Source: http://www.leagle.com/decision/In%20NYCO%2020170515275/WROBEL%20v.%20SHAW%20ENVTL.%20&%20INFRASTRUCTURE%20ENG'G%20OF%20N.Y.,%20P.C
Timestamp: 2017-05-29 20:51:19
Document Index: 490122322

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 220', 'art. 31', 'art. 50', '§ 220', '§ 220', '§ 220', '§ 220', '§ 220', '§ 220', '§ 276', 'art 5', '§ 220', '§ 220', '§ 220', '§ 220', '§ 220', '§ 220', '§ 220']

WROBEL v. SHAW ENVTL. & INFRASTRUCTURE ENG'G OF N.Y., P.C. | 2017 NY Slip Op 30973(U) | Leagle.com
2017 NY Slip Op 30973(U)
WROBEL v. SHAW ENVTL. & INFRASTRUCTURE ENG'G OF N.Y., P.C.
Docket No. 652382/2015, Mtn. Seq. No. 005.
Citing Case SALIANN SCARPULLA, Judge.
Under the Prime Contract, SLSCO agreed to comply with "all applicable Federal, State and local Laws, including but not limited to the payment of wages compliant with all requirements of . . . [Labor Law § 220]." Prime Contract, art. 31 [A]. Thus, in the Prime Contract the parties agreed that "all persons employed by Contractor and any Subcontractor in the manufacture or furnishing of the supplies, materials, or equipment, or the furnishing of work, labor, or services, used in the performance of this Contract shall be paid, without subsequent deduction or rebate unless expressly authorized by Law, not less than the sum mandated by Law. The Prime Contract also provided that it "shall not be deemed to create any new right of action in favor of third parties against [SLSCO] or [New York City]." Prime Contract, art. 50.
The Labor Law was enacted to protect workers, see, e.g., Vasquez v Urbahn Assoc. Inc., 79 A.D.3d 493, 499 (1st Dep't 2010) (Acosta and Freedman, JJ., dissenting in part). Thus, Labor Law § 220 (3) (a) provides that "[t]he wages to be paid for a legal day's work, as hereinbefore defined, to laborers, workmen or mechanics upon such public works, shall be not less than the prevailing rate of wages as hereinafter defined." Further, public works contracts "shall contain a provision that each laborer, workman or mechanic, employed by such contractor, subcontractor or other person about or upon such public work, shall be paid the wages herein provided." Id. Under Labor Law § 220, a laborer alleging that he/she has not been paid a prevailing wage is provided with a statutory mechanism with which to initiate an administrative enforcement proceeding to secure the prevailing wage.
New York courts have consistently interpreted Labor Law § 220 to provide the maximum protection to laborers, who are often in the least powerful bargaining position. Indeed, the Court of Appeals has stated that Labor Law § 220 "has as its entire aim the protection of workingmen against being induced, or obliged, to accept wages below the prevailing rate" and "must be construed with the liberality needed to carry out its beneficent purposes." Bucci v. Village of Port Chester, 22 N.Y.2d 195, 201 (1968) (emphasis added).
To protect and preserve laborers' right to receive a prevailing wage, our courts have expansively viewed the remedies afforded laborers under Labor Law § 220. Thus, for example, in Wright v. Herb Wright Stucco, Inc., the Court of Appeals held that laborers have, in addition to the statutory remedy provided in Labor Law § 220, a continued common law right to sue their employer as a third-party beneficiary under a public construction contract. Wright v. Herb Wright Stucco, Inc., 50 N.Y.2d 837, 839 (1980); see also Nawrocki v. Proto Const. & Dev. Corp., 82 A.D.3d 534, 536 (1st Dep't 2011) (same).
The contract here between SLSCO and the DEP contains a prevailing wage provision, and SLSCO does not dispute Plaintiffs' allegation that its contract with PMJ incorporated that provision by reference. See Am. Compl. ¶ 25. However, Plaintiffs breach of contract cause of action against SLSCO is not a typical third-party beneficiary claim asserted by a laborer against its employer for failure to pay prevailing wages under a public employment contract. Here, SLSCO was not Plaintiffs' employer. PMJ, a subcontractor of SLSCO, was Plaintiffs' employer.
