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Matched Legal Cases: ['art289', 'art1971', 'art1909', 'art473', 'art1737', 'art1330', 'art19', 'art333', 'art1689', 'art1199']

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3.7.1 UK Legal Landscape
In the UK there are significant legal issues around the access and re-use of geospatial
data, particularly data that is produced by, or on behalf of, government agencies and
protected by Crown Copyright. As an example from a major data provider, Ordnance
data is typically licensed in return for a regular payment, and entitles the
user access to the data for a period of time. If the licence is not renewed, the normal
disposition is that the data must be deleted once the licence term has expired. If the
data is required for preservation purposes then it is important to ensure that the data is
covered by an appropriate licence. For instance, the ―Plan, Design and Build‖
licence for OS MasterMap provides the right to archive the data for up to 13 years
beyond the licence term but the data can only be used for certain purposes during that
period. Ordnance Survey has recently published a new strategy that aims to simplify
and improve access to geospatial data, including reforming the licensing framework,
although details are not currently available.
Preservation of Ordnance Survey data for the long term is carried out under the
―guidance, supervision and coordination‖
of The National Archives (TNA)
However the UK Legal Deposit Libraries have an agreement
with Ordnance Survey
whereby they receive an updated snapshot copy every year of detailed mapping,
including OS MasterMap. The legal deposit libraries provide a facility
users in the libraries can view contemporary and historic versions of OS MasterMap
and Land-Line (the precursor dataset to OS MasterMap) going back to 1998 as online
mapping and to print out small extracts. However, it is the responsibility of users of
OS MasterMap data to maintain their own archives of data (e.g. in GML format) as
necessary for future use.
As an example of some of the issues relating to licensing, Ordnance Survey data
obtained for educational purposes though the EDINA Digimap
service can only be
used as for long as the user is an authorised Digimap user. If a user leaves a
subscribing institution then the user must delete any data that they have obtained
through Digimap. There are also cases (for instance Land-Line data) where the
licence for a particular product may not be renewed or the product withdrawn and so
that data must be deleted when the licence period ends. This raises issues regarding
future access to datasets which may have been used in research or used to derive other
datasets which have inherited the same licensing conditions and residual IPR as the
http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/products/ossitemap/pricing.html
Eunice Gill and Jonathon Holmes, The Cartographic Journal, Vol 41 No. 1 pp55-57, June 2004. See
also the article in http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/winter2005.pdf
, pages 16-18
http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/media/news/2008/march/depositlibraries.html
See the British Library website
http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelprestype/maps/digitalmapping/ordnancesurvey/osdigitalmaps.html
the National Library of Scotland website at: http://www.nls.uk/collections/maps/subjectinfo/os-
mastermap.html
http://edina.ac.uk/digimap/
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3.7.2 US Legal Landscape
In the US, the philosophy is that if the data has been paid for using taxpayers funding
then the data should be available without additional cost (except for distribution
costs). Works by the US government are not eligible for copyright protection.
While public agency data is typically in the public domain, there are a number of
rights-related issues that can complicate preservation. Public Records Law varies
from state to state, and even within a single state interpretation may vary widely.
Restrictions on commercial use or resale of data can result in restrictions on open
secondary redistribution of that data. In general there has been a trend towards more
open access to data in recognition of the positive societal benefit that derives from
free data access, and the negative burden on local agencies related to mediated or fee-
based data request handling. However, since 9/11 some geospatial data resources have
been subject to restricted access in accordance with FGDC security guidelines
The situation in other jurisdictions can be quite different. For instance, in Canada,
much government spatial data has recently been made freely available through portals
such as GeoGratis
and GeoBase
with very limited restrictions on what can be done
3.7.3 ‘Open’ Geospatial Data
As a response to the complex licensing issues arising from geospatial data produced
by national and local governments, private companies and others, there is a strong and
growing movement for more availability, openness and transparency in licensing
geospatial data, including making data more accessible and with less restrictive
licensing terms. There are several licensing initiatives that have been created
including Creative Commons
and the Open Data Commons Licences
achieve these goals. These licences let data creators specify less restrictive licensing
conditions up to and including putting the work in the ‗public domain‘. Initiatives
such as OpenStreetMap
have adopted this approach with user contributed geospatial
data currently being licensed under a Creative Commons licence, however this may
be changed to the Open Database Licence (ODbL)
3.8 Geospatial Metadata
Metadata plays a central role in the current and future use of geospatial data by
making data discoverable through data catalogues and search systems, by providing
the means for prospective users to evaluate the data for use, and by allowing data
producers to better manage their data holdings and encourage use of the data in the
manner in which it was intended. Metadata also provides end users with key
information about geographic positioning information including coordinate reference
information (such as projection and datum), entity and attribute information, data
quality, provenance and rights information that are essential for proper use of the data.
