Source: http://www.google.com/patents/US20040092801?dq=5,889,522
Timestamp: 2017-08-21 03:26:40
Document Index: 702111238

Matched Legal Cases: ['art 81', 'art 83', 'arts 54', 'art 81', 'art 83', 'art 81', 'art 81', 'art 83']

Patent US20040092801 - System for, and method of, acquiring physiological signals of a patient - Google Patents
A host directs a microprocessor to command each of a plurality of amplifiers to process signals relative to individual ones of a plurality of physiological signals in a patient. The signals are provided to the amplifiers by terminals which are connected to different parts of the patient's body. The terminals...http://www.google.com/patents/US20040092801?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US20040092801 - System for, and method of, acquiring physiological signals of a patient
Publication number US20040092801 A1
Application number US 10/293,105
Also published as CA2505792A1, EP1571979A1, WO2004043252A1
Publication number 10293105, 293105, US 2004/0092801 A1, US 2004/092801 A1, US 20040092801 A1, US 20040092801A1, US 2004092801 A1, US 2004092801A1, US-A1-20040092801, US-A1-2004092801, US2004/0092801A1, US2004/092801A1, US20040092801 A1, US20040092801A1, US2004092801 A1, US2004092801A1
Inventors Budimir Drakulic
Original Assignee Budimir Drakulic
Patent Citations (32), Referenced by (83), Classifications (21), Legal Events (1)
US 20040092801 A1
This invention relate to systems for, and methods, of measuring individual physiological signals of a patient. The invention particularly relates to a system for, and a method of, measuring such physiological signals on a more precise and automated basis than in the prior art.
Systems are known in the prior art for acquiring physiological signals of a patient. In such systems, a transducer is attached to different external positions on the patient dependent upon the physiological signals to be acquired. For example, terminals may be attached to particular external positions on a patient's head and body to determine whether the patient has a sleep apnea and, if so, what is causing the sleep apnea. As another example, terminals are attached to particular external positions around a patient's torso to determine whether the patient is having, or has had, a heart attack.
The signals from the terminals generally are characterized by an amplitude and frequency band dependent upon the transducer type, transducer position, patient's health status and measurements that are being made. The frequency of the signals from the terminals generally are characterized to have a frequency bandwidth in a range from DC to less than approximately one hundred hertz (100 Hz) and an amplitude in a range from a few microvolts to several millivolts. For example, the signal may have a frequency in the range of approximately 50 hertz when a patient's eye movements are measured to determine sleep apnea and the signals from the terminals may have a frequency in the range to approximately 1 hertz when the galvanic skin response is measured.
Different systems are now in use for measuring the characteristics of signals from terminals disposed at strategic external positions on a patient. For example, one system provides for sleep recordings and other systems provide 12-lead electrocardiogram measurements. However, there is no single system operating to provide different types of measurements such as sleep apnea and 12-lead electrocardiograms in one setting. This prevents comparisons and correlations between the signals produced at different terminals from being accurate.
Furthermore, the systems now in use do not respond automatically to instructions from a host for sequentially setting up, calibrating and testing the response of amplifiers in the different channels in the system to the signals from the different ones of the terminals. This is particularly true when changes have had to be made in the initial operating characteristics of the different amplifiers because the initial operating characteristics for the amplifiers do not provide an optimal output. Another disadvantage has been that, although amplifiers are provided, each to respond to the signals from an individual one of the terminals, each amplifier has had a different construction and characteristics from the other amplifiers because of the individual characteristics of the signals introduced to the amplifier.
