267| 162| 6| ........|| + | 77th ............ ​ | ​1941-1943 ​ ​| ​ 96| 66| 28| 2| ........| ​ 435| 267| 162| 6| ........||
- | 78th ............ ​ | ​19431945 ​ ​| ​ 96| 57| 38| 1| ........| ​ 435| 222| 209| 4| ........|| + | 78th ............ ​ | ​1943-1945 ​ ​| ​ 96| 57| 38| 1| ........| ​ 435| 222| 209| 4| ........||
- | 79th ............ ​ | ​19451947 ​ ​| ​ 96| 57| 38| 1| ........| ​ 435| 243| 190| 2| ........|| + | 79th ............ ​ | ​1945-1947 ​ ​| ​ 96| 57| 38| 1| ........| ​ 435| 243| 190| 2| ........||
- | 80th ............ ​ | ​19471949 ​ ​| ​ 96| 45| 51| ........| ​ ........| ​ 435| 188| 246| 1| ........|| + | 80th ............ ​ | ​1947-1949 ​ ​| ​ 96| 45| 51| ........| ​ ........| ​ 435| 188| 246| 1| ........||
- | 81st ............ ​ | ​19491951 ​ ​| ​ 96| 54| 42| ........| ​ ........| ​ 435| 263| 171| 1| ........|| + | 81st ............ ​ | ​1949-1951 ​ ​| ​ 96| 54| 42| ........| ​ ........| ​ 435| 263| 171| 1| ........||
- | 82d ............. ​ | ​19511953 ​ ​| ​ 96| 48| 47| 1| ........| ​ 435| 234| 199| 2| ........|| + | 82d ............. ​ | ​1951-1953 ​ ​| ​ 96| 48| 47| 1| ........| ​ 435| 234| 199| 2| ........||
- | 83d ............. ​ | ​19531955 ​ ​| ​ 96| 46| 48| 2| ........| ​ 435| 213| 221| 1| ........|| + | 83d ............. ​ | ​1953-1955 ​ ​| ​ 96| 46| 48| 2| ........| ​ 435| 213| 221| 1| ........||
- | 84th ............ ​ | ​19551957 ​ ​| ​ 96| 48| 47| 1| ........| ​ 435| 232| 203| ........| ​ ........|| + | 84th ............ ​ | ​1955-1957 ​ ​| ​ 96| 48| 47| 1| ........| ​ 435| 232| 203| ........| ​ ........||
- | 85th ............ ​ | ​19571959 ​ ​| ​ 96| 49| 47| ........| ​ ........| ​ 435| 234| 201| ........| ​ ........|| + | 85th ............ ​ | ​1957-1959 ​ ​| ​ 96| 49| 47| ........| ​ ........| ​ 435| 234| 201| ........| ​ ........||
- | 86th ............ ​ | ​19591961 ​ ​| ​ 98| 64| 34| ........| ​ ........| ​ (( Proclamation declaring Alaska a State issued January 3, 1959.)) 436| 283| 153| ........| ​ ........|| + | 86th ............ ​ | ​1959-1961 ​ ​| ​ 98| 64| 34| ........| ​ ........| ​ (( Proclamation declaring Alaska a State issued January 3, 1959.)) 436| 283| 153| ........| ​ ........||
- | 87th ............ ​ | ​19611963 ​ ​| ​ 100| 64| 36| ........| ​ ........| ​ ((Proclamation declaring Hawaii a State issued August 21, 1959.)) 437| 262| 175| ........| ​ ........|| + | 87th ............ ​ | ​1961-1963 ​ ​| ​ 100| 64| 36| ........| ​ ........| ​ ((Proclamation declaring Hawaii a State issued August 21, 1959.)) 437| 262| 175| ........| ​ ........||
- | 88th ............ ​ | ​19631965 ​ ​| ​ 100| 67| 33| ........| ​ ........| ​ 435| 258| 176| ........| ​ 1|| + | 88th ............ ​ | ​1963-1965 ​ ​| ​ 100| 67| 33| ........| ​ ........| ​ 435| 258| 176| ........| ​ 1||
- | 89th ............ ​ | ​19651967 ​ ​| ​ 100| 68| 32| ........| ​ ........| ​ 435| 295| 140| ........| ​ ........|| + | 89th ............ ​ | ​1965-1967 ​ ​| ​ 100| 68| 32| ........| ​ ........| ​ 435| 295| 140| ........| ​ ........||
