Source: https://www.scribd.com/doc/49632221/48507970-Obligation-and-Contracts
Timestamp: 2017-06-25 11:32:11
Document Index: 13738883

Matched Legal Cases: ['Art. 1156', 'Arts 1165', 'Art 1233', 'Art 1191', 'Art 1170', 'Art.1230', 'Arts 1193', 'Art. 1235', 'art 1241', 'arty 5', 'Art 1314', 'ART 1312', 'Art 1312', 'arty 6', 'Art 1331', 'Art 1338', 'art 1381', 'Art 1191', 'Art 1381', 'art 1382', 'art 1526', 'Art. 1344', 'Art 238', 'Art 238']

48507970-Obligation-and-Contracts | Negligence | Bankruptcy
48507970-Obligation-and-ContractsUploaded by Revz LamosteRelated InterestsNegligenceBankruptcyDamagesPaymentsDebtorRating and Stats0.0 (0)Document ActionsDownloadShare or Embed DocumentEmbedView MoreCopyright: Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)List price: $0.00Download as PDF, TXT or read online from ScribdFlag for inappropriate contentATENEO CENTRAL BAR OPERATIONS 2007 Civil Law SUMMER REVIEWEROBLIGATIONS AND CONTRACTS TITLE 1 - OBLIGATION • Art. 1156. An obligation is a juridical necessity to give, to do or not to do. (n) • neither party may unilaterally evade his obligation in the contract, unless: a. Contract authorizes it b. Other party assents Parties may freely enter into any stipulations provided they are not contrary to law, morals, good customs, public order or public policy
LAW (OBLIGATION EXtoLEGE) e. are needed see this pictur • Must be expressly or impliedly set cannot be presumed
are needed to see this NATURE OF OBLIGATIONS picture. 1. Personal Obligations: obligations to do or not to do; where the subject matter is an act to be done or not to be done a. Positive – obligation to do b. Negative – obligation not to do QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
To deliver the thing which is neither of superior nor of inferior quality 2. embellishment or completion. fraud. negligence or contravention of the tenor of the obligation. 1170 – 1174) 1. (8 Manresa 72) O’leary Macondray & Co. To deliver its accessions and accessories • Accessions – additions to or improvements upon a thing. Substitute Performance: someone else performs or something else is performed at the expense of debtor 3. Voluntary – debtor in the performance of the obligation is guilty of: • fraud (Dolo) • negligence (culpa) • delay (mora) • contravention of the tenor of the obligation • NOTE: debtor is liable for damages 2. 45 Phil. Ex: air conditioner in a car..¶ ¶
. Equivalent Performance: damages
BREACH OF OBLIGATIONS (See Arts. fraud. REMEDIES OF THE CREDITOR IN CASE OF NONPERFORMANCE (See Arts 1165 – 1168) 1. Involuntary – debtor is unable to comply with his obligation due to fortuitous event/s • NOTE: debtor is not liable for damages FRAUD (Dolo) • It is the deliberate or intentional evasion of the normal fulfillment of an obligation.Civil Law Summer Reviewer
against a definite person or group of persons Right pertaining to a person to demand from another. Ex:key of a house. Incidental Fraud (Dolo Incidente): fraud in performance of obligation already existing because of a contract Page 106 of 297
QuickTime™ and a ic TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. to do or not to do. DUTIES OF DEBTOR IN AN OBLIGATION TO GIVE A GENERIC THING 1.. without a definite passive subject against whom the right may be personally enforced
3. It is synonymous to bad faith TYPES OF FRAUD 1. To pay damages in case of breach of the obligation by reason of delay. 2003 ed. Specific Performance: Performance by the debtor of the prestation itself 2. in the execution of the contract 3. as a definite passive subject.
Deleted: Corliss v. negligence or contravention of the tenor of the obligation. frame of a picture (De Leon. 37-38) 4. To deliver the thing itself 5. 812 [1924[– It implies some kind of malice or dishonesty and it cannot cover cases of mistake and errors of judgment made in good faith. Causal Fraud (Dolo Causante): fraud employed 2. To pay damages in case of breach of the obligation by reason of delay. pp. Manila Railroad – The law presumes or requires a man to possess ordinary capacity to avoid harming his neighbors unless a clear and manifest incapacity is shown and the law does not hold him liable for unintentional injury unless. or included with the principal thing for its better use. possessing such capacity. the whole world
Right pertaining to a person over a specific thing. he might and ought to have foreseen the danger. the fulfillment of the prestation to give. • Accessories – things joined to.
source of obligation 2. of the time and of the place. 1338) Present during the perfection of a contract Incidental Fraud (Art. REMEDIES OF DEFRAUDED PARTY • Insist on specific performance (Art 1233) • Resolve contract (Art 1191) • Claim damages.
are needed to see KINDS OF NEGLIGENCE this picture. Waiver for future negligence may be allowed in certain cases
NOTE: Future fraud cannot be waived. Waiver for future fraud is void. Contractual Negligence (Culpa Contractual)negligence in the performance of a contract QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
. However. Liability may be mitigated. Legal Delay/ Default – failure to perform an obligation on time which failure constitutes a Page 107 of 297
NEGLIGENCE • Consists in the omission of that diligence which is required by the nature of the obligation and corresponds with the circumstances of the persons. in either case
KINDS OF NEGLIGENCE. Liability cannot be mitigated. DELAY (MORA) 1. EXCEPTIONS: Nature of Obligation of a Common carrier
Results in vitiation of consent. voidable contract Gives rise to a right of an innocent party to annul the contract
FRAUD V. 1344) Present during the perfection of a contract • NOTE: Negligence can be waived except in cases where the nature of the obligation or public policy requires another standard of care. NEGLIGENCE Fraud There is deliberate intention to cause damage.Civil Law Summer Reviewer
• Fraud in the Performance (Art. Quasi-Delict (Culpa aquiliana/culpa extra contractual).
Negligence There is no deliberate intention to cause damage. DISTINGUISHED Culpa Aquiliana Culpa Contractual Negligence is Negligence merely an substantive and incident of performance independent of an obligation There may or may There is a pre-existing not be a pre-existing contractual relation contractual obligation Source of the Source of the obligation obligation is the is the breach of the negligence itself contractual obligation Negligence must be Proof of existing of the proved contract and its breach is prima facie sufficient to warrant recovery in the Diligence in the Diligence and selection and selection of the supervision of the supervision is not employees is a employees available as a defense defense EFFECTS OF CONTRIBUTORY NEGLIGENCE OF THE CREDITOR • GENERAL RULE: Reduces or mitigates the damages which he can recover • EXCEPTION: If the negligent act or omission of the creditor is the proximate cause of the event which led to the damage or injury complained of. 1170) Present during the performance of a preexisting obligation Purpose is to evade the normal fulfillment of the obligation Causal Fraud (Art. Ordinary Delay – failure to perform an obligation on time 2. 1. the law does not prohibit renunciation of the action for damages on the ground of fraud already committed. he cannot recover.
delay by the other begins. Resolution (Art 1170. FORTUITOUS EVENT – An event which could not be foreseen. pay damages. Debtor may relieve himself of obligation by consigning the thing 3. he will be in default. Expenses by debtor for preservation of thing after delay is chargeable to creditor d.must pay interest. debtor does not have to pay from time of delay e. liable for fortuitous events. When the obligation or the law expressly so declare. There must be a demand. If no extra-judicial demand. or c. 2215[4]) d. 2003 ed. If obligation bears interest. enforceable and already liquidated or determinate in amount. When from the nature and the circumstances of the obligation it appears that the designation of the time when the thing is to be delivered or the service is to be rendered was a controlling motive for the establishment of the contract. b. Creditor liable for damages f. and 4. Offer must be to comply with the prestation as it should be performed c. From the moment one of the parties fulfills his obligation. c. 42) REQUISITES OF DELAY 1. If debtor can prove that loss would have resulted even if he had not been in default. creditor bears risk of loss c. Liability: If obligation to pay money. In other obligations. Debtor fails to perform his positive obligation on the date agreed upon. made by the creditor upon the debtor to fulfill. p. A demand (not merely a reminder or notice). there is no actionable default on the part of both parties • Rule in Reciprocal Obligations: In reciprocal obligations. 2. demandable and liquidated. Responsibility of debtor is limited to fraud and gross negligence b. interest runs from the filing of the complaint. or b. perform or comply with his obligation otherwise. There must be non-performance. or which though foreseen. Debtor needed toguiltypicture. Offer of performance by the debtor b.Civil Law Summer Reviewer
breach of the obligation. • GENERAL RULE: Those obliged to deliver or to do something incur in delay from the time the obligee judicially or extrajudicially demands from them the fulfillment of their obligation. as when the obligor has rendered it beyond his power to perform • EFFECTS: QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are a. and c. Compensatio morae – both parties are in default (in reciprocal obligations). Creditor refuses the performance without just cause • EFFECTS: a. • EXCEPTIONS (no demand necessary) a. Performance must be simultaneous unless different dates for the performance of the obligation were fixed by the parties
CESSATION OF THE EFFECTS OF MORA: • renunciation (express or implied) • prescription • NOTE: There is no delay in negative obligations and natural obligations. When demand would be useless. unless demand is not required. KINDS OF DELAY 1.. breach of the is see this of obligation b. judicial or extra-judicial. Obligation must be due. neither party incurs in delay if the other does not comply or is not ready to comply in a proper manner with what is incumbent upon him. in proper cases) 2. • REQUISITES: a. (De Leon. was inevitable Page 108 of 297
. 3. Obligations to deliver a determinate thing. Mora Solvendi– default on the part of the debtor: • Mora Solvendi Ex re – default in real obligations • Mora Solvendi Ex persona – default in personal obligations • REQUISITES: a. The obligation must be due. the court may equitably mitigate the damages (Art. Mora Accipiendi – default on part of creditor when he unjustifiably refuses to accept the performance of the obligation. Failure of the debtor to comply with such demand. Debtor is exempted from risk of loss of thing.
