Source: http://www.google.com/patents/US20040047499?dq=6,263,507
Timestamp: 2016-12-04 11:02:49
Document Index: 274337748

Matched Legal Cases: ['arts 94', 'art 94', 'art 94', 'art 94', 'art 94', 'arts 94', 'arts 94']

Patent US20040047499 - Automated DNA array image segmentation and analysis - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsA segmentation method of a frame of image information including a plurality of spaced DNA spot images corresponding to a plurality of DNA spots. The image information includes image intensity level information corresponding to said DNA spots. The frame is stored in a memory device and a set of image...http://www.google.com/patents/US20040047499?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US20040047499 - Automated DNA array image segmentation and analysisAdvanced Patent SearchTry the new Google Patents, with machine-classified Google Scholar results, and Japanese and South Korean patents.Publication numberUS20040047499 A1Publication typeApplicationApplication numberUS 10/658,763Publication dateMar 11, 2004Filing dateSep 10, 2003Priority dateFeb 7, 1998Also published asUS6990221Publication number10658763, 658763, US 2004/0047499 A1, US 2004/047499 A1, US 20040047499 A1, US 20040047499A1, US 2004047499 A1, US 2004047499A1, US-A1-20040047499, US-A1-2004047499, US2004/0047499A1, US2004/047499A1, US20040047499 A1, US20040047499A1, US2004047499 A1, US2004047499A1InventorsSoheil ShamsOriginal AssigneeSoheil ShamsExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (89), Referenced by (23), Classifications (13), Legal Events (4) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetAutomated DNA array image segmentation and analysis
US 20040047499 A1Abstract
A segmentation method of a frame of image information including a plurality of spaced DNA spot images corresponding to a plurality of DNA spots. The image information includes image intensity level information corresponding to said DNA spots. The frame is stored in a memory device and a set of image information within said frame including a selected set of the DNA spot images is selected. A grid including a plurality of spaced grid points corresponding to said selected DNA spot images is generated, such that each grid point includes position information indicating the position of the grid point within said frame. The current position of one or more grid points are adjusted by: selecting a first bounding area in the frame around the current position of the grid point; generating a first position update including position information for updating a current position of said grid point to a first new position within the first bounding area, the location of said first new position relative to said current position being a function of intensity level of at least a portion of the image within the first bounding area; generating a second position update including position information for updating said current position to a second new position in the frame, said second new position being in a geometric arrangement with the position of grid points around said grid point; and updating said current position with the position information of the first and the second position updates, thereby shifting said grid point toward the corresponding spot image. A display method displays image information corresponding to a plurality of DNA spot images of at least one DNA spot, the image information including image characteristic values including background and signal intensity levels. For each DNA spot image: (1) background and signal intensity levels are extracted from the image characteristic values for the spot image, and (2) difference values between the background intensity levels and signal intensity levels are determined. For each DNA spot: (1) the corresponding difference values are related a range of graphic values, (2) a graphic value for each difference value is selected; and (3) the selected graphic values are displayed. Images(10) Claims(10)
What is claimed is: 1. A method for segmentation of a frame of image information including a plurality of spaced DNA spot images corresponding to a plurality of DNA spots, said image information including image intensity level information corresponding to said DNA spots, the method comprising the steps of: (a) storing the frame of image information in memory; (b) selecting a set of image information within said frame including a selected set of the DNA spot images; (c) generating a grid in memory, the grid including a plurality of spaced grid points corresponding to said selected set of DNA spot images, the grid points having a predefined relationship, each grid point including position information indicating the position of the grid point within said image frame; (d) segmenting the selected set of image information by selecting at least one image segment defining a segment area around a grid point and including a spot image; and (e) quantifying at least a portion of image information in said image segment to obtain image characteristic values for said image segment. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said segment area is a function of the spacing between said grid point and one or more neighboring grid points. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the image characteristic values include DNA information for a DNA spot corresponding to the DNA spot image in said image segment, said DNA information including gene expression values. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the frame of image information includes a plurality of pixels each having an intensity level, and wherein the step of quantifying includes: (i) sorting at least a portion of the pixel intensities within said image segment, (ii) selecting a portion of said pixels, and (iii) computing an image characteristic value for the selected pixel values as function of the intensities of at least a portion of the selected pixel values. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the frame of image information includes a plurality of pixels each having an intensity level, and wherein the step of quantifying includes: (i) selecting a subset of said pixels in said image segment, (ii) computing a first image characteristic value as a function of at least a portion of the intensities of the selected pixel values, and (iii) computing a second image characteristic value as a function of intensities of at least a portion of pixels proximate said subset of pixels. 6. A software system for configuring a computer system comprising a processor, and memory, for segmentation of a frame of image information including a plurality of spaced DNA spot images corresponding to a plurality of DNA spots, said image information, including image intensity level and intra frame position information corresponding to said DNA spots, the software system comprising program instructions for: (a) storing the frame of image information in memory; (b) selecting a set of image information within said frame including a selected set of the DNA spot images; (c) generating a grid in memory, the grid including a plurality of spaced grid points corresponding to said selected set of DNA spot images, the grid points having a predefined relationship, each grid point including position information indicating the position of the grid point within said image frame; (d) segmenting the selected set of image information by selecting at least one image segment defining a segment area around a grid point and including a spot image; and (e) quantifying at least a portion of image information in said image segment to obtain image characteristic values or said image segment. 7. The software system of claim 6, wherein said segment area is a function of the spacing between said grid point and one or more neighboring grid points. 8. The software system of claim 6, wherein said image characteristic values include DNA information for a DNA spot corresponding to the DNA spot image in said image segment, said DNA information including gene expression values. 9. The software system of claim 6, wherein the frame of image information includes a plurality of pixels each having an intensity level, and wherein the program instructions for quantifying include program instructions for: (i) sorting all the pixel intensities within said image segment, (ii) selecting a portion of said pixels, (iii) computing an image characteristic value for the selected pixel values as function of the intensities of at least a portion of the selected pixel value. 10. The software system of claim 6, wherein the frame image information includes a plurality of pixels each having an intensity level, and wherein the program instructions for quantifying include program instructions for: (i) selecting a subset of said pixels in said image segment, (ii) computing a first image characteristic value as a function of at least a portion of the intensities of the selected pixel values, and (iii) computing a second image characteristic value as a function of intensities of at least a portion of pixels proximate said subset of pixels.
