Source: http://slideplayer.com/slide/4350185/
Timestamp: 2018-06-23 02:49:19
Document Index: 603964161

Matched Legal Cases: ['§674', '§ 678', '§ 678', '§678', '§672', 'art 1', 'art 1', 'art 2', 'art 3', 'art 4', 'art 2', '§7520']

Understanding & Drafting Irrevocable Trusts - ppt download
Understanding & Drafting Irrevocable Trusts
Published byStuart Lambert Modified over 3 years ago
Presentation on theme: "Understanding & Drafting Irrevocable Trusts"— Presentation transcript:
1 Understanding & Drafting Irrevocable Trusts
Presented By: WealthCounsel, LLC Bill Conway
2 Good Morning! Introductions Name? From? Practice experience?
Hobbies/Interests? Why EP 203?
3 Good Morning! EP 203 significantly overhauled Overview
WealthDocx IRT Module Insurance-Related IRT Issues Sale Transactions with Defective IRTs Asset Protection & Self-Settled Trusts Split-Interest Trusts
4 Bill Conway www.wealthcounsel.com
WealthDocx IRT Module Bill Conway
5 WealthDocx IRT Module
6 Irrevocable Trusts Generally
Gifts are completed Trust assets are removed from estate Grantor trust? Maybe Maybe not
7 Selecting the Type of IRT (Page 4)
8 Selecting the Type of IRT (Page 4)
2503(c) Trust FBO Minor Outright at 21 Included in estate Alternative to UGMA/UTMA Asset Protection Self-Settled Trust Delaware Distribution advisor suggested
9 Selecting the Type of IRT (Page 5)
Family Bank Trust / BERT Trust Inter Vivos Bypass Trust Gifting Trust Receptacle for lifetime gifts HEET Trust Health and Education Exclusion Trust Appropriate where no GST exemption left Intentionally Defective Grantor Trust Grantor trust set to yes Warning re: Crummey
10 Selecting the Type of IRT (Page 5)
Inheritor’s Trust Settled by non-beneficiary Only one beneficiary allowed Life Insurance Trust (Single) Doesn’t ask if insurance is appropriate investment Life Insurance (2nd to Die) Crummey rights automatically included
11 Other IRTs in WealthDocx
Charitable Trusts CRTs, CLTs, Foundations Split-Interest Trusts GRATs, QPRTs, QTIPs (Later) Special Needs Trusts (3rd Party) Retirement Trusts
12 Grantor as Trustee (Page 6)
13 Distribution Adviser/Trustee (Page 7)
14 Other Trust Helpers (Page 7)
Segregating functions More on Protectors in a moment
15 UTC Provisions (Page 8) Be familiar with your state law!
Affects accountings, notice, etc.
16 Crummey Withdrawal Rights (Page 8)
17 Crummey Withdrawal Rights (Page 8)
Annual Gift Tax Exclusion Saves $5 million lifetime credit Future Interest Rule Crummey Solution
18 Gifting to Irrevocable Trust
Crummey Solution (Page 9) No notice required or given Tax Court - withdrawal rights were illusory 9th Circuit reversed – present interest as long as the withdrawal right is enforceable IRS acquiesced in Rev Rul 81-7; Reasonable notice required
19 Crummey Issues Minor Beneficiaries (Page 9) Guardian may exercise
Should not be donor/parent Inconsistent positions by IRS WD precludes donor/parent from exercising Non-guardian nominee??
20 Crummey Issues Grantor’s Control Over Withdrawal Rights (Page 10)
WD defaults Withdrawal rights exist Pro rata among all benes Invert defaults?