http://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Open_Data_License
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3.8.1 Metadata Standards
In 2003 the ISO standard: 19115 Geographic Information - Metadata
, was finalized,
providing a new international standard for geospatial metadata. Prior to that, a number
of national metadata standards had emerged around the world, providing several years
of initial experience as a starting point to inform the development of the international
standard. For example, in the United States the Federal Geographic Data Committee
(FGDC) Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata
(version 2.0 was released in 1998). Federal agencies were mandated to begin using
the standard in 1995, and the standard came into wide use by state agencies and
commercial data producers as well. Profiles of the standard have also been developed,
for example the NBII (National Biological Information Infrastructure) Profile and the
ESRI Profile.
In the UK, EDINA
have developed and implemented a metadata profile based on
the ISO 19115 standard but with extensions to support the needs of the UK academic
community, called AGMAP (Academic Geospatial Metadata Application Profile
(AGMAP)
which is used in the Go-Geo!
metadata portal. Gigateway
UK based metadata portal and implements the UK GEMINI
(based on ISO 19115). It is run by the Association for Geographic Information (AGI)
and provides access to UK geospatial metadata. Work is also ongoing to develop an
application profile of Dublin Core called the Geospatial Application Profile (GAP)
which is focusing on geospatial data.
INSPIRE (Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe) is an initiative of the EU
that ―intends to trigger the creation of a European spatial information infrastructure
that delivers to the users integrated spatial information services‖.
deliverables of the INSPIRE initiative has been the development of regulations and
regarding the implementation of geospatial metadata to describe relevant
datasets. The INSPIRE metadata specifications are based on ISO 19115 and other
appropriate ISO standards.
Although INSPIRE does not currently address preservation issues specifically, it has
the aim of making environmental data available for applications such as monitoring
climate change which by its nature necessitates accessing data that covers a
3.8.2 Metadata Challenges for Archives
Geospatial metadata, either by its presence or its absence, creates numerous archival
challenges, if:
 Metadata is not created by the data producer
http://www.fgdc.gov/standards/projects/FGDC-standards-projects/metadata/base-
metadata/index_html
http://www.gogeo.ac.uk/Help/AGMAP_Introduction.htm
http://www.gogeo.ac.uk/cgi-bin/index.cgi
http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/repositories/digirep/index/Geospatial_Application_Profile
http://inspire.jrc.ec.europa.eu/whyinspire.cfm
http://inspire.jrc.ec.europa.eu/reports/ImplementingRules/metadata/MD_IR_and_ISO_20081219.pdf
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 Metadata is not distributed with the data
 The metadata is not concurrent with the data (i.e., the data has been updated
but the metadata has not)
 The metadata file does not adhere to a widely supported encoding standard,
making automated handling of the metadata difficult
 Different versions of the same metadata record are available from different
If metadata is not available or has not been created, a recipient archive can attempt to
assemble a metadata record. Many elements of metadata records may be auto-
extracted by software and metadata templates for different producer agencies or data
collections can further help aid the metadata production process. Unfortunately, many
portions of a metadata record, including data quality information, lineage information,
and detailed explanations of the meaning of attribute information, can only be
provided by the data producer.
If metadata does exist, the recipient archive will often find it necessary to:
a) Normalize the structure of the metadata to some understood schema,
b) Synchronize the metadata to reflect the current state of the data, or
c) Remediate errors found in the metadata.
