Source: http://www.google.com/patents/US20050275418?dq=5708422
Timestamp: 2014-08-31 10:23:32
Document Index: 580952787

Matched Legal Cases: ['Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60']

Patent US20050275418 - High density interconnect system having rapid fabrication cycle - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign in<nobr>Advanced Patent Search</nobr>PatentsAn improved interconnection system and method is described, such as for connectors, socket assemblies and/or probe card systems. An exemplary system comprises a probe card interface assembly (PCIA) for establishing electrical connections to a semiconductor wafer mounted in a prober. The PCIA comprises...http://www.google.com/patents/US20050275418?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US20050275418 - High density interconnect system having rapid fabrication cycleAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS20050275418 A1Publication typeApplicationApplication numberUS 11/133,021Publication dateDec 15, 2005Filing dateMay 18, 2005Priority dateMay 23, 2000Also published asUS7382142, US7872482, US7884634, US20080246500, US20090153165, WO2005115068A2, WO2005115068A3, WO2005115068A8Publication number11133021, 133021, US 2005/0275418 A1, US 2005/275418 A1, US 20050275418 A1, US 20050275418A1, US 2005275418 A1, US 2005275418A1, US-A1-20050275418, US-A1-2005275418, US2005/0275418A1, US2005/275418A1, US20050275418 A1, US20050275418A1, US2005275418 A1, US2005275418A1InventorsFu Chong, Andrew Kao, Douglas McKay, Anna Litza, Douglas Modlin, Sammy Mok, Nitin Parekh, Frank Swiatowiec, Zhaohui ShanOriginal AssigneeChong Fu C, Andrew Kao, Mckay Douglas, Anna Litza, Douglas Modlin, Sammy Mok, Nitin Parekh, Swiatowiec Frank J, Zhaohui ShanExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManReferenced by (16), Classifications (8), Legal Events (8) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetHigh density interconnect system having rapid fabrication cycleUS 20050275418 A1Abstract An improved interconnection system and method is described, such as for connectors, socket assemblies and/or probe card systems. An exemplary system comprises a probe card interface assembly (PCIA) for establishing electrical connections to a semiconductor wafer mounted in a prober. The PCIA comprises a motherboard parallel to the semiconductor wafer having an upper surface and an opposing lower planar mounting surface, a reference plane defined by a least three points located between the lower surface of the motherboard and the wafer, at least one component located below the motherboard mounting surface, and a mechanism for adjusting the planarity of the reference plane with respect to the wafer. A probe chip having a plurality of spring probes extending there from is mountable and demountable from the PCIA, without the need for further planarity adjustment. The interconnection structures and methods preferably provide improved fabrication cycles. Images(28) Claims(40)
1. A probe card interface assembly for establishing connections to one or more bonding pads on at least one integrated circuit device located on a semiconductor wafer, comprising: a motherboard having an upper surface, a lower planar mounting surface opposite the upper surface and parallel to the semiconductor wafer, and a plurality of electrical connections extending between the lower planar mounting surface opposite the upper surface; a reference plane defined by at least three points located between the lower planar mounting surface of the motherboard and the semiconductor wafer; a probe chip assembly mounting system comprising at least one component having an upper mounting surface and a probe chip assembly mounting surface opposite the upper mounting surface; and a mechanism for adjusting the planarity of the reference plane with respect to the semiconductor wafer. 2. The probe card interface assembly of claim 1, further comprising: at least one probe chip comprising a probe chip substrate having a probing surface and a mounting surface opposite the probing surface, the mounting surface attached to the probe chip assembly mounting surface of the probe chip assembly mounting system, a plurality of spring probes on the probing surface extending from the probing surface to define a plurality of probe tips arranged to correspond to the bonding pads, a corresponding second plurality of electrical contacts located on the mounting surface, and electrical connections extending from each of the spring probes to each of the corresponding second plurality of electrical contacts; wherein planarity of any of the probing surface and the mounting surface of the probe chip is adjustable through the planarity mechanism. 3. The probe card interface assembly of claim 2, wherein the probe tips are planarized by confining the probe tips in a fixture that is parallel to any of the probing surface and the mounting surface of the probe chip substrate, and applying heat to the probe chip assembly, such that the probe tips conform to the fixture. 4. The probe card interface assembly of claim 2, wherein the planarity adjustment mechanism comprises any of adjustable screws, differential screws, shims, spacers, washers, spring washers, solder bonds, adhesive bonds, springs, and any combination thereof. 5. The probe card interface assembly of claim 2, wherein mounting of the probe chip assembly inherently provides parallelism between any of the probing surface and the mounting surface of the probe chip, and the probe assembly mounting surface of the probe chip assembly. 6. The probe card interface assembly of claim 2, wherein the probe chip assembly is demountable. 7. The probe card interface assembly of claim 2, further comprising: means for any of measuring and adjusting parallelism between the lower planar mounting surface and any of the probing surface and the mounting surface of the probe chip. 8. The probe card interface assembly of claim 1, further comprising: an alternate probe chip comprising a probe chip substrate having a probing surface and a mounting surface opposite the probing surface, a plurality of spring probes on the probing surface extending from the probing surface to define a plurality of probe tips arranged to correspond to the bonding pads, a corresponding second plurality of electrical contacts located on the mounting surface, and electrical connections extending from each of the spring probes to each of the corresponding second plurality of electrical contacts; wherein the mounting surface of the alternate probe chip assembly is mountable to the lower planar surface of the probe card interface assembly. 9. The probe card interface assembly of claim 8, wherein the alternate probe chip assembly is mountable in place of the first probe chip assembly to provide planarity without further calibration. 10. The probe card interface assembly of claim 1, further comprising: means for any of measuring and adjusting parallelism between the lower planar mounting surface and any of the reference plane and the probe chip assembly mounting surface. 11. The probe card interface assembly of claim 1, wherein the probe chip assembly mounting system comprises: a lower Z-block comprising a substrate having an interposer contacting surface and a probe chip mounting surface opposite the interposer contacting surface, a first plurality of electrical contact pads arranged on the interposer contacting surface, a corresponding second plurality of bonding pads on the probe chip mounting surface, and electrical connections extending from each of the contact pads in the first plurality of bonding pads to each of the corresponding bonding pads in the second plurality of bonding pads; and an upper interface located between the lower Z-block and the motherboard, comprising a plurality of electrical contacts; wherein the lower Z-block is attached to the motherboard with the interposer contacting surface oriented to be parallel with the wafer prober mounting surface. 12. The probe card interface assembly of claim 11, wherein the substrate of the lower Z-block comprises any of a ceramic, a multilayered ceramic, and a co-fired ceramic. 13. The probe card interface assembly of claim 11, further comprising: at least one probe chip comprising a probe chip substrate having a probing surface and a mounting surface opposite the probing surface, the mounting surface soldered to the probe chip mounting surface of the lower Z-block, a plurality of spring probes on the probing surface extending from the probing surface to define a plurality of probe tips arranged to correspond to the bonding pads, a corresponding second plurality of electrical contacts located on the mounting surface, and electrical connections extending from each of the spring probes to each of the corresponding second plurality of electrical contacts; wherein the planarity mechanism is controllable to adjust the reference plane to affect planarity between the probing surface and the semiconductor wafer. wherein planarity of any of the probing surface and the mounting surface of the probe are adjustable through the planarity mechanism. 14. The probe card interface assembly of claim 13, wherein the upper interface comprises any of: at least one interposer located between the lower Z-block and the mother board, each of the at least one interposer comprising an upper surface and a lower surface opposite the upper surface, a plurality of compliant electrical contacts on the upper surface, a plurality of electrical contacts on the lower surface, and a plurality of electrically conductive connections between the plurality of compliant electrical contacts and the plurality of electrical contacts; and a motherboard Z-Block having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface, and a plurality of solder bonds between the second surface and the motherboard. 15. The probe card interface assembly of claim 14, wherein the motherboard Z-block contains fan-out electrical connections extending there through. 16. The probe card interface assembly of claim 14, wherein the compliant electrical contacts are plated. 17. The probe card interface assembly of claim 14, wherein the plurality of electrical contacts on the lower surface of the interposer comprise any of solder balls and spring probes. 18. The probe card interface assembly of claim 17, wherein the spring probes are plated. 19. The probe card interface assembly of claim 14, further comprising: means for adjusting parallelism between the probing surface of the probe chip and any of the interposer contacting surface of the lower Z-block and the upper surface of the interposer. 20. The probe card interface assembly of claim 14, further comprising: means for any of adjusting parallelism between the lower planar mounting surface and the first surface of the motherboard z-block. 21. The probe card interface assembly of claim 11, wherein the electrical contact pads arranged on the interposer contacting surface of the lower Z-block are spaced at a larger pitch than the spacing of the corresponding second plurality of bonding pads on the probe chip mounting surface of the lower Z-block. 