Source: http://www.google.com/patents/US5005088?dq=5,973,252
Timestamp: 2017-03-25 23:49:29
Document Index: 326497409

Matched Legal Cases: ['art 18', 'art 21', 'arts 21', 'art 23', 'arts 21', 'art 21', 'arts 23', 'art 46', 'art 46', 'art 46', 'art 46', 'art 46']

Patent US5005088 - Recording and/or reproducing apparatus adapted to minimize electrical energy ... - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsA recording and/or reproducing apparatus arranged to permit an interchange of record bearing media and selection between recording and reproducing modes of operation on the medium comprises look-up device for looking up the presence or absence of an existing record in each recording or reproducing position...http://www.google.com/patents/US5005088?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US5005088 - Recording and/or reproducing apparatus adapted to minimize electrical energy consumptionAdvanced Patent SearchTry the new Google Patents, with machine-classified Google Scholar results, and Japanese and South Korean patents.Publication numberUS5005088 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 07/462,102Publication dateApr 2, 1991Filing dateJan 8, 1990Priority dateMay 21, 1986Fee statusPaidPublication number07462102, 462102, US 5005088 A, US 5005088A, US-A-5005088, US5005088 A, US5005088AInventorsNobuo Fukushima, Shinji Sakai, Osamu Takdea, Masahiro Takei, Yasutomo Suzuki, Tadashi Okino, Shigeru JinnaiOriginal AssigneeCanon Kabushiki KaishaExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (7), Referenced by (23), Classifications (18), Legal Events (4) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetRecording and/or reproducing apparatus adapted to minimize electrical energy consumption
US 5005088 AAbstract
A recording and/or reproducing apparatus arranged to permit an interchange of record bearing media and selection between recording and reproducing modes of operation on the medium comprises look-up device for looking up the presence or absence of an existing record in each recording or reproducing position on the record bearing medium loaded on the apparatus, and control device arranged to control the look-up device to cause it to perform a look-up action in response to opening of a lid for replacement of the record bearing medium and to cut off the power supply upon completion of the look-up action. The control unit thus lowers electric energy consumption and saves electric energy from being wasted by the look-up action.
1. A recording and/or reproducing apparatus comprising:(a) means for loading a recording medium on said apparatus; (b) means for detecting the presence or absence of information recorded at recording or reproducing position on said recording medium loaded on the apparatus; (c) supply means for supplying electric energy at least to said detecting means; and (d) control means for causing said supply means to supply said electric energy to said detecting means in response to a loading action of said loading means and for causing the supply means to stop in accordance with the completion of the detection action of said detecting means. 2. An apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising:(e) recording means for recording on said recording medium, said recording means being able to access to each of recording or reproducing positions on said recording medium. 3. An apparatus according to claim 2, further comprising:(f) driving means for driving said recording means to access to an unrecorded position on said recording medium in accordance with the result of detection made by said detecting means. 4. An apparatus according to claim 3, wherein said detecting means is arranged to reproduce information recorded in each of said recording or reproducing positions one after another and to make a discrimination between the presence and absence of an existing record according to the level of the reproduction output thus obtained.
5. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said loading means includes:(a) an accommodation chamber for accommodating said recording medium; and (b) loading detection means for detecting the presence or absence of said recording medium in said accommodation chamber. 6. An apparatus according to claim 5, wherein said control means is arranged to cause said supply means to supply said electric energy when the presence of an existing record on said recording medium is detected by said loading detection means.
7. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said supply means is arranged to supply electric energy to the apparatus including said detecting means.
8. A recording and/or reproducing apparatus arranged to permit an interchange of record bearing media and to permit selection of a recording or reproducing mode of operation on the record bearing medium, comprising:(a) search means for searching the presence of absence of information recorded in each of the recording or reproducing positions on said recording medium; and (b) control means which is arranged to hold a power supply on even after completion of searching operation performed by said search means in a reproducing mode and to cut off said power supply after completion of said searching operation by said search means in a recording mode. 9. An apparatus according to claim 8, further comprising:(c) switching means for switching said recording mode over to said reproducing mode and vice versa. 10. An apparatus according to claim 9, further comprising:(d) recording or reproducing means arranged to be accessible to each of recording or reproducing positions on said record bearing medium and to perform recording or reproduction in the accessed position; and (e) access position control means for controlling said recording or reproducing means to have access to a position which varies according to a reproducing mode or a recording mode upon completion of a searching operation performed by said search means. 11. An apparatus according to claim 10, wherein said access position control means is arranged to cause said recording or reproducing means to have access to an unrecorded part of said record bearing medium in the recording mode and to have access to an end part of said medium in the recording mode.
