Source: http://www.google.com/patents/US6023825?dq=oakley+5,387,949
Timestamp: 2014-03-16 06:50:22
Document Index: 400291028

Matched Legal Cases: ['art 1', 'art 3', 'art 1', 'art 3', 'art 1', 'art 5', 'art 1', 'art 5', 'arts 31', 'art 1', 'art 3', 'art 3']

Patent US6023825 - Method of manufacturing an ink jet head - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsAn ink-jet head comprising a plurality of sidewalls each imparting a pressure pulse to an ink pressurizing cell by means of shear mode deformation, and a front wall having a plurality of orifices. The ink in the ink pressurizing cells is ejected from the orifices. Each sidewall comprises a first wall...http://www.google.com/patents/US6023825?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US6023825 - Method of manufacturing an ink jet headAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS6023825 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 09/154,808Publication dateFeb 15, 2000Filing dateSep 17, 1998Priority dateOct 20, 1994Fee statusPaidAlso published asDE69508881D1, DE69508881T2, EP0707960A2, EP0707960A3, EP0707960B1, US5844587Publication number09154808, 154808, US 6023825 A, US 6023825A, US-A-6023825, US6023825 A, US6023825AInventorsHirokazu Ando, Mitsuru Kishimoto, Noboru Ooishi, Isao Shibata, Masahiko ShimosugiOriginal AssigneeOki Data Corporation, Oki Electric Industry Co., Ltd.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (14), Classifications (19), Legal Events (3) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetMethod of manufacturing an ink jet headUS 6023825 AAbstract An ink-jet head comprising a plurality of sidewalls each imparting a pressure pulse to an ink pressurizing cell by means of shear mode deformation, and a front wall having a plurality of orifices. The ink in the ink pressurizing cells is ejected from the orifices. Each sidewall comprises a first wall section, a first electrode disposed thereon, an anisotropic adhesive disposed thereon, a second electrode disposed thereon, and a second wall section disposed thereon. Width of the first electrode is narrower than width of the first wall section, and the upper surface of the first wall section has first side areas which are not covered by the first electrode. Width of the second electrode is narrower than width of the second wall section, and the lower surface of the second wall section has second side areas which are not covered by the second electrode. The anisotropic adhesive has conductivity only in a direction perpendicular to the upper surface of the first wall section and the lower surface of the second wall section, and the anisotropic adhesive covers the first and second electrodes so that the first and second electrodes are not exposed to the ink in the ink pressurizing cells.
What is claimed is: 1. A manufacturing method of an ink-jet head comprising the steps of:forming a plurality of stripe patterns of first electrodes at predetermined intervals on an upper surface of a first piezoelectric material plate; forming a plurality of strip-shaped second electrodes at predetermined intervals on a lower surface of a second piezoelectric material plate; forming a third electrode on an upper surface of said second piezoelectric material plate; applying an anisotropic adhesive to at least one of said upper surface of said first electrodes and said lower surface of said second electrodes, said anisotropic adhesive having conductivity only in a direction perpendicular to said upper surfaces of said first electrodes and said lower surfaces of said second electrodes; placing said first piezoelectric material plate on said second piezoelectric material plate in such a way that said first electrodes and said second electrodes face each other across said anisotropic adhesive; cutting a plurality of grooves between said first electrodes as well as between said second electrodes to form a plurality of sidewalls in such a way that said groove penetrate through said third electrode, said second piezoelectric material plate and said anisotropic adhesive and reach a middle of said first piezoelectric material plate and in such a way that width of said first electrode and said second electrode are narrower than width of said sidewall and said first and second electrodes are covered by said anisotropic adhesive not so as to be exposed to the ink in said ink pressurizing cells; applying a conductive adhesive to an upper surface of said third electrode; and placing a top plate having a common electrode on said conductive adhesive in such a way that said common electrode faces said third electrode across said conductive adhesive. 