Source: https://wiki.mnceh.org/index.php?title=Neurotoxicity:_Lead&diff=385&oldid=251
Timestamp: 2020-01-23 14:59:28
Document Index: 670295212

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 208', '§ 125', '§ 197', '§ 701', '§ 52', '§ 144', '§ 44', '§ 333', '§ 333', '§ 333', '§ 1319', '§ 701', '§ 144', '§ 23', '§ 31', '§ 1758', '§ 1759', '§ 333', '§ 333', '§ 333', '§ 333', '§ 333', '§ 333', '§ 36', '§ 8', '§ 40', '§1316', '§ 6', '§ 196', '§ 24', '§ 254', '§ 36', '§ 8', '§ 40', '§1316', '§ 6', '§ 196', '§ 24', '§ 254']

(→‎Lead Data Tracking)
| style="border:0.0104in solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.075in;padding-right:0.075in;"| <center>Land Release/Disposal</center>
| style="border:0.0104in solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.075in;padding-right:0.075in;"| <center>Off-site Release/Disposal</center>
| style="border:0.0104in solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.075in;padding-right:0.075in;"| <center>POTW<ref name="ftn3"><center> Publicly-owned treatment works (POTW).''' '''</center>
| style="border:0.0104in solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.075in;padding-right:0.075in;"| <center>POTW<ref name="ftn3">Publicly-owned treatment works (POTW).</ref></center>
| style="border:0.0104in solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.075in;padding-right:0.075in;"| <center>Off-site Waste</center>
| style="border:0.0104in solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.075in;padding-right:0.075in;"| <center>'''Total'''</center>
===== Childhood Blood Lead Levels and Screening in Michigan =====
=== Lead Abatement Assistance ===
==== Michigan Policy Highlights ====
# Currently, Michigan has limited programs in place to assist with lead abatement in residential housing.
# The MDCH Lead Safe Home program offers residential lead-abatement funding for low-moderate income families meeting certain criteria (living in Calhoun, Ingham, Kalamazoo, Muskegon, <nowiki>Oakland, Saginaw [excluding the city of Saginaw] or the city of Detroit, or if the child of the parent/caregiver has a blood lead level </nowiki>10g/dL, and the home that is owned or rented was built before 1978). This program provides full inspections/risk assessments at no costs. If hazardous lead is detected the program provides $2,000 to $8,000 per unit for abatement costs (cleaning, painting, window and door replacement, etc), depending on certain criteria of the property. Residents must contribute in some way (by money or labor) to the project in order to receive funding; contributions may also come from other programs in the area (housing/community agencies, churches, etc).
# Lead abatement can be used as a criterion for qualifying for assistance under “brownfield” development to improve substandard housing (MCL § 208.38g (208.1437) & § 125.2663).
# A Michigan bill to provide a tax credit equal to 25% of the cost of lead abatement passed the Michigan House in 2003, but failed to pass the Senate (HB 4443), and Lead Abatement Tax Credit legislation failed to pass in the previous Michigan legislative session (HB 4409).
==== Analysis and Policy Highlights from Other States ====
# A small number of states are offering loans (Massachusetts, Missouri, and New Jersey), grants (Minnesota), or tax credits (Rhode Island as well as Massachusetts which currently has the most progressive tax credit program) to assist home owners in lead abatement (ALM GL ch. 111, § 197E, § 701.337 R.S.Mo., N.J. Stat. § 52:27D-437.4, Minn. Stat. § 144.9512, R.I. Gen. Laws § 44-30.3-1). By statute, New York’s Lead Poisoning Advisory Board is authorized to “recommend...ways to financially assist property owners in abating environmental lead, such as tax credits, loan funds, and other approaches”.
# Evaluation and Recommendations
==== Evaluation and Recommendations ====
# Michigan should strongly consider providing economic incentives for voluntary lead abatement for those homeowners who cannot qualify for the Michigan Lead Safe Home Program. Tax credits towards homeowners and residential rental property owners to have lead paint in their homes removed would be one such way to provide an incentive. Furthermore, considerations should be placed upon providing similar incentives for lead abatement in day care facilities. Such an investment now in protecting children from the potentially life-long impacts of lead poisoning could save the state hundreds of millions of dollars annually over the coming decades (Glaser 2010).
# Michigan could provide funding for the Lead Safe Home Program and any other residential lead abatement incentive program that is passed through charging a fee to paint manufacturers of $0.25 per gallon sold, as is currently practiced in Maine and has been recommended by the Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention and Control Commission. This would net (MCLPPCC 2007).