12. An apparatus according to claim 10, wherein said search means is arranged to detect the presence or absence of information recorded according to the reproduction output of said recording or reproducing means obtained by reproducing the record of each of the recording or reproducing positions on said record bearing medium.
13. An apparatus according to claim 8, further comprising a power source controlled by said control means, said power source arranged to supply electric energy at least to said search means.
14. A recording apparatus arranged to permit an interchange of record bearing media, comprising:(a) search means for searching the presence or absence of information recorded in each of recording or reproducing positions on said record bearing medium with which said apparatus is loaded; (b) memory means arranged to store the result of a searching operation by said search means and to store a check code along with said result of the searching operation; and (c) control means arranged to read out and discriminate said check code stored by said memory means and to control the operation of said search means on the basis of the result of said discrimination. 15. An apparatus according to claim 14, further comprising:(d) recording means for recording on said recording medium, said recording means being arranged to be capable of having access to each of recording or reproducing positions on said recording medium. 16. An apparatus according to claim 15, further comprising driving means for driving said recording means to have access to an unrecorded part of said medium on the basis of the result of the search operation performed by said search means.
17. An apparatus according to claim 14, wherein said control means is arranged to cause said search means to perform a look-up action when said read-out check code fails to coincide with a predetermined code.
18. An apparatus according to claim 17, wherein said predetermined code is identical with said check code.
19. An apparatus according to claim 14, wherein said detecting means is arranged to reproduce a record in each of said recording or reproducing positions one after another and to make a discrimination between the presence and absence of an existing record according to the level of the reproduction output thus obtained.
20. A recording and/or reproducing apparatus arranged to permit an interchange of record bearing media, comprising:(a) search means for searching the presence of absence of information recorded in each of recording or reproducing positions on said record bearing medium loaded on said apparatus; (b) means arranged to store a head position signal according to an electrical signal which is produced for driving said head; (c) detecting means for detecting the position of said head; and (d) control means for operating said search means according to the result of comparison between said head position signal stored by said store means and a position signal produced by said detecting means. 21. An apparatus according to claim 20, further comprising recording means for recording on said recording medium, said recording means being arranged to be capable of having access to each of recording or reproducing positions on said recording medium.
22. An apparatus according to claim 21, further comprising driving means for driving said recording means to access to an unrecorded part of said medium on the basis of the result of searching operation performed by said search means.
23. An apparatus according to claim 20, wherein said electrical signal is a pulse signal; and said memory means includes counting means for counting the pulses of said pulse signal.
24. An apparatus according to claim 20, wherein said detecting means includes a switch device for detecting the shift of said head to a predetermined position.
25. An apparatus according to claim 20, wherein said control means is arranged to actuate said search means when said head position signal and the position signal of said detecting means do not coincide with each other.
26. A recording and/or reproducing apparatus arranged to permit an interchange of a recording medium, comprising:(a) switching means for changing a recording mode over to a reproducing mode of said apparatus; (b) search means for searching the presence or absence of information recorded at recording or reproducing positions on said recording medium which is loaded on said apparatus; and (c) control means for causing said search means to perform a searching operation in response to change-over by said switching means. 27. An apparatus according to claim 26, further comprising:(d) recording and reproducing means for recording and reproducing on and from said recording medium, said recording and reproducing means being arranged to be to access to each of recording or reproducing positions on said recording medium. 28. An apparatus according to claim 27, further comprising driving means for driving said recording and reproducing means to access to an unrecorded part or a recorded part of said medium on the basis of the result of a search operation performed by said search means.
29. An apparatus according to claim 27, further comprising instructing means arranged to give an instruction for changing the accessing position of said recording and reproducing means in response to a manual operation in said reproducing mode.
30. An apparatus according to claim 26, wherein said switching means is arranged to effect change-over between the recording mode and the reproducing mode in response to a manual operation.
