Source: http://pa.findacase.com/research/wfrmDocViewer.aspx/xq/fac.19810116_0040065.PA.htm/qx
Timestamp: 2016-10-24 23:52:44
Document Index: 41373420

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 52', 'art, 47', '§ 22', '§ 1', '§ 1', '§ 22', '§ 311', '§ 311', '§ 311', '§ 311']

| RICHARD B. ENGLISH v. LEHIGH COUNTY AUTHORITY (01/16/81)
RICHARD B. ENGLISH v. LEHIGH COUNTY AUTHORITY (01/16/81)
RICHARD B. ENGLISH, ADMINISTRATOR OF THE ESTATE OF THOMAS R. ENGLISH, DECEASEDv.LEHIGH COUNTY AUTHORITY, MALCOLM PIRNIE, INC., AND KELLY SERVICE, INC. APPEAL OF KELLY LABOR OF ALLENTOWN, INC. RICHARD B. ENGLISH, ADMINISTRATOR OF THE ESTATE OF THOMAS R. ENGLISH, DECEASED V. A. L. WIESENBERGER ASSOCIATES, INC. AND KELLY LABOR OF ALLENTOWN, INC. APPEAL OF KELLY LABOR OF ALLENTOWN, INC. RICHARD B. ENGLISH, ADMINISTRATOR OF THE ESTATE OF THOMAS R. ENGLISH, DECEASED V. LEHIGH COUNTY AUTHORITY, MALCOLM PIRNIE, INC., AND KELLY SERVICE, INC. RICHARD B. ENGLISH, ADMINISTRATOR OF THE ESTATE OF THOMAS R. ENGLISH, DECEASED, APPELLANT, V. A. L. WIESENBERGER ASSOCIATES, INC. AND KELLY LABOR OF ALLENTOWN, INC. RICHARD B. ENGLISH, ADMINISTRATOR OF THE ESTATE OF THOMAS R. ENGLISH, DECEASED V. LEHIGH COUNTY AUTHORITY, MALCOLM PIRNIE, INC. AND KELLY SERVICE, INC. APPEAL OF A. L. WIESENBERGER ASSOC., INC. RICHARD B. ENGLISH, ADMINISTRATOR OF THE ESTATE OF THOMAS R. ENGLISH, DECEASED V. A. L. WIESENBERGER ASSOCIATES, INC. AND KELLY LABOR OF ALLENTOWN, INC. APPEAL OF A. L. WIESENBERGER, ASSOC., INC. RICHARD B. ENGLISH, ADMINISTRATOR OF THE ESTATE OF THOMAS R. ENGLISH, DECEASED V. LEHIGH COUNTY AUTHORITY, MALCOLM PIRNIE, INC., AND KELLY SERVICE, INC. AND RICHARD B. ENGLISH, ADMINISTRATOR OF THE ESTATE OF THOMAS R. ENGLISH, DECEASED V. A. L. WIESENBERGER ASSOCIATES, INC. AND KELLY LABOR OF ALLENTOWN, INC. APPEAL OF KELLY LABOR OF ALLENTOWN, INC.
No. 2078 October Term, 1979, No. 2079 October Term, 1979, No. 2080 October Term, 1979, No. 2081 October Term, 1979, No. 2082 October Term, 1979, No. 2083 October Term, 1979, No. 410 Philadelphia 1980, Appeal from the Order of the Court of Common Pleas of Lehigh County, Civil Action Law, at No. 221 of Sept. Term 1974 and No. 544 April Term 1975.
Jerry A. Snyder, Allentown, for Kelly Labor, appellant in Nos. 2078, 2079 and 410 and appellee in Nos. 2081 and 2083.
[ 286 Pa. Super. Page 316]This case arises on consolidated appeals from orders granting summary judgment.