[0008]FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view of a patient with terminals applied to the patient to make tests such as electrocardiography and electroencephalography tests on the patient;
[0009]FIG. 2 shows an electrical system, primarily in block form, of programmable solid state recorder (PSSR) including a plurality of amplifiers for providing different physiological signal measurements, such as electrocardiography and electroencephalography measurements, on the patient on a closed loop basis where the closed loop provides for corrections to obtain optimal measurements on the patient;
[0010]FIG. 3 is a flow chart showing the successive steps provided by the system shown in FIG. 2 to obtain the optimal measurements;
[0011]FIG. 4 is an electrical circuit diagram, primarily in block form, showing on a schematic basis the construction and operation of one of the amplifiers shown in FIG. 2;
[0012]FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram, primarily in block form, showing the interrelationship between a pair of recorders, each indicating the output from an individual one of the PSSR shown in FIG. 2, and a central archive for storing the data and further indicating the coupling of the recorders and the central archive through a high speed digital subscriber line (DSL);
[0013]FIG. 6 is a circuit diagram, primarily in block form, showing the intercoupling of recorders and the central archive through a high speed wide area network (WAN) on a wireless area network basis;
[0014]FIG. 7 is a circuit diagram, primarily in block form, showing the intercoupling of one of the recorders and the central archive through a DSL and showing the intercoupling of other recorders and the central archive through a high speed wide area network on a wireless basis; FIGS. 8-1 and 8-2 provide a detailed circuit diagram setting forth the construction in detail of one of the amplifiers shown in block form in FIG. 4;
[0015]FIG. 9A and 9B constitute a chart showing different types of physiological signals capable of being measured on the patient and the individual characteristics distinguishing these different physiological signals;
[0016]FIG. 10 is a simplified diagram of one of the circuits included in the amplifier of FIG. 8 and shows one of the impedances whose value is changed in accordance with differences in one of the characteristics desired for the output from the circuit;
[0017]FIG. 11 is a chart showing how the output of the circuit shown in FIG. 10 varies in accordance with changes in the value of the impedance in FIG. 10;
[0018]FIG. 12 is a diagram of another one of the circuits included in the amplifier of FIG. 8 and show another one of the impedances whose value is changed in accordance with differences in another one of the characteristics desired for the output from the circuit; and
[0019]FIG. 13 is a chart showing how the output of the circuit shown in FIG. 12 varies in accordance with the changes in the value of the impedance in FIG. 12; and
[0020]FIG. 14 is a detailed circuit diagram, similar to that shown in FIG. 8, of one of the amplifiers and includes a multiplexer for selecting the amplifier from among the other amplifiers in the system.
[0021]FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a system, generally indicated at 10, for producing signals at strategic external positions on a patient's body. For example, the system 10 may include terminals or electrodes 12 and 14 which may be applied to strategic positions on a patient's head to determine signals produced by the patient's brain at these strategic positions while the patient is asleep. These signals, with other terminals providing sleep studies, may be analyzed to determine if the patient has sleep apnea and, if so, to determine what causes the patient's sleep apnea. It will be appreciated that the terminals or electrodes 12 and 14 are illustrative only. For example, a terminal 16 may be applied to one of the patient's legs to help determine another signal in evaluating patient's sleep apnea.
Terminals, electrodes or transducers may also be applied to the patient's body at other strategic positions on the patient's body. The terminals, electrodes and transducers may provide signals indicative of other physiological signals from the patient's body. For example, terminals, electrodes or transducers may be applied to (1) the patient's scalp to determine or measure the patient's electroencephalography (EEG), (2) above the patient's eye to determine the patient's electrooculography (EOG) and to the patient's face or legs to determine the patient's electromyography (EMG).
The signals produced at the different terminals such as the terminals 12, 14 and 16 have different characteristics dependent upon where the terminals are located on the patient's body. One of the different characteristics may be the range of frequencies of the signals produced at the different terminals. This range of frequencies may be specified in the third (3rd) column in the chart shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B for the physiological signals specified in the first column in FIGS. 9A and 9B. For example, the range of frequencies may be from direct current (DC) to 50 Hertz for blood pressure, may be from DC to 20 hertz for cardiac output and may be from DC to 250 hertz for electrocardiography. The chart shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B is obtained from a book entitled Medical Instrumentation, edited by Webster and has been revised in that book from Medical Engineering and has been edited by C. D. Rayard and copyrighted in 1974 by Year Book Medical Publishers, Inc. of Chicago, Ill.
