Source: https://www.legaldesire.com/supreme-court-indias-history-origin-need-know/
Timestamp: 2018-02-20 23:13:48
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Supreme Court of India's History, Origin & All you need to Know - Legal Desire
Part 1: The Birth of Judiciary
The concept of Dharma or law in ancient India was inspired by the Vedas which contained rules of conduct and rites and compiled in Dharma Sutras, were practiced in a number of branches of the Vedic schools. Their principal contents address the duties of people at various stages of life, the rights and duties of the kings and juridical matters. These were basis of Hindu Law. The earliest document throwing light on the theory of jurisprudence, which forms
part of practical governance, is the Artha Sastra of Kautilya dating back to circa 300 B.C. The third chapter deals with Vyavahara i.e. transactions between two or more parties or Vivada or disputation.
During the first seven centuries of Christian era, there evolved a number of Dharma sastras which dealt extensively with Manu, Yajnavalkya, Narda and Parashara smiritis etc. In medieval India, the religious leaders endeavoured to transform Islam into a religion of law, but as custodian of justice, the rulers made the Sharia, a court subservient to their sovereign power. Theoretically the rulers had to be obedient to the Sharia and history speaks about certain cases where sovereigns unhesistengly submitted to the Qazi’s decision. The rulers sat in a Court known as Mazalim (complaints). According to Ibn Battuta, Muhammad bin Tughalaq, ruler of Tughalaq dynasty, heard complaints each Monday and Thursday. From 13th century onwards, an officer known as Amir-i- dad presided over the secular Court in sultan’s absence. He was also responsible for implementing Qazis’ decisions and for drawing their attention to the cases which constituted miscarriage of justice.
The Muftis were the expert on Sharia law and gave Fatwas (formal legal rulings) on disputes referred to them by members of the public or qazis. The Chief Judge of the sultanate was known as the qazi –i- mamalik also known as
the qazi- ul- quzat.
During Mughals period the secular judge was known as Mir- adl . He acted as a judge on the Emperor’s behalf. He was required to make impartial and personal inquiries. He was also responsible for implementing qazi’s decisions. Emperor Akbar also appointed two officers, called tui-begis, to supervise the adherence to the law and fixed a nominal amount as their fee. The same system was followed till British took over the power of India.
Part 2: Birth of Supreme Court of India
The India High Courts Act 1861 was enacted to create High Courts for various provinces and abolished Supreme Courts at Calcutta, Madras and Bombay and also the Sadar Adalats in Presidency towns. These High Courts had he distinction of being the highest Courts for all cases till the creation of Federal Court of India under the Government of India Act 1935. The Federal Court had jurisdiction to solve disputes between provinces and federal states
and hear appeal against Judgements from High Courts. After India attained independence in 1947, the Constitution of India came into being on 26 January 1950. The Supreme Court of India also came into existence and its first sitting was held on 28 January 1950.
The law declared by the Supreme Court is binding on all Courts within the territory of India. It has power of judicial review – to strike down the legislative and executive action contrary to the provisions and the scheme of the
constitution, the distribution of power between Union and States or inimical to the fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution.
In formative years, the Apex Court met from 10 to 12 in the morning and then 2 to 4 in the afternoon for 28 days in a year. Today, it has enormous task and meeting for 190 days in a year.
Part 3: Appointment of the Judges
Every Judge of the Supreme Court is appointed by the President after consultation with the Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts in states, the president may deem necessary for the purpose. President if thinks necessary, can consult the Judges of the High Courts of States to appoint a supreme court Judge, as per article 124(2). However, in appointment of the other judges, president shall always seek consultation from the Chief Justice of India. Till 1993, the Judges of the Supreme Court were appointed by the President on recommendation of the CJI, but now a committee of 5 senior most judges recommends the names to the law ministry which after scrutinizing send the paper to the president. The president either approves the names or returns the names for reconsideration of the Supreme Court. If still the Supreme Court sends the same names president appoints the persons recommended.
Part 4: Qualifications of the Judges of the Supreme Court
To be appointed a Judge of the Supreme Court, a person must be a citizen of India and must have been the judge of a high court for a period of 5 years or an advocate of the High Court for at least 10 years or in view of the President a distinct Jurist of the country. Thus, there is nothing which can prevent the direct appointment of the Judges of Supreme Court from the Bar, yet, so far the appointments have been made from the Judges of High Courts only.
Part 5: Tenure of the Judges
The CJI and other Judges of the Supreme Court of India hold the office until they attain the age of 65 years { Presently, Supreme Court judges retire at 65 and High Court judges at 62}. A Judge can relinquish the office by addressing the resignation to President of India. A retired Judge of the Supreme Court is prohibited from practicing law before any court or authority within the territory of India; however, there is NO constitutional prohibition that a retired judge gets appointed for some specialized work of the Government.
Part 6: Removal of Supreme Court Judges
Part 7: Salary of the Supreme Court Judges
The Constitution of India gives the power of deciding remuneration to the Parliament of India. Accordingly, such provisions have been laid down in The Supreme Court Judges (Salaries and Conditions of Service) Act, 1958. This remuneration was revised in 2006-2008, after the sixth central pay commission’s recommendation
The salary and pension of Supreme Court Judges is a Non-votable expenditure charged from the Consolidated Fund of India. The Salary of the High Court Judges is charged from the Consolidated Fund of States while the pension of the High Court Judges is charged from the consolidated fund India.
Part 8: When CJI is absent
Any other Judge of the Supreme Court is appointed by the President as Acting Chief justice as per provisions of Article 126.
Part 9: Post Retirement Jobs
Retired judges of Supreme Court are barred from pleading or acting in any court within the territory of India. However, government generally uses the retired higher judiciary judges as heads of various commissions. There has been a demand from certain sections of the society that there should be a “cool off” period of two years for the retired judges before they are installed in other offices.
Part 10: Ad Hoc Judges
Ad hoc judges can be appointed in the Supreme Court by “Chief Justice of India” with the prior consent of the President, if there is no quorum of judges available to hold and continue the session of the court. Only the persons who are qualified as to be appointed as Judge of the Supreme Court can be appointed as ad hoc judge of the Supreme Court. (Article 127). Further, as per provisions of the Article 128, Chief Justice of India, with the previous consent of the President, request a retired Judge of the Supreme Court High Court, who is duly qualified for appointment as a Judge of the Supreme Court, to sit and act as a Judge of the Supreme Court. The salary & allowance of such judge are decided by the president. The retired Judge who sits in such a session of the Supreme Court has all the jurisdiction, powers and privileges of the Judges BUT are NOT deemed to be a Judge.
Part 11: Supreme Court and High Courts as Court of Record
Both the Supreme Court and High Courts regarded as courts of record. Supreme Court is a court of record as per provisions of Article 129 and has the powers of such a court including the power to punish for contempt of itself.
Part 12: Seat of Supreme Court
As per article 130, Seat of the Supreme Court is Delhi, but it can hold its meeting anywhere in India. The decision to hold a meeting anywhere in India is taken by the Chief Justice of India in consultation with President. There are no regional benches though the demand was made in past. The demand was turned down by the Supreme Court.
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