2. A manufacturing method of an ink-jet head comprising the steps of:forming a plurality of stripe patterns of first electrodes at predetermined intervals on an upper surface of a first piezoelectric material plate; forming a plurality of stripe patterns of second electrodes at predetermined intervals on a lower surface of a second piezoelectric material plate; forming a third electrode on an upper surface of said second piezoelectric material plate; applying an insulating adhesive to at least one of said upper surface of said first electrodes and said lower surface of said second electrodes; placing said first piezoelectric material plate on said second piezoelectric material plate in such a way that said first electrodes and said second electrodes face each other across said insulating adhesive; cutting a plurality of grooves between said first electrodes as well as between said second electrodes to form a plurality of sidewalls in such a way that said grooves penetrate through said third electrode, said second piezoelectric material plate and said insulating adhesive and reach a middle of said first piezoelectric material plate and in such a way that width of said first electrode and said second electrode are narrower than width of said sidewall and said first and second electrodes are covered by said insulating adhesive not so as to exposed to the ink in said ink pressurizing cells; applying a conductive adhesive to an upper surface of said third electrode; placing a top plate having a common electrode on said conductive adhesive in such a way that said common electrode faces said third electrode across said conductive adhesive; and electrically connecting said first electrodes and said second electrodes in the same sidewall by conductive wires. 3. A manufacturing method of an ink-jet head comprising the steps of:forming a plurality of stripe patterns of first electrodes at predetermined intervals on an upper surface of a first piezoelectric material plate; forming a plurality of stripe patterns of electrodes at predetermined intervals on a lower surface of a second piezoelectric material plate; forming a third electrode on an upper surface of said second piezoelectric material plate; applying an anisotropic adhesive to at least one of said upper surface of said first electrodes and said lower surface of said second electrodes, said anisotropic adhesive having conductivity only in a direction perpendicular to said upper surfaces of said first electrodes and said lower surfaces of said second electrodes; placing said first piezoelectric material plate on said second piezoelectric material plate in such a way that said first electrodes and said second electrodes face each other across said anisotropic adhesive; cutting a plurality of grooves to form a plurality of sidewalls in such a way that said grooves penetrate through said third electrode, said second piezoelectric material plate, said every other second electrodes, said anisotropic adhesive and said every other first electrodes, and reach a middle of said first piezoelectric material plate and in such a way that width of said first electrode and said second electrode are narrower than width of said sidewall and said first and second electrodes are covered by said anisotropic adhesive not so as to be exposed to the ink in said ink pressurizing cells; applying a conductive adhesive to an upper surface of said third electrode; and placing a top plate having a common electrode on said conductive adhesive in such a way that said common electrode faces said third electrode across said conductive adhesive. 4. A manufacturing method of an ink-jet head comprising the steps of:forming a plurality of stripe-shaped first electrodes at predetermined intervals on an upper surface of a first piezoelectric material plate; forming a plurality of strip-shaped second electrodes at predetermined intervals on a lower surface of a second piezoelectric material plate; forming a third electrode on an upper surface of said second piezoelectric material plate; applying an insulating adhesive to at least one of said upper surface of said first electrodes and said lower surface of said second electrodes; placing said first piezoelectric material plate on said second piezoelectric material plate in such a way that said first electrodes and said second electrodes face each other across said insulating adhesive; cutting a plurality of grooves to form a plurality of sidewalls in such a way that said grooves penetrate through said third electrode, said second piezoelectric material plate, said every other second electrodes, said insulating adhesive and said every other first electrodes, and reach a middle of said first piezoelectric material plate and in such a way that width of said first electrode and said second electrode are narrower than width of said sidewall and said first and second electrodes are covered by said insulating adhesive not so as to exposed to the ink in said ink pressurizing cells; applying a conductive adhesive to an upper surface of said third electrode; placing a top plate having a common electrode on said conductive adhesive in such a way that said common electrode faces said third electrode across said conductive adhesive; and electrically connecting said first electrodes and said second electrodes in the same sidewall by conductive wires. Description
FIG. 2 shows a cross-sectional view of a main part of an ink-jet head according to a first embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 3 shows a cross-sectional view taken along the line III--III of FIG. 2.
Referring to FIG. 2 and FIG. 3, the ink-jet head of the first embodiment comprises a plurality of ink pressurizing cells or channels 14a, 14b, . . . defined by a bottom part 1, sidewalls 2, a top part 3 and a front wall 15 having a plurality of orifices 15a, 15b, . . .