=== Prevention Programs ===
# The Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program (CLPPP), under the Michigan Department of Community Health (MDCH), was statutorily created to develop a “coordinated and comprehensive plan to prevent childhood lead poisoning and to minimize exposure of the general public to lead-based paint hazards” (MCL § 333.5474). The program is authorized to undertake education efforts to instruct health care providers, landlords, tenants, parents of young children, and operators of schools and day care facilities about the risks of lead (MCL § 333.5474). HB 4936, which became Public Act 162 in December 2007, reinstated the Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention and Control Commission until July 2010 in part to “study and report on the environmental threats of lead poisoning to children’s health, including, but not limited to, the incidence of exposure, source of exposure, and degree of exposure.” The commission is also charged with evaluating the state’s lead poisoning prevention and the new standard set by a companion bill to restrict the concentration of lead in children’s products to 600ppm (see section “e” below).
# Additionally, the MDCH is authorized to establish a program to educate property owners, managers, and maintenance staff in lead-safe practices and to devise “appropriate maintenance practices” that are designed to prevent lead poisoning (MCL § 333.5473a).
# Most states have some type of lead prevention program whose primary component is to educate the population about lead hazards. A number of states, however, go further in their prevention efforts. For example, Maine (22 M.R.S. § 1319-C) requires the testing of child-care facilities to ensure that they are lead-safe; Missouri (§ 701.306 R.& 701.308 S.Mo.) requires written notification to owners of residential properties or child care facilities if lead hazard is found (and requires subsequent abatement); Minnesota (Minn. Stat. § 144.9504) requires lead assessments if a child or pregnant woman has elevated blood lead levels; Rhode Island (R.I. Gen. Laws § 23-24.6-14) requires that schools, day-care facilities, and playgrounds certify that they are “lead-safe,”. Connecticut (Sec. 19a-111f) has established an “environmentally safe housing” pilot program, Georgia (O.C.G.A. § 31-41-17) requires written educational materials be sent to the home of any child who tests for elevated blood lead levels, and Vermont (18 V.S.A. § 1758) has established a “lead free” housing registry and requires the removal of deteriorating lead paint whenever there is a change of tenant (18 V.S.A. § 1759). Maryland requires all pre-1950 rental housing to be inspected for lead and made lead-safe prior to being given a certificate of occupancy, so long as it is designated for permanent residence (Maryland Code, Environment, Sec, 6-801- 6-852).
=== Lead Paint and Lead in Products ===
## By statute, Michigan defines lead paint as “"paint or other surface coatings that contain lead equal to or in excess of 1.0 milligrams per square centimeter or more than 0.5% by weight” (MCL § 333.5458). It is a crime in Michigan to knowingly use lead-paint in violation of statute (MCL § 333.5477), and a crime to rent residential housing if the landlord knows about the lead paint hazard and a child in the home tests for lead levels above 10 µg/dl (MCL § 333.5475a). However, attempts to allow civil actions against those who knowingly rent property containing lead hazards or to impose criminal penalties against landlords who rent lead-hazard containing units without informing tenants have failed to pass the legislature (HB4182 & HB5115).
# By statute, Michigan defines lead paint as “"paint or other surface coatings that contain lead equal to or in excess of 1.0 milligrams per square centimeter or more than 0.5% by weight” (MCL § 333.5458). It is a crime in Michigan to knowingly use lead-paint in violation of statute (MCL § 333.5477), and a crime to rent residential housing if the landlord knows about the lead paint hazard and a child in the home tests for lead levels above 10 µg/dl (MCL § 333.5475a). However, attempts to allow civil actions against those who knowingly rent property containing lead hazards or to impose criminal penalties against landlords who rent lead-hazard containing units without informing tenants have failed to pass the legislature (HB4182 & HB5115).
## In 2007, Michigan passed into law three bills (Public Acts 159, 160, and 161) to prohibit the sale of toys and other children’s products made for young children. The bills prohibit the sale or manufacture of toys and childcare articles, jewelry, and lunchboxes that contain lead at concentrations above 0.06% or 600 parts per million (ppm). However, 600 ppm was equivalent to the long-held federal voluntary recall threshold for lead in paint in children’s products until passage of the 2008 U.S. Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act (see below). The American Academy of Pediatrics recommended in 2007 that 40 ppm (based on background levels) should be the threshold for lead in children’s products – providing a basis for a much stronger level of protection for children.
