Source: http://docplayer.net/1766588-Renminbi-a-new-settlement-currency-was-born.html
Timestamp: 2016-10-27 05:26:51
Document Index: 742465004

Matched Legal Cases: ['art 1', 'art 1', 'art 2', 'art 2', 'art 4', 'art 5', 'art 1']

⭐RENMINBI - A NEW SETTLEMENT CURRENCY WAS BORN
Download "RENMINBI - A NEW SETTLEMENT CURRENCY WAS BORN"
Ann Virginia Dorsey
1 BUDAPEST RENMINBI INTITIATIVE PAPERS No1 RENMINBI - A NEW SETTLEMENT CURRENCY WAS BORN Author: Szilárd Erhart, Head of th MNB s Renminbi Project, Central Bank of Hungary While China s weight in international trade and global GDP grew steadily in the past decade as a result of the liberalisation of foreign trade and the rapid economic growth of the country, prior to 2008 the ratio of foreign trade transactions settled in renminbi was negligible due to foreign economic controls. However, encouraging the international use of the Chinese currency, the renminbi [1] or as it often referred to the renminbi internationalisation became a priority objective of the Chinese economic policy after the crisis. Foreign economic regulations were gradually eased, and the weight of the renminbi in foreign trade settlements increased rapidly. In parallel with the ongoing liberalisation of the Chinese capital transactions, the exchange rate regime and interest rates, an increasing number of future settlement transactions relating to investments may be carried out in renminbi, and the international role of the renminbi may continue to grow. This analysis is the first part of a series of articles, presenting a retrospective review of the latest steps in China s trade liberalisation, with special regard to the use of the renminbi in international transactions. Upcoming parts of the series will address the measures taken by international central banks in relation to the renminbi, the exchange rate policy of the People s Bank of China, its currency swap-line agreements with other central banks, and the characteristic features of renminbi centres outside of China. China carried out several foreign economic policy reforms in the past decades. The liberalisation broadly followed earlier practices of other emerging countries. As a first step, the restrictions on current account settlements were terminated in order to comply with WTO membership requirements in 2001, which was followed by the gradual liberalisation of the capital account. As a result, China s weight in international trade settlements increased considerably, reaching 10 per cent by 2012, i.e. in less than two decades (Chart 1). [1] Renminbi ( the people s money ) is the official name of the Chinese currency, whereas the yuan is the unit of the renminbi. 1 Renminbi ( the people s money ) is the official name of the Chinese currency, whereas the yuan is the unit of the renminbi.2 EUR USD GBP JPY AUD CHF CAD SGD HKD THB SEK NOK CNY DKK RUB ZAR NZD MXN TRY Chart 1: Share in global exports (%) United States Europe China Source: WTO In spite of the dynamic expansion in China s foreign trade, the weight of the renminbi in global payment flows and FX market turnover was still only around 1 2 per cent in 2013 (Chart 2), although the increase was very dynamic as a result of the low initial value. 50% 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Chart 2: Weight of selected currencies in payment flows and FX market turnover (2013) Pament (SWIFT) FX-market turnover (BIS) BIS Triennial Central Bank Survey Sources: SWIFT Renminbi Tracker The liquidity crisis of 2008 was especially damaging Chinese foreign trade settled in USD. Therefore, the Chinese authorities decided to liberalise the use of the renminbi in foreign trade transactions. The extremely high level of 2/73 renminbi currency reserves was another factor that prompted Chinese policymakers to rethink the international role of the renminbi. From 2009, restrictions on current account items settled in renminbi were abolished, initially only for transactions between Shanghai and four cities (Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Zhuhai and Dongguan), and between China, Hong Kong, Macau and ASEAN countries. From 2010, the measures were extended to 20 additional Chinese provinces (1: Recent steps in Chinese trade liberalisation). Simultaneously, foreign trade was allowed to be settled directly in renminbi (Cross-border RMB Settlement Scheme), and in 2012 export registration obligations were eliminated. 