Source: https://patents.google.com/patent/US9172139B2/en
Timestamp: 2019-12-10 22:19:34
Document Index: 742187046

Matched Legal Cases: ['art 104', 'art 104', 'art 104', 'art 104', 'art 104', 'art 104', 'art 104']

US9172139B2 - Bezel gap antennas - Google Patents
Bezel gap antennas Download PDF
US9172139B2
US9172139B2 US12/871,866 US87186610A US9172139B2 US 9172139 B2 US9172139 B2 US 9172139B2 US 87186610 A US87186610 A US 87186610A US 9172139 B2 US9172139 B2 US 9172139B2
US12/871,866
US20110133995A1 (en
2009-12-03 Priority to US12/630,756 priority Critical patent/US8270914B2/en
2010-08-30 Priority to US12/871,866 priority patent/US9172139B2/en
2010-08-30 Assigned to APPLE INC. reassignment APPLE INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CABALLERO, RUBEN, HILL, ROBERT J., JIN, NANBO, LI, QINGXIANG, PASCOLINI, MATTIA, ZAVALA, JUAN, SCHLUB, ROBERT W.
2011-06-09 Publication of US20110133995A1 publication Critical patent/US20110133995A1/en
2015-10-27 Publication of US9172139B2 publication Critical patent/US9172139B2/en
239000004452 animal feeding substances Substances 0 abstract claims description 51
238000000576 coating method Methods 0 claims description 52
239000011248 coating agents Substances 0 claims description 50
239000004020 conductor Substances 0 abstract description 16
This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 12/630,756, filed Dec. 3, 2009, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,270,914 which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
Devices such as these are often provided with wireless communications capabilities. For example, electronic devices may use long-range wireless communications circuitry such as cellular telephone circuitry to communicate using cellular telephone bands at 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, and 1900 MHz (e.g., the main Global System for Mobile Communications or GSM cellular telephone bands). Long-range wireless communications circuitry may also handle the 2100 MHz band. Electronic devices may use short-range wireless communications links to handle communications with nearby equipment. For example, electronic devices may communicate using the WiFi® (IEEE 802.11) bands at 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz and the Bluetooth® band at 2.4 GHz.
Electronic devices may be provided that include antenna structures. An antenna may be configured to operate in first and second communications bands. An electronic device may contain radio-frequency transceiver circuitry that is coupled to the antenna using a transmission line. The transmission line may have a positive conductor and a ground conductor. The antenna may have a positive antenna feed terminal and a ground antenna feed terminal to which the positive and ground conductors of the transmission line are respectively coupled.
The electronic device may have a rectangular periphery. A rectangular display may be mounted on a front face of the electronic device. The electronic device may have a rear face that is formed form a plastic housing member. Conductive sidewall structures may run around the periphery of the electronic device housing and display. The conductive sidewall structures may serve as a bezel for the display.
The bezel may include at least one gap. The gap may be filled with a solid dielectric such as plastic. The antenna may be formed from the portion of the bezel that includes the gap and a portion of a ground plane. To avoid excessive sensitivity to touch events, the antenna may be fed using a feed arrangement that reduces electric field concentration in the vicinity of the gap. An impedance matching network may be formed that provides satisfactory operation in both the first and second bands.
The impedance matching network may include an inductive element that is formed in parallel with the antenna feed terminals and a capacitive element that is formed in series with one of the antenna feed terminals. The inductive element may be formed from a transmission line inductive structure that bridges the antenna feed terminals. The capacitive element may be formed from a capacitor that is interposed in the positive feed path for the antenna. The capacitor may, for example, be connected between the positive ground conductor of the transmission line and the positive antenna feed terminal.
FIG. 4 is a diagram of an illustrative antenna in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of an illustrative series-fed loop antenna that may be used in an electronic device in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a graph showing how an electronic device antenna may be configured to exhibit coverage in multiple communications bands in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of an illustrative parallel-fed loop antenna that may be used in an electronic device in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 8 is a diagram of an illustrative parallel-feed loop antenna with an inductance interposed in the loop in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 9 is a diagram of an illustrative parallel-fed loop antenna having an inductive transmission line structure in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 10 is a diagram of an illustrative parallel-fed loop antenna with an inductive transmission line structure and a series-connected capacitive element in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 11 is a Smith chart illustrating the performance of various electronic device loop antennas in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 12 is a perspective view showing how a gap may be formed in a bezel structure that is used in forming an antenna in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 13 is a top view of a gap in a bezel structure of the type shown in FIG. 12 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 14 is a top view of a gap in a bezel structure showing how the gap may have an inwardly expanding profile in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 15 is a top view of a gap in a bezel structure showing how the gap may have an outwardly expanding profile in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 16 is a top view of a gap in a bezel structure that is recessed with respect to the periphery of the housing in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 17 is a perspective view of an illustrative dielectric cover that has been formed over a gap in a housing structure that forms part of an antenna in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional end view of a portion of a bezel structure with a peripheral coating in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 19 is a cross-sectional end view of a portion of a bezel structure with a peripheral coating and upper and lower surface coatings in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 20 is a cross-sectional end view of a portion of a bezel structure that is coating on its upper, lower, inner, and outer surfaces in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 21 is a cross-sectional end view of a portion of a bezel structure that is coated on all sides with a coating layer and that has an opening in the coating in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 22 is a diagram showing illustrative equipment that may be used in forming an electronic device having antenna structures that are formed from a bezel structure with a coating in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 23 is a flow chart of illustrative steps that may be used in forming an electronic device that incorporates antenna structures that are formed using a bezel structure with a coating in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
The antennas can include loop antennas. Conductive structures for a loop antenna may, if desired, be formed from conductive electronic device structures. The conductive electronic device structures may include conductive housing structures. The housing structures may include a conductive bezel. Gap structures may be formed in the conductive bezel. The antenna may be parallel-fed using a configuration that helps to minimize sensitivity of the antenna to contact with a user's hand or other external object.
