Source: http://www.google.com/patents/US6182003?dq=5787449
Timestamp: 2015-08-03 18:44:47
Document Index: 505707502

Matched Legal Cases: ['Application No. 42', 'Application No. 40', 'Application No. 42', 'Application No. 19542294', 'Application No. 40', 'Application No. 42', 'Application No. 19542294', 'Application No. 42']

Patent US6182003 - Process and device for setting a driving torque - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsA method and device setting a driving torque in a motor vehicle, in particular setting the torque as a part of an anti-slip regulation. At least two triggerable actuators are available for influencing the driving torque, where the actuators have different dynamic responses with regard to the setting...http://www.google.com/patents/US6182003?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US6182003 - Process and device for setting a driving torqueAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS6182003 B1Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 08/983,606PCT numberPCT/DE1997/000865Publication dateJan 30, 2001Filing dateApr 28, 1997Priority dateApr 29, 1996Fee statusPaidAlso published asEP0835190A1, WO1997040998A1Publication number08983606, 983606, PCT/1997/865, PCT/DE/1997/000865, PCT/DE/1997/00865, PCT/DE/97/000865, PCT/DE/97/00865, PCT/DE1997/000865, PCT/DE1997/00865, PCT/DE1997000865, PCT/DE199700865, PCT/DE97/000865, PCT/DE97/00865, PCT/DE97000865, PCT/DE9700865, US 6182003 B1, US 6182003B1, US-B1-6182003, US6182003 B1, US6182003B1InventorsRolf Maier-LandgrebeOriginal AssigneeRobert Bosch GmbhExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (11), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (14), Classifications (33), Legal Events (6) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetProcess and device for setting a driving torque
US 6182003 B1Abstract
A method and device setting a driving torque in a motor vehicle, in particular setting the torque as a part of an anti-slip regulation. At least two triggerable actuators are available for influencing the driving torque, where the actuators have different dynamic responses with regard to the setting of a driving torque. The core of the invention consists of the fact that first a component of the driving torque to be set is determined, and this component thus determined is used for triggering the actuator with the lower dynamics. In addition, the change in the driving torque produced by this triggering of the actuator with the lower dynamics is estimated. The difference between the driving torque to be set and the estimated driving torque is then used for triggering at least one actuator with higher dynamics.
What is claimed is: 1. A method for setting a driving torque in a motor vehicle, the motor vehicle including at least two triggerable actuators for influencing the driving torque, the method comprising the steps of:
determining a first component of the driving torque for triggering a first actuator of the at least two actuators; estimating a change in the driving torque as a function of a triggering effect of the first actuator to produce a second component; and triggering at least one second actuator of the at least two actuators as a function of a difference between the driving torque and the second component, the at least one second actuator having a higher dynamic driving torque response than the first actuator. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the driving torque is set during an anti-slip regulation.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the motor vehicle includes a gasoline engine, wherein the first actuator modifies an air supply, and wherein the at least one second actuator modifies at least one of a firing point, a fuel quantity and a braking force on driven wheels.
4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the air supply is modified by changing a throttle valve setting.
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the change in the driving torque is estimated as a function of an engine model, and further comprising the step of:
triggering of the first actuator using a control signal, the control signal being filtered using at least one of a time filter and a lag element to estimate the change in the driving torque. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first component's sets a positive torque.
7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the positive torque is indicative of a zero value dragging torque.
8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first component is determined for limiting the driving torque to a minimum positive value, the driving torque being limited to the minimum positive value when at least one of the following conditions is met:
a longitudinal velocity of the motor vehicle is low, and coefficients of predetermined values of friction are present on two sides of the motor vehicle. 9. The method according to claim 3, wherein the at least one second actuator modifies the fuel quantity by reducing a fuel metering to individual cylinders of a vehicle engine of the motor vehicle, a triggering action of the at least one second actuator being predicted over a predetermined time period to provide at least one predicted triggering value, the triggering action being suppressed when the at least one predicted triggering value is below a predetermined threshold value.
10. The method according to claim 3, wherein the at least one second actuator modifies the fuel quantity by reducing a fuel metering to individual cylinders of a vehicle engine of the motor vehicle, a triggering action of the at least one second actuator being one of reduced and suppressed when a drive slip of a driving wheel is below a predetermined threshold value, the driving wheel having a higher coefficient of friction that is higher than a coefficient of friction of at least another wheel of the motor vehicle.
