Source: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/7545
Timestamp: 2018-06-25 14:08:12
Document Index: 775519733

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 7545', '§ 7545', '§ 7545', '§\u202f7545', 'art 2', 'art 2', '§\u202f211', '§\u202f210', '§\u202f2', '§\u202f8', '§\u202f302', '§\u202f222', '§\u202f401', '§\u202f14', '§\u202f212', '§\u202f1501', '§\u202f201', '§\u202f11', '§\u202f2', '§\u202f208', '§\u202f251', '§\u202f201', '§\u202f202', '§\u202f202', '§\u202f202', '§\u202f202', '§\u202f202', '§\u202f202', '§\u202f202', '§\u202f202', '§\u202f202', '§\u202f202', '§\u202f203', '§\u202f210', '§\u202f247', '§\u202f247', '§\u202f209', '§\u202f1505', '§\u202f1505', '§\u202f1505', '§\u202f1541', '§\u202f1541', '§\u202f1501', '§\u202f1501', '§\u202f1501', '§\u202f1504', '§\u202f1504', '§\u202f1504', '§\u202f1504', '§\u202f1507', '§\u202f1504', '§\u202f1504', '§\u202f1501', '§\u202f1506', '§\u202f1512', '§\u202f1501', '§\u202f1513', '§\u202f212', '§\u202f212', '§\u202f213', '§\u202f213', '§\u202f228', '§\u202f214', '§\u202f214', '§\u202f215', '§\u202f216', '§\u202f217', '§\u202f218', '§\u202f219', '§\u202f220', '§\u202f221', '§\u202f401', '§\u202f222', '§\u202f222', '§\u202f14', '§\u202f14', '§\u202f223', '§\u202f302', '§\u202f302', '§\u202f9', '§\u202f9', '§\u202f9', '§\u202f9', '§\u202f9', '§\u202f210', '§\u202f1504', '§\u202f1504', '§\u202f204', '§\u202f210', '§\u202f1501', '§\u202f1502', '§\u202f1503', '§\u202f1508', '§\u202f1765', 'art 69']

42 U.S. Code § 7545 - Regulation of fuels | US Law | LII / Legal Information Institute
U.S. Code › Title 42 › Chapter 85 › Subchapter II › Part A › § 7545
42 U.S. Code § 7545 - Regulation of fuels
§ 7545.
(A)In general.—Not later than 2 years after August 8, 2005, the Administrator shall—
other ethers and heavy alcohols, as determined by then [1] Administrator;
conduct a study on the effects on public health (including the effects on children, pregnant women, minority or low-income communities, and other sensitive populations), air quality, and water resources of the adjustment for ethanol-blended reformulated gasoline to the volatile organic compounds performance requirements that are applicable under paragraphs (1) and (3) of subsection (k); and
(B)Contracts for study.—In carrying out this paragraph, the Administrator may enter into one or more contracts with nongovernmental entities such as—
The Administrator may, from time to time on the basis of information obtained under subsection (b) of this section or other information available to him, by regulation, control or prohibit the manufacture, introduction into commerce, offering for sale, or sale of any fuel or fuel additive for use in a motor vehicle, motor vehicle engine, or nonroad engine or nonroad vehicle if, in the judgment of the Administrator, any fuel or fuel additive or any emission product of such fuel or fuel additive causes, or contributes, to air pollution or water pollution (including any degradation in the quality of groundwater) that may reasonably be anticipated to endanger the public health or welfare, or (B) [2] if emission products of such fuel or fuel additive will impair to a significant degree the performance of any emission control device or system which is in general use, or which the Administrator finds has been developed to a point where in a reasonable time it would be in general use were such regulation to be promulgated.
In obtaining information under subparagraph (A), section 7607(a) of this title (relating to subpenas) shall be applicable.
(A) Except as otherwise provided in subparagraph (B) or (C), no State (or political subdivision thereof) may prescribe or attempt to enforce, for purposes of motor vehicle emission control, any control or prohibition respecting any characteristic or component of a fuel or fuel additive in a motor vehicle or motor vehicle engine—
Any State for which application of section 7543(a) of this title has at any time been waived under section 7543(b) of this title may at any time prescribe and enforce, for the purpose of motor vehicle emission control, a control or prohibition respecting any fuel or fuel additive.
(v) [3] Nothing in this subparagraph shall—
3 The Administrator shall have no authority, when considering a State implementation plan or a State implementation plan revision, to approve under this paragraph any fuel included in such plan or revision if the effect of such approval increases the total number of fuels approved under this paragraph as of September 1, 2004, in all State implementation plans.
(IV) Subclause (I) shall not limit the Administrator’s authority to approve a control or prohibition respecting any new fuel under this paragraph in a State implementation plan or revision to a State implementation plan if such new fuel—
Nothing in this clause shall be construed to have any effect regarding any available authority of States to require the use of any fuel additive registered in accordance with subsection (b), including any fuel additive registered in accordance with subsection (b) after August 8, 2005.
Not later than one year after August 7, 1977, and after notice and opportunity for a public hearing, the Administrator shall promulgate regulations which implement the authority under subsection (b)(2)(A) and (B) with respect to each fuel or fuel additive which is registered on the date of promulgation of such regulations and with respect to each fuel or fuel additive for which an application for registration is filed thereafter.
