Source: https://www.scribd.com/document/303033567/6-Menchavez-vs-Tevez-Jr-449-SCRA-380-Case-pdf
Timestamp: 2019-03-25 22:13:32
Document Index: 31326449

Matched Legal Cases: ['§2', 'Art. 632', 'Art. 831', '§1', '§1', 'Art. 1377', 'Art. 43']

6. Menchavez vs. Tevez, Jr. - 449 SCRA 380 (Case).pdf | Liquidated Damages | Lease
6. Menchavez vs. Tevez, Jr. - 449 SCRA 380 (Case)....
JOSE MENCHAVEZ, JUAN MENCHAVEZ JR., SIMEON MENCHAVEZ, RODOLFO
MENCHAVEZ, CESAR MENCHAVEZ, REYNALDO, MENCHAVEZ, ALMA
MENCHAVEZ, ELMA MENCHAVEZ, CHARITO M. MAGA, FE M. POTOT,
THELMA M. REROMA, MYRNA M. YBAÑEZ, and SARAH M. VILLABER, petitioners,
FLORENTINO TEVES JR., respondent.
Avoid contract is deemed legally nonexistent. It produces no legal effect. As a general rule,
28, 2001 Decision2 and the April 16, 2002 Resolution3 of the Court of Appeals (CA) in CA-GR
CV No. 51144. The challenged Decision disposed as follows:
"1. Ordering [petitioners] to jointly and severally pay the [respondent] the amount of
P128,074.40 as actual damages, and P50,000.00 as liquidated damages;
"3. Upholding the counterclaims of the third party defendants against the [petitioners.
Petitioners] are hereby required to pay [the] third party defendants the sum of P30,000.00
as moral damages for the clearly unfounded suit;
"4. Requiring the [petitioners] to reimburse the third party defendants the sum of
P10,000.00 in the concept of attorney’s fees and appearance fees of P300.00 per
Sonia S. "3. 1986. Thelma R.000."5. xxxxxxxxx "NOW. The LESSORS hereby warrant that the above-described parcel of land is fit and good for the intended use as FISHPOND.. "6. .. Maga. Potot. Juan S. Juan S. The LESSORS hereby further warrant that the LESSEE can and shall enjoy the intended use of the leased premises as FISHPOND FOR THE ENTIRE DURATION OF THE CONTRACT.l^vvphi1.000. The LESSORS hereby warrant that the above-premises is free from all liens and encumbrances. one of the LESSORS herein. Cebu City covering an area of 10. THEREFORE. The LESSORS hereby warrant and assure to maintain the LESSEE in the peaceful and adequate enjoyment of the lease for the entire duration of the contract. "2.0 hectares more or less located at Tabuelan. Charito M. from and after the execution of this Contract of Lease. "4.000.00 as exemplary damages pro bono publico and litigation expenses including costs. filed on September 20. Reroma. Menchavez. VII. as lessors. Simeon Menchavez. 1972. Sarah Villaver. for and in consideration of the mutual covenant and stipulations hereinafter set forth.net The pertinent portions of the Contract are herein reproduced as follows: "WHEREAS. The LESSEE agrees to pay the LESSORS at the residence of JUAN MENCHAVEZ SR. Requiring the [petitioners] to reimburse the third party defendants the sum of P10.. at Fisheries Regional Office No. Cebu. the LESSORS and the LESSEE have agreed and hereby agree as follows: "1.. annually x x x. and Elma S. Cesar Menchavez. Menchavez Sr. in the sum of P5. Rodolfo Menchavez. Fe M."4 The assailed Resolution denied petitioners’ Motion for Reconsideration. Alma S. "5. renewable at the OPTION of the LESSORS.00) Philippine Currency. The Facts On February 28. the LESSORS are the absolute and lawful co-owners of that area covered by FISHPOND APPLICATION No. Menchavez. the sum of FORTY THOUSAND PESOS (P40. Reynaldo Menchavez. The TERM of this LEASE is FIVE (5) YEARS. and Florentino Teves Jr. Sr. a "Contract of Lease" was executed by Jose S. Menchavez. and shall protect the LESSEE of his right of lease over the said premises from any and all claims whatsoever. Menchavez. VI-1076 of Juan Menchavez.00. Myrna Ybañez. as lessee. Menchavez Jr.
