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Fire Research Technical Report 4/2005
December 2004 Building Research Establishment On behalf of the Ofﬁce of the Deputy Prime Minister: London
The ﬁndings and recommendations in this report are those of the consultant authors and do not necessarily represent the views or proposed policies of the Ofﬁce of the Deputy Prime Minister.
Following the reorganisation of the government in May 2002, the responsibilities of the former Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions (DETR) and latterly Department for Transport, Local Government and the Regions (DTLR) in this area were transferred to the Ofﬁce of the Deputy Prime Minister. The Ofﬁce of the Deputy Prime Minister Eland House Bressenden Place London SW1E 5DU Telephone 020 7944 4400 Web site www.odpm.gov.uk © Queen’s Printer and Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Ofﬁce, 2004 Copyright in the typographical arrangement rests with the Crown. This document/publication is value added. If you wish to re-use this material, please apply for a Click-Use Licence for value added material at www.hmso.gov.uk/copyright/licences/valueadded/valadded_licence.htm. Alternatively applications can be sent to: HMSO’s Licensing Division St Clements House 2-16 Colegate Norwich NR3 1BQ Fax: 01603 723000 E-mail: licensing@cabinet-ofﬁce.x.gsi.gov.uk Further copies of this publication are available from: ODPM Publications PO Box 236 Wetherby West Yorkshire LS23 7NB Tel: 0870 1226 236 Fax: 0870 1226 237 Textphone: 0870 120 7405 E-mail: odpm@twoten.press.net or online via the Ofﬁce of the Deputy Prime Minister’s web site. ISBN 1 85112 763 1 Printed in Great Britain on material containing 75% post-consumer waste and 25% ECF pulp. December 2004 Reference Number 04LGFG02767(4)
This project is being undertaken in response to a request from ODPM Fire Statistics and Research Division (FSRD) to undertake a number of hydraulic calculations on wet and dry risers in high rise buildings. This report provides results of sample calculations using a BRE software package “Riser ﬂow” to calculate water ﬂows in wet and dry risers. The report describes the assumptions made to undertake the calculations and details the results obtained for the speciﬁc conditions requested in the contract proposal, “Fireﬁghting in buildings hydraulic calculation in wet and dry risers, hoses and branches”.
2 4.12 Proposal Appendix A.1. Item 9
4.1 4. Item 8 Proposal Appendix A.1.7 3. Item 12 4.9 Proposal Appendix A.1 Elements used in the calculations 3.5 4.4 4.6 3.3 3.8 3.7 4.1.5 3.3 4.1.4 3.10 4 Water supplies Connection details between the pump and the riser Riser inlet connection (breeching) Riser pipe size Fitting friction losses for ﬁttings and pipes Landing valves Hose Branches Pump characteristics Schematic of installation used for calculations 7 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 16 17 17 19 19 20 22 24 24 25
Calculation results 4.1. Item 13
. Item 2 Proposal Appendix A.9 3. Item 10 4. Item 3 Proposal Appendix A. Item 7 Proposal Appendix A.1.10 Proposal Appendix A.6 4.2 3.1.11 Proposal Appendix A.1. Item 11 4. Item 1 Proposal Appendix A.1.1 3.1. Item 6 Proposal Appendix A.13 Proposal Appendix A. Item 5 Proposal Appendix A.8 4. Item 4 Proposal Appendix A.Contents
Page No 1 2 3 Introduction Background Assumptions and Data used for calculations 3.
3 5. installation and use of rising mains 5.7.5 5.1 5.8 5.7.7.9 Pressure strength of rising main hoses.3 5.7.7 5.7.2 5.6 5.5 5.7.1 5.7.Contents
Observations 5.7 Hose connections to riser outlets on ﬂoors beneath the ﬂoor of use Riser ﬁttings Branch k factors Choice of branch Hose Pump performance Considerations for the design.4 5.2 5.4 5.7.6 5. pipework and ﬁttings Pressure relief of rising mains Riser staging stop valves Monitoring of riser stop valves Fire brigade access to riser valve monitoring Pressure at wet riser outlets Water priming of dry-risers Riser outlet pressure regulation Design of wet and dry risers
26 26 26 26 26 27 27 27 27 27 27 28 28 28 28 28 29 30 31 46 47 49
Appendix A – Calculation results in numeric form Appendix B – Typical equivalent lengths of ﬁttings and valves Appendix C – Pump performance curves – Godiva WT30/10 Appendix D – Pump performance curves – HFS-3000 Submersible pump
Suitable input data have been identiﬁed. ODPM at a later stage in the project. ODPM under contract CI 71/5/19 to provide an insight into the limitations of ﬁre ﬁghting rising mains complying with BS 5306: Part 1. The project entails the development of PC based calculation software to determine the pressure losses in ﬁre ﬁghting wet and dry rising mains.
This project is being undertaken for Fire Statistics and Research Division (FSRD).1 with speciﬁed ﬁre appliance pumps as the pumping effort. The software will be provided to FSRD. The project includes a series of pressure loss calculations using the software and data provided by the project against speciﬁed scenarios.
Figure 1 shows a typical dry riser arrangement. Hose from pump to dry riser inlet (the pump outlet may not be at the same elevation as the riser inlet). The riser.
Branch Hose Riser
To Riser outlet
Riser inlet
Figure 1. 5. and 7. Hose line(s) from riser outlet to branch connection. Branch. 4. 2. 3. Schematic of dry riser network
. pipework and bend(s) to base of riser. Riser inlet ﬁttings. Pump or water supply.4. 5 bar maximum at ﬂows of at least 1500 l/min). Clause 9.4 limits the outlet pressure to 4 bar minimum.2 Background
Wet or dry riser systems are terminal pipe conﬁguration systems installed in accordance with BS 5306: Part 1. The pipework is a series conﬁgured pipe array consisting of: 1. 6. Riser outlet and ﬁttings (on wet risers BS 5306: Part 1.
8 for an explanation of k factor). pipe diameter (mm). detailed information is required about the system and components. 2. Branch performance characteristics such as nozzle entry pressure (bar) and ﬂow (dm3/min) over the operating pressure range of the branch or the branch k factor (see paragraph 3. Pipe ﬁtting details. 3. such as: 1. The water supply characteristic. hose diameter (mm). Flexible hose details such as length (m). 5. and friction losses through the pipe at ﬂow. (characteristics may vary between different products of the same nominal diameter) and friction losses through the hose under ﬂow conditions (the friction losses may also vary due to pressure). pipe length (m).Background
To predict the pressures and water ﬂows from a branch accurately.
.1. Pipe size details such as pipe speciﬁcation. change in elevation between inlet and outlet (m). change in elevation between inlet and outlet and end ﬁttings (m). 4.
1.2 Connection details between the pump and the riser
It has been assumed that the connection between the pump and the riser consists of 2 × 70 mm Nominal Diameter (ND) hoses each of 25 m length. Where pumps draw directly from a town main.5 Table 37. speciﬁes the nominal bore size of wet and dry risers.1.
3. depending on the positive pressure at the pump inlet.
3. Clause 7.1 Elements used in the calculations
3.3 Riser inlet connection (breeching)
Each inlet connection complying with BS 5041-33 is required to be ﬁtted with spring loaded non-return valve(s) (see BS 5041-3. but are not readily available within the supplying companies).5 Fitting friction losses for ﬁttings and pipes
The ﬁtting friction losses have been based on BS 5306: Part 2. clause 8. NOTE. Zero suction lift has been assumed for all calculations. No friction loss information has been provided by suppliers of inlet connections.3) and will therefore have a friction loss which exceeds that for straight pipe under ﬂow conditions. See Appendix C.
3. A friction loss equivalent to a single mushroom type non-return valve has therefore been assumed down-stream of the inlet connection. there will be a positive supply pressure advantage. 100 mm ND has been used as this will yield a greater pressure loss than 150 mm ND pipe. Where only one outlet is provided on a ﬂoor a 100 mm ND riser is permitted. A friction loss C factor of 120 has been assumed for BS 1387 Heavy gauge pipe.4 Riser pipe size
BS 5306: Part 1.1.2 unless otherwise stated. (It may be that the friction loss values have been derived during the development of the product. The change in elevation between the pump outlet and riser inlet has been taken as (zero) 0 m. See Appendix B. complying with BS EN 1028-1.1.3 Assumptions and Data used for calculations
3.2.1. Section 18. For all the calculations BS13874 heavy gauge. If two are “permitted” a riser of 150 mm ND is speciﬁed. providing the town main can satisfy the pump demand. galvanised pipe.
