Source: https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2012/01/27/2012-1681/energy-conservation-program-test-procedures-for-general-service-fluorescent-lamps-general-service
Timestamp: 2017-08-22 11:30:43
Document Index: 465567993

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Federal Register :: Energy Conservation Program: Test Procedures for General Service Fluorescent Lamps, General Service Incandescent Lamps, and Incandescent Reflector Lamps
A Rule by the Energy Department on 01/27/2012
4203-4217 (15 pages)
https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2012-1681 https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2012-1681
Title III of the Energy Policy and Conservation Act (42 U.S.C. 6291, et seq.; “EPCA” or, “the Act”) sets forth a variety of provisions designed to improve energy efficiency. (All references to EPCA refer to the statute as amended through the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA 2007), Public Law 110-140 (Dec. 19, 2007)). Part B of title III, which for editorial reasons was redesignated as Part A upon incorporation into the U.S. Code (42 U.S.C. 6291-6309), establishes the “Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products Other Than Automobiles.” These include general service fluorescent lamps (GSFLs), general service incandescent lamps (GSILs), and incandescent reflector lamps (IRLs), the subject of today's notice. (42 U.S.C. 6292(a)(14) and 6295(i))
Relevant to this rulemaking, EPCA, as codified, directs DOE to prescribe test procedures for GSFLs and IRLs, taking into consideration the applicable standards of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America [1] (IESNA) or the American National Standards Institute [2] (ANSI). (42 U.S.C. 6293(b)(6))
To address prior EPCA requirements for GSFLs, GSILs, and IRLs, DOE has previously undertaken a number of rulemaking actions pertaining to the test procedures for these products. For further details refer to the NOPR. 76 FR 56661, 56662-63. Test procedures for GSFLs, GSILs, and IRLs are specified in various sections of the CFR and are based on the 1997 and 2009 final rules addressing test procedures for fluorescent and incandescent lamps. 62 FR 29221 (May 29, 1997); 74 FR 31829 (July 6, 2009); 74 FR 34080 (July 14, 2009). Prior to this final rule, DOE had no test procedure for measuring GSIL lifetime. Calculations for lamp efficacy of GSFLs, GSILs, and IRLs and for color rendering index of GSFLs are discussed in 10 CFR 430.23, which references 10 CFR part 430, subpart B, Appendix R. Appendix R specifies several IESNA and ANSI standards to use for test conditions and procedures. For GSFLs, it references measurement procedures set forth in IESNA LM-9-1999.[3] Additionally, GSFLs are to be operated according to general procedures for taking electrical measurements described in ANSI C78.375-1997,[4] and at the voltage and current conditions described in ANSI C78.81-2005 (double-based lamps) [5] or ANSI C78.901-2005 (single-based lamps),[6] and using the reference ballast at input voltage specified by the reference circuit in ANSI C82.3-2002.[7] Appendix R also notes that the prior measurement procedures for GSILs and IRLs are set forth in IESNA LM-45-2000 [8] and IESNA LM-20-1994,[9] respectively.
Regarding the first objective, this final rule updates industry standards previously incorporated by reference to the latest versions of those documents. For GSFLs, DOE is updating dimensional and electrical characteristic-related references to ANSI C78.81-2003 as well as ANSI C78.81-2005 to ANSI C78.81-2010,[10] and references to IESNA LM-9-1999 [11] to IES LM-9-2009 [12] for measuring electrical and photometric attributes. For GSILs, DOE is updating references of IESNA LM-45-2000 to IES LM-45-2009 [13] for measuring electrical and photometric attributes. These changes will not, in DOE's view, significantly alter reported lamp efficacy values.[14]
Regarding the second objective, today's final rule establishes a GSIL test procedure for lifetime testing. As noted above, EISA 2007 amended EPCA, in part, by establishing energy conservation standards for GSILs which include for the first time minimum rated lifetime requirements that are to be phased in between January 2012 and January 2014. In order to meet these requirements, this final rule establishes a test procedure for GSIL lifetime that includes incorporation by reference of the industry standard “IESNA Approved Method for Life Testing of Incandescent Filament Lamps,” IESNA LM-49-2001; [15] a definition for rated lifetime of GSILs; a sample size of 21 lamps for GSIL lifetime testing; and requirements for laboratory accreditation.
