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Timestamp: 2018-07-22 22:22:46
Document Index: 535679690

Matched Legal Cases: ['Application No. 60', 'art 1600', 'art 1700', 'art 1900', 'art 2100', 'art 2200', 'art 2300', 'art 2400', 'art 2600', 'art 2700']

Meter electronics and methods for processing sensor signals for a multi-phase flow material in a flowmeter - Micro Motion, Inc.
United States Patent 8781759
Meter electronics (20) for processing sensor signals for a multi-phase flow material in a flowmeter (5) is provided according to an embodiment of the invention. The meter electronics (20) includes an interface (201) for receiving first and second sensor signals (210 and 211) for the multi-phase flow material and a processing system (203). The processing system (203) is configured to receive the first sensor signal (210) and the second sensor signal (211), generate a first ninety degree phase shift (213) from the first sensor signal (210) and generate a second ninety degree phase shift (214) from the second sensor signal (211), compute a frequency (221) using one of the first ninety degree phase shift (213) or the second ninety degree phase shift (214), compute a phase difference (220) using one or more of the first ninety degree phase shift (213) and the second ninety degree phase shift (214), and compute one or more of a mass flow rate (223), a density (224), or a volume flow rate (225) for the multi-phase flow material.
Mcanally, Craig B. (Thornton, CO, US)
12/063994
702/46, 702/47, 702/48, 702/50, 702/54, 702/106, 702/137, 702/138, 702/190
702/45, 702/106, 702/46, 702/47, 702/190, 702/48, 702/50, 702/54, 702/137, 702/138
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1. Meter electronics (20) for processing sensor signals for a multi-phase flow material in a flowmeter (5), comprising: an interface (201) for receiving a first sensor signal (210) and a second sensor signal (211) for the multi-phase flow material; and a processing system (203) in communication with the interface (201) and configured to receive the first sensor signal (210) and the second sensor signal (211) from the interface (201), generate a first ninety degree phase shift (213) from the first sensor signal (210), compute a frequency (221) using the first ninety degree phase shift (213) and the first sensor signal (210), compute a phase difference (220) using the first ninety degree phase shift (213), the first sensor signal (210), and the second signal (211), break out the frequency (221) into at least a gas frequency component (1412) and a fluid frequency component (1416), determine one or more of a void fraction of gas (1418) or a liquid fraction (1427) from a frequency response (1410) and one or more of the gas frequency component (1412) and the fluid frequency component (1416), and compute one or more of a mass flow rate (223), a density (224), or a volume flow rate (225) for the multi-phase flow material.
2. The meter electronics (20) of claim 1, with the interface including a digitizer (202) configured to digitize the sensor signal.
3. The meter electronics (20) of claim 1, with the generating comprising using a Hilbert transformation to generate the first ninety degree phase shift (213).
4. The meter electronics (20) of claim 1, with the processing system (203) being further configured to determine one or more of a liquid phase density (1422) of a liquid flow component of the multi-phase flow material or a gas phase density (1421) of a gas flow component using the void fraction of gas (1418), and determine one or more of a gas carry under (1425) of the multi-phase flow material or a liquid carryover (1426) using one or more of the void fraction of gas (1418) or the liquid fraction (1427).
5. The meter electronics (20) of claim 1, with the breaking out comprising processing the realtime frequency (221) with one or more filters that substantially reject one of the gas frequency component (1412) and the fluid frequency component (1416).
6. The meter electronics (20) of claim 1, with the breaking out comprising filtering the realtime frequency (221) with a first filter that substantially rejects the gas frequency component (1412) and substantially passes the fluid frequency component (1416) and filtering the realtime frequency (221) with a second filter that substantially rejects the fluid frequency component (1416) and substantially passes the gas frequency component (1412), wherein the first filter outputs the fluid frequency component (1416) and the second filter outputs the gas frequency component (1412).
7. The meter electronics (20) of claim 1, with the determining one or more of a void fraction of gas (1418) or a liquid fraction (1427) comprising calculating an overall density (1420) from the realtime frequency (221), calculating a fluid component density (1422) from the fluid frequency component (1416), calculating a gas component density (1421) from the gas frequency component (1412), and calculating the void fraction of gas (1418) as a ratio of the fluid component density (1422) minus the overall density (1420) divided by the fluid component density (1422) minus the gas component density (1421).
8. The meter electronics (20) of claim 1, with the processing system (203) being further configured to break out the realtime frequency (221) into at least a gas frequency component (1412) and a fluid frequency component (1416), determine an overall density (1420) from the realtime frequency (221), and determine a mass fraction (1419) from the void fraction of gas (1418) multiplied by a ratio of the gas density (1421) divided by the overall density (1420).
9. The meter electronics (20) of claim 8, with the processing system (203) being further configured to determine a mass flow rate (223) of the flow material from the realtime frequency (221) and determine at least one of a first flow component mass and a second flow component mass using the mass fraction (1419) and the mass flow rate (223).
10. The meter electronics (20) of claim 1, with the processing system (203) being further configured to square the frequency response (1410) to generate a squared frequency response, invert the squared frequency response to generate a substantially instantaneous flow stream density, compare the substantially instantaneous flow stream density to at least one of a predetermined gas density (1421) that is representative of a gas flow fraction (1428) of the gas flow material and a predetermined liquid density (1422) that is representative of a liquid flow fraction (1427), and determine one or more of the liquid flow fraction (1427) or the gas flow fraction (1428) from the comparing.
11. A method for processing sensor signals for a multi-phase flow material in a flowmeter (5), the method comprising: receiving a first sensor signal (210) and a second sensor signal (211) for the multi-phase flow material; generating a first ninety degree phase shift (213) from the first sensor signal (210); computing a realtime frequency (221) using the first sensor signal (210) and the first ninety degree phase shift (213); breaking out the frequency (221) into at least a gas frequency component (1412) and a fluid frequency component (1416); determining, by a processing system, one or more of a void fraction of gas (1418) or a liquid fraction (1427) from a frequency response (1410) and one or more of the gas frequency component (1412) and the fluid frequency component (1416); and computing one or more of a mass flow rate (223), a density (224), or a volume flow rate (225) for the multi-phase flow material.
12. The method of claim 11, with the generating comprising using a Hilbert transformation to generate the first ninety degree phase shift (213).
13. The method of claim 11, further comprising: determining one or more of a liquid phase density (1422) of a liquid flow component of the multi-phase flow material or a gas phase density (1421) of a gas flow component using the void fraction of gas (1418); and determining one or more of a gas carryunder (1425) of the multi-phase flow material or a liquid carryover (1426) using one or more of the void fraction of gas (1418) or the liquid fraction (1427).
14. The method of claim 13, with the breaking out comprising: filtering the frequency response (1410) with a first filter that substantially rejects the gas frequency component (1412) and substantially passes the fluid frequency component (1416); and filtering the frequency response (1410) with a second filter that substantially rejects the fluid frequency component (1416) and substantially passes the gas frequency component (1412); wherein the first filter outputs the fluid frequency component (1416) and the second filter outputs the gas frequency component (1412).
