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Comp. Astm En | Structural Steel | Steel
Comp. Astm En
Uploaded by stion
Elmar Upitis, PE Michael Gold
This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by ASME and the ASME Standards Technology, LLC (ASME ST-LLC). Neither ASME, ASME ST-LLC, the authors, nor others involved in the preparation or review of this report, nor any of their respective employees, members, or persons acting on their behalf, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe upon privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by ASME ST-LLC or others involved in the preparation or review of this report, or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of the authors, contributors, reviewers of the report expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of ASME ST-LLC or others involved in the preparation or review of this report, or any agency thereof. ASME ST-LLC does not take any position with respect to the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any items mentioned in this document, and does not undertake to insure anyone utilizing a publication against liability for infringement of any applicable Letters Patent, nor assumes any such liability. Users of a publication are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility. Participation by federal agency representative(s) or person(s) affiliated with industry is not to be interpreted as government or industry endorsement of this publication. ASME is the registered trademark of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
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A study was conducted under the ASME Standards Technology, LLC (ASME ST-LLC) to compare ASME and European specifications for mechanical testing of steels for pressure equipment. The study has concluded that there are no technical differences between the two systems, the ASTM/ASME requirements and the EN requirements for material testing, that would support a position that one or the other system of requirements is more or less conservative than the other. The systems are slightly different, but, when used in conjunction with their respective construction codes, the European Pressure Equipment Directive (PED) and the ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Codes, they assure the production of safe pressure equipment. There are three significant differences worthy of separate note. These are the EN requirement for elevated temperature proof testing, the EN requirement for a minimum absorbed energy impact test value for all pressure equipment materials, and the ASME requirement for lateral expansion values for some materials and some equipment to be reported from impact tests, in addition to the absorbed energy. The difference between the EN requirement for elevated temperature proof testing (equivalent to a requirement for elevated temperature yield strength testing) vs. the ASME approach employing trend curves for both elevated temperature yield strength and elevated temperature tensile strength, is discussed in detail in the report. In the EN system, the maximum design stresses to be used in construction appear in the material specifications and are based on the measured proof stress as a function of temperature. The material manufacture is required to assure that the proof stress values adequately support the design allowable stresses. In the ASME system, the construction code establishes the design allowable stresses, based on data analyzed under the auspices of ASME. The material manufacturer certifies only that the material meets the room-temperature properties listed in the specification. The material manufacturer is not in a position to assure that the design allowable stresses are suitable, because he is not a party to their development, other than that the material manufacturer often provides representative data as a function of temperature to the ASME committee. ASME may analyze that data (to develop maximum allowable stresses) either alone, or in conjunction with data obtained from other sources. The insistence by European authorities on material having elevated temperature proof test data that assures the validity of the allowable stresses has often prevented the use of ASME materials in PED construction. However, even though the guaranteed proof stress values in EN material specifications may be somewhat lower (more conservative) than the yield strength values used as part of the basis for allowable stresses in the ASME construction codes, many studies have shown that vessels designed to the PED code are thinner and lighter (less conservative) than corresponding vessels constructed to the ASME Code. Nonetheless, experience shows that both systems lead to the manufacture of vessels with adequate protection against plastic collapse, and having equivalent safety records. As mentioned in the matrix report, the EN codes require a minimum 27 J (20 ft. lb.) absorbed energy for all pressure equipment. The ASME code for boilers (which always operate at elevated temperature), Section I, does not contain an explicit impact testing requirement. In fact, as explained in the report, there are instances in which an absolute requirement for an absorbed energy minimum can lead to degradation of the principle function of boiler materials, that of retaining pressure at elevated temperatures. The ASME codes for pressure vessels, however, contain extensive requirements for impact testing, since these vessels often operate at ambient temperatures and cooler. The impact testing requirements vary with material, heat treatment condition, and thickness, as explained in the report. Neither set of requirements can be directly compared against the other. However, both sets of rules provide reasonable protection against brittle fracture.
