Source: https://es.b-ok.org/book/2472162/845471
Timestamp: 2019-11-14 21:18:49
Document Index: 285151002

Matched Legal Cases: ['art 1', 'Art. 1', 'Art. 3', 'Art. 5', 'Art. 9', 'Art. 1', 'Art. 3', 'Art. 4', 'Art. 8', 'Art. 13', 'Art. 17', 'Art. 22', 'Art. 21', 'Art. 23', 'Art. 25', 'Art. 1', 'Art. 11', 'Art. 5']

Cases and Materials on the Law of the Sea | Louis B. Sohn, John E. Noyes, Erik Franckx, Kristen G. Juras | download
Principal Cases and Materials on the Law of the Sea
ISBN 10: 9004169903
ISBN 13: 9789004169906
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convention2473
jurisdiction1035
coastal889
tribunal857
continental shelf817
territorial770
paragraph724
vessels711
maritime687
vessel674
high seas624
dispute612
coastal state599
waters576
delimitation567
territorial sea561
los convention531
provisions522
accordance494
exclusive446
seabed439
united nations435
commission424
regulations413
treaty409
fishing390
navigation380
annex377
fisheries360
exclusive economic327
disputes327
archipelagic324
settlement303
baselines300
flag state296
procedures292
exclusive economic zone289
proceedings287
customary266
relating264
islands261
obligations258
pollution251
marine environment250
straits249
icj235
conservation224
pursuant224
enterprise224
exploitation224
nationality223
ports222
treaties210
Massimiano Bucchi (ed.), Brian Trench (ed.)
Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha, Department of AYUSH, Ministry of Health & Famil
Louis B. Sohn†
John E. Noyes, California Western School of Law
Erik Franckx, Vrije Universiteit Brussel
Kristen G. Juras, University of Montana School of Law
Cases and materials on the law of the sea / Edited by Louis B. Sohn, John E. Noyes, California Western
School of Law, Erik Franckx, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Kristen Gustafson, University of Montana School
of Law.—Second edition.
ISBN 978-90-04-16990-6 (hardback : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-90-04-20356-3 (e-book) 1. Law of the
sea—Cases. I. Sohn, Louis B., editor. II. Franckx, Erik, 1957– editor. III. Juras, Kristen Gustafson, editor.
KZA1145.S66 2014
341.4’5—dc23
ISBN 978 90 04 16990 6 (hardback)
ISBN 978 90 04 20356 3 (e-book)
Brill has made all reasonable efforts to trace all rights holders to any copyrighted material used in this work.
In cases where these efforts have not been successful the publisher welcomes communications from
Table of Acknowledgements
Table of 1982 LOS Convention Articles
Developments to 1972
The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the
Sea and the 1982 LOS Convention
Figure I.A: Zones of National Jurisdiction
Developments Since 1982
B International Law and International Legal Process
Figure I.B: Actual and Proposed North Sea Maritime Boundaries
Louis B. Sohn, The Law of the Sea: Customary International
Jonathan I. Charney, International Agreements and the
Development of Customary International Law
2 Freedom of the High Seas
Law of the Sea Convention, Articles 86–87, 89
B Freedom of Navigation
Hugo Grotius, The Freedom of the Seas
C Freedom of Overflight
United States Protest to Ecuador
United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, The State of
World Fisheries and Aquaculture: 2010
Alleged Damage to United States Submarine Cables
by Soviet Vessels
Due Regard to Interests of Other States
Legality of Using the High Seas in Connection with Nuclear Weapons
Tests in the Pacific Ocean
The Soviet Threat to the Americas
Resolution of Council of the Organization of American
The 1982 Falkland/Malvinas War
Declaration of a Zone of Peace and Co-operation of the
The 1980-1988 Iran-Iraq War
United Nations Security Council Resolution 552
Warshauer v. Lloyd Sabaudo, S.A.
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Rescue at
3 Nationality of Vessels
A The Concept of Vessel Nationality
Case of the Muscat Dhows
Constitution of the Maritime Safety Committee of the
International Law Commission, Draft Articles on Diplomatic
B Registration and Documentation
The Grand Prince Case
Calvo, Le Droit International Théorique et Pratique
C What Is a Ship or Vessel?
4 Jurisdiction of the Flag State
A Flag State Obligations
International Maritime Organization Conventions and
“Generally Accepted” International Regulations
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution
from Ships (MARPOL)
and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW)
Updating IMO Conventions
Implementing Flag State Obligations
International Maritime Organization (IMO) Code for the
Implementation of Mandatory IMO Instruments
Overview of Flag State Jurisdiction
Note Verbale No. 10 from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Spain
to the Embassy of Canada
Jurisdiction in Matters of Collision
Illegal Acts and Stateless Vessels
United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic
United States-United Kingdom Agreement to Facilitate the
Inter­diction of Vessels Suspected of Trafficking in
United States Maritime Drug Law Enforcement Act
United States v. Pinto-Mejia
United Nations Security Council Decisions, Threats to International
Peace and Security, and the Interdiction of Vessels
United Nations Security Council Resolution 820
Ebony Maritime SA and Loten Navigation Co. Ltd. v.
Prefetto Della Provincia di Brindisi and Others
Final Report of the Security Council Committee Established
Pursuant to Resolution 724
B Straight Baselines
Figure V.A: Baselines
Figure V.B: Norway’s Straight Baselines Under its 1935
United States Protest of Oman’s Straight Baselines
Figure V.C: Oman’s Straight Baselines
Questions between Qatar and Bahrain
C Archipelagic Baselines
Fiji’s Archipelagic Baselines
Figure V.D: Fiji’s Straight Archipelagic Baselines
Figure V.E: China’s Straight Baselines Claim around the
6 Maritime Delimitation
Agreement between the Kingdom of Belgium and the
French Republic Concerning the Delimitation of the
Figure VI.A: Belgium-France Territorial Sea and Continental
Shelf Delimitation
B Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf
Figure VI.B: Negotiated Boundaries Following the ICJ’s Decision
in the North Sea Continental Shelf Cases
Continental Shelf Boundary Arbitration between France
Figure VI.C: France/United Kingdom Continental Shelf
Tunisia/Libya Continental Shelf Case
Figure VI.D: Tunisia/Libya Continental Shelf Delimitation
Libya/Malta Continental Shelf Case
Figure VI.E: Libya/Malta Continental Shelf Delimitation
Case Concerning Delimitation of Maritime Areas
Figure VI.F: Maritime Delimitation in the Canada/France
Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea
Figure VI.G: Romania v. Ukraine Maritime Delimitation
C Extended Continental Shelf
between Bangladesh and Myanmar in the Bay
Figure VI.H: Bangladesh/Myanmar Maritime Delimitation
7 Internal Waters and Ports
A Access to Ports
Netherlands-United States Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and
Statute on the International Régime of Maritime Ports
Saudi Arabia v. Arabian American Oil Co. (Aramco)
Khedivial Line, S.A.E. v. Seafarers’ International Union
Guangzhou Ocean Shipping Co. v. Minister of Transport,
B Port State Jurisdiction over Foreign Vessels While in Port
Wildenhus’s Case
Benz v. Compania Naviera Hidalgo
Hellenic Lines Ltd. v. Rhoditis
Kate A. Hoff (United States) v. Mexico
C Enlarged Port State Jurisdiction
United States v. Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd.
Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the
[LOS Convention] Relating to the Conservation and
Lee A. Kimball, Introductory Note on Memorandum
of Understanding on Port State Control in the Caribbean
8 Territorial Sea, Contiguous Zone, Straits, and Archipelagic
A The Territorial Sea
Status of the Territorial Sea
Innocent Passage and Jurisdiction over Passing Vessels
Compañia de Navegación Nacional (Panama)
Declaration of People’s Republic of China upon Ratification
Uniform Interpretation of Rules of International Law
Governing Innocent Passage
B Contiguous Zone
Church v. Hubbart
C Straits Used for International Navigation
UNCLOS III Discussion of Straits Used for International
D Archipelagic Waters
Adoption, Designation and Substitution of Archipelagic Sea
Figure VIII.A: Indonesia’s Partial System of Archipelagic
9 Exclusive Economic Zone
Presidential Proclamation No. 2668 (Truman Proclamation
Regarding Fisheries)
Fisheries Jurisdiction Case (United Kingdom v. Iceland)
B The Exclusive Economic Zone and Customary
Exclusive Economic Zone of the United States of America
Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine
The Exclusive Economic Zone and its Application in
10 Continental Shelf
Presidential Proclamation No. 2667 (Truman Proclamation
Regarding the Continental Shelf)
White House Press Release, Sept. 28, 1945
Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, Fiscal Year Ended
Chile, Presidential Declaration Concerning the Continental Shelf,
Note from Government of the United States to the Government
of Chile, July 2, 1948
B Development and Implementation of the 1958 Continental
Shelf Convention
Report of the International Law Commission, 1956
Treasure Salvors, Inc. v. Unidentified Wrecked and Abandoned Sailing
C Development and Implementation of the 1982 LOS Convention
Provisions on the Continental Shelf
Law of the Sea Convention, Articles 76–82
Figure X.A: Continental Shelf and Margin
Figure X.B: Diagram of Article 76
Summary of Recommendations of the Commission on the Limits
of the Continental Shelf in Regard to the Submission Made
by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
in Respect of Ascension Island on 9 May 2008
Figure X.C: Outer Limits of the Continental Shelf for Ascension
Island, as Proposed by the United Kingdom in 2008 and as
Recommended by the Commission on the Limits of the
Continental Shelf in 2010
Figure X.D: Continental Shelf Beyond 200 Nautical Miles from
Explanatory Statements Concerning Votes on the Moratorium
The Principles Resolution
Roger-J. Bonnel, Belgians and Americans Are Getting Ready to
Collect Ocean Minerals
Part XI of the 1982 LOS Convention
Law of the Sea Convention, Articles 1(1)(1), 1(1)(3), 133–50, 152–58,
170, 176, 186
White House Office of Policy Information, Issue Update No. 10
The 1994 Implementation Agreement
Bernard H. Oxman, The 1994 Agreement and the Convention
1994 Agreement Relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the
Statement by Satya N. Nandan, Secretary-General of the International
Seabed Authority to the 62nd Session of the General Assembly
Report of the Secretary-General of the International Seabed
Authority under Article 166, Paragraph 4, of the United Nations
Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and
Entities with Respect to Activities in the Area
Non-Mineral Resources and Uses of the Area
Craig H. Allen, Protecting the Oceanic Gardens of Eden:
International Law Issues in Deep-Sea Vent Resource
Letter Dated 16 March 2010 from the Co-chairpersons of the
Ad Hoc Open-ended Informal Working Group [on Conservation
and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity beyond the
Limits of National Jurisdiction] to the President of the General
12 Protection and Preservation of the Marine Environment
The MOX Plant Case (ITLOS, Provisional Measures, 2001)
Dispute Concerning Access to Information under Article 9 of the
OSPAR Convention (OSPAR Tribunal, Final Award, 2003)
Dispute Concerning the MOX Plant, International Movements
of Radioactive Materials, and the Protection of the Marine
Environment of the Irish Sea (Annex VII Tribunal, Jurisdictional
Matters, 2003)
(ECJ, Judgment, 2006)
Radioactive Materials, and the Protection of the Marine Environment
of the Irish Sea (Annex VII Tribunal, Order Terminating Proceedings,
13 Conservation and Management of High Seas Living
A The Origins of the Modern Law of High Seas Fisheries
Erik Franckx, Fisheries in the South China Sea: A Centrifugal
or Centripetal Force?