15. The method of claim 13, with the determining one or more of a void fraction of gas (1418) or a liquid fraction (1427) comprising: calculating an overall density (1420) from the realtime frequency (221); and calculating a fluid component density (1422) from the fluid frequency component (1416); calculating a gas component density (1421) from the gas frequency component (1412); and calculating the void fraction of gas (1418) as a ratio of the fluid component density (1422) minus the overall density (1420) divided by the fluid component density (1422) minus the gas component density (1421).
16. The method of claim 11, further comprising: determining an overall density (1420) from the realtime frequency (221); and determining a gas density (1421) from the gas frequency component (1412); determining a void fraction of gas (1418) from the realtime frequency (221) and one or more of the gas frequency component (1412) and the fluid frequency component (1416); and determining a mass fraction (1419) from the void fraction of gas (1418) multiplied by a ratio of the gas density (1421) divided by the overall density (1420).
17. The method of claim 16, further comprising: determining a mass flow rate (223) of the flow material from the realtime frequency (221); and determining at least one of a first flow component mass and a second flow component mass using the mass fraction (1419) and the mass flow rate (223).
18. The method of claim 11, further comprising: squaring the frequency response (1410) to generate a squared frequency response; inverting the squared frequency response to generate a substantially instantaneous flow stream density; comparing the substantially instantaneous flow stream density to at least one of a predetermined gas density (1421) that is representative of a gas flow fraction (1428) of the gas flow material and a predetermined liquid density (1422) that is representative of a liquid flow fraction (1427); and determining one or more of the liquid flow fraction (1427) or the gas flow fraction (1428) from the comparing.
The present application claims the benefit of PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US06/31713, entitled “Meter Electronics and Methods for Processing Sensor Signals for a Multi-Phase Flow Material in a Flowmeter”, filed on Aug. 15, 2006, which claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/709,271, entitled “Meter Electronics and Methods for Processing Sensor Signals for a Multi-Phase Flow Material in a Flowmeter”, filed on Aug. 18, 2005.
The present invention relates to meter electronics and methods for processing sensor signals for a multi-phase flow material in a flowmeter.
It is known to use Coriolis mass flowmeters to measure mass flow, density, and volume flow and other information of materials flowing through a pipeline as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,491,025 issued to J. E. Smith, et al. of Jan. 1, 1985 and Re. 31,450 to J. E. Smith of Feb. 11, 1982. These flowmeters have one or more flow tubes of different configurations. Each conduit configuration may be viewed as having a set of natural vibration modes including, for example, simple bending, torsional, radial and coupled modes. In a typical Coriolis mass flow measurement application, a conduit configuration is excited in one or more vibration modes as a material flows through the conduit, and motion of the conduit is measured at points spaced along the conduit.
The vibrational modes of the material filled systems are defined in part by the combined mass of the flow tubes and the material within the flow tubes. Material flows into the flowmeter from a connected pipeline on the inlet side of the flowmeter. The material is then directed through the flow tube or flow tubes and exits the flowmeter to a pipeline connected on the outlet side.
A driver applies a force to the flow tube. The force causes the flow tube to oscillate. When there is no material flowing through the flowmeter, all points along a flow tube oscillate with an identical phase. As a material begins to flow through the flow tube, Coriolis accelerations cause each point along the flow tube to have a different phase with respect to other points along the flow tube. The phase on the inlet side of the flow tube lags the driver, while the phase on the outlet side leads the driver. Sensors are placed at different points on the flow tube to produce sinusoidal signals representative of the motion of the flow tube at the different points. The phase difference between the two sensor signals is proportional to the mass flow rate of the material flowing through the flow tube or flow tubes. In one prior art approach either a Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) or a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is used to determine the phase difference between the sensor signals. The phase difference, and a vibrational frequency response of the flow tube assembly, are used to obtain the mass flow rate.
In one prior art approach, an independent reference signal is used to determine a pickoff signal frequency, such as by using the frequency sent to the vibrational driver system. In another approach, a phase locked loop (PLL) is used to lock the frequency of the pick-off or reference signal to the drive frequency. In another prior art approach, the vibrational response frequency generated by a pickoff sensor can be determined by centering to that frequency in a notch filter, wherein the prior art flowmeter attempts to keep the notch of the notch filter at the pickoff sensor frequency. These prior art techniques work fairly well under quiescent conditions, where the flow material in the flowmeter is uniform and where the resulting pickoff signal frequency is relatively stable. However, the phase measurement of the prior art suffers when the flow material is not uniform, such as in two-phase flows where the flow material comprises a liquid and a solid or where there are air bubbles in the liquid flow material. In such situations, the prior art determined frequency can fluctuate rapidly. During conditions of fast and large frequency transitions, it is possible for the pickoff signals to move outside the filter bandwidth, yielding incorrect phase and frequency measurements. This also is a problem in empty-full-empty batching, where the flowmeter is repeatedly operated in alternating empty and full conditions. Also, if the frequency of the sensor moves rapidly, a demodulation process will not be able to keep up with the actual or measured frequency, causing demodulation at an incorrect frequency. It should be understood that if the determined frequency is incorrect or inaccurate, then subsequently derived values of density, volume flow rate, etc., will also be incorrect and inaccurate. Moreover, the error can be compounded in subsequent flow characteristic determinations.
In a typical oil well, the well output commonly includes not only oil but also can include varying amounts of water and natural gas in the well output stream. The oil well output therefore typically comprises a multi-phase fluid stream. As a result, the well stream is usually fed into a separator device. The separator device extracts one or more components from the well stream. The separator device can comprise a two-phase separator or can comprise a three-phase separator. A two-phase separator typically extracts entrained gas from a multi-phase fluid. The output of the two-phase separator can comprise a gas output and a two-phase fluid without entrained gas. For example, where the well stream comprises oil, water, and natural gas, then the two-phase separator liquid output can comprise a two-phase oil and water flow stream. A three-phase separator can separate out the entrained gas and can also separate the water from the oil.
However, separators do not completely separate the flow components. For example, the extracted gas can include a small amount of residual liquid. This is commonly termed carryover or liquid carryover, as the gas outlet of a separator is typically positioned physically higher than a liquid outlet. In addition, the oil output of a three-phase separator (or the oil and water output of a two-phase separator) may still include a small amount of entrained gas. This is termed carryunder or gas carryunder, as the liquid/water outlet of a separator is typically positioned physically lower than a gas outlet.
Measurement of the separator output according to the prior art comprises measuring each separator output stream with a flowmeter of some type. The measurement assumes that there is a negligible liquid carryover in the gas output of the separator and assumes that there is a negligible gas carryunder in the oil/water output. This assumption is made because in the prior art the entrained gas and/or liquid cannot be substantially instantaneously determined and therefore cannot be accurately determined. However, the carryover and carryunder are typically present, resulting in a significant inaccuracy in prior art well production measurements. The inaccuracy is compounded by combining the gas and liquid prior art measurements.