On July 13 or 14, 1973, Thomas R. English died as a result of inhaling noxious fumes. His administrator, Richard B. English, brought two actions to recover damages under the wrongful death or survival statutes, or under both. The first action, No. 221 September Term 1974, is against Lehigh County Authority, Malcolm Pirnie, Inc., and Kelly Services, Inc. The second action No. 544 April Term 1975, is against A. L. Wiesenberger Associates, Inc., and Kelly Labor of
[ 286 Pa. Super. Page 317]Allentown, Inc. In the second action, Wisenberger joined the Authority, Pirnie, and Kelly Services as additional defendants. The actions were consolidated for trial. The Authority moved for summary judgment on the theory that Thomas English had been its employee and, therefore, under the Workmen's Compensation Act, it was immune from suit. Kelly Labor moved for summary judgment on the theory that English had been its employee and, therefore, under the Workmen's Compensation Act, it was immune from suit. Kelly Services moved for summary judgment on the theory that it had not violated any duty to English. The lower court concluded that English had been the Authority's employee, and not Kelly Labor's. It therefore granted the Authority's motion, and denied Kelly Labor's. The lower court further concluded that Kelly Services had not violated any duty to English, and therefore granted its motion.*fn1
Was Lehigh County Authority or Kelly Labor Thomas English's employer for workmen's compensation purposes?
Kelly Labor is a franchisee of Kelly Services. Its business is to provide temporary laborers, called "Kelly Workers." "Kelly Workers" are paid by Kelly Labor but only if they work for one of Kelly Labor's customers. Kelly Labor withholds federal, state, and local income taxes as well as social security payments from its workers' wages. It also pays unemployment compensation tax, maintains workmen's compensation insurance, and issues W-2 forms to its workers. It bills its customers at a rate that provides the funds
[ 286 Pa. Super. Page 318] necessary to pay both its workers' wages and these several deductions and expenses. Kelly Labor has the exclusive right to hire and discharge its workers, and to remove workers from one customer and assign them to another.
In 1973 Kelly Labor entered into a written contract with the Lehigh County Authority go supply temporary labor to take samples of sewage pursuant to a program designed by Malcolm Pirnie, Inc.; the sewage system itself had been designed by A.L. Wiesenberger Associates, Inc. The agreement required Kelly Labor to supply the Authority with enough labor for an around-the-clock sampling at a sewage metering station commonly known as "the pit." The sampling began on Thursday, July 12, 1973. Kelly Labor supplied three of its Kelly Workers: Charles Alley, Wayne Nagle, and a third person, who is unidentified. When the unidentified person failed to report for work, Thomas English was directed by Kelly Labor to report in his place. English had applied to Kelly Labor for employment during the summer of 1973, and had received several assignments for which he had been paid wages. On Friday, July 13, he reported to Marlyn Stroh, an Authority employee, at a sewage pretreatment plant. Stroh directed English to report to the metering station, which was about ten miles away. There English was supposed to go into the pit every half hour to remove samples of sewage for testing. He was supposed to relieve Nagle and work until 8:00 a. m. on Saturday, July 14. When Alley reported for work at 8:00 a. m. on Saturday, he found Nagle and English at the bottom of the pit dead. The two young men had apparently died from noxious fumes that emanated from the sewage.
[ 286 Pa. Super. Page 319]An employer who permits the entry upon premises occupied by him or under his control of a laborer or an assistant hired by an employe or contractor, for the performance upon such premises of a part of the employer's regular business entrusted to such employe or contractor, shall be liable to such laborer or assistant in the same manner and to the same extent as to his own employe.
77 P.S. § 52.
[ 286 Pa. Super. Page 320] of any injury or death as defined in section 301(c)(1) and (2) or occupational disease as defined in section 108.
The lower court held that liberally construed, Rule 1032 did not preclude the Authority from arguing its immunity as a general employer. In the court's opinion, English's administrator and Wiesenberger were "clearly . . . on notice that [the] . . . Authority was claiming a general immunity as an employer under the Act . . . ." Slip op. at 17. In addition,
[ 286 Pa. Super. Page 321]
the court found that the administrator and Wiesenberger had suffered no prejudice. Id.
77. Describe in detail the nature of your relationship, past and present, with the following:
(b) Kelly Services, Inc.
77. . . . .
(b) Customer. Kelly Services, Inc. furnished to the defendant the employees to perform our work. Said employees were the employees of Lehigh County Authority. (Emphasis added.)
Finally, we note that "Plaintiff's [the administrator's] Reply to Defendant's [the Authority's] Motion for Summary Judgment" provided an extensive and thorough analysis of the issues involved in determining whether the Authority was a general employer. All the facts relevant to the analysis seem to have been known to the administrator at that time.*fn2
[ 286 Pa. Super. Page 322]B.