RELATED APPLICATION [0001] This is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No. 09/020,155, filed Feb. 7, 1998, now pending.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0002] The present invention relates to DNA array image analysis, and, in particular, to automatically segmenting DNA array images into individual DNA spot images for quantification. BACKGROUND [0003] Cellular behavior is primarily dictated by the selective expression of a subset of genes. Normal growth and differentiation depends on the appropriate genes being expressed in a desired context. Various disease states alter the normal expression of genes as compared to normal tissue. For example, malignant transformation of cancer tissues involves or induces altered gene expression. Through signal transduction cascades and transcriptional networks, alterations of one gene can impact a large number of genes and result in global effects on cell behavior. Regulation of translation and post-transcriptional modification play significant roles, but, invariably, signal transduction pathways lead to the nucleus and changes in gene transcription. [0004] Therefore, there has been enormous interest in the development of techniques that allow the analysis of differential gene expression between different tissues or cell lines. One such technique includes use of ordered micro-arrays that allow two color fluorescence detection of hybridization signals. Individual DNA targets are arrayed on a small glass surface and hybridized with fluorescently labeled heterogeneous DNA probes derived from cDNA. The amount of fluorescence at each DNA spot correlates with the abundance of that DNA fragment in the probe mixture. [0005] Using micro-arrays, gene expression levels can be quantitated at up to thousands of genes simultaneously. As hundreds of the same array can be printed, numerous tissues can be easily analyzed for relative expression levels. As such, the technique provides a powerful new tool for analyzing differential gene expression in numerous biologic problems. In addition to the determination of gene expression differences between tissues, genomic micro-arrays are useful for genomic mapping, genomic ploidy measurements and as hybridization targets for genomic mismatch scanning. Such techniques require rapid quantitative analysis of fluorescent hybridization for hundreds to tens of thousands of DNA spots. As such, there is a severe bottleneck in gene expression data collection due to inadequate methods for processing of individual DNA spot images for determining the quantitative fluorescent hybridization levels. [0006] Some existing methods include manual processing of DNA spot images using a generic image processing tool, such as NIH image. Using such a tool a user visually locates each DNA spot image in a micro-array image, and moves a display pointer to each spot image, and manually defines a small area around the spot image. The image processing tool then reports image intensity values within the small area. The user then manually records the intensity values and continues this process for other visually located DNA spot images in the micro-array image. [0007] However, such manual methods are impractical for micro-arrays with more than a handful of spot images. Further such methods are tedious and repetitive, requiring considerable time and effort. For example, with a micro-array image having about 600 DNA image spots, such manual methods can take about 8 hours of work, and resulting in quantification of only a limited number of image spots which visually seem to have a “good” expression level. As the micro-array density increases and becomes more complex, use of such methods becomes even more prohibitive. For example, current micro-array sizes range from several hundred to 1,200 genes, arrayed in a 1.8×1.8 cm area. As tip fabrication has improved, arrays with greater than 50,000 genes are viable. Such methods are also prone to various errors, including errors in manually recording the intensity values. Further such methods provide inconsistent quantification of intensity values, both for different spot images measured by a single individual, and for multiple individuals making measurements from the same micro-array image. [0008] To alleviate the shortcomings of manual methods, some existing methods automate the process of locating DNA spot images from micro-array images and quantifying corresponding expression values. Such methods utilize a computer to manually position a cell grid on an area of the-micro-array image containing an array of DNA spot images. The grid can be resized and individual columns and rows of the grid can be manually adjusted to better fit the arrayed pattern of DNA spot images. The grid position is then used by the computer to quantify the expression values using the intensity levels at each cell in the grid. However, such methods are inflexible since the grid placement requires extensive user interaction to fine-tune the grid. Further, the grid used in such methods is either completely fixed in shape, or has limited global flexibility (e.g., resizing and rotating the entire grid). [0009] Such limitations cause a major handicap in most DNA array image analysis applications since DNA spots are never perfectly formed in a regular grid pattern in a micro-array such as shown in FIG. 1. Although a robot used in spotting DNA fragments on a glass surface has positional accuracy to within +/−5 um, larger variations in the precise spacing of the arrayed DNA spots occur due to surface interactions of the solution with the silanized surface and tip variations. Moreover, printing tips are difficult to fabricate and many do not work uniformly. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 2, not only are DNA spots occasionally placed out of the regular grid pattern, but they also vary in size. It is therefore rare to have a fixed grid that can match exactly the pattern in the micro-array. Though in existing methods the grid can be manually resized, rotated, and a column or a row of the grid can be moved, the individual grid cells cannot be manipulated. Therefore, such methods are impractical for most DNA array image analysis applications, and specially for high density micro-arrays [0010] Further, DNA spot image signals derived from the micro-arrays are susceptible to surface noise and laser reflection, due to surface dust. And, nonspecific DNA binding to the silanized surface occurs in a non-uniform pattern creating a varying background of fluorescence over the surface. Existing methods are unable to cope with irregular micro-array pattern, search for DNA image spots, and accurately quantify specific signals while accounting for the local background. [0011] Other existing methods do not use a grid at all but apply a “spot” filter to detect locations in the micro-array image which “look-like” DNA spot images. However, using such methods it is difficult to define what a spot should look like. Furthermore, extensive noise and variations in the spot shape, due to the processing and scanning mechanisms, significantly reduce the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the spot images. Thus, the detection scheme misses many real spots and processes many false patches in the image as real DNA spot images. [0012] Another disadvantage of existing systems is their inability to display micro-array image pixel intensities, corresponding to gene expression values in related DNA spots for example, in an intuitive manner. As such, the user cannot easily determine gene properties in such DNA spots. [0013] There is, therefore, a need for a DNA array image analysis method for automatically segmenting DNA array images into individual DNA spot images for quantification. There is also a need for such method to process irregular micro-array patterns, search for DNA image spots, and accurately quantify, and intuitively display, specific signals while accounting for the local background. SUMMARY [0014] The present invention satisfies these needs. In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method for segmentation of a frame of image information including a plurality of spaced DNA spot images corresponding to a plurality of DNA spots, the image information including image intensity level and intra frame position information corresponding to said DNA spots. The method of the present invention comprises the steps of: (a) transferring the frame of image information into a memory device; (b) selecting a set of image information within said frame including a selected set