Source: https://www.scribd.com/document/76803052/Kivalina-Complaint
Timestamp: 2017-07-22 03:34:57
Document Index: 219428501

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 1331', '§ 1331', '§ 1367', '§ 1391', '§ 1391', '§ 1391', '§ 1391', '§ 29']

Kivalina Complaint | Greenhouse Gas | Royal Dutch Shell
Kivalina ComplaintUploaded by José LariosRelated InterestsGreenhouse GasRoyal Dutch ShellBpNatural GasAir PollutionRating and Stats0.0 (0)Document ActionsDownloadShare or Embed DocumentEmbedView MoreCopyright: Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)List price: $0.00Download as PDF, TXT or read online from ScribdFlag for inappropriate content1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11LUKE W. COLE (CA Bar No. 145505) BRENT NEWELL (CA Bar No. 210312) Center on Race, Poverty & the Environment 47 Kearny Street, Suite 804 San Francisco, CA 94108 (415) 346-4179 · (415) 346-8723 (fax) E-mail: luke@igc.org Heather Kendall Miller NATIVE AMERICAN RIGHTS FUND 420 L Street, Suite 505 Anchorage, AK 99501 (907) 276-0680 · (907) 276-2466 (fax) E-mail: kendall@narf.org Attorneys for Plaintiffs NATIVE VILLAGE OF KIVALINA and CITY OF KIVALINA [Other Counsel Listed on Signature Page] UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
12 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 13 SAN FRANCISCO DIVISION 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 NATIVE VILLAGE OF KIVALINA and CITY ) OF KIVALINA, ) ) Plaintiffs, ) ) v. ) ) EXXONMOBIL CORPORATION; ) BP P.L.C.; BP AMERICA, INC.; BP ) PRODUCTS NORTH AMERICA, INC.; ) CHEVRON CORPORATION; CHEVRON ) U.S.A., INC.; CONOCOPHILLIPS COMPANY; ) ROYAL DUTCH SHELL PLC; SHELL OIL ) COMPANY; PEABODY ENERGY ) CORPORATION; THE AES CORPORATION; ) AMERICAN ELECTRIC POWER COMPANY, ) INC.; AMERICAN ELECTRIC POWER ) SERVICES CORPORATION; DTE ENERGY ) COMPANY; DUKE ENERGY ) CORPORATION; DYNEGY HOLDINGS, INC.; ) EDISON INTERNATIONAL; MIDAMERICAN ) ENERGY HOLDINGS COMPANY; MIRANT ) CORPORATION; NRG ENERGY; PINNACLE ) WEST CAPITAL CORPORATION; RELIANT ) ENERGY, INC.; THE SOUTHERN ) COMPANY; AND XCEL ENERGY, INC. ) ) Defendants. )
Civ. Action No. COMPLAINT FOR DAMAGES DEMAND FOR JURY TRIAL (Federal Common Law Public Nuisance; 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331, 2201)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 III. I. II.
TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE NATURE OF THE ACTION ........................................................................................ 1 JURISDICTION AND VENUE .................................................................................... 2 A. B. C. Subject Matter Jurisdiction ................................................................................ 2 Personal Jurisdiction .......................................................................................... 2 Venue……………………….………………………………………………….3
PARTIES …………………………..…………………………………………………3 A. B. Plaintiffs ………………………………………………………………………3 Defendants …………………………………………………………………….5 BP Entities ......................................................................................................... 5 Chevron Entities ................................................................................................ 7 ConocoPhillips .................................................................................................. 8 ExxonMobil Corporation................................................................................... 9 Shell Entities .................................................................................................... 10 Peabody Energy Corporation .......................................................................... 12 The AES Corporation ...................................................................................... 12 AEP Entities .................................................................................................... 14 DTE ............................................................................................................. 16
Duke Entities ................................................................................................... 17 Dynegy Entities ............................................................................................... 19 Edison International......................................................................................... 20 MidAmerican ................................................................................................... 21 Mirant ............................................................................................................. 22 NRG Energy .................................................................................................... 24 Pinnacle West .................................................................................................. 25 Reliant ............................................................................................................. 26 The Southern Company ................................................................................... 28 -i-
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 B. C. D. IV.
Xcel Energy ..................................................................................................... 29 Global Warming .......................................................................................................... 31 A. Defendants’ Carbon Dioxide Emissions ......................................................... 39 1. 2. 3. Oil Companies ..................................................................................... 39 Power Companies .................................................................................. 41 Peabody Coal…………………………………………………………..42
Current and Projected Global Warming Impacts ............................................ 44 Special Injuries to Kivalina’s Property Interests ............................................. 45 Civil Conspiracy Allegations .......................................................................... 47 1. 2. The Use of Front Groups. .................................................................... 47 ExxonMobil’s Leadership Role in the Conspiracy ............................. 56 a. b. c. d. e. Exploiting Scientific Studies ................................................... 58 Denying the Consensus on Global Warming .......................... 58 Misleading Advertising ........................................................... 59 Funding Critics of Global Warming ........................................ 59 Denying the Effects of Global Warming on the Arctic ........... 60
FIRST CLAIM FOR RELIEF Federal Common Law: Public Nuisance .............................. 62 SECOND CLAIM FOR RELIEF State Law: Private and Public Nuisance ......................... 64 THIRD CLAIM FOR RELIEF Civil Conspiracy .................................................................. 66 FOURTH CLAIM FOR RELIEF Concert of Action ............................................................. 66 RELIEF REQUESTED ........................................................................................................... 67 DEMAND FOR JURY TRIAL ............................................................................................... 67
- ii COMPLAINT FOR DAMAGES
4. Global warming is destroying Kivalina and the village thus must be relocated soon or be abandoned and cease to exist. Defendants in this action include many of the largest emitters of greenhouse gases in the United States.S. B.
I. 2.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 1. Defendants are responsible for a substantial portion of the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere that have caused global warming and Kivalina’s special injuries. Kivalina further asserts claims for civil conspiracy and concert of action for certain defendants’ participation in conspiratorial and other actions intended to further the defendants’ abilities to contribute to global warming.S.
Global warming is destroying Kivalina through the melting of Arctic sea ice that formerly protected the village from winter storms. Government Accountability Office have both concluded that Kivalina must be relocated due to global warming and have estimated the cost to be from $95 million to $400 million. Defendants contribute to global warming through their emissions of large
quantities of greenhouse gases. Plaintiffs. Kivalina residents are Inupiat Eskimo whose ancestors occupied the area since time immemorial. Kivalina is located on the tip of a six-mile barrier reef located between the Chukchi Sea and the Kivalina and Wulik Rivers on the Northwest coast of Alaska. state law. Relocating will cost hundreds of millions of dollars and is an urgent matter. See photograph of Kivalina attached as Exh. Kivalina brings this action against defendants under federal common law and. a nuisance that is causing severe harms to Kivalina. See photograph of Kivalina attached as Exh.
in the alternative. to seek damages for defendants’ contributions to global warming. A. the Native Village of Kivalina and the City of Kivalina (collectively “Kivalina”). some seventy miles north of the Arctic Circle. are the governing bodies of an Inupiat village of approximately 400 people. The
-1COMPLAINT FOR DAMAGES
This is a suit to recover damages from global warming caused by defendants’
actions. The U. All Defendants directly emit large quantities of greenhouse gases and have done so for many years. 3. Greenhouse gases trap atmospheric heat and thus cause global warming. Army Corps of Engineers and the U.
each defendant has failed promptly and adequately to mitigate the impact of these emissions.S. defendants continued their substantial contributions to global warming. Despite this knowledge. JURISDICTION AND VENUE
Subject Matter Jurisdiction 7. This Court’s exercise of general jurisdiction is appropriate as to each of the
defendants because defendants reside in California or have substantial or continuous and
. 5. Further. as described below. the village will be destroyed. 6. Subject matter jurisdiction is proper in this Court pursuant to 28 U. Additionally. See photograph of Kivalina attached as Exh. a public nuisance. conspired to create a false scientific debate about global warming in order to deceive the public. Critical infrastructure is imminently threatened with permanent destruction. and damages caused by certain defendants’ acts in furthering a conspiracy to suppress the awareness of the link between these emissions and global warming.C. C.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
result of the increased storm damage is a massive erosion problem. A. Kivalina seeks monetary damages for defendants’ past and ongoing
contributions to global warming. B. Houses and buildings are in imminent danger of falling into the sea as the village is battered by storms and its ground crumbles from underneath it. Personal Jurisdiction 9. If the entire village is not relocated soon.S.C. some of the defendants. 8. II. § 1331
because Kivalina asserts a claim against all defendants under federal common law. § 1367(a) because such claims are so related to claims in this action within the Court’s original jurisdiction that they form part of the same case or controversy under Article III of the United States Constitution. Subject matter over the state law claims is proper in this court pursuant to 28
U. Each of the defendants knew or should have known of the impacts of their
emissions on global warming and on particularly vulnerable communities such as coastal Alaskan villages. placing immediate profit above the need to protect against the harms from global warming.
Alternatively. registering to do business in the state. defendants emit gases at other locations. mailing of solicitations to shareholders in California requesting they purchase additional stock. Venue 11.C. generating significant revenues in California. Venue is also proper under 28 U. providing service or making sales in California.S. 10. C. establishing an agent for service of process in California. knowing that the harm from their emissions does not remain localized and inevitably merges with the accumulation of emissions in California and in the world. knowing that their emissions increase the global atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases and thereby contribute to global warming. each of the defendants intentionally emits millions of tons of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere annually.C. In other instances. Such contacts include defendants’ incorporating in the state of California. the deposit of dividend checks into California banks on a regular basis and/or having millions of shares of their stock owned by investors based in California. the Court’s exercise of specific jurisdiction over defendants is
appropriate under the facts of this case.S. sending additional mailings to shareholders on a regular basis. owning or operating facilities in California. § 1391(b)(3). § 1391(c) and other law.C. because there is no district in which the action may otherwise be brought and at least one defendant may be found in this judicial district. maintaining an office in California.
. soliciting business in California. venue is proper pursuant to 28 U.S. As set forth below.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
systematic contacts with the state of California that approximate physical presence. Venue is proper in this judicial district pursuant to 28 U.S. § 1391(b)(1)
because all defendants reside in this judicial district as that term is defined in 28 U.C. In the alternative. Much of the misconduct occurs in California. § 1391(b)(2) because a substantial part of the events or omissions giving rise to the claims occurred in this judicial district. where many of the defendants conduct operations that cause greenhouse gas emissions.
Kivalina is a traditional Inupiat village. Alaska Stat. and statutory authority to represent the public interest of the Kivalina community. The Native Village of Kivalina owns property and structures in Kivalina that are imminently threatened by global warming. Plaintiff City of Kivalina is a unified municipality that was incorporated in
1969 under Alaska state law. The sea ice – particularly landfast sea ice – acts as a protective barrier to the coastal storms that batter the coast of the Chukchi Sea. Due to global warming. 15.05. Global warming has severely harmed Kivalina by reducing the sea ice
commonly present in the fall. many of whom own property imminently threatened by global warming. Kivalina has an estimated 399 residents. 97% of whom are Alaska Natives. and as parens patriae on behalf of its citizens and residents. It brings this cause of action on its own behalf to protect its property and structures. Plaintiffs 12. and is less extensive and thinner.
Plaintiffs Native Village of Kivalina and the City of Kivalina have the authority
to file civil actions in order to protect public rights and interests of their community.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
III. 16. breaks up earlier. 13. attaches to the coast later. thus subjecting Kivalina to coastal
. Kivalina is located at the tip of a six-mile long barrier reef between the Chukchi Sea and the Kivalina Lagoon at the mouths of the Kivalina and Wulik Rivers. common law. The Native Village of Kivalina’s Constitution and By-Laws were first ratified in 1940. the sea ice forms later in the year. This challenge is brought pursuant to Kivalina’s independent constitutional. A. to protect their health and well-being. “Inupiat” means “the people” and is the term used by the Natives of northern Alaska to describe themselves and their culture. Plaintiff Native Village of Kivalina is a self-governing.011 (2007). The City of Kivalina owns property and structures in Kivalina that are imminently threatened by global warming. winter and spring at Kivalina. § 29. 14. federally recognized
Tribe established pursuant to the provisions of the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 and amended in 1936.
Defendants BP Entities 18. California.l. BP p. Impacts of global warming have damaged Kivalina to such a grave degree that
Kivalina is becoming uninhabitable and must now relocate its entire community.c. (“BP”) is a Delaware Corporation with its
principal place of business located in Warrenville. (2) refining and marketing.c.c. These storms and waves are destroying the land upon which Kivalina is located. is a multi-national.5 billion in assets in the State of California and maintains its Western Regional Office in La Palma.c.l.” 20.c.c. 19.l.c.l. 17. has also admitted that “it is only right that we play a part in finding and implementing solutions to one of the greatest challenges of this century. is a public limited company registered in England and
Wales with its headquarters in London.c. Inc.l.l. integrated oil company with three main operating business segments: (1) exploration and production. Recently BP p. has set targets for it and its subsidiaries to reduce CO2 emissions. doing business in California.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
storm waves and surges. including electricity facilities and the flaring and venting of natural gas and electricity. and in this District under the BP and Amoco brands. Approximately 40% of BP p. controls the greenhouse gas emissions policies of its subsidiaries. was created in 1998 as a result of a merger between the Amoco Corporation (“Amoco”) and the British Petroleum Company p.c.
These emissions came from owned and operated facilities.l. 21. B.l.’s fixed assets are located in the United States. and BP p.l. markets petroleum products in the U. BP owns and operates the Carson refinery which is the largest refinery in California.l. England. BP is a wholly owned subsidiary of BP p.l. Defendant BP p. BP America has
. BP p. at least in part” linked to the production and consumption of carbon based fuels. power and renewables.c. Defendant BP America. BP p. has admitted that “there is an emerging consensus that
climate change is. Illinois. BP owns more than $3. Defendant BP p. BP p.S.c. and (3) gas.
This BP subsidiary owns and operates refineries in Texas.l. reported to the U. 25. Under the Greenhouse Gas (“GHG”) Protocol.000 tons. employees and/or agents of policies. Defendant BP Products North America.l.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
emitted large quantities of greenhouse gases for many years. 22. for
example. (“BP Products”) is a Maryland
Corporation with its principal place of business located in Warrenville. conducts
and/or controls operations relating to emissions of carbon dioxide from facilities owned and/or operated by BP p.’s setting of voluntary targets to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from its worldwide operations. including BP p. For example.asp (converted from metric tons to short tons). directs.2 24.
.l. Illinois.c.’s various agreements and pledges to exercise control over the carbon dioxide emissions from facilities owned and/or operated by its subsidiaries. Such management. p. BP emitted 65 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent greenhouse
gases (“CO2e”)1 (not including its 50% share of the emissions from its joint venture. Department of Energy (“DOE”) that its U.c. conduct and/or control is evidenced by. BP p.’s subsidiaries.cdproject. expressed in terms of the global warming potential of one unit of carbon dioxide. available at http://www.c.S.c. this is the universal unit of measurement used to indicate the global warming potential of each of the six greenhouse gases. conduct and/or control is exercised through a variety of means. through its employees and/or agents. direction. CO2 emissions in 2005 were 39.l. BP. manages.
CO2e means carbon dioxide equivalent.S. TNK-BP. Inc. 23. including through implementation by BP p.net/search.. and programs relating to global warming generally and to carbon dioxide emissions specifically. Indiana and Ohio. which BP conceded would materially affect its calculation of operational emissions).356. procedures.l. direction.c. 2 Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP5) Greenhouse Gas Emissions Questionnaire – BP UK. BP Products is registered to do business in the State of California and has a registered agent for the service of process in California. Such management. In 2006. doing business in California.
Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP5) Greenhouse Gas Emissions Questionnaire – Chevron USA. Defendant Chevron U.S.net/search. http://www. conduct and/or control is evidenced by. and flaring and venting of natural gas. a byproduct of crude oil. Such management. direction. and programs relating to global warming generally and to carbon dioxide emissions specifically. manages. 29.
As a result of its management. conducts
and/or controls operations relating to emissions of carbon dioxide from facilities owned and/or operated by Chevron’s subsidiaries. for
example. California. (“Chevron USA”) is a Pennsylvania
Corporation with its principal place of business located in San Ramon.c.’s subsidiaries. Inc. these combined sources accounted for more than 90 percent of its greenhouse gas (“GHG”) emissions. Chevron’s various agreements and pledges to exercise control over the carbon
Chevron. is responsible for its subsidiaries’ past and current emissions of greenhouse gases. conduct and/or control is exercised through a variety of means. 31. In 2006.asp. Chevron USA is a wholly owned subsidiary of Chevron. directs. Such management.c.chevron.com/globalissues/climatechange/actionplan/# (converted from metric tons to short tons).l. direction.4 30.3 The primary sources of Chevron’s greenhouse gas emissions are combustion.A. Action Plan on Climate Change. In 2006. direction. Defendant Chevron Corporation (“Chevron”) is a Delaware Corporation with
its principal place of business located in San Ramon. the Chevron entities emitted 68 million tons of carbon dioxide
equivalent. California.cdproject.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
26. including through implementation by Chevron employees and/or agents of policies. which occurs during operations. Chevron.l. procedures. available at http://www. conduct and/or control of operations
relating to emissions of carbon dioxide from facilities owned and/or operated by BP p. through its employees and/or agents. defendant BP p. Chevron Entities 27.
As a result of its management. manages.
conducts and/or controls operations relating to emissions of carbon dioxide from facilities
Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP5) Greenhouse Gas Emissions Questionnaire ConocoPhillips Corporation. totaling 62. conduct and/or control of operations
relating to emissions of carbon dioxide from facilities owned and/or operated by Chevron’s subsidiaries. 34. ConocoPhillips 33.asp. 6 Id.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
dioxide emissions from facilities owned and/or operated by its subsidiaries. or 37.5 million tons CO2e in 2006. directs. ConocoPhillips. Texas.6 Greenhouse gas emissions from refining and marketing (“R&M”) were approximately 60% of total company GHG emissions.
. In 2006 ConocoPhillips’ CO2e emissions.000 tons CO2 equivalent per million barrels of hydrocarbon refined. Refining emissions are about 34. increased
13 percent or 7. including Chevron’s Action Plan on Climate Change which states that “Chevron is taking actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from operations.5 Greenhouse gas emissions from exploration and production and midstream account for about 40% of the total company emissions.cdproject. ConocoPhillips owns and operates three refineries in California. ConocoPhillips is registered to do business in California and has designated a registered agent for service of process in California. direction. 7 Id. Normalized exploration and production and midstream GHG emissions are about 19.4 million tons from 2005. defendant Chevron is responsible for its subsidiaries’ past and current emissions of greenhouse gases. Defendant ConocoPhillips Company (“ConocoPhillips”) is a Delaware
Corporation with its principal place of business located in Houston.” 32. doing business in California.3 million tons.000 tons per million barrels of oil equivalent produced. through its employees and/or agents. available at http://www.7 35.net/search.
. direction. defendant ConocoPhillips is responsible for its subsidiaries’ past and current emissions of greenhouse gases. These facilities now supply more than 90% of ExxonMobil’s power generating capacity at its refineries and chemical plants worldwide. ExxonMobil emits
large quantities of methane. These emit hundreds of millions of tons of CO2. for
example. ConocoPhillips’s various agreements and pledges to exercise control over the carbon dioxide emissions from facilities owned and/or operated by its subsidiaries. procedures. a greenhouse gas. As a result of its management. Such management. including through implementation by ConocoPhillips employees and/or agents of policies. Such management. 41. and programs relating to global warming generally and to carbon dioxide emissions specifically. ExxonMobil Corporation 38. ExxonMobil has interests in more than 80 cogeneration facilities in more than
30 locations worldwide with a capacity to provide about 3. ExxonMobil Corporation is registered to do business in California and has designated a registered agent for service of process in California. direction. Texas. conduct and/or control of operations
relating to emissions of carbon dioxide from facilities owned and/or operated by ConocoPhillips’s subsidiaries. ExxonMobil has taken the lead in the industry efforts to disseminate false
information about global warming.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
owned and/or operated by ConocoPhillips’s subsidiaries. California. as set forth in Section IV. doing business in California. direction. through the mining of the coal from its mines. Defendant ExxonMobil Corporation (“ExxonMobil”) is a New Jersey
corporation with its principal place of business located in Irving. conduct and/or control is exercised through a variety of means. including ConocoPhillips stated intent to develop greenhouse gas targets for its operations. conduct and/or control is evidenced by. Defendant ExxonMobil also owns and operates coal mines.300 megawatts of power. ExxonMobil owns and operates a refinery in Torrance. 36. 37.
Such management. conducts
and/or controls operations relating to emissions of carbon dioxide from facilities owned and/or operated by ExxonMobil’s subsidiaries. for
example. procedures. gas and power. Shell markets petroleum products in the U. Shell Entities 45. Netherlands. and programs relating to global warming generally and to carbon dioxide emissions specifically.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
42. about three-quarters of its greenhouse gas emissions come
from the burning of fuel to power its facilities. Defendant Shell controls the greenhouse gas emissions policies of its subsidiaries. 43. direction. According to Shell. As a result of its management. and oil products and chemicals. Defendant Royal Dutch Shell plc (“Shell”) is a public limited company
registered in England and Wales with its headquarters in The Hague. direction.10 -
. 44. Such management. while the remaining portion of its greenhouse
. Shell is a multi-national. conduct and/or control is evidenced by. 46. defendant ExxonMobil is responsible for its subsidiaries’ past and current emissions of greenhouse gases. directs. through its employees and/or agents. conduct and/or control of operations
relating to emissions of carbon dioxide from facilities owned and/or operated by ExxonMobil’s subsidiaries. conduct and/or control is exercised through a variety of means. including through implementation by ExxonMobil employees and/or agents of policies.S.
ExxonMobil. manages. direction. ExxonMobil’s various agreements and pledges to exercise control over the carbon dioxide emissions from facilities owned and/or operated by its subsidiaries. and in this District under the Shell brand. including ExxonMobil’s reporting since 2003 of the carbon dioxide emissions associated with its equity ownership of all interests. integrated oil company with three main operating business segments: exploration and production.
KPI: Greenhouse gas emissions. manages. Shell has set targets for it and its subsidiaries to reduce CO2 emissions. conduct and/or control of operations
relating to emissions of carbon dioxide from facilities owned and/or operated by Shell’s subsidiaries.
. Such management. including Shell’s stated intent to manage the carbon dioxide emissions from all operations where it has a controlling interest. 9 Id. 50. As a result of its management. procedures. doing business in California. direction. Defendant Shell Oil Company (“Shell Oil”) is a Delaware corporation with its
principal place of business located in Houston. through its employees and/or agents. Texas.shell. including through implementation by Shell employees and/or agents of policies. defendant Shell is responsible for its subsidiaries’ past and current emissions of greenhouse gases. 49. http://www. Shell-operated facilities emitted 98 million tonnes (CO2 equivalent) of greenhouse gases. and programs relating to global warming generally and to carbon dioxide emissions specifically. for
example. conduct and/or control is evidenced by. direction. Shell’s various agreements and pledges to exercise control over the carbon dioxide emissions from facilities owned and/or operated by its subsidiaries. Shell. directs.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
gas emissions generally come from flaring natural gas from oil wells. conduct and/or control is exercised through a variety of means. conducts and/or
controls operations relating to emissions of carbon dioxide from facilities owned and/or operated by Shell’s subsidiaries.html. direction.9 47. Such management.11 -
. 48.
Shell.com/home/content/envirosocen/performance/environmental/kpi_greenhouse_gas_emissions/kpi_greenhouse_gas_emission s_0000407.8 In 2006. 51. Shell Oil is registered to do business in California and has designated a registered agent for service of process in California.
Hawaii. Pennsylvania. 53. 55. New York. The California Public Employees’ Retirement System owns millions of dollars
of Peabody’s stock. which supplies electricity to California. sending additional mailings to shareholders on a regular basis. Peabody is registered to do business in California. Peabody is the world’s largest private-sector coal company.” Peabody. Its coal products
fuel approximately 10% of all U.
. New Jersey. and the deposit of dividend checks into California banks on a regular basis. 54. Peabody directly emits large quantities of methane from its mining operations. 56. Maryland.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Peabody Energy Corporation 52. According to Peabody’s 1999 annual report. Peabody also does business in California through its operation of the Black
Mesa Coal Mine which has supplied coal slurry to the Mohave Generating Station in Laughlin. Peabody engages in significant activities in California such as the mailing of solicitations to shareholders in California requesting they purchase additional stock. The AES Corporation 57. Oklahoma. Connecticut. coal-fired electricity from Peabody operations. AES’s fossil fuel-fired electric generating facilities are located in California. has supplied electricity to California. Louis. Defendant The AES Corporation (“AES”) is a Delaware corporation with its
principal place of business located in Arlington. doing business in California. Virginia. doing business in California. Nevada. Missouri.S. Peabody was formerly known as the P&L Coal Holdings Corporation and/or Peabody Group. Upon information and belief. AES is a holding company that owns over 70% of the outstanding common stock of its domestic electric utility subsidiaries. Defendant Peabody Energy Corporation (“Peabody”) is a Delaware
Corporation with its principal place of business located in St. electricity generation and more than 2% of worldwide electricity.12 -
. Peabody supplied electricity to
California: “The people of Southern California receive inexpensive. through its subsidiaries Gold Fields Mining Corporation. and Citizens Power LLC.
conduct and/or control is evidenced by. through its employees and/or agents. including AES’s statement in its 2002 Annual Report that as “one of the largest emitters of CO2 in the world. 59. including through implementation by AES employees and/or agents of policies. and programs relating to global warming generally.13 -
. direction. Upon information and belief. and/or to fuels utilized at each plant. AES’s various agreements and pledges to exercise control over the carbon dioxide emissions from facilities owned and/or operated by its subsidiaries. Such management. As a result of its management. 58. and the deposit of dividend checks into California banks on a regular basis.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Puerto Rico. manages. direction. conducts and/or
controls operations relating to emissions of carbon dioxide from fossil fuel-fired electric generating facilities owned and/or operated by AES’s subsidiaries. Redondo Beach and north of Los Angeles. to dispatch of plants with varying carbon dioxide emissions per unit of energy. 61. 60. and Texas. sending additional mailings to shareholders on a regular basis. Such management. Huntington Beach. for
example. procedures. The California Public Employees’ Retirement System owns millions of dollars
of AES’s stock. direction. to carbon dioxide emissions specifically. AES. AES must continue to strive to economically stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations” and AES’s admission of the need to mitigate some of the risk to AES associated with global warming. conduct and/or control of operations
relating to emissions of carbon dioxide from facilities owned and/or operated by AES’s
. AES owns and operates power plants at the following locations in California: Long Beach. conduct and/or control is exercised through a variety of means. AES engages in significant activities in California such as the mailing of solicitations to shareholders in California requesting they purchase additional stock. directs.
provides management and professional services on behalf of AEP to. maintenance and other services. 64. 65. the electric utility subsidiaries of AEP. as agent for AEP. Ohio. defendant AES is responsible for the past carbon dioxide emissions of its subsidiaries and the emission of approximately 47 million tons of carbon dioxide annually. Ohio. Louisiana. administrative. as well as all outstanding common stock of defendant American Electric Power Service Corporation (“AEP Service”). Kentucky.14 -
. AEP engages in significant activities in California such as the mailing of solicitations to shareholders in California requesting they purchase additional stock.Doc?id=88. see also Ceres. Texas.235. information systems. Defendant American Electric Power Company. sending additional mailings to shareholders on a regular basis.250/NETCOMMUNITY/Document. Upon information and belief. Benchmarking Air Emissions.201. upon information and belief. including accounting.10 AEP Entities 62. AEP’s fossil fuel-fired electric generating facilities are located in Arkansas. Indiana. 63. Defendant American Electric Power Service Corporation (“AEP Service”) is a
New York corporation with its principal place of business located in Columbus. The California Public Employees’ Retirement System owns millions of dollars
of AEP’s stock. 2000 to June 20. Michigan. AEP Service is a wholly-owned subsidiary of AEP that. The Federal Energy Regulatory
EPA eGRID2006 (reporting 2004 data) converted from metric tons to short tons. Virginia and West Virginia. engineering. among others. legal. 2001. (“AEP”) is a New York
corporation with its principal place of business located in Columbus. Oklahoma. Apr. Inc. doing business in California. participated in the California energy market
during at least the period January 1. http://216. Ohio.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
subsidiaries. environmental. AEP is a holding company that owns all outstanding common stock of its domestic electric utility subsidiaries.
. financial. Tennessee. AEP Service. doing business in California. and the deposit of dividend checks into California banks on a regular basis. 2006 (citing 2004 emissions data) (“Ceres Report”).
and programs relating to global warming generally. has contracted to buy power from and/or sell power into California. direct. AEP’s submission of annual reports to the DOE reporting the amount of carbon dioxide emissions avoided or sequestered from facilities owned and/or operated by its subsidiaries. conduct and/or control is evidenced by. direction.15 -
conduct and/or control operations relating to emissions of carbon dioxide from fossil fuel-fired electric generating facilities owned and/or operated by AEP’s subsidiaries. 67. as agent for AEP. 66. direction. including AEP’s participation in the Chicago Climate Exchange. AEP Service.11
EPA eGRID2006 (reporting 2004 data) converted from metric tons to short tons. 68. conduct and/or control of operations
relating to emissions of carbon dioxide from facilities owned and/or operated by AEP’s subsidiaries. to carbon dioxide emissions specifically. manage. including through implementation by AEP and AEP Service employees and/or agents of policies. through their employees and/or agents.
. AEP and AEP Service.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Commission (“FERC”) accused AEP Service of engaging in manipulation of the California energy market during that time period. and/or to fuels utilized at each plant. and AEP’s agreement in 2004 to conduct an analysis of its ability to comply with proposed national regulation of carbon dioxide emissions that would require reductions in such emissions from plants owned and/or operated by its subsidiaries. As a result of their management. direction. procedures. AEP’s various agreements and pledges to exercise control over the carbon dioxide emissions from facilities owned and/or operated by its subsidiaries. for
example. defendants AEP and AEP Service are responsible for the past carbon dioxide emissions of their subsidiaries and the emission of approximately 173 million tons of carbon dioxide annually. Such management. conduct and/or control is exercised through a variety of means. to dispatch of plants with varying carbon dioxide emissions per unit of energy. Such management.