1: Recent steps in Chinese trade liberalisation Year 2009 Measures Trade Settlement Scheme (pilot programme: liberalisation of settlement between 5 Mainland Chinese cities and Hong Kong, Macau and ASEAN countries) 2010 Extension of the Trade Settlement Scheme to 20 Mainland Chinese provinces 2011 Cross-border RMB Settlement Scheme extended to all provinces 2012 Abolition of export registration obligation The volume and weight of Chinese RMB trade settlement expanded significantly inspite of amid unfavourable global business conditions thanks to the liberalisation of cross-border RMB settlement affecting current account items. By the beginning of 2014, the value of trade settled in RMB rose to around 25 per cent within trade settlement. According to data released by the People s Bank of China (PBC Monetary Policy Report Quarter Three, 2014), in the third quarter of 2014 the volume of cross-border renminbi settlements increased by 37 per cent yearon-year, and the value of transactions settled in renminbi reached RMB 1,530 billion (USD 250 billion). 174 countries have executed renminbi payments of all sizes worldwide. 3: Value of Chinese trade and the share of RMB payments* * The Total value includes all current account items; Chinese trade includes only goods and services Source: CEIC, Credit Agricole According to SWIFT statistics 2, the weight of renminbi payments in the payment flows between France and China, Hong Kong rose to 44 per cent in July 2014 (from 20 per cent two years earlier), followed by the United Kingdom (with a 40 per cent weight in RMB payments value), Luxembourg (23 per cent) and Germany (19 per cent). 2 3/74 The increasingly important role of the renminbi is evidenced by the fact that, overtaking the euro, it had become the second most used currency in trade finance by October 2013, claiming a large, 8.66 per cent chunk of world trade finance according to SWIFT s statistics (by comparison, the weight of the renminbi was only 1.89 per cent in 2012). 3. THE LIBERALISATION OF CAPITAL FLOWS WAS GRADUAL AND ASYMMETRIC Chinese authorities followed the principle of gradualism during the liberalisation of capital flows, from many regards, and they opted for an asymmetric regulatory approach. On the one hand, the liberalisation of inflows preceded the liberalisation of outflows. On the other hand, restrictions on foreign direct investment were lifted earlier than those on portfolio investments. Thirdly, long maturities were preferred to short ones, and institutional investors enjoyed preference over other investors. Capital account liberalisation, in particular, the growing weight of renminbi settlement in capital account items, may increase the significance of renminbi as a global payment currency even further. 2: Recent milestones of capital account liberalisation Inward flows QFII (Qualified Foreign Institutional Investor) program allows foreign institutional investors to invest in China (bonds and shares) Interbank bond program allows central banks, offshore clearing banks and Participating Banks to invest RMB raised offshore in Mainland interbank bond market Rules formalised to allow approved foreigners to invest RMB raised offshore directly in Mainland firms, including through the provision of RMB corss-border loans RQFII (RMB Qualified Foreign Investment Institution) allows RMB raised offshore to be invested in listed Mainland bonds and equities QFII and RQFII quotas expanded Rules formalised for onshore non-financial corporations to issue offshore RMB bonds Cross border RMB transactions simplified (cross-border CNY settlements and loans from China) Outward flows QDII (Qualified Domestic Institutional Investor) allows domestic institutions to convert RMB into foreign currency and invest in overseas equities and bonds. ODI (Overshore Direct Investment) - Mainland firms allowed to apply to take RMB offshore for overseas direct investment (ODI) in foreign firms Sources: Reserve Bank of Australia 3.1. After the inflows of foreign direct investment, outflows were on the rise FDI inflows have been one of the drivers of Chinese growth since the 1990s. Economic growth in China benefited both from capital inflows and the technology transfer, management and institutional organisation expertise they entailed. At the same time, due to the deceleration of global and Chinese growth and narrowing profit margins, capital inflows have slowed significantly in recent years (Chart 4). 4/75 Within inward FDI, the share of FDI settled in RMB rose to 63 per cent from 12 per cent recorded in 2011 (PWC, 2014) 3. This can be partly attributed to the fact that the renminbi were channelled to offshore markets via trade settlement, and foreign direct investment meant an opportunity for return flows. At the same time, outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) also showed dynamic growth after the mid-2000s. Resident firms can use the renminbi for their foreign direct investment, while non-resident investors can also execute their Chinese FDI transactions in renminbi. Chinese FDI was also stimulated by the post-crisis policy shift that attempted to lay new foundations for growth. Between 2011 and 2013 the share of transactions settled in renminbi in Chinese OFDI flows jumped from 5 per cent to 16 per cent. The most important targets of Chinese FDI comprised (i) brand purchases (e.g.: Volvo, Hummer, MG); (ii) export market acquisition; (iii) relocation of polluting industries; (iv) purchases of strategic resources (mines in Africa, Australia and South-Africa). 