21 Crummey Issues Contingent Beneficiaries (Page 12)
Cristofani (Tax Court) 2 children as current benes 5 grandchildren as contingent benes Tax Ct said no vested interest required
22 Crummey Issues Contingent Beneficiaries (Page 12)
Cristofani (Tax Court) Kholsaat (Tax Court) 16 contingent benes No withdrawal rights exercised IRS argued implicit understanding Tax Court said no evidence of an understanding and none would be inferred
23 Crummey Issues Contingent Beneficiaries (Page 13)
Cristofani (Tax Court) Kholsaat (Tax Court) Holland (Tax Court) Family meeting to discuss not exercising IRS argued implicit understanding Tax Court said meeting evidenced knowledge of rights and conscious decision not to exercise
24 Crummey Issues Notice of Withdrawal Right (Page 13) Oral vs. Written
25 Crummey Issues Notice of Withdrawal Right (Page 14) Oral vs. Written
Frequency “Current” notice Schedule of contributions sufficient WD requires notice upon each contribution
26 Crummey Issues Notice of Withdrawal Right (Page 14) Oral vs. Written
Frequency Duration Reasonable period of time Cristofani was 15 days 4 days has been approved; 3 days disapproved ETIP if spouse has withdrawal right
27 Crummey Issues Notice of Withdrawal Right (Page 16) Oral vs. Written
Frequency Duration Accuracy Waiver
28 Crummey Issues Maintaining Sufficient Assets (Page 16)
Satisfy from other trust assets Distribute fractional portion of policy (if applicable) WD provides for grant of line of credit from grantor
29 Crummey Issues Estate Tax Treatment (Page 16) Withdrawal Right = GPOA
GPOA included in power holder’s estate
30 Gift-Over Problem (Page 17)
Lapse of Withdrawal Right IRC 2514 (vs. 2503) Lapse over 5/5 = Release Release = transfer to other beneficiaries (if any) Transfer is of a future interest
31 Gift-Over Problem Gift-Over Solutions (Page 18)
Limit withdrawal right to 5/5 Separate trusts Common trust with hanging powers Contribute assets so that 5/5 = $12,000 Loans in lieu of contributions
32 Gift-Over Problem
33 Gift-Over Solutions Common Trust (Page 19)
Limits withdrawal right to 5/5 No lapse greater than 5/5 Donee has to aggregate gifts for 5/5
34 Gift-Over Solutions Common Trust (Page 19) Dad Mom $5,000
Annual Premium: $5,000 $2,500 $2,500 Dad Mom Beneficiaries: 2-Son & Daughter No Giftover Problem $5,000 2514(e) lapse of $2,500 each (no gift)
35 Gift-Over Solutions Common Trust (Page 19) Dad Mom $52,000
Annual Premium: $52,000 $26,000 $26,000 Dad Mom Beneficiaries: 2-Son & Daughter $52,000 Deemed gift of $21,000 from each beneficiary to the other 2514(e) lapse of $5,000 each (no gift)
36 Gift-Over Solutions Separate Subtrusts (Page 19)
Allows for full utilization of annual exclusion Lapse in excess of 5/5 gifts over to no one Beneficiary becomes grantor for GST purposes over released portion Separate accounts must be funded
37 Gift-Over Solutions Separate Subtrusts (Page 19) Dad Mom $52,000
Annual Premium: $52,000 $26,000 $26,000 Dad Mom Beneficiaries: 2-Son & Daughter $52,000 No Giftover because no other beneficiaries to whom to gift over Lapse to Separate Trust for Son of $26,000 Lapse to Separate Trust for Daughter of $26,000
38 Gift-Over Solutions Hanging Powers (Page 21)
Allows for full utilization of annual exclusion Amounts in excess of 5/5 continue to be withdrawable Estate inclusion in event power holder predeceases Best of both worlds
39 Gift-Over Solutions Hanging Powers (Page 21) Dad Mom $52,000
Annual Premium: $52,000 $26,000 $26,000 Dad Mom Beneficiaries: 2-Son & Daughter $52,000 Remaining $42,000 continues to “hang,” therefore no gift over 2514(e) lapse of $5,000 each (no gift)
40 Gift-Over Solutions Hanging Powers (Page 21) Dad Mom $260,000
$26,000 $26,000 Dad Mom Beneficiaries: 2-Son & Daughter Year 5: Aggregate Contributions of $260,000 $260,000 Balance of $177,200 “hangs” Year 5 $26,000 lapse Year 4 $20,800 lapse Year 3 $15,600 lapse Year 2 $10,400 lapse Year 1 $10,000 lapse
41 Incomplete Gifts (Page 23)
“dominion and control” retained But can’t get it back
42 Grantor Trust Provisions (Page 23)
43 Grantor Trust Provisions (Page 23)
Overview & History IRC Created to eliminate income tax abuses involving (then-lower) trusts brackets Grantor trust as to: Income Principal Both
44 Grantor Trust Opportunities (Page 24)
Tax free sale of appreciated assets Tax burn as non-taxable contributions Removal of assets from estate Tax free distribution to trust beneficiaries Permissible transferee of life insurance policy outside of transfer for value rules
