Source: http://www.science.gov/topicpages/c/contract+contribution+scientifique.html
Timestamp: 2016-09-27 03:48:22
Document Index: 58291021

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 982', '§ 982', '§ 982', '§ 982', '§ 1', '§ 985', '§ 985', 'art 904', 'art 904', '§ 941', '§ 941', '§ 941', '§ 941', '§ 1', '§ 1', '§ 1', '§ 1', '§ 1']

contract contribution scientifique: Topics by Science.gov
Sample records for contract contribution scientifique
... 24 Housing and Urban Development 4 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Annual contributions contract. 982... URBAN DEVELOPMENT SECTION 8 TENANT BASED ASSISTANCE: HOUSING CHOICE VOUCHER PROGRAM Annual Contributions Contract and PHA Administration of Program § 982.151 Annual contributions contract. (a) Nature of ACC....
... 24 Housing and Urban Development 4 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Annual contributions contract. 982... URBAN DEVELOPMENT SECTION 8 TENANT BASED ASSISTANCE: HOUSING CHOICE VOUCHER PROGRAM Annual Contributions Contract and PHA Administration of Program § 982.151 Annual contributions contract. (a) Nature of ACC....
... 24 Housing and Urban Development 4 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Annual contributions contract. 982... URBAN DEVELOPMENT SECTION 8 TENANT BASED ASSISTANCE: HOUSING CHOICE VOUCHER PROGRAM Annual Contributions Contract and PHA Administration of Program § 982.151 Annual contributions contract. (a) Nature of ACC....
... 24 Housing and Urban Development 4 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Annual contributions contract. 982... URBAN DEVELOPMENT SECTION 8 TENANT-BASED ASSISTANCE: HOUSING CHOICE VOUCHER PROGRAM Annual Contributions Contract and PHA Administration of Program § 982.151 Annual contributions contract. (a) Nature of ACC....
Grand, Ann
Every month, in 700 or so bars, cafés, pubs, teahouses, shopping centres, community halls, art galleries, libraries, theatres, museums, bookshops ... and a blood donation centre, 40 or so people meet to have a conversation. A conversation that happens to be about science and technology, rather than soap operas or football; this is Café Scientifique. PMID:25549411
La Section 17 du Comité National de la Recherche Scientifique
This contribution presents the section 17 of the ``Comité National de la Recherche Scientifique" and its activity. Since it concerns mostly French researchers and researchers from French institutes, the rest of the contribution is provided in French language.
26 CFR 1.403(b)-3 - Exclusion for contributions to purchase section 403(b) contracts.
... 26 Internal Revenue 5 2012-04-01 2011-04-01 true Exclusion for contributions to purchase section..., Stock Bonus Plans, Etc. § 1.403(b)-3 Exclusion for contributions to purchase section 403(b) contracts... purchase of an annuity contract for an employee are excluded from the gross income of the employee...
Lambert, Lisa Schurer
The reciprocal exchange of employees' work for pay that is central to employment relationships is viewed here through the lens of the psychological contract. A psychological contract involves promised inducements, promised contributions, delivered inducements, and delivered contributions: How an employee cognitively integrates these 4 elements is…
24 CFR 985.109 - Default under the Annual Contributions Contract (ACC).
... § 985.109 Default under the Annual Contributions Contract (ACC). HUD may determine that an PHA's failure... 24 Housing and Urban Development 4 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Default under the Annual Contributions Contract (ACC). 985.109 Section 985.109 Housing and Urban Development Regulations Relating...
... § 985.109 Default under the Annual Contributions Contract (ACC). HUD may determine that an PHA's failure... 24 Housing and Urban Development 4 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Default under the Annual Contributions Contract (ACC). 985.109 Section 985.109 Housing and Urban Development REGULATIONS RELATING...
24 CFR Appendix I to Subpart B of... - Annual Contributions Contract
... 24 Housing and Urban Development 4 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Annual Contributions Contract I Appendix I to Subpart B of Part 904 Housing and Urban Development Regulations Relating to Housing and Urban..., Subpt. B, App. I Appendix I to Subpart B of Part 904—Annual Contributions Contract (Subpart...
Turning off the central contribution to contractions evoked by neuromuscular electrical stimulation.
Dean, J C; Yates, L M; Collins, D F
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation can generate contractions through both peripheral and central mechanisms. The peripheral mechanism involves the direct activation of motor axons, while the central mechanism involves the activation of sensory axons that recruit spinal neurons through a reflex pathway. For use in functional electrical stimulation. One must have control over turning the central mechanism on and off. We investigated whether inhibition developed through antagonist muscle (tibialis anterior, TA) contractions elicited by electrical stimulation or by volition can turn off the central mechanism in triceps surae. Both electrical stimulation and voluntary contractions of TA reduced or eliminated plantar flexion torque produced by the central mechanism, indicating that inhibition induced via these contractions can effectively turn off the central contribution to force. These findings suggest that patterns of electrical stimulation may be able to generate periodic muscle contractions by turning the central contribution to muscular contractions on and off. PMID:18537146
Gamma loop contributing to maximal voluntary contractions in man.