4: China s FDI stock (USD billions) Inward FDI Outward FDI Source: UNCTAD, FDI/TNC database (www.unctad.org/fdistatistics) QDII Qualified Domestic Institutional Investor program Institutions qualified to participate in the QDII programme have had an opportunity to invest their Chinese resources in foreign capital markets since The program has gained increasing popularity since its launch. In October 2014 approximately 125 institutional investors had a total quota of USD 90 billion. Participating institutions can be divided into three groups: commercial banks, insurance companies and investment funds. Banks are supervised by the CBRC 4, while the CIRC 5 and the CSRC 6 are responsible for the supervision of insurance companies and funds, respectively. Under the QDII programme institutional investors can invest in the asset classes of bonds, 3 Where do you Renminbi? A comparative study of cross-border RMB centers, PWC 4 China Banking Regulatory Commission 5 China Insurance Regulatory Commission 6 China Securities Regulatory Commission 5/76 shares, bank deposits, investment funds, real estate and derivatives, but different rules are applicable to the three groups of institutions. Commercial banks face the most severe investment restrictions, while the conditions imposed on investment funds are the most lenient. Banks, for instance, are not permitted to invest in bonds or hedge funds below the BBB rating QFII (Qualified Foreign Institutional Investor) program (2003 ) The QFII programme was launched jointly by the CSRC and the PBC, allowing foreign institutional investors access to the Chinese bond and equity markets from The USD 150 billion programme covered only bonds traded on the Shanghai and Shenzen stock exchanges, which accounted for around 2 per cent of the bonds. Interbank market investment may be permitted with an additional license granted by the PBOC. As of July 2012, the CSRC adjusted the quotas, opening up the possibility of investment in the interbank bond market Interbank bond market programme (2010) Foreign institutions, including central banks and offshore RMB clearing banks have been permitted to invest in the interbank bond market up to a pre-defined limit since August Several European central banks have been awarded such quotas under the interbank bond market programme in recent years RQFII Renminbi Qualified Foreign Institutional Investor program (2011) Qualified foreign institutional investors (RQFII) have been allowed to invest renminbi funds obtained in the offshore market in domestic securities markets since December 2011, at present up to the amount of RMB 740 billion (compared to RMB 20 billion at the launch of the programme in 2011). Investors currently include the Hong Kong subsidiaries of Chinese investment and securities firms and assorted other institutions, subject to pre-defined asset allocation ratios. Upon awarding the RQFII license, partner central banks are requested to provide a feedback on the financial institution concerned and on supervisory reviews performed in the past 3 years. Quotas are first granted to countries and institutions can apply for quotas in the next step. As from March 2013, the extension of the programme, companies are also permitted to invest from their Hong Kong based funds, while the asset allocation restrictions were eased, and the investment opportunities were extended to cover listed securities and bonds traded in the interbank market. (Previously, the required ratio of bond market investment was 80 per cent). In 2013 China granted a quota of RMB 80 billion to the United Kingdom, while Singapore and Hong Kong have quotas of RMB 50 billion and RMB 270 billion, respectively. In 2014 Qatar (RMB 30 billion) and Canada (RMB 50 billion) also obtained RQFII quotas (Chart 5). 6/77 Korea United Kingdom France Hong Kong Qatar Germany Switzerland Singapore Canada 5: Distribution of RQFII quotas (October 2014) /7 Similar documents
Deutsche Bank March 2014 At the centre of RMB internationalisation A brief guide to offshore RMB A brief guide to offshore RMB 1 Contents 1. RMB becoming a global currency 2 2. Why adopt the RMB? 6 3. More information Where do you Renminbi?