of the DNA spot images; (c) generating a grid in said memory device, the grid including a plurality of spaced grid points corresponding to said selected DNA spot images, each grid point including position information indicating the position of the grid point within said frame; and (d) modifying a current position of at least one grid point corresponding to a spot image to shift the grid point toward the corresponding spot image. Step (d) can be repeated for said grid point and for all the grid points of the grid. [0015] The step of modifying said current position includes: (i) selecting a first bounding area in the frame around the current position of the grid point; (ii) generating a first position update including position information for updating a current position of said grid point to a first new position within the first bounding area, the location of said first new position relative to said current position being a function of intensity level of at least a portion of the image within the first bounding area; (iii) generating a second position update including position information for updating said current position to a second new position in the frame, said second new position being in a geometric arrangement with the position of one or more grid points around said grid point; and (iv) updating said current position with the position-information of the first and the second position updates, thereby shifting said grid point toward the corresponding spot image. The DNA spot images can be in a substantially two dimensional array arrangement, and generating the grid can include generating a two dimensional array of grid points spaced according to a predetermined criteria. [0016] The method can further include the step of segmenting the selected set of image information by selecting at least one image segment defining a segment area around a grid point and including a spot image with minimum distance from said grid point, said segment area being a function of the spacing between said grid point and one or more neighboring grid points. The selected set of image information can further be segmented into a plurality of image segments corresponding to the plurality of grid points in the grid, each image segment defining a segment area around a corresponding grid point and including a corresponding spot image with minimum distance from said grid point, said segment area being a function of the spacing between said grid point and one or more neighboring grid points, wherein each spot image is contained in a corresponding image segment. [0017] The method of the present invention can further include quantifying at least a portion of image information in said image segment to obtain image characteristic values for said image segment. The image characteristic values can include DNA information for a DNA spot corresponding to the DNA spot image in said image segment, said DNA information including gene expression values. [0018] In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of displaying image information corresponding to a plurality of DNA spot images of at least one DNA spot, the image information including image characteristic values including background and signal intensity levels. In one embodiment, the display method includes the steps of: (a) for each DNA spot image: (1) extracting said background and signal intensity levels from the image characteristic values for the spot image, and (2) determining difference values between the background intensity levels and signal intensity levels; and (b) for each DNA spot: (1) relating the corresponding difference values to a range of graphic values, (2) selecting a graphic value for each difference value, and (3) displaying the selected graphic values. The steps of relating and selecting can include associating each difference value to a segment of a pie chart having multiple segments, and the step of displaying the selected graphic values can include displaying said segments as a pie chart. The area of each segment of each pie chart can be a function of the magnitude of the associated difference value. [0019] In another aspect, the present invention provides a software system for configuring a computer system comprising a processor, and a memory device, to perform the steps of the methods of the present invention described above. The present invention also provides a computer system including means for performing the steps of the method of the present invention. [0020] As such, the present invention provides a method, software system and computer system for automatically deforming a grid to locate individual DNA spot images and to quantify the spot images for measuring the local signal and background intensity values for the spot images, and to display such values. The method and software system of the present invention automate data quantification and extraction in DNA array image analysis applications.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0021] These and other features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with regard to the following description, appended claims and accompanying drawings where: [0022] [0022]FIG. 1 is a graphic representation of a frame of image information including DNA images spots corresponding to an ideal micro-array of DNA spots; [0023] [0023]FIG. 2 is a graphic representation of a frame of image information including DNA images spots corresponding to a typical micro-array of DNA spots; [0024] [0024]FIG. 3a illustrates the steps of an embodiment of a DNA array image analysis according the present invention; [0025] [0025]FIG. 3b illustrates the steps of an embodiment of adjusting the position of a grid point in the method of FIG. 3a; [0026] [0026]FIG. 4 is a graphic representation of a grid with uniform spacing used to locate DNA spots in a typical example micro-array according to the method of FIG. 3a; [0027] [0027]FIG. 5 is a graphic representation of the grid of FIG. 4 deformed according to the method of FIG. 3a to substantially match placement of DNA spot images in a micro-array; [0028] [0028]FIG. 6 is a graphic illustration of updating the position of a grid point in a grid according to the method of FIG. 3b; [0029] [0029]FIG. 7 is a graphic illustration of segmenting a frame of image information including DNA images spots according to the method of FIG. 3a; [0030] [0030]FIG. 8 illustrates an example flow diagram for program instructions for implementing the DNA array image analysis method of FIG. 3a; [0031] [0031]FIG. 9 illustrates the steps of an embodiment of a display method according the present invention for displaying quantified image information corresponding to DNA spots; [0032] [0032]FIG. 10 illustrates differential gene expression levels for different images of a micro-array displayed as pie charts according to an embodiment of a display method of FIG. 9; [0033] [0033]FIGS. 11a-d illustrates differential gene expression levels for different images of a micro-array displayed as bar graphs according to another embodiment of a display method of FIG. 9; [0034] [0034]FIG. 12 illustrates an example flow diagram for program instructions for implementing the display method of FIG. 9; and [0035] [0035]FIG. 13 is an example block diagram of a computer system for implementing the present invention.