B High Seas Fisheries after the Creation of the EEZ
Figure XIII.A: Maritime Areas in 1995 Canada-European Union
Migratory Fish Stocks (1995 Fish Stocks Agreement)
Regional Fishery Management Organizations under Contemporary
Convention on Future Cooperation in the Northwest Atlantic
Amendment to the Convention on Future Cooperation in the
International Conventions Addressing Maritime Security
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 40/61
Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts of Violence against
the Safety of Maritime Navigation (SUA Convention)
Protocol of 2005 to the Convention for the Suppression of
Unlawful Acts of Violence against the Safety of Maritime
Security in Maritime Transport: The Risk Factors and Economic
Informal Measures Implemented by States
CSI [Container Security Initiative] in Brief
The Dispute Settlement System of the 1982 LOS Convention
Louis B. Sohn, Peaceful Settlement of Disputes in Ocean Conflicts:
Does UNCLOS III Point the Way?
Doo-Young Kim, Advisory Proceedings before the International
Tribunal for the Law of the Sea as an Alternative Procedure to
Supplement the Dispute-Settlement Mechanism Under Part XV
of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the
The Volga Case
The Tomimaru Case
1994 Implementation Agreement
Much has changed since the publication of the first edition of this text—
Louis B. Sohn & John E. Noyes, Cases and Materials on the Law of the Sea—in
2004. The oceans have faced continuing environmental stresses, increased
interest in the resources of the continental shelf and the deep seabed,
new security threats, tensions over contested maritime boundaries, and significant developments in shipping. These challenges have prompted changes
in international law, and international law in turn has helped to shape how the
world reacts to these challenges. Reactions have come not just from states, but
from international organizations and international judicial and arbitral bodies. The pages of this second edition reflect many of these significant
Readers familiar with the first edition will note a change in emphasis in this
second edition. The first edition sought both to present a sensibly organized
set of teaching materials and to survey the full range of law of the sea issues, in
order to at least introduce topics and point readers to relevant commentary. In
this second edition we focus primarily on teaching materials, opting for depth
rather than breadth of coverage. To provide an overview of the broad field of
the law of the sea, we recommend that these Cases and Materials be used in
conjunction with Louis B. Sohn, Kristen Gustafson Juras, John E. Noyes & Erik
Franckx, Law of the Sea in a Nutshell (West, 2d ed. 2010).
The organization of this second edition of Cases and Materials on the Law
of the Sea tracks that of the Nutshell. Chapter 1 introduces the law of the sea
and questions about international law and international legal process. Chapters
2, 3, and 4 examine the basic concepts of high seas freedoms, vessel nationality, and flag state jurisdiction. The next two chapters concern matters that are
fundamental in determining the location of various coastal zones: baselines
(Chapter 5), and principles and processes applicable to maritime boundary
delimitations (Chapter 6). Although many substantive issues, e.g., fisheries, cut
across different zones of coastal state sovereignty or jurisdiction, such zones
have been of central importance in the law of the sea, and we explore them in
Chapters 7 (internal waters), 8 (the territorial sea, contiguous zone, straits, and
archipelagic waters), 9 (the exclusive economic zone), and 10 (the continental
shelf). Chapter 11 then examines the regime governing mineral resources in
the Area, i.e., the seabed beyond the limits of national jurisdiction, and the
controversy over access to genetic material in the Area. In Chapters 12, 13, 14,
and 15, we explore matters where new norms and institutions have transformed traditional practice. Chapter 12 concerns marine pollution and
principles of international environmental law. Chapter 13 examines high seas
fisheries and the roles of regional and global organizations in conserving and
managing fish stocks that range across various zones of the oceans. In Chapter
14 the focus is on maritime security. Finally, Chapter 15 analyzes the dispute
settlement system created by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law
of the Sea. The Appendix includes the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea
and the 1994 Part XI Implementation Agreement, so that students can have
ready access to essential treaty material in one volume; other treaties are
excerpted throughout the text.
Different instructors may of course emphasize different themes, and—particularly if there is not time to cover the entire text—they may wish to pick and
choose among different materials. In courses emphasizing security issues,
Chapter 2, Chapter 4, Sections D–F, and Chapters 7, 8, and 14 deserve particular emphasis. A focus on environmental issues would certainly include
Chapter 2, Sections D and G, Chapter 4, Sections A and B, Chapter 7, Section C,
Chapter 11, Section D, and Chapters 12 and 13. An instructor concentrating on
international litigation may want to select international court and arbitral tribunal decisions from throughout the book, and should particularly emphasize
Chapters 12, 13, and 15 (and indeed may wish to assign Chapter 15 early in
the course). In a course concerning the allocation of offshore resources,
Chapters 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 13 deserve significant attention.
Although this text includes much modern material, it also seeks to place the
law of the sea in historical context. Current legal formulations draw on previous ones, and past solutions may still hold valuable lessons for lawyers and
policy makers seeking ways to address current problems. Throughout the book,
we have given attention both to traditional law of the sea topics and to topics—
such as port security, the depletion of fish stocks, and the operation of new
international institutions—that have gained much attention in recent years.
This set of law of the sea materials is also, we believe, useful in examining
core issues of international law and international legal process. These issues
have relevance to a wide variety of subject areas. For example, what are generally understood to be sources of international law, and what is the priority of
each source vis-à-vis other sources? Why are some rules (e.g., those governing
maritime delimitation) open-textured, while others are much more determinate? The great significance of treaties in international law requires consideration of how treaty law is made and how complex multilateral treaties change.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of different mechanisms for
change? What are the roles of “soft law” in the development of international
law? How are problems of collective action addressed with respect to common
spaces and common resources? What is the legal status of non-state actors,
such as international organizations, and what functions should they carry out?
Some questions about the rights of individuals under international law are
explored in this volume. What are the functions of international dispute settlement mechanisms? Why do parties choose one forum over another? Various
tribunals—the International Court of Justice, the International Tribunal for
the Law of the Sea, arbitral tribunals, claims commissions, regional international courts such as the European Court of Justice, and municipal courts—are
examined throughout the book. What challenges are posed by the proliferation of international tribunals? How should overlaps in jurisdictional competencies of international courts and tribunals be addressed? Finally, how should
conflicts be resolved between the municipal laws of different states? Principles
of private international law (conflict of laws) may be applied to conflicts
between the laws of flag states and coastal states concerning events on board
vessels, particularly when vessels are located in internal waters or the territorial sea. We hope this volume will prompt students to think about such issues,
as well as about law of the sea topics.
Readers seeking more information about particular topics in the law of the
sea quickly discover what may seem an overwhelming number of books and
articles. Law of the Sea in a Nutshell and Notes in this Cases and Materials
volume introduce some valuable reference materials. Additional citations to
and overviews of law of the sea topics may be found in such excellent recent
treatises as R.R. Churchill & A.V. Lowe, The Law of the Sea (3d ed. 1999),
Donald R. Rothwell & Tim Stephens, The International Law of the Sea (2010),
and Yoshifumi Tanaka, The International Law of the Sea (2012).
A few technical notes: Omissions in the edited readings in this book are
indicated either by ellipses or by brackets. However, some citations and footnotes have been omitted with no such indications. We have updated the status
of treaties as of September 2013. Internet citations were also accurate as of
The name of our colleague and mentor, Louis B. Sohn, remains on this edition of Cases and Materials on the Law of the Sea, the first since his death in
2006. Louis Sohn greatly influenced modern international law. He participated
in the 1945 San Francisco drafting conference that established the United
Nations and, during 1969-1971, worked as the first Counselor on International
Law at the U.S. Department of State. His vision, dedication, vast knowledge,
and skill made him instrumental in the development of the modern law of the
sea. In his capacity as a U.S. delegate to the Third United Nations Conference
on the Law of the Sea from 1974 to 1982, he was one of the primary architects
of the dispute settlement provisions of the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention.
Louis Sohn also contributed significantly to many other areas of international
law, including human rights, international environmental law, international
organizations, arms control and disarmament, and dispute settlement. Those
active in the International Law Section of the American Bar Association, the
American Society of International Law, and the American Branch of the
International Law Association know about his dedication to and leadership of
those organizations. Louis Sohn also served as a reporter for the American Law
Institute’s Restatement (Third) of the Foreign Relations Law of the United
States (1986). In his distinguished career as a scholar and teacher at Harvard
Law School, the University of Georgia School of Law (where he taught Kristen
Gustafson Juras and Erik Franckx), and The George Washington University
Law School, he encouraged many of his students to pursue careers in international law. Reflections about Professor Sohn and the law of the sea appear in
John E. Noyes, Louis B. Sohn and the Law of the Sea, 16 Willamette J. Intl. L. &
Dispute Resolution 238 (2008).
In preparing the two editions of this book, we have benefited from the
insights, comments, and support of many colleagues—a few now sadly
departed—including William Aceves, Craig Allen, Caitlyn Antrim, David
Bederman, William Burke, David Caron, Jonathan Charney, James Cooper,
Barry Hart Dubner, Richard Finkmoore, Paul Irwin, Mark W. Janis, James
Kraska, Dino Kritsiotis, Barbara Kwiatkowska, Coalter Lathrop, William Lynch,
Phyllis Marion, Stephen McCaffrey, Richard McLaughlin, Samuel P. Menefee,
John Norton Moore, John Murphy, James Nafziger, Dolliver Nelson, Myron
Nordquist, Alex Oude Elferink, Bernard Oxman, Michael Reed, Ashley Roach,
Shabtai Rosenne, Harry Scheiber, George Taft, Jon Van Dyke, Jorge Vargas, and
George Walker. David Swanson of David Swanson Cartography expertly prepared the maps and diagrams used in this edition. Rachel Smith provided
essential research support for the first edition, and much of her work has found
its way into this second edition. Students at California Western School of Law,
the University of Georgia School of Law, Harvard Law School, and the University
of San Diego’s Oxford summer program also offered valuable comments about
drafts of these materials. The help of student research assistants—Joey
Bentzley, Elizabeth Bonner, Carmen Casado, Pamela Combo, Cavan Cox,
Stacey Meinen, Omar Nassar, Jill Klein, Karine Peropyolkina, Elizabeth
Pietanza, Lara Prodanovich, Scott Robinson, Justin Tipp, Jessica WalkerKeleher, Liam Vavasour, and Ashkan Yekrangi—is gratefully acknowledged, as
is the work of California Western School of Law’s Faculty Support Services
(especially Joyce Stallworth, Heddy Fujikawa, Jackie Sewell, and Ana
Contreras). We also thank the library staffs at California Western School of Law
(especially William Bookheim, Linda Weathers, and Bobbi Weaver), the
University of Virginia School of Law (especially Xinh Luu), and the University
of Montana School of Law (especially Cynthia Condit, Phil Cousineau, and
Stacey Gordon).
