Source: https://patents.google.com/patent/US9151996B2/en
Timestamp: 2018-11-14 08:07:07
Document Index: 402402019

Matched Legal Cases: ['Application No. 60', 'art 110', 'arts 60', 'Application No. 10', 'Application No. 10', 'Application No. 10']

US9151996B2 - Distributed aperture display - Google Patents
Distributed aperture display Download PDF
US9151996B2
US9151996B2 US11303135 US30313505A US9151996B2 US 9151996 B2 US9151996 B2 US 9151996B2 US 11303135 US11303135 US 11303135 US 30313505 A US30313505 A US 30313505A US 9151996 B2 US9151996 B2 US 9151996B2
US11303135
US20060158467A1 (en )
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/639,875 filed Dec. 29, 2004.
The present invention generally relates to displays, and more particularly, to displays comprising an array of pixels.
FIG. 1A illustrates typical individual pixel 10 of a transmissive type liquid crystal display (LCD) according to the prior art and FIG. 1C illustrates liquid crystal display (LCD) panel 20 formed from an array of prior art pixels 10 of FIG. 1A. While only a small number of pixels are shown in FIG. 1C, it may be thought of as representing the whole LCD display or any sub-portion thereof. The exact number of pixels is not critical for the present invention. Individual pixels 10 comprise (e.g., in a transmissive LCD panel) region 12 that may be made transmitting or luminous by, for example, electrical activation of the pixel, and surrounding region 14 that is ordinarily opaque and dark and usually contains the various electrical leads and other circuitry needed to drive the pixel as well as light blocking layers covering various portions of the display. These light blocking layers are often used to mask edge effects in the pixels or to shield the circuitry from incident light. Thus, depending upon whether pixel 10 is activated or not, region 12 may be transparent (luminous) or opaque (dark). By being switchable between ON and OFF, region 12 is considered the active aperture or switchable region of the pixel. The terms “active aperture” and “switchable region” are used interchangeably herein to refer to that portion of the pixel whose luminosity or transparency may be altered by an electrical signal. Region 14 is generally opaque and dark and is therefore the inactive aperture or non-switchable region of the pixel. In some displays, region 12 is ordinarily opaque (dark) and becomes transparent (luminous) upon activation and in some it is ordinarily transparent (luminous) and becomes opaque (dark) on activation. For the present invention, it does not matter which arrangement is used. For convenience of explanation, it is assumed hereafter that region 12 (and its equivalents in the present invention) is ordinarily opaque (dark) when in the OFF state and becomes transparent (luminous) when activated, that is, when switched into the ON state, but this is not intended to be limiting. FIG. 1B represents another typical prior art aperture configuration for pixel 10, differing from FIG. 1A only in that the active aperture is reduced in the vicinity of portion 16. Portion 16 represents typical loss of active pixel aperture in an active matrix display, and is usually occupied by a small electronic driver circuit or region (e.g., one or more thin film transistors referred to as TFTs) that activates pixel 10 and by any associated light blocking structures. The presence or absence of portion 16, and the degree to which it impacts the corner of the active aperture varies with the details of prior art displays. In general, it is desirable to minimize the size of portion 16, thereby maximizing the active aperture. The aperture ratio (AR) of a pixel is defined as the proportion or percentage of the total pixel area that is switchable and can be made transparent (luminous). In the case of pixel 10, the AR is the area of region 12 divided by the sum of the areas of regions 12 and 14, or in other words the AR is the ratio of the active pixel aperture (switchable region) to the total pixel aperture, where total pixel aperture is the sum of the active aperture (switchable region) plus inactive aperture (non-switchable region). The aperture ratio (AR) is an important property of the pixel (and therefore the whole display) since, other things being equal, the AR determines the brightness of the display for a given drive level. For the present discussion, the active aperture is considered to be transmitting or transparent even if it is not 100 percent transmissive. Many factors impact the transmittance of the active aperture. In an LCD, for example, the transmittance of the active aperture region may be reduced by polarizers, filters, pixel electrodes (either transparent or interdigitated with very fine spacing), spacer balls, alignment layers, microscopic alignment features and other structural components which are intrinsic to the function of the active aperture. As such, these are considered as affecting the transmittance but not the area of the active aperture. For example, any films or microscopic opaque structures in regions 12 of FIGS. 1A and 1B are considered to not alter the areas of regions 12 if the films or structures are necessary to sustain the intrinsic operation of the device within the active aperture, regions 12.
