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Timestamp: 2016-12-03 02:34:19
Document Index: 339745186

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 401', '§ 401', '§ 401', '§ 4', '§ 401', '§ 401', '§ 401', '§ 409', '§ 810', '§ 810']

| Dairyland Financial Corp. v. Federal Intermediate Credit Bank of St. Paul
Dairyland Financial Corp. v. Federal Intermediate Credit Bank of St. Paul
DAIRYLAND FINANCIAL CORPORATION, PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT,v.FEDERAL INTERMEDIATE CREDIT BANK OF ST. PAUL, DEFENDANT-APPELLEE
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin. No. 86 C 683-Terence T. Evans, Judge.
Posner, Coffey and Flaum, Circuit Judges.
Dairyland Financial Corporation ("Dairyland") filed suit against the Federal Intermediate Credit Bank of St. Paul ("FICB") alleging that FICB breached an oral contract between the parties for the sale of a portfolio of agricultural loans.*fn1 The district court granted summary judgment in favor of FICB on the ground that enforcement of the alleged agreement was barred by the applicable statute of frauds. We affirm.
A substantial obstacle to Dairyland's efforts to establish an enforceable contract between Dairyland and FICB is § 401.206 of the Wisconsin Statutes. This section sets forth the statute of ads applicable to "kinds of personal property not otherwise covered." See Wis. Stat. § 401.206 Official UCC Comment ("Purposes: To fill the gap left by the Statute of Frauds provisions for goods, securities and security interests."). The parties agree that it governs the alleged sale of the loan portfolio. Section 401.206 provides in part:
(a) If the party against whom enforcement is sought admits in his pleading, testimony or otherwise in court that a contract for sale was made, but the contract is not enforceable under sub. (1) beyond the quantity or extent of personal property admitted.
FICB moved pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) to dismiss Dairyland's complaint for failure to state a claim on the grounds that § 401.206 was not satisfied. While reviewing FICB's motion, the district court considered affidavits and other evidence submitted by Dairyland in addition to the pleadings. It therefore converted FICB's motion to dismiss into a motion for summary judgment and granted it.
Summary judgment should only be granted when the moving party has demonstrated, drawing all inferences in favor of the nonmoving party, that there are no issues of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c); Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 106 S. Ct. 2548, 2553, 91 L. Ed. 2d 265 (1986); Richardson v. Penfold, 839 F.2d 392, 394 (7th Cir. 1988). "A court should grant summary judgment when it is persuaded that, on the same evidence, it would have to reverse a jury verdict in favor of the party opposing summary judgment." Barker v. Henderson, Franklin, Starnes & Holt, 797 F.2d 490, 496 (7th Cir. 1986). On appeal, we must consider the entire record in the same light, Richardson, 839 F.2d at 394, and may affirm on any ground that finds support in the record. Wallace v. Greer, 821 F.2d 1274, 1277 (7th Cir. 1987).
The January 27, 1986 memo, dated the same day Stopple claims he reached an agreement with Sitz, stated in part that "Jim Stopple, the former President of [FCC], has come up with a proposal that he wants FICB to consider." The memo further states that "[w]e need to respond to this offer as they claim they are prepared to put it into writing." It then outlines the same basic terms that Dairyland claims compose the agreement, although it does not mention FCC's release of the loan file. Sitz concludes the memo: "I recommend that we stick to the $3.8 million figure and accept it if they can meet it." The district court found, and we agree, that this memo does not indicate that an agreement had been reached on January 27, 1986. Rather, it demonstrates quite the opposite-that negotiations between the parties were in progress and that Dairyland had made an offer which Sitz believed FICB should consider.
A group of investors have offered to purchase the assets of the FCC for a cash settlement of $3.8 million. ... But due to the Zeller lawsuit, any sale of the loan portfolio is prohibited. Thus, FICB will continue to employ [two FICB employees] to collect the loan portfolio. A certified registered letter has been sent to all borrowers indicating that payments are to be made direct to the FICB.
