Source: http://www.google.com/patents/US7367240?dq=6,188,988
Timestamp: 2015-01-29 11:19:25
Document Index: 485496086

Matched Legal Cases: ['Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60', 'art 3']

Patent US7367240 - Apparatus and method for providing a flow measurement compensated for ... - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsA apparatus 10, 110 is provided that measures the speed of sound and/or vortical disturbances propagating in a fluid or mixture having entrained gas/air to determine the gas volume fraction of the flow 12 propagating through a pipes and compensating or correcting the volumetric flow measurement for entrained...http://www.google.com/patents/US7367240?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US7367240 - Apparatus and method for providing a flow measurement compensated for entrained gasAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS7367240 B2Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 11/656,848Publication dateMay 6, 2008Filing dateJan 22, 2007Priority dateNov 15, 2002Fee statusPaidAlso published asUS7165464, US20040255695, US20070151365Publication number11656848, 656848, US 7367240 B2, US 7367240B2, US-B2-7367240, US7367240 B2, US7367240B2InventorsDaniel L. Gysling, Douglas H. LooseOriginal AssigneeCidra CorporationExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (91), Non-Patent Citations (12), Referenced by (9), Classifications (15), Legal Events (5) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetApparatus and method for providing a flow measurement compensated for entrained gasUS 7367240 B2Abstract A apparatus 10, 110 is provided that measures the speed of sound and/or vortical disturbances propagating in a fluid or mixture having entrained gas/air to determine the gas volume fraction of the flow 12 propagating through a pipes and compensating or correcting the volumetric flow measurement for entrained air. The GVF meter includes and array of sensor disposed axially along the length of the pipe. The GVF measures the speed of sound propagating through the pipe and fluid to determine the gas volume fraction of the mixture using array processing. The GVF meter can be used with an electromagnetic meter and a consistency meter to compensate for volumetric flow rate and consistency measurement respective, to correct for errors due to entrained gas/air.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/766,440, filed on Jan. 27, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,165,464 which is a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/715,197, filed on Nov. 17, 2003, now abandoned which claimed the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/426,723, filed Nov. 15, 2002; U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/441,395, filed Jan. 21, 2003, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/441,652, filed Jan. 22, 2003; U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/442,968, filed Jan. 27, 2003, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/503,349, filed Sep. 16, 2003; and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/518,171, filed Nov. 7, 2003, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
Qair+Qliquid=Qmix Qair=GVFair*Qmix Qliquid=(1−GVFair)Qmix
Other information relating to the gas volume fraction in a fluid and the speed of sound (or sonic velocity) in the fluid, is described in �Fluid Mechanics and Measurements in two-phase flow Systems�, Institution of mechanical engineers, proceedings 1969-1970 Vol. 184 part 3C, Sep. 24-25 1969, Birdcage Walk, Westminster, London S.W. 1, England, which is incorporated herein by reference.
In an embodiment of the present invention shown in FIG. 1, the apparatus 10 has at least four pressure sensors 18-21 disposed axially along the pipe 14 for measuring the unsteady pressure P1-PN of the mixture 12 flowing therethrough. Both measurements are derive by interpreting the unsteady pressure field within the process piping using multiple transducers displaced axially over �2 diameters in length. The flow measurements can be performed using ported pressure transducers or clamp-on, strain-based sensors.
1) Determining the speed of sound of acoustical disturbances or sound waves propagating through the flow 12 using the array of pressure sensors 18-21, and/or 2) Determining the velocity of vortical disturbances or �eddies� propagating through the flow 12 using the array of pressure sensors 18-21. Generally, the first technique measures unsteady pressures created by acoustical disturbances propagating through the flow 12 to determine the speed of sound (SOS) propagating through the flow. Knowing the pressure and/or temperature of the flow and the speed of sound of the acoustical disturbances, the processing unit 24 can determine the gas volume fraction of the mixture, as described and shown in FIG. 3.
The second technique measures the velocities associated with unsteady flow fields and/or pressure disturbances created by vortical disturbances or �eddies� 118 to determine the velocity of the flow 12. The pressure sensors 18-21 measure the unsteady pressures P1-PN created by the vortical disturbances as these disturbances convect within the flow 12 through the pipe 14 in a known manner, as shown in FIG. 10. Therefore, the velocity of these vortical disturbances is related to the velocity of the mixture and hence the volumetric flow rate may be determined, as will be described in greater detail hereinafter.
Piezoelectric film (�piezofilm�), like piezoelectric material, is a dynamic material that develops an electrical charge proportional to a change in mechanical stress. Consequently, the piezoelectric material measures the strain induced within the pipe 14 due to unsteady pressure variations (e.g., vortical and/or acoustical) within the process mixture 12. Strain within the pipe is transduced to an output voltage or current by the attached piezoelectric sensor. The piezoelectrical material or film may be formed of a polymer, such as polarized fluoropolymer, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). The piezoelectric film sensors are similar to that described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/712,833, publication number 04-0168523, now abandoned, which is incorporated herein by reference.
