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Information Disclosure Based on the Principles for Financial Market Infrastructures: The JGB Book-Entry Transfer System - PDF
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1 Information Disclosure Based on the Principles for Financial Market Infrastructures: The JGB Book-Entry Transfer System Bank of Japan September 2015
2 Table of Contents 1. Summary Important Changes Made since the Last Disclosure Outline Explanations of Each Principle... 19
3 1. Summary 1-1. The Purpose of This Document The Bank of Japan (hereafter "the Bank") operates the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System as a book-entry transfer institution for the Japanese government bond (JGB) 1 based on the Act on Book-Entry Transfer of Corporate Bonds and Shares, etc. (hereafter "Book-Entry Transfer Law"). The JGB Book-Entry Transfer System provides for JGB deliveries and receipts stemming from transactions in these instruments between participants to be made in the form of book-entry transfers. The Bank has built the Bank of Japan Financial Network System -- BOJ-NET Funds Transfer System (FTS) and BOJ-NET JGB Services 2 -- with the aim to settle funds and JGBs between the Bank and financial institutions efficiently and safely online. With regard to JGB book-entry transfers under the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System, financial institutions participating in the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System (hereafter "participants") can make use of the BOJ-NET. This document is designed to meet the disclosure requirement stipulated in "The Principles for Financial Market Infrastructures" (PFMIs), an international standard adopted in April 2012 by the Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructure (CPMI) of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) and the Board of the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO), and it covers primarily the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System and the BOJ-NET JGB Services operated by the Bank. References will also be made to the BOJ-NET's business associated with JGB book-entry transfers (such as Delivery Versus Payment [DVP] settlement for JGB and in-transit collateral) as required. 1 The JGB Book-Entry Transfer System covers exclusively dematerialized JGBs (book-entry JGBs) in accordance with the Book-Entry Transfer Law. 2 The BOJ-NET was established and is operated with the aim of efficiently and safely executing online funds and JGB settlements between the Bank and financial institutions through a computer network. The BOJ-NET connects the Bank's computer center with the Bank's head/branch offices and the financial institutions participating in the network with communication circuits that allow the data entered at the Bank's head/branch offices or financial institutions to be processed online at the Bank's computer center. In addition to connections with terminals, direct connection with financial institutions' computers is possible. The functions of the BOJ-NET comprise (1) JGB Services for JGB settlements and (2) FTS for funds settlements. The former executes the JGB settlements arising from purchase and sale of JGBs, and transactions on auction, and issuance. The latter executes funds settlement on JGB transactions as well as other market transactions.
4 Principles 6, 10, 14, 15, and 24 of the PFMIs will not be applied to the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System due to the nature of their provisions Outline of the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System The Bank offers real time gross settlement (RTGS) using the BOJ-NET JGB Services 3 for the delivery of JGBs among participants or between the Bank and participants. Under the RTGS, each transfer request or notice (hereafter "transfer instruction") given in the BOJ-NET JGB Services by the Bank or participants is settled immediately per transfer instruction once the BOJ-NET JGB Services confirms that it has secured a sufficient outstanding amount of the JGBs. Most of the participants are users of the BOJ-NET JGB Services. In addition, by linking the BOJ-NET (FTS) and the BOJ-NET JGB Services, the Bank offers DVP settlement of JGB (under which the funds transfer in the BOJ-NET [FTS] and the corresponding JGB transfer in the BOJ-NET JGB Services are linked so that one is executed on the condition that the other is executed). In order to reduce the participants' burden of carrying intraday liquidity required by RTGS settlements and to ensure the smooth execution of JGB settlements, the Bank offers the intraday overdraft facility 4 and the in-transit collateral facility (which enables, for example, a participant to pledge to the Bank JGBs received through DVP settlement to simultaneously draw an intraday overdraft from the Bank to pay for the JGBs). The legal basis of the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System is provided by the Book-Entry Transfer Law, the Bank of Japan Regulations Concerning the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System (hereafter "the Regulations") set by the Bank pursuant to the Book-Entry Transfer Law, and the Rules Concerning the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System (hereafter "the Rules") that provides specifics of the Regulations. The legal basis of the BOJ-NET JGB Services is provided by the rules for its usage. A high degree of legal certainty under the relevant laws on (1) the dematerialization of securities 3 A very small portion of JGB settlements, including the return of JGBs pledged as collateral to the Bank (that are designated to be processed at 15:00) are batch processed immediately after 15:00 on the designated delivery date. Note that DNS was abolished when the new BOJ-NET began full operation (on October 13, 2015), and all JGB settlements moved to RTGS. 4 In order to facilitate JGB settlements and accompanying funds settlements, the Bank provides the participants it has authorized, when requested, with intraday liquidity to be repaid by the closing hour in the form of an overdraft (i.e., intraday overdraft facility) up to the assessed value of collateral pledged in advance.