subject matter is generic. 1729 and 1652):Right of the lessor to go directly to sublessee for unpaid rents of the lessee. The injured party may choose between the fulfillment and the rescission of the obligation. if the latter should become impossible. and each shall bear his own damages. may exercise all rights and bring all the actions of the latter for the same purpose.Civil Law Summer Reviewer
REQUIREMENTS: (Nakpil and Sons vs. When the obligor is in default or has promised to deliver the same thing to two or more persons who do not have the same interest (Art. the liability of the first infractor shall be equitably tempered by the courts. they may also impugn the acts which the debtor may have done to defraud them.
Art. When nature of obligation requires assumption of risk 4. save those which are inherent in his person. Accion directa (Arts. The creditor must be prejudiced by the inaction or failure of the debtor to proceed against the third person. b. shall likewise raise the presumption that such installments have been paid. the same shall be deemed extinguished. The debtor's assets are insufficient to satisfy his claims. 1165[3]) EFFECT OF FORTUITOUS EVENT Determinate Generic Obligation Obligation is not Obligation is Obligation extinguished extinguished based on the rule that the genus never perishes (genus nunquam peruit)
Art. The debtor to whom the right of action properly pertains must be indebted to the creditor. if there has been no stipulation to the contrary. even after he has chosen fulfillment. CA): 1. the receipt must specify the installment for which payment is made. 1191. Exact fulfillment of the obligation by specific or substitute performance with a right to damages in either case. (1111)
. shall give rise to the presumption that said interest has been paid. in case one of the obligors should not comply with what is incumbent upon him. in accordance with Articles 1385 and 1388 and the Mortgage Law. c. 1178 Subject to the laws. 1176 The receipt of the principal by the creditor. The creditor must have pursued first or exhausted all the properties of the debtor which are not exempt from execution. and Page 109 of 297
PRINCIPLE IN ARTICLE 1176 • Before the presumption that a prior installment had been paid may arise. In case of reciprocal obligations.
Art. (1112) Art. If it cannot be determined which of the parties first violated the contract. The event must be such as to render it impossible for the debtor to fulfill his obligation in a normal manner 4. d. QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. 1192. The power to rescind obligations is implied in reciprocal ones. The event must be either unforeseeable or unavoidable 3. Pursue the leviable (not exempt from attachment under the law) property of the debtor. debtor is in delay ) 2. In case both parties have committed a breach of the obligation. This is understood to be without prejudice to the rights of third persons who have acquired the thing. 2. with the payment of damages in either case. after having pursued the property in possession of the debtor to satisfy their claims. 4. When expressly declared by law ( bad faith. unless there be just cause authorizing the fixing of a period. Right of the laborers or persons who furnish materials for a piece of work undertaken by a contractor to go directly to the owner for any unpaid claims due to the contractor 5. or aggravation of injury to the creditor RULE ON FORTUITOUS EVENT: • GENERAL RULE: No liability for fortuitous event • EXCEPTIONS: 1. The debtor must be free from any participation in. petition the court to resolve the contract. The receipt of a later installment of a debt without reservation as to prior installments. He may also seek rescission. (1124) Art. When expressly declared by stipulation or contract 3. The cause of the breach of the obligation must be independent of the will of the debtor 2. 1177 The creditors. (n) REMEDIES AVAILABLE TO CREDITORS FOR THE SATISFACTION OF THEIR CLAIMS 1. 3. all rights acquired in virtue of an obligation are transmissible. The court shall decree the rescission claimed. without reservation with respect to the interest. Accion subrogatoria – to be subrogated to all the rights and actions of the debtor save those which are inherent in his person • REQUISITES: a.
There is a credit in favor of plaintiff b. 2. 1380-1389) • REQUISITES: a. The condition is fulfilled e. pure. 1179 – 1190) PURE – one whose effectivity or extinguishment does not depend upon the fulfillment or non-
If at the expense of the debtor debtor’s right is only that of a usufructuary
REQUISITES FOR THE APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 1189 a. No retroactivity with reference to fruits or interest and prescription c. with a period 2.The obligation must be a real obligation b. . Effectivity retroacts to the day of the constitution of the obligation b. are needed to see b. Restore to each other what was received plus interest/fruits 3. alternative c. Creditor may preserve rights d. Plurality of object a. Debtor – recovery of payment by mistake or even w/o mistake RULES ON LOSS. deterioration or improvement of the thing during the pendency of the happening of the condition 2. DETERIORATION. with a penal clause this picture. Joint c. giving advantage to other persons c. Obligation extinguished c. The debtor's acts are fraudulent
fulfillment of a condition or upon the expiration of a period and is demandable at once CONDITIONAL – one whose effectivity is subordinated to the fulfillment or non-fulfillment of a future AND uncertain event or upon a past event unknown to the parties CONDITION . The right of account is not purely personal 6. conditional c. The creditor has no other legal remedy e. The creditor is prejudiced by the debtor's act which are in favor of 3rd parties and rescission will benefit the creditor d. Mixed – chance. AND IMPROVEMENTS DURING PENDENCY OF A SUSPENSIVE CONDITION (Art.1230 PRIMARY CLASSIFICATION OF OBLIGATIONS UNDER THE CIVIL CODE 1. Casual – dependent on chance or hazard 5. Simple b. facultative 3. There is loss. solidary 4. b. Demandability a. if on part of debtor and suspensive – void 4.DIFFERENT KINDS OF OBLIGATIONS See Arts. The debtor has performed an act subsequent to the contract. 1189)
CHAPTER 3. Performance a. Sanctions for breach QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor a.Civil Law Summer Reviewer
e. No retroactive effect b. Plurality of subject a. without a penal clause PURE AND CONDITIONAL OBLIGATIONS (See Arts. Potestative – dependent on sole will of 1 party. With term Page 110 of 297
. Resolutory – happening of condition extinguishes obligation EFFECTS: a. Suspensive – happening of condition gives rise to obligation • Effects: a. or any of parties 6. indivisible 5.Future and uncertain event or a past event unknown to the parties 1.The object is a specific or determinate thing c. Accion Pauliana – asking the court to rescind or to impugn all the acts which the debtor may have done to defraud the creditors (Arts. The obligation is subject to a suspensive condition d. 1179 . Divisible b. 1. simple b.
Suspensive ( ex die ) –obligation becomes demandable on the day stipulated
WHEN COURTS MAY FIX PERIOD: 1. when there is a just cause for fixing a period 4. Negative – effective from moment of time elapsed or evident it can't happen IMPOSSIBLE AND ILLEGAL CONDITIONS • GENERAL RULE: They shall annul obligation which depends upon them • EXCEPTIONS: a. although it may not be known when 2. in simple or remuneratory donations d. testamentary dispositions e. but from its nature and circumstances it can be inferred that a period was intended by the parties 2. it is presumed to have been established for the benefit of both creditor and debtor. REMEDY: 1. PERIOD FOR THE BENEFIT OF THE CREDITOR • Creditor may demand the fulfillment of the obligation at any time but the debtor cannot compel him to accept before the expiration of the period PERIOD FOR THE BENEFIT OF THE DEBTOR • Debtor may oppose any premature demand of the creditor but he may renounce the benefit of the period by performing his obligation in advance (Manresa) WHEN DEBTOR LOSES RIGHT TO PERIOD: • Insolvency of debtor. conditions not to do an impossible thing contrary When it is left exclusively to the will of the debtor. Court shall fix period of payment when parties unable to agree KINDS: 1. If the duration of the period depends upon the will of the debtor 3. the existence of the obligation is affected When it is left exclusively to the will of the debtor. demandability or obligation itself extinguishment of an obligation Does not have any Has retroactive effect retroactive effect unless there is an agreement to the
. Agreement among parties 2. If the obligation does not fix a period. unless security provided • Did not deliver security promised • Impaired security through his own acts or through fortuitous event unless he gives new securities equally satisfactory • Violates undertaking in consideration of extension of period • Attempts to abscond
Time w/c must necessarily come although it may not be known when QuickTime™ and aan Exerts Exerts an influence sed) decompressor influence upon TIFF (Uncompres are upon the time needed to the very existence of the of see this picture. pre-existing obligation b. 1196) WHEN STIPULATION SAYS “PAYABLE WHEN ABLE” – IT IS WITH A PERIOD.Civil Law Summer Reviewer
a. • EXCEPTION: When it appears from the tenor of the obligation or other circumstances that the period has been established in favor of one or the other. Positive – extinguished if time expires or indubitable of condition to happen b. Resolutory ( in diem ) – demandable at once but terminates upon arrival of the day certain • Day certain – that which must necessarily come. If the debtor binds himself when his means permit him to do so PERIOD FOR WHOSE BENEFIT • GENERAL RULE: When a period is designated for the performance or fulfillment of an obligation. the obligation is void
OBLIGATIONS WITH A PERIOD WITH A PERIOD – An obligation which depends on a future and certain event (See Arts 1193. In case of reciprocal obligations. if obligation is divisible c.
