Source: https://patents.google.com/patent/KR101496739B1/en
Timestamp: 2019-12-08 07:57:24
Document Index: 36274373

Matched Legal Cases: ['Application No. 60', 'art 12', 'art 12', 'art 12', 'art 12', 'art 12']

KR101496739B1 - Determining locations of ganglia and plexi in the heart using complex fractionated atrial electrogram - Google Patents
KR101496739B1
KR101496739B1 KR20080119270A KR20080119270A KR101496739B1 KR 101496739 B1 KR101496739 B1 KR 101496739B1 KR 20080119270 A KR20080119270 A KR 20080119270A KR 20080119270 A KR20080119270 A KR 20080119270A KR 101496739 B1 KR101496739 B1 KR 101496739B1
KR20080119270A
KR20090056871A (en
갈 하얌
워렌 잭만
히로시 나카가와
바이오센스 웹스터 인코포레이티드
2008-11-28 Application filed by 바이오센스 웹스터 인코포레이티드 filed Critical 바이오센스 웹스터 인코포레이티드
2009-06-03 Publication of KR20090056871A publication Critical patent/KR20090056871A/en
2015-02-27 Publication of KR101496739B1 publication Critical patent/KR101496739B1/en
210000000609 Ganglia Anatomy 0 title 1
230000001746 atrial Effects 0 title 1
Software and apparatus for automatic detection and mapping of ganglion piles formed within the region of a complex fractional electric field within a heart chamber are provided. The electrical signal is analyzed to count the number of complexes whose amplitudes and vertex spacing meet a particular criterion. A functional map representing the relative number of complex fractional electrograms and the spatial distribution of the ganglionic glands is generated for display.
Ganglion plexus, complex fraction electric diagram, peak interval, amplitude, electron dissection map
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a method for determining the location of ganglia and puckers in a heart using complex fractional atrial electrograms
This application claims the benefit of the assignee of the present application, filed on November 29, 2007, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, for a method of determining the location of the ganglion gp (GP) region in a heart using CFAE Quot; Areas of the Heat Using CFAE ", which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60 / 990,961. This application shares content with co-pending application Serial No. 11 / 620,370 entitled " Mapping of Complex Fractionated Atrial Electrogram, " filed January 5, 2007, entitled " Complex Fractionated Atrial Electrogram. &Quot;
The present invention relates to the diagnosis and treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. More specifically, the present invention relates to mapping of ganglion neurons in the heart associated with arrhythmia regions.
GP Ganglionated Plexi AF Atrial Fibrillation CFAE Complex Fractionated Atrial Electrogram
Cardiac arrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation, are an important factor in disease rates and mortality. Commonly assigned U.S. Patent No. 5,546,951 and U.S. Patent No. 6,690,963, both to Ben Haim, and PCT Application WO 96/05768, describe the electrical characteristics of cardiac tissue as a function of the exact position in the heart, , Discloses a method for monitoring local activity time, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. Data is acquired using one or more catheters having electrical and position sensors in the distal tip that enter the heart. Methods for generating a map of electrical activity of the heart based on these data are described in commonly assigned U.S. Patent No. 6,226,542 and U.S. Patent No. 6,301,496, both to Reisfeld, both of which are incorporated herein by reference. Lt; / RTI &gt; As indicated in these patents, position and electrical activity are typically measured initially on about 10 to about 20 points on the inner surface of the heart. At this point, these data points are sufficient to generate a map of the heart surface or a preliminary representation. Often, the preliminary map is combined with data taken at additional points to produce a more comprehensive map of the heart's electrical activity. In fact, under clinical circumstances, it is not uncommon to accumulate data in more than 100 sites to generate a detailed comprehensive map of heart chamber electrical activity. The generated detailed map then serves as a basis for determining the therapeutic process of the measures to alter the propagation of electrical activity of the heart and restore normal heart rhythm, for example, tissue resection.
A catheter containing a position sensor is used to determine the locus of points on the heart surface. These trajectories can be used to infer kinetic characteristics such as tissue contraction. When the trajectory information is sampled at a sufficient number of points in the heart, as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,738,096 to Benheim, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, a map representative of such kinetic characteristics can be constructed have.