Hagbarth, K E; Kunesch, E J; Nordin, M; Schmidt, R; Wallin, E U
A local anaesthetic drug was injected around the peroneal nerve in healthy subjects in order to investigate whether the resulting loss in foot dorsiflexion power in part depended on a gamma-fibre block preventing 'internal' activation of spindle end-organs and thereby depriving the alpha-motoneurones of an excitatory spindle inflow during contraction. The motor outcome of maximal dorsiflexion efforts was assessed by measuring firing rates of individual motor units in the anterior tibial (t.a.) muscle, mean voltage e.m.g. from the pretibial muscles, dorsiflexion force and range of voluntary foot dorsiflexion movements. The tests were performed with and without peripheral conditioning stimuli, such as agonist or antagonist muscle vibration or imposed stretch of the contracting muscles. As compared to control values of t.a. motor unit firing rates in maximal isometric voluntary contractions, the firing rates were lower and more irregular during maximal dorsiflexion efforts performed during subtotal peroneal nerve blocks. During the development of paresis a gradual reduction of motor unit firing rates was observed before the units ceased responding to the voluntary commands. This change in motor unit behaviour was accompanied by a reduction of the mean voltage e.m.g. activity in the pretibial muscles. At a given stage of anaesthesia the e.m.g. responses to maximal voluntary efforts were more affected than the responses evoked by electric nerve stimuli delivered proximal to the block, indicating that impaired impulse transmission in alpha motor fibres was not the sole cause of the paresis. The inability to generate high and regular motor unit firing rates during peroneal nerve blocks was accentuated by vibration applied over the antagonistic calf muscles. By contrast, in eight out of ten experiments agonist stretch or vibration caused an enhancement of motor unit firing during the maximal force tasks. The reverse effects of agonist and antagonist vibration on the
A Cafe Scientifique for Teens
Hall, M.; Mayhew, M.
It is well-known to those pursuing the quest to connect scientists to the public that an exceedingly hard-to- reach demographic is people of high school age. Typically, kids may tag along with their parents to museums until they reach adolescence, and then don't again appear in museums until they themselves have children. We have addressed this demographic challenge for free-choice-learning by developing a Cafe Scientifique program specifically for high school students. The Cafe Scientifique model for adults was developed in England and France, and has now spread like wildfire across the U.S. Typically, people come to a informal setting like a cafe, socialize and have food and drink, and then hear a short presentation by a scientist on a hot science topic in the news. This is followed by a period of lively discussion. We have followed this model for high school age students in four towns in northern New Mexico--Los Alamos, Santa Fe, Espanola, and Albuquerque--which represent a highly diverse demographic. We started this novel project with some trepidation, i.e. what if we build it and they don't come. But the program has proven popular beyond our expectations in all four towns. A part of the secret of success is the social setting, and-especially for this age group-the food provided. But we have also found that the kids are genuinely interested in the science topics, directing their own program, and interacting with scientists. We have often heard statements like, "I think it is important to be well-informed citizens". One of the most important aspects of the Cafes for the kids is to be able to discuss and argue about issues related to the science topic with the presenter and each other. It is an important part of the popularity that the Cafes do not involve school or parents, but also that we have strived to give the kids ownership of the program. Each town has a Youth Leadership Team-open to any teen-that discusses and prioritizes potential topics, conducts
24 CFR 941.302 - Annual contributions contract; drawdowns and advances.
..., DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT PUBLIC HOUSING DEVELOPMENT Application and Proposal § 941.302... 24 Housing and Urban Development 4 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Annual contributions contract; drawdowns and advances. 941.302 Section 941.302 Housing and Urban Development REGULATIONS RELATING...
..., DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT PUBLIC HOUSING DEVELOPMENT Application and Proposal § 941.302... 24 Housing and Urban Development 4 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Annual contributions contract; drawdowns and advances. 941.302 Section 941.302 Housing and Urban Development REGULATIONS RELATING...
..., DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT PUBLIC HOUSING DEVELOPMENT Application and Proposal § 941.302... 24 Housing and Urban Development 4 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Annual contributions contract; drawdowns and advances. 941.302 Section 941.302 Housing and Urban Development REGULATIONS RELATING...
..., DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT PUBLIC HOUSING DEVELOPMENT Application and Proposal § 941.302... 24 Housing and Urban Development 4 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Annual contributions contract; drawdowns and advances. 941.302 Section 941.302 Housing and Urban Development Regulations Relating...
The reciprocal exchange of employees' work for pay that is central to employment relationships is viewed here through the lens of the psychological contract. A psychological contract involves promised inducements, promised contributions, delivered inducements, and delivered contributions: How an employee cognitively integrates these 4 elements is a central question in psychological contract theory. Three alternative approaches for integrating the 4 elements were drawn from discrepancy theory, from equity theory, and from need theories of satisfaction, respectively. Experimental findings disconfirmed the discrepancy and equity approaches. Findings were consistent with the premise of the needs model, which is that appraisal is driven by how psychological contract elements facilitate or hinder an employee's effort to fulfill personal needs. Results showed that promised and delivered pay and work contribute uniquely to appraisal but that they vary in their influence on appraisal. These findings were consistent with the needs model principle that elements proximal to need satisfaction matter more than distal elements. That is, what is delivered (for pay and for work) matters more than what is promised, and pay matters more than work. PMID:21142346
Contributions of Central Command and Muscle Feedback to Sympathetic Nerve Activity in Contracting Human Skeletal Muscle
Boulton, Daniel; Taylor, Chloe E.; Macefield, Vaughan G.; Green, Simon
During voluntary contractions, muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) to contracting muscles increases in proportion to force but the underlying mechanisms are not clear. To shed light on these mechanisms, particularly the influences of central command and muscle afferent feedback, the present study tested the hypothesis that MSNA is greater during voluntary compared with electrically-evoked contractions. Seven male subjects performed a series of 1-min isometric dorsiflexion contractions (left leg) separated by 2-min rest periods, alternating between voluntary and electrically-evoked contractions at similar forces (5–10% of maximum). MSNA was recorded continuously (microneurography) from the left peroneal nerve and quantified from cardiac-synchronized, negative-going spikes in the neurogram. Compared with pre-contraction values, MSNA increased by 51 ± 34% (P < 0.01) during voluntary contractions but did not change significantly during electrically-evoked contractions (−8 ± 12%, P > 0.05). MSNA analyzed at 15-s intervals revealed that this effect of voluntary contraction appeared 15–30 s after contraction onset (P < 0.01), remained elevated until the end of contraction, and disappeared within 15 s after contraction. These findings suggest that central command, and not feedback from contracting muscle, is the primary mechanism responsible for the increase in MSNA to contracting muscle. The time-course of MSNA suggests that there is a longer delay in the onset of this effect compared with its cessation after contraction. PMID:27242537
Boulton, Daniel; Taylor, Chloe E; Macefield, Vaughan G; Green, Simon
During voluntary contractions, muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) to contracting muscles increases in proportion to force but the underlying mechanisms are not clear. To shed light on these mechanisms, particularly the influences of central command and muscle afferent feedback, the present study tested the hypothesis that MSNA is greater during voluntary compared with electrically-evoked contractions. Seven male subjects performed a series of 1-min isometric dorsiflexion contractions (left leg) separated by 2-min rest periods, alternating between voluntary and electrically-evoked contractions at similar forces (5-10% of maximum). MSNA was recorded continuously (microneurography) from the left peroneal nerve and quantified from cardiac-synchronized, negative-going spikes in the neurogram. Compared with pre-contraction values, MSNA increased by 51 ± 34% (P < 0.01) during voluntary contractions but did not change significantly during electrically-evoked contractions (-8 ± 12%, P > 0.05). MSNA analyzed at 15-s intervals revealed that this effect of voluntary contraction appeared 15-30 s after contraction onset (P < 0.01), remained elevated until the end of contraction, and disappeared within 15 s after contraction. These findings suggest that central command, and not feedback from contracting muscle, is the primary mechanism responsible for the increase in MSNA to contracting muscle. The time-course of MSNA suggests that there is a longer delay in the onset of this effect compared with its cessation after contraction. PMID:27242537
26 CFR 1.401(e)-4 - Contributions for premiums on annuity, etc., contracts and transitional rule for certain excess...
...., contracts and transitional rule for certain excess contributions. 1.401(e)-4 Section 1.401(e)-4 Internal... TAXES (CONTINUED) Pension, Profit-Sharing, Stock Bonus Plans, Etc. § 1.401(e)-4 Contributions for.... The provisions of this section prescribe the rules specified in section 401(e) relating to...
...., contracts and transitional rule for certain excess contributions. 1.401(e)-4 Section 1.401(e)-4 Internal... TAXES Pension, Profit-Sharing, Stock Bonus Plans, Etc. § 1.401(e)-4 Contributions for premiums on... provisions of this section prescribe the rules specified in section 401(e) relating to certain...
