Source: http://www.google.com/patents/US7932906?dq=7,013,345/
Timestamp: 2014-07-23 10:07:44
Document Index: 537569835

Matched Legal Cases: ['art; 2', 'art 100', 'art 100', 'art 180', 'art 180', 'art 180', 'art 100', 'art 100', 'art 180', 'art.\n2']

Patent US7932906 - Constructing substantially equal-width pixel bar charts to enable visual ... - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign in<nobr>Advanced Patent Search</nobr>PatentsA graphical production system produces pixel bar charts, in various embodiments. In an embodiment, a pixel bar chart is constructed that may include multiple bars with substantially equal widths and potentially variable heights to enable visual data analysis. A bar may include a number of pixel units...http://www.google.com/patents/US7932906?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US7932906 - Constructing substantially equal-width pixel bar charts to enable visual data analysisAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS7932906 B2Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 10/941,114Publication dateApr 26, 2011Filing dateSep 15, 2004Priority dateSep 15, 2004Also published asUS20060059439Publication number10941114, 941114, US 7932906 B2, US 7932906B2, US-B2-7932906, US7932906 B2, US7932906B2InventorsMing C. Hao, Umeshwar Dayal, Klaus Wurster, Peter WrightOriginal AssigneeHewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P..Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (11), Non-Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (1), Classifications (12), Legal Events (2) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetConstructing substantially equal-width pixel bar charts to enable visual data analysisUS 7932906 B2Abstract A graphical production system produces pixel bar charts, in various embodiments. In an embodiment, a pixel bar chart is constructed that may include multiple bars with substantially equal widths and potentially variable heights to enable visual data analysis. A bar may include a number of pixel units corresponding to a volume of data records represented within the bar. Selected visual indicators are displayed within the pixel units of the bar, where a selected visual indicator represents a value of an attribute of a data record represented by the pixel unit. In an embodiment, the pixel units may be ordered within a bar in a particular sequence (e.g., ascending, descending or some other order). Further, in an embodiment, the bar width is determined to minimize the amount of padding. In an embodiment, a visual indicator scale is displayed to indicate values associated with each visual indicator.
BACKGROUND In the technology of information visualization, traditional bar charts are sometimes used as a vehicle for conveying visual representations of information. For example, a bar chart may be used to represent sales volumes of a particular product over a one-year period. If each bar is used to represent sales within a particular month, the sales data is partitioned into twelve groups. The height of each month's bar may represent, for example, the total sales volume (e.g., the sum of all sales) for that month. Alternatively, the height of each month's bar may represent the average sale amount or the total number of units sold within the month, for example. Either way, the sales information within a month is �aggregated,� to define the height of the corresponding month's bar. No further information is typically provided, such as sales volume, sales distribution or exceptions, for example.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Like-reference numbers refer to similar items throughout the figures and:
DETAILED DESCRIPTION Embodiments of the inventive subject matter include methods for constructing pixel bar charts. Embodiment may achieve some or all of the following advantages: 1) visualization of large amounts of multiple-attribute data in an equal-width bar chart; 2) visualization of data volume, distribution, and exceptions by applying different �visual indicators� (e.g., colors) to different pixels; 3) enabling �drill down� from a bar chart to view detailed record information (e.g., to discover and visualize data that may be causing an exceptional condition); and 4) enabling information to be represented in a manner that retains a high degree of human intuitiveness (e.g., though the intuitive nature of equal-width bar charts).
In an embodiment, all or portions of the various embodiments are carried out by a pixel bar chart generation tool, which includes a software application that may be run on a general-purpose or special-purpose computing device. The pixel bar chart generation tool creates �pixel bar charts.� A pixel bar chart may present data values directly, rather than aggregating a large set of values into just a few aggregated values. A data record may be represented by one or more pixels in the bar chart. Detailed information within the data record may be encoded into the appearance of the pixel(s) (e.g., the pixels' colors, gray-scale intensities, patterns, etc.), in an embodiment. These concepts will be described in detail below.
