Source: https://pl.scribd.com/document/349860701/U-S-Sentencing-Commission-Report-on-Youthful-Offenders
Timestamp: 2018-10-18 16:08:59
Document Index: 482064100

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 5031', '§5', '§ 924', '§ 924', '§5', '§5', '§5', '§5', '§ 922', '§2', '§ 5005', '§ 218', '§ 994', '§ 995', '§1', '§5', '§5', '§1', '§4', '§4', '§4', '§4', '§4', '§5', '§ 3553', '§5', '§ 995', '§ 994', '§1', '§2', '§2', '§2', '§2', '§ 924', '§ 1152', '§ 1153', '§ 1162', '§4', '§4', '§3', '§4', '§4', '§ 3553', '§ 924', '§4', '§4', '§2']

A new federal report shows that 57.8 of federal prosecutions of people under 25 involve Hispanics and 21.2 percent involve black youths. A whopping 92 percent of offenses are non-violent, wi…Full description
U.S. Sentencing Commission Report on &quot;Youthful Off...
United States v. Huff, 10th Cir. (2007)
United States v. Bobbi L. Brand, 907 F.2d 31, 4th Cir. (1990)
United States v. Illaya Stephens, 347 F.3d 427, 2d Cir. (2003)
United States v. Toribio-Almonte, 1st Cir. (2015)
United States v. Edmonds, 348 F.3d 950, 11th Cir. (2003)
United States v. Byron Shane Chubbuck, Cross-Appellee, 32 F.3d 1458, 10th Cir. (1994)
Fastcase Document
United States of America, Appellee-Cross-Appellant v. Terry Davis, Defendant-Appellant-Cross-Appellee, 114 F.3d 400, 2d Cir. (1997)
United States v. Sayer, 1st Cir. (2014)
United States v. Talladino, 1st Cir. (1994)
United States v. Castrillon-Gonzalez, 77 F.3d 403, 11th Cir. (1996)
United States v. Heyward, 4th Cir. (2008)
United States v. Floyd Stevens Hicks, 948 F.2d 877, 4th Cir. (1991)
United States v. Turcios-Arrazola, 10th Cir. (2013)
United States v. Gonzales, 10th Cir. (2009)
United States v. Robert Holifield, A/K/A Jim Davis, A/K/A Philip Sharp, A/K/A David Jones, Robert Holifield, United States of America v. Robert A. Holifield, Robert Holifield, 53 F.3d 11, 3rd Cir. (1995)
United States v. Murphy, 10th Cir. (2000)
United States v. Keith James Parkinson, 991 F.2d 786, 1st Cir. (1993)
United States of America, and v. Cheryl Marie Gigley, and Cross-Appellee. United States of America, and Cross-Appellee v. Cheryl Marie Gigley, And, 213 F.3d 503, 10th Cir. (2000)
Commission (“the Commission”) presents information about Jason Grago, M.A.
the Commission’s Tribal Issues Advisory Group (TIAG)
•	There were 86,309 offenders (18.0% of the federal offender population) age
•	The majority (57.8%) of youthful offenders are Hispanic.
•	There were very few youthful offenders under the age of 18 sentenced in
•	Almost 92 percent of offenses committed by youthful offenders were non-
•	Similar to the overall federal offender population (or non-youthful
•	The average sentence for youthful offenders was 34.9 months.
•	Youthful offenders were more likely to be sentenced within the guidelines
•	Youthful offenders recidivated at a much higher rate than their older
counterparts—about 67 percent versus 41 percent.