As indicated in greater detail below, these amendments and additions apply to the procedures in 10 CFR part 430, subpart B, Appendix R, and also to sections 10 CFR 429.27, 10 CFR 430.2, 10 CFR 430.23, 10 CFR 430.25. The changes do not affect measured efficacy of GSFLs, GSILs, and IRLs. The amendments to DOE's test procedures in this final rule will take effect 30 days after publication of this final rule.
DOE concluded in the NOPR analysis that updating to the 2010 version would not change the lamp specifications currently prescribed in DOE's test procedures. The main modification in the 2010 version is the addition of high-frequency and low-frequency lamp specifications for 25W, 28W, and 30W reduced-wattage 4-foot T8 medium bipin lamps. DOE requires testing GSFLs using low-frequency lamp specifications unless only high-frequency lamp specifications are available. The low-frequency ballast specifications for reduced-wattage lamps specified in the 2010 version are identical to those prescribed in the DOE test procedures for 4-foot T8 medium pin lamps.[16] DOE's test procedures also prescribe low-frequency lamp specifications in ANSI C78.81-2003 for certain lamps, which are also identical to those specified in the 2010 version. Therefore, in this final rule, DOE concludes that neither measured efficacy nor testing burden would be affected by updating the references to ANSI C78.81-2010 in DOE test procedures.
The National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) commented that the low frequency reference ballast specifications included in ANSI C78.81 and C78.901 will be replaced with high frequency reference ballast specifications in the next revisions of these standards which are planned for publication in 2012. They added that as a result manufacturers will have to perform testing using low frequency reference ballasts for DOE certification and compliance reporting and high frequency reference ballasts for normative compliance using the updated standards. NEMA suggested coordinating the adoption of DOE's next test procedure with the updated ANSI standards in order to reduce dual testing burden. (NEMA, No. 8 at p. 2) [17]
In the NOPR, DOE proposed updating references to IESNA LM-9-1999 which specifies procedures for measuring the efficacy of GSFLs to the 2009 version. DOE's review indicated that incorporating the 2009 edition of IES LM-9 [18] would align DOE's requirements with current industry standards; provide further clarification of the test procedure; and improve the test methodology and test instrumentation setup and specifications.
DOE identified the following four key updates to the 2009 edition of IES LM-9: (1) Additional information on conducting tests under high-frequency conditions; (2) modification of the lamp stabilization method; (3) added specification of temperature and orientation for stabilization of T5 lamps; and (4) added specification of impedance [19] thresholds for the multipurpose volt, amperes, and watts (VAW) meter and power source. (More detail on these updates can be found in the NOPR. 76 FR 56661, 56665-66.) In the NOPR, DOE concluded that these updates would not significantly affect lamp efficacy or pose a significant testing burden. DOE did not receive any comments regarding the impacts of specific updates in the 2009 version of IES LM-9. DOE did however receive comments from interested parties regarding potential issues with accreditation to the 2009 version of IES LM-9 as well as a request for clarification on the added specifications for T5 lamps and the existing CCT reporting requirement. DOE is also providing further guidance on the lamp stabilization method in this final rule.
NEMA, Osram Sylvania Inc. (OSI), and Philips Lighting (Philips) commented that many laboratories are not yet accredited to IES LM-9-2009 and would not be able to use the test procedure for compliance testing by the effective date of June 2012. They further noted that it was unclear whether the National Volunteer Laboratory Accreditation Program (NVLAP) [20] had begun accrediting to the updated IES version. (NEMA, No. 8 at p. 2; OSI, Public Meeting Transcript, No. 7 at p. 34; Philips, Public Meeting Transcript, No. 7 at pp. 34-35) ICF Consulting on behalf of Energy Star (ICF) noted that there are several accrediting bodies that are already accrediting to IES LM-9-2009. (ICF, Public Meeting Transcript, No. 7 at p. 35)
Testing for GSFLs, IRLs, and GSILs must be conducted by a laboratory accredited by NVLAP or by an accrediting organization recognized by NVLAP. (10 CFR 430.25) At the time this final rule was written, there were ten laboratories accredited to IES LM-9 by NVLAP of which five were accredited to the most recent 2009 version.[21] DOE has therefore concluded that because several laboratories are already accredited to IES LM-9-2009, compliance with updated test procedures established in this final rule is achievable by June 2012.
