Source: http://www.ussc.gov/guidelines-manual/2011/2011-2d11
Timestamp: 2016-05-01 23:12:43
Document Index: 527599052

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 1308', '§ 1308', '§ 841', '§ 802', '§1', '§2', '§2', '§1', '§ 841', '§2', '§ 802', '§ 994', '§5', '§ 3553', '§5', '§3', '§3', '§3', '§3', '§ 822', '§3', '§ 841', '§1', '§ 6928', '§ 1319', '§ 9603', '§ 5124', '§5', '§5', '§ 853', '§2', '§5', '§ 860', '§ 865', '§ 860', '§ 865', '§ 860', '§ 865', '§ 860', '§ 865', '§ 230', '§ 2246', '§3', '§2', '§3', '§1', '§4', '§ 841', '§2', '§ 841', '§5']

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(3) ● At least 3 KG but less than 10 KG of Heroin; ● At least 15 KG but less than 50 KG of Cocaine; ● At least 840 G but less than 2.8 KG of Cocaine Base; ● At least 3 KG but less than 10 KG of PCP, or at least 300 G but less than 1 KG of PCP (actual); ● At least 1.5 KG but less than 5 KG of Methamphetamine, or at least 150 G but less than 500 G of Methamphetamine (actual), or at least 150 G but less than 500 G of "Ice"; ● At least 1.5 KG but less than 5 KG of Amphetamine, or at least 150 G but less than 500 G of Amphetamine (actual); ● At least 30 G but less than 100 G of LSD; ● At least 1.2 KG but less than 4 KG of Fentanyl; ● At least 300 G but less than 1 KG of a Fentanyl Analogue; ● At least 3,000 KG but less than 10,000 KG of Marihuana; ● At least 600 KG but less than 2,000 KG of Hashish; ● At least 60 KG but less than 200 KG of Hashish Oil; ● At least 3,000,000 but less than 10,000,000 units of Ketamine; ● At least 3,000,000 but less than 10,000,000 units of Schedule I or II Depressants; ● At least 187,500 but less than 625,000 units of Flunitrazepam. Level 34
● At least 1 KG but less than 3 KG of Heroin; ● At least 5 KG but less than 15 KG of Cocaine; ● At least 280 G but less than 840 G of Cocaine Base; ● At least 1 KG but less than 3 KG of PCP, or at least 100 G but less than 300 G of PCP (actual); ● At least 500 G but less than 1.5 KG of Methamphetamine, or at least 50 G but less than 150 G of Methamphetamine (actual), or at least 50 G but less than 150 G of "Ice"; ● At least 500 G but less than 1.5 KG of Amphetamine, or at least 50 G but less than 150 G of Amphetamine (actual); ● At least 10 G but less than 30 G of LSD; ● At least 400 G but less than 1.2 KG of Fentanyl; ● At least 100 G but less than 300 G of a Fentanyl Analogue; ● At least 1,000 KG but less than 3,000 KG of Marihuana; ● At least 200 KG but less than 600 KG of Hashish; ● At least 20 KG but less than 60 KG of Hashish Oil; ● At least 1,000,000 but less than 3,000,000 units of Ketamine; ● At least 1,000,000 but less than 3,000,000 units of Schedule I or II Depressants; ● At least 62,500 but less than 187,500 units of Flunitrazepam.
● At least 700 G but less than 1 KG of Heroin; ● At least 3.5 KG but less than 5 KG of Cocaine; ● At least 196 G but less than 280 G of Cocaine Base; ● At least 700 G but less than 1 KG of PCP, or at least 70 G but less than 100 G of PCP (actual); ● At least 350 G but less than 500 G of Methamphetamine, or at least 35 G but less than 50 G of Methamphetamine (actual), or at least 35 G but less than 50 G of "Ice"; ● At least 350 G but less than 500 G of Amphetamine, or at least 35 G but less than 50 G of Amphetamine (actual); ● At least 7 G but less than 10 G of LSD; ● At least 280 G but less than 400 G of Fentanyl; ● At least 70 G but less than 100 G of a Fentanyl Analogue;
● At least 700 KG but less than 1,000 KG of Marihuana; ● At least 140 KG but less than 200 KG of Hashish; ● At least 14 KG but less than 20 KG of Hashish Oil; ● At least 700,000 but less than 1,000,000 units of Ketamine; ● At least 700,000 but less than 1,000,000 units of Schedule I or II Depressants; ● 700,000 or more units of Schedule III Hydrocodone; ● At least 43,750 but less than 62,500 units of Flunitrazepam. Level 30
● At least 400 G but less than 700 G of Heroin; ● At least 2 KG but less than 3.5 KG of Cocaine; ● At least 112 G but less than 196 G of Cocaine Base; ● At least 400 G but less than 700 G of PCP, or at least 40 G but less than 70 G of PCP (actual); ● At least 200 G but less than 350 G of Methamphetamine, or at least 20 G but less than 35 G of Methamphetamine (actual), or at least 20 G but less than 35 G of "Ice"; ● At least 200 G but less than 350 G of Amphetamine, or at least 20 G but less than 35 G of Amphetamine (actual); ● At least 4 G but less than 7 G of LSD; ● At least 160 G but less than 280 G of Fentanyl; ● At least 40 G but less than 70 G of a Fentanyl Analogue; ● At least 400 KG but less than 700 KG of Marihuana; ● At least 80 KG but less than 140 KG of Hashish; ● At least 8 KG but less than 14 KG of Hashish Oil; ● At least 400,000 but less than 700,000 units of Ketamine; ● At least 400,000 but less than 700,000 units of Schedule I or II Depressants; ● At least 400,000 but less than 700,000 units of Schedule III Hydrocodone; ● At least 25,000 but less than 43,750 units of Flunitrazepam.
