Source: https://patents.justia.com/patent/10284864
Timestamp: 2019-06-25 19:47:52
Document Index: 737921413

Matched Legal Cases: ['art 1', 'art 2', 'art 3', 'art 4', 'art 1', 'art 2', 'art 3', 'art 4', 'art 5', 'art 6']

US Patent for Content initialization for enhancement layer coding Patent (Patent # 10,284,864 issued May 7, 2019) - Justia Patents Search
Justia Patents Adaptive CodingUS Patent for Content initialization for enhancement layer coding Patent (Patent # 10,284,864)
May 23, 2017 - Sharp Laboratories of America, Inc.
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/631,786, filed Sep. 28, 2012.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating one configuration of an electronic device including a HEVC encoder.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating one configuration of an electronic device including a HEVC decoder.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating one example of an encoder and a decoder.
FIG. 9 illustrates a CABAC encoder.
FIG. 10 illustrates a base layer bitstream and an enhancement bitstream.
FIG. 11 illustrates a quality scalable bitstream.
FIG. 12 illustrates a temporal scalable bitstream.
FIG. 13 illustrates a spatial scalable bitstream.
FIG. 14 illustrates an exemplary decoding technique.
FIG. 15 illustrates selected aspects of a CABAC encoder and decoder.
FIG. 16 illustrates LPS probabilities.
FIG. 17 illustrates a probability determination.
FIG. 18 illustrates slope and offset tables.
FIG. 19 illustrates a probability table.
FIG. 20 illustrates a probability graph.
FIG. 21 illustrates a hierarchical structure of frames.
FIG. 22 illustrates a hierarchical structures of frames with picture order count.
FIG. 23 illustrates a hierarchical structure of frames with quantization parameters.
FIG. 24 illustrates a hierarchical structure of frames using a base layer and an enhancement layer(s).
FIG. 25 illustrates a base layer and an enhancement layer with a uniform delta quantization parameter.
FIG. 26 illustrates overall probability changes based on delta quantization parameters and delta quantization variation.
FIG. 27 illustrates a modified probability determination.
FIG. 28 illustrates a base layer and an enhancement layer based upon a scaling factor.
FIG. 29 illustrates a modified probability determination.
FIG. 30 illustrates a base layer and an enhancement layer with temporal identification.
FIG. 31 illustrates one technique for signaling of initialization tables.
FIG. 32 illustrates another technique for signaling of initialization tables.
FIG. 33 illustrates an initValue table selection technique for a base layer.
FIG. 34 illustrates an initValue table selection technique for an enhancement layer.
FIG. 35 illustrates a selection mechanism as to whether to use the techniques illustrated in FIG. 33 and FIG. 34.
4 0 1 0 3 2 −1 . . . −3 0 . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . .
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 . . .
4 0 3 −3 2 1 0 −1 . . .
Last Position 7 Last Coefficient Level −1 Run-Level Coding 2 1 0 Level Coding 4 0 3 −3
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating one configuration of an electronic device 102 in which video may be coded. It should be noted that one or more of the elements illustrated as included within the electronic device 102 may be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of both. For example, the electronic device 102 includes a encoder 108, which may be implemented in hardware, software or a combination of both. For instance, the encoder 108 may be implemented as a circuit, integrated circuit, application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), processor in electronic communication with memory with executable instructions, firmware, field-programmable gate array (FPGA), etc., or a combination thereof. In some configurations, the encoder 108 may be a high efficiency video coding (HEVC) coder.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating one configuration of an electronic device 270 including a decoder 272 that may be a high-efficiency video coding (HEVC) decoder. The decoder 272 and one or more of the elements illustrated as included in the decoder 272 may be implemented in hardware, software or a combination of both. The decoder 272 may receive a bitstream 234 (e.g., one or more coded pictures included in the bitstream 234) for decoding. In some configurations, the received bitstream 234 may include received overhead information, such as a received slice header, received picture parameter set (PPS), received buffer description information, classification indicator, etc.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating one example of an ecoder 308 and a decoder 372. In this example, electronic device A 302 and electronic device B 370 are illustrated. However, it should be noted that the features and functionality described in relation to electronic device A 302 and electronic device B 370 may be combined into a single electronic device in some configurations.
