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Matched Legal Cases: ['art 4', 'art 3', 'art 1', 'art 1', 'art 1', 'art 1', 'art 1', 'art 1', 'art 1', 'art 1', 'art 4', 'art 2', 'art 1', 'art 1', 'art 2', 'art 4', 'art 2', 'art 2', 'art 1', 'art 2', 'art 3', 'art 1', 'art 3', 'art 1', 'art 4']

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1 A G U I D E T O A I M U K T A X B E N E F I T S A G U I D E T O A I M U K TA X B E N E F I T S 2
2 AIM is the London Stock Exchange s international market for young and growing companies. AIM provides an ideal environment for these ambitious businesses to access the capital and liquidity of the London markets the largest and deepest pool of international capital in the world. AIM s unique regulatory framework is based around balancing the flexibility a growing company needs. Businesses from all over the world continue to be attracted to AIM. In August 2012, over 1,100 companies from numerous countries and sectors were on the market and a total of 79 billion had been raised since AIM s launch. Baker Tilly is a leading independent firm of accountants and business advisers that specialises in providing an integrated range of services. It provides its growing and established business clients with audit, accountancy, personal and corporate taxation, VAT, management consultancy, corporate finance, IT advisory, restructuring and recovery and forensic services. The firm has national coverage through its network of offices and is represented internationally through its independent membership of Baker Tilly International. Baker Tilly s clients include high net-worth individuals and growing entrepreneurial companies. Baker Tilly is acknowledged as a market leader acting for AIM companies as auditors and/or reporting accountants. It has recognised specialists in the legislation relating to the tax benefits that can be applicable to AIM companies and investors. Baker Tilly, who is represented on the AIM Advisory Group of the London Stock Exchange, has been voted AIM Accountant of the Year in the Growth Company Awards five times and is the present joint incumbent of this award. Important note While every effort has been made to ensure accuracy, information contained in this booklet is not intended to be comprehensive and recipients should not act upon it without seeking professional advice. The summaries of the tax benefits contained in this booklet are based on legislation enacted up to and including the Finance Act Only a summary of the tax reliefs, the principal qualifying criteria and the persons to whom they might apply are set out in this booklet. It is not the intention of this booklet to provide the full terms of the relevant legislation which are often complex, and the relevance of and ability to claim particular reliefs will generally depend on an individual s personal circumstances. Investments in unquoted companies usually carry higher risks but potentially higher returns and may not be suitable for all investors. Accordingly, professional advice should be obtained before making an investment. The information contained in this booklet does not constitute investment advice and should not be used as the basis for investment decisions. Provision of the information is in no way intended, directly or indirectly, as an attempt to market or sell in any country any financial instrument. A G U I D E T O A I M U K TA X B E N E F I T S 1
3 A guide to AIM tax benefits Finance Act 2012 update Several key changes to the Enterprise Investment Scheme and Venture Capital Trust scheme have been enacted by Finance Act These changes are effective from April The following changes to the Enterprise Investment Scheme (EIS) and Venture Capital Trusts (VCTs) have been introduced in Finance Act 2012: An increase in the limits on the size of qualifying companies to up to 250 employees and gross assets of 15 million, from the previous limits of up to 50 employees and gross assets of 7 million An increase in the maximum annual amount that can be invested through EU State Aided funding including EIS and VCTs in an individual qualifying company to 5 million The removal of the 1 million maximum investment limit that any one VCT can invest in a company (subject to a joint venture rule) An increase in the maximum annual amount that an individual can invest through EIS to 1million In addition, the Government has also introduced a new scheme for earlier stage businesses. The Seed Enterprise Investment Scheme (SEIS) offers tax reliefs to individuals investing in start-up and early stage companies. Although SEIS is not directly relevant for AIM companies, it forms part of the measures in place to help encourage an effective funding environment for smaller, growing businesses. October L O N D O N S T O C K E X C H A N G E