Excerpts from the following sources appear with the kind permission of the
copyright holders and/or publishers.
Articles, Books, and Treatises
Allen, Craig H., Protecting the Oceanic Gardens of Eden: International Law Issues in
Deep-Sea Vent Resource Conservation and Management, 13 Georgetown Intl. Envtl.
L. Rev. 563, © 2001 Georgetown International Environmental Law Review
Charney, Jonathan I., International Agreements and the Development of Customary
International Law, 61 Wash. L. Rev. 971, © 1986 Washington Law Review
Churchill, R.R. and Lowe, A.V., The Law of the Sea 228 (3d ed.), © 1999 Juris Publishing,
Franckx, Erik, Fisheries in the South China Sea: A Centrifugal or Centripetal Force?, 11
Chinese J. Intl. L. 727, © 2012 Oxford University Press
Janis, Mark W. and Noyes, John E., International Law Cases and Commentary (4th ed.),
© 2011 West
Kim, Doo-Young, Advisory Proceedings before the International Tribunal for the Law
of the Sea as an Alternative Procedure to Supplement the Dispute-Settlement
Mechanism under Part XV of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,
Issues in Legal Scholarship, Vol. 7, Issue 1: Frontier Issues in Ocean Law: Marine
Resources, Maritime Boundaries, and the Law of the Sea, Article No. 6, © 2008 Law
of the Sea Institute, University of California, Berkeley
Kimball, Lee A., Introductory Note on Memorandum of Understanding on Port State
Control in the Caribbean Region, 36 Intl. Leg. Materials 231, © 1997 American
Nandan, Satya, Administering the Mineral Resources of the Deep Seabed, in The Law
of the Sea: Progress and Prospects (David Freestone, Richard Barnes & David M.
Ong eds.), © 2006 Oxford University Press
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Maritime Transport
Committee, Security in Maritime Transport: The Risk Factors and Economic Impact,
© 2003 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
Oxman, Bernard H., The 1994 Agreement and the Convention, 88 Am. J. Intl. L. 687, ©
1994 American Society of International Law
Oxman, Bernard H., The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea: The
Ninth Session (1980), 75 Am. J. Intl. L. 211, © 1981 American Society of International
Sohn, Louis B., Juras, Kristen Gustafson, Noyes, John E., and Franckx, Erik, Law of the
Sea in a Nutshell (2d ed.), © 2010 West
Sohn, Louis B., Peaceful Settlement of Disputes in Ocean Conflicts: Does UNCLOS III
Point the Way?, 46 Law & Contemp. Probs. No. 2 at 195, © 1983 Duke University
Sohn, Louis B., The Law of the Sea: Customary International Law Developments, 34
Am. U.L. Rev. 271, © 1985 American University Law Review
http://www.imo.org; http://docs.imo.org
The International Maritime Organization (imo) owns the copyrights to the following excerpted materials, and has granted permission to reproduce them. Readers
should be aware that the excerpted material may not be the complete and accurate
version of the original imo document and that the original may have subsequently
been amended. In cases of doubt the authentic text should be consulted and will prevail in the event of conflict.
Adoption, Designation and Substitution of Archipelagic Sea Lanes, imo Doc. SN/
Circ.200/Add.1 (2003)
imo Code for the Implementation of Mandatory imo Instruments, imo Res.
A.1054(27) (2011)
imo Website Explanation, International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution
from Ships (MARPOL) (as of Sept. 1, 2013)
imo Website Explanation, International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea
(solas), 1974 (as of Sept. 1, 2013)
imo Website Explanation, International Convention on Standards of Training,
Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (stcw) (as of Sept. 1, 2013)
Review of Safety Measures and Procedures for the Treatment of Persons Rescued at
Sea, imo Res. A.920(22) (2002)
http://www/itlos.org
The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea owns the copyrights to the following excerpted materials, and has granted permission to reproduce them.
Bangladesh/Myanmar Dispute Concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in
the Bay of Bengal (2012)
Grand Prince Case (Belize v. France) (Prompt Release) (2001)
M/V Saiga (No. 2) Case (St. Vincent and the Grenadines v. Guinea) (Admissibility and
Merits) (1999)
MOX Plant Case (Ireland v. United Kingdom ) (Provisional Measures) (2001)
Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and Entities with
respect to Activities in the Area (Advisory Opinion) (2011)
Tomimaru Case (Japan v. Russian Federation) (Prompt Release) (2007)
Volga Case (Russian Federation v. Australia) (Prompt Release) (2002)
Statement by Satya N. Nandan, Secretary-General of the International Seabed
Authority to the 62nd Session of the General Assembly of the United Nations (2007)
International Tribunal Decisions
See United Nations for International Court of Justice decisions.
Canada/France Delimitation of Maritime Areas (St. Pierre and Miquelon), 31 Intl. Leg.
Materials 1145, © 1992 American Society of International Law
Compañia de Navegación Nacional (Panama) v. United States, 6 Rep. Intl. Arb. Awards
382, © 2006 United Nations
Ebony Maritime SA and Loten Navigation Co. Ltd. v. Prefetto Della Provincia di Brindisi
and Others, © 1997 European Union
France/United Kingdom Continental Shelf Case, 18 Intl. Leg. Materials 397, © 1979
Kate A. Hoff (United States) v. Mexico, 4 Rep. Intl. Arb. Awards 444, © 2006 United
MOX Plant Case: Commission of the European Communities v. Ireland, © 2006
MOX Plant Case: Dispute Concerning Access to Information under Article 9 of the
OSPAR Convention (Ireland v. United Kingdom) (OSPAR Arbit. 2003), 23 Rep. Intl.
Arb. Awards 59, © 2006 United Nations
MOX Plant Case: Dispute Concerning International Movements of Radioactive
Materials, and the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Irish Sea (Ireland v.
United Kingdom) (Annex VII Arbit.), © 2003, 2008 Permanent Court of Arbitration
Muscat Dhows Case (France/United Kingdom), © 1905 Permanent Court of Arbitration
Saudi Arabia v. Arabian American Oil Co. (Aramco) (1958), 27 Intl. L. Rep. 117, © 1963
Southern Bluefin Tuna Case (Australia and New Zealand v. Japan), 39 Intl. Leg.
Materials 1359, © 2000 American Society of International Law
The S.S. Lotus (France v. Turkey), © 1927 League of Nations, reprinted with permission
http://www/un.org
The United Nations (or its respective agencies) own the copyrights to the following
excerpted materials, and has granted permission to reproduce them.
Food and Agriculture The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2010, Part 1:
World Review of Fisheries and Aquaculture (2010)
Declaration of a Zone of Peace and Co-operation of the South
Atlantic, UN Doc. A/RES/41/11 (1986)
Declaration of Principles Governing the Sea-Bed and the
Ocean Floor, and the Subsoil Thereof, beyond the Limits of
National Jurisdiction, UN Doc. A/RES/25/ 2749 (1970)
Resolution, UN Doc. A/PV.1833 (1969)
Ad Hoc Open-ended Informal Working Group [on
Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological
Diversity beyond the Limits of National Jurisdiction] to the
President of the General Assembly, UN Doc. A/65/68 (2010)
Measures to Prevent International Terrorism, UN Doc. A/
RES/40/61 (1985)
Anglo-Norwegian Fisheries Case (United Kingdom v. Norway)
Barcelona Traction, Light & Power Co., Second Phase (Belgium
v. Spain) (1970)
(Advisory Opinion) (1960)
Corfu Channel Case (United Kingdom v. Albania) (1949)
Fisheries Jurisdiction Case (Spain v. Canada) (1998)
Fisheries Jurisdiction Case (Spain v. Canada) (Application
Instituting Proceedings) (1995)
Gulf of Maine Delimitation (Canada/United States) (1984)
Libya/Malta Continental Shelf Case (1985)
Germany v. Denmark; Federal Republic of Germany v.
Netherlands) (1969)
Nuclear Tests Case (Australia v. France) (1974)
Oil Platforms Case (Iran v. United States) (2003)
Qatar/Bahrain Maritime Delimitation and Territorial
Questions Case (2001)
Romania v. Ukraine Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea
Tunisia/Libya Continental Shelf Case (1982)
Draft Articles on Diplomatic Protection, UN Doc. A/61/10
Report of the International Law Commission, 1956, UN Doc.
A/3159 (1956)
Pursuant to Resolution 724, UN Doc. S/1996/946 (1996)
Security Council Resolution 552, UN Doc. S/RES/552 (1984)
Security Council Resolution 787, UN Doc. S/RES/787 (1992)
Security Council Resolution 820, UN Doc. S/RES/820 (1993)
Agreement between the Kingdom of Belgium and the French
Republic Concerning the Delimitation of the Territorial Sea,
Law of the Sea Bull. 27 (1991)
Republic Concerning the Delimitation of the Continental
Shelf, Law of the Sea Bull. 29 (1991)
Fisheries, 1135 U.N.T.S. 369 (1978)
Declaration of People’s Republic of China upon Ratification of
the Law of the Sea Convention (1996)
Statute on the International Régime of Maritime Ports, 58
L.N.T.S. 285, © 1923 League of Nations, reprinted with permission of the United Nations
Summary of Recommendations of the Commission on the
Limits of the Continental Shelf in regard to the Submission
made by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland in respect of Ascension Island on 9 May 2008 (2010)
The Law of the Sea: Navigation on the High Seas (UN Sales No.
E.89.V.2) (1989)
Navigation, 2 UNCLOS III Official Records 124 (1974)
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Refugees at
Sea (1984)
Zones of National Jurisdiction
Actual and Proposed North Sea Maritime
Norway’s Straight Baselines Under its 1935 Decree
Oman’s Straight Baselines
Fiji’s Straight Archipelagic Baselines
China’s Straight Baselines Claim around the
Belgium-France Territorial Sea and Continental
Negotiated Boundaries Following the icj’s Decision
France/United Kingdom Continental Shelf
Tunisia/Libya Continental Shelf Delimitation
Libya/Malta Continental Shelf Delimitation
Maritime Delimitation in the Canada/France
Romania v. Ukraine Maritime Delimitation
Bangladesh/Myanmar Maritime Delimitation
Indonesia’s Partial System of Archipelagic Sea Lanes
Continental Shelf and Margin
Diagram of Article 76
Outer Limit of the Continental Shelf for Ascension
Island, as Proposed by the United Kingdom in 2008
and as Recommended by the Commission on the
Limits of the Continental Shelf in 2010
Continental Shelf Beyond 200 Nautical Miles from
Maritime Areas in 1995 Canada-European Union
XIII.A
Abbreviations of national and international case law reporters, statutory compilations, law reviews, and journals are not included in this Table. We have primarily followed the alwd Citation Manual (Aspen 4th ed.) as our citation format for these
types of publications. See also the Table of Treaties and Other International Instruments
for abbreviations relating to those documents.
eu, E.U.