In deciding whether the Lehigh County Authority was the employer of Thomas English at the time of his death within Section 481 of the Workmen's Compensation Act, any discrepancies in the facts would be for a jury to resolve; however, whether the facts as they are determined to exist constitute an employment relationship is strictly a question of law. Workmen's Compensation Appeal Board v. Dupes, 24 Pa. Commw. 47, 353 A.2d 908 (1976); McManus v. Kuhn, 194 Pa. Super. 544, 168 A.2d 618 (1961); Potash v. Bonaccurso, 179 Pa. Super. 582, 117 A.2d 803 (1956); See also, Barnett v. Bowser, 176 Pa. Super. 17, 106 A.2d 457 (1954) (whether employment is "casual" is a question of law). Accordingly, we shall resolve all discrepancies in the facts in favor of English's administrator and Wiesenberger as the non-moving parties and give them the benefit of all reasonable inferences arising from the facts as thus determined. Ritmanich v. Jonnel Enterprises, Inc., 219 Pa. Super. 198, 280 A.2d 570 (1971); Schacter v. Albert, 212 Pa. Super. 58, 239 A.2d 841 (1968).
[ 286 Pa. Super. Page 323]The test for determining whether a borrowing employer is an employer for workmen's compensation purposes is whether the employer controlled, or had the right to control, the borrowed employees, "not only with regard to the work to be done but also with regard to their manner of performing it." Venezia v. Philadelphia Electric Co., 317 Pa. 557, 559, 177 A. 25, (1935). See also, Mature v. Angelo, 373 Pa. 593, 97 A.2d 59 (1953); Walters v. Kaufmann Department Stores, Inc., 334 Pa. 233, 5 A.2d 559 (1939); Hattler v. Wayne County, 320 Pa. 280, 182 A. 526 (1936); Atherholt v. Stoddart Co., 286 Pa. 278, 133 A. 504 (1926); Tarr v. Hecla Coal & Coke Co., 265 Pa. 519, 109 A. 224 (1920); Puhlman v. Excelsior Express & Standard Cab Co., 259 Pa. 393, 103 A. 218 (1918); Walton v. Harold M. Kelly, Inc., 218 Pa. Super. 28, 269 A.2d 347 (1970); Stevens v. Publishers Agency, 170 Pa. Super. 385, 85 A.2d 696 (1952); Fanning v. Apawana Golf Page 323} Club, 169 Pa. Super. 180, 82 A.2d 584 (1951); Nilsson v. Nepi Brothers, 138 Pa. Super. 107, 9 A.2d 912 (1939); aff'd Nilsson v. Nepi Bros., 338 Pa. 561, 14 A.2d 75 (1940). Frederico Granero Co. v. Workmen's Compensation Appeal Board, 43 Pa. Commw. 308, 402 A.2d 312 (1979); City of Monessen v. Workmen's Compensation Appeal Board, 36 Pa. Commw. 226, 387 A.2d 1000 (1978); Reasner v. Workmen's Compensation Appeal Board, 36 Pa. Commw. 292, 387 A.2d 679 (1978); Grant Builders v. Workmen's Compensation Appeal Board, 33 Pa. Commw. 591, 382 A.2d 783 (1978); Barr v. B&B Camper Sales, 7 Pa. Commw. 323, 300 A.2d 304 (1973). English's administrator and Wiesenberger argue that Kelly Labor had the right to control the "Kelly Workers" it sent to work at the Authority's metering station because: Kelly Labor hired and initially assigned its workers to various customers; it retained the right to fire or discipline its workers; it had exclusive control over the job assignments undertaken by its workers once assigned to a customer; and it paid its workers' wages and unemployment compensation tax, carried its workers' workmen's compensation insurance, and withheld federal, state, and local taxes from its workers' wages.
