Source: https://casetext.com/case/united-states-v-carrigan-5
Timestamp: 2020-06-06 07:06:15
Document Index: 555794432

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 287', '§ 287', '§ 175', '§ 287', '§ 287', '§ 1291', '§ 1291', '§ 1291', '§ 213', '§ 3742']

United States v. Carrigan, 778 F.2d 1454 | Casetext Search + Citator
See Hyde, 520 U.S. at 674, 117 S.Ct. 1630. Both the Fifth Circuit's decision in United States v. Foy, 28 F.3d…
See footnote 5, supra. In United States v. Carrigan the Tenth Circuit refused to grant a writ of mandamus…
Full title:UNITED STATES, PETITIONER, v. HONORABLE JIM R. CARRIGAN, RESPONDENT…
Date published: Feb 20, 1986
778 F.2d 1454 (10th Cir. 1986)
affirming Fed.R.Crim.P. 11 as a basis for judicial authority to reject a charge agreement
December 3, 1985. Rehearings Denied February 20, 1986.
James E. Nesland of Ireland, Stapleton, Pryor Pascoe, P.C., Denver, Colo., for defendant-appellant Daniel G. Landry.
On November 24, 1984 a federal grand jury in Colorado returned an indictment against Otis and Landry, an Otis employee. The indictment charged Otis and Landry each with three counts of submitting false claims to the United States government in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 287 (1982). On February 15, 1985 the Government and the two defendants submitted a proposed plea agreement to the district court. The agreement provided that Otis would plead guilty to all three counts and the Government would dismiss the three counts against Landry. The plea agreement also incorporated three settlement agreements between Otis and the United States Departments of Justice, Defense, and Transportation. Copies of these agreements were attached to the plea bargain agreement. The proposed plea bargain agreement was signed by Assistant United States Attorney Thomas O'Rourke, Landry, Landry's attorney James Nesland, and Otis' attorney.
"4. On or about March 30, 1980, in the State and District of Colorado and elsewhere, OTIS ELEVATOR COMPANY and DANIEL G. LANDRY made and caused to be made and presented and caused to be presented to the United States Department of Transportation and the Urban Mass. Transit Administration a claim against DOT and UMTA for the payment of $168,270, knowing that said claim was false, fictitious and fraudulent, in that approximately $106,071.22 of that requested payment resulted from the improper charging of costs incurred on the Duke contract to Otis-TTD overhead accounts.
18 U.S.C. § 287 provides for a maximum penalty of a $10,000 fine and five years' imprisonment for each violation.
"2. The defendant OTIS ELEVATOR COMPANY understands that by pleading guilty to the indictment it will face the following possible penalties: a fine of not more than $10,000 for each count. ". . . .
As part of the proposed plea bargain materials submitted on February 15, the Government included a motion to dismiss the charges against Landry, as required by the plea bargain. The motion to dismiss was presented to the district court along with all of the plea bargain and settlement agreement documents.
"And the reason is that the United States is charging here, and apparently there is an agreement, at least by the corporation, that somebody defrauded the United States of $629,000 through contract fraud. As I read this proposal, every individual concerned — connected with this fraud will walk free without any prosecution. It's familiar law to all of us, of course, that a corporation can only act through its agent or its employees, officers or directors. And what concerns me is what message we are sending to the public and to the taxpayers. . . .
"If he isn't, then he should — the case against him should be dismissed. But somebody ought to say that. It seems inconsistent to me to say in the prosecutor's statement that he's the one that did it and then say we are not going to prosecute him when there is this much involved. What do people in the public think?
". . . If you think you have got something worked out, I'll be available to confer, as long as both sides, all parties, are represented by counsel, and to let you know whether what you have worked out would be acceptable.
Rec. vol. IV, at 5-8.
On March 27, the parties appeared before the district court for another hearing on the proposed plea agreement. At this hearing the Government and Landry urged the district court to reconsider its March 25 ruling and argued that the proposed dismissal of the charges against Landry constituted a motion to dismiss under Rule 48(a) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. The district court was troubled by this tactic and expressed its concern with "whether [the Government] can change the authority of the Court to accept a plea agreement or reject a plea agreement under Rule 11(e) by merely invoking Rule 48(a)." Rec., vol. V, at 4. The following exchange then occurred between the court and Landry's attorney Nesland:
Rule 48(a) provides in pertinent part: "[T]he United States attorney may by leave of court file a dismissal of an indictment . . . and the prosecution shall thereupon terminate."
