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Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 46', '§ 46', '§ 46', '§ 46', '§ 501', '§ 46', '§ 46', '§ 46', '§\n46', '§ 46', 'in fine', '§ 46', '§ 46', '§ 46', '§ 46', '§ 46', '§ 46', '§ 46']

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Their Potential to Promote Public and Highway Safety and to
Contribute to Transportation Funding in Virginia
i | P a g e L i c e n s e P l a t e S t u d y
At the request of the Chairmen of the Senate and House Transportation Committees, the Department of
Motor Vehicles (DMV), in consultation with the Virginia State Police (VSP), convened a working group of
interested stakeholders to assess the current state of license plates and their potential to address the
concerns of highway and public safety and transportation funding.
(i) options for improving the readability of license plates, including standards for design,
display, and legibility, and the potential for the use of new technology for license plate
(ii) methods for identifying, or helping to identify, illegible, obstructed, damaged, or
improperly mounted license plates, including the possibility of a license plate check as
part of the annual motor vehicle safety inspection process;
(iv) the implications of various options for the elimination of one or both decals on license
(v) the implications of and options for the elimination of the front license plate for
passenger vehicles, including statewide elimination, replacement of the plate with a
windshield sticker, and the allowance for the display of a single plate for vehicles with
no front mounting bracket.
The study also addressed the feasibility of issuing European‐style license plates.
More than 35 stakeholders from state government and the private sector worked collaboratively with
project staff to study the issues and develop recommendations through a series of meetings and other
communications. Four committees facilitated work on the project: Plate Design, Number of License
Plates, Plate Enforcement, and European Plate Design. Committees met between one and three times,
following an initial kick‐off meeting in April 2012.
The recommendations of the study are based on committee discussions, research and additional
information gathered and provided by stakeholders. Of the recommendations, the most important are
that Virginia retain its requirement of two license plates on vehicles and that Virginia maintain month
and year decals on both plates. The law enforcement community’s strong endorsement and rationale
for maintaining two plates were instrumental to the team’s decision. Having two plates increases their
enforcement ability by providing a second opportunity to identify a vehicle, especially when the vehicle
is carrying equipment, a plate frame, or any other device that obstructs the rear plate. In fact,
intentional and unintentional obstructions, not legibility, are law enforcement’s major concern.
Additionally, toll collectors and Commissioners of the Revenue were in favor of maintaining this
practice, because the second plate increases their effectiveness as well. The American Association of
Motor Vehicle Administrators (AAMVA) also supports the use of two license plates. With the decision to
continue issuing two plates, research did not support eliminating or modifying expiration decals.
ii | P a g e L i c e n s e P l a t e S t u d y
The study included the concept of using a windshield sticker to indicate expiration or as a substitute for
a front plate. Using a windshield sticker was not recommended because of concerns with the cost, size
and placement of the sticker, and unfamiliarity by lawenforcement and customers.
1. Evaluating existing and new license plate designs, as appropriate, for conformance with
select AAMVA plate design best practices.
2. Continuing to have VSP review new license plate designs to ensure that the license plate
is readable on a vehicle, but enhancing that review to include evaluation of the plates
under optimal conditions at a distance of no less than 75 feet in the daylight and at
night using low beam headlights. In addition, the committee recommends that new
plate designs be photographed using an automated license plate reader (ALPR) by both
law enforcement and toll facilities prior to approval of the designs.
3. Continuing to research the feasibility and benefits of technologies, such as bar codes
and radio frequency identification (RFID) tags, on license plates.
4. Reintroducing the “Illegible License Plate Notice” (form VSA‐28) and process, which
were created for law enforcement to use when a vehicle has illegible plates. Submitting
this form to DMV places a stop on the DMV vehicle record, which prevents registration
5. Reissuing stolen personalized plates only to the original owner, with a warning letter
about the ramifications of having a plate that has been reported stolen.
NOTE: VSP does not support this recommendation because inspecting license plates
for appearance is subjective, and falls outside the scope of the inspection
program, which is to ensure mechanical operation and equipment safety. VSP
believes that this determination should be left to sworn law enforcement
Adopting and implementing these recommendations will enable Virginia to continue to use license
plates to promote public and highway safety and to contribute to transportation funding throughout the
iii | P a g e L i c e n s e P l a t e S t u d y
I. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................... 1
A. Background.................................................................................................................................. 1
B. The Study..................................................................................................................................... 1
C. Scope of the Report ..................................................................................................................... 3
D. Review......................................................................................................................................... 3
II. VIRGINIA’S LICENSE PLATES ............................................................................................................. 4
A. Standard Plates............................................................................................................................ 4
B. Personalized and Special Plates.................................................................................................... 5
III. PLATE DESIGN.............................................................................................................................. 6
A. Objective ..................................................................................................................................... 6
B. Recommendations....................................................................................................................... 6
C. The Current State of Virginia License Plate Design........................................................................ 7
D. Virginia Code on License Plate Design .......................................................................................... 8
E. AAMVA on License Plate Design................................................................................................... 8
F. License Plate Design and Readability Issues in Virginia ................................................................. 9
G. New Technologies for License Plate Readability ......................................................................... 18
H. Conclusion................................................................................................................................. 21
IV. NUMBER OF PLATES................................................................................................................... 22
A. Objective ................................................................................................................................... 22
B. Recommendations..................................................................................................................... 22
C. The Current State of License Plates and Decals .......................................................................... 22
D. Switching to One License Plate Reduces Costs, but Not by Half. ................................................. 23
E. Overwhelming Support for Two License Plates........................................................................... 24
F. Number of Decals, Placement, and Windshield Sticker............................................................... 26
G. Conclusion................................................................................................................................. 30
V. PLATE ENFORCEMENT ................................................................................................................... 31
A. Objective ................................................................................................................................... 31
B. Recommendations..................................................................................................................... 31
C. The Current State of License Plate Enforcement......................................................................... 32
D. License Plate Replacement in Virginia ........................................................................................ 32
E. Impact of Illegible/Obscured License Plates on Toll Collections .................................................. 35
F. Stolen License Plates and Reissuance......................................................................................... 36
iv | P a g e L i c e n s e P l a t e S t u d y
G. Conclusion................................................................................................................................. 36
V. EUROPEAN PLATES ........................................................................................................................ 37
A. Objective ................................................................................................................................... 37
B. Recommendations..................................................................................................................... 37
C. The Current Standards for License Plate Size.............................................................................. 37
D. Potential Market for European‐Style License Plates ................................................................... 39
E. Production Options.................................................................................................................... 39
F. Impact on Law Enforcement and Tolling Systems....................................................................... 39
G. Conclusion................................................................................................................................. 40
VI. CONCLUSION............................................................................................................................. 41
VII. APPENDICES............................................................................................................................... 42
A. Charge Letters ........................................................................................................................... 42
B. License Plate Project Structure and Study Participants ............................................................... 47
C. License Plate Project Timeline.................................................................................................... 50
D. Glossary..................................................................................................................................... 52
E. A History of License Plates ......................................................................................................... 54
F. A Comparison of U.S. and Canadian License Plate and Decal Practice......................................... 59
G. AAMVA STANDARDS.................................................................................................................. 62
H. Stakeholder Position Letters ...................................................................................................... 65
I. “Illegible License Plate Notice” (Form VSA–28)........................................................................... 76
1 | P a g e L i c e n s e P l a t e S t u d y
Every registered vehicle must display license plates. More often than in any other state, citizens of the
Commonwealth express themselves through their choices of plate designs and personalization. As
license plates have become the key to vehicle identification by law enforcement, toll operators, and
even local Commissioners of the Revenue, those same choices have a bigger impact. With the expanded
use of optical recognition technologies, such as those used in automated license plate readers (ALPRs),
designs and personalization can hinder vehicle identification. Using license plates as vehicle identifiers is
a key component to both improving public and highway safety and ensuring proper collection of toll
revenue, itself a key component of the Commonwealth’s long‐term transportation plans.
In general, beyond the safety implications or the meaning of a license plate, license plates are most
often associated with money. The Virginia General Assembly frequently considers license plate bills,
nearly all of which are intended to either generate revenue or save the Commonwealth money. Most
license plate bills authorize special license plates, which generate revenue for the Commonwealth and,
in many cases, eligible non‐profit organizations. Many years also see the introduction of bills to
eliminate the front license plate for passenger vehicles, mainly to reduce the cost of plate production.
However, eliminating the front plate sparks discussions about the importance of license plates to public
and highway safety. That discussion arose again in 2012 with the introduction of three bills to eliminate
the front license plate.
With the renewed discussion of the use of a single license plate, the vital role toll roads will play in the
future of transportation in the Commonwealth, and the expanding use of ALPR and other technologies
by law enforcement, toll collectors and others, the Chairs of the Senate and House Transportation
Committees, Senator Stephen Newman and Delegate Joe May, recognized an opportunity for Virginia to
examine license plates more closely.
To that end, the Chairmen directed the Department of Motor
Vehicles (DMV), in consultation with the Virginia State Police (VSP), to convene a working group of
interested parties to study the issues.
Senator Newman and Delegate May requested that the working group consider the following issues:
i. Options for improving the readability of license plates, including standards for design,
display, and legibility and the potential for the use of new technology for license plate
ii. Methods for identifying, or helping to identify, illegible, obstructed, damaged, or
iii. The viability of a license plate replacement program;
See Appendix A for charge letters.
2 | P a g e L i c e n s e P l a t e S t u d y
iv. The implications of various options for the elimination of one or both decals on license
v. The implications of and options for the elimination of the front license plate for
The study also included an assessment of the feasibility of issuing European‐style license plates.
In April 2012, DMV held a kick‐off meeting for the study. Direction and oversight for the study was
vested in an Executive Oversight Team led by the DMV Commissioner with representatives from DMV,
the Office of the Secretary of Transportation, the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT), VSP
and Virginia Correctional Enterprises (VCE; the Commonwealth’s license plate producer). Staff from
DMV provided ongoing day‐to‐day project management. More than 35 stakeholders from state
government and the private sector were brought together in a series of meetings between May and
August 2012. In addition to staff from the agencies represented on the Executive Oversight Team,
stakeholders included the Commissioners of the Revenue Association of Virginia, Drive Smart Virginia,
the Virginia Motorcycle Dealers Association, the Richmond Metropolitan Authority (RMA), Transurban,
the Virginia Treasurers’ Association, the Virginia Automobile Dealers Association (VADA), the Virginia
Independent Automobile Dealers Association (VIADA), the Virginia Trucking Association (VTA), the
Virginia Sheriffs’ Association (VSA), the Virginia Association of Chiefs of Police (VACP), and 3M (Virginia’s
license plate supplies vendor).
To facilitate work on the project, four committees were formed: Plate Design, Number of License Plates,
Plate Enforcement, and European Plate Design. Stakeholders could participate in any of the committees
of their choosing. Each committee was tasked with examining one or more of the issues raised by the
Chairmen in their charge letters:
! The Plate Design committee examined options for improving the readability of Virginia’s
license plates by modifying current plate design standards, including background colors,
lettering, and logo location, and assessments of options for new approaches in design
and production and the availability and feasibility of new license plate design and
production technologies, such as the use of bar codes or embedded radio frequency
identification (RFID) tags (Charge i).
! The Number of License Plates committee reviewed current practices for license plates
and decals to determine the options and implications for the use of one or two license
plates and the number and type of decals issued to indicate registration, including the
potential for the use of a windshield sticker (Charges iv and v).
! The Plate Enforcement committee examined license plate enforcement and
replacement processes as they relate to obscured and illegible plates, whether
intentional, due to age, or other factors, in order to outline recommendations for
See Appendix B for the Project Structure and a complete list of study participants and Appendix C for the
3 | P a g e L i c e n s e P l a t e S t u d y
identifying illegible, obstructed, damaged or improperly mounted plates, and assessed
the potential for a plate replacement program (Charges ii and iii).
! The European Plate Design committee assessed the feasibility of and rationale for the
production and issuance of European‐style license plates.
The following report offers and explains the recommendations of the 2012 Commonwealth of Virginia
License Plate Study committees. While the study addressed most elements of license plates and their
use in Virginia, it did not address, and the recommendations do not apply to, Temporary Tags and
Transport Tags issued by DMV and motor vehicle dealers, Farm Use Plates, Antique Plates, Permanent
Truck and Trailer Plates or government‐use plates.
This report and its recommendations have been reviewed and approved, unless otherwise noted, by the
License Plate Study stakeholders and Executive Oversight Team.
4 | P a g e L i c e n s e P l a t e S t u d y
II. VIRGINIA’S LICENSE PLATES
A. Standard Plates
Modern Virginia license plates are quite different from the license plates first issued in the
Commonwealth in 1906.
Black and white porcelain plates have evolved into blue and white reflective
sheeting fused to aluminum blanks. Along the way, a variety of different materials were used. Despite
some failed, but necessary, experiments, such as fiberboard plates that were popular snacks for goats,
solid ceramics and metals have been predominant since the beginning. Virginia has used only aluminum
for its license plates since 1973. All of the Commonwealth’s plates, regardless of the material used, have
been embossed and, in all but six years, Virginia has issued two license plates for most vehicles.
From 1906 until 1971, license plates in Virginia were painted and non‐reflective. In 1971,
reflective sheeting, similar to that used for highway signs, was an important step towards improving
highway safety and vehicle identification.
Early plates across the country came in a variety of sizes, but it was not until 1928 that the first official
recommendation for the current standard 6‐inch‐by‐12‐inch license plate size appeared. Virginia
adopted that size for its plates in 1950 and it became the North American standard following a 1956
agreement among automobile manufacturers and the governments of the United States and Canada. A
uniform plate size allowed for the standardization of vehicle parts across the region and encouraged the
development of new technologies and competition in license plate manufacturing. These new
technologies promoted and facilitated using plates to identify the vehicle, protect public safety, and
fund an expanding and evolving transportation infrastructure. Current Virginia plates are issued in two
sizes, 6 inches by 12 inches for most vehicles and 4 inches by 7 inches for motorcycles and small trailers.
Today, standard Virginia license plates come in 49 different plate designs, which are assigned based
upon the type of vehicle being registered. Several older designs of standard plates are fully embossed,
meaning that all elements of the plate, including the state name, have been stamped, or include stacked
characters that are part of the license plate number. Leading up to the 400
Jamestown Settlement in 2007, Virginia added commemorative banners, both red and multicolored, to
its standard passenger car plate, marking the first significant design change to those plates; however,
the blue and white design returned in 2008.
Until 1973, the Commonwealth produced license plates with embossed years, which required annual
replacement. In 1973, the first blue and white Virginia plates were issued with decals indicating the
month and year of expiration, which, for the first time, allowed vehicle owners to keep the same plates
for multiple years. Despite DMV’s encouragement to replace fading plates as they age, many license
plates remain in use for 10 years or more.
For a more detailed history of license plates in Virginia and throughout North America, see Appendix E.
Virginia issued one license plate from 1906 to 1909. Starting in 1910, Virginia made many changes
including making plates out of steel and issuing two plates. The only other time Virginia issued one plate was in
1945 and 1946 due to a wartime shortage of many metals.
Virginia introduced reflectorized plates in 1971; however, complete reflectorization did not occur until
1979 when reflectorized aluminum plates were issued with white and blue letters and numbers.
5 | P a g e L i c e n s e P l a t e S t u d y
B. Personalized and Special Plates
The issuance of renewable plates in 1973 also brought about the introduction of the first reserved
license plate numbers, commonly seen today as “low‐number” and “personalized” plates issued through
DMV’s Communiplate Program. In 1976, Virginia’s U.S. Bicentennial license plates were the precursor to
the current array of special license plates with unique sheeting designs. The Bicentennial plates were
popular, but it was not until the 1980s that today’s special license plate program developed.
Virginia has the premier special license plate program in the nation. While the Commonwealth cannot
claim the largest variety of available plates, it boasts the highest saturation rate of special plates of all
states. Nearly 20 percent of all license plates on Virginia’s roads are special plates, personalized plates,
or both. As of July 1, 2012, special license plates come in more than 250 different plate designs. In
general, special plate designs are classified according to the placement of the image on the plate: Left
Logo, Center Logo, Right Logo, and Full Background. Only a few special plates are fully embossed or
feature stacked characters. Thirteen special plates are available for motorcycles, while only one is
available for trucks. Unlike standard plates, special plates are subject to redesign and discontinuance.
When that happens, DMV allows vehicle owners to continue to renew plates with the old design instead
Virginia’s selection of both standard and special plates is diverse, with approximately 300 designs
currently available and 600 total designs in use on vehicles across the Commonwealth. The numbers
6 | P a g e L i c e n s e P l a t e S t u d y
III. PLATE DESIGN
The Plate Design committee was charged with making recommendations to improve the readability of
Virginia’s license plates by modifying current plate design standards, including background colors,
lettering, and logo location, and assessing both options for new approaches in design and production
and the availability and feasibility of new license plate design and production technologies, such as the
use of bar codes or embedded RFID transmitters.
To accomplish its task, the committee reviewed current design and material standards for Virginia
license plates and available national best practice recommendations for license plate design, reviewed
and considered options for standardizing license plate designs and new materials to improve readability
of plates, and identified and reviewed feasibility and costs to the Commonwealth of both potential and
The Plate Design committee evaluated the issues presented and made recommendations based on a
comparison of Virginia’s current practices against newly‐released best practices for license plate design
developed by the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators (AAMVA).
best practices and the status of Virginia’s conformity are provided in Appendix G.
1. The evaluation process for new plate designs should be improved. DMV should continue
to send new plates to VSP for their review of the plate design and VSP should ensure
that the license plate is readable on a vehicle in the daylight and at night using low
beam headlights, under optimal conditions at a distance of no less than 75 feet. VSP
should also obtain an ALPR image during their testing to ensure readability. In addition,
at least one toll facility should be asked to obtain an ALPR image of the plate so that
they can evaluate readability.