The encoder 308 may code the source 306 to produce a bitstream 334. For example, the encoder 308 may code a series of pictures (e.g., video) in the source 306. The encoder 308 may be similar to the encoder 108 described above in connection with FIG. 1.
The bitstream 334 may be provided to the decoder 372. In one example, the bitstream 334 may be transmitted to electronic device B 370 using a wired or wireless link. In some cases, this may be done over a network, such as the Internet or a Local Area Network (LAN). As illustrated in FIG. 3, the decoder 372 may be implemented on electronic device B 370 separately from the encoder 308 on electronic device A 302. However, it should be noted that the encoder 308 and decoder 372 may be implemented on the same electronic device in some configurations. In an implementation where the encoder 308 and decoder 372 are implemented on the same electronic device, for instance, the bitstream 334 may be provided over a bus to the decoder 372 or stored in memory for retrieval by the decoder 372.
The decoder 372 may be implemented in hardware, software or a combination of both. In one configuration, the decoder 372 may be a high-efficiency video coding (HEVC) decoder. Other decoders may likewise be used. The decoder 372 may be similar to the decoder 272 described above in connection with FIG. 2.
FIG. 4 illustrates various components that may be utilized in an electronic device 409. The electronic device 409 may be implemented as one or more of the electronic devices. For example, the electronic device 409 may be implemented as the electronic device 102 described above in connection with FIG. 1, as the electronic device 270 described above in connection with FIG. 2, or both.
Referring to FIG. 9, a context adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC) based encoding and/or decoding technique is generally context adaptive which refers to (i) adaptively coding symbols based on the values of previous symbols encoded and/or decoded in the past, and (ii) context, which identifies the set of symbols encoded and/or decoded in the past use for adaptation. The past symbols may be located in spatial and/or temporal adjacent blocks. In many cases, the context is based upon symbol values of neighboring blocks. For example, a binarizer 580 is applied for non-binary valued syntax elements 582 to provide a unique mapping of syntax element values 584 to a sequence of binary decisions (bin string) 586. A regular (context based) coding mode 588 applies a probability estimation based on the given context model for a binary value 590 from a context modeler 589 using binary arithmetic coding in a regular coding engine 596. A bypass coding engine 592 of a bypass mode 594 does not use probability estimation and permits a speedup of the decoding process using a simplified coding engine with equal probability. The result is a bitstream 598 of regular and bypass coded data.
The context adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC) encoding technique includes coding symbols using the following stages. In the first stage, the CABAC uses a “binarizer” to map input symbols to a string of binary symbols or “bins”. The input symbol may be a non-binary valued symbol that is binarized or otherwise converted into a string of binary (1 or 0) symbols prior to being coded into bits. The bins can be coded into bits using either a “bypass encoding engine” or a “regular encoding engine”. For the regular encoding engine in CABAC, in the second stage a probability model is selected. The probability model is used to arithmetic encode one or more bins of the binarized input symbols. This model may be selected from a list of available probability models depending on the context, which is a function of recently encoded symbols. The context model stores the probability of each bin being “1” or “0”. In the third stage, an arithmetic encoder encodes each bin according to the selected probability model. There are two sub-ranges for each bin, corresponding to a “0” and a “1”. The fourth stage involves updating the probability model. The selected probability model is updated based on the actual encoded bin value (e.g., if the bin value was a “1”, the frequency count of the “1”s is increased). The decoding technique for CABAC decoding reverses the process.
The CABAC decodes the symbols conceptually using two steps. In the first step, the CABAC uses either the bypass decoding engine or the regular decoding engine to convert the input bits to bin values. In the second step, the CABAC performs de-binarization to recover the transmitted symbol value for the bin values. The recovered symbol value may be non-binary in nature. The recovered symbol value is used in remaining aspects of the decoder.
