Source: https://www.scribd.com/doc/17690217/Supreme-Court-Decision-to-nullified-VP-Parmananda-Jha-s-Oath
Timestamp: 2017-01-25 02:50:43+00:00
Document Index: 667949

Matched Legal Cases: ['art 3', 'art 2', 'art 1', 'art 4', 'art 3', 'art 2', 'art 1', 'art 4', 'art 3', 'art 2', 'art 1', 'art 4']

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pk/fi6«klt k/dfgGb emf, pk/fi6«kltsf] sfof{no, axfb'/ ejg =====================!
g]kfn ;/sf/, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, l;+xb/jf/ ================== !
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Ps g]kfnL gful/s x'F . ;fj{ef}d g]kfnL hgtfn] ;+ljwfg adf]lhd lgjf{lrt ePsf
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lnbf /fi6«kltn] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #^em -@_ adf]lhd zky jfrg u/]tf klg pk/fi6«kltn]
lxGbL efiffdf zky lnPsf] s'/f ;a} g]kfnLn] ;'g]sf] ljlbt} 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] /Iff ug'{ kg]{
pk/fi6«kltn] ;+ljwfgn] tf]s] eGbf ljkl/t x'g] u/L zky lng ldNg] gldNg], ;+ljwfgn]
zkysf] 9fFrf / efiff to u/L ;s]kl5 To;sf] ljkl/t vfPsf] zkyn] ;+j}wflgs dfGotf
kfpg] gkfpg] / ;+ljwfg adf]lhdsf] zky glnPsf pk/fi6«kltn] ;+ljwfg adf]lhdsf]
sfo{ ug{ kfpg] xf] xf]Og eGg] ljifodf p7]sf ljleGg ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL k|Zgx?df
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u/]sf] x'Fbf of] lgj]bg ug{ cfPsf] 5' .
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #^em-@_ df pk/fi6«kltn] cfkm\gf]
sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg' cl3 cg';"rL–!s sf] 9fFrfdf /fi6«klt ;dIf kb tyf uf]klgotfsf] zky
lng' kg{] 5 eGg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf 5 . cg';"rL–!s df g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg k|lt
k"0f{ akmfbf/ /xFb} pk/fi6«kltsf] sfdsfh k|rlnt sfg"gsf] clwgdf /xL u5{' eGg] pNn]v
x'Fbf x'Fb} pk/fi6«kltn] zky lnbf b]lv g} ;+ljwfgsf] pNn+3g u/L ;+ljwfgn] gtf]s]sf]
efiffdf zky lng'n] ;+ljwfgsf] ;+/If0f s;/L x'G5 cfkm}+df k|Zg lrGx p7]sf] 5 .
;+ljwfg;ef ;b:onfO{ ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf %(s df cfkm\gf]
dft[efiffdf zky lng 5'6 lbPsf] 5 eg] /fi6«klt / pk/fi6«kltnfO{ o:tf] 5'6 5}g .
;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o s'g} kf6L{, hft, hftL, ju{ If]qsf] k|ltlglwTj ug{] x'g ;S5g\ . ;b:on]
kb u|x0f ug'{ eGbf klxnf kf6L{af6 /flhgfdf lbg' kb{}g t/ /fi6«klt jf pk/fi6«kltn]
kf6L{sf] ;fwf/0f ;b:oaf6 ;d]t /flhgfdf lbg' kg{] ePaf6 klg /fi6«klt / pk/fi6«klt
s'g} kf6L{ ljz]ifsf] geO{ /fi6«sf] x'g] x'gfn] To:tf JolQmn] ;/sf/L sfd sfhsf] efiff
;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rLdf pNn]v eP adf]lhd g} zky vfg' kg{] x'G5 . ljkIfL pk/fi6«klt
hGd]sf] lhNnfsf] dft[efiff d}ynL, ef]hk'/L jf cjlw x'g ;Sb5 t/ lghsf] dft[efiff lxGbL
x'g] ;Defjgf klg 5}g . lgh ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] e'=k'= GofofwLz e} ;s]sf] JolQm x'Fbf
;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rL–!s sf] efiff af]Ng ghfg]sf] eGg ;lsg] klg xf]Og . pk/fi6«kltn]
;+ljwfgn] tf]s] adf]lhdsf] zky gvfPsf] cj:yfdf ;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]xLsf]
pk/fi6«kltsf] kbsf] lhDd]jf/L ;DxfNg ldNb}g . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f %-@_ n]
b]jgfu/L lnlkdf g]kfnL efiff ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff x'g]5 eGg] pNn]v ePsf] /
pk/fi6«kltsf] kb ;+ljwfg adf]lhdsf] ;/sf/L kb ePsf] x'Fbf pk/fi6«kltn] zky u|x0f
ug'{ eg]sf] ;/sf/L sfdsfh yfNg' xf] . ;/sf/L sfdsfhdf ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rL–!s
adf]lhdsf] efiff g} k|of]u ug'{ kg{] x'G5 .
pk/fi6«klt k/dfgGb emfn] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f %-@_, wf/f
#^em-@_ / cg';"rL–!s ljkl/t x'g] u/L @)^%.$.* df lnPsf] zky ;+ljwfg ljkl/t
ePsf] x'Fbf pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #^em-@_ / cg';"rL–!s
adf]lhdsf] zky lnP kl5 dfq pk/fi6«kltsf] sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg' egL k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z
;d]t hf/L u/L lgj]bgsf] clGtd lsgf/f gnfu];Dd pk/fi6«kltsf] sfo{ef/ g;DxfNg' egL
cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t hf/L u/L kfpF eGg] lgj]bssf] lgj]bg kq .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg{]
xf] < of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf] Dofb afx]s & lbg leq dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
sfof{no dfkm{t lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg' egL /fi6«klt afx]ssf cGo ljkIfLx? pk/fi6«klt,
k/dfgGb emf tyf g]kfn ;/sf/, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\ sfof{nonfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{
lbg' . l/6 lgj]bs clwjQmf afns[i0f Gofkfg] Pj+ lghsf tkm{sf ljåfg sfg"g Joj;foLx?
l6sf/fd e§/fO{ ;d]tn] cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t hf/L u/L d'2f rf8f] lsgf/f x'g] cj:yf x'g'
kb{5 egL lnPsf] lgj]bg lhls/sf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{, g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] wf/f #^5 sf] pkwf/f -@_ sf] cj:yfdf dfq pk/fi6«kltaf6 sfo{x? ;Dkfbg
x'g] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf / ljifoj:t'sf] uflDeo{tfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL & lbg leq lnlvt
hjfkm dufpg] cfb]z ePsf] cj:yfdf xfn dfu adf]lhdsf] cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L u/L
/xg' k/]g . ljjfbdf cfPsf] ;+j}wflgs ljifosf] clGtd lg/fs/0f g} l56f] x'g pko'Qm
b]lvPsf]n] lnlvt hjfkm k/]kl5 k|:t't lgj]bgnfO{ cu|flwsf/ lbO{ lgod adf]lhd k]z ug'{
eGg] o; cbfntsf] Ps GofofwLzsf] cfb]z .
ljkIfL lgj]bssf] o; sfof{nosf] s] s:tf] sfd sf/jfxLaf6 xs clwsf/ xgg\
ePsf] 5 ;f] s'/fsf] :ki6 lhls/ glnO{ ljgf cfwf/ / sf/0f o; sfof{nonfO{ ljkIfL
agfpg ldNb}g . pk/fi6«kltn] cfkm\gf] sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg] tyf zky lng] ljifo /fhg}lts
k|s[ltsf] ljifo ePsf]n] ;f] ljifo Gofoof]Uo (Justicial) x'g ;Sb}g . h'g ljifo Gofoof]Uo
x'Fb}g To:Tff] ljifodf cbfntn] Goflos /f]xaf6 Goflos lg/f]k0f ug{ g;Sg] x'gfn] To:Tff]
ljifodf k/]sf] l/6 lgj]bg k|yd b[li6dfg} vf/]h efuL 5 . pk/fi6«kltn] cGtl/d
;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rL–!s adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf kb tyf uf]klgotfsf] zky lng' kg]{ Joj:Yff
/x]sf] 5 . pk/fi6«kltn] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf adf]lhd g]kfnL efiffdf n]lvPsf] zkysf]
9fFrfdf ;d]t x:tfIf/ ug'{ ePsf]n] of] ljifodf Goflos lg?k0f eO{ /xg' kg]{ xf]Og .