45 Achieving Grantor Trust Status
672 Definitions (Page 24) Adverse = beneficial interest that is substantial and whose interest is adversely affected by exercise or nonexercise Nonadverse = Not adverse Related or Subordinate = Nonadverse + parent/issue/sibling/employee/corp Spousal Attribution
46 Achieving Grantor Trust Status
47 Achieving Grantor Trust Status
Know your defect One vs. More than One Certainty Ease of Toggling
48 Achieving Grantor Trust Status
674 Power to Affect Beneficial Enjoyment 674(c) – Power to Distribute Income or Principal, or to add beneficiaries Grantor holding power = inclusion
49 Achieving Grantor Trust Status
674 Power to Affect Beneficial Enjoyment 674(d) – Power to allocate income Power granted to someone other than grantor or “spouse living with grantor” to distribute, apportion or accumulate income to or for beneficiaries if limited by reasonably definite external standard Power creates grantor trust as to income only Possible to switch grantor trust status on and off merely by spouse moving out and back in?
50 Achieving Grantor Trust Status
675 Administrative Powers (Page 28) 675(2) – Power given to nonadverse party to make loans to grantor without adequate interest or security N/A if trustee has authority to make loans to anyone without regard to interest or security Power alone will cause grantor trust status, even if no loan is made
51 Achieving Grantor Trust Status
675 Administrative Powers 675(3) – Actual borrowing of funds Direct or indirect loan to grantor or grantor’s spouse which is unrepaid at the end of year N/A to loans with adequate interest and security Creates grantor trust to extent amounts are unrepaid at year end, but . . . IRS has apparently ignored requirement that loan remain outstanding until year end
52 Achieving Grantor Trust Status
675 Administrative Powers (Page 30) 675(4) – General Right exercisable in a non-fiduciary capacity by any person to reacquire trust corpus by substituting other property Grantor can hold
53 Achieving Grantor Trust Status
675 Administrative Powers (Page 30) 675(4) – General Right exercisable in a non-fiduciary capacity by any person to reacquire trust corpus by substituting other property Service’s position is that power alone isn’t sufficient, and applies a facts and circumstances analysis Defective as to both income and principal Grantor can release Protector can re-grant
54 Achieving Grantor Trust Status
677 Power to Use Income for Benefit of Grantor (Page 34) Grantor treated as owner of any portion of trust, whether or not under §674, the income of which, without the approval or consent of adverse party is, or in discretion of grantor or nonadverse party may be, distributed to or for benefit of grantor or spouse Or used to pay premiums on life insurance on the life of grantor or spouse
55 Achieving Grantor Trust Status
677 Power to Use Income for Benefit of Grantor (Page 35)
56 Achieving Grantor Trust Status
677 Power to Use Income for Benefit of Grantor Trust should disallow use of income to satisfy obligation of support Discretionary power to pay income to grantor may cause inclusion under state law Some states have changed their laws to not cause inclusion (Alaska, Delaware, and others)
57 Achieving Grantor Trust Status
678 Persons other than Grantor Treated as Owner (Page 35) ONLY Code section attributing ownership to someone other than the actual grantor Power to vest corpus or income exercisable solely by that person surviving spouse as sole trustee of bypass trust? limitation to ascertainable standard (HEMS) prevents estate tax inclusion switch on/off grantor trust status by appointing/firing co-trustee
58 Achieving Grantor Trust Status
678 Persons other than Grantor Treated as Owner (Page 36) Power to distribute income or principal which is “partially released or otherwise modified” that would cause grantor trust status under 5/5 power holder, until released, modified, or allowed to lapse, is treated as grantor over portion of trust subject to power Upon lapse, power holder is treated as grantor of amount in excess of 5/5 Crummey
59 Achieving Grantor Trust Status
§ 678 vs. §§ (Page 36) § 678 N/A with respect to power over “income” during any period actual grantor is treated as owner under §§ Service has interpreted §678(b) as applying to principal as well as income
60 Income Tax Reimbursement (Page 37)
Silence = prohibition? Mandatory = inclusion Discretionary = ?? Prearrangement?