The above and other problems are solved and an advance in the art is achieved through the provision of meter electronics and methods for processing sensor signals for a multi-phase flow material in a flowmeter.
Meter electronics for processing sensor signals for a multi-phase flow material in a flowmeter is provided according to an embodiment of the invention. The meter electronics comprises an interface for receiving a first sensor signal and a second sensor signal for the multi-phase flow material and a processing system in communication with the interface. The processing system is configured to receive the first sensor signal and the second sensor signal from the interface, generate a first ninety degree phase shift from the first sensor signal and generate a second ninety degree phase shift from the second sensor signal, compute a frequency using one of the first ninety degree phase shift or the second ninety degree phase shift, compute a phase difference using one or more of the first ninety degree phase shift and the second ninety degree phase shift, and compute one or more of a mass flow rate, a density, or a volume flow rate for the multi-phase flow material.
A method for processing sensor signals for a multi-phase flow material in a flowmeter is provided according to an embodiment of the invention. The method comprises receiving a first sensor signal and a second sensor signal for the multi-phase flow material and generating a first ninety degree phase shift from the first sensor signal and generating a second ninety degree phase shift from the second sensor signal. The method further comprises computing a frequency using one of the first ninety degree phase shift and the second ninety degree phase shift. The method further comprises computing a phase difference using one or more of the first ninety degree phase shift and the second ninety degree phase shift. The method further comprises computing one or more of a mass flow rate, a density, or a volume flow rate for the multi-phase flow material.
A method for processing sensor signals for a multi-phase flow material in a flowmeter is provided according to an embodiment of the invention. The method comprises receiving a first sensor signal and a second sensor signal for the multi-phase flow material and generating a first ninety degree phase shift from the first sensor signal and generating a second ninety degree phase shift from the second sensor signal. The method further comprises computing a frequency using one of the first ninety degree phase shift or the second ninety degree phase shift. The method further comprises computing a phase difference using one or more of the first ninety degree phase shift and the second ninety degree phase shift. The method further comprises computing one or more of a mass flow rate, a density, or a volume flow rate for the multi-phase flow material and computing one or more of a liquid carryover or a gas carryunder in the multi-phase flow material.
In one aspect of the meter electronics, the interface includes a digitizer configured to digitize the sensor signal.
In another aspect of the meter electronics, the processing system is further configured to determine one or more of a gas carryunder or a liquid carryover in the multi-phase flow material.
In yet another aspect of the meter electronics, the generating comprises using a Hilbert transformation to generate the first ninety degree phase shift and the second ninety degree phase shift.
In yet another aspect of the meter electronics, the computing the frequency comprises computing the frequency from the first sensor signal and the first ninety degree phase shift.
In yet another aspect of the meter electronics, the computing the phase difference comprises computing the phase difference from the first sensor signal, the first ninety degree phase shift, and the second sensor signal.
In yet another aspect of the meter electronics, the computing the phase difference comprises computing the phase difference from the first sensor signal, the first ninety degree phase shift, the second sensor signal, and the second ninety degree phase shift.
In yet another aspect of the meter electronics, the processing system is further configured to break out the frequency into at least a gas frequency component and a fluid frequency component, determine one or more of a void fraction of gas or a liquid fraction from the frequency response and one or more of the gas frequency component and the fluid frequency component, determine one or more of a liquid phase density of a liquid flow component of the multi-phase flow material or a gas phase density of a gas flow component using the void fraction of gas, and determine one or more of a gas carryunder of the multi-phase flow material or a liquid carryover using one or more of the void fraction of gas or the liquid fraction.
In yet another aspect of the meter electronics, the breaking out comprises processing the frequency response with one or more filters that substantially reject one of the gas frequency component and the fluid frequency component.
In yet another aspect of the meter electronics, the breaking out comprises filtering the frequency response with a first filter that substantially rejects the gas frequency component and substantially passes the fluid frequency component and filtering the frequency response with a second filter that substantially rejects the fluid frequency component and substantially passes the gas frequency component, wherein the first filter outputs the fluid frequency component and the second filter outputs the gas frequency component.
In yet another aspect of the meter electronics, the determining one or more of a void fraction of gas or a liquid fraction comprises calculating an overall density from the frequency response, calculating a fluid component density from the fluid frequency component, calculating a gas component density from the gas frequency component, and calculating a void fraction of gas as a ratio of the fluid component density minus the overall density divided by the fluid component density minus the gas component density.
In yet another aspect of the meter electronics, the processing system is further configured to break out the frequency response into at least a gas frequency component and a fluid frequency component, determine an overall density from the frequency response, determine a gas density from the gas frequency component, determine a void fraction of gas from the frequency response and one or more of the gas frequency component and the fluid frequency component, and determine a mass fraction from the void fraction of gas multiplied by a ratio of the gas density divided by the overall density.
In yet another aspect of the meter electronics, the processing system is further configured to determine a mass flow rate of the flow material from the frequency response and determine at least one of a first flow component mass and a second flow component mass using the mass fraction and the mass flow rate.
In yet another aspect of the meter electronics, the processing system is further configured to square the frequency response to generate a squared frequency response, invert the squared frequency response to generate a substantially instantaneous flow stream density, compare the substantially instantaneous flow stream density to at least one of a predetermined gas density that is representative of a gas flow fraction of the gas flow material and a predetermined liquid density that is representative of a liquid flow fraction, and determine one or more of a liquid flow fraction or a gas flow fraction from the comparing.
In one aspect of the method, the method further comprises determining one or more of a gas carryunder or a liquid carryover in the multi-phase flow material.
In another aspect of the method, the generating comprises using a Hilbert transformation to generate the first ninety degree phase shift and the second ninety degree phase shift.
In yet another aspect of the method, computing the frequency comprises computing the frequency from the first sensor signal and the first ninety degree phase shift.
In yet another aspect of the method, computing the phase difference comprises computing the phase difference from the first sensor signal, the first ninety degree phase shift, and the second sensor signal.
In yet another aspect of the method, computing the phase difference comprises computing the phase difference from the first sensor signal, the first ninety degree phase shift, the second sensor signal, and the second ninety degree phase shift.
In yet another aspect of the method, the method further comprises breaking out the frequency into at least a gas frequency component and a fluid frequency component, determining one or more of a void fraction of gas or a liquid fraction from the frequency response and one or more of the gas frequency component and the fluid frequency component, determining one or more of a liquid phase density of a liquid flow component of the multi-phase flow material or a gas phase density of a gas flow component using the void fraction of gas, and determining one or more of a gas carryunder of the multi-phase flow material or a liquid carryover using one or more of the void fraction of gas or the liquid fraction.