2. New license plate designs should be evaluated against AAMVA best practices as part of
the development process. Existing license plate designs should be evaluated against
AAMVA best practices when possible at the time new stock is needed or a redesign is
requested; however, no plates should be recalled as part of this process.
3. DMV and its plate production partners should set additional limits on the options for
colors that can be used behind the license plate number, including, but not limited to,
the choice and intensity of the colors.
4. Logos that look like letters should be used only on the left side of the license plate.
Best Practices Guide for Improving Automated License Plate Reader Effectiveness through Uniform
License Plate Design and Manufacture, American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators, July 2012.
7 | P a g e L i c e n s e P l a t e S t u d y
5. Plates with plate number characters that are stacked should be evaluated for
conformity with AAMVA standards. As appropriate, non‐conforming characters should
be replaced with conforming stacked characters or non‐stacked characters, or moved to
make them more apparent.
6. Plates with logos that contain characters used in the plate number should be updated to
improve readability. Recommended approaches are: a) Moving the letters out of the
logo and printing them as part of the plate number, or b) Keeping the letters as part of
the logo, but assigning a new plate number series that does not include those letters.
Law enforcement and toll facilities should be educated on the presence of these plates
7. DMV should educate law enforcement and toll operators on how to read and inquire
upon license plates with low plate numbers.
8. Law enforcement should advise DMV quickly of any potential problem plates officers
9. The Commonwealth and stakeholders should continue to research the feasibility and
benefits of technologies, such as bar codes and RFID tags, in license plates.
A discussion of the issues and these recommendations follows.
C. The Current State of Virginia License Plate Design
Since 1973, the standard plate design has been blue lettering on a white background. The word
“Virginia” appears at the top center of the plate. The word “month” appears in the top left corner and
the word “year” appears in the top right corner. The actual month and year appear on decals to be
affixed over the words. Standard plates are issued according to vehicle type and usage, which results in
49 distinct designs used for the plates. License plates are produced in two sizes, 6 inches by 12 inches for
most vehicles and 4 inches by 7 inches for motorcycles and small trailers.
For more than 30 years, the Commonwealth has issued license plates with graphics, known as special
plates, most of which require a fee in addition to typical vehicle registration fees. The graphics are
printed directly onto the reflective sheeting that is used to make the plates. Early examples of special
plates include the Bicentennial and Great Seal plates. More recent examples are special plates
promoting the James River Park System and tourism on the Northern Neck. Since 1995, the General
Assembly has maintained responsibility for the authorization of new special plate designs.
Special license plates are generally classified according to the placement of the graphics on the plate:
Left Logo, Center Logo, Right Logo, and Full Background. Logos are limited to 2.25 inches wide by 3
inches high, but may be accompanied by a legend that describes the plate or the organization associated
with it. Full background plates may also include a logo and are designed to limit interference with the
8 | P a g e L i c e n s e P l a t e S t u d y
D. Virginia Code on License Plate Design
Va. Code § 46.2‐712 controls the basic design of license plates, requiring every license plate to display
the assigned registration number, the name of the Commonwealth (either spelled out or abbreviated)
and the year or month and year (which may be on decals). All other design aspects – the letters, the
numerals, the decals and the color of the plate, letters, numerals and decals – are within the discretion
of the DMV Commissioner, subject to the need for legibility. The overall plate design is also with the
Commissioner’s discretion.
The Commissioner does not authorize new license plates. In 1995, the Virginia General Assembly
assumed responsibility for the authorization of new special license plates under Va. Code § 46.2‐725.
The General Assembly uses the rules established in that section to enact individual or group license
plate authorizations. Many of these authorizations are found in the sections following § 46.2‐725;
however, in recent years, most special plate authorizations appear only in the Acts of Assembly for the
session of the General Assembly in which they were enacted. Special plate authorizations are important
to plate design because they often include elements that must be included on the plates, such as
legends or letter combinations. Fees for special plates are set by either § 46.2‐725 or the applicable
authorizations. The fees for special plates range from $10 to $25, and can be a one‐time or annual fee.
The special plate fees are paid in addition to the regular vehicle registration fees.
Many of these special plates are authorized for the purpose of sharing revenue with entities or
organizations that provide to the Commonwealth or its citizens a broad public service that is funded, in
whole or in part, by the shared revenue. A revenue‐sharing recipient must be a nonprofit corporation, as
defined in § 501(c)(3) of the United States Internal Revenue Code; an agency, board, commission, or
other entity established or operated by the Commonwealth; a political subdivision of the
Commonwealth; or an institution of higher education whose main campus is located in Virginia. The
revenue‐sharing license plate authorization controls when the recipient receives funds and how those
funds are to be used. Vehicle owners may be eligible to deduct a portion of the plate fee for revenue‐
sharing plates as a charitable contribution on their income taxes.
Personalized license plates, which may be standard or special plates, are controlled by Va. Code § 46.2‐
726. Personalization adds $10 per year to the registration fees.
E. AAMVA on License Plate Design
AAMVA has long been a source for best practices in license plate design. In 2011, United States Customs
and Border Protection asked AAMVA about the use of stacked characters on license plates, which
prompted AAMVA to reevaluate the need for national standards for plate design in general. AAMVA
formed the ALPR Working Group and focused its work on addressing the needs of users of ALPR systems
to ensure readability by both the human eye and computer systems. The working group’s purpose was
to evaluate the non‐standardization of license plate design and manufacture, and recommend updated
to adopt as appropriate.
For purposes of this study, the 50 states and the District of Columbia will be collectively referred to as
states. A review of U.S. territories was not included as part of this study.
For purposes of this study, the Canadian provinces and territories will be collectively referred to as
9 | P a g e L i c e n s e P l a t e S t u d y
As part of this study, AAMVA endorsed the concept of a uniform motor vehicle registration license plate
system, consisting of 16 recommended standards, which are listed in Appendix G. According to the
AAMVA study, “[t]he scope of these recommendations is limited to the physical characteristics of license
plates, the information displayed on plates, and the placement of license plates on motor vehicles and
In general, AAMVA encourages states to adopt standardized license plate design practices to
create plates that are easily recognizable as being issued by those states.
Virginia conforms to most of the AAMVA recommended best practices. The Plate Design committee’s
recommendations would move the Commonwealth into further conformance, but the committee
recognized that Virginia will not be able to conform to all of AAMVA’s recommendations. The three key
reasons are that 1) the necessary changes would have an undesired fiscal impact on the Commonwealth
and on stakeholders, 2) the volume of plates affected would make the recommended changes
impractical, and 3) the need served by Virginia’s current practice outweighs the potential benefit of the
recommended changes. Instead of recalling and redesigning existing plates, the committee
recommended adopting as many of the AAMVA standards as is feasible for new license plates as they
F. License Plate Design and Readability Issues in Virginia
The committee looked at the impact of license plate design on plate readability from two aspects: the
human eye and ALPR systems, which are the primary tools used to read license plates by law
enforcement and toll operators. Design choices have the potential to affect the ability of the human eye
and ALPR to read the license plate mainly by interfering with the license plate number and hindering the
identification of the issuing jurisdiction. Plate number choices can also affect how the plate is viewed. In
addition, both the human eye and ALPR have limitations of their own that may reduce readability.
Improving the process that DMV and VSP use to review license plate designs for readability should
1. Interference with the Plate Number
At times, the plate design itself contributes to the illegibility of the plate, regardless of the tool used to
read that plate. Logo shape and placement and background color and images play an important role in
what the human eye or the ALPR sees. Through the years, DMV has relied on VSP to help evaluate plate
legibility, but even when plates meet all of the design specifications, potential problems still exist. In
preparation for the study, DMV identified several examples of license plates with designs that may
interfere with the plate number. Each of these plates represents a different potential point of
interference; however, all of these plates, unless otherwise noted, were approved for use by DMV and
VSP and meet all current design specifications. The committee did not recommend recalling and
redesigning these plates.
10 | P a g e L i c e n s e P l a t e S t u d y
The Autumn plate
is an example of how a particular color might interact with plate characters. The
Autumn plate, first issued in 1997, is the only plate ever recalled and redesigned because of interference
with the plate number. Often referred to as the “camouflage” plate, the original design featured red and
gold leaves behind the plate number:
This first version seen above was not approved by VSP before release. Less than one month after the
plates were first issued, DMV received enough complaints from law enforcement that it recalled and
redesigned the plate. The current design was first offered in October 1997. Even on the current design,
in which the leaves only contact plate characters on the edges, there is a potential for the red and
yellow colors of those leaves to obscure the characters. This possibility grows more likely as the plate
ages and the colors fade.
The Shenandoah National Park Association plate is an example of a full background plate with many
darker colors. Under some lighting conditions, the dark blue plate number may appear to blend into the
The plate shown above is the reissued design currently on the road.
11 | P a g e L i c e n s e P l a t e S t u d y
The Drive Smart Virginia license plate represents a potential issue with logo size and placement. This
plate is a full background plate with the organization’s logo as the background design. The logo’s size
and placement in the center of the plate is roughly equivalent to the size and placement of a six‐digit
license plate number. The size and placement, coupled with its blue coloring, may cause the blue
numbering on the plate to blend into it.
The James River Park System license plate represents a potential issue with background image choice.
The potential problem area of this plate is the bush that appears on the left side of the picture. That
dark green bush sits behind a single license plate number. Its contrast with the lighter bridge and white
space may obscure that one number.
Each of the potential problem areas represented by these plates must be taken into account each time a
new license plate is developed. The presence of recent designs in these examples indicates that there is
room for improvement. In addition to the changes to the license plate review process, these problems
would be addressed by limiting color choice and intensity, at least for license plates with full‐background
2. Identification of the Issuing Jurisdiction
Virginia’s standard license plate is unique and easily distinguished from other states’ standard plates,
mainly through its color combination and font. As the number of special license plates has grown,
Virginia’s license plates, as a group, have become less standardized and, therefore, less identifiable and
distinguishable. Color and font choices that are similar to those used on license plates in other states can
cause confusion for people who must rely on license plate identification for law or toll enforcement. For
example, at least one other state issues Choose Life license plates with the same color and a similar
This particular issue can be difficult to manage because, in recent years, many of the plates the General
Assembly authorized were sponsored by nationwide organizations that are trying to create the same
license plates in as many states as possible. The Commonwealth does its best to keep these plates
recognizable as Virginia plates, which is AAMVA’s primary goal.
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To standardize plates within the state, logo size and placement would have to be uniform and the use of
full‐background plates would have to be eliminated in favor of logo‐only special plates. Currently, logos
are limited in size to 2.25 inches by 3 inches, but may be of any shape, and may appear on the left, right
or center of the plate. AAMVA is not specific about standardizing logo placement, but, because of the
needs and programming of ALPR systems, such standardization would mean limiting the use of a logo to
the left side of the license plate. Most ALPR systems are programmed to ignore logos that appear on the
left side of the plate and read only the plate number that follows. The committee understood the value
of making a change to Virginia’s plates, but determined that a change was impractical and unnecessary.
The popularity of full‐background plates also precludes their elimination.
If the Commonwealth were to require that all special license plates have a logo on a specific side, it
would have to consider recalling and reissuing all nonconforming plates. DMV has identified more than
one million vehicles on the road displaying license plates that do not meet this standard. The agency
estimates that recalling and reissuing all of these plates would cost approximately $8.3 million: $5.2
million for the plates and $3.1 million for the postage to mail the plates to customers.
recalled plates were returned for recycling, DMV could see a one‐time revenue offset of only $155,729.
Because the committee determined that replacing all non‐conforming plates would not be justified, it
considered standardizing only new and redesigned plates. Three factors convinced the committee not to
replace these plates. One, center‐ and right‐logo plates are requested less frequently than left‐logo
so changing them would not have a significant effect. Two, full‐background plates are
increasingly popular and the committee recognized that eliminating them in favor of left‐logo plates
could have public relations repercussions. Three, the committee recognized that only changing new
plates would not standardize all plates and chose to focus on more practical changes that could be made
An additional concern contributing to the growing difficulty of identifying jurisdictions is the inconsistent
placement of jurisdiction names and, when applicable, decals. In accordance with AAMVA’s
recommendation, the committee agreed that DMV should consider limiting the placement of both
“VIRGINIA” and the expiration decals to the top of new license plates. In addition, DMV should
standardize the look of the word “VIRGINIA” and consider limiting the use of the abbreviated “VA.”
Most license plates have “VIRGINIA” in blue block letters across the top of the plate, but “VIRGINIA” can
appear in other colors (typically red or black), across the bottom, in script, abbreviated, or in any
combination of these variations. Small license plates for motorcycles and trailers and license plates for
some trucks have “VA” rather than “VIRGINIA” to allow for other design elements. To better identify the
issuing jurisdiction, a key to identifying the vehicle, the committee recommended standardizing the
placement, appearance, and color of “VIRGINIA” to the greatest extent possible. This recommendation
would apply to all new plate designs and any existing plate designs that must be redesigned for another
reason. The committee also recommended that DMV consider modifying the designs when additional
license plate sheeting is needed to produce more plates.
In addition to the costs, the numbers on production plates have meaning for some drivers (e.g., the
random combination has significance, the driver remembers the number, the driver has the license plate
registered with parking, security, or E‐ZPass) and a recall would force those drivers to incur the cost of
personalizing the plate to maintain the number.
There are currently more than 150 left‐logo license plates and fewer than 40 center‐ and right‐logo plates.
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For decals, restricting the placement to the top of the plate should not be an issue. Very few plates
require the decals to be placed at the bottom and DMV discontinued the practice several years ago for
new plates, even when “VIRGINIA” is placed at the bottom.
3. Plate Number Choices
The responsibility for plate number choices rests with both DMV and individual vehicle owners. DMV
has used a variety of numbering conventions through the years. Since the early 1990s, standard license
plates have used a seven‐character plate number of three letters and four numerals separated by a
dash. Special plates, which may have six or seven characters, depending on the design of the plate,
follow a similar pattern. In general, this numbering convention does not cause confusion and is easily
identifiable as belonging to Virginia license plates. In certain cases, though, DMV relies on alternative
numbering practices, which may inhibit plate readability. These alternative numbering practices cause
the most trouble for law enforcement and ALPRs, but cannot be addressed by changing the plate design
The most visible of these alternative practices is the use of stacked characters. Many non‐personalized
truck plates use two half‐sized letters stacked one on top of the other to the left or right of full‐size plate
number characters. These stacked letters are part of the plate number. In another version of stacked
characters, on Disabled Veteran license plates, the letters “DV” are printed as part of the license plate
design and appear as if they are a logo. Actually, these letters are part of a DMV‐assigned plate
The potential harm of stacked letters is that the two may be confused for one, especially by
ALPR systems; however, because stacked characters are in widespread use nationwide, most law
enforcement and ALPRs have adapted to reading them. The committee recommended that DMV
evaluate its use of stacked characters and determine whether non‐conforming characters are used
based on size or position with respect to one another. Non‐conforming characters should be replaced by
conforming stacked characters or non‐stacked characters, as appropriate.
The most common alternative practice to plate numbering involves using prefixes or suffixes with low
plate numbers. Only the number is embossed on the plate. In DMV’s computer system and on the
vehicle’s registration card, a prefix or suffix is shown as part of the plate number to identify the plate
type and, therefore, the vehicle. This numbering practice allows DMV to issue multiple plates with the
same low numbers in limited circumstances. In most cases, this practice is limited to plates for elected
Unfortunately, the use of plates that appear to have the same number causes problems for vehicle
identification. Without identifying the plate type on which these numbers appear, neither law
enforcement nor ALPRs are likely to identify the plate properly. Because these plate numbers are tied to
seniority and are assigned to such a variety of plates, the recommended approach to address this
“DV" appears on all Disabled Veteran license plates, but is not included in the plate number on
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problem is through education, rather than replacing the plates. DMV provided law enforcement with the
suffixes and prefixes used to identify these plates, so that officers would not have to view the
registration card for the vehicle to identify it.
DMV also has two license plates with logos that contain small letters, which are both mandated by
statute and part of a DMV‐assigned plate number.
These plates, which are for members of volunteer
rescue squads (“RS”) and volunteer firefighters (“FD”), have been issued for decades, but committee
members learned that neither law enforcement nor toll operators were aware that they should be
including the small letters when reading the plates. For these plates, the committee recommended
looking at ways to make the plate numbers clearer. It recommended educating law enforcement and toll
operators on the existence of these plates and either moving the small letters out of the logos or
creating new plate series for these plates that would not include these letters. DMV will determine
which approach is more feasible and work with VCE as necessary.
Regarding customer choice, there are two potential issues related to license plate personalization. First,
because Virginia has so many personalized license plates, many popular or common words are already
taken, which leads to letter and number substitution to make a plate that appears to say a word.
Examples of substitution include “5” for “S”, “1” for “L” or “I” and “0” for “Q.” On Virginia plates, “0”
and “O” are the same character, so they cannot be substituted. Unlike in some other states, Virginia’s
license plate font makes letters and numbers unique so, while substitution is allowed, it is also readily
apparent. The committee did not recommend eliminating this option.
Second, special plate logos are sometimes used to replace letters so that, when the plate is read, the
message is different from the official plate number. This is particularly common with logos that are
shaped like letters, such as the University of Virginia’s athletics program’s block “V,” and round logos
that are placed in plate centers, like the Great Seal, which look like the letter “O.” In most cases, this
practice causes more problems for DMV because of inappropriate plate messages than it does for law
enforcement or ALPRs. To avoid potential problems for ALPRs, the committee recommended placing
letter‐shaped logos only on the left side of the plate, where they can be ignored by the reader.
Currently, only the Great Seal plate has a logo that looks like a letter and is not on the left side of the
plate. Because of its popularity, the committee did not recommend restricting the use of the Great Seal
logo to the left side of the plate.