FIG. 1A is an example illustrating a pixel bar chart 100, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. Pixel bar chart 100 includes one or more �bars� 102, 104, 106, which are positioned with respect to a horizontal axis 110 and a vertical axis 112. Each bar may have a substantially equal width to other bars, but potentially variable height. The bars 102, 104, 106 correspond to a partitioning of the bar chart according to the horizontal axis 110. In an embodiment, each bar 102, 104, 106 may be considered to include representations of data within a �category,� where a �category� is a value, range of values, or set of values associated with the bar. Embodiments enable visualization of categorized data (i.e., data that can be separated into one or more categories).
Each bar 102, 104, 106 includes multiple �pixel units� (e.g., pixel units 130-135). The term �pixel unit� is used herein to mean a set of one or more contiguous display pixels. For example, an enlarged pixel unit 140 is illustrated as being composed of twenty-five display pixels 142. In various embodiments, a pixel unit may be composed of as few as one display pixel or as many as hundreds of display pixels. Further, although a square pixel unit is illustrated, a pixel unit may alternatively have a rectangular shape, a different geometric shape, or an irregular shape.
For example, first bar 102 has a width defined by six pixel units, and a height defined by ten pixel units (i.e., a total volume of 60 pixel units). In contrast, second bar 104 also has a width defined by six pixel units, but has a height defined by sixteen pixel units (i.e., a total volume of 96 pixel units). A pixel bar chart having bars with substantially the same widths and potentially different heights is referred to herein as an �equal-width pixel bar chart.� It is to be understood that the term �equal-width� means that each bar includes substantially the same number of pixels or pixel units defining the width of the bar. The term �equal-width� does not mean that the widths are strictly equal (e.g., they may vary by a small number of pixels), although they may be strictly equal.
In various embodiments, as will be described in more detail below, a �visual indicator� produced within a pixel unit may be used to represent a value derived from one or more data items (e.g., sales price). In various embodiments, visual indicators may include sets of static or dynamic colors, grey-scale intensities, patterns, images, combinations thereof, and the like, which may be uniquely perceived by a person. In the illustrated example, distinct visual indicators are represented within pixel units 130-135 using alphabetic characters �A� (pixel 130), �B� (pixel 131), �C� (pixel 132), �D� (pixel 133), �E� (pixel 134), and �X� (pixel 135). For example, distinct colors may be used as the visual indicators, and color �A� may be yellow, color �B� may be green, color �C� may be blue, color �D� may be violet, and color �E� may be red. Pixel unit �X� includes a padding color, in an embodiment, which is displayed in a �padding pixel unit.� A �padding pixel unit� normally occurs on a top row of a bar, when the number of data records represented in the bar is not exactly equal to a multiple of the number of pixel units in the bar width. In an embodiment, the color selected for a padding pixel unit is the same color as the highest order pixel unit.
Each visual indicator designation corresponds to a single distinct value, to a set of distinct values, or to a sub-range within a range of values, in an embodiment. A pixel �visual indicator attribute� is a type of value (e.g., a particular field within a data record) that is designated to be represented by distinct visual indicators displayed in conjunction with pixel units. The description, herein may provide examples where the visual indicators are a set of colors (e.g., a set of contiguous colors (i.e., gradually changing colors) within a contiguous color scale, or another set of non-contiguous colors). It is to be understood that other visual indicators alternatively could be used, including sets of static or dynamic grey-scale intensities, patterns, images, combinations thereof, and the like, and mentioned previously. Accordingly, the use of the terms �color� are not meant to be limiting, but are used only to simplify description of various embodiments.