61 Terminating Grantor Trust Status
Maintain Flexibility Power to terminate grantor trust status should not be in hands of grantor
62 Reporting for a Grantor Trust
To File or Not to File (Treas. Reg ) Option 1: No EIN or 1041 Provide payors with Grantor/owner’s TIN Grantor provides W-9 to Trustee Trustee statement for Grantor/owner Option 2: EIN and 1041 Provide payors with Trust’s TIN Trust files Forms 1099 Page 134 – Letter to CPA
63 Removing & Replacing Trustees (Page 37)
Right to Remove and Replace RR : No inclusion if trustee resigned RR : Inclusion if grantor removed without cause PLR : Facts and circumstances Wall: No inclusion where replacement was corporate fiduciary
64 Removing & Replacing Trustees (Page 41)
Right to Remove and Replace (con’t) Vak: 8th Circuit said power to change trustee did not prevent gift from being complete, contrary to Tax Court’s position RR 95-58: revoked, modified; No inclusion if successor was not “related or subordinate” under §672(c)
65 Related or Subordinate – A Review
Not adverse AND Any one of Spouse, if living with grantor Parent Issue Sibling Employee Corporation where grantor has significant voting control
66 Related or Subordinate – A Review
Does not include issue of siblings (nieces and nephews, etc.) Spousal attribution Typically related or subordinate Literally adverse but not technically due to spousal attribution
67 Removing & Replacing Trustees (Page 42)
No No 2036(a)(2) or 2038(a)(1) concern. Power to remove and replace retained by the grantor? Yes 2036(a)(2)/2038(a)(1) concern. Beyond Wall logic. No Is person being removed acting in a fiduciary capacity? Yes 2036(a)(2)/2038(a)(1) concern. Beyond Rev. Rul No Must replacement be not related or subordinate to grantor with IRC 672? Yes Within Rev. Rul
68 Removal of Trustee by Bene (Page 43)
For cause = Court; good or bad?
69 Corp Fiduciary Requirements (Page 44)
Be careful! Exclude expressly named institutions?
70 Lifetime LPOA (Page 44) Ejection button Trustee vs. Protector
71 “Amending” an IRT (Page 44)
Lifetime LPOA Sell assets to new IRT Non-judicial modification per UTC Judicial modification Decanting (later) Trust Protector Other?
72 Trust Protectors (Page 46)
Common in offshore jurisdictions Little guidance in American law Role is different from trustee Perspective of trusted family friend or advisor Counter-balance to impersonal institutional trustee Enhanced flexibility without adverse tax consequences
73 Trust Protectors (Page 47)
Who should serve? Gift tax consequences Income tax consequences
74 Trust Protectors (Page 49)
Removal and Replacement? No No 2036(a)(2) or 2038(a)(1) concern. Power to remove and replace retained by the grantor? Yes 2036(a)(2)/2038(a)(1) concern. Beyond Wall logic. No Is person being removed acting in a fiduciary capacity? Yes 2036(a)(2)/2038(a)(1) concern. Beyond Rev. Rul No Must replacement be not related or subordinate to grantor with IRC 672? Yes Within Rev. Rul
75 Trust Protectors (Page 49)
76 Trust Protectors (Page 50)
Fiduciary or Not? Silence vs. express answer Statute? Ability to exercise power if fiduciary?
77 Trust Protectors (Page 51)
78 Distribution of Estate Tax Includable Property (Page 53)
Marital deduction issues
79 Bypass(-type) Trust Issues (Page 54)
Mandatory vs. Discretionary Income Trust income tax rates better? 5/5 Powers
80 Administration of Remaining Trust (Page 55)
Guidelines for discretionary distributions Silences = required? 5/5 Powers Providing for children-in-law