The bottom part 1 is formed from a lower part of a piezoelectric material base 11 polarized in an array direction P (X-axis direction) extending along a row of ink pressurizing cells 14a, 14b, . . . In FIG. 2, the piezoelectric material base 11 is comb-shaped.
Each sidewall 2 comprises a projecting wall section 11a (or 11b, . . . ) which is composed of an upper part of a piezoelectric material base 11, and an intermediate wall section 12a(or 12b, . . . ) made from piezoelectric material polarized in the same array direction P as that of the piezoelectric material base 11 and disposed on the projecting wall section 11a(or 11b, . . . ).
Electrode 16a, 16b, . . . are respectively disposed on upper surfaces of the projecting wall sections 11a, 11b, . . . Width L.sub.1 of each electrode 16a, 16b, . . . is narrower than width L.sub.2 of each wall section 11a, 11b, . . . , and the upper surfaces of the projecting wall sections 11a, 11b, . . . have first side areas E.sub.1 which are not covered by the electrodes 16a, 16b, . . .
Electrodes 17a, 17b, . . . are respectively disposed on lower surfaces of the intermediate wall sections 12a, 12b, . . . Width L.sub.1 of each electrode 17a, 17b, . . . is narrower than width L.sub.2 of each intermediate wall section 12a, 12b, . . . , and the lower surfaces of the intermediate wall sections 12a, 12b, . . . have second side areas E.sub.2 which are not covered by the electrodes 17a, 17b, . . .
Electrodes 18a, 18b, . . . are disposed on upper surfaces of the intermediate wall sections 12a, 12b, . . .
The top part 3 comprises a top plate 13 and a common electrode 19 formed on a lower surface of the top plate 13. Conductive adhesives 21a, 21b, . . . are disposed between the common electrode 19 and the electrodes 18a, 18b, . . . of the intermediate wall sections 12a, 12b, . . . The top plate 13 is secured to the intermediate wall sections 12a, 12b, . . . by the electrode adhesive 21a, 21b, . . .
When the common electrode 19 is grounded, a positive voltage +V is applied to the electrode 16a and a negative voltage -V is applied to the electrode 16b by a driver circuit 57, an electric field is generated through the piezoelectric element base 11 from the projecting wall section 11a to the projecting wall section 11b in the direction shown by a broken line A. Also, an electric field is generated in the intermediate wall section 12a from the electrode 17a toward the common electrode 19 in the direction shown by a broken line B. Also, an electric field is generated in the intermediate wall section 12b from the common electrode 19 toward the electrode 17b in the direction shown by a broken line C. As a result, shear mode deformation (shown by broken lines 60 in FIG. 1) is generated in respectively opposite directions in the projecting wall sections 11a, 11b and the intermediate wall section 12a, 12b. The ink in the ink pressurizing cell 14a is then pressurized, and ink droplets are ejected from the orifice 15a.
First, as shown in FIG. 4A and FIG. 5A, a piezoelectric material plate 11' is prepared, and a thin metal film is formed on the upper surface of the piezoelectric material plate 11' by a thin film method. The thin metal film is etched so that a plurality of stripe patterns of first electrodes 16a, 16b, . . . are formed on an upper surface of the first piezoelectric material plate 11'. As shown in FIG. 5A, width L.sub.1 of each first electrode 16a, 16b, . . . is in the range of 60 to 75 [μm].
Next, as shown in FIG. 4B and FIG. 5B, another piezoelectric material plate 12 is prepared, and a thin metal films are formed on both surfaces of the piezoelectric material plate 12 by a thin film method. The thin metal film on the lower surface of the piezoelectric material plate 12 is etched so that a plurality of stripe patterns of the second electrodes 17a, 17b, . . . are formed on the lower surface of the piezoelectric material plate 12. As shown in FIG. 5B, width L.sub.1 of each second electrode 17a, 17b, . . . is in the range of 60 to 70 [μm].