4 A guide to AIM UK tax benefits This guide outlines the various tax reliefs available to investors in AIM companies and also the principal criteria which both companies and investors need to meet to take advantage of them. The tax advantages are those which relate to investments in qualifying unquoted companies. Companies traded on AIM and a number of other markets (see Part 4) are regarded by HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) as unquoted for this purpose. The tax reliefs available include: Capital gains tax (CGT) gift relief The Enterprise Investment Scheme (EIS) Inheritance tax (IHT) business property relief Relief for losses Venture Capital Trusts (VCTs). The guide is divided into four parts. The first part highlights the reliefs available to individual investors. The second part explains how funds may be raised with the benefit of such reliefs and the criteria AIM companies need to meet in order to ensure the availability of the tax reliefs for investors. The third part deals with foreign companies. The fourth part deals with special situations such as companies which move to and from the Official List, and obtaining advance assurance from HMRC in respect of proposed investments under the EIS and from VCTs. It also includes some information about the SEIS, newly introduced for start-ups and early stage companies. It is stressed that available tax reliefs should not be the principal reason for investment and should never outweigh the commercial criteria of investment proposals. However they can enhance financial returns as well as assist with an investor s tax planning. Note for trustees: it is beyond the scope of this guide to consider in detail the tax reliefs in respect of trustees and professional advice should be obtained. Note for non-uk companies: although this guide covers overseas considerations in Part 3, a separate guide entitled A guide to AIM UK tax benefits non-uk companies is available (from the London Stock Exchange). A G U I D E T O A I M U K TA X B E N E F I T S 3
5 Part 1 The tax benefits for individual investors Capital Gains Tax (CGT) There is no general CGT relief for gifts (although transfers between husband and wife are on a no gain no loss basis). However, if shares or securities in an AIM trading company are transferred, other than at arm s length, the deemed capital gain arising can be held over, ie the CGT liability is postponed until a subsequent arm s length disposal by the transferee, who effectively inherits the transferor s base cost. The relief must be claimed by both the transferor and transferee within five years and ten months of the end of the relevant tax year. Who can benefit from CGT gift relief? The relief is particularly useful for the transfer or gift of shares within families. The transferee must be resident or ordinarily resident in the UK and remain so for six years. There are no specific requirements for the transferor. There is no minimum or maximum holding required. It does not apply to a gift of shares to a company. Enterprise Investment Scheme (EIS) The Enterprise Investment Scheme (EIS) can benefit individual investors who subscribe for new ordinary shares in AIM companies which qualify as trading companies. Qualifying investments up to 1 million in aggregate in a tax year (husband and wife may each invest 1 million) entitle an investor to the following tax reliefs: 30 per cent initial income tax relief on investment ( initial relief ) 30 per cent (subject to state aid approval) initial income tax relief on investment ( initial relief ). For investments in qualifying shares made in a particular tax year, any part of the investment may be treated as made in the previous tax year. Relief is restricted to the actual income tax liability for the year, if lower than 30 per cent of the cost of the investment. Example investment of 100,000 Gross investment in shares 100,000 Income tax relief at 30% (30,000) Effective cost of investment 70,000 4 L O N D O N S T O C K E X C H A N G E
6 Part 1 The tax benefits for individual investors Exemption from capital gains tax on disposal The investment must be held for three years. Initial relief must not be withdrawn. The exemption is restricted if initial relief was not given on the full amount or if that amount has been reduced. Example investment of 100,000 Realised value of shares after three years 200,000 Original gross investment in shares (100,000) Tax-free gain 100,000 Loss relief if the investment fails or is disposed of at a loss 1 This is calculated at an investor s top rate of tax (currently 50 per cent for a higher rate payer) effectively on the net loss, after taking into account the initial tax relief. Losses can be relieved either against capital gains in the year of loss or a subsequent year or against income in the year of the loss or the previous year. The maximum net loss can thus be restricted to 35 per cent of cost (see example). Example investment of 100,000 50% taxpayer Nil 40% taxpayer 20% taxpayer Realised value of shares Nil Nil Original gross investment (100,000) (100,000) (100,000) EIS income tax relief 30,000 30,000 30,000 Loss (70,000) (70,000) (70,000) EIS loss relief tax at 50%/40%/20% 35,000 28,000 14,000 1 Cap on unlimited income tax reliefs HMT/HMRC issued a Technical Consultation on 13 July 2012, proposing a cap on unlimited income tax reliefs which will have effect from 6 April The proposal is to cap relief at 50,000 or 25% of an individual s income, whichever is greater. Whilst the cap will not apply to the up-front income tax relief given on investment under the EIS, it is proposed that it will apply to restrict any income tax loss relief available on a future disposal of the shares at a loss. Therefore loss relief may be restricted to the greater of 50,000 or 25% of an individual s income with effect from 6 April A G U I D E T O A I M U K TA X B E N E F I T S 5