www.pwc.lu Where do you Renminbi? A comparative study of cross-border RMB centres Pierre Gramegna Minister of Finance Grand Duchy of Luxembourg As China has gradually evolved into the world s largest exporter More information First Half 2015. FAQ: China s Bond Market GLOBAL LIQUIDITY MANAGEMENT
GLOBAL LIQUIDITY MANAGEMENT First Half 2015 FAQ: China s Bond Market In the last decade, China s economy has grown at a rate of around 10% on average and its bond market has grown from virtually nonexistent More information Foreign Banks in China
www.pwccn.com Foreign Banks in China This survey focuses on the strategic and emerging issues faced by foreign banks in China. July 2012 Growth Foreign banks more than doubled profits in 2011 to RMB 16.73 More information BIS Working Papers. One currency, two markets: the renminbi s growing influence in Asia-Pacific. No 446. Monetary and Economic Department
BIS Working Papers No 446 One currency, two markets: the renminbi s growing influence in Asia-Pacific by Chang Shu, Dong He and Xiaoqiang Cheng Monetary and Economic Department April 2014 JEL classification: More information REUTERS/Aly Song THE THROUGH TRAIN: STOCK CONNECT S IMPACT AND FUTURE
REUTERS/Aly Song THE THROUGH TRAIN: STOCK CONNECT S IMPACT AND FUTURE DECEMBER 2014 LAUNCH Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect launched on Monday, November 17, 2014 in an impressive debut. By 2pm the entire More information The International Financial Crisis and China s Foreign Exchange Reserve Management
Asia Paper Volume 7 Issue 2 29 March 2013 ISSN 2034 5364 The International Financial Crisis and China s Foreign Exchange Reserve Management Abstract. The US financial crisis and subsequent European sovereign More information TopicsinChineseLaw AN O'MELVENY & MYERS LLP RESEARCH REPORT. Managing Cash, Capital and Debt in the PRC. by Scott Silverman *
TopicsinChineseLaw AN O'MELVENY & MYERS LLP RESEARCH REPORT July 2009 Managing Cash, Capital and Debt in the PRC by Scott Silverman * For foreign multinational corporations with operations in the People's More information How would Capital Account Liberalization Affect China s Capital Flows and the Renminbi Real Exchange Rates?
China & World Economy / 29 54, Vol. 20, No. 6, 2012 29 How would Capital Account Liberalization Affect China s Capital Flows and the Renminbi Real Exchange Rates? Dong He, Lillian Cheung, Wenlang Zhang More information Spring 2015. Sean Kidney, Beate Sonerud, Climate Bonds Initiative Padraig Oliver, Climate Policy Initiative. www.climatebonds.net.
Spring Sean Kidney, Beate Sonerud, Climate Bonds Initiative Padraig Oliver, Climate Policy Initiative www.climatebonds.net Supported by: Growing a green bonds market in China: Key recommendations for policymakers More information World Trade Organization Economic Research and Statistics Division
Staff Working Paper ERSD-2012-10 May 2012 World Trade Organization Economic Research and Statistics Division USE OF CURRENCIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE: ANY CHANGES IN THE PICTURE? Marc Auboin: WTO Manuscript More information Taking stock of China s external debt: low indebtedness, but rapid growth is a concern
1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 21 23 25 27 29 211 213 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS Taking stock of China s external debt: low indebtedness, More information Introduction of Chinese Debt Capital Market From Private Sector Perspective
Presented To: ABMI Conference Introduction of Chinese Debt Capital Market From Private Sector Perspective CITIC Securities Corporation Limited December 2009 Table of Contents Contents Part 1 OVERVIEW OF More information A user s guide to the Triennial Central Bank Survey of foreign exchange market activity 1
Michael R King michael.king@bis.org Carlos Mallo carlos.mallo@bis.org A user s guide to the Triennial Central Bank Survey of foreign exchange market activity 1 This article provides an overview of the More information JPMorgan Investment Funds
Prospectus July 2015 JPMorgan Investment Funds Société d Investissement à Capital Variable Luxembourg JPMORGAN INVESTMENT FUNDS (the Fund ) has been authorised under Part I of the Luxembourg law of 17 More information Stock code 股 份 代 號 : 1211 PROMOTE GREEN PRACTICE THEORY 2015 年 中 期 報 告 INTERIM REPORT
