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1 93619 Chart 1 Canadian Trade by Region Percent of total merchandise exports/imports, BOP basis Chart 2 Trade with the EU as a share of Canada's GDP Percentage of gross domestic product of trade in goods (12) and services (11) Chart 3 2. Merchandise Trade United States China Russia Switzerland Norway Turkey Japan South Korea India Saudi Arabia Canada Singapore Algeria Australia 73.2 Brazil 62. US Incl PR & Virgin Islands Major Trading Partners of the European Union Percentage of trade activity Source: Eurostat, RBC Economics Research Balance 1.2 Services Trade Laura Cooper Economist European Union BOP Basis: Japan Other OECD Countries Other Countries The Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement October 13 Overview The Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) announced by Canada and the European Union is an agreement in principle to promote bilateral trade by eliminating tariffs and reducing non-technical barriers to support the flow of goods, services, investment and labour. At this point, details underlying the negotiated terms remain vague and as a result, the full implications of the deal are difficult to fully assess. That being said, a broad outline of the preliminary deal indicates the benefit for the Canadian economy is potentially significant. A number of sectors will be offered greater trade opportunities though some offset will occur in areas that need to adjust to greater foreign competition. This brief note aims to provide an overview of the trade agreement as it currently stands to gauge the potential impact on the Canadian economy and the extent to which the deal will alter the comparative landscape of various key sectors in Canada. Given the export-oriented nature of Canada s economy, widening the channels for trade with the European Union which accounted for 19.2% of world GDP in 12 will likely provide a net benefit to Canada over the longer term. Potential economic benefits cited by a joint Canada-EU study that supported the launch of trade negotiations in 08/09 included a projected % boost to bilateral trade and a $12 billion annual increase in economic activity roughly a 0.7% lift to Canadian GDP each year. Given the lack of details for the deal however, it is difficult to verify these claims. The European Union is Canada s second largest export destination although accounts for a considerably smaller share than its largest partner, the U.S. Of the $462. billion in goods Canada shipped abroad in 12, merchandise exports to the EU comprised $41.0 billion. from the EU to Canada totalled $44.6 billion resulting in a $3.6 billion trade deficit. In 12, Canada ranked 12 th in major trading partners with the EU which was led by the United States, China and Russia. Canada absorbs 1.9% of EU exports and supplies 1.7% of the region s imports both equivalent to 0.2% of GDP for the EU. The degree to which Canada is integrated into the market has shifted slightly over the past five years EU exports to Canada have grown below the average growth in exports to the rest of the world (.3% vs. 6.3%), however, import growth has surpassed the average growth from the rest of the world (.1% vs. 3.1%), a positive for Canada s export sectors particularly given the tumultuous economic environment in the region during this period. The service sector accounts for more than 70% of economic activity in Canada and international trade in services equated to 4.6% of the country s GDP in 11. CETA aims to promote the flow of services including management services, engineering and technical services and computer and information services through provisions such as the mutual recognition of professional qualifications. In 11, service receipts from the EU totalled
2 CETA October 13 Chart 4 Share of Canadian Services Trade Percentage of total Canadian services trade in United States 6.9 Share of services exports Share of services imports 21.4 Europe.3 $17.9 billion and relied heavily upon commercial services followed by transportation and government services and travel receipts. In exchange, payment to the EU for services rendered in Canada totalled $21.6 billion resulting in Canada running a small services trade deficit. Sectoral Analysis Despite an overall net positive for the Canadian economy, the impact will vary within and across industries depending on how firms adapt to the changing trade environment. Canadian goods entering the EU are subject to approximately 9000 tariff lines which over a period of seven years following implementation will largely be phased out (99.6% of non-agricultural tariffs eliminated immediately, rising to 0% over 7 years and transition periods of 3, and 7 years will eliminate 94% of agricultural tariffs over the same period). The negative hit from the trade agreement will be evident in industries that benefit from protective tariff barriers as imports will now be coming into Canada at lower prices. While details on industry specific measures are limited, preliminary provisions in the agreement provide insight into potential opportunities and challenges facing key industries. Chart Canadian Services to Europe by Type Percentage