Source: https://openjurist.org/364/f3d/7/united-states-v-winn
Timestamp: 2020-01-18 09:56:18
Document Index: 112615139

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 841', '§ 4', '§ 642', '§ 4', '§ 4', '§ 4', '§ 4', '§ 4', '§ 4', '§ 4', '§ 4', '§ 4', '§ 642', '§ 4']

364 F3d 7 United States v. Winn | OpenJurist
364 F. 3d 7 - United States v. Winn
364 F3d 7 United States v. Winn
364 F.3d 7
Vincent WINN, Defendant, Appellant.
No. 03-1534.
Heard December 5, 2003.
Decided April 9, 2004.
On January 9, 2003, Winn pleaded guilty to conspiracy to distribute and to possess with intent to distribute fifty grams of cocaine base in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) & 846. In the Presentence Investigation Report ("PSI Report") submitted to the district court, Winn was deemed a career offender under § 4B1.1, based in part on the predicate offense of a 1996 Class B felony conviction under N.H.Rev.Stat. Ann. § 642:6, in which it was charged that Winn did "knowingly escape from official custody in that he walked away from the Calumet Halfway House ... after having been confined there pursuant to an order of the Hillsborough County Superior Court." Winn had failed to return to the halfway house after a break. Four days later, he returned and surrendered himself.
The PSI Report characterized the escape conviction as a crime of violence pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a)(2). Winn objected to the report and, at the sentencing hearing on April 10, 2003, Winn argued that the non-violent nature of the escape charge could be established by looking to the New Hampshire statute under which he was charged, which, he contends, distinguishes between violent and non-violent escapes. Moreover, Winn argued, the indictment itself shows that no element of violence was alleged or charged, and the underlying facts suggest no threat of violence, as Winn voluntarily surrendered himself into custody four days after walking away.
We review de novo whether a crime qualifies as a crime of violence within the meaning of § 4B1.2(a)(2) and therefore as a predicate offense under § 4B1.1. United States v. De Jesús, 984 F.2d 21, 22 n. 4 (1st Cir.1993)(citing United States v. Fiore, 983 F.2d 1, 2 (1st Cir.1992)).
U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a). Following Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575, 110 S.Ct. 2143, 109 L.Ed.2d 607 (1990), courts have taken a formal categorical approach to the question of whether a felony constitutes a crime of violence within this definition. United States v. Winter, 22 F.3d 15, 18 (1st Cir.1994)("As a rule, this type of approach is restricted to an examination of how the legislature has defined the crime, without any concomitant inquiry into the details of the defendant's actual criminal conduct.").1 "Thus, rather than examining the actual circumstances underlying the earlier conviction, we examine only the statutory formulation of the crime charged... to see if that crime is a crime of violence for the purposes of the career offender guideline." De Jesús, 984 F.2d at 23. In some limited circumstances, however, a court "may appropriately peruse documents such as the charging papers or jury instructions in order to flesh out a predicate offense inquiry." Id. at 23 n. 5.2
Winn argues that the New Hampshire statute thus distinguishes between violent and non-violent escapes, and that a Class B escape conviction can be identified as non-violent without looking beyond the charge. The government concedes that the Class B felony of which Winn was charged does not have "as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person of another," U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a)(1), but argues that the charged offense "otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another." U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2 (a)(2).
We have previously held that "even if force (actual or threatened) is not an element of the offense, a crime may still be a crime of violence if it falls within the `otherwise' clause of subsection (ii), that is, if it `involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another.'" De Jesús, 984 F.2d at 23 (quoting U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a)(2)). While escape is not among the offenses, such as murder, manslaughter, and kidnapping, listed in the Sentencing Commission's application notes to § 4B1.2, this absence is not dispositive. "Expanding on the `otherwise' clause, the application notes explain that `[o]ther offenses are included where ... the conduct set forth (i.e., expressly charged) in the count of which the defendant was convicted ..., by its nature, presented a serious potential risk of physical injury to another.'" De Jesús, 984 F.2d at 24 (quoting U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2, cmt. n. 2).3 The question before us, then, is "whether [a Class B felony escape under N.H.Rev.Stat. Ann. § 642:6] is a category of crime that, by its nature, presents a substantial risk of personal injury even though its statutorily defined elements do not include the use or threat of force." De Jesús, 984 F.2d at 24.
Our sister circuits have uniformly held that, as a categorical matter, any escape, however effected, "involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another" and thus constitutes a crime of violence for the purposes of the sentencing guidelines. United States v. Bryant, 310 F.3d 550, 554 (7th Cir.2002)(failure to report back to halfway house constitutes a crime of violence because "every escape involves a serious potential risk of physical injury to another")(internal quotations omitted); United States v. Luster, 305 F.3d 199, 202 (3d Cir.2002)(rejecting the argument that if an escape statute extends to "walk away" escapes the crime cannot by its nature present a serious potential risk of physical injury to another); United States v. Nation, 243 F.3d 467, 472 (8th Cir.2001)(same)("We believe that every escape, even a so-called `walkaway' escape, involves a potential risk of injury to others.... Even the most peaceful escape cannot eliminate the potential for violent conflict when the authorities attempt to recapture the escapee."); United States v. Gay, 251 F.3d 950, 954-55 (11th Cir.2001)(same); United States v. Ruiz, 180 F.3d 675, 676-77 (5th Cir.1999)(same); United States v. Harris, 165 F.3d 1062, 1068 (6th Cir.1999)(same); United States v. Mitchell, 113 F.3d 1528, 1533 (10th Cir.1997)(same); United States v. Dickerson, 77 F.3d 774, 777 (4th Cir.1996)(same).