In yet another aspect of the method, the breaking out comprises filtering the frequency response with a first filter that substantially rejects the gas frequency component and substantially passes the fluid frequency component and filtering the frequency response with a second filter that substantially rejects the fluid frequency component and substantially passes the gas frequency component, wherein the first filter outputs the fluid frequency component and the second filter outputs the gas frequency component.
In yet another aspect of the method, the determining one or more of a void fraction of gas or a liquid fraction comprises calculating an overall density from the frequency response, calculating a fluid component density from the fluid frequency component, calculating a gas component density from the gas frequency component, and calculating a void fraction of gas as a ratio of the fluid component density minus the overall density divided by the fluid component density minus the gas component density.
In yet another aspect of the method, the method further comprises breaking out the frequency response into at least a gas frequency component and a fluid frequency component, determining an overall density from the frequency response, determining a gas density from the gas frequency component, determining a void fraction of gas from the frequency response and one or more of the gas frequency component and the fluid frequency component, and determining a mass fraction from the void fraction of gas multiplied by a ratio of the gas density divided by the overall density.
In yet another aspect of the method, the method further comprises determining a mass flow rate of the flow material from the frequency response and determining at least one of a first flow component mass and a second flow component mass using the mass fraction and the mass flow rate.
In yet another aspect of the method, the method further comprises squaring the frequency response to generate a squared frequency response, inverting the squared frequency response to generate a substantially instantaneous flow stream density, comparing the substantially instantaneous flow stream density to at least one of a predetermined gas density that is representative of a gas flow fraction of the gas flow material and a predetermined liquid density that is representative of a liquid flow fraction, and determining one or more of a liquid flow fraction or a gas flow fraction from the comparing.
FIG. 1 illustrates a Coriolis flowmeter in an example of the invention.
FIG. 10 is a power spectrum density plot of a pick-off sensor signal of a flowmeter under normal conditions.
FIG. 15 is a graph of flowmeter frequency responses for air, for a fluid, and for a combined air/fluid mix (i.e., for a fluid including entrained air).
FIG. 16 is a flowchart of a method for determining a void fraction of gas in a flow material flowing through a flowmeter according to an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 17 is a flowchart of a method for determining a void fraction of gas in a flow material flowing through a flowmeter according to an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 19 is a flowchart of a method for determining a void fraction of gas in a flow material flowing through a flowmeter according to an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 21 is a flowchart of a method for determining a mass fraction of flow components in a flow material flowing through a flowmeter according to an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 22 is a flowchart of a method for determining a mass fraction of flow components in a flow material flowing through a flowmeter according to an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 23 is a flowchart of a method for determining a mass fraction of flow components in a flow material flowing through a flowmeter according to an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 24 is a flowchart of a method for determining a liquid flow fraction in a gas flow material flowing through a flowmeter according to an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 25 is a graph of natural gas density versus glycol percentage (i.e., liquid flow fraction).
FIG. 26 is a flowchart of a method for determining a liquid flow fraction in a gas flow material flowing through a flowmeter according to an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 27 is a flowchart of a method of processing sensor signals in a flowmeter according to an embodiment of the invention.
FIGS. 1-27 and the following description depict specific examples to teach those skilled in the art how to make and use the best mode of the invention. For the purpose of teaching inventive principles, some conventional aspects have been simplified or omitted. Those skilled in the art will appreciate variations from these examples that fall within the scope of the invention. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the features described below can be combined in various ways to form multiple variations of the invention. As a result, the invention is not limited to the specific examples described below, but only by the claims and their equivalents.
FIG. 1 shows a Coriolis flowmeter 5 comprising a meter assembly 10 and meter electronics 20. Meter assembly 10 responds to mass flow rate and density of a process material. Meter electronics 20 is connected to meter assembly 10 via leads 100 to provide density, mass flow rate, and temperature information over path 26, as well as other information not relevant to the present invention. A Coriolis flowmeter structure is described although it is apparent to those skilled in the art that the present invention could be practiced as a vibrating tube densitometer without the additional measurement capability provided by a Coriolis mass flowmeter.
Both flow tubes 130 and 130′ are driven by driver 180 in opposite directions about their respective bending axes W and W′ and at what is termed the first out-of-phase bending mode of the flowmeter. This drive mechanism 180 may comprise any one of many well known arrangements, such as a magnet mounted to flow tube 130′ and an opposing coil mounted to flow tube 130 and through which an alternating current is passed for vibrating both flow tubes. A suitable drive signal is applied by meter electronics 20, via lead 185, to drive mechanism 180.
FIG. 2 shows meter electronics 20 according to an embodiment of the invention. The meter electronics 20 can include an interface 201 and a processing system 203. The meter electronics 20 receives first and second sensor signals from the meter assembly 10, such as pickoff/velocity sensor signals. The meter electronics 20 can operate as a mass flowmeter or can operate as a densitometer, including operating as a Coriolis flowmeter. The meter electronics 20 processes the first and second sensor signals in order to obtain flow characteristics of the flow material flowing through the meter assembly 10. For example, the meter electronics 20 can determine one or more of a phase difference, a frequency, a time difference (Δt), a density, a mass flow rate, and a volume flow rate from the sensor signals, for example. In addition, other flow characteristics can be determined according to the invention. The determinations are discussed below.
The processing system 203 conducts operations of the meter electronics 20 and processes flow measurements from the flowmeter assembly 10. The processing system 203 executes one or more processing routines and thereby processes the flow measurements in order to produce one or more flow characteristics.
The storage system 204 can store flowmeter parameters and data, software routines, constant values, and variable values. In one embodiment, the storage system 204 includes routines that are executed by the processing system 203. In one embodiment, the storage system 204 stores a phase shift routine 212, a phase difference routine 215, a frequency routine 216, a time difference (Δt) routine 217, and a flow characteristics routine 218.
In one embodiment, the storage system 204 stores variables used to operate a flowmeter, such as the Coriolis flowmeter 5. The storage system 204 in one embodiment stores variables such as the first sensor signal 210 and the second sensor signal 211, which are received from the velocity/pickoff sensors 170L and 170R. In addition, the storage system 204 can store a 90 degree phase shift 213 that is generated in order to determine the flow characteristics.
The phase difference routine 215 determines a phase difference using the single 90 degree phase shift 213. Additional information can also be used in order to compute the phase difference. The phase difference in one embodiment is computed from the first sensor signal 210, the second sensor signal 211, and the 90 degree phase shift 213. The determined phase difference can be stored in the phase difference 220 of the storage system 204. The phase difference, when determined from the 90 phase shift 213, can be calculated and obtained much faster than in the prior art. This can provide a critical difference in flowmeter applications having high flow rates or where multi-phase flows occur. In addition, the phase difference can be determined independent of the frequency of either sensor signal 210 or 211. Moreover, because the phase difference is determined independently of the frequency, an error component in the phase difference does not include an error component of the frequency determination, i.e., there is no compounding error in the phase difference measurement. Consequently, the phase difference error is reduced over a phase difference of the prior art.
