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Matched Legal Cases: ['ART 200', 'ART 200', 'ART 200', 'ART 200', 'art 200', 'art 13', 'art 215', 'art 13', 'art 215', 'art 200', 'art 200', 'art 13', 'art 215', 'art 13', 'art 215', 'art 200', 'art 200', 'art 200', 'art 200', 'art 200', 'art 200', 'art 200', 'art 13', 'art 215', 'art 200', 'art 200', 'art 200', 'art 200', 'art 200', 'art 200', 'art 200', 'art 200', 'ART 85', 'art 36', 'art 200', 'art 200', 'art 31']

PROCUREMENT GUIDANCE FOR RECIPIENTS AND SUBRECIPIENTS UNDER 2 C.F.R PART 200 (UNIFORM RULES) SUPPLEMENT TO THE PUBLIC ASSISTANCE - PDF
PROCUREMENT GUIDANCE FOR RECIPIENTS AND SUBRECIPIENTS UNDER 2 C.F.R PART 200 (UNIFORM RULES) SUPPLEMENT TO THE PUBLIC ASSISTANCE
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1 U.S. Department of Homeland Security Washington, DC PROCUREMENT GUIDANCE FOR RECIPIENTS AND SUBRECIPIENTS UNDER 2 C.F.R PART 200 (UNIFORM RULES) SUPPLEMENT TO THE PUBLIC ASSISTANCE PROCUREMENT DISASTER ASSISTANCE TEAM (PDAT) FIELD MANUAL 1. PURPOSE. This document provides guidance for Non-Federal Entity ( NFE ) recipients and subrecipients of Federal financial assistance awarded by the Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) when using that assistance to finance procurements of property and services. The guidance provided by this document only applies to Federal financial assistance (e.g., grants and cooperative agreements) subject to the procurement standards of the government-wide Uniform Administrative Requirements, Cost Principles, and Audit Requirements for Federal Awards, at 2 C.F.R to , which were adopted by the Department of Homeland Security ( DHS ). See 2 C.F.R. Part AUTHORITY. FEMA provides Federal assistance through various financial assistance programs under the authority of various Federal laws. NFEs that are recipients and subrecipients of Federal financial assistance provided by FEMA under these programs are generally required to comply with the Uniform Administrative Requirements, Cost Principles, and Audit Requirements for Federal Awards ( Uniform Rules ) at 2 C.F.R. Part 200, as adopted by DHS at 2 C.F.R. Part Chapter I, 3 of this document contains a detailed list of these programs and authorizing statutes. 3. WAIVER. FEMA may waive any provisions of this document to the extent permitted by Federal law or regulation. 4. DATES OF APPLICABILITY a. With one exception identified in Sec. 4.b., below, financial assistance associated with emergencies or major disasters declared under the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act ( Stafford Act ), the procurement standards at 2 C.F.R to are the default standards that apply to those grants associated with emergencies or major disasters declared on or after December 26, See 79 Fed. Reg , (Dec. 19, 2014). For awards made by FEMA, or for emergency or major disasters declared, prior to December 26, 2014 (this includes awards associated with prior emergencies or disasters, but not started until after this date), Federal financial assistance awards are governed by the Uniform Administrative Requirements at either 44 C.F.R. Part 13 (for state, local, and Indian tribal governments) or 2 C.F.R. Part 215 (for institutions of higher education, hospitals, and other nonprofit organizations), depending upon the type of entity.
2 Page 2 FEMA Procurement Guidance b. Grace Period. A Non-Federal Entity (also known as a NFE ), however, may continue to comply with the former procurement standards applicable to FEMA awards at 44 C.F.R. Part 13 (for states, local, and Indian tribal governments) or 2 C.F.R. Part 215 (for institutions of higher education, hospitals, and other nonprofit organizations) until the completion of two additional fiscal years after December 26, This is an elective grace period. If a NFE elects to use the previous procurement standards, it must affirmatively document this decision in its internal procurement policies, including the date upon which its grace period (based upon the two additional fiscal years) will end and it will accordingly transition to the new procurement standards. 2 C.F.R (a). See also, Ch. 1, par. 2.e., below for additional amplifying guidance. 5. AMENDMENTS TO THIS DOCUMENT. FEMA may periodically update this document due to changes in other revised or new guidance or regulations. 6. SUPPLEMENT. This document is intended to supplement the FEMA Field Manual, Public Assistance Grantee and Subgrantee Procurement Requirements Under 44 C.F.R. Pt. 13 and 2 C.F.R. pt. 215, dated, December 2014 ( PDAT 1 Field Manual or Field Manual ) by providing up-to-date identification, analysis and discussion of the current Federal procurement standards found at 2 C.F.R. pt. 215, which went into effect on December 26, The Field Manual can be found online at the following web link: https://www.fema.gov/media-library/assets/documents/96773, and provides in-depth discussion of the previous Federal procurement standards, to include analysis of Department of Homeland Security ( DHS ) Office of Inspector General ( OIG ) audits related to various procurement violations and real-world procurement scenarios. Together, both documents provide a comprehensive analysis of the Federal procurement standards that apply to procurements associated with disaster financial assistance provided both after and prior to December 26, DISCLAIMER. This document and the guidance provided therein is not intended to, nor does it provide or constitute legal advice. This document is only intended to serve as a general guide as to the Federal procurement standards identified in the Uniform Rules. Adherence to, application of, or use of this document and the information herein to a procurement subject to Federal grant money, does NOT guarantee the legal sufficiency of any procurement, nor ensure that an award or subaward will NOT be audited or investigated, and subsequently determined to be non-compliant with the procurement standards. All legal questions concerning the sufficiency or insufficiency of a procurement in regards to the Federal procurement standards should be referred to servicing legal counsel. 1 PDAT Procurement Disaster Assistance Team, Procurement and Fiscal Law Division, Office of Chief Counsel, FEMA