Although Kelly Labor had almost absolute control over which of its workers would service the needs of which of its customers, it had no significant control over the manner in which the workers carried out the work to which they were assigned. Thus, for example, while Kelly Labor was responsible for placing Thomas English into the service of the Authority, once he arrived Kelly Labor did not purport to instruct English on how he should carry out the Authority's sewage testing program. That was clearly the province of the Authority. Kelly Labor had no supervisory personnel of any kind at the job site; nor did it contemplate training its
[ 286 Pa. Super. Page 324] workers to perform the various tasks to which it assigned them at the request of its customers.*fn3
In Venezia v. Philadelphia Electric Co., supra, it appeared that a labor contractor, in addition to lending out employees, sent a "boss" to the job site to assign jobs to the "lent" employees, to keep records of the time the "lent" employees worked, and to check on the presence of the employees at their assigned work sites. Our Supreme Court held that this evidence was still insufficient to establish such "control" over the manner of the work to be performed as would constitute an employment relationship between the labor contractor and the lent employees. Venezia v. Philadelphia Electric Co., supra, 317 Pa. at 558, 177 A. at 26. Kelly Labor exercised no greater control -- indeed it exercised less -- over English and the other workers it sent to the Authority than did the labor contractor in Venezia over the workers he lent out. Similarly, in City of Monessen v. Workmen's Compensation Appeal Board, 36 Pa. Commw. 226, 387 A.2d 1000 (1978), the Commonwealth Court found the city to be the employer of an off-duty police officer who was hired, and paid, by the school district to direct traffic following a football game. The school district, like Kelly Labor, had control over the number of employees and their specific job assignments. The city, however, had retained the right to control the conduct of off-duty police officers when acting as special police officers for the school district. Id., 36 Pa. Commw. at 230-31, 387 A.2d at 1001-03.
[ 286 Pa. Super. Page 325]English's administrator suggests that because the sampling project entailed a minimum amount of labor management, there was an insufficient quantum of control by the Authority to create an employment relationship. Brief for Appellant English at 22. However, it is the existence of the right to control, and not only its exercise, that creates an employment relationship. Although it is true that the Authority did not exercise much control over the sampling project, had it chosen to, it could have exercised complete control; it could have required, for instance, that anyone entering the "pit" wear a gas mask; that no more than one worker enter the pit at any one time; that the workers "phone-in" after each sampling; and that emergency air supplies be readily accessible to those who entered the pit. The fact that the Authority did not exercise such control demonstrates, not its lack of authority, but its negligence.
The other indicia of an employment relationship relied on by the administrator and Wiesenberger do not indicate which party was in control of the work to be done, but only which party was responsible for processing the papers and expenses associated with an employment relationship. Thus, while Kelly Labor paid its workers' wages and unemployment compensation tax, carried its workers' workmen's compensation insurance, and withheld federal, state, and local taxes from its workers' wages, it risked none of its own money, for it made these payments from the monies it received from its customers. The mere fact that one incurs expenses normally associated with an employment relationship does not necessarily mean that one is an "employer" within the meaning of the Workmen's Compensation Act. See e. g., Stevens v. Publishers Agency, supra (method of accounting for social security or income tax not determinative of employment relationship); Reynolds v. Reihart, 47 Pa. Commw. 602, 408 A.2d 897 (1979) (existence of workmen's compensation insurance policy maintained by alleged employer not conclusive evidence as to who is the employer); Workmen's Compensation Appeals Board v. Bond Transport, Inc., 22 Pa. Commw. 86, 347 A.2d 788 (1975) (accounting of
[ 286 Pa. Super. Page 326] payroll wages, deduction of income tax, payment of unemployment compensation and other insurance coverage not conclusive on issue of employment but only evidence of an employment relationship).
English's administrator argues that the Authority could not have been English's employer because there was no employment contract, express or implied, between the Authority and English. Brief for Appellant English at 13-17. In support of this argument several decisions are cited for the proposition that a "contract of employment for wages, express or implied" is a necessary condition of an employment relationship under the Act. See Harris v. Seiavitch, 336 Pa. 294, 9 A.2d 375, (1939); Stewart v. Uryc, 237 Pa. Super. 258, 352 A.2d 465 (1975); Reasner v. Workmen's Compensation Appeal Board, supra; Barr v. B&B Camper Sales, supra. Also cited is leading treatise on workmen's compensation law, which states as black letter law:
(a) the employee has made a contract of hire, express or implied, with the special employer
[ 286 Pa. Super. Page 327]§ 22. "Employe" defined
The term "employe", as used in this act is declared to be synonymous with servant, and includes --
All natural persons who perform services for another for a valuable consideration, exclusive of persons whose employment is casual in character and not in the regular course of the business of the employer, and exclusive of persons to whom articles or materials are given out to be made up, cleaned, washed, altered, ornamented, finished or repaired, or adapted for sale in the worker's own home, or on other premises, not under the control or management of the employer. Every executive officer of a corporation elected or appointed in accordance with the charter and by-laws of the corporation, except elected officers of the Commonwealth or any of its political subdivisions, shall be an employe of the corporation except as hereinafter provided in sections 302(c), 305 and 321.