Any suitable electronic devices may be provided with wireless circuitry that includes loop antenna structures. As an example, loop antenna structures may be used in electronic devices such as desktop computers, game consoles, routers, laptop computers, etc. With one suitable configuration, loop antenna structures are provided in relatively compact electronic devices in which interior space is relatively valuable such as portable electronic devices.
In portable electronic device housing arrangements such as these, it may be particularly advantageous to use loop-type antenna designs that cover communications bands of interest. The use of portable devices such as handheld devices is therefore sometimes described herein as an example, although any suitable electronic device may be provided with loop antenna structures, if desired.
Device 10 includes housing 12 and includes at least one antenna for handling wireless communications. Housing 12, which is sometimes referred to as a case, may be formed of any suitable materials including, plastic, glass, ceramics, composites, metal, or other suitable materials, or a combination of these materials. In some situations, parts of housing 12 may be formed from dielectric or other low-conductivity material, so that the operation of conductive antenna elements that are located within housing 12 is not disrupted. In other situations, housing 12 may be formed from metal elements.
Housing 12 may include sidewall structures such as sidewall structures 16. Structures 16 may be implemented using conductive materials. For example, structures 16 may be implemented using a conductive ring member that substantially surrounds the rectangular periphery of display 14. Structures 16 may be formed from a metal such as stainless steel, aluminum, or other suitable materials. One, two, or more than two separate structures may be used in forming structures 16. Structures 16 may serve as a bezel that holds display 14 to the front (top) face of device 10. Structures 16 are therefore sometimes referred to herein as bezel structures 16 or bezel 16. Bezel 16 runs around the rectangular periphery of device 10 and display 14.
Bezel 16 may have a thickness (dimension TT) of about 0.1 mm to 3 mm (as an example). The sidewall portions of bezel 16 may be substantially vertical (parallel to vertical axis V). Parallel to axis V, bezel 16 may have a dimension TZ of about 1 mm to 2 cm (as an example). The aspect ratio R of bezel 16 (i.e., the of TZ to TT) is typically more than 1 (i.e., R may be greater than or equal to 1, greater than or equal to 2, greater than or equal to 4, greater than or equal to 10, etc.).
It is not necessary for bezel 16 to have a uniform cross-section. For example, the top portion of bezel 16 may, if desired, have an inwardly protruding lip that helps hold display 14 in place. If desired, the bottom portion of bezel 16 may also have an enlarged lip (e.g., in the plane of the rear surface of device 10). In the example of FIG. 1, bezel 16 has substantially straight vertical sidewalls. This is merely illustrative. The sidewalls of bezel 16 may be curved or may have any other suitable shape.
Display 14 includes conductive structures such as an array of capacitive electrodes, conductive lines for addressing pixel elements, driver circuits, etc. These conductive structures tend to block radio-frequency signals. It may therefore be desirable to form some or all of the rear planar surface of device from a dielectric material such as plastic.
Portions of bezel 16 may be provided with gap structures. For example, bezel 16 may be provided with one or more gaps such as gap 18, as shown in FIG. 1. Gap 18 lies along the periphery of the housing of device 10 and display 12 and is therefore sometimes referred to as a peripheral gap. Gap 18 divides bezel 16 (i.e., there is generally no conductive portion of bezel 16 in gap 18).
As shown in FIG. 1, gap 18 may be filled with dielectric. For example, gap 18 may be filled with air. To help provide device 10 with a smooth uninterrupted appearance and to ensure that bezel 16 is aesthetically appealing, gap 18 may be filled with a solid (non-air) dielectric such as plastic. Bezel 16 and gaps such as gap 18 (and its associated plastic filler structure) may form part of one or more antennas in device 10. For example, portions of bezel 16 and gaps such as gap 18 may, in conjunction with internal conductive structures, form one or more loop antennas. The internal conductive structures may include printed circuit board structures, frame members or other support structures, or other suitable conductive structures.
The lower antenna may, for example, be formed partly from the portions of bezel 16 in the vicinity of gap 18.
Antennas in device 10 may be used to support any communications bands of interest. For example, device 10 may include antenna structures for supporting local area network communications, voice and data cellular telephone communications, global positioning system (GPS) communications, Bluetooth® communications, etc. As an example, the lower antenna in region 20 of device 10 may be used in handling voice and data communications in one or more cellular telephone bands.