no liability • Of the substitute after substitution is made – with liability ALTERNATIVE – bound by different prestations but only one is due RIGHT OF CHOICE IN ALTERNATIVE OBLIGATIONS • As a general rule the right of choice belongs to debtor EFFECT OF LOSS OF OBJECTS OF ALTERNATIVE OBLIGATIONS 1. the substitute does not have to be given. May be waived. also with indemnity for damages. 1199 – 1206) FACULTATIVE . nullity of P remains carries with it nullity of S c) If it is impossible to give all except one. the debtor shall perform the obligation by delivering that which the creditor should choose from among the remainder or that which remainsQuickTime™ 1 subsists if only and a TIFF of 1 of the things occurs through decompressor • If the loss (Uncompressed) this picture. Made properly so that creditor or his agent will actually know 2. the principal must still be given d) The right of choice is given only to the debtor
JOINT AND SOLIDARY OBLIGATIONS (See Arts. when expressly stated that there is solidarity 2. debtor cannot be held liable for damages • If 1 or more but not all of the things are lost or one or some but not all of the prestations cannot be performed due to fortuitous event or fault of the debtor. 1207 – 1222) JOINT – presumption when two or more creditors or two or more debtors concur in one and the same obligation
EXCEPTIONS TO THE PRESUMPTION 1. the choice by the creditor shall fall REQUISITES FOR MAKING THE CHOICE: 1. the last one must still be given c) If it is impossible to give the principal. through the fault of the former. except one. when the law requires solidarity 3.Civil Law Summer Reviewer
upon the price of any 1 of them. If the right of choice belongs to the debtor • If through a fortuitous event all were lost. Made with full knowledge that a selection is indeed being made 3.only one prestation has been agreed upon but another may be given in substitution EFFECT OF LOSS OR DETERIORA0TION THRU NEGLIGENCE. ALTERNATIVE OBLIGATIONS (See Arts. Made to all proper persons 6. the creditor may claim any of those subsisting or the price of that which. when the nature of the obligation requires solidarity 4. has disappeared with a right to damages • If all the things are lost through the fault of the debtor. the debtor must comply by performing that which remain • If all were lost by fault of the debtor the later is liable for the value of the last thing or service which became impossible 2. Made w/o conditions unless agreed by the creditor 7. If right of choice belongs to the creditor • If 1 of the things is lost through a fortuitous event. DELAY OR FRAUD OF OBLIGOR: • Of thing intended as substitute . is void and there is no others may be valid necessity of giving the but obligation substitute. are needed to see the fault of the debtor. expressly or impliedly ALTERNATIVE vs. were lost. FACULTATIVE ALTERNATIVE FACULTATIVE a) Only one thing is due a) Various things are due but but a substitute may be to render the giving principally given payment/fulfillment easy of one is sufficient b) If one of b) If principal obligations prestations is illegal. Made voluntarily and freely 4. if it is impossible to give the substitute. Made in due time – before or upon maturity 5. when a charge or condition is imposed upon heirs or legatees and the testament expressly makes the charge or condition in solidum (Manresa) Page 112 of 297
. creditor cannot hold the debtor liable for damages because the debtor can still comply with his obligation • If all things.
damage and interest Page 113 of 297
. Active – on the part of creditor or oblige • EFFECTS: • Death of 1 solidary creditor transmits share to heirs (but collectively) • Each creditor represents the other in the act of recovery of payment • Credit is divided equally between creditors as among themselves • Debtor may pay any of the solidary creditors 2. Demand on one produces delay only with respect to the debt 2. If there are 2 or more creditors. Obligations arising from quasi-contracts c. Insolvency of one debtor does not affect other debtors JOINT DIVISIBLE OBLIGATIONS 1. damages because of the solidarilty among the breach. Gutierrez) EFFECTS OF JOINT LIABILITY 1. Effect of insolvency or death of co-debtor – still liable for whole amount g. Each creditor can demand for the payment of his proportionate share of the credit. or parties of the object to subjects are needed see of the obligation obligation Plurality of subjects is Plurality of subjects is not required indispensable In case of breach. The obligation can be enforced only by proceeding against all of the debtors.Civil Law Summer Reviewer
5. A joint creditor cannot act in representation of the other creditors while a joint debtor cannot be compelled to answer for the acts or liability of the other debtors JOINT INDIVISIBLE OBLIGATIONS 1. Obligations arising from tort b. Legal – imposed by law • Instances where law imposes solidary obligation: a. Consequently. When there is liability on obligation is converted the part of the debtors into 1 of indemnity for because of the breach. Passive – on the part of debtors or obligors • EFFECTS: • Each debtor may be requested to pay whole obligation with right to recover from codebtors • Interruption of prescription to one creditor affects all • Interest from delay on 1 debtor is borne by all 3. although each for his own share. while each debtor can be held liable only for the payment of his proportionate share of the debt 2. No reimbursement if payment is made after prescription or became illegal e. Bailees in commodatum • EFFECTS: a. Vices of one debtor to creditor has no effect on the others 4. is also necessary for the enforcement of the obligation EFFECT OF BREACH • If one of the joint debtors fails to comply with his undertaking. 2. Conventional – agreed upon by the parties 5. Interruption in payment by one does not benefit or prejudice the other 3. the concurrence or collective act of all the creditors. when a solidary responsibility is imputed by a final judgment upon several defendants (Gutierrez v. Legal provisions regarding obligation of devisees and legatees d. indivisibility of the obligation is terminated debtors remains
SOLIDARY – must be expressed in stipulation or provided by law or by nature of obligation 1. or the part of the debtors and the creditors 4. If there are 2 or more debtors. accomplices. it is converted into one of indemnity for damages. no interest can be charged. the fulfillment of or compliance with the obligation requires the concurrence of all the debtors. Innocent joint debtor shall not contribute to the indemnity beyond their corresponding share of the obligation. later on collect from any d. otherwise – interest can be charged b. Insolvency of one – others are liable for share pro-rata c. Payment made before debt is due. although each for his own share. Fault of any debtor – every one is responsible – price. If different terms and conditions – collect only what is due. the obligation can no longer be fulfilled or performed. Liability of principals. and accessories of a felony e. Remission made after payment is made – codebtor still entitled to reimbursement f. INDIVISIBILITY SOLIDARITY Refers to the Refers to the legal tie and prestation which Time™ and a consequently to the Quick decompressor constitutes the TIFF (Uncompressed) this picture. Mixed – on the part of the obligors and obligees.
Payor i. Loss due to fortuitous event after default – there is liability (because of default) DIVISIBLE AND INDIVISIBLE OBLIGATIONS (See Arts. Payment or performance 2. principal cannot be demanded. cases: in the and a TIFF decompresso a. With respect to prestation itself a. damage can only be demandedQuickTime™ff. 1232 .creditor or obligee or successor in interest of transferee. Integrity or completeness c. or anyone interested in the fulfillment of the obligation. 1226 – 1230) WITH PENAL CLAUSE – One to which an accessory undertaking is attached for the purpose of insuring its performance by virtue of which the obligor is bound to pay a stipulated indemnity or perform a stipulated prestation in case of breach CHARACTERISTICS OF PENAL CLAUSES: 1. in any other manner of the obligation REQUISITES FOR PAYMENT/PERFORMANCE VALID
OBLIGATIONS WITH A PENAL CLAUSE (See Arts. Compensation 6. only penalty can be demanded. Penalty provided is iniquitous/ unconscionable
. 1223 – 1225) DIVISIBLE .only the creditor's consent.must be made by proper party to proper party a. With dolo ( not of creditor ) CAUSES FOR REDUCTION OF PENALTY: 1. Partial/irregular performance 2. Indivisibility 2. he can be the debtor himself or his heirs or assigns or his agent. Payor .if any of the ff. Refusal to pay penalty c.As a general rule. Payee i. Complete/ personal defense – total or partial ( up to amount of share only ) if not personal to him EFFECT OF LOSS OR IMPOSSIBILITY OF THE PRESTATION: 1. Payee . Exclusive . the repayment is only to the extent that the payment has been beneficial to debtor b. Loss of the thing due 3. concur: • It must have redounded to the obligee's • benefit and only to the extent of such benefit Page 114 of 297 CHAPTER 4. 3 person . 1231): 1. or agent rd ii. With respect to parties .Civil Law Summer Reviewer
h.EXTINGUISHMENT OF OBLIGATIONS
See Arts. Annulment 8. Identity b. Rescission 9. If with fault – there is liability (also for damage and interest) 3.he takes the place of the debtor. 3 person pays/performs . .delivery of money and performance.1304
MODES OF EXTINGUISHMENT OF OBLIGATION (Art. Subsidiary .obligation that is capable of partial performance • • • Execution of certain no of days work Expressed by metrical units Nature of obligation – susceptible of partial fulfillment – one not capable of partial 1.the one performing. If without fault – no liability 2. except: Penalty is joint or cumulative 2. can be anyone as long as it is with the creditor's consent RD ii. needed to see b. 3rd person pays/performs with consent of creditor but not with debtor's consent. Stipulation(Uncompressed) this right r are– granting picture.takes place of damage. Confusion or merger of rights 5. Novation 7. Fulfillment of resolutory condition PAYMENT OR PERFORMANCE . Condonation or remission of debt 4. If performance is done also with debtor's consent . There is subrogation rd except if the 3 person intended it to be a donation iii.
