Source: https://de.scribd.com/document/1053008/US-Supreme-Court-05-101
Timestamp: 2019-11-12 13:02:20
Document Index: 137308407

Matched Legal Cases: ['§2903', '§2903', '§2903', '§2903', '§2903', '§2903', '§2254', '§2254']

US Supreme Court: 05-101 | Supreme Court Of The United States | Murder
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United States v. William Z. Foster, 278 F.2d 567, 2d Cir. (1960)
Crim Cases Various
David D. Jones v. Consolidated Freightways Corporation of Delaware, a Delaware Corporation Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen and Helpers Local No. 17 and Western Conference of Teamsters, 776 F.2d 1458, 10th Cir. (1985)
MARGARET BRADSHAW, WARDEN v. KENNETH T.
No. 05–101. Decided November 28, 2005
In 1987, respondent Kenneth T. Richey was tried in
Ohio for aggravated murder committed in the course of a
felony. Evidence showed that respondent set fire to the
apartment of his neighbor, Hope Collins, in an attempt to
kill his ex-girlfriend and her new boyfriend, who were
spending the night together in the apartment below. The
intended victims escaped unharmed, but Hope Collins’ 2-
year-old daughter Cynthia died in the fire. At trial, the
State presented evidence of respondent’s intent to kill his
ex-girlfriend and her boyfriend, but not of specific intent to
kill Cynthia Collins. The State also offered expert forensic
evidence to show that the fire had been started deliber-
ately. Respondent did not contest this forensic evidence at
trial because his retained arson expert had reported that
the State’s evidence conclusively established arson. Re-
spondent was convicted of aggravated felony murder on a
theory of transferred intent and sentenced to death. His
conviction and sentence were affirmed on direct appeal,
where he was represented by new counsel.
Respondent sought postconviction relief in state court.
The state trial court denied his request for an evidentiary
hearing and denied relief on all claims, and the state
appellate court affirmed. Respondent then sought federal
habeas relief. The District Court permitted discovery on
certain issues, but ultimately denied all of respondent’s
claims. The Sixth Circuit reversed, holding that respon-
dent was entitled to habeas relief on two alternative
2 BRADSHAW v. RICHEY
grounds. First, that transferred intent was not a permis-
sible theory for aggravated felony murder under Ohio law,
and that the evidence of direct intent was constitutionally
insufficient to support conviction. Second, that the per-
formance of respondent’s trial counsel had been constitu-
tionally deficient under Strickland v. Washington, 466
U. S. 668 (1984), in his retaining and mishandling of his
arson expert and in his inadequate treatment of the
State’s expert testimony.
We now grant the State’s petition for writ of certiorari
and vacate the judgment below.
The Sixth Circuit erred in holding that the doctrine of
transferred intent was inapplicable to aggravated felony
murder for the version of Ohio Rev. Code Ann. §2903.01(B)
(Anderson 1982) under which respondent was convicted.
See Richey v. Mitchell, 395 F. 3d 660, 675 (2005). The
Ohio Supreme Court’s interpretation of that section, as
announced in its review of respondent’s case, directly
contradicts the Sixth Circuit’s analysis:
“The fact that the intended victims escaped harm, and
that an innocent child, Cynthia Collins, was killed in-
stead, does not alter Richey’s legal and moral respon-
sibility. ‘The doctrine of transferred intent is firmly
rooted in Ohio law.’ Very simply, ‘the culpability of a
scheme designed to implement the calculated decision
to kill is not altered by the fact that the scheme is di-
rected at someone other than the actual victim.’ ”
State v. Richey, 64 Ohio St. 3d 353, 364, 595 N. E. 2d
915, 925 (1992) (citations omitted).
This statement was dictum, since the only sufficiency-of-
evidence claim raised by respondent pertained to his
setting of the fire. Nonetheless, its explanation of Ohio
law was perfectly clear and unambiguous. We have re-
Cite as: 546 U. S. ____ (2005) 3
peatedly held that a state court’s interpretation of state
law, including one announced on direct appeal of the
challenged conviction, binds a federal court sitting in
habeas corpus. Estelle v. McGuire, 502 U. S. 62, 67–68
(1991); Mullaney v. Wilbur, 421 U. S. 684, 691 (1975).
The Sixth Circuit held that the Ohio Supreme Court’s
opinion should not be read to endorse transferred intent in
respondent’s case because such a construction would likely
constitute “an unforeseeable and retroactive judicial ex-
pansion of narrow and precise statutory language,” Bouie
v. City of Columbia, 378 U. S. 347, 352 (1964), in violation
of the Due Process Clause. 395 F. 3d, at 677 (citing United
States v. Lanier, 520 U. S. 259 (1997); Bouie, 378 U. S., at
352). It is doubtful whether this principle of fair notice
has any application to a case of transferred intent, where
the defendant’s contemplated conduct was exactly what
the relevant statute forbade, see id., at 351. And it is
further doubtful whether the doctrine of constitutional
doubt permits such a flatly countertextual interpretation
of what the Ohio Supreme Court said, see Salinas v.
United States, 522 U. S. 52, 59–60 (1997). But assuming
all that, Ohio law at the time of respondent’s offense
provided fully adequate notice of the applicability of
transferred intent. The relevant mens rea provision in
§2903.01(D) required only that “[n]o person shall be con-
victed of aggravated murder unless he is specifically found
to have intended to cause the death of another.” Ohio Rev.
Code Ann. §2903.01(D) (Anderson 1982) (emphasis added).