9 After trial on the merits.5 On June 2. The third-party defendants maintained that the Complaint filed against them was unfounded."7. Albino Laput.184.8 Petitioners filed a Third Party Complaint against Benny and Elizabeth Allego.000. . 1988. he filed a Complaint for damages with application for preliminary attachment against petitioners. both periods begin from the execution of the lease contract. subject to the following conditions. specifically the peaceful and adequate enjoyment of the property for the entire duration of the Contract. 1972 shall be leased only to qualified persons.00 for rentals paid.40 as consequential damages for the demolition of the fishpond dikes. In his Complaint. 24: ‘Lease of fishponds-Public lands available for fishpond development including those earmarked for family-size fishponds and not yet leased prior to November 9." In that case involving the same property." x x x x x x x x x. they could not be sued in their personal capacity. and an amount not less than P100. associations. 510-T. entitled "Eufracia Colongan and Paulino Pamplona v..6 As a result. Juan Menchavez Sr. As agents of their elderly parents. as agents of Eufracia Colongan and Paulino Pamplona. 704 which provides in Sec. subject of the lease. ‘2. the Menchavez spouses were ordered to remove the dikes illegally constructed and to pay damages and attorney’s fees. Fifty percent of the area leased shall be developed and be producing in commercial scale within three years and the remaining portion shall be developed and be producing in commercial scale within five years. Adrinico Che and Charlemagne Arendain Jr. Any violation of the terms and conditions herein provided. he alleged that the lessors had violated their Contract of Lease. cooperatives or corporations. they bound themselves jointly and severally liable to the LESSEE.00 as unearned income. renewable for another twenty five years.00 to the offended party of this Contract.390.] As to the question of whether the contract of lease between Teves and the [petitioners] is valid. in case the LESSORS violated therefor. P395. Menchavez. more particularly the warranties above-mentioned. the parties of this Contract responsible thereof shall pay liquidated damages in the amount of not less than P50. Cebu RTC Sheriffs Gumersindo Gimenez and Arturo Cabigon demolished the fishpond dikes constructed by respondent and delivered possession of the subject property to other parties. Thus. they asserted their own counterclaims.7 Respondent further asserted that the lessors had withheld from him the findings of the trial court in Civil Case No. He claimed P157. The lease shall be for a period of twenty five years (25). ‘1.000. And this is Pres. and Sevillana S. the RTC ruled thus: "[The court must resolve the issues one by one. we must look into the present law on the matter of fishponds. Decree No.
2 .meaning ONE CANNOT GIVE WHAT HE DOES NOT HAVE. and/or any portion thereof or any public land under this decree. Therefore. Agricultural lands of the public domain may be further classified by law according to the uses to which they may be devoted. Being a patent nullity. (Sec. Florentino Teves. 3 . he took the risk that it may turn out later that his application for lease may not be approved. and Juan Menchavez Sr. the . No portion of the leased area shall be subleased. the court rules that the [respondent] and [petitioners] are in pari-delicto. minerals. considering that this property in litigation belongs to the State and not to [petitioners]. [petitioners] could not give any rights to Florentino Teves. the first issue is resolved in the negative. In view therefore of these. Jr. x x x. the court must leave them where they are found. fisheries.Lands of the public domain are classified into agricultural.’ "As a consequence of these provisions.’ The Constitution. xxxxxxxxx "x x x. and his family is a patent nullity.who were mere holders or possessors thereof. when Teves leased the fishpond area from [petitioners]. 2 & 3. Alienable lands of the public domain shall be limited to agricultural lands x x x. petroleum and other mineral oils. coal. provided that a lessee who failed to develop the area or any portion thereof shall not be permitted to reapply for said area or any portion thereof or any public land under this decree. Jr. As a consequence. all forces of potential energy. XII of the 1987 Constitution) states: ‘Sec. As a consequence of this. flora and fauna and other natural resources are owned by the state. All areas not fully developed within five years from the date of the execution of the lease contract shall automatically revert to the public domain for disposition of the bureau.He who voluntarily assumes a risk. does not suffer damage[s] thereby. Why? Because the defendants ought to have known that they cannot lease what does not belong to them for as a matter of fact. the lease contract between Florentino Teves. being fully aware that [petitioners were] not yet the owner[s]. even granting that the lease of [petitioners] and [their] application in 1972 were to be approved. Art. forest or timber. waters. wild life. forests. they themselves are still applying for a lease of the same property under litigation from the government. "Unfortunately however.‘3. had assumed the risks and under the principle of VOLENTI NON FIT INJURIA NEQUES DOLUS . ‘4. ‘Sec. still [they] could not sublease the same. mineral lands and national parks. under the principle: ‘NEMO DAT QUOD NON HABET’ . as the court declares the contract of lease as invalid and void ab-initio. and the declared public policy of the State under the Regalian Doctrine. or timber. "On the issue of whether [respondent] and [petitioners] are guilty of mutual fraud.All lands of the public domain. "On the other hand.