Enhancing Accountability in Schools: What Can Choice and Contracting Contribute? Education Notes
Patrinos, Harry Anthony; LaRocque, Norman
This note claims that contracting in education can be employed for initiatives of varying sizes and across a range of services. For policy-makers, contracting represents an effective means of introducing accountability in the education system. Contracting can also insulate governments from some of the criticism leveled at privatization. Moreover,…
Myofilament dysfunction contributes to impaired myocardial contraction in the infarct border zone
Shimkunas, Rafael; Makwana, Om; Spaulding, Kimberly; Bazargan, Mona; Khazalpour, Michael; Takaba, Kiyoaki; Soleimani, Mehrdad; Myagmar, Bat-Erdene; Lovett, David H.; Simpson, Paul C.; Ratcliffe, Mark B.
After myocardial infarction, a poorly contracting nonischemic border zone forms adjacent to the infarct. The cause of border zone dysfunction is unclear. The goal of this study was to determine the myofilament mechanisms involved in postinfarction border zone dysfunction. Two weeks after anteroapical infarction of sheep hearts, we studied in vitro isometric and isotonic contractions of demembranated myocardium from the infarct border zone and a zone remote from the infarct. Maximal force development (Fmax) of the border zone myocardium was reduced by 31 ± 2% versus the remote zone myocardium (n = 6/group, P < 0.0001). Decreased border zone Fmax was not due to a reduced content of contractile material, as assessed histologically, and from myosin content. Furthermore, decreased border zone Fmax did not involve altered cross-bridge kinetics, as assessed by muscle shortening velocity and force development kinetics. Decreased border zone Fmax was associated with decreased cross-bridge formation, as assessed from muscle stiffness in the absence of ATP where cross-bridge formation should be maximized (rigor stiffness was reduced 34 ± 6%, n = 5, P = 0.011 vs. the remote zone). Furthermore, the border zone myocardium had significantly reduced phosphorylation of myosin essential light chain (ELC; 41 ± 10%, n = 4, P < 0.05). However, for animals treated with doxycycline, an inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases, rigor stiffness and ELC phosphorylation were not reduced in the border zone myocardium, suggesting that doxycycline had a protective effect. In conclusion, myofilament dysfunction contributes to postinfarction border zone dysfunction, myofilament dysfunction involves impaired cross-bridge formation and decreased ELC phosphorylation, and matrix metalloproteinase inhibition may be beneficial for limiting postinfarct border zone dysfunction. PMID:25128171
Hyldahl, Robert D; Nelson, Brad; Xin, Ling; Welling, Tyson; Groscost, Logan; Hubal, Monica J; Chipkin, Stuart; Clarkson, Priscilla M; Parcell, Allen C
This study determined the contribution of extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling to the protective adaptation of human skeletal muscle known as the repeated-bout effect (RBE). Muscle biopsies were obtained 3 hours, 2 days, and 27 days following an initial bout (B1) of lengthening contractions (LCs) and 2 days following a repeated bout (B2) in 2 separate studies. Biopsies from the nonexercised legs served as controls. In the first study, global transcriptomic analysis indicated widespread changes in ECM structural, deadhesive, and signaling transcripts, 3 hours following LC. To determine if ECM remodeling is involved in the RBE, we conducted a second study by use of a repeated-bout paradigm. TNC immunoreactivity increased 10.8-fold following B1, was attenuated following B2, and positively correlated with LC-induced strength loss (r(2) = 0.45; P = 0.009). Expression of collagen I, III, and IV (COL1A1, COL3A1, COL4A1) transcripts was unchanged early but increased 5.7 ± 2.5-, 3.2 ± 0.9-, and 2.1 ± 0.4-fold (P < 0.05), respectively, 27 days post-B1 and were unaffected by B2. Likewise, TGF-β signaling demonstrated a delayed response following LC. Satellite cell content increased 80% (P < 0.05) 2 days post-B1 (P < 0.05), remained elevated 27 days post-B1, and was unaffected by B2. Collectively, the data suggest sequential ECM remodeling characterized by early deadhesion and delayed reconstructive activity that appear to contribute to the RBE. PMID:25808538
