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terminalballistics vol2 | M4 Sherman | Artillery
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The Underside Campaign 1.4
133547165-H-dv-481-541-Munition-Der-8-8cm-Flak-18-Und-36-1942
MAA 70 - US Army 1941-45.pdf
BIOS_Final Report Welding Design of German Tank Hulls and Turrets - 1948
CMS Tank Steering Systems
WWII Terminal Ballisics
Ju 87 G-2 Teil 12 A BK 43
Me 163 C Projektbeschreibung
Ju 88 G-1 Schusswaffenanlage Wa
R4M Anlage Abschussgereat
Me 163 C Flugleistungen
Me 323 Handbook
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Volume II Artillery Fire
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Maximum desired effect at the target is the objective followed by the Ordnance Department in designing weapons and ammunition. A proper balance of many factors involved is essential to acc9mplish this purpose. Most important among these factors are terminal velocities, shape, weight, and material used in the projectile, type and weight of explosive charge and the fuzing system. For example: A shaped charge used in the "Bazooka" is very effective against tanks, whereas against heavy concrete emplacements, it would do only a comparatively small amount of damage; A general purpose bomb is exceedingly efficient against certain types of buildings whereas a semi-armor-piercing bomb will be much more efficient than the general purpose bomb if penetration of more resistant materials is required for destruction of the target; The delay used in a fuze is extremely important since the position of the projectile with respect to the target at the instant of detonation determines the amount of damage. This is true against personnel and other targets where a certain fragment pattern is desired as well as against targets such as heavy concrete and armor where delay is vital to permit penetration before detonation for maximum damage. To obtain best results, ammunition, properly fuzed, must be carefully selected to fit the target. The great importance of accumulating and placing in the hands of troops data showing the effect of various kinds of ammunition on specific targets was recognized early in the emergency. This work has been intensively carried forward and much information of the character indicated has been provided by the Ordnance Department. Some recent publications giving data on terminal ballistics are the following:
a. "WEAPONS FOR JUNGLE WARFARE", dated 1November 1943. This brochure describes certain weapons for jungle warfare and methods for attacking bunkers and destroying Japanese infantry in the jungle.
ary 1944. This document gives information concerning the use of artillery weapons and the proper ammunition for attacking heavy reinforced concrete structures. It calls attention to the fact that H.E. ammunition with standard fuzes should not be used for this purpose as no satisfactory effects against sturdy concrete fortifications are attainable.
c. "STANDARD ARTILLERY AND AMMUNITION AGAINST REINFORCED CONCRETE PILLBOXES"-Second Progress Report dated 15
February 1944. This document reports results of additional artillery firings from 75-mm to 240-mm inclusive against heavy reinforced concrete structures, and the effects of G.P. and S.A.P. bombs of various weights against similar structures. In the course of these tests, a very important discovery was made. It was found that a special steel fuze into which were introduced standard fuze components in combination with standard H.E. ammunition gave a superior type of concrete-penetrating shell. With these special steel fuzes which can be used with standard H.E. ammunition from 75-mm to 240-mm inclusive without any modifications to the loaded shell, and which is interchangeable with any standard contour fuze, all calibers of H.E. shell become effective concrete-piercing ammunition.
d. "VULNERABILITY TESTS OF GERMAN TANKS PZ KW III, IV,
AND VI" dated 15 March 1944. This brochure gives data showing the ranges at which penetrations of the various plates found on German tanks can be achieved. The purpose of this book is to report additional data which have been accumulated on terminal ballistics, and to present all data available to date on terminal ballistics in such form as to be of greatest usefulness to all concerned. These data should be of great assistance in the selection and use of weapons and ammunition against specific targets. It has been issued in two volumes-one on artillery ammunition, and the other on bombs. This volume covers artillery fire. Comments, suggested changes, and data relating to field experience in the use of this book will be welcomed. Additions and revisions will be made in the future as may be deemed necessary.
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b. "STANDARD ARTILLERY AND AMMUNITION AGAINST REINFORCED CONCRETE PILLBOXES"-First Progress Report dated 5 Janu-
VOLUME II-TERMINAL BALLISTIC DATA F
ARTILLERY FIRE PART 1-ARMOR PENETRATION ................... 1. General Text.
~F~ LTZI, ii
4. Buliet, C.
A.P., M2-Face Hardened Plate ....... .50, A.P., M2-Homogeneous Plate.......
5. Bullet, Cal. .50, A.P., M2-Face Hardened Plate.......
6. Shot, A.P., 20-mm, M75-Homogeneous Plate........ 7. Shot, A.P., 20-mm, M75-Face-Hardened Plate....... 8. Shot, A.P., 20-mm, M95 (T9E5)-Homogeneous Plate....
2. Armor Penetration and Striking Velocity Curves...........
3. Illustrative Example on Use of Armor Penetration and Striking Velocity Curves.......... ........... ....... 4. Vulnerability of German Tanks.........................
9. Shot, A.P., 20-mm, M95 (T9E5)-Face-Hardened Plate.... 10. Shot, A.P.C., 37-mm, M5IBI-Homogeneous Plate....... 11. Shot, A.P.C., 37-mm, M5IB1-Face-Hardened Plate...... 12. Shot, A.P.C., 37-mm, M59A1-Homogeneous Plate......
PART 2-ARTILLERY ATTACK ON CONCRETE.....
1. Penetration and Perforation............................. 2. Edge Effect....................................... 3. Charts and Tables-Discussion ......................... 4. Charts of Total Number of Rounds Necessary to Obtain 90% Probability oF at Least One PerForation in Grade A (5,000 p.s.i.) Concrete Targets of Height H, Width W, and Thick-
13. Shot, A.P.C., 37-mm, M59A1-Face-Hardened Plate.....
14. Shot, A.P., 37-mm, M80-Homogeneous Plate........ 15. Shot, A.P., 37-mm, M80-Face-Hardened Plate....... 16. Shot, A.P., 40-mm, M81Al -Homogeneous Plate........ 17. Shot, A.P., 40-mm, M81 Al-Face-Hardened Plate ..... 18. Shot, A.P., 57-mm, M70-Homogeneous Plate........ .19. Shot, A.P., 57-mm, M70-Face-Hardened Plate....... 20. Projectile, A.P.C., 57-mm, M86-Homogeneous Plate.... 21. Projectile, A.P.C., 57-mm, M86-Face-Hardened Plate....
ness T .......................................
5. Tables on PerForation oF Various Size Concrete Pillboxes.... 6. Tables on Breaching oF Concrete Walls ................. 92, 126 126 126
PART 3-SHELL FRAGMENT DAMAGE 1. Tables on Fragment Damage .......................... 2. Damage Patterns .................
3. Types oF Damage..... .. ...... 4. The Choice oF Shells ............................... 5. The Source of Data ..................................
22. Projectile, A.P.C., 75-mm, M61 or M61AI-Homogeneous Plate........ .......... ................ ....... 23. Projectile, A.P.C., 75-mm, M61 or M61AI-Face-Hard-
ened Plate..........................................
24. Projectile, A.P.C., 3-in., M62 or M62A1 -Homogeneous Plate................... ......................... 25. Projectile, A.P.C., 3-in., M62 ened Plate .......................................... or M62A1-Face-Hard-
CHARTS ON STRIKING VELOCITY AND ARMOR PENETRATION 1. Illustrative Example on Use of Striking Velocity and Armor
Penetration Curves ............................
26. Projectile, A.P.C., 90-mm, M82-Homogeneous Plate..... 27. Projectile, A.P.C., 90-mm, M82-Face-Hardened Plate....
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Germannk P...
IMK VULNERABILITY
of 1,000 .
2. Bullet, Cal. .30, A.P., M2-Homogeneous Plate....
-p29. A o Vulnerable at a Range 0 Yards at O Angle oF Attack.....................
4LLUSTRATIONS
r P~a age
30. Areas of Pz Kpfw III Vulnerable at a Range Yards at 25°' Angle of Attack.. ......... 31. Areas of Pz Kpfw Iii Vulnerable at a Yards at 00 Angle of Attack....................... 32. Areas of Pz Kpfw Ill Vulnerable at a Range of 2,000
C., 3-in., M62 and M62A1
49. Shell, H.E., 90-mm, M71..........................
50. Projectile, A.P.C.,
M82...................
Range of 2,000
Yards at 250 Angle of Attack.
33. German:Tank Pz Kpfw IV...
51. Shell, H.E., 105-mm, Ml (M2A1 Howitzer)............ 63 52. Shell, H.E., 4.5-in., M65 (Normal Charge) . ..... .64
53. Shell, H.E., 4.5-in., M65 (Supercharge)................ 65
34. Areas of Pz Kpfw IV Vulnerable at a Range of 1,000 Yards at 0° Angle of Attack.......................
54. Shell, H.E., 155-mm, M102 (M1918 Howitzer)..........66
55. Shell, H.E., 155-mm, M107 (Ml Howitzer).............67
35. Areas of Pz Kpfw IV Vulnerable at a Range of 1,000
Yards at 250 Angle of Attack.....................41 36. Areas of Pz Kpfw- IV Vulnerable at a Range of 2,000 Yards at 00 Angle of Attack.......................... 37. Areas of Pz Kpfw IV Vulnerable at a Range of 2,000 Yards at 250 Angle of Attack........:..............43 42
56. Shell, H.E., 155-mm, M101 (M1917 Gun) Normal Charge.
57. Shell, H.E., 155-mm, M101 (M1917 Gun) Supercharge.. 58. Projectile, 155-mm, Gun) ........................................ A.P., M112 and M112BI (M1917
38. German Tank Pz Kpfw Vl ..............................
39. Areas of Pz Kpfw VI Vulnerable at a Range of 1,000 ....... Yards at 00 Angle of Attack............... 40. Areas of Pz Kpfw VI Vulnerable at a Range of 1,000 Yards at 250 Angle of Attack...................... 41. Areas of Pz Kpfw VI Vulnerable at a Range of 2,000 Yards at 00 Angle of Attack.......................49 42. Areas of Pz Kpfw VI Vulnerable at a Range of 2,000 Yards at 250 Angle of Attack...... ................
59. Shell, H.E., 155-mm, M101 (Ml Gun)................ 60; Projectile, A.P., 155-mm, M112 and MII2BI (Ml Gun).. 61. Shell, H.E., 8-in., M106 (Wall).................. .'. 62. Shell, H.E., 8-in., M06 (Roof) .................... 63. Shell, H.E., 8-in., M103 (Ml Gun) (Normal Charge M9)... 64. Shell, H.E., 8-in., M103 (Ml Gun) (Base Section M10
Charge)......:. ..............................
65. Shell, H.E., 8-in., M103 (Ml Gun) (Full Charge M10)..... 66. Shell, H.E., 240-mm, M114.'...........................
CHARTS ON THE DAMAGE EFFECTS OF SHELL CHARTS ON TOTAL NUMBER OF ROUNDS NECESSARY
67. 75-mm Shell, H.E., M48-Casualties.... . ........... ......... ....
. 140 . 140 . 141 141 142 142 143 144
FOR 90% PROBABILITY OF AT LEAST ONE PERFORATION
IN GRADE A (5,000 P.S.I.) CONCRETE OF HEIGHT H, WIDTH W, AND THICKNESS T.
43. Shell, H.E., 75-mm, M48-Supercharge .................. 55
68. 75-mm Shell, H.E., M48-Casualties ..
69. 75-mm Shell, H.E., M48-Casualties .....
70. 75-mm Shell, H.E., M48-Casualties..........
71. 75-mm Shell, H.E., M48-Perforation of / 8 -in. Mild Steel.. 72. 75-mm Shell, H.E., M48-Perforation of 1 /g-in. Mild Steel.. 73. 75-mm Shell, H.E., M48-Perforation of 1 /8-in. Mild Steel.. 74. 3-in. Shell, H.E., M42A1 -Casualties...............
44. Shell, H.E., 75-mm, M48-Normal Charge.............56
45. Projectile, A.P.C., 75-mm, M61 and M61 A1............57
46. Shell, H.E., 3-in., M42B1 (3-in. Guns).................58 47., Shell, H.E., 3-in., M42B1, (76-mm Guns)...............59
75. 3-in. Shell, H.E., M42A1-Casualties....
76. 3-in. Shell, H.E., M42A1 -Casualties
flCTDATIVOIJC
77. 3-in. Shell, H.E., M42A1-Casualties ................
79. 3-in. Shell, H.E., M42A1 -Perforation of 'A8-in. Mild Steel
109. 4.5-in. Shell, H.E., M65-Perforation of 'A8-in. Mild Steel.. 110. 4.5-in. Shell, H.E., M65-Perforation of 'A8-in. Mild Steel..
78. 3-in. Shell, H.E., M42A1 -Perforation of 1/8-in. Mild Steel.. 146
111. 4.5-in. Shell, H.E., M65-Perforation of 1A-in. Mild Steel.. 165 112. 4.5-in. Shell, H.E., M65-Perforation of 'A8-in. Mild Steel.. 165
80. 3-in. Shell, H.E., M42A1-Perforation of 'A8-in. Mild Steel
81. 81-mm Shell, H.E., M56-Casualties .................... 82. 81-mm Shell, H.E., M56-Casualties .................... 83. 81-mm Shell, H.E., M56-Perforation of 'A8-in. Mild Steel..
113. 120-mm Shell, H.E., M73-Casualties...................
114. 120-mm Shell, H.E., M73-Csualties ....................
84. 81-mm Shell, H.E., M56-Perforation of 'A8-in. Mild Steel.. 149 150 85. 90-mm Shell, H.E., M71-Casualties. .................. 86. 90-mm Shell, H.E., M71-Casualties................ 87. 90-mm Shell, H.E., M71-Casualties ..............
88. 90-mm Shell, H.E., M71-Casualties .................. 89. 90-mm Shell, H.E., M71-Perforation of 1/8-in. Mild Steel.. 90. 90-mm Shell, H.E., M71-Perforation of 'A8-in. Mild Steel.. 91. 90-mm Shell, H.E., M71-Perforation of 'A-in. Mild Steel.. 92. 90-mm Shell, H.E., M71-Perforation of 'A$-in. Mild Steel.. 93. 105-mm Shell, H.E., MI-Casualties .................. 94. 105-mm Shell, H.E., MI-Casualties ..................
115. 120-mm Shell, H.E., M73-Perforation of 1/8-in. Mild Steel. 167
116. 120-mm Shell, H.E., M73-Perforation of 'A8-in. Mild Steel. 167 117. 155-mm Shell, H.E., Ml07-Casualties...............168 118. 155-mm Shell, H.E., M107-Casualties .................. 119. 155-mm Shell, H.E., Ml07-Casualties................. 120. 155-mm Shell, HE., Ml 07-Casualties ................ 168 169 .169 170 171
151 152 152 153 153 154 154
121. 155-mm Shell, H.E., Ml07-Casualties...............
122. 155-mm Shell, H.E., Ml07-Casualties ..................
123. 155-mm Shell, H.E., M107-Perforation of 'A8-in. Mild Steel 172 124. 155-mm Shell, H.E., Ml 07-Perforation of 'A8-in. Mild Steel 172 125. 155-mm Shell, HE., M 07-Perforation of 'A8-in. Mild Steel 173
95. 105-mm Shell, H.E., MI-Casualties 96. 105-mm Shell, H.E.,
.................... MI-Casualties ....................
126. 155-mm Shell, H.E., Ml 07-Perforation of 1/8-in. Mild Steel 173
97. 105-mm Shell, H.E., MI-Perforation of 1/8-in. Mild Steel..
98. 105-mm Shell, H.E., MI-Perforation of 'A8-in. Mild Steel.. 157 99. 105-mm Shell, H.E., MI-Perforation of 'A8-in. Mild Steel.. 100. 105-mm Shell, H.E., MI-Perforation of 1/8-in. Mild Steel.. 158 158
TABLES ON GERMAN TANK VULNERABILITY
1. Vulnerability of German Tank Pz Kpfw III to U. S. Guns for 00 Angle of Attack ............ ............. 2. Vulnerability of German Tank Pz Kpfw III to 'U. S. Guns
101. 105-mm Shell, H.E., M38A1-Casualties
102. 105-mm Shell, H.E., M38A1-Casualties
of 1/8-in. Mild
103. 105-mm Shell, H.E., M38A1-Perforation Steel..................... 104. 105-mm Shell, H.E., M38A1-Perforation
Steel...............................................
105. 4.5-in. Shell, H.E., M65-Casualties ....................
Angle of Attack...............................
to U. S. Guns
3. Vulnerability of German Tank Pz Kpfw IV
106. 4.5-in. Shell, H.E., M65-Casualties ...................
107. 4.5-in. Shell, H.E., M65-Casualties............ 108. 4.5-in. Shell, H.E., M65-Casualties ....................