The frequency routine 216 determines a frequency (such as that exhibited by either the first sensor signal 210 or the second sensor signal 211) from the 90 degree phase shift 213. The determined frequency can be stored in the frequency 221 of the storage system 204. The frequency, when determined from the single 90 phase shift 213, can be calculated and obtained much faster than in the prior art. This can provide a critical difference in flowmeter applications having high flow rates or where multi-phase flows occur.
In step 302, the sensor signals can be conditioned. In one embodiment, the conditioning can include filtering to remove noise and unwanted signals. In one embodiment, the filtering can comprise band-pass filtering centered around the expected fundamental frequency of the flowmeter. In addition, other conditioning operations can be performed, such as amplification, buffering, etc. If the sensor signals comprise analog signals, the step can further comprise any manner of sampling, digitization, and decimation that are performed in order to produce digital sensor signals.
The phase difference routine 215 determines a phase difference using the first 90 degree phase shift 213 and the second 90 degree phase shift 214. Additional information can also be used in order to compute the phase difference. The phase difference in one embodiment is computed from the first sensor signal 210, the second sensor signal 211, the first 90 degree phase shift 212, and the second 90 degree phase shift 213. The determined phase difference can be stored in the phase difference 220 of the storage system 204, as previously discussed. The phase difference, when determined using the first and second 90 phase shifts, can be calculated and obtained much faster than in the prior art. This can provide a critical difference in flowmeter applications having high flow rates or where multi-phase flows occur. In addition, the phase difference can be determined independent of the frequency of the sensor signals 210 and 211. Moreover, because the phase difference is determined independently of the frequency, an error component in the phase difference does not suffer from an error component of the frequency determination, i.e., there is no compounding error in the phase difference measurement. Consequently, the phase difference error is reduced over a phase difference of the prior art.
The frequency routine 216 determines a frequency (such as that exhibited by either the first sensor signal 210 or the second sensor signal 211) from the first 90 degree phase shift 213 and the second 90 degree phase shift 214. The determined frequency can be stored in the frequency 221 of the storage system 204, as previously discussed. The frequency, when determined from the first and second 90 phase shifts, can be calculated and obtained much faster than in the prior art. This can provide a critical difference in flowmeter applications having high flow rates or where multi-phase flows occur.
LPO=Alpo cos(ωt) (2)
RPO=Arpo cos(ωt+φ) (3)
LPOhilbert=Alpo sin(ωt) (4)
RPOhilbert=Arpo sin(ωt+φ)] (5)
LPO=Alpo[cos(ωt)+i sin(ωt)]=Alpoej(ωt) (6)
RPO=Arpo[cos(ωt+φ)+i sin(ωt+φ)]=Arpoej(ωt+φ) (7)
LPO×RPO=Alpoe−j(ωt)×ARpoej(ωt+φ)=Alpo×ARpoej(−ωt+ωt+φ) (8)
ARpo=ALpo=A (9)
LPO×RPO=A2ej(φ)=A2[cos(φ)+i sin(φ)] (10)
ϕ=tan-1⁡[sin⁡(ϕ)cos⁡(ϕ)](11)
FIG. 9 is a block diagram of a frequency portion 604b of the analysis block 604 according to the invention. The frequency portion 604b can operate on either the left or right pickoff signal (LPO or RPO). The frequency portion 604b in the embodiment shown includes a join block 901, a complex conjugate block 902, a sampling block 903, a complex multiplication block 904, a filter block 905, a phase angle block 906, a constant block 907, and a division block 908.
As previously discussed, the join block 901 receives both in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) components of a sensor signal and passes them on. The conjugate block 902 performs a complex conjugate on a sensor signal, here the LPO signal, and forms a negative of the imaginary signal. The delay block 903 introduces a sampling delay into the frequency portion 604b, and therefore selects a digital signal sample that is chronologically older in time. This older digital signal sample is multiplied with the current digital signal in the complex multiplication block 904. The complex multiplication block 904 multiplies the LPO signal and the LPO conjugate signal, implementing equation (12) below. The filter block 905 implements a digital filter, such as the FIR filter previously discussed The filter block 905 can comprise a polyphase decimation filter that is used to remove harmonic content from the in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) components of the sensor signal, as well as to decimate the signal. The filter coefficients can be chosen to provide decimation of the inputted signal, such as decimation by a factor of 10, for example. The phase angle block 906 determines a phase angle from the in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) components of the LPO signal. The phase angle block 906 implements a portion of equation (13) below. The constant block 907 supplies a factor comprising a sample rate Fs divided by two pi, as shown in equation (14). The division block 908 performs the division operation of equation (14).
The frequency portion 604b implements the following equation:
LPO(n−1)×LPO(n)=Alpoe−j(ωt−1)×ALpoej(ωt)=Alpo2ej(ωt−ωt−1) (12)
ω⁢⁢t-ω⁢⁢t-1=tan-1⁡[sin⁡(ω⁢⁢t-ω⁢⁢t-1)cos⁡(ω⁢⁢t-ω⁢⁢t-1)](13)
flpo=(ω⁢⁢t-ω⁢⁢t-1)×Fs2⁢π(14)
FIG. 10 is a power spectrum density plot of a pick-off sensor signal of a flowmeter under normal conditions. The fundamental frequency of the flowmeter is the tallest spike of the graph and is located at about 135 Hz. The figure also shows several other large spikes in the frequency spectrum (the first non-fundamental mode is the twist mode at a frequency of about 1.5 times the frequency of the fundamental mode). These spikes comprise harmonic frequencies of the flowmeter and also comprise other, undesirable sensor modes (i.e., a twist mode, a second bend mode, etc.).
LPO=Alpo cos(ωt) (26)
RPO=Arpo cos(ωt+φ) (27)
LPOhilbert=Alpo sin(ωt) (28)
RPO=Arpo cos(ωt+φ) (29)
LPO=Alpo[cos(ωt)+i sin(ωt)]=Alpoej(ωt) (30)
RPO=Arpo⁢cos⁡(ω⁢⁢t+ϕ)=Arpo[ⅇj⁡(ω⁢⁢t+ϕ)+ⅇ-j⁡(ω⁢⁢t+ϕ)2](31)
FIG. 12 shows the analysis block 604a′ for the single phase shift embodiment. The analysis block 604a′ in this embodiment includes one join block 801, the complex multiplication block 803, a low-pass filter block 1201, and a phase angle block 805. The analysis block 604a′ in this embodiment implements the following equation:
LPO×RPO=Alpo⁢ⅇ-j⁡(ω⁢⁢t)×Arpo[ⅇj⁡(ω⁢⁢t+ϕ)+ⅇ-j⁡(ω⁢⁢t+ϕ)2]=Alpo×ARpo2⁡[ⅇj⁡(-ω⁢⁢t+ω⁢⁢t+ϕ)+ⅇj⁡(ω⁢⁢t+ω⁢⁢t+ϕ)](32)
LPO×RPO=A2⁢ⅇj⁡(ϕ)=A22⁡[cos⁡(ϕ)+i⁢⁢sin⁡(ϕ)](33)
ϕ=tan-1⁡[sin⁡(ϕ)cos⁡(ϕ)](34)
By taking the Hilbert transform of one pick-off signal instead of two, the computational load needed to perform phase and frequency estimation in Coriolis mass flowmeters is advantageously reduced. The phase and frequency can therefore be determined using two sensor signals, but using only one 90 degree phase shift.
