Source: https://www.legalcrystal.com/case/97537/smith-vs-shaughnessy
Timestamp: 2017-03-29 03:49:51
Document Index: 609319459

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 501', '§ 501', '§ 322', '§ 801', '§ 501', '§ 501']

Smith Vs Shaughnessy - Citation 97537 - Court Judgment | LegalCrystal
Save as PDF Add a Tag Add a Note Semantics Visualize Smith Vs. Shaughnessy - Court Judgment	LegalCrystal Citationlegalcrystal.com/97537CourtUS Supreme CourtDecided OnFeb-15-1943Case Number318 U.S. 176AppellantSmithRespondentShaughnessyExcerpt:.....in a case such as this, where the grantor has neither the form nor substance of control over the trust property, and never will have unless he outlives his wife, it must be concluded that the grantor has relinquished economic control over the trust property, and that the gift was complete except for the value of his reversionary interest. p.
318 u. s. 181
the question here is the extent of the petitioner's liability for a tax under §§ 501, 506 of the revenue act of 1932, 47 stat. 169, which imposes a tax upon every transfer of property by gift, "whether the..... Judgment:
Smith v. Shaughnessy - 318 U.S. 176 (1943)
1. Under an irrevocable transfer of properly in trust, the income was to be paid to the grantor's wife for life; upon her death, the corpus was to go to the grantor, if living, or, if not, to the wife's heirs. Concededly, the wife's life interest was subject to the federal gift tax.
that the remainder interest, less the value of the grantor's reversionary interest, was subject to the gift tax imposed by §§ 501, 506 of the Revenue Act of 1932. P.
318 U. S. 180
2. The gift tax under the Revenue Act of 1932 amounts in some instances to a security for the payment eventually of the federal estate tax; it is in no sense double taxation. P.
318 U. S. 179
value of, "a remainder . . . subject to an outstanding life estate" are consistent with the purpose of the Act. P.
4. In a case such as this, where the grantor has neither the form nor substance of control over the trust property, and never will have unless he outlives his wife, it must be concluded that the grantor has relinquished economic control over the trust property, and that the gift was complete except for the value of his reversionary interest. P.
The petitioner, age 72, made an irrevocable transfer in trust of 3,000 shares of stock worth $571,000. The trust income was payable to his wife, age 44, for life; upon her death, the stock was to be returned to the petitioner, if he was living; if he was not living, it was to go to such persons as his wife might designate by will, or, in default of a will
by her, to her intestate successors under applicable New York law. The petitioner, under protest, paid a gift tax of $71,674.22, assessed on the total value of the trust principal, and brought suit for refund in the district court. Holding that the petitioner had, within the meaning of the Act, executed a completed gift of a life estate to his wife, the court sustained the Commissioner's assessment on $322,423, the determined value of her life interest, but the remainder was held not to be completely transferred, and hence not subject to the gift tax. 40 F.Supp. 19. The government appealed, and the Circuit Court of Appeals reversed, ordering dismissal of the petitioner's complaint on the authority of its previous decision in
Herzog v. Commissioner,
116 F.2d 591. We granted certiorari because of alleged conflict with our decisions in
. In these decisions, and in
, we have considered the problems raised here in some detail, and it will therefore be unnecessary to make any elaborate resurvey of the law.
The taxpayer's principal argument here is that, under our decision in the
case, the value of the remainder will be included in the grantor's gross estate for estate tax purposes, and that, in the
case, we intimated a general policy against allowing the same property to be taxed both as an estate and as a gift.
This view, we think, misunderstands our position in the
case. As we said there, the gift and estate tax laws are closely related, and the gift tax serves to supplement the estate tax. [
] We said that the taxes are not "always mutually exclusive," and called attention to § 322 of the 1924 Act, there involved (reenacted with amendments in § 801 of the 1932 Act), which charts the course for granting credits on estate taxes by reason of previous payment of gift taxes on the same property. The scope of that provision we need not now determine. It is sufficient to note here that Congress plainly pointed out that "some" of the "total gifts subject to gift taxes . . . may be included for estate tax purposes, and some not." House Report No. 708, 72d Cong., 1st Sess., p. 45. Under the statute, the gift tax amounts in some instances to a security, a form of downpayment on the estate tax which secures the eventual payment of the latter; it is in no sense double taxation, as the taxpayer suggests.
We conclude that, under the present statute, Congress has provided, as its plan for integrating the estate and gift taxes, this system of secured payment on gifts which will later be subject to the estate tax. [
We cannot accept any suggestion that the complexity of a property interest created by a trust can serve to defeat a tax. For many years, Congress has sought vigorously to close tax loopholes against ingenious trust instruments. [
] Even though these concepts of property and value may be slippery and elusive, they cannot escape taxation so long as they are used in the world of business. The language of the gift tax statute, "property . . . real or personal, tangible or intangible," is broad enough to include property, however conceptual or contingent. And, lest there be any doubt as to the amplitude of their purpose, the Senate and House Committees, reporting the bill, spelled out their meaning as follows:
"The terms 'property,' 'transfer,' 'gift,' and 'indirectly' [in § 501] are used in the broadest sense; the term 'property' reaching every species of right or interest protected by the laws and having an exchangeable value. [
The Treasury regulations, which we think carry out the Act's purpose, made specific provisions for application of
the tax to, and determination of the value of, "a remainder . . . subject to an outstanding life estate." [
The essence of a gift by trust is the abandonment of control over the property put in trust. The separable interests transferred are not gifts to the extent that power remains to revoke the trust or recapture the property represented by any of them,
or to modify the terms of the arrangement so as to make other disposition of the property,
Sanford v. Commissioner, supra.