7 Part 1 The tax benefits for individual investors Capital gains tax Tax deferral In addition, or as an alternative to claiming the initial relief, investors may defer assessment of capital gains tax on other gains by reinvesting those gains in subscriptions for new ordinary shares in qualifying companies. Reinvestment of other capital gains must be made up to one year before and three years after the disposal which gave rise to the gain. The period of deferral is until the investment is disposed of or the investee company ceases to qualify. There is no limit (up to the amount of the capital gain) that can be deferred in this way. The gain to be reinvested is after any claim for Entrepreneur's relief*. An investor may therefore benefit not only from the 30 per cent initial tax relief and the other reliefs as above (for investments up to 1 million*), but also by deferral of assessment to capital gains tax on the gain which is reinvested. Accordingly, it is possible for investors to claim initial tax relief of 58 per cent (for a higher rate taxpayer) on the first 1 million* (re)invested. However 28 per cent is a deferral only and is repayable when the investment is disposed of or the investee company ceases to qualify. Example investment of 100,000 This example assumes that the investor is a higher rate UK taxpayer with a capital gain of 100,000 (ie a CGT liability of 28,000). Gross investment in shares 100,000 less CGT deferral at 28% (28,000) less EIS initial income tax relief at 30% (30,000) Net cost of investment 42,000 CGT payable on disposal of shares 28,000 *Entrepreneur s relief was introduced by the Finance Act 2008 in relation to disposals taking place on or after 6 April 2008, and was amended in Finance (No 2) Act When claimed on a disposal occurring after 23 June 2010 the rate of capital gains tax on the chargeable gain becomes 10%. The definition of material disposal of business assets is complex and outside the scope of this guide, although it should be noted that, in particular, a disposal of shares will not qualify unless it is in an investor s personal company (i.e. the investor holds at least 5% of the ordinary share capital and voting rights). It is recommended that individuals requiring information on Entrepreneur s relief seek appropriate professional advice. 6 L O N D O N S T O C K E X C H A N G E
8 Part 1 The tax benefits for individual investors Who can benefit from EIS investment? Most individual investors, subject to their personal circumstances, should be eligible. Their qualifying status must continue for three years following subscription in new ordinary shares. However for initial relief and CGT exemption, an individual: need not be UK resident (but must be a UK taxpayer) must not be connected with the company as: an employee an existing paid director (but may be a paid director once the issue has been made) a shareholder (with associates) with more than 30 per cent of the share capital, voting power or rights to more than 30 per cent of the assets on a winding up otherwise able to control the company may be a new director (but specialist advice should be sought) his or her spouse can each invest up to 1 million per annum. For deferral relief, an investor: must reinvest a chargeable gain in the period one year before and up to three years after it arises must be UK resident or ordinarily resident in the UK at the time of the original gain, its reinvestment and for three years thereafter can be connected, ie control the company or be an employee or director can reinvest an unlimited amount (up to the amount of the gain(s) deferred). A G U I D E T O A I M U K TA X B E N E F I T S 7
9 Part 1 The tax benefits for individual investors Example An asset which cost 200,000 in August 2010 is disposed of after two years in September 2012, realising a gain of 1,180,000 which is reinvested immediately to defer the gain under the EIS. The EIS deferral shares are sold in October 2016 for 2,000,000. Separate calculations illustrate the gains respectively if initial relief of 1 million is claimed in respect of the reinvestment and if such relief is not claimed. Disposal September 2012 Proceeds of sale 1,380,000 Cost (Aug 2010) (200,000) Chargeable gain (tax deferred by reinvestment) 1,180,000 Deferral relief only Initial & deferral reliefs Sale of EIS deferral shares October 2016 Proceeds of sale 2,000,000 2,000,000 Cost of EIS shares (1,180,000) (1,180,000) 820, ,000 CGT exemption 1,000,000/ 1,180,000 x 820,000 (694,915) Gain on EIS deferral shares 820, ,085 Deferred gain on disposal of original business asset Gain on original chargeable asset 1,180,000 1,180,000 Total chargeable gains 2,000,000 1,305,085 Tax at 28% 560, ,424 Less: initial income tax relief at 30% (restricted