As previously described, the encoding and/or decoding process of the CABAC includes at least two different modes of operation. In a first mode, the probability model is updated based upon the actual coded bin value, generally referred to as a “regular coding mode” The regular coding mode, requires several sequential serial operations together with its associated computational complexity and significant time to complete. In a second mode, the probability model is not updated based upon the actual coded value, generally referred to as a “bypass coding mode”. In the second mode, there is no probability model (other than perhaps a fixed probability) for decoding the bins, and accordingly there is no need to update the probability model which reduces the computational complexity of the system.
Scalable video coding enables the encoding and decoding of a high quality video bitstream that includes one or more subset bitstreams that can themselves be encoded and decoded. In many cases, the subset bitstream is derived by dropping packets from the larger bitstream. The subset bitstream may represent a lower spatial resolution (e.g., picture size spatial scalability), a lower temporal resolution (e.g., frame rate), a lower quality video signal (e.g., signal-to-noise-ratio, quality, fidelity), a lower number of views, a lower bit-depth, and/or a different color space compared to the bitstream from which it is derived. By using a scalable video coding technique, the decoder has the capability of reconstructing lower spatial resolution, lower temporal resolution, lower quality video signal from a complete or partial bitstream, lower number of views, lower bit-depth, and/or different color space which is especially suitable for different decoding devices, adaptation to changing bandwidth conditions, adaptation to different spatial formats, adaptation to different available network bitrates, and/or adaptation to power constraints.
Referring to FIG. 10, a primary bitstream, generally referred to as a base layer bitstream, is received by a decoder. In addition to the primary bitstream, the decoder may receive one or more secondary bitstreams, each of which is generally referred to as an enhancement layer bitstream. Typically, the base layer bitstream and the enhancement layer bitstreams are included within a single composite bitstream, but in some embodiments may be separate bitstreams. The enhancement layer bitstream enables the enhancement of the quality of the base layer bitstream, increasing the frame rate of the base layer bitstream, increasing the pixel resolution of the base layer bitstream, increasing the number of views, increasing the bit-depth, and/or different color space.
Referring to FIG. 11, an exemplary quality scalable bitstream illustrates a scalable bitstream with a base layer, a first enhancement layer, and a second enhancement layer. The resulting video is either (1) the base layer, (2) the base layer plus the first enhancement layer, or (3) the base layer plus the first enhancement layer plus the second enhancement layer. With the increasing enhancement layers, the quality of the video increases.
Referring to FIG. 12, an exemplary temporal scalable bitstream illustrates a scalable bitstream with a base layer, a first enhancement layer, and a second enhancement layer. The I refers to intracoded pictures, the P refers to predicted pictures, and the B refers to bidirectional predicted pictures. The resulting video is either (1) the base layer, (2) the base layer plus the first enhancement layer, or (3) the base layer plus the first enhancement layer plus the second enhancement layer. With the increasing enhancement layers, the temporal rate of the video increases.
Referring to FIG. 13, an exemplary spatial scalable bitstream illustrates a scalable bitstream with a base layer, a first enhancement layer, and a second enhancement layer. The resulting video is either (1) the base layer, (2) the base layer plus the first enhancement layer, or (3) the base layer plus the first enhancement layer plus the second enhancement layer. With the increasing enhancement layers, the spatial size of the video increases.
Referring to FIG. 14, an exemplary decoding process for a scalable video decoder with two enhancement layers is illustrated. A base layer bitstream 600 is received by a base layer decoder 602 which provides decoded base layer pictures 604. The decoded base layer pictures 604 and base data 608 from the base layer decoder 602 are provided to a first inter layer process 606. The first inter layer process 606 may perform an inter layer processes to achieve increased coding efficiency. The data from the first inter layer process 606 together with a first enhancement layer bitstream 610 may be decoded by a first enhancement layer decoder 612. For example, the first enhancement layer bitstream 610 may be suitable for quality improvement. The first enhancement layer decoder 612 provides first decoded enhancement layer pictures 614. The first decoded enhancement layer pictures 614 and first data 616 from the first enhancement layer decoder 612 are also provided to a second inter layer process 618. The second inter layer process 618 may perform an inter layer processes to achieve increased coding efficiency. The data from the second inter layer process 618 together with a second enhancement layer bitstream 620 maybe decoded by a second enhancement layer decoder 622. For example, the second enhancement layer bitstream 620 may be suitable for spatial improvement. The second enhancement layer decoder 622 provides second decoded enhancement layer pictures 622. This process may be extended, as desired.