"THE COURT: Well, is the — is the Otis plea contingent on the treatment you seek being given to Mr. Landry, is that what we are talking about?
"MR. NESLAND: But, Your Honor, you have already pointed out that the only aspect of the plea bargain that you find difficulty with is the aspect which contemplates a dismissal of the charges at —
"MR. NESLAND: That's correct, it is in one package. And . . . [the] question of whether or not you accept or reject that aspect of the plea bargain is governed by Rule 48 and the Court's discretion under that particular rule. . . ."
"THE COURT: . . . . And I think that what we have here, in substance, is a plea bargain under Rule 11(e), and I so find and conclude. That's the basis of my decision.
"I'm rejecting the plea bargain, it's all one package. . . .
Arguing on behalf of the Government, O'Rourke once again attempted to explain to the court the reasons for structuring the plea agreement to include a dismissal of the charges against Landry. The court refused to alter its decision.
The reasons included the difficulty of proving the case against Otis and Landry at trial, the $900,000 civil settlement, the imposition of internal restructuring within Otis, judicial economy, and the public impact of the Government's obtaining a guilty plea from a corporate defendant.
"MR. O'ROURKE: If the parties rewrote the plea agreement to exclude Mr. Landry, and submit it — that to the Court independently, and then we submitted a motion to dismiss the indictment against Mr. Landry, outside the scope of the plea agreement, based on Rule 48(a), giving all the reasons we have given already, would that put the Court in a different posture? I wonder if I —
"I guess I'm wondering if that would —
"As you understand, I think, there are many alternatives open to both sides in this case, and I don't think they all, been explored. And I certainly haven't acted on anything but the plea agreement that's been submitted to me, in the terms in which it's submitted and based on the prosecutor's statement I have read.
Our review of the record, particularly the transcripts of the March 22 and 27 hearings, reveals that the district court was acutely aware of the distinctions between, and the different ramifications of, Rule 11(e) and Rule 48(a). On numerous occasions the court expressly refused to permit the dismissal of charges against Landry as part of the proposed plea bargain. See rec. vol. IV, at 7, 8, 13; id., vol. V, at 10, 23, 24, 28, 34. The court also repeatedly grounded its ruling and its authority on Rule 11(e). See rec., vol. IV, at 7; id., vol. V, at 4, 10, 12, 23, 32.
The plea agreement presented to the court provides that the parties "agree . . . pursuant to Rule 11(e) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure." Id. at 21. The agreement expressly acknowledges that the district court was not bound by the agreement and was free to accept or reject it, and "that if the Court refuses to accept any provision of this Plea Agreement no party is bound by any of the provisions of the Agreement." Rec., vol. I, at 23 (emphasis added). At the March 27 hearing, after the Government had shifted its focus to the dismissal of charges against Landry, O'Rourke nonetheless argued to the court that the Government had "structured an equitable plea agreement here," id., vol. V, at 6, and emphasized that "[i]f we were letting somebody get away, we wouldn't be involved in [a] plea bargain," id. at 30-31.
The district court clearly recognized the differences between Rule 11(e) and Rule 48(a), and offered the Government the option of submitting both a plea agreement with Otis alone and a separate Rule 48(a) motion dealing only with Landry. The Government seemingly acknowledged that it had not yet submitted a separate Rule 48(a) motion when O'Rourke addressed the court near the end of the March 27 hearing. See rec., vol. V, at 33, quoted supra at 1459-1460. The Government chose not to submit separately a proposed plea agreement and a Rule 48(a) motion to dismiss in order to permit the court to deal with the two defendants individually. The inescapable conclusion to be drawn from the record is that Otis' plea and the dismissal of charges against Landry were presented as part of a single proposed agreement which the court treated accordingly.
Despite Landry's assertion to the contrary, the record does not reveal that the district court ever ruled on any separate Rule 48(a) motion.