The People's Republic of China (P.R. China) [22] requested clarification on the orientation of T5 lamps during the seasoning process at 35 °C. (P.R. China, No. 9 at p. 3) As stated in IES LM-9-2009, T5 lamps are to be seasoned in the vertical direction in 25 °C ambient air so as to obtain stable photometric results. IES LM-9-2009 also specifies that T5 lamps are to be measured horizontally, despite seasoning occurring in the vertical orientation.
NEMA also commented on an existing DOE GSFL test procedure requirement for reporting CCT. NEMA noted that ANSI C78.376 [23] guidance recognizes that CCT varies within the allowed chromaticity tolerance ellipse [24] for fluorescent lamps and therefore assigns such lamps six separate nominal color temperature ellipses [25] and designations. NEMA commented that since fluorescent lamps' chromaticity varies with lifetime, manufacturers design lamps to remain within a designated ellipse. Given these considerations, NEMA requested further clarification on why DOE proposed a requirement to report CCT to the nearest 10 degrees. (NEMA, No. 8 at p. 5)
In the NOPR, DOE proposed updating the 2000 version of IESNA LM-45 to the 2009 version. This new version specifies updated procedures for measuring GSIL efficacy. DOE's review indicated that incorporating the 2009 edition of IES LM-45 [26] would provide further clarification of the test procedure; and improve the test methodology and test instrumentation setup and specifications.
At the October 2011 public meeting, Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance (NEEA) asked for further clarification on the requirement in IES LM-45-2009 that the spectral match between the photo-detector and the V(λ) function be within five percent. (NEEA, Public Meeting Transcript, No. 7 at p. 30) The V(λ) function or the photopic luminous efficiency function[27] is the response curve of a standard human observer. It is the visual sensitivity of the human eye to light at different wavelengths. Photodetectors can only approximate the standard V(λ) response due to limitations in the manufacturing process. The parameter f1′ describes the closeness of the spectral of the photodetector measurements and the V(λ) function. The parameter f1′ should be within a certain tolerance, but a spectral mismatch correction factor will be applied to the measured result regardless. Therefore in this final rule, DOE concludes that the inclusion of a specific tolerance for spectral match in IES LM-45-2009 would result in more consistent and precise measurements but would not significantly affect lamp efficacy measurements.
DOE has found no reason to lower the spectral match tolerance of five percent established in IES LM-45-2009, a standard based on industry consensus. First, DOE's research indicates that NVLAP does not require a spectral match tolerance different from that prescribed in IES LM-45-2009.[28] DOE research shows that manufacturers already employ at least commercial-grade instruments and, therefore, this five percent specification would not pose an additional test burden. Additionally, in certain cases achieving a three percent spectral match is not possible. For example when using the integrating sphere measurement method [29] to take photometric measurements, the spectral response of the whole sphere system involves factoring in the sphere paint and the cosine diffuser, rather than just the spectral response of the photodetector. Therefore, achieving a spectral match better than three percent may be too difficult under such circumstances. DOE has concluded that its test procedures do not need to establish a spectral match tolerance different from that prescribed in IES LM-45-2009.
With regards to lamp stabilization,[30] NEMA commented that test lamps unable to meet the stabilization criteria as defined in IESNA LM-45-2009 after five measurement cycles should not be disqualified from the test group. Instead, NEMA suggested an analysis of the added uncertainty of the measured performance parameters be taken into account. (NEMA, No. 8 at p. 5) The lamp stabilization method specified in IES LM-45-2009 prescribes continuing sets of five measurements until the stabilization criterion is met. While the IES LM-45-2009 strongly recommends this stabilization method, it also states that a different method is permissible, but that its use should be noted in the test report. DOE is adopting these instructions in IES LM-45-2009. Therefore, as NEMA recommends in its comment, manufacturers can use a variation of the prescribed stabilization method as long any details of the variations from the prescribed methods are retained in the test reports required under 10 CFR 429.71.