These letters also appear on personalized plates, but are not included in the plate number for
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4. Readability Issues for the Human Eye
DMV and vehicle owners play a role in what a license plate looks like, but the viewer of a license plate
must be able to recognize it. So, while AAMVA’s best practices are designed to improve ALPR success,
they are still grounded in a basic need to be legible to a person. Neither the Plate Design Committee nor
AAMVA can adjust plate design to accommodate visual impairments, but the committee believed that
adopting AAMVA’s recommendations for the design review process would improve legibility for the
License plates and highway signs are related more closely than many people may realize. Both are
intended to identify something, be legible at high speeds, and be reflective to allow for clear reading at
night using vehicle headlights. In fact, the earliest reflective license plates were created from the same
materials as the states’ highway signs. That shared history has resulted in a shared standard of legibility
for both signs and plates, the Legibility Index.
The Legibility Index is a measurement of how far away an average person using the naked eye can
accurately read a 1 inch capital letter at night. It is useful here as a basic measurement of what the
human eye can do. The early rule of thumb (circa 1940s) was 50 feet of legibility for every inch of letter
height, so a letter 2 inches tall should be able to be seen 100 feet away. Over time the distance was
reduced to 40 feet and now the rule of thumb is 30 feet of legibility for every inch of letter height.
The committee’s recommendations for changing the plate design review process are based on applying
the Legibility Index. Virginia’s characters are 2½ inches tall. Using the current standard of 30 feet per
inch, the Legibility Index would dictate a standard legibility test distance of 75 feet. If a plate is not
legible at this distance, then there is a problem with the contrast of colors, the background graphic, or
some other feature. AAMVA recommends viewing the plates at a distance of at least 75 feet during the
day and at night, using low‐beam headlights, to maximize readability and limit the problems in design.
5. Readability Issues for Automated License Plate Readers (ALPR)
ALPRs serve an important role in the Commonwealth. ALPRs assist law enforcement, toll operators,
Commissioners of the Revenue and even parking enforcement in a vast array of areas. With ALPRs,
officers are better equipped to identify vehicles used to commit crimes or associated in some way with
missing persons. Toll operators use ALPRs for automated toll collection and enforcement, in particular
on barrier‐less open‐road toll lanes, which are intended to encourage the flow of traffic and reduce
bottlenecks. Commissioners of the Revenue use ALPRs to identify vehicles for tax collection and local
registration purposes. Even parking enforcement uses ALPRs to control access to lots and assess parking
ALPRs use a series of computer algorithms to identify a motor vehicle through its license plate. License
plate recognition involves capturing video or photographs of license plates and processing them to
convert them into the alpha‐numeric combination of the captured license plate. Generally, the system
requires six algorithms for identifying a license plate. The algorithms must detect the vehicle and license
plate, locate the license plate in the image, extract the license plate characters from the background,
identify the license plate number, determine the jurisdiction, and send the results to a back‐end system
for use by the entity operating the ALPR.
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A license plate recognition system has to first determine what aspect of the vehicle’s image is the
license plate (license plate localization). The algorithm has to search the shapes on and of the vehicle
and differentiate which piece is the license plate from the rest of the vehicle. The system then has to
compensate for the skew of the license plate image. Next, the system has to adjust the brightness and
contrast of the image. Once the system identifies the plate, it has to find the individual characters on the
plate. To do that, the system separates each letter or number and processes it by optical character
recognition (OCR). Once the combination is translated into an alpha‐numeric text entry, the system
checks the characters and positions against jurisdiction‐specific rules.
The complexity of each of these parts of the system affects the accuracy of the system. Vehicles are
large objects with a variety of shapes, designs and colors and different jurisdictions have different
standards, colors and character sets for license plates. On some vehicles, like motorcycles and trailers,
the dimensions are different as well. This inconsistency requires algorithms to accommodate all
possibilities. In addition, poor image resolution, blurry images, poor lighting, low contrast, and different
fonts complicate the operation. Sometimes, the plate is obscured. Because of a lack of coordination
between jurisdictions, two cars from different states can have the same number on a plate, but a
different design. The committee’s recommendations should limit the Commonwealth’s contribution to
a) The North Carolina Study
To assess the impact that license plate design has on these readers, the committee reviewed a study
conducted by the Institute for Transportation Research and Education (ITRE) at North Carolina State
University. ITRE conducted a field test to determine the readability of North Carolina’s license plates
with an ALPR system. The institute focused on six plates of varying attributes (color of characters,
background color, design, and logo). To measure the effectiveness of the ALPRs, they focused on the
ability to locate and identify a license plate (the capture rate) and the accuracy of reading and
processing characters (the read rate). The capture rate is determined by dividing the number of plates
recognized as plates by the total number of plates studied. The read rate is determined by dividing the
number of plates accurately read by the number of plates recognized as plates. The tests were
conducted with two ALPRs operated by PIPS R&D, an ALPR system provider, and the Raleigh, North
Carolina Police Department.
The North Carolina license plates tested were similar in many respects to Virginia plates. ITRE used
standard North Carolina “First in Flight” license plates, which are primarily blue and white, license plates
with stacked characters, special “First in Flight” license plates with logos, and a full‐background special
plate that is similar in design to Virginia’s Blue Ridge Parkway license plate. The study also looked at a
previous version of the North Carolina standard plate that has red lettering for the plate number and is
still in use on many vehicles and a new style of full‐background special plate with a white box behind the
plate number. The new‐style special plate has a design that is very close to Virginia’s Shenandoah
National Park Association plate.
The study concluded that the most readable plates were the standard‐issue plate with blue ink.
Personalization dropped the read rate by more than half. Red ink performed significantly worse than
blue ink. Specialty plates without stacked characters were more easily captured and read than those
with stacked characters. Specialty license plates with full background graphics were generally captured,
but difficult to accurately read. Many incorrect matching combinations involved matches between
letters and numbers (e.g., between the number “8” and the letter “B”). The study found significant
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difficulty with accurately reading a variety of specialty and personalized license plates. The results of this
study were reported by ITRE
ITRE’s researchers determined that readability should be one of the criteria for consideration when
decisions are made regarding new license plate designs. Ink color, syntax type, and contrast have a
significant impact on the capture and readability of license plates using ALPRs. Stacked characters,
background colors, and consistent location of symbols are important on specialty plates. Ultimately, the
lack of a national standard regarding the formatting of license plates significantly impairs the
effectiveness of ALPR technology.
b) The AAMVA Working Group’s Findings
The ITRE study supports the observations of ALPR operators, which AAMVA was seeking to address with
its ALPR Working Group. In moving towards recommendations for a national standard for plate design,
AAMVA’s Working Group found that ALPRs benefit law enforcement, whose officers are 2.5 times more
effective with ALPRs than without; public mobility, through the use of open‐road toll lanes and bridges
to reduce traffic; and homeland security, by facilitating the identification of vehicles used in acts of
terrorism. However, those benefits are lost if the ALPR cannot identify the plate or its characteristics.
Like the ITRE study in North Carolina, the AAMVA working group found that a major challenge to using
ALPRs is the increasing diversity of license plate designs across the United States. To help improve the
design process, AAMVA recommended using ALPRs to evaluate new license plate designs in addition to
using the naked eye. The Plate Design Committee recommended that VSP use a vehicle‐mounted ALPR
to photograph the plate and that at least one toll operator do the same with a stationary ALPR.
Institute for Transportation Research and Education (ITRE), “Effects of License Plate Attributes on
Automatic License Plate Recognition,” 2012. ITRE has not yet published the final report, but it did make the results
public. The chart embedded here was provided from the report by 3M.
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G. NewTechnologies for License Plate Readability
In addition to evaluating the features of license plates, the committee also evaluated new technologies
being developed to improve the readability of license plates and the accuracy and effectiveness of
Manufacturers are developing bar code technology that can be integrated into license plates to improve
their readability. Embedding a bar code with limited vehicle information that is visible to the camera in
an ALPR system can increase the ability of that system to provide accurate information with a high level
of confidence in the results. The goal is to reduce inaccuracies associated with current license plate
readers to facilitate more efficient motor vehicle law and toll enforcement. In addition, this technology
could reduce the need for staff to manually review license plate photos, thereby increasing the speed of
enforcement and decreasing the costs.
These bar codes are not the small‐form bar codes used on products that require a hand‐held scanner to
read. Instead, the new bar code for license plates would be part of a multi‐layer overlay and would be
roughly the same size as, or slightly larger than, the plate number. The bar code itself would be
functionally invisible to the naked eye or to visible light cameras, but be visible, instead of the plate
number, to infrared (IR) cameras, like those commonly used for ALPR. 3M shared prototypes and photos
of plates with bar codes with the committee. On both, at close range or certain angles, the outline of the
barcode is slightly visible in the blank areas of the plates, but does not interfere with the legibility of the
3M has experimented with smaller bar codes, but they are not practical because they require high‐
definition cameras to be read under the conditions that license plates are used. Most current ALPRs do
not use high definition cameras because of the expense, but newer systems are being developed to do
so. Because of the size limitation, bar codes are not ready for motorcycle plates, as the license plates are
too small to accommodate a bar code large enough to be read without high definition cameras.
The bar code is based on an open standard format, known as PDF‐417, which could be used by any
license plate supplier or manufacturer. One type of bar code would be pre‐printed by the plate supplier
and contain a serial number that would be linked to a vehicle record when the plate is issued. A second
type would be printed on‐demand by the plate manufacturer and contain the plate information. The
serial number bar code is likely to be the first available and would be the most cost‐effective to produce,
but would involve an additional step of linking the serial number to the vehicle record. The print‐on‐
demand bar code, which is not as far in development, would require additional equipment for
production and be more expensive, but it would be more efficient because the bar code would contain
all of the information necessary to identify the plate.
With either option, the information contained in the bar code would be limited. The serial number
would be readable with a scanner, but could not be used without a connection to DMV’s computer
system. The print‐on‐demand bar code would contain only information that is visible on the plate (i.e.,
plate number, plate type, and issuing jurisdiction). No personal information about the vehicle owner
would be part of the bar code. After reading the bar code, authorized individuals would use the data
provided to query the issuing jurisdiction’s vehicle record for information, just like they do now.
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The bar code would enhance vehicle identification by eliminating confusion over what is printed on a
plate, but the technology is not without limitations. Like plate numbers printed or embossed on a plate,
bar codes may be defaced, damaged, or otherwise visually obstructed. 3M is still evaluating the extent
to which the bar code can be damaged, but remain readable. At this time, the company is only able to
report that the nature and location of the error is just as important as the amount of damage. For
example, debris on a black cell does not impact the plate like debris on a white cell.
An advantage of bar code technology is that existing ALPR systems support it; however, law
enforcement’s use of ALPR is limited. VSP reports that it has only 40 ALPR systems on its vehicles
statewide. The technology is less prevalent in rural areas. Most toll facilities use ALPR and the systems
are the backbones of red light camera programs in many localities, so an infrastructure of ALPRs is
To take advantage of the bar code, Virginia would have to replace the embossed plates it currently uses
with flat plates, which are digitally printed. The bar code, as 3M is developing it, cannot be stretched
over embossed plate numbers and retain its readability. The committee asked for input from law
enforcement on the use of flat plates. Only the VACP expressed concerns, which were limited to the
security features of the plates and readability by ALPRs. 3M reported that the security features on flat
plates are at least equivalent to those on the embossed plates, but could not address reports of
difficulty reading flat plates with ALPRs experienced in some states. As a result, VACP recommended
that the Commonwealth carefully examine the readability of flat plates by ALPRs before deciding to
adopt them. In general, however, law enforcement was not opposed to the change even though,
historically, law enforcement agencies have stated a preference for embossed plates.
VCE stated that both bar codes and flat plates would require new sheeting on the plates, and new
technology that would be expensive for them to implement. Adopting a flat plate would require VCE to
completely change the way it currently manufactures plates, as the traditional embossing presses and
curing oven would be replaced by digital printers. Though VCE cannot completely project the cost of
equipment and supplies, VCE expects it would have to retool its current processing system and
estimates that cost at between $75,000 and $150,000. In addition, to being able to process the amount
of plates currently needed at the current speed, VCE may have to add additional equipment at an
estimated cost of between $300,000 and $400,000. Because the new lines would need fewer operators,
this type of manufacturing would effectively reduce the number of workers from the current 55 or more
to approximately ten. VCE was not in favor of reducing staff in its prisoner program.
While the effect of switching to flat plates on the total cost of plate production is not known, digitally
printing license plates can be more environmentally friendly than embossing plates. The process used to
produce embossed plates involves solvent‐based inks which are harmful to the environment and require
hazardous waste disposal techniques. Digital printing uses solvent‐free technology to print images. The
process eliminates the oven‐curing step needed for drying the inked embossed numbers on traditional
plates and saves energy.
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Unlike the bar code technology, RFID technology is available now. RFID tags and transponders can be
embedded in plates and used to send information about a vehicle wirelessly to a nearby reader. While
RFID‐embedded plates are currently available around the world, they are not in wide use, and no U.S.
state uses the technology.
RFIDs can be active or passive. Active RFIDs use a powered transmitter to send out the information on
the chip. They have a wide range (up to at least 300 feet) and are very secure, but are expensive and
have a limited lifespan (between three and eight years). Passive RFIDs reflect radio waves transmitted by
a reader back to the reader, along with the information from the chip. They have a limited read range
(up to 40 feet) and are not as secure, but are affordable and have a long lifespan (at least 10 years).
The ideal read range for tolling and law enforcement purposes would be approximately 30 feet or less.
DMV asked about transitioning to this technology and whether this would require executing a second
contract for the RFID, in addition to the existing license plate contract. 3M’s representative indicated
that the company has a patent for RFID and it could be available to Virginia without a separate contract.
Like bar codes, RFID has limitations. While it cannot be defaced, RFID can be damaged or shielded and is
subject to radio interference. To protect against the shielding and interference, RFID is often embedded
in flat nylon plates; however, metal can be used for higher‐power active RFID transponders. RFID also
has an advantage over bar codes for Virginia because it can be used with embossed plates through the
use of a plastic backing. RFID requires a similar reader and IT infrastructure to bar codes. Currently, no
law enforcement agencies in Virginia have the necessary readers. In addition, toll operators use RFID
readers for the E‐ZPass system, but separate readers would be required to read the license plates, which
may result in interference between the two RFID applications.
Using bar codes or RFID on license plates would enhance the identification of plates for both law
enforcement and toll operators because these technologies would offset design issues that impact
readability. These technologies would likely require considerable implementation costs. In particular,
these technologies will lead to increased vehicle record inquiries, which will require a robust information
technology infrastructure to handle both real‐time and batch data transfers. Estimating the cost of this
infrastructure is difficult because of the way DMV is charged for inquiries to its database and because
the annual number of inquiries cannot be estimated reliably because of changing trends in highway
For either technology to be successful, its adoption and infrastructure must be nationwide. The
concerns apply to most jurisdictions, so estimating the costs for each would be difficult. Because
different states may use different license plate vendors, there is no guarantee that the technology will
be consistent across state lines, which could further increase costs to ensure compatibility.
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4. Implementation Concerns
In addition to the costs of implementation, both bar codes and RFID raise concerns about privacy and
security. Both technologies would be used in a way that anyone with the proper reader could retrieve
the information, which would make limiting that information very important. That possibility is, in part,
why 3M recommended using only a serial number on the bar code. For RFID, this possibility would have
a strong influence over the choice of technology used. Active RFID transmits its information to a waiting
reader, while passive RFID must be queried.
Another concern for these technologies is an association for many with an Orwellian “Big Brother”
government. RFID, in particular, is often cited as a key offender of privacy and, in fact, Virginia has a
statute, Va. Code § 46.2‐323.01, that prohibits the use of RFID tags in driver’s licenses for that reason.
DMV reports that similar concerns have been raised for bar codes. Those same concerns apply to using
bar codes or RFID tags on license plates.
By limiting the information contained in a bar code or RFID tag to the license plate type and number,
Virginia would alleviate the concerns raised. Because the IT infrastructure necessary to support the
technology is so extensive and the implementation costs cannot be reliably estimated, the committee
could not recommend immediate adoption.
Accepting the committee’s recommendations should address most of the identified problem areas for
Virginia license plates. In particular, improving the design review process should limit issuing plates with
readability problems. Because of the costs associated with recalling and reissuing license plates,
applying these recommendations to all existing and new license plates is not feasible; however, applying
them to new plates and selectively to older plates, over time, will help to improve the readability of
Virginia’s plates overall.
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IV. NUMBER OF PLATES
The question of whether motor vehicles registered in Virginia should bear two license plates or one has
been raised a number of times in recent sessions of the General Assembly and has generated a number
of suggestions from the public. In the 2012 session, the legislature considered, but did not pass, three
bills that would have required only a single (rear) plate. While the month and year registration decals
affixed to license plates have not generated the same level of interest, both the number of plates and
the number of decals raise similar policy considerations: monetary savings and impact on the ability of
law enforcement, toll operators, and other stakeholders to identify a vehicle and determine compliance.
To help resolve these questions, the Number of License Plates Committee reviewed current practices for
license plates and decals and identified the options and implications for the number of license plates on
a vehicle and the number and type of decals used to indicate registration.
Based on the research and discussion of the number of plates necessary for effective law enforcement
and toll enforcement versus the cost difference, stakeholders recommended that Virginia remain a two‐
plate state.
In addition, based on research and discussion of decal options, costs and placement, stakeholders
recommended that Virginia retain four decals: two on the front plate and two on the rear.
