Source: https://www.scribd.com/document/50940410/monsanto-beats
Timestamp: 2017-02-21 03:52:30
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Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 7701', 'art 340', '§ 340', 'art. 7', '§ 340', '§ 2', '§ 7701', '§ 7711', '§ 340', '§ 372', 'art 340', '§ 1508', '§ 4321', '§ 1507', '§ 1508', '§ 4332', 'art 340', 'art 340', 'art 340', 'art 2', 'art 1', 'art 2', 'art 1']

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CENTER FOR FOOD SAFETY; ORGANIC SEED ALLIANCE; SIERRA CLUB; HIGH MOWING ORGANIC SEEDS, Plaintiffs - Appellees, v. THOMAS J. VILSACK, Defendant, and MONSANTO COMPANY; AMERICAN CRYSTAL SUGAR COMPANY; SYNGENTA SEEDS, INC.; BETASEED, INC., Intervenor-Defendants Appellants.
No. 10-17719 D.C. No. 3:10-cv-04038-JSW
CENTER FOR FOOD SAFETY; ORGANIC SEED ALLIANCE; SIERRA CLUB; HIGH MOWING ORGANIC SEEDS, Plaintiffs - Appellees,
No. 10-17722 D.C. No. 3:10-cv-04038-JSW
v. THOMAS J. VILSACK, Defendant - Appellant, and MONSANTO COMPANY; AMERICAN CRYSTAL SUGAR COMPANY; SYNGENTA SEEDS, INC.; BETASEED, INC., Intervenor-Defendants.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of California Jeffrey S. White, District Judge, Presiding Argued and Submitted February 15, 2011 San Francisco, California Filed Before: SCHROEDER and THOMAS, Circuit Judges, and BENNETT, District Judge.* Opinion by Judge Sidney R. Thomas THOMAS, Circuit Judge:
The Honorable Mark W. Bennett, District Judge for the U.S. District Court for Northern Iowa, Sioux City, sitting by designation. 2
it took a trade blockade in the Napoleonic era to accelerate the production of sugar from beets. At present. the United States meets the considerable demand for domestic refined sugar by producing refined sugar from domestic sugar beets.The Department of Agriculture’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (“APHIS”) and Intervenors Monsanto et al. exclaimed in 1600 of the sugar beet that “this choice food yields a juice like sugar syrup when cooked. the father of French agriculture.” More than a century later. we reverse and vacate the preliminary injunction and direct that the permits be given full force and effect. and importing refined cane sugar. refining raw cane sugar produced by domestic and foreign sugarcane producers. the German scientist Andreas Marggraf demonstrated that the sweet-tasting crystals obtained from beet juice were the same as those from sugar cane. Necessity being the mother of invention. appeal the district court’s decision granting a preliminary injunction that mandates the destruction of juvenile Roundup Ready sugar beets planted pursuant to permits issued by the agency. I Olivier de Serres. About 44% of the domestic refined sugar supply comes from
. Because the plaintiffs have failed to demonstrate irreparable harm.
” i. Early in its development. 4
. it is known as a “steckling. a small. such as table beets and Swiss chard.
The production of refined sugar from sugar beets follows a four-year cycle.1 If allowed to reach the reproductive stage. the pulp is used for food. a sugar beet uses the stored sugar to grow a seed stalk. considerable. For example. processed in winter 2011–2012. maximizing their sugar content. the commercial seed crop planted in fall 2010 would be harvested for commercial seed in fall 2011. juvenile seedling that has grown neither a root nor seeds. a process known as “bolting. When the beet matures.e. the beet crop would be harvested. its root is harvested and processed into sugar. The sugar beet is a biennial crop which develops a sugar-rich tap root in the first year (the vegetative stage) and a flowering seed stalk in the second year (the reproductive stage). and become the refined sugar supply in 2013. and planted in spring 2012 for sugar beet (root) production.sugar beets. and they are sexually compatible with certain other beet (beta vulgaris) crops. Sugar beets grown for their root crop are grown only through the vegetative stage.” Sugar beets are largely wind pollinated. The contribution of the sugar beet to the national agricultural economy is. In fall 2012. to say the least. processed. though their pollen may also be dispersed by insects.