000. It contended that while there was negligence on the part of respondent for failing to verify the ownership of the subject property."10 (Underscoring in the original) Respondent elevated the case to the Court of Appeals. because the third party defendants are mere agents of Eufracia Colongan and Eufenio Pamplona. "4. under the principle IN PARI DELICTO NON ORITOR ACTIO. in view of all foregoing [evidence] and considerations. Requiring the [petitioners] to pay to the third party defendants the sum of P10. "3.parties must be left in the same situation in which the court finds them. Dismissing the x x x complaint by the [respondent] against the [petitioners].00. and considering that the demolition was pursuant to an order of the court to restore the prevailing party in that Civil Case 510-T. meaning[:] Where both are at fault. t]his must be resolved in the negative. who are the ones who should be made liable if at all. this court hereby renders judgment as follows: "1. "After the court has ruled that the contract of lease is null and void ab-initio.00 as exemplary damages probono publico and litigation expenses including costs.net First.l^vvphi1.11 It held as follows: .] there is no basis for questioning the Sheriff’s authority to demolish the dikes in order to restore the prevailing party.00 per appearance. The petitioners] are hereby required to pay third party defendants the sum of P30.000.00 in the concept of attorney’s fees and appearance fees of P300. "2. no one can found a claim. Ruling of the Court of Appeals The CA disagreed with the RTC’s finding that petitioners and respondent were in pari delicto. entitled: Eufracia Colongan v. 51144. under the principle VIDETUR NEMO QUISQUAM ID CAPERE QUOD EI NECESSE EST ALII RESTITUERE He will not be considered as using force who exercise his rights and proceeds by the force of law. "WHEREFORE.000. "On the third issue of whether the third party defendants are liable for demolishing the dikes pursuant to a writ of execution issued by the lower court[.00 as moral damages for this clearly unfounded suit. where it was docketed as CA-GR CV No.000. in the sum of P5. Upholding the counterclaims of the third party defendants against the [petitioners. there was no evidence that he had knowledge of petitioners’ lack of ownership. Dismissing the third party complaint against the third party defendants. that the third party defendants are not liable. Requiring the [petitioners] to reimburse the third party defendants the sum of P10. "5. Menchavez. there is no right of the [respondent] to protect and therefore[.