71 xC
Sfi%0 0 Angle of Attack ...............
l t4,,li' 20 ne
Tank Pz Kpfw IV to U. S. Guns
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rF 77'
L'TABLES
5. Vulnerability oF German Tank Pz KpFw VI to U. S. Guns For 00 Angle of Attack........................... 6. Vulnerability oF German Tank Pz KpFw VI to U. S. Guns
For 90% Probability oF Enough Hits to Make a Breach Large Enough for a Medium Tank (4 yd. Wide).......96, 97 15. Wall 6 Ft. Thick and 10 Ft. High. Approximate Weight of
Complete Rounds (Lb.) of Various Ammunition at Various . Ranges For 90% Probability oF Enough Hits to Make a
Angle oF Attack............................... OF CONCRETE PILL-
TABLES ON SHELL PENETRATION
Breach Large Enough For a Medium Tank (4 yd. Wide)... 98, 99 16. Wall 10 Ft. Thick and 10 Ft. High. Approximate Necessary Number of Hits with Various Ammunition at Various
BOXES AND BREACHING OF CONCRETE WALLS
7. Concrete Pillbox Wall 3 Ft. Thick, 4.5 Ft. High, 7.5 Ft. WideApproximate Total Number of Rounds Which Must be Fired From Various Weapons at Various Ranges to Have
Ranges to Make a Breach Large Enough For a Medium
Tank (4 yd. Wide) .............................. 100, 101
90% Probability oF at Least One PerForation
........... 80, 81
17. Wall 10 Ft. Thick and 10 Ft. High. Approximate Total
Number of Rounds oF Various Ammunition at Various Ranges For 90%' Probability oF Enough Hits to Make a Breach Large Enough For a Medium Tank (4 yd. Wide). 102, 103
8. Concrete Pillbox Wall 3 Ft. Thick, 4.5 Ft. High, 7.5 Ft. Wide.
Approximate Total Weight of Complete Rounds (Lb.) Which Must be Fired From Various Weapons at Various Ranges to Have 90% Probability of at Least One PerForation.......82, 83
18. Wall 10 Ft. Thick and 10 Ft. High. Approximate Weight
of Complete Rounds (Lb.) oF Various Ammunition at Various Ranges For 90% Probability oF Enough Hits to Make a Breach Large Enough For a Medium Tank (4 yd. Wide).............. ..................... ........... 104, 105 106 19. Projectile, A.P.C., 57-mm, M86........
9. Concrete Pillbox-5 Ft. Thick. Approximate Total Number of
Rounds Which Must be Fired From Various Weapons at Various Ranges to Have 90% Probability oF at Least One
PerForation ......................
10. Concrete Pillbox 5 Ft. Thick. Approximate Total Weight of Complete Rounds (Lb.) Which Must be Fired From Various Weapons at Various Ranges to Have 90% Probability oF
20. Shell, H.E., 75-mm, M48.............................
21. Projectile, A.P.C., 75-mm, M61 and M61 Al............. 23. Shell, H.E., 3-in., M42B1 (76-mm Guns)..............110 24. Projectile, A.P.C., 3-in., M62 and M62A1
at Least One PerForation ............................
22. Shell, H.E., 3-in., M42B1 (3-in. Guns).................. 109
11. Concrete Pillbox 7 Ft. Thick. Approximate Total Number of Rounds Which Must be Fired From Various Weapons at Various Ranges to Have 90% Probability oF at Least One PerForation..................... ............ 88, 89 12. Concrete Pillbox 7 Ft. Thick. Approximate Total Weight of Complete Rounds (Lb.) Which Must be Fired From Various Weapons at Various Ranges to Have 90% Probability oF
25. Shell, H.E., 90-mm, M71.........................
26. Projectile, A.P.C., 90-mm, M82 ........................
27. Shell, H.E., 105-mm, Ml (M2A1 Howitzer)...........114 28. Shell, H.E.,,105-mm, Ml (M3 Howitzer)................. 29. Shell, H.E., 4.5-in., M65 ........... ............ 115 116
at Least One PerForation...
13. Wall 6 ft. Thick and 10 Ft. High. Approximate Necessary
Number of Hits with Various Ammunition at Various Ranges to Make a Breach Large Enough For a Medium
30. Shell, H.E., 155-mm, Ml 02 (Ml 918 Howitzer).........117
31. Shell, H.E., 155-mm, M107 (Ml Howitzer)............ 32. Shell, H.E., 155-mm, MIOI (M1917 Gun).............119
................ 94, 95 14. Wall 6 Ft. Thick and 10 Ft. High. Approximate Total Number of Rounds of Various Ammunition at Various Ranges
Tank (4 yd. Wide)...........
33. Projectile, A.P., 155-mm, Ml 12 and M I 2B1 (Ml 917 Gun) 120 34. Shell, H.E., 155-mm, M1OI (Ml Gun).....
iaw OI~ L
Page 35. Projectile, A.P., 155-mm, Ml 12 and MI 36. Shell, H.E., 8-in., M106 ................... 37. Shell, H.E., 8-in., M103 (Ml Gun).
Page 105-mm H.E. Shell, MI-Casualties.................133
(Ml 21B1
105-mm H,E. Shell, M1-Perforation of 1/8-in. Mild Steel
105-mm Steel.... H.E. Shell, M38A1-Perforation .......... of 1/8-in. Mild
105-mm H.E. Shell, M38A1--Casualties............. . 134
38. Shell, H.E., 240-mm, M114...............
TABLES ON SHELL FRAGMENT DAMAGE
39. Hand Grenade Mk. Il-Casualties .................
1 40. Hand Grenade Mk. Il-Perforation of /s-in. Mild Steel...
55. 4.5-in. H.E. Shell, M65--Casualties...............135 56. 4.5-in. 127 127 128 128 129 129 130' 130 131 131 132 57.
H.E. Shell, M65-Perforation of 1/8-in. Mild Steel. 135 120-mm H.E. Shell, M73-Casualties...............136
1 58. 120-mm H.E. Shell, M73-Perforation of /8-in. Mild Steel.
41. 20-mm H.E. Shell, T16-Casualties ................... 42. 20-mm
H.E.I. Shell, M97 (T23)-Casualties............
137 59. 155-mm H.E. Shell, M107-Casualties ................ 1 60. 155-mm H.E. Shell, Ml 07-Perforation of /8-in. Mild Steel 137
61. 8-in. H.E. Shell, MI03-Casualties ....................
1 62. 8-in. HE. Shell, Ml03-Perforation of /8-in. Mild Steel...
43. 75-mm H.E. Shell, M48-Casualties................. 44. 75-mm H.E. Shell, M48-Perforation of /8-in. Mild Steel..
45. 3-in. H.E. Shell, M42A1 -Casualties.
63. 8-in. H.E. Shell, M103-Perforation of 1/4-in. Mild Steel... 138 64. 8-in. H.E. Shell, Ml03-Perforation of
1 46. 3-in. H.E. Shell, M42A1-Perforation of /8-in. Mild Steel.
Mild Steel... 138
47. 81-mm H.E. Shell, M56--Casualties................
1 48. 81-mm H.E. Shell, M56-Perforation of /8-in. Mild Steel..
139 65. 240-mm H.E. Shell, Ml14-Casualties ................. 1 66. 240-mm H.E. Shell, Ml14-Perforation of /8-in. Mild Steel 139
49. 90-mm H.E. Shell, M71-Casualties............... 50. 90-mm H.E. Shell, M71--Perforation of /8-in. Mild Steel..
67. 240-mm H.E. Shell, Ml14-Perforation of 1/4-in. Mild Steel 139
68. 240-mm
H.E. Shell, MI 14-Perforation of 1/2-in. Mild Steel 139
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Volume II, Part 1 ARMOR PENETRATION
1. It is the purpose of this section to provide information pertaining to the performance of armor-piercing projectiles against homogeneous and face-hardened armor plate. The various theories and analyses of the mechanics of armor penetration will not be dealt with in this discussion, although such knowledge is necessary for better evaluation of results obtained from test firings of projectiles against armor plate. It also allows these findings to be interpreted more easily and accurately. It is from the test firings that data are obtained and compiled as a basis for determining penetrations.
ARMOR PENETRATION AND STRIKING VELOCITY CURVES
2. Penetration data have been compiled for all standard projectiles when fired against armor plate at various angles of impact. Striking velocity and penetration curves have been prepared for each projectile against homogeneous and face-hardened plate. From the charts, the thickness of armor plate which can be penetrated, together with corresponding range and striking velocity, can be determined for each projectile. It will be noted that certain portions of the penetration curves are shown by broken lines. These represent an estimated performance for which actual firing data have not been obtained. The penetration curves represent average values for an intact projectile completely penetrating the plate.
8i$
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES ON USE OF CURVES
3. The following examples and chart are given to \illustrate the use of the striking velocity and armor penetration curves. The range scale in yards and the penetration scale in inches are shown along the bottom of the chart and the striking velocity in feet per second is shown along the left-hand border. The striking velocity curve is designated by showing the muzzle velocity upon which it is based. The penetration curves are designated as to the obliquity upon which they are based.
Given-1,430 yd. range.
Required-The maximum thickness of armor plate which can be
penetrated at 200 obliquity and the corresponding striking velocity required.
Solution-(1) Enter the range scale at 1,430 yd. "D"
upward on a vertical line to point "C" intersected. (2) Proceed right from "C"
where the striking velocity curve is along a horizontal line to "B"
Given-3-in. plate thickness. Required-The striking velocity and maximum range at which penetration at 200 obliquity can be achieved. Solution-(1) Enter the penetration represents 3-in, plate thickness. (2) scale at point "A" which
where the penetration curve for 200 obliquity is intersected. (3) Then prowhere a thickness of 3 in, is ceed downward along a vertical line to "A" read. (4) From point "C" proceed left along horizontal line to "E" where a striking velocity of 2,160 f/s is read.
Proceed upward along the vertical line until the intersection with the 200 obliquity penetration curve is reached
Given-2,160 f/s striking velocity.
"B." (3)
proceed left along a line until the intersection with
is reached. (4) From "C" continue left where the striking velocity of 2,160 f/s can along the vertical line to "D"
Required-The range and thickness of 200 obliquity armor plate
which can be penetrated. Solution-(1) Enter the striking velocity scale at point "E" which
the striking velocity curve at "C" along the horizontal line to "E"
be read; then proceed downward from "C"
represents 2,160 f/s. (2) Proceed right to point "C"
along the vertical line to "D"
and then downward
where the range of 1,430 yd. is found. Thus a striking velocity of 2,160 f/s is needed to penetrate 3-in, of plate and the maximum range at which the projectile will penetrate the plate is 1,430 yd.
where the range of 1,430 yd. can be read.
(3) From point "C"
vertical line to "A"
proceed right to "B"
and then downward along the
where the thickness of 3 in. can be read.
2,700-f
E 2,1 00
2.800-0
B00 5,200
2900 270 0
2300 2100 I 900 1700 1500 1300 1100 900 700
4-00 FIGURE 3
-----------2600
:T T V
1800 -tt
------# ---T ---
1000 0 200 400 600
200G0
'Quu
TIM AM $14 ATEE-
1,000 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800
2,8.00f~
O O ~Ef~"s~i~i-;~
;tii;~
3600 3400 3200 300,0
205000080
4#~
---- - - -_
-- -tt-
+444+4--t~
800 out0
Ct,00
600 0 400 800
900 0 400 800
900 0 400
u:.u
5,200~ 5,600
{ c,= l
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4. A number of German tanks, made available from captured enemy S. projectiles against the various
fire upon an enemy tank when it is in a position where they can obtain this
impact. As the angle of obliquity increases, the range at which penetration by any individual projectile can be obtained becomes less. For this reason, the tables show the corresponding ranges for each weapon and projectile
materiel, have been tested by firing U.
armor-plate arrangements found on them. During the firing it was shown that when German tanks were hit with A.P.C. projectiles, the plates in many cases were completely defeated and whole sections dropped out of the tank. This was caused by failure of welds and cracking and spalling of
at which the various component parts of the tanks Pz Kpf'w III,
and Pz Kpfw VI, become vulnerable.
the plate. Thus, many plates failed under the impact shock of the hit, as
well as from actual penetration. From the data obtained in these tests, charts and tables have been prepared showing at what ranges the different parts of the German tanks
(b) Both 00 and 250 angles of attack are compiled to enable the user of the data to interpolate for other angles of attack.
(c) The tabulations cover only those areas which are more apt to be hit. Hits on other vulnerable sections of a tank by armor-piercing projectiles and, in some cases, by high-explosive shells, will reduce the effectiveness of enemy fire, retard the movement of the tank, or set it ablaze. The additional areas upon which fire may be brought to bear include the track, bogies, vision slits, air louvers, the junction of the turret and hull, guns, telescopes or periscopes, and sponson floor plates.
tested are vulnerable to J. S. weapons.
The following considerations should be kept in these data: (a) Since maximum penetration is achieved by a projectile mind when using
when it strikes the target at 00 obliquity, gunners should attempt to open
TURRET-REAR 1-1/4" THICK AIR LOUVERS
UPPER HULL-REAR 2" THICK LOWER HULL-REAR 2" THICK REAR FRONT
GERMAN TANK PzKpfw li
SHOWING PLATE DESIGNATION, PLATE THICKNESS AND 25° ANGLE OF ATTACK
AREAS OF Pz Kptw III VULNERABLE AT A RANGE OF 1,000 YD. AND 00 ANGLE OF ATTACK
PROJECTILE ON MEDIUM
l,AND AND HEAVY TANKS, M6 AND M6AI.
M.V.(f/s)
VULNERABLE AT 1,000 YARDS
90-MM A.P.C., M82, IN A.A. GUNS M, Ml Ti TANKS, T25E1 AND T26E1, G.M.C.,'71 A
3-INCH A.P.C., M62 AND M62A1, 3-INCH A.A. GUN, M3; GUN (FIELD), Ms. 75-MM A.P.C., M61 AND M61
2,600 30 M.P.H. I , 2,030 2,700
GUN, M4 AND MS (AIRCRAFT). ,
75-MM A.P.C. M61 AND M6IA1 M5 ON LIGHT TANKS, T24 AND 1'24E1. 57-MM A.P.C., M86 IN ANTITANK GUN, M1.
ARMORED CAR, M8; AND IN ANTI1'ANK GUN, M3Al. IN 76-MM GUNS, MIAI AND MIA2, ON MEDIUM AND MEDIUM TANKS, T23 AND T23E3. IANI, M4
GUN, M6
LKl~j
II ii~ iilili
AREAS OF Pz Kpfw III VULNERABLE AT A' RANGE OF 1,000 YB.
90-MM A.P.C., M82, IN A.A. GUNS, Ml, Ml Al, AND M2; TANK GUN, M3, ON MEDIUM TANKS,T25E1 AND T26E1; G.M.C., TiI AND T71 El; AND HEAVY TANKS, M6 AND M6AI.
250 ANGLE OF ATTACK
2,670 2,600 2,030 AND 350 M.P.H. 2,030 2,700
2,900__
3-INCH A.P.C., M62 AND M62A1; 3-INCH A.A. GUN, M3; GUN (FIELD), M5. 75-MM A.P.C., M61 AND M61 Al, IN GUN, M4 AND M5 (AIRCRAFT). 75-MM A:P.C. M61 AND M61 Al, IN GUN, M3, ON MEDIUM TANK, M4 SERIES; GUN, M5 ON LIGHT' TANKS, T24 AND T24E1. 57-MM A.P.C., M86 IN ANTITANK GUN, Ml.
~ARMORED
37-MM A.P.C., M5IBI, IN GUN, M6, ON LIGHT TANKS, M3A3, M5Al, T9EI; LIGHT CAR, M8; AND IN ANTITANK GUN, M3AI. IN 76-MM GUNS, MlAI AND MlA2, ON MEDIUM TANK, M4 SERIES; G.M.C., M18, AND MEDIUM TANKS, T23 AND T23E3.
AREAS OF Pz Kpfw III VULNERABLE AT A RANGE OF 2,000 YD. AND 00 ANGLE OF ATTACK
PROJECTILE M.V.(f/s) VULNERABLE AT 2,000 YARDS
90-MM A.P.C., M82, IN A.A. GUNS, Ml, Ml Al, AND M2; TANK GUN, M3, ON MEDIUM TANKS,T25E1 AND T26E1; G.M.C.,T71 ANDT7I ElAND HEAVY TANKS, M6 AND M6AI. 3-INCH A.P.C., M62 AND M62A1; 3-INCH A.A. GUN, M3; GUN (FIELD), M5.
2,670 2,600 2,030 AND 350 M.P.H. 2,030 2,700 2,900 2,600
75-MM A.P.C., M61 AND M61 Al, IN GUN, M4 AND MS (AIRCRAFT).
75-MM A.P C M61 AND M61A1 IN GUN, M3, ON MEDIUM TANK, M4 SERIES, GUN, M5 ON LIGHI TANKS, T24 AND 1'24E1. 57-MM A.P.C., M86 IN ANTITANK GUN, M. 37-MM A.P.C., M51B1, IN GUN, M6 ON LIGHT TANKS, M3A3, M5AI, T9El, LIGHT ARMORED CAR, M8, AND IN ANTITANK GUN, M3A1. IN
TAUNS, M T2 AND M1 TRI3E3..M.C., A, ON ME
T3E3.
I M TAN,
MEDIUM TANKS, T23 AND
AREAS OF Pz Kpfw III VULNERABLE AT A RANGE OF 2,000 YD. AND 250 ANGLE OF ATTACK
PROJECTILE M.V.(f/s)
VULNERABLE AT 2,000 YARDS
90-MM A.P.C., M82, IN A.A. GUNS, M1, Ml Al,AND M2; TANK GUN, M3, ON MEDIUM TANKS, T25El AND T26E1, G.M.C., Ti71AND T71 ElAND HEAVY TANKS, M6 AND M6AI.
A.P.C., M62 AND M62A1;
A.A. GUN, M3, GUN (FIELD), M5,
75-MM A.P.C., M6l AND M61A1, IN GUN, M4 AND M5 (AIRCRAFT).
75-MM A.P.C., M61 AND M61AI, IN GUN, M3, ON MEDIUM TANK, M4 SERIES, GUN M5 ON LIGHT TANKS, T24 AND T24E1. 57-MM
A.P.C., M86 IN ANTITANK GUN, M.
37-MM A.P.C,; M5IBl, IN GUN, M6, ON LIGHT TANKS, M3A3, M5AI, T9E1; LIGHT ARMORED CAR, M8; AND IN ANTITANK GUN, M3AI. IN 76-MM GUNS, MIAl AND MIA2, ON MEDIUM TANK, M4 SERIES, G.M.C., M18, AND MEDIUM TANKS, T23 AND T23E3.