An apparatus is provided for reducing the visual artifacts exhibited by a display employing individually addressable pixels. The apparatus comprises an array of pixels, each pixel having a switchable region of alterable transparency or luminance and a non-switchable region. The switchable regions within at least some of the pixels are distributed, that is, divided into at least two portions at least partially separated by a significant part of the non-switchable region. The at least two portions are configured to be switched simultaneously. The first order spatial harmonics that contribute to the visual artifacts are thereby eliminated or significantly reduced. For a color display, each pixel is desirably subdivided into simultaneously switched distributed sub-regions for each color.
FIGS. 5A-H, 5J-N, and 5P are simplified plan views similar to FIG. 2A of further embodiments of improved pixels according to the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a plot similar to that of FIGS. 3A-B for a further embodiment of the present invention; and
FIGS. 7A-C are examples of color pixels having red (R), green (G) and blue (B) emitting-regions, wherein FIG. 7A shows the prior art and FIGS. 7B-C show examples of color pixels according to still further embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 3B shows the results of the same analysis performed on the structure of FIG. 2C using the invented pixels of the type shown in FIG. 2A. While the magnitude of the (0, 0) constant term 72 is unchanged, the first harmonics corresponding to the (0, ±1) and (±1, 0) terms are eliminated substantially completely due to the symmetric nature of the pixels and the multiple active aperture regions in each pixel. Since the first harmonics are the most visible of the lower order harmonics and give rise to the most observable artifacts, their substantial reduction or elimination provides a significant improvement in display quality, that is, the visual artifacts associated with these spatial frequency terms are effectively eliminated. The (0, ±2) and (±2, 0) terms are larger in FIG. 3B for the present invention as compared to the prior art results in FIG. 3A, but this is a secondary concern, since the higher order spatial frequency harmonics are generally much less visible and therefore the increase in the magnitude of these components is often not seen. The lowest order cross terms (e.g., (1, −1), (−1, −1), (−1, 1), (1, 1)) are also substantially eliminated, thereby removing another potential source of visual artifacts. Certain higher order cross terms (e.g., (2, 2), (2,−2), etc.) are increased but since these are inherently less visible, this also does not matter. Thus, what has been accomplished by the invented arrangement is to move the energy in the spatial frequencies to higher order terms that are inherently less visible and thereby reduce the impact of the lower order terms that are visible, resulting in an overall improvement in display quality. This is highly desirable.
Another way of appreciating the performance advantage of the present invention compared to the prior art, is to consider plot 80 of modulation versus spatial frequency illustrated in FIG. 4. Curve 82 illustrates conceptually the demarcation between visible and invisible visual artifacts in a display. Modulation levels above curve 82 for a given spatial frequency are generally visible, with degree of visibility increasing with higher modulation, and therefore detract from the quality of the display. Those modulation levels below curve 82 generally are not readily visible and therefore can be ignored. When a prior art display of the type shown in FIG. 1C is driven by a uniform signal (e.g., all white or a single color fully ON) the first harmonic output falls at location 83 and generally provides a readily visible “screen door” effect. The second harmonic generally falls at about location 85 and is generally not visible. When a display utilizing the invented pixels of the type shown in FIG. 2C is used the first harmonic output is much reduced as shown by arrow 87 and falls at location 84 or lower, below detection threshold curve 82. It is therefore invisible. The larger second harmonic term increases as shown by arrow 88 and falls at location 86, but still remains below detection threshold curve 82. It is therefore still invisible. Even if the first order spatial harmonics are not completely eliminated, lowering their magnitude makes the modulation less visible. Thus, the present invention provides a net improvement in display output quality by reducing or eliminating the artifacts that arise from the lower order spatial harmonics of the display structure.
The pixels illustrated in FIGS. 5A-P differ from the prior art in that each pixel has, in at least one direction (e.g., horizontal, vertical or otherwise) multiple simultaneously switched (luminous) regions or active apertures, thereby altering the periodicity and spatial frequency of the display formed from such pixels. For example, FIG. 5A-B are asymmetric with respect to horizontal and vertical directions and have two simultaneously switched (luminous) regions 32A1, 32A2 and 32B1, 32B2 at least partly separated in the vertical direction so that the periodicity and spatial frequency of the resulting display structure is different from the prior art in the vertical direction. Differences in the horizontal direction in FIGS. 5A-B are somewhat less pronounced, but the spatial frequency components of the fixed pattern noise are still suppressed relative to the prior art pixels of FIGS. 1A-B. This is due to the elongated nature of the active aperture in the horizontal dimension, enabled by separating and narrowing the portions in the vertical direction. Other examples, such as FIGS. 2A-B and 5C-D are substantially symmetric with respect to horizontal and vertical axes and so the horizontal and vertical periodicity and spatial frequency will be equally improved via the same mechanism of multiple active aperture portions. FIGS. 5C-D and 5G illustrate arrangements in which switchable region 32 encloses part of non-switchable region 34. FIG. 5H illustrates a substantially random arrangement of multiple simultaneously switched regions. FIGS. 5J-L illustrate use of one or more U-shaped switchable regions which may be the same or of different color, as is discussed further below.