- | 90th ............ ​ | ​19671969 ​ ​| ​ 100| 64| 36| ........| ​ ........| ​ 435| 248| 187| ........| ​ ........|| + | 90th ............ ​ | ​1967-1969 ​ ​| ​ 100| 64| 36| ........| ​ ........| ​ 435| 248| 187| ........| ​ ........||
- | 91st ............ ​ | ​19691971 ​ ​| ​ 100| 58| 42| ........| ​ ........| ​ 435| 243| 192| ........| ​ ........|| + | 91st ............ ​ | ​1969-1971 ​ ​| ​ 100| 58| 42| ........| ​ ........| ​ 435| 243| 192| ........| ​ ........||
- | 92d ............. ​ | ​19711973 ​ ​| ​ 100| 54| 44| 2| ........| ​ 435| 255| 180| ........| ​ ........|| + | 92d ............. ​ | ​1971-1973 ​ ​| ​ 100| 54| 44| 2| ........| ​ 435| 255| 180| ........| ​ ........||
POLITICAL DIVISIONS OF THE SENATE AND HOUSE FROM 1855 TO 2003—Continued POLITICAL DIVISIONS OF THE SENATE AND HOUSE FROM 1855 TO 2003—Continued
Line 1757: Line 1733:
- | 93d ............. ​ | ​19731975 ​ ​| ​ 100| 56| 42| 2| ........ ​ | 435| 242|192| ​ 1| ........|| + | 93d ............. ​ | ​1973-1975 ​ ​| ​ 100| 56| 42| 2| ........ ​ | 435| 242|192| ​ 1| ........||
- | 94th ............ ​ | ​19751977 ​ ​| ​ 100| 60| 37| 2| ........ ​ | 435| 291|144| ​ 1| ........|| + | 94th ............ ​ | ​1975-1977 ​ ​| ​ 100| 60| 37| 2| ........ ​ | 435| 291|144| ​ 1| ........||
- | 95th ............ ​ | ​19771979 ​ ​| ​ 100| 61| 38| 1| ........ ​ | 435| 292|143| ​ ........| ​ ........|| + | 95th ............ ​ | ​1977-1979 ​ ​| ​ 100| 61| 38| 1| ........ ​ | 435| 292|143| ​ ........| ​ ........||
- | 96th ............ ​ | ​19791981 ​ ​| ​ 100| 58| 41| 1| ........ ​ | 435| 277|158| ​ ........| ​ ........|| + | 96th ............ ​ | ​1979-1981 ​ ​| ​ 100| 58| 41| 1| ........ ​ | 435| 277|158| ​ ........| ​ ........||
- | 97th ............ ​ | ​19811983 ​ ​| ​ 100| 46| 53| 1| ........ ​ | 435| 242|192| ​ 1| ........|| + | 97th ............ ​ | ​1981-1983 ​ ​| ​ 100| 46| 53| 1| ........ ​ | 435| 242|192| ​ 1| ........||
- | 98th ............ ​ | ​19831985 ​ ​| ​ 100| 46| 54| ........| ​ ........ ​ | 435| 269|166| ​ ........| ​ ........|| + | 98th ............ ​ | ​1983-1985 ​ ​| ​ 100| 46| 54| ........| ​ ........ ​ | 435| 269|166| ​ ........| ​ ........||
- | 99th ............ ​ | ​19851987 ​ ​| ​ 100| 47| 53| ........| ​ ........ ​ | 435| 253|182| ​ ........| ​ ........|| + | 99th ............ ​ | ​1985-1987 ​ ​| ​ 100| 47| 53| ........| ​ ........ ​ | 435| 253|182| ​ ........| ​ ........||
- | 100th .......... ​ | ​19871989 ​ ​| ​ 100| 55| 45| ........| ​ ........ ​ | 435| 258|177| ​ ........| ​ ........|| + | 100th .......... ​ | ​1987-1989 ​ ​| ​ 100| 55| 45| ........| ​ ........ ​ | 435| 258|177| ​ ........| ​ ........||
- | 101st .......... ​ | ​19891991 ​ ​| ​ 100| 55| 45| ........| ​ ........ ​ | 435| 260|175| ​ ........| ​ ........|| + | 101st .......... ​ | ​1989-1991 ​ ​| ​ 100| 55| 45| ........| ​ ........ ​ | 435| 260|175| ​ ........| ​ ........||