5 (acquisition, transfer and extinguishment of rights resulting from the entry of records in the transfer account ledger), (2) the tiered structure, (3) the finality of the settlement, and (4) the DVP settlements between funds settlements and JGB settlements is ensured by these Regulations and Rules Participants in the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System The types of participants in the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System comprise (1) Direct Participants (hereafter referred to as DPs ) that hold their accounts at the Bank, (2) Indirect Participants (hereafter referred to as IPs ) that hold their accounts at DPs, (3) Foreign Indirect Participants (hereafter referred to as FIPs ) that hold their accounts at DPs, IPs or FIPs; and (4) Customers that hold their accounts at the Bank, DPs, IPs, or FIPs. The JGB Book-Entry Transfer System takes a tiered structure, whereby the Bank opens accounts and manages JGBs for banks and financial instruments business operators, that are, DPs, who open accounts and manage JGBs for their customers (including IPs and FIPs). The eligibility criteria for the participation of the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System are stipulated in "Requirements for Establishing Direct Participants' Accounts and Customers' Accounts and Requirements for Approval as Indirect Participants and Foreign Indirect Participants in the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System," and are made public. DPs include banks and financial instruments business operators located in Japan, while IPs include shinkin banks and financial instruments business operators located in Japan, and FIPs include foreign banks and financial instruments business operators located overseas. Of these participants, only DPs can use the BOJ-NET JGB Services Risk Management Pertaining to This System The JGB Book-Entry Transfer System's operational stability and risk management are ensured by the governance structure of the Bank. 5 The Bank does not bear credit or funds liquidity risk in individual JGB settlements made by the participants under the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System, as it is not a party 5 The Bank operates the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System as the business pertaining to book-entry transfers of JGBs as a book-entry transfer institution designated under Article 47 of the Book-Entry Transfer Law and as business authorized under Article 39 of the Bank of Japan Act.
6 to these transactions. Although the Bank provides an intraday overdraft facility, as mentioned earlier, it appropriately manages risks associated with such credit provision by receiving in advance eligible collateral covering the amount of credit extended and by managing the amount of extended credit so that it remains within the value of the collateral pledged. The Regulations stipulate procedures to abolish an account in the event of a participant default and to port the outstanding amount of JGBs of defaulted participants customers. It also stipulates that the Bank may additionally set or act on necessary matters so long as it aims at securing smooth operations of the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System. As to operational risks, the Bank sets detailed operational procedures for participants and itself based on the detailed analysis of the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System's operations and on the operational flows established to control such risks. The BOJ-NET JGB Services are developed by identifying and curbing the operational risks in the design phase of system development. For business continuity planning, important IT systems are duplicated, data at the Bank's main center are reflected at its backup center near real time, and the switchover to the backup center can be executed to resume operations within two hours.
7 2. Important Changes Made since the Last Disclosure Not applicable, as this is the first information disclosure of the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System based on the PFMIs.
8 3. Outline 3-1. Outline of the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System and the BOJ-NET JGB Services Operated by the Bank The Bank operates the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System as a book-entry transfer institution for JGBs based on the Book-Entry Transfer Law. The JGB Book-Entry Transfer System provides for JGB deliveries and receipts stemming from transactions in these instruments between participants to be made in the form of book-entry transfers. The JGB Book-Entry Transfer System takes a tiered structure; the Bank opens accounts and manages JGBs for banks and financial instruments business operators, who also open accounts and manage JGBs for their customers (including Indirect Participants and Foreign Indirect Participants). The types of participants in the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System comprise (1) DPs that hold their accounts at the Bank; (2) IPs that hold their accounts at DPs; (3) FIPs that hold their accounts at DPs, IPs or FIPs; and (4) Customers that hold their accounts at the Bank, DPs, IPs, or FIPs (see Chart 3-5). The eligibility criteria for the participation of the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System are stipulated in "Requirements for Establishing Direct Participants' Accounts and Customers' Accounts and Requirements for Approval as Indirect Participants and Foreign Indirect Participants in the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System," and are made public. As of the end of March 2015, there were 280 DPs including banks and financial instruments business operators, 965 IPs including shinkin banks and financial instruments business operators located in Japan, and 133 FIPs including foreign banks and financial instruments business operators located overseas. The Bank offers online RTGS 6 using the BOJ-NET JGB Services for delivery of JGBs among participants or between the Bank and participants. Of the 280 DPs, there were 270 BOJ-NET JGB Services users. A large part of funds settlements arising from JGB settlements under the JGB 6 Under RTGS, each transfer instruction given in the BOJ-NET JGB Services by the Bank or participants is settled immediately per transfer instruction once the BOJ-NET JGB Services confirms that it has secured the sufficient outstanding amount of JGBs.