(7) ● At least 100 G but less than 400 G of Heroin; ● At least 500 G but less than 2 KG of Cocaine; ● At least 28 G but less than 112 G of Cocaine Base; ● At least 100 G but less than 400 G of PCP, or at least 10 G but less than 40 G of PCP (actual); ● At least 50 G but less than 200 G of Methamphetamine, or at least 5 G but less than 20 G of Methamphetamine (actual), or at least 5 G but less than 20 G of "Ice"; ● At least 50 G but less than 200 G of Amphetamine, or at least 5 G but less than 20 G of Amphetamine (actual); ● At least 1 G but less than 4 G of LSD; ● At least 40 G but less than 160 G of Fentanyl; ● At least 10 G but less than 40 G of a Fentanyl Analogue; ● At least 100 KG but less than 400 KG of Marihuana; ● At least 20 KG but less than 80 KG of Hashish; ● At least 2 KG but less than 8 KG of Hashish Oil; ● At least 100,000 but less than 400,000 units of Ketamine; ● At least 100,000 but less than 400,000 units of Schedule I or II Depressants; ● At least 100,000 but less than 400,000 units of Schedule III Hydrocodone; ● At least 6,250 but less than 25,000 units of Flunitrazepam. Level 26
● At least 80 G but less than 100 G of Heroin; ● At least 400 G but less than 500 G of Cocaine; ● At least 22.4 G but less than 28 G of Cocaine Base; ● At least 80 G but less than 100 G of PCP, or at least 8 G but less than 10 G of PCP (actual); ● At least 40 G but less than 50 G of Methamphetamine, or at least 4 G but less than 5 G of Methamphetamine (actual), or at least 4 G but less than 5 G of "Ice"; ● At least 40 G but less than 50 G of Amphetamine, or at least 4 G but less than 5 G of Amphetamine (actual); ● At least 800 MG but less than 1 G of LSD; ● At least 32 G but less than 40 G of Fentanyl; ● At least 8 G but less than 10 G of a Fentanyl Analogue; ● At least 80 KG but less than 100 KG of Marihuana; ● At least 16 KG but less than 20 KG of Hashish; ● At least 1.6 KG but less than 2 KG of Hashish Oil; ● At least 80,000 but less than 100,000 units of Ketamine; ● At least 80,000 but less than 100,000 units of Schedule I or II Depressants; ● At least 80,000 but less than 100,000 units of Schedule III Hydrocodone; ● At least 5,000 but less than 6,250 units of Flunitrazepam.
(9) ● At least 60 G but less than 80 G of Heroin; ● At least 300 G but less than 400 G of Cocaine; ● At least 16.8 G but less than 22.4 G of Cocaine Base; ● At least 60 G but less than 80 G of PCP, or at least 6 G but less than 8 G of PCP (actual); ● At least 30 G but less than 40 G of Methamphetamine, or at least 3 G but less than 4 G of Methamphetamine (actual), or at least 3 G but less than 4 G of "Ice"; ● At least 30 G but less than 40 G of Amphetamine, or at least 3 G but less than 4 G of Amphetamine (actual); ● At least 600 MG but less than 800 MG of LSD; ● At least 24 G but less than 32 G of Fentanyl; ● At least 6 G but less than 8 G of a Fentanyl Analogue; ● At least 60 KG but less than 80 KG of Marihuana; ● At least 12 KG but less than 16 KG of Hashish; ● At least 1.2 KG but less than 1.6 KG of Hashish Oil; ● At least 60,000 but less than 80,000 units of Ketamine; ● At least 60,000 but less than 80,000 units of Schedule I or II Depressants; ● At least 60,000 but less than 80,000 units of Schedule III Hydrocodone; ● At least 3,750 but less than 5,000 units of Flunitrazepam. Level 22
● At least 40 G but less than 60 G of Heroin; ● At least 200 G but less than 300 G of Cocaine; ● At least 11.2 G but less than 16.8 G of Cocaine Base; ● At least 40 G but less than 60 G of PCP, or at least 4 G but less than 6 G of PCP (actual); ● At least 20 G but less than 30 G of Methamphetamine, or at least 2 G but less than 3 G of Methamphetamine (actual), or at least 2 G but less than 3 G of "Ice"; ● At least 20 G but less than 30 G of Amphetamine, or at least 2 G but less than 3 G of Amphetamine (actual); ● At least 400 MG but less than 600 MG of LSD; ● At least 16 G but less than 24 G of Fentanyl; ● At least 4 G but less than 6 G of a Fentanyl Analogue; ● At least 40 KG but less than 60 KG of Marihuana; ● At least 8 KG but less than 12 KG of Hashish; ● At least 800 G but less than 1.2 KG of Hashish Oil; ● At least 40,000 but less than 60,000 units of Ketamine; ● At least 40,000 but less than 60,000 units of Schedule I or II Depressants; ● At least 40,000 but less than 60,000 units of Schedule III Hydrocodone; ● 40,000 or more units of Schedule III substances (except Ketamine or Hydrocodone); ● At least 2,500 but less than 3,750 units of Flunitrazepam. Level 20
(11) ● At least 20 G but less than 40 G of Heroin; ● At least 100 G but less than 200 G of Cocaine; ● At least 5.6 G but less than 11.2 G of Cocaine Base; ● At least 20 G but less than 40 G of PCP, or at least 2 G but less than 4 G of PCP (actual); ● At least 10 G but less than 20 G of Methamphetamine, or at least 1 G but less than 2 G of Methamphetamine (actual), or at least 1 G but less than 2 G of "Ice"; ● At least 10 G but less than 20 G of Amphetamine, or at least 1 G but less than 2 G of Amphetamine (actual); ● At least 200 MG but less than 400 MG of LSD; ● At least 8 G but less than 16 G of Fentanyl; ● At least 2 G but less than 4 G of a Fentanyl Analogue; ● At least 20 KG but less than 40 KG of Marihuana; ● At least 5 KG but less than 8 KG of Hashish; ● At least 500 G but less than 800 G of Hashish Oil; ● At least 20,000 but less than 40,000 units of Ketamine; ● At least 20,000 but less than 40,000 units of Schedule I or II Depressants; ● At least 20,000 but less than 40,000 units of Schedule III Hydrocodone; ● At least 20,000 but less than 40,000 units of Schedule III substances (except Ketamine or Hydrocodone); ● At least 1,250 but less than 2,500 units of Flunitrazepam. Level 18