3.8.3 Geospatial Metadata vs. Preservation Metadata
Geospatial metadata standards lack some features which would be useful in the
archival management of data. Most notably, geospatial metadata standards do not
provide a wrapper function that would allow additional technical or administrative
metadata elements to be associated with (rather than replace) the data producer-
originated metadata. Examples of such metadata elements that archives might wish to
associate with data include:
Archival rights information, either in text form or in a rights expression
language, that does not replace any rights statements provided by the data
producer in the original metadata record
Administrative metadata related to the manner of the data acquisition
Technical metadata related to the actual transfer of the data, including
provision of assurances about data integrity
Metadata related to any transformations carried out by the archive post-
The outcomes of any assessments of data validity or any assessments of risk
In the digital library community efforts have been made to use a combination of
(Metadata Encoding and Transfer Standard) and PREMIS
Metadata: Implementation Strategies) to address the metadata wrapper need, however
there is no parallel in the geospatial community to date.
There is also much work going on in the area of identifying ―significant properties‖ of
digital objects which aims to help the development of preservation metadata and to
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assist in other aspects of digital preservation. Although not dealing specifically with
geospatial data many of the studies that have been carried out, including one on
Vector Images, are applicable to geospatial data. For more details see the relevant
for studies and related documents.
3.8.4 Metadata Creation
A particular challenge with some pre-ISO geospatial metadata standards created
before the arrival of XML has been the absence of standard methods of encoding
metadata. The lack of consistent structure to metadata records makes receipt and
management of metadata from other sources difficult. To accompany the ISO 19115
geospatial metadata standard a separate XML schema implementation standard, ISO
19139, was finalized in 2007.
Desktop and online tools are available for creating metadata in appropriate standards
including: ESRI ArcCatalog which supports FGDC, ISO 19115 and UK Gemini
among others; the MetaGenie tool from Gigateway; GeoDoc from Go-Geo! and the
GIS inventory tool in the U.S.
4 Standards Bodies and Working Groups
The following are a selection of international standards bodies and working groups
that are addressing the issues of geospatial data preservation.
The OGC is an international industry consortium of companies, government agencies
and universities that work together to develop publicly available interface
specifications. OGC specifications support interoperable solutions that ―geo-enable‖
the Web, wireless and location-based services, and mainstream information
technology. Examples of OGC specifications include Web Mapping Service (WMS),
Web Feature Service (WFS), Geography Markup Language (GML), and OGC KML.
The OGC has a close relationship with ISO/TC 211, which addresses standardization
in the field of digital geographic information, and a subset of OGC standards are now
ISO standards. The OGC also works with other international standards bodies such as
W3C, OASIS, WfMC, and the IETF.
4.1.1 OGC Data Preservation Working Group
In December 2006 the OGC Data Preservation Working Group was formed ―to
address technical and institutional challenges posed by data preservation, to interface
with other OGC working groups that address technical areas that are affected by the
data preservation problem, and to engage in outreach and communication with the
preservation and archival information community.‖ A goal of the group is to ―create
and dialog with the broad spectrum of geospatial community and archival community
constituents that have a stake in addressing data preservation issues.‖ To date the
work of the group has been focused on identifying points of intersection between data
preservation issues and OGC standards efforts, and to introduce temporal data
management use cases into OGC discussions.
http://www.jisc.ac.uk/whatwedo/programmes/preservation/2008sigprops.aspx
http://staging.gisinventory.net/
http://www.opengeospatial.org/projects/groups/preservwg
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4.2 U.S. Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC)
The FGDC is an interagency committee that promotes the coordinated development,
use, sharing, and dissemination of geospatial data within the U.S as part of the
National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI), a physical, organizational, and virtual
network designed to enable the development and sharing of geospatial data. A wide
range of stakeholder organizations participate in FGDC activities representing the
interests of state and local government, industry, and professional organizations.
