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ISO INTERNATIONAL STANDARD. Plastics Determination of hardness Part 1: Ball indentation method - PDF
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1 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO Third edition Plastics Determination of hardness Part 1: Ball indentation method Plastiques Détermination de la dureté Partie 1: Méthode de pénétration à la bille Reference number ISO :2001(E) ISO 2001
3 Contents Page Foreword...iv 1 Scope Normative reference Term and definition Principle Apparatus Test specimens Conditioning Procedure Expression of results Test report...4 Annex A (informative) Value of the ball indentation hardness as a function of the depth of penetration and the test load...5 ISO 2001 All rights reserved iii
4 Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this part of ISO 2039 may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 61, Plastics, Subcommittee SC 2, Mechanical properties. This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO :1993), subclause 8.3 and annex A of which have been technically revised. ISO 2039 consists of the following parts, under the general title Plastics Determination of hardness: Part 1: Ball indentation method Part 2: Rockwell hardness Annex A of this part of ISO 2039 is for information only. iv ISO 2001 All rights reserved
5 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO :2001(E) Plastics Determination of hardness Part 1: Ball indentation method 1 Scope This part of ISO 2039 specifies a method for determining the hardness of plastics and ebonite by means of a loaded ball indenter. The ball indentation hardness determined by this method may provide data for research and development, quality control and acceptance or rejection under specifications. 2 Normative reference The following normative document contains provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this part of ISO For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this part of ISO 2039 are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the normative document indicated below. For undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. ISO 291:1997, Plastics Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing 3 Term and definition For the purposes of this part of ISO 2039, the following term and definition apply. 3.1 ball indentation hardness HB the quotient of the load on the ball indenter by the surface area of the impression caused by the ball indenter after a specified time of load application NOTE 4 Principle It is expressed in newtons per square millimetre. The method consists of forcing a ball under a specified load into the surface of the test specimen. The depth of impression is measured under load. The surface area of the impression is computed from its depth. The ball indentation hardness is then calculated from the following relationship: Ball indentation hardness = Applied load/surface area of impression ISO 2001 All rights reserved 1
6 5 Apparatus 5.1 Hardness tester, consisting essentially of a frame with an adjustable platform fitted with a plate to support the test specimen, an indenter with its associated fittings and a device for applying the load without impact. The tester shall also be equipped with a device to measure the depth of penetration of the indenter over a range of 0,4 mm with an accuracy of 0,005 mm. The frame shall not be deformed under the maximum load by more than 0,05 mm, the deformation being measured along the main axis of the applied force. The indenter shall be a hardened and polished steel ball. The ball shall not show any deformation or damage after the test. The diameter of the ball shall be (5,0 0,05) mm. 5.2 Timing device, accurate to 0,1 s 6 Test specimens Each test specimen shall be a smooth flat sheet or block of sufficient size to minimize edge effects on the test result; for example 20 mm 20 mm. The surfaces of the test specimen shall be parallel. A thickness of 4 mm is recommended. The supported surface of the test specimen shall not show any deformation after testing. NOTE 1 If test specimens with thicknesses less than 4 mm are to be tested, it is possible to stack several test specimens on top of each other. However, hardness values obtained on stacked test specimens and on single test specimens of the same thickness may be different. NOTE 2 Although every effort should be made to ensure the parallelism of the specimen, there are some cases, especially specimens injection-moulded from semi-crystalline thermoplastics, where it is difficult to obtain test specimens that are exactly flat. If such slightly warped test specimens are used, part of the measured depth of impression will in fact correspond to the distance travelled by the indenter in pressing the test specimen down on to the supporting plate. This difficulty can be overcome by using a circular supporting plate of diameter (10 1) mm. This diameter is also sufficiently large for perfectly flat test specimens. Also recommended is that the test specimen be placed with the flatter side towards the support plate. 7 Conditioning Condition the test specimens, prior to testing, in one of the standard atmospheres specified in ISO Procedure 8.1 Unless otherwise specified, carry out the tests in the same atmosphere as was used for conditioning. 8.2 Place the test specimen on the supporting plate so that the test specimen is fully supported and its surfaces are perpendicular to the direction of the applied load. Apply an initial load F 0 of (9,8 0,1) N at a point not less than 10 mm from the edge of the test specimen. Set the depth-indicating device to zero and then smoothly apply the test load F m (see 8.3) over a period of 2 to 3 s. 2 ISO 2001 All rights reserved