As noted previously, in the NOPR, DOE did not propose updates to DOE's test procedure for IRLs, which incorporates by reference IESNA LM-20-1994.[31] At the time of publication of the NOPR, a revised edition of this industry standard had not been published. DOE also had concluded in the NOPR analysis that there were no current best practices or technical developments that necessitate modifications to the existing test procedure. DOE did not receive any adverse comments regarding this conclusion. Therefore, no amendments to IRL test procedures have been adopted in this final rule.
Section 321 of EISA 2007 amended EPCA by prescribing minimum rated lifetime [32] requirements for GSILs, to be phased in between January 2012 and January 2014 (codified at 42 U.S.C. 6295(i)). Therefore, in the NOPR, DOE proposed a test procedure for GSIL lifetime testing, so that manufacturers can certify to DOE that their lamps meet these minimum rated lifetime requirements. DOE received comments on the following aspects of the proposed test procedure: (1) DOE's authority to establish a test procedure; (2) adoption of IESNA LM-49-2001 as an industry reference standard for DOE's GSIL lifetime test procedures; (3) disapproval of accelerated lifetime testing; (4) addressing lifetime measurement of long-life lamps in a 12-month sampling period; (5) determination of rated lifetime definition and appropriateness of the proposed sample size; (6) certification requirements; (7) laboratory accreditation; and (8) cost of GSIL lifetime testing.
and, x ̄ is the sample mean; n is the number of samples; and xi is the ith sample; Or,
and x ̄ is the sample mean; s is the sample standard deviation; n is the number of samples; and t0.95 is the t statistic for a 95% two-tailed confidence interval with n-1 degrees of freedom (from Appendix A to this subpart).
a. Removing in paragraph (2) of the definition of “
b. Adding in alphabetical order the definition of “
Rated lifetime for general service incandescent lamps means the length of operating time of a sample of lamps (as defined in § 429.27(a)(2)(iv) of this chapter) between first use and failure of 50 percent of the sample size in accordance with test procedures described in IESNA LM-49 (incorporated by reference; see § 430.3), as determined in section 4.2 of Appendix R of this subpart. The operating time is based on the middle lamp operating time for an odd number of samples and the average operating time of the two middle lamps for an even number of samples.
(c) ANSI. * * *
(5) ANSI_ANSLG C78.81-2010, (“ANSI C78.81”), American National Standard for Electric Lamps—Double-Capped Fluorescent Lamps— Dimensional and Electrical Characteristics, approved January 14, 2010, IBR approved for § 430.2, § 430.32, appendix Q, appendix Q1, and appendix R to subpart B.
(k) IESNA. * * *
(2) IES LM-9-09, (“IES LM-9”), IES Approved Method for the Electrical and Photometric Measurement of Fluorescent Lamps, approved January 31, 2009; IBR approved for § 430.2 and appendix R to subpart B.
(6) IESNA LM-49-01 (“IESNA LM-49”), IESNA Approved Method for Life Testing of Incandescent Filament Lamps, approved December 1, 2001, IBR approved for § 430.2 and appendix R to subpart B.
(6) The rated lifetime for general service incandescent lamps shall be measured in accordance with test procedures described in section 4.2 of Appendix R of this chapter. A lamp shall be compliant with standards if greater than 50 percent of the sample size specified in § 429.27 meets the minimum rated lifetime as specified by energy conservations standards for general service incandescent lamps.
Testing for fluorescent lamp ballasts performed in accordance with appendix Q1 to this subpart shall comply with this § 430.25. The testing for general service fluorescent lamps, general service incandescent lamps, and incandescent reflector lamps shall be performed in accordance with Appendix R to this subpart. The testing for medium base compact fluorescent lamps shall be performed in accordance with Appendix W of this subpart. This testing, with the exception of lifetime testing of general service incandescent lamps, shall be conducted by test laboratories accredited by the National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program (NVLAP) or by an accrediting organization recognized by NVLAP. NVLAP is a program of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S. Department of Commerce. NVLAP standards for accreditation of laboratories that test for compliance with standards for fluorescent lamp ballast luminous efficiency (BLE), lamp efficacy, lamp lifetime, and fluorescent lamp CRI are set forth in 15 CFR part 285. A manufacturer's or importer's own laboratory, if accredited, may conduct the applicable testing. Testing for BLE may also be conducted by laboratories accredited by Underwriters Laboratories or Council of Canada. Testing for fluorescent lamp ballasts performed in accordance with Appendix Q to this subpart is not required to be conducted by test laboratories accredited by NVLAP or an accrediting organization recognized by NVLAP.