fisheries and other natural resources belong to the State. not petitioners.15 The Issues Petitioners raise the following issues for our consideration: "1. The Court of Appeals disregarded the evidence.20 ."16 The Court’s Ruling The Petition has merit. one of which was the fishpond application. Main Issue: Were the Parties in Pari Delicto? The Court shall discuss the two issues simultaneously. that owned the fishpond. the law and jurisprudence when it modified the trial court’s decision when it ruled in effect that the trial court erred in holding that the respondent and petitioners are in pari delicto. The Court of Appeals disregarded the evidence. it further awarded liquidated damages in the amount of P50.40. 8-11)"121awphi1. and the courts must leave them where they are found.074. it was not duly proven and established that Teves had actual knowledge of the fact that [petitioners] merely usurped the property they leased to him.19 Possession thereof.17 Indeed. which may not be alienated but only leased. this Petition. July 11. "2."x x x. [Teves] consistently claimed that he did not bother to ask the latter for their title to the property because he relied on their representation that they are the lawful owners of the fishpond they are holding for lease. cannot ripen into ownership.000. the law and jurisprudence in modifying the decision of the trial court and ruled in effect that the Regional Trial Court erred in dismissing the respondent’s Complaint.nét The CA ruled that respondent could recover actual damages in the amount of P128. 1991. Contrary to the findings of the lower court. waters.14 Hence. (TSN. What Teves admitted was that he did not ask for any additional document other than those shown to him. In fact. no matter how long. notwithstanding the nullity of the Contract. The 1987 Constitution specifically declares that all lands of the public domain. In Pari Delicto Rule on Void Contracts The parties do not dispute the finding of the trial and the appellate courts that the Contract of Lease was void. the RTC correctly held that it was the State.18 Included here are fishponds. Citing Article 135613 of the Civil Code. pp.
respondent contends that he can recover from petitioners. because he is an innocent party to the Contract of Lease.28 Finding of In Pari Delicto: A Question of Fact The issue of whether respondent was at fault or whether the parties were in pari delicto is a question of fact not normally taken up in a petition for review on certiorari under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court.29 The present case. 34 He insists that he relied on their assertions regarding their ownership of the property. may demand the return of what he has given without any obligation to comply with his promise.21 Void are all contracts in which the cause. or demand the performance of the other’s undertaking. there are exceptions that permit the return of that which may have been given under a void contract. he cannot recover what he has given by reason of the contract. The other. falls under two recognized exceptions to this rule.27 Petitioners allegedly induced him to enter into it through serious misrepresentation. petitioners had no transferable right over them. The trial court correctly observed that petitioners still had a pending lease application with the State at the time they entered into the Contract with respondent. one that they had no authority to sublease.23 It does not create. a presumption that is contradicted by the evidence on record. 1412. which states: "Art. claims that petitioners misled him into executing the Contract. the law expressly disallowed sublease of the fishponds to respondent. it produces no civil effect.Being merely applicants for the lease of the fishponds. If the act in which the unlawful or forbidden cause consists does not constitute a criminal offense. And even if the State were to grant their application. His own . "(2) When only one of the contracting parties is at fault.24 Parties to a void agreement cannot expect the aid of the law. public order or public policy. modify or extinguish a juridical relation.22 A void contract is equivalent to nothing.31 and (2) premised on an absence of evidence.26 One of the exceptions is found in Article 1412 of the Civil Code. the courts leave them as they are. the following rules shall be observed: "(1) When the fault is on the part of both contracting parties." On this premise.32 Unquestionably. who is not at fault. however. since the CA’s factual findings are (1) contrary to those of the trial court. or ask for the fulfillment of what has been promised him. because they are deemed in pari delicto or "in equal fault. on the other hand. neither may recover what he has given by virtue of the contract. however. 33 Respondent."25 To this rule. petitioners leased out a property that did not belong to them. object or purpose is contrary to law.30 This Court is compelled to review the facts.