Biological, chemical, and nuclear [weapons]
[U.S.] Customs Border and Protection
Construction, design, equipment, and manning
Disembarkation resettlement offers
See undoalos
[U.S.] Immigration and Customs Enforcement
ll/gds
un, U.N.
Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization (now
Illegal, unreported, and unregulated [fishing]
Land-locked/geographically disadvantaged states
Preparatory Commission for the International Seabed
Authority and for the International Tribunal for the Law of the
Seabed Disputes Chamber of the International Tribunal for the
Second United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea
United Nations Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the
Cases appearing as principal readings are in bold. Full citations are contained within
Access to, or Anchorage in, the Port of Danzig, Advisory Opinion
(Poland v. Danzig) (PCIJ 1931)
Aerial Incident of 3 July 1988 (Iran v. United States) (ICJ 1996)
(ICJ 1951)
Arctic Sunrise Case (Netherlands v. Russia) (Provisional Measures)
(ITLOS 2013)
Bangladesh/Myanmar Dispute Concerning Delimitation of the
Maritime Boundary in the Bay of Bengal (ITLOS 2012)
Barcelona Traction, Light & Power Co., Second Phase (Belgium v.
Spain) (ICJ 1970)
Camouco Case (Panama v. France) (ITLOS 2000)
Canada/France Delimitation of Maritime Areas (St. Pierre and
Miquelon) (Arbit. 1992)
Commission of the European Communities v. Ireland (ECJ 2006)
Compañia de Navegación Nacional (Panama) v. United States
(Arbit. 1933)
Conservation and Sustainable Exploitation of Swordfish Stocks in
the South-Eastern Pacific Ocean (Chile v. European Community)
(itlos 2000)
(Advisory Opinion) ( ICJ 1960)
Corfu Channel Case (United Kingdom v. Albania) (ICJ 1949)
ospar Convention (Ireland v. United Kingdom) (Arbit. 2003)
Eastern Greenland, Legal Status of (Denmark/Norway) (pcij 1933)
73, 225, 227,
241, 242, 248,
253, 258
330, 343,
344, 345, 749
320, 323,
420, 429,
435, 445, 449
Ebony Maritime SA and Loten Navigation Co. Ltd. v. Prefetto
Della Provincia di Brindisi and Others (ECJ 1997)
Fisheries Case (United Kingdom v. Norway) (ICJ 1951);
see Anglo-Norwegian Fisheries Case
Fisheries Jurisdiction Case (Spain v. Canada) (ICJ 1998)
(ICJ 1974)
France/United Kingdom Continental Shelf Case (Arbit. 1977)
Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia) (ICJ 1997)
Grand Prince Case (Belize v. France) (Prompt Release)
(ITLOS 2001)
Greco-Bulgarian Communities Case (PCIJ 1930)
Grisbådarna Case (Norway/Sweden) (Arbit. 1909)
Gulf of Maine Delimitation (Canada/United States)
(ICJ 1984)
Guyana/Suriname (Arbit. 2007)
I’m Alone, The (Canada v. United States) (Arbit. 1933)
Interhandel (Switzerland v. United States (ICJ 1959)
Kate A. Hoff (United States) v. Mexico (Arbit. 1929)
La Grand Case (Germany v. United States) (ICJ 2001)
Lac Lanoux Arbitration (Spain v. France) (Arbit. 1957)
Land Reclamation by Singapore In and Around the Straits of
Johor (Malaysia v. Singapore) (Provisional Measures)
(ITLOS 2003)
Land Reclamation by Singapore In and Around the Straits
of Johor (Malaysia v. Singapore) (Annex VII Arbit. 2005)
Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/
Honduras; Nicaragua intervening) (ICJ 1992)
Libya/Malta Continental Shelf Case (ICJ 1985)
Lotus, The S.S. (France v. Turkey) (PCIJ 1927)
163, 164, 165,
667, 679, 700
36, 471, 473,
488, 512
286, 287, 292,
293, 299, 303,
319, 320, 323
136, 142, 143,
145, 769
38, 39, 320,
225, 747
88, 129, 220
361, 384, 386
30, 304, 319,
326, 329, 343,
25, 30, 166, 176,
177, 207, 365,
394, 716
M/V Saiga (No. 2) Case (St. Vincent and the Grenadines v. Guinea)
(Prompt Release) (ITLOS 1997)
(Provisional Measures) (ITLOS 1998)
(Admissibility and Merits) (ITLOS 1999)
Measures Affecting the Transit and Importing of Swordfish
(European Community v. Chile) (WTO Arbit. suspended 2001)
(Nicaragua v. United States) (ICJ 1986)
MOX Plant Case (Ireland v. United Kingdom) (Provisional
Measures) (ITLOS 2001)
MOX Plant Case: Commission of the European Communities v.
Ireland (ECJ 2006)
MOX Plant Case: Dispute Concerning Access to Information
under Article 9 of the OSPAR Convention (Ireland v.
United Kingdom) (OSPAR Arbit. 2003)
MOX Plant Case: Dispute Concerning International Movements
Environment of the Irish Sea (Ireland v. United Kingdom)
(Annex VII Arbit.) (2003, 2006)
Muscat Dhows Case (France/United Kingdom) (Arbit. 1905)
Netherlands) (ICJ 1969)
Nottebohm Case (Liechtenstein v. Guatemala) (ICJ 1955)
Nuclear Tests Case (Australia v. France) (ICJ 1974)
Nuclear Tests Case (New Zealand v. France) (ICJ 1974)
Oil Platforms Case (Iran v. United States) (ICJ 2003)
Orinoco Steamship Co. Case (United States v. Venezuela)
(Arbit. 1904, 1910)
Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay) (ICJ 2001)
123, 133, 143,
145, 215, 495
96, 97, 354
641, 654
113, 116, 117, 122,
17, 30, 31, 35,
273, 284, 285,
292, 295, 297,
299, 303, 310,
312, 319, 344,
484, 485, 492,
603, 660
Questions Case (ICJ 2001)
Rainbow Warrior (Greenpeace v. France) (Arbit. 1987)
Rainbow Warrior (New Zealand v. France) (Arbit. 1986)
Rainbow Warrior (New Zealand v. France) (Arbit. 1990)
Red Crusader, The (Denmark v. United Kingdom) (Arbit. 1962)
Request for an Advisory Opinion Submitted by the Sub-Regional
Fisheries Commission (SRFC) (ITLOS submitted 2013)
Request for an Examination of the Situation in Accordance with
Paragraph 63 of the Court’s Judgment of 20 December 1974 in the
Nuclear Tests Case (New Zealand v. France) (ICJ 1995)
Entities with Respect to Activities in the Area (Itlos 2011)
(ICJ 2009)
Saudi Arabia v. Arabian American Oil Co. (Aramco) (Arbit. 1958)
Southern Bluefin Tuna Cases (Australia v. Japan; New Zealand v.
Japan) (Provisional Measures) (ITLOS 1999)
Southern Bluefin Tuna Case (Australia and New Zealand v. Japan)
(Annex VII Arbit. 2000)
Tomimaru Case (Japan v. Russian Federation) (Prompt Release)
(ITLOS 2007)
Tunisia/Libya Application for Revision and Interpretation of the
Judgment of 24 February 1982 (ICJ 1985)
Tunisia/Libya Continental Shelf Case (ICJ 1982)
251, 253, 260,
Volga Case (Russian Federation v. Australia) (Prompt Release)
(ITLOS 2002)
598, 606, 607,
325, 326, 330
623, 691, 770,
770, 781
143, 763, 768,
36, 38, 285,
294, 301, 303,
306, 316, 317,
319, 343, 489,
492, 493, 494
756 , 767, 768,
Alaska, United States v. (U.S. 1997)
Ali, United States v. (U.S. 2012)
Ambrose Light, The (U.S. 1885)
Amerada Hess Shipping Corp. v. Argentine Republic (U.S. 1987)
Amerada Hess Shipping Corp., Argentine Republic v. (U.S. 1989)
AT&T Corp. v. Tyco Telcoms (U.S.) Inc. (U.S. 2003)
Benz v. Compania Naviera Hidalgo (U.S. 1957)
374, 377, 378,
178, 186, 189
Berizzi Brothers Co. v. The S.S. Pesaro (U.S. 1926)
Bianchi, In re (Arg. 1957)
Caicedo, United States v. (U.S. 1995)
California, United States v. (U.S. 1947)
California, United States v. (U.S. 1965)
Castle John v. NV Mabeco (Belg. 1987)
Church v. Hubbart (U.S. 1804)
Conroy, United States v. (U.S. 1979)
Cunard S.S. Co. v. Mellon (U.S. 1923)
Dire, United States v. (U.S. 2012)
Emblem, The (U.S. 1840)
Flores, United States v. (U.S. 1933)
Foster & Elam v. Neilson (U.S. 1829)
Friends of the Earth Ltd. and Greenpeace Ltd. v. Secretary of
State for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs and Secretary
of State for Health (U.K. 2001)
Guangzhou Ocean Shipping Co. v. Minister of Transport, Public
Works and Water Management (Neth. 1995)
Havenschap Delfzijl/Eemshaven, United States v. (Neth. 1999)
Hellenic Lines Ltd. v. Rhoditis (U.S. 1970)
Institute of Cetacean Research v. Sea Shepherd (U.S. 2013)
International Longshoremen’s Assn. v. Ariadne Shipping Co.