to relief based on limit of 1 million) (300,000) Total tax 560,000 65,424 Effective tax rate on total gains of 2,000,000 (1,180, ,000) 28% 3.3% Notes The first column assumes that an investor will only be able to claim deferral relief without any initial income tax relief on the reinvestment. The second column assumes that an investor is also able to claim initial income tax relief and is entitled to CGT exemption on the EIS investment. However these reliefs are restricted as the amount of the gain reinvested is over 1 million which is the maximum that can be invested under the EIS to qualify for CGT exemption and initial income tax relief. If the gain in 2012 is less than 1 million there would be no overall tax payable in respect of the subsequent gain on the EIS shares. The example ignores the impact of any claim for Entrepreneur's relief that may be made in respect of the original disposal. 8 L O N D O N S T O C K E X C H A N G E
10 Part 1 The tax benefits for individual investors Inheritance tax (IHT) Business Property Relief (BPR) BPR can be an extremely valuable relief for individuals who invest in qualifying AIM listed companies. The main benefit of BPR, where it is available, is that it provides up to 100% exemption from IHT in respect of transfers of value. The most common transfer of value involving shares arises following the death of a shareholder either where the shares form part of the death estate or were transferred by way of a lifetime gift within the previous seven years. The full 100% exemption for a shareholding is only applicable to certain unquoted companies (see page 15). For these purposes, shares admitted to AIM are regarded as unquoted. The investment must be held for at least two years before a chargeable transfer for IHT purposes. Who can benefit from IHT Relief? Estates and beneficiaries of UK domiciled individuals who are likely to be assessed for IHT on a chargeable transfer, which include the following: death of the shareholder death of the donor, if the shares were gifted within seven years of death chargeable lifetime transfer (eg into a relevant property trust). A G U I D E T O A I M U K TA X B E N E F I T S 9
11 Part 1 The tax benefits for individual investors Relief for losses 1 Should an investment in shares be disposed of at less than cost, it may be possible to relieve the loss arising against capital gains of that or a subsequent year. Where the investment is in new shares subscribed for (ie not purchased from an existing shareholder) in a trading company which satisfies the EIS conditions, the loss arising may instead be relieved against income of that year or the previous year. If there is any loss remaining after claiming relief against income, such loss is available for relief against capital gains either of the current or subsequent years. An example where the loss is in respect of an EIS investment is covered on page 5. For companies which become fully quoted see page 20. Who can benefit from relief for losses? Individuals or trustees who are resident or ordinarily resident in the UK. Separate rules apply for companies. The loss must arise as a result of a sale at arm s length, a liquidation or where the investor is able to claim that the investment has become of negligible value. 1 Cap on unlimited income tax reliefs HMT/HMRC issued a Technical Consultation on 13 July 2012, proposing a cap on unlimited income tax reliefs which will have effect from 6 April The proposal is to cap relief at 50,000 or 25% of an individual s income, whichever is greater. Whilst the cap will not apply to the up-front income tax relief given on investment under the EIS, it is proposed that it will apply to restrict any income tax loss relief available on a future disposal of the shares at a loss. Therefore loss relief may be restricted to the greater of 50,000 or 25% of an individual s income with effect from 6 April L O N D O N S T O C K E X C H A N G E
12 Part 1 The tax benefits for individual investors Venture Capital Trusts (VCTs) A Venture Capital Trust (VCT) is a fully listed company, similar to a quoted investment trust, which is approved by HM Revenue & Customs and whose investments must, after three years, be at least 70 per cent in qualifying unquoted trading companies. In this way, investors in VCTs can gain access indirectly to a professionally managed portfolio of unquoted (see also Part 4) investments which, for this purpose, can include shares in qualifying AIM companies. Investments in VCTs (whether purchased in the market or subscribed for) of up to 200,000 in a tax year entitle individual investors to the following tax reliefs: exemption from tax on dividends. exemption from capital gains tax on disposal of shares in the VCT. 30 per cent initial income tax relief on the amount invested, up to 200,000 in new ordinary shares issued by VCTs, provided the shares are held for five years. Who can benefit from a VCT investment? Most individual investors, subject to their personal circumstances, should be eligible there is a maximum limit of 200,000 per annum which can be invested by each of a husband and wife. Initial relief An investor: need not be UK resident but must be a UK taxpayer must hold the investment for five years. A G U I D E T O A I M U K TA X B E N E F I T S 1 1