We previously demonstrated that nitric oxide (NO) contributes to compensatory vasodilation in the contracting human forearm subjected to acute hypoperfusion. We examined the potential role of an adenosine-NO interaction to this response in 17 male subjects (25 ± 2 yr). In separate protocols subjects performed rhythmic forearm exercise (20% of maximum) while hypoperfusion was evoked by balloon inflation in the brachial artery above the elbow. Each trial included exercise before inflation, exercise with inflation, and exercise after deflation (3 min each). Forearm blood flow (FBF; ultrasound) and local [brachial artery catheter pressure (BAP)] and systemic [mean arterial pressure (MAP); Finometer] arterial pressure were measured. In protocol 1 (n = 10), exercise was repeated during nitric oxide synthase inhibition [NG-monomethyl-l-arginine (l-NMMA)] alone and during l-NMMA-aminophylline (adenosine receptor blockade) administration. In protocol 2, exercise was repeated during aminophylline alone and during aminophylline-l-NMMA. Forearm vascular conductance (FVC; ml·min−1·100 mmHg−1) was calculated from blood flow (ml/min) and BAP (mmHg). Percent recovery in FVC during inflation was calculated as (steady-state inflation + exercise value − nadir)/[steady-state exercise (control) value − nadir]. In protocol 1, percent recovery in FVC was 108 ± 8% during the control (no drug) trial. Percent recovery in FVC was attenuated with inhibition of NO formation alone (78 ± 9%; P < 0.01 vs. control) and was attenuated further with combined inhibition of NO and adenosine (58 ± 9%; P < 0.01 vs. l-NMMA). In protocol 2, percent recovery was reduced with adenosine receptor blockade (74 ± 11% vs. 113 ± 6%, P < 0.01) compared with control drug trials. Percent recovery in FVC was attenuated further with combined inhibition of adenosine and NO (48 ± 11%; P < 0.05 vs. aminophylline). Our data indicate that adenosine contributes to compensatory vasodilation in an NO
Chloride ion currents contribute functionally to norepinephrine-induced vascular contraction.
Lamb, F S; Barna, T J
Norepinephrine (NE) increases Cl- efflux from vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells. An increase in Cl- conductance produces membrane depolarization. We hypothesized that if Cl- currents are important for agonist-induced depolarization, then interfering with cellular Cl- handling should alter contractility. Isometric contraction of rat aortic rings was studied in a bicarbonate buffer. Substitution of extracellular Cl- with 130 mM methanesulfonate (MS; 8 mM Cl-) did not cause contraction. NE- and serotonin-induced contractions were potentiated in this low-Cl- buffer, whereas responses to K+, BAY K 8644, or NE in the absence of Ca2+ were unaltered. Substitution of Cl- with I- or Br- suppressed responses to NE. Inhibition of Cl- transport with bumetanide (10(-5) M) or bicarbonate-free conditions (10 mM HEPES) inhibited NE- but not KCl-induced contraction. The Cl--channel blockers DIDS (10(-3) M), anthracene-9-carboxylic acid (10(-3) M), and niflumic acid (10(-5) M) all inhibited NE-induced contraction, whereas tamoxifen (10(-5) M) did not. Finally, disruption of sarcoplasmic reticular function with cyclopiazonic acid (10(-7) M) or ryanodine (10(-5) M) prevented the increase in the peak response to NE produced by low-Cl- buffer. We conclude that a Cl- current with a permeability sequence of I- > Br- > Cl- > MS is critical to agonist-induced contraction of VSM. PMID:9688908
..., including the insurance policy or custodial account, which thereupon become part of the plan. (iii) This... before January 1, 1963. See section 401(g). (6) Minimum required distributions. The contract satisfies the requirements of section 401(a)(9) (relating to minimum required distributions). See §...
26 CFR 1.402(g)(3)-1 - Employer contributions to purchase a section 403(b) contract under a salary reduction agreement.
...(b) contract under a salary reduction agreement. 1.402(g)(3)-1 Section 1.402(g)(3)-1 Internal Revenue... Pension, Profit-Sharing, Stock Bonus Plans, Etc. § 1.402(g)(3)-1 Employer contributions to purchase a... purposes of section 402(g)(3)(C), an elective deferral does not include a contribution that is...
...(b) contract under a salary reduction agreement. 1.402(g)(3)-1 Section 1.402(g)(3)-1 Internal Revenue... (CONTINUED) Pension, Profit-Sharing, Stock Bonus Plans, Etc. § 1.402(g)(3)-1 Employer contributions to... purposes of section 402(g)(3)(C), an elective deferral does not include a contribution that is...
Modified Cytoplasmic Ca2+ Sequestration Contributes to Spinal Cord Injury-Induced Augmentation of Nerve-Evoked Contractions in the Rat Tail Artery
Al Dera, Hussain; Callaghan, Brid P.; Brock, James A.
