Source: https://migrationsansfrontieres.com/bibliographie-indicativeselective-bibliography/approches-transversales/17-detention-et-camps-detention-and-camps/
Timestamp: 2019-08-17 13:43:30+00:00
Document Index: 20576780

Matched Legal Cases: ['art. 79', '§ 7', '§ 3', '§ 3', '§ 565', '§ 566', '§ 574', '§ 576', '§ 577', '§ 583', '§ 81']

Détention et camps / Detention and Camps – Migrations sans frontières / Migration Without Borders
Détention et camps / Detention and Camps
IVe Convention de Genève de 1949, art. 79: « Les Parties au conflit ne pourront interner des personnes rotégées que conformément aux dispositions des articles 41, 42, 43, 68 et 78 ». Selon l’article 41, « Si la Puissance au pouvoir de laquelle se trouvent les personnes protégées n’estime pas suffisantes les autres mesures de contrôle mentionnées dans la présente Convention, les mesures de contrôles plus sévères auxquelles elle pourra recourir seront la mise en résidence forcée ou l’internement, conformément aux dispositions des articles 42 et 43. Or, l’article 42, alinéa 1 stipule,: « L’internement ou la mise en résidence forcée des personnes protégées ne pourra être ordonné que si la sécurité de la Puissance au pouvoir de laquelle ces personnes se trouvent le rend absolument nécessaire » et l’article 43 : « Toute personne protégée qui aura été internée ou mise en résidence forcée aura le droit dobtenir qu’un tribunal ou un collège administratif compétent, créé à cet effet par la Puissance détentrice, reconsidère dans le plus bref délai la décision prise à son égard. Si l’internement ou la mise en résidence forcée est maintenu, le tribunal ou le collège administratif procédera périodiquement, et au moins deux fois l’an, à un examen du cas de cette personne en vue d’amender en sa faveur la décision initiale, si les circonstances le permettent. A moins que les personnes protégées intéressées ne s’y opposent, la Puissance détentrice portera, aussi rapidement que possible à la connaissance de la Puissance protectrice les noms ddes personnes protégées qui ont été internées ou mises en résidence forcée et les noms de celles qui ont été libérées de l’internement ou de la résidence forcée. Sous la même réserve, les décisions des tribunaux ou collèges indiqués au premier alinéa du présent article seront également notifiées aussi rapidement que possible à la Puissance protectrice ». Voir également l’article 78 : « Si la Puissance occupante estime nécessaire, pour d’impérieuses raisons de sécurité, de prendre des mesures de sûreté à l’égard de personnes protégées, elle pourra tout au plus leur imposer une résidence forcée ou procéder à leur internement. Les décisions relatives à la résidence forcée ou à l’internement seront prises suivant une procédure régulière qui devra être fixée par la Puissance occupante, onformément aux dispositions de la présente Convention. Cette procédure doit prévoir le droit d’appel des intéressés. Il sera statué au sujet de cet appel dans le plus bef délai possible. Si les décision sont maintenues, elles seront l’objet d’une révision périodique, si possible semestrielle, par les soins d’un organisme compétent constitué par ladite Puissance. […] ».
A/RES/35/41/A/B, 25 November 1980, Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees: “Deploring, in particular, the instances of physical attacks on asylum seekers at sea and of military attacks on refugee camps in southern Africa”.