DESCRIPTION [0036] In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method for automatically locating an array of DNA spot images 10 within a scanned image frame 12 of a DNA micro-array or a DNA macro-array, shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, wherein each spot corresponds to a particular gene or gene fragment. The method of the present invention is applicable to both high-density micro-arrays, where spots are closely packed together on a solid surface, such as glass, with several thousands of spots placed in about 1 cm square area, and to macro-arrays with larger spacing of spots on surfaces such as membrane surfaces. [0037] [0037]FIG. 2 is a graphic representation of the frame 12 of image information for a micro-array of DNA spots, including the DNA spot images 10. Typically, the image frame 12 is generated by scanning a micro-array with a particular laser frequency. The spot images 10 are not in perfect alignment to each other, and there are large fluctuations in intensity, shape, and size of each spot in the micro-array. The image information includes intensity levels for the spots corresponding to the level of expression of a particular gene [0038] Referring to FIG. a, an embodiment of the method of the present invention comprises the steps of: (a) storing the frame 12 of image information in a memory device 14 (step 16); (b) selecting a set 18 of image information within said frame 12 including a selected set of the DNA spot images 10 (step 20); (c) generating a grid 22 in said memory device 14, the grid 22 including a plurality of spaced grid points 24 corresponding to said selected DNA spot images 10, each grid point 24 including position information indicating the position of the grid point within said frame 12 (step 26); and (d) modifying a current position of at least one grid point 24 corresponding to a spot image 10 to shift the grid point 24 toward the corresponding spot image 10 (step 28). Step 28 can be repeated for said grid point 24 and for all the grid points 24 of the grid 22. [0039] The method of the present invention can be implemented as program instructions for configuring a computer system 34, further described below, to perform the steps of the method of the present invention described herein. The computer system 34 includes a processor 36, the memory device 14, an input device 38 and a display 40. Using the computer 34, a user selects an image file containing the image frame 12 (control image) for processing, stores the image frame 12 in the memory 14 and displays it on the display 40 as the control image 12. The control image 12 includes a plurality of pixels each having an intensity level and a position within the control image 12. The user then selects an image region 18 in the control image 12 by defining approximate four corners 42 of the image region 18 using the input device 38. If not all corners 42 are visible, due to lack of DNA product at a particular location, the user can guess at a rough placement for a missing corner. Anchor spots can be used depending on the experiment to guarantee that all corners are visible. [0040] The user then specifies the number of columns, C, and rows, R, of arrayed image spots 10 in the selected region 18. The computer 34 then automatically generates the grid 22 with equal spacing between each pair of corners having R rows and C columns within the specified region 18. The grid 22 comprises R×C grid points 24, one grid point 24 for each intersection of a row with a column. Each gird point 24 in the grid 22, except for those along the edges of the grid 22, is displayed as connected to its four neighbors to the right, let, up, and down, through an elastic connection 46. This placement of the grid points 24 establishes the starting configuration of the dynamic grid 22 as shown in FIG. 4. The grid 22 can be represented in the memory 14 using two matrices: (i) a first matrix comprising an adjacency matrix of size R×C×4 where each row number refers to a particular intersection point in the grid 22 and each column number refers to the neighboring intersection points arranged in a North, West, South, East fashion, and (ii) a second matrix comprising a position matrix of size R×C×2 specifying the absolute location of each grid point 24 in the control image 12. [0041] Since it is assumed that the pixel intensity corresponding to DNA spots images 10 in the image region 18 are greater than their surrounding background 50 intensity values, the computer 34, according to the above steps, automatically shifts each grid point 24 towards local regions with the highest intensity values in subsequent iterations of said steps, wherein each grid point's location in the image frame 12 is modified. FIG. 5 illustrates an example representations of the grid 22 with grid points 24 so shifted. A similar process can be applied to the image frame 12 in reverse video. Referring to FIG. 3b, an embodiment of the step of modifying (step 28) comprises: (i) selecting a first bounding area 52 in the control image 12 around the current position of a grid point 24 (step 54); (ii) generating a first position update including position information for updating a current position of said grid point 24 to a first new position 48 within the first bounding area 52, the location of said first new position 48 relative to said current position being a function of intensity level of at least a portion of the image within the first bounding area 52 (step 56); (iii) generating a second position update including position information for updating said current position to a second new position 49 in the control image 12, said second new position 49 being in a geometric arrangement with the position of one or more grid points 24 around said grid point 24 (step 58); and (iv) updating said current position with the position information of the first and the second position updates, thereby shifting said grid point 24 toward the corresponding spot image 10 (step 60). [0042] The position matrix elements are modified and updated by the computer 34 during multiple iterations of the above steps. FIG. 6 is a graphic illustration of updating the position of a grid point 24 in the grid 22 according to the above steps. In the embodiment of the invention described herein, the first position update comprises a normalized direction vector d, based on the pixel intensity values within the first bounding area 52 around the grid point 24. The first bounding area 52 can comprise a bounding box of size r×r, or a circle of radius r centered on the current position of the grid point 24. The direction vector d can comprise an average or a weighted sum of vectors defining arrows originating at the center of the first bounding area 52 and ending at a plurality of the pixel locations within the first bounding area 52. The intensity value at each such pixel location can be used as the weight coefficient for calculating the weighted sum of said vectors. The direction vector d can be based on the direction of the local intensity gradient. Other weighting coefficients can also be utilized. [0043] An example calculation of the direction vector d for said bounding box of size r×r is described below. The bounding box is represented as a matrix P in the memory 14 with n columns and m rows, and elements pij corresponding to image intensity values at a location (i, j) in the bounding box. The direction vector d is calculated as: T = ∑ i = 1 n   ∑ j = 1 m   p ij s j = ∑ i = 1 n  P ij T t i = ∑ j = 1 m  P ij T xL≡Number of pixels from the left edge to the center of P xR≡Number of pixels from the right edge to the center of P yt≡Number of pixels from the lop edge to the center of P yb≡Number of pixels from the bottom edge to the center of P X=[x L−(xL+1). . . −1 0 1 2 . . . (x R+1) x R]
Y=[y b (y b+1). . . −1 0 1 2 . . . (y t+1) y t] dx = ∑ j = 1 m   s j  X j dy = ∑ i = 1 n   t i  Y i d=[dx dy]
[0044] Using a priori information about the location of DNA spot images 10 in the frame 12, i.e., almost a uniform 2-D array, the second position update is generated to place an additional constraint on the movement of the grid points 24. In the embodiment described herein, the constraint maintains the position of a grid point 24 in a linear geometric arrangement relative to position of one or more of neighboring grid points 24 in vertical and horizontal directions. Other geometric arrangements such as curves can also be selected. The neighboring grid points 24 can be selected by the user, or automatically selected by the computer 34, to include one or more of first and second order neighbors of the grid point 24. In this embodiment, the second position update comprises another direction vector e, defining an arrow pointing at the mean location of the mid point between the first order neighbors in the horizontal direction to the left and right of the grid point 24, and the mid point between the first order neighbors in the vertical direction to the top and bottom of the grid point 24. The direction vector, e, attempts to keep the spacing between adjacent grid points 24 equal by using a linear geometric arrangement discussed above. [0045] An example calculation of the direction vector e for a grid point 24 with a spatial position vector L having elements Lx and Ly is described below. Eight first and second order neighboring grid points around said grid point include spatial vectors: (1) A with elements Ax and Ay, (2) B with elements Bx and By, (3) C with elements Cx and Cy, (4) D with elements Dx and Dy, (5) E with elements Exand Ey, (6) F with elements Fx and Fy, (7) G with elements Gx and Gy, and (8) H with elements Hx and Hy, as shown in diagram 1. [0046] The vector e is calculated as: [0047] When said first order neighbors are used: {tilde over (X)}=(A x +B x)/2+(C x +D x)/2 {tilde over (Y)}=(A y +B y)/2+(C y +D y)2 dx={tilde over (X)}2−L x d y ={tilde over (Y)}/2−L y [0048] When first and second order neighbors are used: {tilde over (X)}=[(A x +B x)+(C x +D x)]+(F x +E x)/2+(G x +H x)/2 {tilde over (Y)}[(A y +B y)+(C y +D y)]+(F y +E y)/2+(G y +H y)/2 dx={tilde over (X)}/6−L x dy ={tilde over (Y)}/6−L y e=[d x d y]
