Source: https://up.codes/viewer/osha-1926-construction/chapter/L/scaffolds?q=
Timestamp: 2019-04-21 22:35:46
Document Index: 230809091

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 1926', '§ 1926', '§ 1926', '§ 1926', 'art 2', '§ 1926', '§ 1926', '§ 1926']

Subpart L: Scaffolds, OSHA 1926 Construction | UpCodes
1926.450(a) Scope and application
1926.450(b) Definitions
1926.451(a) Capacity
1926.451(c) Criteria for supported scaffolds
1926.451(e) Access
1926.451(e)(5) Ramps and walkways
1926.451(f) Use
1926.451(g) Fall protection
1926.451(h) Falling object protection
1926.452(a) Pole scaffolds
1926.452(b) Tube and coupler scaffolds
1926.452(c) Fabricated frame scaffolds (tubular welded frame scaffolds)
1926.452(d) Plasterers', decorators', and large area scaffolds
1926.452(e) Bricklayers' square scaffolds (squares)
1926.452(f) Horse scaffolds
1926.452(g) Form scaffolds and carpenters' bracket scaffolds
1926.452(h) Roof bracket scaffolds
1926.452(i) Outrigger scaffolds
1926.452(j) Pump jack scaffolds
1926.452(k) Ladder jack scaffolds
1926.452(l) Window jack scaffolds
1926.452(m) Crawling boards (chicken ladders)
1926.452(n) Step, platform, and trestle ladder scaffolds
1926.452(p) Two-point adjustable suspension scaffolds (swing stages)
1926.452(q) Multi-point adjustable suspension scaffolds, stonesetters' multi-point adjustable suspension scaffolds, and masons' multi-point adjustable suspension scaffolds
1926.452(r) Catenary scaffolds
1926.452(s) Float (ship) scaffolds
1926.452(t) Interior hung scaffolds
1926.452(u) Needle beam scaffolds
1926.452(v) Multi-level suspended scaffolds
1926.452(x) Repair bracket scaffolds
1926.452(y) Stilts
1926.453(a) General requirements
1926.453(a)(1)(i) Extensible boom platforms
1926.453(a)(1)(iii) Articulating boom platforms
1926.453(a)(1)(ii) Aerial ladders
1926.453(b) Specific requirements
1926.453(b)(1) Ladder trucks and tower trucks
1926.453(b)(2) Extensible and articulating boom platforms
1926.453(b)(3) Electrical tests
1926.453(b)(4) Bursting safety factor
1926.453(b)(5) Welding standards
1926.454(a)(2)
1926.454(a)(3)
1926.454(a)(4)
1926.454(a)(5)
1926.454(c)(1)
1926.454(c)(2)
1926.454(c)(3)
L App A - Scaffold Specifications
L App B - Criteria for Determining the Feasibility of Providing Safe Access and Fall Protection for Scaffold Erectors and Dismantlers
L App C - List of National Consensus Standards
L App D - List of Training Topics for Scaffold Erectors and Dismantlers
L App E - Drawings and Illustrations
[58 FR 35310, June 30, 1993; 61 FR 46025, Aug. 30, 1996; 61 FR 59831, Nov. 25, 1996; 75 FR 78133, Aug. 9, 2010; 77 FR 46950, Aug. 7, 2012]
Body harness means a design of straps which may be secured about the employee in a manner to distribute the fall arrest forces over at least the thighs, pelvis, waist, chest and shoulders, with means for attaching it to other components of a personal fall arrest system. Brace means a rigid connection that holds one scaffold member in a fixed position with respect to another member, or to a building or structure.
Portable, hook-on, and attachable ladders (Additional requirements for the proper construction and use of portable ladders are contained in subpart X of this part -- Stairways and Ladders):
Hook-on and attachable ladders shall have a minimum rung length of 11½ inches (29 cm); and
Hook-on and attachable ladders shall have uniformly spaced rungs with a maximum spacing between rungs of 16¾ inches.
Ramps and walkways 6 feet (1.8 m) or more above lower levels shall have guardrail systems which comply with subpart M of this part -- Fall Protection;
More than 50 kv 10 feet (3.1 m) plus
0.4 inches (1.0 cm)
for each 1 kv over
50 kv. 2 times the length
insulator, but never
feet (3.1 m).