A/RES/36/125, 14 December 1981, Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees : “Deploring, in particular, the instances of military attacks on refugee camps in Southern Africa and elsewhere […]”; § 7: “Notes with great concern the serious humanitarian problems resulting from attacks on refugee camps and settlements which are the concern of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and the need for special measures to protect and ensure the safety of such refugees”
UNHCR, Military Attacks on Refugee Camps and Settlements in Southern Africa and Elsewhere No. 27 (XXXIII) – 1982, 20 October 1982, No. 27 (XXXIII) – 1982
UNHCR, Rapport de l’Ambassadeur Félix Schnyder: Attaques militaires contre des camps ou des zones d’installation de réfugiés en Afrique australe et ailleurs, 15 March 1983, EC/SCP/26
UNHCR, Projets de principes concernant les attaques militaires contre des camps et des zones d’installation de réfugiés soumis au Sous-Comité plénier sur la protection internationale, 30 September 1983, EC/SCP/32 / UNHCR, Draft Principles on Military Attacks on Refugee Camps and Settlements for Consideration by the Sub-Committee of the Whole on International Protection, 30 September 1983
UNHCR, Attaques militaires contre des camps et zones d’installation de réfugiés en afrique australe et ailleurs Nº 32 (XXXIV) – 1983, 20 October 1983, Nº 32 (XXXIV) / UNHCR, Military Attacks on Refugee Camps and Settlements in Southern Africa and Elsewhere No. 32 (XXXIV) – 1983, 20 October 1983, No. 32 (XXXIV)
A/RES/38/121, 16 December 1983, Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, § 3:“deplores all violations of the rights and safety of refugees and asylum-seekers, in particular through military or armed attacks against refugee camps and settlements, other forms of brutality and failure to rescue asylum-seekers in distress at sea”.
UNHCR, Projet de conclusions sur les attaques militaires et armées contre les camps et les zones d’installation de réfugiés, 2 October 1984, EC/SCP/34/Add.1 / UNHCR, Draft Conclusion on Military Attacks on Refugee Camps and Settlements, 2 October 1984, EC/SCP/34/Add.1
A/RES/39/140, 14 December 1984, Report of the Unite Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, § 3: “Condemns all violations of the rights and safety of refugees and asylum-seekers, in particular those perpetrated through military or armed attacks against refugee camps and settlements and other forms of brutality and by failure to rescue asylum-seekers in distress at sea”.
UNHCR, Military and Armed Attacks on Refugee Camps and Settlements No. 45 (XXXVII) – 1986, 13 October 1986, No. 45 (XXXVII) – 1986
UNHCR, Note sur les attaques militaires et armées contre des camps et des zones d’installation de réfugiés, 10 August 1987, EC/SCP/47 / UNHCR, Note on Military and Armed Attacks on Refugee Camps and Settlements, 10 August 1987, EC/SCP/47
UNHCR, Attaques militaires et armées contre des camps et zones d’installation de réfugiés Nº 48 (XXXVIII) – 1987, 12 October 1987, Nº 48 (XXXVIII) – 1987 / UNHCR, Military or Armed Attacks on Refugee Camps and Settlements No. 48 (XXXVIII) – 1987, 12 October 1987, No. 48 (XXXVIII) – 1987
Slovenia, Foreigners Act 1991, 25 June 1991, Official Journal of the Republic of Slovenia, year I, No. 1-9/91, 25 June 1991
Lithuania, Law on Citizenship, 11 December 1991 (repealed)
Nepal, Immigration Act, 1992, 2 November 1992, Nepal Rajapatra, vol 42, No. 39 (E), Kartik 17, 2049
UN Security Council, Second Report of the Secretary-General on Security in the Rwandese Refugee Camps, 25 January 1995, S/1995/65
UN Security Council, Third report of the Secretary-General on security in the Rwandese refugee camps, 14 April 1995, S/1995/304
United Kingdom: Court of Appeal (England and Wales), 11 November 1996, Lawrence Matu Kagema v. Secretary of State for the Home Department [Asylum-Kenyan national-Kikuyu-attacked by Kalenjins-removed to camp-adjudicator and Tribunal concluded appellant had no well-founded fear of persecution if he returned to camp in Kenya-whether definition of persecution adopted by appellate authorities was too narrow-whether definition a matter of fact or law-whether conclusions of special adjudicator and Tribunal unreasonable. Handbook on procedures and criteria for determining refugee status para. 51]