Accordingly, for example, if a value corresponding to a pixel visual indicator attribute has a total range of 0-100 integer values, color �A� may pertain to a sub-range from 0-5; color �B� to sub-range 6-20; color �C� to sub-range 21-80; color �D� to sub-range 81-95; and color �E� to sub-range 96-100. In an embodiment, the set of visual indicators (e.g., the set of colors) may indicate a data distribution within a bar. Further, in an embodiment, one or more selected visual indicators may indicate exceptional values for the represented attribute. For example, a pixel unit (e.g., pixel unit 134, FIG. 1A) displaying color �E� (e.g., red) may indicate an extremely high (or low) value for the represented attribute. When one or more exceptional values occur in a category (i.e., a bar) for a traditional bar chart, the exceptional values may cause the entire bar to be higher (because the average of the represented values would be higher), thus presenting a somewhat skewed representation that may not accurately indicate the character of the rest of the non-exceptional values represented within the bar. In accordance with embodiments of the inventive subject matter, one or more exceptional values occurring within a category may be easily identifiable, using a distinct visual indicator, and the height of the bar may continue to reflect volume in a non-skewed manner. Although only five visual indicator designations are illustrated in FIG. 1A, as few as two visual indicator designations may be used or as many as hundreds of visual indicator designations may be used.
A pixel bar chart, such as the example chart of FIG. 1A, may be used to represent multiple attributes of a set of data records. The term �data record� is used herein to mean a set of defined fields, where various fields may have stored therein distinct data values.
Each data record 201-210 includes a plurality of fields. In the given example, these fields include: �Record Number� field 220; �Invoice Number� field 221; �Customer Identification (ID)� field 222; �Order Date� field 223; �Product ID� field 224; �Quantity� field 225; and �Total Sale ($)� field 226. Although data records having specific fields are illustrated in FIG. 2, it would be apparent to one of skill in the art, based on the description herein, how to apply embodiments of the inventive subject matter to other types of data records having other fields.
Various characteristics of a pixel bar chart are affected by various �attributes� of a set of data records, in an embodiment. Each of the data record set attributes corresponds to a field of the data records, in an embodiment. These data set attributes include, in an embodiment, one or more dividing (�D�) attributes, one or more ordering (�O�) attributes, and one or more visual indicator (�VI�) attributes. In the description below, one dividing attribute, one ordering attribute, and one visual indicator attribute are specified. It should be understood that, in other embodiments, more dividing, visual indicator, and/or ordering attributes could be specified. As is described below, the dividing, visual indicator, and ordering attributes are assigned to various fields of a representative data record. These assignments may be fixed, or they may be changeable by a user of a pixel bar chart generation tool, in accordance with various embodiments.
In an embodiment, a pixel bar chart may formerly be defined by: <D, O, VI>, where D is a dividing attribute along a first direction, O is the intra-partition ordering attribute, and VI is the visual indicator attribute. Assume, for example, that the dividing attribute, D, corresponds to the �Product ID� field 224 of the set of data records in FIG. 2. Assume further that the ordering attribute, O, corresponds to �Total Sale� field 226, and that the visual indicator attribute, VI, also corresponds to �Total Sale� field 226. This example illustrates that the dividing, ordering, and visual indicator attributes may be assigned to the same or different fields.
The dividing attribute, D, is an attribute of the data that is used to partition the data records into disjoint groups corresponding to the bars. In an embodiment, a single dividing attribute is used, which determines to which bar a data record will be assigned. A dividing attribute may pertain to data represented by numeric values, alphanumeric values, and binary or other digital values. A pixel bar chart generated in accordance with the example attribute assignment scheme, above, may include at least three bars, because three distinct values exist within the dividing attribute's �Product ID� field 224 (i.e., �VCR07A,� �DVD04C,� and �FTV16�).
The visual indicator attribute, VI, is an attribute of the data that is used to select an output visual indicator (e.g., color, pattern, etc.) for each pixel unit, where the output visual indicator represents the value of the attribute (e.g., a value within the �Total Sale� field 226). A visual indicator attribute may pertain to data represented by numeric values, alphanumeric values, and binary or other digital values. The term �visual indicator,� as used herein, means a distinct pixel unit output, which is controllable using various combinations of red, green, and blue (RGB) sub-pixel intensities, or which is controllable using grey-scale pixel intensities.