C. The Current State of License Plates and Decals
Va. Code § 46.2‐711 requires DMV to issue one license plate for every registered motorcycle, tractor
truck, semitrailer, or trailer, and two license plates for every other registered motor vehicle. Va. Code §
46.2‐712 requires license plates to display the plate number, name of the Commonwealth, and month
and year of the registration’s expiration, which can appear on decals. Va. Code § 46.2‐715 requires
passenger vehicles to carry one license plate on the front and one on the rear; motorcycles and trailers
carry one plate on the rear; and tractor trucks carry one plate on the front (the rear is usually blocked by
a trailer that carries its own plate). The Commonwealth’s license plates for passenger vehicles contain
four decals, consisting of month and year decals on both the front and rear license plates. The vehicles
that require one plate contain two decals consisting of month and year. Other vehicles, like trailers, can
carry permanent plates without decals.
While Virginia’s two‐plate, four‐decal configuration is not unique, the study team’s research into other
states’ practices revealed considerable diversity in the rules both for license plates and for registration
decals. Thirty‐two states issue two plates for most motor vehicles, while 19 issue only one. Twenty‐two
For a complete breakdown of the use and display of license plates and decals in the U.S. states and
Canadian provinces, see Appendix F.
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states issue one decal, 22 issue two decals, five issue four decals and two do not issue any decals. Of the
states that issue one decal, 19 place the decal on the rear plate and three place a sticker on the
windshield. Of the states that issue two decals, 14 place the month of expiration on one decal and the
year on the other and require both decals to be displayed on the rear plate, while eight states use
combined month/year decals and place one on the front plate and one on the rear. Five states, including
Virginia, issue separate month and year decals placing one of each on each plate for a total of four
Within the last 30 years, two states have made the switch from one plate back to two plates:
Massachusetts and Connecticut. Both did it for law enforcement reasons. Massachusetts switched in
1987 for all new registrations; a vehicle carrying the old green plate can still drive with one plate.
Connecticut restored the front plate in 1983, just three years after it eliminated it (and it took until 1992
to complete the transition back to two plates).
States have introduced legislation to change the
number of plates from two to one, but none have been successful.
D. Switching to One License Plate Reduces Costs, but Not by Half.
Much of the debate over eliminating the front license plate focuses on the cost savings. In FY2012, the
Commonwealth spent $6,508,324 for license plates and approximately $627,050 for decals, for a total of
$7,135,724. While, many people assumed that issuing one license plate and two decals instead of two
plates and four decals would reduce costs by half, the study revealed that this was not the case. The
actual savings is estimated to be $1,833,726, or 25.7 percent. This savings translates to approximately
$0.30 per customer.
It should be noted that VCE contributes a significant portion of its retained earnings from license plates
to the operating budget of the Department of Corrections and occasionally, the General Fund. A large
part of VCE’s mission is to “provide jobs and work skills for sentenced offenders to help them
successfully re‐enter society,” which coincides with the Commonwealth Re‐entry Initiative. Any
reduction in VCE’s retained earnings
would create a revenue deficit for the Department of Corrections
and would need to be filled from other sources. For these reasons, the savings from transitioning to a
single plate would be less than may otherwise be expected.
The expenses that are incorporated in the production of license plates include materials, labor, shipping
and delivery. Based on the number of license plates DMV issued in 2012 the savings align as follows:
Materials. If the Commonwealth were to change from two license plates to one, it would issue about 1.4
million fewer plates per year. Generating half of the license plates would save the Commonwealth about
$1,391,985 in materials to include aluminum and sheeting.
Savings on materials = $1,391,985
“Panel Backs Restoring Front License Plates by 1992”, Michelle Jacklin, The Hartford Courant, April 2,
Based on the Auditor of Public Account’s report, “Virginia Correctional Enterprises / Department of
Corrections – Report on Audit for the Years Ended June 30, 2006 and June 30, 2007”, VCE reported an average 47.5
percent gross profit of sales for license plates.
24 | P a g e L i c e n s e P l a t e S t u d y
Labor. The reduction in number of plates creates no savings in the cost of labor. VCE indicates it takes
the same amount of labor to produce and ship a single plate as it does a pair of plates.
No savings on labor
Shipping and delivery charges. In addition to the costs of the plate materials, the Commonwealth must
pay for shipping, sorting and stocking costs associated with delivering the license plates. VCE delivers
these plates on behalf of DMV by contracting with a motor freight carrier. The contract includes not only
delivering the boxed license plates to the CSCs, but also sorting and segregating the types of plates and
stocking them on the individual CSC’s shelves for eventual distribution. The total cost for sorting,
segregating and stocking the boxes of license plates on CSC shelving is $4.39 per box. According to VCE,
switching to a single license plate would reduce the overall shipping costs by about $28,773 per year.
Estimated savings on deliveries to CSCs = $28,773
The VCE Tag Warehouse also mails all the personalized license plates ordered by DMV customers
directly to those customers. The package includes the plates, the registration, and the registration
decals, both month and year. The VCE Tag Warehouse mails approximately 116,992 pairs of
personalized license plates each year using UPS/Mail Innovations, at a cost of $2.28 per package, or
$266,741.76 per year. Reducing the package by one plate reduces the cost of mailing by approximately
$0.85 per package, yielding a savings of $99,443 per year.
Estimated savings on deliveries to customers = $99,443
Cost of decals. Transitioning to a single license plate also reduces decal costs. The cost of decal
production is $0.04 per decal, or $0.08 per set (including sheeting, clear coat, ink, personnel, and
machines and maintenance). The estimated annual cost for decals is $627,050 for about 16,218,415
decals. A reduction to two decals would save $313,525. This reduction may not be entirely realized,
because many of DMV’s registration transactions involve customers receiving year decals only. Savings
would occur with the reduction from an original registration where the customer receives four decals.
Estimated Decal Savings if all Decals Reduced by Half = $313,525
$1,391,985 (materials)
$128,216 (shipping & delivery)
+ $313,525 (decals)
1,833,726 (total savings)
E. Overwhelming Support for Two License Plates
To fully evaluate the practice of a motor vehicle displaying one license plate versus two license plates
the group looked at not only the monetary cost, but also the impacts on law enforcement, toll collectors
25 | P a g e L i c e n s e P l a t e S t u d y
The law enforcement stakeholders supported the continuation of requiring two license plates and did
not support a change to one plate.
Having two license plates is essential for identification of vehicles
on the roadways, has proven to be a successful identifier during investigations, and has been crucial in
apprehending criminals. The license plate number is tied to a number of databases such as Amber Alert,
Elder Alert, the National Crime Information Center (NCIC), the Virginia Criminal Information Network
(VCIN), and the Terrorist Screening Center Watch List. Having one plate eliminates the ability for law
enforcement officials to read the plate on a vehicle in oncoming traffic and limits their ability to read the
plate on stationary vehicles. Having two license plates is seen as a low cost/low tech tool for law
enforcement to identify and catch criminals.
The toll industry supported two plates. RMA and Transurban stated that without both front and rear
plates, more plates would have to be manually read, thereby increasing costs. As the Commonwealth
moves to open road toll facilities, two plates enhance and meet the needs of electronic tolling. The toll
industry believes that having two license plates doubles their chances for collecting revenue from a toll
violator. If one plate is unreadable, there is a second chance in identifying the vehicle by viewing the
other images captured by the readers, which are set up to capture both the front and rear plates.
AAMVA has endorsed the use of two license plates on vehicles as their top recommendation in their
recommendations for uniform license plates.
National law enforcement agencies have also strongly
endorsed the use of two license plates.
Commissioners of the Revenue supported having two plates. In localities that use ALPRs, having two
license plates on a vehicle makes it faster and more efficient for them to identify the vehicle and
determine whether personal property taxes were assessed and paid. Similarly, parking enforcement
officials use both plates for faster and more efficient management of, access to, and charges for using
parking facilities. Removing the front license plate decreases the effectiveness of their operations
leading to lost revenue.
Switching to one plate raises others concerns as well. Removing the front license plate leaves room for a
souvenir plate (or something else) on the front of the vehicle. Being able to purchase and use a souvenir
plate could reduce the customers’ demand for personalized and special plates, resulting in less revenue
See Appendix H for the positions of stakeholders.
For more information on the impact the lack of a front plate has on toll enforcement, see See Walden, et
al (August 2012), “Front License Plate Market Research: Comparison of Single Versus Dual License Plates,” Texas
A&M Transportation Institute; Virginia Tolling Legislation Working Group. (2010). Data from the Report of the
Tolling Legislation Working Group (chapter 839 of the 2010 Acts of Assembly) – Report delivered on December 15,
2010; and Smith, B.L. & Yook, D. (2009), Investigation of enforcement techniques and technologies to support
hlgh-occupancy vehlcle and hlgh-occupancy Loll operaLlons. vlrglnla 1ransporLaLlon 8esearch Councll, vlrglnla Department of Transportation, Richmond Virginia.
See Appendix B of “Best Practices Guide for Improving Automated License Plate Reader Effectiveness
through Uniform License Plate Design and Manufacture”, AAMVA, August 2012. Available online at:
<http://www.aamva.org/WorkArea/linkit.aspx?LinkIdentifier=id&ItemID=2911&libID=2897>.
See the National Sheriffs’ Association 2009 Resolution “National Sheriffs’ Association Supports Front And
Rear Reflectorized License Plates” online at <www.sheriffs.org/sites/default/files/tb/resolutions/2009‐9_final.pdf>
and the International Association of Chiefs of Police 2012 Resolution “Validating the Public Safety and Homeland
Security Needs for Retro‐Reflective Front and Rear License Plates” online at
<http://www.theiacp.org/resolution/index.cfm?fa=dis_public_view&resolution_id=442&CFID=7348201&CFTOKEN
=26397737>.
26 | P a g e L i c e n s e P l a t e S t u d y
for the Commonwealth and organizations that revenue share. Decreased demand for personalized and
special plates could also lead to a decrease in license plate replacement and an increase in incidents of
license plate illegibility. If the customer used an official‐looking plate on the front or used an expired
plate from another jurisdiction, it could confuse law enforcement in Virginia and other states increasing
the likelihood of a Virginia driver being stopped.
Another concern is that removing the front license plate leaves vehicle owners with an “extra” plate that
they may decide to illegally mount on an unregistered vehicle. To prevent misuse, DMV could mandate
the surrender of the current set of license plates in exchange for a newly redesigned single plate. A
redesign would require the Commonwealth to purchase new sheeting and incur associated template
and mailing costs. This re‐issue cost would exceed the savings of removing the front plate.
F. Number of Decals, Placement, and Windshield Sticker
In addition to its assessment of whether the Commonwealth should reduce the number of license plates
from two to one, the committee assessed a number of options for the use of decals. The group focused
on the options using two license plates on a vehicle. The following are the possible options, associated
costs, pros and cons, and outcome of each option discussed.
1. DMV current practice: Two plates and four decals (month and year,
Using two plates and four decals is Virginia’s current configuration. This option costs $6,151,575. The
benefits are that everyone, especially law enforcement, can clearly see the year and month of expiration
on each plate. Law enforcement is already familiar with the current plate and decal number, placement
and color coding. As explained in the discussion on the number of license plates, the current decal
configuration enhances law enforcement’s ability to assist with highway safety and criminal
The committee noted that having the year and month separate creates an increased opportunity for
decal theft or misapplication, but this did not appear to be enough of a problem that warranted
abandoning this practice.
Given all of the reasons for keeping the two plates, many of which apply to decals as well, the
committee voted in favor of keeping the current number of license plates (two) and decals (four). While
the committee evaluated other options, it rejected those options because the negative aspects
outweighed any potential cost savings as explained below.
All calculations are based on the average number of pairs of plates sold in FY2010 and FY2011 or
1,262,041 pairs of production plates and 150,554 pairs of personalized plates.
27 | P a g e L i c e n s e P l a t e S t u d y
2. Two plates and two decals (month and year decals back plate only)
A second option is to issue month and year decals for the rear plate only. This option costs $6,051,393, a
savings of $110,182 over the current practice. This option preserves the configuration that law
enforcement is used to seeing, the month and year on separate decals.
However, with an oncoming vehicle or a vehicle that is backed in to park, law enforcement officials will
not be able to see if the vehicle is in compliance. Also, putting the decals only on the back plate makes it
less likely for the driver to notice if a decal were stolen.
Furthermore, the current license plates are designed for two decals, not one. Therefore, license plate
sheeting would change for the front plate to remove the indicator for placement of decals (month and
year). If a front plate is not reissued with a new plate design to address the decal change, the vehicle
could potentially have invalid (old) decals on the front and valid decals on the back thereby confusing
customers and law enforcement. This confusion could lead to Virginia drivers being over for expired
tags, especially in other jurisdictions. Issuing a blank decal to address these issues on already issued
plates and those in inventory, until they are depleted, adds approximately $243,000 to the overall cost
3. Two plates and two decals (combination decal with month and year on
both plates)
A third option is to issue combined month and year decals for both plates. This option costs $6,052,473,
a savings of $109,102 over the current practice. By retaining decals on each plate, it is most similar to
the current configuration, with which law enforcement and customers are already familiar. Unlike
Option Two, Option Three retains both front and back decals so law enforcement officials can see
vehicles travelling in both directions. Furthermore, using a combined decal on both plates may reduce
the likelihood of theft of the decal combination while maintaining the driver’s chances of noticing if a
decal were stolen.
Like Option Two, Option Three requires modifying the license plate sheeting to reflect the new
placement of the decals. Without a redesign to include appropriate indicators, customers would not
know where the combined decal should be placed. Issuing a blank decal to address this issue on already
issued plates and those in inventory, until they are depleted, adds approximately $243,000 to the overall
With this option, waste would increase, because combined decals would have to be destroyed every
month, instead of every year. Waste is minimal today because only the year decal has to be destroyed
upon expiration. Finally, the potential cost to convert to a combined month/year decal includes creating
12 templates (one for each month) every year at a recurring cost of $1,080 or $90 per template.
Law enforcement was concerned that a combined month and year decal may be small and not easily
read, so the committee discussed an alternative option. The decal could contain just the month and
have changing background colors to indicate the year with the colors being recycled every six years. Any
decal not used for a particular year would be shelved until it cycles through another six‐year period. Not
only would this alternative address the readability issue, but it also would help to limit the waste.
28 | P a g e L i c e n s e P l a t e S t u d y
The committee was receptive to the new idea, but was concerned about the shelf life of the adhesive
and reflective sheeting. In addition, this option would require CSCs and dealers to house and secure
three times the current inventory. The “leftover” decals would need to be kept in an environment where
the climate is controlled for humidity levels and temperature to maximize the shelf life and to ensure
that the adhesive backing and reflectivity are not compromised. Storing the additional inventory was
considered to be a major concern.
4. Two plates, one decal on rear (combination decal with month and year
on one decal)
A fourth option is to issue a combined month and year decal for the rear plate only. This option costs
$5,997,382, a savings of $164,194 over the current practice. In addition to saving money, it may reduce
decal theft.
However, like Option Three, Option Four increases the annual costs for DMV to purchase the necessary
templates for the new combination decals. This option has the same concerns for law enforcement and
customers as Option Two: they won’t be able to see if an oncoming vehicle or a vehicle that is backed in
to park is in compliance and putting the decals only on the back plate makes it less likely for the driver to
notice if a decal were stolen. Like Option Two, the license plate sheeting would have to change to avoid
having invalid, obsolete decals on the front plate causing confusion for customers and law enforcement.
To avoid the confusion, the Commonwealth could issue a blank decal, which adds approximately
$243,000 to the overall cost of this option.
5. Windshield Sticker
In addition to evaluating configurations using license plate decals, the committee evaluated using a
windshield sticker in place of one or more of the existing decals.
a) Other States’ Experience with Windshield Stickers
The committee looked at other states’ experiences using the windshield sticker. Three states currently
use windshield stickers for registration stickers – DC, New York and Texas. DMV staff surveyed these
states for their experiences.
New York began using windshield stickers in 1973, Texas in 1993 and DC in 2003. New York’s program is
so old that officials could not state why they use these stickers as opposed to license plate decals. Texas
and DC use them to combat a problem with validation decals being stolen from license plates. Only
Texas still reported using license plate decals, but that use was limited to vehicles without a windshield.
All three states encode similar information on their stickers. All of the stickers contain the license plate
number, an expiration date, and either some portion of or all of the vehicle identification number. New
York’s and DC’s stickers contain the year and either the make or model of the vehicle to which they
apply. New York uses two bar codes that contain the information on the sticker and information on the
registrant. Texas’s bar code contains the sticker information as well, but it also contains information on
the document number, county number, workstation ID, sticker print date, and plate and sticker types.
Texas also includes a county name on their stickers. DC reported no bar codes, but they do include a
29 | P a g e L i c e n s e P l a t e S t u d y
zone number on their stickers for parking enforcement. In all cases, if a new plate is issued, a new
sticker is issued as well.
Other than the typical issues associated with using stickers (e.g., problems getting them to stick in a
specific location and customers putting stickers in different locations) and an initial learning curve, none
of the three states reported significant issues with windshield stickers.
To accommodate the change from license plate decal to windshield sticker, DC did not change its plate
while Texas reported a slight redesign. Like Virginia’s current plates, Texas’ plates had two
placement indicators at top left and right corners for month and year stickers, but they removed the left
side placement indicator. New York reported a redesign at the same time it switched to windshield
stickers but could not say if the two events were related.
The experiences with production and cost are different for each state. While DC outsources its
production, both New York and Texas print the decals on demand. Additionally, while New York reports
a relatively low cost for the stickers, Texas reported greater overall costs because of the more expensive
paper used in creating windshield stickers. They offset the cost through process redesign and
elimination of excess inventory. DC reported that the stickers were more expensive, but could not say
b) Two plates and a windshield sticker
The committee used the other states’ experiences to evaluate the impact of using a windshield sticker in
This fifth option costs $6,191,051, an increase of $29,476 over the current practice. The windshield
sticker would include vehicle‐related information on it (e.g., expiration month and year, license plate
number, part of the VIN) and have to be printed on demand. In addition to the plate and sticker costs,
DMV could incur an estimated $7.8 million or more in start‐up costs (based on Texas’ current
configuration and upfront investment charges, which the committee assumed would be similar to
Virginia’s needs if it adopted this option). Without any vehicle‐related information on the sticker, only
including the month and year of expiration, the cost is reduced by $124,120,
same start‐up costs.