50 kv. 2 times the length of
the line insulator,
but never less than
10 feet (3.1 m).
Each employee on a walkway located within a scaffold shall be protected by a guardrail system (with minimum 200 pound toprail capacity) installed within 9 ½ inches (24.1 cm) of and along at least one side of the walkway.
A toeboard shall be erected along the edge of platforms more than 10 feet (3.1 m) above lower levels for a distance sufficient to protect employees below, except on float (ship) scaffolds where an edging of 3⁄4 x 1½ inch (2 x 4 cm) wood or equivalent may be used in lieu of toeboards;
Effective Date Note: At 61 FR 59832, Nov. 25, 1996, § 1926.451(b)(2)(i) was amended and certain requirements stayed until Nov. 25, 1997, or until further rulemaking has been completed, whichever is later.
Subpart L App A - Scaffold Specifications
This appendix provides non-mandatory guidelines to assist employers in complying with the requirements of subpart L of this part. An employer may use these guidelines and tables as a starting point for designing scaffold systems. However, the guidelines do not provide all the information necessary to build a complete system, and the employer is still responsible for designing and assembling these components in such a way that the completed system will meet the requirements of § 1926.451(a). Scaffold components which are not selected and loaded in accordance with this Appendix, and components for which no specific guidelines or tables are given in this appendix (e.g., joints, ties, components for wood pole scaffolds more than 60 feet in height, components for heavy-duty horse scaffolds, components made with other materials, and components with other dimensions, etc.) must be designed and constructed in accordance with the capacity requirements of § 1926.451(a), and loaded in accordance with § 1926.451(d)(1).
General guidelines and tables.
Pole scaffolds:
Fabricated frame scaffolds.
Plasterers', decorators' and large area scaffolds.
Bricklayers' square scaffolds.
Form scaffolds and carpenters' bracket scaffolds.
Outrigger scaffolds (one level).
Step, platform and trestle ladder scaffolds.
Two-point adjustable suspension scaffolds.
Stonesetters' multi-point adjustable suspension scaffolds.
Masons' multi-point adjustable suspension scaffolds.
Multi-level suspension scaffolds.
Tank builders' scaffolds.
General Guidelines and Tables
The following tables, and the tables in part 2 - Specific guidelines and tables, assume that all load-carrying timber members (except planks) of the scaffold are a minimum of 1,500 lb-f/in2 (stress grade) construction grade lumber. All dimensions are nominal sizes as provided in the American Softwood Lumber Standards, dated January 1970, except that, where rough sizes are noted, only rough or undressed lumber of the size specified will satisfy minimum requirements.
Solid sawn wood used as scaffold planks shall be selected for such use following the grading rules established by a recognized lumber grading association or by an independent lumber grading inspection agency. Such planks shall be identified by the grade stamp of such association or agency. The association or agency and the grading rules under which the wood is graded shall be certified by the Board of Review, American Lumber Standard Committee, as set forth in the American Softwood Lumber Standard of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
Allowable spans shall be determined in compliance with the National Design Specification for Wood Construction published by the National Forest Products Association; paragraph 5 of ANSI A10.8-1988 Scaffolding-Safety Requirements published by the American National Standards Institute; or for 2 × 10 inch (nominal) or 2 × 9 inch (rough) solid sawn wood planks, as shown in the following table:
(lb/ft2) Maximum permissible span using full thickness undressed lumber
(ft) Maximum permissible span using nominal thickness lumber
The maximum permissible span for 1¼ × 9-inch or wider wood plank of full thickness with a maximum intended load of 50 lb/ft.2 shall be 4 feet.
Three-person • 250 pounds placed at the center of the span and 250 pounds placed 18,inches to the left and right of the center of the span (total 750,pounds).
Platform units used to make scaffold platforms intended for light-duty use shall be capable of supporting at least 25 pounds per square foot applied uniformly over the entire unit-span area, or a 250-pound point load placed on the unit at the center of the span, whichever load produces the greater shear force.