Stock code 股 份 代 號 : 1211 PROMOTE GREEN PRACTICE THEORY INTERIM REPORT 2015 年 中 期 報 告 Interim Results for the Six Months Ended 30 June 2015 Turnover 20.70% to RMB30,435 million Gross profit 21.41% to RMB4,575 More information Payment and Settlement Systems
The Central Bank of the Russian Federation PSS S Payment and Settlement Systems Analysis and Statistics No. 26 Payment System of Russia in 2009 2011 The Central Bank of the Russian Federation, 2011 107016 More information A Review of China s Financial System and Initiatives for the Future *
A Review of China s Financial System and Initiatives for the Future * Franklin Allen Jun QJ Qian The Wharton School Carroll School of Management University of Pennsylvania Boston College allenf@wharton.upenn.edu More information Doing business in China: A legal and tax perspective
Doing business in China: A legal and tax perspective Cuatrecasas, Gonçalves Pereira, S.L.P. You must not copy this work, totally or partially, in any way, including through reprography and computer processing, More information Asset Management in Europe
June 2014 Asset Management in Europe Facts and Figures 7 th ANNUAL REVIEW 2 Table of Contents Key Facts and Figures... 2 1 EFAMA Annual Asset Management Report... 4 2 Third-Party Asset Management... 5 More information I. Debt Markets: in the Context of Financial Sector Development
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3. China s Emerging Domestic Debt Markets: Facts and Issues -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- More information Payment and Settlement Systems
The Central Bank of the Russian Federation PSS S Payment and Settlement Systems Analysis and Statistics No. 20 Payment System of Russia in 2008 2010 The Central Bank of the Russian Federation, 2008 107016 More information Options, Futures, and Other Derivatives in Russia: An Overview
Discussion Paper No. 07-059 Options, Futures, and Other Derivatives in Russia: An Overview Waldemar Rotfuß Discussion Paper No. 07-059 Options, Futures, and Other Derivatives in Russia: An Overview Waldemar More information Stock Code: 1398 USD Preference Shares Stock Code: 4603 EUR Preference Shares Stock Code: 4604 RMB Preference Shares Stock Code: 84602.
Stock Code: 1398 USD Preference Shares Stock Code: 4603 EUR Preference Shares Stock Code: 4604 RMB Preference Shares Stock Code: 84602 Annual Report 2014 Company Profile Industrial and Commercial Bank More information Report to Congress on International Economic and Exchange Rate Policies
Report to Congress on International Economic and Exchange Rate Policies U.S. Department of the Treasury Office of International Affairs April 9, 2015 This Report reviews developments in international economic More information ETF 2020 Preparing for a new horizon
The ETF (Exchange Traded Fund) market is growing at a rapid pace. ETFs are no longer considered a niche product and a growing number of organisations are likely to enter this market in the future. To help More information The Board of Executives Report on Fortis Bank Polska SA business activity in 2009
The Board of Executives Report on Fortis Bank Polska SA business activity in 2009 Fortis Bank Polska SA The Board of Executives Report on Fortis Bank Polska SA business activity in 2009 1 Table of Contents More information CHINA Is shadow banking another subprime debt?
EMERGING MARKETS RESEARCH 25 October 2011 CHINA Is shadow banking another subprime debt? Trust lending, or shadow banking 1, and its associated risks of potential deleveraging, are dominating concerns More information HOUSING FINANCE IN THE EURO AREA
EUROPEAN CENTRAL BANK HOUSING FINANCE IN THE EURO AREA MARCH 29 Structural Issues Report HOUSING FINANCE IN THE EURO AREA MARCH 29 HOUSING FINANCE IN THE EURO AREA MARCH 29 In 29 all publications feature More information Board of Executives Report on the Business Activity of BNP Paribas Bank Polska SA Group in the First Half of 2011
Board of Executives Report on the Business Activity of BNP Paribas Bank Polska SA Group in the First Half of 2011 BNP Paribas Bank Polska SA with its registered office in Warsaw at ul. Suwak 3, registered More information 2016 © DocPlayer.net Privacy Policy | Terms of Service | Feedback