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Arbitration Law of Sweden: Practice and Procedure | ArbitrationLaw.com
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Practice Areas: Arbitrators and Arbitral Tribunals, Applicable Law, Arbitral Awards, Arbitral Process, Agreement to Arbitrate, Costs and Damages, Enforcement of Arbitral Awards, Interim Measures of Protection Author(s): Lars HeumanISBN: 978-1-929446-20-9Page Count: 872 pagesPublished: February, 2003Last Updated: April, 2012
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This book is a practical and scholarly work on the new Swedish Arbitration Act of 1999. It deals with international arbitration and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards in Sweden. Arbitration Law of Sweden is based on a comprehensive analysis of earlier Swedish court practice that is still relevant. Issues are investigated from both the arbitrator's and the counsel's perspectives, and important tactical issues are discussed. The book is indispensable for arbitrators and party representatives who are engaged in Swedish arbitration. AcknowledgmentsAbbreviationsChapter 1 Introduction1.1 General characteristics of arbitral procedure1.2 The formal and practical scope of the Swedish Arbitration Act1.3 Different kinds of arbitral procedure1.4 Factors of importance when parties contemplate agreeing on some form of arbitral procedure1.4.1 Speed1.4.2 The right to appoint arbitrators1.4.3 Costs1.4.4 The confidentiality of arbitral procedure1.4.5 Obstruction1.4.6 Lack of procedural safeguards1.4.7 Absence of consolidation opportunities1.4.8 No coercive measures1.5 The interpretation and application of the Act and its legal sources1.6 Entry into force of the ActChapter 2 The Arbitration Agreement2.1 Introduction2.2 Non-arbitral forms of dispute settlement2.3 Formation of the arbitration agreement2.3.1 Standard contracts containing an arbitration clause2.3.2 Formation of an arbitration agreement by passiveness under section 6(2) of the Contracts Act2.3.3 Reference in a contract to another individually framed contract with an arbitration clause2.3.4 Arbitration agreements entered into in the presence of arbitrators2.4 The doctrine of separability2.5 The scope of arbitration agreements2.5.1 Restrictive or extensive interpretation2.5.2 The theory of causality and the doctrine of assertion2.5.3 Interpretation of arbitration agreements in the light of the substantive contract2.5.4 Related contentious issues which are only partly covered by a clearly applicable arbitration clause2.6 Interpretation of special provisions in arbitration clauses2.7 The binding effect of arbitration agreements on third parties2.7.1 Introduction2.7.2 Dispute as to whether a legal subject is a contracting party2.7.3 Universal succession2.7.4 Bankruptcy2.7.5 Singular succession2.7.6 Guarantee and other joint and several liability for payment2.7.7 The statutory joint and several liability of a third party for a contracting party's obligation2.8 Invalidity of arbitration agreements2.8.1 General remarks on section 36 of the Contracts Act2.8.2 Invalidity as a result of special provisions in the arbitration clause2.8.3 Rules of invalidity other than those of section 36 of the Contracts Act2.9 Termination of the arbitration agreement2.10 One party' s loss of the right to assert an arbitration agreement2.11 Special provisions in arbitration clauses2.12 Arbitrability2.13 Civil law effects of competition law2.14 Filling gaps2.15 Competence of arbitrators to establish matters of fact and to make legal characterisations2.16 Provisions on arbitral procedure in articles of association and testatory dispositionsChapter 3 The Arbitration Agreement as a Bar to Judicial Proceedings3.1 Introduction3.2 Duty to plead alternative grounds for dismissal and for the invalidity of the arbitration agreement3.3 When shall a party raise an objection of bar to judicial proceedings?3.4 Res judicata effects of the court's ruling on a question of bar to judicial proceedings3.5 Court examination of the issue of bar to judicial proceedings does not preclude arbitration3.6 Motion for partial dismissal3.7 An arbitration agreement