Source: http://www.rishabhdara.com/sc/view.php?case=4501
Timestamp: 2019-11-13 15:41:10
Document Index: 622147734

Matched Legal Cases: ['Art. 14', 'Art. 14', 'Art.\n14', 'Art. 14', 'Art. 14', 'Art. 14', 'Art. 14', 'Art. 14', 'Art. 14']

MANHARLAL BHOGILAL SHAH versus STATE OF MAHARASHTRRA
1971 AIR 1511	1971 SCR 359 1971 SCC (2) 119
MANHARLAL BHOGILAL SHAH V. STATE OF MAHARASHTRRA [1971] RD-SC 109 (5 April 1971)
CITATION: 1971 AIR 1511	1971 SCR 359 1971 SCC (2) 119
Sea Customs Act, 1878, s. 167, items 87 and 81, and s. 187A- If s. 187A confers arbitrary powers on customs	officials-If ultra vires Art. 14 of Constitution.
The appellant	imported consignments	of contraband	and prohibited goods. He was prosecuted for an offence under s.
167, item 81. of the Sea Customs Act, 1878, on a complaint by the appropriate authority under s.	187A,	and	was convicted.
On the	question whether s. 187-A violated Art. 14 of	the Constitution on the	grounds; (1)	that the Customs authorities had an absolute discretion to proceed either under s. 167(8); in which case there	would	be only an imposition of a fiscal penalty and confiscator of goods; or to file a complaint in the criminal court, under s. 187A for the offence under s. 167 item 81, in which case there could also be a sentence of imprisonment up to two years. and	(2) the customs officials have a wide latitude in choosing cases for criminal prosecution,
HELD (1) the	proceedings under the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act. 1947,unlike under the sea customs Act could be taken in the alternative and the punishment could also be imposed	in the alternative' Any	person	guilty	of contravention of s. 23(1)(a) of that Act could not be	made liable for a penalty under s. 23(1) (b) also to	prosecution and imprisonment under s. 23(1) (b)Therefore s. 23D, which empowers the Director	of Enforcement	of file complaint instead	of imposing a penalty under s. 23(1)(a) only if he was satisfied that in, the circumstances of a case a penalty under s. 23(1)(a)a would be inadequate, was necessary to prevent	arbitrary exercise of discretion by the Director under. that Act. Such a provision however, is not necessary under the Sea Customs Act, because, if a person is found guilty under s. 167, item 8, and if his case is also covered by item 81, there is no choice in the matter	of imposing penalty or punishment.	A penalty can be, imposed under item 8, and he will also be liable to criminal prosecution under item 81. [3-63B-F; 364X-B] Reyala Corporation (P) Ltd. v. Director of Enforcement,	New Delhi, [1971] 1 S.C.R. 639, referred to.
(2) It	cannot	be said that s. 187A confers	an unguided power on the	customs' authorities for not	filing a complaint against a person although he was liable to a criminal prosecution under s. 167, item 81.
While deciding whether a complaint should be instituted	for an offence which is covered both by items 8 and 81 of a.
167, a customs officer must take into *count the enormity and magnitude of the contravention, the evidence which is available , and whether the evidence is sufficient to	take the matter to	a criminal court: The officers who	are authorised to	make a complaint under s. 187A	are senior officials holding responsible positions 360 and they have to act in a reasonable and bonafide manner.
They cannot discriminate between similar cases according to their whim and fancy. The power conferred by the section is to be exercised for effectuating the object and purpose of the Act keeping in view the entire scheme of	the Act to ensure	that goods do not escape the levy of duty and	that the prohibitions and restrictions imposed on importation and exportation are rigidly en forced. [365C-E, G-H; 366B-C, D- F] Matajog	Dobey v. H. C. Dhari [1955] 2 S.C.R. 925, 932	and Nirmala	Textiles Furnishing Mills Ltd. v.	The Second Industrial Tribunal, [1957] S.C.R. 335, followed.
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 44 of 1967.
Appeal from the judgment and order dated January 23. 1967 of the Bombay High Court in Criminal Appeal No. 525 of 1965.
R. Jethmalani, S. B. Jaisinghani and K. Hingorani, for the appellant.
Jagadish Swarup, Solicitor-General, H. R. Khanna, B. D.
Sharma and S. P. Nayar, for the respondent.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by Grover, J.-This is an appeal by certificate from a judgment of the Bombay High Court upholding the conviction and	sen- tence of the appellant under S. 167(81) of the Sea Customs Act, 1878, hereinafter called the 'Act' and S. 120-B of	the Indian	Penal Code read with the aforesaid section and S. 5 of the Import and Export (Control) Act 1947. The main point for determination is	whether	s. 187-A of	the Act is unconstitutional on the ground that it is violative of	Art.