obligation consists has been completely delivered or rendered. less damages suffered by the obligee. is made by operation of law
WHERE PAYMENT SHOULD BE MADE 1. to be valid: must be debtor’s choice or w/ consent of debtor REQUISITES FOR THE APPLICATION OF PAYMENT: a. 3rd person acquires the creditor’s rights rd 2. (n) • • • • Attempt in Good Faith to perform without willful or intentional departure Deviation is slight Omission/Defect is technical or unimportant Must not be so material that intention of parties is not attained
EFFECT OF SUBSTANTIAL PERFORMANCE IN GOOD FAITH • Obligor may recover as though there has been strict and complete fulfillment. Same creditor d. When the obligee accepts the performance. If the obligation has been substantially performed in good faith.but will apply only if debt has not been previously garnished PAYMENT MADE TO AN INCAPACITATED PERSON. In other case – in the place of the domicile of the debtor • Time of payment . After payment.the benefit is total so. VALID IF PROVED AND ONLY TO THE EXTENT OF BENEFIT. debtor has been led to make the payment (estoppel) PAYMENT MADE IN GOOD FAITH TO A PERSON IN POSSESSION OF CREDIT SHALL RELEASE DEBTOR. By creditor’s conduct. In the place designated in the obligation 2. (1157)
Art. 1235. Incapacitated person kept the thing delivered. less damages suffered by the oblige • Right to rescind cannot be used for slight breach SPECIAL RULES/FORMS OF PAYMENT 1.time stipulated • Effect of payment – extinguish obligation Except: order to retain debt SUBSTANTIAL PERFORMANCE
QuickTime™ and Art. Parties so stipulate b. Insofar as the payment has been beneficial to him PAYMENT TO 3 PARTY NOT AUTHORIZED. and without expressing any protest or objection.2. the obligation is deemed fully complied with. 1233. PRESUMED IF 1. creditor makes it by so stating in the receipt that he issues – unless there is cause for invalidating the contract c. When application of payment is made by the party for whose benefit the term has been constituted c. APPLICATION OF PAYMENTS – the designation of the debt which payment shall be made.3 . Payment is not enough to extinguish all debts HOW APPLICATION IS MADE: a. Creditor must be in possession of the credit and not merely the evidence of indebtedness • NOTE: With respect to time and place of payment . then application. knowing its incompleteness or irregularity. REQUISITES: 1. Payment by debtor must be made in good faith 2. par 1. 1234.must be according to the obligation
. If there is no express stipulation and the undertaking is to deliver a specific thing – at the place where the thing might be at the moment the obligation was constituted 3. VALID IF 1. A debt(Uncompressed) decompressor shall not bea understood to have TIFF needed to see or service in which the been paid unlessarethe thingthis picture. performance is total iii. the obligor may recover as though there had been a strict and complete fulfillment. If neither the debtor nor creditor has made the application or if the application is not valid. Same debtor c. as the case may be. out of 2 or more debts owing the same creditor: stipulation or application of party given benefit of period – OK. Anyone in possession of the credit .Civil Law Summer Reviewer
It falls under art 1241. Creditor ratifies payment to 3 person 3. If not. Debtor makes the designation b. Various debts of the same kind b. All debts must be due • EXCEPTION: there may be application of payment even if all debts are not yet due if: a. or 2.
unless there is a stipulation to the contrary c. extinguish up to amount of net proceeds ( unless w/ contrary stipulation )
4. assigned. Legal – governed by the insolvency law b. If creditor consents. they are merely assignees with authority to sell b. If dacion will not prejudice the other creditors c. More than one creditor c. Acceptance or consent on the part of the creditors EFFECTS OF ASSIGNMENT: a. Existence of valid debt b. When monthly statements were made by the bank specifying the application and the debtor signed said statements approving the status of her account as thus sent to her monthly by the bank d.
. application shall be made to all proportionately d. Debtor is released up to the amount of the net proceeds of the sale. proved or implied from the conduct of the creditor CESSION IN PAYMENT Plurality of creditors Debtor must b partially or relatively insolvent Universality of property of debtor is what is ceded Merely releases debtor for net proceeds of things ceded of. Voluntary – agreement of creditors REQUISITES OF VOLUNTARY ASSIGNMENT: a. Creditors do not become the owner. CONSIGNATION TENDER -the act of offering the creditor what is due him together with a demand that the creditor accept the same (When creditor refuses w/o just cause to accept payment.Civil Law Summer Reviewer
• • GENERAL RULE: Debtor EXCEPTION: Creditor a. unless there is a contrary intention
2. extinguish up to amount of property unless w/ contrary stipulation. he becomes in mora accepiendi and debtor is released from responsibility if he consigns the thing or sum due) CONSIGNATION – the act of depositing the thing due with the court or judicial authorities whenever the creditor cannot accept or refuses to accept payment. for a sale presupposes the consent of both partie b. Abandonment of all debtor’s property not exempt from execution e. or in default of agreement. In case no application is made: • Apply payment to the most onerous • If debts are of the same nature and burden. in the order ordinarily established by law DATION IN PAYMENT One creditor Not necessarily in state of financial difficulty Thing delivered is considered as equivalent of performance Payment extinguishes obligation to the extent of the value of the thing delivered as agreed upon. More than one debt b. generally requires prior tender of payment REQUISITES OF VALID CONSIGNATION: a. Complete or partial insolvency of debtor
QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. A special form of payment because 1 element of payment is missing: IDENTITY CONDITIONS FOR A VALID DACION: a. CESSION or ASSIGNMENT CESSION/ASSIGNMENT IN FAVOR OF CREDITORS – the process by which debtor transfer all the properties not subject to execution in favor of creditors is that the latter may sell them and thus. Consignation was made because of some legal cause .previous valid tender was Page 116 of 297
KINDS OF ASSIGNMENT: a. If debtor is not judicially declared insolvent • NOTE: DACION is governed by the law on sales 4. Debtor without protest accepts receipt in which creditor specified expressly and unmistakably the obligation to which such payment was to be applied – debtor in this case renounced the right of choice b. Creditors will collect credits in the order of preference agreed upon. DACION EN PAGO DACION EN PAGO – mode of extinguishing an obligation whereby the debtor alienates in favor of the creditor property for the satisfaction of monetary debt. apply the proceeds to their credits.
If the generic thing has already been segregated c. Before creditor accepts or before judge declares consignation has been properly made. Title of obligation has been lost 5. REBUS SIC STANTIBUS REBUS SIC STANTIBUS . Indirectly – caused as when debtor is required to enter a military draft OBLIGATION TO DELIVER A SPECIFIC THING • GENERAL RULE: Extinguished • EXCEPTIONS: a. The event was not due to the act of any of the parties d. Debtor may ask judge to order cancellation of obligation b. Prior Notice of Consignation had been given to the person interested in performance of st obligation (1 notice) d. Physical impossibility b. REQUISITES a. When it goes out of commerce c.when prohibited by are – caused as law ii. earthquake. Obligor may be released in whole or in part based on this ground. storm 5. flood. after acceptance by creditor or after judge declares that consignation has been properly made – risk of loss is shifted to creditor) CONSIGNATION W/O PRIOR TENDER – allowed in: a. When loss is significant – may be enough to extinguish obligation b. The performance is extremely difficult.agreement is valid only if the same conditions prevailing at time of contracting continue to exist at the time of performance. Monetary obligation OBLIGATION TO DO • GENERAL RULE: Debtor is released when prestation becomes legally or physically impossible without fault on part of debtor EFFECT OF PARTIAL LOSS a. contractual stipulation or the nature of the obligation requires assumption of risk on part of debtor OBLIGATION TO DELIVER A GENERIC THING • GENERAL RULE: Not extinguished • EXCEPTIONS: a. If the generic thing is delimited b. 2 or more creditor claiming the same right to collect e. Directlyneeded to see this picture. obligation remains ( debtor bears risk of loss at the meantime. Legal impossibility and a QuickTime™ TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor i. CONDONATION Page 117 of 297
. but not impossible (because if it is impossible. Refuses to issue receipt w/o just cause d. Actual deposit/Consignation with proper judicial authorities nd e. LOSS OF THE THING DUE LOSS OF THE THING DUE – partial or total/ includes impossibility of performance WHEN IS THERE A LOSS a. When the object perishes (physically) b. Subsequent notice of Consignation (2 notice) EFFECTS: EXTINGUISHMENT OF OBLIGATION a. Running of interest is suspended c. When loss insignificant – not enough to extinguish obligation NOTE: judicial determination of extent is necessary
WHEN THING IS LOST IN THE POSSESSION OF THE DEBTOR • Presumption: Loss due to debtor’s fault (disputable) • Exception: natural calamity. Incapacitated to receive payment at the time it is due c. Debtor is made liable for fortuitous event because of a provision of law.Civil Law Summer Reviewer
unjustly refused or circumstances making previous tender exempt c. it is extinguished by impossibility) c. The contract is for a future prestation 6. When it disappears in such a way that: its existence is unknown or it cannot be recovered WHEN IS THERE IMPOSSIBILITY OF PERFORMANCE: a. The event or change could not have been foreseen at the time of the execution of the contract b. Creditor absent or unknown/ does not appear at the place of payment b. Debtor is at fault b.
