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Timestamp: 2019-09-17 17:28:41
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b9 iw | Welding | Nondestructive Testing
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Workshop Equipments SPECIFICATION
SNT-TC-1A errata_ prt (1).pdf
CSWIP Questions.doc
1 SATIP-W-016-01 Welding of S C R M & Duplex SS- Rev 1
B.9 Quality assurance in welding (QA).
y Role of inspection and quality control
To ensure that a product has the right level of quality, some form of inspection is often required. This can involve such things as measuring the dimensions of a welded part. The measurement result is then compared with the applicable requirement for the welded part in question. If the requirements are fulfilled, the part can be approved. If the requirements are not fulfilled, the part will not be approved. A standard definition of Inspection is: "Measurement, investigation, testing or other classification of one or more characteristics or properties of a product and the comparison of the results with set requirements to determine whether they are fulfilled". Accreditation Within the European system, there are a number of standards (EN 45000 series) that include regulations for testing the ability of inspection organs. Its aim is to ensure that inspection organs in Europe carry out equivalent assessments so that the results can be approved by all the member countries. The inspection organs that are approved according to these requirements become accredited for a certain task. The following bodies can be accredited: 1 Laboratories. 2 Certification organs for products, quality systems, personnel. 3 First, second and third party inspection organs. Welding is a special process, which requires the coordination of welding operation in order to establish confidence in welding fabrication and reliable performance in service. The tasks and responsibilities of personnel involved in welding related activities, e.g. planning, executing, supervising and inspection, needing to be clearly defined. Welding coordination requirements canbe specified by a manufacturer, contract or an application standard. Quality control The operations of a company are controlled to give products the right level of quality. This means that the daily activities follow the company's quality system, applying the directions contained in the quality manual and the instructions that are to be available at each workplace. One example of quality control is the application of welding procedure specification (WPS) in order to obtain the right level of quality in welds. Quality control as applied to welded products includes those activities which monitor the quality of the product the operational techniques of checking materials, dimensional checks, inspection before, during and after welding, non-destructive testing, hydraulic or leak testing in other words, activities which take place after the event and which check that everything has been carried out correctly Introduction to ISO 3834 (B9) ISO 3834: Quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials
ISO 3834 consists of 5 parts, under the general title Quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials: - Part 1: Criteria for the selection of the appropriate level of quality requirements - Part 2: Comprehensive quality requirements - Part 3: Standard quality requirements - Part 4: Elementary quality requirements - Part 5: Applicable documents ISO 3834 is not a quality management system standard replacing ISO 9001:2000 but a useful tool when ISO 9001:2000 is applied by welding manufacturers. ISO 3834 identifies measures that are applicable for different situations. They may be applied in the following circumstances: - in contractual situations: specification of welding quality requirements; - by manufacturers: establishment and maintenance of welding quality requirements; - by committees drafting manufacturing codes or application standards: specification of welding quality requirements; - by organizations assessing welding quality performance, e.g. third parties, customers, or manufacturers. ISO 3834 can be used by internal and external organizations, including certification bodies, to assess the manufacturer's ability to meet customer, regulatory or the manufacturers own requirements. ISO 3834 therefore provides a method to demonstrate the capability of a manufacturer to produce products of the specified quality. It was prepared such that: a) it is independent of the type of construction manufactured; b) it defines quality requirements for welding in workshops and/or on site; c) it provides guidance for describing a manufacturer's capability to produce constructions to meet specified requirements; d) it provides a basis for assessing a manufacturers welding capability. ISO 3834 is appropriate when demonstration of a manufacturer's capability to produce welded constructions, fulfilling specified quality requirements, is specified in one or more of the following: - a specification; - a product standard; - a regulatory requirement. The selection of the appropriate part of ISO 3834 should be in accordance with the product standard, specification, regulation or contract. The manufacturer selects one of the three parts specifying quality requirements based on the following related to products: - the extent and significance of safety-critical products; - the complexity of manufacture; - the range of products manufactured; - the range of different materials used; - the extent to which metallurgical problems may occur; - the extent to which manufacturing imperfections, e.g. misalignment, distortion or weld imperfection, affect product performance.