Finally, in addition to the requirements for meeting minimum absorbed energy requirements for certain materials, the ASME pressure vessel codes also impose additional requirements involving the a minimum mils of lateral expansion (MLE) of specimens used in the impact test (which, in the European system is used only to determine absorbed energy). Some experts feel that MLE is a better indication of notch toughness (and thus of resistance to brittle fracture) than absorbed energy, at least for high-strength steels. While this position may not be universally accepted, MLE requirements for some materials have been incorporated into the ASME pressure vessel codes.
in the ASME and ASTM materials specifications are the 2 in. (50 mm) gage length round, 0.5 in (12.5 mm) dia., test specimen. Commonly used test specimens in the EN specifications are the 5.65√So gage length test specimen (where So = original cross-sectional area). However, the issue of differing tensile test specimen is not a factor in determining tensile properties as the stress at which a specimen begins to yield or at which it ruptures is a ratio of the actual cross sectional area of the specimen at that moment to the applied load. It is a property of the material, not of the geometry of the specimen. Gage Length: Gage lengths for elongation and tensile testing are different in the ASME and in the EN material specifications. Elongation is affected by the ratio of the length of the specimen to its cross section, so the difference between the 4:1 ASME (ASTM) tension specimen and the 5:1 ISO tension specimen might affect elongation values. However, ASME doesn’t use elongation values in any of the Code requirements; therefore, this is not an issue that affects the use of the material.
EN Material Specifications: The EN specifications list the 0.2% proof strength values, Rp0.2, at temperatures above the room temperature, up to the temperature where time dependent properties govern. Verification of the 0.2% proof strength, 1.0% proof strength, and/or tensile strength at elevated temperature for austenitic steels is subject to agreement. The same type of test pieces are used as for room temperature testing. ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code: The ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code does not require elevated temperature tension tests. However, ASME does require sufficient data for all new materials (materials that have not yet been approved for ASME Code construction) at 40º C (100º F) intervals above the room temperature up to 40º C (100º F) above the maximum use temperature to establish “trend curves”. These “trend curves” are used for establishing
General: Hardness testing for products supplied to ASME material specifications is only performed when required by the product specification or when specified by the purchaser. There is significant variation in this requirement among product forms. Plate specifications usually have both minimum and maximum tensile strength requirements. Since the maximum hardness serves a similar purpose to a maximum tensile strength, hardness testing is not usually required by plate specifications. Other product forms, such as tubing and pipe, normally require only a minimum tensile strength. In material specifications for these product forms, hardness testing is usually mandatory. Other product forms, particularly those for which many small parts are made from a heat of steel, such as fittings, may have a capability hardness requirement. Hardness testing is not required, but a purchaser who finds one or more parts that don’t meet the capability requirement can reject the parts. Test methods and hardness determination: ASME SA-370 references Test Method E 10 for detailed requirements of the Brinell hardness test. The methods for Brinell hardness testing and hardness determination are essentially the same in EN ISO 6506-1 as in ASTM E 10. EN ISO 6506-1, Annex C, gives Brinell hardness numbers for force-diameter ratios of 30, 15, 10, 5, 2.5, and 1, whereas ASTM E10 and SA-370 give hardness numbers for 3000, 1500, and 500 kgf loads. The hardness numbers for the 3000, 1500, and 500 kgf loads correspond to those for diameter-force ratios of 30, 15, and 5 in EN ISO 6506-1.
in these formulas differ by a factor 9.80665. However, EN ISO 6507-1 includes some additional tables. For example, Table 3 gives the applied force F (in Newton’s) for HV 5 to HV hardness tests, for low-force hardness tests HV 0.2 to HV 3), and for micro-hardness tests (HV 0.01 to HV 0.1). ASTM E 92, paragraph 5.1.1 states that the minimum thickness of the test specimen shall be such that there is no bulge or other indication of the effect of the force on the backside of the test specimen. The graph in EN ISO 6507-1, Fig. A.1 shows the minimum thickness of the test piece in relation to the test force and to the various hardness measurements (HV 0.2 to HV 100).
expansion, MLE) measured opposite the notch of the fractured Charpy V-notch specimen. ASME Section VIII, Divisions 1 and 2, require the 15 MLE minimum single value for carbon and low alloy steels with specified minimum UTS of 95 ksi (655 MPa) and greater, fur all UHT materials in Div. 1 and for all AQT materials in Div. 2, and for high alloy steels required to be impact tested by the Section VIII rules. Fig. UHT-6.1 (and Fig. AM-211.2) require greater values than 15 MLE for thicknesses greater than 1¼ in. (32 mm). There are no provisions in EN 10045-1 (or in EN 13445) for measurement of lateral expansion or fracture appearance (percent of shear fracture).