lgj]bssf] lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpF egL g]kfn ;/sf/ k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifbsf]
sfof{nosf] tkm{af6 k|fKTf x'g cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
;fljs g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& n] g]kfnL efiffnfO{ /fi6« efiffsf] ?kdf /
g]kfnL efiff jfx]s cGo ;j} dft[efiffnfO{ /fli6«o efiffsf] ?kdf :yflkt u/] klg xfn
sfod /x]sf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] g]kfnL efiff nufot g]kfndf af]lng]
;a} dft[efiffx?nfO{ /fi6« efiffsf ?kdf dfGotf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf /fhg]tfx?n]
;do ;dodf lxGbL efiffsf] ;Gbe{df JoQm u/]sf ljrf/ cg';f/ klg lxGbL efiff g]kfndf
af]lng] dft[efiff / ;Dks{ efiffsf] ?kdf /xL cfPsf] 5 . O{=;= @))! df lnPsf] eflifs
;/sf/L tYofÍ cg';f/ g]kfndf af]lng] (# efiff dWo] lxGbL efiff !^ cf}+ :yfgdf pNn]v
/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf ljleGg efiff efifLx? jLrsf] ;Dks{ efiffsf] ?kdf af]lng] ljleGg
efiffx? dWo] lxGbL efiff klg Ps ePsf] x'Fbf cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f % cg';f/ lxGbL
efiff klg /fi6« efiffs} ?kdf kb{5 . g]kfndf lxGbL dft[efiff / ljleGg ;d'bfon] a'em\g]
;Dks{ efiff ePsf]n] ;a} ;d'bfon] zkysf] cy{ / dd{ ;xhtfsf ;fy a'em\g ;s'g eGg]
clek|fon] d}n] zky afrg ubf{ lxGbL efiff k|of]u u/]sf] x'F . pk/fi6«klt kbsf] zky lnFbf
lxGbL / g]kfnL efiff cyf{t b'j} efiffdf /x]sf] b'O{j6f j]Unf j]Un} zkykqdf x:tfIf/ u/L
d}n] zky u|x0fsf] sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . zky u|x0f ;DkGg eP kZrft d}n] cfkm\gf]
klbo lhDd]jf/L cg';f/sf] sfd sf/jfxL u/L cfPsf] 5' . pk/fi6«klt kb u|x0f ug{ s'g}
lglZrt efiff hfg]s} x'g' kb{5 jf af]Ng' kb{5 eGg] s'/f g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn]
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5}g . /fhg}lts kbflwsf/Ln] zky lng] ljifo /fhg}lts k|s[ltsf] ljifo
ePsf]n] To:tf] ljifo cbfntsf] Goflos lg?k0fsf] If]q leq kb{}g . ;+ljwfg jf sfg"gsf]
JofVof ubf{ k|rlnt sfg"g, sfg"gL Joj:yf, Jojxf/, k/Dk/f, ;d;fdlos kl/l:ytL /
cfjZostf ;d]tnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL JofVof ug'{ kg{] x'G5 . Goflos lg?k0fsf nflu
;Ddflgt cbfntdf k|:t't ug{] s'g} klg ljjfb sfNklgs jf cg'dflgt geP/ oyfy{df
cbfntaf6 lg?k0f x'g ;Sg] k|s[ltsf] x'g' kb{5 . zky zAb;Fu dfq ;DalGwt x'Fb}g of]
efjgfTds s'/f klg xf] . zkysf] 9fFrf / zky lnbfsf] jflrt lxGbL efiffdf zkysf]
dd{, cy{ / efjgfdf st} s'g} km/s /x]sf] 5}g . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f #^s -#_ n] /fi6«kltnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] ;+/Ifssf] ?kdf c+lusf/ u/]sf] 5 . /fi6«kltsf]
cg'kl:yltdf /fi6«kltaf6 ul/g] sfo{x? pk/fi6«kltaf6 ;Dkfbg x'g] egL cGtl/d
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #^5 -@_ df ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 . d pk/fi6«kltnfO{ kb tyf
uf]klgotfsf] zky lng nufpg' ePsf /fi6«kltsf gfddf cbfntaf6 lnlvt hjfkm dfu
gug{] cfb]z ePaf6 /fi6«kltsf] cg'kl:ytLdf sfd ug{] d pk/fi6«kltnfO{ ljkIfL agfO{
lnlvt hjfkm dfu ug{ ldNb}g . ljkIfL lgj]bsn] cfkm\gf] nf]slk|otfsf nflu / d]/f]
JolQmut rl/qdf cf3ft k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] bfo/ u/]sf] To:tf] c;+j}wflgs l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h efuL 5 vf/]h u/L kfpF egL pk/fi6«klt k/dfgGb emfsf] tkm{af6 k|:t't x'g
cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
o;df o:t} ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z ePsf] lgj]bs v8fgGb e08f/Lsf] l/6 lgj]bg b/kL7
u/] pk/ k/]sf] lgj]bgdf /lhi6«f/af6 s}lkmot k|ltj]bg dfu ePsf]df ;f] lgj]bg xfn s'g
cj:yfdf 5, btf{ eO{ sf/jfxLo'Qm cj:yfdf eP ;f] ldl;n ;d]t ;fy} /fvL / btf{
gePsf] eP ;f] sf] hfgsf/L ldl;n ;fd]n /fvL lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfnt
;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] @)^%.%.#) sf] cfb]z .
lgod ad]flhd cfhsf] b}lgs d'2f k]zL ;"rLdf r9L Ohnf; ;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf]
k|:t't lgj]bgdf lgj]bssf] tkm{af6 :jo+ lgj]bs ljåfg clwjQmf afns[i0f Gof}kfg], ljåfg
clwjQmfx? ledfh'{g cfrfo{, dfwj s'df/ a:g]t, s'df/ /]UdL, l6sf/fd e§/fO{ /
rGb|sfGt 1jfnLn] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #^em -@_ df pk/fi6«kltn]
cfkm\gf] sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg' cl3 cg';"rL–!s sf] 9fFrfdf /fi6«klt ;dIf kb tyf
uf]kgLotfsf] zky lng' kg{]5 eGg] pNn]v ePsf] 5 . ;f]xL ;+ljwfgsf] cg';'rL–!s df
/fi6«klt Pj+ pk/fi6«kltn] lng] zkysf] 9fFrf g]kfnL efiffdf n]lvPsf] 5 . cGtl/d
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #^s -#_ df ;+ljwfgsf] ;+/If0f / kfng ug'{ /fi6«kltsf] k|d"v st{Jo
x'g]5 eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 eg] ;f]xL ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #^5 -@_ df /fi6«kltsf]
cg'kl:yltdf /fi6«kltaf6 ul/g] sfo{x? pk/fi6«kltaf6 ;Dkfbg ul/g]5 eGg] Joj:yf eP
adf]lhd /fi6«kltsf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug'{ kg{] bfloTj ePsf pk/fi6«kltn] klg ;+ljwfgsf]
;+/If0f / kfngf ug'{ lghsf] klg st{Jo x'g cfpg] x'G5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f % sf]
pkwf/f -!_ df g]kfndf af]lng] ;a} dft[efifx? /fi6«efiff x'g egL pNn]v u/]sf] 5 eg]
;f]xL wf/fsf] pkwf/f -@_ df b]jgfu/L lnlkdf g]kfnL efiff ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff
x'g]5 eGg] pNn]v ePaf6 s] b]lvG5 eg] pk/fi6«kltn] ug{] zky sfo{qmd ;/sf/L sfd
sfh leqs} ePsf] x'Fbf lghsf] zky klg ;+ljwfg adf]lhd g]kfnL efiffd} lng' kg{] x'G5 .