Circuit courts that have addressed the analogous question of whether an escape conviction qualifies as a "violent felony" under the Armed Career Criminal Act ("ACCA") have similarly applied the categorical Taylor analysis to conclude that escape, by its nature, involves "conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another." United States v. Jackson, 301 F.3d 59, 62-63 (2d Cir.2002); United States v. Franklin, 302 F.3d 722 (7th Cir.2002); United States v. Hairston, 71 F.3d 115, 117-18 (4th Cir.1995). In Jackson, the court reasoned that "[a]n inmate who escapes by peacefully walking away from a work site will (if he can) be inconspicuous and discreet, and will (if he can) avoid confrontation and force. But escape invites pursuit; and the pursuit, confrontation, and recapture of the escapee entail serious risks of physical injury to law enforcement officers and the public." Jackson, 301 F.3d at 63.
The categorical approach has thus led to the conclusion that "under the ACCA and the United States Sentencing Guidelines, escape is always a violent crime. It is irrelevant whether the escape actually involved any violence or whether defendant was convicted under a state statute that defines escape as a nonviolent offense." United States v. Springfield, 196 F.3d 1180, 1185 (10th Cir.1999). Even when the state escape statute "distinguishes between an escape effected by or facilitated by violence, versus a simple escape," the categorical approach has yielded the same conclusion, on the grounds that "[e]ven though initial circumstances of an escape may be non-violent, there is no way to predict what an escapee will do when encountered by the authorities." United States v. Turner, 285 F.3d 909, 915-16 (10th Cir.2002).
39 F.3d 1140, 1142 (10th Cir.1994)(internal citation omitted). Winn contends that the "powder keg" rationale unjustifiably ignores the category of genuinely passive, non-violent walk-away escapes or failures to return, which he suggests present no greater risk of violence than any other arrest of a non-violent offender.
United States v. Thomas, 333 F.3d 280, 282 (D.C.Cir.2003). The court proceeded to note that "[a] prisoner not returning to a halfway house or sneaking away from an unguarded position in the night may not inherently create a risk of harm to others." Id. at 283. In a concurring opinion under ACCA, Judge McKay of the Tenth Circuit has similarly expressed discomfort with the categorical approach to escapes, particularly when a state statute defines a failure to return as a felony escape. United States v. Adkins, 196 F.3d 1112, 1119 (10th Cir.1999)(McKay, J., concurring)("There is a quantum difference between the assumptions about the intrinsic danger of unauthorized departure from actual custody, as in this case, and of failure to return from authorized departure from actual custody.").
The formal categorical approach forecloses the conclusion that a Class B felony escape under N.H.Rev.Stat. 642:6 does not present a serious potential risk of physical injury to another. The New Hampshire statute, while distinguishing escapes effected by force or with a deadly weapon, does not distinguish among types of confinement. The Class B felony, thus, covers a category of escapes that includes both Winn's failure to return from a break at a halfway house and the prisoner who manages to break out of jail by stealth. Indeed, the Supreme Court of New Hampshire has noted that "[t]he all-encompassing definition of `official custody' in RSA 642:6 strongly supports an inference that the statute ... was intended to govern escapes of all kinds," regardless of the institution or type of confinement. State v. Perra, 127 N.H. 533, 503 A.2d 814, 816 (1985). We agree with our sister circuits that "even in a case where a defendant escapes from a jail by stealth and injures no one in the process, there is still a serious potential risk that injury will result when officers find the defendant and attempt to place him in custody." Gosling, 39 F.3d at 1142. Thus, as a categorical matter, a Class B felony escape under N.H.Rev.Stat. Ann. 642:6 "involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another," U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a)(2), and is properly characterized as a crime of violence for the purposes of career offender enhancement under the sentencing guidelines. The district court did not err in sentencing Winn as a career offender.
AlthoughTaylor applied the categorical approach to determine what constitutes a "violent felony" under the Armed Career Criminal Act ("ACCA"), Taylor, 495 U.S. at 600-02, 110 S.Ct. 2143, courts have uniformly adopted the Taylor approach for the analogous determination of what constitutes a crime of violence under the sentencing guidelines. "Given the substantial similarity between the Armed Career Criminal Act's definition of `violent felony,' and the Sentencing Commission's definition of `crime of violence,' authority interpreting one phrase is found to be persuasive in interpreting the other phrase." Winter, 22 F.3d at 18 n. 3 (internal citations omitted).
The question of exactly which documents may be considered to ascertain whether a conviction involved a violent or a non-violent crime has been raised in several cases before this court,see, e.g., United States v. Shepard, 348 F.3d 308 (1st Cir.2003), but is not raised here.