Source: https://casebook.icrc.org/print/21050
Timestamp: 2019-04-22 02:47:14
Document Index: 551072357

Matched Legal Cases: ['Art. 3', 'Arts 12', 'Art. 49', 'Art. 3', 'Art. 4', 'Art. 79', 'Art. 3', 'Art. 4', 'Art. 4', 'Art. 4', 'Art. 44', 'Art. 3', 'Art. 3', 'Art. 4', 'Art. 44', 'Art. 3', 'Art. 3', 'Arts 13', 'Arts 24', 'Art. 77', 'Art. 4', 'Art. 3', 'Arts 13', 'Art. 77', 'Art. 4', 'Art. 3', 'Art. 68', 'Art. 77', 'Art 6', 'Art. 3', 'Art. 3', 'Art. 91', 'Art 1']

Home > USA, Jawad v. Gates
[Source: United States Court of Appeals, District of Colombia Circuit, Jawad v. Gates, 832 F.3d 364, 12 August 2016, available at https://www.cadc.uscourts.gov/internet/opinions.nsf/BAEC4EEE781518DE8525800D0051C627/$file/15-5250-1630003.pdf [1]]
a. How would you classify the situation in Afghanistan in December 2002? What law was applicable to Jawad’s detention, transfer and treatment? If you lack the necessary information, what would you need to know? (GC I-IV, Common Arts. 2 [2] and 3 [3])
b. Given that he was first apprehended by Afghan forces, do you think his transfer to the U.S. military was in compliance with IHL? What of his subsequent transfer to Guantanamo Bay? Does your answer depend on whether the conflict is international or non-international in character? (GC I-IV, Common Art. 3 [3]; GC III, Arts 12 [4], 46-48 [5]; GC IV, Art. 49 [6])
2. (Paras [3] and [6]) From the information in the case, do you think the U.S. detained Jawad according to the law of IACs or NIACs? Both? Neither? (GC I-IV, Common Art. 3 [3]; GC III, Art. 4 [7]; GC IV, Art. 79 [8]
a. Under IHL, how may one classify persons deprived of their liberty in IAC? In NIAC? (GC I-IV, Common Art. 3 [3]; GC III, Art. 4 [7]; GC IV, Art. 4 [9])
b. Who is a "combatant" in an IAC? How does one qualify as a combatant in an IAC? Is combatant status dependent upon age? May a child be a combatant? Once captured, is a child combatant entitled to prisoner of war status? Why or why not? (GC III, Art. 4 [7], 45; P I, Art. 44 [10] and 77 [11]; CIHL, Rule 3; [12] CIHL, Rule 106 [13])
c. Are there combatants in NIACs? If not, how does one classify those who fight in NIAC? Is this classification dependent on age? May a child be classified as a fighter for an armed group, and be targeted/detained on this basis? Why or why not? (GC I-IV, Common Art. 3 [3]; CIHL, Rules 3 [12], 5 [14] and 6 [15])
d. Does the term “unlawful combatant” exist in IHL? Is every member of an armed opposition group in a NIC an “unlawful combatant”? Can children be "unlawful combatants"? Why or why not? (GC I-IV, Common Art. 3 [3]; CIHL, Rules 3 [12], 5 [14] and 6 [15])
e. Based on the facts, can Jawad be classified as a combatant in an IAC? Why or why not? What additional facts, if any, are needed to determine if Jawad was a combatant? (GC III, Art. 4 [7], 45; P I Art. 44 [10]; CIHL, Rules 3 [12], 5 [14] and 6 [15])
f. Based on the facts, can Jawad be classified as a fighter in a NIAC? Why or why not? What additional facts, if any, are needed to determine if Jawad is fighter or a civilian? (GC I-IV, Common Art. 3 [3]; CIHL, Rules 3 [12], 5 [14] and 6 [15])
g. What protections are children afforded in IAC? NIAC? Are there any differences? What protections are afforded to combatants/fighters? What protections do children lose when they take part in hostilities? What protections do children retain regardless of their participation in hostilities? (GC I-IV, Common Art. 3 [3]; GC III, Arts 13 [16], 45 [17]; GC IV, Arts 24 [18], 50 [19]; P I, Art. 77 [11]; P II, Art. 4 (3); [20] CIHL Rules 120 [21], 135-137 [22])
b. What specific protections are children afforded as POWs? As civilian detainees in IACs? When detained in NIACs? (GC I-IV, Common Art. 3 [3]; GC III, Arts 13 [16], 45 [17]; GC IV, Arts. 24 [18], 50 [19]; P I, Art. 77 [11]; P II, Art. 4 (3); [20] CIHL, Rules 120 [21], 135 [22])
c. May a child be tried for crimes? As a POW? As a civilian? Where may they be tried? What protections are afforded to children being tried as detainees? Which protections, if any, are dependent on age? Does IHL require the same or similar protections described in para. [13]? Why or why not? If not, does the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict apply and prevail? (GC I-IV, Common Art. 3 [3]; GC III, Arts. 84 [23], 99 [24]; GC IV, Art. 68 [25]; P I, Art. 77 [11]; P II, Art 6(4); [26] CIHL, Rule 135 [22])
d. Was Jawad's detention lawful under IHL? Why or why not? Were the conditions of his detention lawful? Why or why not? Were Jawad's interrogation and trial by military commission lawful? Why or why not? Are any violations of IHL committed in Jawad's detention or trial dependent upon his age? (GC I-IV, Common Art. 3 [3]; CIHL, Rules 120 [21], 135 [22])
5. (Para. [13]) Who may seek remedies for violations of IHL? How may individuals seek redress as victims of IHL violations? Does IHL prescribe compensation for its violations? Does it give the individual a right to seek compensation? In your opinion, is it appropriate for Jawad to seek civil judicial remedies for violations of IHL committed by the US? What are the pros and cons to this approach? (Hague Convention IV, Art. 3 [27]; P I, Art. 91 [28]; CIHL, Rules 150 [29] and 158 [30])
6. (Paras [7], [14]-[17]) Would you agree or disagree with a claim that the jurisdictional bar that Congress has placed on U.S. Courts is in violation of the U.S.’ IHL obligations to respect IHL, and to ensure that breaches of IHL are effectively repressed? (GC I-IV, Common Art 1 [31]; CIHL, Rule 150 [29])
Source URL: https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/usa-jawad-v-gates
[1] https://www.cadc.uscourts.gov/internet/opinions.nsf/BAEC4EEE781518DE8525800D0051C627/$file/15-5250-1630003.pdf
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[13] https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule106
[14] https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule5
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[22] https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule135
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