A cursory examination of the Contract suggests that it was drafted to favor the lessee. however. he had notice of their doubtful ownership of the fishpond.a matter supported by petitioners’ evidence. That respondent did not know of petitioners’ lack of ownership is therefore incredible.evidence. the award of liquidated damages was contrary to established legal principles.43 Liquidated damages are identical to penalty insofar as legal results are concerned. they claimed ownership and. their erroneous declaration should not be used against them. Instead. The evidence of respondent himself shows that he negotiated the lease of the fishpond with both Juan Menchavez Sr. It was reasonably expected of the counsel herein to advise his client regarding the matter of ownership. Noteworthy is the fact that the existence of a fishpond lease application necessarily contradicts a claim of ownership. in the office of his lawyer. notwithstanding its finding that the Contract of Lease was void. such damages are . His evidence fails to support this contention. being the one who primarily caused it. and Juan Menchavez Jr.37 This circumstance should have been sufficient to place him on notice.36 His counsel’s presence during the negotiations. as the party alleging the fact. it reveals his fault in entering into a void Contract. The Contract itself stated that the area was still covered by a fishpond application.39 The ambiguity should therefore be resolved against him. On the one hand. on the other. the evidence presented by respondent demonstrates the contradictory claims of petitioners regarding their alleged ownership of the fishpond. Indeed. to be paid in case of a breach thereof. As both parties are equally at fault. 38 Nonetheless. although petitioners declared in the Contract that they co-owned the property. Even if it was assumed that respondent was entitled to reimbursement as provided under paragraph 1 of Article 1412 of the Civil Code. 40 The CA erred in finding that petitioners had failed to prove actual knowledge of respondent of the ownership status of the property that had been leased to him.1a\^/phi1. It can readily be presumed that it was he or his counsel who prepared it -. neither may recover against the other. Respondent himself admitted that he was aware that the petitioners’ lease application for the fishpond had not yet been approved. it was he who had the burden of proving – through a preponderance of evidence41 -. 42 Liquidated Damages Not Proper The CA erred in awarding liquidated damages. rebuts his contention that he did not know that they lacked ownership.44 Intended to ensure the performance of the principal obligation. Lawyers are expected to know that fishponds belong to the State and are inalienable. On the contrary. It should have compelled him to determine their right over the fishpond. he knowingly entered into the Contract with the risk that the application might be disapproved.that they misled him regarding the ownership of the fishpond.net Liquidated damages are those agreed upon by the parties to a contract. they assured him that their fishpond lease application would be approved. further debunks his claim of lack of knowledge. including their right to lease it. Atty. prior to the parties’ meeting of minds.35 Thus. Jorge Esparagoza. At the very least.
accessory and subsidiary obligations. it was stipulated that the party responsible for the violation of the terms. Penned by Justice Eloy R. the Petition is GRANTED and the assailed Decision and Resolution SET ASIDE. and Garcia. No pronouncement as to costs. 2. This law merely allows innocent parties to recover what they have given without any obligation to comply with their prestation. 6 Assailed Decision. conditions and warranties of the Contract would pay not less than P50.. pp. Sandoval-Gutierrez. Since there is no contract. 45-A). 2 Id. 15-17). Carpio-Morales.45 In the present case. p.. the applicable law in the present factual milieu is Article 1412 of the Civil Code. 45-A. p. there was no contract that could have been breached by petitioners. WHEREFORE... . 45-52. No damages may be recovered on the basis of a void contract.46 As explained earlier. 2 (rollo. Bello Jr. Labitoria (Division chairman) and Perlita J. the injured party may only recover through other sources of obligations such as a law or a quasi-contract. pp. Tria Tirona (member). 51. rollo. Assailed Decision. which is an obligation arising from a contract.47 A party recovering through these other sources of obligations may not claim liquidated damages. Tenth Division. concur. Since the principal obligation was void. p. rollo. p. JJ. pp. p. p. p. with the concurrence of Justices Eugenio S. The Decision of the trial court is hereby REINSTATED. The nullity of the principal obligation carried with it the nullity of the accessory obligation of liquidated damages. 7 Ibid. thus. 8. 53. 3 Id. the stipulation on liquidated damages was inexistent. SO ORDERED. being nonexistent. 4 Assailed Decision.000 as liquidated damages. 6-14. 8 Ibid. the agreement produces no juridical tie between the parties involved. Corona. 5 Contract of Lease (rollo. Footnotes 1 Rollo.