In rat tail artery (RTA), spinal cord injury (SCI) increases nerve-evoked contractions and the contribution of L-type Ca2+ channels to these responses. In RTAs from unoperated rats, these channels play a minor role in contractions and Bay K8644 (L-type channel agonist) mimics the effects of SCI. Here we investigated the mechanisms underlying the facilitatory actions of SCI and Bay K8644 on nerve-evoked contractions of RTAs and the hypothesis that Ca2+ entering via L-type Ca2+ channels is rapidly sequestered by the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) limiting its role in contraction. In situ electrochemical detection of noradrenaline was used to assess if Bay K8644 increased noradrenaline release. Perforated patch recordings were used to assess if SCI changed the Ca2+ current recorded in RTA myocytes. Wire myography was used to assess if SCI modified the effects of Bay K8644 and of interrupting SR Ca2+ uptake on nerve-evoked contractions. Bay K8644 did not change noradrenaline-induced oxidation currents. Neither the size nor gating of Ca2+ currents differed between myocytes from sham-operated (control) and SCI rats. Bay K8644 increased nerve-evoked contractions in RTAs from both control and SCI rats, but the magnitude of this effect was reduced by SCI. By contrast, depleting SR Ca2+ stores with ryanodine or cyclopiazonic acid selectively increased nerve-evoked contractions in control RTAs. Cyclopiazonic acid also selectively increased the blockade of these responses by nifedipine (L-type channel blocker) in control RTAs, whereas ryanodine increased the blockade produced by nifedipine in both groups of RTAs. These findings suggest that Ca2+ entering via L-type channels is normally rapidly sequestered limiting its access to the contractile mechanism. Furthermore, the findings suggest SCI reduces the role of this mechanism. PMID:25350563
Contribution of peripheral opioid receptors to the trimebutine-induced contractions of the proximal colon in anesthetized rats.
Nagasaki, M; Yamada, K; Ikezawa, K; Tamaki, H
In this study we investigated the involvement of opioid receptors in the contractile response to trimebutine using with the proximal colon of anesthetized rats. Trimebutine (3 mg/kg i.v.) enhanced spontaneous contractions of the proximal colon in anesthetized rats. The contractile response was partially inhibited by intravenous administration of an opioid antagonist, naloxone at 1 approximately 30 micrograms/kg, but was hardly depressed by intracisternal administration of naloxone (30 micrograms/kg). Morphine (30 micrograms/kg i.v.) evoked colonic contractions which were abolished by intravenous naloxone (30 micrograms/kg). These results suggest that the colonic contractions evoked by trimebutine in anesthetized rats are, in part, mediated by peripheral opioid receptors. PMID:2560095
... TAXES (CONTINUED) Pension, Profit-Sharing, Stock Bonus Plans, Etc. § 1.401(e)-4 Contributions for... earned income from the trade or business with respect to which the plan is established. However, if such... owner-employee was engaged in such trade or business and derived earned income therefrom are taken...
The game of science: A grounded theory of the Cafe Scientifique experience
Rabe, Lisa A.
Science Cafes are independent groups organized throughout the world for discussion of scientific topics. Little is known about the nature of this informal learning environment. A grounded-theory study was conducted to determine what attendees perceived as the essential qualities of the Cafe Scientifique experience in one science Cafe in the Western United States. Interviews with 12 attendees were transcribed and analyzed using ATLAS-ti. Concept maps and a grounded theory describing the essential characteristics were created. Member checking was used during theory generation. Findings are described in the context of a game metaphor, whereby scientific discussion at the Cafe is viewed as an intellectual game. The grounded theory describes the game of science being played at Cafe Scientifique involving attendees as players, social norms as rules for the game, an expert as the steward of truth, topics as the content for game play, interaction as playing of the game, and intellectual stimulation as the prize for playing. During the game, ideas were identified through a short presentation followed by a question-and-answer session. During this exchange, attendees heard about, analyzed, synthesized, and applied new information. As a result of the game play, players won a prize---intellectual stimulation. The Cafe Scientifique phenomenon provides insight into informal adult education. This study suggests the need for additional study of intellectual play in adult education, the role of curiosity and desire to explore new ways of thinking, and the developmental drive in adults to seek intellectual stimulation. The essential characteristics of Cafe Scientifique may be transferable to other informal adult-education settings.
Escape of Sierra Nevada-Great Valley Block Motion Contributes to Upper-Plate Contraction Within the Southern Cascadia Margin Near Humboldt Bay, CA.
Williams, T. B.; Kelsey, H. M.; Freymueller, J. T.