(U.S. 1970)
Jannopulos, State v. (Italy 1974)
Jose Pereira E. Hijos S.A. v. Canada (Can. 2005)
Keyn, Regina v. (U.K. 1876)
Khedivial Line, S.A.E. v. Seafarers’ International Union (U.S. 1960)
La Jeune Eugenie, United States v. (U.S. 1822)
Lauritzen v. Larsen (U.S. 1954)
Louis, Le (U.K. 1817)
Louisiana, United States v. (U.S. 1950)
Louisiana, United States v. (U.S. 1969)
379, 380, 381
222, 537
(U.S. 1963)
Mexico v. Hoffman (U.S. 1945)
Mikkelsen, Complaint of (France 1953)
Mills, The, Regina v. (U.K. 1995)
Murray v. Schooner Charming Betsy (U.S. 1804)
National Labor Relations Board v. Dredge Operators, Inc. (U.S. 1994)
Netherlands v. Unnamed Defendants (Neth. 2007)
Netherlands (PTT) & Post Office (London) v. Nedlloyd (Neth. 1977)
Paquete Habana, The (U.S. 1900)
Pinto-Mejia, United States v. (U.S. 1984)
Piracy Jure Gentium, In re (U.K. 1934)
R (Friends of the Earth Ltd. and Greenpeace Ltd.) v. Secretary of
R.M.S. Titanic, Inc. v. Haver (U.S. 1999)
R.M.S. Titanic, Inc. v. Wrecked & Abandoned Vessel (U.S. 2006)
Ray, United States v. (U.S. 1970)
Reagan, United States v. (U.S. 1971)
Regina v. Keyn (U.K. 1876)
Regina v. The Mills (U.K. 1995)
Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd., United States v. (U.S. 1998)
Sandberg v. McDonald (U.S. 1918)
Schooner Exchange, The v. McFaddon (U.S. 1812)
Shi, United States v. (U.S. 2008)
Shibin, United States v. (U.S. 2012)
Spector v. Norwegian Cruise Lines Ltd (U.S. 2005)
Stewart v. Dutra Construction Co. (U.S. 2005)
Taiyo Maru, United States v. (U.S. 1975)
Treasure Salvors, Inc. v. Unidentified Wrecked and Abandoned
Sailing Vessel (U.S. 1978)
United States v. Alaska (U.S. 1997)
United States v. Ali (U.S. 2012)
387, 394, 395,
396, 398, 401
376, 378
362, 365, 372,
538, 541
United States v. Bustos-Useche (U.S. 2001)
United States v. Caicedo (U.S. 1995)
United States v. California (U.S. 1947)
United States v. California (U.S. 1965)
United States v. Conroy (U.S. 1979)
United States v. Dire (U.S. 2012)
United States v. Flores (U.S. 1933)
United States v. Havenschap Delfzijl/Eemshaven (Neth. 1999)
United States v. La Jeune Eugenie (U.S. 1822)
United States v. Louisiana (U.S. 1950)
United States v. Louisiana (U.S. 1969)
United States v. Pinto-Mejia (U.S. 1984)
United States v. Ray (U.S. 1970)
United States v. Reagan (U.S. 1971)
United States v. Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. (U.S. 1998)
366, 372, 373,
374, 375, 377,
United States v. Shi (U.S. 2008)
United States v. Shibin (U.S. 2012)
United States v. Taiyo Maru (U.S. 1975)
Victory Transport, Inc. v. Comisaria General (U.S. 1964)
Warshauer v. Lloyd Sabaudo, S.A. (U.S. 1934)
Whitney v. Robertson (U.S. 1888)
Wildenhus’s Case (U.S. 1887)
Treaties and other instruments appearing as principal readings are in bold. The Table
does not indicate the current status of a treaty or whether the treaty has entered into
Date and Short Title
Full Title and Citation
1818 United StatesGreat Britain Fisheries
Convention respecting Fisheries,
Boundaries and Restoration of Slaves,
United States-Great Britain, Oct. 20,
1818, 8 Stat. 248, T.S. No. 112
1856 Paris Declaration
Declaration respecting Maritime Law,
Apr. 16, 1856, 115 Consol. T.S. 1
87, 186
Submarine Cables, Mar. 14, 1884, 24
Stat. 989, T.S. No. 380
55, 57, 59, 60
1890 General Act of
General Act of the Brussels
Conference relating to the African
Slave Trade, July 2, 1890, 173 Consol.
T.S. 293
1899 Hague Peace
Convention for the Pacific Settlement
of International Disputes, July 29,
1899, 32 Stat. 1779
Salvage Treaty
Convention for the Unification of
Certain Rules of Law with respect
to Assistance and Salvage at
Sea, Sept. 23, 1910, 37 Stat. 1658,
T.S. No. 559
Covenant of the League of Nations,
Apr. 28, 1919, 13 Am. J. Intl. L. Supp.
128 (1919)
1919 Paris Convention
Paris Convention relating to the
Regulation of Aerial Navigation,
Oct. 13, 1919, 11 L.N.T.S. 173
Treaty of Peace between the Allied
and Associated Powers and Germany,
June 29, 1919, 225 Consol. T.S. 189, 13
Am. J. Intl. L. Supp. 151 (1919)
Statute on the International Régime 347, 351, 355, 356,
of Maritime Ports, Dec. 9, 1923, 58
L.N.T.S. 285, 22 Am. J. Intl. L. Supp. 69
Treaty of Peace, July 24, 1923, 28
L.N.T.S. 11
167, 168, 176, 177
1924 United StatesUnited Kingdom
Convention for the Prevention of
Smuggling of Intoxicating Liquors,
United States-United Kingdom, Jan.
23, 1924, 43 Stat. 1761, T.S. No. 685
Convention to Suppress the Slave
Trade and Slavery, Sept. 25, 1926, 46
Stat. 2183, 60 L.N.T.S. 253
1941 United StatesMexican Claims
Final Settlement of Certain Claims,
United States-Mexico, Nov. 19, 1941,
56 Stat. 1347, T.S. No. 980
1942 United Kingdom- Treaty between Great Britain and
Venezuela Gulf of Paria Northern Island and Venezuela
relating to the Submarine Areas of
the Gulf of Paria, Feb. 26, 1942, 205
L.NT.S. 1211
50, 51, 101, 451
Aviation, Dec. 7, 1944, 61 Stat. 1180, 15
U.N.T.S. 295
Statute of the International
Court of Justice, June 26, 1945, 59
Stat. 1031, 1055, T.S. No. 993
16, 26, 30, 31, 32, 68,
69, 77, 118, 164, 223,
227, 284, 297, 303,
304, 305, 325, 334,
336, 489, 678, 755,
1945 U.N. Charter
United Nations Charter, June 26,
1945, 59 Stat. 1031, T.S. No. 993, 1
U.N.T.S. XVI
31, 32, 80, 83, 91, 93,
96, 97, 100, 101, 131,
207, 208, 209, 210,
211, 215, 277, 284,
355, 478, 484, 729,
738, 753, 755
Trade, Oct. 30, 1947, 61 Stat. A 11, 55
U.N.T.S. 188
1947 Rio Treaty
Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal 80, 81, 82, 83
Assistance, Sept. 2, 1947, 62 Stat. 1681,
21 U.N.T.S. 77
1948 imo Convention
Intergovernmental Maritime
Consultative Organization, Mar. 6,
1948, 9 U.S.T. 621, 289 U.N.T.S. 48
North Atlantic Treaty, Apr. 4, 1949,
T.I.A.S. No. 1964, 34 U.N.T.S. 243
215, 486
1951 European Coal
Treaty Establishing the European
Coal and Steel Community, Apr. 18,
1951, 261 U.N.T.S. 140
1952 Convention on
Civil Jurisdiction in
Matters of Collision
International Convention on Certain 176
Rules Concerning Civil Jurisdiction in
Matters of Collision, May 10, 1952,
439 U.N.T.S. 217
Penal Jurisdiction in
176, 417
Unification of Certain Rules Relating
to Penal Jurisdiction in Matters of
Collision or Other Incidents of
Navigation, May 10, 1952, 439 U.N.T.S.
Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations
and Consular Rights, United StatesIran, Aug. 15, 1955, 8 U.S.T. 899, 284
U.N.T.S. 93
93, 94, 95, 96, 99,
1956 Supplementary
Supplementary Convention on the
Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade
and Institutions and Practices Similar
to Slavery, Sept. 7, 1956, 18 U.S.T. 3201,
266 U.N.T.S. 3
and Navigation, United StatesNetherlands, Mar. 27, 1956, 8 U.S.T.
2043, 285 U.N.T.S. 231
346, 349
Atomic Energy Community, Mar. 25,
1957, 298 U.N.T.S. 167
615, 620, 648, 651,
Economic Community, Mar. 25, 1957,
298 U.N.T.S. 11
211, 620, 633, 643,
648, 649, 650, 651,
652, 653, 677
1958 Continental Shelf
Convention on the Continental
Shelf, Apr. 29, 1958, 15 U.S.T. 471,
499 U.N.T.S. 311
3, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21,
22, 23, 24, 25, 30,
35, 223, 271, 273,
283, 284, 285, 286,
287, 288, 329, 344,
513, 521, 530, 532,
534, 535, 536, 538,
540, 541, 545
1958 Fishing on the
High Seas Convention
Convention on Fishing and
of the High Seas, Apr. 29, 1958, 17
U.S.T. 138, 559 U.N.T.S. 285
1958 High Seas
Apr. 29, 1958, 13 U.S.T. 2312,
450 U.N.T.S. 82
47, 50, 60, 61, 62, 74,
83, 84, 85, 87, 111,
119, 121, 126, 127,
145, 166, 176, 182,
183, 187, 194, 203,
204, 218, 475, 476,
481, 488
1958 Territorial Sea
and the Contiguous Zone, Apr. 29,
1958, 15 U.S.T. 1606, 516 U.N.T.S. 205
45, 219, 222, 224,
227, 240, 241, 242,
243, 244, 248, 253,
258, 266, 269, 284,
354, 409, 417, 420,
421, 422, 427, 435,
1958 Optional Protocol
on Compulsory
Concerning the Compulsory
Settlement of Disputes [Arising out
of the 1958 Law of the Sea
Conventions], Apr. 29, 1958, 450
U.N.T.S. 169
3, 532, 744, 779
Antarctic Treaty, Dec. 1, 1959, 12 U.S.T. 15
794, 402 U.N.T.S. 71
North-East Atlantic Fisheries
Convention, Jan. 24, 1959, T.I.A.S. No.
7078, 486 U.N.T.S. 169
Agreement Concerning the Fishery
Zone around Iceland, IcelandGermany, July 19, 1961, 409 U.N.T.S. 47
Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 200
Mar. 30, 1961, 18 U.S.T. 1407, 520
U.N.T.S. 204
1961 Exchange of
Notes (IcelandUnited Kingdom)
Agreement Settling the Fisheries
Dispute between the Government of
Iceland and the Government of the
Northern Ireland, Mar. 11, 1916, 397
U.N.T.S. 275
473, 474, 476, 477,
479, 480, 481, 482,
1963 Limited Test Ban
Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon
Tests in the Atmosphere, Ban Treaty
in Outer Space and Under Water,
Aug. 5, 1963, 14 U.S.T. 1313, 480
U.N.T.S. 43
Goods (IMDG) Code, available at
http://www.imo.org/Publications/
IMDGCode/Pages/Default.aspx
1965 Maritime Traffic
International Maritime Traffic, Apr. 9,
1965, 18 U.S.T. 411, 591 U.N.T.S. 265
1966 Load Lines
International Convention on Load
Lines, Apr. 5, 1966, 18 U.S.T. 1857, 640
U.N.T.S. 133
162, 357
1967 Treaty of
Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear
Weapons in Latin America, Feb. 14,
1967, 22 U.S.T. 762, 634 U.N.T.S. 281
Nuclear Weapons, July 1, 1968, 21
U.S.T. 483, 729 U.N.T.S. 161
719, 720, 734
Treaties, May 23, 1969, 1155 U.N.T.S.