of services exports to Europe, Chart 6 Travel Commercial services Transportation and government services Canadian Services from Europe by Type Percentage of services imports from Europe, Travel Commercial services Transportation and government services Raw minerals Mining, oil and gas products accounted for 4% of Canadian exports to the EU in 12. This largely consisted of gold and silver ore (% of total exports) as well as other non-metallic minerals, iron ore, copper, nickel, lead, zinc and coal (11.6%). Under current trade conditions, most raw materials entering the EU are not subject to any tariffs. The products that do not enter the region duty-free are metals and minerals that are processed and are included in manufactured exports these include nonferrous metals and make up 7.6% of EU imports from Canada. As a result, a preliminary review of the deal suggests a minimal impact to most commodity exports with a positive boost likely for processed goods as 99.3% of industrial good tariffs will be eliminated upon implementation, rising to 0% over 7 years (For example, EU tariffs on forestry products will be eliminated upon implementation of the deal). Despite the release of a technical summary, it is not clear the extent to which oil and gas exports from Canada will face discrimination under the EU s proposed Fuel Quality Directive a set of proposed rules to penalize greenhouse gas intensive fuels upon entry into the region. The concern lies with the potential for precedent to be set with other trading partners and not with the direct impact on Canadian oil and gas exports to the EU as they are limited. With that said the capital intensive industry is expected to benefit from a relaxation of rules for foreign investment in Canada (see below). Agricultural Industries Canadian exports from agricultural, fishing and hunting industries accounted for.4% of exports to the EU in 12. Soybean farming accounted for nearly half of these exports (% of total) followed by wheat exports (1.3%) and seafood products (0.8%). With average tariffs on agricultural goods entering the EU of 13.9%, the elimination of these levies would support increased access to the EU market. The European Union will eliminate 93.6% of tariffs for Canadian goods including on maple syrup and fresh, frozen or processed fruits and vegetables although additional product details are limited. Tariff elimination for 2
3 CETA October 13 Chart 7 Trade with Europe by Industry Percentage of total exports/imports to/from the European Union by Industry wheat exports is of greater consequence for Canada, however. Over the 7 year implementation period, current duties for grain products will be phased out including the $190/tonne and $122/tonne for durum and high quality wheat, respectively. In the meantime, a transitional duty-free quota of 0K tonnes will be implemented for low-to-medium quality wheat. Finally, where tariffs remain across agricultural sectors following the implementation of the deal, subsidies will be allowed providing protection for these yet to be identified industries Ag/Fish/Hunting Mng, Oil and Gas Extraction Utilities Chart 8 Canadian Merchandise to Europe by Industry Percentage of exports to Europe, Top Industries Gold and Aerospace Non-Ferrous Petroleum Other Non- Other Basic Iron Ore Engine, Soybean Copper, Silver Ore Product and Metal (except Refineries Metallic Inorganic Mining Turbine and Farming Nickel, Lead Mining Parts Aluminum) Mineral Mining Chemical Power and Zinc Ore Smelting and and Quarrying Transmission Mining Refining Equipment Canada s supply management system that includes controls on production, imports and prices for eggs and poultry will remain unchanged. According to the federal government, the vast majority of supply managed products will be exempt from increases in market access. This is not to say that certain agricultural sectors will not be affected. For the dairy industry, the milk protein substances tariff will be phased out; however, Canada will gain duty-free, quota-free access to the EU market. Cheese products from the EU will have greater access to the Canadian market with the current import quota expected to be raised by 17k tonnes annually though the timeframe remains unclear. In exchange for the protection of supply managed goods, the European Union will maintain an entry price system restricting the import of various fruits and vegetables. For meat products, CETA is expected to establish tariff rate quotas allowing Canadian farmers duty-free access to the EU market including 81K, K and 3K tonnes of pork, beef and bison, respectively that is expected to be a net positive for the industry. Finally, the European Union is the largest importer of seafood in the world (% of trade activity in the industry) with Canada s share of seafood exports to the EU at 11%. With current tariffs averaging 11% in the industry, reducing the impediments to the free flow of seafood products and creating greater market access (with 9.