The type of output, and the amplitude range of each type of output, for each parameter is specified in the second column of FIGS. 9A and 9B. For example, the measurement of electrocardiography may be from 0.5 millivolts to 4 millivolts and the measurements of electroencephalography may be from 5 microvolts to 300 microvolts. The fourth column in FIGS. 9A and 9B specifies the standard transducer or method used to measure each physical parameter on or in the patient's body. As will be appreciated, a considerable number of the different physiological signals are measured by applying terminals or electrodes externally to the patient's body. However, other physiological signals involve transducers other than terminals or electrodes. Because of this, when the term “terminal” is used in the specifications and the claims, it is intended to cover all of the different transducers, electrodes and methods specified in the fourth column of FIGS. 9A and 9B.
[0025]FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram, primarily in block form, of the system 10 in which eight (8) blocks 18 are provided and in which four (4) amplifiers, each generally indicated at 18 in FIG. 4, are provided in each block as illustrated by outputs 0-4 from the first block and outputs 29-32 from the eighth (8th) block. The thirty-two (32) amplifiers are disposed in thirty-two (32) channels and are identical. However, a first impedance is provided in one stage in each amplifier, with four (4) alternative values to provide an adjustment in the minimum frequency of the signals from that stage. A second impedance is provided in a second stage of the amplifier with four (4) alternative values to provide an adjustment in the gain in that stage so as to maintain the gain of the stage between particular maximum and minimum limits.
In spite of the fact that each of the amplifiers has the same construction except for the four (4) alternative values in each of the first and second impedances in each of the amplifiers, each amplifier is able to provide an operative and reliable output regardless of the physiological signal which the amplifier is instructed by a host to measure. The provision of a single amplifier construction regardless of the individual one of the physiological signals being measured by the amplifier offers certain advantages. One advantage is that the standardization of the amplifiers simplifies the construction of the amplifiers and simplification is generally an advantage. Another advantage is that a user can select any amplifier to determine any physical parameter without any concern that he will obtain improper measurements if he or she selects the wrong amplifier to measure an individual one of the physiological signals. The differences between the measurements of individual ones of the physiological signals are resolved by selecting the individual ones of the four values of the first and second adjustable impedances dependent upon the physiological signals to be measured by the amplifiers.
In the system 10 shown in FIG. 2, a host 24 is provided for instructing the microprocessor in each PSSR to adjust the amplifier through a bus 26 in how to operate in measuring individual ones of the physiological signals of the patient. These instructions are introduced to a microprocessor 28 which then instructs each amplifier how the amplifier is to operate to measure an individual one of the physiological signals of the patient. For example, these parameters may relate to sleep apnea or to electrocardiography or to electroencephalography. These instructions may involve the value of the first impedance to adjust the minimum frequency of the amplifier and the value of the second impedance to adjust the amplifier gain of the amplifier. The detailed construction and operation of the amplifiers 18 will be disclosed subsequently in connection with FIG. 8.
The outputs from each of the amplifiers 18 are introduced to a sample-and-hold circuit 32 which operates to sample all of the 32 amplifiers 18 simultaneously as to the outputs of the amplifiers and to process the simultaneously obtained outputs in sequence. This occurs on a cyclic basis. The simultaneous sampling of the outputs of the amplifier offers certain advantages. This allows the outputs of different amplifiers to be compared on a real time basis to provide information which cannot be provided by each amplifier alone. For example, a number of the 32 amplifiers may be providing indications of frequency and voltage amplitudes at different strategic terminals connected to particular amplifiers. It is desirable for the outputs from these amplifiers to be determined and measured simultaneously in order to provide a proper over-all indication of the sleep apnea of the patient.
The signals from the sample-and-hold circuit 32 are introduced to a multiplexer 34 which provides for the sequential transfer of the outputs from the successive amplifiers 18 to an analogto-digital converter 36. The digital signals from the converter 36 are then introduced to a data buffer 38 and from the buffer to the microprocessor 28. The microprocessor 28 then transfers the transferred data to a communication port from which data can be transferred to the host. The signals from the communication port 24 can then be transferred to a plurality of different kinds of communication interfaces, for example, the signals can be transferred to a digital subscriber line (DSL) or to a modem in a wireless unit or to a Bluetooth unit.