Plaintiffs nevertheless allege that they are third-party beneficiaries of SLSCO's promises, in Article 31 of the Prime Contract between SLSCO and DEP that:
Contractor [SLCO] shall strictly comply with all applicable Federal, State and local Laws, including but not limited to the payment of wages compliant with all requirements of the Davis-Bacon Act (40 U.S.C. §§ 276a to 276a-7) as supplemented by the U.S. Department of Labor regulations (29 C.F.R. Part 5), N.Y. Labor Law sections 220 or 230, Administrative Code section 6-109, and City Executive Order 102 (2007);
[A]ll persons employed by Contractor and any Subcontractor in the manufacture or furnishing of the supplies, materials, or equipment, or the furnishing of work, labor, or services, used in the performance of this Contract shall be paid, without subsequent deduction or rebate unless expressly authorized by Law, not less than the sum mandated by Law.
Under New York law, "[p]arties asserting third-party beneficiary rights under a contract must establish (1) the existence of a valid and binding contract between other parties, (2) that the contract was intended for their benefit and (3) that the benefit to them is sufficiently immediate, rather than incidental, to indicate the assumption by the contracting parties of a duty to compensate them if the benefit is lost * * *." Mendel v. Henry Phipps Plaza West, Inc., 6 N.Y.3d 783, 786 (2006) (quotations, brackets and citation omitted). SLSCO claims that because Plaintiffs are not its employees, but the employees of one of its subcontractors, SLSCO's promise in the Prime Contract to pay a prevailing wage does not extend down to Plaintiffs. SLSCO concludes that Plaintiffs are not direct, but, at most, incidental beneficiaries of SLSCO's agreement in the Prime Contract to pay a prevailing wage.
In opposition, Plaintiffs argue that there are many cases in which the employees of a subcontractor have successfully sued the general contractor for failure to pay prevailing wages as third-party beneficiaries of the prime contract between the public entity and the general contractor. However, most of the cases cited by Plaintiffs do not directly address that issue. For example, in Wysocki v Kel-Tech Construction, Inc., Index No. 603591/2003 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. County Apr. 8, 2005) (Solomon, J.), Justice Solomon addressed whether arbitration under a collective bargaining agreement is a precondition for the laborer's assertion of a third-party beneficiary claim under a public construction contract. There was simply no discussion of whether the employees of a subcontractor were direct and immediate third-party beneficiaries of the prime contract.
Other cases cited by Plaintiffs state, without discussing, that some of the defendants are subcontractors, but again these cases do not specifically address whether subcontractors are direct and immediate third-party beneficiaries of the prime contract. See, e.g. Ortiz v. J.P. Jack Corporation, Index No. 6989/1998 (Sup. Ct., Queens Co. 1999); Ansah v. A. W.I. Security & Investigation, Inc., 2014 N.Y. Misc. LEXIS 1690 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Co. Apr. 9, 2014), aff'd 129 A.D.3d 538 (1st Dep't 2015). Moreover, none of these cases discuss whether the public entities' and contractors' specific disclaimer of any third-party beneficiary rights may be enforced.
Plaintiffs and SLSCO cite two cases which do squarely address the issue of whether subcontractors are direct, or merely incidental, third-party beneficiaries under a prime contract between a public entity and a general contractor. In each case the laborer plaintiffs were subcontractors of a prime contract between the general contract and the public entity, and the prime contract contained language incorporating the requirements of Labor Law § 220. The courts in these two cases came to opposite conclusions. Compare Barragan-Aquino v. East Port Excavation & Utilities Contractors, Inc., 2014 WL 1117269 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 18, 2014) with Lane v KBC Concrete Corp., Index No. 100627/2011, (Sup. Ct. N.Y. County Feb. 4, 2016) (Kalish, J.).
In Barragan-Aquino v. East Port Excavation & Utilities Contractors, Inc., 2014 WL 111 7269 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 18, 2014), Judge Feuerstein acknowledged that the employees of the general contractor could sue as third-party beneficiaries under the prime contract. Id. at 7. She nevertheless found that:
Plaintiffs cannot state a third-party beneficiary breach of contract claim against the [contractor] defendants because, inter alia, the [contractor] defendants, who were not plaintiffs' employer, had no duty under the contract with the [public entity] to compensate plaintiffs if they were not paid prevailing wage rates and supplemental benefits by their employer. Accordingly, plaintiffs were not the intended beneficiaries of the [public] Contract; at most they were incidental beneficiaries thereunder.