the parent company of Betaseed. 7 U. In 1988. environment. Monsanto owns the intellectual property in the gene for glyphosate tolerance. § 7701 et seq. Monsanto and KWS SAAT AG (“KWS”).C. and economy of the United States from “plant 5
. Together. they developed a particular variety of Roundup Ready sugar beet. KWS inserted that gene into sugar beets.S. The sugar produced from Roundup Ready sugar beets is identical to sugar processed from conventional sugar beets. developed Roundup Ready sugar beets. With the Roundup Ready sugar beet’s glyphosate-tolerant trait.. including “Roundup” products. the active ingredient in “Roundup” herbicides.Weeds significantly reduce sugar beet yields and constitute a serious problem for farmers. to stop weeds from germinating. called “event H7-1. which are genetically engineered to tolerate glyphosate. Congress passed the Plant Protection Act. and has been approved for food safety in the United States and the European Union. II The development of Roundup Ready sugar beets is subject to federal regulation. Farmers often use herbicides. to protect the agriculture.” by transforming a KWS proprietary line of sugar beets. farmers can treat their fields with Roundup products to eliminate weeds without harming the (resistant) sugar beets.
1 (“Part 340”). and the Secretary has delegated that authority to APHIS. § 340.0(a). 340. In addition.S. see also Monsanto v. As regulated articles.” Id. in whole or in part. 7 C.6. 2750 (2010) (describing regulatory scheme).1. §§ 340.e. ---. Geertson Seed Farms.R.22(a). 340. See Id.4 (permits). --. 2743. §§ 2.0 (a)(2) & n. or release into the environment—of “organisms and products altered or produced through genetic engineering that are plant pests or are believed to be plant pests.” Id.pests or noxious weeds. Ct.” id. interstate movement.3 (notification). APHIS regulates the “introduction”—i. Roundup Ready sugar beets were originally “regulated articles” under the Plant Protection Act and accompanying regulations because they were genetically engineered with a gene sequence from a donor organism that is a plant pest.. Id.U.F. § 7701(1). 340. any person could petition the agency to deregulate Roundup Ready sugar beets.” referred to as “regulated articles. The Act provides that the Secretary of the Department of Agriculture may issue regulations “to prevent the introduction of plant pests into the United States or the dissemination of plant pests within the United States.80(a)(36). they could lawfully be planted outdoors (as a confined field release) or moved interstate only if authorized by an APHIS notification or permit. § 7711(a). 2.
. 130 S. §§ 340. the importation.
C. 42 U.S. 40 C. 130 S.13. at 2750. NEPA requires an agency to prepare an environmental impact statement (“EIS”) for “major Federal actions significantly affecting the quality of the human environment. § 372.F.In deciding whether to issue Part 340 permits or to deregulate a genetically engineered plant variety. that the action will not have a significant impact on the environment. called “categorical exclusions. § 1508.F. APHIS has established a categorical exclusion for “[p]ermitting. Categorical exclusions are “categor[ies] of actions which do not individually or cumulatively have a significant effect on the human environment.9(a).R. confined field releases of genetically engineered organisms and products. Additionally.” 7 C. § 4321 et seq. on the basis of a shorter “environmental assessment” (“EA”). agencies may identify classes of actions that normally do not require the preparation of either an EIS or an EA.R. § 1507. APHIS must also comply with the National Environmental Policy Act (“NEPA”).C.” Id.5(c)(3)(ii).S. 1508. See Monsanto. An agency need not prepare an EIS for a particular proposal if it finds.4. §§ 1508.3(b)(2). § 4332(2)(C). or acknowledgment of notifications for. Ct. III The narrow question presented by this appeal is whether the district court abused its discretion by ordering the destruction of certain permitted juvenile 7
.” 42 U.” Id.