9 Book-Entry Transfer System is executed online in the BOJ-NET (FTS) that effects transfers between participants' current account deposits held at the Bank. 7 By linking the BOJ-NET (FTS) and the BOJ-NET JGB Services, the Bank offers DVP settlement, under which each funds transfer in the BOJ-NET (FTS) and the corresponding JGB transfer in the BOJ-NET JGB Services are linked so that one is executed on condition that the other is executed. In order to reduce the participants' burden of carrying intraday liquidity for RTGS settlements and to ensure smooth execution of JGB settlements, the Bank offers intraday overdraft facility and a facility called in-transit collateral that enables, for example, a participant to pledge to the Bank JGBs received through DVP settlement and to simultaneously draw an intraday overdraft from the Bank to pay for the JGBs (see Section 3-4). This document mainly covers the JGB book-entry transfer settlements under the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System and the BOJ-NET JGB Services operated by the Bank, and makes reference to the BOJ-NET's business associated with JGB book-entry transfers (such as DVP settlement for JGBs and in-transit collateral) and the Bank's operational arrangements as required. 7 Those that do not participate in the BOJ-NET make settlement requests in paper form at the Bank's window; the Bank then enters the requests into the BOJ-NET to execute settlements.
10 (Chart 3-1) Major FMIs in Japan and Their Connection with the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System Payment Systems Payments to the Government Bill Payments Debit Cards CD/ATM Electronically Recorded Monetary Claims Credit Transfers Direct Debits Credit Cards Bills/Checks Money Market Foreign Exchange Market OTC Derivatives Market Trading/ Instruction/ Confirmation Multi-Payment Network Electronic Monetary Claim Recording Institution Money Market Trade Confirmation System SWIFT Clearing Clearing Center CD/ATM Online Networks Zengin System Bill and Check Clearing Systems Collection/Reporting of Trade Information 3 Japan Securities Clearing Corporation DTCC Data Repository Japan Clearing Center Financial Institutions Settlement Funds Transfer Service Providers CLS (yen) Foreign Exchange Yen Clearing System Bank of Japan Treasury Funds Services BOJ-NET Funds Transfer System Securities Settlement Systems Exchange- Traded Derivatives Market Stocks Investment Trusts Corporate and Other Bonds CP JGBs Osaka Exchange Tokyo Stock Exchange and other stock exchanges Pre-Settlement Matching System (Japan Securities Depository Center) Tokyo Financial Exchange Japan Securities Clearing Corporation JASDEC DVP Clearing Corporation Japan Securities Clearing Corporation Book-Entry Transfer System for Stocks Book-Entry Transfer System for Investment Trusts Book-Entry Transfer System for Corporate Bonds Book-Entry Transfer System for CP Japan Securities Depository Center DVP DVP DVP DVP D V P JGB Registration/Book-Entry System (BOJ-NET JGB Services) Note: Systems surrounded by a dotted line are used in some instruction, confirmation, and clearing activities. JGBs, as high-credit and highly liquid securities, occupy a central position in financial markets and are traded in very large amounts each day in the JGB market. In fiscal 2014, JGB settlement in the BOJ-NET JGB Services stood at approximately 103 trillion
11 yen in terms of value and 19,000 transactions in terms of volume per business day, respectively (Chart 3-2). (Chart 3-2) Value and Volume of Payments and Settlements by Major FMIs (Fiscal ) Large-value payments Value (trillion yen) Year-on-Year growth (%) Volume (thousands) Year-on-Year growth (%) BOJ-NET Funds Transfer System Of which: Interbank transfers DVP for JGBs Large-value Zengin System payments CLS (yen payments) Foreign Exchange Yen Clearing System (FXYCS) Zengin System , Bill and Check Clearing Systems Securities settlements Value (trillion yen) Year-on-Year growth (%) Volume (thousands) Year-on-Year growth (%) BOJ-NET JGB Services Japan Securities Clearing Corporation (JSCC [Over-the-counter JGB transactions]) Japan Securities Clearing Corporation (JSCC [Exchange-traded transactions]) JASDEC DVP Clearing Corporation (JDCC) Japan Securities Depository Center (JASDEC) 4 Of which: Stock Dematerialized CP Corporate and other bonds Investment trusts Notes: 1. The figures are the average per business day for fiscal The value and volume of payments handled by the Zengin System. 3. The value and volume of payments (one-way) associated with clearing transactions (acceptance of obligations) by the central counterparty. For the Japan Securities Clearing Corporation (JSCC) (exchange trading, etc.) and JASDEC DVP Clearing Corporation (JDCC), only the value and volume of payments (one-way) for equity trading are included. 4. The sum of transfers, underwriting, and redemptions under each system (the sum of establishments, cancellations, and transfers for the Book-Entry Transfer System for Investment Trusts). Sources: Japan Securities Depository Center (JASDEC), Japanese Bankers Association, Japanese Banks' Payment Clearing Network, Bank of Japan, JSCC, and JDCC.
12 (Chart 3-3) Value and Volume of Settlements via the BOJ-NET JGB Services <Value and Volume of Transactions> <Year-on-year Growth> trillion yen thousands 120 Value Volume (right axis) FY % Value Volume 20 FY Source: Bank of Japan. The fees for the use of the settlement services offered by the Bank under the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System are in principle set based on the following policy. First, the Bank considers that it should basically bear the costs for putting its infrastructure in place to offer its settlement services (including the costs of the development and maintenance of the systems). This is because the FMI the Bank offers to execute funds and JGB settlements among financial institutions is a public infrastructure that is fundamental to the functioning of the financial and capital markets. Moreover, it is considered that investing to further enhance the safety and efficiency of its FMI in response to changes in the surrounding environment such as technological innovation is an inherent function of central banks. On the other hand, financial institutions using these services online via the BOJ-NET can expect to benefit from the lighter operational burden and shorter processing time compared with those when using these services via paper-based requests to the Bank. Therefore, when an access is made via the BOJ-NET, the Bank collects the costs from participants for the connection with the BOJ-NET and the use of communication circuits in the form of fixed fees and transaction fees, which correspond to the benefits from online processing. The fixed fees are determined by the type of communication circuit, while the transaction fees are set according to the type of message format.