Guardrails shall be as follows:
Toprails shall be equivalent in strength to 2 inch by 4 inch lumber; or
1¼ inch × &frac18; inch structural angle iron; or
Midrails shall be equivalent in strength to 1 inch by 6 inch lumber; or
1¼ inch × 1¼ inch × &frac18; inch structural angle iron; or
Toeboards shall be equivalent in strength to 1 inch by 4 inch lumber; or
1¼ inch × 1¼ inch structural angle iron; or
Posts shall be equivalent in strength to 2 inch by 4 inch lumber; or
1¼ inch × 1¼ inch × 1⁄8 structural angle iron; or
Overhead protection shall consist of 2 inch nominal planking laid tight, or 3⁄4-inch plywood.
Screen installed between toeboards and midrails or toprails shall consist of No. 18 gauge U.S. Standard wire one inch mesh.
Specific guidelines and tables.
Light duty up to 20 feet high Light duty up to 60 feet high Medium duty up to 60 feet high Heavy duty up to 60 feet high
Runners 1 × 4 in 1¼ × 9 in 2 × 10 in 2 × 10 in.
Planking 1¼ × 9 in 2 × 10 in 2 × 10 in 2 × 10 in.
Bracing horizontal 1 × 4 in 1 × 4 in 1 × 6 in. or 1¼ × 4 in 2 × 4 in.
Runners 1¼ × 4 in 1¼ × 9 in 2 × 10 in 2 × 10 in.
2 × 4 in 2 × 4 in 2 × 10 in. 2 × 10 in. (rough).
2 × 6 in. or 3 × 4 in 2 × 10 in. (rough) or 3 × 8 in 2 × 10 in. 2 × 10 in. (rough).
2 × 6 in. or 3 × 4 in 2 × 10 in. (rough) or 3 × 8 in 2 × 10 in.
2 × 6 in. or 3 × 4 in 2 × 10 in. (rough) or 3 × 8 in
* Bearers shall be installed in the direction of the shorter dimension.
Maximum number of additional planked levels Maximum height of scaffold
Fabricated frame scaffolds. Because of their prefabricated nature, no additional guidelines or tables for these scaffolds are being adopted in this Appendix.
Plasterers', decorators', and large area scaffolds. The guidelines for pole scaffolds or tube and coupler scaffolds (Appendix A (a) and (b)) may be applied.
Footnote(*) The squares shall be set not more than 8 feet apart for light duty scaffolds and not more than 5 feet apart for medium duty scaffolds.
Maximum intended load (light duty): 25 lb/ft. 2 **
Footnote(**) Horses shall be spaced not more than 8 feet apart for light duty loads, and not more than 5 feet apart for medium duty loads.
Brackets shall consist of a triangular-shaped frame made of wood with a cross-section not less than 2 inches by 3 inches, or of 1¼ inch × 1¼ inch × &frac18; inch structural angle iron.
Bolts used to attach brackets to structures shall not be less than &frac58; inches in diameter.
Maximum bracket spacing shall be 8 feet on centers.
No more than two employees shall occupy any given 8 feet of a bracket or form scaffold at any one time. Tools and materials shall not exceed 75 pounds in addition to the occupancy.
Wooden figure-four scaffolds:
Outrigger bearers shall consist of two pieces of 1 × 6 inch lumber nailed on opposite sides of the vertical support.
Bearers for wood figure-four brackets shall project not more than 3 feet 6 inches from the outside of the form support, and shall be braced and secured to prevent tipping or turning. The knee or angle brace shall intersect the bearer at least 3 feet from the form at an angle of approximately 45 degrees, and the lower end shall be nailed to a vertical support.
Metal bracket scaffolds:
Wood bracket scaffolds:
Roof bracket scaffolds. No specific guidelines or tables are given.
Outrigger scaffolds (single level). No specific guidelines or tables are given.
Pump jack scaffolds. Wood poles shall not exceed 30 feet in height. Maximum intended load - 500 lbs between poles; applied at the center of the span. Not more than two employees shall be on a pump jack scaffold at one time between any two supports. When 2 × 4's are spliced together to make a 4 × 4 inch wood pole, they shall be spliced with “10 penny” common nails no more than 12 inches center to center, staggered uniformly from the opposite outside edges.