3 FEMA Procurement Guidance Page i PROCUREMENT GUIDANCE FOR RECIPIENTS AND SUBRECIPIENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION... I-1 THE FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY...I-1 BACKGROUND...I-1 AUTHORIZING LEGISLATION AND GRANT PROGRAMS...I-3 DEFINITIONS...I-3 FEMA S ROLE...I-3 II. III. IV. APPLICABILITY...II-1 LEGAL EFFECT... II-1 APPLICABILITY... II-1 FEDERAL LAWS, REGULATIONS, EXECUTIVE ORDERS, AND OTHER FEMA REQUIREMENTS... II-3 STATE, LOCAL, AND TRIBAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS... II-5 PROCUREMENT BY A STATE... III-1 GENERAL STANDARD... III-1 COST ALLOWABILITY... III-1 LAW, REGULATIONS, AND EXECUTIVE ORDERS... III-2 4. PROCUREMENT BY NFEs OTHER THAN STATES. III-2 GENERAL PROCUREMENT STANDARDS...IV-1 GENERAL...IV-1 CONTRACTING CAPACITY AND OVERSIGHT...IV-1 STANDARDS OF CONDUCT...IV-1 DETERMINING NFE S NEEDS...IV-3 VALUE ENGINEERING...IV-5 CONTRACTOR QUALIFICATIONS...IV-5 RECORD KEEPING...IV-8 TIME AND MATERIALS CONTRACTS... IV-100
4 FEMA Procurement Guidance Page ii SETTLEMENT OF CONTRACTUAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE ISSUES IV-111 WRITTEN PROCEDURES FOR PROCUREMENT TRANSACTIONS...IV-122 STATE AND LOCAL INTERGOVERNMENTAL AGREEMENTS...IV-166 CONTRACT PROVISIONS...IV-16 V. PROCEDURES AND GUIDANCE FOR OPEN MARKET PROCUREMENTS. V-1 COMPETITION... V-1 METHODS OF PROCUREMENT... V-7 METHODS OF PROCUREMENT ADDITIONAL TOPICS... V-199 CONTRACT COST OR PRICE... V-20 BONDING REQUIREMENTS... V-242 CONTRACTING WITH SMALL AND MINORITY BUSINESSES, WOMEN S BUSINESS ENTERPRISES, AND LABOR AREA SURPLUS FIRMS... V-253 PROCUREMENT OF RECOVERED MATERIALS... V-285 CHANGES... V-297 VI. OTHER PROCUREMENT METHODS AND ADDITIONAL TOPICS...VI-1 FEDERAL SUPPLY SCHEDULES...VI-1 USE OF EXISTING CONTRACTS...VI-4 JOINT PROCUREMENTS...VI-8 PURCHASING SCHEDULES...VI-8 5. OBTAINING GOODS AND SERVICES THROUGH MUTUAL AID.VI-9 ASSIGNMENT OF CONTRACT RIGHTS...VI-10 USE OF PURCHASING AGENTS...VI-11 FEDERAL EXCESS PROPERTY...VI-132 APPENDIX A. APPENDIX B. APPENDIX C. AUTHORIZING LEGISLATION AND GRANT PROGRAMS... A-1 DEFINITIONS... B-1 APPLICABLE FEDERAL LAWS, REGULATIONS, AND EXEUTIVE ORDERS..... C-1
5 FEMA Procurement Guidance Page I-1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION THE FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY a. The Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) is a Federal agency within the Department of Homeland Security ( DHS ). FEMA is headed by an Administrator. FEMA s primary mission is to reduce the loss of life and property and protect the Nation from all hazards, including natural disasters, acts of terrorism, and other man-made disasters, by leading and supporting the Nation in a risk-based, comprehensive emergency management system of preparedness, protection, response, recovery, and mitigation. See Homeland Security Act of 2002, Pub. L. No , 503 (2002) (codified as amended at 6 U.S.C. 313). b. FEMA administers its programs and carries out its activities through its headquarters offices in Washington, D.C.; ten Regional Offices; Area Offices for the Pacific, Caribbean, and Alaska; various Recovery Offices; and temporary Joint Field Offices. c. FEMA provides Federal financial assistance through various assistance programs. Each program is not only governed by the enabling laws, implementing regulations, and FEMA policies for those programs, but also a wide range of cross-cutting laws, executive orders, and other regulations. As the Federal awarding agency for these programs, FEMA is responsible for the proper management and administration of these programs as otherwise required by law and enforcing the terms of the agreements it enters into with Non-Federal Entities (NFEs) that receive FEMA financial assistance, consistent with the requirements at 2 C.F.R. Part 200. BACKGROUND a. NFE recipients and subrecipients of FEMA financial assistance under the financial assistance programs may use contractors to assist them in carrying out the scope of work under their Federal financial assistance awards. b. As a condition of receiving FEMA financial assistance for these contractor costs, a NFE must comply with applicable Federal laws, regulations, executive orders, and other requirements. Each NFE is responsible for managing and administering its Federal awards in compliance with the applicable requirements. c. One such Federal requirement is the Uniform Administrative Requirements, Cost Principles, and Audit Requirements for Federal Awards codified at 2 C.F.R. Part 200 ( Uniform Rules ), which DHS has adopted at 2 C.F.R Fed. Reg (Dec. 19, 2014). Of particular note, the regulations at 2 C.F.R to 326 set forth various procurement standards that NFEs must follow when using FEMA financial assistance to finance procurements of property and
6 FEMA Procurement Guidance Page I-2 services. d. The regulation at 2 C.F.R provides that the procurement standards set forth at 2 C.F.R to apply to all FEMA awards issued on or after December 26, For grants and cooperative agreements under the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, these procurement standards apply to those grants and cooperative agreements associated with emergencies or major disasters declared on or after December 26, See 79 Fed. Reg , (Dec. 19, 2014). e. A NFE, however, may continue to comply with the former procurement standards applicable to FEMA awards at 44 C.F.R. Part 13 (for states, local, and Indian tribal governments) or 2 C.F.R. Part 215 (for institutions of higher education, hospitals, and other nonprofit organizations) under two scenarios: i. Until the completion of two additional fiscal years after December 26, Two additional fiscal years is interpreted to refer to the NFE s fiscal year. Accordingly, if the NFE s fiscal year is the equivalent of a calendar year (January 1 December 31), the two additional fiscal year periods will begin on January 1, 2015 and end on December 31, If another NFE s fiscal year runs from 1 July 30 June, its two additional fiscal year periods will begin on July 1, 2015 and end on June 30, During the period of the two additional fiscal years, the NFE may continue to follow the procurement standards found at 44 C.F.R. Part 13 or 2 C.F.R. Part 215 (depending upon the type of entity). Once the two additional fiscal years are complete, the NFE must transition to the new procurement standards found in 2 C.F.R. Part 200. As the grace period is voluntary, if a NFE elects to utilize the grace period, it must affirmatively document this decision in its internal procurement policies, including the date upon which it will transition to the new procurement standards. 2 C.F.R (a). There is no template or one way to do this. ii. The previous procurement standards must continue to be used in situations involving declarations that were issued prior to December 26, 2014, to include all projects associated with such a declaration, regardless of project start date. For example, if a disaster declaration was issued on November 1, 2014, the previous procurement standards would apply. If a project associated with this declaration did not begin until June 1, 2015, the previous procurement standards would remain applicable because the project is associated with a disaster declaration that was issued prior to the effective date of the procurement standards found in the Uniform Rules. 2 2 FEMA Office of Chief Counsel Procurement Disaster Assistance Team, Field Manual Public Assistance Grantee and Subgrantee Procurement Requirements under 44 C.F.R. pt. 13 and 2 C.F.R. pt. 215, V.C.2 (Dec. 2014), available at