19 The law in force at the time the Contract was executed was PD 704. 12 Ibid. pp. In such cases. 11 Assailed Decision. However. however. 3 & 46. 10 RTC Decision. Recto A. or that a contract be proved in a certain way. Esparagoza. that requirement is absolute and indispensable. [Fishpond Lease Agreements or] FLA may be issued for public lands that may be declared available for fishpond development primarily to qualified fisherfolk cooperatives/associations: Provided. respondent’s Brief filed with the CA. provided all the essential requisites for their validity are present. 1998." 14 Assailed Decision. p. was received by this Court on March 2. 2004." approved on May 16. p. pp. 7 (rollo. p. Its pertinent provision reads: "Section 45. rollo. pp. p. 18 §2. 146). 23 of this decree. 7. 144. signed by Atty. 1975. p. signed by Atty. 33). 23-26.9 Id. p. "The Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998. p. p. public lands suitable for fishpond purposes were not to be disposed of by sale. 6-9. 5. mangroves. 50. 16 Petitioners’ Memorandum. Upon effectivity of this Code. rollo.. the applicable law now is RA 8550. "The Fisheries Decree of 1975. 8. Contracts shall be obligatory. rollo." approved on February 25. Under Sec. 51. such FLAs shall be granted to any Filipino citizen with preference. marshes. the right of the parties stated in the following article cannot be exercised. 7 (rollo. Article XII of the 1987 Constitution. 15 The case was deemed submitted for decision on March 1. rollo. upon this Court’s receipt of respondent’s Memorandum. in whatever form they may have been entered into. Disposition of Public Lands for Fishery Purposes. p. de Dios. On this matter. That upon the expiration of existing FLAs the current lessees shall be given priority and be entitled to an extension of twenty-five (25) years in the utilization of their respective leased areas. 2004. — Public lands such as tidal swamps. Jorge L. 1356. when the law requires that a contract be in some form in order that it may be valid or enforceable. primarily to qualified fisherfolk cooperatives/associations as well as . 13 "Art. Petitioners’ Memorandum. 17 See Petitioners’ Memorandum. foreshore lands and ponds suitable for fishery operations shall not be disposed or alienated. Thereafter. p.
no fish pens or fish cages or fish traps shall be allowed in lakes. further. The area leased shall be developed and producing on a commercial scale within three (3) years from the approval of the lease contract: Provided. The lease shall be for a period of twenty-five (25) years and renewable for another twenty-five (25) years: Provided. conservation. the prohibition on subleasing a fishpond was retained in RA 8550. "e. "c. 374 Phil. 209. his spouse and/or children. Areas leased for fishpond purposes shall be no more than 50 hectares for individuals and 250 hectares for corporations or fisherfolk organizations. as his heirs. "f. 219. "b. That the Department shall declare as reservation. from which we quote: "Section 46. Court of Appeals. That in case of the death of the lessee. Lease rates for fishpond areas shall be determined by the Department: Provided. however. Lease of Fishponds. and ecological purposes: Provided. shall have preemptive rights to the unexpired term of his Fishpond Lease Agreement subject to the same terms and conditions provided herein provided that the said heirs are qualified. The transfer or assignment of rights to FLA shall be allowed only upon prior written approval of the Department. That all fees collected shall be remitted to the National Fisheries Research and Development Institute and other qualified research institutions to be used for aquaculture research development." 20 See Republic of the Philippines v. finally. That all areas not fully producing within five (5) years from the date of approval of the lease contract shall automatically revert to the public domain for reforestation. That two (2) years after the approval of this Act. "d. in whole or in part. . 1999.small and medium enterprises as defined under Republic Act No. September 30. — Fishpond leased to qualified persons and fisherfolk organizations/cooperatives shall be subject to the following conditions: "a. and failure to comply with this provision shall mean cancellation of FLA. The fishpond shall not be subleased. 8289: Provided. portions of available public lands certified as suitable for fishpond purposes for fish sanctuary. 21 In PD 704.
95. 26 Justice Vitug cites some of these exceptions. Civil Code). 1409. "(e) The party for whose protection the prohibition by law is intended if the agreement is not illegal per se but merely prohibited and if public policy would be enhanced by permitting recovery (Art. 632. Tongoy v. no suit can be maintained for its specific performance. 629. p. 1411-1412. 1983." Moreno. etc: Provided. In pari delicto is "a universal doctrine which holds that no action arises. supra. p. Vol. The lessee shall provide facilities that will minimize environmental pollution. 1414. and "h. Civil Code). September 29. or damages for its violation."g. 113. 1416. streams. Civil Code of the Philippines (1991).. under which recovery may be made by any of the following "(a) The innocent party (Arts. bays. 23 Tolentino. from an illegal contract. no affirmative relief of any kind will be given to one against the other. Tongoy v.e. Civil Code). reservoirs. "(c) The party repudiating the void contract before the illegal purpose is accomplished or before damage is caused to a third person and if public interest is subserved by allowing recovery (Art. Philippine Law Dictionary (1988). and seashore fronting the dike of his fishpond subject to the rules and regulations to be promulgated thereon. or the money agreed to be paid. settling ponds. Civil Code). i. 1953). or to recover the property agreed to be sold or delivered. 451 (citing Rellosa v. June 28. Court of Appeals.. p. and where the parties are in pari delicto. Latin Words and Phrases for Lawyers (1980). Civil Code). 24 Id. IV. 25 Sodhi. Court of Appeals. 93 Phil. 115. 827. "(d) The incapacitated party if the interest of justice so demands (Art. 831. in equity or at law. Civil Code. 1515. "(b) The debtor who pays usurious interest (Art. The lessee shall undertake reforestation for river banks. 1413. p. 208 Phil." (emphasis supplied) 22 Art. Gaw. and . That failure to comply with this provision shall mean cancellation of FLA.