22. The probe card interface assembly of claim 2, wherein the spring probes comprise any of stress metal springs, flexible springs, compliant springs, and elongate resilient probe elements. 23. A process for establishing connections to bonding pads on at least one integrated circuit device located on a semiconductor wafer, comprising the steps of: providing a motherboard comprising a substrate having an upper surface, a lower planar mounting surface opposite the upper surface and parallel to the semiconductor wafer, and a plurality of electrical connections extending between the lower planar mounting surface opposite the upper surface; defining a reference plane by at least three points located between the lower surface of the motherboard and the semiconductor wafer; providing a probe chip assembly mounting system comprising at least one component having an upper mounting surface and a probe assembly mounting surface opposite the upper mounting surface; and adjusting the planarity of the reference plane with respect to the semiconductor wafer. 24. The process of claim 23, further comprising the steps of: providing a probe chip comprising a probe chip substrate having a probing surface and a mounting surface opposite the probing surface, the mounting surface attached to the probe chip assembly mounting surface of the probe chip assembly mounting system, a plurality of spring probes on the probing surface extending from the probing surface to define a plurality of probe tips arranged to correspond to the bonding pads, a corresponding second plurality of electrical contacts located on the mounting surface, and electrical connections extending from each of the spring probes to each of the corresponding second plurality of electrical contacts; and adjusting the reference plane to affect planarity between any of the probing surface, the mounting surface, and the probe tips of the probe chip and the semiconductor wafer. 25. The process of claim 24, further comprising the steps of: mounting the mother board to a prober; and testing at least one integrated device located on a semiconductor wafer; wherein the probe tips are sufficiently planar to the semiconductor wafer without further adjustment of planarity. 26. The process of claim 24, further comprising the steps of: confining the probe tips in a fixture that is parallel to any of the probing surface and the bonding surface of the probe chip substrate, and applying heat to the probe chip assembly, such that the probe tips conform to the fixture. 27. The process of claim 26, further comprising the step of: plating the probe tips at any of before and after the heating step. 28. The process of claim 24, further comprising the steps of: removing the probe chip from the probe assembly mounting surface; and mounting any of the same probe chip and an alternate probe chip to the probe assembly mounting surface to provide planarity without further calibration. 29. The process of claim 23, further comprising any of: measuring and adjusting parallelism between the reference plane and the lower planar mounting surface. 30. The process of claim 23, further comprising the steps of: providing a lower Z-block comprising a substrate having an interposer contacting surface and a probe chip mounting surface opposite the interposer contacting surface, a first plurality of electrical contact pads arranged on the interposer contacting surface, a corresponding second plurality of bonding pads on the probe chip mounting surface, and electrical connections extending from each of the contact pads in the first plurality of bonding pads to each of the corresponding bonding pads in the second plurality of bonding pads; providing an upper interface located between the lower Z-block and the mother board, comprising a plurality of electrical contacts; and attaching the lower Z-block to the mother board with the interposer contacting surface oriented to be parallel with the lower planar mounting surface. 31. The process of claim 30, further comprising the steps of: providing at least one probe chip comprising a probe chip substrate having a probing surface and a mounting surface opposite the probing surface, the mounting surface soldered to the probe chip mounting surface of the lower Z-block, a plurality of spring probes on the probing surface extending from the probing surface to define a plurality of probe tips arranged to correspond to the bonding pads, a corresponding second plurality of electrical contacts located on the mounting surface, and electrical connections extending from each of the spring probes to each of the corresponding second plurality of electrical contacts; and adjusting the reference plane to affect planarity between the probing surface and the semiconductor wafer. 32. The process of claim 30, wherein the upper interface comprises any of: at least one interposer located between the lower Z-block and the mother board, each of the at least one interposer comprising an upper surface and a lower surface opposite the upper surface, a plurality of compliant electrical contacts on the upper surface, a plurality of electrical contacts on the lower surface, and a plurality of electrically conductive connections between the plurality of compliant electrical contacts and the plurality of electrical contacts; and a motherboard Z-Block having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface, and a plurality of solder bonds between the second surface and the motherboard. 33. A method of production of a rapid cycle time customizable probe card for testing semiconductor wafers comprising: providing customizable components with rapid design and fabrication process cycle times, providing standard components where the design and fabrication process cycle time of at least one of the standard components is longer than the rapid cycle time for the customizable components; and assembling and testing probe card from the customizable components and the standard components, wherein the time to assemble and test the probe card is equal to that of the longest of the customizable components. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the customizable components having rapid cycle times comprise any of a mother board and a probe chip assembly; and wherein the standard components having cycle times that may be longer than those of the mother board and probe chip comprise any of a probe tip support substrate and at least one interposer. 35. A method for fabrication an interconnection assembly comprising a stacked plurality of structures, comprising the steps of: providing a plurality of structures; and improving the planarity of the interconnection assembly by any of improving the planarity of at least one of the structures before assembly, and compensating for non-planarity in the structures during assembly by varying the spacing of one or more connections between at least two of the structures. 36. The method of claim 35, wherein the interconnection assembly is a probe card assembly for connection to a semiconductor wafer, wherein the structures are any of a probe chip, a Z-Block, a mother board, and an interposer, and wherein the connections comprise any of solder bonds, spring probes, and mechanical connections. 37. The method of claim 35, wherein the planarity improvement comprises any of: planarizing spring probes extending from a probe chip substrate; and controllably establishing a plurality of solder bonds between at least two of the plurality of structures by varying the spacing of at least one of the plurality of connections between the at least two structures. 38. A process, comprising the steps of: providing a probe chip comprising a probe chip substrate having a probing surface and a mounting surface opposite the probing surface, a plurality of spring probes on the probing surface and extending from the probing surface to define a plurality of probe tips, a corresponding plurality of electrical contacts located on the mounting surface, and electrical connections extending from each of the spring probes to each of the corresponding plurality of electrical contacts; confining the probe tips in a fixture that is parallel to any of the probing surface and the bonding surface of the probe chip substrate, and applying heat to the probe chip, such that the probe tips conform to the fixture. 39. The process of claim 38, further comprising the step of: plating the probe tips at any of before and after the heating step. 40. The process of claim 38, wherein the spring probes comprise any of stress metal springs, flexible springs, compliant springs, and elongate resilient probe elements.
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This Application claims priority to (NNEX0019PR) U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/573,541, entitled Quick-Change Probe Chip, filed May 20, 2004; (NNEX0021PR) U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/592,908, entitled Probe Card Assembly with Rapid Fabrication Cycle, filed Jul. 29, 2004; and (NNEX0015PR) U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/651,294, entitled Nano-Contactor Embodiments for IC Packages and Interconnect Components, filed Feb. 8, 2005. This Application is also a Continuation In Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/870,095 (NNEX0001CIP2), entitled Enhanced Compliant Probe Card Systems Having Improved Planarity, US Filing Date Jun. 16, 2004, which is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/178,103 (NNEX0001CIP), entitled Construction Structures and Manufacturing Processes for Probe Card Assemblies and Packages Having Wafer Level Springs, US Filing Date Jun. 24, 2002, which is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/980,040 (NNEX0003), entitled Construction Structures and Manufacturing Processes for Integrated Circuit Wafer Probe Card Assemblies, US Filing Date Nov. 27, 2001, which claims priority from PCT Patent Application Serial No. PCT/US00/21012 (NNEX0003P), filed Jul. 27, 2000; and from PCT Patent Application Serial No. PCT/US00/14164 (NNEX0001P), entitled Construction Structures and Manufacturing Processes for Integrated Circuit Wafer Probe Card Assemblies, US Filing Date May 23, 2000. Each of the above documents is incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference thereto. FIELD OF THE INVENTION The invention relates generally to the field of semiconductor wafer testing utilizing probe card assembly systems for testing one or more die on a wafer. More particularly, the invention relates to probe card assembly systems incorporating microfabricated probe tips and improvements thereto, which improve the performance, ease of use and lower the cost of ownership. