Source: https://www.legalcrystal.com/case/100322/labor-board-vs-washington-aluminum-co
Timestamp: 2018-03-23 01:32:01
Document Index: 708913051

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 7', '§ 2', '§ 10', '§ 7', '§ 8', '§ 10', '§ 7', '§ 10', '§ 7', '§ 7', '§ 7', '§ 2', '§ 7', '§ 7', '§ 7']

Labor Board Vs Washington Aluminum Co - Citation 100322 - Court Judgment | LegalCrystal
Labor Board Vs. Washington Aluminum Co. - Court Judgment
LegalCrystal Citation legalcrystal.com/100322
Case Number 370 U.S. 9
Respondent Washington Aluminum Co.
.....evidence and which were not disturbed below, show a running dispute between the machine shop employees and the company over the heating of the shop of cold days -- a dispute which culminated in the decision of the page 370 u. s. 16 employees to act concertedly in an effort to force the company to improve that condition of their employment. the fact that the company was already making every effort to repair the furnace and bring heat into the shop that morning does not change the nature of the controversy that caused the walkout. at the very most, that fact might tend to indicate that the conduct of the men in leaving was unnecessary and unwise, and it has long been settled that the reasonableness of workers' decisions to engage in concerted activity is irrelevant to.....
Labor Board v. Washington Aluminum Co. - 370 U.S. 9 (1962)
U.S. Supreme Court Labor Board v. Washington Aluminum Co., 370 U.S. 9 (1962)
Held: the Board correctly interpreted and applied the Act to the circumstances of this case, and the Court of Appeals should have enforced its order. Pp. 370 U. S. 10 -18.
(a) These employees did not lose their right under § 7 to engage in concerted activities merely because they did not present a specific demand upon their employer to remedy a condition they found objectionable. Pp. 370 U. S. 14 -15.
(b) The walkout involved here grew out of a "labor dispute" within the meaning of § 2(a) of the Act. Pp. 370 U. S. 15 -16.
(c) The fact that respondent had an established rule forbidding employees to leave their work without permission of the foreman was not justifiable "cause" for their discharge within the meaning of § 10(c). Pp. 370 U. S. 16 -17.
291 F.2d 869 reversed.
The Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, with Chief Judge Sobeloff dissenting, refused to enforce an order of the National Labor Relations Board directing the respondent Washington Aluminum Company to reinstate and make whole seven employees whom the company had discharged for leaving their work in the machine shop without permission on claims that the shop was too cold to work in. [ Footnote 1 ] Because that decision raises important questions affecting the proper administration of the National Labor Relations Act, [ Footnote 2 ] we granted certiorari. [ Footnote 3 ]
The Board's order, as shown by the record and its findings, rested upon these facts and circumstances. The respondent company is engaged in the fabrication of aluminum products in Baltimore, Maryland, a business having interstate aspects that subject it to regulation under the National Labor Relations Act. The machine shop in which the seven discharged employees worked was not insulated, and had a number of doors to the outside that had to be opened frequently. An oil furnace located in an adjoining building was the chief source of heat for the shop, although there were two gas-fired space heaters that contributed heat to a lesser extent. The heat produced
by these units was not always satisfactory, and, even prior to the day of the walkout involved here, several of the eight machinists who made up the day shift at the shop had complained from time to time to the company's foreman "over the cold working conditions." [ Footnote 4 ]
January 5, 1959, was an extraordinarily cold day for Baltimore, with unusually high winds and a low temperature of 11 degrees followed by a high of 22. When the employees on the day shift came to work that morning, they found the shop bitterly cold, due not only to the unusually harsh weather, but also to the fact that the large oil furnace had broken down the night before, and had not as yet been put back into operation. As the workers gathered in the shop just before the starting hour of 7:30, one of them, a Mr. Caron, went into the office of Mr. Jarvis, the foreman, hoping to warm himself but, instead, found the foreman's quarters as uncomfortable as the rest of the shop. As Caron and Jarvis sat in Jarvis' office discussing how bitingly cold the building was, some of the other machinists walked by the office window "huddled" together in a fashion that caused Jarvis to exclaim that "[i]f those fellows had any guts at all, they would go home." When the starting buzzer sounded a few moments later, Caron walked back to his working place in the shop and found all the other machinists "huddled there, shaking a little, cold." Caron then said to these workers, " . . . Dave [Jarvis] told me if we had any guts, we would go home. . . . I am going home, it is too damned cold to work." Caron asked the other
workers what they were going to do, and, after some discussion among themselves, they decided to leave with him. One of these workers, testifying before the Board, summarized their entire discussion this way: "And we had all got together and thought it would be a good idea to go home; maybe we could get some heat brought into the plant that way." [ Footnote 5 ] As they started to leave, Jarvis approached and persuaded one of the workers to remain at the job. But Caron and the other six workers on the day shift left practically in a body in a matter of minutes after the 7:30 buzzer.
On these facts, the Board found that the conduct of the workers was a concerted activity to protest the company's failure to supply adequate heat in its machine shop, that such conduct is protected under the provision of § 7 of the National Labor Relations Act, which guarantees that "Employees shall have the right . . . to engage in . . . concerted activities for the purpose of collective
bargaining or other mutual aid or protection," [ Footnote 6 ] and that the discharge of these workers by the company amounted to an unfair labor practice under § 8(a)(1) of the Act, which forbids employers "to interfere with, restrain, or coerce employees in the exercise of the rights guaranteed in section 7." [ Footnote 7 ] Acting under the authority of § 10(c) of the Act, which provides that, when an employer has been guilty of an unfair labor practice, the Board can "take such affirmative action including reinstatement of employees with or without back pay, as will effectuate the policies of this Act," [ Footnote 8 ] the Board then ordered the company to reinstate the discharged workers to their previous positions and to make them whole for losses resulting from what the Board found to have been the unlawful termination of their employment.