Law enforcement officials would have difficulty reading a windshield sticker without stopping the
vehicle and inspecting the sticker more closely. This option also may require additional changes such as
redesigning the front license plate to indicate the placement of the decals or issuing a blank decal to
cover the decals or spaces made obsolete by the new configuration.
The committee had several concerns with this option, including readability on a moving vehicle, lack of
equipment to read the bar codes and the cost to purchase this equipment, and possibly obstruction of
the driver’s view with the addition of another windshield sticker. The public has already shown disdain
for windshield stickers prior to many Virginia localities ending their annual use for local registration.
DC did issue stickers for customers to apply to the plate stating “see window decal.”
Using only the month and year on the windshield decal would reduce the annual cost to $6,066,931 for a
total savings of $94,644 over the current option.
30 | P a g e L i c e n s e P l a t e S t u d y
DMV reported that the decal production equipment used today cannot support production of this type
of sticker and another printing option would be needed. Such a change would include utilizing an
outside vendor to print the sticker (with the expiration date on it only), or utilizing print on demand
(with expiration date and vehicle‐related information).
c) One plate and a windshield sticker
If the purpose of the windshield sticker is to replace the front license plate and all decals, the
Commonwealth would have to include a bar code that incorporates the identifying information for the
vehicle to address the concerns over eliminating the front license plate. Law enforcement would require
specialized equipment to read the bar code at various speeds and distances. Furthermore, the sticker
would have to be large enough to read and ultimately could obscure the windshield.
One last concern is worth noting. Using a windshield sticker instead of a front license plate means that
the windshield will be photographed to obtain vehicle information for enforcement purposes. These
pictures may raise concerns about constituents’ privacy, since the image of the driver could be taken.
6. Two plates and No Decals
The last option discussed was eliminating the use of decals. Quebec eliminated registration decals on
passenger cars in 1992, New Jersey in 2004, and Connecticut
in 2010. According to an AAMVA survey
these jurisdictions reported discontinuing use of license plate decals because of decal theft. Issuing no
decals in Virginia means a savings of $220,365 over the current practice.
However, having no decals means having no indication for law enforcement officials to determine if a
vehicle is properly registered and no probable cause for pulling them over if the registration were
expired. This option has the potential for a reduction in registration renewals and in the number of
summonses issued for expired registration, which means lost revenue. Additionally, because the current
plates are designed for two decals, the license plate sheeting would need to be modified to remove the
decal placement indicators or blank decals would need to be issued to cover the existing spaces.
VSP informed the committee that the revenue generated from summonses issued for expired
registrations over the past three years brought in on average $1.5 million in fines and $3.8 million in
fees. This revenue goes back to the localities. A reduction in the number of citations, therefore, means a
significant financial loss to localities.
Maintaining the current configuration of two plates and four decals is optimal for identifying the vehicle.
Any change to this configuration, while it could generate some savings does not generate enough
savings to offset the decrease in public safety and motor vehicle enforcement.
Connecticut originally went to window stickers in 2006 because of plate decal theft, and then totally
eliminated registration decals in 2010 after a pilot study.
April 28, 2008 AAMVA survey, “Plate Registration Stickers,” conducted for Virginia at the request of the
IACP; April 2010 PennDOT Report, “Evaluation of the Use of Registration Stickers”.
31 | P a g e L i c e n s e P l a t e S t u d y
V. PLATE ENFORCEMENT
The ability to read a license plate is the key factor in using the license plate to identify a vehicle. If the
plates cannot be read either because they are obscured or illegible, law enforcement, toll enforcement,
parking enforcement and others will be less effective.
The Plate Enforcement Committee was charged with reviewing license plate enforcement and
replacement processes as they address obscured and illegible plates whether intentional, due to age, or
other factors and outlining recommendations for identifying illegible, obstructed, damaged or
improperly mounted plates and replacing those plates, if necessary.
To accomplish its task, this committee reviewed current laws and practices for license plate legibility and
replacement in Virginia and other states and weighed the impact that obscured and illegible plates have
on public safety and toll collections. The committee also reviewed the current policies on reissuing
personalized plates that are reported stolen.
The Plate Enforcement committee evaluated the issues presented and made recommendations based
on a review of current and past practices, the number of illegible plates as a percentage of all plates on
the road, and the impact to law enforcement, toll enforcement, funding and public safety. The
1. Using the safety inspection program to identify illegible plates.
2. Reintroducing the Illegible License Plate Notice (Form VSA‐28) and the process to law
3. Retaining Virginia’s customer‐oriented plate replacement process, but restoring the
prompt in the DMV’s plate registration renewal system to provide replacement options
to owners of vehicles displaying license plates that are 10 or more years old.
4. Keeping the fine for illegible and improperly mounted plates at the current amount,
given the low rate of illegible and improperly mounted plates.
5. Changing the policy on stolen plates so that they are only re‐issued to the original owner
with a warning letter and not issued to others for five years, the length of time they are
in the NCIC database. There may be some exceptions, especially with low number series
32 | P a g e L i c e n s e P l a t e S t u d y
C. The Current State of License Plate Enforcement
Va. Code § 46.2‐716 establishes the standards for how license plates are to be fastened to a vehicle. It
requires every license plate to be securely fastened to the motor vehicle, trailer, or semitrailer to which
it is assigned (1) to prevent the plate from swinging, (2) in a position to be clearly visible, and (3) in a
condition to be clearly legible. The Code does not define legibility, nor does it state the exact position to
fasten the plate.
Va. Code § 46.2‐716(B) prohibits altering the appearance of license plates. Specifically, it prohibits
placing, mounting or installing any type of covering if any part of the covering alters or obscures (i) the
alpha‐numeric information, (ii) the color of the license plate, (iii) the name or abbreviated name of the
state wherein the vehicle is registered, or (iv) any character or characters, decal, stamp, or other device
indicating the month or year in which the vehicle's registration expires. It further prohibits mounting
any insignia, emblems, or trailer hitches or couplings in a way that hides or obscures any portion of the
plate or makes any portion of the plate illegible. The only additional requirement is that the license plate
Violations of Va. Code § 46.2‐716 are punishable as traffic infractions, not as misdemeanors or felonies,
with a fine of not more than $250. The current penalty for failing to display a license plate, improperly
displaying a license plate, or improperly fastening or obscuring a license plate is a $25 fine.
for a violation of this section are few. Since 2007, there were 11,520 for Improper Display; 30,375 for
Failure to Display Both Plates; and 9,578 for Improper Mounting.
The Commonwealth has an Illegible License Plate Notice (Form VSA‐28)
that law enforcement can use
as an alternative to a citation. Since its introduction in 1999, its use has declined considerably.
D. License Plate Replacement in Virginia
1. Aging, Illegible and Obstructed License Plates and the Replacement
Sixteen U.S. states have programs to replace aging plates. No Canadian province has a replacement
program. Of the states that have a replacement program, six replace them on a rolling basis (when a
motorist's plate reaches a certain age) and ten replace them all at once at a set time. Citing the economy
and cost concerns, Pennsylvania abandoned its replacement program in 2008, one year before it was to
Prior to 1972, the Commonwealth required annual replacement of vehicle license plates. By 1978, the
longevity and legibility inherent with the use of new reflective sheeting material and the durability of
the aluminum plate material allowed DMV to extend the mandatory plate replacement cycle to five
years. In 1985, DMV extended the replacement cycle to eight years. Finally, in 1987, DMV dropped the
mandatory plate replacement and changed to replacement on demand. To assist customers, DMV once
See Code § 46.2‐1013.
Supreme Court Rule § vscr‐3B:2 sets the total cost at $76 ‐ a $25 fine and a $51 processing fee.
See Appendix I for a copy of the Illegible License Plate Notice (Form VSA‐28).
33 | P a g e L i c e n s e P l a t e S t u d y
had a prompt in its system asking them if they wanted new plates when the plates became 10 years old,
but the prompt has since been removed.
DMV implemented one voluntary replacement program in 1996 for the license plates issued to
commemorate the U.S. Bicentennial. Many plate holders “called or wrote to complain about the effort,
considering it an unwarranted intrusion of government.”
DMV has not undertaken any wide‐scale
replacement efforts since then.
License plates are replaced on a voluntary basis. According to DMV statistics, approximately 37,000
plates are replaced annually due to mutilation. Approximately 974,000 more are replaced annually at
the request of the customer. These plates could have been requested for a variety of reasons, including
readability or the customer wanting to switch to a new plate type or a personalized plate.
Virginia currently has 7.7 million active motor vehicle registrations. Of those, 57.1 percent, or 4.4
million, are less than five years old. Another 27.3 percent, or 2.1 million, are between five and ten years
old. The remaining 15.6 percent, or 1.2 million, are more than ten years old. Of the 1.2 million that are
more than ten years old, 558,120 are more than 15 years old.
Of those, 181,041 are former production
plates that owners converted to personalized plates so that they could continue to use the three letters
and three numbers that they were originally assigned. Recalling the remaining 377,039 plates from
customers is estimated to cost $2,756,125, including postage, but excluding a potential $55,209 offset
from recycling the plates.
The oldest plates currently on the road are more than 30 years old. The Bicentennial license plates were
issued between 1976 and 1981. In 1996, DMV offered voluntary replacement at no cost; at that time
13,000 were active and more than half were replaced. Today, 712 active Bicentennial license plates are
still in use. As long as the registration fees are paid, the Code of Virginia states that these plates may
continue in use for a period determined by the Commissioner.
Being a customer‐oriented agency, no
Commissioner has issued a mandatory recall of the Bicentennial plates.
Over time, license plates lose reflectivity and fade or become mutilated making them illegible. Aging
plates also tend to lose decals as more of them are piled on. According to 3M, the supplier of the
reflective sheeting, the reflectivity of the license plate carries a five year warranty. After five years, there
“Study of the Costs and Benefits of a Regular License Plate Replacement Program,” Department of Motor
Vehicles, 1998.
Based on a review of the available data for 2010, 2011 and 2012, customers are more likely to switch from
standard to special plates, than from special to standard plates. Customers are more likely to switch from a
production plate to a personalized plate within the first two years. As the plates age, there is a higher likelihood
that customers will not change them at all. No significant changes occur even when the plates reach ten years old
and customers are notified by mail and during online registration that their plates are old. For definitions of the
plate types, please see the Glossary at Appendix D.
This figure is based on DMV records as of August 24, 2012.
See Va. Code § 46.2‐727 (Bicentennial license plates and decals; fees).
34 | P a g e L i c e n s e P l a t e S t u d y
is a decrease in reflectivity, but how much is not known. By some estimates, license plates lose more
than 50 percent of their initial reflectivity within 10 years. It is not just age that impacts reflectivity, but
how the vehicle is driven, where it is garaged, environmental conditions (sun, snow, etc) and many other
The committee researched whether decals become illegible with age. Because the year decals are
changed every one to three years and the reflectivity lasts for at least five years, this was not a concern.
The month decals are changed only when the plate changes, but the impact of age on month decals was
not considered to be an issue either. VSP looks at the color of the decal for enforcement based on
DMV’s rotation. The key for legibility is in the color.
Law enforcement officials did not indicate that the number of illegible plates was a problem. None of
the law enforcement officials represented in the study saw the age of the plate and reflectivity as
significant problems, or the stack of decals resulting from multiple renewals, so long as they are able to
read each character on the plates.
Law enforcement officials did say that they were primarily concerned about license plate frames/covers,
luggage racks, trailers and other things covering the plate. Various illegal mechanisms have been used
on plates to obscure the plate number enough to make it unreadable to cameras and sometimes to the
human eye. Examples include a specially‐designed hood that sits out around the plate to block the
camera, mechanisms to drop the plate down as it is going through the toll booth (plate flippers), sprays
to obscure the plate number (so‐called ghost plates), and tinted covers. In addition, license plate frames
and covers can obscure the name of the state, plate type, or registration stickers making enforcement
2. License Plate Replacement and the VSA‐28
When plates are unreadable or non‐reflective, this presents a problem for law enforcement and the
public in general. Besides identifying a vehicle, license plates act as reflectors, enabling the vehicle to be
seen better at night. Readability and reflectivity contribute greatly to overall public safety. Loss of these
fundamental characteristics is a concern to DMV and law enforcement agencies statewide.
Va. Code § 46.2‐607 requires vehicle owners to apply for and immediately obtain replacement license
plates when any license plate becomes illegible. Illegible license plates are those plates with one or
more registration letters or numbers that are damaged, mutilated or faded beyond recognition.
Knowing the plate type is required for determining which suffix or prefix to use to identify many low‐
number license plates. For more information, see the discussion under section III.F.3 above.
35 | P a g e L i c e n s e P l a t e S t u d y
As a result of commitments made by DMV during the 1999 General Assembly session and DMV's work
with the VSP, the VACP and the VSA, the "Illegible License Plate Notice" (VSA‐28) was developed and
distributed to law enforcement agencies throughout the Commonwealth. Service of the VSA‐28
constitutes a law enforcement determination that one or both license plates displayed on the vehicle
are illegible. To replace illegible license plates, owners are instructed to call or visit a local DMV CSC.
During the study, the committee learned that the form is used very little. According to DMV statistics,
since 2008, an average of approximately 40 of these forms was issued each year. Some of the law
enforcement representatives indicated that they were not aware of the form. VSP representatives
indicated they thought there had been a big push for the form when it was first introduced but over
time its use had declined. The committee decided that better education was needed on the VSA‐28 form
and on the process for issuing them. The form should be reintroduced with any needed revisions.
The committee discussed whether the Commonwealth should include license plate readability as part of
the Virginia Safety Inspection Program, which VSP oversees. Illegible plates would not cause the
vehicle's inspection to be rejected, but owners would be advised to replace the plates by registration
renewal. VSP representatives indicated that inspection stations should not have the form or be
responsible for legibility standards, because they are subjective, and the inspectors do not have
enforcement rights. VSP stated that the role of the state inspection is to inspect for those things
"detrimental to the safe operation of the vehicle" and focus on mechanical control. They did
recommend better education to law enforcement on the VSA‐28 form, especially to make them aware it
exists. This form would save the owner court fines and costs as the law enforcement officer would not
be writing a citation.
E. Impact of Illegible/Obscured License Plates on Toll Collections
Illegible plates can be an issue not only for law enforcement, but also toll enforcement. VDOT manually
reviews license plate images from toll violators on the Powhite Parkway Extension, Coleman Bridge,
Dulles Toll Road, and the RMA ORT (Open Road Tolling) lanes. From June 2011 to May 2012, VDOT
reviewed 1,510,427 license plate images of which 32,872, or 2.2 percent, were rejected because the
license plate was unreadable or obstructed.
VDOT estimates total annual toll violation collections in the amount of $1,507,306.11. Using the 2.2
percent estimate for the total amount of loss due to unreadable or obstructed plates, this translates to
an annual loss of $33,160.73.
Other tolls are run by entities that do not use VDOT for enforcement. Those tolls include the
Chesapeake Expressway and the Pocahontas Parkway. Based on the information from these tolls,
current revenue losses from unreadable plates were estimated to be between $65,446.73 and
$70,474.73 per year. What the committee learned is that it is impossible to determine exactly how much
money tolls lose from illegible plates. What can be determined is that the annual loss is not a significant
burden on the toll operators based on today’s operations. While technological innovations can improve
the ability to get a picture of the license plates associated with a vehicle to identify the registrant,
technology cannot resolve a major issue for toll operators ‐ making toll violators pay.
DMV staff was only able to obtain information from the Powhite Parkway Extension, Coleman Bridge,
Dulles Toll Toad, RMA ORT, Chesapeake Expressway and Pocahontas Tolls.
36 | P a g e L i c e n s e P l a t e S t u d y
F. Stolen License Plates and Reissuance
The committee evaluated the Commonwealth’s stolen license plate policy. In a February 2011 report,
AAMVA stated that 14 out of 31 states that responded to their questionnaire will not reissue license
plates if the plate has been reported in the NCIC database. A survey of nearby jurisdictions revealed that
Maryland and North Carolina will reissue stolen plates; DC, Tennessee and West Virginia will not.
In Virginia, when a license plate has been reported as stolen to the police, the person replace standard
plates with a new number; the old number is not reissued. However, if the plates are personalized, the
person can replace the plate with one that has the same personalization. If the individual who reported
the plates stolen does not reorder the personalization, any person can order it. This person may be
stopped for having a stolen plate because a search of VCIN will show a stop for that plate.
The committee recommended that DMV send a letter to plate owners when they are reissued plates
that are reported stolen. The plate number should not be reissued to anyone other than the original
owner of the plates. The customer should be handed a letter warning about the possible ramifications of
having a license plate that was reported to the police as stolen.
DMV systems would need to be programmed to apply an “expiration date” to any license plate that had
been reported stolen. The “expiration date” would be five years, the length of time the stolen plate
appears in the NCIC database. After that time, anyone who wants that license plate can request it if the
original owner no longer has it.
