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Halcyon Lines v. Haen Ship. & Refitting Corp. (full text) :: 342 U.S. 282 (1952) :: Justia U.S. Supreme Court Center Log In
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Halcyon Lines v. Haen Ship. & Refitting Corp. 342 U.S. 282 (1952)
U.S. Supreme CourtHalcyon Lines v. Haen Ship. & Refitting Corp., 342 U.S. 282 (1952)Halcyon Lines v. Haen Ship. & Refitting Corp.Argued November 27, 1951Decided January 14, 1952*342 U.S. 282CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
The case is stated in the opinion. Reversed and remanded, p. 342 U. S. 287. Page 342 U. S. 283
Halcyon Lines [Footnote 1] hired the Haenn Ship Ceiling and Refitting Corporation [Footnote 2] to make repairs on Halcyon's ship, which was moored in navigable waters. Salvador Baccile, an employee of Haenn, was injured aboard ship while engaged in making these repairs. Alleging that his injuries were caused by Halcyon's negligence and the unseaworthiness of its vessel, he brought this action for damages against Halcyon in the United States District Court. On the ground that Haenn's negligence had contributed to the injuries, Halcyon brought Haenn in as a third-party defendant. By agreement of all parties, a $65,000 judgment was rendered for Baccile and paid by Halcyon. Despite Haenn's protest, the district judge allowed the introduction of evidence tending to show the relative degree of fault of the two parties. On this evidence, the jury returned a special verdict finding Haenn 75% and Halcyon 25% responsible. The district judge refused to follow this jury determination, and entered judgment in accordance with his conclusion that there was a general rule governing maritime torts such as this under which each joint tortfeasor must pay half the damages. Baccile v. Halcyon Lines, 89 F.Supp. 765. The Court of Appeals agreed that a right of contribution existed in this case, but held that it could not exceed the amount Haenn would have been compelled to pay Baccile had he elected to claim compensation under the Longshoremen's and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act, 44 Stat. 1424, 33 U.S.C. § 901 et seq. 187 F.2d 403. We granted certiorari because of the conflicting views taken by the circuits as to Page 342 U. S. 284 the existence of and the extent to which contribution can be obtained in cases such as this. [Footnote 3] 342 U.S. 809.
Where two vessels collide due to the fault of both, it is established admiralty doctrine that the mutual wrongdoers shall share equally the damages sustained by each, as well as personal injury and property damage inflicted on innocent third parties. This maritime rule is of ancient origin, and has been applied in many cases, [Footnote 4] but this Court has never expressly applied it to non-collision cases. [Footnote 5] Halcyon now urges us to extend it to non-collision cases and to allow a contribution here based upon the relative degree of fault of Halcyon and Haenn as found by the jury. Haenn urges us to hold that there is no right of contribution, or, in the alternative, that the right be based upon an equal division of all damages. Both parties claim that the decision below limiting an employer's liability for contribution to those uncertain amounts recoverable under the Harbor Workers' Act is impractical and undesirable. Page 342 U. S. 285
We have concluded that it would be unwise to attempt to fashion new judicial rules of contribution, and that the solution of this problem should await congressional action. Congress has already enacted much legislation in the area of maritime personal injuries. [Footnote 10] For example, under the Harbor Workers' Act, Congress has made fault unimportant in determining the employer's responsibility to his employee; Congress has made further inroads on Page 342 U. S. 286 traditional court law by abolition of the defenses of contributory negligence and assumption of risk and by the creation of a statutory schedule of compensation. The Harbor Workers' Act, in turn, must be integrated with other acts such as the Jones Act, 41 Stat. 1007, 46 U.S.C. § 688, the Public Vessels Act, 43 Stat. 1112, 46 U.S.C. §§ 781-790, the Limited Liability Act, R.S. § 4281, as amended, 46 U.S.C. § 181 et seq., and the Harter Act, 27 Stat. 445, 46 U.S.C. §§ 190-195. Many groups of persons with varying interests are vitally concerned with the proper functioning and administration of all these Acts as an integrated whole. We think that legislative consideration and action can best bring about a fair accommodation of the diverse but related interests of these groups. The legislative process is peculiarly adapted to determine which of the many possible solutions to this problem would be most beneficial in the long run. A legislative inquiry might show that neither carriers, shippers, employees, nor casualty insurance companies desire such a change to be made. The record before us is silent as to the wishes of employees, carriers, and shippers; it only shows that the Halcyon Line is in favor of such a change in order to relieve itself of a part of its burden in this particular lawsuit. Apparently insurance companies are opposed to such a change. [Footnote 11] Should a legislative inquiry convince Congress that a right to contribution among joint tortfeasors is desirable, there would still be much doubt as to whether application of the rule or the amount of contribution should be limited by the Harbor Workers' Act, [Footnote 12] or should be based on an equal division Page 342 U. S. 287 of damages, or should be relatively apportioned in accordance with the degree of fault of the parties.
The North Star, 106 U. S. 17, 106 U. S. 21, traces the doctrine back to the Rules of Oleron and the laws of Wisbuy. See also The Washington, 9 Wall. 513; The Alabama, 92 U. S. 695; The Atlas, 93 U. S. 302; The Chattahoochee, 173 U. S. 540, 173 U. S. 551-555.