remote areas. and Intervenors concerns the regulation. APHIS.Roundup Ready sugar beet plants. after ruling that the agency violated NEPA by failing to prepare an Environmental
“ Sugar Beets I” refers to Plaintiffs’ challenge to APHIS’s March 2005 decision to completely deregulate Roundup Ready sugar beets. and “Sugar Beets II” refers to Plaintiffs’ separate challenge to the August 2010 issuance of the steckling permits. deregulation. 8
. The litigation between Plaintiffs. The parties’ disputes center on three groups of APHIS decisions: (1) the agency’s March 2005 complete deregulation of Roundup Ready sugar beets. The present action concerns the permits issued in August 2010. However. the dispute has arisen in a broader context. (2) its August 2010 issuance of permits authorizing the planting of Roundup Ready sugar beet stecklings in select. The March 2005 complete deregulation and February 2011 partial deregulation decisions are not before us. and (3) recently-finalized February 2011 interim actions to partially deregulate Roundup Ready sugar beets. In the litigation known as Sugar Beets I. and permitting of Roundup Ready sugar beets.2 the district court vacated APHIS’s March 2005 complete deregulation decision.
. and we do not address any aspect of the Sugar Beets I decision here. therefore.Impact Statement (“EIS”). We will address Intervenors’ appeal (No. however.” APHIS thus concluded that an EIS was not required. would no longer be a “regulated article” under Part 340. does include Intervenors’ claim that the Sugar Beets I court improperly denied its motion to intervene at the merits phase. and denied Plaintiffs’ motion for a permanent injunction. Monsanto and KWS petitioned APHIS to deregulate Roundup Ready sugar beets—that is. and the district court vacated APHIS’s deregulation decision. the agency published an EA in February 2005. and in March 2005.3 APHIS is currently preparing an EIS in advance of any new decision to fully deregulate Roundup Ready sugar beets.” In November 2003. Monsanto/KSW Roundup Ready sugar beets were no longer considered regulated articles under Part 340. 10-17335) in a separate decision.4 Nor do we review APHIS’s
APHIS initially classified Roundup Ready sugar beets as “regulated articles. remanded to the agency to prepare an EIS. Plaintiffs challenged complete deregulation in Sugar Beets I. In response. which made a finding of no significant impact (“FONSI”) on the human environment from the “unconfined agricultural use of event H7-1. This consolidated appeal. the agency unconditionally deregulated Roundup Ready sugar beets. they sought a determination that event H7-1 and its progeny would not present a plant pest risk and.
The interim actions. and Syngenta. Both interim actions will expire no later than December 31. which addresses the agency’s decisions to undertake two interim actions: (1) limited permitting for the Roundup Ready sugar beet seed crop and (2) a conditional. 67. 2011.actions announced during the pendency of this appeal.945. 75 Fed. 2011. and include conditions prohibiting flowering or pollination before the permits expire on February 28. Reg. Reg. 62. 2010. 2012. and pursuant to that petition. Reg. APHIS announced the final EA/FONSI on February 4. With each permit. by notice published at 76 Fed. as well as the EA/FONSI. APHIS has undertaken further interim actions to partially deregulate Roundup Ready sugar beets.759.. took effect on February 8.365. APHIS issued NEPA “Decision
As Sugar Beets II and this appeal progressed. the agency published notice that Monsanto and KWS had filed a supplemental petition requesting partial deregulation. APHIS released for public comment a draft interim EA. the district court issued a preliminary injunction in favor of Plaintiffs. In October 2010. as well as non-party SES vanderHave USA—which had applied for permission to plant Roundup Ready sugar beet seed in order to grow stecklings. or earlier in 2012 if APHIS completes its EIS of full deregulation. The permits authorize steckling growth on limited acreage in defined geographic locations (in Oregon and Arizona). 75 Fed.5 In Sugar Beets II. 2011. on November 4. regarding partial deregulation while it prepares the EIS for complete deregulation. 6. Betaseed. APHIS issued these Part 340 permits to four seed companies—Intervenors American Crystal Sugar Co. partial deregulation of the Roundup Ready sugar beet root crop. 10
. requiring the destruction of juvenile sugar beet “stecklings” planted by Intervenors under permits issued by APHIS in September 2010.