14 of the Constitution. The facts to the extent they	are necessary may be set out.
The appellant	carried	on business in	the name of	M/s.
Jaihind	Ex-Import Coporation as its sole proprietor.	He also carried on business as a partner in another firm	run under	the name and	style	of Alram Optics (India) Corporation. The offices of the two firms were situate at New Charni Road, Bombay. According to the case of	the prosecution the appellant with the object of defrauding	the Government of customs duty payable on certain goods and with a view to evading prohibition imposed on the import of	such goods was a party to criminal conspiracy, some of the other parties being M/s. 0. & K. Heydegger and M/s. Winter Optics in West Germany. The conspiracy was stated to have	been entered into for the purpose of acquiring possession of con- traband goods such as spectacle frames, welding glasses etc.
The import of spectable frames was totally prohibited	and the import 361 of welding glasses was greatly restricted. It was alleged that in pursuance of the conspiracy the appellant imported three consignments by three different ships ; the first	one arrived	by s.s. Bialy.stock and the	other two came on September 22, 1960 and March 5, 1960 by two other ships s.s.
Fraunfels and	s.s. Laurenskerk. Out ,of the	four cases which arrived in the first consignment two cases ,contained contraband goods. As regards the other two consignments one case in each consignment contained goods the import of which was prohibited.	The modus operandi was highly ingenious and interesting but we need not recapitulate the same.
The defence of the appellant was that it was owing to	the mistake	of shippers that the cases containing contraband goods arrived.	It may be mentioned that no bill of entry was lodged by	the appellant	regarding the	cases which contained contraband :goods of the first consignment and the other consignment which: were not got cleared.	The learned Presidency Magistrate	found the appellant guilty and sentenced him	to six months' rigorous imprisonment and a fine of Rs. 1000 for each of the four charges directing	the substantive sentences to run concurrently. The appellant filed an appeal to the High Court and the State preferred a petition for revision for enhancement of the sentence.	The High Court dismissed both the appeal and the revision.	The 'High Court further directed that the contraband goods should	stand confiscated in favour of	the Government of India.
During	the pendency of the appeal in this court a petition was filed on behalf of the respondent (Cr. Misc. Petition No. 362/70). ,It was prayed therein that a constitutional point as to the vires of s. 187A read with s. 167(81) of the Act be allowed to be raised. Thereupon the Division Bench made an order that the appeal be placed before a larger bench.	The question being one of constitutional validity of s. 187A of the Act counsel for the appellant has addressed arguments before us with our permission on the aforesaid point.	It has been contended inter alia that the offenses of smuggling of goods and in particular the acts with which the appellant has been charged could be dealt with by the customs authorities by proceeding under s. 167(8) of the Act as well as in the alternative or in addition by	instituting a prosecution	in a criminal court by	filing	a complaint under s. 187A read with s. 167(81) of the Act.	The former can result only in the imposition of a fiscal	penalty	not exceeding three times the	value of the	goods	and confiscation of the goods themselves. The latter can result in a sentence of imprisonment upto two years	or fine or both. Thus it has been left to the unfettered and unguided discretion of	the customs authorities to proceed against certain per-sons under s. 167(8) and others under s. 167(81) or under both the sections. In a large number of cases no criminal prosecutions 362 were filed at all and proceedings under s. 167`8) alone were taken which resulted in imposition of penalties.	This leads to discrimination and	has actually resulted	in discrimination.
We may now refer to s. 187A of the Act.	It provides that no court shall take cognizance of any offence	relating to smuggling of goods punishable under item 81 of the Schedule to s. 167 except upon complaint in writing made by the Chief Customs Officer or any other officer of customs not lower in rank than an Assistant Collector of Customs. Items 8 and 81 of s. 167 to the extent they are material are as follows:- Offences:-
8. If	any goods the importation of which is for the	time being Prohibited or restricted by or under Chapter IV of this Act, be imported into or exported from India contrary to such Prohibition or restrictions; or If any	attempt be made so to	import or export	any such goods;
or .............................."