11. A device for setting a driving torque in a motor vehicle, comprising:
at least two triggerable actuators for influencing the driving torque and including a first actuator and at least one second actuator, the at least one second actuator having a higher dynamic driving torque response than the first actuator; and a regulator for performing the following functions: determining a first component of the driving torque for triggering the first actuator, estimating a change in the driving torque as a function of a triggering effect of the first actuator to produce a second component, determining a difference between the driving torque and the second component, and triggering the at least one second actuator as a function of the difference.
The present invention relates to a method of and a device for setting a driving torque.
German Patent Application No. 42 39 711 describes a system for setting an engine torque, where a desired engine torque which is selected by the driver and by an anti-slip regulation system is achieved by varying the air supply, the firing point and/or the quantity of fuel injected.
German Patent Application No. 40 30 881 (corresponding to U.S. Pat. No. 5,445,442) describes an anti-slip regulation system where the anti-slip regulatorler is divided into a cardan speed controller and a differential speed controller.
German Patent Application No. 42 29 560 (corresponding to U.S. Pat. No. 5,443,307) describes an anti-slip regulation system where the controller properties are improved by means of a differential speed controller so that the differential blocking effect is improved by the operation affecting the brakes.
German Patent Application No. 19542294.5 and the article “FDR-Fahrdynamikregelung von Bosch” (FDR Regulation of Driving dynamics by Bosch) in ATZ Automobiltechnische Zeitschrift, (Automotive Engineering Journal) 96 (1994) describe a subordinate anti-slip regulationler as part of regulation of driving dynamics, where a distinction is made between a cardan torque acting on all driven wheels and a differential torque acting between the driving wheels to set the driving torque. To set the driving torque as part of anti-slip regulation, the desired cardan torque and the differential torque are distributed to the available actuators to set the driving torque. Operations affecting the wheel brakes and/or operations involving the control of the vehicle engine are available for this. These effects to differ in their different dynamic responses.
The object of the present invention is to achieve an optimum distribution of the driving torque requirement to the available torque operation options.
The invention relates to a method of setting a driving torque in a motor vehicle, particular to setting the torque as part of anti-slip regulation. At least two triggerable actuators are available for influencing the driving torque, with the actuators having different dynamic responses with regard to setting a driving torque.
The invention provides first a component of the driving torque to be set is determined, and the component thus determined is used to trigger the actuator with the lower dynamics. In addition, the change in driving torque due to this triggering of the actuator with the lower dynamics is estimated. The difference between the driving torque to be set and the estimated driving torque is then used to trigger at least one actuator with higher dynamics.
This method yields an optimum distribution of the driving torque requirement, which takes into account the different dynamics of the actuators, to the available torque operation options. In particular, the method according to the present invention provides that only a portion of the total driving torque requirement, specifically the steady-state component, is used to control the slow-acting torque operation option. The faster-acting operations are then selected pursuant to the remaining component and pursuant to the torque which cannot be achieved instantaneously through the slow-acting torque operation option.
If the setting of the driving torque according to the present invention is a driving torque reduction to be set as part of anti-slip regulation (ASR), then as invention yields a uniform ASR interface for various engine control units.
Another embodiment of the present invention provides that an integral component of the driving torque that is to be set is determined as the component of the driving torque to be set. Thus, only the torque request pending for a longer time is implemented by the slow-acting operation, while the short-term requirements are implemented only by the faster-acting operations.
If the motor vehicle has a gasoline engine, it is possible to provide according to the present invention for the actuator with the lower dynamics to vary the air supply, in particular the throttle valve setting, while the actuators of higher dynamics vary the firing point, the fuel supply, and/or the braking force on the driven wheels.
The estimate according to the present invention of the change in driving torque brought about by the triggering of the actuator with the lower dynamics can be accomplished using an engine model. If the triggering of the actuator with the lower dynamics takes place using an actuating signal, this estimate is made by filtering the actuating signal using a time filter (PT1 element) and/or a lag element (Tt element).
It is further advantageous that the component for triggering the actuator with the lower dynamics is determined in such a way that only positive driving torques are set. This means that a dragging operation or braking action of the vehicle engine is not allowed.