30, 31, 131, 160, 337,
421, 509, 541, 590,
603, 627, 628, 629,
1969 Convention on
Tonnage Measurement Tonnage Measurement of Ships,
June 23, 1969, 34 U.S.T. 2363, 1291
U.N.T.S. 3
1969 Moratorium
GA Res. 2574-D, UNGAOR, 24th Sess.,
Supp. No. 30 at 11, UN Doc. A/7630
4, 561, 562, 564, 567
1970 Principles
Declaration of Principles Governing 4, 564, 567, 572
the Sea-Bed and the Subsoil Thereof
Beyond the Limits of National
Jurisdiction, GA Res. 2749, Dec. 17,
1970, UNGAOR, 25th Sess., Supp. No.
28 at 24, UN Doc. A/8028 (1971)
1970 Hague
Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft, Dec. 16,
1970, 860 U.N.T.S. 105
Unlawful Acts Against
the Safety of Civil
Civil Aviation, Sept. 23, 1971, 24 U.S.T.
564, 974 U.N.T.S. 177
Convention on Psychotropic
Substances, Feb. 21, 1971, 32 U.S.T.
543, 1019 U.N.T.S. 175
Protocol between Denmark, the
Federal Republic of Germany and the
Netherlands, Jan. 28, 1971, 10 Intl. Leg.
Materials 600 (1971)
1971 Federal Republic
of Germany-Denmark
North Sea Continental
Treaty between the Federal Republic 284
of Germany and the Kingdom of
Denmark relating to the Delimitation
of the Continental Shelf under the
North Sea, Jan. 28, 1971, 10 Intl. Leg.
Materials 603 (1971)
of GermanyNetherlands North Sea
Treaty between the Kingdom of the
Netherlands and the Federal
Republic of Germany on the
under the North Sea, Jan. 28, 1971, 10
Intl. Leg. Materials 607 (1971)
1972 Biological and
Convention on the Prohibition of the
(Biological) and Toxin Weapons and
on Their Destruction, Apr. 10, 1972,
26 U.S.T. 583, 1015 U.N.T.S. 163
Dumping of Wastes at
Marine Pollution by Dumping of
Wastes and Other Matter, Dec. 29,
1972, 26 U.S.T. 2403, 1046 U.N.T.S. 120
1972 Oslo Convention
Marine Pollution by Dumping from
Ships and Aircraft, Feb. 15, 1972, 932
1972 Santo Domingo
Declaration of Specialized
Conference of Caribbean Countries
Concerning the Problems of the Sea:
Declaration of Santo Domingo, June
7, 1972, UNGAOR, 27th Sess., Supp.
No. 21, UN Doc. A/8721 at 70 (1972),
11 Intl. Leg. Materials 892 (1972)
Environment, June 16 1972,
UN Doc. A/CONF/48/14/Rev.1 (1972)
1972 Yaoundé
Conclusions in the General Report of
the African States Regional Seminar
on the Law of the Sea (Yaoundé),
June 20–30, 1972, UN Doc. ST/LEG/
SER.B/16 at 601 (1972)
1973 Convention for
Pollution from Ships,
as modified by the 1978
Protocol (marpol)
Prevention of Pollution by Ships,
Nov. 2, 1973, 1340 U.N.T.S. 184,
amended by Protocol of 1978 Relating
to the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution
from Ships, 1973, Feb. 17, 1978, 1340
U.N.T.S. 61
125, 154, 156, 162,
387, 388, 389, 390,
393, 394, 396, 400,
1974 Safety of Life at
Sea (solas)
Safety of Life at Sea, Convention
Nov. 1, 1974, 32 U.S.T. 47, 1184
U.N.T.S. 2
105, 125, 153, 155,
156, 157, 160, 162,
355, 357, 378, 400,
Agreement Concerning British
Fishing in Icelandic Waters, IcelandUnited Kingdom, June 1, 1976, 15 Intl.
Leg. Materials 878 (1976)
1977 Torremolinos
Safety of Fishing Vessels, Apr. 2, 1977,
Cmnd. 7252
1978 Northwest
Convention on Future Multilateral
Atlantic Fisheries, October 24, 1978,
1135 U.N.T.S. 369
164, 165, 667, 668,
669, 678, 694
1978 Seafarer Training,
Watchkeeping (stcw)
and Watchkeeping for Seafarers,
July 7, 1978, U.S. Sen. Exec. Doc. No.
EE (1979), 1361 U.N.T.S. 190
154, 156, 158, 160,
162, 400
1979 Maritime Search
and Rescue Convention Maritime Search and Rescue,
Apr. 27, 1979, T.I.A.S. No. 11093,
1405 U.N.T.S. 97
Agreement relating to Establishment 109
of a Cooperative Program of
Interdiction and Selective Return of
Certain Haitian Migrants and Vessels,
Sept. 23, 1981, United States-Haiti, 33
U.S.T. 3359, 1537 U.N.T.S. 175
Agreement to Facilitate the
Interdiction of Vessels Suspected of
Trafficking in Drugs, Nov. 13, 1981, 33
U.S.T. 4224, 1285 U.N.T.S. 197
Law of the Sea, Dec. 10, 1982, U.S.
Sen. Treaty Doc. No. 103–39 (1994),
1833 U.N.T.S. 3
1982 Paris MOU
Port State Control in Implementing
Agreements on Maritime Safety and
Environment, Jan. 26, 1982, 21 Intl.
Leg. Materials 1 (1982)
399, 400, 401, 402
Treaty, Aug. 6, 1985, 24 Intl. Leg.
Materials 1440 (1985)
Declaration of a Zone of Peace and 90
Co-operation of the South Atlantic,
GA Res. 41/11, Oct. 27, 1986, UNGAOR,
41st Sess., UN Doc. A/RES/41/11 (1986)
1988 Convention for
of Unlawful Acts
Against the Safety of
Serving International Civil Aviation,
Supplementary to the Convention for
the Suppression of Unlawful Acts
Against the Safety of Civil Aviation,
Feb. 24, 1988, 1589 U.N.T.S. 474
1988 Protocol for the
the Safety of Fixed
Fixed Platforms Located on the
Continental Shelf, Mar. 10, 1988, 1678
U.N.T.S. 304
1988 SUA Convention
Maritime Navigation, Mar. 10, 1988,
1678 U.N.T.S. 222
706, 709, 710, 711,
712, 713, 714, 715,
716, 719
Psychotropic Substances, Dec. 20,
1988, U.S. Sen. Treaty Doc. No. 101-4
418, 419, 421, 422
Uniform Interpretation of Rules of
Innocent Passage, U.S.-U.S.S.R., Sept.
23, 1989, Dept. State Bull. No. 2152 at
26 (Nov. 1989), 28 Intl. Leg. Materials
1445 (1989)
1989 Salvage
Apr. 28, 1989, U.S. Sen. Treaty Doc.
No. 102-12 (1991), 1953 U.N.T.S. 165
1990 Belgium-France
Agreement between the Kingdom of 269, 270, 271, 286
Belgium and the French Republic
Concerning the Delimitation of the
Continental Shelf, Oct. 8, 1990, 19
Law of the Sea Bull. 29 (1991)
Agreement between the Kingdom
of Belgium and the French Republic
Territorial Sea, Oct. 8, 1990, 19 Law
of the Sea Bull. 27 (1991)
265, 268, 269, 271,
Agenda 21 of the United Nations
Development, 1 Report of the United
Nations Conference on Environment
and Development, UN Doc. A/
CONF.15/26/Rev.1 at 9
1992 Convention on
June 5, 1992, U.S. Sen. Treaty Doc.
No. 103-20 (1993), 31 Intl.
Leg. Materials 818 (1992)
609, 611, 612
United Kingdom-Albania, 63 Brit.
Y.B. Intl. L. 1992 at 615, 781 (1993)
1992 ospar
the Marine Environment of the
North-East Atlantic, Sept. 22, 1992,
32 Intl. Leg. Materials 1069 (1993)
619, 624, 625, 626,
627, 629, 630, 631,
633, 634, 635, 636,
637, 638, 640, 642,
648, 658, 781
1993 Chemical
Stockpiling and Use of Chemical
Weapons and on Their Destruction,
Jan. 13, 1993, 1975 U.N.T.S. 3
1993 Convention for
(CCSBT)
Convention for the Conservation of
Southern Bluefin Tuna, May 10, 1993,
1819 U.N.T.S. 360
770, 772, 776, 777,
1993 FAO Flag State
with International Conservation and
Management Measures by Fishing
Vessels on the High Seas, Nov. 24,
1993, U.S. Sen. Treaty Doc. No. 103-24
(1993), 2221 U.N.T.S. 91
127, 156, 688
Protocol of 1993 relating to the
Torremolinos International
Convention for the Safety of Fishing
Vessels, Apr. 12, 1993, in 1993
Torremolinos Protocol and
Vessels, Consolidated Edition 1995,
at 9, Sales No. imo-793E (1995)
1994 Implementation
Agreement relating to the
Implementation of Part XI of the
Agreement of the United Nations
of 10 December 1982, July 28, 1994,
GA Res. 48/263 (1994), U.S. Sen.
Treaty Doc. No. 103–39 (1994), 1836
11, 12, 13, 62, 572,
580, 582, 583, 584,
589, 590, 591, 592,
597, 604, 606, 607,
611, 612, 689 and
1995 Treaty of
Treaty, June 21–23, 1995, 35 Intl. Leg.
Materials 698 (1996)
1995 Fish Stocks
Agreement for the Implementation
of the Provisions of the United
Nations Convention on the Law
Relating to the Conservation
and Management of Straddling
Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory
Fish Stocks, Dec. 4, 1995, U.S. Sen.
Treaty Doc. No. 104-24 (1996),
2167 U.N.T.S. 88
12, 127, 156, 397,
398, 667, 681, 688,
689, 690, 691, 692,
693, 699, 702, 747
Global Program of Action for the
Environment from Land-based
Activities, UN Doc. UNEP(OCA)/
LBA/IG.2/7 (1995)
Treaty on the Southeast Asia
Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone,
Dec. 15, 1995, 1981 U.N.T.S. 129
Declaration of People’s Republic of 418
China upon Ratification of the Law
of the Sea Convention (1996),
available at http://www.un.org/
Depts/los/convention_agreements/
convention_declarations.
htm#China%20Upon%20ratification
Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and
Punish Trafficking in Persons,
Organized Crime, Nov. 2, 2000, GA
Res. 55/25, Annex II, UN Doc. A/
RES/55/25 (2000), 40 Intl. Leg.