partially covering a dispute3.8 Set-off3.9 The arbitration agreement is not a bar to summary proceedingsChapter 4 Multi-party Arbitration4.1 Introduction4.2 How is an arbitral tribunal formed?4.3 How is a suitable joinder of different disputes to be achieved?4.4 Arbitral tribunals in several proceedings that consist partly or entirely of the same person4.5 Costs4.6 The right of a court to consolidate related contractual and non-contractual disputes and to stay some disputesChapter 5 The Arbitrators5.1 Introduction5.2 The need for urgent action5.3 Appointment of arbitrators5.3.1 Freedom of contract5.3.2 The number of arbitrators and the manner of their appointment5.3.3 Suitability criteria for the appointment of an arbitrator5.3.4 Failure to appoint an arbitrator5.4 Challenge5.4.1 Grounds for challenge5.4.2 The challenge procedure5.5 Termination of the arbitrator’s mandate5.6 The right to appoint a new arbitrator5.7 The right of a party to have an arbitrator removed for delaying the proceedingsChapter 6 Procedural Principles6.1 Introduction6.2 The principle of party autonomy6.3 Mandatory rules of procedure6.4 The principle of equal treatment of parties6.5 The arbitrators' discretionary powers6.6 Procedure aimed at preventing obstruction6.7 Procedural liberties of the parties6.8 The rule of waiver and the duty of a party to object to procedural errors6.8.1 Functions of the waiver rule6.8.2 At what point in time must a party state his objection to the procedure?6.8.3 The requirement of double objections6.8.4 Can preclusion occur when a party fails to investigate conditions constituting grounds for challenge?6.8.5 How clear and exhaustive should a protest be?6.8.6 Should the arbitrators inform a party of his duty to state an objection to irregularities?6.8.7 The legal effects6.8.8 Possibilities for a party to prevent a protesting opposing party from speculating at the party's expense6.9 Analogous application of the rules of the Code of Judicial Procedure6.10 Court intervention in arbitration proceedings requires statutory supportChapter 7 Arbitral Proceedings7.1 Commencement of the arbitral proceedings7.1.1 Contractual Freedom7.1.2 Functions of the request for arbitration7.1.3 Requirement of an express and unconditional request for arbitration7.1.4 Requirement that the request for arbitration include a statement of the issue in dispute7.1.5 Requirement that the request for arbitration indicate who has been appointed arbitrator7.1.6 Need for proof of service of the request for arbitration7.1.7 Limitation, preclusion and penal interest7.2 The respondent's choice of arbitrator and the appointment of a third arbitrator7.3 Planning the arbitral proceedings7.4 The statement of claim7.4.1 Introduction7.4.2 The claims7.4.3 The grounds7.4.4 Evidence7.4.5 Legal argumentation7.4.6 Deficient statements of claim and procedural guidance by the arbitrators7.4.7 Tactical considerations7.5 Provisional measures7.5.1 Introduction7.5.2 Competence of the courts to order provisional measures7.5.3 The competence of the arbitrators to order provisional measures7.6 The statement of defence7.7 The prerequisites for examining the case on its merits7.7.1 Introduction7.7.2 Courses of action available to the respondent if he considers the arbitrators to lack jurisdiction7.7.3 The arbitral tribunal's jurisdiction to rule on its own jurisdiction7.7.4 Impermissible claims7.7.5 Legal capacity7.7.6 Lispendens7.7.7 Resjudicata7.8 Submissions, oral preparations and the active role of the arbitrators7.8.1 Introduction7.8.2 The active role of the arbitrators7.8.3 Clarification of the claims, grounds and objections7.8.4 Investigation of the facts7.8.5 Investigation of legal issues7.8.6 Statements of evidence7.8.7 Oral and written preparations7.8.8 Principles of due process7.8.9 Time limits and notices7.8.10 Settlement7.9 Means of coercion7.10 Obstruction7.10.1 Introduction7.10.2 Need for the claimant and the arbitrators to actively counteract obstruction7.10.3 The risks incurred by the respondent not playing an active role in the arbitral proceedings7.10.4 Lawful excuse7.10.5 Time extensions7.10.6 Preclusion7.10.7 The arbitrators' power to draw adverse inferences