Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/366/28/case.html
Timestamp: 2016-12-10 03:02:19
Document Index: 233878021

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 3', '§ 203', '§ 17', '§ 6', '§ 11', '§ 11', '§ 15', '§ 3', '§ 3', '§ 3']

Goldberg v. Whitaker House Cooperative, Inc. (full text) :: 366 U.S. 28 (1961) :: Justia U.S. Supreme Court Center Log In
› Goldberg v. Whitaker House Cooperative, Inc.
Goldberg v. Whitaker House Cooperative, Inc. 366 U.S. 28 (1961)
U.S. Supreme CourtGoldberg v. Whitaker House Cooperative, Inc., 366 U.S. 28 (1961)Goldberg v. Whitaker House Cooperative, Inc.No. 274Argued March 30, 1961Decided April 24, 1961366 U.S. 28CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FIRST CIRCUIT
Respondent cooperative was organized in 1957 under the laws of Maine; and we assume it was legally organized. The question is whether it is an "employer" and its members are "employees" within the meaning of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, § 3, 52 Stat. 1060, as Page 366 U. S. 29 amended, 29 U.S.C. § 203. The question is raised by a suit filed under § 17 of the Act by petitioner to enjoin respondent from violating the provisions of the Act concerning minimum wages (§ 6), recordkeeping (§ 11(c)) and the regulation of industrial homework (§ 11(d)). And see § 15(a)(5). The District Court denied relief. 170 F.Supp. 743. The Court of Appeals affirmed by a divided vote. 275 F.2d 362. The case is here on a petition for certiorari which we granted (364 U.S. 861) because of the importance of the problem in the administration of the Act.
The corporate purpose of the respondent, as stated in its articles, is to manufacture, sell, and deal in "knitted, crocheted, and embroidered goods of all kinds." It has a general manager and a few employees who engage in finishing work, i.e., trimming and packaging. There are some 200 members who work in their homes. A homeworker who desires to become a member buys from respondent a sample of the work she is supposed to do, copies the sample, and submits it to respondent. If the work is found to be satisfactory, the applicant can become a member by paying $3 and agreeing to the provisions of the articles and bylaws. Members were prohibited from furnishing others with articles of the kind dealt in by respondent. [Footnote 1] They are required to remain members at least a year. They may, however, be expelled at any time by the board of directors if they violate any rules or regulations or if their work is substandard. [Footnote 2] Members are not liable for respondent's debts; they may not be Page 366 U. S. 30 assessed; each has one vote; their certificates are not transferrable; each member can own only one membership; no dividends or interest is payable on the certificate "except in the manner and limited amount" provided in the bylaws. The bylaws provide that "excess receipts" are to be applied (1) to writing off "preliminary expenses"; (2) to "necessary depreciation reserves"; (3) to the establishment of a "capital reserve." The balance may be used in the discretion of the board of directors "for patronage refunds which shall be distributed according to the percentage of work submitted to the Cooperative for sale." Members are paid every month or every other month for work submitted for sale on a rate-per-dozen basis. This payment is considered to be "an advance allowance" until there is a distribution of "excess receipts" to the members "on the basis of the amount of goods which each member has submitted to [respondent] for sale."
These Regulations [Footnote 4] provide that no industrial homework, such as respondent's members do, shall be done "in or about a home, apartment, tenement, or room in a residential establishment unless a special homework certificate" [Footnote 5] has been issued. Respondent's members have no Page 366 U. S. 31 such certificates; and the question for us is whether its operations are lawful without them and without compliance by respondent with the other provisions of the Act.
We think we would be remiss, in light of this history, if we construed the Act loosely so as to permit this homework to be done in ways not permissible under the Regulations. By § 3(d) of the Act, an "employer" is any person acting "in the interest of an employer in relation to an employee." By § 3(e), an "employee" is one "employed" by an employer. By § 3(g), the term employ Page 366 U. S. 32 "includes to suffer or permit to work." We conclude that the members of this cooperative are employees within the meaning of the Act.
There is no reason in logic why these members may not be employees. There is nothing inherently inconsistent between the coexistence of a proprietary and an employment relationship. If members of a trade union bought stock in their corporate employer, they would not cease to be employees within the conception of this Act. For the corporation would "suffer or permit" them to work whether or not they owned one share of stock or none or many. We fail to see why a member of a cooperative may not also be an employee of the cooperative. In this case, the members seem to us to be both "members" and "employees." It is the cooperative that is affording them "the opportunity to work, and paying them for it," to use the words of Judge Aldrich, dissenting below. 275 F.2d at 366. However immediate or remote their right to "excess receipts" may be, [Footnote 12] they work in the same way as they would if they had an individual proprietor as their employer. [Footnote 13] The members are not self-employed; nor are they independent, selling their products on the market for whatever price they can command. They are regimented under one organization, manufacturing what the organization desires and receiving the compensation the organization dictates. [Footnote 14] Apart from formal differences, Page 366 U. S. 33 they are engaged in the same work they would be doing whatever the outlet for their products. The management fixes the piece rates at which they work; the management can expel them for substandard work or for failure to obey the regulations. The management, in other words, can hire or fire the homeworkers. Apart from the other considerations we have mentioned, these powers make the device of the cooperative too transparent to survive the statutory definition of "employ" and the Regulations governing homework. In short, if the "economic reality," rather than "technical concepts," is to be the test of employment (United States v. Silk, 331 U. S. 704, 331 U. S. 713; Rutherford Food Corp. v. McComb, 331 U. S. 722, 331 U. S. 729), these homeworkers are employees.
It is clear and undisputed that the Fair Labor Standards Act does not apply in the absence of an employer-employee relationship. Here, upon what seems to me to be ample evidence, the District Court found that the cooperative was created and is being operated as a true cooperative under the laws of Maine, 170 F.Supp. 743, and, on appeal, the Court of Appeals approved those findings. 275 F.2d 362. Unless those findings are clearly erroneous, they must be accepted here. Fed.Rules Civ.Proc., 52(a), 28 U.S.C. Accepting them excludes any notion that the cooperative was formed or availed of as a "device" to circumvent the Act. It is not seriously contended here that these findings of the two courts below were "clearly erroneous," but, rather, the Government's principal contention is that the bona fides of the cooperative are immaterial. Page 366 U. S. 34
If, as seems practically inevitable in the light of the Court's judgment, the cooperative must now be dissolved, will not its assets, including its "depreciation [and capital] reserves" as well as its "excess receipts," have to be refunded to its members "according to the percentage of work submitted [by them respectively] to the Cooperative for sale," and not according to their memberships or investments, just as required by the Maine statute and the cooperative's articles? This seems wholly inconsistent with any notion that the members were employees of the cooperative, or that they were suffered to work for it, or that it bought or paid them for their knitted articles. Page 366 U. S. 35