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Vashington Naval Treaty
« on: November 09, 2007, 11:44:09 pm »
From: Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States: 1922, Vol. 1, pp. 247-266.
Treaty Series NO. 671
NOVEMBER 12 1921-FEBRUARY 6, 1922.
Treaty Between the United States of America, the British Empire, France, Italy, and Japan, Signed at Washington, February 6, 1922. [41]
The United States of America, the British Empire, France, Italy and Japan:
[41] In English and French; French text not printed. Ratification advised by the Senate, Mar. 29, 1922; ratified by the President, June 9, 1923; ratifications deposited with the Government of the United States, Aug. 17, 1923; proclaimed, Aug. 21, 1923.
and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas, Emperor of India:
Senator the Right Honourable George Foster Pearce, Minister
for Home and Territories;
The Right Honourable Valingman Sankaranarayana Srinivasa Sastri,
Member of the Indian Council of State;
Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary at Washington;
Baron Tomosaburo Kato, Minister for the Navy, Junii, a member of the
First Class of the Imperial Order of the Grand Cordon of the
Rising Sun with the Paulownia Flower;
Baron Kijuro Shidehara, His Ambassador Extraordinary and
Plenipotentiary at Washington, Joshii, a member of the First Class
of the Imperial Order of the Rising Sun;
Mr. Masanao Hanihara, Vice Minister for Foreign Affairs, Jushii, a
member of the Second Class of the Imperial Order of the Rising
Re: Vashington Naval Treaty
« Reply #1 on: November 09, 2007, 11:44:36 pm »
CHAPTER I.-GENERAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO THE LIMITATION OF NAVAL ARMAMENT
The Contracting Powers agree to limit their respective naval armament as provided in the present Treaty.
The total capital ship replacement tonnage of each of the Contracting Powers shall not exceed in standard displacement, for the United States 525,000 tons (533,400 metric tons); for the British Empire 525,000 tons (533,400 metric tons); for France 175,000 tons (177,800 metric tons); for Italy 175,000 tons (177,800 metric tons); for Japan 315,000 tons (320,040 metric tons).
No capital ship exceeding 35,000 tons (35,560 metric tons) standard displacement shall be acquired by, or constructed by, for, or within the jurisdiction of, any of the Contracting Powers.
The total tonnage for aircraft carriers of each of the Contracting Powers shall not exceed in standard displacement, for the United States 135,000 tons (137,160 metric tons); for the British Empire 135,000 tons (137,160 metric tons); for France 60,000 tons (60,960 metric tons); for Italy 60,000 tons (60,960 metric tons); for Japan 81,000 tons (82,296 metric tons).
The replacement of aircraft carriers shall be effected only as prescribed in Chapter II, Part 3, provided, however, that all aircraft carrier tonnage in existence or building on November 12, 1921, shall be considered experimental, and may be replaced, within the total tonnage limit prescribed in Article VII, without regard to its age.
No aircraft carrier exceeding 27,000 tons (27,432 metric tons) standard displacement shall be acquired by, or constructed by, for or within the jurisdiction of, any of the Contracting Powers.
However, any of the Contracting Powers may, provided that its total tonnage allowance of aircraft carriers is not thereby exceeded,
build not more than two aircraft carriers, each of a tonnage of not more than 33,000 tons (33,528 metric tons) standard displacement, and in order to effect economy any of the Contracting Powers may use for this purpose any two of their ships, whether constructed or in course of construction, which would otherwise be scrapped under the provisions of Article II. The armament of any aircraft carriers exceeding 27,000 tons (27,432 metric tons) standard displacement shall be in accordance with the requirements of Article X, except that the total number of guns to be carried in case any of such guns be of a calibre exceeding 6 inches (152 millimetres), except anti-aircraft guns and guns not exceeding 5 inches (127 millimetres), shall not exceed eight.
No aircraft carrier of any of the Contracting Powers shall carry a gun with a calibre in excess of 8 inches (203 millimetres). Without prejudice to the provisions of Article IX, if the armament carried includes guns exceeding 6 inches (152 millimetres) in calibre the total number of guns carried, except anti-aircraft guns and guns not exceeding 5 inches (127 millimetres), shall not exceed ten. If alternatively the armament contains no guns exceeding 6 inches (152 millimetres) in calibre, the number of guns is not limited. In either case the number of anti-aircraft guns and of guns not exceeding 5 inches (127 millimetres) is not limited.