[0030]FIG. 3 is a flow chart generally indicated at 40 and showing a plurality of successive steps in the operation of each of the programmable solid state recorder (PSSR) 10 regardless of the individual ones of the physiological signals that are being processed by each of the amplifiers. At a first step 42, a test is made to determine whether the instructions for the operation of the amplifiers have been downloaded by the host through the microprocessor 28 to the amplifiers. This test may be performed on a sequential basis. If the answer is no, the processing is returned to a wait position 44. If the answer is yes, the PSSR 10 receives a download of a program from the host 24 (see 46). Assume that the PSSR 10 is to be downloaded to provide a sleep study in connection with a determination of sleep apnea. This is indicated at 48 in FIG. 3. The programmable solid state recorder (PSSR) 10 is then adjusted (see 50) to provide the sleep study. This adjustment may be in the adjustment of the first and second impedances (described previously and to be specified subsequently in connection with the embodiment of the amplifier shown in FIGS. 8-1 and 8-2) and in allocation of amplifiers to particulars transducers.
A calibration is then made of the amplifier (see 52) and any characteristics in the amplifier are then adjusted to provide for a passing of the calibration test. This calibration may be provided to the amplifiers on a sequential basis. The results of the calibration are then reported to the host as indicated at 54 in FIG. 3. A check is then made of the impedances (56) at the different terminals in the amplifier. The results of the impedance checks are reported to the host as at 58. A check 60 is then made of a gain and high pass filter (to be discussed in connection with FIG. 8). If the minimum frequency of the high pass filter is not at the desired value, the value of the adjustable impedance is adjusted to provide the proper value. If the gain is not within the particular upper and lower limits, the gain is adjusted (to be measured in connection with FIGS. 12 and 14) as discussed above. These gain and high pass filter tests and adjustments are indicated at 60 in FIG. 3. When the proper adjustments in the impedances have been made, the data from the amplifier is transmitted to a programmable solid state recorder (PSSR) 10 as indicated at 62 in FIG. 3. The programmable solid state recorders (PSSR) 10 are shown in FIGS. 5, 6 and 7. If requested by the host, this data may also be transmitted to the host as indicated at 64 in FIG. 3.
[0032]FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram showing in block form the construction of one of the amplifiers 18. The amplifier 18 receives inputs from three (3) terminals 70, 72 and 74. The terminal 70 constitutes a recording terminal. It receives the signals from one of the terminals such as the terminals 12 and 14 shown in FIG. 1. The terminal 72 provides a reference voltage terminal and the terminal 74 provides a patient's ground. The terminals 70, 72 and 74 are connected to a high pass filter and amplifier protection circuit 76. The high pass filter in the circuit 76 passes signals through a range of frequencies as high as approximately one thousand hertz (1 KHz). The circuit 76 is differential. This means that the circuit 76 will pass operational signals of interest but will reject noise. The circuit 76 includes a protection stage which limits the amplitude of the signals passing through the circuit 76. Applicant believes that he may be the first to provide a circuit, with the features provided by the circuit 76, in a system for acquiring the physiological signals of a patient.
The output from the circuit 76 is introduced to a gain stage 78. This gain stage also constitutes a differential amplifier so that it provides an additional rejection of noise. The gain stage provides a particular gain such as a gain of 10. The signals from the gain stage 78 are then introduced to a high pass filter 80. The high pass filter includes a capacitor having a fixed value and an impedance (e.g. a resistor) having an adjustable value. The impedance may be provided with 4 different values controlled by a pair of binary signals providing for a selection of one of the four (4) values. The relationship between the minimum frequency of the signals passing through the filter 80 at the different binary values is shown in a chart 81 below the filter. As will be seen, 4 binary values (represented by 2 binary signals) are shown in the first 2 columns where the values of the binary bits are indicated. The third column represents the minimal frequency of the signals passing through the filter 80. As will be seen, the minimal frequency may be 0, 0.01, 0.1 and 1 hertz depending upon the particular binary value selected.
The signals from the high pass filter 80 pass to a gain stage 82. The gain stage 82 includes a chopper stage which provides the gain stage with a stable DC reference. This tends to stabilize the DC gain provided by the stage. The stage 82 also includes a circuit which operates to adjust the value of an impedance in the stage so as to maintain the gain of the stage between particular maximum and minimum limits. A digital control similar to that shown for the high pass filter 80 and described above may be provided for the gain stage 82. This digital control is shown in a chart 83 below the gain stage 82. The digital control is provided by two (2) binary bits. As will be seen from the chart, gains of 50, 100, 500 and 1000 are respectively provided by adjusting the value of an impedance (e.g. a resistor) in the gain stage 82 when binary values of 00, 01, 10 and 11 are respectively provided for the binary control. More control lines would provide better resolution for gain adjustment.