It is desirable that the distributed portion involve a topologically significant part of the switchable and non-switchable regions. This is satisfied in FIGS. 2A-B and 5A-P in two ways. The first way, based on general topological principles, is for those embodiments (identified previously) where either the active aperture or the inactive aperture is subdivided into multiple portions topologically separated by parts of the inactive or active aperture, respectively. The second way assesses the extent to which the inactive aperture (non-switchable region) is interspersed within an active aperture envelope defined for the pixel. As described previously, FIG. 5E shows the pixel 30E including active apertures 32E and inactive apertures 34E. Envelope 37E in FIG. 5E is the outermost perimeter of all lines connecting all possible pairs of points within regions 32E. Envelope or perimeter 37E, and analogous envelopes 37A, 37B, 37F, 37H-P (collectively envelopes or perimeters 37) may be thought of as being formed by a string lying in the plane of the pixel and wrapped snugly around the active apertures of the pixel, following the outer contours of the pixel apertures and bridging any gaps therebetween. In FIGS. 5A-B, 5E-F, 5H-P envelopes or perimeters 37 are shown as being slightly spaced from the outward edges of the apertures, but this is merely for convenience of illustration, so that such envelopes or perimeters may be easily seen in the figures.
FIG. 6 presents Fourier Transform results 110 of the spatial frequency components obtained for constituent color aperture 32K of FIG. 5K in the two color embodiment of pixel 30J in FIG. 5J. Chart 110 of FIG. 6 is analogous to charts 60, 70 of FIGS. 3A-B, and shows that practical modifications to the aperture patterns can be made without sacrificing the benefits of the present invention. Magnitude scale 111 of FIG. 6 is half that of vertical magnitude scales 61, 71 of FIGS. 3A-B. Horizontal first harmonics 113 (e.g., the ±1, 0 term) have been suppressed by the dual leg feature of the active aperture, with a corresponding increase in second harmonic 115 (e.g., the ±2, 0 term) as there are two legs on the active aperture with their centers separated by approximately half the pixel pitch. The connecting portion between the two legs simplifies the connection between them and also increases the aperture ratio. This raises the first harmonic magnitude (horizontal) slightly, but it remains very low. Unlike FIGS. 3A-B, the vertical performance is notably different than the horizontal performance. The pixel is not fully balanced vertically but its vertical first harmonic magnitude 114 (e.g., the 0, ±1 term) is still very low compared to (0, 0) component 112 due to elongation of the legs. The first harmonic is less than a third of the first harmonic for a square constituent color switchable region having the same area. Vertical second harmonic 116 is clearly lower than horizontal second harmonic 115, as would be expected due to the lack of repeated features at half pitch in the vertical direction in pixel 30K.
Table I below compares the magnitude of the various spatial harmonic terms obtained by Fourier analysis for different pixel designs. The CONFIG column identifies the pixel configuration for which the data was obtained, keyed to the number of the relevant representative figure. For example, configuration 1A refers to pixel 10 in FIG. 1A, configuration 1B refers to the pixel configuration illustrated in FIG. 1B, configuration 5C refers to the pixel illustrated in FIG. 5C and so forth. The column headed “AR” shows the (0, 0) terms, which is the aperture ratio for the particular pixel. There are two groups of columns headed “H”, “V”, “++”, “+−”. The first group labeled “Low Order Harmonics” contains unscaled values of the magnitude of the Fourier terms. The second group labeled “% Relative to Square Aperture” scales the values in the first group relative to corresponding magnitudes for a square reference aperture of the same aperture ratio (e.g., aperture 12 of pixel 10). The entries in the columns headed “H” are the sum of the magnitudes of the (1, 0)+(−1, 0) terms. The entries in the columns headed “V” are the sum of the magnitudes of the (0, 1)+(0, −1) terms. The entries in the columns headed “++” are the sum of the magnitudes of the (1, 1)+(−1,−1) terms. The entries in the columns headed “+−” are the sum of the magnitudes of the (1,−1)+(−1, 1) terms. In relating the entries in Table I with the various pixel configurations illustrated in FIGS. 1-5, it should be kept in mind that FIGS. 1-5 are not intended to be scale drawings. The aperture ratio (AR) values for the various configurations are provided in Table I.