A manufacturer that demonstrates compliance to a level of this document is also considered to have established compliance to all lower levels without further demonstration (e.g. a manufacturer compliant to ISO 3834-2 demonstrates compliance with ISO 3834-3 and ISO 3834-4). y Summary comparison of ISO 3834, Parts 2, 3 and 4
The manufacturer shall review the contractual requirements and any other requirements, together with any technical data provided by the purchaser when the construction is designed by the manufacturer. The manufacturer needs to establish that all information necessary to carry out the manufacturing operations is complete and available prior to the commencement of the work. The manufacturer shall affirm its capability to meet all requirements and shall ensure adequate planning of all quality-related activities. A review of requirements shall be carried out by the manufacturer to verify that the work content is within its capability to perform, that sufficient resources are available to achieve delivery schedules and that documentation is clear and unambiguous. The manufacturer shall ensure that any variations between the contract and any previous quotation are identified and the purchaser notified of any programme, cost or engineering changes that may result. Items considered at or before the time of the review of requirements review: a) The product standard to be used, together with any supplementary requirements; b) Statutory and regulatory requirements; c) Any additional requirement determined by the manufacturer; d) The capability of the manufacturer to meet the prescribed requirements Sub-contracting When a manufacturer intends to use sub-contracted services or activities (e.g. welding, inspection, NDT, heat treatment), information necessary to meet applicable requirements shall be supplied by the manufacturer to the sub-contractor. The sub-contractor shall provide such records and documentation of his work as may be specified by the manufacturer. A sub-contractor shall work under the order and responsibility of the manufacturer. The manufacturer shall ensure that the sub-contractor can comply with the quality requirements as specified. The information provided by the manufacturer to the sub-contractor shall include all relevant data from requirements review and technical review. Additional requirements may be specified as necessary to assure sub-contractor compliance with technical requirements. Welding personnel The manufacturer shall have at his disposal sufficient and competent personnel for the planning, performing and supervising of the welding production according to specified requirements. Welders and welding operators shall be qualified by appropriate tests. The manufacturer needs to have appropriate welding coordination personnel. The welding coordinator shall have sufficient authority to enable any necessary action to be taken.
Inspection and testing personnel The manufacturer shall have at his disposal sufficient and competent personnel for planning, performing, and supervising the inspection and testing of the welding production according to specified requirements. The non-destructive testing personnel shall be appropriate qualified/certified. When a qualification test is not required, competence shall be verified by the manufacture Inspection and testing Applicable inspections and tests shall be implemented at appropriate points in the manufacturing process to assure conformity with contract requirements. Location and frequency of such inspections and/or tests will depend on the contract and/or product standard, the welding process and the type of construction. Inspection and testing before welding Before the start of welding, the following shall be checked: - suitability and validity of welders qualification certificates; - suitability of welding-procedure specification; - identity of parent material; - identity of welding consumables; - joint preparation (e.g. shape and dimensions); - fit-up, jigging and tacking; - any special requirements in the welding-procedure specification (e.g. prevention of distortion); - arrangement for any production test; - suitability of working conditions for welding, including environment. Inspection and testing during welding During welding, the following shall be checked at suitable intervals or by continuous monitoring: - essential welding parameters (e.g. welding current, arc voltage and travel speed); - preheating/interpass temperature; - cleaning and shape of runs and layers of weld metal; - back gouging; - welding sequence; - correct use and handling of welding consumables; - control of distortion; - any intermediate examination (e.g. checking of dimensions). Inspection and testing after welding After welding, the compliance with relevant acceptance criteria shall be checked: - by visual inspection; - by non-destructive testing; - by destructive testing;
- form, shape and dimensions of the construction; - results and records of post-weld operations (e.g. post-weld heat treatment, ageing). Inspection and test status Measures shall be taken, as appropriate, to indicate, e.g. by marking of the item or a routing card, the status of inspection and test of the welded construction. Non-conformance and corrective actions Measures shall be implemented to control items or activities, which do not conform to specified requirements in order to prevent their inadvertent acceptance. When repair and/or rectification is undertaken by the manufacturer, descriptions of appropriate procedures shall be available at all workstations where repair or rectification is performed. When repair is carried out, the items shall be re-inspected, tested and examined in accordance with the original requirements. Measures shall also be implemented to avoid recurrence of non-conformances. Calibration and validation of measuring, inspection and testing equipment The manufacturer shall be responsible for the appropriate calibration or validation of measuring, inspection and testing equipment. All equipment used to assess the quality of the construction shall be suitably controlled and shall be calibrated or validated at specified intervals. Identification and traceability Identification and traceability shall be maintained throughout the manufacturing process, if required. Quality records Quality records shall include, when applicable: - record of requirement/technical review; - material certificates; - welding consumable certificates; - welding-procedure specifications; - equipment maintenance records; - welding-procedure qualification records (WPQR); - welder or welding-operator qualification certificates; - production plan; - non-destructive testing personnel certificates; - heat-treatment procedure specification and records; - non-destructive testing and destructive testing procedures and reports; - dimensional reports; - records of repairs and non-conformance reports; - other documents, if required.