It was determined that the information in the enhancement layers in some cases tends to be sufficiently similar to the information being communicated in the base layer, and accordingly the use of the regular coding engine provides a substantial decrease in the bitrate over the bypass coding engine. In other cases, the information in the enhancement layers tends to be sufficiently dissimilar to the information being communicated in the base layer, and accordingly the use of the regular coding engine with different initialization tables provides a substantial decrease in the bitrate over the bypass coding engine. It was further determined that the information in the enhancement layers tends to be sufficiently similar to one another and/or tend to have characteristics sufficiently similar to the base layer, and accordingly the use of the regular coding engine provides a substantial decrease over the bypass coding engine when selected initialization tables are used.
Referring to FIG. 15 in addition to FIG. 9, the non-binary syntax elements 700 are processed by the binarizer 702 of the encoder 714. The resulting binary values 704 are processed by the regular coding engine 706 in combination with a corresponding probability 708. The probability information is preferably represented by a most probable symbol (“MPS”) and a least probable symbol (“LPS”) probability. The most probable symbol refers to which symbol has the highest probability for the binary value currently being coded, such as “0” or “1”. The least probable symbol probability refers to the probability that the symbol different than the most probable symbol is the proper choice. Accordingly, the most probable symbol may be “1” with the least probable symbol probability being 0.2 (e.g., probability that the symbol is “0”). The output of the regular coding engine 706 is used as a context update 710 for a context modeler 712. The probability update for the context modeler 712 may be achieved in any suitable manner, such as illustrated in FIG. 16. FIG. 16 illustrates changes in the probability state index which results in a change in the LPS probability for the context modeler. The output of the regular coding engine 706 provides a binary bitstream 716.
The decoder 720 receives the binary bitstream 716. The bits of the binary bitstream are processed by the regular decoding engine 722 in combination with a corresponding probability 724. The probability information is preferably represented by the most probable symbol (“MPS”) and the least probable symbol (“LPS”) probability. The most probable symbol refers to which symbol has the highest probability for the binary value currently being coded, such as “0” or “1”. The least probable symbol probability refers to the probability that the symbol different than the most probable symbol is the proper choice. Accordingly, the most probable symbol may be “1” with the least probable symbol probability being 0.2 (e.g., probability that the symbol is “0”). The output of the regular decoding engine 722 is used as a context update 724 for a context modeler 726. The probability update for the context modeler 726 may be achieved in any suitable manner, such as illustrated in FIG. 16. The output of the regular decoding engine 722 provides a binary bitstream 726 that may be processed by the de-binarizer 728 to provide syntax elements 730.
The probability of the encoder 714 and/or decoder 720 are initialized with an initial probability, typically in the form of a table of values. It was further determined that the characteristics of the base layer and the characteristics of the enhancement layer are sufficiently different, that to improve the coding efficiency the tables selected in each should be different from one another in some respect. Referring to FIG. 17, the determination of the MPS and LPS probability may be based upon an initialization value (“initValue”) 760 such as from a table. The initValue 760 is used to determine a slope and an offset 762. The slope generally reflects how the probability is changing and the offset generally reflects the probability. An initialization state (“initState”) 764 is used to represent the probability information of the MPS and LPS probability, which may be based upon a corresponding quantization parameter (“QP”), the slope, and the offset. The maximum probability symbol (“mpState”) 766 determines the most probable symbol based upon the initState 764. If initState 766 is greater than or equal to 64 then MPS=1, and if initState 766 is less than 64 then MPS=0. If mpState is equal to 1 768 then the probability state 770 is selected. Alternatively, if mpState is equal to 0 768 then the probability state 772 is selected. The different state references corresponding portions of the same or different tables for suitable probability values, such as the LPS probabilities.
Referring to FIG. 18, the initValue 760 may be used to determine a particular group 780 that the initValue 760 is a member of, such as one of 16 groups. The particular group 780 may correspond to a particular slope 784 and a particular offset 786. In this manner, one or more tables may be used to determine the slope and offset.