In addition, an further embodiment of the present invention provides that the component for triggering the actuator with the lower dynamics is determined in such a way that the driving torque is limited to a minimum positive value when there is a low longitudinal velocity of the vehicle and/or when there are different coefficients of friction of a certain value on the two sides of the vehicle (μsplit condition). In particular, when starting under a split condition (different coefficients of friction on the driving wheels), the engine torque achieved by varying the air supply should be limited to a value much greater than zero. This yields faster traction after reducing the drive slip, e.g., by changing the coefficient of friction.
Another advantageous embodiment of the present invention provides that the actuator of the higher dynamics varies the quantity of fuel, with this change taking place in particular by reducing the amount of fuel metered to individual cylinders of the engine of the vehicle. The triggering of this actuator over a predeterminable period of time is predicted, whereupon the triggering is then suppressed when the predicted triggering is below a threshold value. This embodiment provides that reduction of the fuel injection generally acts on the driving torque only with a rather great delay. For this reason, the triggering is predicted over this lag time and it causes a reduction in fuel injection only when the prediction still indicates a desired fuel reduction at the time when the fuel reduction starts having the effect of reducing the driving torque.
In addition, it is possible to provide that in the case of a change in the amount of fuel, in particular due to the reduction in fuel metered to individual cylinders of the vehicle engine, this change is reduced or suppressed when the drive slip of the driving wheel (high wheel) having the higher coefficient of friction is below a threshold value. This is done for reasons of comfort, because the high wheel which is preferably responsible for the forward motion of the vehicle due to the low drive slip should not be braked abruptly. This would lead to jerking motion which would diminish comfort.
The object of the present invention is also to provide a device for carrying out the method described above for setting a driving torque in a motor vehicle.
FIG. 2 shows a detailed block diagram of the system illustrated in FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 shows a first flowchart illustrating the method according to the present invention.
FIG. 4 shows a second flowchart illustrating the method according to the present invention.
FIG. 5 shows a third flowchart illustrating the method according to the present invention.
The method and device according to the present invention provide that the torque distribution to the actuators is.
This overall system regulates the drive slip in motor vehicles. The setpoint values for the drive slip for the two driving wheels can originate from an upstream controller, and/or a higher-level driving dynamics regulator. Then setpoint braking torques for the two driving wheels and the setpoint engine torque are calculated in the overall system. The setpoint braking torques can be converted in a downstream controller to brake pressure control signals for a brake hydraulic system. A throttle valve control signal can be determined from the setpoint engine torque by, e.g., a downstream controller.
The division of the drive slip regulator into a cardan speed controller and a differential speed controller is described in German Patent Application No. 40 30 881. In the present invention the two controllers are designed substantially independently of the available actuators. The two controller quantities, the setpoint cardan torque MKar and the setpoint differential torque MDif, are distributed in the downstream actuator-specific module. This facilitates the supplementing of the operations affecting the throttle valve by additional (fast) types of operation affecting the engine, such as firing angle adjustment or injection reduction.
FIG. 1 shows a higher-level driving dynamics regulator (FDR regulator) 10. According to a higher-level control, this FDR regulator determines in particular the setpoints λSo/1 and λSo/r for the drive slip on the left and right driven wheels of the vehicle, respectively. The above-mentioned ATZ article describes such a higher-level FDR regulator.
In addition to setpoints λSo/l and λSo/r for the drive slip on the left and right driven wheels of the vehicle, respectively, the FDR regulator determines the freely rolling (slip-free) wheel speeds vRADfrei/l and vRadfrei/r and the rotational speeds vRad/l and vRad/r of the driven wheels. The freely rolling (slip-free) wheel speeds, determined is described in the ATZ article and and in German Patent Application No. 42 30 295.
Setpoints λSo/l and λSo/r for the drive slip on the left and right driven wheels of the vehicle, the freely rolling (slip-free) wheel speeds vRadfrei/l and vRadfrei/r and the rotational speeds vRad/l and vRad/r of the driven wheels are sent to anti-slip regulator 11. Anti-slip regulator 11 then generates, in a manner to be described later, signals MRadso/l and MRadSo/r which correspond to setpoint braking torques on the left and right driven wheels of the vehicle, respectively. These setpoint braking torques are sent to blocks 12 l and 12 r using which these braking torques are set on the wheel brakes, optionally using a subordinate control circuit. In addition, regulator 11 determines a setpoint MSoMot for the engine torque which is sent to subordinate engine control unit 13.