[0049] The computer 34 then linearly combines the direction vectors d and e to obtain a direction vector t for updating the position of the grid point 24: t=αd+βe [0050] Where α and β are weighting coefficient parameters, with an example α or β range 0 to 10. The larger the value of β relative to α, the stiffer are connections 46 between adjacent grid points 24. [0051] The spatial position L of said grid point 24 is then updated as: L←L+ηt [0052] Where η is the update rate with an example range of 0 to 1. The upper limit of said range for α or β is inversely proportion to an upper limit of η. [0053] The local neighborhood size defined by the first bounding area 52 for each grid point 24 can be gradually reduced after each iteration, or every few iterations, of the modification step 28 described above. The number of iterations is typically around forty and can be increased or decreased by the user to optimize the grid position appropriate for the image spots 10. [0054] After a number of iterations, the user can instruct the computer 34 to perform further tasks according to the present invention, including: (1) executing more iterations to optimize the location of the grid points 24, (2) redrawing the grid 22, (3) canceling out of the grid placement, or (4) accepting the current grid placement and proceed to segmentation and quantification steps 30, 32 described below. All of the above steps can be implemented using program instructions to be executed by a computer. [0055] Referring to FIG. 7, once the user is satisfied with the grid position, the method of the present invention further includes the step of segmenting the selected region 18 into a plurality of image segments 62 corresponding to the plurality of grid points 24 in the grid (step 32). Each image segment 62 defines an area around a corresponding grid point 24 and includes a corresponding spot image 10 with minimum distance from said grid point 24. The size and shape of each segment 62 for each grid point 24 is a function of the spacing between said grid point 24 and one or more neighboring grid points 24. [0056] As an example, for the two-dimensional grid 22, the programmed computer automatically segments the image region 18 into the segments 62 each having: (a) a width substantially equal to the smaller of: (i) the distance between the positions of the grid point 24 in the image segment 62 and the midpoint between said grid point 24 and an adjacent grid point to the left of said grid point 24, and (ii) the distance between the positions of said grid point 24 and the midpoint between said grid point 24 and an adjacent grid point to the right of said grid point 24; and (b) a height substantially equal to the smaller of: (i) the distance between the positions of a said grid point 24 and the midpoint between said grid point 24 and an adjacent grid point to the left of said grid point 24, and (ii) the distance between the positions of said grid point 24 and the midpoint between said grid point 24 an adjacent grid point to the right of said grid point 24. [0057] The method of the present invention can further include the step of quantifying at least a portion of image information in each image segment 62 to obtain image characteristic values for the image segment 62 (step 34). Each spot image 10 in an image segment 62 can be used to measure the gene expression signal value and local background intensity levels according to a number of different user selected quantification methods. Five example quantification methods are described below. [0058] Segmented Intensities: This method includes sorting all the pixel intensities within an image segment 62, selecting a portion, for example the top 10%, of said intensity values, and calculating the mean of the selected intensity values as a signal value. A similar portion, for example the bottom 10%, of intensity values is also selected and its mean value is provided as the local background intensity level. [0059] Fixed Circle Mean Intensity: In this method, a fixed circle of user specified size is centered at each grid point 24 in the image segment 62. The mean intensity value of all pixels within the circle is provided as the signal value of the image spot 10 in the image segment 62 and the mean intensity value of the surrounding pixels are reported as the background intensity levels. [0060] Fixed Circle Total Intensity: This method is similar to the Fixed Circle. Mean Intensity method described above, except, total sum of all intensity values is provided in place of the mean values. [0061] Fixed Circle Segmented Intensity: This method is a combination of the above three methods where the mean of certain predefined portion of the intensity values within the circle is provided as the signal value and the mean of another predefined portion of the intensity values outside the circle is provided as the background intensity level. [0062] Automatic Circle Detection: This method is similar to Fixed Circle Segmented Intensity method except, an automatic spot detection method is used to localize each image spot 10 in the image segment 62. Such a detection method can comprise a Hough transform for circle detection, a match-filter approach for optimum match between filters of various sizes to the data, or other detection methods. [0063] Other quantification methods can also be utilized and are contemplated by the present invention. As such, the present invention provides an automatic method for refining the position of grid points 24 to optimally match the arrayed spot images 10 in micro-array images 12, using the dynamic elastic grid 22. The user need only specify the four corners 42 of a region 18 in a micro-array image 12, and the number of rows and columns of the image spots 10 in the micro-array. Non-rectangular griddling patterns are also contemplated by the present invention. [0064] In another aspect, the present invention provides a computer system 34, described further below, for segmentation of the frame 12 of image information including the plurality of spaced DNA spot images 10 corresponding to the plurality of DNA spots, said image information including image intensity level information corresponding to said DNA spots. In one embodiment, the computer system comprises means for performing the above steps of the method of the present invention described herein and shown in FIGS. a and 3 b Said means include program instructions for configuring a general purpose, or dedicated computer, to perform said steps. The present invention further provides a software system including program instructions for configuring a computer system to perform the above steps described herein and shown in FIGS. a and 3 b. [0065] [0065]FIG. 8 illustrates an example general flow diagram for the program instructions of the computer system 34 and the software system of the present invention described above. Referring to the flow diagram, the program instructions include steps for: receiving and storing the image frame 12 in memory 14 (step 64); displaying the image frame 12 on the display 40 (step 66); obtaining four corners 42 of the image region 18 selected by user via the input device 38 (step 68); generating the grid 22 of R rows and C columns in the memory 14 as described above (step 70); forming a bounding box 52 of size r×r around a grid point (step 72); calculating the direction vector d as described above (step 74); calculating the direction vector e as described above (step 76); adjusting position of said grid point 24 with direction vectors d and e (step 78); displaying the adjusted grid 22 on the display 40 (step 80); determining if user is satisfied with the adjusted grid 22 (step (82); if not, proceeding to step 72 to adjust other grid point positions, otherwise, proceeding to step 84 to segment the selected image 18 into segments 62 as described above; and quantifying DNA spot image information for spot images 10 in the segments 62 as described above (step. 86). [0066] The program instructions can be implemented utilizing a program language such as MatLab™, C, Fortran, C++, and executed by a computer system 34 described below. Mathematical calculations and image display can be implemented utilizing a simulation package or a math library such as MatLab, from