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Probe card assembly systems are used in integrated circuit (IC) manufacturing to translate electrical signal paths from the tightly spaced electrical interconnection pads on ICs to the coarsely spaced electrical interconnection pads on printed circuit boards that interface to IC test systems. Advances in semiconductor integrated circuit wafer design, processing, and packaging technologies have resulted in increases in the number of input/output (I/O) pads on each die and as well as in an increase in the diameter of the silicon wafers used in device fabrication. With more die to test per wafer and each die having more I/O pads, the cost of testing each die is becoming a greater and greater fraction of the total device cost. This undesirable trend can only be reversed if either the test time required for each die is reduced or else multiple die are tested simultaneously. If multiple die are tested simultaneously, then the requirements for parallelism between the probe tips and the semiconductor wafer and the co-planarity of the probe tips become increasingly stringent since all of the probe tips are required to make good electronic contact at the same time over a large area on the wafer. In the prior art, probe card assembly systems have been equipped with various types of mechanical mechanisms designed to affect an in-situ parallelism adjustment of the probe tips relative to the semiconductor wafer to insure that adequate electrical contact is made to all of the probed devices on the wafer. Evans et al (U.S. Pat. No. 4,975,638) teach a method of correcting parallelism errors between the probe tips on a membrane probe card and a semiconductor wafer under test. Evans et al teach a test probe card which includes a flexible, thin film contactor which is subjected to pressure by a rigid pressure block having two degrees of freedom that permit the block to orient itself parallel to the plane of the IC device being tested and impose an evenly controlled force on the probe contacts carried by the contactor. Evans et al claims that the significant advantage of their invention is that the probe contacts carried by the flexible film contactor of the test probe card all lie in a common plane and are maintained in this plane in the course of a testing procedure. In probe card assembly systems according to Eldridge et al (e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 6,624,648 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,974,662, parallelism errors between their probe tips and the semiconductor wafer are corrected by adjusting the orientation of a space transformer using multiple ball tipped linear actuators. The space transformer also serves as the support substrate for composite probe elements fabricated as described in the patent specification, each of which are individually mounted on the space transformer. Eldridge et al state that an object of their invention is that the space transformer, and hence, the tips of their elongate resilient probe elements can be �oriented without changing the position of the probe card�. The examples of Evans and Eldridge given above are presented as exemplary methods for correcting parallelism errors between the plane of the probe tips and the reference surface of the probe card on which they are mounted. It is well known to those knowledgeable in the field that semiconductor wafer probers provide a head plate with a probe card mounting surface that is precisely aligned (mechanically) to be parallel to the plane in which the surface of the wafer chuck travels, that is the wafer reference surface (WRS). Thus if the parallelism error between the tips of a probe card relative to the probe card mounting surface are within acceptable tolerances, then the probe card can be mounted on a wafer prober head plate with high confidence that the probe tips will be parallel to the plane of travel of the wafer chuck, i.e. the WRS, and therefore to the surface of semiconductor wafer under test. During the process of electrical testing of the integrated circuits (die) on a semiconductor wafer in a semiconductor wafer prober, the wafer chuck translates the surface of the wafer under test through a plane that is parallel to the WRS. As mentioned previously, the WRS is pre-adjusted to be parallel to the plane of the probe card interface assembly mounting surface in the wafer prober head plate. The semiconductor wafer under test is reversibly yet precisely mounted on the WRS of the wafer chuck, such as by electrostatic means or by an applied vacuum, thereby requiring the wafer to mechanically conform to the WRS. The surface of the semiconductor wafer is thus affixed and positioned so as to be precisely in a plane that is parallel to the WRS of the wafer chuck. To test more than one die on a semiconductor wafer, simultaneous low-resistance electrical contacts must be established with positionally matching sets of spring probes, such as but not limited to stress metal spring (SMS) probe tips, for each die to be tested. The more die to be tested simultaneously, the greater the degree of parallelism that is required between the spring probes and the surface of the semiconductor wafer, i.e. the WRS, in order to insure that the probe tip scrub, and hence electrical contact, is uniform across the wafer. However, as higher numbers of die are tested in parallel, the number of simultaneous interconnects from the IC to the probe card assembly to the IC tester increases (not assuming pin multiplexing). Since probe tips for contacting the bonding pads on IC wafers require sufficient mechanical force on a per connection basis to assure a reliable low resistance connection, the total force between the probe card assembly and the wafer increases in proportion to the number of connections. The force between the IC tester and the probe card assembly also increases on a pin by pin basis when pogo pins are used as the electrical interface, however, there is a growing trend toward the use of zero insertion force connectors (ZIF) to reduce the force between the probe card and the IC tester. A Precision Point VX probe card measurement tool, available through Applied Precision, LLC, of Issaquah, Wash., is capable of measuring parallelism error between the probe tips and the mounting surface of a probe card by measuring the relative �Z height� of each individual probe tip on the probe card through a measurement of the electrical conductivity between the probe tips and a highly polished electrically conductive tungsten surface of a so called checkplate. In order to obtain planarity measurements with the Precision Point VX that are accurate to within the manufacturers specification of 0.1 mils (2.5 microns) across the full X and Y dimensions of the checkplate, the parallelism between the checkplate and the �Support Plate� which holds the probe card �Mother Board� must be mechanically adjusted following a procedure specified by the manufacturer and referred to as the �Fine Leveling calibration procedure.� Because the reference surface on the �Mother Board� may be different for the Precision Point VX and a wafer prober, it is necessary to perform the fine leveling procedure or else significant errors may be introduced into the planarity measurement. If all of the probe tips are co-planar, then any parallelism error of the probe tips relative to the mounting surface of the probe card can be measured, such as by using the Precision Point VX. The amount of parallelism correction required can be estimated from the data detailing the height of the first to the last probe tip to touch the checkplate. The parallelism error can them be corrected and the results verified on the Precision Point VX. There are, however, several limitations to this method of parallelism correction and verification using Precision Point VX. First, it is time consuming. Verification can take four hours or more. Second, if the measurement is made under simulated tester interface force loading conditions, it may not include all aspects of the mechanical deflection associated with the forces applied during actual operation in a wafer prober. Third, the measurement may be done at room temperature and may not be indicative of the actual operating temperature which will induce mechanical changes due to the thermal coefficients of the various materials in the probe card assembly. It is also possible to adjust the parallelism of the probe tips on the wafer prober. However, this is problematic because wafer probers are generally used in production environments and such activities may not be desirable. Additionally, special equipment or tooling may be required which can cause additional complication and chance for error. In any case, it is an additional burden on the user if it is required to adjust the planarity of the probe tips each time the probe card is moved from one wafer prober to another or from a quality control (QC) test instrument, such as the Precision Point VX to a wafer prober. There is a need for a probe card assembly system in which the parallelism of the probe tips relative to the semiconductor wafer is pre-set at the factory and no in-situ adjustment is necessary, even after changing the probe tip assembly. With such a system, it would be possible to change the probe tip assembly for cleaning, repair, or replacement or to accommodate work flow changes without the need to re-adjust the parallelism of the probe tips. With a probe card assembly having a pre-set parallelism adjustment, the customer could then keep on hand an adequate inventory of spare probe tip assemblies and would need to purchase only as many probe card assemblies as was necessary to sustain their peak throughput requirement. It would be advantageous to provide a probe card assembly system that resists deflection under the forces generated when the probe tips are compressed during testing, i.e. due to upward displacement of the wafer prober chuck beyond the point at which the probe tips touch the wafer surface. Such a probe card assembly system would constitute a major technical advance. Furthermore, it would be advantageous to provide a probe card assembly system that maintains low resistance electrical connections to a device under test at either elevated or depressed operating temperatures. Such a probe card assembly system would constitute a further technical advance. As well, it would be advantageous to provide a probe card assembly system that comprises components with mechanical surfaces that are sufficiently flat and parallel to one another, to enable them to act as reference surfaces for other components either within the probe card assembly system, or that interface to the probe card assembly system. Such a probe card assembly system would constitute a further major technical advance. It would be further advantageous to provide such a probe card assembly system having relatively flat and parallel component surfaces, that more evenly distribute and vertically transmit the high forces associated with high I/O count ICs and testers, to reduce peak-to peak mechanical deflections within the probe card assembly system, wherein the forces are generated either by the various spring pre-loading