Recent GPS-derived site velocities (1993-2002) in northwestern California reveal that an additional mechanism other than subduction is in part accountable for observed upper plate contraction north of the migrating Mendocino triple junction. Sites at and near Cape Mendocino are moving approximately 30 mm/yr and are consistently oriented approximately N 10° W, sub-parallel to the southern Cascadia trench. Sites just north of latitude 40.4° N begin to be oriented east of north, sub-parallel to the Gorda-North America plate convergence direction. The transition from west-of-north to east-of-north site azimuths occurs 20 km north of the Mendocino Fault. The change in site azimuths is abrupt, with an eastward swing of 25°-30° occurring over a distance of approximately 8 km across the Eel River valley. North and east of Cape Mendocino, sites 50-300 km inland have velocities oriented west of north, consistent with the direction of northern Sierra Nevada-Great Valley (SNGV) block and Pacific-North America (P-NA) relative motion. Northern SNGV block motion is 11 mm/yr directed to the northwest. This velocity persists northwestward to within 50 km of the coast at the latitude of Humboldt Bay. Approximately 20 mm/yr of distributed P-NA motion occurs inland of Cape Mendocino across the northern projections of the Ma'acama and Bartlett Springs fault zones, and continues northward into the Humboldt Bay region. The direction of observed SNGV motion is obliquely convergent to the P-NA relative motion direction. The observed convergence between SNGV and the Coast Ranges begins approximately 130 km inland of the coast near Weaverville, CA. We observe 3-6 mm/yr of roughly east-west contraction in that area, which is near the location of the highest topography in the northern Coast Ranges. Near Humboldt Bay, NE-SW convergence of 16+/-2 mm/yr occurs from the coast to approximately 50 km inland. After removing an estimate of the interseismic subduction zone signal from the
Engaging High School Students and Scientists in a Café Scientifique Program
Mayhew, M. A.; Hall, M. K.; Foutz, S.
We have created an informal science program that engages high school age youth in exploring science relevant to their lives with researchers working at the cutting edge of science. The program provides scientists a challenging new audience to share their research and enthusiasm for science and science careers. It gives the youth an opportunity to discover how the often-mundane science they are learning in school is used to push the frontiers in science, with exciting applications in the real world. Our program, a youth-led Café Scientifique (cafenm.org), now in its fourth year, has been successful in attracting and retaining youth as well as attracting scientist-presenters. Modeled after the international Café Scientifique program for adults, we combine a social atmosphere with discussion of controversial or current topics to challenge youth to think about how science affects their lives. We feature short presentations with a high degree of interactivity and discussion during which the scientist expert communicates a single important idea or scientific principle. A good speaker will leave the audience with a dilemma or controversy to discuss, and with further opportunities to learn. Encouraging the presenters to interact frequently with the audience allows them to gauge the audience's engagement and knowledge. Alternatively we also host Cafés that offer more hands-on learning experiences, including extracting DNA from plants, building model fuel cell cars, using Google Earth to spy, and deciphering age, gender, ethnicity, and cause of death from human skeletons. Controversial topics are often presented within a scientific, economic, and social or political framework, because science is only part of the solution. A key element of success is in preparing the presenters for the youth audience. Presenters submit their presentation to the program directors for initial review and receive feedback on length, mechanisms for involving the audience, and clarifying or
Psychological Contracts: Are They Still Relevant?
Empirical evidence from a banking organization illustrated how change has an impact on psychological contracts. Concluded that maintenance of contracts makes an important contribution to relationships but organizations need to adjust psychological contracts to meet the needs of the work force. (Contains 58 references.) (JOW)
Psychological contracts of hospice nurses.
Jones, Audrey Elizabeth; Sambrook, Sally
Psychological contracts have been described as individuals' beliefs regarding the obligations, expectations, and contributions that exist between them and their employer. They can be influenced by the organization's culture and philosophy, through human resources policies, and through the employee's personality and characteristics. Owing to the recent economic crisis, hospices in the UK are currently in a transitional phase and are being expected to demonstrate efficiencies that might be more in line with a business model than a health-care environment. This may conflict with the philosophical views of hospice nurses. To support nurses through this transition, it might be helpful to understand the antecedents of hospice nurses' behaviour and how they construct their psychological contracts. Failure to offer adequate support might lead to negative outcomes such as a desire to leave the organisation, poorer quality work, or disruptive behaviour. This study used a modified grounded theory approach involving in-depth interviews to explore the context and content of the psychological contracts of hospice nurses in the UK. Four main themes emerged: the types of psychological contracts formed, how the contracts are formed, their contents, and the breaches and potential violations the nurses perceive. PMID:21240104
GPS-derived strain in northwestern California: Termination of the San Andreas fault system and convergence of the Sierra Nevada Great Valley block contribute to southern Cascadia forearc contraction
Williams, Todd B.; Kelsey, Harvey M.; Freymueller, Jeffrey T.