81 Standby SNTs (Page 55) Why not?
82 Decanting Powers (Page 56)
Broad powers Discuss with client Tutorial
83 GST Exempt & Non-Exempt (Page 57)
84 Generation Skipping (Page 57)
Annual GST Exclusion Only for direct-skip gifts (outright or in trust) If in trust: Only one beneficiary; and Trust assets fully included in donee’s estate
85 Generation Skipping (Page 57)
Annual GST Exclusion Qualifying Trusts include: 2503(c) Trusts Separate Trusts for skip persons Non-Qualifying Trusts include: Dynasty trusts Common trusts
86 Generation Skipping (Page 59)
GST Exemption $5.0M in $??M in 2013 Can only be allocated by the transferor Crummey Powers
87 Generation Skipping (Page 61)
Allocating the GST Exemption Allocation is irrevocable Automatic allocation to: Lifetime direct skips At death, of any remaining GST exemption to trusts from which there could be a generation skip Lifetime indirect skips to a “Generation-Skipping Transfer Trust” Opt Out of Automatic Allocation on 709
88 IRS Form 709 If you aren’t preparing them ….
Part 1 – personal information Schedule A Part 1 – Gifts Subject Only to Gift Tax Gifts to children Part 2 – Direct Skips Gifts to grandchildren Part 3 – Indirect Skips Gifts to trust for children and grandchildren
89 IRS Form 709 Part 4 Schedule B – Prior returns
Line 1 – total gifts Line 2 – annual exclusions Line 3 – net of the two Schedule B – Prior returns Schedule C – Computing GST Part 2 – Allocating Remember to allocate to entire gift, not just taxable portion!! Use formula allocation just in case
90 Divorce Provision (Page 63)
Need to discuss to avoid appearance of conflict
91 Gift Splitting (Page 63) A legal fiction
Only to third parties (not to spouses) All or nothing annually Consent must be made on Form 709 Gift Tax Return
92 Drafting for Lifetime Benefits (Page 64)
Loans to grantor Trustee borrows against policy and re-loans If adequately documented and secured, should be no incident of ownership No taxable income – trust is grantor trust under IRC 675(3) Interest accrued is debt against estate (“Tax Burning”)
93 Drafting for Lifetime Benefits (Page 65)
Inter-vivos Bypass Trust Spouse has access Danger is spouse’s death Self-Settled Trust Jurisdictions
94 Reciprocal Trust Doctrine (Page 65)
Estate of Grace (US Sup Ct.) Applicable where trusts are interrelated and grantors are left in the same economic position as if no trusts had been created
95 Reciprocal Trust Doctrine (Page 65)
Estate of Grace (US Sup Ct.) Estate of Bischoff (Tax Court) Applied doctrine to trusts established by grandparents for the benefit of grandchildren and naming grandparents as trustees.
96 Reciprocal Trust Doctrine (Page 65)
Estate of Grace (US Sup Ct.) Estate of Bischoff (Tax Court) Estate of Green (2nd Cir) Refused to follow Bischoff stating that Grace court required benefit to be retained by grantors before doctrine was applicable. PLR
97 Insurance-Related IRT Issues (ILITs)
98 ILIT Benefits (Page 67) Remove death benefits from taxable estate
Control disposition of death proceeds Utilize annual gift tax exclusion for gifts to the trust Asset Protection
99 ILIT Objections Cost to set up Administrative hassle
Perceived loss of access to cash value build-up within policy
100 ILIT Alternatives (Page 67)
Continued individual ownership Ownership by adult children Family Insurance Partnership
101 Estate Taxation of Insurance (Page 68)
Insurance is included if: Insured possessed incidents of ownership (IRC 2042) Proceeds are payable to or for the benefit of the estate (IRC 2042) Policy (or incidents of ownership) are transferred within 3 years of death (IRC 2035)
102 Estate Taxation of Insurance (Page 68)