31. An apparatus according to claim 26, wherein said detecting means is arranged to reproduce a record in each of said recording or reproducing positions one after another and to make a discrimination between the presence and absence of an existing record according to the level of the reproduction output thus obtained.
32. A discriminating device for making a discrimination between the presence and absence of information recorded at recording track formed on a recording medium, comprising:(a) detecting means for detecting the level of said signal recorded by making a check from an end to the other end of said recording track; and (b) discriminating means for determining the presence of information recorded in said whole track before completion of detection of the signal level of the whole of said track in case that the result of detection being made by said detecting means comes to reach a predetermined reference value. 33. A device according to claim 32, wherein said recording medium is disk shape and said detecting means includes:(a) a head arranged to be shiftable along said track and relative to said track; (b) a motor arranged to rotate said recording medium relative to said head; (c) periodic signal forming means for forming a periodic signal according as the rotation of said motor; and (d) sampling means arranged to sample, in synchronism with said periodic signal of said periodic signal forming means, a signal outputted by said head. 34. An apparatus according to claim 33, wherein said predetermined reference value represents a point where the signal level of said track sampled by said sampling means exceed a predetermined value for a consecutive number of times exceeding a predetermined number of times.
35. An apparatus according to claim 33, wherein said periodic signal is used for controlling the rotating state of said motor.
36. An apparatus according to claim 33, wherein said predetermined reference value represents a point where the sum of the signal levels sampled by said sampling means has come to exceed a predetermined value.
37. A recording and/or reproducing apparatus including a power supply which is usable with an external device having an electric circuit connected thereto, comprising control means arranged to inhibit the supply of said power supply to the electric circuit of said external device until completion of an initial setting action on a head relative to a recording medium.
38. An apparatus according to claim 37, wherein said external device has an electrical processing circuit which is arranged to process a reproduction output of said recording or reproducing apparatus.
39. An apparatus according to claim 37, further comprising a power supply terminal provided for power supply to the electric circuit of said external device.
40. An apparatus according to claim 39, further comprising a switch interposed in between said power supply and said power supply terminal.
41. An apparatus according to claim 37, wherein said initial setting action is performed for causing said head to have access to a predetermined position on said recording medium.
42. A recording and/or reproducing apparatus arranged to permit an interchange of a recording medium, comprising:(a) means for generating an instruction for replacement of said recording medium; (b) recording means for performing recording on said recording medium; (c) supply means for supplying electric energy; and (d) control means for causing said supply means to supply electric energy at least to a part of said apparatus to enable said part to perform a predetermined action in response to said instruction generated by said generating means in case that no electric energy supply is being effected by said supply means. 43. An apparatus according to claim 42, further comprising changing means for changing the recording position of said recording means relative to said recording medium.
44. An apparatus according to claim 43, wherein said predetermined action is to operate said changing means, such that the recording position of said recording means is changed.
This application is a continuation, of application Ser. No. 356,608, filed 5/24/89, now abandoned, which in turn is a continuation of application Ser. No. 051,477, filed 5/18/87, now abandoned.
In view of this, some of known apparatuses of the above stated kind have been arranged to detect prior to recording the presence or absence of any record in each recording position on the record bearing medium; to shift the head to a next recording position in the event of detection of any existing record; to repeatedly perform the head shifting action as necessary before the head comes to a desired unrecorded part on the medium; and to permit recording after the head is correctly positioned. Such arrangement has been disclosed, for example, in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. SHO 54-140516 and in U.S. Pat. application Ser. No. 030,930, filed Apr. 17, 1979 and assigned to the assignee of the present invention.