A schematic diagram of an illustrative electronic device is shown in FIG. 2. Device 10 of FIG. 2 may be a portable computer such as a portable tablet computer, a mobile telephone, a mobile telephone with media player capabilities, a handheld computer, a remote control, a game player, a global positioning system (GPS) device, a combination of such devices, or any other suitable portable electronic device.
As shown in FIG. 2, handheld device 10 may include storage and processing circuitry 28. Storage and processing circuitry 28 may include storage such as hard disk drive storage, nonvolatile memory (e.g., flash memory or other electrically-programmable-read-only memory configured to form a solid state drive), volatile memory (e.g., static or dynamic random-access-memory), etc. Processing circuitry in storage and processing circuitry 28 may be used to control the operation of device 10. This processing circuitry may be based on one or more microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal processors, applications specific integrated circuits, etc.
Wireless communications circuitry 34 may include radio-frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry formed from one or more integrated circuits, power amplifier circuitry, low-noise input amplifiers, passive RF components, one or more antennas, and other circuitry for handling RF wireless signals. Wireless signals can also be sent using light (e.g., using infrared communications). Wireless communications circuitry 34 may include radio-frequency transceiver circuits for handling multiple radio-frequency communications bands. For example, circuitry 34 may include transceiver circuitry 36 and 38. Transceiver circuitry 36 may handle 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands for WiFi® (IEEE 802.11) communications and may handle the 2.4 GHz Bluetooth® communications band. Circuitry 34 may use cellular telephone transceiver circuitry 38 for handling wireless communications in cellular telephone bands such as the GSM bands at 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, and 1900 MHz, and the 2100 MHz data band (as examples). Wireless communications circuitry 34 can include circuitry for other short-range and long-range wireless links if desired. For example, wireless communications circuitry 34 may include global positioning system (GPS) receiver equipment, wireless circuitry for receiving radio and television signals, paging circuits, etc. In WiFi® and Bluetooth® links and other short-range wireless links, wireless signals are typically used to convey data over tens or hundreds of feet. In cellular telephone links and other long-range links, wireless signals are typically used to convey data over thousands of feet or miles.
Wireless communications circuitry 34 may include antennas 40. Antennas 40 may be formed using any suitable antenna types. For example, antennas 40 may include antennas with resonating elements that are formed from loop antenna structure, patch antenna structures, inverted-F antenna structures, slot antenna structures, planar inverted-F antenna structures, helical antenna structures, hybrids of these designs, etc. Different types of antennas may be used for different bands and combinations of bands. For example, one type of antenna may be used in forming a local wireless link antenna and another type of antenna may be used in forming a remote wireless link.
With one suitable arrangement, which is sometimes described herein as an example, the lower antenna in device 10 (i.e., an antenna 40 located in region 20 of device 10 of FIG. 1) may be formed using a loop-type antenna design. When a user holds device 10, the user's fingers may contact the exterior of device 10. For example, the user may touch device 10 in region 20. To ensure that antenna performance is not overly sensitive to the presence or absence of a user's touch or contact by other external objects, the loop-type antenna may be fed using an arrangement that does not overly concentrate electric fields in the vicinity of gap 18.
A cross-sectional side view of device 10 of FIG. 1 taken along line 24-24 in FIG. 1 and viewed in direction 26 is shown in FIG. 3. As shown in FIG. 3, display 14 may be mounted to the front surface of device 10 using bezel 16. Housing 12 may include sidewalls formed from bezel 16 and one or more rear walls formed from structures such as planar rear housing structure 42. Structure 42 may be formed from a dielectric such as plastic or other suitable materials. Snaps, clips, screws, adhesive, and other structures may be used in attaching bezel 16 to display 14 and rear housing wall structure 42.
Antenna 40 may have antenna feed terminals. For example, antenna 40 may have a positive antenna feed terminal such as positive antenna feed terminal 58 and a ground antenna feed terminal such as ground antenna feed terminal 54. In the illustrative arrangement of FIG. 3, a transmission line path such as coaxial cable 52 may be coupled between the antenna feed formed from terminals 58 and 54 and transceiver circuitry in components 44 via connector 50 and interconnects 48. Components 44 may include one or more integrated circuits that implement the transceiver circuits 36 and 38 of FIG. 2. Connector 50 may be, for example, a coaxial cable connector that is connected to printed circuit board 46. Cable 52 may be a coaxial cable or other transmission line. Terminal 58 may be coupled to coaxial cable center connector 56. Terminal 54 may be connected to a ground conductor in cable 52 (e.g., a conductive outer braid conductor). Other arrangements may be used for coupling transceivers in device 10 to antenna 40 if desired. The arrangement of FIG. 3 is merely illustrative.
As the cross-sectional view of FIG. 3 makes clear, the sidewalls of housing 12 that are formed by bezel 16 may be relatively tall. At the same time, the amount of area that is available to form an antenna in region 20 at the lower end of device 10 may be limited, particularly in a compact device. The compact size that is desired form forming the antenna may make it difficult to form a slot-type antenna shape of sufficient size to resonant in desired communications bands. The shape of bezel 16 may tend to reduce the efficiency of conventional planar inverted-F antennas. Challenges such as these may, if desired, be addressed using a loop-type design for antenna 40.