7 FEMA Procurement Guidance Page I-3 f. The purpose of this document is to describe how a recipient or subrecipient of FEMA financial assistance can comply with the procurement standards of 2 C.F.R to AUTHORIZING LEGISLATION AND GRANT AND COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT PROGRAMS a. This circular applies to all of the grant and cooperative agreement programs listed in Appendix A. b. Appendix A also identifies the programs authorizing statutes and implementing regulations. DEFINITIONS a. Appendix B provides the definitions used in this document, which are consistent with the definitions set forth in 2 C.F.R. Part 200, subpart A, except where otherwise noted. FEMA S ROLE a. General. As the Federal awarding agency, FEMA is responsible for monitoring financial assistance execution, and ensuring proper performance under the FEMA award, including compliance with the procurement standards. FEMA may, in exercising this responsibility, conduct both pre- and post-procurement reviews of a NFE s procurements consistent with the terms of 2 C.F.R b. Pre-Award Procurement Review. i. Technical Specifications. A NFE must make available, upon request by FEMA or a pass-through entity, technical specifications of proposed procurements by the NFE where FEMA or the pass-through entity believes such review is needed to ensure that the item or service specified is the one being proposed for acquisition. This review will generally take place before the time the specification is incorporated into a solicitation document. However, if the NFE requests a procurement review after a solicitation has been developed, FEMA or a pass-through entity, may still review the specifications, with such review usually limited to the technical aspects of the proposed purchase. 2 C.F.R (a). ii. Procurement Documents. The NFE must make available upon request, for FEMA or a pass-through entity pre-procurement review, procurement documents, such as requests for proposals or invitations for bids, or independent cost estimates, when any of the following conditions are f48c312608aabbc277b9bc41f869bdd3/publicassistancegranteesubgranteeprocurementfieldmanual. pdf
8 FEMA Procurement Guidance Page I-4 present. 2 C.F.R (b). (1) The NFE s procurement procedures or operation fails to comply with the procurement standards in 2 C.F.R. Part 200; (2) The procurement is expected to exceed the Simplified Acquisition Threshold and is to be awarded without competition or only one bid or offer is received in response to a solicitation; (3) The procurement, which is expected to exceed the Simplified Acquisition Threshold, specifies a brand name product; (4) The proposed contract is more than the Simplified Acquisition Threshold and is to be awarded to other than the apparent low bidder under a sealed bid procurement; or (5) A proposed contract modification changes the scope of a contract or increases the contract amount by more than the Simplified Acquisition Threshold. 2 C.F.R (b). iii. Exemption. The NFE is exempt from pre-procurement review if FEMA or the pass-through entity determines that the NFE s procurement systems comply with the standards of 2 C.F.R. Part 200. There are two possible methods for a NFE to avail itself of this exemption. (1) FEMA or Pass-Through Entity Review. The NFE may request that its procurement system be reviewed by FEMA or a pass-through entity to determine whether its system meets the standards under 2 C.F.R. Part 200 in order for its system to be certified. 2 C.F.R (c)(1). Generally, these reviews must occur where there is continuous high-dollar funding and third party contracts are awarded on a regular basis. In all cases where a recipient reviews a subrecipient s procurement system, it must provide the results of that review to FEMA. (2) Self-Certification. The NFE may self-certify its procurement system. Such self-certification must not limit FEMA s right to survey the system. Under a self-certification procedure, FEMA may rely on written assurances from the NFE that it is complying with the procurement standards at 2 C.F.R to The NFE must cite specific policies, procedures, regulations, or standards as being in compliance with these requirements and have its system available for review. 2 C.F.R (c)(2). Even if a NFE self-certifies, this does not prevent the NFE from requesting review by FEMA or a pass-through entity. c. Post-Award Procurement Review. FEMA may review a NFE s procurement documents subsequent to the NFE s contract award as part of FEMA s authority
9 FEMA Procurement Guidance Page I-5 and responsibility to monitor financial assistance execution, and ensure proper performance and compliance with the terms and conditions of the FEMA award. Such a review may occur during close-out of a FEMA award, close-out of an individual project under a FEMA award, or through a FEMA audit or monitoring visit. See 2 C.F.R d. Standard of Review. A standard of review is the criterion or level of deference by which FEMA will measure the propriety of a decision or action made by a NFE when conducting pre- and post-award review. i. Mandatory Provisions. The regulations at 2 C.F.R to 326 will, in some cases, set forth a mandatory procurement standard. For example, 2 C.F.R requires NFEs that are not states to perform a price or cost analysis in connection with every procurement action in excess of the Simplified Acquisition Threshold, including contract modifications. FEMA affords no deference to a NFE when making the determination of whether it complied with the mandatory regulation. ii. Discretionary Provisions. The regulations at 2 C.F.R to 326 will, in other cases, allow the NFE to take an action that involves the exercise of discretion or judgment. For example, the regulation at 2 C.F.R (j) provides that a NFE may use a time and materials contract only after, among other things, it makes a determination that no other contract is suitable. FEMA will review such discretionary procurement decisions by a NFE to determine whether: (1) the NFE s decision lacked a rational basis; and/or (2) the procurement procedure involved a violation of Federal law, regulation, or FEMA policy. In reviewing whether a decision lacked a rational basis, FEMA does not substitute its judgment for that of a NFE, but may impose any one of the remedies for non-compliance available to it, for example, by identifying and substituting reasonable costs for actually incurred costs (that are determined to be unreasonable). 