No vessel of war exceeding 10,000 tons (10,160 metric tons) standard displacement, other than a capital ship or aircraft carrier, shall be acquired by, or constructed by, for, or within the jurisdiction of, any of the Contracting Powers. Vessels not specifically built as fighting ships nor taken in time of peace under government control for fighting purposes, which are employed on fleet duties or as troop transports or in some other way for the purpose of assisting in the prosecution of hostilities otherwise than as fighting ships, shall not be within the limitations of this Article.
No vessel of war of any of the Contracting Powers, hereafter laid down, other than a capital ship, shall carry a gun with a calibre in excess of 8 inches (203 millimetres).
Except as provided in Article IX, no ship designated in the present Treaty to be scrapped may be reconverted into a vessel of war.
No preparations shall be made in merchant ships in time of peace for the installation of warlike armaments for the purpose of converting such ships into vessels of war, other than the necessary stiffening of decks for the mounting of guns not exceeding 6 inch (152 millimetres) calibre.
No vessel of war constructed within the jurisdiction of any of the Contracting Powers for a non-Contracting Power shall exceed the limitations as to displacement and armament prescribed by the present Treaty for vessels of a similar type which may be constructed by or for any of the Contracting Powers; provided, however, that the displacement for aircraft carriers constructed for a non-Contracting Power shall in no case exceed 27,000 tons (27,432 metric tons) standard displacement.
If the construction of any vessel of war for a non-Contracting Power is undertaken within the jurisdiction of any of the Contracting Powers, such Power shall promptly inform the other Contracting Powers of the date of the signing of the contract and the date on which the keel of the ship is laid; and shall also communicate to them the particulars relating to the ship prescribed in Chapter II, Part 3, Section I (b), (4) and (5).
« Reply #2 on: November 09, 2007, 11:44:59 pm »
In the event of a Contracting Power being engaged in war, such Power shall not use as a vessel of war any vessel of war which may be under construction within its jurisdiction for any other Power, or which may have been constructed within its jurisdiction for another Power and not delivered.
Each of the Contracting Powers undertakes not to dispose by gift, sale or any mode of transfer of any vessel of war in such a manner that such vessel may become a vessel of war in the Navy of any foreign Power.
The United States, the British Empire and Japan agree that the status quo at the time of the signing of the present Treaty, with
regard to fortifications and naval bases, shall be maintained in their respective territories and possessions specified hereunder:
(1) The insular possessions which the United States now holds or may hereafter acquire in the Pacific Ocean, except (a) those adjacent to the coast of the United States, Alaska and the Panama Canal Zone, not including the Aleutian Islands, and (b) the Hawaiian Islands;
(2) Hong Kong and the insular possessions which the British Empire now holds or may hereafter acquire in the Pacific Ocean, east of the meridian of 110° east longitude, except (a) those adjacent to the coast of Canada, (b) the Commonwealth of Australia and its Territories, and (c) New Zealand;
(3) The following insular territories and possessions of Japan in the Pacific Ocean, to wit: the Kurile Islands, the Bonin Islands, Amami-Oshima, the Loochoo Islands, Formosa and the Pescadores, and any insular territories or possessions in the Pacific Ocean which Japan may hereafter acquire.
The maintenance of the status quo under the foregoing provisions implies that no new fortifications or naval bases shall be established in the territories and possessions specified; that no measures shall be taken to increase the existing naval facilities for the repair and maintenance of naval forces, and that no increase shall be made in the coast defences of the territories and possessions above specified. This restriction, however, does not preclude such repair and replacement of worn-out weapons and equipment as is customary in naval and military establishments in time of peace.
The rules for determining tonnage displacement prescribed in Chapter II, Part 4, shall apply to the ships of each of the Contracting Powers.