(2) Regulations under subsection (b) to carry out this subsection shall require that the requisite information be provided to the Administrator by each such manufacturer—
The Administrator, upon application of any manufacturer of any fuel or fuel additive, may waive the prohibitions established under paragraph (1) or (3) of this subsection or the limitation specified in paragraph (2) of this subsection, if he determines that the applicant has established that such fuel or fuel additive or a specified concentration thereof, and the emission products of such fuel or fuel additive or specified concentration thereof, will not cause or contribute to a failure of any emission control device or system (over the useful life of the motor vehicle, motor vehicle engine, nonroad engine or nonroad vehicle in which such device or system is used) to achieve compliance by the vehicle or engine with the emission standards with respect to which it has been certified pursuant to sections 7525 and 7547(a) of this title. The Administrator shall take final action to grant or deny an application submitted under this paragraph, after public notice and comment, within 270 days of the receipt of such an application.
Beginning October 1, 1993, no person shall introduce or cause or allow the introduction into any motor vehicle of diesel fuel which such person knows or should know contains a concentration of sulfur in excess of 0.05 percent (by weight) or which fails to meet a cetane index minimum of 40 or such equivalent alternative aromatic level as prescribed by the Administrator under subsection (i)(2).
(4) Ethanol waiverFor fuel blends containing gasoline and 10 percent denatured anhydrous ethanol, the Reid vapor pressure limitation under this subsection shall be one pound per square inch (psi) greater than the applicable Reid vapor pressure limitations established under paragraph (1); Provided, however, That a distributor, blender, marketer, reseller, carrier, retailer, or wholesale purchaser-consumer shall be deemed to be in full compliance with the provisions of this subsection and the regulations promulgated thereunder if it can demonstrate (by showing receipt of a certification or other evidence acceptable to the Administrator) that—
the ethanol portion of the blend does not exceed its waiver condition under subsection (f)(4); and
(i) In generalWith respect to an area in a State for which the Governor submits a notification under subparagraph (A), the regulations under that subparagraph shall take effect on the later of—
(I) In generalIf, after receipt of a notification with respect to an area from a Governor of a State under subparagraph (A), the Administrator determines, on the Administrator’s own motion or on petition of any person and after consultation with the Secretary of Energy, that the promulgation of regulations described in subparagraph (A) would result in an insufficient supply of gasoline in the State, the Administrator, by regulation—
The States of Alaska and Hawaii may be exempted from the requirements of this subsection in the same manner as provided in section 7625 [4] of this title. The Administrator shall take final action on any petition filed under section 7625 [4] of this title or this paragraph for an exemption from the requirements of this subsection, within 12 months from the date of the petition.
After November 15, 1990, any person proposing to register any gasoline additive under subsection (a) or to use any previously registered additive as a lead substitute may also elect to register the additive as a lead substitute gasoline additive for reducing valve seat wear by providing the Administrator with such relevant information regarding product identity and composition as the Administrator deems necessary for carrying out the responsibilities of paragraph (2) of this subsection (in addition to other information which may be required under subsection (b)).
In addition to the other testing which may be required under subsection (b), in the case of the lead substitute gasoline additives referred to in paragraph (1), the Administrator shall develop and publish a test procedure to determine the additives’ effectiveness in reducing valve seat wear and the additives’ tendencies to produce engine deposits and other adverse side effects. The test procedures shall be developed in cooperation with the Secretary of Agriculture and with the input of additive manufacturers, engine and engine components manufacturers, and other interested persons. The Administrator shall enter into arrangements with an independent laboratory to conduct tests of each additive using the test procedures developed and published pursuant to this paragraph. The Administrator shall publish the results of the tests by company and additive name in the Federal Register along with, for comparison purposes, the results of applying the same test procedures to gasoline containing 0.1 gram of lead per gallon in lieu of the lead substitute gasoline additive. The Administrator shall not rank or otherwise rate the lead substitute additives. Test procedures shall be established within 1 year after November 15, 1990. Additives shall be tested within 18 months of November 15, 1990, or 6 months after the lead substitute additives are identified to the Administrator, whichever is later.
(I) In generalNot later than 60 days after August 8, 2005, and not later than April 1 of each calendar year that begins after August 8, 2005, the Administrator shall publish in the Federal Register a report that specifies, with respect to the previous calendar year—
(II) Effect of failure to maintain aggregate toxics reductionsIf, in any calendar year, the reduction of the average annual aggregate emissions of toxic air pollutants in a PADD fails to meet or exceed the reduction of the average annual aggregate emissions of toxic air pollutants in the PADD in calendar years 2001 and 2002, the Administrator, not later than 90 days after the date of publication of the report for the calendar year under subclause (I), shall—
Not later than July 1, 2007, the Administrator shall promulgate final regulations to control hazardous air pollutants from motor vehicles and motor vehicle fuels, as provided for in section 80.1045 of title 40, Code of Federal Regulations (as in effect on August 8, 2005), and as authorized under section 7521(l) [5] of this title. If the Administrator promulgates by such date, final regulations to control hazardous air pollutants from motor vehicles and motor vehicle fuels that achieve and maintain greater overall reductions in emissions of air toxics from reformulated gasoline than the reductions that would be achieved under subsection (k)(1)(B) as amended by this clause, then subsections (k)(1)(B)(i) through (k)(1)(B)(v) shall be null and void and regulations promulgated thereunder shall be rescinded and have no further effect.
(2) General requirementsThe regulations referred to in paragraph (1) shall require that reformulated gasoline comply with paragraph (3) and with each of the following requirements (subject to paragraph (7)):
(3) More stringent of formula or performance standardsThe regulations referred to in paragraph (1) shall require compliance with the more stringent of either the requirements set forth in subparagraph (A) or the requirements of subparagraph (B) of this paragraph. For purposes of determining the more stringent provision, clause (i) and clause (ii) of subparagraph (B) shall be considered independently.