. Calculations of pipework losses have been based on BS 5306: Part 2.1 Water supplies
The pump used for calculation purposes is a Godiva WT30/10 (LP stage).
1. 102 k factor 80 230 330
The k factors attributed to the branches are based on performance data made available by the ODPM and data published in Jet/Spray Branches Data sheets. The friction loss equivalent to a “straightway” gate valve has therefore been used. some branches varying more than others. and automaticity.B.1.Assumptions and Data used for calculations
.8 Branches
The water ﬂow through the branches may be calculated using the equation: –– Q = k√ P Where Q = ﬂow rate through the branch (dm3/min) P = pressure at the entry to the branch (bar) k = nozzle constant The following branches were selected to represent the range of branches available:
SRDB Code No 46 53 45 Details Angloco Ltd – Rosenbauer R. median (SRDB 53) and high (SRDB 45) values within the range of branches for which data are available and also had reasonably consistent k factor values within the 4 to 5 bar operating range. 51 and 70 mm have been included. degree of adjustment.B.6 The available data indicate that the k factors of branches are not always a constant. The branches selected represented those that appeared to represent low (SRBD 46). It is important to note that the k factor values used in this report will not be representative for all possible branch settings or for the full operating branch pressure range of the branch cited. A calculation method and values has been developed for each of the hose sizes that agree closely with one of the UK major hose suppliers’ hydraulic calculation programme. The amount that the k factor varies will be dependent on a number of factors such as bore size.6 Landing valves
No friction loss information has been forthcoming from suppliers for landing valves.1. 201 Walter Frank and Sons – Elkhart chief 4000 -3 Angloco Ltd – Rosenbauer R.7 Hose
Hose diameters of 45.
100 mm ND. 10. Branches SRDB 46. 100 mm ND × Height (variable). Pipe (riser inlet to riser). 9. see Appendix C. 4. 53 or 45. Elbow (screwed). 100 mm ND. hose length variable 3 × 25 m or 4 × 25 m. 8. 3. 6.1. 100 mm ND.10 Schematic of installation used for calculations
Where dry-riser calculations have been carried-out.
. 100 mm ND × 10 m long. 11. Riser inlet (no loss). the pump performance of a Godiva WT30/10 (LP stage) has been used. Three branch sizes have been used for most calculations. 7. 5. Godiva pump WT30/10 LP or LP stage. the arrangement in Figure 2 has been used. Gate valve.2
Figure 2.Hydraulic calculation of wet and dry risers. 51 mm or 45 mm ND. Schematic of installation dimensions and arrangements used for calculations
Hose size and length deﬁned in item. Non return valve (mushroom pattern).1. Tee (screwed). Two hoses in parallel each 70 mm ND × 25 m long. Riser pipe. hoses and branches
3. no change in elevation. Hose 70mm. Landing valve (no loss). 2. Pipe (riser to riser landing valve) 100 mm ND × 10 m long. (no change in elevation). 12.9 Pump characteristics
Where a ﬁre appliance pump complying with BS EN 1028-1 has been speciﬁed.
12 9 8 10 11 7
“Fireﬁghting in buildings hydraulic calculation in wet and dry risers. The Proposal Appendix item is inserted in italic preceding the results. Maximum riser outlet pressures for outlet heights of 3.4 Calculation results
The results follow the same order as Framework Research Proposal. These can exceed the pressures to which riser pipework is currently designed and tested (BS 5306-1: 1976).1 Proposal Appendix A. hoses and branches”. Table A.5 m. Item 1
The maximum pressures achievable at outlets of a ﬁreﬁghting rising main complying to BS 5306:Part 1:1976 when supplied with a BS EN 1028-1 speciﬁcation ﬁre appliance pump.1 of this report.
4. This pressure to be calculated at outlet levels of ﬂoors one to eighteen with a notional storey height of 3.5 to 63 m
. assume the branch is directly connected to the outlet. The pressure riser outlet height results are shown graphically in Figure 3 and the numeric data are provided in Appendix A.
63 56 Riser outlet elevation – m 49 42 35 28 21 14 7 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Branch pressure – Bar
18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Riser floor WT30/10 closed valve WT30/10 flowing pressure 15 Bar inlet pressure 10 Bar inlet pressure 7 Bar inlet pressure
Figure 3. Appendix A – Speciﬁc conditions to be evaluated in hydraulic calculations. The maximum pressures at the outlet have been calculated for two conditions: (a) closed valve pressures (zero ﬂow). and (b) ﬂowing pressure with Branch SRBD No 53 The calculations for the ﬂow through the branch. It should be noted the following calculations include theoretical maxima based on possible pump performance.
2 and A. A. The data are provided in numeric form in Appendix A. 51 mm and 70 mm hose using the rising main outlet pressures calculated in 1. with the ﬁreﬁghting branch operating on the same ﬂoor level. The details of the assumptions made on which the calculations are based are given in Appendix A.3.2. Item 3
The maximum pressure available at a ﬁreﬁghting branch when supplied with four lengths of British Standard BS 6391:1983 45 mm. The riser heights vs.2. 5 and 6. The pressure ﬂow calculations have therefore been carried out for each case speciﬁed using Branches SRDB No’s 46 (k factor 80). A. The maximum pressure will vary depending on the ﬂow generated by the branch attached at the end of the hose. b) two ﬂoors higher than the rising main outlet.2.2. Maximum branch pressures with 3 lengths of 45 mm hose
4.2. branch pressure results are shown graphically in Figures 4.5m. Tables A.
. hoses and branches
4.3 Proposal Appendix A.3.2 and A. Tables A.2. 51 mm and 70 mm hose using the rising main outlet pressures calculated in 1 with the ﬁreﬁghting branch operating a) one ﬂoor higher than the rising main outlet. Assume a notional storey height of 3.
63 56 49 Branch elevation – m 42 35 28 21 14 7 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Branch 46 (k = 80) Branch 53 (k = 230) Branch 45 (k = 330)
18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Branch floor level
Branch pressure – Bar
Figure 4.1.Hydraulic calculation of wet and dry risers.1. 53 (k factor 230) and 45 (k factor 330). Item 2
The maximum pressures available at a ﬁreﬁghting branch when supplied with three lengths of British Standard BS 6391:1983.2 Proposal Appendix A. 45 mm.
63 56 49 Branch elevation – m 42 35 28 21 14 7 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Branch pressure – Bar Branch 46 (k = 80) Branch 53 (k = 230) Branch 45 (k = 330)
18 16 14 Branch floor level Branch floor level 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
Figure 5. The pressure at the branches 7. The results for the pair sets (for hoses of the same dimensions connecting riser outlets to branches 3.5 m above the riser
.0 m above the riser outlets are marginally higher than those for 3.5 and 7.0 m above the outlet) are the same (to the nearest whole number) and the pairs of plots in Figure 7 overlay each other. Maximum branch pressures with 3 lengths of 70 mm hose
The results of the six calculation sets using Branch 53 (k = 230) are shown graphically in Figure 7. Maximum branch pressures with 3 lengths of 51 mm hose
63 56 49 Branch elevation – m 42 35 28 21 14 7 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Branch pressure – Bar
18 Branch 46 (k = 80) Branch 53 (k = 230) Branch 45 (k = 330) 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
5 m of 100 mm pipe.5 m and 7. Table A.3. The results of the calculations are shown graphically in Figure 8 and the data are provided in numeric form in Appendix A.0 m above the outlet
4. hoses and branches
outlets.4 Proposal Appendix A.0 m above outlet { Hose 45 mm: Branch 3. due to a shorter equivalent length of 3. hose size and their inﬂuence on branch elevation for the given conditions. The details of the assumptions made on which the calculations are based are given in Appendix A. Item 4
The maximum elevation of rising main outlet which if supplied by a BS EN 1028-1 speciﬁcation ﬁre appliance pump is capable to delivering 4 bars pressure at a ﬁreﬁghting branch when supplied through three lengths of British Standard BS 6391:1983 45 mm. with the ﬁreﬁghting branch operating on the same ﬂoor as the rising main outlet.
{ Hose 70 mm: Branch 3.5 m above outlet Hose 70 mm: Branch 7.5 m above outlet Hose 45 mm: Branch 7.0 m above outlet
63 56 49 Branch elevation – m 42 35 28 21 14 7 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Branch pressure – Bar 18 16 14 Branch floor level 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
Figure 7.Hydraulic calculation of wet and dry risers.