Waivers or remission are not to be presumed generally 6. the obligation is revived 7. Revocable – subject to rule on inofficious donation ( excessive. rebuttable 2. Effect of deliveryQuickTime™ and a of indebtedness of evidence TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor is conclusion that debt is are needed to see this picture. Both debts must consist in sum of money or if consumable . Legal – by operation of law. rules of donation applies. donation. express or implied REQUISITES: a. condoned – already conclusion. made to prescribe w/o demanding
. Depositum. even if not equal debts – only up to concurring amount b. of the same kind or quality c. Merger must be clear and definite c. There must be an agreement b. total
Kinds: a. Facultative – one party has choice of claiming/opposing one who has benefit of period may choose to compensate: i. Principal – accessory also condoned b. requires acceptance by obligor. Conventional – agreement of parties is enough. an act of liberality ) d. Obligation remitted must have been demandable at the time of remission h. claim for future support. otherwise there would be nothing to condone) c.in their own right and as principals b. Cause of consideration must be liberality (Essentially gratuitous. commodatum. COMPENSATION
COMPENSATION – Set off. Both debts are liquidated and demandable (determined) e. If in hands of joint debtor – only his share is condoned b. accessory obligation of pledge – condoned. It must take place between principal debtor and principal creditor only b. Both debts are due d. voluntary delivery of private document a. There must be a subject matter (object of the remission.even if unknown to parties and if payable in diff places. criminal offense. rebuttable
b. it is a mode of extinguishment to the concurrent amount the obligation of persons who are in their own right reciprocally debtors or creditors REQUISITES: a. when evidence of indebtedness is w/ debtor – presumed voluntarily delivery by creditor. Parties must be capacitated and must consent. taxes
Forms: a. Not all requisites are present ii. legitime is impaired ) and ingratitude and condition not followed g. Formalities of a donation are required in the case of an express remission f. presumption only. CONFUSION OR MERGER CONFUSION OR MERGER OF RIGHTS– character of debtor and creditor is merged in same person with respect to same obligation
REQUISITES: a. as long as 5 requisites concur. partial
REQUISITES OF IMPLIED CONDONATION 1. Tacit – voluntary destruction of instrument by creditor. Both parties must be mutually creditors and debtors . indemnity for expense of exchanges. The obligation involved must be same and identical – one obligation only d. accessory – principal still outstanding c. Neither debt must be retained in a rd controversy commenced by 3 person and communicated w/ debtor (neither debt is garnished) KINDS OF COMPENSATION a. forget other requirement as long as both consented c.whole debt is condoned c.Civil Law Summer Reviewer
CONDONATION/REMISSION OF THE DEBT – gratuitous abandonment of debt. if reason for confusion ceases. Implied – conduct is sufficient
Extent: a. right to claim. Express – formalities of donation b. implied in mortis causa and expressed inter vivos e. If in hands of solidary debtor . Voluntary delivery – presumption. Revocable.
Stipulation to see this picture. Subrogating 3 person to rights of creditor ( active ) 1. new debtor and creditor to consent. full reimbursement.agreement and consent of all parties. Partial – when 2 debts are not of the same amount EFFECT OF ASSIGNMENT OF CREDIT TO 3RD PERSON. ii. if insolvent new debtor – not responsible old debtor because obligation extinguished by valid novation unless: insolvency already existing and of public knowledge or know to him at time of delegacion 1. If old obligation has condition i. REAL/OBJECTIVE – change object. Intent to extinguish old obligation – expressed or implied: completely/substantially incompatible old and new obligation on every point c. Judicial – set off. Valid obligation b. With knowledge but w/o consent of debtor – compensation may be set up as to debts maturing prior to assignment iii. Capacity and consent of parties to the new obligation d. must be compatible with the new obligation. initiative of old debtor. cause/consideration or principal condition b. If Resolutory and it occurred – old obligation already extinguished. clearly established 2. If new obligation has condition i. if new is w/o condition – deemed attached to new e. W/o knowledge – compensation may be set-up on all debts prior to his knowledge 8.(Uncompressed) decompressor except: and a TIFF are needed to contrary i. all requirements must concur except liquidation e. obliged to w/c is less onerous iv. subject to full reimbursement and subrogation if made w/ consent of old debtor. needs pleading and proof. With consent of debtor – debtor is estopped unless he reserves his right and gave notice to assignee ii. Total – when 2 debts are of the same amount f. if new debtor is insolvent. Delegante – old debtor 2. Extinguishment of principal carries QuickTime™ accessory. If old obligation has condition. compensation already perfected b. Conventional . If made after compensation took place – no effect. Delegado – new debtor rd ii. Old obligation is void
. no new obligation since nothing to novate ii. PERSONAL/SUBJECTIVE i. CAN THERE STILL BE COMPENSATION a. not presumed except as provided for in law: PRESUMED WHENPage 119 of 297
REQUISITES: a. NOVATION b. If resolutory: valid ii. initiative is from 3rd person or new debtor. no need for consent. only beneficial reimbursement. Delegatario . If suspensive and did not materialize: old obligation is enforced KINDS OF NOVATION: a. if w/o consent or against will . Old obligation subsists if new obligation is void or voidable but annulled already (except: intention of parties) c. If Suspensive and it never occurred –as if no obligation.takes place by operation of law. If made before compensation took place – depends i. Substituting person of debtor (passive) • EXPROMISION. upon order of the court. Legal . also nothing to novate d. Valid new obligation EFFECTS OF NOVATION: a. Modificatory novation only. old debtor released from obligation. not responsible since w/o his consent • DELEGACION. Stipulation pour autrui unless beneficiary consents iii. all parties to consent.Civil Law Summer Reviewer
d.creditor 3.
Formal/solemn – perfected by conformity to essential formalities (donation ) 2. Neither of the contracting parties bears the legal rd representation or authorization of 3 party 5. Principal – contract may stand alone b. can be done w/o consent of creditor 3. Art 1314 REQUISITES OF ART 1312: 1.
4. needs consent of creditor – express or implied 3. As to perfection or formation a. Accion directa 3. heirs. Knowledge of the contract by a 3rd person rd 3. takes effect upon notification
TITLE II – C O N T R A C T S CHAPTER 1. As to cause a. Onerous – with valuable consideration b. 1305 -a1317 QuickTime™ and
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. GENERAL PROVISIONS See Arts. Existence of a valid contract 2. their assigns. usage and law Relativity – binding only between the parties. Autonomy of wills – parties may stipulate anything as long as not illegal. Obligatory Force – parties are bound from perfection of contract:
. new debtor is obliged to pay
governed by Arts. etc. Mutuality – performance or validity binds both parties. pledge. deposit ) c. As to importance or dependence of one upon another a. debtor is released
2. 6. not left to will of one of parties 3. Interference by the 3 person KINDS OF CONTRACTS 1. one obligation 4. Art 1312. Accessory – depends on another contract for its existence. one is extinguished and new one created 4. Consensual – perfected by agreement of parties b. Accion pauliana 2.