Consider, as an example, the antenna arrangement of FIG. 4. As shown in FIG. 4, antenna 40 may be formed in region 20 of device 10. Region 20 may be located at the lower end of device 10, as described in connection with FIG. 1. Conductive region 68, which may sometimes be referred to as a ground plane or ground plane element, may be formed from one or more conductive structures (e.g., planar conductive traces on printed circuit board 46, internal structural members in device 10, electrical components 44 on board 46, radio-frequency shielding cans mounted on board 46, etc.). Conductive region 68 in region 66 is sometimes referred to as forming a “ground region” for antenna 40. Conductive structures 70 of FIG. 4 may be formed by bezel 16. Regions 70 are sometimes referred to as ground plane extensions. Gap 18 may be formed in this conductive bezel portion (as shown in FIG. 1).
Ground plane extensions 70 (i.e., portions of bezel 16) and the portions of region 68 that lie along edge 76 of ground region 68 form a conductive loop around opening 72. Opening 72 may be formed from air, plastics and other solid dielectrics. If desired, the outline of opening 72 may be curved, may have more than four straight segments, and/or may be defined by the outlines of conductive components. The rectangular shape of dielectric region 72 in FIG. 4 is merely illustrative.
The conductive structures of FIG. 4 may, if desired, be fed by coupling radio-frequency transceiver 60 across ground antenna feed terminal 62 and positive antenna feed terminal 64. As shown in FIG. 4, in this type of arrangement, the feed for antenna 40 is not located in the vicinity of gap 18 (i.e., feed terminals 62 and 64 are located to the left of laterally centered dividing line 74 of opening 72, whereas gap 18 is located to the right of dividing line 74 along the right-hand side of device 10). While this type of arrangement may be satisfactory in some situations, antenna feed arrangements that locate the antenna feed terminals at the locations of terminals 62 and 64 of FIG. 4 tend to accentuate the electric field strength of the radio-frequency antenna signals in the vicinity of gap 18. If a user happens to place an external object such as finger 80 into the vicinity of gap 18 by moving finger 80 in direction 78 (e.g., when grasping device 10 in the user's hand), the presence of the user's finger may disrupt the operation of antenna 40.
To ensure that antenna 40 is not overly sensitive to touch (i.e., to desensitize antenna 40 to touch events involving the hand of the user of device 10 and other external objects), antenna 40 may be fed using antenna feed terminals located in the vicinity of gap 18 (e.g., where shown by positive antenna feed terminal 58 and ground antenna feed terminal 54 in the FIG. 4 example). When the antenna feed is located to the right of line 74 and, more particularly, when the antenna feed is located close to gap 18, the electric fields that are produced at gap 18 tend to be reduced. This helps minimize the sensitive of antenna 40 to the presence of the user's hand, ensuring satisfactory operation regardless of whether or not an external object is in contact with device 10 in the vicinity of gap 18.
In the arrangement of FIG. 4, antenna 40 is being series fed. A schematic diagram of a series-fed loop antenna of the type shown in FIG. 4 is shown in FIG. 5. As shown in FIG. 5, series-fed loop antenna 82 may have a loop-shaped conductive path such as loop 84. A transmission line composed of positive transmission line conductor 86 and ground transmission line conductor 88 may be coupled to antenna feed terminals 58 and 54, respectively.
It may be challenging to effectively use a series-fed feed arrangement of the type shown in FIG. 5 to feed a multi-band loop antenna. For example, it may be desired to operate a loop antenna in a lower frequency band that covers the GSM sub-bands at 850 MHz and 900 MHz and a higher frequency band that covers the GSM sub-bands at 1800 MH and 1900 MHz and the data sub-band at 2100 MHz. This type of arrangement may be considered to be a dual band arrangement (e.g., 850/900 for the first band and 1800/1900/2100 for the second band) or may be considered to have five bands (850, 900, 1800, 1900, and 2100). In multi-band arrangements such as these, series-fed antennas such as loop antenna 82 of FIG. 5 may exhibit substantially better impedance matching in the high-frequency communications band than in the low-frequency communications band.
A standing-wave-ratio (SWR) versus frequency plot that illustrates this effect is shown in FIG. 6. As shown in FIG. 6, SWR plot 90 may exhibit a satisfactory resonant peak (peak 94) at high-band frequency f2 (e.g., to cover the sub-bands at 1800 MHz, 1900 MHz, and 2100 MHz). SWR plot 90 may, however, exhibit a relatively poor performance in the low-frequency band centered at frequency f1 when antenna 40 is series fed. For example, SWR plot 90 for a series-fed loop antenna 82 of FIG. 5 may be characterized by weak resonant peak 96. As this example demonstrates, series-fed loop antennas may provide satisfactory impedance matching to transmission line 52 (FIG. 3) in a higher frequency band at f2, but may not provide satisfactory impedance matching to transmission line 52 (FIG. 3) in lower frequency band f1.
A more satisfactory level of performance (illustrated by low-band resonant peak 92) may be obtained using a parallel-fed arrangement with appropriate impedance matching features.