case, the grantor could, by modification of the trust, extinguish the donee's interest at any instant he chose. In cases such as this, where the grantor has neither the form nor substance of control, and never will have unless he outlives his wife, we must conclude that he has lost all "economic control," and that the gift is complete except for the value of his reversionary interest. [
The gift tax was passed not only to prevent estate tax avoidance, but also to prevent income tax avoidance through reducing yearly income, and thereby escaping the effect of progressive surtax rates. House Report No. 708, 72d Cong., 1st Sess., p. 28; Brandeis, J., dissenting in
276 U. S. 450
; Stone, J., dissenting in
285 U. S. 333
It has been suggested that the congressional plan relating the estate and gift taxes may still be incomplete.
Griswold, A Plan for the Coordination of the Income, Estate, and Gift Tax Provisions etc., 56 Harv.L.Rev. 337; Magill, The Federal Gift Tax, 40 Col.L.Rev. 773, 792; Kauper, The Revenue Act of 1942: Estate and Gift Tax Amendments, 41 Mich.L.Rev. 369, 388,
and see Commissioner v. Prouty,
115 F.2d 331, 337;
Higgins v. Commissioner,
129 F.2d 237, 239.
Senate Report No. 665, 72d Cong., 1st Sess., p. 39; House Report No. 708,
Treas.Regulations 79 (1936 Ed.) Arts. 2, 3, 17, 19.
Cf. Commissioner v. Marshall,
125 F.2d 943, 945.
The conclusion reached here is in accord with that of the several Circuit Courts of Appeal which have considered the problem:
Commissioner v. Marshall,
125 F.2d 943;
Commissioner v. Beck's Estate,
129 F.2d 243;
Commissioner v. McLean,
127 F.2d 942;
Helvering v. Robinette,
129 F.2d 832,
aff'd, post,
Hughes v. Commissioner,
104 F.2d 144,
I dissent. I am of opinion that, except for the life estate in the wife, the gift
the donor was incomplete, and not within the sweep of §§ 501 and 506. A contrary conclusion might well be reached were it not for
v. Hallock,
. But the decisions in
Sanford v. Commissioner,
, to which the court adheres, require a reversal in view of the ruling in the
The first of the two cases ruled that a transfer in trust, whereby the grantor reserved a power of revocation, was not subject to a gift tax, but became so upon the renunciation of the power. The second held that, where the grantor reserved a power to change the beneficiaries, but none to revoke or to make himself a beneficiary, the transfer was incomplete, and not subject to gift tax. At the same term, in
Porter v. Commissioner,
288 U. S. 436
, the court held that, where a decedent had given property
in trust, reserving a power to change the beneficiaries but no power to revoke or revest the property in himself, the transfer was incomplete until the termination of the reserved power by the donor's death, and hence the corpus was subject to the estate tax.
When these cases were decided, the law, as announced by this court, was that where, in a complete and final transfer
a grantor provided that, in a specified contingency, the corpus should pass to him, if living, but, if he should be dead, then to others, the gift was complete when made, he retained nothing which passed from him at his death, prior to the happening of the contingency, and that no part of the property given was includable in his gross estate for estate tax.
Helvering v. St. Louis Union Trust Co.,
Becker v. St. Louis Union Trust Co.,
. So long as this was the law, the transfer might properly be the subject of a gift tax, for the gift was, as respects the donor, complete when made.
In 1940, these decisions were overruled, and it was held that such a transfer was so incomplete when made, and the grantor retained such an interest, that the cessation of that interest at death furnished the occasion for imposing
an estate tax. Thus, the situation here presented was placed in the same category as those where the grantor had reserved a power to revoke or a power to change beneficiaries. By analogy to the
cases, I suppose the gift would have become complete if the donor had, in his life, relinquished or conveyed the contingent estate reserved to him.
In the light of this history, the
case requires a holding that the gifts in remainder, after the life estate, create no gift tax liability. The reasoning of that decision, the authorities, and the legislative history relied upon, are all at war with the result in this case. There is no need to quote what was there said. A reading of the decision will demonstrate that, if the principles there announced are here observed, the gifts in question are incomplete, and cannot be the subject of the gift tax.
It will not square with logic to say that, where the donor reserves the right to change beneficiaries, and so delays completion of the gift until his death or prior relinquishment of the right, the gift is incomplete, but where he reserves a contingent interest to himself, the reverse is true -- particularly so if the criterion of estate tax liability is important to the decision of the question, as the
case affirms.
All that is said in the
case about the difficulties of administration and probable inequities of a contrary decision there applies here with greater force. Indeed, a system of taxation which requires valuation of the donor's retained interest, in the light of the contingencies involved, and calculation of the value of the subsequent remainders
by resort to higher mathematics beyond the ken of the taxpayer, exhibits the artificiality of the Government's application of the Act. This is well illustrated in the companion cases of
Paumgarten, infra,
. Such results argue strongly against the construction which the court adopts.