PRINCIPAL CHARACTERISTICS: 1. Gratuitous – founded on liberality c. Stipulation pour autrui REQUISITES OF STIPULATION POUR AUTRUI 1. Remunerative – prestation is given for service previously rendered not as obligation 3.
c. not the whole contract 3. That the favorable stipulation should not be conditioned or compensated by any kind of obligation whatsoever 4. 5.
b. As to parties obliged a.Civil Law Summer Reviewer
Fulfill what has been expressly stipulated All consequences w/c may be in keeping with good faith. 2. Preparatory – not an end by itself. 1624 to 1627 debtor’s consent is not required transmission of right of the creditor to third person without modifying or extinguishing the obligation defects and vices in the old obligation and not cured as far as the debtor is concerned. The third person communicates his acceptance before revocation by the original parties 6. immoral. 1300-1304 debtor’s consent is required extinguishes the obligation and gives rise to a new one defects and vices in the old obligation are cured takes effect upon moment of novation or subrogation
governed by Arts. Parties must have clearly and deliberately conferred a favor upon a 3rd person 2. may not exist on its own c. 3rd person has no obligation to pay if insolvent
EXCEPTION TO RELATIVITY: 1. two obligations. The stipulation in favor of a 3rd person should be a part of. Real – perfected by delivery ( commodatum. a means through which future contracts may be made 4. debtor is not necessarily released from debt 2. Unilateral – only one of the parties has an obligations Page 120 of 297
1. strangers cannot demand enforcement
Death. and not when the offeree merely manifests his acceptance ELEMENTS OF VALID OFFER / ELEMENTS OF VALID ACCEPTANCE 1. No stated fixed period a. Plurality of subject 2.Civil Law Summer Reviewer
b. Facio ut facias – I do that you may do STAGES IN A CONTRACT: 1. and he simply asks the other party to agree to them if he wants to enter into the contract • NOTE: We follow the theory of cognition and not the theory of manifestation. Complete--unconditional 3. Subject Matter 3. Do ut des – I give that you may give II. under normal circumstances. Offer is made to a person present – acceptance must be made immediately b. Bilateral – both parties are required to render reciprocal prestations 5. concurrence of offer and acceptance REQUIREMENTS: 1.12576 . Definite--unequivocal 2. Under our Civil Law. Facio ut des – I do that you may give IV. CA 2003 G. Offers are not interrelated – single acceptance of each offer results in a perfected contract unless the offeror has made it clear that one is dependent upon the other and acceptance of both is necessary. Nominate b. are needed see this picture. Consummation – performance CHAPTER 2.R. Consideration CONSENT CONSENT – meeting of minds between parties on subject matter and cause of contract. Offer is made to a person absent – acceptance may be made within such time that. Malbarosa vs. Perfection/birth 3. a mere amplification on the offer must be understood as an acceptance of the original offer. An acceptance which is not made in the manner prescribe by the offeror is NOT EFFECTIVE. plus a new offer which is contained in the amplification. Intentional WHEN OFFER BECOMES INEFFECTIVE: 1.1355 ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS: 1. Innominate I.Offer inter praesentes must be accepted IMMEDIATELY. Intelligence and free will 4. If the parties intended that there should be an express acceptance. Manifestation of intent of parties 5. Do ut facias – I give that you may do III. Capacity 3. insanity or insolvency of either party before acceptance is conveyed 2.negotiation 2. 1318 . AMPLIFIED ACCEPTANCE • under certain circumstances. Qualified or conditional acceptance of the offer. Stated fixed period in the offer 2. Subject matter becomes illegal or impossible before acceptance is communicated PERIOD FOR ACCEPTANCE 1. Conformity of manifestation and cognition AUTO CONTRACTS • made by a person acting in another’s name in one capacity COLLECTIVE CONTRACTS • will of majority binds a minority to an agreement notwithstanding the opposition of the latter CONTRACTS OF ADHESION • one party has already a a QuickTime™ and prepared form of a TIFF (Uncompressed) contract. the contract will be perfected only upon knowledge by the offeror of the express acceptance by the offeree of the offer. – ESSENTIAL REQUISITES OF A CONTRACT See Arts. which becomes a counter-offer 4. Offers are interrelated – contract is perfected if all the offers are accepted 2. an answer can be received from him • NOTE: Acceptance may be revoked before it comes to the knowledge of the offerror. Preparation . civil interdiction. containingtothedecompressor stipulations he desires. the offer and acceptance concur only when the offeror comes to know. As to name or designation a. Express or implied revocation of the offer by the offeree 3. RULE ON COMPLEX OFFERS 1. Cognition by the other party 6. BUT A COUNTER-OFFER which Page 121 of 297
. Consent 2.
Prodigals 4.Padilla to the effect that the minor cannot be estopped if he is too young to give consent. Upon reaching age of majority – they ratify the same b. • GENERAL RULE: VOIDABLE • EXCEPTIONS: a. unless appears otherwise OPTION . but mere invitation to make an offer. weak mind and other similar causes. Minors 2. CA (1994) states that a unilateral promise to buy or sell. disease. guardian or legal represemtative Based upon subjective circumstance of certain person Contracts entered into are merely voidable Disqualification Restrains the very right itself Absolutely disqualified
*Ang Yu v. RULE ON ADVERTISEMENTS AS OFFERS • Business advertisements – Not a definite offer. but here the persons who are bound to give them support should pay therefor d. Determining cause for the contract b. the dissent became the ruling. Threatened act is unjust and unlawful c. in Braganza v Villa-Abrille. Equatorial v. Minor is estopped for having misrepresented his age and misled the other party (when age is close to age of majority as in the Mercado v Espiritu and Sia Suan v Alcantara cases. Insane or demented persons 3. They were contracts for necessities such as food. becoming an easy prey for deceit and exploitation Incapacity Restrains the exercise of the right to contract May still enter into contract through parent. Such force is the determining cause for giving consent 2. Irresistible physical force b. Illiterates/ deaf-mutes who do not know how to write 4. Minors could not be estopped. They were entered unto by a guardian and the court having jurisdiction had approved the same
CAUSES WHICH VITIATE FREEDOM 1. Paranaque Kings V CA (1997) states that right of PERSONS WHO CANNOT GIVE CONSENT TO A CONTRACT: 1. there is a strong dissent by J. Intoxicated and under hypnotic spell 5. Those who by reason of age. Violence • REQUISITES a. contract can be enforced and not only damages. Deaf and dumb who are unable to read and write 5. Those under civil interdiction 2. the right of the grantee here is damages and not specific performance. if not supported by a distinct consideration. mistake may deprive intelligence 6. Art 1331 .person under mistake.person induced by fraud (dolo causante) • NOTE: Dolus bonus (usual exaggerations in trade) are not in themselves fraudulent RULE ON CONTRACTS ENTERED INTO BY QuickTime™ and a MINORS TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Art 1338 . Real and serious Page 122 of 297
. one that is too young to give consent is too young to be estopped. Mayfair(264 SCRA 483) held that an option clause in order to be valid and enforceable must indicate the definite price at which the person granting the option is willing to sell. cannot without outside aid.option may be withdrawn anytime before acceptance is communicated but not when supported by a consideration other than purchase price: option money c. unless it appears otherwise • Advertisement for Bidders – only invitation to make proposals and advertiser is not bound to accept the highest or lowest bidder.
*In the Sia Suan v Alcantara case. DISQUALIFIED TO ENTER INTO CONTRACTS: (contracts entered into are void) 1. may be withdrawn but may not be done whimsically or arbitrarily. Intimidation • REQUISITES: a. Hospitalized lepers 3.Civil Law Summer Reviewer
the offeror may accept or reject. take care of themselves and manage their property. Subsequently.