« Reply #3 on: November 09, 2007, 11:45:30 pm »
CHAPTER II.-RULES RELATING TO THE EXECUTION OF THE TREATY-
PART 1.-CapitaL Ships Which may Be Retained by the Contracting Powers
In accordance with Article II ships may be retained by each of the Contracting Powers as specified in this Part.
SHIPS WHICH MAY BE RETAINED BY THE UNITED STATES
Maryland ................................................ 32,600
California .............................................. 32,300
Tennessee ............................................... 32,300
Idaho ................................................... 32,000
New Mexico .............................................. 32,000
SHIPS WHICH MAY BE RETAINED BY THE UNITED STATES-Continued
Mississippi ............................................. 32,000
Arizona ................................................. 31,400
Pennsylvania ............................................ 31,400
Oklahoma ................................................ 27,500
Nevada .................................................. 27,500
New York ................................................ 27,000
Texas ................................................... 27,000
Arkansas ................................................ 26,000
Wyoming ................................................. 26,000
Florida ................................................. 21,825
Utah .................................................... 21,825
North Dakota ............................................ 20,000
Delaware ................................................ 20,000
Total Tonnage ....................................... 500,650
On the completion of the two ships of the West Virginia class and the scrapping of the North Dakota and Delaware, as provided in Article II, the total tonnage to be retained by the United States will be 525,850 tons.
SHIPS WHICH MAY BE RETAINED BY THE BRITISH EMPIRE
Royal Sovereign ......................................... 25,750
Royal Oak ............................................... 25,750
Revenge ................................................. 25,750
Resolution .............................................. 25,750
Ramilies ................................................ 25,750
Malaya .................................................. 27,500
Valiant ................................................. 27,500
Barham .................................................. 27,500
Queen Elizabeth ......................................... 27,500
Warsprite ............................................... 27,500
Benbow .................................................. 25,000
Emperor of India ........................................ 25,000
Iron Duke ............................................... 25,000
Marlborough ............................................. 25,000
Hood .................................................... 41,200
Renown .................................................. 26,500
Repulse ................................................. 26,500
Tiger ................................................... 28,500
Thunderer ............................................... 22,500
King George V ........................................... 23,000
Ajax .................................................... 23,000
Centurion ............................................... 23,000
Total Tonnage ....................................... 580,450
On the completion of the two new ships to be constructed and the scrapping of the Thunderer, King George V, Ajax and Centurion, as provided in Article II, the total tonnage to be retained by the British Empire will be 558,950 tons.
SHIPS WHICH MAY BE RETAINED BY FRANCE
SHIPS WHICH MAY BE RETAINED BY ITALY
Andrea Doria ............................................ 22,700
Caio Duilio ............................................. 22,700
Conte Di Cavour ......................................... 22,500
Giulio Cesare ........................................... 22,500
Leonardo Da Vinci ....................................... 22,500
Dante Alighieri ......................................... 19,500
Roma .................................................... 12,600
Napoli .................................................. 12,600
Vittorio Emanuele ....................................... 12,600
Regina Elena ............................................ 12,600
Total tonnage ........................................ 182,800
SHIPS WHICH MAY BE RETAINED BY JAPAN
« Reply #4 on: November 09, 2007, 11:45:55 pm »
PART 2.-Rules for Scrapping Vessels of War
The following rules shall be observed for the scrapping of vessels of war which are to be disposed of in accordance with Articles II and III.
I. A vessel to be scrapped must be placed in such condition that it cannot be put to combatant use.
(b) Breaking the vessel up. This shall always involve the
and all deck, side and bottom plating;
(c) Converting the vessel to target use exclusively. In such
case all the provisions of paragraph III of this Part, except
sub-paragraph (6), in so far as may be necessary to enable the
ship to be used as a mobile target, and except sub-paragraph
(7), must be previously complied with. Not more than one capital
ship may be retained for this purpose at one time by any of the
(d) Of the capital ships which would otherwise be scrapped under the
present Treaty in or after the year 1931, France and Italy may
each retain two sea-going vessels for training purposes
exclusively, that is, as gunnery or torpedo schools. The two
vessels retained by France shall be of the Jean Bart
class, and of those retained by Italy one shall be the Dante
Alighieri, the other of the Giulio Cesare class.
