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Environment Report | Great Lakes | Ontario
Great Lakes-St. Lawrence pollution fallout study.
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Protecting the Great Lakes - St.
Lawrence River Basin and Drinking Water Sources
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY................................................................................................. 3 Purpose of this Report..................................................................................................... 5 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 5 Section 1 - Source Protection Program ........................................................................... 7 1.1 A Multi-Barrier Approach to Protecting Drinking Water in Ontario ............................. 7 1.2 The Clean Water Act, 2006: Source Water Protection in Ontario............................. 7 Section 2 - What Can National Pollutant Release Inventory data tell us about Pollution in Source Protection Areas and Regions?..................................................................... 10 2.1 Number of NPRI Facilities in the Source Protection Regions and Areas in Ontario 10 2.2 Air Releases – Toxics and Criteria Air Contaminants.............................................. 13 2.2.1 Importance of Air Releases as Source of Pollutants to Great Lakes ............................... 17 2.2.2 Air Releases of Known or Suspected Carcinogens.......................................................... 19 2.2.3 Air Releases of Reproductive and Developmental Toxins .............................................. 21 2.3 Water Releases....................................................................................................... 23 2.4 Land releases and disposal..................................................................................... 26 2.5 Total Releases and Transfers ................................................................................. 31 Section 3 - Why use National Pollutant Release Inventory information in the Source Protection Program? ..................................................................................................... 32 Section 4 - Recommendations ...................................................................................... 35 APPENDICES ............................................................................................................... 38
This report was prepared by the Canadian Environmental Law Association (CELA) and Environmental Defence under its joint project, PollutionWatch (www.PollutionWatch.org). Information in this report is based on pollution data from the National Pollutant Release Inventory in Canada for 2007. Permission is granted to the public to reproduce and disseminate this report, in part or in whole, free of charge, in any format or medium and without requiring specific permission. Environmental Defence and the Canadian Environmental Law Association would like to thank the Salamander Foundation, the Trillium Foundation, the Joyce Foundation, Walter and Duncan Gordon Foundation, Law Foundation of Ontario, and Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) whose generous support made possible the production of this report. © PollutionWatch 2009 ISBN # - 978-1-926602-42-4 CELA Publication number - 695
Sarah Rang Fe de Leon Christopher Waffle Catherine Miller Theresa McClenaghan Jennifer Foulds Johnny Lu Obert Munodawafa Greg Lecinski Mike Layton Rick Lindgren Joseph Castrilli
PollutionWatch (www.PollutionWatch.org) is a collaborative project of Environmental Defence and the Canadian Environmental Law Association. The web site tracks releases and transfers of pollutants across Canada based on data collected by Environment Canada through the National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI) and emissions of greenhouse gases based on the federal government’s mandatory Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reporting Program. NPRI and the Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reporting Program do not include data from all pollutants or sources. Visitors to the PollutionWatch web site can identify facilities in their home towns by searching by postal code or by a specific street address, access “quick lists” of the facilities reporting the largest releases and transfers of pollutants and greenhouse gases in the country, or create their own ranked lists of facilities by province, industrial sector, or corporation.
Protecting the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin and Drinking Water Sources
The data used in this report are based on the Canadian National Pollutant Release Inventory, a publicly available database administered by Environment Canada. The material in this report is developed by the Canadian Environmental Law Association and Environmental Defence and their consultants on an "as is" basis. PollutionWatch makes no warranties or representation of any kind with respect to its contents and disclaims all such representations and warranties. It is hereby acknowledged that the use of the material is done at the reader’s own discretion and risk. PollutionWatch will not be liable for damages arising out of or in connection with its use. This is a comprehensive limitation of liability that applies to all damages of any kind including (without limitation) compensatory, direct, indirect or consequential damages, loss of data, income, or profit, loss of or damage to property and claims of third parties. Neither PollutionWatch nor any other person acting on its behalf makes any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal responsibility for the accuracy of any information or accepts liability from the use or damages from the use. The views and recommendations presented in this report are those of the Canadian Environmental Law Association and Environmental Defence and not those of their funders.
____________________________________________________ EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Ontario's Source Water Protection Program was set up to ensure that sources of treated drinking water are protected from potential threats, such as storage and management of agricultural source material and the handling and storage of fuel. Through the program, local committees in each source protection region and area are assessing potential threats and recommending solutions. Through the PollutionWatch project, the Canadian Environmental Law Association and Environmental Defence are seeking to provide additional information on potential threats that can be used by the source protection committees. PollutionWatch (www.PollutionWatch.org) uses National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI) data, collected by Environment Canada, to track reported releases and transfers of pollutants from facilities across Canada. As this report demonstrates, many of these NPRI facilities report releases and transfers in source protection areas and regions throughout Ontario. The NPRI data offer additional information on specific pollutants that source protection committees can use to better assess threats to their local drinking water sources. This report maps NPRI facilities for each source protection area and region and, analyzes reported pollutant releases to the air, water and land, some of which may be a threat to Ontario's drinking water. Section 2 of the report presents the pollution releases and transfer data in the source protection areas and regions. Some of the findings include: o NPRI facilities in source protection areas and regions release large amounts of chemicals to the air, water and land. NPRI facilities in source protection regions release to the air over 32 million kg of toxic chemicals and 722 million kg of criteria air contaminants, pollutants associated with smog, acid rain, contributing nitrogen to waterways and health effects. NPRI facilities release over 54 million kg of chemicals to water, and 19 million kg of chemicals to land. In addition to these amounts, another 22 million kg are sent off-site for disposal, treatment and further management. About 163 million kg are recycled. (See Appendix A)
The following recommendations, presented in greater detail in Section 4, offer solutions for improving the source water protection program to ensure the greatest possible protection of Ontario's drinking water:
o o Recognize that air pollution is a major source of chemicals and nutrients to Great Lakes. Incorporate the significant contribution of air releases into the Source Water Protection Program for Great Lakes drinking water sources. Certain categories on the list of threats to drinking water under Ontario’s drinking water source protection program should be expanded to include chemical emissions to air, as many of these air emissions will eventually fall into the water and land.
Increase the emphasis on protection of Great Lakes sources in Ontario’s drinking water source protection program. Increase the use of NPRI data as a source of information for Ontario’s drinking water source protection program. NPRI can provide valuable inputs into many different categories of drinking water list of threats. The NPRI facilities and their emissions to air, water and land need to be considered as part of the source protection planning process and the assessment of potential threats to drinking water.
This fact sheet provides: 1) An analysis of Ontario's Source Protection Program 2) An overview of the pollutant releases from NPRI facilities in each of the source protection areas and regions located in Ontario in the Great Lakes Basin 3) Inputs to the work of the source protection committees in identifying the threats to drinking water sources for their source protection area or region 4) A list of recommendations to further protect sources of drinking water for Ontarians and the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin from toxic pollution This is one of two fact sheets focused on the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin completed by the Canadian Environmental Law Association (CELA) and Environmental Defence under its PollutionWatch Project (www.PollutionWatch.org). See Partners in Pollution 2: An Update on the Continuing Canadian and United States Contributions to Great Lakes Pollution (in production). The value of drinking water as an ecosystem service has been quantified in a few studies. In Lake Simcoe, the annual value of water supply was estimated at about $22 million. If the daily residential water use in the Lake Simcoe watershed had to be supplied through bottled water, the cost would be about $200 million a day, or over $75 billion a year. In a study of the Greenbelt, the Greater Toronto and Hamilton area which covers some of the Source Protection Areas (SPAs), the total replacement cost of water if supplied by bottled water was estimated at $2.2 billion a day or $825 billion a year.
The Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin is a significant natural resource and home to 40 million people in the United States and Canada. The Great Lakes - Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie and Ontario - and the St. Lawrence River and their connecting channels form the largest freshwater system on earth; the area drained by the basin covers 766,000 square kilometres. The Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin holds 95% of the North America’s fresh water supply. These water bodies represent 20% of the world’s total fresh water supply. 1 For residents of Ontario, the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin is a source of drinking water for 98% of Ontario’s population, while over 70% of Ontarians (over 10 million) rely on the Great Lakes as its source of drinking water. 2 The threats to the well-being of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin ecosystem are wide ranging – from toxic pollution (e.g. industrial emissions, pharmaceuticals, bacteria, pathogens), to increasing numbers of invasive species, urban development, demands for water withdrawal and diversion, climate change, contaminated sediments, and shoreline development.
Environment Canada. About the Great Lakes. See: www.on.ec.gc.ca/greatlakes/default.asp?lang=En&n=7B8BFD89-1 dated June 16, 2009.
Ibid. Ministry of Environment. Great Lakes. See: www.ene.gov.on.ca/en/water/greatlakes/index.php dated October 19, 2009. Sara Wilson. Lake Simcoe Basin Natural Capital. See: www.lsrca.on.ca/PDFs/Lake%20Simcoe%20Final%20June%2020_2_.pdf dated June 2008. Ontario’s Wealth, Canada’s Future. Greenbelt Foundation and Suzuki Foundation. September 2008.
Increasingly, government agencies, scientists, environmentalists and health workers are focusing on addressing the effects of the threats to the Great Lakes. Hundreds of toxic chemicals are now being detected in the Great Lakes. However, the chemicals management activity by government and industry have been on only a few toxic chemicals (i.e., mercury, lead, PCBs, dioxins and furans, etc.) to date. The growing body of evidence demonstrating that toxic substances may be linked to significant problems for human health and wildlife in even extremely small doses that can affect future generations makes protecting the Great Lakes Basin essential. Many of these toxic substances enter the Great Lakes from the air, from either local or distant manufacturing sources, or are released from wastewater treatment plants and runoff from roads and agricultural sources. In addition, many toxics cannot be removed effectively by available drinking or wastewater treatment systems or captured completely through current control technologies. To take action on the highlighted threats, it is important to consider not only the Great Lakes themselves, but all activities that affect the aquifers, streams, rivers, lakes and lands within the entire Great Lakes Basin, as well as distant sources of contamination which enter the Basin through air deposition. Taking action that mitigates the potential threats to human health and the Great Lakes environment in such a manner is known as a watershed approach. A watershed approach to land management was adopted in Ontario in the 1950s, when the province’s first Conservation Areas were established. More recently, the watershed approach has been applied to the protection of Ontario’s drinking water.
____________________________________________________ Section 1 - Source Protection Program 1.1 A Multi-Barrier Approach to Protecting Drinking Water in Ontario
The Canadian Environmental Law Association (CELA) and Environmental Defence have long advocated for a multi-barrier approach to the protection of Ontario’s drinking water. A multibarrier approach ensures that drinking water is protected in all stages of the drinking water cycle, from intake to distribution system to treatment of wastewater. This approach emphasizes the importance of monitoring and mitigating threats to untreated water in the natural environment, known as source water, to water being delivered through the municipal distribution systems, and to water processed in water and wastewater treatment facilities. In addition, potential threats to drinking water need to be communicated to all parties involved in implementing the multi-barrier approach. A multi-barrier approach to protecting drinking water was taken up in earnest by the province of Ontario in the wake of the tragedy at Walkerton, Ontario in May 2000. During this event, seven people died and approximately half the town’s 4,200 residents became sick; hundreds continue to live with severe health problems and social impacts. This tragedy resulted from the failure of an entire regulatory framework and oversight system responsible for protecting water sources, a failure to address threats to the quality of drinking water, and poor communication among decision-makers at the provincial government, the municipality’s water system managers and the region’s water treatment laboratory. Based on the result of the Walkerton Inquiry, which was established to determine the cause of the tragedy, and the final recommendations made by Justice Dennis O’Connor, the province moved towards a multi-barrier approach to water protection. In response to these recommendations, the provincial government passed two important laws intended to protect drinking water. In 2002 the government passed the Safe Drinking Water Act, which addresses water treatment and distribution systems. In 2006, the Clean Water Act, a source protection law, was passed. These Acts are now being implemented.
1.2 The Clean Water Act, 2006: Source Water Protection in Ontario
The Clean Water Act, 2006 (CWA) is the Ontario law under which source protection efforts are being undertaken in the province to protect drinking water. At present, source protection activities in Ontario are focused on the protection of sources of treated drinking water. Source protection is being implemented on a local scale, by source protection area (SPA) and source protection region 3 – areas which correspond to the watersheds of Southern, Central and parts
There are 19 source protection authorities in Ontario, each of which is staffed by Conservation Authority personnel. There are also 19 corresponding source protection committees, which comprise stakeholders representing municipal, business, industrial, agricultural, environmental and broader community interests. Some source protection authorities and committees oversee the source protection work in a single source protection area, such as in the Niagara Peninsula Source Protection Area, and the Lakehead Source Protection Area. Other authorities and committees oversee work in more than one source protection area: the conglomerated areas they oversee are called source protection regions. In this report, the acronym SPA refers to the working area of an authority and committee, regardless of its designation as a source protection area or source protection region.
of Northern Ontario. The Ontario Ministry of the Environment (MOE) and the province’s Conservation Authorities (CAs), are currently identifying potential threats to drinking water located in each SPA, as well as gauging the severity of each potential threat. Geographic information systems are being used to store and map data on water quality, water quantity, and threats to source water. These data will be used to help identify, address and mitigate potential threats to drinking water. The 19 source protection committees (SPCs) are ensuring the source protection planning process is sufficiently tailored to the unique geology and human and natural geographies of each of the province’s SPAs. (See Figure 1)
Ministry of Environment List of Threats to Drinking Water The establishment, operation or maintenance of a waste disposal site within the meaning of Part V of the Environmental Protection Act. The establishment, operation or maintenance of a system that collects, stores, transmits, treats or disposes of sewage. The application of agricultural source material to land. The storage of agricultural source material. The management of agricultural source material. The application of non-agricultural source material to land. The handling and storage of non-agricultural source material. The application of commercial fertilizer to land. The handling and storage of commercial fertilizer. The application of pesticide to land. The handling and storage of pesticide. The application of road salt. The handling and storage of road salt. The storage of snow. The handling and storage of fuel. The handling and storage of a dense non-aqueous phase liquid. The handling and storage of an organic solvent. The management of runoff that contains chemicals used in the de-icing of aircraft. An activity that takes water from an aquifer or a surface water body without returning the water taken to the same aquifer or surface water body. An activity that reduces the recharge of an aquifer. The use of land as livestock grazing or pasturing land, an outdoor confinement area or a farm-animal yard.
As of the fall of 2009, all SPCs’ Terms of Reference, the “workplans” that outline what actions are to be taken in each SPA, have been approved by the MOE. SPCs are now preparing Assessment Reports. In these documents, potential threats to drinking water will be identified and the risks they present to drinking water gauged. The province has identified 21 activities which are considered drinking water threats: 4 Once these potential threats to drinking water have been identified, the SPCs will develop their Source Protection Plans. These plans will outline the ways certain drinking water threats will be addressed and mitigated. These plans are expected to be ready for implementation from the beginning of 2010.
See: O. Reg. 385/08.
Figure 1: Ontario SPAs in the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River Basin
____________________________________________________ Section 2 - What Can National Pollutant Release Inventory data tell us about Pollution in Source Protection Areas and Regions?