RESULTS OF FOURIER TRANSFORM ANALYSIS OF THE MAGNITUDE OF
THE SPATIAL FREQUENCIES TERMS FOR VARIOUS PIXEL
LOW ORDER % RELATIVE TO SQ.
HARMONICS APERTURE
CONFIG AR H V ++ +− H V ++ +−
1A 0.52 0.35 0.35 0.12 0.12 100%  100%  100%  100%
1B 0.47 0.34 0.32 0.24 0.09 93% 87% 173%  65%
7A 0.15 0.28 0.09 0.08 0.09 122%  38% 43% 49%
2A 0.52 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0
5A 0.34 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 49% 0 0 0
5B 0.42 0.21 0.04 0.12 0.12 57% 10% 76% 76%
5C 0.50 0.11 0.16 0.07 0.07 30% 43% 56% 57%
5D 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.14 0 0 109%  109%
5E 0.38 0.11 0.18 0.15 0.16 31% 48% 83% 89%
5F 0.45 0.09 0.05 0.16 0.12 25% 13% 103%  78%
5G 0.75 0.17 0.14 0.02 0.02 77% 62% 62% 62%
5H 0.33 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.04 11% 9% 19% 22%
5K 0.32 0.06 0.10 0.04 0.04 17% 29% 18% 22%
5L 0.31 0.05 0.11 0.03 0.04 15% 33% 14% 18%
7B 0.18 0.01 0.07 0.01 0.01 4% 26% 5% 5%
7C (G) 0.18 0.00 0.12 0.17 0.17 1% 44% 90% 90%
7C (R) 0.16 0.09 0.10 0.15 0.06 38% 42% 83% 35%
CONFIG 1A in Table I captures the values from FIG. 3A. The AR and low order harmonic magnitudes are provided for reference, but the easiest basis for comparison is the “% Relative to Square Aperture” section, and the discussion that follows refers to those entries. Since the pixel of CONFIG 1A has a square aperture, the comparison ratio is unity (100%), by definition. CONFIG 1B is a prior art pixel with a relatively large notch 16 in the corner. As the simulated pixel had a 0.47 AR (aperture ratio), the relative comparison is to a 0.47 square pixel and is calculated using the values from FIG. 3B. Each of the remaining rows is similarly compared to square pixels having the aperture ratios listed for those rows. The table entries show that the corner notch in FIG. 11B reduces H and V slightly to 93% and 87% of values for a comparable square pixel. CONFIGS 2A through 5L and 7B-C are all improvements based on substantially distributed apertures according to the present invention. The table confirms that each of the first harmonic H and V comparisons are improved (reduced) relative to the prior art CONFIGS 1A and 1B. To constitute a significant improvement, the H and V percentages are preferably less than 80%, more preferably less than 50%, still more preferably less than 25% and most preferably substantially zero. All of the CONFIGS from 2A and below achieve one or more of these preferred levels of artifact suppression. CONFIGS 2A and 5D eliminate both first harmonics and 5A eliminates one of the first harmonics. Comparing CONFIGS 5C and 5D, it is clear from the active aperture shapes in FIGS. 5C-D that small adjustments to the aperture design can dramatically improve the artifact suppression even further. For example, the already excellent first harmonics of 30% and 43% in CONFIG 5C are further reduced all the way to 0% by using CONFIG 5D. CONFIG 5G, with an AR of 0.75, demonstrates effectiveness even on high aperture configurations. CONFIGS 5K and 5L, whether used for monochrome panels or for individual constituent color regions of a two color panel, very effectively reduce H and V as well.
The results in Table I show that CONFIG 2A provides the greatest suppression of the otherwise most visible artifacts. The variety and flexible techniques for adapting the distributed aperture are important however in maximizing the performance for available pixel design and fabrication processes. If the multiple region methods are not practical, then other configurations such as 5B can provide an effective starting point. 5K-L are preferred pixels for a two color system, and 7B is a preferred pixel layout for a three color system. The practicality of different pixel topographies will likely vary with the display type, for example whether the display modulates the light via transmission, reflection, emission or other means. Many of these or similar distributed aperture configurations can be fabricated in transmissive LCDs, for example by using the techniques described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,563,727, incorporated herein by reference.