In denying enforcement of this order, the majority of the Court of Appeals took the position that, because the workers simply "summarily left their place of employment" without affording the company an "opportunity to avoid the work stoppage by granting a concession to a demand," their walkout did not amount to a concerted activity protected by § 7 of the Act. [ Footnote 9 ] On this basis, they
held that there was no justification for the conduct of the workers in violating the established rules of the plant by leaving their jobs without permission, and that the Board had therefore exceeded its power in issuing the order involved here because § 10(c) declares that the Board shall not require reinstatement or back pay for an employee whom an employer has suspended or discharged "for cause." [ Footnote 10 ]
We cannot agree that employees necessarily lose their right to engage in concerted activities under § 7 merely because they do not present a specific demand upon their employer to remedy a condition they find objectionable. The language of § 7 is broad enough to protect concerted activities whether they take place before, after, or at the same time such a demand is made. To compel the Board to interpret and apply that language in the restricted fashion suggested by the respondent here would only tend to frustrate the policy of the Act to protect the right of workers to act together to better their working conditions. Indeed, as indicated by this very case, such an interpretation of § 7 might place burdens upon employees so great that it would effectively nullify the right to engage in concerted activities which that section protects. The seven employees here were part of a small group of employees who were wholly unorganized. They had no bargaining representative and, in fact, no representative of any kind to present their grievances to their employer. Under these circumstances, they had to speak for themselves as best they could. As pointed out above, prior to the day they left the shop, several of them had repeatedly complained to company officials about the cold working
Although the company contends to the contrary, we think that the walkout involved here did grow out of a "labor dispute" within the plain meaning of the definition of that term in § 2(9) of the Act, which declares that it includes "any controversy concerning terms, tenure or conditions of employment. . . ." [ Footnote 11 ] The findings of the Board, which are supported by substantial evidence and which were not disturbed below, show a running dispute between the machine shop employees and the company over the heating of the shop of cold days -- a dispute which culminated in the decision of the
employees to act concertedly in an effort to force the company to improve that condition of their employment. The fact that the company was already making every effort to repair the furnace and bring heat into the shop that morning does not change the nature of the controversy that caused the walkout. At the very most, that fact might tend to indicate that the conduct of the men in leaving was unnecessary and unwise, and it has long been settled that the reasonableness of workers' decisions to engage in concerted activity is irrelevant to the determination of whether a labor dispute exists or not. [ Footnote 12 ] Moreover, the evidence here shows that the conduct of these workers was far from unjustified under the circumstances. The company's own foreman expressed the opinion that the shop was so cold that the men should go home. This statement by the foreman but emphasizes the obvious -- that is, that the conditions of coldness about which complaint had been made before had been so aggravated on the day of the walkout that the concerted action of the men in leaving their jobs seemed like a perfectly natural and reasonable thing to do.
Nor can we accept the company's contention that, because it admittedly had an established plant rule which forbade employees to leave their work without permission of the foreman, there was justifiable "cause" for discharging these employees, wholly separate and apart from any concerted activities in which they engaged in protest against the poorly heated plant. Section 10(c) of the Act does authorize an employer to discharge employees for "cause," and our cases have long recognized this right
on the part of an employer. [ Footnote 13 ] But this, of course, cannot mean that an employer is at liberty to punish a man by discharging him for engaging in concerted activities which § 7 of the Act protects. And the plant rule in question here purports to permit the company to do just that, for it would prohibit even the most plainly protected kinds of concerted work stoppages until and unless the permission of the company's foreman was obtained.
It is, of course, true that § 7 does not protect all concerted activities, but that aspect of the section is not involved in this case. The activities engaged in here do not fall within the normal categories of unprotected concerted activities such as those that are unlawful, [ Footnote 14 ] violent, [ Footnote 15 ] or in breach of contract. [ Footnote 16 ] Nor can they be brought under this Court's more recent pronouncement which denied the protection of § 7 to activities characterized as "indefensible" because they were there found to show a disloyalty to the workers' employer which this Court deemed unnecessary to carry on the workers' legitimate concerted activities. [ Footnote 17 ] The activities of these seven employees cannot be classified as "indefensible" by any recognized standard of conduct. Indeed, concerted activities by employees for the purpose of trying to protect themselves from working conditions as uncomfortable as the testimony and Board findings showed them to be in this case are unquestionably activities to correct conditions which modern labor-management legislation treats as too bad to have to be tolerated in a humane and civilized society like ours.
Labor Board v. Mackay Radio & Telegraph Co., 304 U. S. 333 , 304 U. S. 344 .
See, e.g. Labor Board v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., 301 U. S. 1 , 301 U. S. 45 .
Southern Steamship Co. v. Labor Board, 316 U. S. 31 .
Labor Board v. Fansteel Metallurgical Corp., 306 U. S. 240 .
Labor Board v. Sands Manufacturing Co., 306 U. S. 332 .
Labor Board v. Local Union No. 1229, International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, 346 U. S. 464 , 346 U. S. 477 .