IRC 2042 Incidents of ownership Power to change beneficiary Power to surrender or cancel the policy Power to assign the policy Power to revoke an assignment Power to pledge the policy A reversionary interest in the policy Payable to or for the benefit of the estate
103 Valuation of Insurance (Page 69)
Generally: Interpolated terminal reserve + Unused premiums + Accumulated dividends - Policy Loans Single premium policies valued by replacement Group term has no value but continued payment of premiums are on-going gifts from the employee
104 Income Taxation of Insurance (Page 69)
General Rule: Excluded from income (IRC 101(a)(1)) Exception: Transfer for Value (IRC 101(a)(2)) Exception to the Exception: Transferee determines basis from transferor’s basis, i.e., carry-over basis (IRC 101(a)(2)(A)) Transferee is insured, partner of the insured, partnership in which insured is a partner, or corporation in which insured is shareholder or officer. (IRC 101(a)(2)(B))
105 Avoiding 3 Year Rule of 2035 (Page 70)
Never possess incidents of ownership Purchase new policy Sell policy to grantor trust Sell policy to partner of the insured Sell policy to partnership in which insured is a partner
106 Avoiding 3 Year Rule of 2035 (Page 70)
Sell policy to grantor trust Revocable Living Trust ILIT $150,000 + other assets $150,000 Policy
107 Avoiding 3 Year Rule of 2035 (Page 71)
Sell policy to partner of the insured Assets Limited Partnership (or LLC) G.P. & L.P. Int. Other assets L.P. Int. Revocable Living Trust ILIT $150,000 + other assets $150,000 Policy
108 Drafting to Provide Liquidity (Page 71)
Trustee is authorized to lend to the estate Trustee is authorized to purchase assets from estate WD provides these options
109 Community Property Issues (Page 71)
Non-insured spouse cannot contribute to trust of which he or she is beneficiary Solution is Partition Agreement
110 ILITs for Survivorship Policies (Page 72)
Neither spouse/insured can be trustee Incidents of ownership exist even in fiduciary capacity Co-trustee may solve Joint trust can hold individual policies
111 Trustee Liability for Policy Performance (Page 72)
Recent lawsuits Trend to statutorily reduce liability Audits
112 Sale Transactions to Grantor Trusts
113 Introduction (Page 74) Chapter 14 Lack of certainty with GRAT
Grantor trust rules remain Less frequency with $5 million gift exemption
114 Sequence Grantor establishes defective IRT
Grantor contributes assets, allocates GST exemption Grantor engages in sale (or part-gift/part-sale) with IRT
115 Initial Funding (Page 74)
Seeding the trust 10% “Rule” Guarantees as alternative
116 Types of Consideration (Page 76)
Case Not typically Installment Note Interest-only vs. Self-amortizing Refinancing Income tax concerns at death IRD? Step-up in basis?
117 Types of Consideration (Page 74)
Self-Canceling Note Term > life expectancy = Private Annuity Even for the young and healthy Private Annuity Exhaustion test
118 2036 Recharacterization (Page 82)
LaFarge & Lazarus (9th Cir.) Weigl Key is cash flow!
119 Defined Value Formulas (Page 82)
Procter, King, Ward McCord Tax Court Lots of politics Full Tax Court Decision See Judge Laro’s dissent (Page 86) 5th Circuit
120 Defined Value Formulas (Page 82)
Christiansen Formula disclaimer of 75% to near-zero CLAT and 25% to Foundation Disclaimant was CLAT remainderman 8th Circuit slams IRS – see page 88 Petter UPS stock LLC with three classes Sale for promissory notes three days after gift Defined value amount; excess to charity
121 Reporting a Sale to Grantor Trust (Page 90)
New Question 12(e) on 706 Better to report now or later?