This section uses the federal National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI) data to identify releases and transfers of over 300 pollutants from facilities in Source Protection Regions. Each year, over 8,500 facilities across Canada submit their pollutant data to Environment Canada. A facility reports on the amount of pollutants released to the air, water, land or injected underground and also on the amounts of pollutants transferred off the site for disposal, treatment or recycling. NPRI data are a good source of information about pollutant releases from larger industrial and municipal facilities which are required to be assessed as drinking water threats in the source protection program. Previous years of NPRI data are posted for public access on the PollutionWatch web site and are also searchable at www.PollutionWatch.org. For more information about NPRI, please see the section titled “Understanding the Data” under the link “About PollutionWatch” on the PollutionWatch website at www.PollutionWatch.org
2.1 Number of NPRI Facilities in the Source Protection Regions and Areas in Ontario
Of Ontario’s 19 SPAs, only one, the Mattagami Source Protection Area, is located outside of the Great Lakes Basin. There are 2,144 NPRI facilities in SPAs in the Great Lakes Basin in the 2007 reporting year. This is almost one-quarter of all NPRI facilities in Canada (8,731). (See Figure 2) The Credit, Toronto and Central (CTC) Source Protection Region has the largest number of NPRI facilities of any SPA (754 facilities, about 33% of the total NPRI facilities in Ontario). The Lake Erie Source Protection Region has the second largest number of NPRI facilities (313 facilities with 14% of total). The Thames, Sydenham and Region Source Protection Region has the third largest number of NPRI facilities (223 NPRI facilities, about 10% of total). There are 8 SPAs in the Great Lakes Basin each of which has fewer than 40 NPRI facilities. (See Table 1)
Table 1. Number of NPRI facilities in each SPA in 2007 Name of Source Protection Area or Region
Number of NPRI facilities
754 313 223 176 109 95 82 69 59 56 34 35 35 25 23 23 17 16 2,144 10 138 2,292 8,731 26.3%
% of Ontario Facilities
32.9% 13.7% 9.7% 7.7% 4.8% 4.1% 3.6% 3.0% 2.6% 2.4% 1.5% 1.5% 1.5% 1.1% 1.0% 1.0% 0.7% 0.7%
Credit, Toronto and Central (CTC) Source Protection Region Lake Erie Source Protection Region Thames, Sydenham and Region Source Protection Region Halton-Hamilton Source Protection Region South Georgian Bay Lake Simcoe Source Protection Region Niagara Peninsula Source Protection Area Essex Region Source Protection Area Mississippi-Rideau Source Protection Region Raisin-South Nation Source Protection Region Trent Conservation Coalition Source Protection Region Lakehead Source Protection Area Cataraqui Source Protection Area Greater Sudbury Source Protection Area Saugeen, Grey Sauble, Northern Bruce Peninsula Source Protection Region Quinte Source Protection Region Ausable Bayfield Maitland Valley Source Protection Region North Bay-Mattawa Source Protection Area Sault Ste Marie Source Protection Region Total NPRI Facilities in Great Lakes SPAs Reporting for 2007 Mattagami Source Protection Area Not in a Source Protection Area Total NPRI Facilities in Ontario, Reporting for 2007 Total NPRI Facilities in Canada, Reporting for 2007 % Ontario is of Total Canada
0.4% 6.0% 100.0%
Figure 2: Locations of NPRI facilities in SPAs in the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River Basin
2.2 Air Releases – Toxics and Criteria Air Contaminants
Large amounts of chemicals are released into the air from NPRI facilities in SPAs. Some of these are “toxic chemicals” (those reported in Part 1, 2 and 3 in NPRI) and some are called “criteria air contaminants”(CACs), pollutants associated with smog, acid rain, contributing nitrogen to waterways and health effects (reported in Part 4 in NPRI). More than 32 million kg of toxic chemicals were released to the air in 2007 by NPRI facilities in SPAs. This is about 29% of Canada’s total of 111 million kg. The SPAs with the largest amounts of toxic chemicals released to the air are the Thames, Sydenham and Region Source Protection Region, followed by the Credit, Toronto and Central (CTC) Source Protection Region and the Lake Erie Source Protection Region. (See Figure 3 and Table 2) More than 722 million kg of criteria air contaminants (CACs) were released to the air in 2007 in SPAs. This is about 17% of Canada’s total of 4,199 million kg. The SPA with the largest releases of CACs is the Greater Sudbury Source Protection Area, followed by the Thames, Sydenham and Region Source Protection Region and the Lake Erie Source Protection Region. (See Table 2)
Figure 3: Facilities Reporting in 2007 to the NPRI for Air Releases of Toxics in SPAs in the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River Basin
Protecting the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin and Drinking Water Sources Page 14
Table 2: Air releases of toxics and criteria air contaminants from NPRI facilities in SPAs in 2007 Name of Source Protection Area or Region
Thames, Sydenham and Region Source Protection Region Credit, Toronto and Central (CTC) Source Protection Region Lake Erie Source Protection Region Halton-Hamilton Source Protection Region Lakehead Source Protection Area Greater Sudbury Source Protection Area Raisin-South Nation Source Protection Region Essex Region Source Protection Area South Georgian Bay Lake Simcoe Source Protection Region Mississippi-Rideau Source Protection Region Niagara Peninsula Source Protection Area Sault Ste Marie Source Protection Region Trent Conservation Coalition Source Protection Region Cataraqui Source Protection Area Ausable Bayfield Maitland Valley Source Protection Region Quinte Source Protection Region North Bay-Mattawa Source Protection Area Saugeen, Grey Sauble, Northern Bruce Peninsula Source Protection Region Total for Great Lakes SPAs Mattagami Source Protection Area Other in Ontario Total for Ontario Total for Canada
Air Releases of Toxics (kg) Rank
8,052,597 5,759,408 4,432,363 4,210,997 2,302,847 2,301,772 1,973,873 1,061,357 699,704 457,918 336,022 316,719 291,349 117,769 91,544 83,428 76,262 17,626 32,583,554 275,203 1,668,921 34,527,678 111,116,071 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Air Releases of Criteria Air Contaminants (kg) Rank
160,322,237 57,987,754 137,833,920 68,376,439 24,372,327 199,546,932 9,871,744 11,941,758 4,459,099 3,288,285 2,798,283 13,397,049 1,359,996 9,026,010 1,581,037 11,328,854 433,920 4,391,297 722,316,940 10,366,772 52,610,190 785,293,902 4,199,406,696 2 5 3 4 6 1 10 8 12 14 15 7 17 11 16 9 18 13
Note: In this table, “toxic chemicals” are those reported to NPRI in Parts 1, 2 and 3 and criteria air contaminants are those reported in Part 4 (sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, total particulate matter, PM less than or equal to 10 microns, PM less than or equal to 2.5 microns).
A few NPRI facilities stand out as releasing the largest amounts of air pollutants. These top 15 NPRI facilities released over 15 million kg of air pollutants, and accounted for almost half (47%) of toxic air releases from all NPRI facilities in SPAs. (See Table 3)
Protecting the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin and Drinking Water Sources Page 15
Table 3: Top 15 NPRI facilities in SPAs releasing largest amounts of toxic chemicals to air in 2007 (kg) Facility Name Company Name City SPA Air Releases of Toxics (kg)
2,315,272 2,092,367
Nanticoke Generating Station Lambton Generating Station Copper Cliff Smelter Complex Woodward Avenue Wastewater Treatment Plant LANXESS EAST
ONTARIO POWER GENERATION ONTARIO POWER GENERATION Vale Inco City of Hamilton
Nanticoke Courtright
Copper Cliff Hamilton
Lake Erie Source Protection Region Thames, Sydenham and Region Source Protection Region Greater Sudbury Source Protection Area Halton-Hamilton Source Protection Region Thames, Sydenham and Region Source Protection Region Lakehead Source Protection Area Raisin Region South Nation Source Protection Region Halton-Hamilton Source Protection Region Lakehead Source Protection Area Thames, Sydenham and Region Source Protection Region Thames, Sydenham and Region Source Protection Region Lakehead Source Protection Area Raisin Region South Nation Source Protection Region Halton-Hamilton Source Protection Region Thames, Sydenham and Region Source Protection Region
1,788,756 1,622,327
Terrace Bay Pulp Dyno Nobel Nitrogen Inc.-Maitland site Oakville Assembly Plant MARATHON PULP – MARATHON Terra Nitrogen
Terrace Bay Pulp Inc. Dyno Nobel Nitrogen Inc.