. Table A. Table A.5 m above outlet Hose 51 mm: Branch 7.4.0 m above outlet { Hose 51 mm: Branch 3. 51 mm and 70 mm hose connected to the riser outlet. Maximum Branch No 53 (k = 230) pressure with 4 × 25 m lengths of hose connecting riser outlet to branch 3.3. The data are provided in numeric form in Appendix A. The data show clearly the relationship between branch size.
Branch No 46. 51 mm and 70 mm hose connected to the riser outlet.
The maximum elevation of rising main outlet which if supplied by a BS EN 1028-1 speciﬁcation ﬁre appliance pump is capable to delivering 2 bars pressure at a ﬁreﬁghting branch when supplied through three lengths of British standard BS 6391:1983 45 mm hose connected to the riser outlet. b) two ﬂoors higher than the rising main outlet. k = 230
Branch No 45.5.6 Proposal Appendix A. with the ﬁreﬁghting branch operating a) one ﬂoor higher than the rising main outlet. Assume a notional storey height of 3. k = 80
. k = 80 60 40 20 0 Hose and Branch selection 70 mm Hose 51 mm Hose 45 mm Hose
Branch No 53. Item 5
The maximum elevation of rising main outlet which if supplied by a BS EN 1028-1 speciﬁcation ﬁre appliance pump is capable to delivering 4 bars pressure at a ﬁreﬁghting branch when supplied through four lengths of British standard BS 6391:1983 45 mm. The details of the assumptions made on which the calculations are based are given in Appendix A. with the branch 3.
Branch No 45. Table A.5 m. The results of the calculations are shown graphically in Figure 9 and the data are provided in numeric form in Appendix A.5 m and 7. k = 330
Branch No 53. k = 330
Branch No 46.5 Proposal Appendix A. Table A. k = 230
Branch No 45. with the ﬁreﬁghting branch operating on the same ﬂoor as the rising main outlet. Maximum branch elevation for a branch pressure of 4 bar 3 × 25 m hose lengths
4.5.0 m above the riser outlet. k = 230
Figure 8. Two sets of calculation were undertaken for four lengths of 25 m hose. k = 330
Branch No 53.Calculation results
160 140 120 Branch elevation – m 100 80 Branch No 46. Both calculation sets were very similar and can be represented by one graph and numeric data set.
k = 230 60 40 20 0 Hose and Branch selection Branch No 45.6. Maximum branch elevation for a branch pressure of 2 bar 4 × 25 m hose lengths
The results of the calculations are shown graphically in Figure 10 and the data are provided in numeric form in Appendix A. hoses and branches
160 140 120 Branch elevation – m 100 80 Branch No 53. k = 230 Branch No 45. k = 230 Branch No 45. k = 330 Branch No 53. k = 330 Hose and Branch selection 80 60 40 20 0
Figure 10. k = 330 Height = 0 Branch No 46. Table A.
Branch No 46. k = 330 Branch No 53. Maximum branch elevation for a branch pressure of 4 bar 4 × 25 m hose lengths
160 45 mm Hose 140 120 Branch elevation – m 100 Branch No 53. k = 80 Branch No 46.Hydraulic calculation of wet and dry risers. k = 230 Branch No 45.6. k = 80 Branch No 46. Table A. k = 80 70 mm Hose 51 mm Hose 45 mm Hose
Figure 9. k = 80
. The details of the assumptions made on which the calculations are based are given in Appendix A.
51 mm and 70 mm hose connected to the riser outlet. Item 8
The maximum pressures available at a ﬁreﬁghting branch when supplied with three lengths of British standard BS 6391:1983 45 mm. Only one set of data have therefore been plotted. with the ﬁreﬁghting branch operating a) one ﬂoor higher than the rising main outlet.4. The ﬁreﬁghting branch is taken to be operating on the same ﬂoor level as the riser outlet. Table A.4.8.5m. b) two ﬂoors higher than the rising main outlet.
. The details of the assumptions made on which the calculations are based are given in Appendix A. Table A.7.
180 160 Maximum riser outlet elevation – m 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 70 mm ND Hose 51 mm ND hose 45 mm ND Hose Branch 46 Branch 53 Branch 45
Figure 11.8 Proposal Appendix A.7.7 Proposal Appendix A. Table A. 51 mm and 70 mm hose using the performance standard of outlet pressures and pump performance in BS 5306 clause 9. The results of the calculations are shown graphically in Figure 12 and the data are provided in numeric form in Appendix A. Item 7
The maximum elevation of rising main outlet which if supplied by a BS EN 1028-1 speciﬁcation ﬁre appliance pump is capable to delivering 2 bars pressure at a ﬁreﬁghting branch when supplied through four lengths of British standard BS 6391:1983 45 mm. Assume a notional storey height of 3. Maximum riser outlet height for a 2 bar branch pressure
4.Calculation results
4. The results for the branch one and two ﬂoors above the branch outlets were similar values. The results of the calculations are shown graphically in Figure 11 and the data are provided in numeric form in Appendix A.
Tables A. The details of the assumptions made on which the calculations are based are given in Appendix A. A.Hydraulic calculation of wet and dry risers.9 Proposal Appendix A. which are speciﬁed wet riser outlet pressure limits.4. The ﬁreﬁghting branch is taken to be operating a) one ﬂoor higher than the rising main outlet.5 m. For comparison purposes data from “Item 8” have been included in the plots. hoses and branches
The calculations have been carried out at the minimum pressure (4 bar) and the maximum pressure (5 bar).4. Maximum branch pressures for BS 5306: Part 1 (Clause 9. 14 and 15 and the data for 4 bar and 5 bar outlet pressures is provided in numeric form in Appendix A. Assume a notional storey height of 3.
.1. Table A.9. b) two ﬂoors higher than the rising main outlet.3.4. Item 9
The maximum pressures available at a ﬁreﬁghting branch when supplied with four lengths of British standard BS 6391:1983 45 mm. The results of the calculations are for 4 bar outlet pressures shown graphically in Figures 13.9. 51 mm and 70 mm hose using the performance standard of outlet pressures and pump performance in BS 5306 clause 9.9.
45 mm hose/Branch 45 45 mm hose/Branch 53 45 mm hose/Branch 46 51 mm hose/Branch 45 51 mm hose/Branch 53 51 mm hose/Branch 46 70 mm hose/Branch 45 70 mm hose/Branch 53 70 mm hose/Branch 46 0
k = 330 k = 230 k = 80 k = 330 k = 230 k = 80 k = 330 k = 230 k = 80 1 2 3 4 5
Supply pressures 5 bar 4 bar
Figure 12.4) supply
4.8.2 and A.
Branch 53 51 mm hose. Maximum branch pressures vs. Branch 53 70 mm hose. For 5 bar riser outlet pressure values see Appendix A. 4 × 25 m 51 mm ND hose 3. Branch 46 70 mm hose. Table A.9. 3 × 25 m of 70 mm ND hose (item 8) 2. For 3. Branch 45
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Height difference between Branch and riser outlet – m NOTES 1.Calculation results
6 70 mm hose.5 and 7 m branch/outlet height difference. Table A. 4 bar riser outlet pressure.1
Figure 13.5 and 7 m branch/outlet height difference. Maximum branch pressures vs. height difference between branch and riser outlet. 4 × 25 m 70 mm ND hose 3. Branch 45
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Height difference between Branch and riser outlet – m NOTES 1. height difference between branch and riser outlet. 3 × 25 m of 51 mm ND hose (item 8) 2.2
Figure 14. For 0 m branch/outlet height difference. 4 bar riser outlet pressure. For 3. For 5 bar riser outlet pressure values see Appendix A. 70 mm hose
5 Branch pressure – bar
51 mm hose. For 0 m branch/outlet height difference. Branch 46 51 mm hose.9. 51 mm hose
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Height difference between Branch and riser outlet – m NOTES 1.2 and A10. 3 × 25 m of 45 mm ND hose (Item 8) 2.1. For 0 m branch/outlet height difference. 4 bar riser outlet pressure.3. Branch 46 45 mm hose. A10. The maximum branch elevations are shown graphically in Figures 17. 45 mm hose
4. The assumptions on which the calculations are based are given in Appendix A.Hydraulic calculation of wet and dry risers. 18 and 19.10. item 11 (4 bar branch pressure). NOTE Figures 17. 4 × 25 m 45 mm ND hose 3.5 and 7 m branch/outlet height difference.10. For 5 bar riser outlet pressure values see Appendix A. 51 mm and 70 mm hose connected to a BS EN 1028-1 speciﬁcation ﬁre appliance pump. hoses and branches
45 mm hose.10 Proposal Appendix A. 18 and 19 also include plots for Proposal Appendix A. Table A. Branch 53 45 mm hose. Item 10
Calculation of the maximum elevations where 2 bars pressure is available at a ﬁreﬁghting branch when supplied through British Standard 45 mm. For 3.3
. The numeric data is given in Appendix A Tables A. height difference between branch and riser outlet. Maximum branch pressures vs.9.