(12) ● At least 10 G but less than 20 G of Heroin; ● At least 50 G but less than 100 G of Cocaine; ● At least 2.8 G but less than 5.6 G of Cocaine Base; ● At least 10 G but less than 20 G of PCP, or at least 1 G but less than 2 G of PCP (actual); ● At least 5 G but less than 10 G of Methamphetamine, or at least 500 MG but less than 1 G of Methamphetamine (actual), or at least 500 MG but less than 1 G of "Ice"; ● At least 5 G but less than 10 G of Amphetamine, or at least 500 MG but less than 1 G of Amphetamine (actual); ● At least 100 MG but less than 200 MG of LSD; ● At least 4 G but less than 8 G of Fentanyl; ● At least 1 G but less than 2 G of a Fentanyl Analogue; ● At least 10 KG but less than 20 KG of Marihuana; ● At least 2 KG but less than 5 KG of Hashish; ● At least 200 G but less than 500 G of Hashish Oil; ● At least 10,000 but less than 20,000 units of Ketamine; ● At least 10,000 but less than 20,000 units of Schedule I or II Depressants; ● At least 10,000 but less than 20,000 units of Schedule III Hydrocodone; ● At least 10,000 but less than 20,000 units of Schedule III substances (except Ketamine or Hydrocodone); ● At least 625 but less than 1,250 units of Flunitrazepam.
● At least 5 G but less than 10 G of Heroin; ● At least 25 G but less than 50 G of Cocaine; ● At least 1.4 G but less than 2.8 G of Cocaine Base; ● At least 5 G but less than 10 G of PCP, or at least 500 MG but less than 1 G of PCP (actual); ● At least 2.5 G but less than 5 G of Methamphetamine, or at least 250 MG but less than 500 MG of Methamphetamine (actual), or at least 250 MG but less than 500 MG of "Ice"; ● At least 2.5 G but less than 5 G of Amphetamine, or at least 250 MG but less than 500 MG of Amphetamine (actual); ● At least 50 MG but less than 100 MG of LSD; ● At least 2 G but less than 4 G of Fentanyl; ● At least 500 MG but less than 1 G of a Fentanyl Analogue; ● At least 5 KG but less than 10 KG of Marihuana; ● At least 1 KG but less than 2 KG of Hashish; ● At least 100 G but less than 200 G of Hashish Oil; ● At least 5,000 but less than 10,000 units of Ketamine; ● At least 5,000 but less than 10,000 units of Schedule I or II Depressants; ● At least 5,000 but less than 10,000 units of Schedule III Hydrocodone; ● At least 5,000 but less than 10,000 units of Schedule III substances (except Ketamine or Hydrocodone); ● At least 312 but less than 625 units of Flunitrazepam.
(14) ● Less than 5 G of Heroin; ● Less than 25 G of Cocaine; ● Less than 1.4 G of Cocaine Base; ● Less than 5 G of PCP, or less than 500 MG of PCP (actual); ● Less than 2.5 G of Methamphetamine, or less than 250 MG of Methamphetamine (actual), or less than 250 MG of "Ice"; ● Less than 2.5 G of Amphetamine, or less than 250 MG of Amphetamine (actual); ● Less than 50 MG of LSD; ● Less than 2 G of Fentanyl; ● Less than 500 MG of a Fentanyl Analogue; ● At least 2.5 KG but less than 5 KG of Marihuana; ● At least 500 G but less than 1 KG of Hashish; ● At least 50 G but less than 100 G of Hashish Oil; ● At least 2,500 but less than 5,000 units of Ketamine; ● At least 2,500 but less than 5,000 units of Schedule I or II Depressants; ● At least 2,500 but less than 5,000 units of Schedule III Hydrocodone; ● At least 2,500 but less than 5,000 units of Schedule III substances (except Ketamine or Hydrocodone); ● At least 156 but less than 312 units of Flunitrazepam; ● 40,000 or more units of Schedule IV substances (except Flunitrazepam). Level 12
● At least 1 KG but less than 2.5 KG of Marihuana; ● At least 200 G but less than 500 G of Hashish; ● At least 20 G but less than 50 G of Hashish Oil; ● At least 1,000 but less than 2,500 units of Ketamine; ● At least 1,000 but less than 2,500 units of Schedule I or II Depressants; ● At least 1,000 but less than 2,500 units of Schedule III Hydrocodone; ● At least 1,000 but less than 2,500 units of Schedule III substances (except Ketamine or Hydrocodone); ● At least 62 but less than 156 units of Flunitrazepam; ● At least 16,000 but less than 40,000 units of Schedule IV substances (except Flunitrazepam). Level 10
● At least 250 G but less than 1 KG of Marihuana; ● At least 50 G but less than 200 G of Hashish; ● At least 5 G but less than 20 G of Hashish Oil; ● At least 250 but less than 1,000 units of Ketamine; ● At least 250 but less than 1,000 units of Schedule I or II Depressants; ● At least 250 but less than 1,000 units of Schedule III Hydrocodone; ● At least 250 but less than 1,000 units of Schedule III substances (except Ketamine or Hydrocodone); ● Less than 62 units of Flunitrazepam; ● At least 4,000 but less than 16,000 units of Schedule IV substances (except Flunitrazepam); ● 40,000 or more units of Schedule V substances.