from a party's passivity or failure to comply with an order7.11 Amendments of claims and defences7.11.1 Introduction7.11.2 The importance that the amendment refer to an issue which has a close or remote connection to the claims and grounds originally stated by the claimant7.11.3 The respondent's own claims and set-off defences7.11.4 Factors significant to the arbitrators' discretionary assessment7.11.4.1 Challenge issues7.12 Withdrawal and limitations of claims7.13 The evidence7.13.1 The responsibility of the parties with respect to the production of evidence7.13.2 Admissibility of the evidence7.13.3 The parties, their representatives and the witnesses7.13.3.1 Introduction7.13.3.2 Examination of the witnesses7.13.4 Expert witnesses7.13.4.1 The expert appointed by the arbitrators7.13.4.2 The party-appointed experts7.13.5 The written evidence7.13.5.1 Introduction7.13.5.2 Examination before the tribunal to determine document production7.13.5.3 Disclosure orders by the arbitrators7.13.5.4 Confidential information7.13.5.5 The presentation of the written evidence7.13.6 Computerised information7.13.7 Site inspection7.13.8 Court assistance in taking evidence7.13.8.1 Introduction7.13.8.2 Consent by the arbitrators7.13.8.3 The court proceedings7.13.9 The evaluation of the evidence7.13.10 Burden of proof7.14 The final hearing7.14.1 Notices and extensions7.14.2 The hearingChapter 8 The Award8.1 Introduction8.2 Duty to apply the law8.3 Deliberations8.3.1 Introduction8.3.2 The confidential nature of the deliberations8.3.3 The stipulation that all arbitrators be allowed to take part in the deliberations8.3.4 Limitations of time8.3.5 The principle of equal treatment8.3.6 Void and challengeable awards8.3.7 Failure to take part in the deliberations8.3.8 The right of the arbitrators to obtain advice8.4 Voting8.5 Rationale8.6 Dissenting opinions8.7 The requirements of writing and signing8.8 Certificate that an arbitrator has failed to sign the award8.9 Time limit for rendering and serving the award8.10 Statement in the award concerning the place of the proceedings8.11 Statements commonly occurring in an arbitration award8.11.1 Introductory statements8.11.2 The recital8.11.3 The rationale8.11.4 The ultimate order8.11.5 Instructions for appeal8.12 Time limits for the delivery of awards8.13 Different types of arbitration award8.13.1 General remarks on awards8.13.2 Awards writing off requests or declaring no jurisdiction8.13.3 Decisions8.13.4 Separate award8.13.4.1 Partial award8.13.4.2 Interlocutory award8.13.5 Award on agreed terms8.14 Legal effects of the award8.15 Correction, supplementation and interpretation8.15.1 Introduction8.15.2 Correction of arbitration awards8.15.3 Supplementations of awards8.15.4 Interpretation of arbitration awardsChapter 9 Costs9.1 Introduction9.2 The arbitrators' fees and expenses9.2.1 The amount of fees9.2.2 Expenses9.2.3 Interest9.2.4 The joint and several liability of the parties9.2.5 Freedom of contract9.2.6 Security for the arbitrators' remuneration9.2.7 Enforceability and right to appeal9.3 Duty of a party to reimburse the opposing party for his costsChapter 10 Invalidity of Awards and the Setting Aside of Awards10.1 Introduction10.2 The mandatory nature of the rules of challenge and the principle of in dubio pro validitate10.3 The burden of proof10.4 Does the award have legal force after it has been attacked in avoidance or challenge proceedings?10.5 Irregularities committed by bodies other than the arbitral tribunal10.6 Avoidance proceedings10.6.1 Introduction10.6.2 Lack of arbitrability10.6.3 Public policy10.6.3.1 Procedural public policy10.6.3.2 Substantive public policy10.6.4 The requirement that the award shall be in writing and signed10.7 Challenge proceedings10.7.1 The dispute is not covered by a valid arbitration agreement between the parties10.7.2 Going beyond submission10.7.2.1 Introduction10.7.2.2 The functions of the challenge rule10.7.2.3 The causal requirement10.7.2.4 Irregularities and excesses of mandates caused by the challenging party's negligence during the arbitration10.7.2.5 The mandate concept10.7.2.6 The borderline between misjudgments on the merits and exceeding the