Processing: EN10028-1 permits “normalized rolling” in lieu of “normalizing”, which is not acceptable in ASME SA-20 (ASTM A 20). Mechanical tests: EN10028-1 requires the following mechanical tests for flat steel products: - Tensile tests at room temperature; - Tensile tests at elevated temperature to determine the 0.2 % proof strength (or the 1.0 % proof strength) and the tensile strength at the specified elevated temperature in accordance with EN 10002-5. If no temperature is specified, the test shall be at 300 ºC (572 ºF), except for austenitic ferritic steels of EN 10028-7 the tests shall be at 250 ºC (482 ºF). - Impact tests (except for austenitic steels). ASME SA-20 does not require impact tests, but includes requirements for impact testing when required by the individual product specification or when specified by the Purchaser (e.g., to comply with ASME Code requirements or any additional Purchaser requirements). Test specimen location in a plate and the amount of test specimen: EN10028-1 requires test specimen to be taken from the ¼ width at the end of the plate. ASME material specifications require the test specimen to be taken from a corner of the plate. EN10028-1 requires one tension tests from each test unit (rolled plate), including Q&T plates in EN 10028-6. ASME SA-20 requires tension test from each end of Q&T plate, including plates produced from coils and quenched and tempered. In addition, ASME requires the test specimen to be taken 1T from any heat treated edge.
Number of Tests: ASME SA-480 (ASTM A 480) requires a minimum of one tension test, one bend test (when required), and one hardness test on each 100 or less pieces of the same heat and nominal thickness, and heat treated within the same operating period, for plate, sheet and strip, produced in cut lengths. Tension tests may be in the longitudinal or transverse direction. Strain Rate: The testing speed between yield the strength and the fracture of the specimen shall be between 1/8 and ½ in./in./min. (0.002 and 0.008 mm/mm/sec.).
Mechanical Tests: EN10222-1 requires the following mechanical tests: Tensile tests at room temperature; Tensile tests at elevated temperature. For steels whose designation has “H” suffix (EN 10222-2) the manufacturer shall provide proof to the purchaser in accordance with ENV 22605-1 and ENV 22605-2 that the product consistently meets the specified elevated temperature properties. If there is not sufficient data to meet the requirements of ENV 226051 and ENV 22605-2, one test shall be made from each heat of steel to show that the material meets the elevated temperature properties listed in EN 10222-2. Impact tests (except for austenitic steels). Number of Tests: One test per each batch exceeding 6000 kg (13250 lb) for non-alloyed steel and austenitic steel forgings not exceeding individual weight of 1000 kg (2210 lb) and tensile strength, Rm ≤ 510 MPa (74 ksi). For all other forgings, one test per each batch exceeding 3000 kg (6620 lb) and the individual weight of each forging not exceeding 500 kg (1100 lb).
Test specimen location and orientation: All samples shall be t/4 below the heat treated surface and t/2 from the end. The direction of the test specimen shall be transverse to the grain flow, except for forged bars with diameter < 160 mm (6.3 in.), in which case the shall be parallel to the grain flow. ASME SA-788 (Steel Forgings) Mechanical tests: The sampling, tension testing, impact testing, and hardness testing shall conform to the requirements of the product specification. Tension tests are performed at room temperature. Number of Tests: The number of tests is specified in the product specification and may vary in the different forging specifications. Generally, a test is required from a forging from each heat and heat treatment charge; however, more tests are specified for larger and heavier forgings. Test specimen location and orientation: For heat treated forgings, all test specimens shall be from a location t/4 below the heat treated surface, where t is the maximum heat treated thickness. For quenched and tempered forgings, the test specimens shall be at a distance t from any second heat treated surface. The direction of the test specimen generally is not specified in the forging specifications. With prior purchaser approval, some forging specifications also permit test specimens from heat treated ferritic thick and complex forgings to be taken at a depth t, corresponding to the distance from the area of significant stress to the nearest heat treated surface and at least twice this distance (2t) from any second surface; however, the test depth shall not be nearer to one heat treated surface than ¾ in. (19 mm) and 1½ in. (38 mm) to the second heat treated surface. Again, there is little technical consequence arising from any differences in these test requirements.