(B) Certification; equivalencyThe Administrator shall certify a fuel formulation or slate of fuel formulations as complying with this subsection if such fuel or fuels—
(5) ProhibitionEffective beginning January 1, 1995, each of the following shall be a violation of this subsection:
The sale or dispensing by any refiner, blender, importer, or marketer of conventional gasoline for resale in any covered area, without (i) segregating such gasoline from reformulated gasoline, and (ii) clearly marking such conventional gasoline as “conventional gasoline, not for sale to ultimate consumer in a covered area”.
Any refiner, blender, importer or marketer who purchases property [6] segregated and marked conventional gasoline, and thereafter labels, represents, or wholesales such gasoline as reformulated gasoline shall also be in violation of this subsection. The Administrator may impose sampling, testing, and recordkeeping requirements upon any refiner, blender, importer, or marketer to prevent violations of this section.
Upon the application of the Governor of a State, the Administrator shall apply the prohibition set forth in paragraph (5) in any area in the State classified under subpart 2 of part D of subchapter I as a Marginal, Moderate, Serious, or Severe Area (without regard to whether or not the 1980 population of the area exceeds 250,000). In any such case, the Administrator shall establish an effective date for such prohibition as he deems appropriate, not later than January 1, 1995, or 1 year after such application is received, whichever is later. The Administrator shall publish such application in the Federal Register upon receipt.
On application of the Governor of a State in the ozone transport region established by section 7511c(a) of this title, the Administrator, not later than 180 days after the date of receipt of the application, shall apply the prohibition specified in paragraph (5) to any area in the State (other than an area classified as a marginal, moderate, serious, or severe ozone nonattainment area under subpart 2 of part D of subchapter I) unless the Administrator determines under clause (iii) that there is insufficient capacity to supply reformulated gasoline.
(ii) Period of applicabilityUnder clause (i), the prohibition specified in paragraph (5) shall apply in a State—
(I) In generalIf, after receipt of an application from a Governor of a State under clause (i), the Administrator determines, on the Administrator’s own motion or on petition of any person, after consultation with the Secretary of Energy, that there is insufficient capacity to supply reformulated gasoline, the Administrator, by regulation—
BASELINE GASOLINE FUEL PROPERTIES
Octane, R+M/2
IBP, F
10%, F
50%, F
90%, F
End Point, F
(ii) Wintertime
Each State in which there is located all or part of an area which is designated under subchapter I as a nonattainment area for carbon monoxide and which has a carbon monoxide design value of 9.5 parts per million (ppm) or above based on data for the 2-year period of 1988 and 1989 and calculated according to the most recent interpretation methodology issued by the Administrator prior to November 15, 1990, shall submit to the Administrator a State implementation plan revision under section 7410 of this title and part D of subchapter I for such area which shall contain the provisions specified under this subsection regarding oxygenated gasoline.
(2) Oxygenated gasoline in CO nonattainment areasEach plan revision under this subsection shall contain provisions to require that any gasoline sold, or dispensed, to the ultimate consumer in the carbon monoxide nonattainment area or sold or dispensed directly or indirectly by fuel refiners or marketers to persons who sell or dispense to ultimate consumers, in the larger of—
be blended, during the portion of the year in which the area is prone to high ambient concentrations of carbon monoxide to contain not less than 2.7 percent oxygen by weight (subject to a testing tolerance established by the Administrator). The portion of the year in which the area is prone to high ambient concentrations of carbon monoxide shall be as determined by the Administrator, but shall not be less than 4 months. At the request of a State with respect to any area designated as nonattainment for carbon monoxide, the Administrator may reduce the period specified in the preceding sentence if the State can demonstrate that because of meteorological conditions, a reduced period will assure that there will be no exceedances of the carbon monoxide standard outside of such reduced period. For areas with a carbon monoxide design value of 9.5 ppm or more of [7]November 15, 1990, the revision shall provide that such requirement shall take effect no later than November 1, 1992 (or at such other date during 1992 as the Administrator establishes under the preceding provisions of this paragraph). For other areas, the revision shall provide that such requirement shall take effect no later than November 1 of the third year after the last year of the applicable 2-year period referred to in paragraph (1) (or at such other date during such third year as the Administrator establishes under the preceding provisions of this paragraph) and shall include a program for implementation and enforcement of the requirement consistent with guidance to be issued by the Administrator.
After December 31, 1995, it shall be unlawful for any person to sell, offer for sale, supply, offer for supply, dispense, transport, or introduce into commerce, for use as fuel in any motor vehicle (as defined in section 7554(2) [8] of this title) any gasoline which contains lead or lead additives.
(ii) InclusionsThe types of fuels eligible for consideration as “advanced biofuel” may include any of the following:
The term “greenhouse gas” means carbon dioxide, hydrofluorocarbons, methane, nitrous oxide, perfluorocarbons,[9] sulfur hexafluoride. The Administrator may include any other anthropogenically-emitted gas that is determined by the Administrator, after notice and comment, to contribute to global warming.
(I) Renewable biomassThe term “renewable biomass” means each of the following:
Planted trees and tree residue from actively managed tree plantations on non-federal [10] land cleared at any time prior to December 19, 2007, including land belonging to an Indian tribe or an Indian individual, that is held in trust by the United States or subject to a restriction against alienation imposed by the United States.
Slash and pre-commercial thinnings that are from non-federal 10 forestlands, including forestlands belonging to an Indian tribe or an Indian individual, that are held in trust by the United States or subject to a restriction against alienation imposed by the United States, but not forests or forestlands that are ecological communities with a global or State ranking of critically imperiled, imperiled, or rare pursuant to a State Natural Heritage Program, old growth forest, or late successional forest.