Such management. procedures. Michigan. In addition to its utility operations conducted through its subsidiaries Detroit Edison and MichCon.. California. conduct and/or control is exercised through a variety of means. DTE ES Operations. DTE also provides a variety of non-utility energy related businesses. manages. direction. and programs relating to global warming generally. and/or to fuels utilized at each plant. to dispatch of plants with varying carbon dioxide emissions per unit of energy.16 -
. LLC are all registered to do business in California and have designated a registered agent for service of process in California.” 72. DTE is a 99% owner of a biomass-fired electric generating plant in Woodland. to carbon dioxide emissions specifically. As part of its non-utility operations. Inc. offset or avoid emissions and we will continue to take reasonable voluntary action to further reduce the environmental impact of our operations. As a result of its management. for
example. including power generation. 71. through its employees and/or agents.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
DTE 69. Defendant DTE Energy Company (“DTE”) is incorporated in the State of
Michigan with headquarters in Detroit. Inc. direction. DTE. DTE subsidiaries DTE Biomass Energy. direction. energy marketing and trading operations. 70. including through implementation by DTE’s employees and/or agents of policies. DTE Energy Technologies. conducts and/or
controls operations relating to the emissions of carbon dioxide at fossil fuel-fired electric generating facilities owned and/or operated by its subsidiaries. DTE Solar Company of California. conduct and/or control is evidenced by. doing business in California. DTE’s statement in its Emissions Report that “We agree that steps should be taken right now to address climate change and reduce. directs. Such management. conduct and/or control of operations
relating to emissions of carbon dioxide from facilities owned and/or operated by its
. LLC and DTE Woodlands.
available at http://www. DETM. 14 Am.
EPA eGRID2006 (reporting 2004 data) converted from metric tons to short tons. Chula Vista and Oakland. available at. Duke acquired the fossil fuel-fired electric generating facilities previously owned by Cinergy.cdproject. Pennsylvania.5 million for its manipulation of the electricity market in the state.328 (2003).. as agent for Duke. LLC (“DETM”).gov/newsalerts/release. 103 F.ca. Morro Bay.com/news/releases/2006/Apr/2006040301. with ExxonMobil Corporation holding the remaining 40%. Duke owned power generation facilities in
Monterey County. 15 Press Release.C. 2004). FERC accused DETM of engaging in manipulation of the California energy market during that time period. Duke wholly owns fossil fuel-fired electric generating facilities located in Ohio. see also Carbon Disclosure Project Greenhouse Gas Emissions Questionnaire – Response by DTE Energy Co. Duke Energy. the California Attorney General reached a proposed settlement with “Duke Energy and several affiliates” for $207. Duke has a 60% ownership interest in Duke Energy Trading and Marketing. 13 Press Release.17 -
.php?id=717&category=energy&PHPSESSID= 5d5320608e1af33b6ab42dca515d8b&PHPSESSID=5d5320608e1af33b6ab42dca515d8b. P61. http://www. North Carolina.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
subsidiaries. participated in the California energy market during at least the period January 1. and Tennessee. Duke partially owns fossil fuel-fired electric generating facilities located in Indiana and Ohio.5 Million Electricity Price Gouging Settlement with Duke (July 13. 2006. 75.duke-energy. doing business in California. 2001. Cinergy Complete Merger (Apr.12 Duke Entities 73.asp. Elec.
. Power Serv. Until they were sold in 2006. CA.345. Defendant Duke Energy Corporation (“Duke”) is a North Carolina Corporation
with its principal place of business located in Charlotte. 3. has contracted to sell power into California.R. Illinois. defendant DTE is responsible for the past carbon dioxide emissions of its subsidiaries and the emission of approximately 46 million tons of carbon dioxide annually. Attorney General Lockyer Announces $207. as agent for Duke. 62. 2006). Duke completed its merger with Cinergy Corporation on April 3. Corp..15 DETM.13 As a
result of the merger.14 In 2004. 2000 to June 20.asp. Duke Energy. http://ag.net/index.E. 74.
through its employees and/or agents.. which provided power to California.
Duke subsidiary. conduct and/or control is demonstrated by. Duke Energy Fossil-Hydro California Inc. Such management. It is registered to do business in California and has designated a registered agent for service of process in California. Duke Energy Merchants. Additionally. including through implementation by Duke’s employees and/or agents of policies. conducts and/or
controls operations relating to the emissions of carbon dioxide at fossil fuel-fired electric generating facilities owned and/or operated by its subsidiaries. 80. to carbon dioxide emissions specifically. manages. LLC. has its principal
place of business in California and acts as Duke’s agent there. for
example. 77. directs.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
76. and Duke Energy Carolinas Plant Operations.18 -
. Duke. As a result of its management. Duke’s submission of annual reports to DOE reporting the amount of carbon dioxide emissions avoided or sequestered from facilities owned and/or operated by its subsidiaries. and Cinergy’s agreement in February 2004 to conduct an analysis of financial impacts to Cinergy from potential future legal limits on its carbon dioxide emissions. direction. various agreements and pledges Duke has made to exercise control over the carbon dioxide emissions from facilities owned and/or operated by its subsidiaries. procedures. to dispatch of plants with varying carbon dioxide emissions per unit of energy. Such management. LLC. Duke’s admission of the need to mitigate some of the risk to Duke associated with global warming. Duke owns a 50% interest in Southwest Power Partners. direction. conduct and/or control of operations
relating to emissions of carbon dioxide from facilities owned and/or operated by Duke’s
. The following Duke subsidiaries are also registered to do business in California
and have a registered agent for service of process in California: Duke Solar Energy. direction. LLC. and/or to fuels utilized at each plant. and programs relating to global warming generally. 79. LLC. conduct and/or control is exercised through a variety of means. 78.
83.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
subsidiaries. Additionally.
EPA eGRID2006 (reporting 2004 data) converted from metric tons to short tons. procedures. (“DPM”) and Dynegy Power Corp. conduct and/or control is exercised through a variety of means. Dynegy Holdings. Dynegy Power Marketing. and/or to fuels utilized at each plant. FERC accused DPM and DPC of engaging in manipulation of the California energy market during that time period. Dynegy Holding owns and operates generation facilities in Monterey County. are registered to do business in California and have designated registered agents for service of process in California.16 Dynegy Entities 81. as
agents for Dynegy. CA. as agent for Dynegy. Dynegy Holdings is a wholly owned subsidiary of Dynegy. Such management. 62.
. Power Serv.
conducts and/or controls operations relating to the emissions of carbon dioxide at fossil fuelfired electric generating facilities owned and/or operated by its subsidiaries.345. Corp. Inc.
Inc. manages. 2000 to June 20. defendant Duke is responsible for the past carbon dioxide emissions of its subsidiaries and the emission of approximately 115 million tons of carbon dioxide annually. direction.. DPM and DPC are registered to do business in California and have designated registered agents for service of process in California. including through implementation by Dynegy Holdings’ employees and/or agents of policies. to dispatch of plants with varying carbon dioxide emissions per unit of energy. directs. and Dynegy Falcon Holdings. (“DPC”). Inc. TX. and programs relating to global warming generally. Chula Vista and Oakland. 2001. through its employees and/or agents.328 (2003). Defendant Dynegy Holdings. Morro Bay.C. has contracted to sell power into California. 82.R. to carbon dioxide emissions specifically. participated in the California energy market during at least the period January 1. Dynegy Operating Company Corp. 84. Inc. (“Dynegy Holdings”) is a Delaware
corporation with its headquarters in Houston. 17 Am.E. 103 F. Elec. P61.17 DPM.
Such management, direction, conduct and/or control is evidenced by, for
example, various agreements and pledges Dynegy Holdings has made to exercise control over the carbon dioxide emissions from facilities owned and/or operated by its subsidiaries; Dynegy Holdings’ submission of annual reports to DOE reporting the amount of carbon dioxide emissions avoided or sequestered from facilities owned and/or operated by its subsidiaries; and Dynegy’s agreement in February, 2004 to conduct an analysis of financial impacts to Dynegy from potential future legal limits on its carbon dioxide emissions. 86. As a result of such management, direction, conduct and/or control of operations
relating to emissions of carbon dioxide from facilities owned and/or operated by its subsidiaries, defendant Dynegy Holdings is responsible for the past carbon dioxide emissions of its subsidiaries and the emission of approximately 34 million tons of carbon dioxide annually.18 Edison International 87. Defendant Edison International (“Edison”) is a California corporation based in
Rosemead, California. It is registered to do business in California and has designated a registered agent for service of process in California. According to its website, Edison International operates an electric utility operation and a non-utility power generation segment through its subsidiaries. In the electric utility operation segment, the Company operates through its subsidiary, Southern California Edison Company (“SCE”). SCE is a public utility company primarily engaged in the business of supplying electric energy to a 50,000-squaremile area of central, coastal and southern California, excluding the City of Los Angeles and certain other cities. In the non-utility power generation segment, Edison operates through Mission Energy Holding Company (“Mission Energy”) and Edison Mission Energy (“EME”). Mission Energy is the holding company of EME. EME is an independent power producer engaged in the business of developing, acquiring, owning or leasing, operating and selling
EPA eGRID2006 (reporting 2004 data) converted from metric tons to short tons; see also Ceres Report, supra.
energy and capacity from independent power production facilities. SCE, Mission Energy, and EME are all companies based in California, registered to do business in California and have an agent for service of process in California. 88. Edison, through its employees and/or agents, manages, directs, conducts and/or
controls operations relating to the emissions of carbon dioxide at fossil fuel-fired electric generating facilities owned and/or operated by its subsidiaries. Such management, direction, conduct and/or control is exercised through a variety of means, including through implementation by Edison’s employees and/or agents of policies, procedures, and programs relating to global warming generally, to carbon dioxide emissions specifically, to dispatch of plants with varying carbon dioxide emissions per unit of energy, and/or to fuels utilized at each plant. 89. Such management, direction, conduct and/or control is evidenced by, for
example, Edison’s Global Climate Change policy, adopted in 1997, that is applicable to all of its operating companies and which “calls for the company to promote responsible energy development and environmental excellence.”19. 90. As a result of its management, direction, conduct and/or control of operations
relating to emissions of carbon dioxide from facilities owned and/or operated by its subsidiaries, defendant Edison is responsible for the past carbon dioxide emissions of its subsidiaries and the emission of approximately 57 million tons of carbon dioxide annually.20 MidAmerican 91. Defendant MidAmerican Energy Holdings Company (“MEHC”) is a holding
company incorporated in Iowa and headquartered in Des Moines, Iowa. It is registered to do business in California and has designated a registered agent for service of process in
Edison International, Global Climate Change, http://www.edison.com/community/global_climate.asp.
EPA eGRID2006 (reporting 2004 data), converted from metric tons to short tons.
California. MEHC does business in California through its subsidiaries MidAmerican Energy Company and PacifiCorp, by generating, distributing and supplying energy. 92. MEHC, through its employees and/or agents, manages, directs, conducts and/or
controls operations relating to the emissions of carbon dioxide at electric generating facilities owned and/or operated by its subsidiaries, including PacifiCorp. Such management, direction, conduct and/or control is exercised through a variety of means, including through implementation by MEHC’s employees and/or agents of policies, procedures, and programs relating to global warming generally, to carbon dioxide emissions specifically, to dispatch of plants with varying carbon dioxide emissions per unit of energy, and/or to fuels utilized at each plant. 93. As a result of such management, direction, conduct and/or control of operations
relating to emissions of carbon dioxide from facilities owned and/or operated by its subsidiaries, defendant MEHC is responsible for the past carbon dioxide emissions of its subsidiaries and the emission of approximately 80 million tons of carbon dioxide annually.21 Mirant 94. Defendant Mirant Corporation (“Mirant”) is a Delaware corporation based in
Atlanta, Georgia that produces and sells electricity in the United States, the Philippines and the Caribbean. As of December 31, 2006, it owned or leased 17,522 MW of electric generating capacity. According to its 2006 annual report, it defines its core business as the production and sale of electrical energy, electrical capacity (the ability to produce electricity on demand) and ancillary services (services that are ancillary to transmission services). Its customers are independent system operators, utilities, municipal systems, aggregators, electric cooperative utilities, producers, generators, marketers and large industrial customers. Through its subsidiaries, Mirant operates plants in Maryland, Virginia, Massachusetts, New York and California, including California facilities in Antioch, Pittsburgh and San Francisco. It divides
In 2006 Mirant generated $171 million in revenues from California. LLC. and programs relating to global warming generally. conduct and/or control is exercised through a variety of means. LLC. Mirant Energy Trading. Mirant strives to meet growing worldwide energy demands in an environmentally and socially responsible manner and will make improvements in environmental performance. for
example. Mirant Potrero. As stated in our Environmental Policy. Such management. Mirant. but potentially significant consequences. conduct and/or control is evidenced by. conducts and/or
controls operations relating to the emissions of carbon dioxide at fossil fuel-fired electric generating facilities owned and/or operated by its subsidiaries. including through implementation by Mirant’s employees and/or agents of policies. The following Mirant subsidiaries are registered to do business in California
and have a registered agent for service of process in California: Mirant Delta. including subsidiaries and joint ventures where we have management and
. Such management. Upon information and belief. Mirant Services. LLC. market into three segments: the Mid-Atlantic. procedures. through its employees and/or agents. sending additional mailings to shareholders on a regular basis. including mitigation of greenhouse gases” and Mirant’s 2002 Environmental Policy. direction. and the deposit of dividend checks into California banks on a regular basis. 95. Northeast and California.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
its U. which it described as applying to “our business worldwide. and/or to fuels utilized at each plant. 96. Mirant’s 2002 Climate Change Position Statement and Action Plan in which it stated: “Global climate change is a serious issue with uncertain. manages.S. to carbon dioxide emissions specifically. 98. LLC. Mirant engages in significant activities in California such as the mailing of solicitations to shareholders in California requesting they purchase additional stock. directs. 97. and Mirant California. The California Public Employees’ Retirement System owns millions of dollars
of Mirant’s stock.23 -
. to dispatch of plants with varying carbon dioxide emissions per unit of energy. direction. LLC.
101.” 99. procedures. to dispatch of plants with varying carbon dioxide emissions per unit of energy. primarily in Texas and the Northeast. and/or to fuels utilized at each plant. and programs relating to global warming generally.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
operational control” in which it stated that “We measure our performance through environmental performance indicators and systematic compliance audits and self-assessments for all asserts that we operate or manage. Defendant NRG Energy (“NRG”) is a Delaware corporation. direction. including stations at Long Beach. including through implementation by NRG’s employees and/or agents of policies. NRG was awarded a contract by Southern California Edison to repower Units 1-4 at the Company’s Long Beach Generating Station in Long Beach. According to its 2006 annual report. Carlsbad and El Segundo. South Central and West regions of the United States. doing business in California. California.24 -
. NRG. Such management. to carbon dioxide emissions specifically. In November 2006. Until January 2007. manages. NRG also owned power plants in Red Bluff and Chowchilla. Mirant is responsible for the past carbon dioxide emissions of its subsidiaries and the emission of approximately 35 million tons of carbon dioxide annually. conducts and/or
controls operations relating to the emissions of carbon dioxide at fossil fuel-fired electric generating facilities owned and/or operated by its subsidiaries. It is registered to do business in California and has designated a registered agent for service of process in California. headquartered in
New Jersey. through its employees and/or agents. California. California. directs. As a result of its management. direction. conduct and/or control is exercised through a variety of means.22 NRG Energy 100. it owns and operates numerous power generating facilities. conduct and/or control of operations
relating to emissions of carbon dioxide from facilities owned and/or operated by its subsidiaries.
EPA eGRID2006 (reporting 2004 data) converted from metric tons to short tons.
Arizona.cdproject. (“APS”) is an Arizona corporation
headquartered in Phoenix. transmission. California.24 105. Inc. NRG is responsible for the past carbon dioxide emissions of its subsidiaries and the emission of approximately 78 million tons of carbon dioxide annually. see also Carbon Disclosure Project Greenhouse Gas Emissions Questionnaire – Response by NRG Energy.9 to 0. California. Inc.8 million metric tons of CO2e.net/index.