81. If	any Person knowingly,General and with intent to defraud	the Government of any duty payable thereon, or to evade any prohibition or restriction for the time being in force under or by virtue of this Act with respect thereto acquires possession or, or is in any way concerned in carrying, removing depositing, harbouring,keeping	or concealing or	in any manner dealing with any	goods which have been unlawfully removed from a warehouse or which	has not been paid	or with respect to the importation or exportation of	which any prohibition	or restriction is for the time being in	force as aforesaid;
or ......................................" Section of this Act to which offence has reference :- 18 & 19 Penalities:- such goods shall be liable to confiscation; and any person concerned any such offence shall be liable to	penalty	not exceeding three times the value of	the goods or	not exceeding one thousand rupees." General:- Such persons hall on conviction before a Magistrate be liable to imprisonment for any term not exceeding two years, or to fine, or to both." Even though item 8 of s. 167 does not employ the word "know- ingly"	which is to be found	in item 81 international smugglers are bound to be covered by both the	items. The argument on behalf of the appellant is based on there being no guidelines in s. 187A in the matter of filing a complaint for an offence under item 81. It is suggested that if there is a option to the officers mentioned therein	to file a complaint or not to file the complaint then there will be clear infringement of Art. 14.	Counsel for the appellant 363 has gone to the extent of submitting that the, power to give sanction or to make a 'complaint without any guidelines would itself be hit by Art. 14.
Our attention	has been invited to Ravala Corporation	(P) Ltd. &	Ors. v. Director of Enforcement, New Delhi(1), in which one of the points canvassed was that s.	23(1)(b) of the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act 1947 as amended by	the Foreign	Exchange Regulation	(Amendment) Act 1957	was violative of Art. 14 of the Constitution inasmuch as it provided for punishment severer than	the punishment or penalty provided for the same acts under s. 23(1)(a) of that Act. It was pointed out in the judgment of this court	that two different proceedings could be taken for contravention of certain provisions	of the	aforesaid Act. Under s.
23(1)(a) a person was liable to a penalty only and	that penalty	could not exceed three times the value	of foreign exchange in respect of which contravention had taken place or Rs.	5,000 whichever was more. That penalty could be imposed by adjudication made by the Director of	Enforcement in the	manner provided in s. 23(D) of the said Act.	The alternative punishment provided by	s. 23(1)(b)	upon conviction by a court was a sentence of imprisonment for a term which could extend to two years or with fine or	with both. The argument that the section laid down no principles for determining when a person concerned should be proceeded against	under	s. 23(1)(a) and when under s. 23(1)(b)	and that it was left to the arbitrary discretion of the Director of Enforcement to decide which proceeding should be taken was repelled by relying on the provisions of s. 23D. Under that section the Director of Enforcement was first to	hold an inquiry for the purpose of adjudging whether there	had been contravention under s. 23(1)(a) and if he was satisfied that the person had committed a contravention he could impose	a penalty provided thereby.	According to	the proviso, however, if at any stage of the enquiry he was of the opinion that having regard to the circumstances of	the case the penalty would not be adequate he was bound to	make a complaint in writing to the court instead of imposing	any penalty himself.
Counsel	for the appellant has laid great emphasis on	the absence of any such provision in the Act as was to be found in s. 23D of the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act 1947.	But it is	significant that under the aforesaid enactment	the proceedings could be	taken in the alternative and	the punishment also could be imposed only in the alternative and any person guilty of contravention' could not be made liable for a penalty provided by s. 23(1)(a)	as also imposed a sentence of imprisonment under (1) [1971] 1 S. C. R. 639.
364 S. 23	(1) (b). According to the provision	of S.	167, items 8 and 81 of the Act there is no choice in the matter of imposing penalty or	punishment. If a person is found guilty	a penalty can be imposed under item 8 and he	will also be liable to criminal prosecution and conviction if his case is covered by item 81 of that section.
In numerous Acts provisions are found according to which no court can take cognizance unless either sanction is granted by the competent. authority for the	prosecution of an accused	person	or a complaint in writing is	made by an officer	or authority empowered in that behalf.	Nothing is indicated or expressly stated in most of the provisions as to the circumstances in which sanction should be withheld or granted or a complaint should be instituted or not. One of such provisions came	up for	examination in Gokulchand Dwarkadas Moraka v. The King (1). Under clause 23 of	the Cotton	Cloth and Yam Control Order 1943 no prosecution for contravention of any of the provisions of the Order could be instituted without the previous sanction of the Provincial Government etc. It was laid down that in order to comply with the provisions of clause 23 it must be proved that	the sanction was given in respect of the facts constituting	the offence	charged. Counsel for the appellant has relied a great deal on the following observations of their lordships:
"They can refuse, sanction on any ground which commends	itself to them, for example that on political	or economic grounds they regard a prosecution as inexpedient." It is argued that if the same wide latitude is given to	the customs officers mentioned in S. 187A they can import	even political or economic	considerations	for not filing a complaint although a person is liable to criminal prosecution for an offence under s.167(81). We consider it unnecessary to pronounce, with respect, on the	correctness or otherwise of the above observations. We have no doubt that the authorities concerned are expected to take	into account	the	changed	conditions obtaining	after	the enforcement of our Constitution which guarantees fundamental rights	including Art. 14, They are bound to	examine	the facts	of a particular case	and then decide whether prosecution should be launched or not.