New Zealand, Refugee Status Appeals Authority, 18 June 1998, Refugee Appeal No. AB70765/98 [Appel contre refus octroi du statut de réfugié – Discrimination- gravité persécuction – Discrimination et persécution – Arbitrary arrest and detention | Bihari | Credibility assessment | Evidence (including age and language assessments / medico-legal reports) | Freedom from torture, inhuman and degrading treatment | Non-state agents of persecution | Persecution based on political opinion | Racial / Ethnic persecution | Refugee camps]
TPIY, Trial Chamber, 16 November 1998, Prosecutor v. Zejnil Delalic, Zdravko Mucic alias « Pavo », Hazim Delic, Esad Landzo alias « Zenga », Judgement, Case No. IT-96-21-T, § 565 : « The protection of civilians from harm during armed conflict is a fundamental aim of international humanitarian law. However, the freedom of movement of « ennemy » civilians during armed conflic may be retricted, or even temporarily suppressed, if circumstances so require. Thus there is no absolute right in the Geneva Conventions to freedom of movement. However, this does not mean that there is a général suspension of this right during armed conflict either. To the contrary, the regulations concerning civilians in the territory of a party to an armed conflic are based on the concept that the individual freedom of civilians should remain unimpaired. The right in question is therefore a relative one, which may be restricted [footnote omitted] » ; § 566 : « the confinement of civilians is permitted in certain limited situations » et §§ 574 ss., sp § 576 : « Clearly, internment is only permitted when absolutely necessary. Subverive actiity carried on inside the territory of a party to the conflic, or actions which are of direct assistance to an opposing party, may threaten the security of the former, which may, therefore, intern people or place them in assigned residence if it has serious and legitimate reasons to think that they may seriously prejudice its security by means such as sabotage or espionage » ; § 577 : « To justify recourse to such measures, the party must have good reason to think that the person concerned, by his activities, knowledge or qualifications, represents a real threat to its present or future security ». Voir enfin § 583 : « the confinement of civilians during armed conflict may be permissible in limited cases, but has in any event to be in compliance with the provisions of articles 42 and 43 of Geneva Convention IV. The security of the State concerned might require the internment of civilians and, furthermore, the decision of whether a civilian constitutes a threat to the security of the State is largely left to its discretion. However, it must be borne in mind that the measure of internment for reasons of security is an excpetional one and can never be taken n a collective mbasis. An initially lawful internment clearly becomes unlawful if the detaining party does not establish an appropriate court or administrative board as prescribed in article 43 of Geneva Convention IV ».
New Zealand, Refugee Status Appeals Authority, 17 December 1998, Refugee Appeal No. 70739, No. 70739 [Chechen | Country of origin information (COI) | Discrimination based on race, nationality, ethnicity | Ingush | Non-state agents of persecution | Racial / Ethnic persecution | Refugee camps]
UNHCR, La sécurité et le caractère civil et humanitaire des camps et zones d’installation de réfugiés : Concrétiser « l’échelle d’options », 27 June 2000, EC/50/SC/INF.4 / UNHCR, The Security, Civilian and Humanitarian Character of Refugee Camps and Settlements: Operationalizing the « Ladder of Options », 27 June 2000, EC/50/SC/INF.4
Commission africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples, 29 mai 2003, République Démocratique du Congo c. le Burundi, le Rwanda et l’Ouganda, n° 227/99, http://caselaw.ihrda.org/fr/doc/227.99/view/, § 81 :« L’allégation de déportation massive de personnes des provinces orientales de l’Etat plaignant dans des camps au Rwanda, comme l’allègue le Plaignant et ne le réfute pas le Défendeur, est une violation de l’article 1 de la Charte africaine qui reconnaît la famille comme l’élément naturel et la base de la société et lui garantit une protection adéquate ».