Details of anti-slip regulator 11 are described below.
Setpoint determination 110 In setpoint determination 110, the rotational speeds of the left and right driving wheels vRad/l and vRad/r, the free rotational speeds of the wheels vRadfrei/l and vRadfrei/r and the setpoint drive slip λSo/1 and λSo/r for the driving wheels are used to calculate the cardan speed vKar as the average of the rotational speeds of the wheels vRad/l and vRad/r and the differential speed vDif as the difference between the rotational speeds of the wheels vRad/d and vRad/r as follows:
Actual rotational speeds
vKar=(vRad/l+vRad/r) /2
vDif=vRad/l−vRad/r The setpoints vSoKar and vSoDif for the cardan speed and the differential speed can be determined from the setpoint speeds vSoRad/l and vSoRad/r of the wheels, which are formed independently of the setpoint drive slip λSo/l and λSo/r:
vSoRad/l=vRadfrei/l*(1+λSo/l)
vSoRad/r=vRadfrei/r**(1+λSo/r)
vSoKar=(vSoRad/l+vSoRad/r) /2
vSoDif=vSoRad/l−vSoRad/r Determination of operating state 111 Operating states are determined in block 111, whereupon predetermined measures are initiated in response to certain operating states. As described in German Patent Application No. 19542294.5, such measures may concern changes in the low-pass response of the regulator when the prevailing operating states are such in which there are or can be oscillations of the power train. This occurs because torsional elasticity in the power train of the vehicle can cause oscillation of the power train. To prevent such oscillations of the power train, the cardan speed vKar and the differential speed vDif are sent through a low-pass filter in block 111, with the time constant τ of this low-pass filter being variable as a function of the instantaneous operating state. The cardan speed vKar/f and the differential speed vDif/f thus filtered are sent to cardan speed regulator 112 and differential speed regulator 113.
In addition, the setpoint engine torque may be limited in block 111. It is important here that no engine torque higher than the engine torque MFV set by the driver should be possible with a desired increase in engine torque MSoMot. The driver's request MFV thus serves to restrict the setpoint engine torque. If the setpoint engine torque is in this saturation, the lanschlag (left limit stop) flag is set. The engine torque saturation MFV is then determined as a function of the estimated prevailing engine torque, where lanschlag is set when
MSoMot>c_motstat*MFV where
0<c_motsat<1. PID cardan speed regulator 112 The cardan speed regulator (block 112) determines the cardan torque MKar from the input variables, cardan speed vKar (or the low-pass-filtered cardan speed vKar ,f,) and cardan setpoint rotational speed vSoKar For this purpose, the cardan speed regulator as a PID regulator is designed with a proportional (P) component, an integral component, and a differential component. These components can be interpreted as follows:
P component:
If the low-pass filtering described above does not take place in block 111, this filtering can be performed as mentioned above in cardan speed regulator 112 according to the equation:
vKar/f (t+i)=vKar/f (t)+Cfil* [vKar(t)−vKar/f (t)]
where cfil is a filter constant that depends on the above-mentioned condition. The P component of the cardan speed regulator then corresponds to a PT1 component.
The gain Kp is selected in particular as a function of the instantaneously effective total transmission ratio iGes or iwirk (total transmission ratio between the engine and wheels), to take into account the moment of inertia of the engine with respect to the wheels, which depends on the gear step.
Kp=C1+i2 Ges*C2, where C1 and C2 are constants.
Thus the output of the P component is obtained as:
knp=Kp* (vKar/f−vSoKar ) D component
Because of the power train oscillations, the differentiator is designed essentially as described in the German Patent Application No. 42 29 560 (corresponding to U.S. Pat. No. 5,443,307):
kdif=[i2 Ges* jmot+2jrad]*[vKar(t)−vKar(t−vT)]/(vT),
where vT is approximately equal to the period of oscillation of the power train oscillations, iGes is the instantaneously effective total transmission ratio, and the variables jmot and jrad denote the inertia of the engine and of the wheels, respectively. The D component has a dead zone. Its magnitude εdif depends on the total transmission ratio iGes:
εdif=εdif/a+i2 Ges*εdif/b, where εdif/a and εdif/b are constants. The dead zone yields the following for the output:
knd=Cd [min(0,kdif−εdif)+max(0,kdif+εdif)]. where cd is a constant.