~i~t~i~
VULNERABILITY OF GERMAN TANK PzKpfw III TO U.S. GUNS FOR 00 ANGLE OF ATTACK
Gun Caliber 90-mm 3-in. 76-mm 75-mm 57-mm 37-mm
Ammunition Gun Model
A.P.C., M82 A.P.C., M62 A.P.C., M62 A.P.C., M61 Ml
A.P.C., M61 M3
A.P.C., M86 A.P.C., M51 Ml M3AI
M4(Airc.)
M5(Airc.)
MAXIMUM VULNERABLE RANGE IN FRONTAL ATTACK
Turret Sides Turret Front Upper Hull Front Lower Hull Front 5,000+ 5,000+ 4,300 3,600 5,000+ 4,020 3,230 2,600 5,000+ 4,020 3,230 2,600
5,000+ 4,100, 3,320 2,630
3,860 2,250 1,400, 720
4,720 3,600 1,540 1,220
2,590 1,200
FLANK ATTACK Upper and Lower Hull Sides Turret Rear
Turret Sides Turret Front
5,000+ 4,020
5,000+ 4,100
5,000+ 5,000
3,860 2,250
5,000+5,000+
4,720 3,600
Turret Rear Turret Sides Lower Hull Rear
5,000_+
5,000+ 5,000+ 4,220
5,000+ 5,000+ 4,360
5,000 3,860 2,500
5,000+ 4,720 3,150
2,970 2,590 1,580
'Muzzle velocity of gun +350 m.p.h. air speed. 2Proiectile will not pass through (not vulnerable).
VULNERABILITY OF GERMAN TANK Pz Kpfw III TO U.S. GUNS FOR 250 ANGLE OF AlTACK
A.P.C., M82 A.P.C., M62 A.P.C., M62 A.P.C., M61 MI
A.P.C., M61 A.P.C., M86 A.P.C., M51 M3 Ml M3AI
MAXIMUM FRONTAL ATTACK Turret Sides
Turret Front Upper Hull Front Lower Hull Front
VULNERABLE RANGE IN
4,660 3,250
5,000± 2,930
1,740 1,180
5,000+ 2,800. 1,520
4,700 1,120
1,86O
FLANK A1TACK
Upper and Lower Hull Sides Turret Rear Turret Sides Turret Front 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 4,660 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 2,930 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 2,930 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 2,800 4,960 4,500 4,700 1,120 4,500 4,340 3,820 1,860 1,730 1,500 950
Turret Rear Turret Sides Lower Hull Rear Turret Front Upper Hull Rear 5,000+ 5,000+ 4,840 4,660 4,580 5,000+ 5,000+ 3,080 2,930 2,860 5,000+ 5,000+ 3,080 2,930 2,860 5,000+ 5,000+ 2,960 2,800 2,720 4,500 4,700 1',280 1,120 1,040 4,340 3,820 2,040 1,860 1,720 1,500 950 2 2
'Muzzle velocity of gum+350 m.p.h. air speed. 'Proictile will not pass through (not vulnerable).
FLANK , ATTACK
REAR ATTACK 25
UPPER 2"' +I-
HULL-FRONT /4" THICK
LOWER HULL FRT.
2" +RON"THK,
PLATE DESIGNATION, PLATE
TANK PzKpfwlV
AND 25° ANGLE OF ATTACK
AREAS OF Pz Kpfw IV VULNERABLE AT A RANGE OF 1,000 YD. AND 00 ANGLE OF ATTACK
M..(F/s)
AT 1,000 YARDS
90-MM A.P.C., M82, IN A.A. GUNS, Ml, Ml Al,AND M2, TANK GUN, M3, ON MEDIUM ND26E1 G.M.C.,T71 AND Tl El;AND HEAVY TANKS, M6 AND M6A, I P.C.. M62 AND M62A1, 3-INCH A.A. GUN, M3; GUN (FIELD), M5. M61 AND M61 Al, IN GUN, M4 AND M5 (AIRCRAFT).
2,600 2,030 AND 350 M.P.H. 2,030 ,700
wwwwwwww'd
75-MM A.P.C., M61 AND M61 Al, IN GUN, M3, ON MEDIUM TANK, M4 SERIES, GUN, M5 ON LIGHT TANKS, T24 AND T24E1. 57-MM A.P.C., M86 IN ANTITANK GUN, Ml.
EMISSION Sol:"t;i
M1.Nfr.A4sNEE
37-MM A.P.C., M51Bl, IN GUN, M6, ON LIGHT TANKS, M3A3, M5Al, T9E1
ARMORED CAR, M8, AND IN ANTITANK GUN, M3AI.
IN 76-MM GUNS, MIAI AND MIA2, ON MEDIUM TANK, M4 SERIES, G.M.C., MlS, AND MEDIUM TANKS, T23 AND T23E3.
FIGURE. 34
AREAS OF Pz Kpfw IV VULNERABLE AT A RANGE OF 1,000 YB. AND 250-ANGLE OF ATTACK
90-MM A.P.C., M82, IN A.A. GUNS, Ml, Ml Al, AND M2; TANK GUN, M3, ON MEDIUM TANKS,T25E1 AND T6EIG.M.C.,T71 ANDT71E1; ANDHEAVY TANKS, M6ANDM6AI. 3-INCH A.P.C., M62 AND M62A1, 3-INCH A.A. GUN, M3, GUN (FIELD), M5. 75-MM A.P.C., M61 AND M61
IN GUN, M4 AND M5 (AIRCRAFT).
2,030 AND
350 M.P.H. 4,030 2,700
75-MM A.P C M61 AND M61AI, IN GUN, M3, ON MEDIUM TANK, M4 SERIES, GUN, M5 ON LIGHT TANKS, T24 AND T24E1. 57-MM A.P.C., M86 IN ANTITANK GUN, Ml. 37-MM A.P.C., M5iBl, IN GUN, M6, ON LIGHT TANKS, M3A3, M5AI, T9El, LIGHT ARMORED CAR, M8, AND IN ANTITANK GUN, M3Al. IN 76-MM GUNS, MIAI AND MIA2, ON MEDIUM TANK, M4 SERIES, G.M.C., M18, AND MEDIUM TANKS, T23 AND T23E3.
~i~i~=7
AREAS OF Pz Kpfw
IV VULNERABLE
AT A RANGE OF 2,000 YBD AND
M.V /s)
2,600 2,030 AND 350 M.P.H. 2,030 2,700 2,900 2,600
,00 ANGLE
90-MM A.P.C., M82, IN A.A. GUNS Ml, Ml Al AND M2, TANK GUN, M3, ON MEDIUM TANKS T25E1 ANDT26E1, G.M.C.,1'71 ANDT7I El, AND HEAVY TANKS, M6 AND M6AI. 3-INCH A.P.C., M62 AND M62A1, 3-INCH A.A. GUN, M3, GUN (FIELD), M5. 75-MM A.P.C., M61 AND M61Al, IN GUN, M4 AND M5 (AIRCRAFT).
75-MM A.P.C. M61 AND M61 Al IN GUN, M3, ON MEDIUM TANK, M4 SERIES, GUN, M5 ON LIGHT TANKS, T24 AND 1'4E1. 57-MM A.P.C., M86 IN ANTITANK GUN, Ml. 37-MM A.P.C., M5IB1, IN GUN, M6 ON LIGHT TANKS, M3A3t M5A1, T9E1I LIGHT ARMORED CAR, M8, AND IN ANTI1ANK GUN, M3AI. IN 76-MM GUNS, MIAI AND MIA!, ON MEDIUM TANK, M4 SERIES, G.M.C., M18, AND MEDIUM TANKS, T23 AND T23E3.
AREAS OF Pz Kptw IV VULNERABLE AT A RANGE OF 2,000 YD. AND 250 ANGLE OF ATTACK
90-MM A.P.C., M82, IN A.A. GUNS Ml, Ml Al, AND M2, TANK GUN, M3, ON MEDIUM TANKS,T25E1 AND T26E1, G.M.C.,71 AND T7I El,AND HEAVY TANKS, M6 AND M6AI.
A.P.C., M62 AND M62A1, 3-INCH A.A. GUN, M3; GUN (FIELD), M5.
75-MM A.P.C., M61 AND M61
75-MM A.P C. M61 AND M61 A1, IN GUN, M3, ON MEDIUM TANK, M4 SERIES, GUN, M5 ON LIGHT' TANKS, T24 AND T24E1.
37-MM A.P.C.,
CAR, MS, AND IN ANTI1'ANK GUN, M3AI.
M5IBI1,
IN GUN, M6 ON LIGHT TANK
IN 76-MM GUNS, MIAI AND MIA2, ON MEDIUM Ti AND MEDIUM TANKS, T23 AND T23E3.
VULNERABILITY OF GERMAN TANK Pz Kpfw IV TO U.S. GUNS FOR 00 ANGLE OF ATTACK
Muzzle Velocity (fWs)
Turret Sides Turret Front Upper Hull Front Lower Hull Front 5,000+ 5,000+ 4,300 4,080 5,000+ 4,220 3,300 3,040 5,000+ 4,220 3,300
5,000+ 4,360 3,400 3,120
3,860 2,500
4,720 3,680 1,580 1,460
2,590 1,170 2
Upper and Lower Hull Sides Turret Rear 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 4,700 5,000+ 5,000+ 3,200 2,970
Upper and Lower Hull Rear Turret Rear Turret Sides Turret Front 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 4,220 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 4,220 5,000+ 5,000+ 5,000+ 4,360 5,000+ 4,700 3,860 2,500 5,000+ 5,000+ 4,720 3,680 3,800 2,970 2,590 1,170
'Muzzle velocity of gun +350 m.p.h. air speed. 2 Proiectile will not pass through (not vulnerable).
VULNERABILITY OF GERMAN TANK Pz Kpfw IVTO U.S. GUNS FOR 250 ANGLE OF ATTACK
Gun____ Caliber__________ 90-mm_
76-mm MI AI
57-mm M3 Ml
Gun_________ Model
A.P.C., M82 A.P.C., M62 A.PC., M62 A.PC., M61
JA.P.C., M61
A.P.C., M86 A.P.C.,
M6_________
Muzzle Velocity (Is)
Turret Sides Turret Front UpperHullFront
___5,000+
MAXIMUM VULNERABLE RANGE IN YARDS
5,000 3,080 1,740 1,600
5,000 3,080 1,740 1,600 ;
5,000± 2,960 1,520 -130222
4,700 1,280
3,820 2,040
Lower Hull Front FLANK ATTACK Upper and Lower Hull Sides Turret Rear
5,000+ 5,000±
5,000± 5,000+
4,960 3,760
1,730 1,340
Turret Front _REAR ATTACK Upper and Lower Hull Rear Turret Rear Y _
5,000+ 4,200
3,940 1,340
'Muzzle velocity of gun +350 m.p.h. air speed. 21Projectile will not pass through (not vulnerable).
FRONTAL ATTACK 250
TURRET- REAR 3-1/4" THICK
3-1/4" 'THICK
HULL-REAR
HULL-SIDE
PLATE DESIGNATION,
TANK PzKpfwVI
AREAS OF Pz Kpfw VI VULNERABLE AT A RANGE OF 1,000 YD. AND 0° ANGLE OF ATTACK
PROJECTILE M.V.(f/s) VULNERABLE AT 1,000 YARDS
90-MM A.P.C., M82, IN A.A. GUNS, Ml, Ml AI,AND M2; TANK GUN, M3, ON MEDIUM NKS.T25E1 ANDT26E1,G.M.C. T71 AND T71 El ANDHEAVY TANKS, M6 AND M6AI.
2.670: 2 2,600 2,030 AND 350 M.P.H. 2,030 2,700 2,900 2,600
A.P.C., M62 AND M62A1; 3-INCH A.A. GUN, M3, GUN (FIELD), M5.
75-MM A.P.C., M61 AND M61 Al, IN GUN, M4 AND M5 (AIRCRAFT).
75-MM A.P.C., M61 AND M61 Al, IN GUN, M3, ON MEDIUM TANK, M4 SERIES, GUN, M5 ON LIGHT TANKS, T24 AND T24E1. 57-MM A.P.C., M86 IN ANTITANK GUN, M. 37-MM A.P.C., M51Bl, IN GUN, M6, ON LIGHT TANKS, M3A3, M5AI, T9EI, LIGHT ARMORED CAR, M8, AND IN ANTITANK GUN, M3AI. IN 76-MM GUNS, MIAI AND MIA2, ON MEDIUM TANK, MA SERIES, G.M.C., M18, AND MEDIUM TANKS, T23 AND T23E3.
AREAS OF Pz Kptw VI VULNERABLE AT A RANGE OF 1,000 YD. AND 250 ANGLE OF ATTACK
90-MM A.P.C., M82, IN A.A. GUNS Ml, Ml AIAND M2; TANK GUN, M3, ON MEDIUM TANKS,T25E1 ANDT26E1,G.M.C.,171 ANDT71 El, AND HEAVY TANKS, M6ANDM6AI, 3-INCH A.P.C., M62 AND M62A1; 3-INCH A.A. GUN, M3; GUN (FIELD), M5.
2,030 AND 350 M.P.H. 2,030 2,700
AP.C., M61 AND M61Al, IN GUN, M4 AND M5 (AIRCRAFT).
75-MM A.P.C., M61 AND M61Al, IN GUN, M3, ON MEDIUM TANK, M4 SERIES, GUN, M5 ON LIGHT TANKS, T24 AND T24E1. 57-MM A.P.C., M86 IN ANTITANK GUN, Ml. 37-MM A.P.C., M51 BI, IN GUN, M6, ON LIGHT TANKS, M3A3, M5A1, T9E1; LIGHT ARMORED CAR, MB; AND IN ANTITANK GUN, M3A1. IN 76-MM GUNS, Ml Al AND Ml A2, ON MEDIUM TANK, M4 SERIES, G.M.C., Ml 8, AND MEDIUM TANKS, T23 AND T23E3,
AREAS OF Pz Kptw VI VULNERABLE AT A RANGE OF 2,000 YB. AND 00 ANGLE OF ATTACK
90-MM A.P.C., M82, IN A.A. GUNS, Ml, Mt Al, AND M2, TANK GUN, M3, ON MEDIUM TANKS,T25E1 AND T26E1,G.M.C.,T71 AND T71E , NHEAVY TANKS, M6 AND M6AI.
3-INCH 75-MM 75-MM
A,P.C., M62 AND M62A1, A.P.C,, M61 AND M61
A.A. GUN, M3; GUN (FIELD),
A.P.C., M61 AND M61 Al, IN GUN, M3, ON MEDIUM TANK, M4 SERIES, GUN, M5 ON LIGHT TANKS, T24 AND T24E1,
M86 IN ANTITANK GUN, Ml.
A.P.C., M51B1, IN GUN, M6 ON LIGHT TANKS, M3A3, M5AI, T9EI, LIGHT ARMORED CAR, M8, AND IN ANTII'ANK GUN, M3Al. IN 76-MM GUNS, Mi AI AND MIA2, ON MEDIUM TANK, M4 SERIES, G... AND MEDIUM TANKS, T23 AND T23E3. M18,
AREAS OF Pz Kpfw IVVULNERABLE AT A RANGE OF 2,000 You AND 250 ANGLE OF ATTACK
TANKS, T25E1 AND T26E1, G.M.C.,T71 AND T7l El; AND HEAVY TANKS, M6 AND M6Al. 3-INCH A.P.C., M62 AND M62A1, 3-INCH A.A. GUN, M3, GUN (FIELD), M5. 75-MM A.P.C., M61 AND
M61 Al, IN
GUN, M4 AND MS (AIRCRAFT).
75-MM A.P.C., M61 AND M61 Al, IN GUN, M3, ON MEDIUM TANK, M4 SERIES; GUN, MS ON LIGHT TANKS, T24 AND T24E1. 57-MM A.P.C., M86 IN ANTITANK GUN, Ml. 37-MM A.P.C., M5lBl, IN GUN, M6 ON LIGHT TANKS, M3A3, M5AI, T9EI, LIGHT ARMORED CAR, M8, AND IN ANTII'ANK GUN, M3Al.
AND MEDIUM TANKS, T23 AND T23E3.
IO-MMEV
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MV4 SEIE
(.M.C.,
VULNERABILITY OF GERMAN TANK Pz Kpfw VI TO U.S. GUNS FOR 00 ANGLE OF ATTACK
A.P.C., M86 A.P.C., M51 Mi M3AI
Muzzle Velocity (F/i)
MAXIMUM FRONT ATTACK
Turret Sides and Rear Upper Hull Front Lower Hull Front
2,880 1,020 2
2,830 820
1,480 320 2
Lower Hull Side Upper Hull Side Turret Sides and Rear Turret Front 5,000+ 4,800 4,800
3,980 2,880 2,880
4,050 2,830 2,830
2,200 1,000 1,000
2,490' 1,480 1,480
870 110 110
REAR ATTACK Turret Sides and Rear
'Muzzle velocity of gun +350 m.p.h. air speed. 2Prolectile will not pass through (not vulnerable).
VULNERABILITY OF GERMAN TANK Pz Kpfw VI TO U.S. GUNS FOR
Gun Caliber 90-mm 3-in. 76-mm
Ammuniion Gun Model
A.P.C., M82 M1
A.P.C., M62 M3
A.P.C., M62 MIA
A.P.C., M61 M4(Airc.)
A.P.C., M86 Ml
Muzzle Velocity-F/s
2,540'
MAXIMUM FRONTAL ATTACK
Turret-Side and Rear Upper Hull Front
Lower Hull Front Turret Front
Lower Hull Side Upper Hull Side Turret-Side and Rear
Turret-Front
3,000 720 720
2,880 460 460
Turret Side and Rear Hull Rear
'Muzzle velocity of gun +
350 m.p.h. air speed.
2Projectile will not pass through (not vulnerable).