● Less than 250 G of Marihuana; ● Less than 50 G of Hashish; ● Less than 5 G of Hashish Oil; ● Less than 250 units of Ketamine; ● Less than 250 units of Schedule I or II Depressants; ● Less than 250 units of Schedule III Hydrocodone; ● Less than 250 units of Schedule III substances (except Ketamine or Hydrocodone); ● Less than 4,000 units of Schedule IV substances (except Flunitrazepam); ● Less than 40,000 units of Schedule V substances. Level 6
________________________ *Notes to Drug Quantity Table:
(A) Unless otherwise specified, the weight of a controlled substance set forth in the table refers to the entire weight of any mixture or substance containing a detectable amount of the controlled substance. If a mixture or substance contains more than one controlled substance, the weight of the entire mixture or substance is assigned to the controlled substance that results in the greater offense level. (B) The terms "PCP (actual)", "Amphetamine (actual)", and "Methamphetamine (actual)" refer to the weight of the controlled substance, itself, contained in the mixture or substance. For example, a mixture weighing 10 grams containing PCP at 50% purity contains 5 grams of PCP (actual). In the case of a mixture or substance containing PCP, amphetamine, or methamphetamine, use the offense level determined by the entire weight of the mixture or substance, or the offense level determined by the weight of the PCP (actual), amphetamine (actual), or methamphetamine (actual), whichever is greater.
The term "Oxycodone (actual)" refers to the weight of the controlled substance, itself, contained in the pill, capsule, or mixture.
(C) "Ice," for the purposes of this guideline, means a mixture or substance containing d-methamphetamine hydrochloride of at least 80% purity.
(F) In the case of Schedule I or II Depressants (except gamma-hydroxybutyric acid), Schedule III substances, Schedule IV substances, and Schedule V substances, one "unit" means one pill, capsule, or tablet. If the substance (except gamma-hydroxybutyric acid) is in liquid form, one "unit" means 0.5 ml. For an anabolic steroid that is not in a pill, capsule, tablet, or liquid form (e.g., patch, topical cream, aerosol), the court shall determine the base offense level using a reasonable estimate of the quantity of anabolic steroid involved in the offense. In making a reasonable estimate, the court shall consider that each 25 mg of an anabolic steroid is one "unit".
(H) Hashish, for the purposes of this guideline, means a resinous substance of cannabis that includes (i) one or more of the tetrahydrocannabinols (as listed in 21 C.F.R. § 1308.11(d)(30)), (ii) at least two of the following: cannabinol, cannabidiol, or cannabichromene, and (iii) fragments of plant material (such as cystolith fibers).
(I) Hashish oil, for the purposes of this guideline, means a preparation of the soluble cannabinoids derived from cannabis that includes (i) one or more of the tetrahydrocannabinols (as listed in 21 C.F.R. § 1308.11(d)(30)), (ii) at least two of the following: cannabinol, cannabidiol, or cannabichromene, and (iii) is essentially free of plant material (e.g., plant fragments). Typically, hashish oil is a viscous, dark colored oil, but it can vary from a dry resin to a colorless liquid.
1. "Mixture or substance" as used in this guideline has the same meaning as in 21 U.S.C. § 841, except as expressly provided. Mixture or substance does not include materials that must be separated from the controlled substance before the controlled substance can be used. Examples of such materials include the fiberglass in a cocaine/fiberglass bonded suitcase, beeswax in a cocaine/beeswax statue, and waste water from an illicit laboratory used to manufacture a controlled substance. If such material cannot readily be separated from the mixture or substance that appropriately is counted in the Drug Quantity Table, the court may use any reasonable method to approximate the weight of the mixture or substance to be counted.
2. The statute and guideline also apply to "counterfeit" substances, which are defined in 21 U.S.C. § 802 to mean controlled substances that are falsely labeled so as to appear to have been legitimately manufactured or distributed.
3. Application of Subsections (b)(1) and (b)(2).—
(A) Application of Subsection (b)(1).— Definitions of "firearm" and "dangerous weapon" are found in the Commentary to §1B1.1 (Application Instructions). The enhancement for weapon possession in subsection (b)(1) reflects the increased danger of violence when drug traffickers possess weapons. The enhancement should be applied if the weapon was present, unless it is clearly improbable that the weapon was connected with the offense. For example, the enhancement would not be applied if the defendant, arrested at the defendant's residence, had an unloaded hunting rifle in the closet. The enhancement also applies to offenses that are referenced to §2D1.1; see §§2D1.2(a)(1) and (2), 2D1.5(a)(1), 2D1.6, 2D1.7(b)(1), 2D1.8, 2D1.11(c)(1), and 2D1.12(c)(1).
(B) Interaction of Subsections (b)(1) and (b)(2).—The enhancements in subsections (b)(1) and (b)(2) may be applied cumulatively (added together), as is generally the case when two or more specific offense characteristics each apply. See §1B1.1 (Application Instructions), Application Note 4(A). However, in a case in which the defendant merely possessed a dangerous weapon but did not use violence, make a credible threat to use violence, or direct the use of violence, subsection (b)(2) would not apply.
4. Distribution of "a small amount of marihuana for no remuneration", 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(4), is treated as simple possession, to which §2D2.1 applies.