In early November 2010. the court held a three-day evidentiary hearing on remedies. Earth Island Inst. it must be fairly traceable to the challenged action of the defendant. not conjectural or hypothetical. and it must be likely that a favorable judicial decision will prevent or redress the injury. and sought a temporary restraining order and a preliminary injunction. In challenging the steckling permits. 1142. 129 S. Plaintiffs filed the present suit. At the end of the month. rather than performing a single analysis of the crop’s 11
.. Plaintiffs claim that APHIS violated NEPA by “artificially carving up” the stages of Roundup Ready sugar beet planting and production. the district court concluded that Plaintiffs were likely to prevail on their NEPA claims. Sugar Beets II. IV To obtain injunctive relief. Plaintiffs must show themselves to be “under threat of suffering ‘injury in fact’ that is concrete and particularized.” Summers v. 2011. Less than a week after the permits issued. the court issued a preliminary injunction and ordered the destruction of the stecklings. the threat must be actual and imminent.Worksheets” explaining that limited steckling growth would have no significant environmental impacts. We stayed the injunction pending appeal until February 28. Ct. In late September 2010. 1149 (2009).
Summers reaffirmed the unique nature of procedural injuries—namely. 341 F. who include organic farmers and consumers. the threat must be actual and imminent. at 572 n. To show a cognizable injury in fact.3d at 972. 2003). which Summers left unchanged. Ct. The “reasonable probability” standard derives from that principle..g.3d 961.3d 955. Of course. at 1149. see also Lujan.6
APHIS and Intervenors err in suggesting that Summers rejected the “reasonable probability” standard. 968 (6th Cir. plaintiffs must be “under threat of suffering ‘injury in fact’ that is concrete and particularized. 2009) (applying “reasonable probability” standard post-Summers). U. TVA. Ct. 572 n. at 1151 (quoting Lujan v. Plaintiffs must demonstrate that (1) APHIS violated certain procedural rules.S. In Summers.impacts as NEPA requires. Defenders of Wildlife. 969–70 (9th Cir. Friends of Tims Ford v. 504 U. therefore. Yet. see Citizens for Better Forestry. the Supreme Court stated that to seek injunctive relief. see. 504 U. even though he cannot establish with any certainty that the statement will cause the license to be withheld or altered. They assert standing on the basis of a NEPA procedural injury that threatens the concrete interests of their members. Dep’t of Agric.S.7 (explaining that “one living adjacent to the site for proposed construction of a federally licensed dam has standing to challenge the licensing agency’s failure to prepare an [EIS]. that a plaintiff seeking to enforce procedures that protect his concrete interests may do so “without meeting all the normal standards for redressability and immediacy. and (3) it is reasonably probable that the challenged action will threaten their concrete interests.” 129 S. e. as our decision illustrates. 341 F.7 (1992)). a plaintiff may establish standing to seek injunctive relief yet fail to show the likelihood of irreparable harm necessary to obtain it.” 129 S. 555.. Citizens for Better Forestry v.S. 12
. and even though the dam will not be completed for many years”). (2) these rules protect Plaintiffs’ concrete interests. 585 F.
” where most sugar beet seed is grown. First. That APHIS may in fact have complied with NEPA does not diminish Plaintiffs’ standing to bring their claim. Frank Morton owns an organic seed business “in the heart of the Willamette Valley. at *9 (9th Cir. 341 F.5 (“A contrary rule would allow only successful environmental plaintiffs standing to bring their claims. as ‘requiring a geographic nexus between the individual asserting the claim and the location suffering an environmental impact.3d ---. Kraayenbrink. including chard and table beets.”). Jan. See id. 386 F. The declarations submitted by plaintiffs establish a geographic nexus between their members and the permitted stecklings as well as later planting and production of Roundup Ready sugar beets.The district court properly concluded that these requirements were satisfied. Watersheds Project v. 13
. 341 F. Nos. O’Neill. 1197 (9th Cir. and where Morton grows Beta vulgaris seed crops. 2011 WL 149363. Citizens for Better Forestry. .’” W. which “[w]e have described . For example.3d at 971 n. See City of Sausalito v.3d at 971). . --. 08-35359.F.3d 1186. 19. Plaintiffs’ claim that APHIS violated NEPA by improperly segmenting its environmental analysis is a cognizable procedural injury. 2004) (noting that the failure to prepare a proper NEPA analysis is cognizable). Second. 2011) (quoting Citizens for Better Forestry. plaintiffs meet our circuit’s “concrete interest” test. 08-35360.