160 140 120 Branch elevation – m 100 80 60 40 20 0 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Pump outlet pressure – Bar Hose 70mm ND × 25 m Lengths 4 Bar @ Branch 46 4 Bar @ Branch 53 4 Bar @ Branch 45 2 Bar @ Branch 46 2 Bar @ Branch 53 2 Bar @ Branch 45
Figure 17. Maximum branch elevations vs. Pump outlet pressure for 70 mm hose
160 140 120 Branch elevation – m 100 80 60 40 20 0 6
Hose 51mm ND × 25 m Lengths 4 Bar @ Branch 46 4 Bar @ Branch 53 4 Bar @ Branch 45 2 Bar @ Branch 46 2 Bar @ Branch 53 2 Bar @ Branch 45
Pump outlet pressure – Bar
Figure 18. Pump outlet pressure for 51 mm hose
. Maximum branch elevations vs.
51 mm and 70 mm hose connected to a BS EN 1028-1 speciﬁcation ﬁre appliance pump.11 Proposal Appendix A. The numeric data is given in Appendix A.2 and A11.Hydraulic calculation of wet and dry risers.12 Proposal Appendix A.3. The maximum branch elevations are shown graphically in Figures 17. 51 mm and 70 mm hose connected to a High pressure pump . hoses and branches
Hose 45mm ND × 25 m Lengths 4 Bar @ Branch 46 4 Bar @ Branch 53 4 Bar @ Branch 45 2 Bar @ Branch 46 2 Bar @ Branch 53 2 Bar @ Branch 45
Figure 19.1. Table A.12.11. Item 12
Calculation of the maximum elevations where 2 bars pressure is available at a ﬁreﬁghting branch when supplied through British standard 45 mm. A11. Tables A. Item 11
Calculation of the maximum elevations where 4 bars pressure is available at a ﬁreﬁghting branch when supplied through British Standard 45 mm. The numerical data is given in Appendix A. Maximum branch elevations vs. Pump outlet pressure for 45 mm hose
4.speciﬁcation to be supplied. 18 and 19. The pump performance curve for the HFS 3000 submersible pump at 2100 l/min was used to determine the maximum branch elevation for 2 bar pressure.
Table A.13. 51 mm and 70 mm hose connected to a High pressure pump – speciﬁcation to be supplied.
160 140 120 Branch height – m 100 80 60 40 20 0 Hose and branch selection Branch No 53. k = 230 70 mm Hose 51 mm Hose 45 mm Hose
Figure 20. Maximum branch elevation for a branch pressure of 2 bar
4. The numerical data is given in Appendix A. Item 13
Calculation of the maximum elevations where 4 bars pressure is available at a ﬁreﬁghting branch when supplied through British standard 45 mm.13 Proposal Appendix A. k = 230 70 mm Hose 51 mm Hose 45 mm Hose
Figure 21. The pump performance curve for the HFS 3000 submersible pump at 2100 l/min was used to determine the maximum branch elevation for 4 bar pressure. Maximum branch elevation for a branch pressure of 4 bar
.Calculation results
160 140 120 Branch elevation – m 100 80 60 40 20 0 Hose and branch selection Branch No 53.
5. A speciﬁcation for the evaluation of branch performance may be desirable. Caution should be exercised when calculating speciﬁc scenarios to make sure that not only a suitable branch is selected. If a greater hose length is required when connecting at a ﬂoor lower than the point of use. As some branches have throttles controls. below the ﬂoor of use.
5. outlet connections and any other ﬁttings where the pressure losses may be signiﬁcant
5. will be more signiﬁcant due to the regulated pressure at the riser outlet. but that the k factor for an appropriate setting is used.2 Riser ﬁttings
Suppliers of riser ﬁttings should be encouraged to provide pressure loss data (based on ﬂow tests) for items such as inlet breechings. this will result in additional pressure losses. To undertake pressure ﬂow calculations on dry risers it has been necessary to attribute speciﬁc pressure/ﬂow characteristics (k factors) to the branches used. providing the total hose length remains constant.4 Choice of branch
The results clearly show that the choice of branch or branch setting is a signiﬁcant variable to achieve satisfactory branch operating pressures. The pressure losses when connecting to a wet riser.3 Branch k factors
The data provided to the project indicates that branch k factors vary considerably.
.1 Hose connections to riser outlets on ﬂoors beneath the ﬂoor of use
The calculations show the branch pressure differences between connecting a hose to a dry riser outlet on the ﬂoor of use compared to a connection one or two ﬂoors below were not signiﬁcant. Branch suppliers should be encouraged to supply the appropriate branch performance information to carryout such an evaluation accurately. the k factors may vary over the operating range and settings.
Where it is essential to use branches with a high k factor this may require larger hose sizes when working at height or where long lengths of hose are required.6 bar) than the riser pipework is designed and tested to (10 bar).5 Hose
The inﬂuence of hose size on pressure losses decreases with diminishing branch k factor. pipework and ﬁttings
In order to take full advantage of the capability of the pumping appliances. installation and use of rising mains
5.3 Riser staging stop valves
Where there is concern that a riser could suffer a catastrophic failure. but this would only be of beneﬁt if higher ﬂow rates were required at relatively low elevations The standard impeller delivered higher pressures at closed system conditions and ﬂowing conditions (14. The HiFlow impeller delivered a maximum of about 10.2 bar and therefore would not exceed current design limitations of the riser pipework.7 Considerations for the design. the rising main. The decline in the HFS-3000 pressure ﬂow curve is more gradual. hoses (inlet).2 Pressure relief of rising mains
Where pumping capacity exceeds the maximum working pressure of the riser consideration should be given to appropriately located pressure relief device or alternatively over pressure alarm device at the inlet to the riser. When a failure occurs the staging valve below the pipe failure and above the riser outlet to be used should be closed.Observations
5.7. consideration should be given to staging stop valves at intervals up the riser.1 Pressure strength of rising main hoses.7.
. pipework and ﬁttings should be rated to an appropriate potential working pressure.6 bar) and for ﬂows generated by any one branch and hose combination (16. The HFS-3000 standard and HiFlow impeller arrangements yield lower pressures and greater ﬂows than the Godiva WT30/10 pump.
5.6 Pump performance
The Godiva WT30/10 pump is capable of yielding greater pressures (at the pump outlet) at closed system conditions (16.2 bar) than the riser pipework is designed and tested to.
Priming the riser with water would:
reduce the ﬁll time and water volume required to bring the riser into use.
5. Consideration should also be given to accessing critical ﬁre alarm. outlet pressures are regulated using pressure reducing valves.8 Riser outlet pressure regulation
Where pressures at risers outlets may exceed operational requirements on wet risers.Hydraulic calculation of wet and dry risers.6 Pressure at wet riser outlets
Current practice limits the wet riser outlet pressure appropriate for hose and branch use on the riser outlet ﬂoor. smoke ventilation and sprinkler installation data.
The volumes of 63 m high. ﬁre brigade practice should be changed to reﬂect such an installation design change.4 Monitoring of riser stop valves
Any normally open stop valves which may interrupt ﬂow of water through the riser should be electrically monitored and the condition transmitted to a permanently manned location.
5. Water primed risers could be topped up either by a low-ﬂow feed from a header tank at the top of the riser or by an appropriately sized jockey pump at the base. 100 mm ND and 150 mm ND risers would be of the order of 0. In some instances pressure regulating devices may not be correctly adjusted at the time of installation or may become defective with time if not serviced correctly.7 Water priming of dry-risers
Where there is no risk of freezing. Where appropriate. through any riser inlet data relay connection.7. and allow continuous riser condition monitoring. reduce the volume of air to be expelled.7. Pressure reducing valves are most effective when there is a continuous ﬂow.7.5 m3 respectively. Consideration should be given to designing wet risers based on the assumption that the hose connections will be made to the riser below the ﬂoor of use. consideration should be given to permanently priming dryrisers with water at an appropriate standing pressure.7. Loss of water would indicate that integrity of the riser was impaired. Consideration should be given to the use of portable pressure reducing devices
5.7. hoses and branches
5.5 Fire brigade access to riser valve monitoring
Fire brigade access to riser stop valve condition monitoring should preferably be by means of a data relay connection (for a PC with appropriate software) or alternatively by a relay panel at the riser inlet connection.7 m3 and 1. pressures across the regulator may equalise with time if there is no ﬂow.