(II) Other actionsIn carrying out this clause, the Administrator may—
(iii) Provisions of regulationsRegardless of the date of promulgation, the regulations promulgated under clause (i)—
Applicable volume of biomass-based diesel (in billions
of gallons):
(ii) Other calendar yearsFor the purposes of subparagraph (A), the applicable volumes of each fuel specified in the tables in clause (i) for calendar years after the calendar years specified in the tables shall be determined by the Administrator, in coordination with the Secretary of Energy and the Secretary of Agriculture, based on a review of the implementation of the program during calendar years specified in the tables, and an analysis of—
(ii) Required elementsThe renewable fuel obligation determined for a calendar year under clause (i) shall—
(C) AdjustmentsIn determining the applicable percentage for a calendar year, the Administrator shall make adjustments—
(A) In generalThe regulations promulgated under paragraph (2)(A) shall provide—
(D) Inability to generate or purchase sufficient creditsThe regulations promulgated under paragraph (2)(A) shall include provisions allowing any person that is unable to generate or purchase sufficient credits to meet the requirements of paragraph (2) to carry forward a renewable fuel deficit on condition that the person, in the calendar year following the year in which the renewable fuel deficit is created—
(C) DeterminationsThe determinations referred to in subparagraph (B) are that—
(D) PeriodsThe 2 periods referred to in this paragraph are—
Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the seasonality requirement relating torenewable fuel use established by this paragraph shall not apply to any State that has received a waiver under section 7543(b) of this title or any State dependent on refineries in such State for gasoline supplies.
(A) In generalThe Administrator, in consultation with the Secretary of Agriculture and the Secretary of Energy, may waive the requirements of paragraph (2) in whole or in part on petition by one or more States, by any person subject to the requirements of this subsection, or by the Administrator on his own motion by reducing the national quantity of renewable fuel required under paragraph (2)—
(F) Modification of applicable volumesFor any of the tables in paragraph (2)(B), if the Administrator waives—
(B) Required evaluationsThe study shall evaluate renewable fuel—
(11) Periodic reviewsTo allow for the appropriate adjustment of the requirements described in subparagraph (B) of paragraph (2), the Administrator shall conduct periodic reviews of—
the impacts of the requirements described in subsection (a)(2) [11] on each individual and entity described in paragraph (2).
(q) [12] Analyses of motor vehicle fuel changes and emissions model
(2) Eligible production facilitiesA production facility shall be eligible to receive a grant under this subsection if the production facility—
(3) Authorization of appropriationsThere are authorized to be appropriated the following amounts to carry out this subsection:
(4) DefinitionsFor the purposes of this subsection:
(1) In generalNotwithstanding subsections (h) and (k) and subject to the limitations in paragraph (2) of this subsection, it shall not be a violation of this part [13] for a gasoline retailer, during any month of the year, to blend at a retail location batches of ethanol-blended and non-ethanol-blended reformulated gasoline, provided that—
each batch of gasoline to be blended has been individually certified as in compliance with subsections (h) and (k) prior to being blended;
the retailer does not, between June 1 and September 15 of each year, blend a batch of VOC-controlled, or “summer”, gasoline with a batch of non-VOC-controlled, or “winter”, gasoline (as these terms are defined under subsections (h) and (k)).
(5) Preservation of State lawNothing in this subsection shall—
No person other than the person responsible for blending under this subsection shall be subject to an enforcement action or penalties under subsection (d) solely arising from the blending of compliant reformulated gasolines by the retailers.
For purposes of this subsection, the term “biodiesel” has the meaning provided by section 13220(f) of this title.
(B) ConsiderationsThe study shall include consideration of—
(2) RegulationsNot later than 3 years after December 19, 2007, the Administrator shall—
(July 14, 1955, ch. 360, title II, § 211, formerly § 210, as added Pub. L. 90–148, § 2, Nov. 21, 1967, 81 Stat. 502; renumbered and amended Pub. L. 91–604, §§ 8(a), 9(a), Dec. 31, 1970, 84 Stat. 1694, 1698; Pub. L. 92–157, title III, § 302(d), (e), Nov. 18, 1971, 85 Stat. 464; Pub. L. 95–95, title II, §§ 222, 223, title IV, § 401(e), Aug. 7, 1977, 91 Stat. 762, 764, 791; Pub. L. 95–190, § 14(a)(73), (74), Nov. 16, 1977, 91 Stat. 1403, 1404; Pub. L. 101–549, title II, §§ 212–221, 228(d), Nov. 15, 1990, 104 Stat. 2488–2500, 2510; Pub. L. 109–58, title XV, §§ 1501(a)–(c), 1504(a)(1), (b), 1505–1507, 1512, 1513, 1541(a), (b), Aug. 8, 2005, 119 Stat. 1067–1074, 1076, 1077, 1080, 1081, 1088, 1089, 1106, 1107; Pub. L. 110–140, title II, §§ 201, 202, 203(f), 208, 209, 210(b), 247, 251, Dec. 19, 2007, 121 Stat. 1519, 1521, 1529, 1531, 1532, 1547, 1548.)
[1]  So in original. Probably should be “the”.
[2]  So in original. Par. (1) does not contain a cl. (A).
[3]  So in original. Two cls. (v) have been enacted.
[4]  So in original. Probably should be section “7625–1”.
[5]  So in original. See References in Text note below.
[6]  So in original. Probably should be “properly”.
[7]  So in original. Probably should be “as of”.
[8]  So in original. Probably should be section “7550(2)”.
[9]  So in original. The word “and” probably should appear.
[10]  So in original. Probably should be “non-Federal”.
[11]  So in original. Subsection (a) does not contain a par. (2).
[12]  So in original. No subsec. (p) has been enacted.