5. Analogues and Controlled Substances Not Referenced in this Guideline.—Any reference to a particular controlled substance in these guidelines includes all salts, isomers, all salts of isomers, and, except as otherwise provided, any analogue of that controlled substance. Any reference to cocaine includes ecgonine and coca leaves, except extracts of coca leaves from which cocaine and ecgonine have been removed. For purposes of this guideline "analogue" has the meaning given the term "controlled substance analogue" in 21 U.S.C. § 802(32). In determining the appropriate sentence, the court also may consider whether the same quantity of analogue produces a greater effect on the central nervous system than the controlled substance for which it is an analogue.
In the case of a controlled substance that is not specifically referenced in this guideline, determine the base offense level using the marihuana equivalency of the most closely related controlled substance referenced in this guideline. In determining the most closely related controlled substance, the court shall, to the extent practicable, consider the following:
7. Where a mandatory (statutory) minimum sentence applies, this mandatory minimum sentence may be "waived" and a lower sentence imposed (including a downward departure), as provided in 28 U.S.C. § 994(n), by reason of a defendant's "substantial assistance in the investigation or prosecution of another person who has committed an offense." See §5K1.1 (Substantial Assistance to Authorities). In addition, 18 U.S.C. § 3553(f) provides an exception to the applicability of mandatory minimum sentences in certain cases. See §5C1.2 (Limitation on Applicability of Statutory Minimum Sentences in Certain Cases).
8. Interaction with §3B1.3.—A defendant who used special skills in the commission of the offense may be subject to an adjustment under §3B1.3 (Abuse of Position of Trust or Use of Special Skill). Certain professionals often occupy essential positions in drug trafficking schemes. These professionals include doctors, pilots, boat captains, financiers, bankers, attorneys, chemists, accountants, and others whose special skill, trade, profession, or position may be used to significantly facilitate the commission of a drug offense. Additionally, an enhancement under §3B1.3 ordinarily would apply in a case in which the defendant used his or her position as a coach to influence an athlete to use an anabolic steroid. Likewise, an adjustment under §3B1.3 ordinarily would apply in a case in which the defendant is convicted of a drug offense resulting from the authorization of the defendant to receive scheduled substances from an ultimate user or long-term care facility. See 21 U.S.C. § 822(g).
Note, however, that if an adjustment from subsection (b)(3)(C) applies, do not apply §3B1.3 (Abuse of Position of Trust or Use of Special Skill).
9. Trafficking in controlled substances, compounds, or mixtures of unusually high purity may warrant an upward departure, except in the case of PCP, amphetamine, methamphetamine, or oxycodone for which the guideline itself provides for the consideration of purity (see the footnote to the Drug Quantity Table). The purity of the controlled substance, particularly in the case of heroin, may be relevant in the sentencing process because it is probative of the defendant's role or position in the chain of distribution. Since controlled substances are often diluted and combined with other substances as they pass down the chain of distribution, the fact that a defendant is in possession of unusually pure narcotics may indicate a prominent role in the criminal enterprise and proximity to the source of the drugs. As large quantities are normally associated with high purities, this factor is particularly relevant where smaller quantities are involved. 10. Use of Drug Equivalency Tables.—
(A) Controlled Substances Not Referenced in Drug Quantity Table.—The Commission has used the sentences provided in, and equivalences derived from, the statute (21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)), as the primary basis for the guideline sentences. The statute, however, provides direction only for the more common controlled substances, i.e., heroin, cocaine, PCP, methamphetamine, fentanyl, LSD and marihuana. In the case of a controlled substance that is not specifically referenced in the Drug Quantity Table, determine the base offense level as follows: (i) Use the Drug Equivalency Tables to convert the quantity of the controlled substance involved in the offense to its equivalent quantity of marihuana. (ii) Find the equivalent quantity of marihuana in the Drug Quantity Table.
(iii) Use the offense level that corresponds to the equivalent quantity of marihuana as the base offense level for the controlled substance involved in the offense. (See also Application Note 5.) For example, in the Drug Equivalency Tables set forth in this Note, 1 gm of a substance containing oxymorphone, a Schedule I opiate, converts to an equivalent quantity of 5 kg of marihuana. In a case involving 100 gm of oxymorphone, the equivalent quantity of marihuana would be 500 kg, which corresponds to a base offense level of 28 in the Drug Quantity Table.
(B) Combining Differing Controlled Substances.—The Drug Equivalency Tables also provide a means for combining differing controlled substances to obtain a single offense level. In each case, convert each of the drugs to its marihuana equivalent, add the quantities, and look up the total in the Drug Quantity Table to obtain the combined offense level. For certain types of controlled substances, the marihuana equivalencies in the Drug Equivalency Tables are "capped" at specified amounts (e.g., the combined equivalent weight of all Schedule V controlled substances shall not exceed 999 grams of marihuana). Where there are controlled substances from more than one schedule (e.g., a quantity of a Schedule IV substance and a quantity of a Schedule V substance), determine the marihuana equivalency for each schedule separately (subject to the cap, if any, applicable to that schedule). Then add the marihuana equivalencies to determine the combined marihuana equivalency (subject to the cap, if any, applicable to the combined amounts).
(C) Examples for Combining Differing Controlled Substances.—
(iii) The defendant is convicted of selling 80 grams of cocaine (Level 16) and 2 grams of cocaine base (Level 14). The cocaine is equivalent to 16 kilograms of marihuana, and the cocaine base is equivalent to 7.142 kilograms of marihuana. The total is therefore equivalent to 23.142 kilograms of marihuana, which has an offense level of 18 in the Drug Quantity Table.