Dairyland points out that in an earlier draft Sitz used the word "agreed" instead of "offered" and the phrase "may be complicated" instead of "prohibited." Even this prior draft, however, did not indicate that a contract for the sale of the loan portfolio had been reached. The phrase "[a] group of investors have agreed to purchase" can reasonably be read to indicate only that the terms were acceptable to the investors, not that FICB agreed to sell its interest in the loan portfolio on these terms. This reading is supported by the next sentence which indicates that because a lawsuit had been filed by a third party it would be difficuit to make such a sale. The words "any sale" are used. If a contract had already been entered into, Sitz most likely would have said that the sales agreement would be complicated to execute because of the lawsuit. Finally, the phrase "any sale ... may be complicated" is followed by a statement which indicates that because of the perceived difficulty with successfully completing a sale, FICB had taken steps to directly collect the loans in the portfolio. We hold that none of these writings indicate that a contract was reached between Dairyland and FICB for the sale of the loan portfolio.*fn2
Dairyland also argues that the exception to the statute of frauds provided in § 4O1.206(3)(a) ("the (3)(a) exception") is satisfied in this case. Section 4O1.206(3)(a) states that a contract otherwise unenforceable because of the statute of frauds is enforceable "[i]f the party against whom enforcement is sought admits in his pleadings, testimony, or otherwise in court that a contract for sale was made ;'.. ." Dairyland argues that Sitz's deposition testimony establishes or at least raises the strong inference" that a sales agreement was reached. Appellant's Br. at 13. It repeatedly points out that we are reviewing a decision granting summary judgment in favor of FICB and that all inferences must be drawn in Dairyland's favor as the nonmoving party.
In Gruen Industries, Inc. v. Biller, 608 F.2d 274, 278 (7th Cir. 1979) we construed the analogous provision of the Wisconsin statute of frauds applicable to the sale of securities.*fn3 There we stated that the testimony of the party against whom enforcement of the contract is sought does not have to expressly acknowledge the existence of the contract, but rather the testimony "need only describe conduct or circumstances from which the trier of fact can infer a contract." Compare Weiskopf, In-Court Admissions of Sales Contracts and the Statute of Frauds, 19 U.C.C.L.J. 195, 207-15 (1987) (urging courts not to "boot-strap admission of oral assent to certain terms during negotiations into admission of the contract alleged").
We emphasize that the issue is not whether there is a material question of fact as to whether an oral agreement was reached between Sitz and Stopple. A material question of fact does exist: Stopple's affidavit says an oral agreement was reached and FICB denies it. The point is that regardless of whether or not an oral agreement was reached, it would only be enforceable if it satisfied the applicable statute of frauds. The (3)(a) exception provides a limited exception to § 401.206's writing requirement where the party against whom enforcement of the alleged agreement is sought admits under oath that an agreement was reached or admits to circumstances from which an agreement could be inferred. In these circumstances the admission is perceived as "the functional equivalent of a writing and hence as an adequate safeguard against fraud." Weiskopf, 19 U.C.C.L.J. at 197. Our inquiry is therefore narrow. We must determine whether Sitz's deposition testimony describes circumstances from which a reasonable jury could infer the existence of an agreement between FICB and Dairyland for the sale of the loan portfolio. Even under this rigorous standard we conclude that the district court properly ruled that the (3)(a) exception was not satisfied in this case.
Dairyland directs us to many statements in Sitz's deposition which it claims describe circumstances from which an oral contract can be inferred. The vast majority of these statements, however, indicate only that Stopple and Sitz discussed the individual terms of the alleged sale-price, closing date, date of valuation, etc. which were memorialized in both Sitz's January 27 memo and the Fretty document. Dairyland puts particular emphasis on one point in Sitz's deposition testimony where Sitz acquiesces to Dairyland's counsel's characterization of this discussion as resulting in a "meeting of minds" as to the terms of the alleged sale.*fn4 Although discussion of these terms would be an integral part of any oral contract for the sale of the loan portfolio, it is fully consistent with a finding that Stopple and Sitz were merely negotiating over the terms of the purchase offer to be submitted by Dairyland. The discussion of the terms of the sale does not indicate that Sitz accepted the offer. In fact, Sitz's testimony specifically indicates that the terms discussed in the phone conversations between himself and Stopple were only a Dairyland proposal that FICB was to consider. For example, after Dairyland's counsel questioned Sitz about each of the conversations he had with Stopple on January 27, 1986 and the terms summarized in his January 27 memo, Sitz stated, "Again this was an outline of a proposal that they were going to send to us." Sitz Dep. at 95. Similarly, after being questioned about notes regarding these sales terms he made during the phone conversations, Sitz stated, "The items that we just talked about would be items that would need to be addressed in a proposal advanced or submitted to our bank for an approval basis." Id. at 104.