mechanisms or by the compression of the spring probes during wafer testing. Such a probe card assembly system would constitute a further major technical advance. There is also a need for probe card assembly systems having components with improved flatness and parallelism that can rest against each other since such surfaces can enable pre-aligned, easy to replace components and sub-assemblies. Relatively flat and parallel surfaces and probe tip arrays having smaller deviations from co-planarity reduce the need for planarity adjustment. Additionally, relatively flat and parallel reference surfaces can also enable the use of very low force interposers, e.g. 0.05 g to 5 g per contact, to make low resistance high-density electrical connections over large areas, e.g. 1,000 sq cm for 300 mm wafers. Furthermore, low force interposers combined with flat and parallel reference and support surfaces enable simpler methods of clamping and achieving and maintaining planarity. Alternatively, large area components such as mother boards, Z-blocks, etc. with flat surfaces enable the use of vacuum actuated systems to achieve high levels of surface parallelism. Additionally, large area solid electrical interface connections fabricated with materials such as solder, gold wire bond bumps, plated bumps, or adhesives all have higher manufacturing yields and perform better and more reliably with flatter and more parallel interconnection support surfaces. As well, time is often critical factor for users of probe card assemblies, such as semiconductor manufacturers and testers. However, conventional probe card assemblies typically comprise one or more key components that have long lead times, such as for multilayered ceramic components. As conventional assembly structures and manufacturing methods include such long lead time components, that the resulting fabrication cycle for one or more assemblies is long. It would therefore be further advantageous to provide probe card assembly structures and methods having improved, i.e. rapid, fabrication cycles, for which portions of the probe card assembly can be fabricated, assembled, and/or pre-planarized, while long-lead lead time components, such as complex, custom, or semi-custom components, are readily mountable and/or remountable from the other components and assemblies. Such a probe card assembly system would constitute a further major technical advance. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An improved interconnection system and method is described, such as for connectors, socket assemblies and/or probe card systems. An exemplary system comprises a probe card interface assembly for establishing electrical connections to a semiconductor wafer mounted in a semiconductor wafer prober. The probe card interface assembly comprises a mother board having an upper surface and a lower planar mounting surface opposite the upper surface and parallel to the semiconductor wafer, a reference plane defined by a least three points located between the lower surface of the motherboard and the semiconductor wafer, at least one component having an upper mounting surface located below the motherboard mounting surface and a lower mounting surface opposite the upper mounting surface, and a mechanism for adjusting the planarity of the reference plane with respect to the semiconductor wafer. A probe chip having a plurality of spring probes extending there from is mountable and demountable from the probe card interface assembly, without the need for further planarity adjustment. The interconnection structures and methods preferably provide improved fabrication cycles.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a system diagram of a complete system for testing semiconductor wafers including an IC tester and a probe card assembly installed in a wafer prober; FIG. 2 is a system diagram of a probe card assembly installed in a semiconductor wafer prober system; FIG. 3 is a system diagram showing with a quick-change probe chip probe card assembly installed in a semiconductor wafer prober; FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a quick-change probe chip probe card assembly having a probe card Interface assembly (PCIA) installed in an API Precision Point VX probe card test system; FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a quick-change probe chip probe card assembly; FIG. 6 is a detailed schematic diagram of a quick-change probe chip probe card assembly; FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of reference measurements within a quick-change probe card system; FIG. 8 is an assembly diagram between a pre-planarized motherboard and an upper Z-block assembly and a probe chip probe card assembly incorporating either of a single sided interposer or a double-sided interposer soldered to the back side of a lower Z-block; FIG. 9 shows a soldered probe chip probe card embodiment having a double-sided upper interposer; FIG. 10 shows a soldered probe chip probe card embodiment having a single sided upper interposer; FIG. 11 is a detailed partial cross sectional view of an interposer structure; FIG. 12 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a probe card with a probe chip having backside pads soldered to a Z-bock; FIG. 13 is a flow chart for a probe card assembly process, including optional processes for soldering Motherboard PCB to Motherboard, soldering a single sided interposer to the top of the Z-Block or using a double-sided interposer; FIG. 14 shows a fixture for ensuring co-planarity of the SMS probe tips of a probe chip; FIG. 15 shows a first step in a probe chip planarization process, in which a plane of optimum probe tip planarity is determined for probe chip as fabricated; FIG. 16 shows a second step in a probe chip planarization process, in which non-planar portions of probe tips located on a probe chip are plated; FIG. 17 shows a third step in a probe chip planarization process, in which non-planar portions of plated probe tips located on a probe chip are planarized; FIG. 18 shows a fourth step in a probe chip planarization process, in which the non-planar portions of the spring probes are plated after planarization; FIG. 19 is a schematic diagram of a probe chip to Z-block soldering fixture; FIG. 20 shows probe chip and a Z-block placed within a probe chip to Z-block soldering fixture awaiting solder reflow; FIG. 21 shows a completed probe chip and Z-block Assembly having solder reflow; FIG. 22 is a detailed schematic view of a probe chip and Z-block assembly before solder ball reflow; FIG. 23 is a detailed schematic view of a probe chip and Z-block assembly after solder ball reflow; FIG. 24 is an expanded assembly view of a probe card assembly before probe chip solder attachment to a Z-block; FIG. 25 is an expanded assembly view of a Probe Card assembly after probe chip solder attachment to Z-block; FIG. 26 is a schematic diagram of an alternative embodiment of a quick-change dual interposer Probe Card design, wherein a single probe chip is area bonded to the Z-block; FIG. 27 is a schematic view of a probe card assembly having with a solder bonded PCB Z-block; FIG. 28 is a schematic diagram of an alternative embodiment of a quick-change probe card assembly, comprising mosaic probe chip assembly area bonds between each of a plurality of Probe Chips and a Z-block; FIG. 29 is a schematic view of a probe card assembly having tiled probe chips and tiled interposers; FIG. 30 is a schematic view of a probe card motherboard to motherboard Z-block soldering fixture; FIG. 31 is a schematic diagram showing a solder reflow process between a probe card motherboard and a motherboard (MB) Z-block in a solder reflow assembly; and FIG. 32 is a schematic diagram showing a completed assembly comprising a probe card motherboard and an MB Z-block having solder reflow.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Introductory disclosure regarding structures, processes and systems disclosed herein is seen in: U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/136,636 (NNEX0001PR), entitled Wafer Interface for High Density Probe Card, filed May 27, 1999; U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/146,241 (NNEX0003PR), entitled Method of Massively Parallel Testing of Circuits, filed Jul. 28, 1999; U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/573,541 (NNEX0019PR), entitled Quick-Change Probe Chip, filed May 20, 2004; U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/592,908 (NNEX0021PR), entitled Probe Card Assembly with Rapid Fabrication Cycle, filed Jul. 29, 2004; U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/651,294 (NNEX0015PR), entitled Nano-Contactor Embodiments for IC Packages and Interconnect Components, filed Feb. 8, 2005; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/870,095 (NNEX0001CIP2), entitled Enhanced Compliant Probe Card Systems Having Improved Planarity, US Filing Date Jun. 16, 2004; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/178,103 (NNEX0001CIP), entitled Construction Structures and Manufacturing Processes for Probe Card Assemblies and Packages Having Wafer Level Springs, US Filing Date Jun. 24, 2002; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/980,040 (NNEX0003), entitled Construction Structures and Manufacturing Processes for Integrated Circuit Wafer Probe Card Assemblies, US Filing Date Nov. 27, 2001; PCT Patent Application Serial No. PCT/US00/21012 (NNEX0003P), filed Jul. 27, 2000; PCT Patent Application Serial No. PCT/US00/14164 (NNEX0001P), entitled Construction Structures and Manufacturing Processes for Integrated Circuit Wafer Probe Card Assemblies, US Filing Date May 23, 2000; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/069,902 (NNEX0004), entitled Systems for Testing and Packaging Integrated Circuits, filed Jun. 28, 2002, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference thereto. FIG. 1 is a system diagram of a system 10 for testing semiconductor wafers 20, including an IC tester 14 and a probe card assembly 24 installed in a wafer prober 12. The wafer prober includes an X-Y-Z stage 22, and a wafer handler 18 for locating or removing semiconductor wafers 20 on the X-Y-Z stage 22. Relative position and movement in the system 10 is associated with an X-Axis 23, and Y-axis 25, and a Z-axis 27. The probe card assembly 24 is attachable to a test head 16 of the IC tester 14, through a de-mountable test head interface 26. The test head 16 typically includes pin electronics 28. FIG. 2 is a system diagram of a probe card assembly 24 installed in a wafer prober 12. A probe card assembly 24, which is mounted on a mounting surface 48 of a head plate 46 within the wafer prober 12, comprises a mother board 32, a probe tip mounting system 34, and a probe tip assembly 36. The mounting surface 48 of the head plate 46 is pre-calibrated to be parallel to the plane of travel of the wafer chuck 40. Upward and downward looking cameras 50,52, as well as other types of sensors, provide data on the position of the wafer 20 and probe