. Such devices could be tested and calibrated regularly. At least. based on speciﬁed performance requirements. There are however a number of unknowns such as friction losses through ﬁttings.7.9 Design of wet and dry risers
The requirements of BS 5306:Part 1 are basically sound and pipe sizing practices should limit losses in the risers to comparatively low levels. Consideration should be given to designing wet and dry risers by hydraulic calculation. riser pipework designs should be checked by calculation to establish ﬁtness for purpose.Observations
which may be carried as part of the hose and branch kit.
Hydraulic calculation of wet and dry risers. BS 5306: Part 1: 1976 – Fire Extinguishing installations and equipment on premises: Hydrant systems. BS 1387: 1985 (1990) Speciﬁcation for screwed and socketed steel tubes and tubulars and for plain end steel tubes suitable for welding or for screwing to BS 21 pipe threads 5. (Formerly CP 402. 3.
. 4. General and safety requirements. Scottish Central Fire Brigades Advisory Council. Speciﬁcation for landing valves for wet risers. Fire-ﬁghting centrifugal pumps with primer. Jet/Spray branches data sheets Part 1 and 2. 6. hose reels and foam inlets. BS 5306: Part 2: 1990 – Fire Extinguishing installations and equipment on premises: Speciﬁcation for sprinkler installations. Classiﬁcation. BS 5041 – Fire hydrant systems equipment. Central Fire Brigades Advisory council for England and Wales. hoses and branches
1. BS EN 1028-1 – Fire-ﬁghting pumps.101) 2.
55 15.65 5.1 10.62 10.78 4.97 12. Item 1
The maximum pressures achievable at outlets of a ﬁreﬁghting rising main complying to BS 5306:Part 1:1976 when supplied with a BS EN 1028-1 speciﬁcation ﬁre appliance pump.04 9.72 9.41 8.4 4.15 6.35 11.04 8. Riser equivalent length: 20 m + ﬁttings + Height 7. Inlet Pressures limited to 15 bar.85 3.62 1.93 2.59 4.05 12.54 12.97 Q l/min 194 232 264 293 320 344 367 388 409 428 447 465 482 499 516 531 547 562
NOTES: 1.34 5.5 14.5 35 31.25 Q l/min 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P Bar 9.6 bar outlet pressure for ﬂow conditions given 2.4 7.89 12. Outlet to Branch hose: 70 mm ND hose.1 13.09 4.66 11.6 (1) Outlet Height m 63 59.56 13.15 9.35 8.5 56 52.94 11.72 8. Branch elevation – riser outlet height = 0 m
.34 11.21 12.1 8.85 15.5 49 45. Riser 100 mm ND pipe 5.2 14.6 (1) 15 (2) 10 (2) 7 (2)
Outlet Pressures (P) and ﬂows (Q) P Bar 10.32 1.28 4.61 12.24 13.36 3.52 5.52 Q l/min 696 707 719 731 742 753 764 775 785 796 806 817 827 837 847 857 867 876 P Bar 7.02 1.67 9.7 12.5 14 10. Godiva WT30/10 pump at 3600 l/min ≈ 16.71 5.35 9.03 5.92 13.78 8.5 28 24.9 5.21 5.18 Q l/min 642 655 667 679 692 703 715 727 738 750 761 772 782 793 804 814 825 835 P Bar 3.03 11.67 Q l/min 422 440 458 476 493 509 525 540 555 570 586 598 612 626 639 652 665 677 P Bar 0.9 16.71 1.5 42 38.2 15. This pressure to be calculated at outlet levels of ﬂoors one to eighteen with a notional storey height of 3.15 14.45 13.5 21 17. Pump to riser inlet hoses: 2 parallel 70 mm ND × 25 m length 4.4 10.66 3.65 11 11.09 7. 1 × 25 m long 6.47 3.97 4.1: Proposal Appendix A.75 13.83 6.4 12.54 2.71 11.24 2.16 3.3 10.29 12.86 13. 10 bar or 7 bar as indicated 3.8 14.77 7.46 9.88 14.3 10.77 10.49 6.5m.
Table A1.98 10.5 16.Appendix A – Calculation results in numeric form
Appendix A.5 7 3.57 11.26 11. Maximum pressure achievable at riser outlets Inlet pressures – Bar 16.
7 4.0 10.9 7.5 4.8 6.4 4.2 3.3 3.4 10.0 14.5 9.0 52. hoses and branches
Appendix A. Riser 100 mm ND 12.8 6.0 45. Pump: Godiva WT30/10 (LP Stage) 9.0 24.5 12.5 7.6 5.4 3.0 17.6 Flow l/min 505 514 522 530 538 546 554 561 569 577 584 591 598 606 613 620 627 634 45 (330) Branch Pressure Bar 3.7 14.4 13.4 7. Outlet to Branch hose: 45 mm ND hose.0 5.0 4. 3 × 25 m long 13.0 3.0 31.1 4.0 6.2.1 7.5 56.
Table A.8 3. outlet heights for 45 mm BS 6391 Hose of 3 × 25 m lengths (75 m) Branch SRDB No.1 3.6 6. Riser equivalent length: 20 m + Fittings + Height 14. Branch elevation – riser outlet height = 0 m
.1 9.3 7.3 Flow l/min 242 246 250 254 257 261 265 268 272 276 279 282 286 289 293 296 299 302 53 (230) Branch Pressure Bar 4.2 12. Pump to riser inlet hoses: 2 parallel 70 mm ND × 25 m length 11.8 5.0 38.3 4.3 11.5 49.5 3.2 4.9 4.4 9.6 11.2 5. Item 2
The maximum pressures available at a ﬁreﬁghting branch when supplied with three lengths of British standard BS 6391:1983.8 10.0 59.9 Flow l/min 579 588 598 607 616 625 634 643 652 661 669 678 686 694 702 710 718 726
NOTES: 8.5 5.0 10.5 21.5 14.2: Proposal Appendix A.7 3.8 13.9 12.0 11.6 4.5 42.Hydraulic calculation of wet and dry risers.1 13.3 5. 45 mm. (k factor) 46 (80) Floor No Height m Branch Pressure Bar 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 63. 51 mm and 70 mm hose using the rising main outlet pressures calculated in 1.5 35. Pump speed: 3600 r/min 10.5 6.5 28.1 Branch pressures vs. with the ﬁreﬁghting branch operating on the same ﬂoor level.7 11.6 3.3 6.1 6.
2 14.3 5.0 5.2 7.0 59.2 6.0 7.8 8.1 5.7 11.0 10.3 Flow l/min 587 596 606 616 625 634 643 652 661 670 678 687 695 704 712 720 728 737 45 (330) Branch Pressure Bar 4. Riser 100 mm ND 5.5 6.6 5.7 8.0 17.5 28. 3 × 25 m long 6.0 45.4 6.8 10.0 3.3 12.0 10.3 13.4 Flow l/min 711 723 735 747 758 770 781 792 803 813 824 835 845 855 866 876 886 896
NOTES: 1.9 9.5 8.9 7.6 9.0 31.8 5.0 24.1 9.0 8. outlet heights for 51 mm BS 6391 Hose of 3 × 25 lengths (75 m) Branch SRDB No.4 7. Branch elevation – riser outlet height = 0 m
.4 10.0 38.6 7.4 5.7 6.0 12.5 9.2 Branch pressures vs.0 11.9 13.5 7.7 4.0 10.4 9.9 6.6 12.2 7.5 14.9 7.6 14.7 6.9 14.6 13.3 11. (k factor) 46 (80) Floor No Height m Branch Pressure Bar 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 63. Pump speed: 3600 r/min 3.Calculation results in numeric form
Table A.5 49.7 10. Pump to riser inlet hoses: 2 parallel 70 mm ND × 25 m length 4.0 52.6 6.9 15.1 6.5 56.5 42.6 12. Pump: Godiva WT30/10 (LP Stage) 2. Outlet to Branch hose: 51 mm ND hose.2.5 21.2 Flow l/min 249 253 257 261 265 269 273 277 280 284 288 291 295 298 302 305 308 312 53 (230) Branch Pressure Bar 6.5 35. Riser equivalent length: 20 m + Fittings + Height 7.3 8.8 5.