As amended 1956, Feb. 28, P.L. (1955) 1120, § 1; 1972 March 29, P.L. 159, No. 61, § 1, eff. May 1, 1972.
77 P.S. § 22.
Where one person lends his servant to another for a particular employment, the servant, for anything done in that particular employment, must be dealt with as a servant of the man to whom he is lent, although he remains the general servant of the person who lent him . . . . The test is whether, in the particular service which he is engaged to perform, he continues liable to the direction and control of his master, or becomes subject to that of the party to whom he is lent or hired.
Puhlman v. Excelsior Express & Standard Cab Co., 259 Pa. 393, 397, 103 A. 218, 219 (1918).
[ 286 Pa. Super. Page 328]In Tarr v. Hecla Coal & Coke Co., 265 Pa. 519, 109 A. 224 (1920), the Court employed this common law test in determining the applicability of the Workmen's Compensation Act. The Court ruled that a coal mine worker who at the request of his employer consented to be temporarily employed by another mine company, was an employee of the "borrowing" mine company even though he was not promised any specific wage by the borrowing company and was under no binding contractual obligation to do work for it. Id., 265 Pa. at 522, 109 A. 224. The Court did not resort to an "implied-in-fact" theory of contract to justify its conclusion, but cited and quoted the common law test as stated in Puhlman. Id., 265 Pa. at 522, 109 A. 224.
in defining an employee as one who performs services for another for valuable consideration, does not specify that any particular person shall pay this consideration, and its language is not to be construed as conditioning liability to meet a claim for compensation payment of wages by the person against whom the claim is made, or on the existence of an obligation to so pay wages.
Id., 286 Pa. at 280, 133 A.2d 504 (emphasis added).
In Venezia v. Philadelphia Electric Co., supra, the Court was asked to find an employment relationship under the Act in a factual setting similar to that of the present case. In Venezia, the plaintiff had been engaged as a common laborer by a labor contractor. Pursuant to a written contract to "furnish necessary labor for ditch excavation . . . when, if, and as required during the year 1931," the labor contractor
[ 286 Pa. Super. Page 329] furnished the defendant with various laborers, including the plaintiff. The labor contractor paid the laborers after receiving from the defendant the amount of the labor contractor's payroll plus ten percent. Id., 317 Pa. at 558, 177 A. at 26. As between the laborers and the defendant, no employment contract existed. The Court did not find this absence of an employment contract between the plaintiff as one of the laborers and the defendant to be a bar to a finding of an employment relationship between the two. The Court reasoned:
The vital test in determining whether the workmen furnished by [the labor contractor] were servants of defendant is whether they are subject to its control or right of control not only with regard to the work to be done but also with regard to their manner of performing it. The payment of wages is not a decisive factor . . . the act, in stating the term "employe" includes those who perform services for another "for a valuable consideration," does not specify that any particular person shall pay this consideration, and one may be the servant and employee of another, though hired and paid by a third person.
Id., 317 Pa. at 559, 177 A. at 26 (citations omitted) (emphasis added).
Indeed, in many cases an employment relationship under the Act has been found without finding any separate contract between the "special employer" and the "borrowed employee." See e. g., Mature v. Angelo, 373 Pa. 593, 97 A.2d 59 (1953); Hattler v. Wayne County, 320 Pa. 280, 182 A. 526 (1936); Persing v. Citizens Traction Co., 294 Pa. 230, 144 A. 97 (1928); Robson v. Martin, 291 Pa. 426, 140 A. 339 (1928); Byrne v. Hitner's Son, 290 Pa. 225, 138 A. 826 (1927); Sgattone v. Mulholland & Gotwals, Inc., 290 Pa. 341, 138 A. 855 (1927); Walton v. Harold M. Kelly, Inc., 218 Pa. Super. 28, 269 A.2d 347 (1970); City of Monessen v. Workmen's Compensation Appeals Board, supra.
When the decisions cited by English's administrator are carefully read, it will be seen that they are consistent with our conclusion that the law does not require that there must
[ 286 Pa. Super. Page 330] have been a contract of hire, express or implied, between the Authority and English, before the Authority could be an employer within the Workmen's Compensation Act. Generally stated, the decisions involve the distinction between an individual working under some kind of contractual duty and an individual who is acting as a mere volunteer or simply for the "fun of it."