13 Part 2 The benefits and criteria for qualifying companies Capital gains tax CGT gift relief Where there is a transaction in the shares of an unquoted qualifying trading company (which for this purpose can include those on AIM) which is conducted other than at arm s length, eg as a part of a family estate planning exercise, a gain which is otherwise chargeable may be held over until the holding is disposed of by the acquirer as set out in Part 1. Which companies qualify? Unquoted trading companies (including those on AIM) and holding companies of trading groups. Trading companies where the person making the gift holds at least 5 per cent of the voting rights. Enterprise Investment Scheme (EIS) Under the EIS, a qualifying unquoted trading company (see page 13) subject to its size and other qualifying criteria, can raise up to 5 million annually of new ordinary share capital from individual investors who may be able to take advantage of the tax benefits summarised in Part 1. This 5 million limit is the maximum that can be raised under all risk capital schemes, taken together within the 12 months ending on the date of the relevant investment. The risk capital schemes are the SEIS, EIS and VCTs and other equity-based state aid, as defined. If this 5 million limit is exceeded then the whole of the amount raised that takes you over the 5 million is disqualified, not just the amount in excess of 5 million. 12 L O N D O N S T O C K E X C H A N G E
14 Part 2 The benefits and criteria for qualifying companies Which companies qualify for investment under the EIS? The legislation is complex. However, the following is a summary of the key criteria that a company must meet: The shares must be in an unquoted trading company. For this purpose, shares admitted to AIM are regarded as unquoted. The shares issued must be new shares and must be subscribed for wholly in cash and must be fully paid up at the time of issue. Prior to 6 April 2012 eligible shares were effectively only ordinary shares. The rules have been brought into line with the VCT legislation and from 6 April 2012, an eligible share can have a preferential right to dividends provided that such a right is not cumulative, the dividend cannot be varied and the preferential shares are non-redeemable. The shares issued must carry no preferential rights to a company s assets on winding up. From 6 April 2011, the funds raised by the issue of EIS shares must be employed wholly for the purposes of a qualifying business activity carried on anywhere in the world provided that the issuing company has a UK permanent establishment (see page 18). Prior to 6 April 2011, the funds raised needed to be employed in a qualifying business activity carried on wholly or mainly in the UK. The funds raised must be employed in the trade no later than 2 years from the date subscription or, if later, commencement of trade (which must commence no later than two years after the issue of shares). The aggregate gross assets must not exceed 15 million before investment and 16 million immediately after. The company must have less than 250 full-time equivalent employees when the shares are issued. The company must also meet the following qualifying criteria throughout the three year period from the issue of shares or the start of trading if later: the company must be unquoted AIM companies are regarded as unquoted (see also Part 4) for this purpose. A company must be unquoted (which can include a company on AIM) only at the time of the issue of EIS shares provided that no arrangements exist at that time for the company to become quoted the company must exist wholly (other than to an insignificant extent) for the purpose of carrying out a qualifying business activity for which purpose the activities of all companies in a group are considered as one. If the company is a parent company, the activities of the group as a whole must be substantially qualifying. (This is usually taken to mean up to 20 per cent of activities may be non-qualifying.) the company must either carry on a qualifying trade (ie not investment activities) or be the parent company of a trading group. Incidental purposes, which are defined as having no significant effect on activities of the company, can be disregarded the company must not be controlled by another company (ie one that is or is entitled to exercise direct or indirect control so as to obtain the right to receive over 50 per cent of the income on a distribution or assets on a winding-up) or be a 51 per cent subsidiary or under the control of another company and any persons connected with that other company the company must not be in difficulty at the beginning of the period. Whether it is reasonable to assume a company is in difficulty in this context might be open to interpretation, however HMRC s current intention is to not regard a company as being in difficulty if, at the date of issue of the relevant shares: it is within the first three years of operations in the relevant field of activity and/or it has been able to raise funds from its existing shareholders or from the market A G U I D E T O A I M U K TA X B E N E F I T S 1 3