An illustrative parallel-fed loop antenna is shown schematically in FIG. 7. As shown in FIG. 7, parallel-fed loop antenna 90 may have a loop of conductor such as loop 92. Loop 92 in the FIG. 7 example is shown as being circular. This is merely illustrative. Loop 92 may have other shapes if desired (e.g., rectangular shapes, shapes with both curved and straight sides, shapes with irregular borders, etc.). Transmission line TL may include positive signal conductor 94 and ground signal conductor 96. Paths 94 and 96 may be contained in coaxial cables, micro-strip transmission lines on flex circuits and rigid printed circuit boards, etc. Transmission line TL may be coupled to the feed of antenna 90 using positive antenna feed terminal 58 and ground antenna feed terminal 54. Electrical element 98 may bridge terminals 58 and 54, thereby “closing” the loop formed by path 92. When the loop is closed in this way, element 98 is interposed in the conductive path that forms loop 92. The impedance of parallel-fed loop antennas such as loop antenna 90 of FIG. 7 may be adjusted by proper selection of the element 98 and, if desired, other circuits (e.g., capacitors or other elements interposed in one of the feed lines such as line 94 or line 96).
Element 98 may be formed from one or more electrical components. Components that may be used as all or part of element 98 include resistors, inductors, and capacitors. Desired resistances, inductances, and capacitances for element 98 may be formed using integrated circuits, using discrete components and/or using dielectric and conductive structures that are not part of a discrete component or an integrated circuit. For example, a resistance can be formed using thin lines of a resistive metal alloy, capacitance can be formed by spacing two conductive pads close to each other that are separated by a dielectric, and an inductance can be formed by creating a conductive path on a printed circuit board. These types of structures may be referred to as resistors, capacitors, and/or inductors or may be referred to as capacitive antenna feed structures, resistive antenna feed structures and/or inductive antenna feed structures.
An illustrative configuration for antenna 40 in which component 98 of the schematic diagram of FIG. 7 has been implemented using an inductor is shown in FIG. 8. As shown in FIG. 8, loop 92 (FIG. 7) may be implemented using conductive regions 70 and the conductive portions of region 68 that run along edge 76 of opening 72. Antenna 40 of FIG. 8 may be fed using positive antenna feed terminal 58 and ground antenna feed terminal 54. Terminals 54 and 58 may be located in the vicinity of gap 18 to reduce electric field concentrations in gap 18 and thereby reduce the sensitivity of antenna 40 to touch events.
The presence of inductor 98 may at least partly help match the impedance of transmission line 52 to antenna 40. If desired, inductor 98 may be formed using a discrete component such as a surface mount technology (SMT) inductor. The inductance of inductor 98 may also be implemented using an arrangement of the type shown in FIG. 9. With the configuration of FIG. 9, the loop conductor of parallel-fed loop antenna 40 may have an inductive segment SG that runs parallel to ground plane edge GE. Segment SG may be, for example, a conductive trace on a printed circuit board or other conductive member. A dielectric opening DL (e.g., an air-filled or plastic-filled opening) may separate edge portion GE of ground 68 from segment SG of conductive loop portion 70. Segment SG may have a length L. Segment SG and associated ground GE form a transmission line with an associated inductance (i.e., segment SG and ground GE form inductor 98). The inductance of inductor 98 is connected in parallel with feed terminals 54 and 58 and therefore forms a parallel inductive tuning element of the type shown in FIG. 8. Because inductive element 98 of FIG. 9 is formed using a transmission line structure, inductive element 98 of FIG. 9 may introduce fewer losses into antenna 40 than arrangements in which a discrete inductor is used to bridge the feed terminals. For example, transmission-line inductive element 98 may preserve high-band performance (illustrated as satisfactory resonant peak 94 of FIG. 6), whereas a discrete inductor might reduce high-band performance.
Capacitive tuning may also be used to improve impedance matching for antenna 40. For example, capacitor 100 of FIG. 10 may be connected in series with center conductor 56 of coaxial cable 52 or other suitable arrangements can be used to introduce a series capacitance into the antenna feed. As shown in FIG. 10, capacitor 100 may be interposed in coaxial cable center conductor 56 or other conductive structures that are interposed between the end of transmission line 52 and positive antenna feed terminal 58. Capacitor 100 may be formed by one or more discrete components (e.g., SMT components), by one or more capacitive structures (e.g., overlapping printed circuit board traces that are separated by a dielectric, etc.), lateral gaps between conductive traces on printed circuit boards or other substrates, etc.
The conductive loop for loop antenna 40 of FIG. 10 is formed by conductive structures 70 and the conductive portions of ground conductive structures 66 along edge 76. Loop currents can also pass through other portions of ground plane 68, as illustrated by current paths 102. Positive antenna feed terminal 58 is connected to one end of the loop path and ground antenna feed terminal 54 is connected to the other end of the loop path. Inductor 98 bridges terminals 54 and 58 of antenna 40 of FIG. 10, so antenna 40 forms a parallel-fed loop antenna with a bridging inductance (and a series capacitance from capacitor 100).