13 3-2. Organizational Structure The Bank's governance structure is as shown below (Chart 3-4). The stability of the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System operated by the Bank is secured by this structure. The Bank's organizational structure is set forth in the Bank of Japan Act (hereafter "the Act") as well as in the Bank's Articles of Incorporation and Rules on Organization of the Bank. Its officers consist of the Governor, Deputy Governors, Members of the Policy Board, Auditors, Executive Directors, and Counsellors (hereafter "Officers"). The Governor, Deputy Governors, and Members of the Policy Board make up the Policy Board, the Bank's highest decision-making body. In addition to matters concerning currency and monetary control, any matters that the Policy Board finds particularly necessary concerning other business including the operation of the FMI shall be decided by the Policy Board under the Act. To execute its day-to-day business as a central bank, the Bank has head office departments, branches, and local and overseas representative offices. Of these, the Payment and Settlement Systems Department, Operations Department, and Information System Services Department are primarily responsible for the planning and operation of the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System and the BOJ-NET JGB Services (Chart 3-4).
14 (Chart 3-4) Organizational Chart of the Bank of Japan Policy Board Governor Deputy Governors Executive Directors Members of the Policy Board Auditors Counsellors Management Committee Compliance Committee Head Office Secretariat of the Policy Board Internal Auditors Office Monetary Affairs Department Financial System and Bank Examination Department Payment and Settlement Systems Department Financial Markets Department Research and Statistics Department International Department Currency Issue Department Operations Department Information System Services Department Public Relations Department Personnel and Corporate Affairs Department Administration Department Institute for Monetary and Economic Studies Branches (32), Local Offices in Japan (14) and Overseas Representative Offices (7) The Bank operates the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System and the BOJ-NET JGB Services as (1) the business pertaining to book-entry transfers of JGBs that is conducted by a book-entry transfer institution designated under the Book-Entry Transfer Law, (2) the authorized business under Article 39 of the Act, and (3) part of the regular business of the Bank as stipulated in Article 33 of the Act. As such, their operations and risk management are not to violate these articles or the authorization, and they must also be consistent with the Bank's purpose as stipulated in Article 1, Paragraph 2 of the Act (which states, "the Bank of Japan's purpose is to ensure smooth settlement of funds among banks and other financial institutions, thereby contributing to the maintenance of stability of the financial system"). In addition, Article 5 of the Act stipulates, "In light of the public nature of its business and property, the Bank of Japan shall endeavor to conduct its business in a proper and efficient manner." The Policy Board has set down matters in accordance with each provision of the Act in the Bank's Articles of Incorporation, and all these in combination from the Bank's basic policy on the operations and risk management of the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System and the
15 BOJ-NET JGB Services. Under this policy, the Policy Board decides the eligibility criteria for participation in the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System and other important issues regarding the operation of the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System. In the actual operation of the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System and the BOJ-NET JGB Services, in line with the policy and the decisions, all functions -- including the relevant functions responsible for business operations and IT system management -- identify risks that would arise from the execution of their business and verify how these risks are managed and countermeasures are implemented. The situation of risk management in each function is periodically reported to the Policy Board. Similarly, relevant Officers, including the Governor, and the functions responsible for business operations and IT system management of the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System are involved in the development and reviews of business procedures and IT system development. In addition to the above, the Policy Board receives the results of internal audits from the Internal Auditors' Office on a regular basis, while the Auditors appointed by the Cabinet regularly audit the Bank's overall business. These measures ensure that the Bank's risk management is fully functioning. Before making significant changes to the business operations of the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System, the Bank solicits opinions and proposals from participants and relevant parties in the market, as necessary. In addition, to identify relevant issues such as the need for improvement of the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System, the Bank works continually to hold direct dialogues with and conduct surveys of participants, and exchanges information and views with the operators of major FMIs on practical issues surrounding FMIs in Japan Legal and Regulatory Frameworks To operate the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System, the Bank is designated as a book-entry transfer institution by the competent ministers (the Prime Minister, Minister of Justice, and Minister of Finance) under Article 47 of the Book-Entry Transfer Law. The Bank is authorized by the Prime Minister (whose power is delegated to the Commissioner of the Financial Services Agency) and the Minister of Finance to operate (1) the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System under the Book-Entry Transfer Law and (2)