The integrator gain is normally:
K1=KI/a+i2 Ges* KI/a, where KI/a and KI/b are constants.
In three different cases (I, II and III), the integrator gain KI is corrected:
I. High μ criterion:
A roadway with a high coefficient of friction is identified when the five different conditions below are met at the same time:
1. ΛRad/l<min. (ελ1, λSo/l+ελ2)
2. ΛRad/r<min. (ελ1, ΛSO/r+ελ2) , where ελ1 and ελ2 are constants
3. vF>εvf, where εvf is a presettable threshold value
4. lir is not set, i.e., the higher-level FDR regulator does not provide for any operation.
5. Stability: Both driving wheels must be in a stable slip curve branch for a certain period of time, i.e., relatively little “roughness” is allowed in the curve for the cardan speed vKar. Therefore, the following stability criterion is verified:
The driving wheels are stable when the following relationship holds: ∑ v = 0 k   v Kar , t - v - v Kar , t - v - 1  + α 1 ∑ v = 0 k   v ref , t - v - v ref , t - v - 1  + α 1 < β , where the reference cardan speed vref can be determined from the speeds of the freely rolling driving wheels.
When all five conditions listed above are met over a period of time tminl, then KI is set at a high level:
KI=KIhigh. II. Increasing the integrator gain
The 1st and 2nd conditions described above are the same as those for the high p criterion. Another condition is:
3. Kdiff<α2�ktm*+β2,
ktm*=(i2 Ges*jmot+2jrad)*(vSoKar,t−vSoKar,t−1)/T If all three conditions mentioned above are met for an interval tmini, then KI is increased to KI′:
K1′=CintfakI+JI′
III. Decreasing the integrator gain
1. kni<Cnilow (kni is the instantaneous integrator value) and
2. vKar<vsoKar and
3. case II above does not last for more than tmini,
then the integrator gain KI is reduced to KI′ according to:
KI′=KI/cintfak2 The new integrator value is:
kni,t+1=kni,t+Kr*(vKar,t−vSoKar,t). The integrator value is corrected in the following cases:
I) When the condition
krom<εk rom is met, kni becomes kni′
kni′=kni+ckndif* [min(0,x+εkndif)+max(0,x-εkndif). This describes a dead zone where
x=kdif−ktm*. II) The integrator value has a lower limit defined by:
kni=max(kni, kni,min)
III) The integrator has an upper limit defined due to the reduced torque Mfa,r requested by the driver:
When kni>Mfa,r is satisfied, two cases are differentiated:
If additionally it holds that:
vKar>vSoKar then
kni=Mfa,r−KI˜k13rom is set, otherwise the old integrator value holds:
kni,t=kni,t−1. The output of the cardan speed regulator consists first of the sum of the three regulator components:
MKar=knp+knd+kni and also of the integrator value:
MKarI:=kni PI differential speed regulator (block 113):
The PI differential speed regulator (block 113) determines the differential torque MDif. The more important properties of the differential speed regulator are described below.
Setpoint expansion
When the driving dynamics control flag lir has been set, i.e., the higher-level FDR regulator provides for an FDR operation, the absolute value of the setpoint vSoDif is increased to vSoDif′ for the differential speed:
vSoDif′=(|vSoDif|+εDif1*C) *sign (vSoDif), otherwise the setpoint remains unchanged:
vSoDif′=vSoDif. P component
If the low-pass filtering described above does not take place in block 111, this filtering can be performed, as described above, in differential speed regulator 113 according to the following equation:
vDif/f(t+1)=vDif/f(t)+Bfil* [vDif(t)−vDif/f(t)]
where Bfil is a filter constant that depends on the above condition. The P component then corresponds to a PT1 component.
The filtered control deviation ΔDif is then:
ΔDif(t)=vDif/f(t)−vSoDif(t). The output of the P component is:
dnp=Kdp* ΔDif(t). I component
If lir has been set, i.e., the higher-level FDR regulator provides for an FDR operation, the regulator parameters having the index 1 (i=1) are used; otherwise i=2.