Such management. and to do so in a way that is highly beneficial environmentally.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
102. PWC emitted 17. conduct and/or control is evidenced by.” 103. Globally in 2006. within 16 years we will have succeeded in reducing the average age of an NRW MW of capacity from 45 to 29 years. direction. Arizona.net/search.23 Pinnacle West 104. Defendant Pinnacle West Capital Corporation (“PWC”) is an Arizona
corporation based in Phoenix. PWC is engaged in the generation.6 tons per MWh of electricity generated. New
EPA eGRID2006 (reporting 2004 data) converted from metric tons to short tons. including APS Energy Services Company.25 -
.. available at http://www.asp. available at http://www. for
example. Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP5) Greenhouse Gas Emissions Questionnaire – Response by Pinnacle West Capital Corporation. and distribution of electricity and the sale of energy services. As a result of its management. and in dropping our carbon by more than 30 percent per MWh—from 0. NRG’s statement in its 2006 Annual Report that “It is a moral imperative that we take steps to reduce CO2 concentrations in the earth’s atmosphere” and its description of its “Repowering NRG” program: “[W]e intend to regenerate our asset base. APS Energy Services Company.
. Nevada and Texas and it provides service throughout Arizona.asp. If the program is 100 percent successful.cdproject. Nevada. Arizona with offices in Tucson and Flagstaff. Through its subsidiaries. It is registered to do business in California and has designated a registered agent for service of process in California. conduct and/or control of operations
relating to emissions of carbon dioxide from facilities owned and/or operated by its subsidiaries. direction.
Defendant Reliant Energy.935 MW in five regions of the United States. 106. It is registered to do business in California and has designated a registered agent for service of process in California. (“Reliant”) is a Delaware corporation based in
Houston. through its employees and/or agents. including APS Energy Services. including through implementation by PWC’s employees and/or agents of policies. As of
EPA eGRID2006 (reporting 2004 data) converted from metric tons to short tons. to dispatch of plants with varying carbon dioxide emissions per unit of energy.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Mexico. and/or to fuels utilized at each plant. The company is one of the largest independent power producers in the nation. Texas and Utah. It is registered to do business in California and has designated a registered agent for service of process in California. it provides electricity and energy-related products to more than 1. New Jersey and Maryland Interconnection. Reliant also provides electricity and energy services in the competitive wholesale energy markets in the United States through its ownership and operation or contracting for power generation capacity. direction. direction. directs.26 -
. 107. manages. According to its annual report. conduct and/or control is exercised through a variety of means. it owned. Texas. procedures. As a result of such management. As of December 31.8 million retail customers in Texas and in the Pennsylvania. had an interest in or leased 37 operating electric power generation facilities with an aggregate net generating capacity of 15. 2006. conducts and/or
controls operations relating to the emissions of carbon dioxide at electric generating facilities owned and/or operated by its subsidiaries.25 Reliant 108. Such management. conduct and/or control of operations
. defendant PWE is responsible for the past carbon dioxide emissions of its subsidiaries and the emission of approximately 15 million tons of carbon dioxide annually. Inc. and programs relating to global warming generally. to carbon dioxide emissions specifically. PWC.
Reliant’s statement in its Environmental/Safety Statement of Principles that “We acknowledge our responsibility to design. Such management. it had approximately 16. Goleta. Nevada. leased or contracted for generation capacity in operation. and programs relating to global warming generally. leases or has under contract wholesale generation assets.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
December 31. directs. New Jersey. direction. and Rancho Cucamonga.27 -
. direction. and/or to fuels utilized at each plant. for
example. 2006. to carbon dioxide emissions specifically. Oxnard. conduct and/or control of operations
. build and operate our facilities in compliance with applicable environmental and safety requirements and to provide a safe workplace” and its statement that “Reliant Energy is committed to operate our plants in a fashion that is protective of the environment. to dispatch of plants with varying carbon dioxide emissions per unit of energy. including stations at Daggett. Florida. in which it owns. Reliant owns and operates power stations in California.” 111. Illinois. procedures. Through its subsidiaries. Pennsylvania. Mississippi and Texas as the principal markets. manages. Ohio. conduct and/or control is evidenced by. Reliant identifies California. direction. through its employees and/or agents. As a result of its management. Such management. conduct and/or control is exercised through a variety of means. 110. conducts and/or
controls operations relating to the emissions of carbon dioxide at fossil fuel-fired electric generating facilities owned and/or operated by its subsidiaries. Reliant. 109.000 MW of owned. Reliant’s subsidiaries settled civil antitrust claims arising from Reliant’s decision to shut down four of its five power stations in 2000 to create an energy shortage and drive up the prices for electricity in California. including through implementation by Reliant’s employees and/or agents of policies.
2001. conducts
and/or controls operations relating to the emissions of carbon dioxide at fossil fuel-fired electric generating facilities owned and/or operated by its subsidiaries. Such management. The California Public Employees’ Retirement System owns millions of dollars
of Southern’s stock. Reliant is responsible for the past carbon dioxide emissions of its subsidiaries and the emission of approximately 55 million tons of carbon dioxide annually. and programs
EPA eGRID2006 (reporting 2004 data) converted from metric tons to short tons. doing business in California. 115. manages. Alabama Power Company. Southern owned fossil fuel-fired electric generating facilities in California from 1999 until Southern sold Mirant Corporation in April. directs. through its employees and/or agents. Mississippi Power Company. and Savannah Electric and Power Company. Florida. conduct and/or control is exercised through a variety of means. with fossil fuel-fired electric generating facilities located in Alabama. Georgia. including through implementation by Southern’s employees and/or agents of policies. In January 2001.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
subsidiaries.28 -
. Upon information and belief. Through Southern Energy. and Mississippi. Inc. Southern Energy changed its name to Mirant Corporation.
. Georgia. Defendant The Southern Company (“Southern”) is a Delaware corporation with
its principal place of business located in Atlanta.
now known as Mirant Corporation. procedures. Southern. Gulf Power Company. 113. direction.26 The Southern Company 112. and the deposit of dividend checks into California banks on a regular basis. Georgia Power Company. Southern formerly owned 100% of Southern Energy. (“Southern Energy”). Southern is a holding company that owns all outstanding common stock of its domestic electric utility subsidiaries. sending additional mailings to shareholders on a regular basis. 114. Southern engages in significant activities in California such as the mailing of solicitations to shareholders in California requesting they purchase additional stock.
Minnesota. Minnesota. and Southern’s admission in the same report that “there are concerns” about its emissions of carbon dioxide because of the impact those emissions may be having on global climate. Northern States Power Company (Wisconsin). Xcel is a holding company that owns all outstanding common stock of four major power generation subsidiaries. (“Xcel”) is a Minnesota corporation with its
principal place of business located in Minneapolis. New Mexico. Texas. South Dakota. 117. Inc. Xcel was
EPA eGRID2006 (reporting 2004 data) converted from metric tons to short tons. with fossil fuel-fired electric generating facilities located in Colorado. Prior to surrendering its business registration in June 2006.27 Xcel Energy 118. to dispatch of plants with varying carbon dioxide emissions per unit of energy. direction. As a result of its management. Defendant Xcel Energy. which it recognized as “a greenhouse gas”. 116. conduct and/or control of operations
relating to emissions of carbon dioxide from facilities owned and/or operated by its subsidiaries. and Wisconsin.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
relating to global warming generally.
. and Southwestern Public Service Co. including how Southern would respond to new regulations aimed at mitigating global warming. 2004 to conduct an analysis of the financial impact of proposed emissions reduction scenarios. Southern’s agreement in April. for
example. Such management. Northern States Power Company (Minnesota). defendant Southern is responsible for the past carbon dioxide emissions of its subsidiaries and the emission of approximately 163 million tons of carbon dioxide annually. direction.. conduct and/or control is evidenced by. Public Service Company of Colorado. and/or to fuels utilized at each plant. Southern’s admission in its 2003 Environmental Progress Report that it emits large amounts of carbon dioxide. Southern’s submission of annual reports to DOE reporting the amount of carbon dioxide emissions avoided or sequestered from facilities owned and/or operated by its subsidiaries.29 -
. to carbon dioxide emissions specifically.
Such management. As a result of such management. Xcel’s various pledges to exercise control over the carbon dioxide emissions from facilities owned and/or operated by its subsidiaries. procedures. conducts and/or
controls operations relating to the emissions of carbon dioxide at fossil fuel-fired electric generating facilities owned and/or operated by its subsidiaries. and programs relating to global warming generally. direction. Upon information and belief. 120. direction. including through implementation by Xcel’s employees and/or agents of policies. direction. Such management. Inc. 122. Xcel. conduct and/or control is evidenced by.30 -
. Xcel engages in significant activities in California such as the mailing of solicitations to shareholders in California requesting they purchase additional stock. to dispatch of plants with varying carbon dioxide emissions per unit of energy. directs. 121. for
example. 119. The California Public Employees’ Retirement System owns millions of dollars
of Xcel’s stock. and Xcel’s submission of annual reports to DOE reporting the amount of carbon dioxide emissions avoided or sequestered from facilities owned and/or operated by its subsidiaries. and/or to fuels utilized at each plant. conduct and/or control is exercised through a variety of means.
. manages. defendant Xcel is responsible for the past carbon dioxide emissions of its subsidiaries and the emission of approximately 78 million tons of carbon dioxide annually. and the deposit of dividend checks into California banks on a regular basis. sending additional mailings to shareholders on a regular basis. conduct and/or control of operations
relating to emissions of carbon dioxide from facilities owned and/or operated by its subsidiaries. to carbon dioxide emissions specifically. through its employees and/or agents.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
registered to do business in California through its subsidiary Xcel Energy Products and Services.28
. carbon dioxide accounts for about 50 percent of human-made greenhouse gases in the air today and more than 80 percent of all anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in the United States today.
IPCC WORKING GROUP I.29 The current level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is higher than at any time in the last 650. raising the temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere. http://www. cause large quantities of methane emissions. Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases continue to increase as each year’s emissions are added to those that came before. Carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere have increased by 35 percent since the dawn of the industrial revolution in the 18th century. The combustion of fossil fuels adds large quantities of carbon (in the form of
carbon dioxide) to the atmosphere that otherwise would have remained sequestered deep in the Earth. and more than one-third of the increase has occurred since 1980. the natural carbon cycle is out of balance and carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere are increasing every year. and thus have a lasting effect on climate. As a result. at 2. Processes on land and in the oceans that remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere are unable to keep pace with these emissions. 125. The harvesting of fossil fuels. SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS (2007). 126. 124. Methane also is a greenhouse gas emitted by human activity.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4wg1-spm.ipcc.31 -
. such as the mining of coal and drilling for petroleum. which re-radiates the energy to space.
Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases absorb some of the outgoing infrared energy. and is likely higher than at any time in the last 20 million years. In terms of its heat-trapping ability.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
IV. CLIMATE CHANGE 2007: THE PHYSICAL SCIENCE BASIS. The current level of methane in the atmosphere is approximately 250% higher than pre-industrial levels.
Energy from the sun heats the Earth. 123.pdf [hereinafter IPCC 2007 WGI].000 years. INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE. Carbon dioxide is by far the most significant greenhouse gas emitted by human
activity. A large fraction of carbon dioxide emissions persist in the atmosphere for
several centuries.
Temperature Change in Alaska. the oceans become less efficient at removing carbon
dioxide from the atmosphere. 31 IPCC 2007 WGI at 5. 128.32 -
. 129. contributing to sea level rise.
As the planet heats. snowy. the planet reflects less energy from the sun back into space when.31 By comparison. Alaska Climate Research Center. Similarly.3 degrees F in the wintertime.alaska. Observations since 1961 show that the average temperature of the global ocean
has increased to depths of at least 3000 meters. the annual average increase over this period was 3. Cambridge University Press. 32 Impacts of a Warming Arctic: Arctic Climate Impact Assessment. or icy areas are transformed into darker areas that absorb more solar heat. 2004. http://climate.30 The global linear warming trend over the last 50 years is twice that of the previous 50 years.4 degrees Fahrenheit.8 degrees. Such heating causes seawater to expand.
.edu/ClimTrends/Change/TempChange. 130. white. the difference in global average temperature of the Earth from the depths of the last ice age to today was only about 8-10 degrees Fahrenheit.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
127. The eight warmest years in the instrumental record of global surface
temperature dating back to the mid-Nineteenth Century all occurred since 1998 and the 14 warmest years all occurred since 1990.4 degrees Fahrenheit during the period 1949 to 2006 and 6. Sea level rise has accelerated over the last century due to anthropogenic global warming.33 At the nearest weather station to Kivalina.32 Alaska warmed 3.no/acia. The Arctic generally and Alaska specifically are warming up at a much faster
rate than the global average. The Arctic is warming at approximately twice the global average.2 degrees Fahrenheit with a wintertime increase of 6.
The average of near-surface air temperature over land and sea surface temperature. at 10. The total temperature increase from 1850-1899 to 2001-2005 is 1.gi.html. available at http://amap. as a result of global warming.
The heating of the planet from
emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases has long been forecast.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
131. 134.” 137. The science of global warming is not new.
.” 138. In 1960 scientist Charles D. Despite the attempts by certain defendants to make the cause of climate change
controversial in the popular media. 139.
Mountain glaciers and snow cover have shrunk in the Arctic and other regions
as a result of anthropogenic global warming. 132. 136. 135. Widespread mass loss of glaciers and ice caps have contributed to sea level rise.33 -
. Scientists Bert Bolin and Erik Eriksson authored a book chapter in 1959
showing that the oceans re-emit much of the additional carbon dioxide from fossil fuel combustion that they absorb and projecting that atmospheric carbon dioxide would rise by approximately 25 percent by the year 2000. primarily carbon dioxide from fossil fuel combustion and methane releases from fossil fuel harvesting. The Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius made calculations in 1896 projecting
that a global average temperature increase of 9-11 degrees Fahrenheit would result from a doubling of carbon dioxide levels over the pre-industrial concentration. In 1956 scientist Gilbert Plass published a paper in American Scientist stating
that global warming could be “a serious problem to future generations. 133. There is also a clear scientific consensus that global warming is caused by
emissions of greenhouse gases. Keeling published results establishing that
atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations were in fact rising in the atmosphere. there has been for many years an overwhelming scientific consensus that human activity that releases greenhouse gases is causing a change in the Earth’s climate. In 1957 a scientific paper was published stating that global warming “may
become significant during future decades if industrial fuel combustion continues to rise exponentially” and that “[h]uman beings are now carrying out a large scale geophysical experiment of a kind that could not have happened in the past nor be reproduced in the future.
L.S. the Larsen B Ice Shelf made news when an area of approximately 3250 km2 collapsed on January 31. The First Annual Report of the U. This study was among the first to quantify the effects of various greenhouse gases on global warming.34 -
. 2002.” 142. Mar.-C. Mo. Nature 217:321 (1978). A 1976 study was conducted in the laboratory of James Hansen. Greenhouse Effects Due to Man-made Perturbation of Trace Gases. http://nsidc. Lacis.” and that the accumulation of “carbon dioxide in the atmosphere could have dramatic and long-term effects on world climate.34 145. 144. Wetherald published
projections showing that a doubling of the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration would cause global average temperature to increase by approximately 3. Yung.6 degrees Fahrenheit. 141.
. Science 194: 685 (1976). West Antarctic Ice Sheet and CO2 Greenhouse Effect: Threat of Disaster. reported “[t]here is a growing realization that the earth’s atmosphere could be
Wang.” which stated that “air pollution alters climate and may produce global changes in temperature. In 1980 the Eleventh Annual Report of the Council on Environmental Quality
(Dec. In 1976 Keeling published a paper demonstrating that the atmospheric carbon
dioxide concentration had steadily risen over the period 1958-1970.org/iceshelves/larsenb2002. Larsen B Ice Shelf Collapses in Antarctica. and J.. Y. See National Snow and Ice Data Center. 35 Mercer J. 1980).A. Council on Environmental Quality in 1970
contained a Chapter entitled “Man’s Inadvertent Modification of Weather and Climate. A. Hansen.35 146. In 1973 scientist Charles Keeling published a book showing that the ability of
plants and oceans to absorb carbon dioxide would decrease as atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations increased. scientist John Mercer suggested that one of the disastrous and
underestimated effects of global warming would be the loss of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet and a resultant rise in the sea level. the director of
NASA-Goddard Institute for Space Studies and a renowned expert on climate change. 21.E. 2002. In 1978.