Based on the experiences of law enforcement and toll enforcement, the number of Illegible License
Plate Notices issued, and the number of convictions over the last five years, the committee did not find
that illegible or obscured license plates was a pervasive problem in the Commonwealth. The number of
special plates available and the low cost for special and personalized plates encourage a turnover that
keeps the number of old plates on the road to a minimum. In addition to low number of illegible plates,
the costs associated with recalling and reissuing license plates, led the committee to believe that a
mandatory replacement program was unnecessary. The cases that are a problem can be addressed on a
case‐by‐case basis. Implementing the committee’s recommendations will assist the Commonwealth in
37 | P a g e L i c e n s e P l a t e S t u d y
V. EUROPEAN PLATES
The European Plates Committee was charged with determining the feasibility of and rationale for the
production and issuance of European‐style license plates for passenger vehicles and light duty trucks in
To evaluate the cost and impact of issuing European‐style license plates, the committee assessed the
size of the market for these plates in Virginia and the impact these plates would have on electronic
tolling systems and law enforcement. The committee discussed options for plate sheeting, construction
requirements, plate security features, and readability specifications required to meet Virginia standards
for security and visibility. The committee reviewed production options and studied solutions, feasibility
and costs of various options.
With such a limited market and high costs, the committee agreed that Virginia should not change its
standards to allow for European‐style license plates. The Commonwealth would have to redesign the
production process or contract with someone who can invest in the technology to read the plates for
law enforcement and tolling purposes, and ensure that its security standards are followed to address
counterfeiting issues.
More importantly, Virginia would be violating the 1956 agreement among all 50 states and the District
of Columbia, the Canadian provinces and territories and the automobile manufacturers, as well as
AAMVA’s standards. It is highly likely that other states would follow suit, resulting in a hodge‐podge of
plate standards around the country. Differing plate standards could reduce the effectiveness of ALPRs,
toll collection efforts, and law enforcement
Given the concerns, and the limited upside, the committee recommended that Virginia neither
manufacture nor accept European‐style license plate at this time.
C. The Current Standards for License Plate Size
Va. Code § 46.2‐712 states that “Subject to the need for legibility, the size of the plate… shall be in the
discretion of the Commissioner.” However, a 1956 agreement between auto manufacturers, U.S. States,
and Canadian Provinces set the standard dimensions at 6 inches by 12 inches, a standard that Virginia
has used since 1950. This standard has since been adopted by AAMVA, and was included in AAMVA’s
“Best Practices” study. Today, only the Canadian province of The Northwest Territories has a license
plate of a different shape – that of a Polar Bear – but the overall dimensions and location of the bolt
holes match the agreed‐upon standard.
38 | P a g e L i c e n s e P l a t e S t u d y
Most European plates are much longer and narrower. Standardized European Union registration plates
are 520 mm (20.5 inches) by 112 mm (4.72 inches),
or 1.3 inches shorter and 8.5 inches longer than
standard plates issued in the United States. European Union countries require the same sized
registration plate on both the front and back of the vehicle. European countries who are not members
of the European Union have a variety of different sized plates and some allow a smaller plate on the
back of the vehicle and the longer, European‐style plate be displayed on the front. The committee
decided that the European Union standard‐approved plate should be used as a model for any potential
According to an AAMVA study conducted in early 2011, no U.S. state currently issues European style
license plates. European‐style license plates are not issued or officially accepted as valid in any location
in continental North America. They are used in French‐controlled St. Pierre and Miquelon off of
Canada’s Atlantic coast and in Puerto Rico.
They are tolerated in some areas outside of the United
States (particularly in Mexico). However, states that issue only a single license plate allow vehicles to
display a European‐sized novelty plate on the front bumper.
For the purposes of this study, the dimensions of plates issued in European Union countries were used in
comparing the current plates to “European” plates.
Puerto Rico issues the American standard license for most vehicles; however, it does issue the European
standard license plate for European vehicles.
39 | P a g e L i c e n s e P l a t e S t u d y
D. Potential Market for European‐Style License Plates
There are currently 7.7 million registered vehicles registered in Virginia. Of these, approximately 16,000
(or less than 0.21 percent) are vehicles manufactured for the European market and the European‐sized
license plate. The remaining vehicles are manufactured for the U.S. market and are constructed to
accommodate the standard 6 inch by 12 inch license plate. A large number of these vehicles have cut‐
outs on the rear bumper for this plate which would not allow them to carry the longer European
E. Production Options
Virginia license plates are manufactured by VCE and they are not equipped to produce European‐style
plates. VCE would have to acquire the necessary equipment and, because there is such a small market,
recover all of its costs in the first run of plates.
Alternatively, a private production company could be used. Currently, no U.S.‐based manufacturer
meets Virginia’s required security standards, which include hologram decals, security marks, and
reprinting of the license plate number, among others. The Commonwealth would have to contract with
a European‐based manufacturer and have the plates shipped. 3M, which produces plates for European
Union countries, estimates that this option would price the plates at roughly $300 or more per pair. This
price does not include additional charges that DMV would need to pass along to the customer for
processing and other administrative costs.
Two possible options for European plates were presented: silk screening the plate sets individually to
create flat plates or contracting with a European company to have the plates produced and shipped to
Virginia. Silk screening is the most economical. The $300 per pair price from 3M is based on the
rationale that we would have to issue two sizes of plates per pair – one long for the front and one
"standard" for the rear. The cost estimate includes the cost to produce the sheeting, ship it to Europe
and ship the plates back to Virginia in limited production numbers.
Europlates is a manufacturer of European‐style license plates. They charge $29.95, plus shipping, for a
single plate. The reflective sheeting used does not have any of the required safety features of Virginia's
The current design of European Union plates does not accommodate Virginia’s standards. Images and
graphics could be distorted to accommodate the new size. Also, there is no room for decals to indicate
that the plates are from Virginia. Either the registration decals or the plate design would need to be
F. Impact on LawEnforcement and Tolling Systems
VSP has expressed a number of concerns regarding European‐style license plates. ALPRs used by law
enforcement are not programmed to read European‐ style license plates. According to the VSP, law
enforcement officers are taught to look for unusual plates, which currently include European‐style
plates. Increasing the number of acceptable sizes of plates would make it difficult for officers to spot
40 | P a g e L i c e n s e P l a t e S t u d y
irregularities in the new plates. Such a change would require a national campaign, since Virginia drivers
passing into another state could be detained by law enforcement not aware of Virginia’s new standard.
In addition, many vehicles manufactured for use in the U.S. have bumpers designed to fit the standard
North American 6 inch by 12 inch license plate. Mounting and displaying European‐style plates on these
vehicles could lead to improper display of plates.
For electronic tolling facilities, the plate size requires different image capture parameters which could be
an issue for video enforcement. These plates create a different “area of interest” depending on where
plates are mounted and increase the number of plate types and designs that OCR needs to deal with.
The toll collectors expressed concern that European‐style plates would force a change in toll collection
technology, as they are legally bound to collect tolls from all vehicles that use toll roads. Tolling system
operators would incur a significant investment to purchase and install the technology required to
capture and read multiple shapes and sizes of plates.
The desire for European‐style license plates is aesthetic. Owners of European manufactured vehicles
may consider Virginia plates to be incompatible with their vehicles. These concerns can be remedied by
after‐market fixes such as the “no‐holes bracket.” Due to compatibility issues, the market for European
plates in Virginia would most likely be limited to those vehicles manufactured for the European market
and shipped to the U.S. Neither the committee’s discussions, nor the discussions of the committees in
this study warrant expanding the number of acceptable sizes of license plates in Virginia. The risks far
outweigh potential gains.
41 | P a g e L i c e n s e P l a t e S t u d y
License plates have come a long way since their first introduction over 100 years ago. What started out
as a homemade porcelain plate used to register a vehicle has evolved into a device that supports public
safety, transportation and funding initiatives. No longer is the license plate just a number on a vehicle.
Today, it serves as a means to direct the flow of traffic, protect the public, pay for expansion and upkeep
of the transportation infrastructure and even to express individuality or support for an organization.
Through this study, stakeholders assessed the readability and functionality of license plates and the use
of new and improved technologies both in the manufacture and operation of license plates (flat plates,
bar codes, RFID tags). The study committee evaluated and assessed a multitude of options for the
effective number and position of license plates and decals that serve to both identify and ensure proper
registration of motor vehicles that operate on Virginia’s roads.
Stakeholders concluded that the Commonwealth should maintain the current size, shape and
configuration of the license plates it issues. Any potential savings resulting from changing the current
two license plate‐four decal configuration does not outweigh the potential losses in efficiency for law
enforcement, toll enforcement and others. By improving the readability of license placements and
addressing unreadable plates on a case‐by‐case basis, DMV, its transportation partners and the General
Assembly can ensure that the dual functions of safety and transportation continue to be met.
Finally, DMV thanks the stakeholders for their contributions and cooperation. Without them, this study
42 | P a g e L i c e n s e P l a t e S t u d y VII. APPENDICES A. Charge Letters S e Nl r E o r V t RGT Nt A
January | 8, 2012
P. O. Box27412
2300 Wcst Broad Sheet
Dear Commissioner Holcomb,
As you know, thrce sepollte bills *ere introduced this year in the Senate to either eliminate the
requirement for a fronl license plate entirely orto provide an allowance for 8 single plate on lehicles with
no frcnt mounting bracket. Bas€d on th€ insight and background information yo! provided to me late last
year on why Virginia requires two licens€ plates, I believc that th€ introduction ofthese bills p.ovides an
excellent oppoatunity for the D€partment of Motor Vehicles to examine licens€ plate issues, in geneml,
morc closely.
While most bills that sr€ infoduced in the General Assembly focus on the elimination ofth€ front
license plate as a cosl-saving measure, oth€r pEctical license plate concems mey have direct impacts on
hiShway and public safety, as well as highway funding, In panicular, as licensc plat€ rcader and olh€r
optical recognition technologj/ imprcves and moves toward widespread adoption, legible license plates
will b€ the keys to vehicle identification by law enforcement and toll facility operators. Those keys will
provide the Commonwealth with access to improved sefety and highway rcvenue collection in the coming
The need for improvcment in those areas is always important to the Ceneral Assembly and I
believe now is an appropdate time to assess the current state of license plates and their potcntial
contributions to thes€concems. To that effect, t respectfully request that the Depsrtment of Motor
Vehicles consult with the Virginia State Police and convene a working group of int€rested parties to
conduct such a study.
In addition to any other options identified by the pafties, I .sk that the goup consider the
. Options for improving the rcadability oflicense plates, including standards for design,
display, and legibility and the potential for the use ofnew technology for license plate
Mr. Richord D. Holcomb, commissione.
. Methods for identirying, or helping to identiry, illegible, obstructed, damaged, or
improperly mounted lic€ns€ plates, including the possibility ofa licens€ plate check as
part ofthe annual motor vehicle safety inspection process;
. The viaLility ofa liccns€ platc replac€ment program;
. The implications ofand options for the elimination ofone or both decsls on lic€nse
. plates; and
. The implicltions ofsnd options for the eliminetion ofthe front license pl.te for passenget
vehiclcs, including statewide elimination, replscement of the plate with a windshield
decal, and the allowance for the display ofa single plate for vehicles with no front
mounting brackel.
I request that you report back to the Senate Committee on Transportation in December 2012 with
the rcsults ofthe study and the working group's recommendations. As part ofthe report, the working
group should provide, at 6 minimum, for e.ch option: an analysis of the option's feasibility, its cost to th€
Commonw€alth, and its cGt-effectivcn€ss comparcd to sltemstives, ifany. Also include any proposed
legislation that would be necessary in order to pursue the recomm€nded options.
This study will be important as the Ceneral Assembly and the Govemor work towards
comprehensive govemment reform and solutions for funding and safety concems. I look forward to
s€eing the r€sults ofyour elTorts.
C: The Honomble Sean T. Connaughton, Secrctary ofTmnsportation
The Honorable Marla C. Decker, Secretary of Public Safety
Col. W. Steven Flaherty, Superintendent, Virginia State Police
Members ofthe Virginia Senate Transporlation Committee
COMMONWEALTH OF VIFIGINIA
HOUSE OF DELEOATE!'
Virginia Oeparlment of Motor V€hicles
2300 Wsst Broad Street
Richmond. VA 23269
Dear Commiggiaifer Holcomb,
You are, no doubt, aware that license plates issues and legislation app€ar
frequontly during GeneralAssembly sessions. This year is no difierent. while the focus
is often on the eliminalion of the front license plate as a cosl-saving measure, other
practical liconsa plata concerns may have dirsct impacts on highway and public safety,
as well as highway funding. In particular, as licanse plate readsr and other optical
recognition technology improves and mov€s toward widespread adoption, legibls
license plates will be the keys to vehiclo identitication by law enforcsment and toll facility
operators. Those keys will provide the Commonwealth with accass to improved safety
and highway revonu€ collection in the coming years.
We are at a point now in Virginia, where the governm€nt, as a whole, must
continually find a balance between funding needs, budget reductions, and commitments
to citizen safety. As such, I believe now is an appropriata time to assess the currant
state of license plates and their potontial contributions to these important concerns. To
that effect, I respectfully request that the Department of Motor Vehicles consult with the
Virginia State Police and convene a working group of interested parties to conduct such
In addition to any othar options identified by the parties, I ask that the group
. Oplions for improving th€ readability of license plates, including standards
for design, display, and legibility and the potential for the use of new
technology for license plate production;
DELJ MAY@8OLI 5E VI RCI N A GOV
Mr. Richard D. Holcomb, Commissioner
January '18,2012
. Methods for identifying, or helping to identify, illegible, obstructed,
damaged, or impropedy mounted license plates, including the possibility of
a license plate check as part of the annual motor vehicle safety inspection
Drocoss:
'. The viability of a license plate replacemsnt program;
. The implications of and options for the elimination of one or both decals on
. Ths implications of and options for the elimination of the front license plate
for passenger vehicles, including stat€wide elimination, replacemsnt of the
Dlats with a windshield decal, and the allowanca for the display of a single
plate for vehicl€s wiih no front mounting brackot.
I request that you report back to the Housa Commitlee on Transportation in
December 2012 with th6 results of the study and the working group's recommendations.
As part of ths roport, the working group should provids, at a minimum, for each option:
an analysis of the option's feasibility, its cost to the Commonwealth, and its cost-
effectiveness compared to alternatives, it any. Also include any proposed lggislation
that would be necessary in order to pursue ths recommended oplions.
This study will bs important as the General Assembly and the Governor work
towards comprehensive govemment reform and solutions for funding and safety
concerns. I look foMard to seeing the results of your efforts.