Next, an anisotropic adhesive 31 is applied to at least one of the upper surface of the first electrodes 16a, 16b, . . . and the lower surface of the second electrodes 17a, 17, . . . The anisotropic adhesive 31 has conductivity only in a direction perpendicular to the upper surfaces of the first electrodes 16a, 16b, . . . and the lower surfaces of the second electrodes 17a, 17b, . . . Next, as shown in FIG. 4C, the piezoelectric material plate 12 is placed on the piezoelectric material plate 11' so that the first electrodes 16a, 16b, . . . and the second electrodes 17a, 17b, . . . face each other across the anisotropic adhesive 31. Pressure is applied to the piezoelectric material plate 11' and the second piezoelectric material plate 12, thereby filling the portions between the piezoelectric material plate 11' and the piezoelectric material plate 12 not occupied by the electrodes 16a, 16b and 17a, 17b with the anisotropic adhesive 31.
Next, as shown in FIG. 4E, conductive adhesives 21a, 21b, . . . are applied to an upper surface of the third electrodes 18a, 18b, . . . and a top plate 13 having a common electrode 19 is placed on the conductive adhesive 21a, 21b, . . . in such a way that the common electrode 19 faces the third electrode 18a, 18b . . . across the conductive adhesives 21a, 21b, . . .
First, as shown in FIG. 6A and FIG. 7A, a piezoelectric material plate 11' is prepared, and a metal film is formed on the upper surface of the piezoelectric material plate 11' by either a thick film method such as silkscreen method or a thin film method not based on patterning such as plating. The metal film is etched by for example an excimer leaser so that a plurality of stripe patterns of electrodes 16a, 16b and 16' are formed on an upper surface of the piezoelectric material plate 11'. In FIG. 7A, width W between the electrode 16a and 16' is in the range of 10 to 20 [μm].
Next, as shown in FIG. 6B and FIG. 7B, another piezoelectric material plate 12 is prepared, and a metal films are formed on both surfaces of the piezoelectric material plate 12 by either a thick film method such as silkscreen method or a thin film method not based on patterning such as plating. The metal film on the lower surface of the piezoelectric material plate 12 is etched by for example an excimer laser so that a plurality of stripe patterns of the second electrodes 17a, 17b, . . . are formed on the lower surface of the second piezoelectric material plate 12. A shown in FIG. 7B, width W between the electrodes 17a and 17' is in the range of 10 to 20 [μm].
Next, as shown in FIG. 6E, a conductive adhesive 21a, 21b, . . . is applied to an upper surface of the third electrodes 18a, 18b, . . . , and a top plate 13 having a common electrode 19 is placed on the conductive adhesives 21a, 21b, . . . in such a way that the common electrode 19 faces the third electrodes 18a, 18b, . . . across the conductive adhesives 21a, 21b, . . .
FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view showing a main part of an ink-jet head according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
Referring to FIG. 8, the ink-jet head of the second embodiment comprises a plurality of ink pressurizing cells 14a, 14b defined by a bottom part 1, sidewalls 4, a top part 5 and a front wall 15 having a plurality of orifices 15a, 15b, . . .
The bottom part 1 is formed from a lower part of a piezoelectric material base 11 polarized in an array direction P (X-axis direction) extending along a row of ink pressurizing cells 14a, 14b, . . . In FIG. 8, the piezoelectric material base 11 is comb-shaped.
The top part 5 is formed from an upper part of a piezoelectric material plate 51 polarized in an array direction P (X-axis direction extending along a row of ink pressurizing cells 14a, 14b. In FIG. 8, the piezoelectric material base 51 is comb-shaped.
Electrode 16a, 16b, . . . are respectively disposed on an upper surfaces of the projecting wall sections 11a, 11b, . . . Width L.sub.1 of each 16a, 16b, . . . is narrower than width L.sub.2 of each wall section 11a, 11b, . . . , and the upper surfaces of the projecting wall sections 11a, 11b, . . . have first side areas E.sub.1 which are not covered by the electrodes 16a, 16b, . . .
Electrodes 52a, 52b, . . . are respectively disposed on a lower surface of the projecting wall sections 51a, 51b, . . . Width L.sub.1 of each electrode 52a, 52b, . . . is narrower than width L.sub.2 of each wall section 51a, 51b, . . . , and the lower surfaces of the projecting wall sections 51a, 51b, . . . have second side areas E.sub.2 which are not covered by the electrodes 52a, 52b, . . .