Volume II, Part 2 ARTILLERY ATTACK ON CONCRETE
1. PENETRATION AND PERFORATION
The following considerations, as used in discussion, tables, and charts, apply to attack on concrete targets. Perforationof a concrete target, wall or roof, means making a hole all the way through. Penetrationmeans making a crater which does not go all the way through. Depth of penetrationis measured perpendicular to the face of the wall. 2. (c) Heavier targets must, in general, be defeated by repeated fire, perforation finally being obtained by having several rounds hit in approximately the same small area. The number of hits necessary in the same crater for perforation increases with range, and the chance of obtaining multiple hits in the same small area decreases with range; therefore the total number of rounds which must be fired to have a high probability of perforation increases very rapidly with range to enormous values at the higher ranges. (d) Data in the charts and tables are calculated by estimating, at the given range, the number of consecutive hits in one small crater necessary to perforate and, from the range table probable errors, the number of rounds which must be fired to obtain this number of hits in this crater. The tables should be of value in determining approximately, at least, the ranges at which various weapons will be effective, and for obtaining some comparison between the different weapons. The absolute numbers must be accepted with some caution. (e) Especially when the table entry is large (100 or over) there should be a fair fraction of perforations from all subsequent hits. In short, the entries in the table should not be far below the number of rounds necessary to obtain complete destruction of the target, except in the case of the smaller calibers at close range. (f) The data for the H.E. shell with C.P., T105, Fuze is probably pessimistic, as the H.E. shell with this fuze removes greater volumes of concrete than the A.P. projectiles. For multiple hits, all other factors being equal, the destructive effect of the H.E. shell with this fuze are greater than that produced by A.P. projectiles.
In cases when the target is sufficiently close to have small dispersion of fire the artilleryman can make use of the edge effect under some conditions. Projectiles striking closer than 15 calibers from the edge of a wall (an embrasure usually) penetrate more deeply and remove more concrete than if striking in the center. The effect is marked at 10 calibers from the edge, and best at about 8 calibers. Up to double the normal volume of concrete may be removed by the use of edge effect.
The charts and tables in this section are based on the following hypotheses: (a) That data shown are based on firing against the center of a wall, without consideration of edge effect. (b) Although the penetration decreases with the obliquity of the target, the crater produced is wider than that produced by normal impact. The actual volume of concrete removed per round may even increase for oblique impact. For prolonged fire the obliquity probably does not greatly influence the number of rounds necessary to obtain perforation, up to obliquities of 200 to 300.
90% PROBABILITY OF AT LEAST ONE PERFORATION IN GRADE A (5000 P.S.I.) CONCRETE TARGETS OF (H) HEIGHT
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5. TABLES FOR VARIOUS WEAPONS FIRED AT VARIOUS RANGES TO HAVE 90% PROBABILITY OF AT LEAST ONE PERFORATION OF THE FOLLOWING TARGETS:
(a) 5-Ft. thick concrete pillbox. (b). 7-Ft. thick concrete pillbox. (c) Concrete pilibox wall 3
Ft. thick,
4.5 Ft. high, and 7.5 Ft. wide.
FOR EACH OF THE TARGETS THE FOLLOWING IS GIVEN:
(a) Total number oF rounds. (b) Total weight oF complete rounds.
TABLE 7 CONCRETE PILLBOX WALL 3 FT. THICK, 4.5 FT. HIGH, 7.5
Approximate TOTAL NUMBER OF ROUNDS which must be fired from various weapons at various ranges to have 90%,7 probability of at least one perforation.
Weapon and Shell 75-mm Gun, M3 Proi., M61, A.P.C. 75-mm Gun, M3 Shell, M48, H.E.' 75-mm Gun, M3 Shell, M48, H.E.' 3-in. Guns, M5, M6, M7 Prol., M62, A.P.C. 3-in. Guns, M5, M6, M7 1 Shell, M42B1, H.E. 76-mm Guns, Ml Al, Ml A2 Shell, M42B1, H.E.' 90-mm Guns, Ml Al, M2, M3 Proj., M82, A.P.C. 90-mm Guns, MIAI, M2, M3 1 Shell, M71, H.E. 105-mm How., M2A1 Shell, Ml, H.E. 105-mm How., M3 1 Shell, Ml, H.E. 4.5-in. Gun, Ml 1 Shell, M65, H.E. 4.5-in. Gun, Ml Shell, M65, H.E.'
'With Fuze, C.P.,
Page 81 TABLE 7-Continued
CONCRETE PILLBOX WALL 3 FT. THICK, 4.5 FT.
Range in M. Weapon and Shell V. 50 o d e0500 100 W 1,00 Yards
HIGH, 7.5
155-mm How., 1918 1 Shell, M102, H.E. 155-mm How., Ml Shell, M1O, H.E. 155-mm Gun, Ml917 Shell, MIOI, H.E.' 155-mm Gun, Ml917 Shell, MIOI, H.E.' 155-mm Gun, Ml 917 Proj., Ml12, A.P. 155-mm Gun, Ml Shell, M10O, H.E.' 155-mm Gun, Ml Proj., M112, A.P. 8-in. How., Ml Shell, M106, H.E.' 8-in. Gun, Ml Shell, M103, H.E.' As above (white bag base charge Ml0) As above (Full M9 charge) 240-mm How., Ml Shell, MI 14, H.E.'
2,F600
'With Fuze, C.P., TI05.
TABLE 8 CONCRETE PILLBOX WALL 3 FT. THICK, 4.5 FT. HIGHI, 7.5 FT. WIDE
Approximate TOTAL WEIGHT OF COMPLETE ROUNDS' (lb.) which must be fired from various weapons at various ranges to have 90%,1 probability of at least one perforation.
Weapon and Shell 75-mm Gun, M3 Proj., M61, A.P.C. 75-mm Gun, M3 2 Shell, M48, HE 75-mm Gun, M3 2 Shell, M48, H.E. 3-in. Guns, M5, M6, M7 Proi., M62, A.P.C. 3-in. Guns, M5, M6, M7 2 Shell, M42B1, H.E. 76-mm Guns, Ml Al,
Shell, M42B1, H.E.
90-mm Guns, Ml Al, M2, M3 Proj., M82, A.P.C. 90-mm Guns, Ml Al, M2, M3 2 Shell, M71, H.E. 105-mm How., M2AI 2 Shell, Ml, H.E. 105-mm How., M3 2 Shell, Ml, H.E. 4.5-in. Gun, Ml Shell, M65, H.E.2
'Weight of unpacked complete rounds-in the case of separate-loading guns this is the weight of proiectile and charge.
With Fuze, C.P., TI05.
8-Continued
CONCRETE PILLBOX WALL 3 FT. THICK, 4.5 FT. HIGH, 7.5 FT. WIDE
------_ _ _ _ _ _ -_ _
Weapon and Shell 4.5-in. Gun, MI
Shell, M65,
H.E.2 H.E. 2
1,820 1,476 1,850 2,410 1,955 2,360 2,800 2,745 1,950 2,850 2,600 2,600 2,300
260 470 220
390 2,200 440
1,080 6,600 1,000
2,600 18,000 2,500 2,000
6,700 40,000 5,700 3,300 5,300 3,400 4,700 1,100 1,300
155-mm How., 1918
Shell, M102,
155-mm How., MI Shell, M107, H.E. 2 155-mm Gun, Ml 917 Shell, MIOI, H.E.2 155-mm Gun, M1917 Shell, MIOI, H.E. 2 155-mm.Gun, Ml 917 Proj., Ml 12, A.P. 155-mm Gun, Ml Shell, MIOI, H.E. 2 155-mm Gun, MI Proj., M112, A.P. 8-in. How., MI Shell, M106, H.E. 2 8-in. Gun, Ml Shell, M103, H.E.2 As above (white bag base charge Ml 0) As above (Full M9 charge)
4 4O-mm How., MI Shell, M114, H.E. 2
11,000 6,100 10,500 7,200 8,200 2,000 2,300 5,000 3,400 1,700
36,000 25,000 38,000 31,000 25,000 7,100 6,900 8,500 6,800 3,000 29,000 98,000 96,000 74,000 25,000 18,000 15,000 14,000 5,800 53,000 44,000 29,000 29,000 13,000 86,000 105,000 53,000 63,000 31,000 140,000 99,000 140,000 75,000 230,000
250 300 340 300
500 500 760 400
1,000 680 1,500 430
2,300 1,130 2,650 710
2With Fuze, C.P., TI 05.
TABLE 9 CONCRETE PILLBOX 5 FT. THICK
Approximate TOTAL NUMBER OF ROUNDS which must be fired from various weapons at various ranges to have 90% probability of at least one perforation. Unless otherwise noted, figures apply to all wall faces of area equal to or greater than that of one 10 ft. high x 15 ft. wide.
M. V. Weapon and Shell 75-mm Gun, M3 Proj., M61, A.P.C. 75-mm Gun, M3 Shell, M48, H.E. 75-mm Gun, M3 Shell, M48, H.E.' 3-in. Guns, M5, M6, M7 Proj., M62, A.P.C. 3-in. Guns, M5, M6, M7 1 Shell, M42B1, H.E. 76-mm Guns, Ml Al, M1 A2 Shell, M42B1, H.E.' 90-mm Guns, MI Al, M2, M3 Proi., M82, A.P.C. (ffs)
90-mm Guns, Ml Al,
M2, M3 1 Shell, M71, H.E. 105-mm How., M2A1 Shell, Ml, H.E.' 105-mm How., M3 Shell, Ml, H.E.' 4.5-in. Gun, Ml Shell, M65, H.E.' 2,700 5 15 50 140 350
Page;J5 TABLE 9-Continued CONCRETE PILLBOX 5 FT. THICK
Range in M. V. Yards
Weapon and Shell 4.5-in. Gun, Ml Shell, M65, H.E.' 155-mm How., 1918 Shell, M102, H.E.' 155-mm How., Ml Shell, MIo, H.E.' 155-mm Gun, M1917 Shell, M1oI, H.E.' 155-mm Gun, Ml917 Shell, MiOI, H.E.' 155-mm Gun, Ml917 Proj., M112, A.P. 155-mm Gun, Mi
Shell, MIo1, H.E.'
2,360 2,800 2,800
155-mm Gun, Ml Prol., M 12, A.P. 8-in. How., Ml Shell, M106, H.E.' 8-in. Gun, Ml Shell, M103, H.E.' As above (white bag base charge Ml 0) As above (full M9 charge) 240-mm How., Ml Shell, M114, H.E.'
With Fuze, C.P., TI 05. 2Target 10 It. high x 30 Ft. wide.
rp8's
TABLE 10 CONCRETE PILLBOX 5 FT. THICK
Approximate TOTAL WEIGHT OF COMPLETE ROUNDS' (lb.) which must be
fired from various weapons at various ranges to have 90% probability of at least one perforation.
Unless otherwise noted, figures apply to all wall faces of area equal to or greater than that of one 10 ft. high x 15 ft. wide.
M. V. Weapon and Shell 75-mm Gun, M3 Prol., M61, A.P.C. 75-mm Gun, M3 Shell, M48, H.E.' 75-mm Gun, M3 Shell, M48, H.E.' 3-in. Guns, M5, M6, M7 Prol., M62, A.P.C. 3-In, Guns, M5, M6, M7 (/s)
Yards 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000
Shell, M42B1, H.E.2
76-mm Guns, M1 Al,
90-mm Guns, Ml Al, M2, M3 Prol., M82, A.P.C. 90-mm Guns, Ml Al, M2, M3 Shell, M71, H.E.2 105-mm How., M2AI Shell, Ml, H.E.' 105-mm How., M3 2 Shell, Ml, H.E.
'Weight of unpacked complete rounds--in the case of separate-loading guns this is the weight of projectile, and charge. 2With Fuze, C.P., T105.
TABLE 10-Continued CONCRETE PILLBOX 5 FT. THICK
M. V. Weapon and Shell 4.5-in. Gun, Ml Shell, M65, H.E.2 4.5-in. Gun, Ml Shell, M65, H.E.' (/s)
127,000-
Shell, M 02, H.E.' 1,476 3,700 12,000 33,000 73,000
155-mm How., Ml Shell, M107, H.E.2 155-mm Gun, Ml 917 Shell, Ml01, H.E.2 155-mm Gun, Ml917 Shell, Ml01, H.E.2 155-mm Gun, Ml917
Proj., M112, A.P.
155-mm Gun, Ml Shell, Ml 01, H.E.2 155-mm Gun, Ml Proj., M112, A.P. 8-in. How., Ml 2 Shell, M106, H.E. 8-in. Gun, Ml Shell, M103, H.E.' As above (white bag base charge, Ml0) As above (lull M9 charge)
1,300 1,9009
2,500 3,2008
5,000 6,500'
35,000 35,0003
240-mm How., Ml
Shell, Ml14, H.E.2 2,300 18,000 46,000 100,000 190,000
"Target 10 ft. high x 30 I. wide.
TABLE 11 CONCRETE PILLBOX 7 FT. THICK
Weapon and Shell 75-mm Gun, M3 Prol., M61, A.P.C. 75-mm Gun, M3 1 Shell, M48, H.E. 75-mm Gun, M3 1 Shell, M48, H.E. 3-in. Guns, M5, M6, M7 Proj., M62, A.P.C. 3-in. Guns, M5, M6, M7 1 Shell, M42B1, H.E. 76-mm Guns, Ml Al, M1 A2 Shell, M42B1, H.E.1 90-mm Guns, MIAI, M2, M3 Proi., M82, A.P.C. 90-mm Guns, Ml Al, M2, M3 1 Shell, M71, H.E. 105-mm How., M2A1 Shell, M1, H.E.' 105-mm How., M3 Shell, Ml, H.E.
.5-in. Gun, Ml Shell, M65, H.E.1
Page 89, TABLE 11-Continued CONCRETE PILLBOX 7 FT. THICK
Weapon and Shell 4.5-in. Gun, Mi 1 Shell, M65, H.E. 155-mm How., 1918 Shell, M102, H.E.' 155-mm How., Ml 1 Shell, M107, H.E. 155-mm Gun, M1917 1 Shell, MIoI, H.E. 155-mm Gun, M1917 Shell, MIOI, H.E. 155-mm Gun, M1917 Proj., M112, A.P. 155-mm Gun, Ml Shell, MIOI, H.E.' 155-mm Gun, Ml Proj., M112, A.P. 8-in. How., Ml Shell, M106, H.E.' 8-in. Gun, Ml Shell, M103, H.E.' As above (white bag base charge, Ml 0) As above (full M9 charge)
20 25 202
180 85 220 520
Shell, M 14, H.E.' 2,300 70 170 370 700
'With Fuze, C.P., T105.
Target 10 ft. high x 30 ft. wide.
TABLE 12 CONCRETE PILLBOX 7 FT. THICK
Approximate TOTAL WEIGHT OF COMPLETE ROUNDS, (lb.) which must be various weapons at various ranges to have 90%,1o probability of at least one perforation.
Weapon and Shell 75-mm Gun, M3 Proi., M61, A.P.C. 75-mm Gun, M3 2 Shell, M48, H.E. 75-mm Gun, M3 2 Shell, M48, H.E.
Guns, M5, M6, M7
2,600 900 4,600 18,000
Proi., M62, A.P.C. 3-in. Guns, M5, M6, M7 2 Shell, M42B1, H.E. 76-mm Guns, Ml Al,
90-mm Guns, MI Al, M4, M3 Proi., M82, A.P.C. 90-mm Guns, Ml Al, M2, M3 Shell, M71, H.E.2 105-mm How., M2A Shell, Ml, H.E.2 105-mm How., M3 2 Shell, Ml, HE.
,Weights of unpacked complete rounds-in the case of separote-loading guns this is the weight of projectile and charge. With Fuze, C.P., TI05.
TABLE 12-Continued CONCRETE
PILLBOX 7 FT. THICK
Weapon and Shell 4.5-in. Gun, Ml 2 Shell, M65, H.E. 4.5-in. Gun, Ml 2 Shell, M65, H.E.
Shell, Ml 02, H.E.
155-mm How., Ml
Shell, Ml 07, H.E.
155-mm Gun, M1917 2 Shell, Ml 01, H.E. 155-mm Gun, M191 7 2 Shell, Ml 01, H.E. 155-mm Gun, M1917 Proj., Ml12, A.P. 155-mm Gun, Ml 2 Shell, Ml01, H.E. 155-mm Gun, Ml Proj., M1 12, A.P. 8-in. How., Ml 2 Shell, M106, H.E. 8-in. Gun, Ml Shell, M103, H.E.2 As above (white bag base charge M10) As above (full M9 charge) 240-mm How., Mi 2 Shell, M114, H.E.
.72,000
620 500 5003
1,100 1,100 1,1003
.2,400 2,700 3,0003
5,000 5,700 6,4003
10,000 11,000 12,0003
21,000 20,000 23,0003
90,000 66,000' 72,0003 200,000 230,0003,
2,600 2,600 2,300
14,000 4,800
62,000 29,000 75,000 180,000
With Fuze, C.P., T105. Target 10 It. high x 30 Ft. wide.
6. TABLES FOR VARIOUS WEAPONS FIRED AT VARIOUS RANGES FOR 90% PROBABILITY OF MAKING A BREACH WIDE ENOUGH FOR A MEDIUM TANK (4 YD. WIDE) IN THE FOLLOWING TARGETS:
(a) Wall 6 ft. thick and 10 ft. high. (b) Wall 10 ft. thick and 10 ft. high.
(a) (b) (c) Necessary number of hits. Total number of rounds. Weight of complete rounds.
7. THIS SECTION CONTAINS TABLES FOR VARIOUS PRO-
JECTILES GIVING:
(a) Projectile weight.
(b) (c) (d) Complete round weight. Muzzle velocity. Range and corresponding terminal velocity, penetration depth and perforation thickness.
(e) For a 10-ft. high x 6-ft. thick wall and for a 10-ft. high x 10-ft.
thick wall the following data for making a breach 4 yd. wide in 5,000 p.s.i. concrete:
Necessary number of hits.