tip assembly 36, to enable software routines that ensure that the spring probes 180 (FIG. 3) are accurately positioned with respect to test pads 58 on one or more integrated circuit (IC) die 56 on the semiconductor wafer 20 over the travel of the X-Y and Z stages 22,42. FIG. 3 is a system diagram 60 showing with a quick-change probe chip probe card assembly 64 installed in a semiconductor wafer prober 12. The quick-change probe card assembly 64 comprises a probe card interface assembly (PCIA) 62, and a probe chip 68, wherein the probe card interface assembly (PCIA) 62 comprises a motherboard 32 and an integrated probe chip mounting system 34. The probe tips 181 of the spring probes 180 on the probe chip 68 are preferably pre-aligned to be parallel to the plane of the PCIA 62, ensuring that the probe tips 181 are also parallel to the surface 54 of the wafer chuck 40, and thus also parallel to the surface of a semiconductor wafer 20 attached to the wafer chuck 40. The spring probes 180 may comprise any of stress metal springs, flexible springs, compliant springs, and elongate resilient probe elements. FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a quick-change probe card assembly 64, having a probe card interface assembly (PCIA) 62, installed in an API Precision Point VX probe card test system 10 a. The API system 10 a is an exemplary system for performing measurements used for planarity calibration and functional verification testing. FIG. 5 is a detailed schematic diagram 90 of a probe card assembly 64. The probe card assembly 64 comprises a probe card interface assembly (PCIA) 62 and a probe chip 68 having a probing surface 93 a and a mounting surface 93 b opposite the probing surface 93 a. The probe card interface assembly (PCIA) 62 comprises a motherboard 32 and an integrated probe chip mounting system 34. A probe chip assembly mounting reference plane 92, defined by at least three points 95, e.g. 95 a, 95 b, 95 c between the lower surface of the motherboard 32 and the semiconductor wafer 20 mounted in a wafer prober 12, is established within the PCIA 62 to be parallel to the PCIA mounting surface 94 a, such as by using measurement data taken on each individual PCIA 62. Depending on the specific design implementation of a given PCIA 62, the method of data collection and calibration data may take different forms. However, the result is that data, e.g. planarity data, is used to establish the probe chip assembly mounting reference plane 92 within the PCIA 62. The probe chip 68 is mounted to the probe chip assembly mounting surface 66. The mounting surfaces of the intermediate components of the probe chip assembly mounting system 34 are fabricated to be sufficiently parallel to each other, to ensure that the plane of the probe tips 181 on the probe chip 68 are adequately parallel to the PCIA mounting surface 94 a, given the mechanical tolerances of the system, to minimize the need for planarity adjustment. The probe tips 181 of the probe chip 68 in the probe card assembly 64 are pre-aligned to be minimally non co-planar to each other and parallel to the plane of the probe chip assembly mounting surface 66, thus ensuring that the probe tips 181 are also parallel to the surface of the wafer chuck 40 and to the surface of a semiconductor wafer 20 affixed to the wafer chuck 40 in a wafer prober 12. The spring probes 180 may comprise any of stress metal springs, flexible springs, compliant springs, and elongate resilient probe elements. FIG. 6 is a detailed schematic diagram 100 of a probe card assembly 64. As seen in FIG. 5, the quick-change probe card assembly 64 comprises a probe card interface assembly (PCIA) 62 and a probe chip 68, wherein the probe card interface assembly (PCIA) 62 comprises a motherboard 32 having electrical connections 169 (FIG. 9) extending there through, and an integrated probe chip mounting system 34. Electrical trace paths 107 extend through the motherboard 32, the probe chip mounting system 34, and the probe chip 68, to spring probes 180, such as to establish contacts with pads 58 on one or more ICs 56 on a semiconductor wafer 20. Fan-out 111 may preferably be provided at any point for the electrical trace paths 107 in a probe card assembly 64, such as to provide transitions between small pitch components or elements, e.g. probe chips 68, and large pitch components or elements, e.g. tester contact pads 164 on the mother board 32. For example, fan-out may typically be provided by the mother board 32, the probe chip 68, by a Z-block 134, by a motherboard Z-Block, or anywhere within the lower interface 102 and/or the upper interface 104. As seen in FIG. 6, the probe chip mounting system 34 typically comprises a Z-block 134, a lower interface 102 between the Z-block 134 and the probe chip 68, and an upper interface between the Z-block 134 and the motherboard 32. In some quick change probe card assemblies 64, the lower interface 102 comprises a plurality of solder bonds 138. As well, in some quick change probe card assemblies 64, the upper interface 102 comprises a combination of componentry and connections, such as an interposer 136 (FIG. 8), solder bonds 152 (FIG. 8), solder bonds 142 (FIG. 8), and/or a motherboard MB Z-block 132. The probe chip assembly mounting reference plane 92 is defined at any location below the PCIA mounting surface 94 a of the motherboard 32, such as vertically between the PCIA mounting surface 94 a of the motherboard 32 and the upper connection surface 93 b of the probe chip 68, or vertically between the PCIA mounting surface 94 a of the motherboard 32 and a semiconductor wafer 20. In some embodiments, the probe chip assembly mounting reference plane 92 is defined at some point vertically between the PCIA mounting surface 94 a of the motherboard 32 and the upper connection surface 93 b of the probe chip 68. The probe chip assembly mounting reference plane 92 may coincide with a real surface within the probe chip mounting system 34, or may comprise a virtual defined plane 92 that is parallel to the PCIA mounting surface 94 a. For example, for a probe chip mounting system 34 that is not initially parallel to the PCIA mounting surface 94 a of the motherboard 32, measured data can be used to provide planarity compensation, e.g. three or more points in space, that can be provided by a planarity adjustment mechanism 166 (FIG. 9), such as comprising any of adjustable screws, shims, spacers, washers, solder bonds, and springs 166. FIG. 7 is a detailed schematic diagram of a quick-change probe card system 110, having the following key dimensions: wafer reference surface (WRS) 54 to probe tip dimension 112; wafer reference surface (WRS) 54 to probe chip front surface dimension 111; wafer reference surface (WRS) 54 to probe chip assembly mounting surface 66 dimension 113; wafer reference surface (WRS) 54 to probe chip assembly mounting reference plane 92 dimension 114; wafer reference surface (WRS) 54 to PCIA mounting surface 94 a dimension 115; and probe chip assembly mounting reference plane 92 to PCIA mounting surface 94 a dimension 116. Parallelism between the head plate 46 and the wafer reference surface (WRS) 54 is ensured when the WRS to PCIA dimension 115 is within a specified tolerance range over the travel of the X-Y stage 42. PCIA Parallelism of the PCIA 62 to the WRS 54 is ensured when reference dimension 116 is within a specified tolerance range over the surface of the mother board 32. Parallelism of the probe tips 181 to the WRS 54 is then inherently ensured, by mounting the probe chip 68 either directly or indirectly to the probe chip assembly mounting reference plane 92. The probe card interface assembly PCIA 62 shown in FIG. 5, FIG. 6, and FIG. 7 comprises the mother board 32 and other components required for mounting the probe chip 68. The mounting reference surface (MRS) 92 is established within the quick change probe card assembly 64, whereby a probe chip 68 can be readily mounted and de-mounted as required to the probe chip assembly mounting surface 66. The quick-change probe card system 110 provides structures and methods for aligning the probe chip mounting reference plane 92 within the probe card interface assembly 62, so that the probe chip mounting reference plane 92 is precisely parallel with the probe card interface assembly mounting surface 48, and therefore also parallel to the (WRS) 54 of the wafer chuck 40 in a semiconductor wafer prober 12. The quick-change probe card system 110 and associated method insures that the SMS probe tips 181 on the probe chip 68 are parallel with the surface of the probe chip assembly mounting surface 66. Means are provided for readily mounting the probe chip 68 to and demounting the probe chip 68 from the probe card interface assembly mounting surface 66 in the probe card interface assembly 62, thus insuring that probe tips 181 of the spring probes 180 on the probe chip 68 are parallel to the same plane of the probe card interface assembly mounting surface 48, and therefore parallel to the plane of the wafer reference surface WRS 54 and consequently to the surface of the semiconductor wafer under test 20. FIG. 8 is an assembly diagram 130 between an upper assembly 131 and a lower probe chip assembly 146, e.g. 146 a,146 b. The upper assembly 131 comprises a motherboard 32 that is solder bonded 142 to a motherboard Z-block assembly 132. The lower probe chip assembly 146, e.g. 146 a,146 b, incorporating either a single sided interposer 136 b or a double-sided interposer 136 a, is soldered 138 to the back side of a lower Z-block 134. The motherboard (MB) Z-block 132 is solder bonded 142 to the probe card motherboard 32 using a fixture 560 (FIG. 30), whereby the front surface 133 a of the motherboard Z-block 132 is fabricated to be parallel to the probe card mounting surface 94 a. The probe chip 68 is solder bonded 138 to the lower Z-block 134 using fixture 300 (FIG. 19, FIG. 20) that insures that the probe tips 181, the front surface 93 a, and/or the back surface 93 b of the probe chip 68 is parallel either to the back surface 109 b (FIG. 6) of the Z-block 134 in probe chip assembly 146 a, or to the upper surface 204 a (FIG. 11) of a single sided interposer 136 b soldered to the back side of the Z-block 134 in probe chip assembly 146 b. Means are provided for readily mounting probe chip assemblies 146 a or 146 b to and demounting the probe chip assemblies 146 a or 146 b from the probe card interface assembly mounting surface 66 in the probe card interface assembly 62, thus insuring that SMS probe tips 181 on the probe chip 68 are in parallel to the plane of the probe card interface assembly mounting surface 48, and therefore parallel to the plane of the wafer reference surface WRS 54 and consequently to the surface of the semiconductor wafer under test 20. FIG. 9 is a detailed partial schematic view 160 of a quick-change probe card system 64 comprising a soldered probe chip probe card 68 having a double-sided upper interposer 136 a. FIG. 10 is a detailed partial