# In 2007, Michigan passed into law three bills (Public Acts 159, 160, and 161) to prohibit the sale of toys and other children’s products made for young children. The bills prohibit the sale or manufacture of toys and childcare articles, jewelry, and lunchboxes that contain lead at concentrations above 0.06% or 600 parts per million (ppm). However, 600 ppm was equivalent to the long-held federal voluntary recall threshold for lead in paint in children’s products until passage of the 2008 U.S. Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act (see below). The American Academy of Pediatrics recommended in 2007 that 40 ppm (based on background levels) should be the threshold for lead in children’s products – providing a basis for a much stronger level of protection for children.
## The Michigan House passed a bill in May 2007 that would have banned disposal of lead-acid batteries in municipal solid waste incinerators (HB4485); however, the Michigan Senate did not act on the bill.
# The Michigan House passed a bill in May 2007 that would have banned disposal of lead-acid batteries in municipal solid waste incinerators (HB4485); however, the Michigan Senate did not act on the bill.
## The Children’s Safe Products Act (HB 4763-4769), which passed out of the Michigan House in 2008, would require the state to create and regularly update a comprehensive list of chemicals of concern and a list of chemicals of highest concern. Manufacturers of children’s products sold in Michigan would be required to identify whether chemicals of highest concern are in these products, and if so, in what quantities. MDCH would be required to make this information accessible to the public. While this Act would not regulate any chemicals, it would be an important step toward providing consumers the right to know what chemicals are in products designed for use by or for children 12 years of age and younger.
# The Children’s Safe Products Act (HB 4763-4769), which passed out of the Michigan House in 2008, would require the state to create and regularly update a comprehensive list of chemicals of concern and a list of chemicals of highest concern. Manufacturers of children’s products sold in Michigan would be required to identify whether chemicals of highest concern are in these products, and if so, in what quantities. MDCH would be required to make this information accessible to the public. While this Act would not regulate any chemicals, it would be an important step toward providing consumers the right to know what chemicals are in products designed for use by or for children 12 years of age and younger.
## Analysis and Policy Highlights from Other States
## Michigan’s statutory definition of lead paint is consistent with that of most states. Stronger penalties for those who sell or rent units containing lead-hazards would likely result in greater efforts at lead abatement by landlords. However, many states have more stringent bans on the use of lead-paint. Many states ban the use of lead paint in interior or exterior surfaces accessible to children, and on toys, furniture, indoor fixtures, household appliances, and cooking utensils (Arizona Revised Statutes § 36-1674, District of Columbia Code § 8-115.03, Louisiana Revised Statutes § 40:1299.26, Kentucky Revised Statutes XVIII:217.801, Maine Revised Statutes 22 §1316, Maryland ENVIRONMENT Code Ann. § 6-301, Annotated Laws of Massachusetts General Law ch. 111, § 196, New Hampshire X:130-A:4, New Jersey Statutes § 24:14A-1 & 2, Ohio Revised Code Ann. 3742.02, Wisconsin Statutes § 254.12).
# Michigan’s statutory definition of lead paint is consistent with that of most states. Stronger penalties for those who sell or rent units containing lead-hazards would likely result in greater efforts at lead abatement by landlords. However, many states have more stringent bans on the use of lead-paint. Many states ban the use of lead paint in interior or exterior surfaces accessible to children, and on toys, furniture, indoor fixtures, household appliances, and cooking utensils (Arizona Revised Statutes § 36-1674, District of Columbia Code § 8-115.03, Louisiana Revised Statutes § 40:1299.26, Kentucky Revised Statutes XVIII:217.801, Maine Revised Statutes 22 §1316, Maryland ENVIRONMENT Code Ann. § 6-301, Annotated Laws of Massachusetts General Law ch. 111, § 196, New Hampshire X:130-A:4, New Jersey Statutes § 24:14A-1 & 2, Ohio Revised Code Ann. 3742.02, Wisconsin Statutes § 254.12).
## In 2008, Congress passed the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act, setting the maximum allowable level of lead in children’s products (regardless of material) at 600 ppm, 300 ppm, and eventually 100 ppm over a 3-year period. It is not as protective as the recommendation of the American Academy of Pediatrics for a ceiling of 40 ppm of lead in children’s products.
# In 2008, Congress passed the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act, setting the maximum allowable level of lead in children’s products (regardless of material) at 600 ppm, 300 ppm, and eventually 100 ppm over a 3-year period. It is not as protective as the recommendation of the American Academy of Pediatrics for a ceiling of 40 ppm of lead in children’s products.
## Evaluation and Recommendations
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2009. Leaded Gas Phase Out. Accessed December 10, 2010, at: [http://www.epa.gov/history/topics/lead/02.htm http://www.epa.gov/history/topics/lead/02.htm]
= Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) May 1985 Lead EPA Journal: “Lead Poisoning: =
= A Historical Perspective” by Jack Lewis =