To solve this problem, there has been proposed a recording apparatus which permits an interchange of record bearing media and is equipped with some means for mechanically memorizing and storing information on that a record bearing medium has been taken out or replaced with a new record bearing medium. The details of this apparatus are as disclosed in U.S. Pat. application Ser. No. 826,117, which was filed Feb. 5, 1986, assigned to the assignee of the present invention and corresponding to Japanese Patent Application No. SHO 60-22633. When the record bearing medium is replaced with another medium, the above stated memory means mechanically memorizes this fact. In next recording, confirmation is made on the basis of the content of the mechanical memory means as to whether the record bearing medium has been replaced. Then, a head resetting action for readjustment of the position of the head to an unrecorded part of the medium is performed only when the fact that the medium has been replaced is thus confirmed.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an arrangement made in accordance with this invention. FIG. 2 is a flow chart showing a basic initializing operation for recording. FIGS. 3 to 10 are flow charts showing the operation of a first embodiment of this invention. Of these drawings:
FIG. 3 is a flow chart showing the start of an image sensing action. FIGS. 4A to 4D are flow charts showing operations in a recording mode. FIG. 5 is a flow, chart showing an operation in a reproducing mode. FIG. 6 is a flow chart showing an operation performed in switching the power supply off. FIG. 7 is an illustration showing the details of the operation of FIG. 6. FIG. 8 is a flow chart showing a motor stop check routine. FIGS. 9 and 10 are flow charts showing recording initializing operations.
FIG. 11 is a circuit diagram showing the details of the power supply circuit of the embodiment of this invention. FIGS. 12 and 13 are oblique views showing the driving part of the recording and/or reproducing apparatus arranged as an embodiment of this invention and a record bearing medium with its carrier. FIG. 14 is an exploded oblique view showing a cassette loading and disc loading device of an embodiment of this invention. FIGS. 15A, 15B and 15C are sectional views taken along the line A--A of FIG. 14 respectively showing the device of FIG. 14 as in varied states thereof. FIGS. 16A, 16B and 16C are plan views showing in detail the varied states of a cover lock part of the device of FIG. 14.
FIG. 17 is an oblique view taken from below showing an embodiment of this invention and particularly a device thereof for detecting and memorizing a replacing action performed on cassettes (by dismounting and mounting them). FIG. 18 is a plan view showing an embodiment of this invention and particularly a device thereof for shifting a head. FIG. 19 is a flow chart showing the control flow of a recording preparatory operation of a system controller 91. FIG. 20 is, a flow chart showing, as a modification of the above stated embodiment, the control flow of the recording preparatory operation of the system controller. FIG. 21 is a flow chart showing another control flow of the recording preparatory operation of the system controller.
The latch circuit 100 is arranged to latch the content of the counter 99 in response to a load instruction produced from the controller 91. The latch circuit 100 thus serves as means for electrically storing the result of look-up for the presence or absence of an existing record. The circuit 100 is operated by the power supply from the backup power supply circuit 93'. A comparison circuit 101 is arranged to compare the content A of the latch circuit 100 and the content B of the counter 99. When the result of comparison is A=B, the comparison circuit 101 produces a high level output, which is supplied to the controller 91. As-will be described later with reference to FIG. 2 and ensuing drawings, the system controller 91 is arranged to control also the power supply switch 94 by software.
After the motor 49 is stopped at the step S15, the flow of operation of the controller 91 shifts to a next step S16 to give an instruction for reverse rotation of the motor 49 to an extent corresponding to several track pitches (hereinafter referred to as TPs). In this instance, if the detector 58 has been found to be in an OFF state at the previous step S12, the flow shifts from the step S12 directly to the step S16 without executing the steps S13, S14 and S15. Further, in this case, the content of the latch circuit 100 is at "1". The counter 99 of course has been cleared and the content thereof is at "0" also in this case. In case that the 50th track has an existing record therein, the flow comes to the step S13 after making its round of steps S09 - S10 - S11 -S12 - S09. In that case, therefore, the content of the latch circuit 100 is at "51" and no recording is performed in the 51st track. Further, the content of the latch circuit 100 then indicates the position of a track located next to and further inward from the last recorded track.
Meanwhile, if the cassette loading/unloading detecting switch 70 is found not in an ON state at the step S03, it indicates either that the cassette 1 (see FIG. 13) is not replaced (no loading and unloading) or that the apparatus is loaded with no cassette. Step S25: In that event, therefore, the controller 91 checks the cassette presence/absence detecting switch 69 to see if it is in an ON state thus indicating the presence of the cassette 1. If so, the flow of operation comes back to the step S21. If not, it indicates the absence of the cassette. Step S26: In that event, the controller 91 causes the display device 92 to make a display indicating the absence of the cassette Step S24: Then, recording is inhibited. After that, at a step S221, a power-off routine is executed for turning the power supply off. An interrupt routine S000 is arranged to be executed as follows when the switch 74 turns off from an ON state: Step S001: The power supply is first latched The flow then proceeds to the step S04. Following this, steps S05 to S071 are executed. The flow comes to a step S072. Therefore, the head 5 is always shifted to and stopped at the 51st track when the cover is opened. This permits quick execution of the ensuing initializing process. This embodiment thus accomplishes a preparation for recording in the manner as described above.