Second. farmers like Morton declare that they must test their organic seed crops to ensure that they are “GE-free” and take preventative measures such as relocating their fields or creating buffer zones. Ct. Since “it is enough that a revised [NEPA analysis] may redress plaintiffs’ injuries.” Citizens for Better Forestry. v. 313 F. as organizations. 341 F. it is “reasonably probable” that the challenged action will threaten Plaintiffs’ concrete interests. 2002)).. Inc. (TOC). 528 U. which neither APHIS nor Intervenors dispute. Plaintiffs’ claims fall within NEPA’s zone of interests. “Once a plaintiff has established an injury in fact under NEPA. See Monsanto.3d 1094. W.S. at 2754–55 (recognizing testing and preventative measures.” causation and redressability are satisfied here. Veneman. Plaintiffs must and do meet the requirements for suing on behalf of their members who have standing: the issues at stake are germane to the interests of Plaintiffs. 130 S. See Friends of the Earth. Inc. Servs. at 2756. and nothing indicates that resolving this case would require or even be aided by the participation of their individual members. 2011 WL 149363.Finally. Laidlaw Envtl.7
Plaintiffs also meet two additional requirements of standing. the causation and redressability requirements are relaxed. Ct. 130 S. See Monsanto. Watersheds Project. 181 (2000). As Roundup Ready sugar beet planting and production proceeds. First. 167. 1113 (9th Cir. at *9 (quoting Kootenai Tribe of Idaho v.3d at 975 (internal quotations omitted). “which [farmers] will suffer even if their crops are not actually infected with the Roundup ready gene. 14
.” as sufficiently concrete injuries).
Natural Res. 2011).F. in order to obtain a preliminary injunction.S. Council. On this record. Plaintiffs have not demonstrated that the permitted steckling plants present a possibility. 129 S.” Alliance for the Wild Rockies v. 374 (2008). that the balance of equities tips in his favor. Applying that standard. that he is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary relief.V “A plaintiff seeking a preliminary injunction must establish that he is likely to succeed on the merits. the district court concluded that Plaintiffs have demonstrated a likelihood of irreparable harm stemming from (1) the permitted steckling plants and (2) the “entire cycle” of Roundup Ready sugar beet planting and production. 25. No.” Winter v. The undisputed evidence indicates that the stecklings pose a negligible risk
. of genetic contamination or other irreparable harm. much less a likelihood. we must disagree. 2011 WL 208360.3d ---. 365. --. “plaintiffs must establish that irreparable harm is likely. Ct. not just possible. Cottrell. 7. and that an injunction is in the public interest. 09-35756. Jan. After Winter. at *3 (9th Cir. and we conclude that the district court abused its discretion in granting a preliminary injunction requiring destruction of the steckling plants. 555 U. Def.
3d 974. 365. extensive evidence. the steckling permits contain express conditions prohibiting flowering or pollination. 95.3d 981. McNair. 102 (1983)).8 In finding otherwise. 985 (9th Cir.” as the agency explained in NEPA documents issued with each permit. Plaintiffs suggest that the district court based its findings on “substantial.of genetic contamination. but mentioned no “continuing. but the record reveals no examples of contamination by pollination under the restricted conditions imposed by the permits. 993 (9th Cir.S. present adverse effects. 537 F. at 563 (quoting Los Angeles v. To the contrary. 461 U. overruled on other grounds by Winter. See Lands Council v. Lyons. 2011. the district court alluded to past examples of contamination with other plants.” Lujan. 16
. 2008) (en banc). 2007).S. Plaintiffs give us little reason not to defer to APHIS’s technical expertise and judgments on this score. U. when the permits expire. as APHIS points out.S. Bates v. Postal Serv. as the juvenile plants are biologically incapable of flowering or cross-pollinating before February 28. Past harms can tend to show the threat of a repeated injury.. Ct. 504 U. 511 F.” but they refer us to evidence of contamination risks in sugar
Perhaps redundantly. 129 S. APHIS has permitted over 100 confined field releases of Roundup Ready sugar beets with no known “loss of confinement.