15 Part 2 The benefits and criteria for qualifying companies sufficient to meet its anticipated funding requirements at that time in this respect companies which are able to raise new funds whilst already listed on AIM or upon IPO should not be regarded as being in difficulty. Any subsidiary of the issuing company must be at least 51 per cent owned. If funds raised under the EIS are employed in a subsidiary, or the subsidiary s business is involved wholly or mainly in the holding or managing of land or property deriving its value from land, that subsidiary must be either: directly owned at least 90% by the parent 100% subsidiaries of direct 90% subsidiaries of the parent 90% subsidiaries of direct 100% subsidiaries of the parent collectively, these are known as qualifying subsidiaries. There are a number of anti-avoidance measures which include such matters as the purchase of other companies and repayment or redemption of shares and professional advice should be sought. In particular, it is essential that the relevant shares must be issued for commercial reasons and not as part of a scheme or arrangement, the main purpose, or one of the main purposes of which, is the avoidance of tax. Note: it is possible for the company to apply for advance assurance to HM Revenue & Customs prior to issuing shares in order to establish whether the HM Revenue & Customs considers that the shares to be issued will be eligible and the activities of the company are qualifying. Further details in respect of this are on page 22. Qualifying business activities Most trades (not investment activities) qualify but some activities do not, including the following: property development letting of property dealing in land, commodities, futures, shares or securities dealing in goods other than by normal wholesale or retail banking, insurance, money lending, debt factoring, hire purchase or other financial activities legal or accountancy services farming, market gardening, forestry woodlands or timber operating or managing property-backed establishments such as hotels, guest houses, nursing homes, residential care homes or managing property used for any of these activities receipt of licence fees or royalties, except where the company or qualifying subsidiary has created the greater part by value of the intellectual property exploited ship building coal production steel production feed-in tariff subsidised generation of electricity where shares are issued after 23 March 2011 but electricity production does not commence until after 6 April L O N D O N S T O C K E X C H A N G E
16 Part 2 The benefits and criteria for qualifying companies Inheritance tax (IHT) Investments in shares and securities in trading companies may qualify for inheritance tax business property relief at either 50 per cent or 100 per cent. The 50 per cent relief is available for controlling interests in quoted trading companies. However, investments in unquoted trading companies (including those on AIM) attract 100 per cent relief, which can encourage investment through tax planning opportunities. Restrictions apply where the company owns excepted assets not used for the purposes of the trade. Which companies qualify? IHT is more concerned with the individual s domicile. Accordingly, a company need not be UK resident. Most trades qualify but a company s business must not be wholly or mainly that of: dealing in securities, stocks and shares dealing in land or buildings making or holding investments (unless that of a market maker or discount house). Relief for losses 1 Should an investment in an unquoted trading company (which for this purpose can include an AIM company) fail or be disposed of at a loss, tax relief for the loss may be available as set out in Part 1 which can reduce the financial exposure of investors to a fall in value. The shares of the company may subsequently be listed on a designated stock exchange, provided that arrangements are not in existence at the time the shares are issued. Which companies qualify? must be an unquoted trading company (including those on AIM) at the date of disposal must have qualified for a continuous period of six years ending on disposal or entire period of ownership if less must carry on a qualifying business activity essentially as under the EIS (see page 14). Venture Capital Trusts (VCTs) VCTs are companies listed on the Main Market similar to investment trusts, approved by HM Revenue & Customs and whose investments, after three years, must consist of at least 70 per cent in new issues in unquoted qualifying trading companies (which for this purpose can include such AIM companies). Thirty per cent of qualifying investments must be in new ordinary shares of investee companies. Provided that the gross assets and qualifying employees tests outlined above are met at the time of the investment, the company may raise up to 5 million under all risk capital schemes, (SEIS, EIS and VCT and all other equity state aided investment), taken together in total. There