16 the BOJ-NET JGB Services based on Article 39 of the Act. These services are provided to fulfill the Bank's purpose, which "is to ensure smooth settlement of funds among banks and other financial institutions, thereby contributing to the maintenance of stability of the financial system" (as stipulated in Article 1, Paragraph 2 of the Act). The Book-Entry Transfer Law stipulates the attribution of rights and the validity of transfers pertaining to book-entry JGBs. It also states that the attribution of rights regarding book-entry JGBs is determined by the entry of records in the transfer account ledgers, and that transfer of JGBs becomes valid when it is recorded in the receiver's account. Under the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System, in addition to the Book-Entry Transfer Law, the Regulations set by the Bank pursuant to the Book-Entry Transfer Law, and the Rules that provide specifics of the Regulations, and other procedures and contracts set forth by the Bank form the legal basis. For online processing of JGB book-entry transfers via the BOJ-NET, in addition to the above-mentioned acts, regulations, and rules, the contract between the Bank and participants for the use of the BOJ-NET JGB Services provides the legal basis. (Chart 3-5) JGB Book-Entry Transfer under the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System With regard to the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System and the BOJ-NET JGB Services, the Bank conducts self-assessments against the PFMIs. The Bank's operation of the
17 JGB Book-Entry Transfer System is subject to the supervision of book-entry transfer institutions (primarily on the appropriateness and certainty of the operation as a book-entry transfer institution) 8 based on the Book-Entry Transfer Law. At the same time, the Act requires the Bank to report to the Diet and the competent ministers on its overall business The JGB Book-Entry Transfer System and Operational Process for the JGB Book-Entry Transfer under the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System Under the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System, settlements are executed based on transfer instructions made by participants (see Chart 3-5). For example, when DP X's customer A wants to deliver JGBs to DP Y's customer B, deliverer A makes a transfer request of the JGBs to its account management institution X, after which the X debits A's account on its book and notifies the book-entry transfer institution (i.e., the Bank) which is an upper-tier institution. The book-entry transfer institution debits X's account in its book, then credits the account of Y, which is the account management institution of receiver B, and notifies Y. Account management institution Y credits receiver B's account, to conclude the series of transfers. In the series of transfers, the BOJ-NET is used for the execution of the transfer request from account management institution X to account management institution Y, both of which are DPs. Most of the JGB transactions among financial institutions are settled using DVP settlement of JGBs, which was introduced in After the introduction of RTGS in 2001, in order to reduce the financial institutions' burden of carrying intraday liquidity in the RTGS environment, and to ensure smooth settlement of JGBs, the Bank introduced the in-transit collateral facility, which combines the functionality of the Bank's intraday overdraft facility and the DVP settlement of JGBs. By using the in-transit collateral facility, a BOJ-NET user that is also eligible for the use of overdraft facility, (1) when receiving JGBs on a DVP basis, can (2) simultaneously pledge the received JGBs as collateral to the Bank for the Bank's overdraft facility, then (3) receive intraday overdraft from the Bank (against the 8 Unlike other book-entry transfer institutions (which are joint share companies), the Bank, under a special provision in the Book-Entry Transfer Law (Article 48), is exempt from provisions concerning control and oversight, such as (1) the ban on engaging in other businesses, (2) reasons for disqualification of executive directors, (3) orders for the termination of executive directors, (4) on-site examinations, and (5) reporting and orders on assets (property) and income and expenditure.
18 collateral), and (4) pay for the purchased JGBs (see Chart 3-6, steps (1) through (4) are executed simultaneously). This facility is also available to the deliverer of JGBs as well as the receivers (see Chart 3-6, steps (1) and (4) through (6) are executed simultaneously). (Chart 3-6) In-Transit Collateral Facility Note: After the new BOJ-NET JGB Services started full operation on October 13, 2015, the dedicated current account used for this facility called the "current account (in-transit collateral settlement account)" and the dedicated collateral type called "in-transit collateral" were abolished and integrated with the existing "current account" and "pooled collateral," respectively.
19 4. Explanations of Each Principle Principle 1: Legal basis An FMI should have a well-founded, clear, transparent, and enforceable legal basis for each material aspect of its activities in all relevant jurisdictions. Key Consideration 1: The legal basis should provide a high degree of certainty for each material aspect of an FMI's activities in all relevant jurisdictions. The Bank operates the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System as a book-entry transfer institution for JGBs based on the Book-Entry Transfer Law. The important aspects in the operation of the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System that require a high degree of legal certainty are (1) the dematerialization of securities (acquisition, transfer, and extinguishment of rights resulting from the entry of records in the transfer account ledger), (2) the tiered structure, and (3) settlement finality. In order to execute JGB transfers online, the Bank operates the BOJ-NET JGB Services upon the authorization based on the Act. In addition to (1) through (3) mentioned above, an important aspect that requires a high degree of legal certainty in the operation of the BOJ-NET JGB Services is (4) the DVP settlements between the BOJ-NET (FTS) that enables the online funds settlements through transfers of current account deposits the Bank holds from financial institutions and others. The important aspects mentioned above from (1) to (4), as well as the rights and obligations between the Bank and the participants regarding the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System, are set out by the Book-Entry Transfer Law, the Regulations, and the Rules. The Regulations stipulate that the rights and obligations regarding the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System are governed by Japanese law, and that any litigation due to a dispute involving these rights and obligations is to be settled exclusively by the Tokyo District Court. The rights and obligations regarding BOJ-NET JGB Services are to be treated in the same manner.