2 C.F.R e. Access to Records. The Federal awarding agency, Inspectors General, the Comptroller General of the United States, and the pass-through entity (e.g. the recipient), or any of their authorized representatives, must have the right of access to any documents, papers, or other records of the NFE which are pertinent to the Federal award, in order to make audits, examinations, excerpts, and transcripts. The right also includes timely and reasonable access to the NFE s personnel for the purpose of interview and discussion related to such documents. 2 C.F.R f. Audits. FEMA may perform or contract for audits of Federal awards or monitoring visits, which could include a review of a NFE s procurements. 2 C.F.R and g. Training and Technical Assistance. FEMA provides procurement training and
10 FEMA Procurement Guidance technical assistance to NFEs at both the regional and national levels. For assistance, please contact your FEMA Regional Office. Page I-6
11 FEMA Procurement Guidance Page II-1 CHAPTER II APPLICABILITY LEGAL EFFECT a. FEMA has developed this document to assist NFEs in complying with the Federal procurement standards at 2 C.F.R. Part 200 and considers this document, in its entirety, to be a guidance document and not a legislative regulation. Although this guidance document does not have the force and effect of law or regulation, it does contain information about the regulations at 2 C.F.R. Part 200 that are mandatory. b. This document describes how a NFE can comply with a particular procurement standard. Unless stated otherwise, such examples should not be treated as the exclusive manner in which a NFE can comply with a particular procurement standard. If a NFE identifies an alternate method to comply with a particular regulation, it may contact FEMA for comment before pursuing that alternate method. APPLICABILITY a. General. i. The regulation at 2 C.F.R provides that the procurement standards set forth at 2 C.F.R to 326 apply to all FEMA awards issued on or after December, 26, For financial assistance under the Stafford Act, these procurement standards apply to those financial assistance awards associated with emergencies or major disasters declared on or after December 26, See 79 Fed. Reg , (Dec. 19, 2014). ii. A NFE, however, may continue to comply with the former procurement standards applicable to FEMA awards at 44 C.F.R. Part 13 (for states, local, and Indian tribal governments) or 2 C.F.R. Part 215 (for institutions of higher education, hospitals, and other nonprofit organizations) until the completion of two additional fiscal years after December 26, This is an elective grace period and, if a NFE affirmatively elects to use the previous procurement standards, it must document this decision in its internal procurement policies, including the date upon which it will transition to the new procurement standards. 2 C.F.R (a). See Ch. I, e. iii. This document only applies to those financial assistance awards that are awarded on or after the date of this circular s issuance or the end of the NFE s grace period, whichever is later. For financial assistance authorized under major disaster and emergency declarations pursuant to
12 FEMA Procurement Guidance Page II-2 the Stafford Act, this document only applies to financial assistance awarded under declarations occurring after December 26, 2014 or the end of the NFE s grace period (where affirmatively elected), whichever is later. b. States. When procuring property and services under a grant or cooperative agreement, a state (to include state agencies and instrumentalities of the state 3 ) must use the same policies and procedures that it uses for procurements from its non-federal funds. 2 C.F.R A state must comply with 2 C.F.R (Procurement of Recovered Materials), must ensure that every purchase order or other contract included any clauses required by 2 C.F.R (Contract Provisions), and must follow all applicable Federal laws, executive orders, implementing regulations, and policies. As such, Chapter I (Introduction), Chapter II, 1 (Legal Effect), Chapter II, 3 (Federal Laws, Regulations, and Executive Orders) and 4 (State, Local, and Indian Tribal Laws and Regulations), Chapter III (Procurement by a State), Chapter IV, 12 (Contract Provisions), and Chapter V, 7 (Procurement of Recovered Materials) of this Supplement apply to the procurement of services or property by a state. c. Non-States. When procuring property and services under a grant or cooperative agreement, all other NFEs, must follow the regulations at 2 C.F.R (General Procurement Standards) through 2 C.F.R (Contract Provisions). 2 C.F.R This includes local governments, institutions of higher education, hospitals, and other non-profit organizations, as well as Indian tribes (irrespective of whether they are serving as a recipient or subrecipient), institutions of higher education (that do not meet the definition of state instrumentality at 2 C.F.R ), hospitals (that do not meet the definition of state instrumentality at 2 C.F.R ), and other non-profit organizations. As such, Chapter I (Introduction), Chapter II, 1 (Legal Effect of This Circular), Chapter II, 3 (Federal Laws, Regulations, and Executive Orders) and 4 (State, Local, and Indian Tribal Laws and Regulations 4 ), Chapter IV (General Procurement Standards), Chapter V (Procedures and Guidance for Open Market Procurements), and Chapter VI (Other Procurement Methods and Additional Topics) of this Supplement apply to the procurement of services or property by the NFEs that are not a state. d. Recipients of Federal Financial Assistance from FEMA and other Federal Agencies. A NFE that uses funding provided by another Federal agency or agencies for a third party procurement also supported by FEMA financial assistance must comply with the procurement requirements of both FEMA and the other Federal agencies providing Federal financial assistance. These 3 2 C.F.R State is defined as any state of the United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and any agency or instrumentality thereof exclusive of local governments. 4 Id.