schematic view 190 of a quick-change probe card system 64 comprising a soldered probe chip probe card embodiment having a single sided upper interposer 136 b. One or more travel stops 192 are preferably included to prevent the probes 172 from damage if the upper interposer 136 b is bottomed out against the probe card motherboard 32. The upper interposer 136 b may be plated to increase the probe force of interposer spring probes 172. Means for preload 452 is provided in the probe card assembly 64, such as seen in FIG. 26. Outer alignment pins 168 typically extend from the top stiffener 162 through the probe card assembly 64, such as through the probe card interface assembly 62. The outer alignment pins 168 engage mechanical registration features 169, such as notches, slots, and/or holes, or any combination thereof, defined in components in the probe card assembly 64, such as the motherboard 32 and the Z-block flange 178. The use of registration features 169 preferably allows for differences in thermal expansion between components in the probe card assembly 64, to allow testing over a wide temperature range. FIG. 11 is a partial cross sectional view 196 of an interposer structure 136, such as for a dual-sided interposer 136 a, or for a dual sided lower interposer 474 (FIG. 27). Similar construction details are preferably provided in a single-sided interposer 136 b. Interposer springs 172, such as photolithographically formed probe springs 172, are generally arranged within an interposer grid array, to provide a plurality of standardized connections. For example, in the dual-sided interposer 136 a shown in FIG. 9, the interposer springs 172 provide connections between a motherboard 32 and a Z-block 134. Similarly, in the lower interposer 474 shown in FIG. 27, the interposer springs 172 provide connections between the Z-block 134 and the probe chip 68. Interposer vias 173 extend through the interposer substrate 175, from the first surface 204 a to the second surface 204 b. The interposer vias 173 are preferably arranged in redundant via pairs, such as to increase the manufacturing yield of the interposer 136,474, and/or to promote electrical conduction, particularly for power traces. The opposing surfaces 204 a,204 b are typically comprised of a release layer 198, such as comprising titanium, and a composite layer 197,198, typically comprising a plurality of conductive layers 197 a-197 n, having different inherent levels of stress. Interposer vias 173, e.g. such as CuW or gold filled, extend through the central substrate 175, typically ceramic, and provide an electrically conductive connection between the release layers 198. The composite layers 197,198 typically comprise MoCr, in which the interposer probe springs 172 are patterned and subsequently to be later released within a release region 203. A seed layer 200, such as a 0.5 to 1 um thick gold layer, is preferably formed over the composite layers 197,199. In some embodiments, a tip coating 205, such as rhodium or palladium alloy, is controllably formed at least over the tips of spring fingers 172, such as to provide wear durability and/or contact reliability. Traces 201, typically comprising copper, are selectably formed by plating over the structure 196, as shown, such as to provide reduced resistance. As well polyimide PMID layers 202 are typically formed over the structure 196, as shown, to define the spring finger lift regions. A thick gold layer 200 remains on the lifted fingers 172, so as to reduce sheet resistance of the fingers 172. FIG. 12 is a perspective view of quick-change probe card system 110 having a Probe Chip 68 having back side pads 278 (FIG. 14) soldered to a Z-bock 134. The Z-block 134 is maintained in electrical contact with the probe card motherboard 32 through an intermediate connector 136, such as an interposer 136, e.g. 136 a,136 b. The Z-block 134 substrate 163 (FIG. 9) preferably comprises a material with a high elastic modulus and good electrical insulating qualities, such as a ceramic, a multilayered ceramic, and/or a co-fired ceramic. The flange 178 typically comprises a metal, such as any metal with a good thermal coefficient of expansion (TCE) match to the Z-Block substrate 163. In an exemplary Z-block 134 substrate 163, candidate flange materials include titanium, titanium alloys, Invar�, or Covar�. FIG. 13 is a flow chart for a quick change probe card assembly process 220, including standard structure and process 221, optional structure and sub-process 243 for soldering a Motherboard PCB Z-Block 134 to a Motherboard 32, optional structure and sub-process 231 for soldering a single sided interposer 136 b to the top of the Z-Block 134, or optional structure and sub-process 239 using a double sided interposer 136 a. In a standard structure and process 221, a probe chip 68 is fabricated 222, comprising a plurality of flexible spring probes 180, which typically comprise stress metal springs 180. Stress metal springs 180 are initially formed by creating a stress gradient within a MoCr spring structure 197, e.g. such as a plurality of layers 197 a-197 n (FIG. 11). A first metal layer 286 (FIG. 16), such as nickel, is coated 284 (FIG. 16), such as to a thickness of 2-10 microns. At this point, the tips of the stress metal springs 180 of the probe chip 68 are preferably made 292 (FIG. 17) to be co-planar, such as in a heating or annealing process 292 (FIG. 17. Subsequently, an additional metal layer 298 (FIG. 18) is coated on the stress metal springs 180, preferably to a thickness of 5-50 microns. FIG. 14 is a schematic view of a fixture 254 for ensuring co-planarity of the SMS probe tips 108 of a probe chip 68. The probe chip substrate 272 (FIG. 15) is held flat against the flat surface of a reference chuck 262, e.g. such as a vacuum or electrostatic chuck 262. A precision shim 266 is placed on the surface at the periphery of the probe chip substrate 272, and rests upon a flat substrate 258, e.g. glass 258, which is located on a lower flat reference surface 260. A flat reference surface 264 is placed on top of the upper reference chuck 262 and the shim 266, thus compressing the SMS spring probes 180 such that the probe tips 181 are located at exactly the same height relative to the back side of the probe chip substrate 272. The probe chip 68 is then heated in the oven 256 to between 175-225 degrees Centigrade for a time period of between 1-3 hours, to allow the spring probes 180 to anneal and conform to the flat and planar reference surface 258,260. The system 254 is then slowly cooled, to optimally relieve stresses generated by the difference in the coefficients of thermal expansion between the ceramic substrate 272 and the probe chip metallization layers 197 a-197 n (FIG. 11). In an alternative embodiment, the probe tips 281 are made parallel to the front surface 93 a of the probe chip substrate 272, by replacing glass substrate 258 with a chuck 258 having a flat surface and one or more recesses, similar to the recess 303 shown in FIG. 19, for the spring probes 180, wherein recesses are fabricated with a precise depth. The front surface 93 a of the probe chip 68 is then held flat against the chuck flat surface 258, and the spring probes 180 are compressed against the lower surface of the recesses. This method of planarization minimizes the effect of variation in the thickness of the substrate 272 and compression of the spring probes 180. The method also helps to maintain coplanarity of the probe tips 181, after subsequent processing steps. For example, variations in substrate thickness 272 can decrease probe tip planarity after solder bonding, if the probe chip 68 is held flat against its front surface 93 a during bonding if it was held flat against its back surface 93 a during probe tip planarization. Probe Chip Planarization FIG. 15 shows a first step 270 in a probe chip planarization process 275, in which a plane 280 of optimum probe tip planarity is determined for a probe chip 68 as fabricated. As seen in FIG. 15, a probe chip 68 comprises a probe chip substrate 272 having a probing surface 93 a and a bonding surface 93 b opposite the probing surface 93 a, a plurality of spring probes 180 on the probing surface 93 a arranged 273 to correspond to the bonding pads of an integrated circuit 20 and extending from the probing surface 93 a to define a plurality of probe tips 181, a corresponding second plurality of bonding pads 278 located on the bonding surface 93 b and arranged in the second standard configuration 275, and electrical connections 274 extending from each of the spring probes 180 to each of the corresponding second plurality of bonding pads 278. FIG. 16 shows a second step 284 in a probe chip planarization process, in which non-planar portions of spring probes 180 located on a probe chip are plated 286. FIG. 17 shows a third step 290 in a probe chip planarization process, in which non-planar portions of plated spring probes 180 located on a probe chip are planarized 292. FIG. 18 shows a fourth step 294 in a probe chip planarization process, in which the non-planar portions of the spring probes 180 are plated 296 after planarization 292, to form an outer plating layer 298. FIG. 19 is a schematic diagram of a Probe Chip to Z-block soldering fixture 300. The front surface 93 a of the probe chip 68 is held flat against the lower reference chuck 302, e.g. vacuum or electrostatic chuck 302. One or more recesses 303 in the surface of the reference chuck 302 provide clearance for the spring probes 180 on the probe chip 68. X-Y alignment is accomplished using alignment pins 304, e.g. two pins 304, which engage mechanical registration features, such as notches or holes, in the probe chip 68. An upper reference chuck 262, such as a vacuum or electrostatic chuck 262, is attached to the top surface of the ceramic Z-block 310 to insure thermal contact. X-Y alignment for the Z-block 310 is preferably provided by pins 306 that extend from the lower reference chuck 302 into the Z-block flange 178. The lower reference chuck 302 is typically located on a lower flat reference surface element 260, which preferably includes heating means 261. The upper reference chuck 262 is typically located on an upper flat reference surface element 264, which also preferably includes heating means 263, wherein the heating means 261,263 are typically controlled 267. The upper reference chuck 262 and the upper flat reference surface element 264 are vertically controllable in relation to the fixture 300, such as through a Z-Translation mechanism 268. Solder balls 312 between probe chip 68 and the Z-Block 310 can be reflowed, by controllably affixing the Z-block 310 and the probe chip 68 within the fixture 300, and applying heat through heaters 261,263. FIG. 20 shows Probe Chip to Z-block solder re-flow 330, as heat 261,263 (FIG. 19) is applied to the solder balls 312 while the probe assembly 68 and Z-block assembly 310 are retained in a parallel arrangement in the fixture 300. FIG. 21 shows a completed probe chip and