;+ljwfgdf zkysf] 9fFrf g]kfnL efiffdf tf]lsPsf] cj:yfdf ;+ljwfgsf] ;+/If0f ug{] k|d"v
st{Jo ePsf pk/fi6«kltn] klg g]kfnL efiffdf zky lng' kg{]df g]kfnL efiffdf zky
glnO{ g]kfnsf] /fi6«efiff g} gePsf] lxGbL efiffdf zky lng'nfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] ;+/If0f /
kfng u/]sf] eGg] b]lvb}g .
pk/fi6«klt k/dfgGb emfn] lng] zky JolQmn] lng] zky xf]Og . s'g} klg
JolQmnfO{ ;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]xLsf] kbdf ;+:yfut u/fpFbf zky u/fO{G5 . k|fs[lts
JolQmn] j}Btf kfpg] sfd ug{sf] nflu zky u/fpg] ul/G5 . zky lng'sf] cy{ ;+ljwfg /
sfg"gsf] ;jf{]RrtfnfO{ dfGotf lbg' / To;sf] kfng ug'{ klg xf] . h'g kbflwsf/Ln]
;+ljwfgsf] cIf/; kfng ub{}g To:tf] kbflwsf/Ln] sfg"gtM kb u|x0f u/]sf] dfGg ldNb}g .
pk/fi6«klt k/dfgGb emfn] ;+ljwfg adf]lhd zky glnPsf] x'Fbf jxfF ;+:yfs[t x'g ;Sg'
pk/fi6«kltn] zky lnGg eGg ;Sg' x'G5 t/ zky lnbf ;+ljwfgn] Joj:yf u/]
adf]lhd g} lng' kg{] x'G5 . pk/fi6«kltn] ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f ug{] / To;sf] ;'ljwf
pkef]u ug{] t/ ;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]xLsf] kbdf /xg JolQmn] cfkm\gf] cf]xf]bf cg';f/ kfng
ug'{ kg{] ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgnfO{ dflGbg eGg ldNb}g . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn]
jfWofTds u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ pk/fi6«kltn] :j]lR5s agfpg ldNb}g . jt{dfg cGtl/d
;+ljwfgn] lghnfO{ s'g} pGd'lQm glbPsf] cj:yfdf ;+ljwfgsf] cIf/; kfng ug'{ kg{]
x'G5 . pk/fi6«kltn] ;+ljwfg adf]lhdsf] zky glnP pk/ k|Zg p7fO{ cbfntdf cfPsf]
ljjfbnfO{ cbfntn] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] dfWodaf6 x]g{ ldNb}g eGg ldNb}g .
;+ljwfgsf] ;+/If0f / kfng ug{] bfloTj ePsf pk/fi6«kltn] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #^em
-@_ / cg';"rL–!s adf]lhd tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf pNn]lvt efiffsf] ljkl/t x'g] u/L u/]sf]
zky ;+ljwfg;Ddt ePsf] eGg ldNb}g . To:tf] c;+j}wflgs ?kdf lnPsf] zky
pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L lbO{ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #^em -@_ / cg';"rL–!s
adf]lhdsf] zky vfPkl5 dfq pk/fi6«kltsf] sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg' egL k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z
hf/L x'g' kb{5 egL ug'{ ePsf] jx; ;d]t ;'lgof] .
To;} u/L g]kfn ;/sf/, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf] tkm{af6 gfoa
dxfGofoflwjQmf s'df/ r'8fnn] ;+ljwfgsf] ;+/If0f / kfngf ug'{ kg{] bfloTj /fi6«kltsf]
xf] . /fi6«kltaf6 pk/fi6«kltsf] lxGbL efiffsf] zkynfO{ u|x0f ul/Psf] 5 . /fi6«kltnfO{
ljkIfL agfO{ lnlvt hjfkm dfu ul/Psf] 5}g . pk/fi6«kltnfO{ k'gM zky u/fpg' egL
cfb]z lbg ;lsg] cj:yf 5}g . pk/fi6«kltnfO{ zky u/fpg] kbflwsf/L /fi6«kltn] s'g}
k|ltlqmof ghgfPsf] cj:yfdf zky :jtM :jLsfo{ 5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf
pk/fi6«klt x'g g]kfnL efiff af]Ng / n]Vg hfg]sf] x'g' kb{5 eGg] sxL st} pNn]v 5}g .
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg g]kfnL efiffdf n]lvPsf] x'Fbf zkysf] 9fFrf klg g]kfnL efiffdf g}
/flvPsf] ;Dd xf] . ;+ljwfgdf pNn]lvt 9fFrfdf n]lvPsf] efiffdf g} zky lng' kg{] eGg]
s'g} ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ePsf] 5}g . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] tf]s]sf] 9fFrf adf]lhd g} zky
lnPsf] x'Fbf efiff km/s kb{}df zky g} ab/ x'g] cj:yf cfpFb}g . lgj]bssf] lgj]bg vf/]h
x'g' kb{5 egL ug'{ ePsf] jx; ;'lgof] .
ljkIfL pk/fi6«klt k/dfgGb emf sf] tkm{af6 ljåfg clwjQmf ldlyn]z s'df/ l;+xn]
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f %-!_ df g]kfndf af]lng] ;a} dft[ efiffx? /fi6«
efiff x'g\ eGg] pNn]v ePsf] 5 . ;g\ @))! df lnPsf] hgu0fgfdf g]kfndf af]lng] (#
efiff dWo] lxGbL efiff af]Ng]sf] :yfg !^ cf}+ ePsf] cj:yfdf lxGbL klg g]kfnsf] /fli6«o
efiff cGt/utsf] efiff xf]Og eGg ldNb}g . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] pk/fi6«kltn] ug{] zkysf]
9fFrf;Dd tf]s]sf] 5 . zky lnbf s'g efiffdf lng' kg{] xf] eGg] s'/fdf ;+ljwfg df}g
ePsf] x'Fbf g]kfndf w]/} k|sf/sf /fi6« efiff ePsf] x'Fbf h'g JolQm h'g efiff kl/jf/ leqsf]
xf] To;n] To;} efiffdf zky lng ldNb}g eGg ;+ljwfgtM ldNb}g . g]kfnL efiff n]Vg /
af]Ng ghfGg] jf gaf]Ng] JolQmn] pk/fi6«kltsf] kb u|x0f ug{ ;Sb}g eGg ldNb}g .
pk/fi6«kltn] lxGbL efiffdf zky afrg u/L ;f] zkynfO{ /fi6«kltn] :jLsf/ u/L
pk/fi6«kltsf] kb ;d]t u|x0f u/L ;s]kZrft lghsf] zky sfg"g;Ddt 5}g ab/ x'g'
kb{5 egL lbPsf] lgj]bssf] lgj]bg dgf]ut Pj+ cfkm" k|rf/df cfpg] p2]Zon] dfq lbPsf]
x'Fbf To:tf] lgj]bg vf/]h x'g' kb{5 egL ug'{ ePsf] jx; ;d]t ;'lgof] .
lgj]bs Pj+ ljkIfL tkm{af6 /xg' ePsf ljåfg clwjQmfx?sf] jx; ;'gL cfh lg0f{o
;'gfpg] tfl/s tf]lsPsf]df lgj]bg Joxf]/f, ljkIfLx?sf] lnlvt hjfkm, lgj]bs / ljkIfL
tkm{af6 /xg' ePsf sfg"g Joj;foLsf] jx;nfO{ dWogh/ /fvL x]bf{ o; cbfntn]
b]xfosf ljifodf ljrf/ u/L lg0f{o lbg' kg{] b]lvg cfof] .