Step S53: A check is made to see if a given length of time has lapsed from the time of the step S25: of FIG. 3. If so, the reproducing mode is assumed not to be continued. The flow then comes to a step S54. Step S54: The power supply is switched off and the flow comes back to the routine (A). If the length of time is found not to have lapsed at the step S53, the reproducing mode is assumed to be continued and the flow comes to a step S55. Step S55: A check is made to see if the apparatus is in the reproducing mode. If not, the flow comes to the routine (A). If so, the flow comes to a step S56. Step S56: Reproduction is performed. During the process of reproduction, the discriminating actions of the steps S53 and S55 are incessantly performed.
e. In the event of use of an external discrete device such as the reproduction adapter, for example, the power supply to the external device is inhibited until completion of the initial positioning action on the head relative to the record bearing medium as mentioned at the step S53 of FIG. 5 or the step S53'. This arrangement prevents the energy of the power source from being wasted. Further, the arrangement eliminates the possibility of abnormal consumption of the electric energy for the initial head positioning action.
Referring to FIG. 14, the illustration includes a chassis 11 of the recording apparatus. The spindle 6 and the head 5 are rotatable and shiftable on the chassis 11. The chassis 11 is provided with a hinge shaft 12 and a side plate 16. A shaft 17 is erected on the side plate 16. A clamping lever 18 is rotatably mounted on the shift 17 and is urged to turn round clockwise by a spring 19. A pair of pins 20 is arranged on the side plate 16 to guide two slidable lock levers 21 and 23. The levers 21 and 23 are urged to move leftward by springs 22 and 24, which are attached to pins 41 and 42. The pins 41 and 42 are also erected on the side plate 16.
When the outer cover 35 is pushed in as shown in FIG. 15B, the lock pins 36b which is one of two lock pins 36a and 36b provided on the outer cover 35 comes to push down the tail end 18a of the clamping lever 18. This causes the lever 18 to turn round counterclockwise on the shaft 17 against the force of the spring 19. The hook part 18b is thus disengaged from the claw part 21d of the lock lever 21. This disengagement allows the lock lever 21 to be moved by the urging force of the spring 22 to the left as shown in FIG. 16B. Then, the claw parts 21a and 21b of the lock lever 21 come to the upper ends of the lock pins 36a and 36b. The side edge part of the claw part 23a or 23b of the lock lever 23 comes to impinge on one side part of the lock pin 36a or 36b. This prevents the lock lever 21 from being moved to the left by the spring 24. The lock lever 23 is thus stopped while the other lock lever 21 is moving. After this, when the outer cover 35 is released from a pushing operation performed thereon, the urging force of the spring 14 tries to turn round the cover 35 counterclockwise on the hinge shaft 12. At this time, however, the lock pins 36a and 36b engages the claw parts 21a and 21b of the lock lever 21 to inhibit the cover 35 from turning. Further, at this time, the lock lever 23 is caused by the urging force of the spring 24 to move to the left until the leftward move is prevented by the bent part 21c of the lock lever, 21. As a result, the claw parts 23a and 23b engage the lock pins 36a and 36b respectively as shown in FIG. 16C. In other words, the outer cover 36 is thus secured to the body chassis 11 at that point of time. Under this condition, the switch control arm 23d of the lock lever 23 turns the lock completion detecting switch 74 into an ON state by bringing its contact piece 74a into contact with its another contact piece 74b. Further, the fore end projection 83a of the leaf spring 38 attached to the outer cover 35 parts from the center core 3 as shown in FIG. 15C. The magnetic disc 2 is thus adequately mounted on the spindle 6 and is ready to be rotated by the rotation of the spindle 6.