20 The legal basis of the Regulations and Rules is the Book-Entry Transfer Law and its related Cabinet Orders and Ordinance of the relevant Ministry, and the legal basis of the rules on the use of the BOJ-NET JGB Services is the Japanese Civil and Commercial Codes, and contracts between the Bank and the participants. The fact that these Regulations and Rules and the procedures based on them have a high degree of legal certainty under relevant laws and regulations is secured by assessments by the competent minister, or by both internal and external legal reviews (with the intensity of the review depending on the degree of significance) at the time of their introduction or revision, or at the time of the introduction of new relevant laws and regulations. Key Consideration 2: An FMI should have rules, procedures, and contracts that are clear, understandable, and consistent with relevant laws and regulations. Not only the laws related to JGB settlement (such as the Book-Entry Transfer Law and Civil and Commercial Codes) but also the Regulations, Rules, and eligibility criteria for the approval of participants are made public. The rules on the use of the BOJ-NET JGB Services are also publicly available. As described under Key Consideration 1, consistency of the rules, procedures, and contracts pertaining to the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System and the BOJ-NET JGB Services with the relevant laws is secured by internal and external review procedures at the time of their introduction or revision. Specifically, the Book-Entry Transfer Law requires the competent minister's approval when amending the Regulations, or notification of the competent regulatory authorities when amending the Rules. Any important issues regarding the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System and the BOJ-NET JGB Services that the Policy Board finds particularly necessary shall be decided by the Policy Board in accordance with the Act (Article 15, Paragraph 2). Key Consideration 3: An FMI should be able to articulate the legal basis for its activities to relevant authorities, participants, and, where relevant, participants' customers, in a clear and understandable way. When a participant opens a DPs' Account or commences use of the BOJ-NET, the Bank notifies the participant in writing or through its website of the Regulations, the Rules,
21 and rules on the use of the BOJ-NET JGB Services. The Regulations and the Rules are also published on the Bank's website. In addition, when amending the rules and procedures due to IT system improvements or changes in the surrounding environment, the Bank notifies participants of the amendment in writing or through its website, and thus participants are in a position to easily access the latest information. Key Consideration 4: An FMI should have rules, procedures, and contracts that are enforceable in all relevant jurisdictions. There should be a high degree of certainty that actions taken by the FMI under such rules and procedures will not be voided, reversed, or subject to stays. Transfer and pledging of JGBs settled in JGB Book-Entry Transfer System become legally effective and can be duly asserted against a third party when the pledgee has had the increase in the amount pertaining to the pledge described or recorded in the pledgee's DPs' Account through application for the book-entry transfer (Articles 98 and 99 of Book-Entry Transfer Law). If a deliverer of JGBs who does not have legal title to JGBs delivers them to a receiver, the receiver will acquire legal title to them, provided that the receiver acted in good faith without gross negligence (Article 102 of the above law). Since there is no rules in the Japanese bankruptcy laws that are equivalent to the so-called "zero-hour rule," transactions effected before the default will not be voided under the insolvency proceedings. Key Consideration 5: An FMI conducting business in multiple jurisdictions should identify and mitigate the risks arising from any potential conflict of laws across jurisdictions. FIPs (such as nonresident financial institutions) can manage accounts based on the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System through the branches or offices located outside Japan. If a suit is filed against an FIP located outside Japan, under rules on conflict of laws, foreign laws including the laws of jurisdiction where an FIP is located may be applied, and this may affect the legal framework of the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System. Taking into account such a situation, the Regulations stipulate that the rights and obligations regarding the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System are governed by Japanese laws, and in addition the Bank and the FIP mutually agree that the rights and obligations between the Bank and the FIP based on the Regulations and Rules are governed by
22 Japanese laws. Moreover, the Bank ascertains that the agreement regarding the governing laws is legally enforceable under the laws of jurisdiction where the FIP is located, by requiring the FIP to submit a legal opinion from a law firm located in and specializing in the laws of that jurisdiction.