Referring to FIG. 19, the initState 764 may be used to determine the mpState 766, the corresponding state 770, 772, and thus the corresponding LPS probability 788. A group of the LPS probabilities in relation to the state index of FIG. 19 is illustrated graphically in FIG. 20.
Referring to FIG. 21, an exemplary hierarchical structure of video frames is illustrated. The exemplary frames may be organized as 5 groups of frames, namely, an I frame, a B1 frame, a B2 frame, a pair of B3 frames, and four b4 frames. Each of these groups of frames may use different prediction types, and likely a different quantization parameter. Thus, different statistics for symbols are likely in each of the groups. These groups may further be provided using a base layer and four enhancement layers. To increase the performance achieved, including the use of the enhancement layer, an improved initialization of the probabilities may take into account the hierarchical coding structure, as opposed to merely the type of encoding (e.g., I (intra predicted frame), P (predicted frame), B (bi-directionally predicted frame)). The system may classify the five groups into N-types and use a different context “initValue” for a plurality of the different types to more efficiently adapt to the statistical distribution in a manner taking into account the hierarchical coding structure. For example, type 1 may be I; type 2 may be B1, B2, B3; and type 3 may be b1, b2, b3, b4.
The video coding technique may use a picture order count (“POC”) to identify the order of pictures. The picture order count may be an increasing number assigned to each frame, in output order or otherwise, which may occur in a recurring manner. Referring to FIG. 22, a set of frames may be grouped using a picture order count. Each of the groups of picture order counts may use a different prediction type, and likely a different quantization parameter. Thus, different statistics are likely for symbols in each of the groups. These groups may further be provided using a base layer and four enhancement layers. To increase the performance achieved, including the use of an enhancement layer, an improved initialization of the probabilities may take into account the hierarchical coding structure, as opposed to merely the type of encoding (e.g., I (intra predicted frame), P (predicted frame), B (bi-directionally predicted frame)). The system may classify the groups into N-types and use a different “initValue” for a plurality of the different types to more efficiently adapt to the statistical distribution in a manner taking into account the hierarchical coding structure. For example, type 1 may be B1 POC %8==0 (where 8 is the group of pictures between intra coded frames); type 2 may be B2 POC %8==4; type 3 may be B3 POC %8==(2, 6); and b4 POC %8==(1, 3, 5, 7). % is a remainder operation, which in this case is divide by 8 and test if the remainder equals a value.
In the enhancement layer coding illustrated in FIG. 23, the video coding technique may use the quantization parameter, and in particular an offset quantization parameter of a particular frame to a reference enhancement layer frame of which corresponding base layer is I frame. Each of the groups of offset quantization parameters may use a different prediction type. Thus, it may be expected different statistics for symbols in each of the groups. This may be used in combination with the base layer and the enhancement layers, if desired. The system may classify the groups into N-types and use a different “initValue” for a plurality of the different types to more efficiently adapt to the statistical distribution. For example, type 1 may be B0 QP; type 2 may be B1 QP+1 (offset QP==1); type 3 may be B2 QP+2 (offset QP==2); type 4 may be B3 QP+3 (offset QP==3); and type 5 may be b4 QP+4 (offset QP==4).
In the enhancement layer coding illustrated in FIG. 30, the video coding technique may use the temporal identification. Each of the groups of temporal identification parameters may use a different prediction type. Thus, it may be expected different statistics for symbols in each of the groups. This may be used in combination with the base layer and the enhancement layers, if desired. The system may classify the groups into N-types and use a different “initValue” for a plurality of the different types to more efficiently adapt to the statistical distribution. For example, type 1 may be B0 TemporalID 1; type 2 may be B1 TemporalID 2; type 3 may be B2 TemporalID 3; type 4 may be B3 TemporalID 4; and type 5 may be b4 TemporalID 5.