Total number of rounds. Total complete round weight. No. of rds. fired at each point of aim. Deflection feet. difference between successive aiming points in
VI. No. of different aiming points.
The following consideration should be kept in mind when attempting to breach a concrete wall: (a) Various factors such as amount of reinforcing, compressive strength of concrete, size of aggregate, and use of "plums" (boulders set in the concrete to save material) will affect the number of hits necessary to breach a wall. Such factors as age of gun, stability of carriage emplacement, and experience of the gunner in this type of fire will also affect the number of rounds. (b) The same cautions about the use of the entries when the probable errors are not those of the range table apply, but with less emphasis, as in the discussion of single perforations. (c) It is recommended that the target be taken initially about 3 ft. below the top of the wall (perhaps 2 ft. for projectiles of caliber 90-mm or less) and lowered as successive rounds are fired and the breach deepens. (d) It is necessary to cut a breach about 6 ft. deep from the top in a wall 10 ft. thick; and 7 ft. deep in a wall 6 ft. thick. There should then be a ramp of rubble in front of the breach. (If fire is continued too long, the material of the ramp will be of too fine mesh to give good traction.) The breach will tend to be narrower and not so deep toward the back and there will be a drop of several feet to the rubble behind the wall. Tests have shown that such a breach will pass at medium tank. (e) A.P. (or A.P.C.) ammunition alone will not make a satisfactory breach in reinforced concrete. The concrete will be removed but twisted reinforcing rods will remain standing. If it is deemed advisable to use A.P. rounds against reinforced concrete, a portion (say a fifth) of the number of A.P. rounds listed should be replaced with H.E. shell, superquick fuzed, perhaps of larger caliber and lower velocity. A few rounds of A.P. projectile should be followed by one or two of H.E. shell. The fragments from the H.E. shell cut the rods. (It may be assumed that most concrete is reinforced.)
TABLE 13 WALL 6 FT. THICK AND 10 FT. HIGH
Approximate NECESSARY NUMBER OF HITS with various ammunition at various ranges to make a breach large enough, for a medium tank (4 yd. wide).
-________-Range
Gun and Ammunition 57-mm Gun, Ml Proj., A.P.C., M86' 75-mm Gun, M3 Proj., A.P.C., M611 75-mm Gun, M3 Shell, H-.E., M48 2 3-in. Guns, M5, M6, M7 76-mm Guns, M1 AI, Ml A2 Proj., A.P.C., M621 -in. Guns, M5, M6, M7 76-mm Guns, Ml Al, Ml A2 Shell, H.E., M42B1 2 9O-mm Guns, Ml Al, M2, M3 Shell, H.E., M712 90 -mm Guns, Ml Al, M2, M3 Proj., A.P.C., M82' 105-mm How., M2AI Shell, H.E., MI 2 105-mm How., M3 Shell, H.E., MI 2 4.5-in. Gun, Ml Shell, H.E., M652
2,700 2,030 1,980
175 200 200 240 240
2,670 1,550 1,020 2,275
60 90 240 35
75 110 260 40
About one-fifth of the A.P. projectile must be replaced with H.E. ammunition, superquick fuzed. 'With Fuze, C.P., T105.
TABLE 13-Continued WALL 6 FT. THICK AND 10 FT. HIGH
155-mm How., Ml918 Shell, H.E., M1 022 155-mm How., M1918 2 Shell, H.E., M107 155-mm Gun, M1917 Shell, H.E., M1012 155-mm Gun, MI917 Proj., A.P., M112B1' 155-mm Gun, Mi 2 Shell, H.E., M101 155-mm Gun, Ml Proj., A.P., Mii2BI' 8-in. How., Mi 2 Shell, H.E., M106 8-in. Gun, Ml 2 Shell, H.E., M103
Shell, H.E., Mi142 2,300 10 12.
'About one-fifth of the A.P. projectile must be replaced with H.E. ammunition, superquick fuzed. 2 With Fuze, C.P., TI05.
TABLE 14 WALL 6 FT. THICK AND 10 FT. HiGH
Approximate TOTAL NUMBER OF ROUNDS of various ammunition at various ranges for 90% probability of enough hits to make a breach large enough for a medium tank (4 yd. wide).
________Range
Gu muiin n
57-mm Gun, Ml Proj., A.P.C., M861 75-mm Gun, M3 Prol., A.P.C., M611
370 210 210
75-mm Gun", M3
Shell, H.E., M482 3-in. Guns, M5, M6, M7 76-mm Guns, Ml Al, Ml A2 Proj., A.P.C., M621 3-in. Guns, M5, M6, M7 76-mm Guns, Ml Al, Ml A2 Shell, H.E., M42B12 90-mm Guns, Ml Al, M2,. M3 2 Shell, H.E., M71 90-mm Guns, Ml Al, M2, M3 Proj., A.P.C., M821 105-mm How., M2AI Shell, H.E., M12 lO5-mm How., M3 Shell, H.E., M12 4.5-in. Gun, Ml Shell, H.E., M652
72 120 510 42
130 220 1,800 70
520 (Continued)
superquick Fuzed. 'About one-fifth of the A.P. projectile must be replaced with ammunition, with H.E. HE. ammunition, superquick Fuzed. 2 With Fuze, C.P., TI 05.
TABLE 14-Continued WALL 6 FT. THICK AND 10 FT. HIGH
Range in Yards,
Gun and Ammunition 155-mm How., Ml918 2 Shell, H.E., M102 155-mm How., Ml918 Shell, H.E., Ml072 155-mm Gun, MI917 2 Shell, H.E., M101 155-mm Gun, Ml 917 Proj., A.P., MII2BI1 155-mm Gun, Ml Shell, H.E., M1 012 155-mm Gun, Mi Proj., A.P., MI 121B' 8-in. How., Mi Shell, H.E., Ml 062 8-in. Gun, Ml Shell, H.E., Ml 032 240-mm, Mi Shell, H.E., Ml142
'About one-Aith of the A.P. projectile must be replaced with H.E. ammunition, superquick fuzed. 2 With Fuze, C.P., T105.
TABLE 15 WALL 6 FT. THICK AND 10 FT. HIGH
Approximate WEIGHT OF COMPLETE ROUNDS' (lb.) of various ammunition at various ranges necessary for 90% probability of making a breach wide enough for a medium tank (4 yd. wide)
Weapon and Shell 57-mm Gun, Ml 2 Proi., A.P.C., M86 75-mm Gun, M3 2 Proi., A.P.C., M61 75-mm Gun, M3 3 Shell, H.E., M48 3-in. Guns, M5, M6, M7 76-mm Guns, Ml Al,
4,100 5,7004
Proi., A.P.C., M62
2,600 2,800 5,300'
3-in. Guns, M5, M6, M7 76-mm Guns, Ml Al, Ml A2 Shell, H.E., M42B1 3 90-mm Guns, Ml Al, M2, M3 3 Shell, H.E., M71 90-mm Guns, Mi Al, M2, M3 2 Proj., A.P.C., M82 105-mm How., M2AI 3 Shell, H.E., Mi 105-mm How., M3 3 Shell, H.E., MI 4.5-in. Gun, Ml 3 Shell, H.E., M65
'Weight of unpacked complete rounds-in the case oF separate-loading guns this is the weight oF proiectile and charge. About one-fifth oF the A.P. proiectile must be replaced with the H.E. ammunition, superquick Fuzed. 'With Fuze, C.P., TI05. 'Weight given is For 3-in, gun. Weight For 76-mm gun is slightly less.
TABLE 15-Continued
WALL 6 FT. THICK AND 10 FT. HIGH
Weapon and Shell 155-mm How., Ml918 3 Shell, H.E., M102 155-mm How., Ml918 Shell, H.E., Ml073 155-mm Gun, Ml 917 Shell, H.E., Ml 013 155-mm Gun, Ml917 2 Proj., A.P., MI 2B1 155-mm Gun, Ml Shell, H.E., M101 155-mm Gun, Ml 2 Proj., A.P., M I2B1 8-in. How., Ml Shell, H.E., Ml063 8-in. Gun, MI Shell, H.E., Mi 033
Shell, H.E., M114
'About one-fifth of the A.P. projectile must be replaced with the H.E. ammunition, superquick fuzed. 3With Fuze, C.P., TI05.
TABLE 16 WALL 10 FT. THICK AND 10 FT. HIGH
Approximate NECESSARY NUMBER OF HITS with various ammunition at various ranges to make a breach large enough for a medium tank (4 yd, wide)
Gun and Ammunition 57-mm Gun, Ml
Proj., A.P.C., M86
75-mm Gun, M3 1 Prol., A.P.C., M61 75-mm Gun, M3 Shell, H.E., M482 3-in. Guns, M5, M6, M7 76-mm Guns, Ml Al,
Proi., A.P.C., M62' 3-in. Guns, M5, M6, M7 76-mm Gun, M1 Al, M1 A2 2 Shell, H.E., M42B1 90-mm Guns, Ml Al, 2,600 2,800 170 2,700 180
Proj., A.P.C., M821 105-mm How., M2AI 2 Shell, H.E., MI 105-mm How., M3 2 Shell, H.E., MI 4.5-in. Gun, Ml 2 Shell, H.E., M65 2,670 100 125 150 190
'About one-Afith of the A.P. projectile must be replaced with H.E. ammunition, superquick fuzed. 'With Fuze, C.P., T105.
TABLE 16-Continued 'WALL 10 FT. THICK AND
500 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000
M. V. Gun and Ammunition 155-mm How. Ml918 Shell, H.E., M 022 155-mm How., Ml918 Shell, H.E., Ml072 155-mm Gun, M1917 Shell, H.E., M1I012 155-mm Gun, Ml 917 2 Proj., A.P., M112B1 155-mm Gun, Ml Shell, H.E., M1012 155-mm Gun, Ml Proj., A.P., MII2BI' 8-in. How., Mi Shell, H.E., Ml 062 8-in. Gun, Mi 2 Shell, H.E., M103 240-mm How., Ml 2 Shell, H.E., M114 (f/s)
one-fifth of the A.P. projectile must be replaced with H.E. ammunition, superquick fuzed. With Fuze, C.P., T105.
TABLE 17 WALL 10 FT. THICK AND 10 FT. HIGH
Approximate TOTAL NUMBER' OF ROUNDS of various ammunition at various ranges for 90% probability of enough hits to make a breach large enough for a medium tank (4 yd. wide)
M. V Gun and Ammunition 57-mm Gun, Ml Proj., A.P.C., M86' 75-mm Gun, M3 Proj., A.P.C., M61' 75-mm Gun, M3 Shell, H.E., M482 3-in. Guns, M5, M6, M7 76-mm Guns, Ml Al, Ml A2 Proj., A.P.C., M62 1 3-in. Guns, M5, M6, M7 76-mm Guns, Ml Al, Ml A2 Shell, H.E., M42B1 2 90-mm Guns, Ml Al, M2, M3 Shell, H.E., M712 90-mm Guns, Ml Al, (f/s) 500 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 Range in Yards 5,000 6,000 8,000
620 360 360 420 420
2,600 2,800 2,700
Proj., A.P.C., M821 105-mm How., M2AI Shell, H.E., MI 2 105-mm How., M3 Shell, H.E., MI 2 4.5-in. Gun, Ml Shell, H.E., M65 2
132 180 720 66
800 (Continued)
'About one-fifth of the A.P. projectile must
with H.E. ammunition, superquick Fuzed.
With Fuze, C.P., T105.
'TABLE 17-Continued WALL 10 FT. THICK AND 10 FT. HIGH
Gun and Ammunition 155-mm How., M1918 Shell, H.E., M1022 155-mm How., M1918 Shell, H.E., Ml072 155-mm Gun, M1917 Shell, H.E., M1012
155-mm Gun, M1917
Proj., A.P., MlI1' 155-mm-Gun, MI 2 Shell, H.E., M1 01 155-mm Gun, Ml Proj., A.P., M1BI1 8-in. How., Ml 2 Shell, H.E., M106 8-in. Gun, Ml 2 Shell, H.E., M103 2,360 36 54 90 180, 340 680
Shell, H.E., M 1142
'About one-fiFth of the A.P. projectile must be replaced with H.E. ammunition, superquick fuzed. 2 With Fuze, C.P., TI05. 3 Probably an accidental breach will occur for some smaller number of rounds.
TABLE 18 WALL 10 FT. THICK AND 10 FT. HIGH
M. V. Gun and Ammunition 57-mm Gun, Ml Proj., A.P.C., M862 75-mm Gun, M3 Proj., A.P.C., M612 75-mm Gun, M3 Shell, HE., M483 3-in. Guns, M5, M6, M7 76-mm Guns, Ml Al, Ml A2 Proj., A.P.C., M622 3-in. Guns, M5, M6, M7 76-mm Guns, Ml Al, Ml A2 Shell, H.E., M42B18 90-mm Guns, Ml Al, (s) 500 1,000 2,000 3,000
7,000 9,8004
2,600 2,800 9,1004
Shell, H.E., M713 90-mm Guns, Ml Al, 2,700 5,600 7,700 16,200 35,900
Proj., A.P.C., M822 105-mm How., M2A1 Shell, H.E., M13 105-mm How., M3 Shell, H.E., Ml'
.5-in. Gun, Ml Shell, H.E., M65'
'Weight of unpacked complete rounds-in the case of separate-loading guns this is the weight of projectile and charge. 2 About one-fifth of the A.P. projectile must be replaced with H.E. ammunition, superquick fuzed. 'With Fuze, C.P., TI05. 'Weight given is for 3-in, gun. Weight for 76-mm gun is slightly less.
TABLE 18-Continued WALL 10 FT. THICK AND 10 FT. HIGH
M. Gun and Ammunition 155-mm How., Ml918 3 Shell, H.E., M104 155-mm How., M1918 3 Shell, H.E., M107 155-mm Gun, Ml 917 3 Shell, H.E., M101 155-mm Gun, Ml917 2 Proj., A.P., MI 1211 . 155-mm Gun, Ml Shell, H.E., Ml 013 155-mm Gan, Mi 2 Proj., A.P., Ml 1 2B1 8-in. How., Ml Shell, H.E., Ml 063 8-in. Gun, Mi 3 Shell, H.E., M103 240-mm How., MI Shell, H.E., M1143
4;360
About one-filth of the A.P. projectile must be replaced with H.E. ammunition, superquick With Fuze, C.P., TI05.
57-MM GUN, MI, FIRiNG PROJECTILE, A.P.C.,
PROJECTILE WEIGHT: 7.27 lb.
Rne(d)0 Triaveoiy(s)2,700 foerudit et Peerto S Thickness of concrete perforated
0.Face
MUZZLE VELOCITY: 2,700 F/S
1,000 2,320 1.8
COMPLETE ROUND WEIGHT: 13.73 L.B.
500 2,510 ocee Face normal to angle of fall (ft.)
Fac_____
2,000 1,950 1,4
3,000 1,620 1.2
_ertca_(____._2.
Face normal to angle of fall (ft.) (t)32,72.6 vertical 3 ft. thick ft. thick ft. thick
9. Volume of concrete excavated by first round (cu. ft.) In Number of rounds falling in circle of -- yd. diameter necessary to perforate concrete5 concrete7
10 ft._high,_6 ft. thick__________________________
o -om f 5CO .
Necessary number of hits Total number of rounds
Total complete round weight (lb.)
2Deflection
No. of rds. fired at each point of aim difference between successive aiming points (ft.)
No. of different aiming points______I______
l0 ft. high, 10 ft. thick_____ Necessary number of hits Total number of rounds
Total complete round weight (lb.) No. of rds. fired at each point of aim Deflection difference between successive aiming point (ft.)______________________________
°'0'
620______
No. of different aiming points
75-MM GUN, M3, FIRING SHELL, H.E.,
SHELL WEIGHT: 15.04 LB.
Range (yd.) Terminal velocity
WITH c.r.,
2,000 1,490 0.19 1.3 1.3 1.7 1.7 3 3 8 21
3,000 1,290 0.057 0.9 0.9 1.5 1.5
1,980, F/S
4,000 1,130 0.022 0.8 0.8 1.3 1,3 5,000 1,020
ROUND WEIGHT: 19.93 L.B.
0 1,980 1,000 1,720
1.6 1.7 2,1 2,1
yd. square in any one round Face normal to angle of fall (Ft.) (ft.) Face vertical Face normal to angle of fall (ft.) (ft.) 1.7 1.7 2,4 2.4
0.7 0.6 1,2 1.2
Penetration depth of one round into thick concrete efrtd Thickness ofcnrt ofc conree priratdl
1,6 1.6 1.9 1.9
Volume of concrete excavated by first round
ft.) 3 ft. thick Ft.thick 7 ft. thick
f .3y:daee Nubro onsfaln iceo .3y.daee Nubro5onsfligi ncrl necessary to perforate concrete
10 ft. high, 6 ft. thick
Necessary number of hits
_____ _________________ ____
wegh (l.
wegt(b)4,200
Total complete round
D eflection o fr s difference ir d a betw a h een pi t successive f a m3 aiming points (ft.)
10 ft. high, 10 ft. thick______
Necessary number of hits otlnubeooud oa ubrof rons360
aa Total complete round weight (lb.)
320 7,200 60 2 6
400 420 8,400_____ 105 3 4
No. of rds, fired at each point of aim d a 0 z38______ Deflection difference between successive aiming points (ft.) No. of different aiming points
75-MM GUN,
Range (yd.) Terminal velocity (f/s) Probability of hitting target
M3, FIRING PROJECTILE, A.P.C., M61 OR M61A1
COMPLETE ROUND WEIGHT: 20.08 LB.