The district court's actions were consistent with the law governing proposed plea bargains. Under Rule 11(e)(2). "the court may accept or reject the agreement." The Notes of the Advisory Committee on Rules indicate that acceptance of a plea is a decision for the district judge: "The plea agreement procedure does not attempt to define criteria for the acceptance or rejection of a plea agreement. Such a decision is left to the discretion of the individual trial judge." Fed.R.Crim.P. 11(e), advisory committee note. See C. Wright, Federal Practice Procedure § 175.1 at 637 (2d ed. 1982). Courts considering refusals to accept plea bargains have held that a judge has broad discretion in accepting or rejecting them. See, e.g., United States v. Moore, 637 F.2d 1194, 1196 (8th Cir. 1981); United States v. Adams, 634 F.2d 830, 835 (5th Cir. 1981); In re Yielding, 599 F.2d 251, 251-52 (8th Cir. 1979); United States v. Stamey, 569 F.2d 805, 806 (4th Cir. 1978); United States v. Bean, 564 F.2d 700, 703 (5th Cir. 1977). There is no absolute right to have a guilty plea accepted, and a court may reject a plea in the exercise of sound judicial discretion; Santobello v. New York, 404 U.S. 257, 262, 92 S.Ct. 495, 498, 30 L.Ed.2d 427 (1971). While "[t]he procedures of Rule 11 are largely for the protection of criminal defendants . . . Rule 11 also contemplates the rejection of a negotiated plea when the district court believes that bargain is too lenient, or otherwise not in the public interest." United States v. Miller, 722 F.2d 562, 563 (9th Cir. 1983); see also Bean, 564 F.2d at 704.
Rule 11(e) contemplates different types of plea bargains: charge bargains, predicated on the dismissal of other charges; and sentence bargains, predicated either upon the recommendation of or agreement not to oppose a particular sentence, or upon a guarantee of a particular sentence. See, e.g., Miller, 722 F.2d at 563. The proposed plea bargain in this case is neither a pure charge bargain nor a pure sentence bargain. It is a charge bargain in that it contemplates dismissal of charges in return for a guilty plea to other charges. Unlike the typical charge bargain, the defendant entering the guilty plea, Otis, is not the same as the defendant against whom the other charges are to be dropped. This difference is not significant. Rule 11(e)(1)(A), which covers charge bargains, is not restricted to the dismissal of charges against only a pleading defendant. Charge bargains are simply described as a guilty plea in exchange for the dismissal of "other charges." Fed.R.Crim.P. 11(e)(1)(A). Moreover, Landry, as an employee and agent of Otis, was acting for and on behalf of Otis, a fact which the Government consistently conceded before the district court. We are aware of no authority for excluding this kind of legal relationship from the purview of Rule 11(e)(1)(A), nor does the Government argue that Rule 11 cannot apply to this kind of relationship. Indeed, its submission of the agreement as a proposed plea bargain indicates that it considered Rule 11 to be applicable. See supra note 3.
In the March 27 hearing, Assistant, United States Attorney O'Rourke stated, "We assert that our decision is that [Landry] was acting as the corporation. It's a corporate crime. We have the corporation willing to plead guilty as charged." Rec., vol. V, at 9. See also id., vol. IV, at 9. For the purposes of applying Rule 11(e), we therefore see no significant difference between this situation and the more typical case where some charges against a defendant are dropped in exchange for that defendant's pleading guilty to other charges.
In an important respect the proposed plea agreement is also a sentence bargain. The plea bargain limits the sentencing power of the district court because its effect is to eliminate any imposition of the penalty of imprisonment for the alleged violations of 18 U.S.C. § 287. See supra note 2. The district court recognized this limitation on its ability to impose a prison sentence when it noted that it was limited to imposing a fine of $30,000 without any "accountability of any person in the corporation that's responsible for the action." Rec., vol. IV, at 13. The court also stated that, "if somebody really did steal $629,000 of government money through fraud, as charged, it's a mockery to me to come in here and ask that I accept a plea agreement that accepts the maximum of a $30,000 fine for that dimension of an offense." Rec., vol. IV, at 6. As part charge bargain and part sentence bargain, the proposed agreement is within the scope of Rule 11(e) and is therefore subject to the court's discretionary power to reject plea bargains.
Rule 48(a) is primarily intended to protect a defendant from prosecutorial harassment, Rinaldi v. United States, 434 U.S. 22, 31, 98 S.Ct. 81, 86, 54 L.Ed.2d 207 (1977) (per curiam), but it also permits courts faced with dismissal motions to consider the public interest in the fair administration of criminal justice and the need to preserve the integrity of the courts. See United States v. Hamm, 659 F.2d 624, 628-29 (5th Cir. 1981); United States v. Cowan, 524 F.2d 504, 512-13 (5th Cir. 1975), cert. denied, 425 U.S. 971, 96 S.Ct. 2168, 48 L.Ed.2d 795 (1976); cf. United States v. Derr, 726 F.2d 617, 619 (10th Cir. 1984). A court is generally required to grant a prosecutor's Rule 48(a) motion to dismiss unless dismissal is "clearly contrary to manifest public interest." Cowan, 524 F.2d at 513; see also Miller, 722 F.2d at 566; United States v. Salinas, 693 F.2d 348, 352 (5th Cir. 1983); Hamm, 659 F.2d at 628. While we agree that a court's discretion is more limited under Rule 48(a) than it is under Rule 11(e), we disagree with the Government's conclusion that Rule 48(a) controls this case.