EN 10204 lists the following inspection documents, to be supplied by the material manufacturer to the Purchaser: Type 2.1, Statement of Compliance with the order. Type 2.2, Statement of Compliance with the order, with typical data. Type 3.1, Statement of Compliance with the order with the results of all required tests. Validated by the manufacturer’s authorized inspection representative, independent of the manufacturing department.
While domestic material manufacturers all have their own quality assurance or quality control organizations, they do not have “authorized inspection representatives,” which are usually taken to mean independent third-party or government inspection agencies. Whether purchasers have there on inspectors present in a material manufacturer’s facility is a contractual issue, not an ASME or material specification issue. Compliance conflicts between material producers and purchasers are subject to the uniform Commercial Code and other laws such as those governing fraud.
Type 3.2, Statement of Compliance with the order with the results of all required tests. Validated by the manufacturer’s authorized inspection representative, independent of the manufacturing department, and by the Purchaser’s authorized inspection representative or the inspector designated by the official regulations. The type of certification to be supplied by the material manufacturer is generally specified in the general requirements specifications for the various product forms (SA-20, SA-480, SA-530, SA-788, SA-961, etc.). ASME and (ASTM) has two types of certification: Certificate of Compliance (COC) – It contains the information specified in the product specification and in the purchase order. It may contain typical production data but need not contain test data from the actual production material. The Purchaser may also request the manufacturer to issue a Test Report in lieu of the COC. Manufacturer’s Test Report (MTR) – The manufacturer (or processor, as applicable) shall report the results of all tests required by the material specification, applicable supplementary requirements, and the purchase order. For example, the general requirements specifications SA-20 and A-788 require Manufacturer’s Test Reports for plates and
Reference: Bernard Creton, “Mechanical Testing Issues Related to Steels Used for Pressure Equipment”, October 28, 2004.
EN 10028 EN 10028-1 (April 2003) - Flat products made of steels for pressure purposes - Part 1: General requirements EN 10028-2 (December 2003) - Flat products made of steels for pressure purposes - Part 2: Non-alloy and alloy steels with specified elevated temperature properties EN 10028-3 (December 2003) - Flat products made of steels for pressure purposes - Part 3: Weldable fine grain steels, normalized EN 10028-4 (December 2003) - Flat products made of steels for pressure purposes - Part 4:Nickel alloy steels with specified low temperature properties EN 10028-5 (December 2003) - Flat products made of steels for pressure purposes - Part 5: Weldable fine grain steels, thermomechanically rolled EN 10028-6 (December 2003) - Flat products made of steels for pressure purposes - Part 6: Weldable fine grain steels, quenched and tempered EN 10028-7 (March 2000) - Flat products made of steels for pressure purposes - Part 7: Stainless steels EN 10213 EN 10213-1 (December 1995) - Technical delivery conditions for steel castings for pressure purposes. Part 1: General EN 10213-2 (December 1995) – Technical delivery conditions for steel castings for pressure purposes. Part 2: Steel grades for use at room temperature and elevated temperatures EN 10213-3 (December 1995) - Technical delivery conditions for steel castings for pressure purposes. Part 3: Steel grades for use at low temperatures EN 10213-4 (December 1995) - Technical delivery conditions for steel castings for pressure purposes. Part 4: Austenitic and austenitic-ferritic steel grades EN 10216 EN 10216-1 (May 2002) - Seamless steel tubes for pressure purposes - Technical delivery conditions Part 1: Non-alloy steel tubes with specified room temperature properties EN 10216-2 (May 2002) - Seamless steel tubes for pressure purposes - Technical delivery conditions Part 2: Non-alloy and alloy steel tubes with specified elevated temperature properties EN 10216-3 (May 2002) - Seamless steel tubes for pressure purposes - Technical delivery conditions Part 3: Alloy fine grain steel tubes EN 10216-4 (May 2002) - Seamless steel tubes for pressure purposes - Technical delivery conditions Part 4: Non-alloy and alloy steel tubes with specified low temperature properties EN 10217 EN 10217-1(May 2002) - Welded steel tubes for pressure purposes - Technical delivery conditions - Part 1: Non-alloy steel tubes with specified room temperature properties
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