When calculating the integrator value dni, a total of four different cases are differentiated, depending on the control deviation ΔDif and dni. If the following condition is met:
ΔDif* dni<εdni then in the case
|ΔDif|>εDif2 the regulator parameter cdil(i) is used:
1) dni,t+1=dni,t−cdil(i) * sign (dni,t),
otherwise cdi2(i) is used:
2) dni,t+1=dni,t−cd12(i) * sign (dni,t),
ΔDif* dni≧εdni and
|ΔDif|>εDif1 are satisfied, then
3) dni,t+1=dni,t+Cdi3(i) * drom,
otherwise it holds that
4) dni,t+=dni,t−Cdi4(i) * sign(dni,t)
The integrator dynamics are improved in that the integrator value is corrected to the P component in certain cases:
dni=max (|dni|, cdi4 (i) * Δdif*sign (ΔDif) Finally, the integrator value has upper and lower limits which are defined by:
dni=min(|dni|,dnimax)* sign(dni) Regulator output
The regulator output of differential speed regulator 113 consists of the sum of the P component and the I component:
MDif=dnp+dni, Torque distribution to actuators 114:
The distribution of the torques M(including the integrator value MKarI=kni) and MDif to the actuators takes place in block 114. Differential torque MDif calculated by differential speed regulator 113 can be applied only through appropriate differences in braking torque between the right and left driving wheels. However, cardan torque MKar which is calculated by cardan speed regulator 112 and acts on the entire power train is applied by a symmetrical operation affecting the brakes as well as by an operation affecting the engine.
FIG. 2 shows a detailed illustration of torque distribution 114 to the actuators. Cardan torque MKar calculated by cardan speed regulator 112 and the respective integrator value MKarI, as well as the differential torque MDif calculated by differential speed regulator 113, are sent here to block 114, outlined with a dotted line border. In addition to the setpoint braking torques MRadSo/l and MRadSo/r, the triggering signals MSomotDk, MSoZWV and MSoti for the engine actuators, throttle valve Dk 131, firing angle adjustment ZWv 132, and injection reduction ti 133 are available at the output. In addition, to determine the output signals, the effective gear transmission ratio uwirk (block 1143, the gear transmission ratio under some circumstances, taking into account the converter and/or clutch slip), the longitudinal velocity vF of the vehicle (block 1144) and the information as to whether a μsplit condition is met (block 1145, the driving wheels have significantly different coefficients of friction) are also needed in block 114. The information regarding the effective gear transmission ratio uwirk can originate from a gear control unit, while the information about the longitudinal velocity vF of the vehicle and whether or not the μsplit condition is met is generally available in the higher-level FDR regulator 10 shown in (FIG. 1).
The individual steps performed in unit 114 can be seen in the flow chart of FIG. 3. These steps are described in greater detail below.
After starting step 301, the quantities mentioned above are entered in step 302.
Step 303: Determining the setpoint torque for the operation affecting the throttle valve
Determination of the setpoint torque for the operation affecting the throttle valve is described with reference to the flow chart shown in FIG. 4.
Let the operations affecting the throttle valve, which acts relatively slowly on the driving torque, set the steady-state end value for the driving torque; therefore, the reduced throttle valve setpoint torque Mredk (the setpoint driving torque to be set through the air supply) is at first equal to the integrator value MKarI. By setting a lower limit for the reduced throttle valve setpoint torque MredDk (limiting it in the direction of small torques), dragging or braking action of the vehicle engine is ruled out:
MredDk:=max [MKarI, 0]
After starting step 401 and entering the required information in step 402, the reduced throttle valve setpoint torque MredDk is determined as described above in step 403 in shown FIG. 4.
In starting up a vehicle (longitudinal velocity of the vehicle vF below a threshold value SW1, query result Y in step 404), it may occur that the driving wheels have very different coefficients of friction (e.g., when the right driving wheel is on loose gravel or ice and the left driving wheel is on a dry roadway). If such a split condition prevails (query result Y in step 405), the reduced throttle valve setpoint torque Mrek must not fall below a preset minimum value K1 (step 406) so that the driving torque can be increased again rapidly after correcting for the low wheel (wheel with the lower coefficient of friction). In this case, the engine torque reduction is not applied at all—or is applied only to a slight extent—by the operation affecting the throttle valve which acts more slowly on the driving torque.