122 Asset Protection Trusts (APTs) and Self-Settled Trusts
123 Asset Protection & Estate Taxation (Page 91)
Creditor may reach beneficiaries’ interest based on: Enforceability of spendthrift provision; Beneficiary’s control over trust; and Whether beneficiary has property interest
124 4 Exceptions to Spendthrift (Page 92)
Self-Settled Trusts 3 Exceptions under Restatement (Second) of Trusts Tort creditor Misc. case law exceptions
125 Enforceability of Spendthrift Provision (Page 92)
Self-Settled Trust Exception to Spendthrift No protection except in twelve states and twenty offshore jurisdictions More states are changing laws Common self-settled trusts: Revocable “Living” Trusts Charitable Remainder Trusts Grantor Retained Annuity Trusts
126 Enforceability of Spendthrift Provision (Page 93)
Self-Settled Trust Exception Restatement of Trusts Exceptions Alimony or child support; Necessary services or supplies rendered to beneficiary (such as medical services) Claim by US or State (such as tax liens)
127 Enforceability of Spendthrift Provision (Page 94)
Self-Settled Trust Exception Restatement of Trusts Exceptions Tort Public Policy Exceptions MS court vs. MS legislature
128 Enforceability of Spendthrift Provision (Page 94)
Self-Settled Trust Exception Restatement of Trusts Exceptions Tort Public Policy Exceptions Case Law Exceptions ERISA protects assets until paid out NY statute exposing principal “unnecessary for reasonable requirements of judgment debtor” Income paid is exposed
129 Beneficiary’s Control (Page 95)
Non Self-Settled Trusts Bene/Sole Trustee can’t protect from own improvidence therefore no protection – FL AR expressly states otherwise Check your state law! Co-trustee provides protection Fiduciary duties prevail if other benes
130 Beneficiary’s Control (Page 96)
Self-Settled Trusts in AP Jurisdictions Statutory specificity Classic jurisdictions: Isle of Man Jersey Guernsey Conflicts of Laws issues Contempt Orders Affordable Media
131 Property Interest (Page 97)
Creditors may recover against debtor’s property interests A discretionary interest in a trust is not a property interest A property interest is one that can be sold or exchanged
132 Property Interest (Page 97)
Spendthrift precludes Mandatory distributions – “shall” QTIPs GRTs & CRTs Ascertainable Standards – “shall” for HEMS Beneficiary can sue under state law Creditor stands in beneficiary’s shoes Special Needs Trusts
133 Property Interest (Page 99)
Conflicting Provisions Discretionary language + ascertainable standards “may” for HEMS Have to consult state law to determine how provision is interpreted
134 Discretionary Trusts (Page 101)
Beneficiary may not sue trustee Erosion of protection for: Necessities of beneficiary Tax liens Alimony
135 Contingent Remainder vs. Dynasty Trust (Page 102)
Trend to treat contingent remainder as property interest CO – child bene has property interest in bypass trust during life of surviving spouse CO – property interest in inter vivos trust even during life of grantor Logic doesn’t apply to Dynasty Trust
136 Offshore or Domestic APT (Page 103)
Self-settled trusts Questionable protection in other than APT jurisdiction Split-interest trusts Non-Self Settled has fewer concerns Divorce – equitable division Cost/Benefit
137 Domestic Self-Settled Trust (Page 104)
More states changing laws Having it and not having it Ownership vs. Exclusion Interplay between asset protection and estate tax exclusion State law and creditor’s ability to reach trust assets Prearrangement
138 Domestic Self-Settled Trust (Page 105)
Alaska Delaware Nevada Rhode Island Utah South Dakota Oklahoma Missouri? Tennessee New Hampshire Wyoming Colorado Hawaii
139 Domestic Self-Settled Trusts (Page 106)
The evolution of the case law Herzog Augustus Hand NY trust; completed gift Holtz External standard for distributions = incomplete Outwin MS trust; incomplete gift
140 Domestic Self-Settled Trusts (Page 107)
The evolution of the case law Irving Trust Augustus Hand again NY trust; assets excluded Uhl IN trust; assets included Rev. Rul Retained “Right” is the problem Alaska’s Logical Next Step
141 Split-Interest Trusts
142 Split-Interest Trusts (Page 78)
Techniques for leveraging gifts Distinct economic interests Division of time of ownership Division of the type of interest That which is not given away is retained Gifted Asset Grantor Retained Benefit Remainder
143 Split-Interest Trusts (Page 111)
Common Split-Interest Trusts CRTs CLTs GRTs QPRTs We’re going to focus on the taxable gift trusts, i.e., non-charitable split-interest trusts
144 Split-Interest Trusts & Ch. 14 (Page 112)
Chapter 14 Designed to reduce intra-family undervaluations of split-interest transfers Valuation provisions 2702- Fixed annuity or unitrust amount
145 Benefit of Split-Interest Trusts (Page 112)
Assumes: Property will produce income equal to 120% of Federal Mid-Term Rate (§7520 rate) Principal value neither increases or decreases