United Kingdom: Asylum and Immigration Tribunal / Immigration Appellate Authority, 17 June 2003, KB (Mixed Ethnicity – Roma/Albanian) Kosovo v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, CG [2003] UKIAT 00013 [Country of origin information (COI) | Evidence (including age and language assessments / medico-legal reports) | Freedom from torture, inhuman and degrading treatment | IDP camps | Internal flight alternative (IFA) / Internal relocation alternative (IRA) / Internal protection alternative (IPA) | Racial / Ethnic persecution | Roma]
United Kingdom: Asylum and Immigration Tribunal / Immigration Appellate Authority, 29 October 2004, KK IH HE (Palestinians – Lebanon – Camps) Jordan v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, CG [2004] UKIAT OO293 [Country of origin information (COI) – Credibility assessment – Evidence (including age and language assessments / medico-legal reports) – Freedom from torture, inhuman and degrading treatment – Palestinian – Persecution based on political opinion – Protection of camps – Refugee camps – Refugee status determination (RSD) / Asylum procedures – Statelessness]
Human Rights Watch, No Exit: Human Rights Abuses Inside the Mojahedin Khalq Camps, 18 May 2005
United Kingdom: Asylum and Immigration Tribunal / Immigration Appellate Authority, 17 July 2006, MA (Galgale – Sab Clan) Somalia v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, CG [2006] UKIAT 00073 [Credibility assessment | Effective protection | Evidence (including age and language assessments / medico-legal reports) | IDP camps | Madhiban | Non-state agents of persecution | Racial / Ethnic persecution]
United Kingdom: Asylum and Immigration Tribunal / Immigration Appellate Authority, 3 August 2006, HGMO (Relocation to Khartoum) Sudan v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, CG [2006] UKAIT 00062 [Country of origin information (COI) | Evidence (including age and language assessments / medico-legal reports) | IDP camps | Internal flight alternative (IFA) / Internal relocation alternative (IRA) / Internal protection alternative (IPA) | Involuntary repatriation | Military service / Conscientious objection / Desertion / Draft evasion / Forced conscription | Persecution based on political opinion | Public health | Racial / Ethnic persecution | Single heads of household | Women-at-risk]
UNHCR, Principes directeurs opérationnels sur le maintien du caractère civil et humanitaire de l’asile, September 2006 / UNHCR, Operational Guidelines on Maintaining the Civilian and Humanitarian Character of Asylum, September 2006
UNHCR, Analysis of Gaps in Refugee Protection Capacity – Thailand, November 2006
UNHCR, Bangladesh: Analysis of Gaps in the Protection of Rohingya Refugees, May 2007
United Kingdom: Court of Session (Scotland), 16 January 2007, In the Petition of Fatima Helow to the nobile officium of the Court of Session, [2007] CSIH 5 [Independence of judiciary | Non-state agents of persecution | Palestinian | Persecution based on political opinion | Refugee camps]
United Kingdom: Court of Appeal (England and Wales), 4 April 2007, AH (Sudan) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, [2007] EWCA Civ 297 [Country of origin information (COI) | Internal flight alternative (IFA) / Internal relocation alternative (IRA) / Internal protection alternative (IPA) | Military service / Conscientious objection / Desertion / Draft evasion / Forced conscription | Racial / Ethnic persecution | Refugee camps]
Sierra Leone, Act No. 6 of 2007, The Refugees Protection Act, 2007, 30 August 2007, Supplement to the Sierra eone Gazette, Vol. CXXXVIII, No. 42
United Kingdom: Court of Appeal (England and Wales), 30 October 2007, JK (Serbia) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, [2007] EWCA Civ 1321 [IDP camps | Internal flight alternative (IFA) / Internal relocation alternative (IRA) / Internal protection alternative (IPA) | Persecution based on political opinion | Racial / Ethnic persecution | Roma]
United Kingdom: House of Lords (Judicial Committee), 14 November 2007, Secretary of State for the Home Department (Appellant) v. AH (Sudan) and Others (FC) (Respondents), [2007] UKHL 49 [IDP camps | Internal flight alternative (IFA) / Internal relocation alternative (IRA) / Internal protection alternative (IPA) | Rejected asylum-seekers | Returnees]
European Union: European Parliament, The conditions in centres for third country national (detention camps, open centres as well as transit centres and transit zones) with a particular focus on provisions and facilities for persons with special needs in the 25 EU member states, December 2007, PE 393.275
United Kingdom: Asylum and Immigration Tribunal / Immigration Appellate Authority, 25 February 2008, MM and FH (Stateless Palestinians – KK, IH, HE reaffirmed) Lebanon v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, [2008] UKAIT 00014 [Country of origin information (COI) | Credibility assessment | Discrimination based on race, nationality, ethnicity | Palestinian | Racial / Ethnic persecution | Refugee camps | Statelessness]