except in cases expressly authorized by law QuickTime™ and a 4. Determinate as to its kind or determinable w/o need to enter into a new contract 5.produce no legal effect Void . OBJECT REQUISITES: 1. illegality does not invalidate contract except when it predetermines purpose of contract. stipulation to pay interest. Absolute – no intention to be bound at all. public needed to see this picture. future inheritance. things which are outside the commerce of men 2. Remuneratory contracts – the service or benefit remunerated 3. concealed contract binds: a. impossible things or services 6. etc. Formal – required by law to be in certain specified form such as: donation of real property.either existing or in potency 2. policy order or public 5. Within the commerce of man . services which(Uncompressed) decompressor TIFF are contrary to law. Onerous contracts – the prestation of promise of a thing or service by the other 2. form is a manner in which a contract is executed or manifested 1. Produces a well grounded fear that the person making it will carry it over 3. Undue influence SIMULATED CONTRACTS 1. presumption of validity but rebuttable Presumed to Exist .burden of proof is on the person assailing its existence Does not Invalidate Contract per se Exceptions: • fraud • mistake • undue influence • cases specified by law . good are customs.Civil Law Summer Reviewer
d. It must be true 3. contract of antichresis. Relative – there is intention to be bound but concealed. Informal – may be entered into whatever form as long as there is consent. No prejudice to 3rd persons b. Transmissible
Absence Of Causa Illegality Of Causa Falsity Of Causa Causa Not Stated In Contract Inadequacy Of Causa Void . object and cause 2. morals. Possible 4.contracts entered when ward suffers lesion of more than 25%
immediate. intransmissible rights 3. Pure Beneficence – mere liberality of the donor or benefactor 4. Not contrary to law. fictitious only – void from beginning 2. good customs 3. transfer of large cattle. sale of land thru agent.1358 FORM – in some kind of contracts only as contracts are generally consensual. the loan which it derived its life and existence (ex: mortgage or pledge)
THINGS WHICH CANNOT BE THE OBJECT OF CONTRACT: 1. when merged into one Cause Direct and most proximate reason of a contract Objective and juridical reason of contract Cause us always same for each contracting party • Motive or
NOTE: Legality or illegality of cause affects the existence of validity of the contract. It must exist 2. morals. contract of partnership. Legality or illegality of motive does not affect the existence or validity of contract
CAUSA IN SOME CONTRACTS: 1.produce no legal effect Voidable – party must prove that cause is untruthful. direct and most proximate reason why parties enter into contract • REQUISITES: 1. 1356 . – FORM OF CONTRACTS See Arts. It must be licit MOTIVE • purely private reason. objects which are not possible of determination as to their kind CAUSA CAUSA
CHAPTER 3. Accessory – identical with cause of principal contract. Licit or not contrary to law. registration of chattel Page 123 of 297
repudiation. All other docs where amount involved is in excess of 500 ( must be written even private docs ) NOTE: RA 8792 (E-COMMERCE ACT) – formal requirements to make contracts effective as against third persons and to establish the existence of acontract are deemed complied with provided that the electronic document is unaltered and can be authenticated as to be useable for future reference. accident
. causes failure of instrument to express true intention 2. Others specified by law – to avoid frustration of true intent • Requisites: a.donation and acceptance of real property b.000 3. RESCISSIBLE CONTRACTS – Those which have caused a particular economic damage rd either to one of the parties or to a 3 person and which may be set aside even if valid. True intention not expressed in instrument d. Wills 3. fraud.1379
CHAPTER 6. When real agreement is void 4. Clear and convincing proof e. party in good faith may ask for reformation 3. one party was mistaken b. Facts put in issue in pleadings • NOTE: prescribes in 10 years from date of execution of instrument WHEN REFORMATION NOT AVAILABLE: 1. need ratification to be enforceable c.contract is valid and enforceable. clear and convincing proof d. Mistake by 3rd persons – due to ignorance. Under art 1381: Contracts entered into by persons exercising fiduciary capacity: Page 124 of 297
CHAPTER 4. bad faith of drafter. Cession. Contracts w/c object is creation. donation of personal prop in excess of 5. 1370 . Power to administer property for another iv. Estoppel when party has brought suit to enforce it
CHAPTER 5. Law requires contract to be in some form for convenience . .Civil Law Summer Reviewer
mortgage. Law requires contract to be in some form to be enforceable . 1359 . other either acted fraudulently or inequitably or knew but concealed c. There is meeting of minds c. – INTERPRETATION OF CONTRACTS See Arts. inequitable conduct. For enforceability (statute of frauds) 3.DEFECTIVE CONTRACTS See Arts. For convenience • • GENERAL RULE: contract is valid and binding in whatever form provided that 3 essential requisites concur EXCEPTIONS a. Cession of action of rights proceeding from an act appearing in a public inst.1369 REFORMATION OF CONTRACTS – remedy to conform to real intention of parties due to mistake. Simple donation inter vivos 2. negligence . Unilateral a. typist 4.a QuickTime™ and
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. – REFORMATION OF INSTRUMENTS See Arts. Mutual: instrument includes something w/c should not be there or omit what should be there a. clerk. Mutual b.
CAUSES/GROUNDS: 1. Law requires contract to be in some form for validity . 1370 . to the extent of the damage caused' REQUISITES: a. It may be set aside in whole or in part.Statute of Frauds. needed only to bind 3rd parties Ex: public documents needed for the ff: i. v. lack of skill. Real – creation of real rights over immovable prop must be written WHEN FORM IS IMPORTANT: 1. There is a written instrument b. For validity (formal/solemn contracts) 2. Mistake of fact c.1422 KINDS OF DEFECTIVE CONTRACTS: 1. contract is valid but right to enforce cannot be exercised. transmission or reformation of real rights over immovables ii. renunciation of hereditary rights/CPG iii. Contract must be rescissible i.
consideration toof this the conveyance is are needed see picture. 1542. Plaintiff has no other means to obtain reparation. Objects of litigation. defect is due to vice of consent or legal incapacity • CHARACTERISTICS: a. valid until annulled. contract entered into by defendant w/o knowledge or approval of litigants or judicial authority 5. inadequate or fictitious b. Plaintiff must be able to return whatever he may be obliged to return due to rescission 3. Price with interest MUTUAL RESTITUTION NOT APPLICABLE WHEN a. 1534. Can be confirmed ( NOTE: confirmation is the proper term for curing the defect of a voidable contract) d. subject to indemnity only. failure of the vendee to take exclusive possession of the property Rescission in Art 1191 It is a principal action retaliatory in character Only ground is nonperformance of one’s obligation or what is incumbent upon him Applies only to reciprocal obligation Only a party to the contract may demand fulfillment or seek the rescission of the contract Court may fix a period or grant extension of time for the fulfillment of the obligation Its purpose is to cancel the contract Rescission Proper in Art 1381 it is a subsidiary remedy There are 5 grounds to rescind. Deaf mute who can’t read or write d. transfer of all his property by a debtor when he is financially embarrassed or insolvent f. 1539. Can be assailed only by the party whose consent was defective or his heirs or assigns WHAT CONTRACTS ARE VOIDABLE: a. thus allowing partial rescission of the contract
OBLIGATION CREATED BY THE RESCISSION OF THE CONTRACT: Mutual Restitution a. It must be made within the prescribed period (of 4 years) e. Contracts where rescission is based on fraud committed on creditor (accion pauliana) 4. thing already in possession of party in good faith. Nonperformance by the other is not important Applies to both unilateral and reciprocal obligations Even a third person who is prejudiced by the contract may demand the rescission of the contract. transfer made between father and son where there is present any of the above circumstances g. In state of hypnotic spell Page 125 of 297
. Provided for by law . 1560. 1538. Insane unless acted in lucid interval c. 1567 and 1659 ii. Payment by an insolvent – on debts w/c are not yet due. VOIDABLE CONTRACTS – intrinsic defect. In state of drunkenness f. 1556. prejudices claim of others 6. Minors ( below 18 ) b. Things w/c are the objects of the contract and their fruits b. May be assailed or attacked only in an action for that purpose c. transfer was made by a debtor after a suit has been begun and while it is pending against him c. Agreed upon in representation of absentees. creditor did not receive anything from contract b. Entered into by guardian whenever ward suffers damage by more than 1/4 of value of object 2. if there are 2 st or more alienations – liability of 1 infractor BADGES OF FRAUD QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor a. The things must not have been passed to 3rd parties who did not act in bad faith 4. Court cannot grant extension of time for fulfillment of the obligation Its purpose is to seek reparation for the damage or injury caused. Effective until set aside b. 2.Payments made in a state of insolvency 1. Under art 1382 .art 1526. sale upon credit by an insolvent debtor d. evidence of indebtedness or complete insolvency
2. if absentee suffers lesion by more than ¼ of value of property 3.Civil Law Summer Reviewer
1. Persons specially disqualified: interdiction e.
discovery of fraud must be reckoned to have taken place from the time the document was registered in the office of the register of deeds. Error as to legal effect .Period to bring an action for Annulment i. UNENFORCEABLE CONTRACT – valid but cannot compel its execution unless ratified. Refers to the nature of the contract c. 3. Mistake. FRAUD • thru insidious words or machinations of contracting parties. mutual between parties. Error as to person .when mistake is mutual and frustrates the real purpose of parties VIOLENCE • serious or irresistible force is employed to wrest consent INTIMIDATION • one party is compelled by a reasonable and wellgrounded fear of an imminent and grave danger upon person and property of himself. see this picture. exaggeration of its god qualities and giving it qualities it does not have. or resulted to substantial mistake. RATIFICATION • REQUISITES i. Refers to the principal conditions in an agreement d. Contracts are also valid even though they are entered into by one of the parties without hope of advantage or profit. Page 126 of 297
CAUSES OF EXTINCTION OF ACTION TO ANNUL a. The doctrine on reluctant consent provides that a contract is still valid even if one of the parties entered it against his wishes or even against his better judgment. 76 SCRA 514. • Ratification cleanses the contract of its defects from the moment it was constituted.From time guardianship ceases Carantes vs. holds the guilty party liable for DAMAGES (Art. undue influence 4 years from time defect of consent ceases ii. Hongkong and Shanghai Bank. Incidental Fraud (dolo incidente) – deception which are not serious and without which the other party would still have entered into the contract. ascendants or descendants (moral coercion) UNDUE INFLUENCE • person takes improper advantage of his power over will of another depriving latter of reasonable freedom of choice Martinez vs. Tolerated Fraud – includes minimizing the defects of the thing. 12 Phil 252. LOSS OF THE THING which is the object of the contract through fraud or fault of the person who is entitled to annul the contract • NOTE: Object is lost through a fortuitous event. but without interest thereon. spouse. CA. Intimidation. VOIDABLE needed to1338) b. violence. Registration constitutes constructive notice to the whole world b. Causal Fraud (dolo causante) – deception of serious charcter without which the other party QuickTime™ and a would TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor into. contract is not have entered are (Art. 1344) c. the contract can still be annulled. other is induced to enter into contract w/o w/c he will not enter (dolo causante) KINDS OF FRAUD IN THE PERFORMANCE OF OBLIGATION OR CONTRACTS a. Refers to the subject of the thing which is the object of the contract b.when it is the principal consideration of the contract e. except in case of ratification effected by the guardian to contracts entered into by an incapacitated. iii. fraud – 4 years from time of discovery iii. only action for damages except if there is collusion between one party and the third person. PRESCRIPTION . LAWFUL misrepresentation NOTE: Expression of an opinion – not fraud unless made by expert and other party relied on the former’s special knowledge Fraud by third person – does not vitiate consent. such reason must have ceased. Incapacity .Civil Law Summer Reviewer
MISTAKE • false belief into something • REQUISITES: a. the injured party must have executed an act which expressly or impliedly conveys an intention to waive his right c. but the person obliged to return the same can be held liable only for the value of the thing at the time of the loss. knowledge of reason rendering contract voidable ii.