- | 102d ........... ​ | ​19911993 ​ ​| ​ 100| 56| 44| ........| ​ ........ ​ | 435| 267|167| ​ 1| ........|| + | 102d ........... ​ | ​1991-1993 ​ ​| ​ 100| 56| 44| ........| ​ ........ ​ | 435| 267|167| ​ 1| ........||
- | 103d ........... ​ | ​19931995 ​ ​| ​ 100| 57| 43| ........| ​ ........ ​ | 435| 258|176| ​ 1| ........|| + | 103d ........... ​ | ​1993-1995 ​ ​| ​ 100| 57| 43| ........| ​ ........ ​ | 435| 258|176| ​ 1| ........||
- | 104th .......... ​ | ​19951997 ​ ​| ​ 100| 48| 52| ........| ​ ........ ​ | 435| 204|230| ​ 1| ........|| + | 104th .......... ​ | ​1995-1997 ​ ​| ​ 100| 48| 52| ........| ​ ........ ​ | 435| 204|230| ​ 1| ........||
- | 105th .......... ​ | ​19971999 ​ ​| ​ 100| 45| 55| ........| ​ ........ ​ | 435| 207|226| ​ 2| ........|| + | 105th .......... ​ | ​1997-1999 ​ ​| ​ 100| 45| 55| ........| ​ ........ ​ | 435| 207|226| ​ 2| ........||
- | 106th .......... ​ | ​19992001 ​ ​| ​ 100| 45| 55| ........| ​ ........ ​ | 435| 211|223| ​ 1| ........|| + | 106th .......... ​ | ​1999-2001 ​ ​| ​ 100| 45| 55| ........| ​ ........ ​ | 435| 211|223| ​ 1| ........||
- | 107th .......... ​ | ​20012003 ​ ​| ​ 100| 50| 50| ........| ​ ........ ​ | 435| 212|221| ​ 2| ........|| + | 107th .......... ​ | ​2001-2003 ​ ​| ​ 100| 50| 50| ........| ​ ........ ​ | 435| 212|221| ​ 2| ........||
- | 108th .......... ​ | ​20032005 ​ ​| ​ 100| 48| 51| 1| ........ ​ | 435| 204|229| ​ 1| 1|| + | 108th .......... ​ | ​2003-2005 ​ ​| ​ 100| 48| 51| 1| ........ ​ | 435| 204|229| ​ 1| 1||
Line 2685: Line 2661:
- Acts of Congress*	4750, 66, 67, 7074, 8889, 99103, 166, 167 + Acts of Congress*	47-50, 66, 67, 7074, 88-89, 99-103, 166, 167
- Adjournment of Congress*	71, ​99103 + Adjournment of Congress*	71, ​99-103
Amendments to the Constitution* (//See// Constitution. The complete text of Amendments to the Constitution* (//See// Constitution. The complete text of
Line 2699: Line 2675:
Appendix)	18,​ 19 Appendix)	18,​ 19
- Appropriation*	4850, 122 + Appropriation*	48-50, 122
- Armed Forces	53, 56, 57, 9698 + Armed Forces	53, 56, 57, 96-98
Architect of the Capitol	42 Architect of the Capitol	42
Line 2711: Line 2687:
Bill of Rights* (//See also// Constitution. The complete text of the U.S. Constitution,​ with its amendments, is printed in the Appendix)	5,​ 7, 8 Bill of Rights* (//See also// Constitution. The complete text of the U.S. Constitution,​ with its amendments, is printed in the Appendix)	5,​ 7, 8
- Bills in Congress*	7075, 80, 166, 167 + Bills in Congress*	70-75, 80, 166, 167
Bipartisanship*Budget*	42,​ 43, 44, 51, 52 Bipartisanship*Budget*	42,​ 43, 44, 51, 52
Line 2729: Line 2705:
Checks and Balances	13,​ 143 Checks and Balances	13,​ 143
- Civil Service System	124126 + Civil Service System	124-126
Citizenship	3,​ 151 Citizenship	3,​ 151
Line 2743: Line 2719:
Confirmation*	53,​ 54 Confirmation*	53,​ 54
- Congress* (//See also// Congressional Committees, Congressional Process, Congressional Rules, House, Senate)	1491 + Congress* (//See also// Congressional Committees, Congressional Process, Congressional Rules, House, Senate)	14-91