Since the reduced throttle valve setpoint torque Mredk is based on the wheels, the effective gear transmission ratio must be taken into account in step 407 to determine the throttle valve setpoint torque MSomotDk (triggering signal for engine control unit 13):
MSomotDk=MredDk/Uwirk Step 304: Estimate of the reduced throttle valve torque MredDk To estimate the instantaneously implemented driving torque due to the operation affecting the throttle valve, a signal similarly available can be used directly by engine control unit 13, for which purpose a signal (not shown in FIG. 2) is sent from engine control unit 13 to block 114. If there is no such signal, the estimation method shown in FIG. 5 is used.
To do so, throttle valve torque MSomotDk determined in step 303 or 407 is supplied to an engine model 50. The behavior of the engine can be simulated easily by a known PT1 element 501 and a known lag element Tt 502. Time constant τ of PT1 element 501 is selected depending on whether the engine torque increases or decreases, and the lag depends on the instantaneous engine rpm. Multiplying in (block 51) the estimate based on the wheels by the effective gear transmission ratio uwirk yields an estimate Mmotest for the driving torque which results from the operation affecting the throttle valve.
Since phase shifts can occur due to time wasted (computation times and data transmission), for example, the estimate MredKF for the reduced throttle valve torque (based on the driving wheels) is determined as the average of Mmotest and MredDK (block 52) to correct the phase relation:
MredDkF:=(Mmotest+MredDk) /2 An alternative is filtering:
MredDkF:=Y*Mmotest+(1-y) *MredDk1 where the value y is between zero and 1 (0<y<1).
Step 305: Determining the setpoint torques for the firing angle adjustment and injection reduction
Component K2 (e.g., 90%) of the difference between the estimated throttle valve torque Mredkp and the setpoint cardan torque MKar is to be applied through the firing angle adjustment ZWV and the injection reduction ti. Thus, the engine torque MZWV/ti to be applied by the firing angle adjustment and injection reduction is thus obtained as:
MZWV/ti:=K2*(MrekDkF−MKar)/Uwirk Step 306: Determining the firing angle adjustment
Since the firing angle adjustment ZMV acts more rapidly than injection reduction, a firing angle adjustment has a higher priority than injection reduction. Through injection reduction, the component of MZWV/ti, which is determined in step 305 and goes beyond the torque component resulting from the actual firing angle adjustment, is to be applied. The setpoint MSoZWV for the firing angle adjustment is therefore equal to MZWV/ti taking into account the restriction to be described.
The above-mentioned restriction consists of the fact that the firing angle adjustment to be set may last for only a limited period of time, because otherwise the engine control unit will display an error message because of the monitoring algorithms installed in it.
In the firing angle adjustment, the combustion torque compensates for the dragging torque MSchlepp of the engine without firing and also creates driving torque Mmotmodell which can be obtained through the engine model described above:
Mmotverbrenn:=Mmotmodell�MSchlepp, where the operation to be used with a minus sign in front of MSchlepp is subtraction.
Step 307: Estimating the torque produced by the firing angle adjustment
The firing angle adjustment required for setting the setpoint MSoZWV cannot always be set because of restrictions due to the engine control unit. Therefore, in calculating the other actuating torques, setpoint MSoZWV is not taken into account but instead an estimate MZWVQ is formed for the engine torque actually produced by the firing angle adjustment.
This estimate MZQVQ may correspond to the torque acknowledged by the engine control unit, for which purpose a signal (not shown in FIG. 2) is sent by engine control unit 13 to block 114. It should be recalled here, however, that such an acknowledgment signal generally has a relatively long delay. For this reason, the torque actually produced by the firing angle adjustment is advantageously estimated.
For this estimate, it is assumed that, in order to set the setpoint MSoZWV, the firing angle is always adjusted to the maximum possible value (Mmotverbrenn˜Pmax/100) at the above-mentioned combustion torque Mmotverbren. The estimate is thus found to be:
MZWVQ:=min[MSoZWV, (Mmotverbrenn*Pmax/100)]. As an alternative, the estimate may also be obtained as follows:
MZWVQ:=min [MSoZWV, MZWvmax]
where the value MZWVmax is a selectable parameter.