4.2.1 FGDC Historical Data Working Group
The FGDC Historical Data Working Group was established to promote and
coordinate activities among Federal agencies relating to the historical dimension to
geospatial data. The role of the Working Group is to ―promote an awareness among
Federal agencies of the historical dimension to geospatial data; to facilitate the long-
term retention, storage, and accessibility of selected historically valuable geospatial
data; and to establish a mechanism for the coordinated development, use, sharing, and
dissemination of historically valuable geospatial data which have been financed in
whole or part by Federal funds.‖ The Working Group has played a coordinating role
in the development of a Historical Collections community within the national
Geospatial One Stop portal.
In addition to the tools and technologies described above, there are a number of
facilities that may contribute to effective long term management of geospatial data.
5.1 Digital Globe Tools
Increasingly virtual or digital globe tools such as Google Earth
, Microsoft Virtual
, NASA Worldwind
and ESRI ArcGIS Explorer
accessing geospatial data in many communities. These tools provide a simple means
of visualising, analysing and integrating different datasets based on a ‗global‘ view.
The tools allow the user to display their own data, or data from another source
overlaid on top of existing base map imagery and vector layers.
Google Earth has recently (Feb 2009) added an easily accessible historic imagery
and an ability to move through a timeline of available images for an area,
although currently imagery is available only over a relatively short period of time for
Google also offers the possibility to share current and historical imagery with them
through the Imagery Partner Program
. Other datasets can also be shared including
vector and terrain datasets. However, Google maintains discretion over what is
included and when, and Google does not provide a data download facility, so it is
‗view-only‘ data.
http://www.fgdc.gov/participation/working-groups-subcommittees/hdwg/index_html
http://maps.google.com/help/maps/imagery/
Other examples of online access to historic mapping include the Rumsey Map
, a subset of which is available as a layer in Google Earth, and the
Map Library, which has geo-referenced
historic maps and allows its data to be displayed overlaid on a variety of mapping
backgrounds, including Google Maps and Virtual Earth layers.
Tools have been developed to aid geo-referencing and registration of historic maps
with imagery or basemaps such as the tools developed by the Old Maps Online
project which provides simple means of registering a scanned image to an existing
source. Tools are also available for tiling
data so it can be displayed more easily in
web mapping applications.
5.2 Geospatial Format Registries and Validation Tools
Format registries support preservation by maintaining knowledge of file formats.
Registries under development include PRONOM
from the National Archives, the
from Harvard University, and geospatial
specific registries such as that being developed by the National Geospatial Digital
Archive (NGDA)
. Commercial companies and projects directly involved in
translating and manipulating data in various formats such as Safe Software or the
GDAL/OGR open source project also maintain extensive knowledge bases of
geospatial formats.
5.3 ESRI Geodatabase Archiving
Maintenance of archived versions of datasets within an ESRI Geodatabase is a
challenge that was addressed in ArcGIS version 9.2 by the Geodatabase Archiving
feature. Previously, data change could only be tracked by managing transactional
versions of the data, and the history of the data could easily be lost if the versions
were deleted or if versioning was disabled. Geodatabase Archiving supports the
creation of an historical version that represents the data at a specific moment in time
and provides a read-only representation of the Geodatabase. The ArcGIS ―History
Viewer‖ tool allows user examination of data at specific points of time, and ArcMap
provides the capability to run queries to show how the data has evolved over time.
5.4 Digital Repository Software
Digital repository software such as Fedora
and DSpace
used for retention and management of some types of geospatial data, and tools such as
are being used to construct access services, including mapping
functionality, on top of such repositories. For example, the ShareGeo
data sharing facility uses DSpace as the underlying repository with an OpenLayers
http://blog.oldmapsonline.org/search/label/about
http://www.gdfr.info/
http://www.ngda.org/research.php#FR
http://edina.ac.uk/projects/sharegeo/index.shtml
map interface for searching and GDAL/OGR for data identification. A major
challenge in adapting some types of geospatial data with digital repository
environments is that of reconciling the ―item‖ orientation of many repositories with
the ―collection‖ orientation of many geospatial data types. The item formation
process associated with repository ingest can lead to atomization of large, complex,
and interrelated sets of geospatial content unless proper component relationships are
built into the repository structure. Data that is item-like in nature (e.g. individual
digital maps or datasets, which may themselves be multi-file and multi-format in
nature) may fit best in digital repositories, while more complex content might need to
be managed in a file system structure or within a spatial database.