Dairyland's final argument is that part performance of the alleged oral contract between itself and FICB prevents FICB from invoking the statute of frauds in this case.*fn5 The part performance doctrine is a judicial response to the primary criticism of the statute of frauds: that a party's failure to comply with the statute's requirements may permit the other party to renege on a bona fide deal.*fn6 See, e.g., Perillo, The Statute of Frauds in the Light of the Functions and Dysfunctions of Form, 43 Fordham L. Rev. 39, 70 (1974). But see discussion of Wis. Stat. § 401.206(3)(a) infra at II B. This can defeat the first party's legitimate expectations and work a hardship in individual cases. Perillo, The Statute of Frauds, 43 Fordham L. Rev. at 70. The purpose of the part performance doctrine is "to prevent an injustice when the person by his performance has changed his position to his own detriment to the extent that an injustice would be done by permitting an invocation of the statute of frauds." Toulon v. Nagle, 67 Wis. 2d 233, 226 N.W.2d 480, 488 (1975).*fn7
Dairyland argues that FCC had a legal right to retain the documents and files related to FCC's loan portfolio ("the loan files") and that FCC, acting through Stopple, its president, released the files to FICB as the first step in executing the alleged oral agreement between Dairyland and FICB.*fn8 In Dairyland's view, this constituted part performance of the alleged oral agreement sufficient to relieve it from the requirements of § 401.206.
Prior to January 27, 1986 FCC retained physical possession of the documents and files related to the loans which served as collateral for its obligations to FICB.*fn9 When FCC began to have financial difficulties in 1985, an FICB employee, Eldon Johnson, visited FCC on a weekly basis to review FCC's management of the loan portfolio. On January 3, 1986 FICB formally demanded full payment of FCC's obligations to FICB. On January 24, 1986 Johnson indicated to Stopple that FICB would transfer the loan files on January 27, 1986 from FCC's office to an FICB office and begin efforts to collect the loans directly.
Dairyland claims, based on Stopple's affidavit, that the following events then took place. On January 25, 1986, the day following Johnson's announcement that FICB planned to transfer the files, Stopple, after talking to his attorney, allegedly called Sitz and told him that FCC would not release the loan files unless an agreement was reached between Dairyland and FICB for the sale of the loan portfolio. On January 27, 1986 Stopple assertedly made a similar statement to Johnson when Johnson arrived to pick up the loan files. Johnson then called Sitz. Dairyland claims that this discussion lead to the later phone conversations between Stopple and Sitz that culminated in the alleged oral agreement. Stopple's affidavit states that FCC's release of the loan files was made a term of the alleged agreement to sell the loan portfolio. Stopple represents that he was reluctant to have FCC release the files before the agreement was confirmed in writing, but did so after Sitz assured him that a deal had been reached.*fn10 FCC's release of the files was not mentioned in either Sitz's January 27 memo, the Fretty document, or Fretty's affidavit.*fn11
The core of the part performance doctrine, indeed its very purpose, is "the prevention of fraud or injustice when the person by his performance in part has changed his position to his own detriment." Bunbury, 277 N.W.2d at 328. Even if we assume that: (1) Dairyland and FICB reached an agreement for the sale of the loan portfolio, (2) FCC released the loan files pursuant to the agreement, and (3) FCC's performance can be imputed to Dairyland, it is hard to sea the injustice, hardship or fraud in this case.