Executive Order 13134, referred to in subsec. (s)(4)(B), which was set out as a note under section 8601 of Title 7, Agriculture, was revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 13423, § 11(a)(iii), Jan. 24, 2007, 72 F.R. 3923.
A prior section 211 of act July 14, 1955, as added Nov. 21, 1967, Pub. L. 90–148, § 2, 81 Stat. 503, provided for a national emissions standards study and was classified to section 1857f–6d of this title, prior to repeal by section 8(a) of Pub. L. 91–604.
2007—Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 110–140, § 208, substituted “nonroad vehicle if, in the judgment of the Administrator, any fuel or fuel additive or” for “nonroad vehicle (A) if in the judgment of the Administrator” and “air pollution or water pollution (including any degradation in the quality of groundwater) that” for “air pollution which”.
Subsec. (f)(4). Pub. L. 110–140, § 251, amended par. (4) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (4) read as follows: “The Administrator, upon application of any manufacturer of any fuel or fuel additive, may waive the prohibitions established under paragraph (1) or (3) of this subsection or the limitation specified in paragraph (2) of this subsection, if he determines that the applicant has established that such fuel or fuel additive or a specified concentration thereof, and the emission products of such fuel or additive or specified concentration thereof, will not cause or contribute to a failure of any emission control device or system (over the useful life of any vehicle in which such device or system is used) to achieve compliance by the vehicle with the emission standards with respect to which it has been certified pursuant to section 7525 of this title. If the Administrator has not acted to grant or deny an application under this paragraph within one hundred and eighty days of receipt of such application, the waiver authorized by this paragraph shall be treated as granted.”
Subsec. (o)(1). Pub. L. 110–140, § 201, amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (1) defined “cellulosic biomass ethanol”, “waste derived ethanol”, “renewable fuel”, and “small refinery”.
Subsec. (o)(2)(A)(i). Pub. L. 110–140, § 202(a)(1), inserted at end “Not later than 1 year after December 19, 2007, the Administrator shall revise the regulations under this paragraph to ensure that transportation fuel sold or introduced into commerce in the United States (except in noncontiguous States or territories), on an annual average basis, contains at least the applicable volume of renewable fuel, advanced biofuel, cellulosic biofuel, and biomass-based diesel, determined in accordance with subparagraph (B) and, in the case of any such renewable fuel produced from new facilities that commence construction after December 19, 2007, achieves at least a 20 percent reduction in lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions compared to baseline lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions.”
Subsec. (o)(2)(B). Pub. L. 110–140, § 202(a)(2), amended subpar. (B) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (B) set forth table of applicable volumes for renewable fuel and related to determination of applicable volumes after the years addressed by the table, including the minimum quantity of renewable fuel to be derived from cellulosic biomass and the method of calculating the minimum applicable volume.
Subsec. (o)(3)(A). Pub. L. 110–140, § 202(b)(1), (2), substituted “2021” for “2011” and “transportation fuel, biomass-based diesel, and cellulosic biofuel” for “gasoline”.
Subsec. (o)(3)(B)(i). Pub. L. 110–140, § 202(b)(3), substituted “2021” for “2012”.
Subsec. (o)(3)(B)(ii)(II). Pub. L. 110–140, § 202(b)(4), substituted “transportation fuel” for “gasoline”.
Subsec. (o)(4). Pub. L. 110–140, § 202(c), amended par. (4) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “For the purpose of paragraph (2), 1 gallon of cellulosic biomass ethanol or waste derived ethanol shall be considered to be the equivalent of 2.5 gallons of renewable fuel.”
Subsec. (o)(5)(E). Pub. L. 110–140, § 202(d), added subpar. (E).
Subsec. (o)(7)(A). Pub. L. 110–140, § 202(e)(1), inserted “, by any person subject to the requirements of this subsection, or by the Administrator on his own motion” after “one or more States” in introductory provisions.
Subsec. (o)(7)(B). Pub. L. 110–140, § 202(e)(1), struck out “State” before “petition for a waiver”.
Subsec. (o)(7)(D) to (F). Pub. L. 110–140, § 202(e)(2), (3), added subpars. (D) to (F).
Subsec. (o)(11). Pub. L. 110–140, § 203(f), added par. (11).
Subsec. (o)(12). Pub. L. 110–140, § 210(b), added par. (12).
Subsecs. (r), (s). Pub. L. 110–140, § 247, redesignated subsecs. (r), relating to conversion assistance for cellulosic biomass, waste-derived ethanol, approved renewable fuels, and (s) as (s) and (t), respectively.
Subsec. (u). Pub. L. 110–140, § 247, which directed amendment of this section by adding subsec. (u) at the end, was executed by adding subsec. (u) after subsec. (t) to reflect the probable intent of Congress.
Subsec. (v). Pub. L. 110–140, § 209, added subsec. (v).
2005—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1505(1)(A), substituted “shall, on a regular basis,” for “may also” in introductory provisions.
Subsec. (b)(2)(A). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1505(1)(B), added subpar. (A) and struck out former subpar. (A) which read as follows: “to conduct tests to determine potential public health effects of such fuel or additive (including, but not limited to, carcinogenic, teratogenic, or mutagenic effects), and”.
Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1505(2), added par. (4).
Subsec. (c)(4)(C). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1541(a), designated existing provisions as cl. (i) and added cls. (ii) to (iv) and (v) relating to waiver authority.
Subsec. (c)(4)(C)(v). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1541(b), added cl. (v) relating to approval of fuels.
Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1501(b)(1), substituted “(n), or (o)” for “or (n)” in two places in first sentence and “(m), or (o)” for “or (m)” in second sentence.
Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1501(b)(2), substituted “(n), and (o)” for “and (n)” in two places in first sentence.
Subsec. (h)(5), (6). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1501(c), added par. (5) and redesignated former par. (5) as (6).