23 Principle 2: Governance An FMI should have governance arrangements that are clear and transparent, promote the safety and efficiency of the FMI, and support the stability of the broader financial system, other relevant public interest considerations, and the objectives of relevant stakeholders. Key Consideration 1: An FMI should have objectives that place a high priority on the safety and efficiency of the FMI and explicitly support financial stability and other relevant public interest considerations. The Bank operates the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System, placing high priority both on its safety and efficiency in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations. With respect to safety, the Bank's purpose to smoothly and stably operate the FMI derives from Article 1, Paragraph 2 of the Act, where it stipulates that the Bank's "purpose is to ensure smooth settlement of funds among banks and other financial institutions, thereby contributing to the maintenance of stability of the financial system." Taking into account that the funds transactions and settlements are closely related to the purchases and sales of JGBs among banks and other financial institutions, the purpose to operate the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System is to ensure smooth settlement of funds among banks and other financial institutions. As for efficiency, the Bank, in light of the public nature of its business and property, is required to conduct its business in a proper and efficient manner including giving due consideration to its financial soundness, as called for in Article 5, Paragraph 1 of the Act. In conducting the Bank's business, as provided by the Act, the Policy Board decides its basic policy, and the Governor, other Officers, and employees execute them under the basic policy. The Act also stipulates that the Auditors appointed by the Cabinet shall audit the Bank's business, including the evaluation of its performance. The Bank publishes on a regular basis its Payment and Settlement Systems Report, describing the efforts made by the Bank and relevant institutions to improve the safety and efficiency of the FMIs. The report also assesses the extent to which the Bank has attained its objectives. The Bank also releases the Annual Review, which is a comprehensive description of the Bank's policy and business, including the operations of the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System, as required by the Act.
24 Key Consideration 2: An FMI should have documented governance arrangements that provide clear and direct lines of responsibility and accountability. These arrangements should be disclosed to owners, relevant authorities, participants, and, at a more general level, the public. The operational stability of the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System is ensured through the governance arrangements of the Bank. The Bank's organization is managed in accordance with the Act, Articles of Incorporation, and Rules on Organization of the Bank, all of which are made public. Specifically, at the Bank, the Policy Board, as the highest decision-making-body, decides the basic policies on policy, business, and organizational matters; based on these policies, the Governor and other relevant Officers, as well as head office departments, branches, and local and overseas representative offices, conduct business according to their jurisdiction. The operation of JGB Book-Entry Transfer System and the BOJ-NET JGB Services that are (1) JGB book-entry transfers as the designated book-entry transfer institution under the Book-Entry Transfer Law, (2) authorized business under Article 39 of the Act, and (3) the Bank's regular business under Article 33 of the Act, are also conducted under the above regime. The Bank is the operator of the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System and the overseer of private FMIs. Mindful of this dual role that could cause a conflict of interest, the Bank strives to avoid the misunderstanding that it is conducting the oversight of private FMIs to take the advantage of the operation of the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System. For example, the oversight of private FMIs is conducted by a function that is separate from the one that operates the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System. With regard to the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System, the Bank conducts self-assessments against the PFMIs. Key Consideration 3: The roles and responsibilities of an FMI's board of directors (or equivalent) should be clearly specified, and there should be documented procedures for its functioning, including procedures to identify, address, and manage member conflicts of interest. The board should review both its overall performance and the performance of its individual board
25 members regularly. The Act and Articles of Incorporation set forth the matters that should be decided by the Policy Board, the Bank's highest decision-making body. On the management of the Policy Board, the Act and Articles of Incorporation call for a quorum of at least two-thirds of the total number of incumbent Policy Board members, including its chairperson, to hold a meeting and to take a vote. In addition, proceedings are determined by a majority vote of the attending members; when yes and no votes stand at parity, it is stipulated that the chair is to decide. The Act and Articles of Incorporation also stipulate that the Governor and Deputy Governors shall not have the authority of representation with regard to matters for which their interests and the interest of the Bank conflict. Regarding the management of proceedings at Policy Board meetings, the procedures are set forth by the Policy Board. Key Consideration 4: The board should contain suitable members with the appropriate skills and incentives to fulfil its multiple roles. This typically requires the inclusion of non-executive board member(s). The Policy Board consists of nine members. They are the Governor, two Deputy Governors, and the six Members of the Policy Board that are all appointed by the Cabinet, subject to the consent of the House of Representatives and the House of Councillors in accordance with the Act. Members of the Policy Board shall be appointed from among persons with relevant knowledge and experience including experts on the economy or finance. Key Consideration 5: The roles and responsibilities of management should be clearly specified. An FMI's management should have the appropriate experience, a mix of skills, and the integrity necessary to discharge their responsibilities for the operation and risk management of the FMI. The business of the Bank is executed by the Governor, Deputy Governors, and Executive Directors under the basic policy set by the Policy Board. The responsibilities and powers of these officers are set forth by the Act and Articles of Incorporation, as well as Rules on Organization of the Bank. Specifically, the