Electrical activity at one point in the heart is typically measured by entering a catheter containing an electrical sensor at or distal to the distal tip into that point in the heart, contacting the sensor with the tissue and acquiring data at that point . One disadvantage of mapping a cardiac chamber using a catheter containing only a single distal tip electrode is the long time period required to accumulate point-based data over the required number of points needed for the overall chamber's detailed map. Thus, multi-electrode catheters have been developed to simultaneously measure electrical activity at multiple points in the heart chamber.
Over the past decade, multiple mapping studies of human atrial fibrillation have gained the following important experience. Atrial electrogram during persistent atrial fibrillation has three distinct patterns: single potential, double potential, and complex fractionated atrial electrogram (CFAE). The CFAE region represents the atrial fibrillation substrate site and is an important target site for resection. By ablating the area with persistent CFAE, atrial fibrillation can be eliminated and even non-inducible.
In Ganglionated Plexi Modulation Extrinsic Cardiac Autonomic Nerve Input (Journal of American College of Cardiology Vol. 50, No. 1, 2007), Hou et al. It has been suggested that resection of the left atrial ganglion ganglion (GP) may improve the success of ablation for the treatment of atrial fibrillation. The authors used high frequency stimulation to position the ganglia for this purpose. However, high frequency stimulation is annoying, time consuming, and requires specialized equipment and techniques.
One embodiment of the present invention provides a method for mapping abnormal electrical activity in the heart of a living subject, which method comprises obtaining electrical signal data from each location of the heart and identifying the complex fractional electrogram in the signal data Analyzing the signal data and identifying one or more of the positions as having a ganglionic opening in response to the presence of a complex fractional electrogram at one or more of the positions and comparing the spatial distribution of complex fractional electrons and ganglionic Deriving an electron dissection map of the heart that contains it, and displaying an electron dissection map.
According to an aspect of the method, identifying one or more of the positions comprises determining that the number of complex fractional electrograms at one or more of the locations complies with a predetermined criteria.
According to another aspect of the method, compliance with a pre-specified criterion comprises identifying a threshold value of a complex fractional electrogram at least in one location.
According to another aspect of the method, compliance with a pre-specified criterion comprises identifying a location having a maximum number of complex fractional electrograms locally among the locations.
Another aspect of the invention is to provide a method and system for assessing a cardiovascular response comprising electrically stimulating a selected location that presumably includes ganglion plexus and then recording a cardiovascular response comprising at least one of a decrease in sinus rate, , And then reporting confirmation of the presence of ganglionic freezing within the selected location.
According to one aspect of the present invention, deriving the electron dissection map comprises coding the electron dissection map according to the number of complex fraction electrograms detected at each location.
Another embodiment of the present invention provides a computer software product and an apparatus for performing the method described above.
In accordance with the present invention, a method is provided for determining the location of ganglia and puckers in the heart using complex fractionated atrial electrograms.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS For a better understanding of the present invention, reference is made to the following detailed description of an exemplary embodiment, which is to be read in conjunction with the following drawings, wherein like elements are numbered alike.
In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the various principles of the invention. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art, that all of these details are not necessarily essential for the practice of the invention. In this case, well-known circuits, control logic, and details of computer program instructions for conventional algorithms and processes are not specifically illustrated to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the generic concept.
Aspects of the present invention may be implemented in software programming code that is typically stored in a persistent store, such as a computer readable medium. In a client / server environment, such software programming code may be stored on a client or server. The software programming code may be embodied on any of a variety of known types of media for use with a data processing system such as a diskette, hard drive or CD-ROM. The code may be distributed on such media or distributed to users on a storage device on another computer for use by a user of such other system from a memory or storage of one computer system via some type of network.