In 1967 scientists Syukuro Manabe and Richard T. 143.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
140. T. Antarctic Ice Shelves have been continually receding. W.
In doing so. 1985) stated that “in the first half of the next century a rise of global mean temperature could occur which is greater than any in man’s history. The general global warming and the weakening of the temperature difference between the equator and the poles will change patterns of atmospheric circulation and climate. In 1985 the Report of the International Conference on the Assessment of the
Role of Carbon Dioxide and Other Greenhouse Gases in Climate Variations and Assorted Impacts (Villach. 9-15.7 to 8°F. Austria.35 -
.” The report further states: A World Meteorological Organization (WMO) study group recently concluded that there is now little doubt that rising concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will cause global warming. Also in 1988. In 1988 the World Conference on the Changing Atmosphere was held in
Toronto and issued its report “Implications for Global Security.” and that “the [expected] temperature changes are sufficiently large
.” 149.” It recommended that by 2005 the world should have reduced its greenhouse gas emissions 20% below the 1988 level. NASA scientist James E. the WMO Commission for Atmospheric Sciences agreed with the prevailing scientific opinion that rising concentrations of CO2 will result in warming of the lower atmosphere.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
permanently and disastrously altered by human actions. 150. 147. and by the 1990s there should be a noticeable increase in the local frequency of warm events.” The report states that changes in the atmosphere due to human pollution “represent a major threat to international security and are already having harmful consequences over many parts of the globe. The National Academy of Sciences (“NAS”) issued a report in 1979 projecting
a doubling of the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration would cause global average temperature to increase by 2. Oct. measurable buildup of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that threatens widespread climate change. with more marked effects at the poles than at lower latitudes. Hansen published results showing that
“global greenhouse warming should rise above the level of natural climate variability within the next several years. 148. The burning of fossil fuels and perhaps the cutting of forests without compensatory replanting are causing a steady.
global warming was a significant enough threat that the United States
and other nations signed a treaty. its impacts and presents strategies for response. as shown by computed changes in the frequency of extreme events and by comparison with previous climate trends. a lengthy collaborative drafting process. to combat the problem.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
to have major impacts on man and his environment.3 degrees Celsius per decade. The IPCC assesses the magnitude and timing of global warming. The IPCC reports have become the standard scientific references on global warming. The IPCC presented its First Assessment Report in 1990. stabilization of greenhouse gas
.” 152. including the United States. The report concluded
that anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. 153. Hansen testified to the U. Senate that “[t]he greenhouse
effect has been detected. this could result in a rise in mean sea level of 20 centimeters. rise by an unprecedented 0. This would enhance the natural greenhouse effect and further heat the surface of the Earth: if no action were taken. and it is changing our climate now. This in turn would melt some of the polar ice caps and raise the level of the seas: by 2030. The IPCC is a collaborative scientific effort among the nations of the world to assess the scientific and technical information relevant to global warming. was substantially increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases.” 151. In 1988 the governments of the world established the Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change (“IPCC”) under the auspices of the World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme. global mean temperatures would. The IPCC issues periodic reports that represent the work of thousands of scientists worldwide. and by the end of the 21st century of up to 65 centimeters. That same year Dr. and extensive peer-review. the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Convention. and provides advice on global warming to all 170 nations. 154. The treaty states that its “ultimate objective” is “to achieve. its causes. By 1992.S. that are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. primarily carbon dioxide from the combustion of fossil fuels. during the next century.
155.” The treaty expressly recognizes that “the largest share of historical and current global emissions of greenhouse gases has originated in developed countries.8 to 6.” 156.” The treaty set a non-binding goal for developed nations such as the United States to reduce their emissions to 1990 levels.3 °F due to emissions of greenhouse gases over the 1990 baseline and concluded that an increase anywhere in this projected range “would probably be greater than any seen in the last 10.” It further states that “[s]uch a level should be achieved within a time-frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change. to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner. the NAS confirmed the conclusions of the IPCC that global warming is occurring: “IPCC’s conclusion [in its 2001 report] that most of the observed heating of the last 50 years is likely to have been due to the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations accurately reflects the current
.000 years. 157. In May 2001. In 2001 the IPCC published its Third Assessment Report in which it stated that
“most of the observed warming over the last 50 years is likely to have been due to the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations.” and projected global warming in the 21st century due to emissions of greenhouse gases of 2.S.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.5 to 10. Within a month. in June 2001. the White House asked the U. that per capita emissions in developing countries are still relatively low and that the share of global emissions originating in developing countries will grow to meet their social and development needs. The United States ratified the treaty in 1992 by a unanimous Senate vote.” projected global warming in the 21st century of 1.37 -
. In 1995 the IPCC published its Second Assessment Report in which it stated
that “the balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate.4 °F over the 1990 baseline. National Academy of Sciences
(NAS) to conduct its own review of the IPCC assessment.
Oreskes reviewed a random sample of approximately 10 percent of the literature. Commission on Geosciences.” The NAS also concurred that global warming was caused primarily by human activity. Environment and Resources. 38 Hearing before the House Committee on Energy and Commerce.” In IPCC parlance.”38 161. 109th Cong.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
thinking of the scientific community on this issue. 2004. reviewed the peer-reviewed scientific literature for papers on global climate change published between 1993 and 2003. Beyond the Ivory Tower: The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change. the American Geophysical Union stated that “[s]cientific evidence
strongly indicates that natural influences cannot explain the rapid increase in global near-surface temperatures observed during the second half of the 20th century. Science. In July. . 2001. it is fair to say that global warming may be the most carefully and fully studied scientific topic in human history. House of Representatives that “we understand the mechanisms of CO2 and climate better than we do of what causes lung cancer . 3.
Id. San Diego. of the 928 studies.edu/catalog/10139. Dec. “very high confidence” is a term of art denoting a confidence level of at least 90 percent. a
historian of science at the University of California. The IPCC issued its Fourth Assessment Report in 2007 in which it concluded
with “very high confidence” that the “globally averaged net effect of human activities since 1750 has been one of warming. .39 The IPCC further concluded: “Warming of the climate system is unequivocal. In fact. 37 Oreskes N. 2006. President of the National Academy of Sciences. In a December. Climate Change Science: An analysis of Some Key Questions. 2004 article published in the journal Science.S.” 159. http://newton. 2006).. as is now evident from observations of increases in
National Academy of Sciences. Naomi Oreskes. not one disagreed with the consensus view that humans are contributing to global warming. In 2003.36 158.
testified before the U. Ralph Cicerone.
.38 -
.html#106.nap.37 160. (July 27.
Sir Solly Zuckerman.A. ExxonMobil Corporation. development and production of petroleum. Inc. distribution.41 During most of this time. Inc. Downstream: refining. There are three principal areas of activity by oil companies that result in direct
emissions of greenhouse gases: • • Upstream: exploration. while the scientific alarm bells began ringing louder and louder. but rather greatly increased their emissions and other conduct contributing to such emissions.l.”40 162. Inc. Chief Scientist. PRO ref CAB 163/272 #122885.39 -
. widespread melting of snow and ice.
Chevron Corporation. Defendants’ Carbon Dioxide Emissions 1. at 4. Royal Dutch Shell plc and Shell Oil Company (hereinafter “oil companies”) have directly contributed to global warming through their emissions of large quantities of greenhouse gases. processing. marketing of oil and gas products. Many of the defendants have in-house scientific staffs and keep abreast of
scientific developments that affect their businesses. Oil Companies Defendants BP p.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
global average air and ocean temperatures. 9th May 1970. University of Bath. Some of the defendants responded to these scientific developments with a nefarious campaign of deception and denial intended to manufacture a false sense of public uncertainty regarding the science of global warming.c.. 164.. BP America. 163. ConocoPhillips Company. “Long-term climate changes and their effects. most of the defendants not only did little or nothing to control their greenhouse gas emissions and other conduct contributing to such emissions.” . and rising global mean sea level..
Id. Letter to Vice Chancellor.. BP Products North America. Defendants Shell and BP began funding scientific research in England to examine the possible future climate changes from emissions of greenhouse gases. At least as far back as 1970. Chevron U.
• 165. 6 7 8 9 10 167. In 14 addition. at 3-10. 11 methane from wells drilled for the purpose of petroleum extraction.eia. Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 2005.pdf.gov/oiaf/1605/ggrpt/carbon. Petroleum Industry Guidelines for Reporting Greenhouse Gases (December 2003) at 3-1. Energy Information Administration. Physical or chemical process emissions. methane) associated with that field is 13 often release or flared. et al. natural gas (i. Fugitive losses from equipment leaks. from gas processing. marketing of chemical products based on oil and gas. many oil companies engage in coal mining.
Chemical: manufacture. whether for use by the company or for sale to other parties. Combustion in flares and incinerators. oil refining and petrochemical manufacture.45 Flaring causes large amounts of carbon dioxide emissions. When an oil field is 12 developed for petroleum extraction. Id.
. chemical specialty production and metals production. 46 Id.html.44 Defendant oil companies have emitted large quantities of carbon dioxide and
Defendant oil companies also emit large quantities of carbon dioxide and other
American Petroleum Institute. http://www. e. carbon dioxide is sometimes scrubbed from natural gas to improve its heat content 15 and quality and is subsequently vented to the atmosphere.ipieca. power generation. distribution. 17 greenhouse gases from their combustion of fossil fuels to produce electricity for their facilities 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Stationary sources of direct emissions include: Production of heat. available at www.
3 transmission of natural gas.46 16 168.. steam or electricity.43 5 166.42 Additionally.doe. 43 Id.e. Production of work by engines and turbines.g.g.g. e.org/activities/climate_change/downloads/publications/ghg_guidelines. pipelines.40 -
. all of which 4 directly emit CO2 and other greenhouse gases. e. to drive pumps and compressors.
Inc.S. 171. Coalbed Methane Outreach Program. and Xcel Energy.gov/coalbed/basic. These Defendants are among the largest emitters of carbon dioxide in the United States. EPA.epa. in the largest power producers. 2006 Coal Producer Survey (May 2007).html. Duke Energy Corporation. Edison International.
. The Southern Company.org/pdf/coal_producer_survey2006.epa.8 million short tons (gross) in 2006. Inc. Inc.nma. NRG Energy. just 19
Ceres.html.. http://www.gov/methane/sources.250/netcommunity/Document. Mirant Corporation. the 100 largest electric generating companies accounted for 89 percent of total generation industry emissions.S.epa.235. 48 National Mining Association.51 2. Pinnacle West Capital Corporation. EPA. 100% of this power was produced from natural gas.S.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
and operations. Inc. Benchmarking Air Emissions (2004) at Table 1. Dynegy Holdings. available at http://216. 51 U.47 169. For example.
U. 49 U. (hereinafter “power companies”) are electric power corporations that emit millions of tons of carbon dioxide each year from the combustion of fossil fuels and have been doing so for many years. http://www.201.48 The mining of coal produces large quantities of methane. 170. MidAmerican Energy Holdings Company. Methane: Sources and Emissions. http://www. American Electric Power Company. Electric generation and emissions of carbon dioxide has been heavily
concentrated in the U. DTE Energy Company. a greenhouse gas.41 -
.. Reliant Energy.
American Electric Power Service Corporation.pdf.S. EPA. Power Companies Defendants The AES Corporation.49 Methane that is trapped in coal deposits and in the surrounding strata is released during normal mining operations in both underground and surface mines. In 2004. Coalbed Methane Outreach Program.html.Doc?id=108. Defendant ExxonMobil owns and operates the Monterey coal mine in Illinois
which produced 2.gov/coalbed/basic. According to the Benchmarking report.50 The largest source of methane emissions from active underground coal mines comes from mine ventilation systems. http://www. defendant ExxonMobil was one of the 100 largest electric power producers in the United States as of 2002..
S.S. emit approximately 2. Renewable Energy Policy Project. Winner. 55 James McVeigh.pdf. available at http://www. This rate of increase is significantly faster than the projected growth rate of emissions from the economy as a whole over the same period. 30 (Table A18).org/pubs/factsheets/EconomicsOfWind53
. Department of Energy to increase by an additional 30 percent by the year 2030 if no action is taken to restrain such emissions. Such plants in the U. wind.eia.S. A vast array of options to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from the electricity generation process have emerged.gov/FTPROOT/renewables/060304. Renewable Energy Annual 2004 12-13 (Tables 5a & 5b) available at http://tonto.doe. Research Report. Department of Energy. electric power sector increased by
more than 28 percent from 1990 to 2006. D. This increase will raise the electric power sector’s annual emissions to approximately 3. The time has long passed in which carbon dioxide emissions are considered an
inevitable product of electricity generation. Annual Energy Review 2006 285 (Table 10.awea.gov/emeu/aer/pdf/pages/sec10_9.C.rff.53 174. Dallas Burtraw. Electric power plants that burn fossil fuels are the largest source of carbon
dioxide emissions in the United States.52 172.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
companies accounted for 50 percent of industry emissions and just 7 companies accounted for 25 percent.54 and as the costs of these technologies have continued their historical downward cost trajectories.4 billion tons. Energy Information Administration. Joel Darmstadter and Karen Palmer. compared to an 18 percent increase in carbon dioxide emissions for the economy as a whole. geothermal. available at http://www. June 1999. 173. Loser.doe. Renewable energies such as solar. Carbon dioxide emissions from the U.org/Documents/RFF-DP-99-28.pdf.55
See Ceres Report. Department of Energy. available at http://www. (1998 American Wind Energy Association. and biomass are obvious alternatives to fossil fuel combustion. 54 U. U.42 -
.6 billion tons of carbon dioxide each year. Energy Information Administration. as they have continued their modest market penetrations.eia. Economics of Wind Energy 2 (2050).S.2c). Washington.S.pdf. Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Outlook 2008 at p. Carbon dioxide emissions from the electric power sector are projected by the U. or Innocent Victim? Has Renewable Energy Performed As Expected?.
4 billion tons per year and have been steadily increasing for decades. 56 http://www. near Lively Grove. Peabody has produced billions of tons of coal for combustion that
has resulted in the emissions of billions of tons of greenhouse gases. Illinois and the Thoroughbred Energy Campus near Central City. 3.
.313 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent of methane in 2005.gov/pub/international/iealf/tableh4co2.879 metric tons of carbon dioxide and indirectly emitted 1.142 metric tons in 2005. the resistance to renewable energy sources from the electricity generation industry has long been unyielding.doe. http://www. Peabody reported to the EIA as part of the Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases Program that it emitted 3. It also reported to the EIA that it directly emitted 893. 177. the Prairie State project would be fueled by 6 million tons of coal each year. According to Peabody. The electricity generation industry’s obstinacy regarding alternative
technologies is evidenced by the industry’s record of efficiency improvement that is unusually poor among post-industrial revolution industries. 178.xls (2.awea. Peabody.eia.
hydropower and wind power being much older than fossil fuel combustion. These plants will not be built using new technology that
Feb2005.pdf. have been around for a very long time. far from recognizing or mitigating its conduct contributing to global
warming. According to the American Wind Energy Association.