"since the counts dismissed pursuant to plea bargains often carry heavier penalties than the counts for which a guilty plea is entered, a plea bargain to dismiss charges is an indirect effort to limit the sentencing power of the judge . . . . Because the judge's discretion over the duration of imprisonment is being limited, the standard for review of refusal of plea bargains should be closer to the standards for review of refusal of plea bargains should be could be closer to the standards for review of sentencing than for review of a dismissal which does not involve a plea bargain under Rule 48(a)."
Id. (emphasis added). The court in Bean reasoned that, "[a]though the plea bargain was cast in the form of a dismissal of [a] count," id., the effect was to limit the sentence available and "the district judge properly exercised reasonable discretion in rejecting the plea bargain in order to impose an appropriate sentence," id. In decisions following Bean, the Fifth Circuit has continued to apply the Rule 11(e) standards to a court's refusal to accept a plea bargain agreement which includes the dismissal of other charges. See Adams, 634 F.2d 835; United States v. Ocanas, 628 F.2d 353, 358 (5th Cir. 1980), cert. denied, 451 U.S. 984, 101 S.Ct. 2316, 68 L.Ed.2d 840 (1981). Other courts have reached the same conclusion. See Moore, 637 F.2d at 1196; Stamey, 569 F.2d at 806; cf. United States v. Escobar Noble, 653 F.2d 34, 36-37 (1st Cir. 1981).
The Government relies on two Fifth Circuit decisions in arguing to the contrary that Rule 48(a) governs a district court's refusal to accept a plea bargain. See United States v. Hamm, 659 F.2d 624 (5th Cir. 1981); United States v. Cowan, 524 F.2d 504 (5th Cir. 1975), cert. denied, 425 U.S. 971, 96 S.Ct. 2168, 48 L.Ed.2d 795 (1976). Neither case is controlling on this issue.
In Cowan, a defendant pled guilty to a charge in Washington, D.C., in return for an agreement that pending charges in Texas would be dismissed. The plea was accepted in the first court but the second court refused to grant the Government's separate. Rule 48(a) motion in Texas. The second court's refusal was not based on Rule 11(e), and the Fifth Circuit, in reversing the Texas court's order, did not address the relationship between Rules 11(e) and 48(a). Moreover, the dismissal of the charges in Texas could not and did not infringe on the first court's sentencing power. Cowan was also decided before the Fifth Circuit held in Bean that Rule 11(e) governs a district court's discretion to reject plea bargains which contain a dismissal of other charges also before that court.
The reasoning and holding of Bean apply to the case before us. The ultimate effect of the dismissal of charges against Landry under the plea bargain was to restrict the district court's ability to impose what it considered an appropriate sentence, namely, criminal, imprisonment under. 18 U.S.C. § 287 for fraud against the government. We therefore agree with the court in Bean that the district court's discretion and our standard of review are governed by Rule 11(e) and not by Rule 48(a). See Bean, 564 F.2d at 704.
The Government relies on the Ninth Circuit's decision in United States v. Miller, 722 F.2d 562 (9th Cir. 1983), in support of its argument that the standard governing Rule 48(a) dismissals applies in a case where a plea bargain contains dismissal of charges as one of its terms. We are not persuaded. First, the court in Miller was faced with deciding only whether "by categorically rejecting all one-count pleas to multiple count indictments, the district court has abdicated its duty [under Rule 11] to exercise discretion by considering every case individually." See 722 F.2d at 563. In holding that such categorical rules are impermissible, id. at 565, the court expressly noted that it was not deciding the proper judicial role in sentence bargains or the extent of judicial discretion over individual charge bargains, id. at 564. The court reiterated the "although courts are free to accept or reject individual charge bargains, they should avoid creating broad [categorical] rules that limit traditional prosecutorial independence." Id. at 565. The court in Miller did not hold that Rule 48(a) limits judicial discretion in considering charge bargains but rather that "courts must review individually every charge bargain placed before them." Id. at 566.