TERRACE BAY Twp of Augusta, United Counties of Leeds Oakville Marathon Courtright
1,104,084 953,360
FORD MOTOR OF CANADA MARATHON PULP INC TERRA INTERNATIONAL CANADA INC IMPERIAL OIL
641,466 618,975 618,704
Sarnia Refinery Plant
Thunder Bay Operations MAITLAND SITE
BOWATER INVISTA (Canada) Company ArcelorMittal-Dofasco Inc. NOVA CHEMICALS
Thunder Bay Maitland
497,594 445,153
Dofasco Hamilton NOVA CHEMICALS CORP-ST. CLAIR RIVER SITE
Hamilton Corunna
439,188 395,886
Total for 15 facilities Total for all facilities in Great Lakes SPAs
15,356,182 32,583,554
Note: The facility and company names appear here as reported to NPRI in 2007. In this table, “toxic chemicals” are those reported to NPRI in Part 1, 2 and 3.
2.2.1 Importance of Air Releases as Source of Pollutants to Great Lakes
Many monitoring results and models of the Great Lakes have identified that deposition of airborne contaminants is an important source of toxic chemicals to the Great Lakes Basin. However, this important source of air pollutants is not included in the MOE list of threats to drinking water, and so may not be assessed or considered in Source Protection Plans. For drinking water that comes from the Great Lakes, air deposition of toxics should be included in the list of threats. NPRI data confirm that air releases are larger than water releases for Chemical Name Air Releases Water many of the chemicals considered (kg) Releases (kg) in the Source Protection Program. Toluene 1,906,571 195 Xylene (all isomers) 2,056,948 72 A significant portion of certain Arsenic (and its 12,888 2,082 metals and organic compounds, compounds) such as lead, arsenic, benzene, Benzene 309,131 134 toluene and xylene, also enter the Formaldehyde 208,468 4,373 Great Lakes through air Lead (and its 41,970 4,442 deposition. (See Sidebar; Figures compounds) 4 and 5). These chemicals are Total all chemicals in 32,583,554 53,879,369 also on the MOE list of drinking SPRs water threats, and some of them have been linked to significant health effects such as cancer, hormone disruption, neurodevelopmental toxicity, and reproductive developmental, and learning disabilities.
Figure 4: Amounts of Arsenic (and its compounds), Benzene, Formaldehyde and Lead (and its compounds) Released from NPRI facilities into the Air and Water in SPAs in 2007 (kg)
200,000 Air Releases (kg) Water Releases (kg) 150,000
0 Arsenic (and its compounds) Benzene Formaldehyde Lead (and its compounds)
Figure 5: Amounts of Toluene and Xylene Released into the Air and Water from NPRI facilities in Source Protection Areas in 2007 (kg)
2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 500,000 0 Toluene Xylene (all isomers) Air Releases Water Releases
2.2.2 Air Releases of Known or Suspected Carcinogens
Some of the pollutants released to air are considered known or suspected carcinogens (as identified by California Proposition 65). Total air releases of chemicals considered known or suspected carcinogens in 2007 from NPRI facilities in SPAs was approximately 1.5 million kg (over 6% of all air releases in SPAs are chemicals considered known or suspected carcinogens). This was about one-quarter of Canada’s total air releases of known or suspected carcinogens (5.9 million kg). (See Table 4) The five SPAs with the largest air releases of known or suspected carcinogens are: 1) Credit, Toronto and Central (CTC); 2) Thames, Sydenham and Region; 3) Halton-Hamilton; 4) Lakehead; and 5) Greater Sudbury.
Table 4: On-site releases of known or suspected carcinogens from NPRI facilities in each SPA in 2007
Source Protection Area or Region Facilities Number Chemical Reports Number
Air Releases of Toxics (kg)
Underground Injection (kg)
Total Onsite Releases (kg)
Credit, Toronto and Central (CTC) Source Protection Region Lake Erie Source Protection Region Thames, Sydenham and Region Source Protection Region Halton-Hamilton Source Protection Region South Georgian Bay Lake Simcoe Source Protection Region Niagara Peninsula Source Protection Area Essex Region Source Protection Area Mississippi-Rideau Source Protection Region Raisin-South Nation Source Protection Region Trent Conservation Coalition Source Protection Region Lakehead Source Protection Area Cataraqui Source Protection Area Greater Sudbury Source Protection Area Saugeen, Grey Sauble, Northern Bruce Peninsula Source Protection Region Quinte Source Protection Region Ausable Bayfield Maitland Valley Source Protection Region North Bay-Mattawa Source Protection Area Sault Ste Marie Source Protection Region Total for Great Lakes SPAs Mattagami Source Protection Area Other in Ontario Total for Ontario Total for Canada
101,683 308,751
1,733 334
42,062 6,824,840
146,124 7,134,688
257,003 56,872
2,387,745 6,452
2,646,158 63,723
36 25 18 15 18 9 14 18 12
63 55 28 37 28 47 31 61 26
10,838 55,087 7,993 17,555 24,729 167,897 6,788 113,268 401
1,507 1,076 0 16 28 6,189 321 11,756 1,741
997,669 0 243,640 23,751 0 1,174 2,387 215 6,665
1,010,013 56,366 251,634 41,655 24,799 175,309 10,574 125,240 8,808
9 6 736 4 43 783 1,828
15 16 1,668 30 104 1,802 4,663
20,793 51,658 1,515,926 56,974 357,916 1,930,816 5,893,113
0 137 29,160 3,301 2,370
62 0 10,745,670 0 35,313 10,780,983 23,194,045
20,858 51,795 12,299,239 60,275 396,310 12,755,824 29,556,956
34,831 0 223,01 227,687 4 Note: In this table, chemicals are “toxic chemicals”, those reported to NPRI in Parts 1, 2 and 3.
2.2.3 Air Releases of Reproductive and Developmental Toxins
About 9% of all air releases in SPAs in 2007 were chemicals considered known or suspected reproductive and developmental toxins (as identified by California Proposition 65). Total air releases of chemicals considered reproductive and developmental toxins in 2007 from NPRI facilities in SPAs equalled almost 3 million kg. This is about one-third of Canada’s total air releases (8.5 million kg). (See Table 5)
Table 5: On-site releases of known or suspected reproductive or developmental toxins from NPRI facilities in each SPA in 2007
Name of Source Protection Rank Area or Region 1 Credit, Toronto and Central (CTC) Source Protection Region 2 Lake Erie Source Protection Region 3 Thames, Sydenham and Region Source Protection Region 4 Halton-Hamilton Source Protection Region 5 South Georgian Bay Lake Simcoe Source Protection Region 6 Niagara Peninsula Source Protection Area 7 Essex Region Source Protection Area 8 Mississippi-Rideau Source Protection Region 9 Raisin-South Nation Source Protection Region 10 Trent Conservation Coalition Source Protection Region 11 Lakehead Source Protection Area 12 Cataraqui Source Protection Area 13 Greater Sudbury Source Protection Area 14 Saugeen, Grey Sauble, Northern Bruce Peninsula Source Protection Region 15 Quinte Source Protection Region 16 Ausable Bayfield Maitland Valley Source Protection Region 17 North Bay-Mattawa Source Protection Area 18 Sault Ste Marie Source Protection Region Total for Great Lakes SPAs Mattagami Source Protection Area Other in Ontario Total for Ontario Total for Canada Air UnderChemical Releases ground Facilities Reports of Toxics Water Injection Number
203 65 57 44 26 26 23 17 13 16 9 9 12 10
Land (kg)
204,704 12,973
1,261,728 364,608 3,294,637 329,171 64,967 12,557 117,545 29,932 79,983 17,835 13,948 2,821 170,566 18,441
318 109 138 82 37 38 46 23 24 19 36 19 37 18
1,050,802 350,991 518,291 323,456 57,312 9,426 115,610 10,971 79,645 17,807 12,250 126 169,468 11,781
2,546 411 492 612 0 682 1,076 0 15 28 565 309 1,003 1
0 2,775,705 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4,724 6,259 2,450 0 18,640 323 0 1,127 2,387 94 6,659
60,293 66,849 2 5,736
60,293 66,849 64 5,870
549 4 36 589 1,491
975 15 74 1,064 3,053
2,860,817 54,507 11,030 2,926,353 8,456,658
7,874 163 1,301 9,338 123,433
0 3,036,108 0 0 0 35,169
5,911,814 54,670 47,499 6,013,983 17,137,862
0 3,071,278 362,465 8,183,977
Note: In this table, “toxic chemicals” are those reported to NPRI in Part 1, 2 and 3.