In operation, the meter electronics 20 receives and processes the first sensor signal 210 and the second sensor signal 211 from the meter assembly 10 in order to determine a mass fraction of flow components in a flow material flowing through the flowmeter 5. Mass fraction is a ratio of mass flow between a first flow component and a second flow component in a two phase flow stream. The mass fraction can be used to determine masses of the various flow components. For example, the flow can comprise a fluid component and a gas component. The total mass flow rate of the flow material can be multiplied by the mass fraction in order to derive one or more of a fluid component mass flow rate and a gas component mass flow rate. The fluid can comprise any manner of fluid and the gas can comprise any manner of gas. The gas can comprise air, for example. The discussion below focuses on air in a fluid, but it should be understood that the invention applies to any gas.
The meter electronics 20 receives and processes the first sensor signal 210 and the second sensor signal 211. One processing action is the generation of the frequency response 14010 from one or both of the sensor signals, as previously discussed. The frequency response 1410 comprises a frequency of the meter assembly 10 in response to a supplied drive vibration. The meter electronics 20 breaks out the frequency response 1410 into the gas frequency component 1412 and the fluid frequency component 1416. The meter electronics 20 determines an overall density (ρmix) 1420 from the frequency response 1410. Likewise, a gas component density (ρgas) 1421 is determined from the gas frequency component 1412. The meter electronics 20 uses the frequency response 1410 and one or more of the gas frequency component 1412 and the fluid frequency component 1416 to determine the void fraction of gas 1418. The meter electronics 20 further uses the void fraction 1418, the overall density 1420, and the gas density 1421 to determine the mass fraction 1419. The mass fraction (mf) is defined as:
mf=m1m1+m2(35)
mfgas=mgasmgas+mfluid(36)
However, it should be understood that alternatively the invention can determine a mass fraction of fluid (mffluid) in the flow material, or any other mass fraction. The mass fraction of fluid (mffluid) comprises the complement of the mass fraction of gas:
mffluid=mfluidmgas+mfluid(37)
The processing system 203 can be further configured to determine a overall density 1420 of the gas flow material using the first sensor signal 210 and the second sensor signal 211, compare the overall density 1420 to at least one of a gas density 1421 that is representative of a gas flow fraction of the gas flow material or to a fluid density 1422 that is representative of a liquid flow fraction, and determine a liquid fraction 1427 from the overall density 1420 and at least one of the gas density 1421 and the fluid density 1422. In some embodiments, the overall density 1420 is compared to both the gas density 1421 and the fluid density 1422. In addition, the processing system 203 can be configured to determine the overall density 1420 of the gas flow material using the frequency response 1410, and determine the liquid fraction 1427 and/or the gas fraction 1428 from the overall density 1420.
The gas flow material can comprise any gas or gas mixture. One type of gas flow material comprises a gas derived from an oil well. For example, the gas flow material can comprise natural gas. However, other gases or gas mixtures are contemplated and are within the scope of the description and claims.
The first sensor signal 210 and the second sensor signal 211 comprise time-varying electronic signals that are substantially continuously received and processed by the meter electronics 20, such as signals from the pick-off sensors 170L and 170R. The frequency response 1410 can be determined using the previously discussed processing blocks (see FIGS. 6-7 and 9). Advantageously, when using the previously discussed high-speed frequency determination, the invention can quickly, accurately, and reliably determine the void fraction of gas 1418.
The processing system 203 in this embodiment can include a void fraction routine 1401, a notch filter routine 1402, a mass fraction routine 1405, a gas carryunder routine 1406, a liquid carryover routine 1407, a density routine 1408, and a liquid flow fraction routine 1409. The processing system 203 can further include one or more filters or filter routines, such as a low-pass filter routine 1403 and a high-pass filter routine 1404. Alternatively, the one or more filters or filter routines can include a notch filter configuration or other filter configuration that rejects a narrow band of frequencies. The processing system 203 can further include a frequency response 1410, a void fraction 1418, and a mass fraction 1419 that can store frequency response measurements, void fraction determinations, and mass fraction determinations, respectively. The processing system 203 can further include a fluid frequency component 1416 and a gas frequency component 1412 that store working frequency values for the void fraction and mass fraction determinations. The processing system 203 can further include an overall density 1420, a gas component density 1421, and a fluid component density 1422 that store working density values for the void fraction and mass fraction determinations. The processing system 203 can further include a gas carryunder 1425 and a liquid carryover 1426 that store respective carryunder/carryover quantities. The processing system 203 can further include a liquid fraction 1427 that stores a liquid component quantity and a gas fraction 1428 that stores a gas component quantity.
The frequency response 1410 comprises a mix frequency (fmix), wherein the frequency response 1410 can include a gas frequency component (fgas) 1412 and a fluid frequency component (ffluid) 1416. The void fraction and mass fraction can be determined after these frequency components are broken out of the mix frequency (fmix) and determined. At any time, the frequency response 1410 can include any amount of a gas frequency component (fgas) 1412, i.e., a frequency component due to entrained gas.
FIG. 15 is a graph of flowmeter frequency responses for air, for a fluid, and for a combined air/fluid mix (i.e., for a fluid including entrained air). The density of a gas is distinguishable from the density of a fluid in the flow material flowing through the flowmeter. Since density can be derived from a measured frequency, the frequency associated with air is also distinguishable from the frequency of the fluid. This is also true of other gases or gas mixtures.