In an embodiment, ordering occurs from left-to-right and from bottom-to-top. Accordingly, a �lowest ordered� data record (or pixel unit) may be located at the lower left corner of a bar. Arranging then proceeds from left to right. When a pixel unit row is completely filled (i.e., all pixel units along the width of a pixel unit row are assigned to data records), then assigning data records to pixel units within the next row above the completed row commences at the left side and proceeds to the right, and so on, until all data records are assigned to pixel units. Data records allocated to a particular bar may be ordered from the smallest to the largest value within the attribute field (or from largest to smallest). In other embodiments, pixel unit assignments (i.e., bar filling) may start at a different location within the bar. In still other embodiments, intra-partition filling may proceed from right-to-left, and/or may alternate filling directions (i.e., zigzag), and/or may fill from top-to-bottom.
In an embodiment, if there are not enough data records to cause a top row (e.g., row 160, FIG. 1A) of a bar (e.g., bar 106) to be filled with assigned pixel units, padding pixel units are used to pad a remainder of the row. The padding pixel units may be assigned a visual indicator (represented by �X� in FIG. 1A). In an embodiment, the assigned visual indicator may be the same as the visual indicator assigned to the �highest ordered� data record. In other words, in the example of FIG. 1A, padding pixel unit 135 may be assigned a same visual indicator as pixel unit 134, which represents the highest ordered pixel unit. Accordingly, the visual indicator �X� may be the same as the visual indicator �E,� in this case. Conversely, in bar 104, the highest ordered pixel unit displays a visual indicator �D.� Accordingly, the visual indicator �X� for the padding pixels in bar 104 may be the same as the visual indicator �D.� In an alternate embodiment, a visual indicator other than the visual indicator of the highest ordered data record may be chosen as a padding visual indicator. In still another alternate embodiment, an uncompleted top bar may perform no end-of-row padding process, and instead the area of unfilled pixel units may display a background color.
In an embodiment, one or more aggregated data values also may be displayed in conjunction with the pixel bar chart. For example, in FIG. 1A, aggregated sales data is displayed in an area 170 located above bars 102, 104, 106. This data may represent, for example, a sum or average of all of the �Total Sale� amounts for all of the data records allocated to a bar. It would be apparent to one of skill in the art, based on the description herein, that other types of aggregated data also could be displayed, and/or that more than one type of aggregated data could be displayed, and/or that the positions of the aggregated data displays could be elsewhere on the chart.
FIG. 1B is an example illustrating a traditional bar chart 180, which illustrates how an exceptional value may skew the height of a bar. Traditional bar chart 180 includes three bars 182, 184, 186. Assuming that bars 182, 184, 186 represent data having the same aggregated values as bars 102, 104, 106 (FIG. 1A), then the heights of bars 182, 184, 186 may appear as shown in FIG. 1B. Specifically, assuming that bar 186 represents data having an aggregated value of $24,631,901, the height 190 of bar 186 will be proportionally higher than the heights of bars 182 and 184. However, the aggregated value of $24,631,901 may have been significantly affected by one or more exceptional values, even though the rest of the values represented within the bar may have fallen within a more normal range. A person analyzing bar chart 180 may assume that the volume of records represented within bar 186 is higher than the volume of records represented within bars 182 and 184. Assuming that the same data is represented in the bars of FIG. 1B as the bars of FIG. 1A, this analysis would not be sufficient. Representing data in the manner depicted in FIG. 1B may lead an analyst to make inaccurate conclusions regarding the underlying data. The heights of the bars 182, 184, 186 in FIG. 1B represent the �total amounts� of the data values represented within the bars. Conversely, the heights of the bars 102, 104, 106 in FIG. 1A represent the number (i.e., volume) of data values represented within the bars. Important information, such as information concerning volume and exceptions, are not discernable from the bars 182, 184, 186 of FIG. 1B. For example, although bar 186 represents fewer records than are represented in bars 182 and 184, one exceptional high value represented within bar 186 results in bar 186 appearing substantially higher than bars 182 and 184.