-s_ lgj]bssf] lgj]bg lbg] xsb}of 5 jf 5}g <
-v_ zkysf] d"n p2]Zo s] xf] < lsg zky lnO{G5 <
-u_ pk/fi6«kltaf6 lnlvt hjfkm dfUg ldNg] jf gldNg] s] xf] <
-3_ pk/fi6«kltn] lng] zky ;DaGwdf sfg"gn] s] s:tf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 /
lnPsf] zky sfg"g;Ddt /x] g/x]sf] s] xf] <
-ª_ lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g' kg{] gkg{] s] xf] <
;j{k|yd -s_ k|Zg tkm{ ljrf/ u/L x]bf{ lgj]bs sfg"g Joj;fodf ;+nUg clwjQmf
b]lvg cfpg' ePsf] 5 . /fi6«kltn] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #^em -@_ adf]lhd zky jfrg u/]tf
klg pk/fi6«kltn] lxGbL efiffdf zky lnPsf] ;a} g]kfnLn] ;'g]sf], /fi6«kltsf]
cg'kl:ytLdf pk/fi6«kltn] ;+ljwfgsf] /Iff ug'{ kg{]df ;+ljwfgn] tf]s] eGbf ljkl/t x'g]
u/L zky lng gldNg] egL k|:t't lgj]bg bfo/ ePsf]df cfkm\gf] nf]slk|otfsf nflu
JolQmut rl/qdf cf3ft k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] lgj]bg bfo/ u/]sf] x'Fbf vf/]h x'g' kg{] eGg]
egfO{ pk/fi6«kltsf] /x]sf] b]lvg cfof] . k|:t't lgj]bg g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
sf] wf/f !)&-@_ cGtu{t bfo/ ePsf] b]lvG5 . wf/f !)&-@_ n] æo; ;+ljwfgåf/f k|bQ
df}lns xssf] k|rngsf] nflu jf csf{] pkrf/sf] Joj:yf gePsf] jf csf]{ pkrf/sf]
Joj:yf eP klg ;f] pkrf/ ckof{Kt jf k|efjxLg b]lvPsf] cGo s'g} sfg"gL xssf]
k|rngsf] nflu jf ;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/sf] s'g} ljifodf ;dfj]z ePsf] s'g}
;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL k|Zgsf] lg?k0fsf] nflu cfjZos / pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L u/L To:tf]
xssf] k|rng u/fpg] jf ljjfb 6'Ëf] nufpg] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ ;jf{]Rr cbfntnfO{
x'g]5Æ eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] kfO{of] . k|:t't ljjfbdf lgj]bs ;+ljwfgåf/f k|bQ df}lns jf
sfg"gL xssf] k|rng lgldQ cbfnt k|j]z u/]sf] ge} ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifodf
;dfj]z ePsf] ;+j}wflgs k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf cbfnt k|j]z u/]sf] b]lvG5 . lnlvt hjfkmdf
lgj]bs cfkm\gf] nf]slk|otf lgldQ cbfnt k|j]z u/]sf] elgPsf] 5 . lgZrog} ;fj{hlgs
;/f]sf/sf] ljifo cufl8 ;f/]/ k|ToIf jf k/f]If ?kdf cfkm\gf] lghL :jfy{ jf cfkm\gf]
nf]slk|otf lgldQ cbfnt k|j]z ug'{ zf]egLo s'/f] x}g tyflk s'g} ljjfb ;fj{hlgs
;/f]sf/sf] 5 / To;df ;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL k|Zg ;lGglxt 5 eg] To:tf] ;+j}wflgs jf
sfg"gL k|Zg ;dfj]z ePsf] ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf] ljifonfO{ nf]slk|otfsf] lgldQ cbfnt
k|j]z u/]sf] egL kG5fpg pko'Qm x'Fb}g . ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifodf ;dfj]z ePsf]
;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf cbfnt k|j]z ug{] xsflwsf/ -Locus Standi_ sf
;DaGwdf /fw]Zofd clwsf/L lj?4 g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfno -g]=sf=k= @)$*,
lg=g+= $$#)_ df ljifb ?kdf ljj]rgf Pj+ JofVof e} ;f] JofVofnfO{ cbfntn] cg'z/0f
u/L lg/Gt/tf k|bfg ub{} cfPsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ;DaGwdf ;f] lg0f{odf
æ;j{;fwf/0f hgtf jf s'g} hg ;d'bfosf] ;fd'lxs lxt jf :jfy{sf] k|ltlglwTj ug{] jf
To:tf] lxt jf :jfy{ cg's'n jf k|lts'n k|efj kfg{] s'g} klg s'/f ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]
ljifo aGb5 . b]zsf] ;'/Iff, zf;g Joj:yf, ;fdflhs zflGt, hg;fwf/0fsf] lzIff,
:jf:Yo, g}ltstf b]zsf] cfly{s cj:yf d"No j[l4 ;+ljwfgdf /fHo gLltsf lgb{]zs
l;4fGtsf] ?kdf Jojl:yt ;fdflhs Gofosf s'/fx?df hg ;fwf/0fsf] ;/f]sf/ /x]sf]
x'G5 . oyfy{df ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo oltg} xf] eg]/ ls6fgL ug{ ;lsGg . t/ o;
;DaGwdf Pp6f s'/f] s] a'em\g' cfjZos 5 eg] ;+ljwfg cGtu{t cbfntaf6 lg?k0f x'g'
kg{] ljjfbsf] ;Gbe{df ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] cy{ ubf{ sfg"gsf] l;df leq g} /x]/ ug'{
cfjZos x'G5 . t;y{ pQm ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf cGtu{t s'g} ljifonfO{ ;fj{hlgs ljjfbsf]
?kdf o; cbfntdf Nofpgsf] nflu sfg"g jf ;+ljwfgdf cfwfl/t x'g' kb{5Æ eGg] o;
cbfntsf] k"j{ wf/0ff /x]sf] ;Gbe{df /fi6«kltsf] cg'kl:ytLdf /fi6«kltaf6 ul/g] sfo{x?
pk/fi6«kltaf6 ;DkGg x'g] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf] kl/k|]Iodf /fi6«sf] pk/fi6«klt h:tf]
dxTjk"0f{ kbsf] zky ;+ljwfgsf] Joj:yf cg'?k gePsf] eGg] k|Zg ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]
ljifo /x]sf] Goflos lg/f]k0fsf] dfkb08 leq kg{] / ;+ljwfgtM o; cbfntaf6 lg/f]k0f x'g'
kg{] ljifo ePsf] o:tf] dxTjk"0f{ ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifosf ;DaGwdf p7]sf] ;+j}wflgs
k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf sfg"g Joj;foLsf] ?kdf /x]sf lgj]bsnfO{ cbfnt k|j]z ug{] xs
clwsf/ Locus Standi gePsf] eGg ;'xfpg] b]lvPg .