Subsec. (k)(1). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1504(b), designated existing provisions as subpar. (A), inserted heading, substituted “Not later than November 15, 1991,” for “Within 1 year after November 15, 1990,”, and added subpar. (B).
Subsec. (k)(2)(A). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1504(a)(1)(A)(i), struck out “(including the oxygen content requirement contained in subparagraph (B))” after “requirements of this paragraph”.
Subsec. (k)(2)(B) to (D). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1504(a)(1)(A)(ii), (iii), redesignated subpars. (C) and (D) as (B) and (C), respectively, and struck out heading and text of former subpar. (B). Text read as follows: “The oxygen content of the gasoline shall equal or exceed 2.0 percent by weight (subject to a testing tolerance established by the Administrator) except as otherwise required by this chapter. The Administrator may waive, in whole or in part, the application of this subparagraph for any ozone nonattainment area upon a determination by the Administrator that compliance with such requirement would prevent or interfere with the attainment by the area of a national primary ambient air quality standard.”
Subsec. (k)(3)(A)(v). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1504(a)(1)(B), struck out heading and text of cl. (v). Text read as follows: “The oxygen content of the reformulated gasoline shall equal or exceed 2.0 percent by weight (subject to a testing tolerance established by the Administrator) except as otherwise required by this chapter.”
Subsec. (k)(6). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1507, redesignated subpars. (A) and (B) as cls. (i) and (ii), respectively, of subpar. (A), inserted subpar. and cl. headings, in cl. (ii) substituted “clause (i)” for “subparagraph (A)” and “this subparagraph” for “this paragraph”, and added subpar. (B).
Subsec. (k)(7)(A). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1504(a)(1)(C)(i), redesignated cls. (ii) and (iii) as (i) and (ii), respectively, and struck out former cl. (i) which read as follows: “has an oxygen content (by weight) that exceeds the minimum oxygen content specified in paragraph (2);”.
Subsec. (k)(7)(C)(ii), (iii). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1504(a)(1)(C)(ii), redesignated cl. (iii) as (ii) and struck out former cl. (ii) which read as follows: “An average gasoline oxygen content (by weight) for the nonattainment area (taking into account all gasoline sold for use in conventional gasoline-fueled vehicles in the nonattainment area) lower than the average gasoline oxygen content (by weight) that would occur in the absence of using any such credits.”
Subsec. (o). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1501(a)(2), added subsec. (o). Former subsec. (o) redesignated (r) relating to fuel and fuel additive importers and importation.
Subsec. (q). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1506, which directed amendment of this section by adding subsec. (q) after subsec. (p), was executed by making the addition after subsec. (o) to reflect the probable intent of Congress.
Subsec. (r). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1512, added subsec. (r) relating to conversion assistance for cellulosic biomass, waste-derived ethanol, approved renewable fuels.
Pub. L. 109–58, § 1501(a)(1), redesignated subsec. (o) as (r) relating to fuel and fuel additive importers and importation.
Subsec. (s). Pub. L. 109–58, § 1513, added subsec. (s).
1990—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 101–549, § 212, inserted “(including any fuel or fuel additive used exclusively in nonroad engines or nonroad vehicles)” after “fuel or fuel additive”.
Subsecs. (b)(2)(B), (c)(1). Pub. L. 101–549, § 212(b), (c), inserted reference to nonroad engine or nonroad vehicle.
Subsec. (c)(4)(A). Pub. L. 101–549, § 213(a), substituted “any characteristic or component of a” for “use of a”, inserted “of the characteristic or component of a fuel or fuel additive” after “control or prohibition” in cl. (i), and inserted “characteristic or component of a” after “such” in cl. (ii).
Subsec. (c)(4)(C). Pub. L. 101–549, § 213(b), inserted last two sentences, authorizing Administrator to make a finding that State control or prohibition is necessary to achieve the standard.
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 101–549, § 228(d), amended subsec. (d) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (d) read as follows: “Any person who violates subsection (a) or (f) or the regulations prescribed under subsection (c) or who fails to furnish any information required by the Administrator under subsection (b) shall forfeit and pay to the United States a civil penalty of $10,000 for each and every day of the continuance of such violation, which shall accrue to the United States and be recovered in a civil suit in the name of the United States, brought in the district where such person has his principal office or in any district in which he does business. The Administrator may, upon application therefor, remit or mitigate any forfeiture provided for in this subsection and he shall have authority to determine the facts upon all such applications.”
Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 101–549, § 214(a), designated existing provisions as subpar. (A) and added subpar. (B).
Subsec. (f)(3). Pub. L. 101–549, § 214(b), substituted reference to paragraph (1)(A) for reference to paragraph (1).
Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 101–549, § 215, amended subsec. (g) generally, substituting present provisions for provisions which defined “gasoline”, “refinery”, and “small refinery” and which limited Administrator’s authority to require small refineries to reduce average lead content per gallon of gasoline.
Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 101–549, § 216, added subsec. (h).
Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 101–549, § 217, added subsec. (i).
Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 101–549, § 218(a), added subsec. (j).
Subsecs. (k) to (m). Pub. L. 101–549, § 219, added subsecs. (k) to (m).
Subsec. (n). Pub. L. 101–549, § 220, added subsec. (n).
Subsec. (o). Pub. L. 101–549, § 221, added subsec. (o).
1977—Subsec. (c)(1)(A). Pub. L. 95–95, § 401(e), substituted “if in the judgment of the Administrator any emission product of such fuel or fuel additive causes, or contributes, to air pollution which may reasonably be anticipated to endanger” for “if any emission products of such fuel or fuel additive will endanger”.