A comparison of FIGS. 1A and 1B illustrates how a pixel bar chart, such as chart 100 (FIG. 1A) may more accurately and completely reflect multiple-attribute data represented within the chart, in accordance with various embodiments. More specifically, a pixel bar chart (e.g., chart 100, FIG. 1A) may not only represent the aggregated data (in bar 170, FIG. 1A), but may also indicate exceptions (e.g., through use of a distinguishing visual indicator, such as indicator �E� in pixel unit 134), in various embodiments. Further, unlike a traditional bar chart, a pixel bar chart may represent a volume of records represented, because the number of pixel units, and thus the height of a bar, is proportional to the number of records represented within a bar, in an embodiment. Further still, a pixel bar chart may indicate the data distribution for values represented within the bar, through the use of a scale of visual indicators that may be associated with the pixel units (e.g., a continuous color scale). As FIG. 1B illustrates, a traditional bar chart 180 may only represent an aggregated value as the height of a bar, and this aggregated value may not be sufficient to analyze the nature of the underlying data. As discussed previously, important information, such as volume, data distribution, and exceptions, are not reflected in a traditional bar chart.
2) Overall scale range. This defines the lowest and highest values represented within the range. In the example of FIG. 1A, the lowest value is illustrated as �VAL 1� and the highest value is illustrated as �VAL 6.�
3) Sub-range corresponding data values. This parameter indicates which of one or more values are mappable to a sub-range. A specific value (or set of values) may be defined as mapping to a sub-range, or a range of values may be specified, or threshold values (i.e., values at transitions between visual indicators) may be defined. The number of sub-range thresholds may be related to the number of visual indicator parameters. There may be a one-to-one correlation between the number of sub-ranges and the number of visual indicators, for example. Such an example is illustrated in FIG. 1A, where five sub-ranges are illustrated. For example, a lowest sub-range is designated as mapping to values within a range between �VAL 1� and �VAL 2.� In an embodiment, the sub-range data values (and/or the ranges or thresholds) that map to the sub-ranges for the visual indicator attribute may be specifically assigned by a user. If ranges are specified, the sub-range thresholds may occur in a linear manner over the entire range, or they may occur in a non-linear (e.g., logarithmic) or irregular manner. In an embodiment, the thresholds may automatically be determined by normalizing the values of the visual indicator attribute to a range of 0 to 1 (linearly or non-linearly) and then mapping the normalized visual indicator attribute range to the visual indicator range.
5) Scale marking granularity. This parameter enables the number of scale markings to be specified. For example, a scale marking could be displayed at each visual indicator threshold, or a scale marking could be displayed at the transitions between 10-indicator groups. In still another embodiment, a scale marking could indicate one or more values that map to a sub-range (e.g., Product �VCR07A� maps to a sub-range having the color red). In the example of FIG. 1A, six scale markings are illustrated (i.e., �VAL 1� to �VAL 6�), and a scale marking is displayed at each visual indicator threshold.
Using the example previously presented, and referring to FIG. 2, assume that the dividing attribute pertains to the �Product ID� field 224. Inspection of the values within this field indicates that three product designations are present: VCR07A; DVD04C; and FTV16. Assuming that no other empty-set product partitions are to be included in the pixel bar chart, the presence of three product values indicates that three bars may be included in the chart. The data records are partitioned into these three bars. Accordingly, the bar pertaining to VCR07A would include pixel units representing data records 201, 204, and 208. The bar pertaining to DVD04C would include pixel units representing data records 202, 203, 206, and 210. Finally, the bar pertaining to FTV16 would include pixel units representing data records 205, 207, and 209.
In block 310, visual indicator assignments (i.e., pixel intensity assignments) are determined according to the selected visual indicator attribute, VI, and the visual indicator scale as determined in block 304. In an embodiment, the visual indicators (e.g., colors) selected and displayed within the pixel units of a bar indicate a data distribution for an attribute of data records represented by the pixel units of the bar. In addition, in an embodiment, a selected visual indicator may indicate an exceptional attribute value (e.g., �red� may indicate an extremely high (or low) value). To determine a visual indicator assignment for a particular data record, the value within the record's visual indicator attribute is correlated with the visual indicator scale's sub-range thresholds or values. The data record is assigned a visual indicator value corresponding to the visual indicator sub-range in which the data record's visual indicator attribute value lies.