Ladder jack scaffolds. Maximum intended load - 25 lb/ft 2. However, not more than two employees shall occupy any platform at any one time. Maximum span between supports shall be 8 feet.
Window jack scaffolds. Not more than one employee shall occupy a window jack scaffold at any one time.
Crawling boards (chicken ladders). Crawling boards shall be not less than 10 inches wide and 1 inch thick, with cleats having a minimum 1 × 1½ inch cross-sectional area. The cleats shall be equal in length to the width of the board and spaced at equal intervals not to exceed 24 inches.
Step, platform, and trestle ladder scaffolds. No additional guidelines or tables are given.
Single-point adjustable suspension scaffolds. Maximum intended load - 250 lbs. Wood seats for boatswains' chairs shall be not less than 1 inch thick if made of non-laminated wood, or 5⁄8 inches thick if made of marine quality plywood.
In addition to direct connections to buildings (except window cleaners' anchors) acceptable ways to prevent scaffold sway include angulated roping and static lines. Angulated roping is a system of platform suspension in which the upper wire rope sheaves or suspension points are closer to the plane of the building face than the corresponding attachment points on the platform, thus causing the platform to press against the face of the building. Static lines are separate ropes secured at their top and bottom ends closer to the plane of the building face than the outermost edge of the platform. By drawing the static line taut, the platform is drawn against the face of the building.
On suspension scaffolds designed for a working load of 500 pounds, no more than two employees shall be permitted on the scaffold at one time. On suspension scaffolds with a working load of 750 pounds, no more than three employees shall be permitted on the scaffold at one time.
Ladder-type platforms. The side stringer shall be of clear straight-grained spruce. The rungs shall be of straight-grained oak, ash, or hickory, at least 11⁄8 inches in diameter, with 7⁄8 inch tenons mortised into the side stringers at least 7⁄8 inch. The stringers shall be tied together with tie rods not less than 1⁄4 inch in diameter, passing through the stringers and riveted up tight against washers on both ends. The flooring strips shall be spaced not more than 5⁄8 inch apart, except at the side rails where the space may be 1 inch. Ladder-type platforms shall be constructed in accordance with the following table:
1¾ × 2¾ in 1¾ × 2¾ in 1¾ × 3 in.
1¾ × 3¾ in 1¾ × 3¾ in 1¾× 4 in.
Reinforcing strip (minimum) A ⅛ × ⅞ inch steel reinforcing strip shall be attached to the side or underside, full length.
Rungs Rungs shall be 1⅛ inch minimum diameter with at least ⅞ inch in diameter tenons, and the maximum spacing shall be 12 inches to center.
¼ inch ¼ inch ¼ inch
Flooring, minimum finished size ½ × 2¾ in ½ × 2¾ in ½ × 2¾ in.
1¾ × 3 in
1¾ × 3½ in.
1¾ × 4¼ in 1¾ × 5 in
¼ inch ¼ inch
Flooring, minimum finished size ½ × 2¾ in ½ × 2¾ in
Plank-Type Platforms. Plank-type platforms shall be composed of not less than nominal 2 × 8 inch unspliced planks, connected together on the underside with cleats at intervals not exceeding 4 feet, starting 6 inches from each end. A bar or other effective means shall be securely fastened to the platform at each end to prevent the platform from slipping off the hanger. The span between hangers for plank-type platforms shall not exceed 10 feet.
Beam-Type Platforms. Beam platforms shall have side stringers of lumber not less than 2 × 6 inches set on edge. The span between hangers shall not exceed 12 feet when beam platforms are used. The flooring shall be supported on 2 × 6 inch cross beams, laid flat and set into the upper edge of the stringers with a snug fit, at intervals of not more than 4 feet, securely nailed to the cross beams. Floor-boards shall not be spaced more than 1⁄2 inch apart.
Multi-point adjustable suspension scaffolds and stonesetters' multi-point adjustable suspension scaffolds. No specific guidelines or tables are given for these scaffolds.
Masons' multi-point adjustable suspension scaffolds. Maximum intended load - 50 lb/ft2. Each outrigger beam shall be at least a standard 7 inch, 15.3 pound steel I-beam, at least 15 feet long. Such beams shall not project more than 6 feet 6 inches beyond the bearing point. Where the overhang exceeds 6 feet 6 inches, outrigger beams shall be composed of stronger beams or multiple beams.