0 500 1,900 1,000 1,770 0.85 1.9 1.9 2.5 2.5 1.7 1.7 2.3 2.3 1.6 1.6 2.1 2.1 3 t. thick 5 Ft. thick 7 ft. thick 5 13 25
MUZZLE VELOCITY: 2,030 F/S
2,000 1,520 0.19 1.3 1.3 1.8 1.8 3 7 19 27 10 03 30 60 17 47 21 3,000 1,300 0.057 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 4,000 1,120 0.022 0.8 0.8 1.3 1.3 5,000 1,020 0.0096 0.7 0.7 1.2 1.2
2,030 I
yd. square in any one round Face normal to angle of fall (Ft.) Face vertical (Ft.) Face normal to angle of fall (Ft.) Face vertical (Ft.)
Penetration depth oF one round into thick concrete Thickness of concrete perForated
Volume of concrete excavated by first round (cu. Ft.) Number oF rounds Falling in circle oF 0.83 yd. diameter necessary to perForate concrete 10 ft. high, 6 Ft. thick Necessary number oF hits
200 210 4,200 35
240 360 7,200 65 3 4
Total number, of rounds Total complete round weight (lb.) No. of rds. fired at each point oF aim
Deflection difference between successive aiming points (Ft.) No. oF different aiming points
10 Ft. high, 10
thick 320 400
0 ° Total complete round weight (lb.)
No. of rds. fired at each point of aim Deflection difference between successive aiming points (Ft.) No. oF different aiming points
about one-fiFth oF rounds with H.E. shell, superquick fuzed, against reinforced concrete.
3-INCH GUNS, M5, M6, M7, FIRING SHELL, H.E.,
PROJECTILE WEIGHT: 13.21 LB.
Range (yd.) Terminal velocity (F/s) Probability oF hitting target 0 2,800 500 2,620
M42B1,
1,000 2,450
c.P., T105 fUZE
4,000 1,480 0.046
COMPLETE ROUND WEIGHT: 24.95 LB.
MUZZLE VELOCITY: 2,800 F/S
2,000 2,100 0.35
3,000 1,780 0.11 1.4 1.4 2.1 2.1
5,000 .1,230 0.020 0.8 0.8 1.4 1.4
yd. square in any one round Face normal to angle of fall (ft.) (Ft.) Face vertical Face normal to angle of Fall (ft.) (Ft.) Face vertical
2.6 3.6 3.6
2.3 2.3 3.2 3.2
2.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 6
1.7 1.7 2.5 2.5
1.0 1.0 1.6 1.6
Volume oF concrete excavated by Anrt round (cu. Ft.) N umber of rounds falling in circle of 0.83 yd.-diameter necessary to perforate concrete 3 t. thick 5 Ft. thick 7 Ft. thick
*I' J~
Ft. thick 100 210
Total complete round weight (lb.)_
-o oe
No. of rds. fired at each point of aim Deflection difference between successive aiming points (ft.)
high, 10 Ft. thick
S~ .~ Z3
76-MM GUNS,
Range (yd.) Terminal velocity.(f/s)
MiAl, M1A2, FIRING
SHELL, N.E.,
0 2,700 500 2,520
1,000 2,345 0.85 0.19 1.7 1.7 245 2.5 6
3,000 1,695 0.056 1.4 1.4 2.1 2.1
T105 FUZE
4,000 1,411 0.023 1.0 1.0 1.6 1.6 5,000 1,169 0.010 0.9 0.8 1.4 1.4
PROJECTILE WEIGHT: 13.21 L.B.
COMPLETE ROUND WEIGHT: 22.39 LB.
Probability of hitting target I yd. square in any one round Penetration depth of one round' into thick concrete Face normal to angle of fall (ft.) Face vertical (ft.) Face normal to angle of fall (ft.) Face vertical (ft.) 2.6 2.6 3.6 3.6 2.3 2.3 3.2 3.2
Thickness of concrete perforated Volume of concrete excavated by
round (cu. ft.) 3 ft. thick 5 ft. thick 7 ft. thick
Number of rounds falling in circle of 0.83 yd. diameter necessary to perforate concrete
10 ft. high, 6 ft. thick____________
w° .2 c
Total number of rounds Total complete round weight (lb.)
210_____ 4,700
No. of rds. fired at each point of aim
ogDeflection difference between successive aiming points (ft.) a- .5
No. 'of different aiming points
A _^ =
l0 ft, high, 10 ft. thick___________ Necessary number of hits Total number of rounds
Total complete round weight (lb.) a ch po int of a im N o o f rds. fired a t e
_ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ ___________ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _
Page 111 TABLE 24
76-MM GUNS, MIAl, M1A2, OR 3-INCH GUNS, M5, FIRING PROJECTILE, A.P.C., M62 OR M62A1
PROJECTILE WEIGHT: 15.40 LB.
Range (yd.) Terminal velocity (f/s)
Probability of hitting target 1 yd. square in any one round Penetration depth of one round into thick concrete Thickness of concrete perforated a O Face normal to angle of fall (ft.) (ft.) Face vertical Face normal to angle of fall (ft.) (ft.) Face vertical 2.6 2.6 3.6 3.6 2.5 2.5 3.3 3.3
M6, M7,
GUN: 27.23 LB,
4,000 1,466
0.015 1.2 1.2 1.8 1.8
COMPLETE ROUND WEIGHT IN 76-MM: 24.67 LB.; IN 3-IN. MUZZLE VELOCITY: 2,600 F/S
0 2,600 500 2,450 1,000 2,290
0.49 2.3 2.3 3.1 3.1 6
0.10 1.9 1.9 2.6 2.6
3,000 1,720
0.034 .1.5 1.5 2.2 2.2
5,000 1,240
0.0063 1.0 0.9 1.5 1.5
Volume of concrete excavated by first round (cu. ft.) Number of rounds falling in circle of 0.83 yd. diameter necessary to perforate concrete
3 ft. thick
3 ft. thick 5 ft. thick
ft. high, 6 ft. thick 110
5,7002 35 2 6
2 o2:2
ft. high, 10
Necessary number of hits = Total number of rounds Total complete round weight (lb.) No. of rds. fired at each point of aim Deflection difference between successive aiming points (ft.) No. of different aiming points
180 360 9,8003 60
'Replace about one-fifth of rounds with H.E. shell, superquick fuzed, against reinforced concrete. 'Weight given is for 3-in, gun. Weight for 76-mm gun is 5,200 lb. 'Weight given is for 3-in, gun. Weight for 76-mm gun is 8,900 lb.
90-MM GUNS,
Range (yd.) Terminal velocity (f/s)'
MIAl, M2, M3, FIRING
1,000 2,460
WITH ci'.,
4,000 1,800 0.047
PROJECTILE WEIGHT: 23.74 LB.
COMPLETE ROUND WEIGHT: 42.38 LB.
Probability of hitting target I yd. square in any one round Penetration depth of one round into thick concrete Thickness of concrete perforated Face normal to angle of fall (ft.) (ft.) Face vertical Face normal to angle of fall (ft.) (ft.) Face vertical 3.0 3.0 4.2 4.2 2.7 2.7 3.8 3.8 11 3 ft. thick 5 ft. thick 7 ft. thick 1 3 7 2.4 2.4 3.4 3.4 9 1 5 10 2.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 8 3 8 14
1.7 1.7 2.6 2.6 7 3 10 20
1.1 1.1 1.9 1.9 6
0.8 0.7 1.6 1.6
Volume of concrete excavated by Ant round (cu. ft.) Number of rounds falling in circle of I yd. diameter to perforate concrete necessary 10 ft. high, 6 ft. thick Necessary number of hits 2 Total number of rounds Total complete round weight (lb.)
60 72 3,100 12
75 130 5,500 65 6 2
90 240 10,200 120 6 2
115 520 22,000 260 6 2
v c v 0C
'cE . j
10 ft. high, 10 ft. thick
.caveb
Necessary number of hits 22 Total number of rounds Total complete round weight (lb.) No. of rds. Fired at each point of aim Deflection difference between successive aiming points (ft.) No. of different aiming points
100 132 5,600 22 2 6
125 180 7,600 90 6 2
150 380 16,100 190 6 2
190 840 35,600 420 6 2
^' a.... m, a a
90-MM GUNS
MIAl, M2, M3,
FIRING PROJECTILE, A.P.C.,
1,000 2,440 2,000 2,200 0.36 3,000 2,015 4,000 1,770 0.052 1.8 1.8 2.7 2.7 9 8 1.6 1.6 2.4 2.4 7
6,000 1,380 0.013 1.2 1.1 1.9 1.9 6 0.8 0.7 1.4 1.4 8,000 1,100
PROJECTILE WEIGHT: 24.10 LB.
COMPLETE ROUND WEIGHT: 42.75 LB.
MUZZLE VELOCITY: 2,670 F/S
2,670 I
yd. square in any one round Face normal to angle of fall (ft.) (ft.) Face vertical Face normal to angle of fall (ft.) (ft.) Face vertical 3.0 3.0 4.2 4.2
2.7 2.7 3.7 3.7 11
2.2 2.2 3.2 3.2
Volume of concrete excavated by first round (cu. ft.)
3futic
Number of rounds falling in circle of I yd. diameter necessary to perforate concrete 5 ft. thick 7 ft. thick 3 7
ft. high, 6
ft. thick
*_** v,
high,lOft.
Total number of rounds Total complete round weight (lb.) No. of rds. fired at each point of aim Deflection difference between successive aiming points (ft.) No. of different aiming points
100 132 5,600
180 7,700 90 6 2
150 380 16,200 190 6 2
185 840 35,900 420 6 2
'Replace about one-fifth of rounds with H.E. shell, superquick fuzed, against reinforced concrete.
105-MM HOWITZER,
PROJECTILE WEIGHT: 33.82 LB.
Terminal velocity (f/s) Probability of hitting target
M2A1, FIRING SHELL, H.E., MI, WITH
COMPLETE ROUND WEIGHT: 42.89 LB.
980 0.012
2,000 1,210 3,000
1,080 0.065
1,550 F/S
yd. square in any one round Face normal to angle of fall (ft.) 1.5 1.4 1.3
Penetration depth of one round
Face horizontal'
(ft.) 1.5
Face normal to angle of fall (ft.)
Thickness of concrete perforated
Volume of concrete excavated by first round (cu.
5 ft. thick
7 ft. thick
Nubro onsbln ncrl
Number of rounds falling in circle of
necessary to perforateconcrete
l3ft.
yd. diameter
10 ft. high,
90 120 5,100
120 540 23,200
difference between successive aiming points (ft.)
i.--5o
d E~2
'High-angle fire to be used against horizontal targets. Zone 6 charge for 8,000-yd. range; Zone 4, for 5,000-yd. range.
FIRING SHELL, H.E.,
0 1,020 500 990
1,000 970 0.11
WITH C.P.,
1,020 F/S
4,000 860 5,000 830 3,000 890
COMPLETE ROUND WEIGHT: '41.18 LB.
yd. square in any one round Face normal to angle of Fall '(Ft.) (Ft.) Face vertical Face normal to angle of fall (Ft.) (Ft.) Face vertical 1.0 1.0 1.6 1.6 0.9 0.9 1.5 1.5
0.8 0.8 1.4 1.4 3
0.7 0.7 1.4 1.3 3
0.7 0.6 1'.4 1.3
0.7 0.5 1.3 1.2
Volume oF concrete excavated by first round (cu. Ft.) Number of rounds Falling in circle of necessary to perforate concrete
3 ft. thick 5 ft. thick 7 Ft. thick
12 33 65
10 Ft. high, 6 Ft. thick Necessary number oF hits 240 510 21 000
DeFlection difference between successive aiming points (Ft.)
SEv U U Nis o L.-
10 ft. high, 10 ft. thick Necessary number of hits Total number of rounds 400 720
4.5-INCH GUN,
Range (yd.) Terminal velocity (fs) Probability of hitting target
0 2,275 1,000 2,130
3,000 1,870 0.38
5,000 1,610 0.055 2.1 2.0 3.2 3.2 7,500 1,320 0.010 1.6 1.5 2.5 2.4 11
TOS FUZE
10,000 1,110 0.0029 1.2 1.0 2.1 1.9 1.2 0.9 1.0 2.0 1.7 12,500 1,040 13,000 1,100
PROJECTILE WEIGHT: 55.65 LB.
COMPLETE ROUND WEIGHT: 66.71 LB.
MUZZLE VELOCITY: 2,275 F/S
yd. square in any one round Face normal to angle of fall (ft.) Face vertical (ft.) 3.8 3.8 4.8 4.8 3.5 3.5 4.6 4.6 19
Penetration depth of one round into thick concrete
2.7 2.6 3.8 3.8 15
d o u; Thickness of concrete perforated Face normal to angle of fall (ft.) (ft.) Face vertical
5 ft. thick 7 ft. thick
Necessary number of hits Total number of rounds Total complete round we2ht (lb.)
45 140 9,300 70 6
60 520 34,700 260 6
No. of rds. fired at each point of aim Deflection difference betweep successive aiming points (ft.)
E CL 0 E >- U
lOft, high,
10 ft thick
o Z^
75 230 15,300 115 6 2
Total complete round weight (lb.) No. of rds. fired at each point of aim Deflection difference between successive aiming points (ft.) No. of different aiming points
4,400 11 2 6
53,400 400 6 2
'High-angle fire to be used against horizontal targets at normal charge.
Page 111 TABLE 30
15-MM HOWITZER,
0 1,476 11000 1,340 0.89 2.1 2.1 3.2 3.2 1.8 1.8 3.0 3.0 14
2,000 1,210 0.13 1.6 1.6 2.8 2.7 11 9 17
4,000 1,0400.016 1.4 1.2 2.4 2.3 6,000 980 0.0040 1.3 1.0 2.3 2.1
8,000 940
PROJECTILE WEIGHT: 95.64 LB.
COMPLETE ROUND WEIGHT: 103.92 LB.
MUZZLE VELOCITY: 1,476 F/S
Penetration depth of one round into thick concrete y d. In Thickness of concrete perforated
1.2 0.9 2.2 1.8
1.2 0.6 2.1
Volume of concrete excavated by first round (cu. ft.) Number of rounds falling in circle of 1.33 yd. diameter necessary to perforate concrete 5 ft. thick 7 ft. thick
3ft. thick
10 ft high, 6 ft. thick Necessary number of hits 2
50 84 8,700 14 2 6
60 220 22,900 110 6 2
'A ° °
Total number of rounds Total complete round weight (lb.) No. of rds. fired at each point of aim Deflection difference between successive aiming points (ft.)
E0.>.
162 16,800 27 2 6
340 35,300 170 6 2
155-MM HOWITZER,
PROJECTILE WEIGHT: 95.35 LB.
0 1,850 11000 1,710
3,000 1,570 0.19
c., T105
10,000 990 0.0035 1.2 0.9 0.9
15,000 1,010 0.00040 1.3
COMPLETE ROUND WEIGHT: 108.48 LB.
5,000 1,210 0.044 1.6 1.5
MUZZLE VELOCITY: 1,850 F/S
7,500 1,030 0.014 1.3 1.1 12,500 980 0.0015 1.2 0.7 1.1
Probability of hitting target i yd. square in any one round Penetration depth of one round into thick concrete Face normal to angle of fall (ft.) (ft.) Face vertical (ft.) Face horizontal' Face normal to angle of fall (ft.) 2.9 2.9 2.6 2.6
Face vertical Face horizontal'
3.2 16 5 11
2.7 2.6 11 9 18
2.2 1.8 1.9
Volume of concrete excavated by first round (cu. ft.) Number of rounds falling in circle of 1.33 yd. diameter necessary to perforate concrete
10 ft, high, 6 ft. thick Necessary number of hits 30
100 10,800
420 45,600
c Ev d
10 ft. high, 10ft. thick Necessary number of hits Total number of rounds 50 60 70 160 95 620
o ..- ^ '..
Total complete round weight (lb.) No. of rds.
6,500 10
17,400 80
67,300 310
Ev o°
at each point of aim
'High-angle fire to be used against horizontal targets. Zone 6 charge for 12,500-yd. range; Zone 5, for 10,000-yd. range.
155-MM GUN,
(G.P.F.), FIRING SHELL, H.E.,
0 2,410 1,000 3,000 1,970 0.18 4.3 4.3 5.7 5.7 3.8 3.8 5.2 5.2 37 3.0 3.0 4.5 4.5 30
MiOl, WITH
5,000 1,690 0.042 2.5 2.4 3.8 3.6 21 1-2 7,500 1,380 0.010 1.9 1.8 3.1
10,000 1,140 0.0032 1.5 1.3 2.5 2.4
12,500 1,030 0.0015 1.5 0.9 2.4 1.9
15,000 990
PROJECTILE WEIGHT: 95.14 LB.
COMPLETE ROUND WEIGHT: 119.82 LB-.
MUZZLE VELOCITY: 2,410 F/S
2,260'
Penetration depth of one round into thick concrete Thickness of concrete perforated CL o
1.2 0.7 2.3
3 ft.thick
10 ft. high, 6 ft. thick Necessary number of hits . o o o00 o
18 21 ,500 7 4 3
24 56 6,700 28 6
Total number of rounds Total complete round weight (lb.) e No. of rds. fired at each point of aim Deflection difference between successive aiming points (ft.) No. of different aiming points
10 ft. high,'10 ft, thick Necessary number of hits Total number of rounds me ai; Total complete round weight (lb.) No. of rds. fired at each point of aim Deflection difference between successive aiming points (ft.) No. of different aiming points 30 33 4,000 11 4 3 40 80 9,600 40 6 2 1 50 260 31,200
(G.P.F.), FIRING PROJECTILE, A.P.,
COMPLETE ROUND WEIGHT: 124.75 LB.
0 2,360 1,000 2,210 3,000 1,900 0.18 4.3 4.3 5.7 5.7 3.8 3.8 5.2 5.2 37 3.0 2.9 4.3 4.3 27 5,000 1,600 0.042 2.3 2.3 .3.6 3.4 19
M112 OR M112B1
7,500 1,280 0.010 1.8 1.6 2.9 2.7 10,000 1,070 0.0032 1.4 1.2 2.5 2.2
PROJECTILE WEIGHT: 100.00 LB.