United Kingdom: Court of Session (Scotland), 28 March 2008, NO v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, [2008] CSIH 29 [IDP camps | Internal flight alternative (IFA) / Internal relocation alternative (IRA) / Internal protection alternative (IPA)]
Malawi: High Court, Lilongwe District Registry, 17 April 2008, Ex Parte Frodovaro Nsabimana and Others v The State and the Department of Poverty and Disaster Management Affairs and Another, Misc. Civil Application No. 19 of 2006 [Refugee / Asylum law | Refugee camps | Urban refugees]
United Kingdom: Asylum and Immigration Tribunal / Immigration Appellate Authority, 21 May 2008, WD (Lebanon – Palestinian – ANO – Risk) Lebanon v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, CG [2008] UKAIT 00047 [Country of origin information (COI) | Credibility assessment | Evidence (including age and language assessments / medico-legal reports) | Non-state agents of persecution | Palestinian | Persecution based on political opinion | Political groups | Refugee camps]
United Kingdom: Court of Appeal (England and Wales), 22 May 2008,RA (Lebanon) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, [2008] EWCA Civ 687 [Appeal / Right to appeal | Freedom from torture, inhuman and degrading treatment | Non-state agents of persecution | Palestinian | Persecution based on political opinion | Refugee camps | Standard of proof]
United Kingdom: Court of Appeal (England and Wales), 30 July 2008, KH (Sudan); QA (Sudan); BK (Sudan); AA (Sudan); and KA (Sudan) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, [2008] EWCA Civ 887 [Deportation / Forcible return | IDP camps | Internal flight alternative (IFA) / Internal relocation alternative (IRA) / Internal protection alternative (IPA) | Women-at-risk]
European Union, European Parliament, European Parliament resolution on the humanitarian situation of Camp Ashraf residents, 24 April 2009, P6_TA(2009)0311
Kazakhstan, Law of 2009 on Refugees, 4 December 2009 2009 (with amendments and additions as of 11.04.2014)
South Africa: Supreme Court of Appeal, 24 February 2010, Arse v The Minister of Home Affairs and others, Order of 24 February 2010, Case No. 52898/09 [IDP camps | Refugee / Asylum law | Refugee camps | Resettlement]
Croatia, The Foreigners Act 2011, 13 November 2011, Official Gazette No. 130/11 dated 13 November 2011 ;Official GazetteNo. 74/13, dated 19 June 2013
United Kingdom: Upper Tribunal (Immigration and Asylum Chamber), 18 May 2012, AK (Article 15(c)) Afghanistan v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, CG [2012] UKUT 00163(IAC) [EU Qualification Directive | IDP camps | Internal armed conflict | Internal flight alternative (IFA) / Internal relocation alternative (IRA) / Internal protection alternative (IPA) | Internally displaced persons (IDPs)]
Azerbaijan, Decree No. 047 of 2012, Guidelines on Managing Detention Centers for Irregular Migrants under the State Migration Service of the Republic of Azerbaijan, 17 September 2012
UN Security Council, Second report of the Secretary-General pursuant to paragraph 6 of resolution 2061 (2012), 12 March 2013, S/2013/154
UNRWA, Relief and recovery support for displaced Palestine refugees from Nahr el-Bared camp : North Lebanon, August 2013
Rwanda, Law No. 13 ter/2014 of 21/05/2014 relating to refugees, 30 June 2014, Official Gazette n° 26 of 30 June 2014
Canada, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Rwanda : information sur les camps ingando, y compris l’organisation, la structure, les programmes et la participation; des cas de violation des droits de la personne dans ces camps (2010-novembre 2014), 24 November 2014, RWA104999.EF
Kenya, The Security Laws (Amendment) Act, 2014, December 2014
Kenya, High Court at Nairobi, Constitutional and Human Rights Division, 23 February 2015,Coalition for Reform and Democracy and others v. Republic of Kenya and others, Petition No. 628 of 2014 consolidated with Petition No. 630 of 2014 and Petition No. 12 of 2015 [Eloignement étrangers – Avoidance Doctrines – Séparation des pouvoirs – Freedom of movement | National security / Public order | Refugee / Asylum law | Refugee camps | Urban refugees]
Norwegian Refugee Council/Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (NRC/IDMC), In Search of Safety, July 2016
Togo, Loi No. 2016-021 du 24 aout 2016, portant statut des réfugiés au Togo
Guinée, Loi L/2018/050/AN, relative à l’Asile et à la Protection des Réfugiés en République de Guinée, 20 June 2018
Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights, 28 February 2019, Khan c. France (application no. 12267/16), ECLI:CE:ECHR:2019:0228JUD001226716 [Freedom from torture, inhuman and degrading treatment | Refugee camps | Unaccompanied / Separated children]
Al Husseini J.,« The management of the Palestinian Refugee Camps in Jordan between logics of integration and exclusion », available at SSRN : https://ssrn.com/abstract=2166837, 2010, 21 p.