Mathworks™, located in Natick. The program instructions and related data are stored in the memory of the computer, to be executed by the processor to interact with the display, input device and storage in performing the steps described above. Alternatively, the program instructions and related data can be used to program a dedicated graphics system to perform the above steps, the graphics system including a processor, a memory device, display, input device, storage and image input means such as a scanner. In such a system, DNA micro-arrays are scanned into the memory device as image frames for processing as described above. [0067] The values provided by one or more of the above quantification methods can be stored, as an ASCII file for example, and also saved in the memory 14 for comparison and display with similar quantified values corresponding to one or more other DNA micro-array images 12 according to another aspect of the present invention. In addition to the control image 12, the user can also select one or more non-control images. The grid position determined in steps described above can be applied, with any user defined translation or transformation, to the non-control image to quantify expression values according to the quantification methods described above. Typically, the control image 12 is generated by scanning a micro-array with one particular laser frequency, and the non-control image is generated by scanning the same micro-array with a different frequency laser. Different tags, each sensitive to one of the two laser frequencies are used to label DNA fragments from two different tissue types, e.g., healthy and diseased tissue. It is one of the main goals of micro-array data analysis to identify those sets of genes that are differentially expressed in different tissues. Extracted signal and background intensity levels for each gene (each DNA spot in the micro-array) can be displayed according to the present invention to visualize the differential gene expression levels between the control and non-control images. [0068] Referring to FIG. 9, an embodiment of the steps of such a display method for displaying image information corresponding to a plurality of DNA spot images 10 of at least one DNA spot, the image information including image characteristic values including background and signal intensity levels, comprises the steps of: (a) receiving image characteristic values for DNA spot images 10 in said control and non-control images (step 88); (b) for each DNA spot image 10: (1) extracting said background and signal intensity levels from the image characteristic values for the spot image 10, and (2) determining difference values between the background intensity levels and signal intensity levels (step 90); and (c) for each DNA spot: (1) relating the corresponding difference values to a range of graphic values, (2) selecting a graphic value for each difference value; and (3) displaying the selected graphic values (step 92). The graphic values can include graphic objects 93 and color characteristic values as described below. [0069] Applying said display method to the control and non-control images described above, includes the steps of: (a) determining difference values between the background intensity levels and the signal intensity levels for both the control and non-control images, (b) displaying both difference values for all spots in the micro-array using a plurality of graphic objects 93 such as pie charts 94 or bar graphs 96, each graphic object corresponding to a DNA spot, (c) probing each graphic object 93 to examine the expression levels, ratios, and other similar information, including displaying corresponding image segments form the control and non-control images for a selected graphic object 93. [0070] Referring to FIG. 10, each difference value is associated to a segment 98 of a pie chart 94 having multiple segments, and the segments 98 as displayed a pie chart. The area of each segment 98 of each pie chart 94 can be a function of the magnitude of the associated difference value. Further, color characteristic values can be assigned to the pie segments 98 by: (1) relating the corresponding difference values to a range of color characteristic values; (2) selecting a color characteristic value for each difference value; and (3) displaying the selected color characteristic value in the corresponding pie chart segments 98. As such, each pie chart segment 98 among a plurality of pie segments can have a different color characteristic value. The color characteristic values can include color, hue, brightness, intensity, and texture. [0071] In the example pie chart embodiment 94 of the graphic objects 93 shown in FIG. 10, each pie chart 94 includes at least two segments: (1) a segment representing difference values between the background and signal intensity levels of a spot image 10 in the control image, corresponding to a DNA spot, and (2) another segment representing difference values between the background and signal intensity levels of a spot image 10 in the non-control image, corresponding to said DNA spot. Each pie chart 94 can include additional segments for visualizing other differences associated with images 10 of a DNA spot in additional non-control images. As shown in FIG. 10 the graphic objects 93 can be arranged, for example, in the order in which their corresponding DNA spot images 10 appear in the control and non-control images. The user can also specify a different desired grouping of the graphic objects. The display arrangement can also be different from that of DNA spots [0072] Referring to FIGS. 11a-d, the graphic objects 93 are shown as the bar graphs 96, wherein each difference value is associated to a segment 98 of a bar graph having multiple segments, and the segments are displayed as a bar graph. The arrangement, segment size and segment attributes of the bar graphs 96 can be identical to those of the pie charts 94 described above. Further, one or more type of the bar graphs 96 can be displayed in the same arrangement as shown for the pie charts 94 in FIG. 10. [0073] In another aspect, the present invention provides a computer system 34 for displaying image information corresponding to the plurality of DNA spot images 10 of at least one DNA spot, the image information including image characteristic values including background and signal intensity levels. In one embodiment, the computer system 34 comprises means for performing the steps of the display method described above. Said means include program instructions for configuring a general purpose or dedicated computer to perform said steps. The present invention further provides a software system including program instructions for configuring a computer system to perform the steps of said display method. [0074] [0074]FIG. 12 illustrates a general flow diagram for the program instructions of the display computer system and the display software system of the present invention described above. Referring to the flow diagram, the program instructions include steps for: receiving and storing said characteristic values in memory 14 (step 100); selecting a DNA spot and corresponding DNA spot images' characteristic values (step 102); extracting background and signal intensity values for a image spot 10 (step 104); determining difference values between said background and intensity values (step 106); determining in step 108 if all spot images corresponding to said DNA spot have been so processed; if not, proceeding to step 104 to other spot images corresponding to said DNA Spot, otherwise, relating the difference values to graphic values as described above (step 110); selecting a graphic value for each difference value as described above (step 112); displaying the selected graphic values as described above (step 114); and determining, in step 116 if all images for all DNA spots have been so processed, if not, proceeding to step 102 to process images for other DNA spots. [0075] The program instructions can be implemented utilizing a program language such as MatLab, AVS/Expert, and Java, and executed by a computer system described below. Mathematical calculations can be implemented utilizing a simulation package or a math library such as MatLab, from Mathworks. The program instructions and related data are stored in the memory of the computer, to be executed by the processor to interact with the display, input device and storage in performing the steps described above. Alternatively, the program instructions and related data can be used to program a dedicated graphics system