Steward v. Uryc, supra, is to the same affect. There, the defendant in operating a private sanitation business picked up and emptied his customers' trash containers. 237 Pa. Super. at 260, 352 A.2d at 467. During the summer, the plaintiff, a minor, occasionally rode on the defendant's truck to accompany him on his rounds. Id. In discussing the need for a contract of employment, this court stated that "[s]ome decisions treat this issue in terms of whether the employee was a 'volunteer,' in the sense of not performing services for a valuable consideration as required by the Act." 237 Pa. Super. at 263, 352 A.2d at 469. We then found that the minor plaintiff was a volunteer who assisted the defendant not because he sought compensation for regular employment but "because he enjoyed riding on the truck." Id., 237 Pa. Super. at 267, 352 A.2d at 471.
Similarly, in both Reasner v. Workmen's Compensation Appeals Board, supra, and Barr v. B & B Camper Sales, supra, the Commonwealth Court considered whether an individual who performed work with an expectation of being compensated was an employee within the meaning of the
[ 286 Pa. Super. Page 331]Act, even though there was no express contract between employer and employee. In both cases the court concluded that since the injured plaintiff was not a volunteer but had performed work with the expectation of receiving valuable consideration, he was covered by the Act. See Reasner v. Workmen's Compensation Appeal's Board, 36 Pa. Commw. at 296, 387 A.2d at 682, and Barr v. B & B Camper Sales, 7 Pa. Commw. at 328, 300 A.2d at 307.
In addition to these decisions, we note that it has been held that "candy-stripe" volunteers in hospitals are not employees within the meaning of the Workmen's Compensation Act because their services are not induced by valuable consideration. Marcus v. Frankford Hospital, 445 Pa. 206, 283 A.2d 69 (1971). See also, Busch v. Bientzle, 119 Pa. Super. 559, 181 A. 520 (1935).
[ 286 Pa. Super. Page 332]An illustration of a situation where no employment relationship arose because of a lack of consent may be found in Quick v. Allegheny Construction Equipment Co., supra, where the facts were as follows. The plaintiff was employed as a fireman on a steam shovel owned by one Frank Albert. Albert sold the steam shovel to Allegheny Construction Equipment Co. on terms that required Allegheny to "get it where it stood." Id., 361 Pa. at 378, 65 A.2d at 239. Since Allegheny had no qualified steam fireman, it requested Albert to lend it a fireman to help load the steam shovel onto a truck. Albert directed the plaintiff to act as fireman while the loading operation proceeded, and the plaintiff was injured when the steam shovel fell off the truck. The plaintiff testified at trial that he did not know at the time of the loading operation that Albert had sold the steam shovel to Allegheny and that it was pursuant to Allegheny's request that he was helping load it. In other words, the plaintiff did not know that his services were being performed for the benefit of Allegheny. In these circumstances, the Court was unwilling to hold that the plaintiff was a borrowed employee of Allegheny, for the plaintiff never had an opportunity to decide whether to accept or reject the transfer initiated by the two employers between themselves.
English's administrator urges that because Charles Alley and Wayne Nagle indicated that they viewed their employer to be Kelly Labor even while they were working for the Authority, Kelly Workers -- including English -- never consented to be employees of the Authority. Brief for Appellant English at 17. However, just as the characterization of a claimant by an alleged employer does not control our determination of whether an employment relationship existed, Stevens v. Publishers Agency, 170 Pa. Super. 385, 85 A.2d
[ 286 Pa. Super. Page 333696] (1952), so the characterization of a borrowing employer by an employee does not control. The meaning of "employer" under the Act is controlled not by its popular, or lay, meaning, in which sense it may be understood by an individual employee, but rather by its legal meaning as reflected in the Act itself and the case law interpreting the Act.