Referring to FIG. 24, the video coding technique may use the base layer as the basis upon which to select a suitable initialization technique for the corresponding enhancement layer because there tends to be a correlation in the statistical distribution of symbols between the base layer and the enhancement layer in a manner different from the encoding technique used for the frame. In addition, the initValue used in the enhancement layer, for the same or different types of encoding techniques of the corresponding base layer, may be different. For example, the initialization values for the B0 frame may be considered the same as the underlying I slice when selecting the initValue because of its corresponding base layer picture is an I frame. For example, a B slice in an enhancement layer may be considered a P slice when selecting the initValue because of its corresponding base layer slice is a P slice. For example, a P slice in an enhancement layer may be considered a B slice when selecting the initValue because of its corresponding base layer slice is a B slice. Other initValues for the enhancement layer pictures may be selected in combination with base layer pictures.
As illustrated in FIG. 25, the video coding technique may use the delta quantization parameter, and in particular a difference of quantization parameters between a selected enhancement frame and its corresponding reference base frame. Each of the groups of difference quantization parameters may use different prediction values. Thus, different statistics are likely for symbols in each of the groups of different quantization parameters. The system may classify the groups into N-types and use a different “initValue” for a plurality of the different types to more efficiently adapt to the statistical distribution. The difference quantization parameter may be, for example, the quantization parameter of a frame of the enhancement layer minus the quantization parameter of a corresponding frame of the base layer, such as on a frame by frame basis. In some cases, the difference quantization parameter (“DQP”) may be uniform for a substantial set of sequential frames. For example, type 1 may be DQP=−2; type 2 may be DQP=0; type 3 may be DQP=2; type 4 may be DQP=4; etc.
Referring to FIG. 26, it may be observed that the DQP relationship has a similar relationship among different values of DQP. Provided the similar relationship among different values of DQP, a single table may be used for DQP that is adjusted in some manner depending on the DQP value.
Referring to FIG. 27, the determination of the MPS and LPS initial probability may be based upon an initialization value (“initValue”) 800 such as from a table. The initValue 800 is used to determine a slope and an offset 802. The slope generally reflects how the probability is changing based on quantization parameter and the offset generally reflects the probability. An initialization state (“initState”) 804 is used to represent the probability information of the MPS and LPS probability, which may be based upon a quantization parameter, corresponding difference quantization parameter (“DQP”), the slope, the offset, and a Slope_dpq, where the Slope_dqp represents the probability variation factor based on each context. The maximum probability symbol (“mpState”) 806 determines the most probable symbol based upon the initState 804. If mpState 806 is greater than or equal to 64 then MPS=1, and if mpState 806 is less than 64 then MPS=0. If mpState is equal to 1 808 then the probability state 810 is selected. Alternatively, if mpState is equal to 0 808 then the probability state 812 is selected. The different state references corresponding portions of the same or different tables for suitable probability values, such as the LPS probabilities.
As illustrated in FIG. 28, the video coding technique may use a scaling parameter between a selected enhancement frame and its corresponding reference base frame, which is typically consistent for a substantial number of sequential frames. It may be expected that different statistics for symbols for each scaling factor, or group of scaling factors, are similar. The system may classify the groups into N-types and use a different “initValue” for a plurality of the different types to more efficiently adapt to the statistical distribution. The scaling parameter may be, for example, the scaling of a frame of the enhancement layer relative to the scaling of a corresponding frame of the base layer, such as on a frame by frame basis. In some cases, the scaling factor may be different for the width and/or height.
Referring to FIG. 29, the determination of the MPS and LPS initial probability may be based upon an initialization value (“initValue”) 820 such as from a table. The initValue 800 is used to determine a slope and an offset 822. The slope generally reflects how the probability is changing based on quantization parameter and the offset generally reflects the level of probability. An initialization state (“initState”) 824 is used to represent the probability information of the MPS and LPS probability, which may be based upon a corresponding quantization parameter (“QP”), the slope, the offset, a scaling factor (“SF”), and a Slope_sf, where the Slope_sf represents the probability variation factor based on each context. The maximum probability symbol (“mpState”) 826 determines the most probable symbol based upon the initState 824. If mpState 826 is greater than or equal to 64 then MPS=1, and if mpState 826 is less than 64 then MPS=0. If mpState is equal to 1 828 then the probability state 830 is selected. Alternatively, if mpState is equal to 0 828 then the probability state 832 is selected. The different state references corresponding portions of the same or different tables for suitable probability values, such as the LPS probabilities.