- Constitutional Powers	5357 + Constitutional Powers	53-57
Joint Sessions*	76 Joint Sessions*	76
Line 2765: Line 2741:
Other types	37 Other types	37
- Congressional Committees	7991 + Congressional Committees	79-91
- Appropriations Committees	4850 + Appropriations Committees	48-50
Budget Committee	43,​ 51, 52 Budget Committee	43,​ 51, 52
Line 2775: Line 2751:
Conference Committee	80 Conference Committee	80
- Hearings	8890 + Hearings	88-90
Joint Committees	87 Joint Committees	87
- Legislation	4753, 7074 + Legislation	47-53, 70-74
Ranking Minority Member	91 Ranking Minority Member	91
Line 2787: Line 2763:
Select Committees	79,​ 86 Select Committees	79,​ 86
- Seniority Rule	91 + Seniority Rule	91
- Standing Committees	79, ​8185 + Standing Committees	79, ​81-85
Congressional Districts	18,​ 19 Congressional Districts	18,​ 19
Line 2799: Line 2775:
Appendix) Appendix)
- Congressional Documents	75,​ 158, 160, 166168 + Congressional Documents	75,​ 158, 160, 166-168
Congressional Globe	75 Congressional Globe	75
Line 2805: Line 2781:
Congressional Interns and Volunteers	45 Congressional Interns and Volunteers	45
- Congressional Process and Powers	4778 99103, 106107, 117118, 121123, + Congressional Process and Powers	47-78 99-103, 106-107, 117-118, 121-123,
- 128, 131, 132, 138141, 143, 144 + 128, 131, 132, 138-141, 143, 144
- Appropriations*	4850, 122 + Appropriations*	48-50, 122
Authorizations*	49,​ 122 Authorizations*	49,​ 122
- Budget	51, 52, 103 + Budget	51, 52, 103
Confirmation	54 Confirmation	54
- Hearings*	8890 + Hearings*	88-90
Oversight	14,​ 123, 128 Oversight	14,​ 123, 128
Line 2823: Line 2799:
Tax Bills	47 Tax Bills	47
- Congressional Record	75, 166, 167 + Congressional Record	75, 166, 167
- Congressional Research Service	4244 + Congressional Research Service	42-44
- Congressional Rules*	5878 + Congressional Rules*	58-78
- Acts of Congress	7075, 80, 166, 167 + Acts of Congress	70-75, 80, 166, 167
- Bills and other measures	7075, 80, 166, 167 + Bills and other measures	70-75, 80, 166, 167
Calendars*	166,​ 167 Calendars*	166,​ 167
Line 2857: Line 2833:
Congressional Service Organizations and Caucuses	37 Congressional Service Organizations and Caucuses	37
- Congressional Support Agencies	4244 + Congressional Support Agencies	42-44
- Congressional Staff and Services	4246 + Congressional Staff and Services	42-46
Constitution* (//See also// the complete text of the U.S. Constitution,​ with its Constitution* (//See also// the complete text of the U.S. Constitution,​ with its
Line 2893: Line 2869:
Discharge Petition* Discharge Petition*
- Election to Office (//See also// Electoral College)	146153 + Election to Office (//See also// Electoral College)	146-153
Administration of Elections	152 Administration of Elections	152
Line 2899: Line 2875:
Election Day	153 Election Day	153
- President	106,​ 107, 114, 146149 + President	106,​ 107, 114, 146-149