13 FEMA Procurement Guidance FEDERAL LAWS, REGULATIONS, EXECUTIVE ORDERS, AND OTHER FEMA REQUIREMENTS a. Enabling Laws, Implementing Regulations, and FEMA Policies. The property or services acquired by a NFE must be eligible for support and otherwise comply with the relevant enabling laws, regulations, and FEMA policies for the specific financial assistance programs set forth in Chapter I, 3. b. Scope of the Grant or Cooperative Agreement. The property or services acquired must be within the scope of work of the underlying grant or cooperative agreement. c. Period of Performance. FEMA expects the NFE to use sound business judgment in establishing and extending a contract s period of performance, with such period generally not exceeding the time necessary to accomplish the purpose of the contract. Furthermore, FEMA will not reimburse a NFE for contract work performed outside of the period of performance of the financial assistance award. 2 C.F.R ; Standard Form 424D, 6. d. Contract Costs Incurred Prior to the FEMA Federal Assistance Award. i. Pre-Award Costs. Pre-award costs are those costs incurred before the effective date of the FEMA award directly pursuant to negotiation and in anticipation of the FEMA award where such costs are necessary for efficient and timely performance of the scope of work. 2 C.F.R Such costs are allowable only to the extent that they would have been allowable if incurred after the date of the FEMA award and only with the written approval of FEMA. For example, FEMA may fund pre-award planning or project costs directly related to the development of a Hazard Mitigation Grant Program project or planning proposal. See 44 C.F.R ii. Project Implementation Before Award. Page II-3 requirements may sometimes differ, with the result that FEMA expects the NFE to comply with both sets of requirements. If compliance with all applicable Federal requirements is impossible, the NFE should notify FEMA or its passthrough entity, as appropriate, for resolution by FEMA. (1) Contract costs associated with project implementation but incurred before FEMA has awarded a grant or cooperative agreement (or project under a grant or cooperative agreement) are generally unallowable for reimbursement. See also Appendix C, 6 (concerning environmental and historic preservation implications). For example, contract costs associated with the commencement of actual implementation of a project under the Hazard Mitigation Grant Program before FEMA has awarded that project are ineligible for reimbursement. See 44 C.F.R
14 FEMA Procurement Guidance Page II-4 (2) There are limited exceptions to this prohibition, and recipients should engage the appropriate Regional or FEMA Headquarters staff with specific questions. Furthermore, even where contract costs are incurred before the effective date of award, if those costs are ultimately deemed otherwise allowable, the NFE must still comply with the procurement standards of 2 C.F.R. Part 200 when procuring property or services. e. Uniform Administrative Requirements, Cost Principles, and Audit Requirements for Federal Awards. i. General. The procurement standards set forth in the Uniform Rules at 2 C.F.R to apply to all awards as detailed in Chapter II, 2.a. ii. Waivers. FEMA may, subject to certain limitations, approve exceptions to the procurement standards on a case-by-case basis for individual NFEs pursuant to 2 C.F.R (b). Recipients should contact their respective Regional Office for information about submitting waiver requests. iii. More Restrictive Procurement Standards. FEMA may apply more restrictive procurement standards, to a class of FEMA awards or NFEs when approved by OMB or required by Federal statutes or regulations. 2 C.F.R (c). As of the date of this document, FEMA has not sought approval from OMB for any more restrictive requirements for any FEMA grant or cooperative agreement program or class of NFEs. iv. Less Restrictive Procurement Standards. FEMA may also apply less restrictive procurement standards when making fixed amount awards, except for those requirements imposed by statute. 2 C.F.R (c). v. Cost Principles. The costs under a FEMA grant or cooperative agreement must conform to the cost principles set forth under the Uniform Rules at 2 C.F.R. Part 200, subpart E. In general, costs must be necessary and reasonable; allocable to the FEMA award; conform to any limitations or exclusions set forth in the Cost Principles or in the FEMA award as to types or amount of cost items; be consistent with policies and procedures that apply uniformly to both Federally-financed and other activities of the NFE; be accorded consistent treatment; not be included as a cost or used to meet cost sharing or matching requirements of any other Federallyfinanced program in either the current or a prior period and authorized by Federal law or regulation; be adequately documented; and be determined in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles ( GAAP ), except, for state and local governments and Indian tribes only, as otherwise provided for in 2 C.F.R. Part 200, subpart E. 2 C.F.R