The fifth stage in the amplifier 18 is a low pass filter 84 which reduces the frequency range from approximately 1000 hertz to approximately 100 hertz. The frequency reduction is obtained by providing three (3) successive filters each providing a decibel correction of approximately 40 db for a total correction of 120 db. However, the total db correction at 100 hertz is only approximately three (3) decibels. The low pass filter 84 is designed to preserve the original phase relationship of the signals at and below 100 hertz. This is important in providing reliable information concerning the physiological signals being measured. This is particularly important when phases of different signals are being compared and for time domain measurements. The signals from the low pass filter 84 are introduced to a driving amplifier 86 which may be of a conventional construction.
[0036]FIG. 5 illustrates a system, generally indicated at 90, in which the system (10) (PSSR) shown in FIG. 2 and including the amplifier 18 can operate. The system 90 includes a central archive and study evaluation center 92. The central archive and study evaluation center 92 may be considered as a host and is connected to the programmable solid state recorder (PSSR) 10 in FIG. 2. The central archive and study evaluation center 92 may be connected by digital subscriber lines (DSL) 94 to a pair or a number of programmable solid state recorders (PSSR) 96 and 98. Each of the recorders 96 and 98 may be considered to correspond to one of the amplifiers 18.
Each of the recorders 96 and 98 can send data (1) periodically to the central archive and study evaluation center 92 or (2) to the central archive and study evaluation center when its task has been completed or (3) to the central archive and study evaluation center when the recorder is queried by the archive central and study evaluation center. The central archive and study evaluation center 92 assesses the data from each of the recorders 96 and 98 to determine if the recorders are operating properly. If the central archive and study evaluation center 92 determines that one of the recorders 96 and 98 is not operating properly, the archive sends a signal to the recorder that the recorder is not operating properly. The recorder then makes an adjustment in its operation to satisfy the requirements of the central archive and study evaluation center. This is shown schematically in the charts 54, 58, and 64 in FIG. 3 and has been described in detail previously.
[0038]FIG. 6 illustrates another system, generally indicated at 100, similar to the system 90 in FIG. 5. The system 100 includes a central archive and study evaluation center 102 and recorders 104, 106 and 108 each corresponding to one set of 32 amplifiers 18 in FIG. 2. The central archive and study evaluation center 102 and the recorders 104, 106 and 108 are connected by a high speed communication port 110 which may be wireless. The system 100 in FIG. 6 has all of the advantages of the system 90 shown in FIG. 5 and described above.
[0039]FIG. 7 includes a system, generally indicated at 112, which constitutes a combination of the systems shown in FIGS. 5 and 6. The system 112 includes a central archive and study evaluation center 114 and recorders 116, 118 and 120. The central archive and study evaluation center 114 may be connected to the recorder 120 by the digital subscriber line (DSL) 122 and may be connected to the recorders 116 and 118 by a high speed communication port 124 to provide a wireless communication between the archive and the recorder.
FIGS. 8-1 and 8-2 provide is a circuit diagram showing in detail the construction of one of the amplifiers 18. As previously indicated, all of the amplifiers 18 may have the same construction except that the value of a resistor R7 may have a different one of 4 adjustable values than the value of that resistor in other ones of the amplifiers. This difference in values is indicated by the chart 81 in FIG. 4. A second exception is that the value of a resistor R10 may have a different one of 4 adjustable values than the values of that resistor in other ones of the amplifiers. This difference is indicated by the chart 83 in FIG. 4.
The recording terminal 70 and the reference terminal 72 in FIG. 4 are respectively introduced to resistors R1 and R2 in the input high pass filter and amplitude protection 76, the stage also being shown in FIG. 8-1. The resistors R1 and R2 are respectively in series in FIG. 8-1 with capacitors C2 and C3, which are connected to the ground 74 (also shown in FIG. 4). The resistors R1 and R2 are also respectively in series with resistors R3 and R5 and with resistors R4 and R6. Parallel zener diodes D1 and D2 are connected between ground and the terminal common to the resistors R3 and R5. In like manner, zener diodes D3 and D4 are connected between ground and the terminal common to the resistors R4 and R6.