FCC had substantial obligations to FICB and the terms of its obligations were governed by the General Financing Agreement. Dairyland argues that "[r]elinquishing the loan files, . . . since FICB had no right to possession at that time, was a very significant change of position and performance on the part of FCC." Appellant's Br. at 20. Section 409.503 of the Wisconsin Statutes, however, provides that "[u]nless otherwise agreed a secured party has on default the right to take possession of the collateral. In taking possession a secured party may proceed without judicial process if this can be done without breach of the peace or may proceed by action." The comment accompanying this provision further explains that "the secured party's right to possession of the collateral ... accrues on default unless otherwise agreed in the security agreement." Wis. Stat. § 409.503 Official UCC Comment.
Dairyland concedes that the loans represented by the loan documents and files were "collateral" under the agreement. It also does not claim that FCC was not in default on its obligation to FICB. Indeed, Dairyland's entire efforts to purchase the loan portfolio (originated by FCC) from FICB assumes that FICB owned the portfolio.*fn12
The nub of Dairyland's argument is that "the [G]eneral [F]inancing [A]greement does not give [FICB] the right to seize the loans without court action." Appellant's Reply Br. at 10. Once FCC was in default, however, FICB was authorized to seize the collateral to help satisfy FCC'S obligations to it. When FICB arrived at FCC's offices on January 27, 1986, FCC had two choices: it could have turned over the files, as it did, or it could have refused to release them, thereby preventing FICB from obtaining possession without breaching the peace. In the latter situation FICB would have been forced to proceed "by action." Under Wisconsin law this is an ex parte proceeding before a judicial officer under which the creditor must obtain an indemnity bond and submit a detailed affidavit in support of its "motion for possession." Wis. Stat. § 810.02. Upon receipt of the possession order, FCC would have been entitled to request a hearing to vacate or modify the order for "any sufficient cause." Id., § 810.05. Dairyland does not, however, offer any explanation of the grounds that FCC might have used to resist the possession order. The loans were acknowledged to be part of the collateral, Dairyland nowhere claims that FCC was not in default, and seizure of collateral is an accepted remedy for secured parties when the debtor defaults. See Del's Big Saver Foods, Inc. v. Carpenter Cook, Inc., 795 F.2d 1344, 1349 (7th Cir. 1986) (noting importance of summary repossession as a secured creditor's remedy and upholding constitutionality of Wisconsin procedures).
In essence all that resulted from FCC's decision to turn over the documents was that FICB was saved the effort of going through the Wisconsin repossession procedures. Although in many instances these procedures provide valuable protections, in this case, given FCC's uncontested default and the terms and coverage of the General Financing Agreement, the proceedings would merely have acknowledged FICB's right to seize the loan documents.*fn13 See Del's Big Saver, 795 F.2d 1344 (creditors filed motion for possession of the secured property, court order was issued, and creditor took possession of the property all in the same day). We do not find that FCC's action in turning over the loan files, allegedly in performance of the oral contract, was such that "to hold the oral contract invalid as violating the statute of frauds would in and of itself work a fraud or hardship," Bunbury, 164 N.W.2d at 478, nor is it comparable to the Wisconsin cases where part performance has been found. See, e.g., Toulon, 67 Wis. 2d 233, 226 N.W.2d 480 (part performance found where person set up automobile dealership, left prior job, made cash investment, and devoted substantial effort to the business pursuant to an oral agreement which included a stock option); Bunbury, 41 Wis. 2d 522, 164 N.W.2d 473 (part performance found where lessee paid specified rent for four years without objection from lessor pursuant to alleged oral contract); Pick, 262 Wis. 311, 55 N.W.2d 407 (lessor could not invoke statute of frauds where lessee incurred expenses related to moving equipment and inventory equal to two years worth of rent pursuant to an alleged three year lease). We hold that FCC's actions in turning over the loan files to FICB do not constitute part performance of the alleged oral contract between Dairyland and FICB.*fn14 The decision of the district court is AFFIRMED.