146 General Rules (Page 113) Who Can Serve as Trustee
During income interest, may be grantor After income interest, other than grantor
147 General Rules (Page 113) Problems with Gift-Splitting
If spouses gift-split and one dies, only one-half of the applicable credit is restored All or nothing in any given year
148 General Rules (Page 113) Estate Tax Inclusion Period & GST
2642(f)(3) values transfer of asset at end of period “during which the value of the property involved would be included in the gross estate of the transferor under chapter 11 if he died immediately upon making such transfer.” Not appropriate for split-interest trusts Cannot allocate GST until after ETIP period Grant GPOA if trust provides for skip persons
149 Practical Matters to Consider (Page 114)
Effect of Interest Rate Higher rate = higher retention = lower gift Term Longer term = more retained = lower gift Mortality risk increases over longer term Hedge mortality risk with insurance Appraisal – Get them! EIN Grantor trust during initial term May or may not be grantor trust after initial term
150 GRITS (Page 116) Income to Grantor for term
Remainder paid to remainder beneficiary Significant benefit with Non-income producing property Low income producing property 2702 eliminates use with family members Specific exception for personal residence - QPRT
151 GRITS (Page 117) Still useful for Business situations
Gift to nieces and nephews Non-family settings
152 QPRTs (Page 117) Gift to family members with retained right to live in the residence for term of years QPRTs generally overvalue use QPRTs assume no appreciation
153 QPRTs (Page 118) Income Tax Consequences Grantor trust during term
Mortgage interest deduction passes through to grantor IRC 121 exclusion still available
154 QPRTs (Page 118) Gift Tax Consequences Ch. 14 doesn’t apply
155 QPRTs (Page 118) PRTs QPRT Residence can’t be sold May not hold cash
No contemplation of destruction of home QPRT Residence may be sold Reinvest within 2 years May hold cash Residences must be “personal residence” Principal residence One other residence of grantor
156 Attributes of QPRTs (Page 119)
Prohibitions Requirements
157 QPRTs (Page 121) Sale or disuse of residence disqualifies
Upon disqualification, may Distribute outright to grantor Convert to GRAT Payment based on original 7520 rate Begins on date of sale, disuse, destruction, etc.
158 QPRTs (Page 122) Effect of transferring property subject to mortgage
If non-recourse, gift is FMV – debt; Continued payment on debt are recurring gifts If recourse, gift is FMV; Continued payments on debt are not additional gifts
159 QPRTs (Page 123) Joint Property
Each spouse can contribute one-half interest to separate QRPTs Beware Reciprocal Trust Doctrine!
160 QPRTs (Page 123) Options at End of Term Lease
Life-estate in non-grantor spouse
161 QPRTs (Page 124) Capital Gain Tax on Sale
Prohibition of Repurchase by Grantor Grantor Trust Beyond Term where Administrative Powers Retained
162 QPRTs (Page 125) Asset Protection After term, asset is removed
During term, income interest is likely reachable by creditors Regs require trustee to dispose of residence if not used by grantor Conversion to GRAT may help Remainder is protected Annuities are exempt in many states
163 GRUTs (Page 125) Why They Do NOT Work Payout is unitrust amount
As trust increases, payout increases Effect is that corpus remains about same as if property had been gifted Direct gift has no reversion possibility
164 GRATs (Page 125) Assets best suited are appreciating assets
Discounts provide leverage No-Lose Propositions
165 GRATs (Page 127) Rules for GRATs Can Increase Payouts (up to 120%)
Gift Tax Valuation Estate Taxes If grantor fails to survive term, inclusion of all property Income Taxes GRAT is a grantor trust Spousal Annuity Interest
166 GRATs (Page 129) Zero’ed Out GRATs- Walton Case
167 GRATs (Page 130) “Amoeba” or Rolling GRATs
168 GRATs (Page 131) Effects of Rolling GRATs
169 Lifetime QTIPs (Page 132) Trust created by one (“propertied”) spouse for another (“non-propertied”) spouse Equalize estates without propertied spouse giving up control Requires all income be paid at least annually to donee spouse Can create secondary life estate for donor spouse
170 Lifetime QTIPs (Page 133) Asset Protection
During life of donee spouse – spendthrift trust After death of donee spouse
171 Lifetime QTIPs (Page 133) Elements
Only permissible beneficiary is donee spouse All income paid at least annually No person has power to appoint property during life of donee spouse QTIP election is timely made on 709 No cure if you miss this!!! See PLR
172 Lifetime QTIPs (Page 134) Estate Tax Effects
Death of donee before donor renders donee transferor for future trusts Can Allocate GST Exemption
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Diana S.C. Zeydel, National Chair Trusts and Estates Greenberg Traurig, P.A