Wiesenberger argues that the Authority should be estopped from denying that Kelly Labor was Thomas English's employer because in a resolution asking that condolences be sent to Wayne Nagle's and Thomas English's families, the Authority recited that Nagle and English "were employed by Kelly Labor Service to perform testing duties for the Lehigh County Authority." (R. 18(a).) This argument is without merit. For there to be an estoppel the party to be estopped must have induced the party asserting the estoppel to believe that certain facts existed that in truth did not exist, and the party asserting the estoppel must have acted in reliance on that belief. Sabino v. Junio, 441 Pa. 222, 272 A.2d 508 (1971); Northwestern National Bank v. Commonwealth, 345 Pa. 192, 27 A.2d 20 (1942). Here, the party asserting the estoppel -- Wiesenberger -- does not claim that it was induced by the Authority to believe anything, but rather that English's administrator was, and that "in reliance on [the Authority's] resolution, the [ administrator ] did not institute proceedings under the Workmen's Compensation [Act] . . . ." Brief for Appellant Wiesenberger at 9. All this says is that the administrator might have argued estoppel. However, he has not so argued.
Did Kelly Services violate any duty to Thomas English?
Kelly Services is a Delaware corporation with its home office in Detroit, Michigan. It grants franchises throughout the nation to concerns such as Kelly Labor. Wiesenberger alleges in its complaint joining Kelly Services as an additional defendant that Kelly Services is solely or jointly or severally liable for the death of Thomas English in that it
[ 286 Pa. Super. Page 334] failed to warn its franchisee, Kelly Labor, of the hazardous nature of the work that English was assigned to do at the Authority's metering station. (Reproduced Record for Appellant Wiesenberger at 10(b).)
Q. Did you know anything about obtaining sewerage samples and whether there were any problems, before you got this call from Lehigh Authority [requesting workers to perform the sewage sampling work]?
[ 286 Pa. Super. Page 335]A. No, sir.
Q. When you got that call, did you check with anyone at the home office to see if there were any problems?
[ 286 Pa. Super. Page 336](b) in the manner in which it is communicated.
Section 311 recognizes two different sorts of negligence: the failure to exercise reasonable care in ascertaining the accuracy of the information (§ 311(2)(a)), and the failure to exercise reasonable care in communicating the information (§ 311(2)(b)). The s illustrate these two sorts of negligence with the following examples:
8. The A Boiler Insurance Company undertakes as part of its services to inspect the boiler of B. It issues a certificate that the boiler is in good condition for use. In reliance upon this certificate, B uses the boiler. The boiler bursts, owing to a defect which a reasonably careful inspection would have disclosed. Explosion of the boiler wrecks the adjacent building of C and causes bodily harm to him. The A Company is subject to liability to C for his bodily harm and the wrecking of his building caused by the explosion of the boiler.
Illustration 8, Restatement (Second) Torts § 311.
9. The A Boiler Insurance Company undertakes as part of its service to inspect the boiler of B. The A Company makes a careful inspection, and correctly concludes that the boiler is unsafe. Through the negligence of its clerk,
[ 286 Pa. Super. Page 337] it issues a certificate which, while correctly stating all the defects in the boiler, gives the misleading impression that the boiler is nevertheless safe. In reliance on the certificate, B continues to use the boiler, which bursts because of the defects and wrecks the adjacent building of C, causing bodily harm to C. The A Company is subject to liability to C for his bodily harm and the wrecking of his building.
Illustration 9, Restatement (Second) Torts § 311.
Wiesenberger argues that Kelly Services should be found liable under Section 311(2)(a) because the information it sent Kelly Labor concerning "hazardous work" was inaccurate in that it failed to include information on the hazards of sewage sampling. Brief for Appellant Wiesenberger at 13-14. This argument misses the point of Section 311; for it asserts liability, not for "negligently giv[ing] false information," but for failing to give any information, about the hazards of sewage sampling. To be sure, if Kelly Services' failure to give any information about the hazards of sewage sampling had had the effect of rendering false the information it did give, liability might arise, but nothing suggests that that effect occurred. Similarly, Wiesenberger's argument that Kelly Services should be found liable under Section 311(2)(b) must be rejected. Liability does not arise because of the failure to exercise reasonable care "in the
[ 286 Pa. Super. Page 338] manner in which [information] is communicated" unless the information communicated is false.
Q. How about jobs that they [Kelly Services] don't list specifically, and which, I think you said, you have a question, you check with the home office, is that all it says in those manuals?
A. Right . . . . If there is any question in my mind before I send somebody out, I always go check with the employer and go out myself. I've had some
[ 286 Pa. Super. Page 339] contractors call me for guys to work underground, to help lay pipe, and that I refused, too.
Q. Was there any question in your mind when the Lehigh County Authority called you that how this particular --
A. No, Sir. Especially when Doctor Warmkessel [an Authority employee] said it was an easy job.
R. 42b.