Z-block Assembly 350. FIG. 22 is a detailed view 370 of a probe chip 68 and a Z-block 310 before solder ball re-flow 330. FIG. 23 is a detailed view 380 of a probe chip 68 and Z-block 310 after solder ball re-flow 330. The reflow 330 of solder balls 312 forms solder bonds 138, such that the formed assembly 350 which comprises the Z-Block 310 and the probe chip 68 provides a high degree of planarity 352 between the probe surface 93 a of the probe chip 68 and the upper surface 109 b (FIG. 6) of the Z-block assembly 310. FIG. 24 an expanded assembly view 400 of a quick change probe card assembly 64, before probe chip solder attachment to a Z-block assembly 310. FIG. 25 is an expanded assembly view 430 of a probe card assembly after probe chip solder attachment 138 to a Z-block assembly 310. As seen in FIG. 25, the combined probe chip assembly 146, comprising the probe chip 68, Z-block 134, and interposer 136, provides an inherently parallel structure, which is readily mountable and demountable from the motherboard 32 and top stiffener 162. The quick-change probe card assembly 64 is comprised of the probe card interface assembly (PCIA) 62 and the probe chip 68. The quick-change probe card apparatus 64 and methodology 220 enables pre-calibrated probe chip assemblies 68 to be conveniently exchanged to/from compatible probe card interface assemblies (PCIA) 62 at the factory or in the field, such as by removing the quick-change probe card assembly 64 from a prober 12, demounting the probe chip 68 and associated components from the probe chip assembly mounting reference surface 66, remounting the same (or alternate) probe chip 68 and associated components to the probe chip assembly mounting reference surface 66, and re-installing the quick-change probe card assembly 64 in the prober 12. The PCIA Mounting Surface 94 a is defined as the peripheral region of the mother board 32 that physically mates to the probe card mounting surface 48 on the wafer prober head plate 46. The wafer prober head plate mounting surface 48 is pre-calibrated to be parallel to the plane of motion of the wafer chuck 40 in the wafer prober 12, wherein surface of the wafer chuck 40 in a commercial wafer prober 12 is defined to be the wafer reference surface (WRS) 54. The probe chip assembly mounting reference plane 92 is preferably pre-calibrated to be parallel to the PCIA mounting surface 48, and therefore inherently parallel to the WRS 54. As well, the probe chip 68 is preferably fabricated to ensure that the probe tips 181, e.g. stress metal spring (SMS) probe tips 181, lie in a common plane 280 (FIG. 17) with respect to one another within an acceptable tolerance. There are two types of probe chip assemblies 68, parallel and non-parallel. Parallel probe chip assemblies have the plane 280 of the probe tips 181 parallel to the probe chip assembly mounting surface 48. With non-parallel probe chip assemblies 68, the mounting surface 48 is not parallel to the plane 280 of the probe tips 181. Non-parallel probe chip assemblies 68 can be changed without re-planarization of the quick-change probe card 64 by combining the factory calibration data for the PCIA 62 and factory calibration data of the probe chip 68, to re-calibrate the PCIA parallelism adjustment. Probe Card Calibration Data Mechanical parallelism calibration data, such as but not limited to shim thicknesses and/or differential screw settings, are preferably taken at the factory for the PCIA 62 and for non-parallel probe chip assemblies 68. The calibration data can be stored in a data base or in non-volatile memory chips mounted on the PCIA 62 or the probe chip assemblies 68. The PCIA calibration data provides the information required to establish the probe chip mounting reference plane 92 relative to the PCIA mounting surface 48. The probe chip assembly calibration data in combination with the PCIA calibration data provides the information required to set the PCIA planarity adjustments to make the stress metal spring (SMS) probe tips 181 on the probe chip 68 parallel to the plane of PCIA mounting surface 48. Z-Block Calibration Tool A Z-block calibration tool is used to establish the probe chip assembly mounting reference plane 92 within a PCIA 62. This tool is fabricated to function as a mechanical reference standard with a sufficiently high degree of flatness and parallelism between its surfaces, to accurately determine the parallelism adjustment parameters of the probe chip assembly mounting reference plane 92. In-Situ Calibration Probe Chip Assembly Some embodiments of the probe chip assemblies 68 preferably designed to be installed and used for accelerated testing and verification of PCIA using a specific wafer prober 12, or a API PrecisionPoint VX, or other tool having a similar function, in which the tool may be used to adjust the planarity of the probe chip assembly mounting reference plane 92 in the PCIA 62. The calibration probe chip assembly is designed to include test structures that aid in reliability, accuracy, and diagnostic testing of the PCIA and/or the Probe Chip technology. FIG. 26 shows a quick-change probe card 64, wherein a single probe chip 68 is area bonded 138 to the lower surface of Z-block 134 and a single sided upper interposer 136 is area bonded 152 (FIG. 8) to the upper surface of Z-block 134. The area bonds 138,152 are typically formed from any of solder, conductive adhesive, wire bonded studs, or any combination thereof. The probe chip 68 and the upper interposer 136 are held against a flat surface, e.g. 302 (FIG. 19), such as by but not limited to vacuum channels and/or holes, during the bonding process 330. Preferable planarity adjustment mechanisms provide optimal load spreading and minimize deflection of the Z-block 134. Planarity adjustment mechanisms may preferably comprise any of three or more adjustable screws, e.g. three or more differential screws 166, shims, spacers, washers, solder bonds, e.g. solder bonds 138, and/or springs and any combination thereof. As seen in FIG. 7 and FIG. 9, the position of the probe chip assembly mounting reference plane 92 relative to the lower surface 94 a of the mother board surface 32 is preferably determined by a calculation using measurements of the distance from either surface 163 a,163 b of the Z-block 134 to the wafer reference surface WRS 54 (FIG. 7), such as at three or more fiducial reference locations. However, in this case, a Z-block calibration tool is used to determine the probe chip assembly mounting reference plane 92. The Z-block Calibration tool is used for mechanical calibration only, and provides a mechanical reference standard with a sufficiently high level of parallelism between its surfaces, to ensure that the tips of the probes 180 on the probe chip 68 are adequately parallel to the PCIA mounting surface 66, to ensure parallelism to the wafer prober chuck 40 and ultimately to the semiconductor wafer under test 20. Parallelism Error Measurement and Correction The parallelism error for a probe chip assembly mounting reference plane (92) for a probe chip interface assembly (PCIA) 62 can be measured and corrected, such as by: installing optionally, a production Z-block or a Z-block calibration tool and optionally a calibration probe chip assembly; performing in-situ measurement of parallelism error (such as on a API PrecisionPoint VX or equivalent, or wafer prober (upward looking camera, probe mark inspection, contact resistance profile, etc.); determining parallelism correction for the probe chip assembly mounting reference plane (92) associated with PCIA (62) under test; retaining calibration data for future use; and removing the probe card; and as need disassembling, and correcting any parallelism error with appropriate mechanical offsets. For a non-parallel probe chip 68, an exemplary parallelism error measurement and correction method comprises the steps of: installing the non-parallel probe chip (68) in a PCIA (62) with a previously calibrated probe chip assembly mounting reference plane (92); performing in-situ measurement of parallelism error (On API, in-house tool, or wafer prober (upward looking camera, probe mark inspection, contact resistance profile, etc.)); determining parallelism correction for the non-parallel probe chip under test; retaining the data for future use; removing the probe card; and disassembling and correcting any parallelism errors with appropriate mechanical offsets. FIG. 27 is a schematic diagram of a quick-change probe card assembly 64 comprising a solder bonded mother board PCB Z-block 134 and an interposer 136 located between the mother board PCB Z-block 132 and the primary Z-block 134. The area bonds 142 on mother board PCB Z-block 132 may be formed from solder, conductive adhesive, wire bonded studs, or any combination thereof. Preferable planarity adjustment mechanisms provide optimal load spreading and minimize deflection of the Z-block 134. Planarity adjustment mechanisms may preferably comprise any of three or more adjustable screws, e.g. three or more differential screws 166, shims, spacers, washers, solder bonds, e.g. solder bonds 138, and/or springs 166, and any combination thereof. FIG. 28 is a schematic diagram of a quick change probe card assembly 64 having tiled probe chips 68 a,68 b, with substrates 272 a,272 b of different thickness, and a Z-block 134. The solder bonds 374 a,374 b compensate for difference in thickness between the probe chip substrates 272 a,272 b, when the probe chips 68 a,68 b are simultaneously held against a flat reference chuck 302, e.g. vacuum or electrostatic chuck 302, during the soldering process 300 (FIG. 19). The interposer 136 and Z-block 134 are each aligned the mother board 32, and are therefore aligned with respect to each other. The location of features, such as contact pads on top of the Z-block 134, are optically determined, and the position of alignment pins 170, such as directly connected to the z-block 134, or to flange 178 (FIG. 24) is determined, whereby that the Z-block 134 is properly aligned in X and Y plane, to corresponding contacts on the interposer 136. Preferable planarity adjustment mechanisms provide optimal load spreading and minimize deflection of the Z-block 134. Planarity adjustment mechanisms may preferably comprise any of three or more adjustable screws, e.g. three or more differential screws 166, shims, spacers, washers, solder bonds, e.g. solder bonds 138, and/or springs and any combination thereof. FIG. 29 is a schematic diagram of a quick change probe card assembly 64 having tiled probe chips 68 a,68 b with substrates 272 a,272 b of different thickness, as well as tiled interposers 136 a,136 b. Interposers 136 a,136 b are X-Y aligned to mother board Z-block 132 which is area bonded 142 to mother board 32. As well, the interposers 136 a,136 b and the primary Z-block 134 are each X-Y aligned to the mother board 32, and are therefore inherently X-Y aligned with respect to each other. Preferable planarity adjustment mechanisms provide optimal load spreading