Anisotropic adhesives 31 are respectively disposed on the electrodes 16a, 16b, . . . and the first side areas E.sub.1 of the projecting wall sections 11a, 11b, . . . The anisotropic adhesive 31 is conductive only in a direction (Z-axis direction or reverse direction) perpendicular to the upper surfaces of the projecting wall sections 11a, 11b, . . . and the lower surfaces of the projecting wall sections 51a, 51b, . . . , and not conductive in X-axis and Y-axis directions (horizontal directions). The anisotropic adhesives 31 cover the electrodes 16a, 16b, 17a, 17b so that the electrodes 16a, 16b, 17a, 17b are not exposed to the ink in the ink pressurizing cells 14a, 14b, . . . by the closing parts 31a and 31b.
When a positive voltage +V is applied to the electrode 16a and a negative voltage -V is applied to the neighboring electrode 16b, an electric field is generated through the piezoelectric element base 11 from the projecting wall section 11a to the projecting wall section 11b in the direction shown by a broken line A. Also, an electric field is generated through the piezoelectric element base 51 from the projecting wall section 51a to the projecting wall section 51b in the direction shown by a broken line F. As a result, shear mode deformation (shown by broken lines 60) is generated in respectively opposite directions in the projecting wall sections 11a, 11b and the projecting wall section 51a, 51b. The ink in the ink pressurizing cell 14a is then pressurized, and ink droplets are ejected from the orifice 15a.
FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view showing the ink-jet head according to a third embodiment of the present invention. The ink-jet head of the third embodiment has the same construction as those of the first embodiment shown in FIG. 2 and FIG. 3, except that the projecting wall sections 11a, 11b, . . . and the intermediate wall sections 12a, 12b, . . . are not bonded by the anisotropic adhesive 55 but an insulating adhesive 55 as well as the first electrodes 16a, 16b, . . . and the second electrodes 17a, 17b, . . . mutually opposing are connected by conductive wires 56 outside the ink pressurizing cells 14a, 14b, . . .
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to an ink-jet head for ejecting ink droplets from each ink pressurizing cell for imparting a pressure pulse to the ink pressurizing cell and, more particularly, a sidewall of the ink pressurizing cell for imparting a pressure pulse jto the ink pressurizing cell by means of shear mode deformation. The present invention also relates to a manufacturing method of the ink-jet head.
An alternative ink-jet head utilizing piezoelectric material is disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,227,813 and 5,235,352. FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional view of a main part of the ink-jet head disclosed in the above-mentioned publications. As shown in FIG. 1, the ink-jet head comprises a plurality of ink pressurizing cells or channels 14a, 14b, . . . defined by a bottom part 1, sidewalls 2, a top part 3 and a front wall having a plurality of orifices 15a, 15b, . . .
Each sidewall 2 comprises a projecting wall section 11a (or 11b, . . . ) which is composed of an upper part of a piezoelectric material base 11, and an intermediate wall section 12a (or 12b, . . . ) made from piezoelectric material polarized in the same direction P as that of the piezoelectric material base 11 and disposed on the projecting wall section 11a (or 11b, . . . ). Electrodes 16a, 16b, . . . are respectively formed at the ends of the projecting wall sections 11a, 11b, . . . Electrodes 17a, 17b, . . . and electrodes 18a, 18b, . . . are formed at the respective ends of the intermediate wall sections 12a, 12b, . . . Conductive adhesives 20a, 20b, . . . are disposed between the electrodes 16a, 16b, . . . and the electrodes 17a, 17b, . . . The intermediate wall sections 12a, 12b, . . . are secured to the projecting wall sections 11a, 11b, . . . of the piezoelectric material base 11 by the conductive adhesive 20a, 20b, . . .
The top part 3 comprises a top plate 13 and a common electrode 19 formed on a lower surface of the top plate 13. Conductive adhesives 21a, 21b, . . . are disposed between the common electrode 19 and the electrodes 18a, 18b, . . . of the intermediate wall sections 12a, 12b, . . . The top plate 13 is secured to the intermediate wall sections 12a, 12b, . . . by the conductive adhesive 21a, 21b, . . .