Renewable technologies.org/faq/cost.064.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
175. the Prairie State Energy Campus.312 metric tons of carbon dioxide in 2005. Peabody is seeking to build two of the world’s largest coal-fired power plants.124. 176.43 -
. data reported by year back to 1980). Kentucky. Peabody Coal Defendant Peabody directly emits large quantities of methane from its mining
operations. In addition. wind energy costs have declined by 80% over the last twenty years. is rushing to enter the coal-fired electricity business itself and to begin competing with its own customers.56 179. For example. Carbon dioxide emissions from the combustion of coal in the United States are approximately 2. each of which is slated to have 1500 megawatts of capacity.html. of course.
58 182. defendants’ past emissions remain in the atmosphere and are contributing now to Kivalina’s harms and will continue to do so for years to come. Empirical evidence underlies the scientific consensus that global warming has
arrived. The Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (“ACIA”). with a decrease in spring of up to 15%.
The average of near-surface air temperature over land and sea surface temperature.44 -
.000 square miles over the last 20 years.Y. Global warming has resulted in poleward and altitudinal shifts of plant and animal ranges and the decline of animal and plant populations in many locations throughout the world. The eight warmest years in the instrumental record of global surface temperature dating back to the mid-Nineteenth Century all occurred since 1998 and the 14 warmest years all occurred since 1990. fully referenced and independently reviewed evaluation of arctic climate change
Simon Romero. 184.57 180. Temperatures at the top of the permafrost layer have generally increased since
the 1980s in the Arctic (by up to 5. as measured in the summer months. 183. It is thawing permafrost and causing a later freezing and earlier break-up of ice on rivers and lakes. a “comprehensively
researched. 2006. N. global warming already is causing the retreat of
mountain glaciers throughout the world. As the IPCC has noted. It is melting the Arctic sea ice. Two Industry Leaders Bet on Coal But Split on Cleaner Approach. This ice. Times. Because the planet’s natural systems take hundreds of years to absorb carbon dioxide. B.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
can capture and store carbon dioxide emissions and in fact Peabody is leading the opposition to the use of such technology on economic grounds. at A1.
. has shrunk by 386. Defendants and their predecessors in interest have emitted large quantities of
carbon dioxide from the combustion of fossil fuels for many years. May 28.4°F). The maximum area covered by seasonally frozen ground has decreased by about 7% in the Northern Hemisphere since 1900. Current and Projected Global Warming Impacts 181.
C.”
. extent. in an 20 April 2006 report on erosion suffered by Alaska Native Villages. storm surges and erosion. 2. The Arctic climate is now heating rapidly and much larger changes are projected. Alaska District. Arctic vegetation zones are very likely to shift. Confidence in results is highest at both ends of this scale. unlikely. possible. Kivalina suffers special injuries. and 16 duration of sea ice that forms along Kivalina’s coast. Animal species’ diversity. likely. . 6. Army Corps of Engineers. and also includes the special knowledge of indigenous people. and other infrastructure. Many coastal communities and facilities face increasing exposure to storms.] . buildings. Special Injuries to Kivalina’s Property Interests 185.
4. A conclusion that an impact ‘will’ result is reserved for situation where experience and multiple methods of analysis all make clear that the consequence would follow inevitably from the projected change in climate. Thawing ground will disrupt transportation. particularly land-fast sea 17 ice. are indicated using a five-tier lexicon consistent with everyday usage (very unlikely.” The ACIA’s key findings include the following:59 1. Loss of sea ice. ranges. concluded that global 21 warming has affected the extent of sea ice adjacent to Kivalina: “[W]ith global climate change 22 the period of open water is increasing and the Chukchi Sea is less likely to be frozen when 23 24 25 26 27 28
The report is careful to note that it is not a worst-case scenario. involved an international effort by hundreds of scientists over four years. . Rising temperatures caused by global warming have affected the thickness. 5.S. Storms now 18 routinely batter Kivalina and are destroying its property to the point that Kivalina must 19 relocate or face extermination. 3.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
and its impacts[. and distribution will change. . causing wideranging impacts. different in degree and kind from injuries to the general 15 public. leaves Kivalina’s coast more vulnerable to waves. Indigenous communities are facing major economic and cultural impacts. and very likely).45 -
. The U. “Judgments of likelihood . While the global warming to which defendants contribute injures the public at
13 14 large. .
Kivalina. Senate Committee on Appropriation. 2003. The Army Corps of Engineers’ report projects that it would cost between $95
and $125 million to relocate Kivalina.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
damaging winter storms occur.
. the GAO asserted that flooding and erosion in the coastal area of Alaska were due in part to rising temperatures that cause the protective shore ice to form later in the year. 188. at 24-25. Plaintiffs are discrete and identifiable entities that have contributed little or
nothing to global warming. leaving villages. Newtok. Alaska District. Apr. Dec. in a December. but Few Qualify for Federal Assistance.62 The GAO report projects that it would cost between $100 and $400 million to relocate Kivalina.
U.”60 The United States Government Accountability Office. before the
U. supra. Army Corps of Engineers. at 32.” The GAO concluded that “[r]emaining on the island .S. Alaska Native Villages: Most are Affected by Flooding and Erosion.63 187. Kaktovik. is no longer a viable option for the community. reached similar conclusions regarding Kivalina: “[I]t is believed that the right combination of storm events could flood the entire village at any time. at 23. at 32. 2004. supra.S. Dillingham. Army Corps of Engineers. In testimony dated June 29. Shishmaref.46 -
. 61 GAO. 2006. .
U. and Unalakleet. 2003 report also addressing erosion in Alaska Native Villages. The impact of global warming on Plaintiffs is more certain and severe than on others in the general population. including Kivalina.”61 186. Alaska Village Erosion Technical Assistance Program: An Examination of Erosion Issues in the Communities of Bethel. . by the General Accounting Office. vulnerable to storms. Winter storms occurring in October and November of 2004 and 2005 have resulted in significant erosion that is now threatening both the school and the Alaska Village Electric Cooperative (AVEC) tank farm.S. 63 GAO.
the National Mining Association (which represents the coal industry). in peer-reviewed scientific journals. 190. and the Cooler Heads Coalition. professional scientific “experts” (many of whom are not atmospheric scientists) who regularly publish their marginal views expressing doubts about numerous aspects of climate change science in places like the Wall Street Journal editorial page but rarely. Marshall Institute.47 -
. and bogus scientific bodies. The industries have also formed and used front groups. the George C.
. Later. such as the Global Climate Coalition (“GCC”). Peabody. The tactics employed in this campaign include the funding and use of “global
warming skeptics. the campaign attempted to show that global warming was not occurring. 189. the Greening Earth Society. oil and other industries to continue their conduct contributing to the public nuisance of global warming by convincing the public at-large and the victims of global warming that the process is not man-made when in fact it is.
Civil Conspiracy Allegations 1. Defendants ExxonMobil. The Use of Front Groups There has been a long campaign by power. and the Western Fuels Association (which represents coal-burning utilities that own Wyoming coal fields). 191. The skeptics are frequently quoted in newspapers such as the Washington Times and are offered up to numerous mainstream.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
D. BP America Inc. and
through trade associations such as the Edison Electric Institute (“EEI”) (which represents the electric power industry). coal. there is not enough scientific certainty to warrant action. fake citizens organizations. and Southern (“Conspiracy Defendants”) participated in this campaign. Duke Energy. coal. it attempts to demonstrate that global warming is good for the planet and its inhabitants or that even if there may be ill effects.” i. Initially. The most active company in such efforts is and has been defendant ExxonMobil.e. The campaign has been conducted directly by the Conspiracy Defendants. and oil companies to mislead
the public about the science of global warming. ConocoPhillips Company. AEP.. and continuing to the present. if ever. The purpose of this campaign has been to enable the electric power. Chevron Corporation.
which was founded by a public relations consultant working at TASSC. less educated males from larger households who are not typically active information-seekers” and “younger. peer-reviewed science it sought to discredit and “sound science” to refer to industry-sponsored science suggesting the link between second-hand smoke and diseases such as cancer was inconclusive. ExxonMobil has funded TASCC. news outlets as scientific experts in order to sow doubt among the public about global warming.” It sought to attack messengers on global warming as a way to falsely discredit the science and enable
. TASSC has funded a web site.com. coal and oil industries – including some of the Conspiracy Defendants – to subvert the global warming debate. 193. At some point in the 1990s. Internal documents from ICE revealed that the goal was to “reposition global warming as theory” not fact and was designed to target “older. and the National Coal Association. ICE undertook radio advertising blitzes and mass mailings that attacked the proponents of global warming and used unscientific tactics like calling attention to small geographic regions with temperature trends that ran against the overall warming as somehow disproving global warming. TASSC coined the terms “junk science” to refer to the mainstream. As part of this campaign for the tobacco industry. 194. lower-income women.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
unsuspecting. Another front-group formed by industry was called the “Information Council
on the Environment” (“ICE”).48 -
. which was formed by Defendant Southern Company along with EEI. JunkScience. TASCC began using its public relations tactics of
making scientific judgments seem uncertain on behalf of Defendant ExxonMobil and other members of the fossil fuel production and combustion industries. One of the earliest and most prominent front groups has been The
Advancement of Sound Science Coalition (“TASSC”). the Western Fuels Association. The Orwellian use of the terms “junk science” and “sound science” were adopted by the power. TASSC was originally formed in 1993 by a public relations company working for the tobacco company Philip Morris with the goal of discrediting the mainstream science establishing the health hazards of second-hand tobacco smoke. 192.
AEP. 1997. Meetings of the GCC took place in a variety of locations. N. Exxon. Mobil. PR Watch Newsletter. EEI commissioned a study by a reputable consulting firm.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Southern and the electric utility industry in general to continue to contribute to the public nuisance alleged herein. 197. It raised from its members tens of millions of dollars for the purpose of distorting the public debate so as to enable its members to continue to emit large quantities of greenhouse gases and take other actions that contribute to the public nuisance alleged herein. D2.
. and attendees often included representatives of Allegheny Power. July 8. Union Electric. Times. EEI buried the study “because it’s not damaging enough” according to an EEI source. Acting Locally: The International Conspiracy to Overheat the Earth. Illinois Power.org/prwissues/1997Q4/warming. Edison. Duke. Its scientific claims were so specious that even notorious climate skeptics Patrick Michaels and Robert Balling requested their names be removed from ICE.64 195. including the offices of The Southern Company. It spent $13 million on one ad campaign alone that was intended to subvert the debate on global warming.
Bob Burton & Sheldon Rampton.
Is EEI Keeping ICF Study Results Quiet? Air Daily. industry.prwatch. It allegedly has been inactive since 2002. ICF Kaiser.
to assess the impact of limiting carbon dioxide emissions on the price of electricity. The results showed only a modest impact on price – an impact that would be made up by concomitant conservation savings. Mathew Wald. 1991.html. The GCC was one of the most outspoken and confrontational industry groups in
the United States battling reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. The GCC was founded in 1989 by 46 corporations and trade associations representing all of the major elements of U.Y. In 1997. American Petroleum Institute (“API”). and there were discussions at EEI about shredding all copies of the study. December 3. http://www. and the Western Fuels Association.S.49 -
. Thinking Globally.65 196. The GCC operated until 1997 out of the offices of the National Association of
Manufacturers. 1997. Pro-Coal Ad Campaign Disputes Warming Idea.
67 Global Climate Coalition. May 28. former president of the GCC. Central to the GCC communication strategy was the creation of a public
perception of scientific uncertainty regarding the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Global Climate Coalition Membership. It distributed a video to hundreds of journalists claiming that increased levels of carbon dioxide will increase crop production and help feed the hungry people of the world. 1996.. Global Climate Coalition: 1996-1999. 202. 2003. 9. API. and John Richardson of The Southern Company. Who is the GCC?.66 According to the GCC’s Application for Recognition of Exemption to the IRS. William F. For example. Apr. 204. Attachment B to Global Climate Coalition Membership.. Summary of Activities. now owned by Defendant Duke. 199.
The Conspiracy Defendants were at relevant times members of the GCC. Global warming: Good Science?.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
198. The GCC board of directors included Thomas Chaney of Cincinnati Gas &
Electric. when the GCC became controversial and changed its membership to
trade associations only in order to distance the individuals companies from its work. Jeff Nesmith. and The Southern Company. July 1999.
. is also a former executive of API. the Conspiracy Defendants’ interests continued to be represented in the GCC by their trade associations. Many of the same individuals were involved with the GCC and the trade
association groups. EEI and the National Mining Association. Cool the Planet.68 203.50 -
. Dale Heydlauff of American Electric Power Service Co. O’Keefe. GCC activities have included publication of glossy reports raising concern
about unemployment that it claims would result from emissions regulations. 1024 Application for Recognition of Exemption. William O’Keefe.
initial GCC board members included American Electric Power Service Corp. the Edison Electric Institute (“EEI”). Later. Cool the Planet. 201.67 200. API. Industry Promotes Skeptical View of Global warming. Thomas Kuhn of EEI. Charles DiBona of API. Cox News Service.
206. were incorrect.” It
stated that global agricultural productivity could be maintained relative to current levels only up to the double the CO2 level. but they do not offer convincing arguments against the conventional model of greenhouse gas emission-induced climate change. 1995 the GCC. It reported that a U. At its next meeting.. as reflected in the meeting minutes: “Most suggestions had been to drop the ‘contrarian part’ [i. the GCC-STAC decided simply to drop
this seven-page section of the report.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
205. the GCC and its members nonetheless continued to tout the contrarian theories about global warming in order to ensure they could continue their unabated emissions of greenhouse gases and other conduct contributing to the nuisance alleged herein.51 -
.000 years.” But for years afterward. 207. in January.S. In fact. This was accepted and that portion of the paper will be dropped. The presentation stated that a doubling of carbon dioxide levels over pre-industrial concentrations would occur by 2050 and cause “an average rate of warming [that] would probably be greater than any seen in the past 10. [Robert] Jastrow’s hypothesis about the role of solar variability and [Patrick] Michaels’ questions about the temperature record are not convincing arguments against any conclusion that we are currently experiencing warming as the result of greenhouse gas emissions.e. via its Science and Technology Advisory
Committee (“GCC-STAC”). 1996. At a GCC meeting in February. the GCC-STAC science primer concludes that: The contrarian theories raise interesting questions about our total understanding of climate processes.
In December. government study had found that “the
. the appendix]. The description of the counter-arguments demonstrate the GCC and its members were well aware that the contrarian theories. which they publicly touted as casting doubt on the science of global warming. drafted a primer on the science of global warming for GCC members. EEI made a powerpoint presentation
regarding the science of global warming. The draft primer included a seven-page section that reviewed the “contrarian” arguments and theories and listed a “counter-argument” for every single one of them. 1996.
Another organization used to launder information is the George C. the GCC and individual members have provided public platforms for the handful of scientists who are skeptical of the consensus that there is a human influence on Earth’s climate. 211.” In direct contradiction to these lofty goals. BP/Amoco withdrew from GCC after BP’s chairman admitted that “the time to consider the policy dimensions of climate change is not when the link between greenhouse gases and climate change is conclusively proven. the growing scientific and public consensus regarding global warming
forced a number of GCC supporters to reconsider the negative public relations implications of their involvement in a group that was increasingly recognized as a self-serving antienvironmental front group. Daimler Chrysler. Dow.” 208. However. Southern Company.” 209. the Marshall Institute had been known primarily for its work advocating a “Star Wars” missile defense program. Texaco and General Motors. Ford. DuPont.” Other prominent companies that publicly abandoned the GCC include American Electric Power. it soon became an important
. At the same meeting there was discussion among the GCC membership of
purposely not reporting into the new federal database of greenhouse gas emissions in order to “cast the [database] program in a poor light. 210. Most of them also do not have expertise in atmospheric science. Royal Dutch Shell.52 -
. By 1997. We in BP have reached that point. These scientists generally do not participate in the accepted process of publishing research in peer-reviewed journals in order to test hypotheses and conclusions. but when the possibility cannot be discounted and is taken seriously by the society of which we are part. The GCC claimed that “a bedrock principle addressing global climate change
issues is that science – not emotional or political reactions – must serve as the foundation for global climate policy decisions. Marshall
Institute. During the 1990s.” The presentation stated that some of the impacts would be “potentially irreversible” and include “significant loss of life.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
chance of changes since 1976 being purely natural is 1-20%.