0 10.9 13.1 11. hoses and branches
Table A.6 12.3 15.6 10.2.3 9.2 12.7 11.8 10.9 10.9 12.9 11.2 12.9 13.2 11.2 10.2 9.3 13.7 8. outlet heights for 70 mm BS 6391 Hose of 3 x 25 lengths (75m) Branch SRDB No.9 14.5 7.3 Branch pressures vs.3 14.3 11.0 24.5 9.5 12.6 16.0 17.5 49.4 10. Pump speed: 3600 r/min 3.7 11.0 45.8 12. Pump to riser inlet hoses: 2 parallel 70 mm ND × 25 m length 4. Pump: Godiva WT30/10 (LP Stage) 2.5 14.5 13. (k factor) 46 (80) Floor No Height m Branch Pressure Bar 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 63.6 15.0 59.6 11.1 12.6 13. Riser 100 mm ND 5.8 14.8 9.1 Flow l/min 686 697 709 720 731 742 753 763 774 784 794 804 815 824 834 844 854 863 45 (330) Branch Pressure Bar 7.9 12.0 3.0 9.5 8. Branch elevation – riser outlet height = 0 m
.5 42.5 35.3 Flow l/min 915 931 947 962 977 992 1007 1021 1036 1049 1064 1078 1092 1105 1119 1132 1146 1189
NOTES: 1.2 11.6 9.1 10.Hydraulic calculation of wet and dry risers.0 38.0 31.0 Flow l/min 256 260 264 268 277 276 280 284 288 291 295 299 302 306 309 313 316 320 53 (230) Branch Pressure Bar 8.9 9.0 11.6 11.5 56. Outlet to Branch hose: 70 mm ND hose.5 10.4 10.5 21.0 11.0 8. Riser equivalent length: 20 m + Fittings + Height 7. 3 × 25 m long 6.0 15.1 10.0 52.2 8.5 28.2 13.
0 7.0 31.8 5.9 6.5 42.2 6.3: Proposal Appendix A.5 7.1 13.2 8.0 45.3 11.5 Bar 4.8 10.4 7.8 8.8 5.3 6.9 6.4 4.4 6.2 5.1 12.6 8.9 12.2 Flow l/min 556 565 574 583 593 601 610 618 626 635 643 651 659 667 675 682 690 697 Press Bar 5.4 8.6 7.5 28.1 6.8 5.0 9. 3 × 25 m long 7. Outlet to Branch hose: 70 mm ND hose.5 Press m 63.5 5.8 7.1 4.8 7.5 Press Bar 8. Riser equivalent length: 20 m + Fittings + Height 9.2 12.7 5.8 9.2 6.4 8. 51 and 70 mm BS 6391 Hose of 4 × 25 lengths (100m) Branch Height Hose 45 mm x 100 m Hose 51 mm x 100 m Branch elevation – Riser outlet height m 3.0 8.2 6. All calculations were carried-out using branch 53 (k = 230).0 52. Riser 100 mm ND 5.0 6.1 5.2 7.5 49.6 8.3 4.5 56.5 4.0 38.5 9.0 5.2 8.8 9.6 11. outlet heights for 45.0 5.6 11.5 35.0 13.4 7.4 6.9 9.0 7 Flow l/min 556 566 575 584 592 601 610 618 627 635 643 651 659 667 675 683 690 3.1 4.9 9.7 5.8 10.0 7. Pump speed: 3600 r/min 3.2 9.1 6.0 11.3 4. b) two ﬂoors higher than the rising main outlet.0 3.6 Flow l/min 675 686 698 709 719 730 741 751 761 772 782 792 802 811 821 831 840 849 Press Bar 8.5 5.7 4.8 5.7 13.6 7.2 6.4 7 Flow l/min 675 687 698 709 720 730 741 751 762 772 782 792 802 812 821 831 840 Hose 70 mm x 100m
NOTES: 1.7 11.1 10.0 10.4 5.0 59.0 17.5 4. 51 mm and 70 mm hose using the rising main outlet pressures calculated in 1 with the ﬁreﬁghting branch operating a) one ﬂoor higher than the rising main outlet.0 24.3 13.5 14.3 7 Flow l/min 467 475 483 490 498 505 512 519 526 533 540 547 553 560 566 573 579 3. Pump: Godiva WT30/10 (LP Stage) 2. Branch elevation – riser outlet height = 3.2 5.5 Flow l/min 467 475 483 490 498 505 512 519 526 533 540 547 553 560 566 573 579 585 Press Bar 4.4 10. Assume a notional storey height of 3.6 8.4 12.Calculation results in numeric form
Appendix A.0 m as indicated
.5 9.2 9.4 5.8 13. Pump to riser inlet hoses: 2 parallel 70 mm ND × 25 m length 4. Branch 53 (k = 230) used for all calculations 8.0 8.9 6.9 12.2 7.6 6.4 4.0 6.9 6.8 8.7 11.7 4.1 10.
Table A.5 m or 7.4 10.6 6. Item 3
The maximum pressure available at a ﬁreﬁghting branch when supplied with four lengths of British standard BS 6391:1983 45 mm.5 Press Bar 5.5m.3 Branch pressures vs.3 11.5 21.5 12.6 8.1 5.0 11.
5 101.2 Flow l/min 162 468 666 165 466 674 160 470 677
NOTES: 1.0 24. 3 × 25 m long 6.1 4.0 122.0 112.2 4.
Table A.5 122.5 73. Riser equivalent length: 20 m + Fittings + Height 7. Outlet to Branch hose: 70 mm ND hose. Branch elevation – riser outlet height = 0 m 8.5 77.2 4. Pump to riser inlet hoses: 2 parallel 70 mm ND × 25 m length 4.5 Branch pressure Bar 4.4 Maximum branch elevation to deliver 4. 51 mm and 70 mm hose connected to the riser outlet. with the ﬁreﬁghting branch operating on the same ﬂoor as the rising main outlet.0 4.
. Pump: Godiva WT30/10 (LP Stage) 2. Pump speed: 3600 r/min 3.Hydraulic calculation of wet and dry risers.0 bar pressure Hose size mm 70 70 70 51 51 51 45 45 45 46 53 45 46 53 45 46 53 45 80 230 330 80 230 330 80 230 330 Branch SRDB No Branch k factor Maximum branch elevation m 126. Branch elevations calculated to nearest ﬂoor level.1 4. hoses and branches
Appendix A. Riser 100 mm ND 5. Item 4
The maximum elevation of rising main outlet which if supplied by a BS EN 1028-1 speciﬁcation ﬁre appliance pump is capable to delivering 4 bars pressure at a ﬁreﬁghting branch when supplied through three lengths of British standard BS 6391:1983 45 mm.1 4.0 119.4: Proposal Appendix A.3 4.2 4.
Branch elevation – riser outlet height = 3.0 m heights are represented by a single data set due to the similarity of the results.1 4.1 4.5 and 7.0 m 8.
Table A. Pump speed: 3600 r/min 3.1 4. 4 × 25 m long 6.5 59.0 bar pressure Hose size mm 70 70 70 51 51 51 45 45 45 46 53 45 46 53 45 46 53 45 80 230 330 80 230 330 80 230 330 Branch SRDB No Branch k factor Maximum branch elevation m 126 119 108. Pump to riser inlet hoses: 2 parallel 70 mm ND × 25 m length 4.5 m and 7. Riser 100 mm ND 5.5 122.1 4 Flow l/min 162 461 666 163 465 669 162 467 663
NOTES: 1.5 Maximum branch elevation to deliver 4. Item 5
The maximum elevation of rising main outlet which if supplied by a BS EN 1028-1 speciﬁcation ﬁre appliance pump is capable to delivering 4 bars pressure at a ﬁreﬁghting branch when supplied through four lengths of British standard BS 6391:1983 45 mm.5 m. b) two ﬂoors higher than the rising main outlet. Riser equivalent length: 20 m + Fittings + Height 7. Pump: Godiva WT30/10 (LP Stage) 2. 51 mm and 70 mm hose connected to the riser outlet.5 94.Calculation results in numeric form
Appendix A.1 4. The two sets of calculations for the 3.