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f #! n] >L % af6 u/L jS;]sf] s'g}
sfdsf] ;DaGwdf cbfntdf k|Zg p7fO{g] 5}g egL pGd'lQm lbPsf] cj:yf klg o;
cbfntaf6 g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& n] ;fdflhs, /fhg}lts Pj+ cfly{s
;d'GgtLsf] cfwf/ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfnfO{ :jLsf/
u/L ;+j}wflgs ;jf{]Rrtfsf] cjwf/0fnfO{ u|x0f u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @& sf] pkwf/f
-#_ df >L % af6 g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;jf{]Qd lxt ;d'GgtLsf] nflu ;+ljwfgsf] kfngf /
;+/If0f u/L jS;g]5 eGg] Joj:yf ePsf]n] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfaf6 dfq g]kfnL hgtfsf]
;jf{]Qd lxt x'g] ePaf6 g]kfnL hgtfsf] lxt lgldQ ;+ljwfgsf] kfngf / ;+/If0fsf]
bfloTj ;+ljwfgn] >L % df tf]s]sf] cj:yf 5 . ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf g} g]kfnL hgtfsf]
;j{tf]d'vL k|ultsf] cfwf/ eGg] s'/fsf] c7f]6 ;+ljwfgsf] /x]sf] / ;+j}wflgs ;jf{]Rrtfsf]
cjwf/0ffnfO{ :jLsf/ ul/Psf] l:yltdf /fHo zlQm ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ljkl/t k|of]u ePsf]
egL ;+j}wflgs ljjfb p7fO{ ;jf{]Rr cbfnt k|j]z u/]sf]df ;jf{]Rr cbfntaf6 ;+j}wflgs
k|Zgsf] lg?k0f gx'g] xf] eg] g]kfnL hgtfsf] zflGt / pGgtLsf] ;+j}wflgs cfwf/df lj3\g
cfpg ;Sg] l:ytL kg{ ;Sb5 . ;+j}wflgs ljjfbx? clgl0f{t /xg' x'Fbg} . o;sf] ;dfwfg
pko'Qm dfWodaf6 geP ckm\7\of/f] / c;xh kl/l:ylt >[hgf x'g hfG5 / /fHo Joj:yf
c;xh cj:yfdf k'Ug hfG5 . ;+ljwfg tyf sfg"gsf] ;+/If0f hgtfsf] xssf] k|rng jf
;+j}wflgs ljjfbsf] Goflos lg/f]k0fsf] lhDd]jf/L ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ** n] ;jf{]Rr
cbfntnfO{ ;'lDkPsf] ;+j}wflgstfsf] k|Zgdf ;jf{]Rr cbfnt k|j]z ug{ gkfpg] eGg
;+ljwfg cg's'n x'Fb}g egL lgj]bs /flhj k/fh'nL lj?4 e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f zfxL cfof]u,
xl/x/ ejg nlntk'/ ;d]tdf -g]=sf=k= @)^@, lg=g++= &^!*_ ;+j}wflgstfsf] k/LIf0f
ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;+ljwfg d"n sfg"g ePsf] / o;sf] kfngf ug'{ k|To]s JolQmsf] st{Jo
ePsf] x'Fbf ;+j}wflgstfsf] k|Zgdf cbfnt ljz]if ulDe/ Pj+ lhDd]jf/ x'g cfjZos x'G5 .
cj -v_ k|Zg tkm{ ljrf/ u/f}+ . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] efu @$ wf/f !^% sf]
pkwf/f -@_ n] ljifo jf k|;Ën] csf{] cy{ gnfu]df o; ;+ljwfgdf JoQm ePsf s'/fx?sf]
clwgdf /xL sfg"g JofVof ;DaGwL k|rlnt sfg"gL Joj:yf g]kfn sfg"gsf] JofVofdf nfu"
eP ;/x o; ;+ljwfgsf] JofVofdf klg nfu" x'g]5 eGg] Joj:yf ePsf] / sfg"g JofVof
;DaGwL P]g, @)!) sf] bkmf @ v08 -t_ n] zkynfO{ æ of] zAbn] wd{ efs\g'sf] ;§f P]gn]
k|lt1f jf 3f]if0ff ug{ kfpg] JolQmn] u/]sf] k|lt1f jf 3f]if0ffnfO{ ;d]t hgfpF5Æ eGg]
kl/efiff u/]sf] b]lvof] . sfg"g JofVof ;DaGwL P]g, @)!) sf] bkmf @ v08 -t_ n] zky
zAbsf] kl/efiff u/]sf], of] kl/efiffaf6 ;+ljwfgdf ePsf] zkysf] cy{ a'em\g d2t k'Ug]
tyf JofVofdf ;xfos x'g] b]lvG5 . ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f ug{] JolQmn] sfg"gn] tf]s]
adf]lhdsf] zky lng] sfo{ ;DkGg eP kl5 dfq sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg of]Uo dflgG5 /
kb;Fu ufFl;Psf] ;'ljwf zky kl5 dfq k|fKt x'G5 . zky lnP kl5 zky k|lt sfg"gL Pj+
g}lts b'j} bfloTj >[hgf x'G5 . zky lnbf cfkm"n] u/]sf] 3f]if0ff jf k|lt1f k|lt jkmfbf/
jf k|ltj4 /xg' jfG5lgo 7flgG5 . kbsf] zky lnbf cfkm"n] u/]sf] k|lt1f k|lts"nsf] sfo{
kb cg';f/sf] cfr/0f 7flgg ;Sb}g / zky k|lts"nsf] sfo{ dxfcleof]u jf kbd'Qmsf]
cfwf/ aGg ;Sb5 . o;}n] ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f ug{] JolQmnfO{ kbsf] zky lng sfg"gL
?kdf g} clgjfo{ x'G5 . pk/fi6«kltn] cfkm\gf] sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg' cufl8 kb tyf
uf]klgotfsf] zky lng' kg{] sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf]df zkysf] efiff lxGbL ePsf] lxGbL
efiff klg g]kfnLn] a'em\g] /fi6« efiffs} ?kdf kb{5 t;y{ lxGbL efiffdf lnPsf] zkynfO{
cGoyf dfGg gldNg] eGg] egfO{ /x]af6 efiffsf] s'/f]df afx]s cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] Joj:yf
adf]lhd kb tyf uf]klgotfsf] zky lng' kg{] tYonfO{ :jLsf/ g} u/]sf] b]lvbf zkysf]
p2]Zo / cfjZostf tkm{ ljz]if rrf{sf] cfjZostf b]lvg cfPg .
cj -u_ k|Zg tkm{ ljrf/ u/f}+ . pk/fi6«kltn] cfkm\gf] lnlvt hjfkmdf /fhg}lts
kbflwsf/Ln] zky lng] ljifo /fhg}lts k|s[ltsf] ljifo ePsf]n] To:tf] Goflos lg/f]k0fsf]
If]q leq kb{}g egL pNn]v ug'{ ePaf6 pk/fi6«kltn] cfkm"nfO{ /fhg}lts kbflwsf/Lsf]
?kdf /fv]sf] b]lvg cfof] . pk/fi6«kltsf] kb /fhg}lts xf] jf s:tf] xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf
;+j}wflgs, sfg"gL Joj:yf g} x]g'{ kg{] x'G5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f
#^5 -#_ n] ælgjf{rg, dgf]gog jf lgo'lQmåf/f k"lt{ x'g] s'g} /fhgLlts kbdf axfn /x]sf]
s'g} JolQm pk/fi6«kltsf] kbdf lgjf{lrt ePdf lghsf] To:tf] kb :jtM l/Qm x'g]5Æ eGg]
Joj:yfn] pk/fi6«kltdf lgjf{lrt JolQm lgjf{lrt x'g' k"j{ /fhg}lts JolQmsf] x}l;ot jf
kbdf /x]sf] x'g ;Sg] ePtf klg pk/fi6«kltdf lgjf{lrt eP kl5 To:tf] /fhg}lts x}l;ot
;dfKt x'g] :ki6 ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf b]lvg cfof] . /fhg}lts JolQm eGg] ljlQs} s'g}
/fhg}lts bn jf ;+u7g;Fu ;DalGwt /fhg}lts ljrf/wf/f, bz{g jf sfo{qmd k|lt
k|ltj4 ;/sf/ lgdf{0f Pj+ ;+rfng nufot /fhg}lts ultljwL;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 . xfd|f]
;+j}wflgs Joj:yf adf]lhd /fi6«kltsf] cg'kl:ytLdf /fi6«kltsf] sfd ;Dkfbg ug{]
pk/fi6«klt s'g} /fhg}lts bn jf ;+u7g jf s'g} bnsf] /fhg}lts ljrf/wf/f jf bz{g jf
sfo{qmd;Fu ;DalGwt ge} ;+ljwfgsf] ;+/If0f / kfngfsf] lhDd]jf/L af]s]sf] dxTjk"0f{
kbflwsf/Lsf ?kdf ;+ljwfgn] /fv]sf] b]lvG5 . u0ftGq ef/tsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f %# n]
;+j}wflgs Joj:yf adf]lhd k|of]u x'g] u/L sfo{sf/0fL clwsf/ /fi6«kltnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf]
5 . ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] /fi6«kltnfO{ ef/tsf] /fi6«klt eGbf Jofks csf{] zAbdf k"0f{
?kdf sfo{sf/0fL clwsf/ ;'lDkPsf] b]lvG5 . t/ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f #&-!_ n] g]kfnsf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ dlGqkl/ifb\df lglxt /fv]sf] 5 . wf/f #^s
-#_ n] u0ftGq ef/t jf ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfdf h:tf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ /fi6«kltdf
gtf]ls ;+ljwfgsf] ;+/If0f / kfngf ug{' /fi6«kltsf] k|d"v st{Jo x'g]5 egL tf]s]sf] 5 .