Consideration of a defendant’s youthfulness at sentencing
a “young offender” under the age of 22, and a “young adult
offender” between the ages of 22 and 26, that included
to consider whether certain enumerated factors—including a
defendant’s age—“have any relevance to the nature, extent,
do have relevance.”10 Congress also gave the Commission the
authority to “study the feasibility of developing guidelines for
the disposition of juvenile delinquents.”11
Act (18 U.S.C. §§ 5031-5042).12 Nonetheless, the guidelines
the defendant’s Criminal History Category.14 Specifically,
within fifteen years of the defendant’s commencement of the
within five years of the defendant’s commencement of the
instant offense or within five years of the defendant’s release
offenses, including “juvenile status offenses and truancy,”
Specifically, §5H1.1 provides that age—including youth—
“may be relevant in determining whether a departure
guidelines. . . .”18
Until 2010, the guidelines had provided that age—
including youth—was “not ordinarily relevant” in
departure standard “after reviewing recent federal
various forms from federal judges.”20
the death penalty for individuals with mental retardation—
defendant’s claim of decreased culpability was bolstered by
parole (LWOP) for offenses other than murder, citing youths’
by Congress, the Commission’s numerous research
which contributes to the agency’s research mission. The chief
the advisory guideline sentencing range. A “case” is defined
the Commission’s annual Sourcebook of Federal Sentencing
period.45 The number of offenders increased as offenders’ age
In light of the TIAG’s recommendation to the Commission
into the “Other race” category in Commission statistical
U.S.C. § 924(c). Of all youthful offenders, 9.6 percent
violating 18 U.S.C. § 924(c), which applies to the possession,
to the state government pursuant to Public Law 83–280
(commonly referred to as “PL 280”).56 Those PL 280 states
the TIAG’s recommendation to study youthful offenders, the
severity of the offense and the offender’s prior criminal
Table, found in Chapter Five, Part A of the Commission’s
An offender’s prior criminal history is one of two key
a Criminal History Category (“CHC”) based on the number
of criminal history points assigned to an offender’s prior
youthful and older offenders—16.3 percent of youthful
Crim Hist Crim Hist Crim Hist ≥ Crim Hist
Under the sentencing guidelines, an offender’s criminal
a juvenile adjudication of delinquency. The Commission’s
offender’s criminal history score. That is, 25.9 percent of all
points to the offender’s criminal history score.
being considered in connection with the offenders’ instant
contributed, on average, 2.1 points to the offender’s criminal
considered in connection with the offenders’ instant federal
the court’s determination that the offender’s criminal history
score underrepresents the seriousness of the offender’s
offender’s personal history or instant offense, among other
Non-Gov’t
(USSG §5K1.1), 43.5 percent were for Early Disposition
Program participation (USSG §5K3.1), and the remainder
Gov’t Sponsored Below Range
USSG §5K1.1 Sub. Assist. 7,867 (9.5%) 48,230 (12.5%)
USSG §5K3.1 Early Disp. 9,035 (10.9%) 39,006 (10.1%)
Non-Gov’t Sponsored Below Range
judges in some cases is the offender’s age or lack of guidance
offender’s age or lack of guidance as youth as a reason for
Gov’t Non-Gov’t
A defendant’s offense level may also be reduced due to a
—127 received a reduction in sentence due to substantial
Gov’t Sponsored Non-Gov’t Sponsored
§ 922(g) with at least three prior felony convictions for
youthful offenders were sentenced under USSG §2A1.1, the
Commission’s overview report on recidivism among offenders
U.S. Sentencing Commission’s 2005 Recidivism Release Cohort Datafile, RECID05.
part of the Commission’s on-going study of the recidivism of
Comm’n, 2015 Annual Report and Sourcebook of Federal Sentencing
2	U.S. Sentencing Comm’n, Report of the Tribal Issues Advisory
3	U.S. Sentencing Comm’n, “Final Priorities for Amendment
Cycle,” 81 FR 58004 (Aug. 24, 2016).
4	18 U.S.C. §§ 5005. et seq. (repealed by Pub. L. 98–473, 98 Stat.
2027, Title II, § 218(a)(8) (Oct. 12, 1984)).
98–473, 98 Stat. 1976 (1984).