26 Governor represents the Bank and exercises general control over its business in accordance with decisions made by the Policy Board, while Deputy Governors, in accordance with the decisions made by the Governor, represent the Bank, and administer the business of the Bank assisting the Governor. The Executive Directors, in accordance with the decisions made by the Governor, administer the business of the Bank, assisting the Governor and Deputy Governors. The specific responsibilities of these Officers are decided by the Governor and are made public. The Officers of the Bank are appointed in accordance with the provisions of the Act. Among the Officers administering the business of the Bank, the Governor and Deputy Governors are appointed by the Cabinet, subject to the consent of the House of Representatives and the House of Councillors, while Executive Directors are appointed by the Minister of Finance based on the Policy Board's recommendation. Key Consideration 6: The board should establish a clear, documented risk-management framework that includes the FMI's risk-tolerance policy, assigns responsibilities and accountability for risk decisions, and addresses decision making in crises and emergencies. Governance arrangements should ensure that the risk-management and internal control functions have sufficient authority, independence, resources, and access to the board. The JGB Book-Entry Transfer System and the BOJ-NET JGB Services are operated by the Bank as (1) JGB book-entry transfers as the designated book-entry transfer institution under the Book-Entry Transfer Law, (2) authorized business under Article 39 of the Act, and (3) the Bank's regular business under Article 33 of the Act. As such, their operation and risk management are not to violate these articles or the authorization, and they must also be consistent with the Bank's purpose stipulated in Article 1, Paragraph 2 of the Act (which states, "the Bank of Japan's purpose is to ensure smooth settlement of funds among banks and other financial institutions, thereby contributing to the maintenance of stability of the financial system"). In addition, Article 5 of the Act stipulates, "In light of the public nature of its business and property, the Bank of Japan shall endeavor to conduct its business in a proper and efficient manner." The Policy Board has set down matters in accordance with each provision of the Act in the Bank's Articles of Incorporation, and all of these in combination form the Bank's basic policy
27 on the operation and risk management of the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System and the BOJ-NET JGB Services. Under this policy, the Policy Board decides the eligibility criteria for participation in the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System and other important issues regarding the operation of the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System. In the actual operation of the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System and the BOJ-NET JGB Services, in line with the policy and the decisions, all functions -- including the relevant functions responsible for business operations and IT system management -- identify risks that would arise from the execution of their business and verify how these risks are managed and countermeasures are implemented. The situation of risk management in each function is periodically reported to the Policy Board. Similarly, relevant Officers, including the Governor and the functions responsible for business operations and IT system management of the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System, are involved in development and review of the business procedures and in IT system development. In addition to the above, the Policy Board receives the result of internal audits by the Internal Auditors' Office on a regular basis, while the Auditors appointed by the Cabinet regularly audit the Bank's business. These measures ensure that the Bank's risk management is fully functioning. As to decision making at the time of crisis or in emergencies, the Bank establishes procedures that allow flexibility in the management of the Policy Board, and set forth in advance internal procedures that are to be referred to by each function in case of extraordinary situations. Especially for measures against disasters, in accordance with the Basic Act on Disaster Control Measures and other relevant laws and regulations, the Bank has developed and made public its business continuity plans stating the selection of businesses to be covered in case of emergencies, securing of personnel and supplies, information gathering, and arrangements for communication with relevant institutions. Key Consideration 7: The board should ensure that the FMI's design, rules, overall strategy, and major decisions reflect appropriately the legitimate interests of its direct and indirect participants and other relevant stakeholders. Major decisions should be clearly disclosed to relevant stakeholders and, where there is a broad market impact, the public.
28 Before making significant changes in the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System, the Bank publishes its basic policy in advance or discloses it to relevant stakeholders and solicits opinions and proposals from participants and relevant parties in the market, as necessary, thereby ensuring that there is sufficient time for preparation before the changes are implemented. In addition, to identify the needs for improvements in the business itself and the operation of the business, the Bank works continually to hold direct dialogues with and conduct surveys of participants, and to exchange information and views with the operators of major FMIs on practical issues surrounding FMIs in Japan.
29 Principle 3: Framework for the comprehensive management of risks An FMI should have a sound risk-management framework for comprehensively managing legal, credit, liquidity, operational, and other risks. Key Consideration 1: An FMI should have risk-management policies, procedures, and systems that enable it to identify, measure, monitor, and manage the range of risks that arise in or are borne by the FMI. Risk-management frameworks should be subject to periodic review. The Bank's framework on the operation and risk management pertaining to the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System and the BOJ-NET JGB Services are as stated under Principle 2, Key Consideration 6. In the actual operation of the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System and the BOJ-NET JGB Services, in accordance with the basic policy and the Policy Board decisions on risk management, all functions -- including business operations and IT system management, either individually according to their jurisdiction or in collaboration with other functions -- analyze and consider risks (such as credit, liquidity, and operational risks) that could affect smooth operation of the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System to identify and manage them. The management of individual risks is as described under the Principles corresponding to the individual risks (Principle 4 and after). The Policy Board receives reports on the situation of risk management in each function on a regular basis, and also receives regular reports of internal audits by the Internal Auditors' Office. Separately, the Auditors audit the Bank's overall business, and the outline of the results is published in the Annual Review. The risk management framework for the operation of the JGB Book-Entry Transfer System is subject to reviews in consideration of changes in the situation of risk management, economic and market trends, relevant laws and regulations, market practices, and so on. Key Consideration 2: An FMI should provide incentives to participants and, where relevant, their customers to manage and contain the risks
Financial and Payment System Office October 11, PAYMENT AND SETTLEMENT STATISTICS (August 2000)
Not to be released until 11:00 a.m. on Wednesday, October 11, 2000. BANK OF JAPAN CPO BOX 30 TOKYO 103-8660, JAPAN TEL. 3-3279-1111 Financial and Payment System Office October 11, 2000 PAYMENT AND SETTLEMENT