Bernardot M., « Les mutations de la figure du camp », in Olivier Le Cour Grandmaison et al., Le retour des camps ?, Autrement « Frontières », 2007, pp. 42-55.
Bram J. Jansen, “’Digging Aid’: The Camp as an Option in East and the Horn of Africa”, Journal of Refugee Studies, Vol. 29, No. 2, 2015, pp.149-165.
Corbet A., Community After All? An Inside Perspective on Encampment in Haiti, Journal of Refugee Studies, Volume 29, Issue 2, June 2016, Pages 166–186.
Cuellar M. F., « Refugee Security and the Organizational Logic of Legal Mandates », Georgetown Journal of International Law, Vol. 37, 2006, pp. 583-723.
Deguigné N. Et Témime E., Le camp du Grand Arénas, 1944-1966, Paris, Autrement, coll. Français d’ailleurs, peuple d’ici, 2001
Fresia M., Von Känel A., Beyond Space of Exception? Reflections on the Camp through the Prism of Refugee Schools, Journal of Refugee Studies, Volume 29, Issue 2, June 2016, pp 250–272.
Harrell-Bond B., « Are Refugee Camps good for Children? », New Issues in Refugee Research, Working Paper No. 29, August 2000
Harrell-Bond B., “Can Humanitarian Work with Refugees be Humane?”, Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 24, 2002, pp. 51-85.
Jacobsen K., “A Framework for Exploring the Political and Security Context of Refugee Populated Area”, Refugee Survey Quarterly, Vol. 19, No. 1, 2000, pp. 3-22.
Janmyr M., « Attributing Wrongful Conduct of Implementing Partners to UNHCR – International Responsibility and Human Rights Violations in Refugee Camps », Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies, 2014, pp. 42-69.
Kublitz A., « The Ongoing Catastrophe: Erosion of Life in the Danish Camps », Journal of Refugee Studies, Volume 29, Issue 2, June 2016, pp. 229–249.
Lawson Jane E., « What Happens after the War? How Refugee Camp Peace Programmes Contribute to Post-Conflict Peacebuilding Strategies », New Issues in Refugee Research, Research Paper No. 245, UNHCR, October 2012
Lecadet C., « Refugee Politics: Self-Organized ‘Government’ and Protests in the Agamé Refugee Camp (2005–13) », Journal of Refugee Studies, Volume 29, Issue 2, June 2016, Pages 187–207.
MeadowsF. (dir.), Habiter le campement, Paris, Editions Cité de l’Architecture, 2016
Omata N., “Unwelcome Participation, Undesirable Agency? Paradoxes of De-Politicisation in a Refugee Camp”, Refugee Survey Quarterly, Vol. 36, 2017, pp. 108-131.
Peteet J., « Camps and Enclaves: Palestine in the Time of Closure », Journal of Refugee Studies, Volume 29, Issue 2, June 2016, pp. 208–228.
Ramadan A., “Spatialising the Refugee Camp”, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, Vol. 38, 2013, pp. 65-77.
Turner S., « What Is a Refugee Camp? Explorations of the Limits and Effects of the Camp », Journal of Refugee Studies, Volume 29, Issue 2, June 2016, Pages 139–148, https://doi-org.bcujas-ezp.univ-paris1.fr/10.1093/jrs/fev024