2.3 Water Releases
Large amounts of pollutants were released to the water from NPRI facilities in 2007 in SPAs. (See Figure 6). About 54 million kg of pollutants were released to the water in SPAs in 2007, almost half of Canada’s total of 117 million kg. Common water pollutants released in SPAs included ammonia, nitrate ion, phosphorus, chlorine and some of the metals, such as lead and cadmium. Many of these pollutants are classified as toxic under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA). About 30% of water releases in SPAs are pollutants considered CEPA toxic. Ammonia accounts for almost 99% of the total water releases of CEPA toxic chemicals. (See Table 6) Table 6: Water releases of toxic contaminants from NPRI facilities in SPAs in 2007 Rank Source Protection Area or Region Water Releases in 2007 (kg)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Credit, Toronto and Central (CTC) Source Protection Region Halton-Hamilton Source Protection Region Mississippi-Rideau Source Protection Region Lake Erie Source Protection Region Thames, Sydenham and Region Source Protection Region South Georgian Bay Lake Simcoe Source Protection Region Niagara Peninsula Source Protection Area Essex Region Source Protection Area Cataraqui Source Protection Area Greater Sudbury Source Protection Area Lakehead Source Protection Area Raisin-South Nation Source Protection Region Trent Conservation Coalition Source Protection Region North Bay-Mattawa Source Protection Area Sault Ste Marie Source Protection Region Saugeen, Grey Sauble, Northern Bruce Peninsula Source Protection Region Quinte Source Protection Region Ausable Bayfield Maitland Valley Source Protection Region Total for Great Lakes SPAs Mattagami Source Protection Area Other in Ontario Total for Ontario Total for Canada 27,537,713 8,482,378 5,367,144 3,535,866 1,929,215 1,667,519 1,446,560 911,922 784,069 523,194 520,584 377,180 259,949 230,618 201,466 69,532 34,460 0 53,879,369 158,194 512,370 54,549,933 117,451,206
Note: In this table, “toxic chemicals” are those reported to NPRI in Part 1, 2 and 3
Figure 6: Facilities Reporting in 2007 to Canada’s National Pollutant Release Inventory for Water Releases in SPAs in the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River Basin
Water releases in the Credit, Toronto and Central (CTC) Source Protection Region accounted for more than half of the total water releases in all Great Lakes SPAs, driven by the large number of wastewater treatment plants in this SPA. Wastewater treatment plants receive and treat large amounts of wastewater from households, businesses and industries. Table 7: Top 15 NPRI facilities in SPAs releasing largest amounts of chemicals to water in 2007 On-Site Water Facility Name Company Name City SPA Releases (kg)
Ashbridges Bay Treatment Plant Robert O. Pickard Environmental Centre Highland Creek Treatment Plant Skyway Waste Water Treatment Plant Humber Treatment Plant Woodward Avenue Wastewater Treatment Plant City of Guelph Wastewater Treatment Plant Barrie Water Pollution Control Centre G.E. Booth (Lakeview) Wastewater Treatment Facility Mid-Halton Waste Water Treatment Plant Clarkson Wastewater Treatment Facility Lou Romano Water Reclamation Plant Southwest Oakville Wastewater Treatment Plant Woodstock Wastewater Treatment Plant KITCHENER WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT Total for 15 facilities Total for all facilities in Great Lakes SPAs CITY OF TORONTO Toronto Credit, Toronto and Central (CTC) Source Protection Region Mississippi-Rideau Source Protection Region CTC Source Protection Region Halton-Hamilton Source Protection Region CTC Source Protection Region Halton-Hamilton Source Protection Region Lake Erie Source Protection Region South Georgian Bay Lake Simcoe Source Protection Region CTC Source Protection Region Halton-Hamilton Source Protection Region CTC Source Protection Region Essex Source Protection Area CTC Source Protection Region Thames, Sydenham and Region Source Protection Region Lake Erie Source Protection Region 14,525,453
CITY OF OTTAWA CITY OF TORONTO Regional Municipality of Halton CITY OF TORONTO City of Hamilton CITY OF GUELPH CITY OF BARRIE
Gloucester Toronto Burlington Toronto Hamilton Guelph Barrie
5,367,144 4,844,496 4,069,436 2,583,168 1,987,744 1,831,449 1,651,245
Ontario Clean Water Agency Regional Municipality of Halton Ontario Clean Water Agency City of Windsor The Regional Municipality of Halton County of Oxford
Oakville Miss. Windsor Oakville Woodstock
1,525,204 1,501,070 779,499 671,049 633,726
44,120,846 53,879,369
Note: The facility and company names appear here as reported to NPRI in 2007. In this table, “toxic chemicals” are those reported to NPRI in Part 1, 2 and 3
2.4 Land releases and disposal
In 2007, large amounts of chemicals were landfilled on-site at NPRI facilities in SPAs in Ontario, about 19 million kg (almost 20% of Canada’s total of 98 million kg). These chemicals were landfilled on-site in SPAs at a variety of facilities: hazardous or municipal waste landfill sites; at industrial facilities like steel mills and power plants, where materials are landfilled on-site in berms or landfills. While many of these landfill sites are constructed to minimize leakage, there is the potential for some of these chemicals to enter the groundwater, lakes and streams in SPAs. (See Figure 7) The following map shows the amount of NPRI chemicals reported released or disposed to land (including landfill) at the site of NPRI facilities.
Figure 7: Facilities Reporting in 2007 for On-Site Land Releases in SPAs in the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River Basin
Note: The amounts of NPRI chemicals reported in 2007 by NPRI facilities in the Environment Canada categories of on-site land releases and on-site disposal.
Land disposal of wastes are on the MOE list of drinking water threats. NPRI data can contribute valuable information to assess potential threats from toxic pollutants found in land disposal of chemicals. For example, several of the facilities releasing the largest amounts of chemicals to land are airports, often de-icing chemicals (e.g., ethylene glycol) which are listed as drinking water threats (MOE list of threats #327-334), waste disposal sites (MOE list of threats #15591584) and industrial facilities which landfill materials on site ( MOE list of threats #1675-1710). 5 In addition to the chemicals landfilled on-site, NPRI facilities also produce chemicals which are shipped off-site for land disposal. In 2007, NPRI facilities in SPAs produced another 25 million kg of chemicals requiring off-site land disposal. Most of these chemicals were sent to nearby facilities in Ontario, and a smaller amount was sent to facilities in other provinces or countries. NPRI data provide information on the amount of chemicals received at a landfill site and the sender. (See Table 8) There was no underground injection of chemicals in SPAs reported to NPRI in 2007.
Ontario Ministry of the Environment. Tables of Drinking Water Threats Clean Water Act, 2006 , Table 1 – Drinking Water Threats – Chemicals. 2008. See: www.ene.gov.on.ca/en/water/cleanwater/cwadocs/TablesofDrinkingWaterThreats.pdf dated December 2009.