During operation of antenna 40, a variety of current paths 102 of different lengths may be formed through ground plane 68. This may help to broaden the frequency response of antenna 40 in bands of interest. The presence of tuning elements such as parallel inductance 98 and series capacitance 100 may help to form an efficient impedance matching circuit for antenna 40 that allows antenna 40 to operate efficiently at both high and low bands (e.g., so that antenna 40 exhibits high-band resonance peak 94 of FIG. 6 and low-band resonance peak 92 of FIG. 6).
A simplified Smith chart showing the possible impact of tuning elements such as inductor 98 and capacitor 100 of FIG. 10 on parallel-fed loop antenna 40 is shown in FIG. 11. Point Y in the center of chart 104 represents the impedance of transmission line 52 (e.g., a 50 ohm coaxial cable impedance to which antenna 40 is to be matched). Configurations in which the impedance of antenna 40 is close to point Y in both the low and high bands will exhibit satisfactory operation.
With parallel-fed antenna 40 of FIG. 10, high-band matching is relatively insensitive to the presence or absence of inductive element 98 and capacitor 100. However, these components may significantly affect low band impedance. Consider, as an example, an antenna configuration without either inductor 98 or capacitor 100 (i.e., a parallel-fed loop antenna of the type shown in FIG. 4). In this type of configuration, the low band (e.g., the band at frequency f1 of FIG. 6) may be characterized by an impedance represented by point X1 on chart 104. When an inductor such as parallel inductance 98 of FIG. 9 is added to the antenna, the impedance of the antenna in the low band may be characterized by point X2 of chart 104. When a capacitor such as capacitor 100 is added to the antenna, the antenna may be configured as shown in FIG. 10. In this type of configuration, the impedance of the antenna 40 may be characterized by point X3 of chart 104.
At point X3, antenna 40 is well matched to the impedance of cable 50 in both the high band (frequencies centered about frequency f2 in FIG. 6) and the low band (frequencies centered about frequency f1 in FIG. 6). This may allow antenna 40 to support desired communications bands of interest. For example, this matching arrangement may allow antennas such as antenna 40 of FIG. 10 to operate in bands such as the communications bands at 850 MHz and 900 MHz (collectively forming the low band region at frequency f1) and the communications bands at 1800 MHz, 1900 MHz, and 2100 MHz (collectively forming the high band region at frequency f2).
Moreover, the placement of point X3 helps ensure that detuning due to touch events is minimized. When a user touches housing 12 of device 10 in the vicinity of antenna 40 or when other external objects are brought into close proximity with antenna 40, these external objects affect the impedance of the antenna. In particular, these external objects may tend to introduce a capacitive impedance contribution to the antenna impedance. The impact of this type of contribution to the antenna impedance tends to move the impedance of the antenna from point X3 to point X4, as illustrated by line 106 of chart 104 in FIG. 11. Because of the original location of point X3, point X4 is not too far from optimum point Y. As a result, antenna 40 may exhibit satisfactory operation under a variety of conditions (e.g., when device 10 is being touched, when device 10 is not being touched, etc.).
Although the diagram of FIG. 11 represents impedances as points for various antenna configurations, the antenna impedances are typically represented by a collection of points (e.g., a curved line segment on chart 104) due to the frequency dependence of antenna impedance. The overall behavior of chart 104 is, however, representative of the behavior of the antenna at the frequencies of interest. The use of curved line segments to represent frequency-dependent antenna impedances has been omitted from FIG. 11 to avoid over-complicating the drawing.
Bezel 16 may be formed by housing sidewalls structures that extend from the front face of device 10 to the rear face of device 10 and is therefore sometimes referred to as forming a band structure or band. Because bezel 16 extends around substantially all of the rectangular periphery of device 10, bezel 16 may also sometimes be referred to as a peripheral housing member, peripheral housing structures, peripheral housing sidewall structures, or a rectangular ring-shaped peripheral housing member.
FIG. 12 is a perspective view showing how gap 18 may be formed in structures 16. Gap 18 may be filled with a solid dielectric material such as plastic, ceramic, epoxy, glass, other dielectrics, materials filled with voids, fiber composite materials, etc.
A top view of a gap such as gap 18 of FIG. 12 is shown in FIG. 13. As shown in FIG. 13, structures 16 may be provided with prongs 108. Prongs 108 (which are not generally shown in the other FIGS. to avoid over-complicating the drawings) may surround dielectric gap material in region 110 and thereby help hold structures 16 together. Prongs 108 may be formed as integral portions of structures 16 or may be separate structures (e.g., metal brackets) that are welded or otherwise attached to structures 16.
In the illustrative example of FIGS. 12 and 13, gap 18 has the shape of a slot with parallel sidewalls in structures 16 (see, e.g., parallel sidewalls 18A and 18B of FIG. 13). If desired, sidewalls 18A and 18B need not be parallel. For example, sidewalls 18A and 18B may be angled so that outer gap width G1 of gap 18 is smaller than inner gap width G2 of gap 18, as shown in FIG. 14. As another example, sidewalls 18A and 18B may be angled so that outer gap width G1 of gap 18 is larger than inner gap width G2 of gap 18, as shown in FIG. 15.