is generally no restriction to the amount that may be invested by an individual VCT within the 5million overall limitation, however the maximum qualifying investment that may be made by an individual VCT may be restricted where a group company is either a member of a partnership or party to a joint venture and at least one of the other members/parties is a company. The maximum qualifying investment for an individual VCT will be 1 million divided by the number of companies (including the relevant company) which, at the time when the relevant holding is issued, are members of the partnership or, as the case may be, parties to the joint venture. Investment can be in: new ordinary shares and /or preference shares or loans with a minimum term of five years. No holding must be more than 15 per cent of a VCT s investments and at least 10 per cent by value of a VCT s holding in any one company must be in eligible shares. Prior to 6 April 2011, eligible shares were effectively only ordinary shares. Since 6 April 2011 this rule has been relaxed whereby an eligible share can have a preferential right to dividends provided that such a right is not 1 Cap on unlimited income tax reliefs HMT/HMRC issued a Technical Consultation on 13 July 2012, proposing a cap on unlimited income tax reliefs which will have effect from 6 April The proposal is to cap relief at 50,000 or 25% of an individual s income, whichever is greater. Whilst the cap will not apply to the up-front income tax relief given on investment under the EIS, it is proposed that it will apply to restrict any income tax loss relief available on a future disposal of the shares at a loss. Therefore loss relief may be restricted to the greater of 50,000 or 25% of an individual s income with effect from 6 April A G U I D E T O A I M U K TA X B E N E F I T S 1 5
17 Part 2 The benefits and criteria for qualifying companies cumulative, the dividend cannot be varied and the preferential shares are non-redeemable. In regard to funds raised by VCTs after 5 April 2011, 70% of their qualifying holdings must be invested in the form of eligible shares in qualifying companies within three years. However, where their funds were raised prior to this date, only 30% of qualifying investments must be in eligible shares. Which companies qualify? To be a qualifying holding of a VCT most unquoted trading companies (which includes those on AIM) qualify but some do not. The following matters should be considered: see pages 13 and 14 in relation to the EIS for qualifying companies and activities if a company is to remain as a qualifying holding, it must do so throughout the period the investment is held by a VCT if a company becomes quoted, eg by moving to the London Stock Exchange s Main Market or a recognised foreign stock exchange, it is still regarded as unquoted for a further five years. Note: it is possible for investee companies to apply to the HM Revenue & Customs for advance assurance. Further details are shown on page L O N D O N S T O C K E X C H A N G E
18 Part 3 Overseas considerations Overseas considerations The place of incorporation, or other residence status (broadly where a company is managed or controlled), of the company raising funds may be a relevant factor in the investor s entitlement to the various reliefs considered in this guide. The specific circumstances of the investor will also need to be considered and detailed professional advice should be sought. Shares and securities in a non-uk incorporated or resident company are regarded as unquoted as long as they are not quoted on an exchange designated by HM Revenue & Customs. The impact of the residence or place of incorporation is as follows. CGT gift relief The company Residence is not relevant. The investor The investor must be resident or ordinarily resident in the UK in the tax year of transfer. The transferee must be within the charge to UK CGT whether or not resident or ordinarily resident in the UK in the tax year of transfer and the next six years (or until an earlier date of disposal) and not be a company. EIS The company Residence of a company is itself of no relevance but the funds raised under the EIS must be issued by a company which itself has a permanent establishment in the UK (see page 18). Prior to 6 April 2011, the funds could only be used in a business which was carried on wholly or mainly in the UK. This requirement has been removed and this is beneficial to UK companies looking forward to expand internationally. From 6 April 2011 a foreign company which has a UK permanent establishment (such as a factory) in the UK can raise funds and use them in an overseas subsidiary s trade provided the subsidiary carries on a qualifying trade and that the group as a whole meets the criteria for a trading group as set out on page 13. It must be the company raising the funds which has the UK permanent establishment. It is not sufficient for the issuing company to have a UK subsidiary. The relevant period is the period beginning with the date of issue of the shares and ending either three years after that date or, where the company (or subsidiary) was not carrying on the qualifying trade on that date, three years after the date on which it begins to carry on the trade. The investor An investor need not be UK resident other than for purposes of deferral relief as set out in Part 1 and, in order to claim income tax relief, an investor must be a UK taxpayer. A G U I D E T O A I M U K TA X B E N E F I T S 1 7