Quality records shall be retained for a minimum period of five years in the absence of any other specified requirements. Application Conformity to ISO 3834-2 to 4 shall be claimed by a manufacturer using the normative references given in this part. Conformity to ISO 3834-2 to 4 may also be claimed by adopting other standards that provide equivalent technical conditions. Where other standards are adopted, they should only be used when they are referenced in product standards for constructions being made by the manufacturer. It is the responsibility of the manufacturer to demonstrate technically equivalent conditions when normative references other than those listed in this part are applied. Certificates issued following assessment by independent certification organizations or claims of compliance by a manufacturer with any part of ISO 3834 shall clearly identify the normative references or specifications used by the manufacturer. Introduction to ISO 14731 Welding Coordination (B9) The tasks and responsibilities of personnel involved in welding coordination activities, shall to be clearly defined because each single activity can be associated with a number of tasks and responsibilities such as: - specification and preparation, - coordination, - control, - inspection, check or witnessing. Where welding coordination is carried out by more than one person, the tasks and responsibilities shall be clearly allocated. Welding coordination is the sole responsibility of the manufacturer. The manufacturer shall appoint at least one responsible welding coordinator. The responsible welding coordinator may delegate specific welding coordination tasks. Welding coordination may be subcontracted. A clear identification of the assigned welding coordinator shall exist in respect to: - position in the manufacturing organization and responsibilities. - the extent of authorization to accept by signing on behalf of the manufacturing organization for e.g. procedure specification, supervision reports, as needed in order to fulfill the assigned tasks. - the extent of authorization to carry out the assigned tasks. For all tasks assigned the welding coordinators shall be able to demonstrate adequate technical knowledge to enable such tasks to be performed satisfactorily. The following factors should be considered: - general technical knowledge; - specialized technical knowledge in welding and related processes relevant to the assigned tasks.
Responsible welding coordination personnel should usually have: Comprehensive technical knowledge Welding coordination personnel with full technical knowledge for planning, executing, supervisory and testing of all tasks and responsibilities in welding fabrication. Specific technical knowledge Welding coordination personnel where technical knowledge is sufficient for planning, executing, supervisory and testing of the tasks and responsibilities in welding fabrication within a selective or limited technical field. Basic technical knowledge Welding coordination personnel where technical knowledge is sufficient for planning, executing, supervisory and testing of the tasks and responsibilities within a limited technical field involving only simple welded constructions. Welding related tasks of the welding coordinator Requirements review a) The product standard to be used, together with any supplementary requirements; b) the capability of the manufacturer to meet the prescribed requirements. Technical review a) Parent material(s) specification and welded joint properties; b) joint location with relation to the design requirements; c) quality and acceptance requirements for welds; d) location, accessibility and sequence of welds including accessibility for inspection and NDT; e) other welding requirements, e.g. batch testing of consumables, ferrite content of weld metal, ageing, hydrogen content, weld profile; f) dimensions and details of joint preparation and completed weld. Sub-contracting Suitability of any sub-contractor for welding fabrication. Welding personnel Qualification of welders and welding operators, brazers and brazing operators. Equipment a) suitability of welding and associated equipment; b) auxiliaries and equipment supply, identification and handling; c) personal protective equipment and other safety equipment, directly associated with the applicable manufacturing process d) equipment maintenance.
Production planning a) reference to the appropriate procedure specifications for welding and allied processes; b) sequence in which the welds are to be made; c) environment conditions (e.g. protection from wind, temperature and rain); d) allocation of qualified personnel; e) equipment for preheating and post-heat treatment including temperature indicator. Qualification of the welding procedures Method and range of qualification. Welding procedure specifications Range of qualification. Work instructions Issue and use of work instruction. Welding consumables a) compatibility; b) delivery conditions; c) any supplementary requirements in welding consumable purchasing specifications including the type of welding consumables certificate; d) storage and handling of welding consumables. Materials a) any supplementary requirements in the material purchasing specifications including the type of material certificate; b) storage and handling of parent material; c) traceability. Inspection and testing before welding a) suitability and validity of welders qualification certificates; b) suitability of welding procedure specification; c) identity of parent material; d) identity of welding consumables; e) joint preparation (e.g. shape and dimensions); f) fit-up, jigging and tacking; g) any special requirements in the welding procedure specification (e.g. prevention of distortion); h) arrangement for any production test;
i) suitability of working conditions for welding, including environment. Inspection and testing during welding a) Essential welding parameters (e.g. welding current, arc voltage and travel speed); b) preheating/interpass temperature; c) cleaning and shape of runs and layers of weld metal; d) back gouging; e) welding sequence; f) correct use and handling of welding consumables; g) control of distortion; h) any intermediate examination (e.g. checking dimensions). Inspection and testing after welding a) by visual inspection (completeness of welding, weld dimensions, shape); b) by non-destructive testing; c) by destructive testing; d) form, shape, tolerance and dimensions of the construction; e) results and records of post-operations (e.g. post-weld heat treatment, ageing). Post weld heat treatment Performance in accordance with the specification. Non-conformance and corrective actions Necessary measures and actions (weld repairs, re-assessment of repaired welds, corrective action). Calibration and validation of measuring, inspection and testing equipment Necessary methods and actions. Identification and traceability a) identification of production plans; b) identification of routing cards; c) identification of weld locations in construction; d) identification of non-destructive testing procedures and personnel; e) identification of welding consumable (e.g. designation, trade name, manufacturer of consumables and batch or cast numbers); f) identification and/or traceability of parent material (e.g. type, cast number); g) identification of location of repairs; h) identification of location of temporary attachments; i) traceability for fully mechanized and automatic weld-equipment to specific welds; j) traceability of welder and welding operators to specific welds; k) traceability of welding procedure specification to specific welds.
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