The initValue may be signaled in the bitstream in any suitable manner. For example, the number of the “initValue” table to be used in the decoder may be signaled. In this manner, the initValue tables are already stored in the decoder and results in a reduction of data being included in the bitstream. The “initValue” table(s) for some or all of the contexts may be stored in one or more tables, as desired. For example, all or a selected set of initValues may be transmitted from the encoder to the decoder. For example, the initValue may be inferred based upon available information, such as, the base layer slice type, picture order count, temporal Id, offset quantization parameter, difference quantization parameter, etc. For example, a CABAC initialization flag which indicates which table to use the CABAC technique may further be used to represent the initialization value. Referring to FIG. 31, for example, the initValue may be explicitly transmitted with each picture and/or slice. For example, at the decoder, for the enhancement layer, the same initValue tables in base layer may be reused. For example, at the decoder, for the base layer, the context model is initialized according to the method in HEVC, such as described below. Referring to FIG. 32, at the decoder, for the enhancement layer, each context model corresponding to an I_SLICE may be initialized using the same table as used for an I_SLICE in the base layer. At the decoder, for the enhancement layer, each P slice uses either a first table or a second table to initialize the context. The first table may be selected if a flag in the slice header (or other normative part of the bit-stream) is equal to 0. The second table is selected if the flag is equal to 1. At the decoder, for the enhancement layer, each B slice may use either a first table or second table to initialize the context based on a flag in the slice header. For example, at the decoder, for the enhancement layer, additional initValue tables may be used as illustrated. In this case, a second flag in the picture parameter set (or other normative part of the bit-stream) may be used to indicate the additional initValue table.
In some embodiments, a forward predicted B-slice or a backwards predicted B-slice (and/or picture) may be initialized in a manner different from a bi-directional predicted B-slice (and/or picture), and in a manner dependent on an initialization flag. In some embodiments, a forward predicted B-slice (and/or picture) may be initialized in a manner different from a backwards predicted B-slice (and/or picture) and/or a bi-directional predicted B-slice (and/or picture), and in a manner, dependent on an initialization flag. In some embodiments, an initialization technique for P-slices (and/or picture) may be applied to forward-predicted B-slices (and/or picture), and the in a manner dependent on an initialization flag. In some embodiments, an initialization technique for P-slices (and/or pictures) may be applied to B-slices (and/or pictures) and an initialization technique for B-slices (and/or pictures) may be applied to P-slices (and/or pictures), and in a manner dependent on an initialization flag. This technique may be used for the base layer and/or the enhancement layer, where both layers use the same and/or different initialization tables for the context model.
Referring to FIG. 33, one exemplary technique is illustrated for the selection of an initialization table, preferably for the base layer. Preferably, there is one or more initValue tables for an I slice, a P slice, and a B slice. If the received slice is an I slice, then the technique should use the I initValue table. If the received slice is not an I slice and is a P slice, then if the cabac_init_flag is zero, then the technique should use the P initValue table. If the received slice is not an I slice and is a P slice, then if the cabac_init_flag is 1, then the technique should use the B initValue table. If the received slice is not an I slice and is not a P slice then the received slice is a B slice. If the cabac_init_flag is zero when the received slice is a B slice then the technique should use the B initValue table. If the cabac_init_flag is one when the received slice is a B slice then the technique should use the P initValue table.
Referring to FIG. 34, one exemplary technique is illustrated for the selection of an initialization table preferably for the base layer and the enhancement layer. Preferably, there is one or more initValue tables for an I slice of the base layer, a P slice of the base layer, a B slice of the base layer, an I slice of the enhancement layer (“EI”), a P slice of the enhancement layer (“EP”), and a B slice of the enhancement layer (“EB”). If the received slice is for the base layer, then the technique uses that which is illustrated in FIG. 33. If the received enhancement slice (EI) is an I slice, then the technique should use the EI initValue table. If the received slice is not an I slice and is a P slice or a B slice where the corresponding base layer slice is an I slice, then the technique should use the EI initValue table. If the received slice is not an I slice and the corresponding base slice is not an I slice, then if the received slice is a P slice the EP Table or the EB table is selected based upon the cabac_init_flag. If the received slice is not an I slice and the corresponding base slice is not an I slice, then if the received slice is a B slice the EP Table or the EB table is selected based upon the cabac_init_flag.