Representatives	15,​ 18, 19, 23, 150 Representatives	15,​ 18, 19, 23, 150
Line 2905: Line 2881:
Senators	15,​ 23, 150 Senators	15,​ 23, 150
- Vice President	114,​ 115, 146148 + Vice President	114,​ 115, 146-148
Voter Qualifications	151 Voter Qualifications	151
- Electoral College	114115, 147149 + Electoral College	114-115, 147-149
%%''​%%Equal Justice Under the Law%%''​%%	130 %%''​%%Equal Justice Under the Law%%''​%%	130
- Executive Branch	92126 + Executive Branch	92-126
- Executive Departments and Agencies (//See also// Cabinet)	121126 + Executive Departments and Agencies (//See also// Cabinet)	121-126
Executive Journal of House and Senate	75 Executive Journal of House and Senate	75
Line 2931: Line 2907:
Filibuster (//See// Senate, Debate) Filibuster (//See// Senate, Debate)
- Freedom of Information Act	162165 + Freedom of Information Act	162-165
- General Accounting Office	4244 + General Accounting Office	42-44
Gerrymandering* (//See// Congressional Districts) Gerrymandering* (//See// Congressional Districts)
Line 2939: Line 2915:
Government Printing Office	42, 167 Government Printing Office	42, 167
- House of Representatives	1430, 3338, 41 + House of Representatives	14-30, 33-38, 41
Legislative Counsel	44 Legislative Counsel	44
- Officers of House	2630 + Officers of House	26-30
- Majority Party	3336, 64, 65 + Majority Party	33-36, 64, 65
- Minority Party	3336, 64, 65 + Minority Party	33-36, 64, 65
Quorum*	60 Quorum*	60
Line 2955: Line 2931:
Impeachment and Removal from Office: Impeachment and Removal from Office:
- Justices and Judges	53, 55, 142144 + Justices and Judges	53, 55, 142-144
President, Vice President and other U.S. Officers	53,​ 55, 109 President, Vice President and other U.S. Officers	53,​ 55, 109
Line 2961: Line 2937:
Independent Agencies and Commissions	127,​ 128 Independent Agencies and Commissions	127,​ 128
- Information Resources	154169 + Information Resources	154-169
- Judicial Branch (//See also// Justices and Judges)	129145 + Judicial Branch (//See also// Justices and Judges)	129-145
- Appeals Courts	131139 + Appeals Courts	131-139
District Courts	131, 138 District Courts	131, 138
Line 2971: Line 2947:
Justice System	129, 130 Justice System	129, 130
- Special Courts	140 + Special Courts	140
- Supreme Court	131137 + Supreme Court	131-137
- Justices and Judges	141145 + Justices and Judges	141-145
- Impeachment and Removal	142144 + Impeachment and Removal	142-144
Oath of Office	145 Oath of Office	145
Line 2989: Line 2965:
Qualifications	141 Qualifications	141
- Tenure	142144 + Tenure	142-144
%%''​%%Lame Duck%%''​%% Amendment	11,​ 104 %%''​%%Lame Duck%%''​%% Amendment	11,​ 104
- Legislative Branch (//See also// Congress)	1491 + Legislative Branch (//See also// Congress)	14-91
Legislative Counsel in House and Senate	44 Legislative Counsel in House and Senate	44
Line 3007: Line 2983:
National Agricultural Library	161 National Agricultural Library	161