and minimize deflection of the Z-block 134. Planarity adjustment mechanisms may preferably comprise any of three or more adjustable screws, e.g. three or more differential screws 166, shims, spacers, washers, solder bonds, e.g. solder bonds 138, and/or springs, and any combination thereof. FIG. 30 is a schematic diagram of a probe card motherboard to motherboard Z-block soldering fixture 560. The front surface of the motherboard Z-block 132 is held flat against the lower reference chuck 562, e.g. such as a vacuum or electrostatic chuck 562, with one or more shims 566 at the circumference of the probe card motherboard 32. X-Y alignment is accomplished using two alignment pins 568, which engage in mechanical registration features 569, such as holes 569, in the motherboard Z-block 132. An upper reference chuck 570, such as a vacuum or electrostatic chuck 570, attaches to the upper surface 94 b of the probe card motherboard 32, to insure thermal contact. X-Y alignment of the Probe Card motherboard 32 is accomplished by pins that extend from the lower reference chuck 562 into the probe card motherboard 32. FIG. 31 is a schematic diagram showing solder reflow process 580 in an assembly comprising a Probe Card Motherboard and a motherboard Z-block 132. FIG. 32 is a schematic diagram 590 which shows a completed assembly 131 comprising a probe card motherboard 32 and a motherboard Z-block 132 having solder reflow 580. The use of low force interposers in the quick-change probe card assemblies 64 and associated methods 220 provide a plurality of reliable electrical connections between two flat and parallel surfaces each having an electrically conducive region, e.g. pads, in electrical contact with at least one of the low force SMS probe tips on an interposer 136. Low force interposers 136 reduce the total force required to compress the SMS spring probes 180 and hence the mechanical deflections of the load bearing components of the system. Alternatively, low force interposers 136 enable the use of thinner structures and/or lower elastic modulus materials to support or to compress the interposers under operating conditions. Quick-change probe card assemblies 64 and associated methods 220 provide high quality electrical contacts, using low force interposers 136, such as having force per contact of between 0.05 grams to 5 grams, and is enhanced by the use of redundant SMS spring probes 180, i.e. more than one SMS spring probe 180 per electrical contact, e.g. 4 SMS spring probes 180 per contact has been demonstrated), non-oxidizing probe tips 181, e.g. clean Rhodium coated probe tips 181, and non-oxidizing contact pads, e.g. clean gold contact pads on both sides of the interposer 136. In an alternative embodiment, the spring probes 180 and contact pads 278 are cleaned using methods that remove surface contaminants and expose a contaminant-free metal surface. For example, surface treatments such as mechanical polishing, plasma cleaning, and ion milling can be used to expose a contaminant-free surface on the spring probes 180 and electrical contact pads 278. Quick-change probe card assemblies 64 and associated methods 220 allow the production of customizable probe card assemblies 64 having a rapid fabrication cycle time for testing semiconductor wafers 20. Rapid fabrication cycle time is accomplished by using semi-custom components with rapid fabrication cycle times, in combination with standard components that may have lengthy lead times. Since the standardized components are ordered in advance and held in inventory, until the time that they are needed for assembly into the finished product, the fabrication cycle time is then dependent only upon the fabrication cycle time for the semi-customizable component. For example, the Z-block 134 is a standardized component, which can be ordered in advance and kept in inventory. The probe chip 68 is a semi-custom component, having a fixed manufacturing cycle time which is initiated at the time the customer's order is placed for the probe card system 64. The overall probe card fabrication cycle time is then determined primarily by the fabrication cycle time of the probe chip 68. System Advantages The quick change probe chip system 64 and method 220 lowers cost of ownership by allowing users to easily change probe chip assemblies 68, without the need to send an entire probe card assembly 68 back to the manufacturer. The quick change probe chip system 64 and method 220 allows a trained user or field service engineer to quickly change the probe chip 68 at the user site. As well, customers can keep an inventory of spare probe chip assemblies 68 on hand, and swap probe chip assemblies 68, instead of the entire probe card assembly, e.g. 64. This capability minimizes downtime related to probe chip issues, such as for regular scheduled cleaning, tip wear, tip failure, and/or unexpected tip contamination. The present invention provides methods of fabrication that reduce or eliminate the need for planarity adjustments at final assembly. However, after the installation of a new probe chip assembly, probe card function can readily be validated on an API Precision Point VX or equivalent. Planarity measurement can be performed if needed, such as by field personnel or by the customer, to verify proper alignment and function of the probe card prior to use in production. The quick change probe chip system 64 and method 220 maintains low resistance electrical connections to a device under test at either elevated or depressed operating temperatures. As well, the quick change probe chip system 64 and method 220 comprises components with mechanical surfaces that are sufficiently flat and parallel to one another, that enable them to act as reference surfaces for other components either within the probe card assembly system, or that interface to the probe card assembly system. Furthermore, the quick change probe chip system 64 and method 220, having relatively flat and parallel component surfaces, more evenly distributes and vertically transmits the high forces associated with high I/O count ICs and testers, to reduce peak-to peak mechanical deflections within the probe card assembly system, wherein the forces are generated either by the various spring pre-loading mechanisms or by the compression of the spring probes during wafer testing. In addition, the quick change probe chip system 64 and method 220 has components with improved flatness and parallelism that can rest against each other, that enable pre-aligned, easy to replace components and sub-assemblies. Relatively flat and parallel surfaces and probe tip arrays having smaller deviations from co-planarity reduce the need for planarity adjustment. Additionally, the use of relatively flat and parallel reference surfaces enables the use of very low force interposers, e.g. 0.05 g to 5 g per contact, to make low resistance high-density electrical connections over large areas, e.g. 1,000 sq cm for 300 mm wafers. Furthermore, low force interposers combined with flat and parallel reference and support surfaces enable simpler methods of clamping and achieving and maintaining planarity. Alternatively, large area components such as mother boards, Z-blocks, etc. with flat surfaces enable the use of vacuum actuated systems to achieve high levels of surface parallelism. Additionally, large area solid electrical interface connections fabricated with materials such as solder, gold wire bond bumps, plated bumps, or adhesives all have higher manufacturing yields and perform better and more reliably with flatter and more parallel interconnection support surfaces. As well, time is often critical factor for users of probe card assemblies, such as semiconductor manufacturers and testers. Conventional probe card assemblies typically comprise one or more key components that have long lead times, such as for multilayered ceramic components. As conventional assembly structures and manufacturing methods include such long lead time components, the resulting fabrication cycle for one or more assemblies is long. In contrast, the quick change probe chip system 64 and method 220 has improved, i.e. rapid, fabrication cycles, for which portions of the probe card assembly can be fabricated, assembled, and/or pre-planarized, while long-lead lead time components, such as complex, custom, or semi-custom components, are readily mountable and/or remountable from the other components and assemblies. The methods according to the present invention adjust for the planarity differences during the probe card fabrication, by reducing or eliminating requirements for applying pressure to flexible connectors and/or adjusting linear actuators. The methods according the present teachings include creating co-planar arrays of probe springs using two or more plating steps and planarizing a probe chip assembly by causing variations in solder joint height to compensate for planar differences between the sub-components. Both manufacturing methods create flat reference tooling surfaces and use vacuum or other means to hold components under assembly flat against the reference tooling surfaces. In the case of probe springs, the first layer of plating is applied and the tips are made co-planar by heating while holding the tips against a reference tooling surface prior to completing the additional plating which is required to provide adequate probing force to insure a reliable electrical contact over an acceptable cycle life. In the case of the mother board to probe spring assembly, these components can be pulled flat to a reference tooling surface parallel to the WRS and solder can be reflowed to retain the parallelism. The invention also uses standard components for both reducing manufacturing cost and manufacturing time. Although probe card assembly systems having spring probes with improved co-planarity and parallelism, and methods for manufacturing are described herein in connection with integrated circuit test probes, probe cards, and/or packages, the system and techniques can be implemented with a wide variety of devices, such as interconnections between integrated circuits and substrates within electronic components or devices, burn-in devices and MEMS devices, or any combination thereof, as desired. As well, those knowledgeable and skilled in the art will readily appreciate that various alternative types of probe tips could be substituted for the stress metal spring (SMS) probe tips described herein and that therefore the teachings relating to the methods and apparatus of the present invention should not be interpreted as being limited to the use of the SMS probe tips described herein. Accordingly, although the invention has been described in detail with reference to a particular preferred embodiment, persons possessing ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains will appreciate that various modifications and enhancements may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the claims that follow. 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