We must next decide whether 28 U.S.C. § 1291 permits an appeal of a district court's pretrial order rejecting a proposed plea bargain agreement. The Government argues that the collateral order doctrine of Cohen v. Beneficial Industrial Loan Corp., 337 U.S. 541, 69 S.Ct. 1221, 93 L.Ed. 1528 (1949), permits such an appeal. In Cohen the Supreme Court recognized that a district court order that does not terminate a case nevertheless may be appealable if the decision falls "in that small class which finally determine claims of right separable from, and collateral to, rights asserted in the action, too important to be denied review and too independent of the cause itself to require that appellate consideration be deferred until the whole case is adjudicated." Id. at 546, 69 S.Ct. at 1225. The Court emphasized that section 1291 is to be given a "practical rather than a technical construction." Id.
28 U.S.C. § 1291 provides: "The courts of appeals . . . shall have jurisdiction of appeals from all final decisions of the district courts of the United States. . . except where a direct review may be had in the Supreme Court."
The collateral order doctrine applies to both civil and criminal proceedings. Abney v. United States, 431 U.S. 651, 659 n. 4, 97 S.Ct. 2034, 2040 n. 4, 52 L.Ed.2d 651 (1977); Stack v. Boyle, 342 U.S. 1, 6, 72 S.Ct. 1, 4, 96 L.Ed. 1 (1951); United States v. Cheama, 730 F.2d 1383, 1385 (10th Cir. 1984).
The Supreme Court recently clarified the requirements for appealability under this doctrine: "We have . . . defined this limited class of final `collateral orders' in these terms: `[T]he order must conclusively determine the disputed question, resolve an important issue completely separate from the merits of the action, and be effectively unreviewable on appeal from a final judgment." Firestone Tire Rubber Co. v. Risjord, 449 U.S. 368, 375, 101 S.Ct. 669, 674, 66 L.Ed.2d 571 (1981) (quoting Coopers Lybrand v. Livesay, 437 U.S. 463, 468, 98 S.Ct. 2454, 2457, 57 L.Ed.2d 351 (1978)).
The reasoning of MacDonald compels the conclusion that a district court order rejecting a proposed plea bargain is not appealable by the defendant until after he has been convicted and sentenced. Rejection of a plea bargain obviously is not final in the sense of terminating the criminal proceedings in the trial court. See id. at 857, 98 S.Ct. at 1550. It does not represent "a complete, formal, and, in the trial court, final rejection" of the defendant's claim. Abney, 431 U.S. at 659, 97 S.Ct. at 2040. Thus, the prosecutor and defendant may renegotiate an agreement that the district court will accept, or the defendant's claim may be satisfied by a subsequent acquittal if no plea agreement is reached. In addition, rejection of plea agreement is not "collateral to, and separable from, the principal issue at the accused's impending criminal trial, i.e., whether or not the accused is guilty of the offense charged." Id. Instead, a court's decision to accept or reject a plea of guilty and to impose a particular sentence on a defendant is directly dependent on the court's assessment of the defendant's degree of culpability and the extent of punishment appropriate to such culpability. Finally, a defendant has no right to have a plea bargain accepted. Santobello, 404 U.S. at 262, 92 S.Ct. at 498; Lynch v. Overholser, 369 U.S. 705, 719, 82 S.Ct. 1063, 1072, 8 L.Ed.2d 211 (1962). The rejection of a plea bargain therefore does not involve "an important right which would be `lost, probably irreparably,' if review had to await final judgment." Abney, 431 U.S. at 658, 97 S.Ct. at 2039 (quoting Cohen, 337 U.S. at 546, 69 S.Ct. at 1225); see also MacDonald, 435, U.S. at 860 n. 7, 98 S.Ct. at 1552 n. 7.
Ordinarily, appeals from rejection of plea bargains are taken after a subsequent trial and conviction. See, e.g., In re Arvedon, 523 F.2d 914, 916 (1st Cir. 1975) (citing United States v. Bednarski, 445 F.2d 364 (1st Cir. 1971); see also United States v. Delegal, 678 F.2d 47, 50 (7th Cir. 1982); United States v. Moore, 637 F.2d 1194, 1195 (8th Cir. 1981); United States v. Adams, 634 F.2d 830, 831 (5th Cir. 1981); United States v. Ocanas, 628 F.2d 353, 356 (5th Cir. 1981), cert. denied, 451 U.S. 984, 101 S.Ct. 2316, 68 L.Ed.2d 840 (1981).