Table 8: Land Releases and Disposal (mainly landfill) of toxic contaminants from NPRI facilities in SPAs in 2007
Source Protection Area or Region Thames, Sydenham and Region Source Protection Region Credit, Toronto and Central (CTC) Source Protection Region Halton-Hamilton Source Protection Region Niagara Peninsula Source Protection Area Mississippi-Rideau Source Protection Region Lake Erie Source Protection Region Cataraqui Source Protection Area Lakehead Source Protection Area Saugeen, Grey Sauble, Northern Bruce Peninsula Source Protection Region Raisin-South Nation Source Protection Region South Georgian Bay Lake Simcoe Source Protection Region Greater Sudbury Source Protection Area North Bay-Mattawa Source Protection Area Essex Region Source Protection Area Trent Conservation Coalition Source Protection Region Quinte Source Protection Region Ausable Bayfield Maitland Valley Source Protection Region Sault Ste Marie Source Protection Region Total for Great Lakes SPAs Mattagami Source Protection Area Other in Ontario Total for Ontario Total for Canada On-site (kg) 8,123,705 5,284,500 2,429,060 1,111,952 1,005,937 816,989 265,041 58,665 49,045 24,310 6,452 226 62 0 0 0 0 0 19,175,944 163 446,635 19,622,742 98,460,623 Transferred Off-site (kg) 4,506,307 9,264,646 4,368,834 1,108,737 445,818 1,540,939 57,078 309,044 219,827 1,551,018 630,707 1 8,296 922,923 124,420 35,033 8,636 75,384 25,177,650 6,665 520,556 25,704,871 397,337,814
Note: In PollutionWatch, the category on-site land releases includes all pollutants reported to NPRI as land releases (spills, leaks and other to land). It also includes on-site land disposal (landfilled on-site, land treatment on- site, underground injection on-site). It is broader than the traditional use of the words “land releases” in NPRI which includes only spills, leaks and other to land, and does not include on-site landfills or on-site land treatment or on-site underground injection. In NPRI on-site landfill, land treatment and underground injection are considered disposal. Because Source Protection Committees need to assess a variety of wastes and materials sent to a variety of landfills, we have chosen to use the words “on-site land” to best fit the Source Protection Program needs. The majority of chemicals reported to on-site land releases and on-site land disposal in Ontario are actually to landfill.
Table 9: Top 15 NPRI facilities in SPAs reporting largest amounts of chemicals to land on-site in 2007 Facility Name Company Name City SPA On-site Land (kg)
Lambton Facility Clean Harbors Corunna Thames, Sydenham and Region Source Protection Region Credit, Toronto and Central (CTC) Source Protection Region CTC Source Protection Region Halton-Hamilton Source Protection Region Thames, Sydenham and Region Source Protection Region Thames, Sydenham and Region Source Protection Region Niagara Peninsula Source Protection Area Lake Erie Source Protection Region Mississippi-Rideau Source Protection Region Thames, Sydenham and Region Source Protection Region Mississippi-Rideau Source Protection Region Cataraqui Source Protection Area Mississippi-Rideau Source Protection Region Lake Erie Source Protection Region Niagara Peninsula Source Protection Area 3,643,889
TPIA – Central Deicing Facility Whitby TARO LANDFILL –2 Ridge Landfill
Gerdau AmeriSteel Newalta Industrial Services Inc. BFI Canada
Whitby Stoney Creek Blenheim
2,527,836 2,382,910 2,339,430
WASTE MANAGEMENT OF CANADA NIAGARA WASTE SYSTEMS
Niagara Waste Systems Landfill Sites Nanticoke Generating Station Ottawa International Airport Lambton Generating Station Ottawa Landfill Bath Cement Plant Ottawa Simcoe Sewage Treatment Plant Thorold Division
ONTARIO POWER GENERATION Air Canada Ground Handling Services ONTARIO POWER GENERATION WASTE MANAGEMENT OF CANADA LAFARGE Canada Inc. Servisair Inc. Norkfolk County Public Works & Environmental Services ABITIBI CONSOLIDATED OF CANADA
Ottawa BATH Ottawa Simcoe Thorold
225,000 222,661 170,000 98,800 88,625 18,799,028 19,175,944
Note: The facility and company names appear here as reported to NPRI in 2007. In this table, “toxic chemicals” are those pollutants reported to NPRI in Part 1, 2 and 3. The category on-site land includes all pollutants reported to NPRI as on-site land releases (spills, leaks and other to land) and on-site land disposal (landfilled on-site, land treatment on-site, underground injection on-site). It is broader than the traditional use of the words “land releases” in NPRI which does not include on-site landfills, land treatment or underground injection.
2.5 Total Releases and Transfers
Total amounts of chemicals released and transferred (excluding recycling) from NPRI facilities in SPAs in the Great Lakes Basin in 2007 was about 153 million kg (about 14% of Canada’s total). Large amounts are also sent for recycling, over 163 million kg.
____________________________________________________ Section 3 - Why use National Pollutant Release Inventory information in the Source Protection Program?
The NPRI can be a useful source of information for the Source Protection Program. The NPRI data can provide:
1) Estimates of annual releases and transfers of over 300 chemicals from each facility
The main power of NPRI data is that they provide publicly available information on the releases and transfers of chemicals from each facility that reports to NPRI. For example, a source protection manager or the committee would be able to find all NPRI facilities in their SPA, determine emissions of a wide range of chemicals to the air, water and land from those facilities, and also the amount of chemicals shipped off site to landfill, sewage, underground injection, treatment and recycling. This information would be helpful for the required assessment of threats. For the purposes of the Source Protection Program, some of the NPRI data which may be most useful is listed in Table 10.
Table 10: How NPRI data can help provide information for MOE list of drinking water threats Drinking water threats from MOE How NPRI data can help MOE 6 guidance Threat reference numbers
The management of runoff that contains chemicals used in the de-icing of aircraft The establishment, operation, or maintenance of a system that collects, stores, transmits, treats or disposes of sewage NPRI data requires reporting on many chemicals used in de-icing of aircraft, many of these airports report large amounts of de-icing chemicals to NPRI Wastewater treatment plants NPRI requires reporting on most chemicals listed from wastewater treatment plants ( i.e., arsenic, cadmium and mercury) NPRI data shows large amounts of many nutrients such as nitrates and metals released to water from waste water treatment plants NPRI requires reporting on most chemicals listed from industrial facilities NPRI requires reporting from many wastewater treatment plants for most of the chemicals listed NPRI requires reporting on spills to water and land NPRI does not require reporting on handling and storage but NPRI can identify facilities that report releasing chemicals listed, and so can start the lines of inquiry as to whether these solvents are also handled and stored on site NPRI requires reporting of most of the chemicals listed from mining operations 327-334
Industrial facilities Wastewater treatment plants no bypass Spills above and below ground The handling and storage of an organic solvent
768-830 919-1036
1037 -1076 1345-1392
Tailings from mine operations
Land disposal of petroleum refining waste Land disposal of hazardous, liquid industrial or processed liquid industrial wastes
NPRI data may help identify land disposal of petroleum wastes NPRI data can help identify land disposal sites and provide data on chemicals annually disposed of in these sites NPRI data can also provide information on the sender of these chemicals to land disposal sites Same Same Same
1585-1602 1603-1638
Land disposal of industrial, commercial waste Land disposal of hazardous, liquid industrial Land disposal of certain types of waste
1675-1878 1894-1913 1914-1953
2) Map based information on certain industrial, municipal and commercial facilities in SPAs
NPRI can be used to identify location, ownership and contacts for industrial, municipal and commercial facilities in a SPA. Each facility reports to NPRI their legal name, ownership, address, geocoding and coordinator contacts. This information could assist SPCs and SPA managers in identifying certain industrial, municipal and commercial facilities in their SPA, and which facilities may be particularly important to Ontario’s drinking water source protection program. This facility identification would be especially important in areas with highly vulnerable aquifers, significant groundwater recharge areas, wellhead protection areas, and intake protection zones. NPRI data are also available in a variety of formats which allow facilities to be viewed using Google or other GIS mapping programs.