em§ jf ;txL ?kdf x]bf{ pk/fi6«klt /fhg}lts kb h:tf] nfUg ;Sb5 t/ g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #^5 -@_ n] /fi6«kltsf] cg'kl:ytLdf /fi6«kltaf6 ul/g] sfo{
cyf{t cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #^s -#_ sf] Joj:yf adf]lhd ;+ljwfgsf] ;+/If0f / kfngf
ug'{ kg{] pk/fi6«kltnfO{ /fhg}lts ultljwLd'Qm /fVg] ;+ljwfgsf] :ki6 p2]Zo x'Fbf
pk/fi6«kltn] cfkm"nfO{ /fhg}lts JolQmsf] x}l;otdf /fVg' plrt b]lvg cfpFb}g .
d pk/fi6«kltnfO{ kb tyf uf]klgotfsf] zky lng cfpg' ePsf /fi6«kltsf] gfddf
cbfntaf6 lnlvt hjfkm dfu gug{] cfb]z ePaf6 /fi6«kltsf] cg'kl:ytLdf sfd ug{] d
pk/fi6«kltnfO{ ljkIfL agfO{ lnlvt hjfkm dfu ug{ ldNb}g egL lhls/ lnPsf] kfO{of] .
cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&-@_ cGtu{t kg{] lgj]bgdf sf/0f b]vfp cfb]z cGtu{t
lnlvt hjfkm dufpg] sfo{ Audi alterm Partem csf{] kIf cyf{t c;/ kg{] kIfsf] s'/f
;'g eGg] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t 5 . s'g} JolQmsf] xs lxt jf :jfy{ uFfl;Psf JolQmnfO{
c;/ kb{5 eg] To:tf] JolQmnfO{ cfkm\gf] s'/f eGg lbg' kb{5 eGg] k|fs[lts Gofosf]
;j{dfGo l;4fGt xf] . of] :jR5 ;'g'jfO{sf] :jl0f{d lgod klg xf] . ;/f]sf/ gePsf]
c;DalGwt jf c;/ gkg{] kIfnfO{ cbfnt;Dd af]nfpg' emGem6 jf b'Mv lbg' xf] . To;}n]
o:tf] cj:yf gk/f]; eGgsf vflt/ cbfntn] o:tf ljjfb;Fu ;DaGw g/x]sf c;DalGwt
jf lg0f{oaf6 c;/ gkg{] JolQmnfO{ ljkIfL agfPsf] eP klg cj:yf x]/L cbfntn] lnlvt
hjfkm gdufpg klg ;Sb5 . s'g} kbflwsf/LnfO{ cbfntL sf/jfxL of Goflos k|lqmofaf6
;+ljwfg jf sfg"gn] s'g} ljz]ifflwsf/ -Privilege_ jf pGd'lQm -Immunity_ lbPsf]
cj:yfdf To:tf kbflwsf/L cj:yf cg';f/ Goflos k|lqmofaf6 pGd'Qm x'G5g\ / To:tf
JolQmnfO{ cbfntn] s]xL g;f]Wg ;Sb5 jf lnlvt hjfkm gdfUg ;Sb5 . u0ftGq
ef/tsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #^! n] ef/tsf] /fi6«kltnfO{ s]xL Goflos k|lqmofaf6 d'Qm /fv]sf]
5 . ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf /fi6«kltnfO{ klg of] pGd'lQm k|fKt 5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg jf sfg"gn] /fi6«kltnfO{ s'g} ljz]ifflwsf/ -Privilege_ jf pGd'lQm k|bfg u/]sf]
cj:yf b]lvb}g . pk/fi6«klt cfkm}n] /fi6«kltsf] ljz]ifflwsf/ -Privilege_ jf pGd'lQm
-Immunity_ sf ;DaGwdf s]xL eGg vf]Ng ;Sg' ePsf] 5}g . ;+ljwfg Pj+ sfg"gn]
/fi6«kltnfO{ ljz]ifflwsf/ -Privilege_ jf pGd'lQm -Immunity_ k|bfg gu/]sf] cj:yfdf
/fi6«kltsf] cg'kl:yltdf /fi6«kltaf6 ul/g] sfo{ ;DkGg ug{] pk/fi6«kltnfO{ sfg"g ljkl/t
ePsf sfo{sf ;DaGwdf cbfntL sf/jfxLaf6 pGd'lQm k|bfg u/]sf] eGg ;lsg] cj:yf
ePg . To;df klg pk/fi6«klt ljkIfL dfq ge} lgj]bg bfjLaf6 k|:t't ljjfbsf] lg0f{oaf6
c;/ k'Ug ;Sg] JolQm ePaf6 pk/fi6«kltaf6 lnlvt hjfkm dfu ug{ gldNg] eGg] egfO{
ljz]ifflwsf/ -Privilege_ jf pGd'lQm -Immunity_ sf] cefjdf / csf{ kIfsf] s'/f ;'g
-Audi Alterm Partem_ eGg] k|fs[lts Gofosf] :jl0f{d l;4fGtaf6 ldNg] b]lvg cfPg .
cj -3_ k|Zg tkm{ cyf{t pk/fi6«kltn] lng] zky ;DaGwdf sfg"gn] s] s:tf]
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5, lnPsf] zky sfg"g;Ddt /x] g/x]sf] s] xf] < o; tkm{ ljrf/ u/L x]bf{
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #^em -@_ n] æpk/fi6«kltn] cfkm\gf] sfo{ef/
;DxfNg' cl3 cg';"rL–!s sf] 9fFrfdf /fi6«klt ;dIf kb tyf uf]klgotfsf] zky lng'
kg{]5Æ eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf]df cg';"rL–!s lgDg adf]lhd /x]sf] kfO{of] .
wf/f #^r / wf/f #^em sf] pkwf/f -@_ ;Fu ;DalGwt
-/fi6«klt tyf pk/fi6«kltn] lng] kb tyf uf]klgotfsf] zkysf] 9fFrf_
d -/fi6«klt÷pk/fi6«kltsf] k"/f gfd_========================= d'n's / hgtf k|lt k"0f{
jkmfbf/ /xL ;Tolgi7fk"j{s k|lt1f u5'{÷ O{Zj/sf] gfddf zky lnG5' ls g]kfnsf] /fhsLo
;Qf / ;fj{ef}d;Qf g]kfnL hgtfdf /x]sf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# k|lt k"0f{
jkmfbf/ /xFb} /fi6«klt÷pk/fi6«klt kbsf] sfdsfh k|rlnt sfg"gsf] clwgdf /xL d'n's /
hgtfsf] ;f]emf] lrtfO{, s;}sf] 8/ gdfgL, kIfkft gu/L, k"jf{u|x jf v/fj efjgf glnO{
OdfGbfl/tfsf ;fy ug{]5' / cfkm\gf] st{Jo kfngfsf] l;nl;nfdf cfkm"nfO{ hfgsf/Ldf
cfPsf] s'/f d kbdf axfn /xFbf jf g/xFbf h'g;'s} cj:yfdf klg sfg"gsf] kfngf ubf{
afx]s c? cj:yfdf s'g} lsl;daf6 klg k|s6 jf ;Í]t ug]{ 5}g .
gfd, y/M============================
ldltM========================
;xLM =============================
pk/fi6«kltn] ;Djt\ @)^% ;fn >fj0f * ut] a'wjf/ b]xfo adf]lhd zky ug'{
ePsf] b]lvG5 .