FIG. 16 shows how gap 18 may have a recessed configuration. With this type of arrangement, outer dielectric material 18-1 fills the outer portion of gap 18 adjacent to the exposed peripheral surface of housing 12, so that material 18-1 is flush with the exterior surface of structures 16. Inner dielectric material 18-2, which may be formed as an integral part of outer dielectric material 18-1 can fill a narrower gap between opposing portions of structures 16. With this type of arrangement, the portion of gap 18 that is filled by material 18-2 has a relatively narrow gap width (width G2), whereas the portion of gap 18 that is filled with material 18-1 has a relatively wide gap width (width G1). Because of the relatively narrow width of inner portion of the gap (gap width G2), the gap formed by dielectric 18-2 tends to dominate the overall capacitance of the gap and therefore the electrical performance of the gap in antenna 40. The recessed nature of gap portion 18-2 (i.e., the non-zero depth D of gap portion 18-2 relative to the outer periphery P of housing 12), may help reduce the sensitivity of antenna 40 to touch events. Depth D may be 0-5 mm (as an example). The width of outer region 18-1 (G2) may be 0.5-10 mm (as an example).
A cover such as cover 128 may be attached to housing 12 over gap 18, as shown in FIG. 17. Cover 128 may be formed over all or some of the periphery of structure 16. In the example of FIG. 17, cover 128 is being used to cover only a segment of structure 16 (e.g., a segment that is about 1-20 mm long). Covers of other lengths, shapes, and sizes may be used if desired. Covers such as cover 128 may be formed from dielectric (e.g., plastic, glass, ceramic, composites, etc.) and may be attached using adhesive, fasteners, etc. When cover 128 is present, the sensitivity of antenna 40 to touch events may be minimized.
Antenna sensitivity may also be minimized by applying a coating layer to structures 16. FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional end view of a portion of structures 16 showing how structures 16 may be coated with coating layer 112. In the example of FIG. 18, outer surface 114 of structures 16 (i.e., the peripheral outer surface of structures 16) has been coated with coating layer 112, whereas other surfaces are uncoated. FIG. 19 shows how some or all of upper surface 118 and lower surface 116 may also be coated with coating 112. In the example of FIG. 20, structures 16 have been coated on all sides including outer surface 114, inner surface 120, upper surface 118, and lower surface 116. Upper surface 118 may be associated with the front face of device 10 and lower surface 116 may be associated with the rear face of device 10 (as examples). If desired, coating 112 may be patterned. For example, coating 112 may be patterned to form one or more openings such as opening 122 in coating 112, as shown in FIG. 21. The presence of openings such as opening 112 may allow electrical connections to be made to structures 16 (e.g., to attach conductive member 124 with a weld or other connection 126), even when coating 112 has insulating properties.
The thickness of coating 112 may be, for example, 1-10 microns, less than 10 microns, 0.3 microns, 0.25 microns, 0.65 microns, 1 micron, 5 microns, 15 microns, 25 microns, more than 1 micron, less than 100 microns, 100-200 microns, less than 20 microns, less than 50 microns, less than 200 microns, 25-75 microns, 50 microns, 400 microns, 1-3 mm, less than 3 mm, more than 100 microns, 1-500 microns, etc.
Coating 112 may be formed from a dielectric such as silicon dioxide or other silicon oxides (e.g., a 0.3 micron thick silicon oxide coating formed at a processing temperature of 40° C.), aluminum fluoride and aluminum oxide (e.g., a 0.3 micron coating formed at a processing temperature of 40° C.), aluminum oxide (e.g., a 0.3 micron coating formed at a processing temperature of 40° C.), carbon (e.g., a diamond-like carbon layer formed at a processing temperature of about 90° C.), sol-gel coatings (e.g., 5 micron, 15 micron, or 25 micron coatings formed from particles of silica at a processing temperature of 150° C.), porcelain or other ceramics, epoxy (e.g., epoxy layers of about 100 to 200 microns in thickness), titania aluminia (e.g., a thermally sprayed titania alumina layer having a thickness of 25 microns, 50 microns, or 75 microns), sprayed alumina (e.g., a thermally sprayed alumina layer having a thicknesses of 25 microns, 50 microns, or 75 microns), polymers (e.g., polyimide), paint, glass, fiber composites such as fiberglass and carbon fiber, carbon nanotube materials, wood, bamboo, other materials, or combinations of these materials.
FIG. 22 is a diagram showing equipment that may be used in forming coatings such as coating 112 (or a cover such as cover 128 of FIG. 17) on structures 16.
During manufacturing, all or part of structures 16 may be formed by casting, molding, machining, other manufacturing techniques, or combinations of these techniques. As an example, metal peripheral housing members may be formed by casting and/or machining or other types of structures may be processed to form uncoated versions of structures 16.
Uncoated structures 16 may be provided to coating equipment such as coating tool 130. Coating tool 130 may include equipment for applying and hardening coatings. Examples of equipment that may be used in tool 130 includes spraying equipment, painting equipment, dipping equipment, dripping equipment, equipment for pad printing, equipment for ink-jet printing, evaporation equipment, sputtering equipment, screen printing equipment, chemical vapor deposition equipment, physical vapor deposition equipment, etc. Coated structures may be provided to tool 132. Tool 132 may include equipment for applying heat to a workpiece such as an infrared lamp, an oven, a furnace, a rapid thermal annealing tool, a hot plate, etc. Heat may be applied to a liquid coating or a coating applied from a powder or spayed substance to dry the coating, to cure the coating, to soften and reflow the coating, or to otherwise complete the coating process.