15 FEMA Procurement Guidance f. Other Federal Laws, Regulations, and Executive Orders. Page II-5 i. In addition to complying with the Uniform Rules and the enabling laws, implementing regulations, and FEMA policies for a financial assistance program, each NFE must also comply with all other applicable Federal laws, regulations, and executive orders. ii. Many of these laws, regulations, and executive orders will need to be included in third party contracts to the lowest tier necessary, and others, although not expressly referenced in a contract, will have a direct and indirect effect on a NFE s third party contracts. iii. DHS issues, on an annual basis, Standard Terms and Conditions that apply to recipients of Federal awards from all DHS Components, including FEMA. In addition, a recipient executes a Standard Form ( SF ) 424B or 424D with its financial assistance application to FEMA that contains standard assurances. The DHS Standard Terms and Conditions and SF 424B and D contain references to many cross-cutting Federal laws and regulations that may apply to a FEMA award. iv. Appendix C provides a non-exhaustive list and description of some of the cross-cutting laws, regulations, and executive orders that may affect a NFE s procurement. g. Federal Acquisition Regulation. The Federal Acquisition Regulation ( FAR ), 48 C.F.R. Chapter 1, does not apply to FEMA-assisted procurements, absent Federal laws or regulations to the contrary. Nevertheless, in the case where the regulations at 2 C.F.R to need amplification as they relate to a particular procurement or a NFE s procurement laws, regulations, or policies do not provide guidance on a particular issue, then the FAR may prove helpful if the NFE s circumstances are suitable for application of the specific FAR provision under consideration. STATE, LOCAL, AND TRIBAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS a. General. The Uniform Rules provide that a state must, among other things, follow the same policies and procedures it uses for procurements from its non- Federal funds. 2 C.F.R They also provide that all other NFEs must use their own documented procurement procedures which reflect applicable state, local, and tribal laws and regulations, provided that the procurement conform to applicable Federal law and the procurement standards set forth at 2 C.F.R to C.F.R b. Waivers of Local, State, and/or Tribal Procurement Standards. Under certain circumstances, NFE authorities may, pursuant to their own legal requirements, waive local, state, or tribal procurement standards or regulations as a result of, or in anticipation of a disaster or emergency. However, even though the appropriate NFE may have waived local, state or tribal procurement standards or regulations,
16 FEMA Procurement Guidance Page II-6 the NFE cannot waive the applicable Federal procurement standards, which would continue to apply to the NFE, even where local, state, or tribal procurement standards or regulations have been waived. c. Direct Conflicts Between the Federal Procurement Standards and the Procurement Standards Applicable to NFEs Other Than States. The Federal procurement standards are relatively brief. They only address certain, limited procurement concepts and do not address all possible procurement issues. Where the Federal procurement standards do not address a particular area of procurement, FEMA expects the NFE to apply local, state, and/or tribal procurement standards or regulations whichever applies to the particular NFE. However, where a direct conflict exists between a Federal procurement standard and a local, state and/or tribal procurement standard or regulation, FEMA expects the NFE to apply the more restrictive procurement standard. NFE procurement standards may, in some cases, be more restrictive than the Federal procurement standards at 2 C.F.R to For example, the regulation at 2 C.F.R (b) allows a NFE to use procurement by small purchase procedures when the services, property, or other property acquired do not cost more than the simplified acquisition threshold (which is currently $150,000). It may be the case that the applicable state, local, and/or Indian tribal procurement laws and regulations do not permit small purchase procedures for acquisitions over $50,000. In such a circumstance where there is a direct conflict between local, state (and/or tribal) procurement standards and these Federal procurement standards, the NFE is required to follow the more restrictive applicable state, local, or tribal laws and regulations. A more permissive procurement standard of the Uniform Rules would not, in other words, control over more restrictive state, local, or tribal standards. Note that this concept of direct conflicts and more or less restrictive standards only applies to NFEs other than states. States will always follow the procurement standards found at 2 C.F.R , which directs them to utilize their own procurement standards, comply with 2 C.F.R (procurement of recovered materials), and 2 C.F.R (contract provisions).