pk/fi6«klt s] kb tyf uf]klgotf s] zky
d} k/dfgGb emf /fi6« cf}/ hgtf s] k|lt k"0f{ akmfbf/ /xt] x'P ;Tolgi7fk"j{s k|lt1f
s/tf x'F÷O{Zj/ s] gfd d]+ zky n]tf x'F ls g]kfn s] /fhsLo;Qf cf}/ ;fj{ef}d;Qf
g]kfnL hgtf d]+ k|Tofe"t lsof uof g]kfn s] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# k|lt k"0f{ jkmfbf/
/xt] x'P pk/fi6«klt kbs] sfdsfh k|rlnt sfg"g s] clwg d]+ /xt] x'P Pjd\ /fi6« cf}/
hgtf s] ;jf{]k/L lxtsf] X[bofª\ud s/s] ls;Lsf 8/ g dfgs], kIfkft g s/s], k"jf{u|x
cyjf v/fj efjgf g n]s/ OdfGbf/L s] ;fy s?Fuf cf}/ ckg] st{Jo kfng s] l;nl;nf
d]+ ckg] hfgsf/L d]+ cfO{ x'O{ jft d}+ kb d]+ /xt] jf gxL+ /xt] lh; ls;L cj:yf d]+ eL
sfg"g s] kfng s] l;jfo cGo ls;L cj:yf d]+ ls;L eL k|sf/ ;] k|u6 jf ;ª\s]t gxL
s?Fuf .
gfd, y/M k/dfgGb emf
ldltM ;Djt\ @)^% ;fn >fj0f * ut] a'wjf/ zed\
;xLM =======================
cGo kbflwsf/Lx?sf] ;DaGwdf s] s:tf] zkysf] Joj:yf u/]sf] /x]5 egL g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f $@ n] æk|wfgdGqLn] /fi6«klt ;dIf pk–k|wfgdGqL, dGqL,
/fHodGqL tyf ;xfos dGqLn] k|wfgdGqL ;dIf cfkm\gf] kb / uf]klgotfsf] zky u|x0f
ug'{ kg{]5Æ eGg];Dd Joj:yf u/]sf] t/ zkysf] 9fFrf eg] ;+ljwfgn] tf]s]sf] b]lvg cfPg .
tyflk k|wfgdGqL, pk–k|wfgdGqL, dGqL, /fHo dGqL, ;xfos dGqLx?n] /fi6«klt
pk/fi6«kltsf] lgldQ tf]s]sf] 9fFrf adf]lhd lng] kl/kf6L ljsf; ePsf] b]lvg cfof] . o;}
kl/k]|Iodf ;+ljwfg ;ef ;b:osf] zky u|x0f ;DaGdf s] s:tf] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 egL x]bf{
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] vf; s]xL Joj:yf gu/]sf] / ;+ljwfg ;ef ;b:o
lgjf{rg cWofb]z, @)^% sf] bkmf %(s n] b]xfosf] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfO{of] .
%(s -!_ bkmf # adf]lhd lgjf{lrt jf dgf]gog ePsf] ;b:on] ;+ljwfg ;ef jf
o;sf] s'g} ;ldltsf] klxnf] a}7sdf efu lng' cl3 ;+ljwfg ;efsf] cWoIftf ug{] JolQm
;dIf cg';"rL–^ adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf kb tyf uf]klgotfsf] zky lng' kg{]5 .
t/ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f &! sf] pkwf/f -@_ adf]lhd cWoIftf ug{] ;b:on] pkl:yt
;b:o ;dIf cfkm}+ zky lng' kg{]5 .
-@_ s'g} ;b:on] cfkm\gf] dft[efiffdf zky lng rfx]df To:tf] ;b:on] pkbkmf -!_
adf]lhdsf] zkysf] Joxf]/f cfkm\gf] dft[efiffdf cg'jfb u/L ;f] cg'jfbsf] k|lt ;+ljwfg
;ef jf o;sf] s'g} ;ldltsf] klxnf] a}7sdf efu lng' tLg lbg cufj} Joj:yflksf–
;+;bsf] dxf;lrjnfO{ pknAw u/fpg' kg{]5 eGg] Joj:yf u/L lgDg 9fFrf tf]s]sf] kfO{of] .
-bkmf %(s ;Fu ;DalGwt_
-;+ljwfg ;ef ;b:on] lng] kb tyf uf]kgLotfsf] zkysf] 9fFrf_
d -;DalGwt ;b:osf] k"/f gfd_====================== d'n's / hgtfk|lt k"0f{ jkmfbf/
/xL ;Tolgi7fk"j{s k|lt1f u5'{÷ O{Zj/sf] gfddf zky lnG5' ls g]kfnsf] /fhsLo ;Qf /
;fj{ef}d;Qf g]kfnL hgtfdf /x]sf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# k|lt k"0f{ jkmfbf/
/xFb} ;+ljwfg ;efsf] ;b:o kbsf] sfdsfh k|rlnt sfg"gsf] clwgdf /xL d'n's /
klbo uf]kgLotf sfod /fvL OdfGbfl/sf ;fy ug{]5' .
pk/f]Qm Joj:yfaf6 /fi6«klt pk/fi6«kltn] kb tyf uf]klgotfsf] zky lng' kg]{
u/L ;+ljwfgn] Joj:yf u/L ;+ljwfg d} 9fFrf tf]s]sf], k|wfgdGqL, pk–k|wfgdGqL, dGqL,
/fHodGqL / ;xfos dGqLn] kb tyf uf]kgLotfsf] zky lng' kg{] ;+ljwfgn] Joj:yf u/]sf]
t/ zkysf] 9fFrf ;+ljwfg jf sfg"gn] gtf]s]sf] eP klg /fi6«klt tyf pk/fi6«kltn] lng]
kb tyf uf]kgLotfsf] zkysf] 9FfrfnfO{ k|of]u u/L Jojxf/df NofO{Psf], ;+ljwfg ;ef
;b:osf] zky ;+ljwfg ;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg cWofb]z, @)^% n] u/]sf] / zkysf] 9Ffrf
klg tf]lsPsf] cj:yf b]lvof] .
ljleGg efiffefifLx? jLrsf] ;Dks{ efiffsf] ?kdf jf]lng] ljleGg efiffx? dWo]
lxGbL klg Ps efiff ePsf] x'Fbf cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f % cg';f/ lxGbL efiff klg /fi6«s}
efiffsf] ?kdf kb{5 . zkysf] cy{ / dd{ ;xhtfsf ;fy a'em\g ;s'g eGg] clek|fon] d}n]
zky afrg ubf{ lxGbL efiff k|of]u u/]sf] x'F eGg] lnlvt hjfkmaf6 b]lvbf lxGbL efiffdf
zky jfrg u/]sf] tYonfO{ pk/fi6«kltn] :jLsf/ g} u/]sf] b]lvof] . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] cg';"rL–!s df /fi6«klt tyf pk/fi6«kltn] lng] kb tyf uf]klgotfsf]
9fFrf b]jgfu/L lnkLdf g]kfnL efiffdf /flvPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f % n] lgDg Joj:yf u/]sf] 5M–
/fi6«efiffM -!_ g]kfndf af]lng] ;a} dft[efiffx? /fi6« efiff x'g\ .
-@_ b]jgfu/L lnlkdf g]kfnL efiff ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff x'g]5 .
-#_ pkwf/f -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg :yfgLo lgsfo tyf
sfof{nodf dft[efiff k|of]u ug{ s'g} afwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g . To;/L k|of]u ul/Psf]
efiffnfO{ /fHon] ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiffdf ?kdfGt/0f u/L clen]v /fVg]5 .
pk/f]Qm Joj:yfaf6 g]kfndf af]lng] ;a} dft[efiff /fi6« efiff x'g], b]jfgfu/L lnkLdf
g]kfnL efiffnfO{ ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff x'g] / :yflgo lgsfo tyf sfof{nodf dft[efiff
k|of]u ug{ ;lsg], To;/L k|of]u ul/Psf] dft[efiffnfO{ ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff cyf{t
b]jgfu/L lnlkdf g]kfnL efiffdf ?kfGt/0f u/L /fVg' kg{] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfO{of] .