% of tariffs to be eliminated) would be of particular benefit for exporters of shrimp, lobster and other seafood. Chart 9 Canadian Merchandise from Europe by Industry Percentage of exports to Europe, Top Industries Pharmaceutical Motor Vehicle Petroleum Aerospace Engine, Navigational, Construction Iron and Steel Wineries and Medicine Refineries Product and Turbine and Measuring, Machinery Mills and Parts Power Medical and Ferro-Alloy Transmission Control Equipment Instruments 2.0 Other Basic Organic Chemical Wine Under CETA, some areas of activity in Canada are expected to receive special recognition where the origin of the product confers a particular quality or character including wine and spirits. Wine imports make up % of Canadian imports from the EU and lower prices would make these foreign goods more competitive in the Canadian market. A specific provision is included in CETA, however, that will allow Canadian wineries to continue to sell only their own products on site and at small off-site stores. Government Procurement According to the federal government, the European Union government procurement market is estimated at $2.7 trillion 18% of which are contracts for business services. Under the CETA provisions, Canadian firms will have access to bid on contracts from the European Commission, EU Parliament and European Council, 28 member states, regional and local government entities and entities in the utilities sector. Similarly, the deal will allow European firms to bid on contracts in Canada, with some exceptions notably defence contracts, research and development, Aboriginal business, education, social and health care services 1. In the EU, Canadian firms will be excluded from bidding on contracts for broadcasting, shipbuilding, postal services and ports and airports. As well, the 3
4 CETA October 13 government can give preference to Canadian companies through grants, loans and fiscal incentives and continue to determine selection criteria 2. Thus, it is possible for the EU to impose similar restrictions and limit access to the procurement market in the EU. As it currently stands, Canada is likely to be a net beneficiary of this segment of the agreement as its exclusions are much broader in scope than those imposed by the EU. Foreign Direct Investment In 12, the European Union represented the second largest source of FDI in Canada at approximately $171 billion or 24% of total FDI into Canada. Similarly, the European Union served as the second largest destination for Canada s direct investment abroad at $181 billion - or 28% of Canadian direct investment. Under CETA and in conjunction with the Investment Canada Act, the investment thresholds requiring formal review will be raised from $344 million to $ billion for EU investments. Moreover, as a result of the EU/Canada trade agreement, the investment thresholds will increase correspondingly for the US, Mexico and other countries for which Canada has a trade agreement in place. The motivation behind this change is to promote the ease for which smaller investments can be made in Canada. That being said, the government will continue to enforce the ICA by conducting reviews of high value investments to ensure that they are of net benefit to Canada. Decisions on whether to permit such an investment or not will not be subject to CETA provisions. Auto Industry/Rules of Origin Despite its place as the second largest Canadian export, automobile exports have limited penetration in the European marketplace engines, turbines and power transmissions make up 2.4% of exports to the EU, the largest export component related to the auto industry. While the elimination of a % tariff on passenger vehicles into the EU could stimulate a slight pick up in demand for Canadian autos in the EU, the impact is likely to be mostly felt on this side of the Atlantic, though details are limited. The phasing out of Canada s 6.1% tariff over 7 years will likely be passed down to consumers through lower prices, which may benefit EU imports of vehicles. That being said, European auto imports to Canada (representing 8.3% of Canadian imports from the EU the 2 nd largest good) are highly concentrated in luxury products and make up a relatively small market share. Moreover, as the tariffs are expected to be phased out over a period of 3 to 7 years, Canadian auto manufacturers will be able to adapt over time to potential changes in their industry as a result of the agreement. An issue that has been raised however is that of CETA s rules of origin that specify how much production must occur in a region for the product to be considered as originating in Canada or the EU. As outlined in the agreement, preferential tariffs will be provided to vehicles with higher Canadian content (% or more will be duty-free falling to 4% over 7 years; if % Canadian made, will be limited to 0K units). The impact will depend on how content classification is determined if restricted to in-vehicle content, the benefit will be minimal as there is less than % Canadian labour in a vehicle. If an EU- US trade agreement arises, however, auto parts made in US that are used as inputs in Canadian motor vehicle production will be considered as originating in Canada and will receive preferential treatment. Overall, firm details on the agreement will provide greater insight as the deal is currently vague - with provisions that aim to strike a