17 FEMA Procurement Guidance Page III- 1 CHAPTER III PROCUREMENT BY A STATE GENERAL STANDARD a. When procuring property and services under a grant or cooperative agreement, a state must follow the same policies and procedures that it uses for acquisitions from its non-federal funds. 2 C.F.R A state must comply with 2 C.F.R (Procurement of Recovered Materials) and ensure that every purchase order or other contract includes any clauses required by 2 C.F.R (Contract Provisions). As such, Chapter IV, 12 (Contract Provisions) and Chapter V, 7 (Procurement of Recovered Materials), which discuss the regulations at 2 C.F.R and 326, apply to a state. A state must also follow all other applicable Federal law, executive orders, and implementing regulations. b. A state means any state of the United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and any agency or instrumentality thereof exclusive of local governments. As such, the procurement standard at 2 C.F.R and described in Chapter III, 1.a apply to a state agency irrespective of whether that agency is acting as recipient or subrecipient under a FEMA award. c. Under the Stafford Act and other FEMA financial assistance programs, an Indian tribe may potentially serve as a recipient. An Indian tribe is not defined as a state at 2 C.F.R , however, meaning that the procurement standards applicable to an Indian tribe will always be 2 C.F.R through and not 2 C.F.R , unless the definition is subsequently revised by the Office of Management and Budget, which is responsible for the Uniform Rules. COST ALLOWABILITY a. The Uniform Rules require financial costs to conform to the Cost Principles at 2 C.F.R. Part 200, subpart E, for allowable costs. In general, costs must be necessary and reasonable; allocable to the FEMA award; conform to any limitations or exclusions set forth in the Cost Principles or in the FEMA award as to types or amount of cost items; be consistent with policies and procedures that apply uniformly to both Federally-financed and other activities of the NFE; be accorded consistent treatment; not be included as a cost or used to meet cost sharing or matching requirements of any other Federally-financed program in either the current or a prior period and authorized by Federal law or regulation; be adequately documented; and be determined in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles ( GAAP ), except, for state and local governments and Indian tribes only, as otherwise provided for in 2 C.F.R. Part 200, subpart E. See 2 C.F.R
18 FEMA Procurement Guidance Page III- 2 b. Even if a state complies with its own policies and procedures when procuring services or property under a FEMA award, FEMA will not provide full reimbursement of a state s third party contract costs if FEMA determines the costs do not conform to the cost principles. For example, FEMA will not provide full reimbursement in the case of cost plus percentage of cost or cost plus percentage of construction cost contracts, as FEMA considers the percentage of cost portion of the contract to be unreasonable. c. A state must use the cost principles at 2 C.F.R. Part 200, subpart E as a guide in the pricing of fixed-price contracts and subcontracts where costs are used in determining the appropriate price. 2 C.F.R LAW, REGULATIONS, AND EXECUTIVE ORDERS a. A state must comply with all applicable Federal laws, regulations, and executive orders when procuring services or property under a FEMA award. b. This document provides a list of some of the applicable Federal laws, executive orders, and regulations at Appendices A and C. PROCUREMENTS BY NFEs OTHER THAN STATES a. The remaining chapters of this circular discuss the procurement standards that apply to Institutions of Higher Education (both public and private), Hospitals, and other Private Non-Profit Organizations. Unlike the procurement standards for states, found in 2 C.F.R , the procurement standards for Institutions of Higher Education, Hospitals, and other Private Non-Profit Organizations are found at 2 C.F.R With the exception of the requirements for Recovered Materials (2 C.F.R ) and contract provisions (2 C.F.R ), there is no other overlap of the procurement standards between States and NFEs other than States. b. Accordingly, NFEs must be cognizant of the fact that the Federal procurement standards are differentiated by the type of entity receiving Federal disaster assistance from FEMA. In other words, the Federal procurement standards are divided into those that apply to States (as defined above and by the Uniform Rules) and those that apply to NFEs other than States in other words, everyone else. c. With the exception of the following discussion on the standards associated with 2 C.F.R (Procurement of Recovered Materials) and 2 C.F.R (contract provisions), the remaining sections and chapters of this document refer to the procurement standards applicable to NFEs other than States (local and tribal governments, institutions of higher education, hospitals, and other non-profit organizations). 2 C.F.R
19 FEMA Procurement Guidance Page IV- 1 CHAPTER IV GENERAL PROCUREMENT STANDARDS FOR NFEs OTHER THAN STATES GENERAL a. A NFE that is NOT a state, must use its own documented procurement procedures which reflect applicable state, local, and tribal laws and regulations, provided the procurement conforms to applicable Federal law and the standards set forth in 2 C.F.R. Part 200. b. The regulations at 2 C.F.R , 319, and 326 set forth various general procurement standards for NFEs, some of which are mandatory and some of which are encouraged. These standards are discussed in this chapter. c. A NFE must comply with all other applicable Federal laws, regulations, and executive orders when procuring services or property under a FEMA award. The requirements identified in this supplement only address the Federal procurement standards and not the other requirements established and made applicable through the Uniform Rules. This supplement provides a (non-exclusive) list of some of the applicable Federal laws, executive orders, and regulations at Appendices A and C. CONTRACTING CAPACITY AND OVERSIGHT a. NFEs must maintain oversight to ensure that contractors perform in accordance with the terms, conditions, and specifications of their contracts or purchase orders. 2 C.F.R (b). b. A NFE should maintain adequate technical capacity to comply with the procurement standards at 2 C.F.R to 326. If a NFE lacks qualified personnel (force account labor) within its organization to undertake the various tasks (such as evaluating contractors, drafting specifications, overseeing contract performance), then FEMA expects the NFE to acquire the necessary services from sources outside the NFE s organization. If the NFE obtains such services, those services are eligible under a particular FEMA grant or cooperative agreement, and the NFE seeks to fund those services using FEMA award funding, then the procurement standards at 2 C.F.R. Part 200 and this circular will apply to those contracts and to those contractors selected to perform procurement functions on behalf of the NFE. STANDARDS OF CONDUCT a. Written Standards. The NFE must maintain written standards of conduct covering conflicts of interest and governing the actions of its employees engaged in the selection, award, and administration of contracts. 2 C.F.R (c)(1).