mandate10.7.2.7 Award delivered after the expiry of the respite allowed for it10.7.3 The arbitral proceedings took place in Sweden, contrary to section 4710.7.4 An arbitrator has been appointed contrary to the agreement between the parties or the Swedish Arbitration Act10.7.5 Arbitrators who lack legal capacity or are disqualified10.7.6 The general clause10.7.6.1 Introduction10.7.6.2 The requirement that the irregularity probably affected the outcome10.7.6.3 The requirement that the challenging party did not negligently cause the irregularity10.7.6.4 The requirement that a procedural irregularity was committed10.7.7 Preclusion10.7.8 Respite for filing a challenge action10.7.9 Court procedure in challenge cases10.8 Remission10.9 Actions against awards whereby the proceedings have been terminated without any ruling on the meritsChapter 11 Enforcement of Swedish Awards11.1 Introduction11.2 The right of a party to obtain enforcement of the award against the opposing party11.2.1 Objections to enforcement which relate to the grounds for challenge11.2.2 Impediments to enforcement relating to the requirements that the award shall be in writing, shall be signed and shall not lack legal effect11.2.3 Impediments to enforcement relating to grounds for invalidity concerning arbitrability and public policy11.2.4 Impediments to enforcement which can be asserted before the Enforcement Authority11.3 An arbitrator's right to have the award enforced against the parties insofar as they have been ordered to pay compensation to the arbitratorChapter 12 International Matters12.1 Introduction12.2 The applicability of the Swedish Arbitration Act to international disputes12.3 Swedish jurisdiction and the right of the arbitrators to conduct arbitral proceedings in Sweden12.4 Applicable law12.4.1 Law applicable to the substantive issues and the choice-of-law rules12.4.2 Law applicable to the arbitration agreement12.4.3 Law applicable to the question of whether the dispute is arbitrable12.5 International arbitration agreements as a bar to judicial proceedings12.6 Interim measures12.7 Lis pendens12.8 The place of arbitration12.9 Exclusion agreements12.10 Enforcement of foreign awards12.10.1 General outline12.10.2 The scope of the New York Convention12.10.3 The losing party's possibilities of opposing enforcement by filing challenge proceedings in the country where the award was made12.10.4 The losing party's possibilities of resisting enforcement in the enforcement proceedings12.10.4.1 Invalid arbitration agreement12.10.4.2 Due process12.10.4.3 Excess of terms of submission12.10.4.4 The composition of the arbitral tribunal or the procedure was contrary to the agreement of the parties or the law of the country where the arbitration took place12.10.4.5 Arbitrability and public policy12.10.5 The procedure for enforcing foreign awards12.10.6 Execution proceedings before the Enforcement Authority The Swedish Arbitration Act SCC RulesTable of CasesBibliographyIndex Lars Heuman is Professor of Procedural Law and Chairman of the Institute of Arbitration Law at the University of Stockholm, Sweden. Professor Heuman was a member of the committee that helped draft the Swedish Arbitration Act of 1999. "It is to be expected that parties before arbitration tribunals and courts will consider statements in the book not only as tips and recommendations but also as an account of current law."- Hans G. Solerttd, Former Justice of the Swedish Supreme Court"This book gives a complete and fully up-to-date account of arbitration law and practice in Sweden. Its immense merit is to help foreign lawyers, be they arbitrators or counsel, not only to know, but understand, international arbitration in Sweden."- Ulf Franke, Former Secretary General, Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce and Secretary General, The International Council for Commercial Arbitration (ICCA)"The book is certainly a very comprehensive source of information, and, to our knowledge, there is no other work in English which presents the arbitration process in Sweden in such a detail and depth. The author illustrates each and every aspect of arbitral proceedings with case and legislative material, evidently gathered through many years of study. There is hardly another scholar in Sweden who would be in the position, and indeed have the stamina, to create such a fundamental work, not only covering the current state of the Swedish arbitration legislation, but also providing us with a thorough historical and comparative analysis."