1.5 F40T12 lamp means a nominal 40 watt tubular fluorescent lamp which is 48 inches in length and one and a half inches in diameter, and conforms to ANSI C78.81 (Data Sheet 7881-ANSI-1010-1) (incorporated by reference; see § 430.3).
1.6 F96T12 lamp means a nominal 75 watt tubular fluorescent lamp which is 96 inches in length and one and a half inches in diameter, and conforms to ANSI C78.81 (Data Sheet 7881-ANSI-3007-1) (incorporated by reference; see § 430.3).
1.7 F96T12HO lamp means a nominal 110 watt tubular fluorescent lamp that is 96 inches in length and one and a half inches in diameter, and conforms to ANSI C78.81 (Data Sheet 7881-ANSI-1019-1) (incorporated by reference; see § 430.3).
1.8 F34T12 lamp (also known as a “F40T12/ES lamp”) means a nominal 34 watt tubular fluorescent lamp that is 48 inches in length and one and a half inches in diameter, and conforms to ANSI C78.81 (Data Sheet 7881-ANSI-1006-1) (incorporated by reference; see § 430.3).
1.9 F96T12/ES lamp means a nominal 60 watt tubular fluorescent lamp that is 96 inches in length and one and a half inches in diameter, and conforms to ANSI C78.81 (Data Sheet 7881-ANSI-3006-1) (incorporated by reference; see § 430.3).
1.10 F96T12HO/ES lamp means a nominal 95 watt tubular fluorescent lamp that is 96 inches in length and one and a half inches in diameter, and conforms to ANSI C78.81 (Data Sheet 7881-ANSI-1017-1) (incorporated by reference; see § 430.3).
2.1 Measurement of Active Mode Energy Consumption, BEF. The test conditions for testing fluorescent lamp ballasts shall be done in accordance with ANSI C82.2 (incorporated by reference; see § 430.3). Any subsequent amendment to this standard by the standard setting organization will not affect the DOE test procedures unless and until amended by DOE. The test conditions for measuring active mode energy consumption are described in sections 4, 5, and 6 of ANSI C82.2. The test conditions described in this section (2.1) are applicable to section 3.1 of section 3, Test Method and Measurements. For section 2.1 and 3, ANSI C78.81 (incorporated by reference; see § 430.3), ANSI C82.1 (incorporated by reference; see § 430.3), ANSI C82.11 (incorporated by reference; see § 430.3), and ANSI C82.13 (incorporated by reference; see § 430.3) shall be used when applying ANSI C82.2 instead of the versions listed as normative references in ANSI C82.2.
2.1. Where ANSI C82.2 (incorporated by reference; see § 430.3) references ANSI C82.1-1997, the operator shall use ANSI C82.1 (incorporated by reference; see § 430.3) for testing low-frequency ballasts and shall use ANSI C82.11 (incorporated by reference; see § 430.3) for testing high-frequency ballasts. In addition when applying ANSI C82.2, ANSI C78.81 (incorporated by reference; see § 430.3), ANSI C82.1, ANSI C82.11, and ANSI C82.13 (incorporated by reference; see § 430.3) shall be used instead of the versions listed as normative references in ANSI C82.2.
2.3.1. The ballast shall be connected to a main power source and to the fluorescent lamp load according to the manufacturer's wiring instructions and ANSI C82.1 (incorporated by reference; see § 430.3) and ANSI C78.81 (incorporated by reference; see § 430.3).