Turning now to the figures, an example of a system for detecting regions of abnormal electrical activity and performing ablation procedures on the heart 12 of a living subject 21 according to the disclosed embodiments of the present invention Referring first to FIG. The system typically includes a probe, typically a catheter 14, that is transcutaneously inserted into the chamber or vascular structure of the heart through the patient &apos; s vascular system by the physician &apos; s operator 16. [ The operator 16 contacts the distal tip 18 of the catheter with the heart wall at the target site to be evaluated. Electrical activity maps are then prepared according to the methods disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,226,542 and 6,301,496 and co-assigned U.S. Patent No. 6,892,091, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
The area determined to be abnormal by the evaluation of the electrical activity map may be determined, for example, by passing a radio frequency current through the wire in the catheter to one or more electrodes of the distal tip 18 that apply radiofrequency energy to the myocardium, It can be ablated by the application of energy. The energy is absorbed into the tissue and it heats the tissue to the point where tissue permanently destroys its excitability (typically about 50 ° C). Upon successful operation, this procedure causes non-conductive disturbances within the heart tissue, which disrupt the abnormal electrical pathway that causes arrhythmia. Alternatively, other known ablation energy application methods may be used, for example, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0102769, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Although the principles of the present invention are described in terms of atrial complex fractional electrograms, it is applicable to all cardiac chambers, to the epicardial and intimal endocardial approaches, to sinus rhythm mapping, and to a number of other cardiac arrhythmias .
The catheter 14 includes a handle 20 having an appropriate control on the handle to enable the operator 16 to steer, position and orient the distal end of the catheter, as required for ablation. To assist the operator 16, the distal portion of the catheter 14 includes a position sensor (not shown) that provides a signal to the placement processor 22 disposed within the console 24. The catheter 14 may be constructed by making the necessary changes from the ablation catheter disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. Patent No. 6,669,692, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. The console 24 typically includes a ablation power generator 43.
The placement processor 22 is an element of the placement subsystem 26 that measures the position and orientation coordinates of the catheter 14. Throughout this patent application, the term " location "refers to the spatial coordinates of the catheter, and the term" orientation " The term "position" refers to the entire placement information of the catheter, including both position and orientation coordinates.
In one embodiment, the placement subsystem 26 includes a magnetic location tracking system that determines the placement and orientation of the catheter 14. The placement subsystem 26 generates a magnetic field within its predefined working volume and senses these magnetic fields in the catheter. The placement subsystem 26 typically includes a group of external radiators, such as field generating coils 28, located at fixed known locations outside the patient. The coil 28 generates a field, typically an electromagnetic field, near the heart 12.
In an alternative embodiment, a radiator in a catheter 14, such as a coil, generates an electromagnetic field that is received by a sensor (not shown) outside the patient's body.
Some location tracking systems that may be used for this purpose are described, for example, in the aforementioned U.S. Patent 6,690,963 and U.S. Patent Nos. 6,618,612 and 6,332,089, both of which are incorporated herein by reference, U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2004/0147920 and 2004/0068178. Although the placement subsystem 26 shown in FIG. 1 uses a magnetic field, the methods described below may be implemented using any other suitable placement subsystem, such as a system based on electromagnetic field, acoustical or ultrasonic measurements.
Reference is now made to Fig. 2, which illustrates an embodiment of a catheter 14 for use in system 10 (Fig. 1). Catheter 14 is a delivery catheter for mapping and treatment for insertion into the body and into the chamber of heart 12 (FIG. 1). The illustrated catheter is exemplary, and other types of catheters may be used as the catheter 14. The catheter 14 includes a body 30. Electrode 32 is also useful for diagnostic purposes, for example, for electrical mapping, and / or for therapeutic purposes, for example, to deliver an electrical signal to the heart for ablation of a defective heart tissue . The distal portion 34 further includes an array 36 of non-contact electrodes 38 for measuring far-field electrical signals in the heart chamber. The array 36 is a linear array in which the non-contact electrodes 38 are linearly arranged along the longitudinal axis of the distal portion 34. The distal portion 34 further includes at least one position sensor 40 that generates a signal that is used to determine the orientation and orientation of the distal tip 18 within the body. The position sensor 40 is preferably adjacent to the distal tip. There is a fixed placement and orientation relationship between the position sensor 40 and the distal tip 18 and the electrode 32.
The position sensor 40 sends a placement related electrical signal to the console 24 via a cable 42 extending through the catheter 14 in response to the field generated by the placement subsystem 26 . Alternatively, the position sensor 40 in the catheter 14 may be connected via a wireless link as described in U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2003/0120150 and 2005/0099290, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. And send a signal to the console 24. The placement processor 22 then calculates the position and orientation of the distal portion 34 of the catheter 14 based on the signal transmitted by the position sensor 40. Batch processor 22 typically receives, amplifies, filters, digitizes, and otherwise processes signals from catheter 14. The placement processor 22 also provides a signal output to the display that provides a visual indication of the placement of the distal tip 18 and / or the distal portion 34 of the catheter 14 relative to the selected site for ablation.