Respondent’s intention to kill his ex-girlfriend and her
boyfriend plainly came within this provision. There was no
reason to read “another” (countertextually) as meaning only
“the actual victim,” since the doctrine of transferred intent
was “firmly rooted in Ohio law.” State v. Sowell, 39 Ohio
St. 3d 322, 332, 530 N. E. 2d 1294, 1305 (1988) (citing
Wareham v. State, 25 Ohio St. 601 (1874)). Respondent
could not plausibly claim unfair surprise that the doctrine
4 BRADSHAW v. RICHEY
applied in his case. See Lanier, supra, at 269–270 (requir-
ing, as adequate notice for due process purposes, only
“reasonable warning,” rather than fundamentally similar
prior cases).
The foregoing provision was in effect at the time of
respondent’s crime in 1986. The Sixth Circuit reasoned,
however, that the following subsequent clause in the
version of §2903.01(D) that existed in 1986 foreclosed
transferred intent in this case:
“If a jury in an aggravated murder case is instructed
that a person who commits or attempts to commit any
offense listed in division (B) of this section may be in-
ferred, because he engaged in a common design with
others to commit the offense by force or violence or be-
cause the offense and the manner of its commission
would be likely to produce death, to have intended to
cause the death of any person who is killed during the
commission of . . . the offense, the jury also shall be
instructed that . . . it is to consider all evidence intro-
duced by the prosecution to indicate the person’s in-
tent and by the person to indicate his lack of intent in
determining whether the person specifically intended
to cause the death of the person killed . . . .” Ohio Rev.
Code Ann. §2903.01(D) (Anderson 1982) (emphases
Contrary to the Sixth Circuit’s reading, see 395 F. 3d, at
673, this clause by its terms did not apply to every case in
which the defendant was charged with aggravated felony
murder, but rather only to those in which intent to kill
was sought to be proved from the inherent dangerousness
of the relevant felony. See State v. Phillips, 74 Ohio St. 3d
72, 100, 656 N. E. 2d 643, 668 (1995) (“R. C. §2903.01(D)
does not apply in this case because the trial court never
instructed that the jury could infer purpose to kill from
the commission of an underlying felony ‘in a manner likely
Cite as: 546 U. S. ____ (2005) 5
to produce death’ ”). Here, however, intent to kill was
proved directly. It was not inferred from the dangerous-
ness of the arson; it was shown to be the purpose of the
The Sixth Circuit also argued that dicta in a case de-
cided by an intermediate Ohio appellate court, prior to the
Ohio Supreme Court’s opinion here, rejected transferred
intent for respondent’s crime, and thus rendered its appli-
cation in respondent’s case unforeseeable and retroactive.
395 F. 3d, at 675–676 (citing State v. Mullins, 76 Ohio
App. 3d 633, 602 N. E. 2d 769 (1992)). But that case was
decided long after the 1986 offense for which respondent
was convicted, and thus has no bearing on whether the
law at the time of the charged conduct was clear enough to
provide fair notice. Lanier, supra; see also Marks v.
United States, 430 U. S. 188, 196 (1977).
Because the Sixth Circuit disregarded the Ohio Su-
preme Court’s authoritative interpretation of Ohio law, its
ruling on sufficiency of the evidence was erroneous.
The Sixth Circuit also held that respondent was entitled
to relief on the ground that the state courts’ denial of his
Strickland claim was unreasonable. 395 F. 3d, at 688. As
petitioner contends, the Sixth Circuit erred in its adjudica-
tion of this claim by relying on evidence that was not
properly presented to the state habeas courts without first
determining (1) whether respondent was at fault for fail-
ing to develop the factual bases for his claims in state
court, see Williams v. Taylor, 529 U. S. 420, 430–432
(2000), or (2) whether respondent satisfied the criteria
established by 28 U. S. C. §2254(e)(2). See Holland v.
Jackson, 452 U. S. 649, (2004) (per curiam). Similarly, the
Sixth Circuit erred by disregarding the state habeas
courts’ conclusion that the forensic expert whom respon-
dent’s trial counsel hired was a “properly qualified expert,”
App. to Pet. for Cert. 347a, without analyzing whether the
state court’s factual finding had been rebutted by clear
and convincing evidence. See 28 U. S. C. §2254(e)(1).
Compare App. to Pet. for Cert., 347a, with 395 F. 3d, at
683. In addition, as petitioner contends, the Sixth Circuit
erred in relying on certain grounds that were apparent
from the trial record but not raised on direct appeal—
namely that trial counsel (1) inadequately cross-examined
experts called by the State, (2) erred by prematurely plac-
ing the forensic expert counsel had hired on the witness
list, and (3) failed to present competing scientific evidence
against the State’s forensic experts—without first deter-
mining whether respondent’s procedural default of these
subclaims could be excused by a showing of cause and
prejudice or by the need to avoid a miscarriage of justice.
See App. to Pet. for Cert. 340a–341a, 351a–354a (state
courts’ holding that these subclaims should have been
raised on direct appeal); id., at 109a–110a (District Court’s
holding that this default was not excusable under Cole-
man v. Thompson, 501 U. S. 722, 749–750 (1991)). Re-
spondent, however, contends that the State failed to pre-
serve its objection to the Sixth Circuit’s reliance on
evidence not presented in state court by failing to raise
this argument properly before the Sixth Circuit. See Brief
in Opposition 24–26. Because the relevant errors had not
yet occurred, the Sixth Circuit has had no opportunity to
address the argument that the State failed to preserve its
Holland argument. It is better situated to address this
argument in the first instance.
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the Sixth
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