19 Part 3 Overseas considerations Inheritance tax The company The place of incorporation and location of the share register may be of importance to certain investors (see below). The investor Individual investors who are not regarded as domiciled in the UK may enjoy certain benefits in respect of investments which are not regarded as situated in the UK for tax purposes. Finance Acts from 2008 onwards have contained a raft of measures affecting the UK taxation of non-domiciled individuals. The rules are complex and advice should therefore be sought with regard to the individual s tax status. Relief for losses on investments 1 The company The issuing company must, as with the EIS, have a permanent establishment in the UK. The relevant period is the period beginning with the incorporation of the company, or, if later, one year before the date on which the shares were issued, and ending with the date of disposal of the shares. What is a Permanent Establishment? For periods after 6 April 2011, the test of whether the issuing company has a UK permanent establishment is statutorily defined: A permanent establishment is, broadly, a fixed place of business such as an office, branch or construction project. Additionally, a dependent agent in the UK who is capable of binding the company to contracts can constitute a permanent establishment. A permanent establishment is not a place of business where only preparatory or auxiliary activities are carried out Nor would a company qualify as having a permanent establishment in the UK solely by virtue of being incorporated there A company does not have a permanent establishment in the UK by virtue of holding a UK resident subsidiary. The investor Generally the residence of an individual is not a significant factor. To offset the loss against income (rather than capital gains see Part 1), the investor must have other income assessed to UK income tax in either the tax year of the loss or the previous year. Venture Capital Trusts The company (raising funds from a VCT) As for the EIS, except that there is no relevant period. The investor (in a VCT) As for the EIS. 1 Cap on unlimited income tax reliefs HMT/HMRC issued a Technical Consultation on 13 July 2012, proposing a cap on unlimited income tax reliefs which will have effect from 6 April The proposal is to cap relief at 50,000 or 25% of an individual s income, whichever is greater. Whilst the cap will not apply to the up-front income tax relief given on investment under the EIS, it is proposed that it will apply to restrict any income tax loss relief available on a future disposal of the shares at a loss. Therefore loss relief may be restricted to the greater of 50,000 or 25% of an individual s income with effect from 6 April L O N D O N S T O C K E X C H A N G E
20 Part 4 Other aspects Moving from AIM to the Main Market The reliefs dealt within this guide are, in the main, only available for investments in unquoted companies. For this purpose, the legislation provides that a company is an unquoted company (whether or not UK resident) where none of its shares, stocks, debentures or other securities is: listed on a recognised stock exchange, which includes a designated exchange outside the UK; or dealt in outside the UK by any designated means. Designated means designated by an order made for the purposes of defining an unquoted company. For the purposes of the legislation outlined in this booklet, HM Revenue & Customs considers that companies whose shares are traded on AIM are unquoted. The effect of a company s status changing depends upon the particular relief. A summary of the consequences is outlined below. CGT gift relief Shares or securities of a trading company, or of the holding company of a trading group qualify where the shares etc are not listed on a recognised stock exchange. Relief is also available on the disposal of shares in the transferor s personal company. A personal company, in relation to an individual, is a company where not less than 5 per cent of the voting rights are exercisable by the individual. Change in status is only relevant to the extent that, at the time of disposal, the investment does not qualify for gift relief. Enterprise Investment Scheme For the EIS, at the time when the shares are issued, neither they nor any of the company's other shares or debentures or other securities may be quoted. In addition, at the time when the shares are issued there must not be any arrangements for such a listing, or for the company to become a subsidiary of another company, which would not satisfy this requirement. The shares of the company may subsequently be listed on a recognised stock exchange, provided that arrangements are not in existence at the time the shares are issued under the EIS. A G U I D E T O A I M U K TA X B E N E F I T S 1 9