to perform the above steps, the graphics system including a processor, a memory device, display, input device, storage and image input means such as a scanner. In such a system, DNA micro-arrays are scanned into the memory device as image frames for processing as described above. Alternatively, the program instructions and related data can be used to program a dedicated graphics system to perform the above steps, the graphics system including a processor, a memory device, display, input device, storage and image input means such as a scanner. In such a system, DNA micro-arrays are scanned into the memory device as image frames for processing as described above. [0076] A suitable computer system 34 for executing said program instructions can be a dedicated computer such as a computer dedicated to scanning micro-arrays and processing micro-array images, or a general purpose computer system such as a personal computer or a dedicated computer system. FIG. 13 shows a functional block diagram of the computer system 34 embodying the present. A central processing unit (CPU) 36 operates on program instructions in the memory 14 using a processing unit 118. The CPU 36 also has a clock/calendar logic circuit 120 for maintaining an internal time/date clock. A storage device 122 for storing information pertaining to micro-array images is connected to the CPU 36 over a bus 124. The micro-array images can be located on a file server 126 over a LAN or local to the CPU. A keyboard 128 or mouse 38 receives instructions from the user concerning the DNA image micro-array analysis as necessary. A scanner 130 allows scanning micro-arrays and obtaining images frames for processing as described above, and a printer 132 allows printing of images and data. The main memory 14 stores the program instructions implementing the method of the present invention. An example of a computer system suitable is a microcomputer equipped with a Pentium II™ microprocessor running at 266 MHZ. Such a system is preferably equipped with at least 64 MB megabytes of random access memory and a 2.0 GB hard drive. The system preferably runs an operating system such as the Windows™ operating environment. Windows™ is manufactured by Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Wash. [0077] Although the present invention has been described in considerable detail with regard to the preferred versions thereof, other versions are possible. Therefore, the appended claims should not be limited to the descriptions of the preferred versions contained herein. Patent CitationsCited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS207958 *Aug 2, 1878Sep 10, 1878 Improvement in apiaries or bee-housesUS4550084 *Nov 18, 1983Oct 29, 1985Allied CorporationAnalysis systemUS4641528 *Sep 16, 1985Feb 10, 1987American Hospital Supply Corp.Specimen analysis instrument assemblyUS5121320 *Oct 17, 1989Jun 9, 1992Hitachi Software Engineering Co., Ltd.System for reading and displaying an edit-processed DNA patternUS5134662 *Mar 4, 1991Jul 28, 1992Cell Analysis Systems, Inc.Dual color camera microscope and methodology for cell staining and analysisUS5202932 *Aug 20, 1991Apr 13, 1993Catawa Pty. Ltd.X-ray generating apparatus and associated methodUS5273632 *Nov 19, 1992Dec 28, 1993University Of Utah Research FoundationMethods and apparatus for analysis of chromatographic migration patternsUS5389792 *Jan 4, 1993Feb 14, 1995Grumman Aerospace CorporationElectron microprobe utilizing thermal detector arraysUS5417923 *Jan 18, 1994May 23, 1995Pfizer Inc.Assay tray assemblyUS5541064 *Oct 15, 1993Jul 30, 1996Cell Analysis Systems, Inc.Methods and apparatus for immunoploidy analysisUS5552270 *Mar 18, 1992Sep 3, 1996Institut Molekulyarnoi Biologii Imeni V.A.Methods of DNA sequencing by hybridization based on optimizing concentration of matrix-bound oligonucleotide and device for carrying out sameUS5560811 *Mar 21, 1995Oct 1, 1996Seurat Analytical Systems IncorporatedCapillary electrophoresis apparatus and methodUS5580728 *Jun 17, 1994Dec 3, 1996Perlin; Mark W.Method and system for genotypingUS5581631 *Sep 20, 1994Dec 3, 1996Neopath, Inc.Cytological system image collection integrity checking apparatusUS5583973 *Sep 17, 1993Dec 10, 1996Trustees Of Boston UniversityMolecular modeling method and systemUS5680514 *Sep 23, 1994Oct 21, 1997Hughes ElectronicsMultiple elastic feature net and method for target deghosting and trackingUS5695937 *Sep 12, 1995Dec 9, 1997The Johns Hopkins University School Of MedicineMethod for serial analysis of gene expressionUS5732277 *Jun 7, 1995Mar 24, 1998National Instruments CorporationGraphical system for modelling a process and associated methodUS5757954 *Sep 20, 1994May 26, 1998Neopath, Inc.Field prioritization apparatus and methodUS5773218 *Jun 7, 1995Jun 30, 1998Icos CorporationMethod to identify compounds which modulate ICAM-related protein interactionsUS5777888 *Aug 9, 1995Jul 7, 1998Regents Of The University Of CaliforniaSystems for generating and analyzing stimulus-response output signal matricesUS5785658 *Jun 7, 1995Jul 28, 1998Sexant Medical CorporationIn vivo tissue analysis methods and apparatusUS5811517 *Jun 7, 1995Sep 22, 1998Icos CorporationICAM-related protein variantsUS5837475 *Jan 30, 1997Nov 17, 1998Hewlett-Packard Co.Apparatus and method for scanning a chemical arrayUS5851769 *Sep 27, 1995Dec 22, 1998The Regents Of The University Of CaliforniaQuantitative DNA fiber mappingUS5853979 *Jun 30, 1995Dec 29, 1998Visible Genetics Inc.Method and system for DNA sequence determination and mutation detection with reference to a standardUS5865975 *May 20, 1997Feb 2, 1999Academy Of Applied ScienceAutomatic protein and/or DNA analysis system and methodUS5869262 *Jun 7, 1995Feb 9, 1999Icos CorporationMethod for monitoring an inflammatory disease state by detecting circulating ICAM-RUS5876933 *Jul 24, 1996Mar 2, 1999Perlin; Mark W.Method and system for genotypingUS5880268 *Jun 7, 1995Mar 9, 1999Icos CorporationModulators of the interaction between ICAM-R and αd /CD18US5887074 *Dec 13, 1996Mar 23, 1999Siemens Corporate Research, Inc.Local principal component based method for detecting activation signals in functional MR imagesUS5916747 *Jun 27, 1996Jun 29, 1999Visible Genetics Inc.Method and apparatus for alignment of signals for use in DNA based-callingUS5945284 *May 27, 1997Aug 31, 1999The Perkin-Elmer CorporationLength determination of nucleic acid repeat sequences by discontinuous primer extensionUS5945679 *Aug 17, 1998Aug 31, 1999Hewlett-Packard CompanyApparatus for scanning a chemical arrayUS5970164 *Feb 21, 1997Oct 19, 1999Sophisview Technologies, Ltd.System and method for diagnosis of living tissue diseasesUS5980096 *Jan 17, 1995Nov 9, 1999Intertech Ventures, Ltd.Computer-based system, methods and graphical interface for information storage, modeling and stimulation of complex systemsUS5981190 *Jan 8, 1998Nov 9, 1999Ontogeny, Inc.Analysis of gene expression, methods and reagents thereforUS5989835 *Feb 27, 1997Nov 23, 1999Cellomics, Inc.System for cell-based screeningUS6040176 *Sep 12, 1996Mar 21, 2000Icos CorporationAntibodies to ICAM-related proteinUS6054270 *Sep 9, 1997Apr 25, 2000Oxford Gene Technology LimitedAnalying polynucleotide sequencesUS6100383 *Jun 7, 1995Aug 8, 2000Icos CorporationFusion proteins comprising ICAM-R polypeptides and immunoglobulin constant regionsUS6103479 *May 29, 1997Aug 15, 2000Cellomics, Inc.Miniaturized cell array methods and apparatus for cell-based screeningUS6127129 *Aug 5, 1999Oct 3, 2000Wisconsin Alumni Research FoundationProcess to create biomolecule and/or cellular arrays on metal surfaces and product produced therebyUS6150179 *Jul 11, 1996Nov 21, 2000Curagen CorporationMethod of using solid state NMR to measure distances between nuclei in compounds attached to a surfaceUS6185561 *Jul 15, 1999Feb 6, 2001Affymetrix, Inc.Method and apparatus for providing and expression data mining databaseUS6222093 *Dec 28, 1998Apr 24, 2001Rosetta Inpharmatics, Inc.Methods for determining therapeutic index from gene expression profilesUS6223186 *Oct 20, 1998Apr 24, 2001Incyte Pharmaceuticals, Inc.System and method for a precompiled database for biomolecular sequence informationUS6226542 *Jul 24, 1998May 1, 2001Biosense, Inc.Three-dimensional reconstruction of intrabody organsUS6245517 *Sep 28, 1999Jun 12, 2001The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Health And Human ServicesRatio-based decisions and the quantitative analysis of cDNA micro-array imagesUS6251601 *Feb 2, 1999Jun 26, 2001Vysis, Inc.Simultaneous measurement of gene expression and genomic abnormalities