Materials 377 (2001)
Draft Articles on Responsibility of
States for Internationally Wrongful
Acts, GA Res. 56/83, Annex, UN Doc.
A/RES/56/83 (2001)
78, 131, 357, 500
2001 UNESCO
Underwater Cultural
Convention on the Protection of the 12, 542, 543, 544
Underwater Cultural Heritage, Nov. 6,
2001, 41 Intl. Leg. Materials 40 (2002)
Security (ISPS) Code
imo Doc. solas/CONF.5/34,
Annex 1 (2002)
355, 727, 728
2003 Revised Seafarers’ ILO Convention (No. 185) Revising
the 1958 Seafarers’ Identity
Documents Convention,
Convention (No. 185)
June 19, 2003, 2304 U.N.T.S. 121
Regional Cooperation Agreement on
Combating Piracy and Armed
Robbery against Ships in Asia,
Nov. 11, 2004, 2398 U.N.T.S. 199
Community-United
States Container
Agreement on Intensifying and
Broadening the Agreement on
Customs Cooperation and Mutual
Assistance in Customs Matters to
Include Cooperation on Container
Security and Related Matters,
European Community-United States,
Apr. 22, 2004, T.I.A.S. No. 04-422,
2004 O.J. L. 304/34
Agreement on Cooperation to
Suppress the Proliferation of
Weapons of Mass Destruction, Their
Delivery Systems, and Related
Materials by Sea, United StatesBelize, Aug. 4, 2005, T.I.A.S. No.
05-1019
Code of Safety for Fishermen and
Fishing Vessels, Feb. 2. 2005, imo
Doc. MSC 79/23/Add.3, Annex 38
Protocol of 2005 to the Convention
for the Suppression of Unlawful
Acts against the Safety of Maritime
Navigation, Nov. 1, 2005, imo Doc.
LEG/CONF.15/21 (2005)
Maritime Labor Convention,
Feb. 23, 2006, available at http://
www.mlc2006.com
157, 398
Amendment to the Convention on
Future Multilateral Cooperation in
the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries,
Sept. 28, 2008, GC Doc. 07/4
Code of Practice for the Investigation
of Crimes of Piracy and Armed
Robbery Against Ships, Dec. 2, 2009,
imo Doc. A 22/Res. 922, Annex
2009 Djibouti Code of
Concerning the Repression of Piracy
and Armed Robbery against Ships in
the Western Indian Ocean and the
Gulf of Aden, Jan. 29, 2009, imo Doc.
C 102/14, Annex (2009)
FAO Agreement on Port State
Measures to Prevent, Deter and
Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and
Unregulated Fishing, Nov. 22, 2009,
FAO Doc. C 2009/LIM/11 Rev. 1
398, 689
2009 Convention on
Convention on the Conservation and 701
South Pacific High Seas Management of High Seas Fishery
Resources in the South Pacific Ocean,
Nov. 14, 2009, U.S. Sen. Treaty Doc.
No. 113-1 (2013)
Organization (imo) Code for the
Implementation of Mandatory
imo Instruments, imo Res.
Cape Town Agreement on the
Implementation of the Provisions of
the 1993 Torremolinos Protocol
Relating to the 1977 International
Vessels, Oct. 11, 2012, available at
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Dec. 10, 1982, U.S. Sen. Treaty
Doc. 103–39 (1994), 1833 u.n.t.s. 3. See Appendix.
221, 335, 572, 601, 612, 783
354, 409, 421, 499, 784
408, 418, 590, 784
242, 461, 590, 784
222, 224, 225, 246, 784
255, 681, 785
225, 226, 241, 248, 251, 253, 258, 260, 263, 681, 785
354, 785
226, 256, 786
226, 248, 256, 786
226, 786
226, 269, 787
248, 787
268, 787
241, 787
349, 420, 788
418, 420, 421, 788
420, 789
55, 358, 395, 417, 419, 420, 499, 789
419, 420, 454, 790
141, 419, 420, 790
417, 419, 420, 427, 790
358, 395, 417, 419, 420, 421, 791
417, 791
417, 792
150, 166, 421, 422, 792
419, 421, 422, 793
421, 422, 793
322, 427, 428, 499, 503, 510, 544, 793
453, 794
453, 469, 795
51, 453, 461, 462, 463, 795
453, 462, 796
453, 454, 796
453, 462, 463, 797
453, 797
453, 798
258, 259, 467, 796
241, 254, 255, 258, 262, 467, 798
258, 467, 799
258, 800
55, 258, 800
52, 258, 421, 466, 467, 800
258, 454, 459, 461, 462, 464, 466, 467, 469, 800
258, 461, 462, 463, 802
505, 802
488, 497, 498, 500, 501, 503, 506, 507, 508, 510, 546, 802
488, 803
47, 52, 55, 187, 427, 497, 498, 499, 500, 501, 502, 503, 504,
505, 506, 508, 509, 510, 512, 803
495, 508, 510, 511, 512, 803
499, 538, 803
512, 684, 804
504, 512, 805
688, 692, 806
688, 692, 770, 771, 807
758, 759, 761, 762, 763, 764, 765, 767, 768, 769, 812
323, 329, 344, 812
285, 305, 306, 315, 319, 332, 333, 335, 337, 338, 339, 340,
341, 343, 545, 546, 547, 548, 549, 550, 551, 552, 553, 554,
556, 557, 558, 813
316, 335, 545, 814
545, 546, 815
55, 545, 546, 815
538, 545, 815
545, 815
545, 546, 548, 816
284, 305, 306, 315, 323, 329, 333, 335, 337, 338, 340, 344,
47, 52, 817
47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 61, 62, 84, 88, 427, 502, 505, 510, 612,
47, 62, 79, 84, 93, 818
47, 818
49, 502, 818
111, 113, 116, 125, 126, 127, 134, 135, 136, 140, 145, 818
116, 125, 163, 164, 165, 197, 200, 206, 673, 818
49, 117, 125, 126, 127, 128, 152, 155, 157, 163, 197, 819
166, 820
176, 820
102, 105, 821
194, 195, 196, 821
186, 188, 821
183, 186, 187, 188, 705, 821
186, 822
195, 206, 822
200, 823
206, 823
113, 164, 165, 177, 195, 196, 197, 200, 201, 206, 711, 823
215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 427, 824
54, 60, 825
54, 60, 61, 826
52, 770, 771, 826
52, 770, 771, 827
492, 551, 557, 558, 828
616, 619, 621, 660, 828
572, 601, 612, 831
572, 831
572, 611, 829
548, 572, 592, 604, 832
572, 832
572, 598, 601, 604, 605, 832
572, 833
572, 611, 612, 613, 833
572, 834
572, 612, 835
572, 835
572, 836
544, 572, 836
573, 837
572, 591, 598, 600, 601, 841
572, 841
13, 572, 590, 842
572, 843
572, 844
755, 844
582, 845
594, 612, 849
572, 857
572, 859
572, 607, 740, 745, 861
607, 740, 745, 861
607, 740, 745, 862
607, 740, 745, 863
607, 740, 745, 755, 864
613, 616, 619, 621, 864
616, 619, 621, 864
152, 616, 619, 621, 864
613, 865
616, 619, 621, 660, 866
660, 866
617, 619, 621, 868
616, 619, 621, 868
612, 869
358, 395, 463, 616, 619, 621, 870
619, 621, 872
616, 619, 621, 872
152, 873
388, 393, 394, 395, 396, 401, 874
398, 401, 875
396, 761, 768, 875
395, 877
395, 878
395, 660, 761, 768, 878
395, 879
388, 390, 392, 393, 395, 879
395, 880
395, 453, 880
660, 881
546, 884
611, 889
738, 745, 775, 777, 896
745, 775, 778, 896
642, 646, 745, 770, 771, 772, 775, 777, 778, 779, 780, 896
619, 620, 642, 643, 646, 649, 650, 658, 896
642, 745, 778, 896
745, 777, 778, 897
745, 897
745, 771, 772, 775, 778, 897
333, 344, 615, 618, 619, 641, 644, 650, 654, 656, 745, 754, 757,
770, 897
619, 642, 745, 747, 770, 777, 898
745, 898
123, 615, 616, 618, 620, 623, 749, 754, 767, 769, 770, 773, 774,
779, 780, 781, 899
745, 900
123, 130, 137, 140, 141, 395, 745, 749, 754, 757, 758, 759, 760,
761, 762, 763, 764, 765, 766, 767, 768, 769, 900
51, 142, 642, 651, 652, 745, 900
745, 901
325, 646, 650, 745, 901
345, 692, 693, 740, 742, 745, 748, 773, 778, 901
740, 741, 747, 773, 903
745, 904
62, 80, 84, 905
428, 544, 905
580, 907
51, 55, 421, 544, 771, 908
13, 589, 908
13, 589, 909
573, 911
345, 548, 914
556, 914
337, 549, 914
549, 915
338, 916
573, 595, 598, 917
548, 592, 917
Annex II, Art. 1
Annex II, Art. 3
Annex II, Art. 5
Annex II, Art. 9
Annex III, Art. 1
Annex III, Art. 3
Annex III, Art. 4
Annex III, Art. 8
Annex III, Art. 13
Annex III, Art. 17
Annex III, Art. 22
Annex VI, Art. 21
Annex VI, Art. 23
Annex VI, Art. 25
Annex VII, Art. 1
Annex VII, Art. 11
Annex IX, Art. 5
337, 591, 917
591, 601, 918
599, 923
573, 925
612, 933
605, 937
573, 938
345, 691, 778, 947
141, 691, 748, 749, 750, 751, 752, 755, 951
750, 751, 754, 755, 957
142, 957
780, 957
344, 615, 616, 657, 691, 747, 754, 755, 769, 770, 781, 962
641, 654, 962
643, 646, 965
691, 966
642, 969
645, 970
This chapter introduces the international law of the sea and some of the
international law sources, processes, and institutions important to its development. Section A provides an overview of the history of the law of the sea and
of the major treaty in the field, the 1982 United Nations Convention on the
Law of the Sea (los Convention). Section B then examines the sources of law
international lawyers consult, as well as introducing one forum in which the
law of the sea has been interpreted and applied.
Diligent historians of international law can easily trace the beginnings of
the law of the sea to ancient Greece and Rome, and with a little more effort to
Phoenicia and Carthage, as well as to ancient China and India. Such medieval
authors as Bartolus da Sassoferrato and Baldus de Ubaldis helped to develop
the law of the sea, as did the practice of Great Britain, France, Venice, Genoa,
Asian countries, the Scandinavian states, and the Hanseatic cities.