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 95–95, § 222(b), inserted “or (f)” after “Any person who violates subsection (a)”.
Subsecs. (e), (f). Pub. L. 95–95, § 222(a), added subsecs. (e) and (f).
Subsec. (f)(2). Pub. L. 95–190, § 14(a)(73), inserted provision relating to waiver under par. (4) of this subsec., and struck out “first” before “introduce”.
Subsec. (f)(4). Pub. L. 95–190, § 14(a)(74), inserted provision relating to applicability of limitation specified under par. (2) of this subsection.
Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 95–95, § 223, added subsec. (g).
1971—Subsec. (c)(3)(A). Pub. L. 92–157, § 302(d), substituted “purpose of obtaining” for “purpose of”.
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 92–157, § 302(e), substituted “subsection (b)” for “subsection (c)” where appearing the second time.
1970—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 91–604, § 9(a), substituted “Administrator” for “Secretary” as the registering authority, inserted references to fuel additives, and substituted the selling, offering for sale, and introduction into commerce of fuel or fuel additives, for the delivery for introduction into interstate commerce or delivery to another person who can reasonably be expected to deliver fuel into interstate commerce.
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 91–604, § 9(a), designated existing provisions as pars. (1) and (3), added par. (2), and substituted “Administrator” for “Secretary” wherever appearing.
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 91–604, § 9(a), substituted provisions covering the control or prohibition of offending fuels and fuel additives, for provisions covering trade secrets and substituted “Administrator” for “Secretary” wherever appearing.
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 91–604, § 9(a), inserted references to failure to obey regulations prescribed under subsec. (c) and failure to furnish information required by the Administrator under subsec. (c), increased the daily civil penalty from $1,000 to $10,000 and substituted “Administrator” for “Secretary”.
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 91–604, § 9(a), struck out subsec. (e) which directed the various United States Attorneys to prosecute for the recovery of forfeitures.
Pub. L. 110–140, title II, § 210(c), Dec. 19, 2007, 121 Stat. 1532, provided that:
“The amendments made by this title to section 211(o) of the Clean Air Act [42 U.S.C. 7545(o)] shall take effect January 1, 2009, except that the Administrator [of the Environmental Protection Agency] shall promulgate regulations to carry out such amendments not later than 1 year after the enactment of this Act [Dec. 19, 2007].”
Pub. L. 109–58, title XV, § 1504(a)(2), Aug. 8, 2005, 119 Stat. 1077, provided that:
“The amendments made by paragraph (1) [amending this section] apply—
in the case of a State that has received a waiver under section 209(b) of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7543(b)), beginning on the date of enactment of this Act [Aug. 8, 2005]; and
in the case of any other State, beginning 270 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Aug. 8, 2005].”
Pub. L. 109–58, title XV, § 1504(d), Aug. 8, 2005, 119 Stat. 1079, provided that:
“(1)In general.—Nothing in this section [amending this section and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section] or any amendment made by this section affects or prejudices any legal claim or action with respect to regulations promulgated by the Administrator [of the Environmental Protection Agency] before the date of enactment of this Act [Aug. 8, 2005] regarding—
emissions of toxic air pollutants from motor vehicles; or
the adjustment of standards applicable to a specific refinery or importer made under those regulations.
“(A)Applicability.—The Administrator may apply any adjustments to the standards applicable to a refinery or importer under subparagraph (B)(iii)(I) of section 211(k)(1) of the Clean Air Act [42 U.S.C. 7545(k)(1)(B)(iii)(I)] (as added by subsection (b)(2)), except that—
the Administrator shall revise the adjustments to be based only on calendar years 1999 and 2000;
any such adjustment shall not be made at a level below the average percentage of reductions of emissions of toxic air pollutants for reformulated gasoline supplied to PADD I during calendar years 1999 and 2000; and
the Administrator may revise the adjustment to take account of the scope of the prohibition on methyl tertiary butyl ether imposed by a State; and
any such adjustment shall require the refiner or importer, to the maximum extent practicable, to maintain the reduction achieved during calendar years 1999 and 2000 in the average annual aggregate emissions of toxic air pollutants from reformulated gasoline produced or distributed by the refiner or importer.”
Pub. L. 110–140, title II, § 204, Dec. 19, 2007, 121 Stat. 1529, provided that:
“(a)In General.—Not later than 3 years after the enactment of this section [Dec. 19, 2007] and every 3 years thereafter, the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, in consultation with the Secretary of Agriculture and the Secretary of Energy, shall assess and report to Congress on the impacts to date and likely future impacts of the requirements of section 211(o) of the Clean Air Act [42 U.S.C. 7545(o)] on the following:
Environmental issues, including air quality, effects on hypoxia, pesticides, sediment, nutrient and pathogen levels in waters, acreage and function of waters, and soil environmental quality.
Resource conservation issues, including soil conservation, water availability, and ecosystem health and biodiversity, including impacts on forests, grasslands, and wetlands.
The growth and use of cultivated invasive or noxious plants and their impacts on the environment and agriculture.
“(b)Effect on Air Quality and Other Environmental Requirements.—
Except as provided in section 211(o)(12) of the Clean Air Act [42 U.S.C. 7545(o)(12)], nothing in the amendments made by this title to section 211(o) of the Clean Air Act shall be construed as superseding, or limiting, any more environmentally protective requirement under the Clean Air Act [42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.], or under any other provision of State or Federal law or regulation, including any environmental law or regulation.”