There is no single best approach to preserving geospatial data. Each of the various
types of geospatial data will likely call for a mix of seemingly redundant approaches,
each of which is intended to mitigate a different perceived risk to the data in terms of
technical failure or loss of content. These are early days for geospatial data
preservation and further exploration of each of these approaches is necessary, and a
longer history of documented successes and failures in preservation efforts is needed
in order to arrive at a set of more mature approaches to preserving geospatial data.
Geospatial data is valuable and faces similar risks and vulnerabilities as other types of
data. While some of these risks can be offset by the adoption and adaptation of
generic best practice for preservation, and while geospatial data need to be
incorporated into the mainstream of digital preservation planning, there are specific
actions that need to be considered:
1) Formats:
 Vector data
o Retain in their original format
o AND, if proprietary or not widely supported, migrate into widely
supported (and openly documented) format
 Raster data
supported (and openly documented) format and compression scheme
o If possible, retain pre-processed and processed data
 Spatial databases
o Manage forward in time in active spatial database
o AND replicate snapshots of spatial database
o AND extract individual datasets (e.g. feature classes) into stable format
 Dynamic Data and Web Services
o Take snapshot copies of data and service state and save locally
2) Metadata:
 Maintain technical and administrative metadata in addition to geospatial
 Implement ISO descriptive keywords
 Implement regionally-appropriate profile of ISO 19115 as encoded per ISO
 Retain original metadata AND synchronize/remediate/normalize if feasible
3) Systems:
 Keep archival data in live access systems
 Provide access to superseded datasets
 Avoid ‗atomization‘ of data in digital repository systems
 Capture data as well as representations deemed of value
 Maintain independence of data from specific storage/repository environment
 Secure archival rights and rights for access to older data
 Develop appropriate rights mechanisms so that future users of the data can be
presented with suitable background information
5) Community Actions:
 Develop and promote the business case for preserving geospatial data
 Work with the data producer community to cultivate best practices for
frequency of capture of key data layers
 The archival and preservation community needs to engage with existing
spatial data infrastructure (SDI) efforts. SDI, in its varying forms, provides an
organizational and technical framework for geospatial data access and is
instrumental in the development of data sharing networks, the cultivation of
metadata, and the implementation of content standards, all of which can prove
beneficial to preservation efforts
7 Glossary of Acronyms
Change Only Update
8 Selected References and Resources
The following are a selection of useful references and resources:
The AHDS (Arts and Humanities Data Service) produced a series of handbooks in
its Repository Policies and Procedures section. These Preservation Handbooks
identify significant properties of various data types and provides information on how
best to preserve them. A full list is available at: http://ahds.ac.uk/preservation/ahds-
preservation-documents.htm
including one on Geographical Information Systems
written by Jo Clarke and Jenny Mitcham (2005) at: http://ahds.ac.uk/preservation/gis-
preservation-handbook.pdf
The ADS (Archaeology Data Service) has produced a series of ―Guides to Good
Practice‖. Specifically there is one devoted to GIS called: GIS Guide to Good
Practice, with contributions by Mark Gillings, Peter Halls, Gary Lock, Paul Miller,
Greg Phillips, Nick Ryan, David Wheatley, and Alicia Wise (1998);
A list of other guides in the series (including ones on CAD data) can be found at:
General preservation and curation resources, including a briefing paper on geospatial
data are available on the Digital Curation Centre (DCC) website under Resources:
http://www.dcc.ac.uk/resource/
The Digital Preservation Coalition has produced various other Technology Watch
Reports which may be relevant, particularly ones on PDF/A and JPEG2000:
http://www.dpconline.org/graphics/reports/index.html#techwatch
EDINA – Digimap service and various other projects on preservation, repositories,
metadata and geospatial interoperability:
Go-Geo provides a range of geospatial data resources including links to standards,
books, case studies and metadata:
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