239. 565. Gutierrez. March 17. Rules of Court. Court of Appeals. Rule 45. 230. 4. 7.that it was Florentino Teves who had brought the Contract to him and his father. 1418-1419. October 25. 1993. Court of Appeals. 546. 35 RTC Decision. 1417. p. 79 SCRA 557. 29 §1.). 128. 15. 541."(f) The party for whose benefit the law has been intended such as in price ceiling laws (Art. p. p. Court of Appeals. July 5. May 8. Court of Appeals. 39 Juan Menchavez Jr. 3. De Borja v. 327 Phil. 2 & 19. 36 Id. RTC Decision. GR No. Villamil v. Garcia v. Juan Menchavez Sr. 1111. CIR v. Vol. 24. §1. October 17. 144 Phil. 364 Phil. Rules of Court. p. 33. Paredes. July 14. Asia Brewery. pp. rollo. for signature. p. 38 Whereas clause. July 5. 21. rollo. 1. p. 650. pp. Contract of Lease. 385 Phil. p. 1970. 9. Court of Agrarian Relations. p. 317 Phil. rollo. rollo. E&J Gallo Winery. 34 Respondent’s Memorandum. 2000. March 22... Civil Code) and labor laws (Arts. 1995. 154342 . pp. 1977. p. 7. 139. 37 Id.. August 11." Vitug. 27 Appellant’s Brief filed by herein respondent with the CA. III (2003). p. 11. 40 Art. 1377 of the Civil Code states that "[t]he interpretation of obscure words or stipulations in a contract shall not favor the party who caused the obscurity. 233. 32 Salazar v. May 29. Inc. 3 & 20. 1997." See Padilla v. rollo. v. 1996. Civil Code). Sps. p. 443. 33 RTC Decision. Civil Law Annotated. 31 Yobido v. 159-160. 238. gave his testimony -. p. 132. rollo. Inc.. 346 Phil. 2004. Rule 133. 208 SCRA 643. 1999. 1. 20. Embroidery and Garments Industries (Phil. . 41 The burden of proof in civil cases is the preponderance of evidence or the superior weight of evidence for the issues involved. Court of Appeals. 1097. 30 Mighty Corporation v. 28 Ibid. 1992. Co v. 224 SCRA 437.as part of petitioners’ defense -.
quasicontracts. Vol. p. 1157 of the Civil Code states that obligations arise from law. 2226 of the Civil Code. See also SSS v. Vol. Civil Code of the Philippines. 264. V (1992). 1993. . 662. 44 Tolentino. IV (1991). 47 Art. 43 Art. delicts and quasi-delicts. contracts. 45 Tolentino. 1412 of the Civil Code. Under Article 1230 of the Civil Code. 221 SCRA 119. p. Moonwalk Development and Housing Corporation. 46 Ibid. the nullity of the principal obligation carries with it that of the penal clause. Civil Code of the Philippines.42 Art. April 7.
Documents Similar To 6. Menchavez vs. Tevez, Jr. - 449 SCRA 380 (Case).pdf
SCL 168 Bell May11 LIQUIDATED DAMAGES
30 Pamintuan v CA.docx
Humboldt Express v. Apex Express, 4th Cir. (1999)
rspca put on defensive jan 2013