. Assume a notional storey height of 3.1 4.5: Proposal Appendix A. Outlet to Branch hose: 70 mm ND hose.1 4 4. Branch elevations calculated to nearest ﬂoor level. with the ﬁreﬁghting branch operating a) one ﬂoor higher than the rising main outlet.5 119 63 0 Branch pressure Bar 4.
Branch elevation – riser outlet height = 0 m 8.6. Pump: Godiva WT30/10 (LP Stage) 2.Hydraulic calculation of wet and dry risers. hoses and branches
Appendix A. Riser equivalent length: 20 m + Fittings + Height 7. Riser 100 mm ND 5. 3 × 25 m long 6. Item 6
The maximum elevation of rising main outlet which if supplied by a BS EN 1028-1 speciﬁcation ﬁre appliance pump is capable to delivering 2 bars pressure at a ﬁreﬁghting branch when supplied through three lengths of British standard BS 6391:1983 45 mm hose connected to the riser outlet. Height m 145 124 99
. with the ﬁreﬁghting branch operating on the same ﬂoor as the rising main outlet. The maximum branch elevation to deliver 2. Pump speed: 3600 r/min 3.
Table A. Pump to riser inlet hoses: 2 parallel 70 mm ND × 25 m length 4. Outlet to Branch hose: 45 mm ND hose. Branch elevations calculated to nearest ﬂoor level.0 bar pressure at the branch Branch No 46 53 45 NOTES: 1.6: Proposal Appendix A.
5 m and 7.
. b) two ﬂoors higher than the rising main outlet. Item 7
The maximum elevation of rising main outlet which if supplied by a BS EN 1028-1 speciﬁcation ﬁre appliance pump is capable to delivering 2 bars pressure at a ﬁreﬁghting branch when supplied through four lengths of British standard BS 6391:1983 45 mm. Pump: Godiva WT30/10 (LP Stage) 2.5 143.5 115. with the ﬁreﬁghting branch operating a) one ﬂoor higher than the rising main outlet. Riser equivalent length: 20 m + Fittings + Height 7. Outlet to Branch hose: 45 mm ND hose. Pump to riser inlet hoses: 2 parallel 70 mm ND × 25 m length 4.5 7 3.0 bar pressure Hose size Branch elevation – riser outlet height Maximum branch elevation m Branch No m 70 70 51 51 45 45 m 3. Riser 100 mm ND 5.5 7 3.5 143.5 143.5 136.5 112 112 84 84
NOTES: 1.0 m 8. Branch elevation – riser outlet height = 3.5 7 46 147 147 143. 51 mm and 70 mm hose connected to the riser outlet.
Table A.7. Four lengths of hose were used for calculation purposes.5 45 136.7: Proposal Appendix A.5 115.5 53 143. The maximum branch elevation to deliver 2.5 m. Branch elevations calculated to nearest ﬂoor level. Pump speed: 3600 r/min 3.Calculation results in numeric form
Appendix A.5 143.5 129.5 129. 4 × 25 m long 6. Assume a notional storey height of 3.
652 and Flows L/min
NOTES 1.2.3.9.35.2 and A. hoses and branches
Appendix A. 150 4. 619 51 mm ND Hose Branch No / (k factor) 46 (80) 4 5 3.
.88. 367 3.9. Maximum outlet pressure = 5 bar 2.9: Proposal Appendix A.3.Hydraulic calculation of wet and dry risers.4) water supply Outlet pressure Bar Branch pressures Bar 70 mm ND Hose Branch No / (k factor) 46 (80) 4 5 3. The ﬁreﬁghting branch is taken to be operating a) one ﬂoor higher than the rising main outlet. Item 9
The maximum pressures available at a ﬁreﬁghting branch when supplied with four lengths of British standard BS 6391:1983 45 mm. 315 2. 51 mm and 70 mm hose using the performance standard of outlet pressures and pump performance in BS 5306 clause 9. 405 45 (330) 1.84.94.9. 51 mm and 70 mm hose using the performance standard of outlet pressures and pump performance in BS 5306 clause 9.92.55. 500 45 (330) 3. 176 53 (230) 2. 432 4. 155 4.
Table A.4. 361 1.4.52. 411 45 mm ND Hose Branch No / (k factor) 46 (80) 4 5 3.9.5m. Item 8
The maximum pressures available at a ﬁreﬁghting branch when supplied with three lengths of British standard BS 6391:1983 45 mm. A.8 Maximum branch pressures for BS 5306: Part 1 (Clause 9. Three lengths of 25 m hose from outlet to branch
Appendix A.1.19. 448 2.74.12. Minimum outlet pressure = 4 bar 3.4. The results are given in three Tables A. The results for items 8 and 9 have been combined for ease of comparison.51. 177 53 (230) 3.4. b) two ﬂoors higher than the rising main outlet.52.4. 168 53 (230) 1. 160 4.8: Proposal Appendix A.68.4. 582 3.4. The ﬁreﬁghting branch is taken to be operating on the same ﬂoor level as the riser outlet. Assume a notional storey height of 3. 353 45 (330) 1.
65 53 1.69 0 0 3.5 3.94 2.52 4.66 1.9.5 7 7 3 3 4 4 4 4 Branch elevation above outlet m 25 m hose lengths
Table A.8 A.9 A.9 4 5 4 5 4 5 3. Minimum outlet pressure = 4 bar
.9 A.9 4 5 4 5 4 5 3.8 A.42 2.09 2.69 3.5 3.68 3.3 Maximum pressures at ﬁre ﬁghting branches for 45 mm ND hose Proposal Item Riser outlet pressure bar Branch pressure bar Branch no 46 A.82 3.9 A.04 3.19 2.8 A.9 4 5 4 5 4 5 3.11 3.5 7 7 3 3 4 4 4 4 Branch elevation above outlet m 25 m hose lengths
NOTES 1.9 A.44 1.12 3.9.17 0 0 3.56 3.27 3.9 2.35 4.4 3.74 4.2 Maximum pressures at ﬁre ﬁghting branches for 51 mm ND hose Proposal Item Riser outlet pressure bar Branch pressure bar Branch no 46 A.92 3.94 4.43 3.67 45 (330) 3.9.89 2.3 1.Calculation results in numeric form
Table A.8 A.58 4.3 1.2 1.95 53 2.84 2.5 7 7 3 3 4 4 4 4 Branch elevation above outlet m 25 m hose lengths
Table A.9 A.06 0 0 3.51 0.9 A.1 Maximum pressures at ﬁre ﬁghting branches for 70 mm ND hose Proposal Item Riser outlet pressure bar Branch pressure bar Branch no (k factor) 46 (80) A.9 1.9 A.22 53 (230) 3.88 2.9 A.55 3.4 3.81 3. Maximum outlet pressure = 5 bar 2.81 1.47 1.96 2.14 0.33 1.8 A.35 1.8 A.46 45 1.1 3.52 4.5 3.24 4.83 1.87 1.9 A.73 45 1.
1 Branch elevations for 70 mm ND Hose. 2 bar branch pressure Branch no Pump pressure bar 16.2 Branch elevations for 51 mm ND Hose. 2 bar branch pressure Branch no Pump pressure bar 16.02 2.03 2.04 45 Branch elevation m 109 57 34
Table A.07 2.07 46 Branch elevation m 147 80 50 Branch pressure bar 2.03 2.03 2.53 45 Branch elevation m 85 49 25
.03 53 Branch elevation m 110 58 35 Branch pressure bar 2. straight vertical hose runs have been assumed.3 Branch elevations for 45 mm ND Hose.03 2.Hydraulic calculation of wet and dry risers.10.07 45 Branch elevation m 138 75 46
Table A.13 2. six lengths of 25 m hose with a 3 m horizontal run has been used. Examples: Where the branch elevation is 147 m. Where there has been excess hose to achieve the elevation the excess hose has been assumed to run horizontally.11 2.06 2 46 Branch elevation m 145 79 50 Branch pressure bar 2 2. A series of calculations were carried out assuming the hoses were connected directly to the pump outlet.10.01 2. four lengths of 25 m hose with a 20 m horizontal run has been used.10.6 10 7 Branch pressure bar 2.06 2.01 46 Branch elevation m 143 77 49 Branch pressure bar 2.08 53 Branch elevation m 125 68 42 Branch pressure bar 2. hoses and branches
Appendix A.11 2. For consistency. 2 bar branch pressure Branch no Pump pressure bar 16. Item 10
Calculation of the maximum elevations where 2 bars pressure is available at a ﬁreﬁghting branch when supplied through British standard 45 mm.6 10 7 Branch pressure bar 2.