The cabac_el_flag is defined in a sequence parameter set to indicate whether or not the modified table selection technique of FIG. 33 and FIG. 34 is used. Referring to FIG. 35, if the cabac_el_flag is not 1, then the technique of FIG. 33 is used. If the cabac_el_flag is 1 and the slice is not for an enhancement layer, then the technique illustrated in FIG. 33 is used. If the cabac_el_flag is 1 and the slice is an enhancement layer, then the technique illustrated in FIG. 34 is used.
1. A processor based method for decoding a video bitstream comprising:
(a) receiving a base bitstream including a plurality of base frames for said video bitstream;
(b) receiving at least one enhancement layer including a plurality of enhancement frames for said video bitstream, where said plurality of enhancement frames include a hierarchical coding structure;
(c) initializing an initial value for a context modeler by selecting one of a plurality of predetermined initial values available to said decoder, selection using said hierarchical coding structure, and selection using at least one of a deltaQP characteristic, a picture order count, and a temporalID characteristic where said temporalID characteristic is permitted to be associated with more than one frame in a single enhancement layer;
(d) based upon said initial value and said initializing, decoding said enhancement bitstream.
2. The method of claim 1 where said plurality of predetermined initial values available to said decoder are assembled, for selection by the decoder, independently of prior decoding of said base layer at the time of selection, and independently of prior decoding of said enhancement layer at the time of selection.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein a plurality of said enhancement layers includes an ordering defined between said enhancement layers.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein said decoding uses a binary arithmetic decoder.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein said initial value is probability estimation.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein said hierarchical structures includes at least one of intra-coded frames and inter-coded frames.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein a picture order count is used as a basis for selecting said initial value.
8. The method of claim 6 wherein a quantization parameter is used as a basis for selecting said initial value.
9. The method of claim 6 wherein a slice type classification is used as a basis for selecting said initial value.
10. The method of claim 9 wherein said slice type classification is for corresponding frames of said base frames for said video bitstream.
11. The method of claim 6 wherein a quantization difference between a quantization parameter of said base frames and a quantization parameter of said enhancement frames is used as a basis for selecting said initial value.
12. The method of claim 11 wherein said quantization difference is scaled by a scaling factor.
13. The method of claim 1 wherein said temporalID characteristic is permitted to be associated with more than one frame in a single enhancement layer in a sequence of frames beginning with an independently coded frame and ending prior to a next sequential independently coded frame.
14. The method of claim 1 wherein said temporalID identifies one of a plurality of available frame rates.
15. A processor based method for decoding a video bitstream comprising:
(c) initializing an initial value for a context modeler by selecting one of a plurality of predetermined initial values available to said decoder, selection using said hierarchical coding structure, and selection using a difference between a quantization parameter of said base frames and a quantization parameter of said enhancement frames;
16. The method of claim 15 where said initial value is a probability estimation.
17. The method of claim 15 where said difference is scaled by a scaling factor.
18. The method of claim 15 where said initial value is signaled in a slice header.
19. A processor based method for decoding a video bitstream comprising:
(a) receiving a base bitstrearn including a plurality of base frames for said video bitstream;
(b) receiving at least one enhancement layer including a plurality of enhancement frames for said video bitstream, where said plurality of enhancement frames include a plurality of frame types comprising I, P, and B frames;
(c) initializing an initial value for a context modeler by selecting one of a plurality of predetermined initial values available to said decoder, selection using a hierarchical arrangement of different sets of said I,P, and B frames; and
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Patent Publication Number: 20170324969
Inventors: Seung-Hwan Kim (Vancouver, WA), Christopher A. Segall (Vancouver, WA), Jie Zhao (Vancouver, WA)
Application Number: 15/603,155
International Classification: H04N 19/436 (20140101); H04N 19/129 (20140101); H04N 19/30 (20140101); H04N 19/91 (20140101);