Pub. L. 110–140, title II, § 210(a), Dec. 19, 2007, 121 Stat. 1532, provided that:
For calendar year 2008, transportation fuel sold or introduced into commerce in the United States (except in noncontiguous States or territories), that is produced from facilities that commence construction after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 19, 2007] shall be treated as renewable fuel within the meaning of section 211(o) of the Clean Air Act [42 U.S.C. 7545(o)] only if it achieves at least a 20 percent reduction in lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions compared to baseline lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions. For calendar years 2008 and 2009, any ethanol plant that is fired with natural gas, biomass, or any combination thereof is deemed to be in compliance with such 20 percent reduction requirement and with the 20 percent reduction requirement of section 211(o)(1) of the Clean Air Act. The terms used in this subsection shall have the same meaning as provided in the amendment made by this Act to section 211(o) of the Clean Air Act.
Until January 1, 2009, the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency shall implement section 211(o) of the Clean Air Act and the rules promulgated under that section in accordance with the provisions of that section as in effect before the enactment of this Act and in accordance with the rules promulgated before the enactment of this Act, except that for calendar year 2008, the number ‘9.0’ shall be substituted for the number ‘5.4’ in the table in section 211(o)(2)(B) and in the corresponding rules promulgated to carry out those provisions. The Administrator is authorized to take such other actions as may be necessary to carry out this paragraph notwithstanding any other provision of law.”
Pub. L. 109–58, title XV, § 1501(d), Aug. 8, 2005, 119 Stat. 1075, provided that:
“(1)Survey and report.—Not later than December 1, 2006, and annually thereafter, the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (in consultation with the Secretary [of Energy] acting through the Administrator of the Energy Information Administration) shall—
conventional gasoline containing ethanol;
reformulated gasoline containing ethanol;
conventional gasoline containing renewable fuel; and
reformulated gasoline containing renewable fuel; and
submit to Congress, and make publicly available, a report on the results of the survey under subparagraph (A).
“(2)Recordkeeping and reporting requirements.—
The Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (hereinafter in this subsection referred to as the ‘Administrator’) may require any refiner, blender, or importer to keep such records and make such reports as are necessary to ensure that the survey conducted under paragraph (1) is accurate. The Administrator, to avoid duplicative requirements, shall rely, to the extent practicable, on existing reporting and recordkeeping requirements and other information available to the Administrator including gasoline distribution patterns that include multistate use areas.
“(3)Applicable law.—
Activities carried out under this subsection shall be conducted in a manner designed to protect confidentiality of individual responses.”
Pub. L. 109–58, title XV, § 1502, Aug. 8, 2005, 119 Stat. 1076, provided that:
since 1979, methyl tertiary butyl ether (hereinafter in this section referred to as ‘MTBE’) has been used nationwide at low levels in gasoline to replace lead as an octane booster or anti-knocking agent;
Public Law 101–549 (commonly known as the ‘Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990’) (42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.) [see Tables for classification] established a fuel oxygenate standard under which reformulated gasoline must contain at least 2 percent oxygen by weight; and
MTBE production capacity; and
systems to deliver MTBE-containing gasoline to the marketplace.”
Pub. L. 109–58, title XV, § 1503, Aug. 8, 2005, 119 Stat. 1076, provided that:
“Claims and legal actions filed after the date of enactment of this Act [Aug. 8, 2005] related to allegations involving actual or threatened contamination of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) may be removed to the appropriate United States district court.”
Pub. L. 100–203, title I, § 1508, Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1330–29, provided that:
the United States is dependent for a large and growing share of its energy needs on the Middle East at a time when world petroleum reserves are declining;
the burning of gasoline causes pollution;
ethanol can be blended with gasoline to produce a cleaner source of fuel;
ethanol can be produced from grain, a renewable resource that is in considerable surplus in the United States;
the conversion of grain into ethanol would reduce farm program costs and grain surpluses; and
increasing the quantity of motor fuels that contain at least 10 percent ethanol from current levels to 50 percent by 1992 would create thousands of new jobs in ethanol production facilities.
It is the sense of Congress that the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency should use authority provided under the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.) to require greater use of ethanol as motor fuel.”
Pub. L. 99–198, title XVII, § 1765, Dec. 23, 1985, 99 Stat. 1653, directed Administrator of EPA and Secretary of Agriculture jointly to conduct a study of use of fuel containing lead additives, and alternative lubricating additives, in gasoline engines that are used in agricultural machinery, and designed to combust fuel containing such additives, study to analyze potential for mechanical problems (including but not limited to valve recession) that may be associated with use of other fuels in such engines, and not later than Jan. 1, 1987, Administrator and Secretary to publish results of the study, with Administrator to publish in Federal Register notice of publication of such study and a summary thereof; directed Administrator, after notice and opportunity for hearing, but not later than 6 months after publication of the study, to make findings and recommendations on need for lead additives in gasoline to be used on a farm for farming purposes, including a determination of whether a modification of regulations limiting lead content of gasoline would be appropriate in the case of gasoline used on a farm for farming purposes, and submit to President and Congress a report containing the study, a summary of comments received during public hearing (including comments of Secretary), and findings and recommendations of Administrator made in accordance with clause (1), such report to be transmitted named congressional committees; directed Administrator between Jan. 1, 1986, and Dec. 31, 1987, to monitor actual lead content of leaded gasoline sold in the United States, with Administrator to determine average lead content of such gasoline for each 3-month period between Jan. 1, 1986, and Dec. 31, 1987, and if actual lead content falls below an average of 0.2 of a gram of lead per gallon in any such 3-month period, to report to Congress, and publish a notice thereof in Federal Register; provided that until Jan. 1, 1988, no regulation of Administrator issued under this section 211 could require an average lead content per gallon that is less than 0.1 of a gram per gallon; and authorized an appropriation.
40 CFR Part 69 - SPECIAL EXEMPTIONS FROM REQUIREMENTS OF THE CLEAN AIR ACT