(D) Drug Equivalency Tables.—
1 gm of Heroin = 1 kg of marihuana
1 gm of Alpha-Methylfentanyl =
10 kg of marihuana
1 gm of Dextromoramide = 670 gm of marihuana
1 gm of Dipipanone = 250 gm of marihuana
1 gm of 3-Methylfentanyl = 10 kg of marihuana
1 gm of 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-4-propionoxypiperidine/MPPP =
700 gm of marihuana
1 gm of 1-(2-Phenylethyl)-4-phenyl-4-acetyloxypiperidine/PEPAP =
1 gm of Alphaprodine =
100 gm of marihuana
1 gm of Fentanyl (N-phenyl-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidinyl] Propanamide) =
2.5 kg of marihuana
1 gm of Hydromorphone/Dihydromorphinone =
1 gm of Levorphanol =
1 gm of Meperidine/Pethidine = 50 gm of marihuana
1 gm of Methadone =
500 gm of marihuana
1 gm of 6-Monoacetylmorphine = 1 kg of marihuana
1 gm of Morphine =
1 gm of Oxycodone (actual) =
6700 gm of marihuana
1 gm of Oxymorphone =
5 kg of marihuana
1 gm of Racemorphan =
800 gm of marihuana
1 gm of Codeine =
80 gm of marihuana
1 gm of Dextropropoxyphene/Propoxyphene-Bulk =
50 gm of marihuana
1 gm of Ethylmorphine = 165 gm of marihuana
1 gm of Hydrocodone/Dihydrocodeinone =
1 gm of Mixed Alkaloids of Opium/Papaveretum =
250 gm of marihuana
1 gm of Opium = 50 gm of marihuana
1 gm of Levo-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) =
3 kg of marihuana
1 gm of Cocaine = 200 gm of marihuana
1 gm of N-Ethylamphetamine = 80 gm of marihuana
1 gm of Fenethylline =
40 gm of marihuana
1 gm of Amphetamine = 2 kg of marihuana
1 gm of Amphetamine (Actual) =
20 kg of marihuana
1 gm of Methamphetamine = 2 kg of marihuana
1 gm of Methamphetamine (Actual) =
1 gm of "Ice" =
1 gm of Khat =
.01 gm of marihuana
1 gm of 4-Methylaminorex ("Euphoria") =
1 gm of Methylphenidate (Ritalin) = 100 gm of marihuana
1 gm of Phenmetrazine = 80 gm of marihuana
1 gm Phenylacetone/P2P (when possessed for the purpose of manufacturing methamphetamine) =
416 gm of marihuana
1 gm Phenylacetone/P2P (in any other case) = 75 gm of marihuana
1 gm Cocaine Base ('Crack') =
3,571 gm of marihuana
1 gm of Aminorex =
1 gm of Methcathinone =
380 gm of marihuana
1 gm of N-N-Dimethylamphetamine =
1 gm of Bufotenine = 70 gm of marihuana
1 gm of D-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide/Lysergide/LSD =
100 kg of marihuana
1 gm of Diethyltryptamine/DET =
1 gm of Dimethyltryptamine/DMT = 100 gm of marihuana
1 gm of Mescaline =
10 gm of marihuana
1 gm of Mushrooms containing Psilocin and/or Psilocybin (Dry) =
1 gm of marihuana
1 gm of Mushrooms containing Psilocin and/or Psilocybin (Wet) =
0.1 gm of marihuana
1 gm of Peyote (Dry) =
0.5 gm of marihuana
1 gm of Peyote (Wet) =
0.05 gm of marihuana
1 gm of Phencyclidine/PCP = 1 kg of marihuana
1 gm of Phencyclidine (actual) /PCP (actual) = 10 kg of marihuana
1 gm of Psilocin = 500 gm of marihuana
1 gm of Psilocybin =
1 gm of Pyrrolidine Analog of Phencyclidine/PHP = 1 kg of marihuana
1 gm of Thiophene Analog of Phencyclidine/TCP = 1 kg of marihuana
1 gm of 4-Bromo-2,5-Dimethoxyamphetamine/DOB =
1 gm of 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine/DOM =
1.67 kg of marihuana
1 gm of 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine/MDA =
1 gm of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine/MDMA =
1 gm of 3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine/MDEA =
1 gm of Paramethoxymethamphetamine/PMA =
500 gm of marihuana 1 gm of 1-Piperidinocyclohexanecarbonitrile/PCC = 680 gm of marihuana
1 gm of N-ethyl-1-phenylcyclohexylamine (PCE) =
1 kg of marihuana
1 gm of Marihuana/Cannabis, granulated, powdered, etc. = 1 gm of marihuana
1 gm of Hashish Oil = 50 gm of marihuana
1 gm of Cannabis Resin or Hashish =
5 gm of marihuana
1 gm of Tetrahydrocannabinol, Organic =
167 gm of marihuana
1 gm of Tetrahydrocannabinol, Synthetic =
1 unit of Flunitrazepam = 16 gm of marihuana
1 unit of a Schedule I or II Depressant (except gamma-hydroxybutyric acid) =
1 ml of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid =
8.8 gm of marihuana
Schedule III Substances (except ketamine and hydrocodone)***
1 unit of a Schedule III Substance = 1 gm of marihuana
***Provided, that the combined equivalent weight of all Schedule III substances (except ketamine and hydrocodone), Schedule IV substances (except flunitrazepam), and Schedule V substances shall not exceed 59.99 kilograms of marihuana.