The right to set up the defense of nullity cannot be waived f. Agreement to be performed within a year after making contract ii. Agreement for lease of property for more than one year and sale of real property regardless of price vi. Unauthorized or No sufficient authority – entered into in the name of another when: i. Special promise to answer for debt. Those whose object is outside the commerce of man – no object iv. A judicial declaration to QuickTime™ and a TIFF is merely decompressor that effect (Uncompressed) this declaration a picture. chattels or things in action at price not less than 500. except if pari delicto will apply e. Curable by Ratification . No authority conferred ii. Representation as to credit of another TWO WAYS OF CURING UNENFORCEABLE CONTRACTS: a.Both parties incapable of giving consent -2 minor or 2 insane persons c. VOID OR INEXISTENT – of no legal effect CHARACTERISTICS: a. If performed. Those which cause or object did not exist at the time of the transaction – no cause/object iii. restoration is in order. Ex: Contract to sell marijuana
.Failure to comply with Statute of Frauds i. Agreement for sale of goods. There is no action for annulment necessary as such is ipso jure. public order or public policy . object or purpose is contrary to law. Those w/c are absolutely simulated or fictitious – no cause ii. whether it amounts to a crime or not d. It cannot be confirmed. to the presentation of parole evidence in court. In excess of authority conferred ( ultra vires) b. morals. the defect is waived 4. Imprescriptible Page 127 of 297 g. the defect of unenforceability is cured b. are needed to see c.Contracts w/c violate any legal provision. Failure of defendant to object in time. no object. default or miscarriage of another iii. good customs. Agreement made in consideration of promise to marry iv. Those expressly prohibited or declared void by law . Those w/c contemplate an impossible service – no object v. Anyone may invoke the nullity of the contract whenever its juridical effects are asserted against him KINDS OF VOID CONTRACT: a. Illegal/Illicit ones – Those whose cause. Prohibited by law c. exception: auction when recorded sale in sales book v. If there is performance in either part and there is acceptance of performance. produce legal effects only after ratified KINDS: a.Civil Law Summer Reviewer
extrinsic defect. it takes it out of unenforceable contracts. also estoppel sets in by accepting performance. It produces no effect whatsoever either against or in favor of anyone b. Those lacking in essential elements: no consent. ratified or cured d. Acceptance of benefits under the contract. Those w/c intention of parties relative to principal object of the contract cannot be ascertained b. Curable by Acknowledgment . no cause (inexistent ones) – essential formalities are not complied with ( ex: donation propter nuptias – should conform to formalities of a donation to be valid ) i.
Contract is for an illegal purpose b. pari delicto cannot apply because an Page 128 of 297
a. before it takes effect – party w/c is remorseful prevents it WHERE LAWS ARE ISSUED TO PROTECT CERTAIN SECTORS: CONSUMER PROTECTION. contract whereby a laborer undertakes to work longer than the maximum number of hours fixed by law g. no action against each other. No action for specific performance b. or before any damage has been caused to a 3rd person c. The law will leave you where you are c. those who come in equity must come with clean hands. illegality is accomplished when parties entered into contract. No action for specific performance b. Instrument of crime will be confiscated in favor of gov’t. if law set max working hours and laborer who undertakes to work longer may demand additional compensation c. Innocent party is entitled to restitution c. No action for specific performance h. any person paying an amount in excess of the maximum price allowed may recover such excess b. No confiscation
a. Guilty party will be prosecuted e. The law will leave you where you are i. LABOR. any laborer who agreed to receive less may still be entitled to recover the deficiency. 313 RPC) even if gambling is prohibited.Civil Law Summer Reviewer
the purpose has been accomplished. TO to see this DELICTO RULE . Innocent party is entitled to restitution c. payment of any amount in excess of the maximum price of any article or commodity fixed by law or regulation by competent authority f. Labor – if law sets the minimum wage for laborers. No action for specific performance b.If purpose has not yet been accomplished and If damage has not been caused to any 3rd person OTHER EXCEPTIONS: a. Guilty party is not entitled to restitution d. REQUISITES OF ILLEGAL CONTRACTS: a. courts may allow recovery of money. property delivered by incapacitated person in the interest of justice. payment of money or delivery of property made by an incapacitated person d. Thing/price to be confiscated in favor of government a. where the party who paid or delivered repudiates the contract before
. Guilty party is not entitled to restitution
KINDS OF ILLEGAL CONTRACTS PARI DELICTO DOCTRINE • Both parties are guilty. Interest paid in excess of the interest allowed by the usury law may be recovered by debtor with interest from date of payment EFFECTS OF ILLEGAL CONTRACTS a. USURY LAW a. If one party is incapacitated. applies only to illegal contracts and not to inexistent contracts. Payment of Usurious interest b. Consumer protection – if price of commodity is determined by statute. does not apply when a QuickTime™ and a superior public(Uncompressed) decompressor policy intervenes TIFF • EXCEPTION are neededPARI picture. Contract must be repudiated by any of the parties before purpose is accomplished or damage is caused to 3rd parties c.
a. No action for restitution on either side. Court believes that public interest will be served by allowing recovery (discretionary upon the court ) – based on remorse. agreement or contract which is not illegal per se and the prohibition is esigned for the protection of the plaintiff e. one who lost in gambling because of fraudulent schemes practiced on him is allowed to recover his losses (Art. Both shall be prosecuted j. No action for restitution on either side. payment of money or delivery of property for an illegal purpose.
lack of knowledge or notice on the part of the defendant that the complainant would assert the right on which he bases his suit 4. estoppel by silence d. for an unreasonable and unexplained length of time to do that which. Delivery by minor of money or fungible thing in fulfillment of obligation 5. Estoppel by record c. delay in asserting the complainant’s rights. • The binding tie of these obligations is in the conscience of man.
. Estoppel by deed b. injury to the defendant in the event relief is accorded to the complainant. Technical estoppel a. Estoppel by judgment d. other party is less guilty or not guilty TITLE 3. but which the debtor may perform voluntarily. return price plus interest • EXCEPTION: No recovery can be had in cases where nullity of contract arose from illegality of contract where parties are in pari delicto. conduct on part of the defendant. or of one under whom he claims. estoppel in pais (by conduct) c. the complainant having knowledge or notice. Performance after the civil obligation has prescribed 2. Estoppel by laches LACHES OR STALE DEMANDS LACHES • Failure or neglect. payment by heir of debt exceeding value of property inherited 7. return object of contract and fruits b. Performance after actiona to enforce civil QuickTime™ and TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor obligation hasare needed to see this picture. for under the law. reimbursement of a third person for a debt that has prescribed 3. and presupposes a prestation. except: a. EXAMPLES OF NATURAL OBLIGATIONS ENUMERATED UNDER THE CIVIL CODE: 1. giving rise to the situation of which complaint is made and for which the complaint seeks a remedy 2. they do not have the necessary efficacy to give rise to an action.Civil Law Summer Reviewer
incapacitated person does not know what he is entering into. incapacitated – not obliged to return what he gave but may recover what he has given b. If agreement is not illegal per se but merely prohibited and prohibition is designated for the protection of the plaintiff – may recover what he has paid or delivered by virtue of public policy MUTUAL RESTITUTION IN VOID CONTRACTS • GENERAL RULE: parties should return to each other what they have given by virtue of the void contract in case • Where nullity arose from defect in essential elements a. it is negligence or omission to assert a right within reasonable time warranting a presumption that the party entitled to assert it either has abandoned it or declined to assert it • ELEMENTS 1.1430 NATURAL OBLIGATIONS • they are real obligations to which the law denies an action. could or should have been done earlier. estoppel by acceptance of benefits 2. restitution by minor after annulment of contract 4. • It is patrimonial. – NATURAL OBLIGATIONS See Arts. of the defendant’s conduct and having been afforded the opportunity to institute a suit 3. 1423 . payment of legacy after will have been declared voi 1. or the suit in not held to be barred. by exercising due diligence. failed 6. unable to understand the consequences of his own action b.
– ESTOPPEL See Arts.1439 ESTOPPEL .Civil Law Summer Reviewer
TITLE 4.a condition or state by virtue of which an admission or representation is redered conclusive upon the person making it and cannot be denied or disproved as against the person relying thereon.
QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. 1431 .
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