3) Historical trends and information on chemical releases and transfers
NPRI data can also give SPCs and SPA managers a sense of how emissions of chemicals at a facility or within a SPA have changed over time. This would assist in the answering of questions like “Are chemical releases to the air or water increasing or decreasing?” NPRI data have been reported since 1995. This historical NPRI information can also indicate which chemicals a facility used to release or transfer and perhaps no longer does. This information could indicate a potential for historical use at the facility of chemicals listed in the list of threat (e.g., benzene, toluene and xylene).
Limits of NPRI
NPRI data are a useful source of information about releases and transfers of chemicals from a wide range of facilities. However, like any program, NPRI has limitations which need to be considered when reviewing the pollution data presented in this factsheet. NPRI limitations include: o Does not cover all potential harmful chemicals – currently only 347 pollutants are listed on the 2007 NPRI list. These include pollutants that contribute to smog and acid rain formation such as volatile organic pollutants, as well as pollutants such as mercury, dioxins and furans, hexachlorobenzene, that cause learning disabilities, cancer, neurodevelopmental toxicity, or behaviourial problems in children. There are currently over 23,000 chemicals manufactured, imported sold or used in the Canadian market. Many thousands of these chemicals are not listed under NPRI. Does not include all pollutants, such as pesticides and greenhouse gases; Generally does not include releases that fall below the reporting threshold of 10 tonnes manufactured, processed or otherwise used; Does not include mobile sources such as cars, trucks, and construction equipment; Does not include natural sources such as forest fires and erosion; Does not include sources such as dry cleaners and gas stations; Does not include facilities that are exempted such as schools, research facilities, forestry, fishing, agriculture or mining (processing of mined materials is including in NPRI); Generally, does not include small facilities with fewer than 10 employees; Does not include information on risks of chemicals released or transferred; Does not include information on exposures to people or the environment; and, Does not include information on the amount of chemicals allowed to be released under permits, regulations or agreements.
____________________________________________________ Section 4 - Recommendations
This report demonstrates the large amount of pollutants being released to the air, water and land in SPAs. Some of these pollutants may pose a risk to our drinking water systems. While Ontario’s drinking water source protection program is a major step forward in protecting our drinking water systems, we are making the following recommendations for further improvement:
1) Recognize that air pollution is a major source of chemicals and nutrients to the Great Lakes and needs to be incorporated into Ontario’s Source Protection Program
The old saying “what goes into the air, comes out in the water” turns out to be true for the Great Lakes. Many models and monitoring results have illustrated the important role that atmospheric deposition plays in contributing chemicals and nutrients to the Great Lakes. In some cases, chemicals and nutrients in the air are the single largest pollution source to the Great Lakes. If the efforts to protect the Great Lakes as an important source for drinking water are to be effective, an enhanced effort to recognize the huge importance of air sources is necessary. We need to realign Ontario’s drinking water source protection program to include air releases. We need a careful consideration of how best to incorporate the treatment of air deposition in the program for Great Lakes sources. For example, this could mean adding air releases to certain categories of drinking water threats.
2) Increased emphasis on protection of Great Lakes sources in Source Protection Program
The majority of people living in Ontario – over 70 per cent or over 10 million people - rely on the Great Lakes for their drinking water. Eighteen of the 19 SPAs are located in the Great Lakes Basin. Threats to Great Lakes drinking water are gauged through identifying potential drinking water issues in the vicinity of Great Lakes drinking water intakes. To assist with source protection efforts on the Great Lakes, we recommend the establishment of a Great Lakes advisory committee. Section 83 of the Clean Water Act, 2006 provides for such a committee. The committee would provide the Minister with advice on matters relating to the use of the Great Lakes as a source of drinking water. We encourage the Minister to establish a Great Lakes committee as soon as possible, so that its findings and advice to the Minister can inform the source protection planning process at the earliest possible opportunity. We also recommend the Minister establish targets relating to the use of the Great Lakes as a source of drinking water. Section 85 of the Clean Water Act, 2006 provides for the establishment of such targets.
3) Renewed emphasis on the newer threats to Great Lakes drinking water systems
There are new scientific findings on threats to drinking water sources that need to be incorporated into Ontario’s drinking water source protection program. Some of the newer threats to the Great Lakes drinking water systems which are not currently addressed under this program are: o o o o o hazardous algal blooms which release neurotoxins and are now commonly found in Lake Erie and Lake Ontario; increased nuisance algal blooms which harbour bacteria and viruses; increasing water temperature; taste and odour concerns; changes in water levels and currents due to climate change which affect drinking water intakes; and chemicals of emerging concern including pharmaceuticals, flame retardants and other less studied chemicals.
In addition, the severity of certain recognized threats is increasing, the volumes of wastewater releases in some areas is on the rise as a result of urban growth and the volumes of some nutrient loadings are also increasing. A Great Lakes advisory committee could be mandated to scope out the new and emerging threats to the drinking water such as those noted above. The source protection planning process should address all chemicals under Canada’s NPRI affecting drinking water supplies through air deposition. In particular, there should be a focus on such contaminants entering the Great Lakes.
4) Source protection coverage should extend to a larger portion of Ontarians whose groundwater comes from private wells and surface water intakes.
Between one and two million Ontarians live in SPAs and rely on private drinking water systems (either wells or surface water intakes) for their drinking water. These private systems include over 500,000 individual wells. 7 Under changes to the CWA technical rules proposed in August 2009, drinking water issues at private drinking water systems in vulnerable areas (wellhead protection zones, intake protection zones, highly vulnerable aquifers and significant groundwater recharge areas) will be automatically assigned a “moderate” drinking water threat status. While this approach addresses drinking water issues for private systems, mitigation of moderate threats is not compulsory under the CWA. This means that a threat which would have been assessed as a significant or low threat to a municipal drinking water system is assessed and addressed as a moderate threat, with mitigation measures either insufficient to deal with the level of threat (if significant), or potentially wasteful of resources (if low). Moreover, private individual systems outside of vulnerable areas are left essentially unprotected under the CWA unless “clusters” of
Canadian Environmental Law Association. Proposed Amendments to Regulation 903 (Wells) EBR REGISTRY NOTICE NO. 010-0098. See: www.cela.ca/publications/proposed-amendments-regulation-903-wellssupplementary-april-23-2007-submission.
such systems are elevated by a municipality or the MOE; it is unclear at present just how many private individual systems will be elevated in this way. Effective, SPA-wide source protection therefore should aim to address fully all drinking water issues at all systems.
6) More effective source protection is required for Ontarians living outside of SPAs
Approximately 250,000 Ontarians live outside of SPAs and are at present generally not covered within the scope of source protection efforts. These people rely on municipal and private well sources. Provisions for undertaking local source protection activities are available to such Ontarians under the MOE’s Ontario Drinking Water Stewardship Program, in the form of funds for runoff protection, best management practices, well decommissioning, etc. However, because Ontarians seeking such funds must live within identified wellhead protection areas or intake protection zones, it is unlikely that many will qualify under the current program. In order to ensure that Ontarians residing outside of SPAs are effectively protected, the means to effective source protection measures – addressing and mitigating threats to drinking water systems in these areas – should be made available.
7) Support implementation of the Toxics Reduction Strategy
The Toxic Reduction Act in Ontario, which would require the development of pollution prevention planning in industry and other sectors, was passed in the spring of 2009. The focus of the Act on pollution prevention and toxic reduction should contribute to the protection of Great Lakes drinking water sources. However, much of the detailed work for scope and implementation of the Act will be outlined in regulations which are currently being developed. In the efforts to ensure protection to the Great Lakes basin, the government efforts under the Act should include a comprehensive list of chemicals for pollution prevention efforts (including all NPRI pollutants and other chemicals that are known carcinogens, reproductive developmental toxicants and endocrine disrupters) that should result in reductions and elimination of these chemicals, require public reporting on use and progress of implementation efforts and provide a strong public right to know and engagement component, and the establishment of a pollution prevention institute to support pollution prevention planning. Furthermore, early implementation of the Act is strongly recommended. For a detailed review of toxic reduction see CELA’s Model Toxic Reduction Act.