On retaining these ships for the purpose above stated, France
and Italy respectively undertake to remove and destroy their
conning-towers, and not to use the said ships as vessels of war.
III. (a) Subject to the special exceptions contained in Article IX, when a vessel is due for scrapping, the first stage of scrapping, which consists in rendering a ship incapable of further warlike service, shall be immediately undertaken.
(b) A vessel shall be considered incapable of further warlike service when there shall have been removed and landed, or else destroyed in the ship:
(1) All guns and essential portions of guns, fire-control tops and revolving parts of all barbettes and turrets;
(2) All machinery for working hydraulic or electric mountings;
(3) All fire-control instruments and range-finders;
(4) All ammunition, explosives and mines;
(5) All torpedoes, warheads and torpedo tubes;
(7) The conning tower and all side armour, or alternatively all main propelling machinery;
and ( All landing and flying-off platforms and all other aviation accessories.
IV. The periods in which scrapping of vessels is to be effected are as follows:
(a) In the case of vessels to be scrapped under the first paragraph of Article II, the work of rendering the vessels incapable of further warlike service, in accordance with paragraph III of this Part, shall be completed within six months from the coming into force of the present Treaty, and the scrapping shall be finally effected within eighteen months from such coming into force.
(b) In the case of vessels to be scrapped under the second and third paragraphs of Article II, or under Article III, the work of rendering the vessel incapable of further warlike service in accordance with paragraph III of this Part shall be commenced not later than the date of completion of its successor, and shall be finished within six months from the date of such completion. The vessel shall be finally scrapped, in accordance with paragraph II of this Part, within eighteen months from the date of completion of its successor. If, however, the completion of the new vessel be delayed, then the work of rendering the old vessel incapable of further war-like service in accordance with paragraph III of this Part shall be commenced within four years from the laying of the keel of the new vessel, and shall be finished within six months from the date on which such work was commenced, and the old vessel shall be finally scrapped in accordance with paragraph II of this Part within eighteen months from the date when the work of rendering it incapable of further warlike service was commenced.
« Reply #5 on: November 09, 2007, 11:46:23 pm »
PART 3.-Replacement
The replacement of capital ships and aircraft carriers shall take place according to the rules in Section I and the tables in Section II of this Part.
SECTION I.-RULES FOR REPLACEMENT
(a) Capital ships and aircraft carriers twenty years after the date of their completion may, except as otherwise provided in Article VIII and in the tables in Section II of this Part, be replaced by new construction, but within the limits prescribed in Article IV and Article VII. The keels of such new construction may, except as otherwise provided in Article VIII and in the tables in Section II of this Part, be laid down not earlier than seventeen years from the date of completion of the tonnage to be replaced, provided, however, that no capital ship tonnage, with the exception of the ships referred to in the third paragraph of Article II, and the replacement tonnage
specifically mentioned in Section II of this Part, shall be laid down until ten years from November 12, 1921.
(b) Each of the Contracting Powers shall communicate promptly to each of the other Contracting Powers the following information:
(1) The names of the capital ships and aircraft carriers to be
replaced by new construction;
(2) The date of governmental authorization of replacement
(c) In case of loss or accidental destruction of capital ships or aircraft carriers, they may immediately be replaced by new construction subject to the tonnage limits prescribed in Articles IV and VII and in conformity with the other provisions of the present Treaty, the regular replacement program being deemed to be advanced to that extent.
(d) No retained capital ships or aircraft carriers shall be reconstructed except for the purpose of providing means of defense against air and submarine attack, and subject to the following rules: The Contracting Powers may, for that purpose, equip existing tonnage with bulge or blister or anti-air attack deck protection, providing the increase of displacement thus effected does not exceed 3,000 tons (3,048 metric tons) displacement for each ship. No alterations in side armor, in calibre, number or general type of mounting of main armament shall be permitted except:
(1) in the case of France and Italy, which countries within the
limits allowed for bulge may increase their armor protection and
the calibre of the guns now carried on their existing capital
ships so as not to exceed 16 inches (406 millimeters) and
(2) the British Empire shall be permitted to complete, in the case of
the Renown, the alterations to armor that have already
been commenced but temporarily suspended.