-Mika Savola, Partner and Co-Head of the International Arbitration Practice Group, Hannes Snellman, Helsinki. Since 1998, he has acted as Secretary of the Finnish Arbitration Association. Author/Editor Detail: Lars Heuman is Professor of Procedural Law and Chairman of the Institute of Arbitration Law at the University of Stockholm, Sweden. Professor Heuman was a member of the committee that helped draft the Swedish Arbitration Act of 1999. Reviews: "It is to be expected that parties before arbitration tribunals and courts will consider statements in the book not only as tips and recommendations but also as an account of current law."- Hans G. Solerttd, Former Justice of the Swedish Supreme Court"This book gives a complete and fully up-to-date account of arbitration law and practice in Sweden. Its immense merit is to help foreign lawyers, be they arbitrators or counsel, not only to know, but understand, international arbitration in Sweden."- Ulf Franke, Former Secretary General, Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce and Secretary General, The International Council for Commercial Arbitration (ICCA)"The book is certainly a very comprehensive source of information, and, to our knowledge, there is no other work in English which presents the arbitration process in Sweden in such a detail and depth. The author illustrates each and every aspect of arbitral proceedings with case and legislative material, evidently gathered through many years of study. There is hardly another scholar in Sweden who would be in the position, and indeed have the stamina, to create such a fundamental work, not only covering the current state of the Swedish arbitration legislation, but also providing us with a thorough historical and comparative analysis."-Mika Savola, Partner and Co-Head of the International Arbitration Practice Group, Hannes Snellman, Helsinki. Since 1998, he has acted as Secretary of the Finnish Arbitration Association. Table of Contents: AcknowledgmentsAbbreviationsChapter 1 Introduction1.1 General characteristics of arbitral procedure1.2 The formal and practical scope of the Swedish Arbitration Act1.3 Different kinds of arbitral procedure1.4 Factors of importance when parties contemplate agreeing on some form of arbitral procedure1.4.1 Speed1.4.2 The right to appoint arbitrators1.4.3 Costs1.4.4 The confidentiality of arbitral procedure1.4.5 Obstruction1.4.6 Lack of procedural safeguards1.4.7 Absence of consolidation opportunities1.4.8 No coercive measures1.5 The interpretation and application of the Act and its legal sources1.6 Entry into force of the ActChapter 2 The Arbitration Agreement2.1 Introduction2.2 Non-arbitral forms of dispute settlement2.3 Formation of the arbitration agreement2.3.1 Standard contracts containing an arbitration clause2.3.2 Formation of an arbitration agreement by passiveness under section 6(2) of the Contracts Act2.3.3 Reference in a contract to another individually framed contract with an arbitration clause2.3.4 Arbitration agreements entered into in the presence of arbitrators2.4 The doctrine of separability2.5 The scope of arbitration agreements2.5.1 Restrictive or extensive interpretation2.5.2 The theory of causality and the doctrine of assertion2.5.3 Interpretation of arbitration agreements in the light of the substantive contract2.5.4 Related contentious issues which are only partly covered by a clearly applicable arbitration clause2.6 Interpretation of special provisions in arbitration clauses2.7 The binding effect of arbitration agreements on third parties2.7.1 Introduction2.7.2 Dispute as to whether a legal subject is a contracting party2.7.3 Universal succession2.7.4 Bankruptcy2.7.5 Singular succession2.7.6 Guarantee and other joint and several liability for payment2.7.7 The statutory joint and several liability of a third party for a contracting