Col. W. Steven
Marla G. Decker, Secretary of Public Safety
Flaherty, Superintendent, Virginia State Police
47 | P a g e L i c e n s e P l a t e S t u d y B. License Plate Project Structure and Study Participants Executive Oversight Team
Commissioner Rick Holcomb, DMV Barbara Klotz, DMV
Karen Grim, DMV Joe Hill, DMV Ellen Marie Hess, DMV Lieutenant Colonel Robert Northern, Virginia State Police Ryan Kelly, Office of the Secretary of Transportation Rick Walton, Virginia Department of Transportation Donald Guillory, Virginia Correctional Enterprises DMV Core Team
Janet Smoot (Project Coordinator) Robin Sheldon (Project Co-Coordinator)
William Childress (Technical Expert) Matt Martin (Legislative Strategist)
Don Boswell (Technical Resource) Tonya Blaine (Technical Resource)
Carolyn Easley (Technical Resource) Patrick Harrison (Legislative Resource) Matt Wells (Legislative Strategist) Michael Baxter (Motor Carrier Services) Damian McInerney (Administrative Resource) Rachel Kerns (Project Support)
Alicia Hotinger (Financial Resource)
Chair: William Childress
Two vs. One Plate
Four, Two One or no Decals on license plate
Window decal vs. Front License Plate
Chair: Matt Martin
Standard Design: (background colors, lettering, logo locations)
Plate Material: (embossed vs. flat plate technology, new technology to include barcodes and changes to material with an embedded code)
Chair: Don Boswell
Enforcement of Plate obscured by a plate holder
Reflectivity and Readability issues
Plate Replacement Program European Plate Design
Chair: Matt Wells
Dana Schrad, Association of Chiefs of Police Jim Agnew, Sheriffs’ Association Chris DeColli , 3M
Janet Brooking, Drive Smart Anne Gambardella, VADA Pete Iaricci, VIADA
David Caudill, Richmond Metropolitan Authority Michael Whelan, Transurban Ken Germain, Motorcycle Dealers Association
Dale Bennett, Virginia Trucking Association Mitch Nuckles, Commissioners of Revenue Fred Parker, Treasurers’ Association
Major Tracy Russillo, Virginia State Police Lieutenant Danny Glick, Virginia State Police Barry Boothe, Virginia Correctional Enterprises John Lawson, Virginia Department of Transportation JoAnne Maxwell, Virginia Department of Transportation Contact as needed: Martha Meade, AAA/Bret Richardson, Recreational Vehicle Dealers License Plate Study
Participant List for License Plate Study Group
Commissioner Rick Holcomb DMV
Jim Agnew Virginia Sheriff's Association
Michael Baxter DMV
Dale Bennett Virginia Trucking Association
Tonya Blaine DMV
Burt Boehling Virginia Department of Transportation
Robyn Bolton Virginia Trucking Association
Barry Boothe Virginia Correctional Enterprises
Don Boswell DMV
Janet Brooking Drive Smart VA
Barbara Carraway Treasurers Association of Virginia
David Caudill Richmond Metropolitan Authority
William Childress DMV
Chris DeColli 3M
Carolyn Easley DMV
Lt. Kenny Epling Virginia Sheriff's Association/Hanover S.O
Sgt. Robert Evans Virginia State Police
Charlie Finley Virginia Motorcycle Dealers Association
Laura Farmer Virginia Department of Transportation
Anne Gambardella Virginia Automobile Dealers Association
Mitchell Goldstein DMV
Donald Guillory Virginia Correctional Enterprises
James Gillie Commissioners for the Revenue Assoc. of Virginia
Karen Grim DMV
Ken Germain Virginia Motorcycle Dealers Association
Lieutenant Dan Glick Virginia State Police
Alicia Hotinger DMV
Daniel Harket Transurban
Dave Hollis Virginia Correctional Enterprises
Don Hall Virginia Automobile Dealers Association
Ellen Marie Hess DMV
Joe Hill DMV
Patrick Harrison DMV
Pete Iaricci Virginia Independent Automobile Dealers Association
John Jones Virginia Sheriff's Association
Barbara Klotz DMV
Lois Keenan Virginia Independent Automobile Dealers Association
Rachel Kerns DMV
Ryan Kelly Office of the Secretary of Transportation
J. C. Miers Virginia State Police
Matt Martin DMV
JoAnne Maxwell Virginia Department of Transportation
Damian McInerney DMV
Lieutenant Colonel Robert Northern Virginia State Police
Mitch Nuckles Commissioners for the Revenue Assoc. of Virginia
Bil Parrish Virginia Independent Automobile Dealers Association
Fred Parker Treasurers Association of Virginia
Major Tracy Russillo Virginia State Police
Dana Schrad Virginia Association of Chiefs of Police Janet Smoot DMV
Robin Sheldon DMV
Michael Tilley Virginia Sheriff's Association/Hanover S.O
Robert Todd Richmond Metropolitan Authority
Matt Wells DMV
Michael Whelan Transurban
Rick Walton Virginia Department of Transportation
50 | P a g e L i c e n s e P l a t e S t u d y C. License Plate Project Timeline April
Timeline of the License Plate Study
Date Prepared: 2-16-12
DMV Stakeholders
Updates Chairman Newman
5/3/2012 - 8/31/2012
4/2/2012 - 10/31/2012
DMV Team Meetings
Monthly Updates with Commissioner Holcomb
Stakeholder Review of Report and
DMV prepares Report and
Holcomb and Executive Staff
52 | P a g e L i c e n s e P l a t e S t u d y D. Glossary 3M – The supplier of license plate sheeting for the Commonwealth. Blank – A flat aluminum plate with attached sheeting that has not yet been embossed to create a license plate. Capture Rate ‐ Represents the number of license plates a reader detected and identified as a license plate compared to all the plates it came across (contrast Read Rate). Character Combination – The alphanumeric combination displayed on a license plate, including any special characters (‐ and &) and spaces. Commonly used when referring to a personalized license plate. Deboss ‐ to indent a design into a surface. Digital License Plate – License plate with a printed, not embossed, plate number. Commonly known as a “flat plate.” Emboss – To raise a design on a blank with dies of similar pattern, one the negative of the other. Embossed License Plate ‐ A license plate that has been embossed with a plate number. For some plates, additional design elements may be embossed, as well. Fixed Replacement – Replacing license plates at the same time at fixed intervals (contrast Rolling Replacement). Full Background/Graphic Design – One or more colors or a design is used instead of the standard white background of a license plate. Fully‐/All‐Embossed License Plate –All characters on a plate are embossed (license plate number, VA, For Hire, Private, Permanent, Taxi, etc.). Graphic – A picture or logo used on a license plate. License Plate Design – The look and layout of a license plate. Each plate design has its own unique plate type code. License Plate Number – The official alphanumeric combination, as it appears on a registration card, that is assigned to a vehicle and embossed on a license plate. Special characters (‐ and &) and spaces are not part of the license plate number and are not used for an inquiry. PDF417 ‐ A stacked linear barcode symbol format used in a variety of applications, primarily transport, identification cards, and inventory management. PDF stands for Portable Data File. The 417 signifies that each pattern in the code consists of 4 bars and spaces, and that each pattern is 17 units long. Personalized License Plates – A plate with a license plate number that is chosen by the customer. 53 | P a g e L i c e n s e P l a t e S t u d y Plate Type Code – The unique code (up to 5 alpha/numeric) that identifies the license plate name and use in DMV’s database. Production Plate – A plate with a license plate number that is the next randomly generated number in a series. Read Rate ‐ Represents the accuracy of reading and processing the alphanumeric characters on the license plates compared to all the plates it recognized as license plates (contrast Capture Rate). Roll‐coating – The process of rolling special paint across the raised portion of the license plate to paint the plate number after embossing. Rolling Replacement – Staggered replacement of license plates over a period of time (contrast Fixed Replacement). Screen Printing/Silkscreen – A process used to create small batches of plates with special designs. Rather than using pre‐printed sheeting, the background design of the plate is printed at the Tag Shop prior to embossing. This process is sometimes used to add additional design elements to existing sheeting until new sheeting with those elements can be ordered. Sheeting – Pre‐printed background material used for embossed license plates. License plate sheeting is fused to aluminum to create license plate blanks prior to embossing. The sheeting used in Virginia is reflective and contains visible security marks. Special or Specialty License Plates – License plates with designs related to various organizations, institutions of higher education, military service, and interests. Standard License Plates – Virginia’s blue and white plates. Tag Shop – Virginia’s license plate production facility, run by Virginia Correction Enterprises at the Powhatan Correctional Facility. Virginia Correctional Enterprises (VCE) – The division of the Department of Corrections responsible for the production of license plates. 54 | P a g e L i c e n s e P l a t e S t u d y E. A History of License Plates 1. License Plates in Virginia On June 1, 1906, the state’s first vehicle registration and license plate was issued for a fee of $2.00. The license plates were black and white in color and made of porcelain and measured 5 inches by 11 inches. These first passenger license plates were issued as straight numbers 1 through 99. As registration increased, the A series was implemented, A 1 through A 999‐
999. In 1970, a B series was added. However, the letter B was often misread as an eight and it was discontinued. In 1910, Annual license plate renewal was required. Fees were based on engine horsepower engine. Until 1914, the state’s license plates were made by the Baltimore Enamel and Novelty Company. All plates manufactured by the company bear its oval seal on the reverse side. To exercise more control over license plate production, Virginia decided in 1914 to manufacture the plates at the Virginia State Penitentiary. License plates were attractive goods to produce because of the increase demand and stable market for them. In addition, making plates provided inmates with a source of income. With the exception of the 1925 plates, all license plates manufactured at the penitentiary were made of steel until World War II, when metal and other raw materials became a scarce commodity. In 1925, plates were made of fiberplate, which was cheaper than steel, but not as durable. In fact, the plates were sometimes eaten by goats. As a conservation measure due to the war shortage of steel, DMV decided that instead of making new plates for 1943, small steel tabs and windshield stickers would be issued to renew all 1942 license plates. Attached to the upper right corner of the license plate, the small tab was a prototype of our present‐day decals, which the Commonwealth began using in 1973. In 1944 due to the increase in war shortages, DMV experimented with fiberboard license plates. Although the fiberboard was said to with stand the wear and tear of travel, they were again no match for hungry goats. In 1945, steel license plates with a baked enamel coating replaced the fiberboard plates. A set of these plates, however, weighed about one pound and was expensive to mail. After 1945, DMV switched to a lighter gauge steel, but it was not until 1973 that DMV used the light‐weight aluminum currently found in Virginia’s license plates. In 1950, Virginia changed the size of its plates to the current size of 6 inches by 12 inches, a size that would become the standard in North America in 1956 through an agreement among automobile manufacturers, other governments and international standards organizations. In 1954, antique license plates were authorized. Before 1972, all plates were renewed during March and April, resulting in long customer lines outside of DMV. That meant an extremely heavy workload and a backlog that was not caught up for months. To Virginia's First License Plate (1906) 55 | P a g e L i c e n s e P l a t e S t u d y resolve this problem, DMV introduced staggered renewals in 1972. In this system, the customer chose which month they would like to renew their vehicles in the future. Staggered renewals spread the renewal process throughout the year and shortened lines at DMV. In 1973, DMV offered the first of many plates Virginians could use to personalize their vehicles. Reserve plates, composed of three letters (AAA, AAB, AAC, and AAD were manufactured) followed by numbers 1 to 100, were offered in 1973 for an additional $10 fee. In 1976, reflectorized Bicentennial plates were issued for an additional $5 fee. In 1977, painted aluminum plates were designed for use over a five‐year period. Replacement plates were made at the owner’s option. Though Virginia introduced reflectorized plates in 1971, complete reflectorization did not occur until 1979 when reflectorized aluminum plates were issued with white and blue letters and numbers. "Virginia" was screened in the background. In 1981, Communiplates (now called “Personalized” or “Vanity” plates) were introduced, allowing Virginians to reserve combinations of two to six letters and /or numbers, to express themselves. The cost was $10. In 1985, The Great Seal of Virginia was printed in blue and gold in the center of the plate with three numbers to the left and three numbers to the right in blue. In 1988, the number of characters allowed on a plate increased from six to seven. Also in 1988, DMV began issuing College Plates that bear the seal or logo of many college and universities. Today, DMV currently issues more than 250 special plates with another 300 plus on the road. Personalized plates cost only $10 per year. Special plates range in cost, but most are $25 per year with the money being shared with the designated organization. Drivers can show school pride or support for an organization while expressing their individuality. Drivers also have the option of personalized or vanity plates, which are license plates with a custom set of numbers and/or letters. According to a 2007 study by AAMVA,
there are 9.3 million motor vehicles with vanity plates in the United States. One tenth of all U.S. personalized plates are in Virginia, giving it the highest concentration of such plates issued by a state at 16.19 percent, or 1,065,217 out of 6,578,773. Only California with five times the number of registered vehicles (32,592,000), and Illinois with 50 percent more (9,645,590), have more personalized plates (and not by much: only 1,136,772 or 3.49 percent and 1,293,157 or 13.41 percent, respectively). Ohio is next for raw numbers (514,996 out of 10,755,809, or 4.79 percent) and New Hampshire is next for percentage (13.99 percent, or 171,438 out of 1,225,075. 2. License Plate History in North America License plates have been around since 1884 when they were first issued for horse‐drawn carriage taxis in Victoria, Canada. France was the first country to introduce a national license plate with the passage of the Paris Police Ordinance on August 14, 1893, followed by Germany in 1896 and the Netherlands in 1898. 39
The 2007 American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators ‐ LCNS2ROM Vanity License Plates Survey is available online at http://www.lcns2rom.com/vanityplatesurvey.htm. 56 | P a g e L i c e n s e P l a t e S t u d y License plates became a permanent fixture when it became apparent that motor vehicles were going to replace horse‐drawn carriages and that a system of registering and taxing them and their drivers was needed. The first license plates in North America appeared in 1901 in New York State. At that time, motorists had to make their own plates. Massachusetts and West Virginia were the first states to issue plates, in 1903. By 1918, almost every state had adopted a form of license plates. These early plates were made out of porcelain baked onto iron or ceramic with no backing, which made them fragile and impractical. Throughout the years, license plates were made out of various materials, including cardboard, leather, rubber, iron, plastic and, during wartime shortages, copper and pressed soybeans. For identification, the plates consisted of two colors, one for the background and one for the numbering. Letters came along later when the need for more combinations arose. The plate would usually contain the registration number in large digits, and in smaller lettering on one side of the plate, the two‐ or four‐digit year number, and an abbreviated state name. Each year, citizens were required to obtain a new license plate from the state government, which would have a different color scheme than the previous year, making it easier for police to identify if citizens were current with their vehicle registration. Prior to 1920, some states had adopted the technique of embossing the metal plates with raised lettering and numbering, without porcelain, and applying paint all over the plate, directly onto the metal. Today some states use digitally produced flat license plates either for all plates or exclusively for short‐run plates, such as personalized and special license plates. License plates originally were merely flat plates in various forms, typically rectangular, but by the 1930s, officials found that they could be easily forged. They switched to embossing the plates because the equipment to do this was not easily available to criminals wishing to create their own plates. Also in about 1920, the states began using inmates in their correctional institutions to manufacture plates to provide useful work for the prisoners and also to keep plate production costs down. The states began to require that automobile builders provide lights for illuminating license plates in about 1923. The first reflectorized plates were issued in 1936 in Mexico and the first fully retro‐reflective plates were issued in 1947 in Connecticut. The numbering system of license plates also varied among the jurisdictions. Some states issued a driver a combination that stayed with that person as long as he lived in that state, while other states periodically issued new combinations and completely rotated out any old ones. Several states do not regularly use certain letters (most commonly I, O, and Q) in their plates, except on vanity plates, to avoid confusion. Moving from one state or province to another usually requires obtaining new license plates issued by the new place of residence. Some U.S. states even will require obtaining new plates for people who accept employment in that state, except through a showing that the person intends to return to another state to live on a regular basis. The most prominent exceptions to this policy are active duty military service members, who legally do not change residence when they move to a new posting. Federal law specifically allows them to choose to either retain the state vehicle registration of their original residence or change registration to their state of assignment. As a cost‐saving measure, starting around the 1970s, states began using a small decal on the plate or on the windshield to indicate the expiration date of the registration. Even with the decals, many states 57 | P a g e L i c e n s e P l a t e S t u d y previously required that all license plates be replaced every few years. That practice is being abandoned by many states because of the expense of continually producing large numbers of plates. Some jurisdictions follow a "plate‐to‐owner" policy, meaning that when a vehicle is sold, the seller removes the current plate(s) from the vehicle. Buyers must either obtain new plates or attach plates that they already hold, as well as register their vehicles under their own names and plate number. If the seller buys a new car, he can apply to have the old plates put onto this car. Otherwise, depending on the jurisdiction, he has to turn the old plates in or destroy them, or may be permitted to keep them. Other states keep the plate with the vehicle when ownership passes. Plates varied in size and shape from one jurisdiction to the next. When an owner moved to another jurisdiction, new holes had to be drilled into the bumper to support the new plate. 3. The Standardization of License Plates. “One of the most important considerations in connection with proper administration of automobile regulations is that of insuring clear and unmistakable identification of every vehicle on the road.” These words appeared in the New York Times article “STANDARD LICENSE PLATE FOR ALL STATES NEEDED: Society of Automobile Engineers Has Adopted a Design Which Will Be Offered for Universal Use.” on January 2, 1916. By that time, automobiles were here to stay and state governments required some form of identification to be attached to the vehicle. However, the features of that identification varied widely. The standards were not widely adopted so the Society proposed standards for license plate bracket slots that would accommodate almost every plate in the United States. In a March 1925 article, “License‐
Plate Standard Proposed”, which appeared in SAE International, the journal of the Society of Automobile Engineers, the Society argued that standardizing all features except color, the name of the issuing state, and year issued would serve the purposes of registration and identification. These standards would include plate punching, size of plate symbols, gage of metal, size of the plate, method of numbering, location of the plate, illumination, and coordination of color selection to avoid conflicting with neighboring states. In the 1950s, the Society recommended that all license plates comply with a standard size of six by twelve inches in order to make the manufacture of car bumpers easier. The states complied by 1956, through an agreement among automobile manufacturers, governments and international standards organizations. While peculiar local variants still exist, there are three basic standards worldwide. The majority of the Americas adopted a standard of 12 inches by 6 inches (300 mm by 150 mm). Through different agreements, the bulk of European countries and many of their former overseas territories adopted a standard of 520 mm by 110 mm or 120 mm (20.5 inches by 4.5 inches). The other standard adopted in Australia and some other Pacific Rim countries is 372 mm by 135 mm (14.5 inches by 5.3 inches), about halfway between the dimensions of the other two standards, longer than Western Hemisphere plates but taller than European ones. Only the French‐controlled Saint Pierre and Miquelon (off Newfoundland’s southern coast) has not adopted these standards. The plates of Canada’s Northwest Territories are shaped like a polar bear, but their overall size and mounting holes are compatible with those of the rest of Canada and the U.S. 58 | P a g e L i c e n s e P l a t e S t u d y Canada’s Nunavut originally adopted the polar bear shape when it separated from the Northwest Territories in 1999, but as of July 2012, it adopted the standard license plate size and shape. Puerto Rico also offers an optional European‐sized plate for European cars. Smaller‐sized plates are used for motorcycles and, in some jurisdictions, mopeds and certain types of trailers and construction equipment. Most governments require a registration plate to be attached to both the front and rear of a vehicle, although certain jurisdictions or vehicle types, such as motorcycles, require only one plate, which is usually attached to the rear of the vehicle. With standards in place, many of the issues of early plates were remedied and new technological systems were developed to identify vehicles, enhance public safety and increase the convenience to the motoring public. 59 | P a g e L i c e n s e P l a t e S t u d y F. A Comparison of U.S. and Canadian License Plate and Decal Practice NUMBER
plates per vehicle Rolling / Set Pd
Time Pd/ Last Embossed Digital Produced by whom?