While at least one exemplary embodiment has been presented in the foregoing detailed description, it should be appreciated that a vast number of variations exist. In particular, the size and shape and distribution of the various switched (luminous) regions in the pixels of the present invention may be varied provided that there are, in at least one direction across the pixel array, two or more regions in some or all of the pixels that switch or illuminate together. Stated alternatively, the present invention comprises pixel structures in which, in at least one direction across the pixel array, the first harmonic spatial frequency of the display is near or below the threshold of detection as a result of providing more than one simultaneously switched portion within at least some of the individual pixels viewed along the at least one direction for which the spatial frequency is determined. It should also be appreciated that the exemplary embodiment or exemplary embodiments are only examples, and are not intended to limit the scope, applicability, or configuration of the invention in any way. Rather, the foregoing detailed description will provide those skilled in the art with a convenient road map for implementing the exemplary embodiment or exemplary embodiments. It should be understood that various changes can be made in the function and arrangement of elements without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims and the legal equivalents thereof.
an array of rows and columns of pixels having more than one simultaneously switchable area per pixel for a first constituent color and adapted to emit light exhibiting at least first harmonic spatial frequencies for said first constituent color measured substantially parallel to a row or column of the array;
wherein the first harmonic spatial frequencies of said array and said first constituent color have a magnitude less than that from an array of pixels having the same aperture ratio but only a single switchable area per pixel for said first constituent color, and wherein all switchable areas for said first constituent color in the pixel are simultaneously switched.
2. The display of claim 1 wherein the simultaneously switchable areas per pixel are distributed in the pixel area with non-switchable regions interspersed.
3. The display of claim 1, wherein the first harmonic spatial frequencies of said array have a magnitude less than about one-half that from an array of pixels having the same aperture ratio but only a single switchable area per pixel for said first constituent color.
4. The display of claim 1, wherein the first harmonic spatial frequencies of said array have a magnitude less than about one-quarter that from an array of pixels having the same aperture ratio but only a single switchable area per pixel for said first constituent color.
5. The display of claim 1, wherein each of the pixels in the array are at least substantially identical to one another.
6. The display of claim 1, wherein all simultaneously switchable areas for said first constituent color are electrically coupled in parallel.
an array of image forming pixels, each pixel having one or more constituent colors and having a distributed switchable region for a first constituent color and a non-switchable region;
wherein the array exhibits spatial frequency components when directed to emit a uniform image for said first constituent color, said spatial frequency components comprising a zero order spatial frequency component, a first harmonic spatial frequency component and a second harmonic spatial frequency component;
wherein the magnitude of the first harmonic component is less than eighty percent of the magnitude of a first harmonic component for an equivalent aperture ratio square pixel with a non-distributed square switchable region having substantially the same zero-order spatial frequency component for said first constituent color.
8. The display of claim 7 wherein the first harmonic component is less than about fifty percent of the magnitude of the first harmonic component for the equivalent aperture ratio square pixel with the non-distributed square switchable region having substantially the same zero-order spatial frequency component for said first constituent color.
9. The display of claim 7 wherein the first harmonic component is less than about twenty-five percent of the magnitude of the first harmonic component for the equivalent aperture ratio square pixel with the non-distributed square switchable region having substantially the same zero-order spatial frequency component for said first constituent color.
10. The display of claim 7 wherein the first harmonic component is substantially about zero for said first constituent color.
11. The display of claim 7, wherein each of the pixels in the array are at least substantially identical to one another.
US11303135 2004-12-29 2005-12-16 Distributed aperture display Active 2034-07-01 US9151996B2 (en)
US63987504 true 2004-12-29 2004-12-29
US11303135 US9151996B2 (en) 2004-12-29 2005-12-16 Distributed aperture display
US20060158467A1 true US20060158467A1 (en) 2006-07-20
US9151996B2 true US9151996B2 (en) 2015-10-06
ID=36121634
US11303135 Active 2034-07-01 US9151996B2 (en) 2004-12-29 2005-12-16 Distributed aperture display
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Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:LARSON, BRENT D.;HAIM, ELIAS S.;DUBIN, MATTHEW B.;SIGNING DATES FROM 20051211 TO 20051212;REEL/FRAME:017401/0234