party's obligation2.8 Invalidity of arbitration agreements2.8.1 General remarks on section 36 of the Contracts Act2.8.2 Invalidity as a result of special provisions in the arbitration clause2.8.3 Rules of invalidity other than those of section 36 of the Contracts Act2.9 Termination of the arbitration agreement2.10 One party' s loss of the right to assert an arbitration agreement2.11 Special provisions in arbitration clauses2.12 Arbitrability2.13 Civil law effects of competition law2.14 Filling gaps2.15 Competence of arbitrators to establish matters of fact and to make legal characterisations2.16 Provisions on arbitral procedure in articles of association and testatory dispositionsChapter 3 The Arbitration Agreement as a Bar to Judicial Proceedings3.1 Introduction3.2 Duty to plead alternative grounds for dismissal and for the invalidity of the arbitration agreement3.3 When shall a party raise an objection of bar to judicial proceedings?3.4 Res judicata effects of the court's ruling on a question of bar to judicial proceedings3.5 Court examination of the issue of bar to judicial proceedings does not preclude arbitration3.6 Motion for partial dismissal3.7 An arbitration agreement partially covering a dispute3.8 Set-off3.9 The arbitration agreement is not a bar to summary proceedingsChapter 4 Multi-party Arbitration4.1 Introduction4.2 How is an arbitral tribunal formed?4.3 How is a suitable joinder of different disputes to be achieved?4.4 Arbitral tribunals in several proceedings that consist partly or entirely of the same person4.5 Costs4.6 The right of a court to consolidate related contractual and non-contractual disputes and to stay some disputesChapter 5 The Arbitrators5.1 Introduction5.2 The need for urgent action5.3 Appointment of arbitrators5.3.1 Freedom of contract5.3.2 The number of arbitrators and the manner of their appointment5.3.3 Suitability criteria for the appointment of an arbitrator5.3.4 Failure to appoint an arbitrator5.4 Challenge5.4.1 Grounds for challenge5.4.2 The challenge procedure5.5 Termination of the arbitrator’s mandate5.6 The right to appoint a new arbitrator5.7 The right of a party to have an arbitrator removed for delaying the proceedingsChapter 6 Procedural Principles6.1 Introduction6.2 The principle of party autonomy6.3 Mandatory rules of procedure6.4 The principle of equal treatment of parties6.5 The arbitrators' discretionary powers6.6 Procedure aimed at preventing obstruction6.7 Procedural liberties of the parties6.8 The rule of waiver and the duty of a party to object to procedural errors6.8.1 Functions of the waiver rule6.8.2 At what point in time must a party state his objection to the procedure?6.8.3 The requirement of double objections6.8.4 Can preclusion occur when a party fails to investigate conditions constituting grounds for challenge?6.8.5 How clear and exhaustive should a protest be?6.8.6 Should the arbitrators inform a party of his duty to state an objection to irregularities?6.8.7 The legal effects6.8.8 Possibilities for a party to prevent a protesting opposing party from speculating at the party's expense6.9 Analogous application of the rules of the Code of Judicial Procedure6.10 Court intervention in arbitration proceedings requires statutory supportChapter 7 Arbitral Proceedings7.1 Commencement of the arbitral proceedings7.1.1 Contractual Freedom7.1.2 Functions of the request for arbitration7.1.3 Requirement of an express and unconditional request for arbitration7.1.4 Requirement that the request for arbitration include a statement of the issue in dispute7.1.5 Requirement that the request for arbitration indicate who has been appointed arbitrator7.1.6 Need for proof of service of the request for arbitration7.1.7 Limitation, preclusion and penal interest7.2 The respondent's choice of arbitrator and the appointment of a third arbitrator7.3 Planning the arbitral proceedings7.4 The statement of claim7.4.1 Introduction7.4.2 The claims7.4.3 The grounds7.4.4 Evidence7.4.5 Legal argumentation7.4.6 Deficient statements of claim and procedural guidance by the arbitrators7.4.7 Tactical considerations7.5 Provisional measures7.5.1 Introduction7.5.2 Competence of the courts