Table A.10: Proposal Appendix A.03 2.08 2 53 Branch elevation m 142 77 49 Branch pressure bar 2.09 2.12 2.02 2.6 10 7 Branch pressure bar 2. In all instances 25 m hoses lengths were used. For an 80 m elevation. 51 mm and 70 mm hose connected to a BS EN 1028-1 speciﬁcation ﬁre appliance pump.
03 53 Branch elevation m 97 45 22 Branch pressure bar 4.05 4. 4 bar branch pressure Branch no Pump pressure bar 16.24 4.08 46 Branch elevation m 119 55 26 Branch pressure bar 4.05 4.1 Branch elevations for 70 mm ND Hose.18 45 Branch elevation m 75 28 11
Table A. The branch pressure has been increased to 4 bar. 4 bar branch pressure Branch no Pump pressure bar 16.06 45 Branch elevation m 110 49 25
Table A. The method described in Appendix A.2 Branch elevations for 51 mm ND Hose.6 10 7 Branch pressure bar 4. 51 mm and 70 mm hose connected to a BS EN 1028-1 speciﬁcation ﬁre appliance pump.10 has also been used for Item 11.05 4.06 46 Branch elevation m 123 58 28 Branch pressure bar 4.Calculation results in numeric form
Appendix A.03 4.89 45 Branch elevation m 50 25 0
.14 4.01 4.11.6 10 7 Branch pressure bar 4.05 53 Branch elevation m 118 54 26 Branch pressure bar 4 4. Item 11
Calculation of the maximum elevations where 4 bars pressure is available at a ﬁreﬁghting branch when supplied through British standard 45 mm.07 4.02 4.05 53 Branch elevation m 75 30 14 Branch pressure bar 4.3 Branch elevations for 45 mm ND Hose. 4 bar branch pressure Branch no Pump pressure bar 16.01 46 Branch elevation m 125 60 30 Branch pressure bar 4.06 4.14 4.54 4.11.11: Proposal Appendix A.11.19 3.05 4.03 4.
Table A.35 4.6 10 7 Branch pressure bar 4.23 4.
Branch elevation m 101 112 121
.12 The maximum branch elevation to deliver 2. Pump speed 2100 r/min. 6. Branch elevations calculated to nearest ﬂoor level. The calculations have been undertaken using the HFS-3000 submersible pump performance. 3.12: Proposal Appendix A. for details.0 bar branch pressure Hose ND mm 45 51 70 NOTES 1.Hydraulic calculation of wet and dry risers. Item 12
Calculation of the maximum elevations where 2 bars pressure is available at a ﬁreﬁghting branch when supplied through British standard 45 mm. 8. 51 mm and 70 mm hose connected to a High pressure pump . Branch elevation – riser outlet height = 0 m 9. The calculation method is identical to that used for Appendix A. Riser 100 mm ND 5. see Appendix D. Outlet to branch hose: as detailed in table. 2. Riser equivalent length: 20 m + Fittings + Height. Branch No 53 (k = 230).6. 7. Pump to riser inlet hoses: 2 parallel 70 mm ND × 25 m length.
Table A.speciﬁcation to be supplied. 4. hoses and branches
Appendix A. Pump: HFS-3000 submersible pump.
The calculations have been undertaken using the HFS-3000 submersible pump performance. for details. Branch No 53 (k = 230). 8. Branch elevations calculated to nearest ﬂoor level.speciﬁcation to be supplied. Pump: HFS-3000 submersible pump. Outlet to branch hose: as detailed in table.Calculation results in numeric form
Appendix A. Pump speed 2100 r/min. 51 mm and 70 mm hose connected to a High pressure pump . 2. Branch elevation m 56 78 96
.13: Proposal Appendix A.0 bar branch pressure Hose ND mm 45 51 70 NOTES 1.
Table A. 3. Riser 100 mm ND 5. Branch elevation – riser outlet height = 0 m 9. Item 13
Calculation of the maximum elevations where 4 bars pressure is available at a ﬁreﬁghting branch when supplied through British standard 45 mm. Riser equivalent length: 20 m + Fittings + Height. 7.10. Pump to riser inlet hoses: 2 parallel 70 mm ND × 25 m length. 6. The calculation method is identical to that used for Appendix A.13 The maximum branch elevation to deliver a 4. 4. see Appendix D.
Appendix B – Typical equivalent lengths of ﬁttings and valves
Typical equivalent lengths of ﬁttings and valves Extracted from BS 5306: Part 2.850 130 1.61 1.13 6.
.81 4.30 2.30 8.714 110 0.330
NOTE: Equivalent length data may also be obtained from suppliers data sheets.79
Equivalent lengths can be converted as necessary for pipes of other C values by multiplying by the following factors C value Factor 100 0.38 48.56 34.61 6.48 150 m 4.04 1.00 2.43 1. Table 37 Fittings and valves Equivalent length of medium grade steel pipe (in m) to BS 1387 (C value 120) Nominal Diameter (mm) 100 m 90º Screwed elbow 90º Welded elbow (r/d = 1.5) 45º Screwed elbow Standard screwed tee or cross (ﬂow through branch) Gate valve (ﬂanged ﬁtting) Butterﬂy valve (ﬂanged ﬁtting) Globe valve – straightway (ﬂanged ﬁtting) 3.160 140 1.10 0.
0. STAGE)
12-03-98 DS528
Total head (PSI)
.P.Appendix C – Pump performance curves – Godiva WT30/10
Appendix C.1: Godiva WT30/10 Pump curves
200 18 3600 rpm 16
13 0 0 Kw Kw
USGPM 1 GPM
For test conditions see DS 474
14 3200 rpm 12 Total head (BAR) 2800 rpm
100 4 LIFT: – 2 1000 2000 3000 Flowrate (L/MIN) 4000
IMPELLER DIAMETER SUCTION DIAMETER ø280 mm ø122 mm ISSUE DATE CURVE DATE ISSUE 2
TYPICAL PERFORMANCE OF WORLD SERIES WT30/10 PUMP (L.5m
4 3500 11.2 1500 6.55 2500 14.56 3500 4.45 1500 16.71 4500 0 LIFT 2 1900 3100
Godiva WT30/10 2400rpm FLOW 7 0 7.25 2000 15.6 1000 16.1 4500 0 LIFT 2 1900 3100 Godiva WT30/10 2800rpm FLOW 9 0 10.0
7.1 3000 0 LIFT 1 1900
7.5 3.38 1000 7.92 2500 7.5 3.5 3.76 3500 8.75 2000 6 2500 5.43 2000 8.2: Godiva WT30/10 Pump performance numeric data
Godiva WT30/10 3600rpm FLOW 10 0 16.91 2500 10.6 3000 13.38 500 7.2 4000 5.98 3000 9. hoses and branches
Appendix C.Hydraulic calculation of wet and dry risers.5
7.25 500 13.0
.15 1000 12.6 500 16.4 3700 0 LIFT 2 1900 3100
7.75 3000 6.95 1500 12.6 2000 11.0
Godiva WT30/10 3200rpm FLOW 10 0 13.1 500 10 1000 10 1500 9.95 4000 10.
Appendix D: Pump performance curves – HFS-3000 Submersible pump
Appendix D.00 8.00 Water pressure (bar) 10.00
0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 00
1300 rpm 1500 rpm 1700 rpm 1900 rpm
.00 2.00 6.00 14.00 8.00 0.2 HFS-3000 HiFlow impeller pump performance curves
QH-curve HFS-3000 HiFlow Impeller 12.00 10.00 0.00 Waterpressure (bar) 12.1 HFS 3000 standard impeller pump performance curves
QH curve HFS-3000 standard impeller 16.00 6.00 4.00
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 50 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 00 0 0
1300 rpm 1500 rpm 1700 rpm 1900 rpm 2100 rpm
Appendix D.00 4.00 2.
This group was established to consider the issues. that have been highlighted by the World Trade Centre incident of 11th September 2001.00 ISBN 1 85112 763 1
9 7 8 1 8 5 1 127634
. with speciﬁed ﬁre appliance pumps in speciﬁc scenarios.
ISBN 1-85112-763-1
Price £13.This project was carried out for the Building Disaster Assessment Group in the Ofﬁce of the Deputy Prime Minister. This report provides an insight into the limitations of ﬁre ﬁghting rising mains complying with BS 5306: Part 1. for ﬁre authorities and their ﬁre and rescue services in the UK.
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