ω⁢⁢t-ω⁢⁢t-1=tan-1⁡[sin⁡(ω⁢⁢t-ω⁢⁢t-1)cos⁡(ω⁢⁢t-ω⁢⁢t-1)](38)
where ω is the radian frequency of the Coriolis flowmeter. The ω−1 term represents a radian frequency sample from a previous or earlier sample period. Converting the radian frequency ω to a frequency f in Hertz (Hz) gives:
ffluid=(ω⁢⁢t-ω⁢⁢t-1)×Fs2⁢π(39)
fmix=Fs2⁢π×(tan-1⁡[Afluid2⁢sin⁡(ωfluid⁢t-wfluid⁢t-1)+Aair2⁢sin⁡(ωair⁢t-ωair⁢t-1)Afluid2⁢cos⁡(ωfluid⁢t-wfluid⁢t-1)+Aair2⁢cos⁡(ωair⁢t-ωair⁢t-1)])(40)
ρ≅(1f)2(41)
Void_Fraction=ρfluid-ρmixρfluid-ρgas(42)
ρ=mV(43)
mf=m1m1+m2=m1mmix=ρ1⁢V1ρmix⁢Vmix(44)
VF=V1Vmix(45)
mf=VF*ρ1ρmix(46)
The gas carryunder routine 1406 determines a gas carryunder amount in a multi-phase flow material. The gas carryunder routine 1406 in one embodiment determines the gas carryunder amount by determining a void fraction of gas (VF). The VF value comprises a volume percentage of the total flow material volume. The VF can therefore comprise the gas carryunder amount, or can be further manipulated to determine a gas mass flow rate mfGAS in the multi-phase flow material. The mass flow rate of the gas component is calculated. The determined gas carryunder amount can be stored in the gas carryunder 1425.
The liquid carryover routine 1407 determines a liquid carryover amount in a multi-phase flow material. The liquid carryover routine 1407 determines the liquid carryover amount by determining a liquid fraction and uses the liquid fraction to determine one or more of a liquid component density, a liquid mass flow rate, etc., in the multi-phase flow material. The determined liquid carryover amount can be stored in the liquid carryover 1426.
The density routine 1408 determines the overall density 1420 from the first sensor signal 210 and the second sensor signal 211. In one embodiment, the density routine 1408 uses the frequency response 1410 in the flow stream density determination. The overall density 1420 is related to the density of the gas flow material, and varies according to the liquid flow fraction in the gas flow material.
The liquid flow fraction routine 1409 uses the overall density 1420 to produce the liquid fraction 1427. The liquid fraction 1427 is related to the amount (or percentage) of liquid in the gas flow material. The determination is discussed below in conjunction with FIG. 15. In addition, the liquid flow fraction routine 1409 can also produce the gas fraction 1428, wherein the gas fraction 1428 is related to the amount/percentage of gas in the gas flow material.
The meter electronics 20 can additionally determine other flow characteristics, such as an overall mass flow rate, component mass flows, component volumes, etc. The meter electronics 20 can be in communication with the meter assembly 10, where the meter assembly 10 can comprise any manner of flowmeter that generates a frequency response. In one embodiment, the meter assembly 10 comprises a Coriolis flowmeter. In another embodiment, the meter assembly 10 comprises a vibrating densitometer.
FIG. 16 is a flowchart 1600 of a method for determining a void fraction of gas in a flow material flowing through a flowmeter according to an embodiment of the invention. In step 1601, a frequency response is received. The frequency response can be received in the meter electronics 20, for example. The frequency response comprises a frequency response to a vibrating meter assembly 10 that includes the flow material. The flow material can include entrained gas.
FIG. 17 is a flowchart 1700 of a method for determining a void fraction of gas in a flow material flowing through a flowmeter according to an embodiment of the invention. In step 1701, a frequency response is received, as previously discussed.
In step 1702, the frequency response is processed with a first filter. The first filter substantially rejects the gas frequency component and substantially passes the fluid frequency component (see FIG. 18). In one embodiment, the first filter comprises a low-pass filter, wherein a low-pass cut-off frequency of the low-pass filter is substantially above the fluid frequency component. As a result, the low-pass filter substantially passes the fluid frequency component and substantially rejects the gas frequency component.
In step 1703, the frequency response is processed with a second filter. The second filter substantially rejects the fluid frequency component and substantially passes the gas frequency component. In one embodiment, the second filter comprises a high-pass filter, wherein a high-pass cut-off frequency of the high-pass filter is substantially below the gas frequency component (but above the fluid frequency component). As a result, the high-pass filter substantially passes the gas frequency component and substantially rejects the fluid frequency component.
FIG. 18 is a frequency graph showing low-pass and high-pass filter responses that can be used to break out the fluid frequency component and the gas frequency component according to an embodiment of the invention. The lower line of the graph represents a flowmeter frequency response including a fluid frequency component lobe and a gas frequency component lobe. The fluid frequency component lobe is lower in frequency than the gas frequency component lobe. The upper lines comprise a low-pass filter response and a high-pass filter response, along with a cut-off frequency. Here, the cut-off frequency for both the low-pass and high-pass filters is substantially centered between the two lobes. The low-pass and high-pass filters can have a common cut-off frequency or can have different cut-off frequencies, depending on the fluid and gas frequency components. It can be seen that the low-pass filter will output the fluid frequency component and the high-pass filter will output the gas frequency component. Therefore, the two filters can break out the frequency response 1410 into the gas frequency component 1412 and the fluid frequency component 1416.
ρmix=ρfluid(1−VF)+ρgas (47)
ρmix=ρfluidφfluid−ρgasφgas (48)
FIG. 19 is a flowchart 1900 of a method for determining a void fraction of gas in a flow material flowing through a flowmeter according to an embodiment of the invention. In step 1901, the frequency response 1410 is received, as previously discussed.
Referring again to FIG. 19, in step 1903 the void fraction of gas 1418 is determined using the frequency response, the gas frequency component 1412, and the fluid frequency component 1416, as previously discussed.
FIG. 21 is a flowchart 2100 of a method for determining a mass fraction of flow components in a flow material flowing through a flowmeter according to an embodiment of the invention. In step 2101, a frequency response is received, as previously discussed.
In step 2102, the frequency response is broken out into a gas frequency component 1412 and a fluid frequency component 1416, as previously discussed.
In step 2103, an overall density (ρmix) is determined from the frequency response. The overall density (ρmix) reflects the density of the combined fluid and gas flow components. As previously discussed, the overall density (ρmix) comprises substantially the square of one divided by the frequency response (i.e., the frequency response inverted).
In step 2104, a gas component density (ρgas) is determined from the gas frequency component (fgas). The gas component density (ρgas) reflects the density of just the gas flow component.
In step 2105, as previously discussed, the void fraction (VF) of gas 1418 is determined using the frequency response 1410, the gas frequency component 1412, and the fluid frequency component 1416. The resulting void fraction of gas 1418 can be expressed as a ratio, a percentage, or other measure.
In step 2106, the mass fraction is determined from the void fraction (VF) 1418 and a ratio of the gas density (ρgas) to overall density (ρmix), as shown in equation 46.
FIG. 22 is a flowchart 2200 of a method for determining a mass fraction of flow components in a flow material flowing through a flowmeter according to an embodiment of the invention. One method of breaking out the fluid and gas frequency components from the frequency response comprises performing two filtering operations. One filtering operation comprises filtering the frequency response with a first filter that substantially rejects the gas frequency component and substantially passes the fluid frequency component. The second filtering operation comprises filtering the frequency response with a second filter that substantially rejects the fluid frequency component and substantially passes the gas frequency component. As a result, the first filter outputs the fluid frequency component while the second filter outputs the gas frequency component.