12,500 1,010 0.0015 1.3 0.8 2.3 1.8 1.3 0.6 2.2 15,000 1,000
Volume of concrete excavated by first round (cu. ft.) Number of rounds falling in circle of 1.33 yd. diameter necessary to perforate concrete 10 ft. high, 6 ft. thick Necessary number of hits
3 ft. thick 7 ft. thick
18 24 3,000 4 2 6
24 60 7,500 30 6 2
33 210 26,200 105 6 2
10 ft high, 10 ft. thick
ir5 -E
Necessary number of hits Total number of rounds Total complete round weight (lb.) No. JO of rds. fired at each point of aim Deflection difference between successive aiming points (ft.) No. of different aiming points
30 36 4,500 6 2 6
40 90 11,200 45 6 2
55 340 42,400 170 6 2
E me p
155-MM GUNS, Ml,
PROJECTILE WEIGHT: 95.14 L.B.
MiAl, FIRING
0 1,000 2,640
MiOl, WITH. ci.. T105
3,000 2,330 0.075 5,000 2,030 0.021 3.2 3.2 4.6 4.6 40 I 1 3 30 1 2 4 1 3 6 1-2 5 10 7,500, 1,680 0.0065 2.4 2.3 3.6 3.5 101000 1,370 0.0026 1.9 1.7 3.0
15,000 1,050
COMPLETE ROUND WEIGHT: 125.82 L.B.
12,500 1,130 0.0012 1.4 1.2 2.6 2.3 1.2 .0.9 1.1 2.3 1.9
yd, square in any one round Face normal to angle of Fall (Ft.) (ft.) Face vertical (ft.) Face horizontal' Face normal to angle of Fall Face vertical 1
Face horizontal
5.0 5.0 7.0 7.0
4.6 4.6 6.6 6.6 51
4.0 4.0 5.6 5.6
o 0 e'
Volume of concrete excavated by first round (cu. ft.) Number of rounds falling in circle of 1.33 yd. diameter necessary to perforate concrete 3 Ft. thick 5 Ft. thick 7 ft. thick
10 ft. high, 6 ft. thick Necessary number of hits .2~ av _° o °3
16 70,
Ttlcmlt on egt(b)200
No. of rds. fired at each point of aim Deflection difference between successive No. oF different aiming points211
points (ft.)
= o =~aa
10 Ft. high, 10 ft. thick .. Necessary number of hits Total number of rounds
21 28 3,500
27 110 13,800
.. 35 380 47,800
Total complete round weight (lb.) No. of rds. fired at each point oF aim ______________________________ Deflection difference between successive aiming points (Ft.) No. of different aiming points
E .9-p aa
'High-angle
fire to be used against horizontal targets at normal charge.
155-MM GUNS,
M1, MIAl,
FIRING PROJECTILE, A.P.,
0 2,745 1,000 2,580 3,000 2,260 0.5 5.2 5.2 7.1 7.1 4.8 4.8 6.5 6.5 51 4.0 4.0 5.4 5.4 45 1 1 3 5,000 1,940 0.10 3.2 3.1 4.5 4.5 29 1 3 5
7,500 1,570 0.028 2.4 2.2 3.6 3.5 20 1 4 8
M112Bl
12,500 1,080 0.0045 1.4 1.1 2.4 2.2 1.3 0.8 2.3 1.8 15,000 1,010
COMPLETE ROUND WEIGHT: 131.28 LB.
MUZZLE VELOCITY: 2,745 F/S
10,000 1,270 0.0095 1.8 1.6 2.9 2.7
Thickness of concrete perforated d
1-2 7 13
10 ft. high, 6 ft. thick Necessary number of hits
12 18 2,400 3 2 6
17 26 3,400 13 6 2
65 8,500 33 6
33 300 39,400
Total number of rounds Total complete round weight (2b.) No. of rds. fired at each point of aim Deflection difference between successive aiming points (ft.)
No. of different aiming points 10 ft, high, 10 ft. thick Necessary number of hits ^ Total number of rounds Total complete round weight (lb.) No. of rds. fired at each point of aim Deflection difference between successive aiming points (ft.)
E } c u
21 24 3,200 4 2 6
28 42 5,500 21 6'
37 100 13,100 50 6
55 550 72,200
8-iNCH HOWITZER,
PROJECTILE *EIGHT: 200.34
Range (yd.) Terminal velocity (f/s) Probability of hitting target I
COMPLETE ROUND WEIGHT:
0. 1,950 1,000 1,820
228.52 LB.
5,000 1,370 7,500 1,160 0.060
10,000 1,060 0.018 1.8 1.4 1.3 3.2
1,950 F/S
12,500 1,030 0.0056 1.8 1.1 1.4 3.1 15,000 1,030
yd. square in any one round Face normal to angle of fall (ft.) Face vertical (ft.) Face horizontal' (ft.) Face normal to angle of fall (ft.) Face vertical (ft.) Face horizontal' (Ft.) Ft.) 3 ft. thick 5 ft. thick 7 ft. thick 4.0 40 3.7 3.7 3.1 3.1 2.6 2.4
1.8 1.5 3.1 2.9
Volume of concrete excavated by first round j(cu.
40, 1 2 5
22 1 6 11 1 7 14 1 8 15 1 8 15
Number of rounds falling in circle of 1.67 yd. diameter necessary to perforate concrete
6 ft. thick 12 15 (.) 3,400 5 4 3 16 24 5,500 8 4 3 21 50 11,400 30 250 57,100 125 6 2 1 35 440 100,500
Necessary number of hits -- 2g .2 Total number of rounds Total a
24 5,500 8
39 8,900 13
35 80 18,300 40
50 390 89,100 145
55 650 148,500
Z3. E.
'High-angle Are to be used against horizontal targets. Zone 7 charge at i 5,000-yd.
Zone 6 at 12,500-yd. ranged Zone 5 at 1O,000-yd. range.
8-INCH GUN, Ml, FIRING SHELL, H.E.,
PROJECTILE WEIGHT: 240.34 LB.
Rang. (yd.)
Terminal velocity (f/s) Probability of hitting target I yd, square in any one round Penetration depth of one round Into thick concrete *
1,750 0.0088 1,920
1,520 0.0035 3.5 3.0 5.2 4.9
c.r., Tos FUZE
MUZZLE VELOCITY: 19,000
1,290 0.0010
COMPLETE ROUND WEIGHT: 338.34 LB.
2,850 F/S
1,160 0.00024 2.5 1.4 3.8
Face normal to angle of fall (ft.) (ft.) Face vertical Face normal to angleof fall (ft.) Face vertical (ft.)
8.0 8.0 11.6
2.0 4.5 3.7 55 3 5
3 ft. thick 7 f. thick
10 ft. high, 6 ft. thick Necessary number of hits 8 10 625
No. of rds. fired at each point of aim between successive aiming points (ft.)
owo p
Deflection difference No.
of different aiming
a r.0V
*." .c = a"
d a' c. Total complete round weight (lb.)
1i61,000
O -0 -X
240-MM HOWITZER,
PROJECTILE WEIGHT: 360.34 LB.
COMPLETE ROUND WEIGHT: 438.59 LB.
MUZZLE VELOCITY: 2,300 F/S
1,120 0.0019 2.7 1.9 2.3 4.4 3.7 3.6
1,080 0.0009 2.6 1.2 2.7 4.1 4.1
yd. square in any one round Face normal to angle of fall (ft.) (ft.) Face vertical Face horizontal' (ft.) Face normal to angle of fall (ft.) 7.0 7.0
0.0034 3.1 2.5
0 Volume of concrete excavated by first round (cu. ft.)
Number of rounds falling in circle of 2 yd. diameter necessary to perforate concrete 5 ft. thick 7 ft. thick 1 2 2 3
3 5 5 9 5 10 5 10
10 ft. high, 6 ft. thick o } v Necessary number of hits Total number of rounds 10 255 112,000 12 530
W0 c o
S-:2_
16 385 169,000
0 0iSN
Necessary number of hits Total number of rounds Total complete round weight (lb.)
880 386,000
E 0Y 0o
Deflection difference between successive aiming points (ft.) No. of different aiming points I
'High angle fire to be used against horizontal targets. Zone 3 charge for 19,000-yd. range; Zone 2, for 15,000-yd. range.
Volume II, Part 3 SHELL FRAGMENT DAMAGE
1. TABLES OF FRAGMENT DAMAGE
These tables give the number B of effective hits per sq. ft. of target area at a given distance r from the burst. The numbers B are averages for different directions from the burst. They are properly applied only to a considerable number of bursts with random orientation of the projectile axis relative to the target.
4. THE CHOICE OF SHELLS
The artilleryman should first decide upon the type of perforation which his target requires for effective damage. The tables will then show him the average number of effective hits to be expected for ground bursts at a given distance from the target provided the target is unshielded and a sufficient number of shots are used. If the target is shielded, as when men are in medium foxholes, air bursts will increase the chance of effective damage, particularly if the target area is extended. The fragment patterns will indicate how the damage done by an individual shell varies with the height of burst and angle of fall. For the shells considered, the optimum height of burst against shielded personnel is approximately 30 ft. This optimum is for a controlled height of burst without dispersion in height. In actual practice, the height of burst of a shell in time fire suffers considerable dispersion and when the mechanical time fuze, M67 or M43, is used, the projectile fails in general on ground impact. In such cases, the optimum mean height of burst is generally higher than 30 ft. For the fuze, M67 or M43, there may be used the following practical rule which assures fragment damage near the optimum against enemy personnel in medium foxholes.
As distinguished from damage tables, the damage patterns represent typical individual cases and vary with the remaining velocity of the projectile, the angle of fall, and the height of burst. Both damage tables and damage patterns presuppose a graze or air burst with no shielding of target. The user of the data given here must make due allowance for target shielding and the penetration of the projectile into the ground before burst. The amount of this penetration will depend upon the remaining velocity, angle of fall of the projectile, the nature of the soil, and the projectile and fuze. In the fragment damage patterns, shadings of different types indicate regions of decreasing density of hits. The regions distinguished are those where there is at least one hit per 1, 4, 10, or 25 sq. ft. of area. These units of area are understood as normal to the fragment trajectories. Unshaded regions entering near the burst do not indicate that there are no effective hits in these regions, but merely that the density of effective hits is less than that belonging to the nearest shaded area. The white centers of the fragment patterns are used to indicate the origin of the polar system above which the missile bursts. In general, these areas suffer the highest type of fragment damage as well as blast damage.
ADJUST THE MEAN HEIGHT H OF BURST TO A VALUE WHICH IS TWICE THE PROBABLE ERROR IN THE HEIGHT OF BURST AS LISTED IN THE FIRING TABLES, RESTRICTING H, HOWEVER, TO VALUES BETWEEN 30 FT. AND 120 FT.
The patterns indicate how the fragment damage falls off with height of burst above 30 ft. This accounts for the upper limit of 120 ft. On the other hand, the failure of shells with the fuzes, M67 and M43, to detonate on ground impact, makes it necessary to raise the height of burst as far as is consistent with the maximum damage effect. The above rule is designed for this end.
The types of damage considered are casualties, and normal perforations of mild steel of Y 2-in. thickness. A casualty is supposed 8-in., Y4-in., and Y by a hit with at least 58 ft.-lb. of energy. It is incapacitation and not caused necessarily death. Damage occasioned by perforation of 8-in. mild steel is considered effective against airplanes on the ground. In antiaircraft fire against modern bombers, the most effective damage varies from that with -in. perforation to 3 8-in. perforation of mild steel. Damage in which there are perforations of u-in. or -in. mild steel is effective against trucks, light armored vehicles, railway rolling stock, and targets of similar resistant nature.
5. THE SOURCES OF DATA
The data from which the damage tables and patterns have been derived is taken from measurements of fragment velocity, retardation, shape, and penetration, and the mass and angular distribution of fragments as made at the various Army and Navy proving grounds and laboratories.
TNT Loading TABLE 39 CASUALTIES
Average Distance from burst (ft.) r Total number of effective Fragments N number of effective fragper sq. ft. B For the lightest eFfective Fragment Weight (oz.) m Velocity (f/s) v
TABLE 40 PERFORATION OF l/ 8 -IN.
Average Distance from burst Total number of effective Fragments N number of effective Fragments per sq. ft. B
INITIAL FRAGMENT VELOCITY 2,900 F/S
For the lightest effective fragment Weight (oz.) m Velocity (fs) v
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 140
295 233 188 147 111 86 64 47 30 19 13
.234 .0463 .0166 .0073 .0035 .0019 .0010 .0006 .0002 .0001 .0001
.012 .017 .022
2,230 1,870 1,640 1,460 1,310 1,210 1,120 1,040 943 870 817
86 43 22 11 7 4 3
.0686 .0086 .0020 .0005 .0002 .0001 .0001
.041 .057 .075 .095 .120 .147 .176
2,550 2,270 2,080 1,920 1,810 1,710 1,610
.035 .041 .048 .055 .067 .079 .089
20-MM H.E. SHELL,
TABLE 41 CASUALTIES
20-MM H.E.I. SHELL,
M97 (T23)
INITIAL FRAGMENT VELOCITY 2,160 F/S
INITIAL FRAGMENT VELOCITY 1,960 F/S
For the lightest Average For the lightest
Distance from burst (ft.) r 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Total number of effective fragments N 38 27 18 12 7. 6 5 5
number of effective fragments per sq. ft. B .0304 .0054 .0016 .0006 .0002 .0001 .0001 .0001
effective fragment Weight Velocity (oz.) (f/s)
Distance from burst (ft.)
. Total number of effective fragments N
number of effective Fragments per sq. ft. B .0239 .0042 .0013 .0005 .0003 .0002 .0001 .0001
.018 .025 .033 .040, .050 .056 .062 .068
1,570 1,340 1,190 1,090 1,020 972 929 891
1,820 1,540 1,340 1,220 1,090 1,030 980 935
30 21 15 11 10 9 8 7
.024 .033 .042 .050 .057 .063 .069 .075
75-MM H.E. SHELL,
TABLE 43 CASUALTIES
Average number oF efFective fragments per sq. Ft.
TABLE 44 PERFORATION OF 1/8 -IN.
Average number oF effective Frag
INITIAL FRAGMENT VELOCITY 3,120 F/S
For the lightest effective Fragment
Distance From burst (Ft.) r
Total number oF eFfective Fragments N
Total number oF effective
Velocit (fs) v
2,390 2,180 2,010 1,790 1,580 1,430 1,270 1,160 1,080 1,020
(Ft.) r
20 30 40 60 80 100 130 160 190 225
Fragments N
534 442 386 300 242 197 132 86 57 39
ments per sq. B
.106 .0391 .0192 .0066 .0030 .0016 .0006 .0003 .0001 .0001
20 30 40 60 80 100 150 200 300 400
1,070 920 750 640 510 450 370 320 250 200
.213 .0809 .0375 .0141 .0064 .0036 .0013 .0006 .0002 .0001
.014 .018 .024 .037 .051 .063 .090 .116 .173 .244
2,060 1,820 1,570 1,270 1,080 972 813 716 587 494
.049 .065 .082 .127 .185 .253 .375 .508 .655 .820
3-IN. H.E. SHELL,
TABLE 45 CASUALTIES
TABLE 46 PERFORATION OF 1/8 -IN. MILD STEEL
For the lightest effective Fragment Weight
(oz.) m
INITIAL FRAGMENT VELOCITY 2,260 F/S
Total number oF efective
(F/s) v
1,860 1,740 1,600 1,400 1,270 1,180 1,080 1,020
.109 .0440
.026 .033
1,510 1,340 1,220 1,040 943 862 742 660 549 466
20 30 40 60 80 100 130 160 190
284 242 205 151 113 90 64 43 28
.0565 .0214 .0102 .0033 .0014 .0007 .0003 .0001 .0001
.106 .139 .177 .270 .375 .480 .648 .825 1.01
60 80 100 150 200 300 400
409 370 331 282 244 191 149
.0090 .0046 .0026 .0010 .0005 .0002 .0001
.055 .067 .080 .108 .137 .197 .275
81-MM H.E. SHELL,
TABLE 47 CASUALTIES
Average Distance from burst (ft.) r Total number of effective fragments N number of effective fragments per sq. ft. B For the lightest effective fragment Weight (oz.) m Velocity
TABLE 48 PERFORATION OF 1/8 -1N. MILD STEEL
INITIAL FRAGMENT VELOCITY 6,180 F/S
N(/s)
v 3,860 2,920
Average number of effective fragments per sq. ft. B
.250 .100
20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 170
920 751 593, 335 198 144 107
.183 .0664 .0295 .0074 .0025 .0011 .0006 .0003 .0001
.012 .017 .022 .035 .051 .071 .097 .128 .188
4,060 3,580 3,200 2,700 2,360 2,110 1,900 1,780 1,560
60 80 100 150 200 300
847 605 436 180 129 80
.014 .021 .029 .056 .080 .128
.0187 .0075 .0035 .0006 .0003 .0001
2,060 1,680 1,430 1,030 862 682
90-MM N.E. SHELL,
TABLE 49 CASUALTIES
Average number of effective fragments per sq. ft. For the lightest effective fragment Weight (oz.) m Velocity (F/s)
TABLE 50 PERFORATION OF lA-IN. MILD STEEL
Average number of effective fragments per sq. ft. For the lightest effective Fragment Weight (oz.) Velocity (f/s)
Total number of effective fragments
20 30 40 60 80 100 150 200 300 500 720 668 631 539 476 428 358 323 277 207
.143 .0591 .0314 .0119 .0059 .0034 .001.3 .0006 .0002 .0001
1,870 1,640 1,460 1,210 1,040 943 796 705 575 418 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 170 200 300
469 402 358 299 260 226 195 171 145 124 75
.0933 .0355 .0178 .0066 .0032 .0018 .0011 .0007 .0004 .0003 .0001
.057 .075 .095 .147 .210 .287 .377 .472 .617 .772 1.31
2,270 2,080 1,920 1,710
.017 .022 .028 .041 .055 .067 .094 .120 .180 .340
1,370 1,260 1,190 1,110 1,040 906
105-MM H.E. SHELL,'Ml
INITIAL FRAGMENT VELOCITY 3,500 F/S TABLE 51 CASUALTIES
TABLE 52 PERFORATION OF l/ 8 -IN. MILD STEEL
Weight Velocity Distance Total number Average number of For the lightest effective fragment
effective frag-
fragments N 1,160 1,115 1,072 996932 875 745 642 513 433 358
ments per sq. ft. B .231 .0986 .0533 .0220 .0116 .0070 .0026 .0013 .0004 .0002 .0001
(oz.) m .010 .014 .019 .030 .043 .055 .083 .109 .166 .232 .312
(f/s) v 2,440 2,060 1,770 1,410 1,180 1,040 846 738 598 507 438
from burst (ft.)
of effective fragments N 975923 853 700 570
effective fragments per sq. ft. B .194 .0816 .0424 .0155 .0071
Weight (oz.) m .035 .047 .061 .095 .137
20 30 40 60 80 100 150 200 300 400 500
2,430 2,220 1,920 1,750
120 140 170 200 300
403 341 262 210 88
.0022 .0014 .0007 .0004 .0001
.255 .326 .448 .580 1.05
1,420 1,320 1,200 1,120 955
105-MM H.E. SHELL,
INITIAL FRAGMENT VELOCITY 3,320 F/S
Average number of effective fragments per sq. ft. B For the lightest effective Fragment Weight (oz.) m Velocity
1/8 .IN.