7 8.3 Choose the test load F m from the values 49,0 N; 132 N; 358 N; 961 N (tolerance 1 %) such that the depth of impression h after correction for deformation of the frame (see 8.7) is between 0,15 mm and 0,35 mm. If values of the depth of impression after 30 s are outside this range (either in the case of a series of test specimens or in the case of an individual test specimen), change the test load to obtain a depth of impression within the range specified above. The number of test measurements which do not give correct depths of impression shall be reported. If in a series of tests the test load has to be changed, the difference of hardness values occurring in the transition region between different test loads may lead to difficulties in the interpretation of the test results, e.g. when assessing the influence of heat ageing on hardness. In such cases, it is acceptable, by agreement between the interested parties, to extend the range of depths of impression beyond the limits given above, but not by more than 20 % of the range. Use that test load for which the majority of depths of impression of the test series in question lie between 0,15 mm and 0,35 mm. 8.4 Carry out the test in such a manner that any bubbles or cracks in the test specimen do not influence the results. If several determinations are carried out on the same test specimen, ensure that the points of application of the indenter are not less than 10 mm apart from each other and from the edge of the test specimen. 8.5 After 30 s of application of the test load F m, measure the depth of impression under load, h 1, with the accuracy specified in Make ten valid tests on one or more test specimens. 8.7 Determine the deformation of the frame of the apparatus, h 2, in millimetres, as follows: Place a soft copper block (at least 6 mm thick) on the supporting plate and apply the initial load F 0. Set the depth-indicating device to zero and apply the test load F m. Maintain the test load until the depth indicator is stationary. Note the reading, remove the test load and reset the depth indicator to zero. Repeat this sequence of operations until the reading of the depth indicator is constant after each application of the test load. This represents the point at which no further penetration of the copper block takes place and therefore the constant depth reading is the movement of the depth-indicating device due to the deformation of the frame of the apparatus. Note this constant reading as h 2. The corrected depth of impression h is given by h = h 1 h 2. 9 Expression of results 9.1 Calculate the reduced test load F r, in newtons, as follows: where a 0,21 Fr = Fm = Fm ( h- hr ) + a h- 0,25+ 0,21 F m h r h 1 is the load, in newtons, on the indenter; is the reduced depth of impression (= 0,25 mm); is the depth of impression, in millimetres, under the test load on the indenter; ISO 2001 All rights reserved 3
8 h 2 h a is the deformation, in millimetres of the test apparatus under the test load; (= h 1 h 2 ) is the depth of impression, in millimetres, after correcting for the deformation of the frame; = 0,21) is a constant. NOTE The values of h r and a are taken from a paper by H.H. Racké and Th. Fett in Materialprüfung, 10 (1968), No. 7, p Calculate the ball indentation hardness from the equation where Fr HB = p dh r HB is the ball indentation hardness, in newtons per square millimetre; F r is the reduced test load, in newtons (see 9.1); h r d is the reduced depth of impression, in millimetres (= 0,25 mm); is the diameter of the ball indenter (= 5 mm). 9.3 For values of HB lower than 250 N/mm 2, round to the nearest 1 N/mm 2. For values of HB greater than 250 N/mm 2, round to the nearest multiple of 10 N/mm Test report The test report shall include the following particulars: a) a reference to this part of ISO 2039; b) all details necessary for complete identification of the material tested; c) the conditioning and the conditions under which the tests were carried out; d) a description, the dimensions and the manner of preparation of the test specimens; e) the number of tests averaged; f) the number of tests which resulted in incorrect depths of impression; g) the ball indentation hardness, average value and standard deviation; h) the date of testing. 4 ISO 2001 All rights reserved
9 Annex A (informative) Value of the ball indentation hardness as a function of the depth of penetration and the test load The values of HB in Table A.1 were calculated using the equations given in 9.1 and 9.2. When the corrected depth of impression h has been determined (see 8.7), the table can thus be used to read the value of HB directly. Table A.1 Depth of impression, h Ball indentation hardness HB in N/mm 2 for test loads F m of mm 49 N 132 N 358 N 961 N 0,150 23,82 64,17 174,04 467,19 0,155 22,79 61,38 166,47 446,87 0,160 21,84 58,82 159,54 428,25 0,165 20,96 56,47 153,16 411,12 0,170 20,16 54,30 147,26 395,31 0,175 19,41 52,29 141,81 380,67 0,180 18,72 50,42 136,75 367,07 0,185 18,07 48,68 132,03 354,42 0,190 17,47 47,06 127,63 342,60 0,195 16,91 45,54 123,51 331,55 0,200 16,38 44,12 119,65 321,19 0,205 15,88 42,78 116,03 311,46 0,210 15,41 41,52 112,61 302,30 0,215 14,97 40,34 109,40 293,66 0,220 14,56 39,22 106,36 285,50 0,225 14,16 38,16 103,48 277,79 0,230 13,79 37,15 100,76 270,48 0,235 13,44 36,20 98,18 263,54 0,240 13,10 35,29 95,72 256,95 0,245 12,78 34,43 93,39 250,69 0,250 12,48 33,61 91,16 244,72 0,255 12,19 32,83 89,04 239,03 0,260 11,91 32,09 87,02 233,59 0,265 11,65 31,37 85,09 228,40 0,270 11,39 30,69 83,24 223,44 0,275 11,15 30,04 81,47 218,68 0,280 10,92 29,41 79,77 214,13 0,285 10,70 28,81 78,14 209,76 0,290 10,48 28,24 76,58 205,56 0,295 10,28 27,68 75,08 201,53 0,300 10,08 27,15 73,63 197,66 0,305 9,89 26,64 72,24 193,93 0,310 9,70 26,14 70,91 190,34 0,315 9,53 25,67 69,62 186,87 0,320 9,36 25,21 68,37 183,54 0,325 9,19 24,77 67,17 180,32 0,330 9,04 24,34 66,02 177,21 0,335 8,88 23,93 64,90 174,21 0,340 8,73 23,53 63,81 171,30 0,345 8,59 23,14 62,77 168,49 0,350 8,45 22,77 61,76 165,78 ISO 2001 All rights reserved 5
10 NOTE When the ball indentation hardness of a test specimen is in the transition zone between one test load and the next, slight differences in the ball indentation hardness may result if the test is carried out either with the smaller test load at a low depth of penetration or with the larger test load at a high depth of penetration. In such cases, it is recommended that the test load to be used be agreed upon between the interested parties. 6 ISO 2001 All rights reserved
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