Private Comp Std Pssngr
Special plates Printer Manufacturer Registration Decals
Alabama 4,610,845 1 Set Period 2009 (5 yrs) X Corrections 3M 3M 3M 2 rear Thermal
Alaska 695,282 2 1982 X Private Waldale 3M 3M 2 rear Thermal
Arizona 4,357,634 1 1980's X Corrections 3M 3M 3M 1 rear Laser
Arkansas 2,037,401 1 N/A X Private Waldale 3M 3M 2 rear On Demand Thermal
California 34,433,206 2 1969 X Corrections 3M 3M 2 rear Conventional
Colorado 1,429,474 2 2004 X X Corrections 3M 3M Matan 2 rear Thermal
Connecticut 3,071,575 2 2001 X Corrections 3M 3M none N/A
Delaware 843,357 1 1997 X Private Waldale 3M 3M 3M 1 rear On Demand Laser
Dist. of Col. 217,648 2 1999 X Corrections 3M 3M 3M window On Demand Laser
Florida 15,314,757 1 Rolling 10 Years X Private Pride 3M 3M 1 rear On Demand Laser
Georgia 8,507,293 1 1997 X Private 3M 3M 3M 1 rear Laser
Hawaii 895,336 2 1991 X Private Waldale 3M 3M 1 rear Thermal
Idaho 1,374,967 2 Rolling 7 Years X Corrections 3M 3M 3M 1 front 1 rear Laser
Illinois 9,890,872 2 1999 X Private Macon Res 3M 3M 1 rear On Demand Laser
Indiana 5,847,588 1 Set Period 2008 (5 yrs) X Private 3M 3M 3M 3M 1 rear On Demand Thermal
Iowa 3,363,108 2 1996 X Corrections 3M 3M 3M 1 rear On Demand Laser
Kansas 2,425,263 1 Set Period 2011 (5 yrs) X Private Center Ind 3M 3M 1 rear On Demand Laser
Kentucky 3,584,501 1 Set Period 2007 (5 yrs) X Corrections Avery Avery 1 rear Laser
Louisiana 4,033,411 1 N/A X Corrections 3M 3M 1 rear On Demand Thermal
Maine 1,055,920 2 2000 X Corrections 3M 3M 2 front 2 rear Conventional
Maryland 4,483,598 2 1985 X Corrections Avery Avery 2 rear On Demand Thermal
Massachusetts 5,261,803 2 1986 X Corrections 3M 3M 1 rear Conventional
Michigan 7,913,124 1 2007 X Corrections 3M 3M 1 rear On Demand Laser
Minnesota 4,796,095 2 Rolling 7 Years X Corrections 3M 3M 3M 2 front 2 rear Laser / Thermal
Mississippi 2,025,690 1 Set Period 2008 (5 yrs) X Private Waldale 3M 3M 2 rear On Demand Thermal
Missouri 4,904,201 2 2008 X X Corrections 3M 3M 3M 1 front 1 rear On Demand Thermal
Montana 924,950 2 Rolling 5 Years X Corrections 3M 3M 3M 1 rear Thermal
Nebraska 1,793,023 2 Set Period 2005 (6 yrs) X Corrections 3M 3M 3M 1 front 1 rear Conventional
Nevada 1,397,341 2 2001 X Corrections 3M 3M 3M 1 rear On Demand Thermal
New Hampshire 1,212,493 2 1999 X Corrections 3M 3M 2 front 2 rear Conventional
New Jersey 6,113,807 2 1959 X Corrections 3M 3M none N/A Inspection Sticker
New Mexico 1,620,704 1 N/A X Private Waldale 3M 3M 1 rear Laser
New York 11,245,208 2 2001 X X Corrections 3M 3M Matan window On Demand Laser
North Carolina 6,047,239 1 N/A X Corrections 3M 3M Matan 2 rear On Demand Laser
North Dakota 722,071 2 1992 X Corrections 3M 3M 1 front 1 rear On Demand Thermal
Ohio 11,022,129 2 2000 X X Corrections 3M 3M 3M 1 rear On Demand Thermal
Oklahoma 3,396,395 1 2009 X Corrections 3M 3M 3M 2 rear Conventional
Oregon 3,046,373 2 1950 X Private Waldale 3M 3M 2 front 2 rear Conventional
Pennsylvania 9,857,311 1 2000 X Corrections 3M 3M Matan 1 rear Conventional
Rhode Island 788,623 2 1996 X Corrections 3M 3M 1 front 1 rear Thermal
South Carolina 3,614,400 1 Set Period 2008 (6 yrs) X Private 3M 3M 3M 3M 2 rear On Demand Laser
South Dakota 926,168 2 Set Period 2006 (5 yrs) X Corrections 3M 3M 3M 1 front 1 rear On Demand Thermal
Tennessee 5,139,662 1 Set Period 2006 (6 yrs) X Corrections 3M 3M 3M 2 rear Conventional
Texas 18,208,170 2 Rolling 20% (7 yrs) X Corrections 3M 3M 3M window On Demand Laser
Utah 2,453,879 2 N/A X Corrections 3M 3M 2 rear Conventional
Vermont 557,370 2 N/A X Corrections 3M 3M 1 front 1 rear Conventional
Virginia 6,301,835 2 N/A X Corrections 3M 3M 2 front 2 rear Conventional
Washington 5,580,668 2 Rolling 7 years X X Corrections 3M Avery Matan 2 rear Conventional
West Virginia 1,412,478 1 1996 X Corrections 3M 3M 1 rear Thermal
Wisconsin 4,874,316 2 2008 X Corrections 3M 3M 2 rear Conventional
Wyoming 652,324 2 Set Period 2009 (8 yrs) X DMV 3M 3M 3M 1 front 1 rear On Demand Thermal
Summary 1 Plate - 19 Rolling - 6 33 23 Corrections - 37 Placement of Decals Number of Decals
2 Plates - 32 Set Period - 10 Private - 13 Front Only - 0 4 Decals - 5
N/A - 7 DMV - 1 Front & Rear 1 - 8 2 Decals - 22
Front & Rear 2 - 5 1 Decal - 22
* 2009 FHWA Highway Statistics source for # registered vehicles Rear Only - 33 0 Decals - 2
Re-issue TYPE SHEETING SHEETING PRODUCTION
plates per vehicle
Rolling / Set Pd
Time Pd/ Last Embss'd Digital Produced by whom?
Business Model Std Pssngr
Spclty plates Ensure VST
Alberta 4,186,834 1 N/A X Private Waldale Painted 2/3 rear
British Columbia 3,178,660 2 N/A X Private Waldale 3M 3M X 3M 2 rear
Manitoba 979,172 2 N/A X Private Waldale 3M 3M X 3M 2 rear
New Brunswick 665,934 2 N/A X Private Waldale 3M 3M X 3M 1 front 1 rear
Newfoundland / Labrador 526,894 1 N/A X Private Waldale 3M 3M 3M 1 rear
Nanavut 5,922 1 N/A X Private Waldale 3M 3M 3M 2 rear
Nova Scotia 686,713 1 N/A X Private Waldale 3M 3M 3M 1 rear
Ontario 10,443,981 2 N/A X Corrections 3M 3M X 3M 1 rear
Prince Edward Island 102,693 1 N/A X X Private Waldale 3M 3M 1 rear
Quebec 7,218,242 1 N/A X Private Waldale 3M 3M 3M no decal
Saskatchewan 984,454 1 N/A X Private Waldale 3M 3M X X 3M 1 rear
Northwest Territories 30,788 1 N/A X Private Waldale 3M 3M 2 rear
Yukon 45,011 1 N/A X Private Astrographic 3M 3M 2 rear
Summary 1 Plate - 9 Rolling 0 Corrections - 1 5 1
2 Plates - 4 Set Period 0 Private - 12
* 2009 Statistics Canada source for # of registered vehicles
http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/I01/cst01/trade14d-eng.htm
This is passenger only
Re-issue LICENSE PLATES
TYPE PRODUCTION SHEETING
62 | P a g e L i c e n s e P l a t e S t u d y G. AAMVA STANDARDS Standard 1. Two registration license plates should be issued for all passenger type vehicles and single unit trucks. One plate can be issued for tractors, motorcycles, and all types of trailers. Virginia conforms to this standard. Standard 2. The name of the issuing jurisdiction should be prominently displayed on the top center of the plate. Alpha‐numeric characters commonly referred to as the registration number or plate number should be displayed in the center of the plate. Virginia does not fully conform to this standard. Standard 3. The registration expiration should be displayed on the vehicle by means of a retro‐reflective validating sticker on the rear license plate, except on vehicles that are required or permitted to have only one license plate, or those plates manufactured with an expiration date and for which a sticker is not required. Secondary decals should be placed on the windshield for jurisdictions that have multiple uses for the stickers. New validating stickers may be issued upon renewal of registration in lieu of issuing new plates for the vehicle. Virginia conforms to this standard. Standard 4. License plates should be manufactured in two sizes, depending on their use. Passenger type vehicles, tractors, trucks, trailers, etc., should be issued standard 6" x 12" plates. Smaller plates measuring 4" x 7" may be used on motorcycles or other small vehicles. Virginia conforms to this standard. Standard 5. License plates can be issued for multi‐year periods and should be reissued or replaced on a regular basis to ensure that they remain retro‐reflective and the information they display remains legible. Virginia has no mandatory replacement program due to cost. Standard 6. Fully retro‐reflective license plates should be adopted and used. Virginia conforms to this standard. Standard 7. Motor vehicle agencies should consult with jurisdictional law enforcement, and if applicable local law enforcement representatives, prior to adopting new license plate standards or designs. Other stakeholders should be consulted as appropriate. Virginia conforms to this standard. 63 | P a g e L i c e n s e P l a t e S t u d y Standard 8. Jurisdictions should standardize license plates, including specialty plates, e.g., placement of graphics, font and font size, alpha‐numerics, plate numbers, use of stacked characters, etc. Virginia mostly conforms to this standard. Standard 9. License plates must be readable in daylight and night using low beam headlights, under optimal conditions at a distance of no less than 75 feet. Following the study committee recommendations would conform Virginia to this standard. Standard 10. Duplication of license plate numbers, including look‐alikes, e.g., ABC OOO vs. ABC 000, is discouraged to allow accurate retrieval of vehicle registration information. Virginia does not conform to this standard. Standard 11. Retro‐reflective decals should be color‐coded with durable printing. Motor vehicle agencies should consult with jurisdictional law enforcement, and if applicable local law enforcement representatives, prior to adopting new color schemes for registration stickers. Virginia conforms to this standard. Standard 12. A license plate is considered to be fully retro‐reflective if the base retro‐reflective sheeting used for its’ manufacture meets the following initial retro‐reflective specifications (see table below): Color Entrance Angle 4˚ 40˚ White 50 16 Yellow 25 10 Orange 25 10 Lemon‐Yellow 25 10 Gold 25 10 Green 18 7 Blue 18 7 Red 9 3 3M’s representative has confirmed that Virginia conforms to this standard. DMV’s contract with 3M ensures that Virginia conforms. Standard 13. “Decorative plate” means a license plate or other similar device that is not issued for registration purposes by a jurisdiction or agency responsible for the registration of the vehicle. A decorative plate may contain alpha or numeric characters but the alpha or numeric characters are not recorded in the jurisdictional records and are not a part of the registration records maintained by the jurisdiction. The use of decorative plates that resemble official license plates issued by a jurisdiction should be prohibited. Virginia has souvenir plates that are not issued for registration purposes. Souvenir plates DO resemble official license plates. DMV does not plan to change this practice. 64 | P a g e L i c e n s e P l a t e S t u d y Standard 14. “Specialty plate” means an official license plate issued for recognition or fund raising. DMV agrees with this definition. Standard 15. Graphics on license plates should not distort or interfere with the readability of the alphanumeric characters or with any other identifying information on the plate by either human eye or machine readable technology such as Automated License Plate Readers (ALPR). Following the study committee recommendations that VSP and toll facilities use an ALPR when inspecting the new plate design on a vehicle in daylight and at night would conform Virginia to this standard. Standard 16. Plate type identifiers displayed on license plates should be standardized and placed in a uniform location on the license plate within a jurisdiction, e.g., commercial, dealer, etc. DMV attempts to conform to this standard, but is unable to do so at every time. Plate type identifiers are placed in a standard location for that type of vehicle, but not from one type to another. DMV plans to keep these plates as they are. 65 | P a g e L i c e n s e P l a t e S t u d y H. Stakeholder Position Letters 1. Virginia State Police coronerw.S.(Stcve)Fraherty COMMONWEALTH of VIRQINIA
Superi ntendent
P. O. BOX 27 472, ri'tcHlftoND. vA 2326t -7 472
Septembet 7, 2012
Richard D. Holcomb, Gommissioner
Richmond, Virg inia.23269
)l tcgl --
Dearfuo:
i n"u" been briefed by Lieutenant Colonel Northern concerning the results of the
recent License Plate committees which were commissioned by House
Transportation Chairman Joe T. May and Senate Transportation Chairman
Stephen D. Newman. I appreciate the great challenge you have been given as
well as the effort this committee has put forward. I would like to offer my
recommendations concerning four topics which were under review by the
commiftees.
Elimination of the ftont license plate
As you are aware, the importance of being able to readily identify the registration
of a motor vehicle from the front or the rear is critical to the mission of the Virginia
State Police and law enforcement agencies across^the commonwealth.
Virginia state troopers routinely conduct enforcement activities such as checking
details and speed enforcement where they may initially only observe the front
license plate of the vehicle. lf the vehicle flees the location this may be the only
opportunity they have to identify the vehicle, and in situations like this the front
license plate provides valuable investigative information. Our troopers routinely
receive information to be on the lookout for specific vehicles for many reasons
and being able to see the tag information from the front is an invaluable asset,
particularly on the Interstate and other four lane highways. In addition, the
presence of a front license plate is very valuable during surveillance activity in
criminal investigations when the vehicle may only be seen from the front.
Citizens also benefit by having a front license plate because this allows them to
TDD 1-800-553-3144
Lt. Col . Robert B. Northem
Deputy Supcrintendent
mo-r_e rapidly identtfy other motor vehicles during amber/senior alerts, following
traffic crashes or incidents of road rage.
Elimination or relocation of license ptate decals
The elimination or altemate placements of license plate decals will make it
impossible for law enforcement personnelto guickly and easily determine if
vehicle registrations are current. This limitation on enforcemeht wi1 encourage
many motorists to drive with expired registrations and significangy reduce
revenue generated from the registration renewal or subs-equent fines. While I
appreciate that these measures may provide some cost savings to the
Commonwealth, I believe both would make the difficult and da-ngerous job of law
enforcement even more chaltenging.
"Flaf' yersus "embosse d" license plates
Historically, law enforcement agencies in Virginia have preferred the use of the
'embossed" or "raised numeric'license plate! because they inhibited fraudulent
reproductions and could be identified even when burned in a vehicle fire. Due to
new technologies these issues are no longer concerns to our law enforcement
personnel. Gonsequently, I would support the use of ,,flat', license plates.
The use of the Safety lnspection Program for license ptate tegibitity inspection
The Virginia Safety.Inspection Program is and has historically been a program
which inspects vehicles for mechanical safety. The inspection of license ltates
for appearance is speculative and falls well outside the scope of the Inspection
Program. Because there is no obvious or clear standard for plate legibiiity, it is
my belief this determination should be left to sworn law enforcemenipersonnel
through enforcement of $46.2 -716 of the Code of Virqinia or the swoin use of
DMV form VSA 14 when appropriate.
I hope you find this information helpful and I wish you and your organization all
WSF/FDG/crj
68 | P a g e L i c e n s e P l a t e S t u d y 2. Virginia Association of Chiefs of Police EIN #54-6000803 PRESIDENT Chief James E. Williams Staunton IMMEDIATE PAST PRESIDENT Chief Richard C. Clark, Jr. Galax 1ST VICE PRESIDENT Chief Timothy J. Longo, Sr. Charlottesville 2ND VICE PRESIDENT Chief Gary W. Roche Pulaski 3RD VICE PRESIDENT Chief David C. Sloggie Williamsburg BOARD MEMBERS Colonel Thierry G. Dupuis Chesterfield County Colonel David M. Rohrer Fairfax County Chief Douglas A. Goodman, Jr. Ashland Colonel Kelvin L. Wright Chesapeake Chief Kimberley S. Crannis Blacksburg EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Dana G. Schrad MEMBERSHIP & EVENTS MANAGER Audrey F. Altovilla COMMUNICATIONS MANAGER Erin G. Schrad FINANCE MANAGER C. Suzanne Robinson Positions of the Virginia Association of Chiefs of Police on Vehicle License Plates August, 2012 TWO LICENSE PLATES: The VACP supports Virginia’s current law requiring two license plates on motor vehicles to promote visibility for effective traffic law enforcement. The requirement for two plates makes license plate theft more difficult, and enables law enforcement to quickly identify and run license plate checks on moving vehicles. Officer safety is enhanced by the presence of two plates, especially on an occupied stopped vehicle, when the officer can identify the plate number from either end of the vehicle. Laser speed enforcement and photo red enforcement, which are important tools in highway safety efforts, rely on the presence of a front license plate. Virginia law enforcement overwhelmingly supports the continued requirement of two license plates on motor vehicles. EMBOSSED VS FLAT PLATES: The VACP has opposed the transition away from embossed plates to flat plates for many years, based on concerns about fraudulent reproduction of flat plates and the durability of embossed plates when a vehicle is severely damaged in a crash. The VACP is willing to support the transition to flat plates if the Commonwealth can ensure the use of new technology to create code-
embedded flat plates to reduce the threat of fraudulent reproduction. The VACP cautions that the transition to code-embedded flat plates also would require code-
reading equipment for all Virginia law enforcement agencies to ensure the authenticity of flat plates. LICENSE PLATE DECALS: The VACP supports the number, position and location of the decals on license plates remain unchanged, and the separate month and year decals continue to be required on both front and back plates. Dana Schrad Executive Director 70 | P a g e L i c e n s e P l a t e S t u d y 3. Virginia Sheriffs’ Association 72 | P a g e L i c e n s e P l a t e S t u d y 4. Commissioners of the Revenue Association of Virginia 74 | P a g e L i c e n s e P l a t e S t u d y
5. Virginia Department of Transportation
76 | P a g e L i c e n s e P l a t e S t u d y I. “Illegible License Plate Notice” (Form VSA–28) 2014-02-03 - NMA Letter to House Transportation CommitteeMarshall HB1219EB-5 ReportUSCISOFAWG DCLCoalition Letter to CFIUS on Proposed Shuanghui-Smithfield Deal 7-9-13GCFM - 1Uscis Denial - 2GCFM - AppealUscis Denial - 1GCFM - 1McAuliffe LetterMullins LetterKaine Smithfield FoodsE Smithfielddec 13 06192013 06 18 Congressman-stop Amtrak Chefs Dishing Up Lavish MealsRiggell Robo PromoRiggell Robo PromoUSCIS LetterGarrett Letter 6.1.13Questions about BenghaziUpdated Fact Sheet May 4, 2013Promissory NoteOffering Memorandum Scanned 4.29.13gta-nov-2009
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