In step 2201, a frequency response is received, as previously discussed.
In step 2202, the frequency response is filtered with a first filter, as previously discussed.
In step 2203, the frequency response is filtered with a second filter, as previously discussed.
In step 2204, the overall density (ρmix) is determined, as previously discussed.
In step 2205, the gas density (ρgas) is determined, as previously discussed.
In step 2206, as previously discussed, the void fraction of gas 1418 is determined using the frequency response 1410, the gas frequency component 1412, and the fluid frequency component 1416.
In step 2207, the mass fraction 1419 is determined, as previously discussed.
FIG. 23 is a flowchart 2300 of a method for determining a mass fraction of flow components in a flow material flowing through a flowmeter according to an embodiment of the invention. In step 1901, the frequency response 1410 is received, as previously discussed.
In step 2302, the frequency response is processed with a notch filter, as previously discussed.
In step 2303 the overall density (ρmix) is determined, as previously discussed.
In step 2304, the gas density (ρgas) is determined, as previously discussed.
In step 2305 the void fraction of gas 1418 is determined, as previously discussed.
In step 2306, the mass fraction 1419 is determined, as previously discussed.
FIG. 24 is a flowchart 2400 of a method for determining a liquid flow fraction in a gas flow material flowing through a flowmeter according to an embodiment of the invention. In step 2401, first and second sensor signals are received from the meter assembly 10, as previously discussed.
In step 2402, the sensor signals can be conditioned, as previously discussed.
In step 2403, a flow stream density of the gas flow material is determined. The flow stream density is determined using the first sensor signal and the second sensor signal. Other flow characteristics, variables, and/or constants can also be used in making the determination, if needed.
In step 2404, the flow stream density is compared to a gas density and to a liquid density. The gas density is representative of a gas flow fraction of the gas flow stream and the liquid density is representative of the liquid flow fraction. In one embodiment, both densities are known and used. In another embodiment, only one of the two densities is known and used.
FIG. 25 is a graph of natural gas density versus glycol percentage (i.e., liquid flow fraction). The table represents a set of data that is used for the comparison. However, any type of data structure can be used, and the data does not have to be in a table form. The diagonal graph line represents a gas flow material density for various fractions of gas versus glycol. It can be seen from the graph that the overall gas flow material density is proportional to the liquid flow fraction. Therefore, using at least the measured gas flow material (i.e., total) density and a known gas density, the liquid flow fraction can be determined. It should be understood that the data lookup can include other factors, such as pressure and temperature, for example. It should be understood that although the graph is for natural gas and glycol, other gases and liquids can be used and determined.
Referring again to FIG. 24, in step 2405 the liquid flow fraction is determined. The liquid flow fraction comprises the quantity or percentage of liquid in the gas flow material. The liquid flow fraction can be subsequently used for performing other computations, such as a gas mass flow rate and/or a liquid mass flow rate, for example. The liquid flow fraction can be determined from the comparison of the flow stream density to at least the known gas density. Alternatively, the comparison can comprise a comparison of the flow stream density to both the known gas density and the known liquid density.
Dmeasured=X(DG)/DL (49)
X=Dmeasured(DL)/DG (50)
FIG. 26 is a flowchart 2600 of a method for determining a liquid flow fraction in a gas flow material flowing through a flowmeter according to an embodiment of the invention. In step 2601, first and second sensor signals are received from the meter assembly 10, as previously discussed.
In step 2602, the sensor signals can be conditioned, as previously discussed.
In step 2603, a 90 degree phase shift is generated from the first sensor signal. The 90 degree phase shift can be generated as previously discussed. Although the first sensor signal is phase shifted as an example, it should be understood that either sensor signal can be used.
In step 2604, a frequency response of the meter assembly 10 is computed. The frequency response can be computed using the 90 degree phase shift and the first sensor signal, as previously discussed.
In step 2605, a flow stream density of the gas flow material is determined using the frequency response. In one embodiment, the flow stream density is determined by squaring the frequency response and inverting the squared frequency response (since density≈1/f2). It should be understood that other flow characteristics, variables, and/or constants can also be used in making the determination, if needed.
In step 2606, the liquid flow fraction is determined. The liquid flow fraction can be determined from the comparison of the flow stream density to the known gas density, as previously discussed.
FIG. 27 is a flowchart 2700 of a method of processing sensor signals in a flowmeter according to an embodiment of the invention. In step 2701, a first sensor signal and a second sensor signal are received from the flowmeter. The first sensor signal and the second sensor signal are for a multi-phase flow material flowing in the flowmeter.
In step 2702, one or both of the first sensor signal and second sensor signal are phase shifted. The phase-shifting comprises shifting the sensor signals by substantially ninety degrees. The result is a first ninety degree phase shift and a second ninety degree phase shift.
In step 2703, a frequency (or frequency response) of the flowmeter is computed. In one embodiment, the frequency is generated from the first sensor signal and the first ninety degree phase shift, as previously discussed.
In step 2704, a phase difference between the sensor signals is computed. In one embodiment, the phase difference is computed from the first sensor signal, the first ninety degree phase shift, the second sensor signal, and the second ninety degree phase shift (see FIG. 8 and the accompanying discussion). In another embodiment, the phase difference is computed from the first sensor signal, the first ninety degree phase shift, and the second sensor signal (see FIG. 12 and the accompanying discussion).
In step 2705, one or more of a mass flow rate, a density, or a volume flow rate are calculated. The mass flow rate, density, and/or volume flow rate are accurately calculated for the multi-phase flow material by using the fast frequency and/or fast phase determinations, as previously described.
In step 2706, one or both of a liquid carryover or a gas carryunder are computed. The liquid carryover and/or the gas carryunder are accurately calculated for the multi-phase flow material by using the fast frequency and/or fast phase determinations, as previously described. The gas carryunder and/or the liquid carryover can be determined by using the previously discussed void fraction method, for example (see FIGS. 16, 17, and 19 and the accompanying discussion). Alternatively, the gas carryunder and/or the liquid carryover can be determined by using the previously discussed mass fraction method, for example (see FIGS. 21-23 and the accompanying discussion). In yet another alternative, the gas carryunder and/or the liquid carryover can be determined by using the previously discussed liquid flow fraction, for example (see FIGS. 24 and 26 and the accompanying discussion). Furthermore, the methods can be used in combination. The percentages of gas and liquid (i.e., the void fraction of gas and the liquid fraction) can be then used to accurately and completely quantify all components of the multi-phase flow material.
The meter electronics and method according the invention can be implemented according to any of the embodiments in order to obtain several advantages, if desired. The invention can compute one or more of a mass flow rate, density, or volume flow rate for a multi-phase flow material. The invention can rapidly compute flow characteristics for a multi-phase flow material. The invention can provide computations of the flow characteristics having a greater accuracy and reliability. The invention can provide computations of the flow characteristics faster than in the prior art and while consuming less processing time.
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