The handle 20 of the catheter 14 includes a control portion 46 for steering or deflecting the distal portion 34 or for orienting it as needed.
The cable 42 includes a receptacle 48 connected to the handle. The receptacle 48 is preferably configured to receive a particular model of catheter and preferably includes an indication of a particular model that the user is clearly aware of. One of the advantages of using the cable 42 is the ability to connect other models and types of catheters, such as catheters having different handle configurations, to the same console 24 (FIG. 1). Another advantage of having a separate cable 42 is the fact that it is not in contact with the patient and, therefore, the cable 42 can be reused without sterilization. The cable 42 further includes one or more isolation transformers (not shown) that electrically isolate the catheter 14 from the console 24. The isolation transformer may be received within the receptacle 48. Alternatively, the isolation transformer may be housed within the system electronics of the console 24.
Referring again to FIG. 1, the system 10 is a Biosense Webster, Inc., CA 91765, Diamond Bar, Diamond Canyon Road 3333, suitably modified to perform the procedures described herein. As a CARTO XP EP navigation and ablation system.
Using the system 10 (Fig. 1), an electrical activity map of the chamber of the heart 12 can be generated in the manner described in the aforementioned U.S. Patent No. 6,892,091. A summary of one of these methods, modified according to aspects of the present invention, will facilitate understanding of the present invention. Reference is now made to Fig. 3, which illustrates the distal end of the catheter 14 in contact with the endocardial surface 50 of the right atrium 52 of the heart 12, in accordance with the disclosed embodiment of the present invention. The electrode 32 remains in contact with the endocardial surface 50 at the current point of contact 54 throughout at least one full cardiac cycle. During this time, position information is continuously measured by the position sensor 40 (Fig. 2) and electrical information, preferably voltage (as a function of time), is applied to the non-contact electrode (38) and the electrode (32).
After the above described electrical and positional information is collected at the contact point 54, the electrode 32 is contacted with a contact point 56 at a predetermined location on the inner lining surface of another contact point, for example, the right atrium 52 . Point 58, shown as asterisk, indicates the position of the non-contact electrode 38 and electrode 32 contacts the contact point 54.
Electrode 32 enters a plurality of contact points on the endocardial surface of the heart chamber. Position and electrical information is acquired while the contact electrode contacts each contact point. Typically, the contact and information acquisition steps described above are performed at 5 to 15 such contact points. Because there are a plurality of non-contact electrodes 38, the total number of points used to acquire data in the chamber may be 160 or more points. The resulting position and electrical information obtained from electrodes 32 and non-contact electrodes 38 at each acquisition step provides the basis for generating an electric map of the heart chamber.
The position of the contact electrodes at each contact point can be used to form a shape map of the heart chamber. Although not in actual contact with the heart surface, the entire non-contact electrode position forms a "cloud " of space representing the maximum chamber volume. These non-contact positions may alternatively be used to form the chamber shape with the position of the electrode 32 at each of the contact points.
It is desirable to use a reference position sensor to calibrate the movement of the heart due to patient movement or breathing of the patient during the procedure. One way of obtaining a position reference is by using a reference catheter (not shown) that includes a reference position sensor at a predetermined location in the heart. Alternatively, a reference position sensor may be included in a pad external to the patient, such as may be attached to the patient's back. In each case, the position determined by the sensor contained in the mapping catheter can be calibrated for movement of the patient with the reference sensor.
A preferred method of generating an electrical map of the heart from acquired location and electrical information is disclosed in the aforementioned U.S. Patent No. 6,226,542. Briefly, an initial, generally arbitrary, closed three-dimensional surface (also referred to herein as a surface for simplicity) is formed in the reproduced space within the volume of the sampled point. The closed curved surface is roughly regulated by the formation resembling the representation of the sampled points. Thereafter, a flexible matching step is preferably performed one or more times, preferably repeatedly, in order to ensure that the closed curved surface exactly resembles the shape of the actual volume being reproduced. The three-dimensional surface is rendered on a video display or other screen for observation by a physician or other user of the map.