- National Library of Medicine	161 + National Library of Medicine	161
Presidential Libraries	157 Presidential Libraries	157
Line 3015: Line 2991:
Delegates	18,​ 21 Delegates	18,​ 21
- Misconduct and Punishments	24,​ 25 + Misconduct and Punishments	24, 25
Qualifications	15 Qualifications	15
Line 3027: Line 3003:
Memorials* Memorials*
- Merit Systems	124126 + Merit Systems	124-126
- National Archives	74,​ 75, 154157, 168 + National Archives	74,​ 75, 154-157, 168
Nomination (//See// Confirmation) Nomination (//See// Confirmation)
Line 3035: Line 3011:
Oaths of Office: Oaths of Office:
- Members of Congress	24 + Members of Congress	24
Justices and Judges	145 Justices and Judges	145
Line 3063: Line 3039:
Assassinations of	113 Assassinations of	113
- Constitutional Powers	54, 56, 57, 96103, 117 + Constitutional Powers	54, 56, 57, 96-103, 117
- Election	106,​ 107, 112114, 146149 + Election	106,​ 107, 112-114, 146-149
Executive Office of the President	93 Executive Office of the President	93
Line 3077: Line 3053:
Oath	108 Oath	108
- Papers	156158 + Papers	156-158
Powers and Roles	94, 96, 97 Powers and Roles	94, 96, 97
Line 3091: Line 3067:
Term	11, 94, 104 Term	11, 94, 104
- Vacancy, Disability, Succession	109114 + Vacancy, Disability, Succession	109-114
Line 3103: Line 3079:
Qualifications:​ Qualifications:​
- Members of Congress	15 + Members of Congress	15
Justices	141 Justices	141
Line 3109: Line 3085:
President	105,​ 116 President	105,​ 116
- Vice President	116 + Vice President	116
Voters	151 Voters	151
Line 3153: Line 3129:
- Majority Party	3136, 65 + Majority Party	31-36, 65
- Minority Party	3136, 65 + Minority Party	31-36, 65
Officers	32 Officers	32
Line 3181: Line 3157:
//Sine Die//* (//See //​Adjournment) //Sine Die//* (//See //​Adjournment)
- Speaker of the House	26, ​2830, 36, 38, 41, 64, 69, 109, 110 + Speaker of the House	26, ​28-30, 36, 38, 41, 64, 69, 109, 110
State of the Union Address	118 State of the Union Address	118
- Statutes at Large* (//See also// Acts of Congress)	7274 + Statutes at Large* (//See also// Acts of Congress)	72-74
- Supreme Court	130137 + Supreme Court	130-137
Opinions and Decisions	136,​ 137 Opinions and Decisions	136,​ 137
Line 3209: Line 3185:
Senate	23 Senate	23
- President	109113 + President	109-113
President-elect	114 President-elect	114
Line 3217: Line 3193:
Vice President-elect	114 Vice President-elect	114
- Veto by President*	72,​ 73, 96, 99103 + Veto by President*	72,​ 73, 96, 99-103
Vice President: Vice President:
- Election	115, ​146148 + Election	115, ​146-148
Impeachment	53,​ 55 Impeachment	53,​ 55
Line 3231: Line 3207:
Resignation	111 Resignation	111
- Succession	109116 + Succession	109-116
Term	11, 104 Term	11, 104
Line 3243: Line 3219:
War Powers* (//See also// Armed Forces; President)	53,​ 56, 57, 96, 98 War Powers* (//See also// Armed Forces; President)	53,​ 56, 57, 96, 98
documents/external/our-american-government-2003.txt · Last modified: 2019/11/16 01:20 by Oliver Wolcott