For the lightest effective fragment Weight (oz.) m Velocity (f/s) v
1,120 1,090 917 807 735 680 592 529 431 360 256
.222 .0967, .0456 .0178 .0091 .0054 .0021 .0011 .0004 .0002 .0001
.012 .017 .023 .034 .047 .060 .088 .112 .170 .237 .412
2,230 1,870 1,620 1,320 1,130 1,000 822 .729 592 501 380
20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 170 200 300
751 707 652 538 448 372 326 282 223 175 85
.149 .0625 .0324 .0119 .0056 .0030 .0018 .0011 .0006 .0003 .0001
.043 .053 .069 .107 .159 .222 .290 .367 .495 .632 1.13
2,510 2,330 2,130 1,860 1,670 1,480 1,360 1,280 1,170 1,090 940
4.5-IN. H.E. SHELL,
TABLE 55 CASUALTIES
Average number of eFfective Fragments per sq. Ft. B For the lightest eFfective Fragment Weight. Velocity (oz.) m (F/s) v
INITIAL FRAGMENT VELOCITY 2,810 F/S
PERFORATION OF l/ 8-IN. MILD STEEL
Average Distance From burst Total number of effective number oF effective FragFor the lightest effective Fragment Weight (oz.) m Velocity (fs) v
ments per sq.
20 30 40 60 80 100 150 200 300
1,310 1,220 1,180 1,080 1,030 966 879 802 661
.261 .108 .0588 .0240 .0128 .0077 .0031 .0016 .0006
.017 .023 .028 .043 .057 .069 .095 .122 .183
1,870 1,620 1,460 1,180 1,020 928 792 698 570
20 30 40 60 80 100 120
993 940 864 735 606 ) 515 443
.198 .0831 .0430 .0162 .0075 .0041 .0024
.061 .079 .100 .153 .222 .303 .400
2,220 2,040 1,890 1,690 1,480 1,340 1,240
337 282 155
.0009 .0006 .0001
.642 .802 1.36
1,090 1,020 896
120-MM HE. SHELL,
TABLE 57 CASUALTIES
Average Distance from burst (ft.) r Total number of effective number of effective fragments per sq. ft. B For the lightest effective fragment Weight (oz.) Velocity
TABLE 58 PERFORATION OF 1/8-IN. MILD STEEL
Average number of For the lightest effective fragment
INITIAL FRAGMENT VELOCITY 2,410 F/S
1,640 1,460 1,280 1,080 958 880 760 669 547 465 403
effective fragments per sq. ft.
.022 .028 .036 .051 .065 .077 .103 .133 .199 .275 .366
484 467 458 435 413 398 367 333 290 263 239
.0963 .0413 .0228 .0096 .0051 .0032 .0013 .0007 .0003 .0001 .0001
376 350 319 278 246 228 212 198 178 160 118
.0748 .0309 .0159 .0061 .0031 .0018 .0012 .0008 .0005 .0003 .0001
.089 .117 .149 .230 .333 .427 .531 .640 .809 .987 1.58
1,960 1,820 1,710 1,470 1,310 1,220 1,150 1,090 1,020 968 859 '
155-MM N.E. SHELL,
TABLE 59 CASUALTIES
Average For the lightest
TABLE 60 PERFORATION OF 1/8 -IN. MILD STEEL
INITIAL FRAGMENT VELOCITY 3,500 F/S
Total number oF effective Fragments N 1,460 1,400 1,360 1,280 1,190 1,130 990 900 767 669 540
number oF effective Fragments per sq. Ft. B .291 .124 .0676 .0283 ..0148 .0090 .0034 .0018 .0007 .0003 .0001
effective Fragment Weight Velocity (oz.) (F/s) m .010 .014 .019 .030 .043 .055 .083 .109 .161 .233 .402 v 2,440 2,060 1,770 1,410 1,180 1,040 846 738 598 505 383
Distance From burst (ft.) r 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 170 200 300 400
Total number oF effective Fragments N 1,240 1,170 1,100 945 820 717 648 592 513 440 265 111
Average number oF effective Fragments per sq. Ft. B .247 .104 .0547 .0209 .0102 .0057 .0036 .0024 .0014 .0009 .0002 .0001
For the lightest effective Fragment Weight Velocity (oz.) (F/s) m .035 .047 .061 .095 .137 .192 .255 .326 .448 .580 1.05 1.61 v 2,700 2,430 2,220 1,920 1,750 1,550 1,420 1,320 1,200 1,120 955 856
8-IN. H.E. SHELL,
TABLE 61 CASUALTIES
TABLE 62 PERFORATION OF 1/8 -IN.
Average number of effective fragments per sq. ft. B .286 .118 .0622 .0233 .0115 .0066 ,0024 .0011 .0004 .0001
INITIAL FRAGMENT VELOCITY 2,500 F/S
For the lightest effective fragment Weight (oz.) m .082 .107 .136 .207 .293 .390 .655 .934 1.52 2.98 Velocity (f/s) v 2,010 1,860 1,750 1,510 1,360 1,250 1,080 983 867 733
Distance from burst (ft.) r 20 30 40 60 80 100 150 200 300 500
Total number of effective fragments N 1,440 1,330 1,250 1,060 922 835 670 567 418 257
r 20 30 50 70 100 150 200 300 500 800
N 1,860 1,770 1,680 1,560 1,470 1,360 1,260 1,080 865 647
B .370 .156 .0533 .0253 .0117 .0048 .0025 .0010 .0003 .0001
m .020 .027 .040 .055 .074 .101 .130 .195 .359 .715
v 1,730 1,480 1,220 1,040 897 768 676 553 407 289
r 20 30 40 60 80 100 150 200 275 400 N 762 711 670 590 514 447 323 252 179 106°
B .152 .0629 .0333 .0130 .0064 .0036 .0011 .0005 .0002 .0001
m .485 .566 .655 .855 1.10 1.37 2.16 3.15 4.70 7.45 v 2,230 2,110 2,020 1,850 1,710 1,600 1,390 1,240 1,110 983 r 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 170 225
N 245 232 225
2-IN. MILD STEEL
B m 3.27 3.55 3.86 4.53 5.23 5.97 6.81 7.72 9.20 13.3 v 2,360 2,290 2,230 2,110 2,010 1,930 1,850 1,780 1,680 1,470
.0487 .0205 .0112 .0042 .0019 .0011 .0007 .0004 .0002 .0001
156 133 119 100 80 40
240-MM H.E. SHELL,
TABLE 65 CASUALTIES
TABLE 66 PERFORATION OF 1/ 8-IN.
INITIAL FRAGMENT VELOCITY 3,300 F/S
For the lightest effective fragment Weight Velocity (oz.) m (f/s) v 2,530 2,300 1,970 1,770 1,480 1,230 1,090 970 841 735
of effective fragments
(ozg) (s)
Distance from burst (ft.) r 20
'20 30 50 70 100 150 250 400 700 1,000
4,160 4,080 3,660 3,310 3,000 2,720 2,360 1,990 1,520 1,050
.825 .360 .117 .0538 .0239 .0096 .0030 .0010 .0002 .0001
.013 .017 .028 .040 .060 .087 .140 .240 .521 .928
2,140 1,870 1,460 1,220 1,000 827 652 498 338 253
N 3,250 3,070
2,720 2,420 2,040 1,670 1,360 1,010 638 379
50 70 100 150 200 275 400 600
.647 .271
.0865 .0393 .0162 .0059 .0027 .0011 .0003 .0001
.087 .132 .220 .412 .639 .980 1.70 3.05
TABLE 67 PERFORATION r
20 30 40 60 80 100 150 200 300 500 N 2,000 1,910 1,820 1,640 1,460 1,280 885 622 362 177
TABLE 68 PERFORATION
v 2,880 2,720 2,560 2,310 2,120 1,970 1,680 1,480 1,230 997 r 20 30 40 60 80 N 700 ° 638 597 498 432
OF 1/4-IN. MILD STEEL
B .399 .169 .0903 .0362 .0182 .0102 .0031 .0012 .0003 .0001 m .235 .276 .325 .436 .560 .700 1.17 1.75 3.28 7.05
B .139 .0564 .0297 .0110 .0054
m 1.54 1.70 1.85 2.23 2.60 v 3,070 2,980 2,880 2,700 2,550
333 251 165 82
.0012 .0005 .0002 .0001
4.22 5.60 7.27 9.15
2,160 1,970 1,810 1,680
75-MM SHELL, HE., M48
1~~30°
GROUND 0 GROUND
Ground Burst Shell Horizontal at rest
Remaining Velocity 800 f/s Range 8,500 yd. (normal charge)-75-mm Gun, M3
At least 1 hit per 4 sq. ft.
At least 1 hit per 10 sq. ft.
75-MM SHELL, H.E., M48
j-9Oo
FIGURE 70 Height of Burst 60 ft. Remaining Velocity 800 f/s Range 8,500 yd. (normal charge)-75-mm Gun, M3
Height of Burst 30 ft. Remaining Velocity 800 f/s Range 8,500 yd. (normal charge)-75-mm Gun, M3
At least 1 hit per 25 sq. ft.
PERFORATION OF 1/ 8-IN. MILD STEEL
~~30°
FIGURE 71 Ground Burst Shell Horizontal at rest
Ground Burst Remaining Velocity 800 Range 8,500 yd. (normal charge)-75-mm Gun, M3
/8 -IN.
I/1~1((Il ii At least 1 hit per 10 sq. ft. Height of Burst 30 ft. Remaining Velocity 800 F/s Range 8,500 yd. (normal charge)-75-mm
Gun, M3
3-IN. SHELL, H.E., M42A1
FIGURE 74 Ground Burst Shell Horizontal at rest
FIGURE 75 Ground Burst Remaining Velocity 815 f/s Range 10,500 yd.-3-in. Gun, M5
1lhit per 4 sq. ft.
Height of Burst 30 ft. Remaining Velocity 815 f/s Range 10,500 yd.-3-in. Gun, M5
a Height of Burst 60 ft. Remaining Velocity 815 f/s Range 10,500 yd.-3-in. Gun, M5
At least 1 hit per 4 sq., ft.
/ 8-IN.
FIGURE 78 Ground Burst Shell Horizontal at rest
FIGURE 79 Ground Burst Remaining Velocity 815 f/s
Range 10,500 yd.-3-in. Gun, M5
H.E., M42A1
PERFORATION OF 1/8-IN. MILD STEEL
O1I1111111ThiAt least 1 hit per 10 sq. ft.
Height of Burst 30 It.
Remaining Velocity 815 f/s Range 10,500 yd.-3-in. Gun, M5
81-MM SHELL, H.E., M56
j-9O-
FIGURE 81 Ground Burst Shell Horizontal at rest
FIGURE 82 Ground Burst Remaining Velocity 459 f/s Range 1,000 yd.-(charge 4)
At least 1 hit per 10 sq.
/$-IN. MILD STEEL
FIGURE 83 Ground Burst Shell Horizontal at rest
FIGURE 84 Ground Burst Remaining Velocity 459 F/s Range 1,000 yd. (charge 4)
At least 1 hit per 10 sq. ft
90-MM SHELL, H.E., M71
Ground Burst Remaining Velocity 947 f/s
Range 13,000
yd.-90-mm
'90-MM SHELL,
H.E., M71
FIGURE 87 Height of Burst 30 ft. Remaining Velocity 947 f/s Range 13,000 yd.-90-mm Gun, M3
Height of Burst 60 ft. Remaining Velocity 947 f/s Range 13,000 yd.-90-mm Gun, M3
/8-IN. MILD STEEL
FIGURE Ground Burst Shell Horizontal at rest
FIGURE 90 Ground Burst Remaining Velocity 947 f/s Range 13,000 yd.-90-mm Gun, M3
g-IN. MILD STEEL
Height of Burst 30 ft. Remaining Velocity 947 f/s Range 13,000 yd.-90-mm Gun, M3 Height of Burst 60 ft. Remaining Velocity 947 f/s Range 13,000 yd.-90-mm Gun, M3
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105-MM SHELL, H.E., Ml
FIGURE 93 Ground Burst Shell Horizontal at rest
FIGURE 94 Ground Burst Remaining Velocity 800 f/s Range 7,000 yd. (charge 5)-105-mm How., M2A
Height of Burst 30 ft. Remaining Velocity 800 f/s Range 7,000 yd. (charge 5)-I105-mm How., M2A1
At least I hit per 4 sq. ft.
Ihit per 10 sq. ft.
At least I hit per 25 sq. ft.
Height of Burst 60 ft. Remaining Velocity 800 f/s Range 7,000 yd. (charge 5)-I 05-mm How., M2Al
hit per 10 sq. ft.
I hit per 25 sq. ft.
105-MM SHELL,
HE,MI
PERFORATION OF l/ 8 -IN. MILD STEEL
~-~300
FIGURE 97 Ground Burst Shell Horizontal at rest
FIGURE 98 Ground Burst Remaining Velocity 800 f/s Range 7,000 yd. (charge 5)-1 05-mm How., M2A1
105-MM SHELL, H.E., M1
PERFORATION OF 1/8 -IN. MILD STEEL
Height of Burst 30 ft. Remaining Velocity 800 f/s Range 7,000 yd. (charge 5)-1 How., M2AI
Height of Burst 60 Ft. Remaining Velocity 800 f/s Range 7,000 yd. (charge 5)-I105-mm How., M2Al
105-MM SHELL, H.E., M38A1
00GROUND
Ground Burst Remaining Velocity 960 F/s
105-MM SHELL,, H.E.,
/8-IN. MILD
Remaining Velocity 960 f/s
4.5-IN. SHELL, H.E., M65
30 GROUND 0
Ground Burst Remaining Velocity 1,000 f/s Range 12,000 yd. (normal charge)-4.5in. Gun, Ml
Height of Burst 30 ft. Remaining Velocity 1,000 f/s Range 12,000 yd. (normal charge) -4.5-in. Gun, M1
hit per 4 sq. ft.
hit per 25 sq. ft.
Height of Burst 60 ft. Remaining Velocity 1,000 F/s Range 12,000 yd. (normal charge)-4.5-in. Gun, M1
I hit per 10 sq. Ft.
Ground Burst Remaining Velocity 1,000 f/s Range 12,000 yd. (normal charge)-4.5-in. Gun, Ml
/ 8 -IN.
Height of Burst 30 ft. Remaining Velocity 1,000 f/s Range 12,000 yd. (normal charge)-4.5-in.
Gun, M1
120-MM SHELL, H.E., M73
FIGURE. 113 Ground Burst Shell Horizontal at rest
FIGURE 114 Ground Burst Remaining Velocity 960 F/s
FIGURE 115 Ground Burst Shell Horizontal at rest
FIGURE 116 Ground Burst Remaining Velocity
960 f/s
155-MM SHELL, H.E., M107
FIGURE 118 Ground Burst Remaining Velocity 900 f/s Range 9,000 yd. (charge 5)-I 55-mm How., Ml
Height of Burst 30 ft.
Remaining Velocity 900 F/s Range 9,000 yd. (charge 5)-1 55-mm
FIGURE 120Height of Burst 60 ft. Remaining Velocity 900 f/s Range 9,000 yd. (charge 5)-l 55-mm
How., Ml
Height of Burst 30 ft. Remaining Velocity 950 f/s Range 9,500 yd. (charge 5)-155-mm How., Ml
Height of Burst 60 It.
Remaining Velocity 950 F/s At least 1 hit per 25 sq. ft. Range 5,000 yd. (charge 5)-I How., MI 55-mm
SHELL, I.E., M107
/ 8 -IN. -MILD STEEL
-30" 00
Ground Burst Remaining Velocity 900 /s Range 9,000 yd. (charge 5)-I How., MI
Height of Burst 30 ft. Remaining Velocity 900 f/s Range 9,000 yd. (charge 5)-I55-mm How., M1 Height of Burst 60 ft. Remaining Velocity 900 How., Ml
Range 9,000 yd. (charge 5)-i55-mm
'Ivzxl 0/1111/i
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