Second, the Government claims that, when a court denies a Rule 48(a) motion, a defendant's subsequent acquittal would preclude an appeal by the Government, see United States v. Scott, 437 U.S. 82, 88, 98 S.Ct. 2187, 2192, 57 L.Ed.2d 65 (1978), while a conviction would place the Government in the unrealistic position of joining a defendant on appeal in arguing that no trial should have been held, see United States v. Dupris, 664 F.2d 169, 173 n. 6 (8th Cir. 1981). Therefore, unlike a defendant, the Government could lose its right to effective review on appeal. See Abney, 431 U.S. at 658, 97 S.Ct. at 2039. Again, this argument applies only to a separate Rule 48(a) motion. An order denying a proposed plea bargain does not conclusively force the Government to trial. The Government could renegotiate the plea agreement until accepted by the court, or it could move to dismiss all the charges against the parties to the agreement in an unconditional Rule 48(a) motion. If its Rule 48(a) motion is then denied, an appeal might lie. Moreover, the Government could also exercise the option of simply declining to prosecute further, see Dupris, 664 F.2d at 172 n. 4; Cowan, 524 F.2d at 511, if it wished to avoid a criminal conviction in a particular case.
Because we conclude that the order from which the Government appeals is not simply a refusal of a prosecutor's Rule 48(a) motion to dismiss, we need not decide whether the Government, as opposed to a defendant, may appeal such a denial under § 1291. We note that the only court to decide this particular issue has held that the Government may appeal a Rule 48(a) denial. See United States v. Dupris, 664 F.2d, 169, 172 (8th Cir. 1981). The court in Dupris based its decision on the "unusual circumstances" before it in that case. Id. at 170, 172.
Allowing the Government to appeal the rejection of a plea agreement would frustrate the policy against piecemeal disposition of criminal proceedings. An appeal could also be used as leverage against a district court with whose sentencing decisions the Government disagrees. If successful, an appeal would result in a premature and unwarranted intrusion upon a district court's broad discretion to assess plea and impose sentences. The court's decision is not final until a defendant has been convicted and sentenced. Any review of a district court's plea decision before that time would in effect be an indefensible advisory opinion and an unjustified encroachment upon a trial court's authority. A right to appeal would also create potentially undesirable consequences between prosecutors and court's caused by disagreements over plea proposals. Accordingly, we hold that neither a defendant nor the Government may appeal a preconviction order of the district court denying a proposed plea bargain agreement under Rule 11.
Our conclusion is also consistent with the Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984, Pub.L. No. 98-473, § 213, 98 Stat. 1976, 2011 (to be codified at 18 U.S.C. § 3742) (effective Nov. 1, 1986). Section 213 permits a defendant to appeal a sentence greater than one specified in a plea agreement under Rule 11(e), and also permits the Government to appeal a sentence less than one specified in such an agreement. However, a defendant and the Government can seek appellate review only of "an otherwise final sentence." Id.
"has traditionally been used in the federal courts only `to confine an inferior court to a lawful exercise of its prescribed jurisdiction or to compel it to exercise its authority when it is its duty to do so . . . .' Only exceptional circumstances, amounting to a judicial usurpation of power, will justify the invocation of this extraordinary remedy."
The district court's rejection of the proposed plea bargain does not justify the issuance of a writ. A defendant or the Government may seek review of such an order on direct appeal after a final judgment of conviction and sentencing. Therefore it cannot be said that the parties have no adequate means to seek the desired relief. See id. 449 U.S. at 36, 101 S.Ct. at 190. Moreover, the authority to accept or reject a plea bargain agreement under Rule 11(e) is confined almost entirely to the trial court's discretion. A district court is under no duty to consider a plea agreement or to accept or reject it. See, e.g., Moore, 637 F.2d at 1196. "Where a matter is committed to discretion, it cannot be said that a litigant's right to a particular result is `clear and indisputable.'" Daiflon, 449 U.S. at 36, 101 S.Ct. at 190 (quoting Will v. Calvert Fire Ins. Co., 437 U.S. 655, 666, 98 S.Ct. 2552, 2559, 57 L.Ed.2d 504 (1978) (plurality opinion)). The Government's petition for a writ of mandamus is therefore denied.
recognizing that the Supreme Court has refused to extend the right to an immediate appeal of a motion to dismiss on grounds other than double jeopardy
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