It is preferred that the original closed curved surface surrounds substantially all sampled points or is internal to substantially all sampled points. However, it should be noted that any surface near the sampled point may be suitable. Preferably, the closed three-dimensional curved surface comprises an ellipsoid or any other simple curved surface. Alternatively, for example, non-closed curved surfaces may be used when it is necessary to reproduce a single wall that is not a whole volume.
A lattice of a desired density is formed on the curved surface. For each point on the lattice, a vector is formed that depends on the displacement between one or more of the lattice points and one or more of the measured positions on the heart surface. The surface is adjusted by moving each of the grid points in response to each vector so that the reconstructed surface is deformed to resemble the actual structure of the heart chamber. The grating preferably divides the curved surface into a quadrangle or any other polygon such that the lattice uniformly defines points on the curved surface. Preferably, the lattice density is generally sufficient to have more lattice points than sampled points within a particular arbitrary neighborhood. Also, the lattice density is preferably adjustable according to the desired trade-off between reproduction accuracy and speed.
CFAE discrimination
Automatic detection of CFAE is described in detail in co-pending application Serial No. 11 / 620,370, supra. However, the brief description herein will facilitate an understanding of some aspects of the present invention. CFAE is defined as the area that represents one of the nominal properties. Indeed, the user or operator can change these characteristics according to his experience and judgment regarding the particular patient.
(1) an area of the atria having a fractional electrogram consisting of two or more deflections and / or a perturbation of the baseline by continuous deflection of an extended active complex over a writing period of 10 seconds; or
(2) An area of the atrium with a very short cycle length (for example, 120 ms) in which the electric power is averaged over a writing period of 10 seconds. This recording period is not important, and recording intervals of different lengths can be used.
In an aspect of this embodiment, the number of intervals between complexes is indicated. However, this is not a limitation, and other types of information derived from data manipulation may form the basis for indicating the number and characteristics of complexes.
To identify the CFAE, a fraction complex duration mapping tool was configured as a variant of the system software of the CARTO XP EP navigation and ablation system described above. Although the software has been described on the basis of this particular system, the present invention is not limited to the CARTO XP EP navigation and ablation system, and can be applied to many other electrical mapping systems by those skilled in the art.
The following parameters were used to generate a functioning electron dissection map of the heart optimized to represent the region of CFAE.
1. Interval confidence level (ICL) map with 10-40 color scales
2. Minimum voltage threshold of 0.04 mV
3. Maximum voltage threshold of 0.2 mV
4. Minimum duration of 15 ms
5. Maximum duration of 80 ms
Identification of ganglion plexus
The normal position of the ganglia in the heart is known, but there are anatomical variations between the subjects. Also, the area of the heart, including the ganglion plexus, is characterized by continuous or intermittent CFAE. If the number of CFAEs in the region of interest exceeds a predetermined threshold, typically greater than 40, in one approach, ganglionic free is estimated. Alternatively, the ganglion icicles can be considered to be present in the region of interest with a maximum number of CFAE segments locally irrespective of the actual number of CFAEs.
Optionally, despite the identification of ganglionic piles using CFAE mapping as described above, the presence of such ganglia pits may be confirmed by applying high frequency electrical stimuli to regions that presumably contain ganglionic pits using bipolar electrode probes . A 20 Hz, 12 volt stimulus with a pulse width of 10 ms is suitable. If this region is indeed the site of the ganglia plexus, the response to the stimulus may be one or more of the following cardiovascular effects similar to vagal nerve stimulation: a decrease in blood pressure, a decrease in the sinus rate, Shrink. Any of these responses is considered to identify the presence of ganglionic freezing at the current stimulation site. If these effects are not observed, it is concluded that gingival freezes have not been identified as present.