8) Increase the use of NPRI data as a source of information in Ontario’s drinking water source protection program
NPRI data can provide a useful source of information to help identify and assess many of the threats to drinking water. Based on the findings of this report, PollutionWatch has effectively demonstrated that the releases and transfer of pollutants from facilities reporting to NPRI represents significant sources of threats to drinking water sources, particularly in the Great Lakes Basin. Furthermore, the data on air releases of pollutants add emphasis for the need to include air sources of pollutants in the Threats Assessment Process.
Currently, SPCs have not fully incorporated the data contained from the NPRI into their decision making process to assess threats to drinking water sources. The focus of SPCs should include a comprehensive investigation of the contribution of pollutant levels from facilities reporting to NPRI.
Appendix A: Total Releases and Transfers of Chemicals from NPRI facilities in each Source Protection Area and Region in 2007 Appendix B: Methodology
Appendix A: Total Releases and Transfers of Chemicals from NPRI facilities in each SPA in 2007 Releases On- and Off-site
On-site Releases Off-site Total Releases Total Transfers for and Transfers Further (exclude Total On-site Total Off-site Releases OnReleases Releases and Off-site Management* recycling) Rank Land (kg) 5,284,500 8,123,705 2,429,060 816,989 1,005,937 24,310 1,111,952 0 6,452 58,665 226 265,041 0 0 49,045 62 0 0 (kg) 38,627,890 18,114,236 15,131,920 8,797,286 6,831,966 2,379,717 2,894,891 1,976,911 2,383,700 2,883,065 2,825,458 1,170,607 552,557 518,185 136,206 307,090 117,957 91,597 105,741,239 (kg) 9,264,646 4,506,307 4,368,834 1,540,939 445,818 1,551,018 1,108,737 922,923 630,707 309,044 1 57,078 124,420 75,384 219,827 8,296 35,033 8,636 25,177,650 (kg) 47,892,536 22,620,544 19,500,754 10,338,225 7,277,784 3,930,735 4,003,629 2,899,835 3,014,407 3,192,109 2,825,458 1,227,685 676,977 593,569 356,033 315,386 152,990 100,233 130,918,889 (kg) 12,727,349 993,805 2,114,132 3,927,967 195,041 485,258 142,313 727,720 447,271 3,323 63,000 54,302 72,415 0 15,826 49 146 0 21,969,916 (kg) 60,619,884 23,614,348 21,614,886 14,266,191 7,472,825 4,415,993 4,145,942 3,627,555 3,461,678 3,195,432 2,888,458 1,281,987 749,392 593,569 371,859 315,435 153,136 100,233 152,888,805 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Total Transfers to Recycling (kg) 34,605,773 10,371,188 19,676,714 74,905,236 1,585,867 332,340 2,060,547 7,401,465 8,085,992 40,933 297,876 133,148 2,294,299 216,432 279,499 181,300 157,461 660,764 163,286,834
Name of Source Protection Area or Region Credit, Toronto and Central (CTC) Source Protection Region Thames, Sydenham and Region Source Protection Region Halton-Hamilton Source Protection Region Lake Erie Source Protection Region Mississippi-Rideau Source Protection Region Raisin-South Nation Source Protection Region Niagara Peninsula Source Protection Area Essex Region Source Protection Area South Georgian Bay Lake Simcoe Source Protection Region Lakehead Source Protection Area Greater Sudbury Source Protection Area Cataraqui Source Protection Area Trent Conservation Coalition Source Protection Region Sault Ste Marie Source Protection Region Saugeen, Grey Sauble, Northern Bruce Peninsula Source Protection Region North Bay-Mattawa Source Protection Area Quinte Source Protection Region Ausable Bayfield Maitland Valley Source Protection Region Total for Great Lakes SPA
Air Releases of Toxics (kg) 5,759,408 8,052,597 4,210,997 4,432,363 457,918 1,973,873 336,022 1,061,357 699,704 2,302,847 2,301,772 117,769 291,349 316,719 17,626 76,262 83,428 91,544 32,583,554
Underground Injection Water (kg) 27,537,713 1,929,215 8,482,378 3,535,866 5,367,144 377,180 1,446,560 911,922 1,667,519 520,584 523,194 784,069 259,949 201,466 69,532 230,618 34,460 0 53,879,369 (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 19,175,944
On-site Releases Off-site Total Releases Total Transfers for and Transfers Further (exclude Total On-site Total Off-site Releases OnReleases Releases and Off-site Management* recycling) Rank Land (kg) 163 446,635 (kg) 433,560 2,630,194 108,804,993 632,152,075 (kg) 6,665 520,556 25,704,871 (kg) 440,225 3,150,750 134,509,864 (kg) 0 69,554 22,039,470 (kg) 440,225 3,220,304 156,549,334 Total Transfers to Recycling (kg) 12,173,294 2,635,495 178,095,623 1,212,735,726
Name of Source Protection Area or Region Mattagami Source Protection Area Other in Ontario Total for Ontario Total for Canada
Air Releases of Toxics (kg) 275,203 1,668,921 34,527,678 111,116,071
Underground Injection Water (kg) 158,194 512,370 54,549,933 117,451,206 (kg) 0 0
0 19,622,742 304,944,484 98,460,623
397,337,814 1,029,489,889
40,971,190 1,070,461,079
* Includes transfers to energy recovery, treatment and sewage (excluding metals).
Note: In this table, chemicals are “toxic chemicals”, those reported to NPRI in Parts 1, 2 and 3 The category on-site land (mainly landfill) includes all pollutants reported to NPRI as on-site land disposal (landfilled on-site, land treatment on-site, underground injection on-site) and land releases (spills, leaks and other to land). It is broader than the traditional use of the words “land releases” in NPRI which does not include onsite landfills or land treatment
Mapping NPRI Data NPRI data used in this study were downloaded from Environment Canada’s NPRI website at www.ec.gc.ca/inrp-npri/. PollutionWatch used 2007 data for facilities located in the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River Basin reporting a range of pollutant releases and transfers. The 2007 dataset was downloaded in February 2009. The facilities that were included in the analysis of the report had to meet two geographic criteria: • • located within an Ontario SPA; and located in the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River Basin
The queries that determined facility inclusion were undertaken on the website http://itouchmap.com/latlong.html. PollutionWatch relied on two data layers to outline the boundaries for the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River Basin and Ontario SPAs boundaries. The geographic data layer for the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River Basin boundary was downloaded from the Great Lakes Information Network website in 2008. The SPA boundary was downloaded from the Ontario Ministry of Environment website in 2008. A total of 18 of Ontario’s 19 SPAs are located in the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River Basin. All facilities meeting the above criteria were mapped based on facility coordinates provided in the NPRI dataset using ArcGIS 9.0 (ArcMap 9.1). On mapping the facilities it was determined that 21 facilities were located outside of SPAs; these facilities were recorded and removed from map. Based on the mapping of facilities, it was determined that four facilities in the water releases layout, and one facility in the land pollution layout, were located outside of SPAs; these facilities were recorded and removed from the layout and final map. The deletion of the data related to these facilities did not impact the observations made. The maps presented in this report highlights air releases, water releases and on- and off-site releases to land
Canadian Environmental Law Association 130 Spadina Ave., Ste. 301 Toronto, ON M5V 2L4 CANADA Tel. 416 960-2284 Fax: 416 960-9392 www.cela.ca Environmental Defence 317 Adelaide St. W., Ste.705 Toronto, ON M5V 1P9 CANADA Tel.: 416 323-9521 Fax: 416 323-9301 www.environmentaldefence.ca
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