As will be seen, the stage 76 in FIG. 4 is a high pass filter. Because of this, noise is substantially eliminated. Furthermore, the stage passes signals through a frequency range to a frequency of approximately 1000 hertz. Signals above this frequency are passed by the capacitors C2 and C3 in FIG. 8-1 to ground. Furthermore, the amplitudes of the signals passing through the amplifier are limited by the zener diodes D1 and D2 and the zener diodes D3 and D4, all of which break down above a limiting voltage and provide a low impedance to ground. Limiting the voltage from the high pass filter 76 is advantageous because it facilitates the operation of the amplifier in processing the signals quickly.
The values of the components in the high pass filter 76 in FIGS. 4 and 8 may be as follows:
The outputs of the stage 76 are introduced to input terminals of an amplifier 130 included in the very high mode rejection differential amplifier stage 78 in FIG. 4. The amplifier 130 receives a positive voltage VDD and a negative voltage VSS in FIG. 8-1. Capacitors C4 and C5 respectively having values of 0.01 μF are included in the stage 78. The output of the amplifier 130 is introduced to the high pass filter 80 in FIG. 4. The filter 80 in FIG. 8-1 (1.77 M) includes a capacitor C6 (0.18 μF) and a resistor R7 (1.77 M) connected in series to ground. The capacitor C6 passes signals at high frequencies to the resistor R7 in FIG. 8-1 and blocks the passage of signals at low frequencies. The resistor R7 can have four (4) different values as will be described subsequently in connection with FIG. 10. These four (4) different values provide for the four (4) different responses shown in the chart 81 in FIG. 4.
The output signals across the resistor R7 in FIG. 8-1 are introduced to a resistor R8 having a value of 499 ohms. The resistors R9 and R10 are connected to input terminals of a chopper 131 in FIG. 8. The chopper 131 is included in the gain stage 82 in FIG. 4. The chopper 131 operates to maintain a stable DC reference. The chopper is connected between a positive voltage VCC and a negative voltage VEE. Capacitors C8 and C9 are respectively connected between the voltage VCC and ground and between the voltage VEE and ground. Each of the capacitors C5 and C6 may have a value of approximately 0.01 μF.
Zener diodes D17 and D18 are respectively connected to ground from the terminal common to the capacitor C6 and the resistor R8. The zener diodes D17 and D18 limit the voltage in the chopper 131. By maintaining the voltage across the resistor R7 within particular limits, as a result of the inclusion of the zener diodes D17 and D18, the capacitor C6 is able to discharge to ground (which constitutes a stable reference) within a relatively short period of time. This is desirable in maintaining the same characteristics for the signals at the output of the capacitor C6 as the characteristics of the signals at the input to the capacitor.
The output of the chopper 131 is introduced to the low pass filter 84 in FIG. 4. The low pass filter 84 is provided with three (3) stages each having an identical construction and each providing an attenuation of approximately 40 decibels for a total attenuation of 120 db. In this way, the signals having a frequency above 100 hertz are eliminated and the signals at 100 hertz are provided with an attenuation of only 3 db. One of the three (3) stages in FIG. 8-2 may include a pair of resistors R21, and R22 (each having a value of approximately 100 kilohms), between the output of the chopper 131 and the input of an amplifier 132. A capacitor C19 having a value of approximately 12,000 pf extends electrically between the input terminal of the amplifier 132 and ground is connected to the output of the amplifiers. A capacitor C21 having a value of approximately 12,000 pf is connected between the output of the amplifier 132 and the terminal common to the resistors R21, and R22. One terminal of the amplifier 132 receives the positive voltage VCC and another terminal of the amplifier receives the negative voltage VEE. A VEE capacitor C20 having a value of approximately 0.1 μF is connected between the VCC and ground and the VEE voltage terminal and ground.