Mirrors & Hot Air].org/assets/documents/global_warming/exxon_report. 1996. conducting round-table events and producing frequent publications. primarily to underwrite the Marshall Institute’s climate change effort. thereby hiding its connection to ExxonMobil and other oil companies. The Marshall Institute has been touting its new book. the George C. the Marshall Institute has served
as a clearinghouse for global warming contrarians. Marshall Institute issued a press release touting a
study that claimed “scientific facts refute global warming fears. and is chairman emeritus of the Global Climate Coalition. The group also attacked credible and preeminent expert scientists. Shattered Consensus: The True State of Global Warming. CEO of the Marshall Institute. In April. Smoke. 213. served on the board of directors of the Competitive Enterprise Institute. On April 10.” thanks in part to ExxonMobil’s financial backing.ucsusa. ExxonMobil has paid $630.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
home for industry-financed “climate contrarians. edited by long-time contrarian Patrick Michaels. as part of the Conspiracy
Defendants’ disinformation campaign. 2007. Michaels has.” The study claimed that policy makers needed to know that the “growing body of scientific evidence shows global warming is not a serious threat.” The press release claimed the Institute was funded by private foundations and individual donors.000. Since ExxonMobil began to support its efforts. Marshall Institute. issued a report falsely claiming that peer-reviewed studies indicated temperature increases were consistent with “natural climate change.69 215. Jan. the George C.” 214. been affiliated with at least ten organizations funded by ExxonMobil.53 -
. over the past several years. William O’Keefe.pdf [hereinafter Smoke. formerly worked as executive vice president and chief operating officer of the American Petroleum Institute. Perhaps the most
Union of Concerned Scientists. The GCC went even further than providing public relations services for these
skeptics. at 35. 212. http://www.
. Since 1998. Mirrors & Hot Air: How ExxonMobil Uses Big Tobacco’s Tactics to Manufacture Uncertainty on Climate Science. 1995.
. The strategy was to discredit Dr. Santer. In June 1996. 1996. Forty of them signed a letter printed in the Wall Street Journal on June 25.54 -
. but he stated that the Dr. Santer as the lead editor for the chapter that
linked the threat of global climatic disruption to the burning of fossil fuels. IPCC Chairman Bert Bolin and Working Group One Co-Chairman Luiz Gylvan Meira-Filho and John Houghton also wrote a letter stating that they were “completely satisfied” with the changes made to the Working Group Report. was not present at any of the meetings he referred to in his oped. the lead author of a crucial chapter of the 1995 Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (“IPCC”). Marshall
Institute. Dr. the George C. Dr. 221. 216. Seitz’s assertion that “I have never witnessed a more disturbing corruption
of the peer-review process than the events that led to this IPCC report” was then picked up as a news story (rather than opinion) in The New York Times. 217. Their target was Dr. in a Wall Street Journal op-ed piece. the world’s leading scientific body studying climate change. Frederick Seitz. GCC’s attacks provoked strong statements from the normally reticent IPCC
scientists. and the GCC launched a vicious attack. 220. Dr. By discrediting the author.” 218. these organizations could argue that global warming was “natural.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
disturbing example of this is what happened to Dr. Benjamin Santer of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. “deliberately deceived policymakers and the public by deleting passages that expressed uncertainty about the human impact on climate change after reviewing scientists approved the text. 1996. Seitz’s work has been funded by ExxonMobil and Shell. Santer maintains he
was never even approached by either the GCC or Dr. Seitz for an explanation. Santer and his co-authors.” 219.
The author. The opening salvo came on June 19. The GCC publicly repeated this unwarranted attack. Dr. the American Petroleum Institute.
May/June 2005. Apr. the goal the team outlined was simple and familiar. The Greening Earth Society (“GES”)72 was founded on Earth Day in 1998 by
the Western Fuels Association (“WFA”) to advocate that increasing levels of CO2 is in fact beneficial.html. Chris Mooney.70 A 1998 GCSCT task force memo outlined an explicit strategy to invest millions of dollars to manufacture uncertainty on the issue of global warming – a strategy that directly emulated Big Tobacco’s disinformation campaign. Chevron Corporation. oil company Defendants. Summary of Activities. Apr. 3. e. Industrial Group Plans to Battle Climate Treaty. supra.greeningearthsociety.html.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
222. Global Climate Science Communications: Action Plan.org.Y. “Victory will be achieved when average citizens understand (recognize) uncertainties in climate science” and when public “recognition of uncertainty becomes part of the ‘convention wisdom. As the memo put it. and trade associations including the American Petroleum Institute. Its sponsors included the API. 71 John H. print and radio
advertising campaign falsely claiming that there was an issue as to whether man-made greenhouse gases caused global warming. Some Like It Hot.motherjones. 1998. 223. 72 http://www. 73 See. TIMES.nl/users/e_wesker/ew@shell/API-prop.S. GCSCT members included some of the Defendants. 1998.
.g. A task force was formed by industry in the1990s called the Global Climate
Science Communications Team (“GCSCT”). and The Southern Company..euronet.55 -
. Cushman Jr. Apparently.’”71 224. 225. including ExxonMobil. N. The API action plan indicated progress would be measured by the percentage of
new articles that raise questions about climate change as well as the number of radio talk show appearances by scientists questioning the prevailing views..73
http://www. Despite mounting scientific evidence of the changing climate. 26. http://www.com/news/feature/2005/05/some_like_it_hot.
On September 9. 1997. the GCC launched a national television. Mother Jones. which represents the interest of all of the U. at A1. GES and the WFA are essentially the same organization.
it attempted to show that coal and increased carbon dioxide will benefit the earth. ExxonMobil’s Leadership Role in the Conspiracy Relying on tactics developed by the tobacco industry to discredit health risks
associated with tobacco use. Ross Gelbspan. this Stinks. 231.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
226. “Old Kentucky Home” laments the economic ruin restrictions on coal-burning would bring to rural America. THE NATION. 228. 9. 227. Apr.
. The article “Pew.westernfuels. These scientists’ conclusions uniformly support the GES thesis that “our use of fossil fuels is helping give plants the extra carbon dioxide they need to grow more lush and green worldwide. 1999 issue of World Climate Report. 229. 2001. ExxonMobil has channeled $16 million over the 1998 to 2005
http://www. Bush’s Global Heaters.org.56 -
. The July 19. The GES employed a multi-level strategy to attack the facts of global warming.
It criticized legitimate science while promoting its own truths that climate change is not happening. “Ask the Aspen” states a benefit to pest-ravaged trees from more carbon dioxide. the Society’s newsletter. Willie Soon and Sallie Baliunas. The vast majority of GES material is based on the work of a few scientists with
marginal qualifications and/or fringe views. The purpose and effect of these efforts was to create doubt in the minds of the
public and therefore to mislead the victims of global warming regarding the cause of global warming. GES funds the Climate Data Task Force. 2.” is an attack on the Pew Center on Global Climate change and scientist Tom Wigley. 230. “Heat Waves Goodbye” claims that heat waves have decreased since 1950.
The WFA74 is a cooperative of coal-dependent utilities that owns coal fields in
the western states and that seeks to discredit global warming science.” as stated on the GES homepage.
demonstrates most of these tactics. At the same time. and to promote a “green” image for its member companies. headed by Robert Balling at Arizona State University. and provides support and board memberships for notorious climate skeptics Pat Michaels.
233. Mirrors & Hot Air at10. Rather than meet its social and legal responsibilities. ExxonMobil engaged in a
multi-faceted attack on global warming which included exploiting science. 76 Smoke. the Frazier Institute. and Free Enterprise to prop up discredited studies and to disseminate misleading information to downplay the severity of global climate change.” 234. Some Like It Hot. supra. and what the company says will have an impact on virtually everyone. If the world’s biggest purveyor of fossil fuels ever accepts openly that global warming is real. available at http://www. is also the world’s most powerful climate-change skeptic . Paul Krugman. . 235.75 At the same time it divested itself of nearly all of its alternative energy holdings. Mother Jones. The Economist in 2001 described ExxonMobil’s importance on the issue:
“ExxonMobil. Chris Mooney.77 232. in 2006.asp.net/search. Apr. Mirrors & Hot Air. N. Smoke. Mirrors & Hot Air at 5.Y. fostering false science.5 million metric tons of CO2e.76 Globally. ExxonMobil has funded and continues to fund groups like the George Marshall
Institute. and its annual revenues exceed those of many of the world’s nations. the biggest [oil company]. 77 Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP5) Greenhouse Gas Emissions Questionnaire – Response by ExxonMobil. Enemy of the Planet. . Times.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
period to 42 organizations that promote disinformation on global warming. ExxonMobil is an influential stakeholder in the dialog about how the world
will address global warming. denying the consensus on global warming. that may turn out to be more important to the planet than any Kyoto deal.cdproject. ExxonMobil is the third largest corporation on earth.78
Smoke. 2006. running misleading advertising denying the existence of global warming or its causes.57 -
. 17. and funding organizations who attacked global warming on these bases and/or the factors causing global warming. May/June 2005. ExxonMobil emitted 145.
Dr. that the presentation of the petition when circulated. 2000. in a letter dated December 11. is a fringe group run out of a tin shed by one Arthur Robinson. b. the nation’s most respected scientific body. 1998.000-year temperature record for the Sargasso Sea. 237.000 18 scientists don’t agree . the Oregon Institute of Science and Medicine. that’s the earth’s temperature as best these scientists are able to estimate what it was for the past 3.58 -
. “If you look at that. What I am saying is that there is a substantial difference of view in 19 the scientific community as to what exactly is going on.” A few months earlier. “it looks like at least 17.000 years. who is not a climatologist and who has no significant climate credentials.
a. . ExxonMobil Chairman Lee Raymond
questioned whether global warming exists and whether fossil fuels play a role in the heating of the Earth. Frederick Seitz.” Raymond said. came under heavy fire because of an apparent attempt to mislead recipients into thinking it came from the National Academy of Sciences. a past president of the Academy. The Times also reported that the
. the company had made a similar argument with the same chart in an advertisement in The New York Times. .” But the petition Raymond relied on 20 had long since been discredited in the general media: 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Also at the May. However. . 2000 shareholder meeting. He based his argument on a chart showing a 3. The petition was accompanied by a letter from Dr. Chairman Raymond questioned
The co-publisher of the petition. explained why ExxonMobil’s use of the data is misleading: I believe ExxonMobil has been misleading in its use of the Sargasso Sea data. . The New York Times reported on April 22.
Exploiting Scientific Studies
At a May. There’s really no way those results bear on the question of human-induced climate heating. He is a physical chemist.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 236. and an article dismissing global warming that was formatted to look as though it came from the Academy’s peer-reviewed. 16 Raymond pointed to a petition dismissing global warming. To make his case. “So contrary to the assertion that 17 has just been made that everybody agrees. Denying the Consensus on Global Warming
14 238. 15 whether there is consensus that human activity is heating the Earth. and we already knew that there were climate cycles during recent millennia . Lloyd Keigwin. scientific journal. Raymond stated. 2000 shareholder meeting. the author of the Sargasso Sea
The use of this misleading petition continues to this day.co. entitled “Unsettled Science. 2008. For years. Fred Seitz. 19. 240.59 -
. The Guardian.”79 The Associated Press reported on May 2.
. 1998.
In the spring of 2000.” The ad was sponsored by the Heartland Institute. Previously. Campaign ExxonMobil.” was particularly egregious.guardian. chairman of the Science and Environmental Policy Project. 239. The Denial Industry. that Robinson conceded “that he made little attempt to verify the credentials of those who responded to the petition. Reynolds in which capacity he was “to refute the criticisms against cigarettes. Sept. the company and other defendants supported organizations whose mission was to undermine confidence in the evidence of global warming
Source Watch. One of the ads. ExxonMobil has placed advertising questioning the science of global warming. which has been funded by ExxonMobil.sourcewatch. c. The centerpiece of the ad was the Sargasso Sea data.
the Heartland Institute ran an advertisement in the New York Times touting the petition entitled “Can 19.” Found among the signatures were the names of a member of the pop group the Spice Girls. Shell and other oil companies.000 Scientists Be Wrong About Global Warming?” The ad states that “19.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 241. http://www. • •
Academy formally disassociated itself form the petition and accompanying statements.g2.org/index. found another ten statements in the ad that were false or misleading in one way or another. Funding Critics of Global Warming
ExxonMobil funds other groups to voice skepticism regarding global warming
in order to hide its own pervasive involvement and to give the false impression that numerous. http://www.J. d. George Monbiot. 2006. which has been funded by ExxonMobil. The petition was written by a Dr. a watchdog group.000 scientists have signed a petition saying global warming probably is natural and not a crisis.php?title=Science_and_Environmental_Policy_Project. the company ran a four-part series in the New York Times that attempted to resurrect long-abandoned criticisms of climate science. On February 7.uk/environment/2006/sep/19/ethicalliving. Seitz was a consultant for R. independent voices are speaking out. Science and Environmental Policy Project. singer James Brown and several of the characters from the television show M*A*S*H.
81 Chris Mooney. that “over the past
decade. ExxonMobil is no longer a member of the GCC but not by choice: The GCC’s
role caused it and other member companies so much embarrassment that a large scale defection occurred at the end of 1999 and the beginning of 2000. 2000. no matter how untenable other companies have come to find it. General Motors. May/June 2005. 245. lobbying members of Congress to thwart any corrective action.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
and support for addressing it. Some Like It Hot. 2000). The Southern Company and others suddenly departing. ExxonMobil refused to leave the GCC (Oil Daily.globalclimate. Texaco. e. The New Jersey Star-Ledger observed on August 1.80 Additional efforts by ExxonMobil have been documented in the news. 1999. Despite the departure of other large companies. January 11. 242. a study published in November 2004 that combined the work of some 300 scientists and was four years in the making. ExxonMobil ran its global warming advertisements and Lee Raymond made his
statements to shareholders after the exodus from the GCC. January 11.
. Mother Jones. Denying the Effects of Global warming on the Arctic
Industry-sponsored front groups were also responsible for the attacks on the
Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (“ACIA”). 244. the Global Climate Coalition has spent millions of dollars to defuse the global warming issue.htm). with Ford. ExxonMobil supported the GCC. the GCC ended its corporate membership program and announced that only trade associations would be eligible for membership (GCC press release at www. conducting economic studies that conclude that any such measure would irreparably harm the economy. Shortly after the membership drain. reflecting ExxonMobil’s apparent determination to maintain its position.81 Commissioned
Oil Daily.60 -
.org/newsroom/nr-00-0314-restructure. and sponsoring skeptics on speaking tours to question whether global warming is the crisis other scientists say it is. supra.” 243.
pushing some species toward extinction. 2007 report from the Union of Concerned Scientists
offered a comprehensive overview of how ExxonMobil used disinformation tactics to cloud the scientific understanding of climate change to delay action on the issue.” 246. such as “Polar Bear Scare on Thin Ice. a January 3. Recently. the Fraser Institute baldly stated that “2004 has been one of the cooler years in recent history. the report noted that ExxonMobil has:
Id. it relied on opinion pieces and press releases. who runs two organizations that receive money from ExxonMobil to debunk global warming.82 The George C. ExxonMobil marshaled its considerable resources to undermine the study. issuing a press release asserting that the Arctic report was based on “unvalidated climate models and scenarios … that bear little resemblance to reality and how the future is likely to evolve. Marshall Institute echoed Milloy.