Schedule III Hydrocodone****
1 unit of Schedule III hydrocodone = 1 gm of marihuana
****Provided, that the combined equivalent weight of all Schedule III substances (except ketamine), Schedule IV substances (except flunitrazepam), and Schedule V substances shall not exceed 999.99 kilograms of marihuana. Ketamine
1 unit of ketamine = 1 gm of marihuana
1 unit of a Schedule IV Substance (except Flunitrazepam) =
0.0625 gm of marihuana
1 unit of a Schedule V Substance =
0.00625 gm of marihuana
1 gm of Ephedrine = 10 kg of marihuana
1 gm of Phenylpropanolamine =
1 gm of Pseudoephedrine = 10 kg of marihuana
1 ml of 1,4-butanediol = 8.8 gm marihuana
1 ml of gamma butyrolactone =
8.8 gm marihuana To facilitate conversions to drug equivalencies, the following table is provided:
MDA 250 mg
Mescaline 500 mg
PCP*
Peyote (dry) 12 gm
Peyote (wet)
Psilocin* 10 mg
Psilocybe mushrooms (dry)
Psilocybe mushrooms (wet) 50 gm
Psilocybin* 10 mg
2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (STP, DOM)*
1 marihuana cigarette 0.5 gm
Amphetamine* 10 mg
Methamphetamine* 5 mg
Phenmetrazine (Preludin)*
If the offense involved both a substantive drug offense and an attempt or conspiracy (e.g., sale of five grams of heroin and an attempt to sell an additional ten grams of heroin), the total quantity involved shall be aggregated to determine the scale of the offense. In an offense involving an agreement to sell a controlled substance, the agreed-upon quantity of the controlled substance shall be used to determine the offense level unless the sale is completed and the amount delivered more accurately reflects the scale of the offense. For example, a defendant agrees to sell 500 grams of cocaine, the transaction is completed by the delivery of the controlled substance - actually 480 grams of cocaine, and no further delivery is scheduled. In this example, the amount delivered more accurately reflects the scale of the offense. In contrast, in a reverse sting, the agreed-upon quantity of the controlled substance would more accurately reflect the scale of the offense because the amount actually delivered is controlled by the government, not by the defendant. If, however, the defendant establishes that the defendant did not intend to provide or purchase, or was not reasonably capable of providing or purchasing, the agreed-upon quantity of the controlled substance, the court shall exclude from the offense level determination the amount of controlled substance that the defendant establishes that the defendant did not intend to provide or purchase or was not reasonably capable of providing or purchasing.
14. If, in a reverse sting (an operation in which a government agent sells or negotiates to sell a controlled substance to a defendant), the court finds that the government agent set a price for the controlled substance that was substantially below the market value of the controlled substance, thereby leading to the defendant's purchase of a significantly greater quantity of the controlled substance than his available resources would have allowed him to purchase except for the artificially low price set by the government agent, a downward departure may be warranted. 15. LSD on a blotter paper carrier medium typically is marked so that the number of doses ("hits") per sheet readily can be determined. When this is not the case, it is to be presumed that each 1/4 inch by 1/4 inch section of the blotter paper is equal to one dose.
17. For purposes of the guidelines, a "plant" is an organism having leaves and a readily observable root formation (e.g., a marihuana cutting having roots, a rootball, or root hairs is a marihuana plant).
18. If the offense involved importation of amphetamine or methamphetamine, and an adjustment from subsection (b)(3) applies, do not apply subsection (b)(5).
19. Hazardous or Toxic Substances.—Subsection (b)(13)(A) applies if the conduct for which the defendant is accountable under §1B1.3 (Relevant Conduct) involved any discharge, emission, release, transportation, treatment, storage, or disposal violation covered by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 42 U.S.C. § 6928(d); the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, 33 U.S.C. § 1319(c); the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, 42 U.S.C. § 9603(b); or 49 U.S.C. § 5124 (relating to violations of laws and regulations enforced by the Department of Transportation with respect to the transportation of hazardous material). In some cases, the enhancement under subsection (b)(13)(A) may not account adequately for the seriousness of the environmental harm or other threat to public health or safety (including the health or safety of law enforcement and cleanup personnel). In such cases, an upward departure may be warranted. Additionally, in determining the amount of restitution under §5E1.1 (Restitution) and in fashioning appropriate conditions of probation and supervision under §§5B1.3 (Conditions of Probation) and 5D1.3 (Conditions of Supervised Release), respectively, any costs of environmental cleanup and harm to individuals or property shall be considered by the court in cases involving the manufacture of amphetamine or methamphetamine and should be considered by the court in cases involving the manufacture of a controlled substance other than amphetamine or methamphetamine. See 21 U.S.C. § 853(q) (mandatory restitution for cleanup costs relating to the manufacture of amphetamine and methamphetamine).
(A) Factors to Consider.—In determining, for purposes of subsection (b)(13)(C)(ii) or (D), whether the offense created a substantial risk of harm to human life or the environment, the court shall include consideration of the following factors:
(i) The quantity of any chemicals or hazardous or toxic substances found at the laboratory, and the manner in which the chemicals or substances were stored. (ii) The manner in which hazardous or toxic substances were disposed, and the likelihood of release into the environment of hazardous or toxic substances.
(B) Definitions.—For purposes of subsection (b)(13)(D):
"Incompetent" means an individual who is incapable of taking care of the individual's self or property because of a mental or physical illness or disability, mental retardation, or senility. "Minor" has the meaning given that term in Application Note 1 of the Commentary to §2A3.1 (Criminal Sexual Abuse).
21. Applicability of Subsection (b)(16).—The applicability of subsection (b)(16) shall be determined without regard to whether the defendant was convicted of an offense that subjects the defendant to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment. Section §5C1.2(b), which provides a minimum offense level of level 17, is not pertinent to the determination of whether subsection (b)(16) applies.