Even if any policy or guidelines have to be found they	can certainly be discovered from the object, purpose and scheme of the Act. The preamble reads: "Whereas it is expedient to consolidate and amend the law relating to the levy of	Sea Customs duties it is enacted as follows". Chapter IV deals with prohibitions and restrictions (1) A. I. R. 1948 P. C. 82.
365 on importations and exportation and Chapter V, with levy of and exemption	from customs duties. Elaborate provisions have been made to ensure that goods do not escape the	levy of duty and that the prohibitions and	restrictions which have been imposed on importation and exportation are rigidly enforced. Chapter XVI provides for offenses and penalties and S. 167 therein is an omnibus section which contains 81 items dealing	with offenses and penalties. Chapter	XVII contains procedural provisions relating to offenses, appeals etc. Section 187A appears in this Chapter.
The procedural provisions must be read in the light of	the object	and purpose. of the Act. While deciding whether a complaint should be instituted for an offence which is covered	both by items 8 and 81 of S. 167 a customs officer must take into account the enormity and magnitude of	the contravention and, the evidence which is available. It is possible that	in certain cases the evidence	may not be sufficient for. taking the matter to a criminal court and in view of the entire facts a complaint may not be lodged	'for contravention of offence under item 81 but in all cases	the customs	officers have to act in a reasonable and bona	fide manner	and they cannot just discriminate between similar cases according to their whim and fancy. For-if that is done it is always open to a person against whom complaint has been instituted	to challenge their exercise	of discretion in appropriate proceedings.	We are fortified in the view that we are taking by the following observations in Matajog	Dobay v. H. C.- Bhari(1). where the argument	that Section	197 of the Criminal	Procedure Code vested an absolutely arbitrary power in the Government to grant	or withhold sanction at their sweet, will and pleasure	was considered :
"If the government gives sanction against one public servant but, declines to do. so against another,	then the government servant against whom sanction is given may. possibly complain of discrimination. But the petitioners who are complainants cannot be heard to say so for there is	no discrimination as	against	any complainant. It has to be borne in mind	that a	discretionary	power is not necessarily a discriminatory power and. that abuse of power is not to be easily assumed	where'	the discretion is vested in the government and not in a minor official." The officer who is authorised to make the complaint under S. 187A of the Act is the Chief Customs Officer or any other officer	of customs not lower in rank	than the Assistant Collector of Customs	authorised by	the Chief Customs Officer. These officers cannot be regarded to be, minor officials and they hold responsible positions (1) [1955] 2 S. C. R. 925,932.
366 in the hierarchy of customs authorities. In Niemla Textiles Finishing Mills Ltd. v. The 2nd Industrial Tribunal(1)	the validity of the Industrial Disputes Act 1957 including S. 10 was challenged, inter alia	on the	ground	that	the appropriate government had unregulated and arbitrary power to discriminate between different parties and it was open to it to refer the industrial dispute to a Board for promoting the settlement or a Court of Inquiry or the Industrial	Tri- bunal and that there were no guidelines as to which class of cases were to	be referred to one or the other. It	was pointed	out by this court that the purpose sought to be achieved by the said Act had been well defined in	the preamble to it. The provisions sufficiently indicated	the purpose	and scope of the enactment as also the industrial disputes which might arise between the employers and their workmen which	had to be referred for	settlement to	the various authorities under the Industrial Disputes Act.	The achievement of	one or other	objects in view by	such reference to the Board of Conciliation or Court of Enquiry or Industrial Tribunal must guide and control the exercise of the	discretion and there	was no question of	the government being in a position to discriminate between	one party and the other.	In our judgment the ratio of	this decision appositely applies to the present case. The object and purpose of the Act has already been noticed as also	its scheme and the relevant provisions. The power conferred by S. 187A has to be exercised for effectuating the object	and purpose	of the Act keeping in view the entire	scheme.	It cannot,	therefore, be said that any unguided discretion or power has been conferred of the nature which	would	come within the inhibition of Art. 14. The principal contention of the learned counsel for the appellant based on Art. 14 must fail.
On the merits counsel for the appellant has brought to	our notice	the various facts and circumstances relating to	the case.	We are satisfied that the High Court rightly upheld the conviction for the offences in question but taking	into consideration every aspect of the matter we consider	that the sentence of imprisonment	already undergone by	the appellant together with the fine which has been imposed apart from the order relating to the confiscation of goods will serve the ends of justice.
The appeal is consequently allowed only to the extent	that the sentence of imprisonment for each offence is reduced to one already undergone. In all other respects	the appeal shall stand dismissed.	The bailbonds of the appellant,	who was ordered to be released on bail, shall stand discharged.
(1) [1957] S. C. R. 335.