« Reply #6 on: November 09, 2007, 11:46:56 pm »
PART 4.-Definitions
For the purposes of the present Treaty, the following expressions are to be understood in the sense defined in this Part.
An aircraft carrier is defined as a vessel of war with a displacement in excess of 10,000 tons (10,160 metric tons) standard displacement designed for the specific and exclusive purpose of carrying aircraft. It must be so constructed that aircraft can be launched therefrom and landed thereon, and not designed and constructed for carrying a more powerful armament than that allowed to it under Article IX or Article X as the case may be.
The word "ton" in the present Treaty, except in the expression "metric tons", shall be understood to mean the ton of 2240 pounds (1016 kilos).
Vessels now completed shall retain their present ratings of displacement tonnage in accordance with their national system of measurement. However, a Power expressing displacement in metric tons shall be considered for the application of the present Treaty as owning only the equivalent displacement in tons of 2240 pounds.
CHAPTER III.-MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
If during the term of the present Treaty the requirements of the national security of any Contracting Power in respect of naval defence are, in the opinion of that Power, materially affected by any change of circumstances, the Contracting Powers will, at the request of such Power, meet in conference with a view to the reconsideration of the provisions of the Treaty and its amendment by mutual agreement.
In view of possible technical and scientific developments, the United States, after consultation with the other Contracting Powers, shall arrange for a conference of all the Contracting Powers which shall convene as soon as possible after the expiration of eight years from the coming into force of the present Treaty to consider what changes, if any, in the Treaty may be necessary to meet such developments.
Whenever any Contracting Power shall become engaged in a war which in its opinion affects the naval defence of its national security, such Power may after notice to the other Contracting Powers suspend for the period of hostilities its obligations under the present Treaty other than those under Articles XIII and XVII, provided that such Power shall notify the other Contracting Powers that the emergency is of such a character as to require such suspension.
The remaining Contracting Powers shall in such case consult together with a view to agreement as to what temporary modifications if any should be made in the Treaty as between themselves. Should such consultation not produce agreement, duly made in accordance with the constitutional methods of the respective Powers, any one of said Contracting Powers may, by giving notice to the other Contracting Powers, suspend for the period of hostilities its obligations under the present Treaty, other than those under Articles XIII and XVII.
On the cessation of hostilities the Contracting Powers will meet in conference to consider what modifications, if any, should be made in the provisions of the present Treaty.
The present Treaty shall remain in force until December 31st, 1936, and in case none of the Contracting Powers shall have given notice two years before that date of its intention to terminate the treaty, it shall continue in force until the expiration of two years from the date on which notice of termination shall be given by one of the Contracting Powers, whereupon the Treaty shall terminate as regards all the Contracting Powers. Such notice shall be communicated in writing to the Government of the United States, which shall immediately transmit a certified copy of the notification to the other Powers and inform them of the date on which it was received. The notice shall be deemed to have been given and shall take effect on that date. In the event of notice of termination being given by the Government of the United States, such notice shall be given to the diplomatic representatives at Washington of the other Contracting Powers, and the notice shall be deemed to have been given
and shall take effect on the date of the communication made to the said diplomatic representatives.
Within one year of the date on which a notice of termination by any Power has taken effect, all the Contracting Powers shall meet in conference.
DONE at the City of Washington the sixth day of February, One Thousand Nine Hundred and Twenty-Two.
[SEAL] CHARLES EVANS HUGHES
[SEAL] HENRY CABOT LODGE
[SEAL] OSCAR W UNDERWOOD
[SEAL] ELIHU ROOT
[SEAL] ARTHUR JAMES BALFOUR
[SEAL] LEE OF FAREHAM
[SEAL] A. C. GEDDES
R. L. BORDEN [SEAL]
JOHN W SALMOND [SEAL]
V S SRINIVASA SASTRI [SEAL]
A SARRAUT [SEAL]
[SEAL] V. ROLANDI RICCI
[SEAL] LUIGI ALBERTINI
[SEAL] T. KATO
[SEAL] K. SHIDEHARA
[SEAL] M. HANIHARA