Again using the example data record set of FIG. 2, assume that the visual indicator attribute pertains to the �Total Sale� field 226. Assume also that visual indicator sub-ranges are specified as follows: sub-range �A� is $0-$199.99; sub-range �B� is $200-$999.99; sub-range �C� is $1000-$9,999.99; sub-range �D� is $10,000-$39,999.99; and sub-range �E� is $40,000 or more. For this example, visual indicator �A� would be assigned to data records 201 and 203; visual indicator �B� would be assigned to data record 207; visual indicator �C� would be assigned to data records 202, 204, 205, and 206; visual indicator �D� would be assigned to data records 208 and 210; and visual indicator �E� would be assigned to data record 209.
In block 316, any uncompleted pixel rows at the tops of the bars may be padded with one or more padding pixel units. For example, as previously discussed, a pixel row at the top of a bar (e.g., pixel row 160 at the top of bar 106, FIG. 1A) may not be completely filled with pixel units that correspond to data records. Accordingly, the remaining pixel unit spaces (e.g., space 135) may be padded by assigning them a selected visual indicator. In an embodiment, the padding visual indicator is selected as the visual indicator assigned to the highest-order pixel in the bar. In the given example, the padding visual indicator would be selected as visual indicator �E.� In other embodiments, the remaining pixel unit spaces could display another visual indicator (e.g., so that unassigned pixel units can be discerned).
In an embodiment, once a pixel bar chart is displayed, a user is able to initiate various �secondary actions� by selecting certain pixels. These secondary actions are selected from a group of actions that includes: 1) displaying one or more underlying data records; and 2) �zooming in� or enlarging a set of pixel units, in an embodiment.
In an embodiment, a secondary action is initiated when a user selects one or more �selectable pixel units� within a pixel bar chart. The term �selectable pixel unit� is used herein to mean a pixel unit that is selectable through user interaction (e.g., using a point and click mechanism, arrow keys, or the like). In an embodiment, a selectable pixel unit includes all display pixels within a pixel unit. In another embodiment, a selectable pixel unit includes a subset of the display pixels within a pixel unit. In an embodiment, all displayed pixel units are selectable pixel units. In another embodiment, fewer than all displayed pixel units are selectable pixel units. For example, padding pixel units may not be selectable pixel units. In another embodiment padding pixel units may be selectable, and when selected, may cause data from the highest ordered pixel unit (i.e., the pixel unit upon which a padding pixel is based) to be displayed.
FIG. 5 is a flowchart of a procedure that performs a secondary action in response to a user selection of one or more selectable pixel units, in accordance with an embodiment. The method begins, in block 502, by receiving an input indicating that a user has made a selection of one or more selectable pixel units. For example, to select a single selectable pixel unit, a user may move a mouse over a selectable pixel unit and �click.� Alternatively, a user may move a mouse over a selectable pixel unit and allow the mouse to remain over the icon for a selection time period (e.g., � second). To select multiple selectable pixel units, a user may click and drag a selection box over a set of icons, or may click on several icons while holding down the �shift� key, for example. Other ways of selecting one or more selectable pixel units would be apparent to those of skill in the art, based on the description herein.
In another embodiment, a secondary action may include �zooming-in� on a portion of a pixel bar chart. In such an embodiment, a user may select multiple selectable pixel units, as described above, and a new pixel bar chart that includes the selected pixel units may be generated in the same window as the first bar chart or in a new window.
Embodiments of the inventive subject matter may be implemented in any of a number of electronic systems. For example, embodiments may be implemented in a desktop or laptop personal computer. Embodiments may further be implemented in a client/server environment, where portions of the processes are performed on a client computer and portions of the process are performed on a server computer. Embodiments also may be implemented on other electronic devices, including but not limited to printers, copier machines, television systems, personal data assistants, portable or stationary communication devices, projection equipment, and many others. A system in which an embodiment is implemented is referred to generally herein as a �graphical production system.�
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