10	See 28 U.S.C. § 994(d).
11	See 28 U.S.C. § 995(a)(19).
12	See U.S. Sentencing Comm’n, Guidelines Manual §1B1.12
from the guidelines in 1991 by amending USSG §5H1.1 (Age (Policy
deleted the policy statement from §5H1.1 and added a new policy
statement at §1B1.12 exempting juvenile delinquents from the guidelines
14	See USSG §4A1.2 (Definitions and Instructions for Computing
15	See USSG §4A1.2(d), (e).
16	See USSG §4A1.2(d).
17	See USSG §4A1.2(c)(2) (listing prior offenses that are never
counted in a criminal history calculation); see also USSG §4A1.2(f)
(providing that “diversionary dispositions resulting from a finding of
guilt or a plea of nolo contendere are counted” even if a conviction is
18	See USSG §5H1.1 (Age (Policy Statement)). After the decision
§ 3553(a), sentencing courts may also consider age in determining
v. Chase, 560 F.3d 828, 830–31 (8th Cir. 2009) (After Booker “factors
such as a defendant’s age, medical condition, prior military service,
for a variance even though they would not justify a departure”); see
also United States v. Feemster, 572 F.3d 455, 463–64 (8th Cir. 2009)
(120-month sentence based in part on defendant’s age (26 years) at
F.3d 691, 698–700 (7th Cir. 2008) (defendant’s 12-month sentence was
substantively unreasonable where defendant’s young age (20 years) and
“lack of understanding that people of his age seem to reflect” were not a
“compelling justification” for the substantially lenient sentence).
19	See USSG §5H1.1 (effective Nov. 1, 1987) (“Age is not ordinarily
Supreme Court decisions about adolescents’ criminal culpability, 14
Nature 513–18 (2013).
28	Montgomery v. Louisiana, No. 14–280 (Jan. 25, 2016).
Analysis, 12(4) Applied Neuropsychology 190–201 (2005).
Cognitive Control in Children: Evidence from fMRI, 33(2) Neuron 301–11
Research—Implications for Physicians and Parents in Regard to Medical
Decision Making, 30(2) Issues in Law and Medicine 193–96 (2015);
Adulthood, 16 Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience 101–09 (2015).
Health, 216–21 (2009).
Brain, 305 Science 596–99 (2004); Ronald E. Dahl, Adolescent Brain
Annals of the N.Y. Acad. of Sci. 1–22 (2004); K. Rubia et al., Functional
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 835–47 (1997); Robert Sapolsky,
Dude, Where’s My Frontal Cortex? 15 Nautilus (2014), http://nautil.us/
responsible decisions—a person must be 25 to rent a vehicle. See, e.g.,
37	28 U.S.C. § 995(a)(12), (14)–(16).
38	28 U.S.C. § 994(w).
Kitchens, U.S. Sentencing Comm’n, Introduction to the Collection of
§1B1.9 (Class B or C Misdemeanors and Infractions).
possession, see Melissa Reimer, U.S. Sentencing Comm’n, Weighing the
guidelines: All Chapter Two, Part A guidelines, except §§2A3.5 and
2A3.6; §§2B3.1, 2B3.2, 2B3.3, 2E1.3, 2E1.4, 2E2.1, and all Chapter Two,
Part K guidelines except §2K2.1.
52	The immigration guidelines are: USSG §§2L1.1 (Smuggling,
convicted under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c).
54	See 18 U.S.C. § 1152 (General Crimes Act).
55	See 18 U.S.C. § 1153 (Major Crimes Act).
56	See 18 U.S.C. § 1162 (listing states that shall have jurisdiction
Semisch, U.S. Sentencing Comm’n, Alternative Sentences in the Federal
62	See USSG §4A1.1. Points are assigned as follows: three points
63	See USSG §§4A1.1(b) and (c); 4A1.2(d). Adult convictions for
“Other” offenses.
70	See USSG §§3B1.1, 3B1.2.
73	USSG §4B1.1. For the purpose of that guideline, the term
“controlled substance offense” has been defined as a drug trafficking
offense. USSG §4B1.2(b). For more information on career offenders in
the federal system see U.S. Sentencing Comm’n, Report to the Congress:
to calculate a defendant’s guideline range, consider whether there is
U.S.C. § 3553(a) when contemplating the sentence to impose. For more
Sentencing Comm’n, Federal Sentencing: The Basics (2015).
75	18 U.S.C. § 924(e); USSG §4B1.4. For the purpose of that
guideline, the term “serious drug offense” has been defined as a drug
trafficking offense. USSG §4B1.2(b).
USSG §§2D1.1, 2A4.1.
78	Kim Steven Hunt and Robert Dumville, U.S. Sentencing Comm’n,