. but in all other respects. The district court erred in finding that the steckling plants present an imminent risk of environmental harm to Plaintiffs. The Supreme Court’s recent Monsanto decision. Ct. APHIS’s permitting of steckling plants appears to follow the Court’s blueprint. at 2760. Our case concerns Roundup Ready sugar beets. could be virtually nonexistent. isolated from non-genetically engineered plants. we conclude that APHIS’s permitting is “sufficiently limited” that “the risk of gene flow . which APHIS’s 17
. Monsanto signaled that if APHIS were to deregulate Roundup Ready alfalfa in remote geographic areas. On this record. Plaintiffs offer no evidence to the contrary.” 130 S.” Id. which spoke to the very regulatory context we review here. not alfalfa. Plaintiffs’ allegations of harm hinge entirely on later stages of Roundup Ready sugar beet planting and production. As we have explained.” Id.beets and other crops. . all of which speaks to later stages in the sugar beet life cycle. and under strict conditions. The Court warned against granting injunctive relief where APHIS’s action is “sufficiently limited” that “the risk of gene flow to [Plaintiffs’] crops could be virtually nonexistent. provides guidance. it would be “hard to see how [plaintiffs] could show that such a limited deregulation would cause them likely irreparable injury. therefore.
Jurassic Park 159 (Ballantine 1990). However. they may challenge it and seek appropriate preliminary relief. See 130 S. However. The alleged irreparable harms are little more than an expression that “life finds a way. 2011.” Michael Crichton. Id. produce seeds. or otherwise visit irreparable harm upon Plaintiffs. Plaintiffs are unlikely to face irreparable substantive harm from the stecklings. none of the irreparable harms they sought to prevent were likely. and if a subsequent APHIS decision aggrieves them.February 2011 decisions intend to authorize. much less see them flower. the permits require the stecklings to be destroyed. Ct. Monsanto warned against premature review of APHIS’s regulatory actions under the Plant Protection Act. at 2759–61. In its November 2010 decision. 18
. Their alleged irreparable harms hinged on future APHIS decisions. and nothing prevented Plaintiffs from filing a new legal challenge if and when those decisions were made. At the time Plaintiffs sought the preliminary injunction. finding a likelihood of harm arising from the “entire cycle” of Roundup Ready sugar beet planting and production. the district court credited harms from those then-future activities. an invocation to chaos theory is not sufficient to justify a preliminary injunction. absent new permit applications by Intervenors and further regulatory decisions by APHIS. the steckling permits alone do not authorize Intervenors to continue growing the juvenile plants beyond February 28. Indeed.
and we can say that the “fair discourse hath been as sugar.at 2761. Under these circumstances. in the end. the entire controversy will be resolved. that is unlikely. act 2. at 2760.” Id.” William Shakespeare. 129 S. we conclude that injunctive relief “is not now needed to guard against any present or imminent risk of likely irreparable harm. on the narrow issue presented to us at this juncture. given the course of the litigation. The Plaintiffs have failed to show a likelihood of irreparable injury. this appeal presents a thin slice of a larger litigation. we hold that the district court abused its discretion in granting the preliminary injunction on the basis of Plaintiffs’ NEPA claim. geography. VI As we have noted. Needless to say.
. sc. Biology. at 374. 3. Richard II. we need not address the district court’s analysis of the remaining elements of the preliminary injunction standard. Because Plaintiffs have failed to show that they are “likely to suffer irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary relief. [m]aking the hard way sweet and delectable. Ct. field experience. Perhaps. However. and permit restrictions make irreparable injury unlikely.” Winter.
and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.Thus.
. reverse. we vacate the preliminary injunction. REVERSED. without expressing any views on the merits of the ultimate issues in this case or other pending related litigation.
.Counsel Robert J. L. for the plaintiffs-appellees. Latham & Watkins. Washington.C. Earthjustice. Washington.P. Lundman. Department of Justice. D. Paul H. D. Press.C. Achitoff. Richard P.. Honolulu. for the intervenor defendants-appellants.. for the federal defendants-appellants. Hawaii..L.
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