Gingival freezing and CFAE Electrical Mapping
By way of example, using the CARTO XP EP navigation and ablation system described above, a functional electronic dissection map may be generated to display the association of ganglia and CFAE complexes on a functional electron dissection map. Now reference is now made to Figs. 4 and 5, which are functional electronic dissection maps of the front, back and right forward oblique projections, respectively, showing the CFAE and ganglion parsers, in accordance with the disclosed embodiment of the present invention. In Figure 4, regions 61, 63 and 65 illustrate regions containing ganglion-free circles (shown as circles 66) and are located in larger regions 67 and 69 with a relatively large number of CFAEs have. The larger areas 67 and 69 are distinguished by dashed lines. Region 67 is the lower rear region with a larger number of CFAEs. Area 67 includes the lower left and right lower ganglia in region 63 and region 61, respectively. In the upper left portion, region 69 has a large number of CFAEs and includes the upper left ganglia plexus. In Fig. 5, region 71 is a large region of the right anterior portion, and includes the right anterior ganglia pawl in region 73. The region 75 on the upper left side of the atrium includes a region 77 in which the upper left ganglion pit is disposed. To aid orientation, the following structure is shown: upper left pulmonary vein 79, lower left pulmonary vein 81, lower right pulmonary vein 83 and upper right pulmonary vein 85. The mitral annulus occupies area 89. The key 87 encodes the number of CFAEs in any given area.
Once the CFAE and ganglion plexus are positioned, ablation therapy can be performed if indicated.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the specifically illustrated and described embodiments. Rather, the scope of the present invention includes both combinations and sub-combinations of the various features described above, and variations and modifications thereof which fall within the scope of the prior art that can be realized by those skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 is an illustration of a system for detecting regions of unusual electrical activity and performing ablation procedures on the heart of a live subject, in accordance with disclosed embodiments of the present invention.
Figure 2 illustrates an embodiment of a catheter for use in the system shown in Figure 1;
3 depicts a distal end of a catheter in contact with the endocardial surface of the right atrium of the heart, according to the disclosed embodiment of the present invention;
Figure 4 is a functional electron dissection map in a front-back projection showing the CFAE and ganglion compartment, in accordance with the disclosed embodiment of the present invention.
Figure 5 is a functional electron dissection map in the right forward oblique projection showing the CFAE and ganglion compartment, in accordance with the disclosed embodiment of the present invention.
14: Catheter 16: Operator
20: handle 22: batch processor
24: Console 26: Batch subsystem
28: field generating coil 30:
32: electrode 34: distal portion
36: Array 38: Non-contact electrode
40: position sensor 42: cable
An apparatus for mapping electrical activity in the heart of a live subject,
A memory for storing electrical signal data from respective locations within a region of interest of the heart;
Accessing the memory and automatically analyzing the signal data to identify a complex fractional electrogram or complex fractional electrogram segment in the region of interest and to identify the number of complex fraction electrograms identified in the region of interest for a complex fractional electrogram Determining when the number of complex fraction electrogram segments in the region of interest exceeds a predetermined threshold value or when the number of complex fraction electrogram segments in the region of interest has reached a maximum number and wherein the number of complex fraction electrograms identified in the region of interest is predetermined for the fractional electrogram A processor configured to identify as having a ganglionated plexi in one or more of the regions of interest when the threshold is exceeded or as the number of complex fraction electrogram segments in the region of interest has reached a maximum number;
An electronic dissection map of the heart derived from the signal data comprising the complex fractional electrical power and the spatial distribution of the ganglionic glands, wherein the electron dissecting section map includes a key for encoding the number of complex fractional electrograms in any region of interest Electronic dissection maps; And
And a display for displaying the electronic dissection section map by an operator.
8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the processor is operative to identify one or more of the locations by determining that the number of complex fractional electrograms in one or more of the locations complies with a predetermined criteria.
9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the compliance with the predetermined criteria comprises an identification of locations of the complexes fractional electrograms exceeding a threshold value.
9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the compliance with the predetermined criteria comprises an identification of locations having a maximum number of complex fractional electrograms locally among the locations.
8. The system of claim 7, wherein the processor is configured to record a cardiovascular response comprising at least one of a reduction in a sinus rate, a decrease in a blood pressure, and a non-contractile period in response to an electrical stimulus at a selected one of the positions, And then report an acknowledgment of the presence of the ganglionic freeze within the selected one of the positions.
8. The mapping apparatus of claim 7, wherein the processor is operative to code the electron dissection map according to the number of complex fractional electrograms detected at each of the locations.
KR20080119270A 2007-11-29 2008-11-28 Determining locations of ganglia and plexi in the heart using complex fractionated atrial electrogram KR101496739B1 (en)
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