Maximum intended load - 500 lbs.
Not more than two employees shall be permitted on the scaffold at one time.
Maximum capacity of come-along shall be 2,000 lbs.
Vertical pickups shall be spaced not more than 50 feet apart.
Ropes shall be equivalent in strength to at least 1⁄2 inch (1.3 cm) diameter improved plow steel wire rope.
Maximum intended load - 750 lbs.
Platforms shall be made of 3/4 inch plywood, equivalent in rating to American Plywood Association Grade B-B, Group I, Exterior.
Bearers shall be made from 2 × 4 inch, or 1 × 10 inch rough lumber. They shall be free of knots and other flaws.
Ropes shall be equivalent in strength to at least 1 inch (2.5 cm) diameter first grade manila rope.
Maximum intended load: 25 lb/ft.2 Beams: 4 × 6 in.
Ropes shall be attached to the needle beams by a scaffold hitch or an eye splice. The loose end of the rope shall be tied by a bowline knot or by a round turn and a half hitch.
Multi-level suspension scaffolds. No additional guidelines or tables are being given for these scaffolds.
Mobile Scaffolds. Stability test as described in the ANSI A92 series documents, as appropriate for the type of scaffold, can be used to establish stability for the purpose of § 1926.452(w)(6).
Repair bracket scaffolds. No additional guidelines or tables are being given for these scaffolds.
Stilts. No specific guidelines or tables are given.
Tank builder's scaffold.
The maximum distance between brackets to which scaffolding and guardrail supports are attached shall be no more than 10 feet 6 inches.
Not more than three employees shall occupy a 10 feet 6 inch span of scaffold planking at any time.
A taut wire or synthetic rope supported on the scaffold brackets shall be installed at the scaffold plank level between the innermost edge of the scaffold platform and the curved plate structure of the tank shell to serve as a safety line in lieu of an inner guardrail assembly where the space between the scaffold platform and the tank exceeds 12 inches (30.48 cm). In the event the open space on either side of the rope exceeds 12 inches (30.48 cm), a second wire or synthetic rope appropriately placed, or guardrails in accordance with § 1926.451(g)(4), shall be installed in order to reduce that open space to less than 12 inches (30.48 cm).
Scaffold planks of rough full-dimensioned 2-inch (5.1 cm) × 12-inch (30.5 cm) Douglas Fir or Southern Yellow Pine of Select Structural Grade shall be used. Douglas Fir planks shall have a fiber stress of at least 1900 lb/in2 (130,929 n/cm2) and a modulus of elasticity of at least 1,900,000 lb/in2 (130,929,000 n/cm2), while Yellow Pine planks shall have a fiber stress of at least 2500 lb/in2 (172,275 n/cm2) and a modulus of elasticity of at least 2,000,000 lb/in2 (137,820,000 n/cm2).
Guardrails shall be constructed of a taut wire or synthetic rope, and shall be supported by angle irons attached to brackets welded to the steel plates. These guardrails shall comply with § 1926.451(g)(4). Guardrail supports shall be located at no greater than 10 feet 6 inch intervals.
Subpart L App B - Criteria for Determining the Feasibility of Providing Safe Access and Fall Protection for Scaffold Erectors and Dismantlers
Subpart L App C - List of National Consensus Standards
Subpart L App D - List of Training Topics for Scaffold Erectors and Dismantlers
* General Overview of Scaffolding
* erection/dismantling planning
* PPE and proper procedures
* guys, ties and braces
* Tubular Welded Frame Scaffolds
* specific regulations and standards
* parts inspection
* access and platforms
* erection/dismantling procedures
* rolling scaffold assembly
* putlogs
* Tube and Clamp Scaffolds
* buttresses, cantilevers, & bridges
* System Scaffolds
Subpart L App E - Drawings and Illustrations
BRACING - TUBE & COUPLER SCAFFOLDS
MAXIMUM VERTICAL TIE SPACING
WIDER THAN 3' - 0" BASES
3' - 0" AND NARROWER BASES
[61 FR 46025, Aug. 30, 1996; 61 FR 59831, Nov. 25, 1996]