In addition to providing an attenuation of approximately 40 db, the low pass filter discussed above has another significant advantage. It maintains the phase relationship between the signals at the different frequencies even as it is eliminating the signals above approximately 100 hertz in frequency. As will be appreciated, it is important to maintain the phase relationship between the different frequencies to approximately 100 hertz in order to be able to determine differential measurements between different signals from the patient's body.
[0049]FIG. 10 shows the capacitor C6 and the resistor R7 (FIG. 8), both of which define the high pass filter 80 in FIG. 4. The filter 80 is well known in the prior art but not for the purposes described in this application. The operation of this filter may be defined by the following equation: f HP = 1 2 π  R 7  C 6   where
fHP=the frequencies of the signals passed by the high pass filter 80;
R7=the value of the resistor R7; and
C6=the value of the capacitor C6. With the value of the capacitor C6 constant, the following relationship exists:
fHP01=0.01 hertz and R7 01 has a value of R;
fHP10=0.1 hertz and R7 10 has a value of 10R; and
fHP11=1 hertz and R7 11 has a value of 100R. In the above equations the frequencies fHP01, fHP10 and fHP11 correspond to the second, third and fourth rows in the chart 81 in FIG. 4. FIG. 10 also shows a multiplexes switch 150 which can be operated in accordance with the operation of a multiplexer (not shown) so that a movable contact in the switch will provide a connection to any selected one of the resistors R7 00, R7 01, R7 10 and R7 11. The multiplexer switch 150 has a stationary contact connected to the capacitor C6.
[0056]FIG. 11 indicates an attenuation of signals provided by the filter 80. As will be seen, an attenuation is provided below a particular frequency such as 0.01 hertz, 0.1 hertz and 1.0 hertz (depending upon the value of the resistor R7) as in the equations indicated in the previous paragraph. As indicated in FIG. 11, a curve 140 indicates a desired attenuation at one of the cut off frequencies such as 0.01 hertz, 0.1 hertz and 1.0 hertz. Curve 142 indicates a curve which is actually obtained. In this curve, an attenuation of 3 db is provided at the cut-off frequency such as 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 hertz and the attenuation increases at frequencies below the cut-off frequency.
[0057]FIG. 12 is a simplified circuit diagram showing the chopper 131 and the resistors R9 and R10 in FIG. 8. In FIG. 12, the resistor R9 is a constant and the resistor R10 is adjustable.
[0058]FIG. 13 shows the equation for determining the gain in the chopper 130. This is indicated by the equation: G = 1 + R 10 R 9 ,  where G = the   gain
For the binary values indicated in the chart 83 in FIG. 4, the gain may be indicated as follows: G00 = 1 + R 10  _  00 R 9 = 50 G01 = 1 + R 10  _  01 R 9 = 100 G10 = 1 + R 10  _  00 R 9 = 500 G11 = 1 + R 10  _  01 R 9 = 1000
The circuitry shown in FIG. 12 operates on a closed loop basis to adjust the value of R9 constantly so that an optimal value of gain is always provided. A gain of about 100 would be optimal. However, the value of the gain is maintained in the region of about 80% of the A/D converter full scale so that the value of the gain will not exceed the full scale of the analog-to-digital converter. This provides flexibility in the determination and maintenance of the gain.
[0061]FIG. 12 also shows a switch 152 having a stationary contact and four contacts indicated by broken lines as being engaged by a movable contact. The four (4) contacts are respectively connected to the resistors, R10 00, R10 01, R10 10 and R10 11. The position of the movable contact is determined by a multiplexer. If more control lines are provided, each of the frequency and gain selections will have more than four steps and resolution will be enhanced, especially for the gain stage.
[0062]FIG. 14 shows the gain which is provided when the movable contact in the switch 152 contacts each individual one of the resistors, R10 00, R10 01, R10 10 and R10 11.
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International Classification A61B5/0432, A61B5/0428, A61B5/00, A61B5/08, A61B5/04, A61B5/048
Cooperative Classification A61B5/4818, A61B5/04, A61B5/048, A61B5/0428, A61B5/0432, A61B5/08, A61B5/145, A61B5/04014
European Classification A61B5/48C8, A61B5/04, A61B5/048, A61B5/0428, A61B5/0432, A61B5/04R2