An important dispute between those who favored closed seas (mare clausum) and those who advocated the freedom of the seas (mare liberum) arose
in the eastern Mediterranean and the Adriatic in the 16th and early 17th centuries. The Spanish and Portuguese governments had attempted to close vast
areas of the oceans, especially in the East and West Indies, to international
trade. This attempt exacerbated the mare clausum-mare liberum dispute and
ran counter to an Asian tradition of freedom of the seas. A Dutch author, Hugo
Grotius (de Groot), and a British author, John Selden, waged an important “battle of the books” in the early 1600s, with Grotius promoting the freedom of the
seas and Selden arguing for the right of states to extend their jurisdiction over
the seas. Grotius defended the interests of the Dutch government in general,
and those of the Great United Company of the East Indies in particular, while
Selden argued the position of the British government, which then sought,
* Section A is an expanded and edited version of Louis B. Sohn, Kristen Gustafson Juras,
John E. Noyes & Erik Franckx, Law of the Sea in a Nutshell 1–11 (2d ed. 2010).
© koninklijke brill nv, leiden, ���4 | doi ��.��63/9789004203563_��2
inter alia, to protect the rich fishing grounds around the British isles from
depletion by foreign fishermen. See Edward Gordon, Grotius and the Freedom
of the Seas in the Seventeenth Century, 16 Willamette J. Intl. L. & Dis. Res. 252
The practice of major maritime powers influenced the acceptance of the
principle of freedom of the seas. As Great Britain gained strength as a maritime
power, the British government abandoned its efforts to license foreigners to
fish in “British seas” and to impose tolls on the passage of foreign vessels. The
supremacy of British sea power during the 19th century solidified a customary
international law regime based on the principle of the freedom of the seas, a
principle that still carries weight today.
The principle of freedom of the seas encompasses specific freedoms that
any state may exercise on the high seas. These include the freedoms of navigation, overflight, fishing, and laying of submarine cables and pipelines, along
with the freedoms to engage in scientific research and to construct artificial
islands and platforms. States have a duty to exercise these freedoms with reasonable regard for the right of other states to exercise their freedoms. A ship
on the high seas is normally subject only to the jurisdiction of the state whose
flag it flies. Limited exceptions to this rule apply, for example in cases of socalled “hot pursuit” from zones of coastal jurisdiction for wrongs committed
in those zones. A vessel committing piratical acts on the high seas is subject to
the jurisdiction of any state.
It has traditionally been recognized that the coastal state can claim control
for various purposes over certain coastal waters, such as bays and a belt known
as the territorial sea. In the 19th century many states agreed that this belt
should not exceed three nautical miles, although several states claimed four,
six, or twelve nautical miles. (A nautical mile, in illustrations and tables abbreviated as “M,” is 1852 meters (6076.115 feet), while the geographical or statute
mile is 1609.344 meters (5280 feet).) The topic of “territorial waters” was on
the agenda of a 1930 Hague Conference for the Codification of International
Law, arranged by the Assembly of the League of Nations. Although the Second
Committee of the Conference agreed on a number of important rules with
respect to the regime of the territorial sea, it was not able to reach a decision
on whether existing international law recognized any fixed breadth of the belt
of territorial sea.
Beginning in the mid-20th century, national concerns with guaranteeing
access to offshore natural resources, coupled with improvements in technology, prompted states to extend their jurisdiction from their coasts. In 1945, the
United States, through two proclamations by President Truman, made certain
limited claims to jurisdiction over continental shelf resources and over coastal
fisheries. This unilateral act was followed by similar or more extensive claims
on the part of other states and by resolutions of various international bodies.
These developments prompted and shaped efforts at codification at the
United Nations. In 1949 the International Law Commission, an expert body
operating within the u.n. system, began to draw up articles on the regime of
the high seas and related subjects. Drafts prepared by the Commission served
as the basis for negotiations at the First United Nations Conference on the Law
of the Sea, held at Geneva in 1958. The Conference adopted four conventions
relating to: (1) the territorial sea and the contiguous zone; (2) the high seas;
(3) fishing and conservation of the living resources of the high seas; and (4) the
continental shelf. It adopted also an optional protocol concerning the compulsory settlement of disputes arising out of the interpretation and application of
these conventions. But again no agreement could be reached on the breadth
of the territorial sea.
The Second United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea in 1960 tackled again the problem of the breadth of the territorial sea. By a vote of 54
in favor to 28 against (one vote short of the required two-thirds majority)
the Conference failed to adopt a joint Canadian-u.s. compromise proposal
for a six-nautical-mile territorial sea and an additional six-nautical-mile
fishing zone.
One result of this fiasco was the abandonment of the three-nautical-mile
limit, as many countries unilaterally extended their territorial seas or at least
their fishing limits to twelve nautical miles. Major maritime powers became
concerned that this change in international practice might affect the freedom
of navigation through many international straits. The United States and the
Soviet Union, independently and separately, started exploring the possibility
of an agreement on a package relating to the territorial sea, straits, and fishing
rights. The possibility of a conference on this subject was raised in 1967.
In the meantime, one “success” of the 1958 Conference started running
into new difficulties. That Conference had been able to agree that the coastal
state is entitled to exercise “sovereign rights” over the continental shelf “for
the purpose of exploring it and exploiting its natural resources.” The agreedupon text included an open-ended definition of the continental shelf as the
seabed and subsoil of the submarine area adjacent to the coast “to a depth
of 200 metres or, beyond that limit, to where the depth of the superjacent
waters admits of the exploitation of the natural resources of the said areas.”
1958 Continental Shelf Convention, Articles 1–2. Nobody then thought that
any important resources were located below the depth of 200 meters, and in
any case there were not then any practical means for exploiting such depths.
By 1967, however, it became generally believed that important resources lay
at the bottom of the deep oceans—more than a trillion tons of polymetallic
nodules containing manganese, nickel, copper, and cobalt. Several methods
for recovering deep seabed mineral resources were being considered in the
United States, Europe, and Japan.
At the 1967 General Assembly of the United Nations, Ambassador Arvid
Pardo of Malta proposed that the seabed and ocean floor underlying the high
seas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction be declared “a common heritage of mankind,” that its resources be used for the benefit of humankind as
a whole, and that the United Nations study the implications of establishing
an international regime and an international agency to administer it. The
General Assembly established an ad hoc committee for the purpose, which
in 1968 was transformed into a permanent committee. This so-called Sea-Bed
Committee grew from 42 to, eventually, 91 states. In 1969, over the opposition
of 27 states, the General Assembly passed a “moratorium” resolution, declaring
that, pending the establishment of an international regime, states and persons
“are bound to refrain from all activities of exploitation of the resources of the
area of the sea-bed and ocean floor, and the subsoil thereof, beyond the limits
of national jurisdiction.” ga Res. 2574D, ungaor, 24th Sess., Supp. No. 30 at
11 (1969). See also the 1970 Declaration of Principles, ga Res. 2749, ungaor,
25th Sess., Supp. No. 28 at 24 (1970). The Assembly decided to convene a Third
Conference on the Law of the Sea in 1973 to deal not only with the question of
“an equitable international régime—including an international machinery—
for the area and the resources of the sea-bed and ocean floor, and the subsoil
thereof, beyond the limits of national jurisdiction,” but also with “a broad range
of related issues” (i.e., high seas, continental shelf, territorial sea, international
straits, contiguous zone, fishing and conservation of the living resources of the
high seas, preservation of the marine environment, and scientific research).
ga Res. 2750C, ungaor, 25th Sess., Supp. No. 28 at 26 (1970).
Besides the seabed question, another issue loomed large by the time the
Conference met. Certain Latin American states had claimed 200-nautical-mile
zones off their coasts. While these claims were originally intended to protect
fishing interests, some of them were broader in scope and pretended to extend
the territorial sea to 200 nautical miles. While many other states protested
against this extension of national jurisdiction, the three original claimants—
Chile, Peru, and Ecuador—slowly gathered support not only in Latin America
but also in Africa and Asia. In the 1970s two new concepts emerged. The first
was that of a “patrimonial sea” of 200 nautical miles, espoused by a group of
Caribbean states led by Colombia, Mexico, and Venezuela and embodied in the
1972 Santo Domingo Declaration. In the patrimonial sea, coastal states would
have sovereignty over both living and nonliving resources, as well as the right
to regulate scientific research and to adopt measures for the protection of the
environment, and other states would retain the freedoms of navigation and
overflight. The second new concept was that of an “economic zone,” elaborated
by African states in the 1972 Yaoundé Conclusions. This economic zone concept would provide coastal states with rights similar to those in a patrimonial
sea, but those rights would be “without prejudice to” any of the four high seas
freedoms of navigation, overflight, fishing, and laying cables.
The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea and the
The first, procedural, session of the Third United Nations Conference on
the Law of the Sea (unclos III) convened in New York, December 3–15, 1973.
Rules of procedure, including provisions for reaching decisions by consensus
and for elaborate voting arrangements if no consensus could be reached, were
adopted at the second session in Caracas, which met June 20–August 29, 1974.
In preparing draft treaty articles for the Conference, the Sea-Bed Committee
had established three subcommittees. These subcommittees dealt, respectively, with: (a) the seabed, and (b) the main issues of the law of the sea, other
than (c) the preservation of the marine environment and scientific research.
unclos III divided the subjects similarly among its three committees. The
Conference—which met over a period of ten years, involved virtually every
state in the world, and eventually concluded the los Convention—provides
rich materials for studying the process of international lawmaking. unclos
III had to manage a flood of proposals from states, allow for the work of experts
and informal working groups, and recognize the interests of various groups of
states holding divergent positions in various issue areas. Texts prepared by the
chairs of the Conference’s three committees or the President of the Conference
served as focal points for negotiation.**
By its seventh session in 1978, the Conference was focusing much attention
on seven specific “hard-core” issues that were proving difficult to resolve. Three
** Studies of the negotiating process at UNCLOS III include Robert L. Friedheim, Negotiating
the New Ocean Regime (1993), Edward L. Miles, Global Ocean Politics: The Decision Process at
the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea 1973–1982 (1998), and Tommy T.B.
Koh & Shanmugam Jayakumar, The Negotiating Process of the Third United Nations Conference
on the Law of the Sea, in 1 The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: A Commentary
29 (Myron Nordquist ed., 1985). Records of the Conference are found in the 17-volume Official
Records of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea and in a 18-volume compilation entitled Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea: Documents, edited by
Renate Platzöder. The draft texts prepared by the chairs of the Conference’s committees or the
of these issues related to seabed matters, and the others related, respectively,
to the rights of land-locked and so-called geographically disadvantaged states
(ll/gds), the settlement of disputes relating to the exercise of the sovereign
rights of coastal states in the exclusive economic zone, the outer limits of
the continental shelf, and the delimitation of maritime boundaries between
states. The negotiating groups addressing these issues had made progress by
the tenth session in 1981, but the Conference was unable to complete