When the common electrode 19 is grounded, a positive voltage +V is applied to the electrode 16a and a negative voltage -V is applied to the electrode 16b, an electric field is generated through the piezoelectric element base 11 from the projecting wall section 11a to the projecting wall section 11b in the direction shown by a broken line A. Also, an electric field is generated in the intermediate wall section 12b from the electrode 17a toward the common electrode 19 in the direction shown by a broken line B. Also, an electric field is generated in the intermediate wall section 12b from the common electrode 19 toward the electrode 17b in the direction shown by a broken line C. As a result, shear mode deformation (shown by broken lines 60 in FIG. 1) is generated in respectively opposite directions in the projecting wall sections 11a, 11b and the intermediate wall section 12a, 12b. The ink in the ink pressurizing cell 14a is then pressurized, and ink droplets are ejected from the orifice 15a.
However, the width of the ink pressurizing cell is set very narrow at 30-100 [μm], making uniform and complete covering by the insulated coating layer 24 difficult. Also, since burrs are easily produced in the end faces of the electrodes 16b, 16c and 17b, 17c when forming the grooves (ink pressurizing cells), pinholes are produced in the insulated coating layer 24, preventing insulation of the ink pressurizing cell 14b from the electrodes 16b, 16c and 17b, 17c.
According to another aspect of the invention, each of the sidewalls (2) comprises: a first wall section (11a) made from piezoelectric material; a first electrode (16a) disposed on an upper surface of the first wall section (11a), width (L.sub.1) of the first electrode being narrower than width (L.sub.2) of the first wall section (11a), and the upper surface of the first wall section (11a) having a first side area (E.sub.1) which is not covered by the first electrode (16a); an insulating adhesive (55) disposed on the first electrode (16a) and the first side area (E.sub.1) on the upper surface of the first wall section (11a); a second electrode (17a) disposed on the insulating adhesive (55); a second wall section (12a) made from piezoelectric material and disposed on the second electrode (17a), width (L.sub.1) of the second electrode (17a) being narrower than width (L.sub.2) of the second wall section (12a), and the lower surface of the second wall section (12a) having a second side area (E.sub.2) which is not covered by the second electrode (17a). The ink-jet head further comprises conductive members (56) disposed in an outside of the ink pressurizing cells (14a) and electrically connecting the first electrode (16a) with the second electrode (17a), and the insulating adhesive (55) covers the first and second electrodes (16a, 17a) so that the first and second electrodes (16a, 17a) are not exposed to the ink in the ink pressurizing cells (14a).
Further, a manufacturing method of an ink-jet head according to the present invention comprises the steps of: forming a plurality of stripe patterns of first electrodes (16a, 16b) at a predetermined intervals on an upper surface of a first piezoelectric material plate; forming a plurality of stripe-shaped second electrodes (17a, 17b) at predetermined intervals on a lower surface of a second piezoelectric material plate; forming a third electrode (18) on an upper surface of the second piezoelectric material plate; applying an anisotropic adhesive (31) to at least one of the upper surface of the first electrodes (16a, 16b) and the lower surface of the second electrodes (17a, 17b), the anisotropic adhesive (31) having conductivity only in a direction perpendicular to the upper surfaces of the first electrodes (16a, 16b) and the lower surfaces of the second electrodes (17a, 17b); placing the first piezoelectric material plate on the second piezoelectric material plate in such a way that the first electrodes (16a, 16b) and the second electrodes (17a, 17b) face each other across the anisotropic adhesive (31); cutting a plurality of grooves between the first electrodes (16a, 16b) as well as between the second electrodes (17a, 17b) to form a plurality of sidewalls (2) in such a way that the grooves penetrate through the third electrode (18), the second piezoelectric material plate and the anisotropic adhesive (31) and reach a middle of the first piezoelectric material plate and in such a way that width (L.sub.1) of the first electrode (16a, 16a) and the second electrode (17a, 17b) are narrower than width (L.sub.2) of the sidewall (2) and the first and second electrodes (16a, 16b, 17a, 17b) are covered by the anisotropic adhesive (31) not so as to be exposed to the ink in the ink pressurizing cells (14a, 14b); applying a conductive adhesive (21a, 21b) to an upper surface of the third electrode (18a, 18b); and placing a top plate (13) having a common electrode (19) on the conductive adhesive (21a, 21b) in such a way that the common electrode (19) faces the third electrode (18a, 18b) across the conductive adhesive (21a, 21b).
This is a Division of application Ser. No. 08/544,705, filed Oct. 18, 1995 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,844,587.
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