The magnetic head 5 is secured to a slot part 46c of a head carrier or carriage 46 via a head mount plate 9. The head carrier 46 is arranged to be guided through sliding balls 48 by guide rails 47 and to be slidable along the guide rails 47. The balls 48 are inserted in between V-shaped grooves 46e and 47a formed along the edges of the guide rails 47 and those of the head carrier 46. A slot 46d is provided in the head carrier 46 for an escape from the spindle 6. The head carrier 46 has an engaging part 46b which is arranged at the force end of the arm part 46a of the head carrier 46 to engage a head shifting screw 54. A back-lash removing spring 56 is provided in between the arm part 46a and a fixed pin 57. The spring 56 urges the carrier 46 in the direction of arrow X, or downward as viewed on the drawing, and is arranged to remove any back-lash of engagement between the engaging part 46b and the screw 54.
Step S10': The controller 91 causes the change-over switch 86 to shift its connecting position on the side of the terminal C thereof. Step S11': Under this condition, the controller instructs the driving circuit 87 to have the motor 49 shift the head 5 to an extent of one TP in the direction reverse to the direction of arrow X by reversely rotating stepwise. The head 5 is thus set in the 50th track position. Step S120': After that, the flag n is set at n=0 and the timer T is reset. Under this condition, the record presence/absence detecting circuit 85 is in connection with the head 5 via the change-over switch 86. The detecting circuit 85 detects, at the timing of the FG pulses, the presence or absence of any existing record on the disc 2 (in the 50th track in this instance) on the basis of a signal picked up by the head 5. The circuit 85 then produces a signal at a high level in case of the presence of an existing record and at a low level if no existing record is detected. Step S121': The controller 91 checks the level of the output of the above stated detecting circuit 85 upon receipt of every FG pulse. If the output level is found to be high, the flow of operation comes to a step S122'. Step S122': One is added to a number n of high level parts of the output every time a high level part is found. Step S123': When this number n becomes n≧x, the track checked is considered to have an existing record and the flow comes to a step S14'. In the event of n<x, however, the flow proceeds to a step S124'. Step S124': A check is made to see if the period of time T required for one turn of the disc has lapsed. If not, the flow comes back to the step S121'. If the time T is found to have lapsed, the track under the check is considered to have no existing record and the flow proceeds to a step S13'. Step S13': A check is made to see if the carrier position detector 58 of FIG. 6 (or its light receiving element 58b) has been turned off by the light shielding plate 46f for the purpose of confirming the arrival of the head 5 at the 0-th track position. If not, the flow comes back to the step S11' to again give the instruction to have stepwise reverse rotation of the motor 49 for shifting the head 5 to the extent of one TP in the direction reverse to the direction of arrow X. In this instance, the value x indicated above represents an integer which is smaller than the number of FG pulses obtained per turn of the disc. In the case of this specific embodiment, the number of FG pulses per turn of the disc is arranged to be 15 and the value x is set at 5. The steps S11', S120' to S124' and S13' are repeated until either there obtains the state of n≧x or the detector 58 turns off. After that, the flow comes to a step S14'. Step S14': An instruction is given to have the motor 49 make stepwise forward rotation for shifting the head 5 to the extent of one TP in the direction of arrow X, because: The state of n≧x indicates the arrival of the head 5 at a recorded track located in the last place among the recorded tracks on the disc 2 counting them in the sequence of track numbers. Therefore, when the flow of operation comes from the step S123' to the step S14', the head 5 is set at an unrecorded track located immediately adjacent to the last of the recorded tracks. In other words, in this instance, some of the tracks on the disc 2 have already been recorded. Meanwhile, the OFF state of the detector 58 indicates the arrival of the head 5 at the 0-th track on the disc 2. Accordingly, the head 5 is positioned at the first track on the disc 2 when the flow comes from the step S13' to the step S14'. In other words, in that instance, the disc 2 has no existing record. The embodiment shown in FIG. 19 is arranged to drive the motors 49 and 88 by using the (speed signal) FG pulses and to detect the presence or absence of records as mentioned above. The arrangement of this embodiment, therefore, obviates the necessity of forming any special synchronizing signal at a synchronizing signal generator and thus permits simplification of circuit arrangement. If it is necessary to form such a synchronizing signal by means of a microcomputer, the program would become complex. Whereas, the use of the FG pulses in the above stated manner advantageously simplifies the program.
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