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f %-@_ n] b]jgfu/L lnlkdf g]kfnL efiff
;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff tf]s]sf]df ;f]xL wf/fsf] pkwf/f -#_ n] :yflgo lgsfo tyf
sfof{nodf dft[efiff k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] u/L 5'6 lbPsf] t/ To;/L k|of]u ePsf]
dft[efiffnfO{ sfdsfhsf] efiffdf ?kfGt/0f u/L /fVg kg{] eGg] Joj:yfn] dft[efiffsf]
k|of]u :yfgLo lgsfo tyf sfof{no;Dd ;Lldt u/]sf] :ki6 5 . ;+ljwfg ;ef ;b:o
lgjf{rg cWofb]z, @)^% sf] bkmf %(s df ;+ljwfg ;ef ;b:on] cg';"rL–^ adf]lhdsf]
9fFrfdf kb tyf uf]klgotfsf] zky ug{] ug'{ kg{] Joj:yf u/L zkysf] 9fFrf klg lbPsf]df
cWofb]zsf] bkmf %(s sf] pkbkmf -@_ n] s'g} ;b:on] cfkm\gf] dft[efiffdf zky lng
rfx]df To:tf] ;b:on] zkysf] Joxf]/f cfkm\gf] dft[efiffdf cg'jfb u/L ;f] cg'jfbsf] k|lt
;+ljwfg ;ef jf o;sf] s'g} ;ldltsf] klxnf] a}+7sdf efu lng' # lbg cufj}
Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] dxf;lrjnfO{ pknAw u/fpg' kg{]5 eGg] Joj:yf ;+ljwfg ;ef
;b:osf ;DaGwdf u/]af6 cfkm\gf] dft[efiffdf s'g} ;+ljwfg ;ef ;b:on] zky lng
rfx]df zkysf] Joxf]/f cfkm\gf] dft[efiffdf cg'jfb u/L Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf]
dxf;lrjnfO{ a'emfpg] Joj:yfn] sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] zkysf] cg'jfb k"0f{ ?kaf6 l7s Pj+
b'?:t eP gePsf] x]l/g] ;d]t P]gsf] p2]Zo /x]sf] / To;/L cfkm"n] lnPsf] zkysf] k|ltdf
x:tfIf/ ug'{ kg{] Joj:yfaf6 ;+ljwfg ;ef ;b:on] dft[efiffdf zky ubf{ s]xL k|lqmof
tf]s]sf], tf]s]sf] k|lqmof cjnDag u/L dft[efiffdf zky lng ;Sg] 5'6 lbPsf] b]lvG5 .
zky lng] sfo{ ;/sf/L sfd xf]Og eGg ldNg] cj:yf b]lvg cfpFb}g . sfg"gn] ;'ljwf jf
5'6 lbPsf] cj:yfdf afx]s c? cj:yfdf ;/sf/L sfd sfh b]jgfu/L lnlkdf g]kfnL
efiffdf ;DkGg x'g' kg{] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] efjgf / Joj:yf :ki6 ?kdf /x]sf]
;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f ug{] JolQm ;a}sf] zky u|x0f ;df/f]x Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .
To;df klg /fi6«klt, pk/fi6«klt, k|wfgdGqL, k|wfg GofofwLzsf] zky 7"nf] dxTjsf ;fy
x]l/G5 . zkysf] 9fFrf / To; leq k/]sf zAb zky lnbf st} 5'6\g hfG5 jf s'g} zAb
tn dfly kb{5 ls egL Hofb} xf]l;of/Lsf ;fy zky lng] sfo{ ;DkGg ul/G5 .
@), hgj/L, @))( df ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf $$ cf}+ /fi6«klt jf/fs cf]afdfn]
cfkm\gf] kbsf] zky lnP . ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f # n] /fi6«kltn] lng]
zky lgDg adf]lhd tf]s]sf] 5M
"I do so solennly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of
President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve profect and
defend the Constitution of United States"
t/ /fi6«kltn] zky lnbf zkysf] 9fFrfdf /x]sf] Faithfully nfO{ zkydf /flvPsf]
qmd cg';f/ gk9L Faithfully cflv/df cyf{t United States kl5 /fv]/ zky lnP .
Faithfully cflv/df /x]/ zkysf] efjgf s]xL cGt/ kb{}g lyof] tyflk zkysf] 9fFrf
;+ljwfgdf lbPsf]df 9fFrf cg';f/ gePsf] sf/0f ;Defljt vt/f / ljjfbaf6 d'Qm /xg
k'gM @@, hgj/L @))( df ;+ljwfgdf /x]sf] 9fFrfdf /fi6«klt jf/fs cf]afdfn] bf]>f] k6s
zky lnP .
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] sfg"gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ff cfTd;ft u/]sf] 5 .
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ! n] ;+ljwfgnfO{ d"n sfg"gsf] ?kdf /fv]sf] 5 . sfg"gsf] /fHodf sfg"g
;jf{]kl/ x'G5 . sfg"g eGbf dfly sf]xL x'Fb}g . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !-@_ df ;+ljwfgsf]
kfngf ug'{ k|To]s JolQmsf] st{Jo x'g]5 egL tf]s]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfg ljkl/t hfg jf ug{
s;}nfO{ 5'6 5}g .
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #^em -@_ n] pk/fi6«kltn] cfkm\gf]
sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg' cufl8 cg';"rL–!s sf] 9fFrfdf /fi6«klt ;dIf kb tyf uf]kgLotfsf]
zky lng' kg{]5 eGg] Joj:yf ePsf] / ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f % n] b]jgfu/L lnlkdf g]kfnL
efiff ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff x'g]5 eGb} :yfgLo lgsfo tyf sfof{nodf dft[efiff k|of]u
ug{ afwf gk'Ug] t/ To:tf] efiff ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiffdf ?kfGtl/t u/L /fVg] eGg]
ePkl5 pk/fi6«kltsf] dft[efiff lxGbL ePs} cj:yfdf klg pk/fi6«klt kbsf] zky u|x0f
;DaGwdf lxGbL efiff k|of]u x'g ;Sg] cj:yf b]lvb}g . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
sf] wf/f #^em -@_ n] pk/fi6«kltn] cfkm\gf] sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg' cl3 cg';"rL–!s sf] 9fFrfdf
/fi6«klt ;dIf kb tyf uf]klgotfsf] zky lng' kg{]5 eGg] eP kl5 / ;+ljwfg ;ef
;b:onfO{ ;+ljwfg ;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg cWofb]zsf] bkmf %(s n] Joj:yf u/] adf]lhd
dft[efiffdf zky lng 5'6 lbP h:t} pk/fi6kltnfO{ ;+ljwfgn] lxGbL efiffdf zky lng
5'6 glbPsf] cj:yfdf pk/fi6«kltn] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #^em -@_ sf]
Joj:yf cg';/0f u/L cg';"rL–!s sf] 9fFrfdf /fi6«klt ;dIf kb tyf uf]kgLotfsf] zky
lng'sf] c? ljsNk b]lvg cfpFb}g . o; ljkl/tsf] sfo{ ;+ljwfg ;Ddt x'g ;Sb}g .
cj -ª_ k|Zg tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #^5 -@_ n]
/fi6«kltsf] cg'kl:ytLdf /fi6«kltaf6 ul/g] sfo{x? pk/fi6«kltaf6 ;Dkfbg ul/g] 5 eGg]
Joj:yfaf6 /fi6«kltsf] cg'kl:yltdf dfq pk/fi6«kltn] /fi6«kltsf] sfd ug'{ kg{]
;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ePsf], ;f] Joj:yf afx]s ;+ljwfg jf sfg"gn] pk/fi6«kltnfO{ cGo
sfd st{Jo gtf]s]sf], /fi6«klt cg'kl:yt e} /fi6«kltsf] sfd pk/fi6«kltn] u/]sf] egL
lgj]bg 5nkmnsf] qmddf ljkIfn] eGg g;s]sf] / g]kfn /fhkqaf6 klg o:tf] cj:yf
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