to order provisional measures7.5.3 The competence of the arbitrators to order provisional measures7.6 The statement of defence7.7 The prerequisites for examining the case on its merits7.7.1 Introduction7.7.2 Courses of action available to the respondent if he considers the arbitrators to lack jurisdiction7.7.3 The arbitral tribunal's jurisdiction to rule on its own jurisdiction7.7.4 Impermissible claims7.7.5 Legal capacity7.7.6 Lispendens7.7.7 Resjudicata7.8 Submissions, oral preparations and the active role of the arbitrators7.8.1 Introduction7.8.2 The active role of the arbitrators7.8.3 Clarification of the claims, grounds and objections7.8.4 Investigation of the facts7.8.5 Investigation of legal issues7.8.6 Statements of evidence7.8.7 Oral and written preparations7.8.8 Principles of due process7.8.9 Time limits and notices7.8.10 Settlement7.9 Means of coercion7.10 Obstruction7.10.1 Introduction7.10.2 Need for the claimant and the arbitrators to actively counteract obstruction7.10.3 The risks incurred by the respondent not playing an active role in the arbitral proceedings7.10.4 Lawful excuse7.10.5 Time extensions7.10.6 Preclusion7.10.7 The arbitrators' power to draw adverse inferences from a party's passivity or failure to comply with an order7.11 Amendments of claims and defences7.11.1 Introduction7.11.2 The importance that the amendment refer to an issue which has a close or remote connection to the claims and grounds originally stated by the claimant7.11.3 The respondent's own claims and set-off defences7.11.4 Factors significant to the arbitrators' discretionary assessment7.11.4.1 Challenge issues7.12 Withdrawal and limitations of claims7.13 The evidence7.13.1 The responsibility of the parties with respect to the production of evidence7.13.2 Admissibility of the evidence7.13.3 The parties, their representatives and the witnesses7.13.3.1 Introduction7.13.3.2 Examination of the witnesses7.13.4 Expert witnesses7.13.4.1 The expert appointed by the arbitrators7.13.4.2 The party-appointed experts7.13.5 The written evidence7.13.5.1 Introduction7.13.5.2 Examination before the tribunal to determine document production7.13.5.3 Disclosure orders by the arbitrators7.13.5.4 Confidential information7.13.5.5 The presentation of the written evidence7.13.6 Computerised information7.13.7 Site inspection7.13.8 Court assistance in taking evidence7.13.8.1 Introduction7.13.8.2 Consent by the arbitrators7.13.8.3 The court proceedings7.13.9 The evaluation of the evidence7.13.10 Burden of proof7.14 The final hearing7.14.1 Notices and extensions7.14.2 The hearingChapter 8 The Award8.1 Introduction8.2 Duty to apply the law8.3 Deliberations8.3.1 Introduction8.3.2 The confidential nature of the deliberations8.3.3 The stipulation that all arbitrators be allowed to take part in the deliberations8.3.4 Limitations of time8.3.5 The principle of equal treatment8.3.6 Void and challengeable awards8.3.7 Failure to take part in the deliberations8.3.8 The right of the arbitrators to obtain advice8.4 Voting8.5 Rationale8.6 Dissenting opinions8.7 The requirements of writing and signing8.8 Certificate that an arbitrator has failed to sign the award8.9 Time limit for rendering and serving the award8.10 Statement in the award concerning the place of the proceedings8.11 Statements commonly occurring in an arbitration award8.11.1 Introductory statements8.11.2 The recital8.11.3 The rationale8.11.4 The ultimate order8.11.5 Instructions for appeal8.12 Time limits for the delivery of awards8.13 Different types of arbitration award8.13.1 General remarks on awards8.13.2 Awards writing off requests or declaring no jurisdiction8.13.3 Decisions8.13.4 Separate award8.13.4.1 Partial award8.13.4.2 Interlocutory award8.13.5 Award on agreed terms8.14 Legal effects of the award8.15 Correction, supplementation and interpretation8.15.1 Introduction8.15.2 Correction of arbitration awards8.15.3 Supplementations of awards8.15.4 Interpretation of arbitration awardsChapter 9 Costs9.1 Introduction9.2 The arbitrators' fees and expenses9.2.1 The amount of fees9.2.2 Expenses9.2.3 Interest9.2.4 The joint and several liability of the parties9.2.5 Freedom of contract9.2.6 Security for