The driving torque produced by the firing angle adjustment is then:
MredZWVQ:=UWirk* MZWWVQ. Step 308: Determining the injection reduction
As described above, the firing angle adjustment ZWV has a higher priority than the injection reduction ti because it takes effect more rapidly. The component of the MZWV/ti determined in step 305 which goes beyond the torque component MZWVQ produced by the actual firing angle adjustment is to be applied through injection reduction. The setpoint MSoti which is to be achieved by injection reduction is thus to be determined first by the difference between the torque MZWV/ti to be applied by firing angle adjustment and injection reduction and the estimate MZWVQ for the torque actually produced by the firing angle adjustment as follows:
MSoti:=MzWV/ti−MZWVQ. However, since injection reduction acts on the driving torque only with a relatively great delay, the variation of the setpoint torque MSoti is calculated in advance (predicted) over a certain period of time (e.g., 120 ms), which corresponds approximately to the delay. This can be accomplished by known methods, for example, by deducing the future characteristic by derivation (differentiation) of the setpoint torque MSoti over time. This yields a predicted setpoint torque MSotipr for the injection reduction.
If it is found by comparing the predicted setpoint torque MSotipr with the setpoint torque Msoti to be set that the setpoint torque decreases greatly within the prediction interval, then the injection reduction is restricted or eliminated.
Further restriction in determining the setpoint torque for the injection reduction takes into account start-up processes (longitudinal velocity vF of the vehicle below a threshold value SW1) at which the driving wheels are on parts of the roadway with different coefficients of friction. If the drive slip of the wheel with the higher coefficient of friction (high wheel) is smaller than a preset slip threshold value λs, this high wheel can develop brake slip when braking due to the injection reduction. This means that the high wheel, which mainly ensures the vehicle acceleration at start-up, can be suddenly braked by injection reduction, which can cause an uncomfortable jerky motion. For this reason, when the conditions
vF<SW1 and λs are met, the setpoint torque MSoti for injection reduction or the number of cylinders to be reduced is decreased or equated with zero.
A further restriction in determining the setpoint torque for injection reduction takes into account the fact that the engine is cut off (stalled) at a low rpm by a massive reduction in injection quantity. Thus, for example, at an engine speed below 900 rpm, there is no reduction at all in quantity of injection, whereas only half the engine may be switched off at an engine speed below 1200 rpm due to injection reduction to individual cylinders.
In determining the setpoint torque for the injection reduction, additional restrictions may also be taken into account. Setpoint torque Mmoti which is to be achieved by injection reduction is then obtained as a function F of the above-mentioned variables:
MSoti:=F[(MredZWV/ti−MZWVQ); MSotipr; . . . ]
Step 309: Estimating the torque produced by injection reduction
Since the injection reduction essentially takes place cylinder by cylinder, i.e., it assumes only discrete values of 1 through 6 (in a 6-cylinder engine), the above-mentioned setpoint torque Msoti which is to be achieved by reducing the injection cannot normally be set accurately. In determination of an estimate MtiQ for the torque produced by injection reduction, the discretization error occurring due to injection reduction must be taken into account. This is done by inverting the equation for calculating the number of cylinders to be reduced.
The driving torque produced by injection reduction then amounts to:
MredtiQ:=uwirk+MtiQ This then yields the sum of all driving torques caused by operations rapidly affecting the engine:
MredZWV/tiF:=MredZWVQ+MredtiQ Step 310: Determining the symmetrical setpoint braking torque
The operations affecting the engine (operations affecting the throttle valve, firing, and injection) are supported by the relatively fast-acting symmetrical operation affecting the brakes, in that the operation affecting the brakes applies the difference between the estimated prevailing engine torque (MredDkF−MZWV/tiF) and the total driving torque MKar to be set:
MBrasym:=[MredDkF−MredZWV/tiF−MKar]/2 The result is divided by 2 because the symmetrical braking torque acts on both driving wheels.
The symmetrical braking torque MBrsym can be filtered with a time filter with a preset time constant for reasons of comfort.
A further restriction of the symmetrical braking torque MBrasym to increase comfort involves the fact that the symmetrical braking torque MBrasym is not larger or only insignificantly larger than half of the driving torque applied by the engine.
Braking torque distribution (block 1142, FIG. 2)
The braking torques of the two driving wheels consist of a superpositioning of symmetrical braking torque MBrasym and the differential torque MDif. The plus or minus sign in front of MDif decides which wheel will have the greater braking torque applied, i.e., which wheel is the p-low wheel.
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