The apparatus 10 of the present invention may be configured and programmed to measure and process the detected unsteady pressures P1(t)-PN(t) created by acoustic waves and/or vortical disturbances, respectively, propagating through the mixture to determine the SOS within the pipe 14 and the velocity of the mixture 12. One such apparatus 110 is shown in FIG. 4 that measures the speed of sound (SOS) of one-dimensional sound waves propagating through the mixture to determine the gas volume fraction of the mixture. It is known that sound propagates through various mediums at various speeds in such fields as SONAR and RADAR fields. The speed of sound propagating through the pipe and mixture 12 may be determined using a number of known techniques, such as those set forth in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/344,094, entitled �Fluid Parameter Measurement in Pipes Using Acoustic Pressures�, filed Jun. 25, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,354,147; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/729,994, filed Dec. 4, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,609,069; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/997,221, filed Nov. 28, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,587,798; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/007,749, entitled �Fluid Parameter Measurement in Pipes Using Acoustic Pressures�, filed Nov. 7, 2001, each of which are incorporated herein by reference.
a eff = 1 1 a mix ∞ 2 + ρ mix 2 R Et ( eq 1 ) Note: �vacuum backed� as used herein refers to a situation in which the fluid surrounding the pipe externally has negligible acoustic impedance compared to that of the mixture internal to the pipe 14. For example, meter containing a typical water and pulp slurry immersed in air at standard atmospheric conditions satisfies this condition and can be considered �vacuum-backed�.
FIG. 9 shows a k-ω plot generated for acoustic sound field recorded from water flowing at a rate of 240 gpm containing �2% entrained air by volume in a 3 in, schedule 10, stainless steel pipe. The k-ω plot was constructed using data from an array of strain-based sensors attached to the outside of the pipe. Two acoustic ridges are clearly evident. Based on the slopes of the acoustic ridges, the sound speed for this for this mixture was 330 ft/sec (100 m/s), consistent with that predicted by the Wood equation. Note that adding 2% air by volume reduces the sound speed of the bubbly mixture to less than 10% of the the sound speed of single phase water.
The critical Reynolds number for pipe flows, above which flows are considered turbulent, is �2300. Most flows in the paper and pulp industry have Reynolds number ranging from one hundred thousand to several million, well within the turbulent regime. In addition to demarcating a boundary between laminar and turbulent flow regimes, the Reynolds number is a similarity parameter for pipe flows, i.e. flows in geometrically similar pipes with the same Reynolds number are dynamically similar (Schlichting p. 12).
In sonar array processing, the spatial/temporal frequency content of time stationary sound fields are often displayed using �k-ω plots�, as discussed hereinbefore. K-ω plots are essentially three-dimensional power spectra in which the power of a sound field is decomposed into bins corresponding to specific spatial wave numbers and temporal frequencies. On a k-ω plot, the power associated with a pressure field convecting with the flow is distributed in regions, which satisfies the dispersion relationship developed above. This region is termed �the convective ridge� 201 (Beranek, 1992) and the slope of this ridge on a k-w plot indicates the convective velocity of the pressure field. This suggests that the convective velocity of turbulent eddies, and hence flow rate within a pipe 14, can be determined by constructing a k-ω plot from the output of a phased array of sensor and identifying the slope of the convective ridge 201.
FIG. 12 shows an example of a k-ω plot generated from a phased array of pressure sensors. The power contours show a well-defined convective ridge. A parametric optimization method was used to determine the �best� line representing the slope of the convective ridge 201. For this case, a slope of 14.2 ft/sec was determined. The intermediate result of the optimization procedure is displayed in the insert, showing that optimized value is a unique and well-defined optima.
The pressure sensors 18-21 of FIG. 1 described herein may be any type of pressure sensor, capable of measuring the unsteady (or ac or dynamic ) pressures within a pipe 14, such as piezoelectric, optical, capacitive, resistive (e.g., Wheatstone bridge), accelerometers (or geophones), velocity measuring devices, displacement measuring devices, etc. If optical pressure sensors are used, the sensors 18-21 may be Bragg grating based pressure sensors, such as that described in U.S. patent application, Ser. No. 08/925,598, entitled �High Sensitivity Fiber Optic Pressure Sensor For Use In Harsh Environments�, filed Sep. 8, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,016,702, and in U.S. patent application, Ser. No. 10/224,821, entitled �Non-Intrusive Fiber Optic Pressure Sensor for Measuring Unsteady Pressures within a Pipe�, which are incorporated herein by reference. In an embodiment of the present invention that utilizes fiber optics as the pressure sensors 14 they may be connected individually or may be multiplexed along one or more optical fibers using wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), time division multiplexing (TDM), or any other optical multiplexing techniques.
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