20 FEMA Procurement Guidance Page IV- 2 b. Personal Conflicts of Interest. No employee, officer, or agent may participate in the selection, award, or administration of a contract supported by a FEMA award if he or she has a real or apparent conflict of interest. Such a conflict would arise when the employee, officer, or agent, any member of his or her immediate family, his or her partner, or an organization which employs or is about to employ any of these parties, has a financial or other interest in or a tangible personal benefit from a firm considered for award. 2 C.F.R (c)(1); See also Standard Form 424D, 7; Standard Form 424B, 3. i. FEMA considers a financial interest to be the potential for gain or loss to the employee, officer, or agent, any member of his or her immediate family, his or her partner, or an organization which employs or is about to employ any of these parties as a result of the particular procurement. The prohibited financial interest may arise from ownership of certain financial instruments or investments such as stock, bonds, or real estate, or from a salary, indebtedness, job offer, or similar interest that might be affected by the particular procurement. ii. FEMA considers an apparent conflict of interest to exist where an actual conflict does not exist, but where a reasonable person with knowledge of the relevant facts would question the impartiality of the employee, officer, or agent participating in the procurement. c. Gifts. The officers, employees, and agents of the NFE must neither solicit nor accept gratuities, favors, or anything of monetary value from contractors or parties to subcontracts. However, NFEs may set standards for situations in which the financial interest is de minimus, not substantial, or the gift is an unsolicited item of nominal value. 2 C.F.R (c)(1). d. Violations. The NFE s written standards of conduct must provide for disciplinary actions to be applied for violations of such standards by officers, employees, or agents of the NFE. 2 C.F.R (c)(1). For example, the penalty for a NFE s employee may be dismissal, and the penalty for a contractor might be the termination of the contract. e. Organizational Conflicts of Interest. i. Parent, Subsidiaries, and or Affiliates. If a NFE has a parent, affiliate, or subsidiary organization that is not a state, local government, or Indian tribe, the NFE must maintain written standards of conduct governing organizational conflicts of interest. Organizational conflicts of interest within this context means that because of relationships with a parent company, affiliate, or subsidiary organization, the NFE is unable or appears to be unable to be impartial in conducting a procurement action involving a related organization. 2 C.F.R (c)(2). ii. Other Contractors. An organizational conflict of interest can also arise
21 FEMA Procurement Guidance Page IV- 3 within the context of contractors that are not related organizations. An organizational conflict of interest arises in these cases where a person, because of other activities or relationships with other persons, is unable or potentially unable to render impartial assistance of advice to the NFE, the person s objectivity in performing the contract work is or might be otherwise impaired, or a person has an unfair competitive advantage. Chapter V, 1.b provides more information about such organizational conflicts of interest. iii. In order to ensure objective contractor performance and eliminate unfair competitive advantage, contractors that develop or draft specifications, requirements, statements of work, or invitations for bids or requests for proposals must be excluded from competing for such requirements. 2 C.F.R (a). DETERMINING NFE NEEDS a. Eligibility. The property and services to be acquired must be eligible under the Federal financial assistance award, including the Federal law authorizing the FEMA award and any implementing regulations and policies. Furthermore, if FEMA assistance will finance the cost of property or services, the property or services must be within the scope of work of the specific FEMA grant or cooperative agreement (or project within that grant or cooperative agreement). See Chapter II, 3.a. b. Necessity. The Uniform Rules require the NFE to establish procedures to avoid the purchase of unnecessary or duplicative items. 2 C.F.R (d). In monitoring whether a NFE has complied with its procedures to avoid the purchase of unnecessary or duplicative items, FEMA bases its determination on what would have been the NFE s reasonable expectations at the time it entered into the contract. i. General Prohibition. FEMA expects the NFE to limit an acquisition to its current and reasonably expected needs to carry out the scope of work under the FEMA award, and may not add quantities or options to the contract solely for needs unrelated to the scope of work under the FEMA award or for the purpose of assignment to another party at a later date. The prohibition does not apply, however, to joint procurements or state or local government purchasing schedules or contracts. ii. Advance Contracts for Future Work. A NFE may award advance contracts before an incident occurs for the potential performance of work under a Stafford Act emergency or major disaster. These are also known as pre-positioned or pre-awarded contracts. These types of contracts are eligible for reimbursement when used to support response and recovery efforts pursuant to a financial assistance award; however, NFEs must ensure that these contracts are awarded in accordance with the Federal
22 FEMA Procurement Guidance Page IV- 4 procurement standards found at 2 C.F.R and that the scope of work adequately encompasses the type and extent of work anticipated for its use in response to and recovery from the disaster. c. Procurement Size. The NFE should consider whether to consolidate or break out the procurement to obtain a more economical purchase. 2 C.F.R (d). i. Joint Procurements. It may be economically advantageous for a NFE to enter into a joint procurement with others that have similar needs. A joint procurement will enable the two or more NFE s to obtain advantages unavailable for smaller procurements. ii. Smaller Procurements. The regulations require a NFE to take the affirmative step, when possible, to divide total requirements by breaking out procurements when economically feasible into smaller tasks or quantities to permit maximum participation of small and minority businesses and women s business enterprises. 2 C.F.R (b)(3). Absent efforts to permit maximum participation of small and minority businesses and women s business enterprises, a NFE should not break out a larger procurement merely to bring it under the micro-purchase or simplified acquisition thresholds. In other words, NFEs should not perform what is commonly referred to as project splitting, by which a single requirement is broken up into smaller components simply to defeat an established dollar threshold in order to take advantage of streamlined procurement procedures under the micro-purchase and small purchase procedures, methods of contracting. d. Options. The NFE s contracts may include options to ensure the future availability of property or services as long as the NFE justifies them as needed for the purpose of the FEMA grant or cooperative agreement. e. Lease vs. Purchase. A NFE must, where appropriate, make an analysis of lease versus purchase alternatives, and any other appropriate analysis to determine the most economical approach. 2 C.F.R (d). FEMA will review any costs used in the comparison for reasonableness, realistic current market conditions, and based on the expected useful service life of the asset. The following provide examples of where the lease vs. purchase analysis is required under FEMA financial assistance programs. i. Temporary Facilities under the Public Assistance Grant Program. Eligible Public Assistance applicants may request FEMA financial assistance for temporary facilities following a Stafford Act declaration to continue the essential community services 5 previously performed at a damaged facility. 5 Essential community services are those services of a governmental nature that are necessary to save lives, protect property and the public, and preserve the proper function and health of the
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