Following completion of the formation of coating 112 using tool(s) such as tools 130 and 132, device assembly tools 134 may be used to assemble device 10, incorporating coated structures 16.
A flow chart of illustrative steps involved in forming coated structures 16 with a gap such as gap 18 for antenna 40 and in assembling device 10 while incorporating structures 16 is shown in FIG. 23.
At step 136, structures 16 may be formed including gap 18 for antenna 40. The operations of step 136 may include casting, machining, molding, fiber winding, and other operations for forming structures 16.
At step 138, coating 112 may be formed on some or all of structures 16. To help minimize the sensitivity of antenna 40 to touch events, coating 112 may be formed on structures 16 at least in the portion of structures 16 in the vicinity of gap 18 (e.g., so that at least all of structures 16 within a distance of 5 mm or less or within a distance of 20 mm or less from gap 18 are coated.)
During the operations of step 138, coating 112 may be formed on the outer surface of structures 16, on upper and lower surfaces, on an inner surface, etc. Coating 112 may be formed by spraying, painting, dipping, dripping, painting, pad printing, ink-jet printing, evaporation, sputtering, screen printing, chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, sol gel coating application, electrostatic application of charged coating particles (e.g., paint, etc.), etc. Heat may be applied as part of the operations of step 138 using an infrared lamp, an oven, a furnace, a rapid thermal annealing tool, a hot plate, a heated reservoir of liquid coating, other heating tools, etc. Heat may be applied to dry coating 112, to cure coating 112 (e.g., when using thermally cured epoxy), to soften and reflow coating 112, or to otherwise complete the coating process. Other coating curing and hardening processes may be used if desired (e.g., based on application of light, based on application of chemicals, etc.).
At step 140, following formation of coating 112, structures 16 may be machined and coating 112 may be optionally patterned. Coating 112 may be patterned as part of the process of machining structures 16 or may be patterned using chemical etching, laser etching (ablation), or other patterning techniques. Coating 112 may also be patterned as part of the coating deposition operations of step 138 (e.g., using shadow masking, removable barrier layers, etc.). Covers (e.g., a plastic or other dielectric formed into the shape of a cover such as cover 128 of FIG. 17) may be used in addition to coating 112.
1. An antenna in an electronic device having a periphery, an interior, and an exterior, the antenna comprising:
a conductive path formed at least partly from conductive structures disposed along the periphery, wherein the conductive path comprises a gap filled with dielectric;
a dielectric coating on the conductive structures, wherein the antenna comprises a parallel-fed loop antenna, the dielectric in the gap has an internal planar surface with a first surface area and an opposing external planar surface with a second surface area that is greater than the first surface area, and the external planar surface forms a portion of the exterior of the electronic device;
a first antenna feed terminal connected to the conductive path at a first side of the gap;
a second antenna feed terminal connected to the ground plane; and
an electrical element interposed in the conductive path between the first and second antenna feed terminals.
2. The antenna defined in claim 1 wherein the conductive structures comprise a bezel structure.
3. The antenna structure defined in claim 1 wherein the conductive structures comprises housing sidewalls associated with a housing for the electronic device and wherein the dielectric coating is formed on substantially all exposed surfaces of the conductive structures.
4. The antenna defined in claim 1, wherein the electrical element comprises an inductive element.
5. The antenna defined in claim 1 wherein the dielectric coating has a thickness of less than 100 microns.
6. The antenna defined in claim 1 wherein the dielectric coating comprises an oxide.
7. The antenna defined in claim 1 wherein the dielectric coating comprises epoxy.
8. The antenna defined in claim 1 wherein the dielectric coating comprises a material selected from the group consisting of: silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, carbon, porcelain, epoxy, and titania alumina.
a conductive structure that runs along the periphery and that has an exposed peripheral planar surface that forms a portion of the exterior of the electronic device, a planar internal surface, and at least one gap on the periphery that extends from the exposed peripheral planar surface to the planar internal surface, wherein the gap has an inner gap width at the planar internal surface and an outer gap width at the exposed peripheral planar surface that is greater than the inner gap width;
an antenna formed at least partly from the conductive structure, a ground plane, and first and second antenna feed terminals that are bridged by an electrical element; and
a dielectric coating that covers substantially all of the conductive structure.
10. The electronic device defined in claim 9 further comprising a display, wherein the conductive structure comprises conductive housing sidewall structures for the housing that surround the display.
11. The electronic device defined in claim 10, wherein the antenna comprises a parallel-fed loop antenna.
12. The electronic device defined in claim 11, wherein the ground plane is a substantially rectangular ground plane.
13. The electronic device defined in claim 10 further comprising a plastic cover that covers at least the gap.
14. The electronic device defined in claim 9, wherein the electrical element comprises an inductive element.
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