Barragan-Aquino v. East Port Excavation & Utilities Contractors, Inc., 2014 WL 111 7269 at 8.1
Judge Kalish of the Supreme Court, New York County, came to the opposite conclusion in Lane v KBC Concrete Corp. Index No. 100627/2011 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. County, Feb. 4, 2016) (Kalish, J.). Judge Kalish held that:
[W]here the Labor Law requires the inclusion of a provision for payment of the prevailing wage in a labor contract between a public agency and a contractor, the employees of subcontractors are de facto third-party beneficiaries to said public contracts for the purpose of making common law breach of contract claims against the general contractor for underpayment. . . [S]aid employees are not required to make any additional showing nor plead any additional facts to establish their status as third-party beneficiaries under the public contracts for the purpose of making breach of contract claims against the general contractor for underpayment.
Lane, Index No. 100627/2011, at 13. Further, Judge Kalish held that the general contractor could not extinguish the subcontractors' employees' right to sue for a prevailing wage simply by contracting around that right with a negation clause. Id. 14.
I agree with Judge Kalish that, given New York's strong commitment to ensuring the payment to laborers of a prevailing wage, as evidenced both in Labor Law § 220 and the common law, the employees of the subcontractor are third-party beneficiaries of the prevailing wage promise in the prime contract and should be permitted to allege that the general contractor breached that obligation. First, the general contractor has a duty, under Labor Law § 220, to commit its subcontractors to paying a prevailing wage. To permit the general contractor to discharge that duty simply by subcontracting out work and inserting a prevailing wage provision in the subcontract, does not give sufficient teeth to the Labor Law's protections and the general contractor's obligations.
Second, the Labor Law itself makes clear that the subcontractors' employees should also be beneficiaries of the general contractor's obligation to ensure that laborers on the public project are paid a prevailing wage. Thus, Labor Law § 220 specifically provides that the prime contract "shall contain a provision that each laborer, workman or mechanic, employed by such contractor, subcontractor or other person about or upon such public work, shall be paid the wages herein provided." Emphasis supplied.
Third, as between the general contractor, who may choose with whom it subcontracts, and the laborers under the subcontract, the Labor Law makes clear that the general contractor should bear the risk that it has hired a subcontractor who fails to pay a prevailing wage.
Assuming that the subcontractors have a right to seek a prevailing wage as against SLSCO as third-party beneficiaries of the Prime Contract, SLSCO has nevertheless attempted to contractually eliminate that right. The Prime Contract contains a negation clause, which provides that the Prime Contract "shall not be deemed to create any new right of action in favor of third parties against [SLSCO] or [New York City]."
As stated above, New York has a strong public policy in favor of enforcing Labor Law § 220, the purpose of which is to ensure that each laborer is paid "not less than the prevailing rate for a day's work in the same trade or occupation in the locality within the state where such public work . . . is performed." Labor Law § 220(3). Indeed, Labor Law § 220 has been portrayed as "an attempt by the State to hold its territorial subdivisions to a standard of social justice in their dealings with laborers, workmen, and mechanics." Austin v. City of New York, 258 N.Y. 113, 117 (1932); De La Cruz v Caddell Dry Dock & Repair Co., Inc., 21 N.Y.3d 530, 535 (2013). A negation clause like the one in the Prime Contract would plainly circumvent New York's strong public policy, at least to the extent that it is interpreted to eliminate the common law right of a laborer to sue for payment of a prevailing wage.
It is well settled that New York courts will not enforce a contractual provision that violates public policy. See City of New York v. 17 Vista Associates, 84 N.Y.2d 299, 306 (1994); Szerdahelyi v. Harris, 67 N.Y.2d 42, 48 (1986); McConnell v. Commonwealth Pictures Corp., 7 N.Y.2d 465, 469 (1960). Like Judge Kalish, I find that enforcement of a negation clause like the clause in the Prime Contract, to eliminate the Plaintiffs' common law right as third-party beneficiaries of the Prime Contract to enforce the prevailing wage requirement, is against strong New York public policy. I therefore decline to enforce the provision.
For the foregoing reasons, I find that the Plaintiffs may assert a breach of contract claim against SLCSO as third-party beneficiaries of the Prime Contract.
ORDERED that the motion of defendant SLSCO, L.P. d/b/a Sullivan Land Services, Ltd., to dismiss the amended complaint against it is denied. SLSCO, L.P. d/b/a Sullivan Land Services, Ltd. is directed to serve an answer to the amended complaint within twenty days of the date of this order.
FootNotes 1. In addition, Judge Feuerstein held that a negation clause in the prime contract expressly disclaiming any intent on the parties' part to create a benefit for any third-party was enforceable against the subcontractor employees. Id. at 8-9.