the arbitrators' remuneration9.2.7 Enforceability and right to appeal9.3 Duty of a party to reimburse the opposing party for his costsChapter 10 Invalidity of Awards and the Setting Aside of Awards10.1 Introduction10.2 The mandatory nature of the rules of challenge and the principle of in dubio pro validitate10.3 The burden of proof10.4 Does the award have legal force after it has been attacked in avoidance or challenge proceedings?10.5 Irregularities committed by bodies other than the arbitral tribunal10.6 Avoidance proceedings10.6.1 Introduction10.6.2 Lack of arbitrability10.6.3 Public policy10.6.3.1 Procedural public policy10.6.3.2 Substantive public policy10.6.4 The requirement that the award shall be in writing and signed10.7 Challenge proceedings10.7.1 The dispute is not covered by a valid arbitration agreement between the parties10.7.2 Going beyond submission10.7.2.1 Introduction10.7.2.2 The functions of the challenge rule10.7.2.3 The causal requirement10.7.2.4 Irregularities and excesses of mandates caused by the challenging party's negligence during the arbitration10.7.2.5 The mandate concept10.7.2.6 The borderline between misjudgments on the merits and exceeding the mandate10.7.2.7 Award delivered after the expiry of the respite allowed for it10.7.3 The arbitral proceedings took place in Sweden, contrary to section 4710.7.4 An arbitrator has been appointed contrary to the agreement between the parties or the Swedish Arbitration Act10.7.5 Arbitrators who lack legal capacity or are disqualified10.7.6 The general clause10.7.6.1 Introduction10.7.6.2 The requirement that the irregularity probably affected the outcome10.7.6.3 The requirement that the challenging party did not negligently cause the irregularity10.7.6.4 The requirement that a procedural irregularity was committed10.7.7 Preclusion10.7.8 Respite for filing a challenge action10.7.9 Court procedure in challenge cases10.8 Remission10.9 Actions against awards whereby the proceedings have been terminated without any ruling on the meritsChapter 11 Enforcement of Swedish Awards11.1 Introduction11.2 The right of a party to obtain enforcement of the award against the opposing party11.2.1 Objections to enforcement which relate to the grounds for challenge11.2.2 Impediments to enforcement relating to the requirements that the award shall be in writing, shall be signed and shall not lack legal effect11.2.3 Impediments to enforcement relating to grounds for invalidity concerning arbitrability and public policy11.2.4 Impediments to enforcement which can be asserted before the Enforcement Authority11.3 An arbitrator's right to have the award enforced against the parties insofar as they have been ordered to pay compensation to the arbitratorChapter 12 International Matters12.1 Introduction12.2 The applicability of the Swedish Arbitration Act to international disputes12.3 Swedish jurisdiction and the right of the arbitrators to conduct arbitral proceedings in Sweden12.4 Applicable law12.4.1 Law applicable to the substantive issues and the choice-of-law rules12.4.2 Law applicable to the arbitration agreement12.4.3 Law applicable to the question of whether the dispute is arbitrable12.5 International arbitration agreements as a bar to judicial proceedings12.6 Interim measures12.7 Lis pendens12.8 The place of arbitration12.9 Exclusion agreements12.10 Enforcement of foreign awards12.10.1 General outline12.10.2 The scope of the New York Convention12.10.3 The losing party's possibilities of opposing enforcement by filing challenge proceedings in the country where the award was made12.10.4 The losing party's possibilities of resisting enforcement in the enforcement proceedings12.10.4.1 Invalid arbitration agreement12.10.4.2 Due process12.10.4.3 Excess of terms of submission12.10.4.4 The composition of the arbitral tribunal or the procedure was contrary to the agreement of the parties or the law of the country where the arbitration took place12.10.4.5 Arbitrability and public policy12.10.5 The procedure for enforcing foreign awards12.10.6 Execution proceedings before the Enforcement Authority The Swedish Arbitration Act SCC RulesTable of CasesBibliographyIndex Shopping cart