2.4.1. The test conditions for testing fluorescent lamp ballasts shall be done in accordance with ANSI C82.2 (incorporated by reference; see § 430.3). DOE further specifies that the following revisions of the normative references indicated in ANSI C82.2 should be used in place of the references directly specified in ANSI C82.2: ANSI C78.81 (incorporated by reference; see § 430.3), ANSI C82.1 (incorporated by reference; see § 430.3), ANSI C82.3 (incorporated by reference; see § 430.3), ANSI C82.11 (incorporated by reference; see § 430.3), and ANSI C82.13 (incorporated by reference; see § 430.3). All other normative references shall be as specified in ANSI C82.2.
2.1 To the extent that definitions in the referenced IESNA and CIE standards do not conflict with the DOE definitions, the definitions specified in section 3.0 of IES LM-9 (incorporated by reference; see § 430.3), section 3.0 of IESNA LM-20 (incorporated by reference; see § 430.3), section 3.0 and the Glossary of IES LM-45 (incorporated by reference; see § 430.3), section 2 of IESNA LM-58 (incorporated by reference; see § 430.3), and Appendix 1 of CIE 13.3 (incorporated by reference; see § 430.3) shall be included.
2.9 Reference condition means the test condition specified in IES LM-9 for general service fluorescent lamps, in IESNA LM-20 for incandescent reflector lamps, and in IES LM-45 for general service incandescent lamps.
3.1 General Service Fluorescent Lamps: For general service fluorescent lamps, the ambient conditions of the test and the electrical circuits, reference ballasts, stabilization requirements, instruments, detectors, and photometric test procedure and test report shall be as described in the relevant sections of IES LM-9 (incorporated by reference; see § 430.3).
3.2 General Service Incandescent Lamps: For general service incandescent lamps, the selection and seasoning (initial burn-in) of the test lamps, the equipment and instrumentation, and the test conditions shall be as described in IES LM-45 (incorporated by reference; see § 430.3).
4. Test Methods and Measurements * * *
4.1.1 The measurement procedure shall be as described in IES LM-9 (incorporated by reference; see § 430.3), except that lamps shall be operated at the appropriate voltage and current conditions as described in ANSI C78.375 (incorporated by reference; see § 430.3) and in ANSI C78.81 (incorporated by reference; see § 430.3) or ANSI C78.901 (incorporated by reference; see § 430.3), and lamps shall be operated using the appropriate reference ballast at input voltage specified by the reference circuit as described in ANSI C82.3 (incorporated by reference; see § 430.3). If, for a lamp, both low-frequency and high-frequency reference ballast settings are included in ANSI C78.81 or ANSI C78.901, the lamp shall be operated using the low-frequency reference ballast.
4.2.1 The measurement procedure shall be as described in IES LM-45 (incorporated by reference; see § 430.3). Lamps shall be operated at the rated voltage as defined in § 430.2.
4.2.2 The test procedure shall conform to sections 6 and 7 of IES LM-45, and the lumen output of the lamp shall be determined in accordance with section 7 of IES LM-45. Lamp electrical power input in watts shall be measured and recorded. Lamp efficacy shall be determined by computing the ratio of the measured lamp lumen output and lamp electrical power input at equilibrium for the reference condition. The test report shall conform to section 8 of IES LM-45.
4.2.3 The measurement procedure for testing the lifetime of general service incandescent lamps shall be as described in IESNA LM-49 (incorporated by reference; see § 430.3). The lifetime measurement shall be taken by measuring the operating time of a lamp, expressed in hours, not including any off time. The percentage of the sample size that meets the minimum rated lifetime shall be recorded. The lamp shall be deemed to meet minimum rated lifetime standards if greater than 50 percent of the sample size specified in § 429.27 meets the minimum rated lifetime.
4.2.3.1 Accelerated lifetime testing is not allowed. The second paragraph of section 6.1 of IESNA LM-49 is to be disregarded.
4.4.1 The CRI shall be determined in accordance with the method specified in CIE 13.3 (incorporated by reference; see § 430.3) for general service fluorescent lamps. The CCT shall be determined in accordance with the method specified in IES LM-9 (incorporated by reference; see § 430.3) and rounded to the nearest 10 kelvin for general service fluorescent lamps. The CCT shall be determined in accordance with the CIE 15 (incorporated by reference; see § 430.3) for incandescent lamps. The required spectroradiometric measurement and characterization shall be conducted in accordance with the methods set forth in IESNA LM-58 (incorporated by reference; see § 430.3).