balance to respect real-world sourcing patterns while also encouraging Canadian production. Temporary Foreign Workers/Promotion of services trade All services are expected to be covered by the trade pact unless a service is specifically excluded from the deal. For Canada, services that are off limits to foreign suppliers include those encompassed in the health care sector, public education and social services. It is unclear at this point which sectors will enforce similar restrictions in the EU though preliminary documents suggest unimpeded access to all sectors. CETA will also include temporary entry provisions to make it easier for highly skilled professionals to work in the EU and Canada. According to the agreement, the EU commitments for temporary entry under CETA will be extensive and will allow for greater transparency in licensing and will streamline the recognition of professional qualifications an issue that Canada continues to face with interprovincial trade. For financial services, the agreement is void of details apart from Canadian banks with investments in the EU will benefit from enhanced investment protection and further access to the EU market. This investor protection includes an investor-state dispute settlement to allow for enhanced consultations and new mediation provisions to promote the efficient resolution of such disputes. While provisions in the agreement aim for the fair and equitable treatment of investors, the governments retain the right to take prudential measures to ensure the integrity of the financial system. Finally, the largest import into Canada from the EU is for pharmaceutical and medicine manufactured goods which make up 11.6% of imports from the EU. The terms of CETA will continue to extend protection for the pharmaceutical sector providing 8 years of market exclusivity. Additional protection beyond this timeline will be extended for pharmaceutical products for up to 2 years in Canada and years in the EU. If the terms of this agreement result in negative impacts for provincial/territorial governments, the federal government 4
5 CETA October 13 is prepared to address these incremental cost impacts. Economic Implications of CETA Given the relatively small share of exports currently going to the EU combined with the long implementation process and a view of sluggish growth in the region, there will be little noticeable economic impact for Canada over the short-term. Although the timeline for implementation remains unclear, ratification is not likely until 1 and the agreement must first be legally scrubbed and translated before the chief negotiators initial the agreement. The European Commission must then seek European Parliament s approval requiring consent by each of the 28 members of the European Union. The full impact of the trade deal will not occur until all provisions come into effect which is likely to be 7 years after the trade pact is finalized. From an economic perspective, details on the terms of the agreement are too vague at this point to precisely quantify the potential impact on the Canadian economy. Further, the impact will vary within and across industries depending on how firms adjust to the changing trade environment. For goods exporting industries, tariff elimination will open up new markets for fish, seafood and agricultural products as well as duty-free access for forestry and wood products, nickel, copper, steel, and zinc. Aside from the benefits to the goods trade, changes associated with the CETA will also impact services exports, paving the way for improved access for professional services. A greater transition cost from the trade agreement will be evident, however, in those industries that have benefitted from tariff barriers and will have to compete with lower cost imports potentially cheese, wine and motor vehicles. That being said, a successful transition opens the door for firms even operating within these industries to benefit. Notes 1. Additional exclusions include: contracts less than $1M for regional economic development in the Atlantic provinces, MB, and the Territories; agricultural goods; broadcasting, shipbuilding; ports and airports, public private partnerships for services and utilities; sensitive goods for security-mandated entities, goods or services used for promotional purposes by BC, AB, QB and the Atlantic Provinces. 2. Quebec and Ontario are to retain a 2% value for the procurement of public transit vehicles with Quebec able to require that final assembly be in Canada within its 2%. The material contained in this report is the property of Royal Bank of Canada and may not be reproduced in any way, in whole or in part, without express authorization of the copyright holder in writing. The statements and statistics contained herein have been prepared by RBC Economics Research based on information from sources considered to be reliable. We make no representation or warranty, express or implied, as to its accuracy or completeness. This publication is for the information of investors and business persons and does not constitute an offer to sell or a solicitation to buy securities. Registered trademark of Royal Bank of Canada. Royal Bank of Canada.