Lacking a scientific basis.com columnist Steven Milloy. the study warned that the Arctic is heating “at almost twice the rate as that of the rest of the world. an intergovernmental forum that includes the United States. In particular. and some seabirds. are already apparent and “will drastically shrink marine habitat for polar bears. 84 Id. ice-inhabiting seals. The Union of Concerned Scientists is a leading science-based nonprofit working for a healthier environment.61 -
.” Yet the United Nation’s World Meteorological Organization pronounced 2004 “the fourth warmest year in the temperature record since 1861.” by FoxNews.” and that early impacts of climate change.”83 The ExxonMobil-funded Fraser Institute called the report “an excellent example of the favoured scare technique of the anti-energy activists: pumping largely unjustifiable assumptions about the future into simplified computer models to conjure up a laundry list of scary projections.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
by the Arctic Council.”85 247. 83 Id.”84 In the same release. 85 Id. such as melting sea ice and glaciers.
in that global warming will diminish or destroy Plaintiffs’ public and private real property (and the real property of their residents and Tribal members). including.
. inter alia. ExxonMobil has funneled about $16 million between 1998 and 2005 to a network of ideological and advocacy organizations that manufacture uncertainty on the issue. FIRST CLAIM FOR RELIEF Federal Common Law: Public Nuisance Plaintiffs incorporate by reference the previous paragraphs. and scientific advisors.
Manufactured uncertainty by raising doubts about even the most indisputable scientific evidence. ExxonMobil-funded organizations have propped up and amplified work that has been discredited by reputable climate scientists. the rights to use and enjoy public and private property in Kivalina. By publishing and republishing the non-peer-reviewed works of a small group of scientific spokespeople. Defendants’ emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. Adopted a strategy of information laundering by using seemingly independent front organizations to publicly further its desired message and thereby confuse the public. constitute a substantial and unreasonable interference with public rights. 250. Promoted scientific spokespeople who misrepresent peerreviewed scientific findings or cherry-pick facts in their attempts to persuade the media and the public that there is still serious debate among scientists that burning fossil fuels has contributed to global warming and that human-caused warming will have serious consequences. Attempted to shift the focus way from meaningful action on global warming with misleading charges about the need for “sound science. despite the scientific consensus about the
fundamental understanding that global warming is caused by carbon dioxide and other heattrapping emissions.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 249. Plaintiffs suffer special injuries from defendants’ contributions to global warming.” The report documents that.62 -
. board members. by
contributing to global warming. In the exercise of those rights. 248. Many of these organizations have an overlapping – sometimes identical – collection of spokespeople serving as staff.
. rapidly mix in the atmosphere and cause an increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases worldwide. and to Plaintiffs’ special injuries. identifiable impacts in Kivalina. 251. Emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases from defendants’ operations. 259. 254. Defendants. Plaintiffs. Plaintiffs do not have the economic ability to avoid or prevent the harm. contributing to global warming and causing injuries to entities such as the Plaintiffs. Defendants know or should know that their emissions of greenhouse gases
contribute to global warming. and/or maintained the public nuisance. 255. both individually and collectively. are substantial contributors to
global warming and to the injuries and threatened injuries Plaintiffs suffer. Intentionally or negligently. The heating that results from the increased carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas concentrations to which defendants contribute cause specific. 257. 258. Plaintiffs’ injuries and threatened injuries from each defendant’s contributions
to global warming are indivisible injuries. defendants have created. 252. Plaintiffs have been and will continue to be injured by global warming. 256. Defendants knew that their individual greenhouse gas emissions were. to the general public injuries such heating will cause.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
The Plaintiffs’ entire village must be relocated because of the nuisance at a cost of millions of dollars. contributed to. warming. contribute very little to global
. Defendants’ greenhouse gas emissions are a direct and proximate contributing
cause of global warming and of the injuries and threatened injuries Plaintiffs suffer. 253. no matter where such operations are located. due in part to their way of life. Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions resulting in global
warming are inherently interstate in nature. in
combination with emissions and conduct of others.
including millions of dollars of funds necessary to relocate the entire community due to the harms caused by global warming. 261. 264. Defendants are jointly and severally liable to Kivalina under the federal
common law of public nuisance. defendants are liable to Plaintiffs under the applicable state statutory and/or common law of private and public nuisance. inter alia. individually and collectively. SECOND CLAIM FOR RELIEF State Law: Private and Public Nuisance 262. 263. inconvenience. Defendants. individually and collectively. In the alternative to the First Claim For Relief. or injury to the public.
Defendants. Plaintiffs suffer special injuries from defendants’ contributions to global warming. and are therefore liable under the applicable state statutory and/or common law of private and public nuisance. are substantial contributors to global
warming and to the injuries and threatened injuries Kivalina claims in this action. if federal common law were not
to apply.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
260. The injuries have caused Kivalina to suffer millions of dollars in damages in lost property value and revenue. are substantial contributors to global
warming and to the injuries and threatened injuries suffered by Plaintiffs. The Plaintiffs’ entire village must be relocated because of the nuisance at a cost of millions of dollars. including.64 -
. In the exercise of those rights.
constitute a substantial and unreasonable interference with public rights. Defendants have engaged and continue to engage in intentional or negligent
acts or omissions that unreasonably interfere with the use and enjoyment of Plaintiffs’ properties. by contributing to global warming. in that global warming will diminish or destroy Plaintiffs’ public and private real property (and the real property of their residents and Tribal members). The injuries have
. and/or work a substantial annoyance. 266. the rights to use and enjoy public and private property in Kivalina. Plaintiffs incorporate by reference the preceding paragraphs. Defendants’ emissions of carbon dioxide. 265.
. Chevron Corporation.. global warming. 269. 270. Peabody. Defendants ExxonMobil. The Conspiracy Defendants participated and/or continue to participate in an agreement with each other to mislead the public with respect to the science of global warming and to delay public awareness of the issue—so that they could continue contributing to. contribution to and/or maintenance of a public nuisance. and have included overt acts that furthered their intentional creation. Delaying these costs was the major objective of the conspiracies described herein. Duke Energy.65 -
. BP America Inc. THIRD CLAIM FOR RELIEF Civil Conspiracy 268. including millions of dollars of funds necessary to relocate the entire community due to the harms caused by global warming. AEP. global warming.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
caused Kivalina to suffer millions of dollars in damages in lost property value and revenue. either individually or through their various industry fronts or trade associations. The Conspiracy Defendants have participated in an agreement with each other to mislead the public with respect to the science of global warming. At all times the Conspiracy Defendants were concerned that the public would become concerned by global warming and that the growing concern would force a change in the Conspiracy Defendants’ behavior which would be costly. The Conspiracy Defendants have committed overt acts in furtherance of their
agreements. Plaintiffs incorporate by reference the preceding paragraphs. maintaining and/or creating the nuisance without demands from the public that they change their behavior as a condition of further buying their products. The Conspiracy Defendants have engaged in agreements to participate in the intentional creation. contribution to and/or maintenance of a public nuisance.
ConocoPhillips Company. 267. Defendants are jointly and severally liable to Plaintiffs under the applicable
state statutory and/or common law of private and public nuisance. and Southern (“Conspiracy Defendants”) have engaged in agreements to participate in an unlawful act or a lawful act in an unlawful means.
Defendants have engaged in and/or are engaging in concert with each other over the creation. Defendants have engaged in and/or are engaging in tortious acts in concert with
each other or pursuant to a common design. contribution to and/or maintenance of a public nuisance. if federal common law were not to apply. In the alternative.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
271. 275. The Conspiracy
Defendants are jointly and severally liable under the common law of conspiracy under applicable state law to Plaintiffs for their injuries caused by global warming. 272. contributed to and/or
maintained a public nuisance. 274. The Conspiracy Defendants’ overt acts were a direct and proximate cause of
Plaintiffs’ injuries. global warming. The Conspiracy Defendants’ campaign to deceive the public about the science of global warming has caused Plaintiffs’ injuries and/or is a substantial contributing factor.
accepted them. explicitly and/or implicitly.
The Conspiracy Defendants intentionally created. The Conspiracy Defendants’ overt acts contributed to and caused Plaintiffs’
injuries. 273. to do their part to further the objectives of the scheme. Plaintiffs incorporate by reference the preceding paragraphs. global warming. The Conspiracy Defendants’ conspiracies had as their objective creating
unwarranted doubts about the existence of global warming and/or its specific causes among the general public and was intended to and did further the Conspiracy Defendants’ interests in maintaining a public nuisance. pursuant to their agreements. 276. and agreed.66 -
. The Conspiracy Defendants are jointly and severally liable under federal
common law to Plaintiffs for their injuries caused by global warming. FOURTH CLAIM FOR RELIEF Concert of Action 278. 277. The Conspiracy Defendants understood the general objectives of the scheme. 279.
282. 3. global warming. 2.
. Defendants are jointly and severally liable under the applicable federal and/or
state law to Plaintiffs for their injuries caused by global warming pursuant to a concert of action. Hold the Conspiracy Defendants jointly and severally liable for civil conspiracy. DEMAND FOR JURY TRIAL Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 38 and Civil Local Rule 3-6. contributing to. separately considered. contribution to and/or maintenance of a public nuisance. 6. 4. Award attorneys fees. 281. Enter a declaratory judgment for such future monetary expenses and damages as may
be incurred by Plaintiffs in connection with the nuisance of global warming. Defendants give substantial assistance to each other in accomplishing a tortious
result and each defendant’s own conduct. 8. 7. 5. contribution to and/or maintenance of a public nuisance. constitutes a breach of duty to Plaintiffs. and
maintaining a public nuisance.
Defendants know that each other’s conduct constitutes a breach of duty and
each defendant gives substantial assistance or encouragement to each other to so conduct itself. global warming. and Award such other relief as this Court deems just and proper. Award costs and expenses. Award monetary damages on the basis of joint and several liability according to proof. Defendants give substantial assistance to each other’s participation in the creation.67 -
. Defendants know that each other participated in the creation.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
280. Hold each defendant jointly and severally liable for concert of action. RELIEF REQUESTED Plaintiffs request that this Court: 1. Plaintiffs demand trial by jury in this action of all issues triable by jury. Hold each defendant jointly and severally liable for creating.
DC 20036 (202) 429-2290 · (202) 429-2294 (fax) E-mail: gmason@masonlawdc. P. Krass LAW OFFICES OF MATTHEW F. Kathrein (State Bar No. Rielly Benjamin A.
Luke W. 139304) HAGENS BERMAN SOBOL SHAPIRO LLP 715 Hearst Avenue. Pawa Mark R.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Dated: February 26. PAWA.C.org Reed R. 145505) Brent Newell (State Bar No.com Gary E. Berman Barbara Mahoney HAGENS BERMAN SOBOL SHAPIRO LLP 1301 Fifth Avenue. MA 02459 (617) 641-9550 · (617) 641-9551 (fax) E-mail: mp@pawalaw. 210312) CENTER ON RACE. Washington 98101 (206) 623-7292 · (206) 623-0594 (fax) E-mail: steve@hbsslaw.com
. Mason THE MASON LAW FIRM LLP 1225 19th Street.com Matthew F. POVERTY & THE ENVIRONMENT 47 Kearny Street. 2008 Respectfully submitted. Suite 202 Berkeley. Suite 804 San Francisco. Suite 500 Washington. Suite 2900 Seattle.68 -
. NW. Suite 230 Newton Centre. Cole (State Bar No. CA 94710 (510) 725-3000 · (510) 725-3001 (fax) E-mail: reed@hbsslaw. CA 94108 (415) 346-4179 · (415) 346-8723 (fax) E-mail: luke@igc. 1280 Centre Street.com Of Counsel [Counsel Listed in Alphabetical Order] Steve W.
L.L. Suite 1000 Houston. 19521000) H.L.com Christopher A. 54534) SUSMAN GODFREY L. Texas 75202 (214) 754-1900 · (214) 754-1950 (fax) Marc M.com Stephen D.. 901 Main St. Susman (Texas State Bar No. Suite 3800 Seattle.69 -
. Lee Godfrey (Texas State Bar No.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Dennis Reich REICH & BINSTOCK 4625 San Felipe. 15390500) SUSMAN GODFREY L.P. Oxford (Texas State Bar No. Suite 5100 Dallas.P. 13274675) SUSMAN GODFREY L. Seeger Stephen A.. 1901 Avenue of the Stars. Seltzer (California State Bar No. Suite 5100 Houston. 30467) SUSMAN GODFREY L. Mayer (Texas State Bar No. Washington 98101 (206) 516-3880 · (206) 516-3883 (fax) Attorneys for Plaintiffs NATIVE VILLAGE OF KIVALINA And CITY OF KIVALINA
.P. Weiss James A. NY 10004 (212) 584-0700 · (212) 584-0799 (fax) E-mail: sweiss@seegerweiss.. 08054000) Eric J. California 90067 (310) 789-3100 · (310) 789-3150 (fax) Drew D.P. Texas 77002 (713) 651-9366 · (713) 654-6666 (fax) Terrell W. 1201 Third Ave. O’Brien. 1000 Louisiana St. Suite 950 Los Angeles. Hansen (Washington State Bar No.L. TX 77027 E-mail: dreich@reichandbinstock. III SEEGER WEISS LLP One William Street New York.
Recommended DocumentsDocuments Similar To Kivalina ComplaintSkip carouselNoticeNoticeNoticeNoticeNoticeNoticeNoticeTeach Slides01ShellNorth American Power Plant Air EmissionsSanjay NuconeEide 2009 Cost-Effectiveness Assessment of CO2Creating a Green Economy EssayNavigating Numbers Chapter6Pso Research ReportEmissions Gap Report 2016The Role of Transnational Co.'s as Oil Suppliers to USANoticeFabric Architecture - May-june 2008Global Warming IssueThe Energy Innovation ImperativeDavid Barns Urban Community Energy dissertationPgraph Approach to Bioenergy PlanningVocabulario Ambiental EPACBA Literature Review Draftcepmlp_car14_52_174182542Cc Cap Draft 8-16-11A Cool Look at Global Warming Wood2009The emission Gap report UNEP(Natural Resources of South-East Asia) Ooi Jin Bee (Auth.)-The Petroleum Resources of Indonesia-Springer Netherlands (1982)Documents About Greenhouse GasSkip carouselPRE-SME Handbook 2010President Obama's Climate Action PlanWorld Development Report 2010Chevron Corporate Responsibility Report 2009Barack Obama's Climate Action PlanSEC Guidance Global WarmingJoint IPCC expert meeting on geoengineeringNewsweek Green Rankings Final MethodologyClimate ChangeCities and Climate ChangeAmerica's Climate Choices, Report in BriefSustainable FlyingCopenhagen Climate Change AgreementMeg WhitmanFinal draft Paris climate agreementGAC Logistics Supply Chain Report 2010-11The Growth ReportTrading Carbon Project Survey 2009Will Natural Gas Fuel America in the 21st Century?iPhone 3G Environmental ReportEdelman FY15 Citizenship Report - Changing Tomorrow's StoryEIA International Energy OutlookBlue Planet Synthesis Paper for UNEPEnergy Efficient CitiesThe Food TransformationtmpB3A5HOUSE HEARING, 111TH CONGRESS - HEARING ON SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVES FOR CLIMATE CHANGE LEGISLATIONReducing LivabilityTargets and Progress Review Final Report_RecommendationsClimate ChangeMore From José LariosSkip carousel4ºCCementeraLey Cambio Climático Andalucía-objetivos.odtFracking (2)Fukushima21 HorasPlan And Sost EnergéticaCalentamiento Global al borde del límite