using nucleic acid microarraysUS6263092 *Jun 23, 1998Jul 17, 2001R2 Technology, Inc.Method and apparatus for fast detection of spiculated lesions in digital mammogramsUS6263287 *Nov 12, 1998Jul 17, 2001Scios Inc.Systems for the analysis of gene expression dataUS6301378 *Jun 3, 1997Oct 9, 2001R2 Technology, Inc.Method and apparatus for automated detection of masses in digital mammogramsUS6303301 *May 29, 1998Oct 16, 2001Affymetrix, Inc.Expression monitoring for gene function identificationUS6308170 *Jul 24, 1998Oct 23, 2001Affymetrix Inc.Gene expression and evaluation systemUS6341256 *Mar 31, 1995Jan 22, 2002Curagen CorporationConsensus configurational bias Monte Carlo method and system for pharmacophore structure determinationUS6345115 *Jan 4, 2000Feb 5, 2002Imaging Research, Inc.Digital imaging system for assays in well plates, gels and blotsUS6349144 *Feb 7, 1998Feb 19, 2002Biodiscovery, Inc.Automated DNA array segmentation and analysisUS6351712 *Dec 28, 1998Feb 26, 2002Rosetta Inpharmatics, Inc.Statistical combining of cell expression profilesUS6362004 *Nov 9, 1999Mar 26, 2002Packard Biochip Technologies, LlcApparatus and method for using fiducial marks on a microarray substrateUS6362832 *Sep 1, 1999Mar 26, 2002Packard Bioscience CompanyMethod and system for overlaying at least three microarray images to obtain a multicolor composite imageUS6381058 *May 10, 2001Apr 30, 2002Imaging Research, Inc.Digital imaging system for assays in well plates, gels and blotsUS6389428 *Apr 11, 2001May 14, 2002Incyte Pharmaceuticals, Inc.System and method for a precompiled database for biomolecular sequence informationUS6441973 *Jan 29, 1999Aug 27, 2002Imaging Research, Inc.Digital imaging system for assays in well plates, gels and blotsUS6453241 *Dec 23, 1998Sep 17, 2002Rosetta Inpharmatics, Inc.Method and system for analyzing biological response signal dataUS6462187 *Jun 15, 2001Oct 8, 2002Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc.22109, a novel human thioredoxin family member and uses thereofUS6470277 *Jul 28, 2000Oct 22, 2002Agy Therapeutics, Inc.Techniques for facilitating identification of candidate genesUS6475736 *Oct 25, 2000Nov 5, 2002Variagenics, Inc.Methods for genetic analysis of DNA using biased amplification of polymorphic sitesUS6498690 *Mar 5, 2002Dec 24, 2002Imaging Research, IncDigital imaging system for assays in well plates, gels and blotsUS6498863 *Sep 20, 2000Dec 24, 2002Media Cybernetics Inc.Method, system, and product for analyzing a digitized image of an array to create an image of a grid overlayUS6537749 *Mar 31, 1999Mar 25, 2003Phylos, Inc.Addressable protein arraysUS6544790 *Sep 18, 2000Apr 8, 2003Whitehead Institute For Biomedical ResearchReverse transfection methodUS6553317 *Mar 4, 1998Apr 22, 2003Incyte Pharmaceuticals, Inc.Relational database and system for storing information relating to biomolecular sequences and reagentsUS6577956 *Jun 9, 2000Jun 10, 2003Biodiscovery, Inc.Automated DNA array image segmentation and analysisUS6591196 *Jun 6, 2000Jul 8, 2003Agilent Technologies Inc.Method and system for extracting data from surface array deposited featuresUS6632600 *Nov 15, 2000Oct 14, 2003Diversa CorporationAltered thermostability of enzymesUS6633659 *Oct 12, 1999Oct 14, 2003Biodiscovery, Inc.System and method for automatically analyzing gene expression spots in a microarrayUS6673549 *Oct 12, 2001Jan 6, 2004Incyte CorporationGenes expressed in C3A liver cell cultures treated with steroidsUS6674882 *Nov 16, 2001Jan 6, 2004Biodiscovery, Inc.Automated DNA array image segmentation and analysisUS6683455 *Dec 20, 2001Jan 27, 2004Metabometrix LimitedMethods for spectral analysis and their applications: spectral replacementUS6690399 *May 5, 2000Feb 10, 2004Tropix, Inc.Data display software for displaying assay resultsUS6714925 *Aug 7, 2000Mar 30, 2004Barnhill Technologies, LlcSystem for identifying patterns in biological data using a distributed networkUS6731781 *Oct 12, 1999May 4, 2004Biodiscovery, Inc.System and method for automatically processing microarraysUS6760715 *Aug 7, 2000Jul 6, 2004Barnhill Technologies LlcEnhancing biological knowledge discovery using multiples support vector machinesUS6789069 *Aug 7, 2000Sep 7, 2004Biowulf Technologies LlcMethod for enhancing knowledge discovered from biological data using a learning machineUS6839454 *Oct 12, 1999Jan 4, 2005Biodiscovery, Inc.System and method for automatically identifying sub-grids in a microarrayUS20020052882 *Jul 9, 2001May 2, 2002Seth TaylorMethod and apparatus for visualizing complex data setsUS20030100995 *Nov 26, 2002May 29, 2003Affymetrix, Inc.Method, system and computer software for variant information via a web portalUS20030148295 *Mar 20, 2002Aug 7, 2003Wan Jackson Shek-LamExpression profiles and methods of use* Cited by examinerReferenced byCiting PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitleUS7136517 *Jun 19, 2002Nov 14, 2006Commissariat A L'energie AtomiqueImage analysis process for measuring the signal on biochipsUS7221785 *May 21, 2002May 22, 2007Agilent Technologies, Inc.Method and system for measuring a molecular array background signal from a continuous background region of specified sizeUS7774175 *Nov 29, 2005Aug 10, 2010Fujitsu LimitedMethod, apparatus, and computer-readable recording medium for displaying genetic informationUS9063952 *Oct 7, 2008Jun 23, 2015Ricoh Co., Ltd.Mixed media reality recognition with image trackingUS9063953 *Mar 8, 2010Jun 23, 2015Ricoh Co., Ltd.System and methods for creation and use of a mixed media environmentUS9171202Jul 31, 2006Oct 27, 2015Ricoh Co., Ltd.Data organization and access for mixed media document systemUS9176984Oct 17, 2008Nov 3, 2015Ricoh Co., LtdMixed media reality retrieval of differentially-weighted linksUS9311336Jun 11, 2012Apr 12, 2016Ricoh Co., Ltd.Generating and storing a printed representation of a document on a local computer upon printingUS9357098Dec 19, 2011May 31, 2016Ricoh Co., Ltd.System and methods for use of voice mail and email in a mixed media environmentUS9373029Mar 31, 2008Jun 21, 2016Ricoh Co., Ltd.Invisible junction feature recognition for document security or annotationUS9378407 *Sep 11, 2013Jun 28, 2016Neogenomics Laboratories, Inc.Automated fish reader using learning machinesUS9384619Jul 31, 2006Jul 5, 2016Ricoh Co., Ltd.Searching media content for objects specified using identifiersUS9405751Jul 31, 2006Aug 2, 2016Ricoh Co., Ltd.Database for mixed media document systemUS9410965Sep 15, 2010Aug 9, 2016Battelle Energy Alliance, LlcIdentification of discriminant proteins through antibody profiling, methods and apparatus for identifying an individualUS9495385Jan 23, 2015Nov 15, 2016Ricoh Co., Ltd.Mixed media reality recognition using multiple specialized indexesUS20030219151 *May 21, 2002Nov 27, 2003Curry Bo U.Method and system for measuring a molecular array background signal from a continuous background region of specified sizeUS20040001623 *Jun 19, 2002Jan 1, 2004Commissariat A L'energie AtomiqueImage analysis process for measuring the signal on biochipsUS20070021928 *Nov 29, 2005Jan 25, 2007Fujitsu LimitedMethod and apparatus for displaying genetic information computer productUS20090092287 *Oct 7, 2008Apr 9, 2009Jorge MoraledaMixed Media Reality Recognition With Image TrackingUS20100166309 *Mar 8, 2010Jul 1, 2010Ricoh Co., Ltd.System And Methods For Creation And Use Of A Mixed Media EnvironmentUS20140072195 *Sep 11, 2013Mar 13, 2014Neogenomics LaboratoriesAutomated fish reader using learning machinesUS20150023568 *Mar 13, 2014Jan 22, 2015Battelle Energy Alliance, LlcComputing systems, computer-readable media and methods of antibody profilingUS20150199585 *Dec 29, 2014Jul 16, 2015Samsung Techwin Co., Ltd.Method of sampling feature points, image matching method using the same, and image matching apparatus* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification382/129, 382/173International ClassificationG06T5/00, G06T7/00Cooperative ClassificationG06T7/0012, G06T7/0046, G06T2207/10064, G06T7/0081, G06T2207/10056, G06T2207/30072European ClassificationG06T7/00P1, G06T7/00S1, G06T7/00B2Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionJan 4, 2005ASAssignmentOwner name: BIODISCOVERY, INC., CALIFORNIAFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:SHAMS, SOHEIL;REEL/FRAME:016123/0779Effective date: 20041222Jun 26, 2009FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Sep 5, 2013FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8Sep 5, 2013SULPSurcharge for late paymentYear of fee payment: 7RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services