GPS-derived velocities (1993-2002) in northwestern California show that processes other than subduction are in part accountable for observed upper-plate contraction north of the Mendocino triple junction (MTJ) region. After removing the component of elastic strain accumulation due to the Cascadia subduction zone from the station velocities, two additional processes account for accumulated strain in northern California. The first is the westward convergence of the Sierra Nevada-Great Valley (SNGV) block toward the coast and the second is the north-northwest impingement of the San Andreas fault system from the south on the northern California coastal region in the vicinity of Humboldt Bay. Sierra Nevada-Great Valley block motion is northwest toward the coast, convergent with the more northerly, north-northwest San Andreas transform fault-parallel motion. In addition to the westward-converging Sierra Nevada-Great Valley block, San Andreas transform-parallel shortening also occurs in the Humboldt Bay region. Approximately 22 mm/yr of distributed Pacific-SNGV motion is observed inland of Cape Mendocino across the northern projections of the Maacama and Bartlett Springs fault zones but station velocities decrease rapidly north of Cape Mendocino. The resultant 6-10 mm/yr of San Andreas fault-parallel shortening occurs above the southern edge of the subducted Gorda plate and at the latitude of Humboldt Bay. Part of the San Andreas fault-parallel shortening may be due to the viscous coupling of the southern edge of the Gorda plate to overlying North American plate. We conclude that significant portions of the upper-plate contraction observed north of the MTJ region are not solely a result of subduction of the Gorda plate but also a consequence of impingement of the western edge of the Sierra Nevada-Great Valley block and growth of the northernmost segments of the San Andreas fault system.
A Critical Analysis of Football Bowl Subdivision Coaching Contract Components
Nichols, Justin Keith
This exploratory study is designed to inventory and analyze contract components used by Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) institutions in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) to further contribute to the body research. The FBS is comprised of 120 institutions and 94 of those institutions submitted contracts to "USA Today"…
Human melanocytes mitigate keratinocyte-dependent contraction in an in vitro collagen contraction assay.
Rakar, Jonathan; Krammer, Markus P; Kratz, Gunnar
Scarring is an extensive problem in burn care, and treatment can be especially complicated in cases of hypertrophic scarring. Contraction is an important factor in scarring but the contribution of different cell types remains unclear. We have investigated the contractile behavior of keratinocytes, melanocytes and fibroblasts by using an in vitro collagen gel assay aimed at identifying a modulating role of melanocytes in keratinocyte-mediated contraction. Cells were seeded on a collagen type I gel substrate and the change in gel dimensions were measured over time. Hematoxylin & Eosin-staining and immunohistochemistry against pan-cytokeratin and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor showed that melanocytes integrated between keratinocytes and remained there throughout the experiments. Keratinocyte- and fibroblast-seeded gels contracted significantly over time, whereas melanocyte-seeded gels did not. Co-culture assays showed that melanocytes mitigate the keratinocyte-dependent contraction (significantly slower and 18-32% less). Fibroblasts augmented the contraction in most assays (approximately 6% more). Non-contact co-cultures showed some influence on the keratinocyte-dependent contraction. Results show that mechanisms attributable to melanocytes, but not fibroblasts, can mitigate keratinocyte contractile behavior. Contact-dependent mechanisms are stronger modulators than non-contact dependent mechanisms, but both modes carry significance to the contraction modulation of keratinocytes. Further investigations are required to determine the mechanisms involved and to determine the utility of melanocytes beyond hypopigmentation in improved clinical regimes of burn wounds and wound healing. PMID:25466959
... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 6 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Determining the value of in-kind contributions. 1516.303-74 Section 1516.303-74 Federal Acquisition Regulations System ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY CONTRACTING METHODS AND CONTRACT TYPES TYPES OF CONTRACTS Cost-Reimbursement Contracts 1516.303-74 Determining the value...
ATP cost of muscle contraction is associated with motor unit discharge rate in humans.
Christie, Anita D; Foulis, Stephen A; Kent, Jane A
Although a neural component has been suggested to contribute to the energetic cost of muscle contraction in vivo, the association between neural and energetic factors has not been determined during voluntary contractions in humans. Twenty young (24±1years, 10 women) healthy individuals performed isometric ankle dorsiflexion contractions at 20%, 50% and 100% of maximal voluntary contraction torque on two occasions during which measures of either motor unit discharge rates (MUDR, by indwelling electromyography) or ATP cost of contraction (by (31)P magnetic resonance spectroscopy) were obtained. Both MUDR and ATP cost increased with increasing contraction intensity (p≤0.02). A strong, positive relationship (r(2)=0.70; p<0.001) was observed between MUDR and ATP cost. These results suggest that a substantial portion of the variability in ATP cost can be explained by MUDR, and thus demonstrate that motor unit rate coding is likely an important neural factor contributing to energetic cost in vivo. PMID:27397010