22. Imposition of Consecutive Sentence for 21 U.S.C. § 860a or § 865.—Sections 860a and 865 of title 21, United States Code, require the imposition of a mandatory consecutive term of imprisonment of not more than 20 years and 15 years, respectively. In order to comply with the relevant statute, the court should determine the appropriate "total punishment" and divide the sentence on the judgment form between the sentence attributable to the underlying drug offense and the sentence attributable to 21 U.S.C. § 860a or § 865, specifying the number of months to be served consecutively for the conviction under 21 U.S.C. § 860a or § 865. For example, if the applicable adjusted guideline range is 151-188 months and the court determines a "total punishment" of 151 months is appropriate, a sentence of 130 months for the underlying offense plus 21 months for the conduct covered by 21 U.S.C. § 860a or § 865 would achieve the "total punishment" in a manner that satisfies the statutory requirement of a consecutive sentence.
23. Application of Subsection (b)(7).—For purposes of subsection (b)(7), "mass-marketing by means of an interactive computer service" means the solicitation, by means of an interactive computer service, of a large number of persons to induce those persons to purchase a controlled substance. For example, subsection (b)(7) would apply to a defendant who operated a web site to promote the sale of Gamma-hydroxybutyric Acid (GHB) but would not apply to coconspirators who use an interactive computer service only to communicate with one another in furtherance of the offense. "Interactive computer service", for purposes of subsection (b)(7) and this note, has the meaning given that term in section 230(e)(2) of the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. § 230(f)(2)).
(A) Definition.—For purposes of this guideline, "sexual offense" means a "sexual act" or "sexual contact" as those terms are defined in 18 U.S.C. § 2246(2) and (3), respectively. (B) Upward Departure Provision.—If the defendant committed a sexual offense against more than one individual, an upward departure would be warranted.
25. Application of Subsection (b)(8).—For purposes of subsection (b)(8), "masking agent" means a substance that, when taken before, after, or in conjunction with an anabolic steroid, prevents the detection of the anabolic steroid in an individual's body.
26. Application of Subsection (b)(9).—For purposes of subsection (b)(9), "athlete" means an individual who participates in an athletic activity conducted by (i) an intercollegiate athletic association or interscholastic athletic association; (ii) a professional athletic association; or (iii) an amateur athletic organization. 27. Application of Subsection (b)(11).—Subsection (b)(11) does not apply if the purpose of the bribery was to obstruct or impede the investigation, prosecution, or sentencing of the defendant. Such conduct is covered by §3C1.1 (Obstructing or Impeding the Administration of Justice) and, if applicable, §2D1.1(b)(14)(D).
28. Application of Subsection (b)(12).—Subsection (b)(12) applies to a defendant who knowingly maintains a premises (i.e., a building, room, or enclosure) for the purpose of manufacturing or distributing a controlled substance, including storage of a controlled substance for the purpose of distribution.
Among the factors the court should consider in determining whether the defendant "maintained" the premises are (A) whether the defendant held a possessory interest in (e.g., owned or rented) the premises and (B) the extent to which the defendant controlled access to, or activities at, the premises.
Manufacturing or distributing a controlled substance need not be the sole purpose for which the premises was maintained, but must be one of the defendant§s primary or principal uses for the premises, rather than one of the defendant§s incidental or collateral uses for the premises. In making this determination, the court should consider how frequently the premises was used by the defendant for manufacturing or distributing a controlled substance and how frequently the premises was used by the defendant for lawful purposes.
29. Application of Subsection (b)(14).—
(A) Distributing to a Specified Individual or Involving Such an Individual in the Offense (Subsection (b)(14)(B)).—If the defendant distributes a controlled substance to an individual or involves an individual in the offense, as specified in subsection (b)(14)(B), the individual is not a "vulnerable victim" for purposes of §3A1.1(b).
(B) Directly Involved in the Importation of a Controlled Substance (Subsection (b)(14)(C)).—Subsection (b)(14)(C) applies if the defendant is accountable for the importation of a controlled substance under subsection (a)(1)(A) of §1B1.3 (Relevant Conduct (Factors that Determine the Guideline Range)), i.e., the defendant committed, aided, abetted, counseled, commanded, induced, procured, or willfully caused the importation of a controlled substance.
If subsection (b)(3) or (b)(5) applies, do not apply subsection (b)(14)(C).
(C) Pattern of Criminal Conduct Engaged in as a Livelihood (Subsection (b)(14)(E)).—For purposes of subsection (b)(14)(E), "pattern of criminal conduct" and "engaged in as a livelihood" have the meaning given such terms in §4B1.3 (Criminal Livelihood). Background: Offenses under 21 U.S.C. §§ 841 and 960 receive identical punishment based upon the quantity of the controlled substance involved, the defendant's criminal history, and whether death or serious bodily injury resulted from the offense. The base offense levels in §2D1.1 are either provided directly by the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 or are proportional to the levels established by statute, and apply to all unlawful trafficking. Levels 32 and 26 in the Drug Quantity Table are the distinctions provided by the Anti-Drug Abuse Act; however, further refinement of drug amounts is essential to provide a logical sentencing structure for drug offenses. To determine these finer distinctions, the Commission consulted numerous experts and practitioners, including authorities at the Drug Enforcement Administration, chemists, attorneys, probation officers, and members of the Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Forces, who also advocate the necessity of these distinctions. Where necessary, this scheme has been modified in response to specific congressional directives to the Commission.
The base offense levels at levels 26 and 32 establish guideline ranges with a lower limit as close to the statutory minimum as possible; e.g., level 32 ranges from 121 to 151 months, where the statutory minimum is ten years or 120 months. For marihuana plants, the Commission has adopted an equivalency of 100 grams per plant, or the actual weight of the usable marihuana, whichever is greater. The decision to treat each plant as equal to 100 grams is premised on the fact that the average yield from a mature marihuana plant equals 100 grams of marihuana. In controlled substance offenses, an attempt is assigned the same offense level as the object of the attempt. Consequently, the Commission adopted the policy that each plant is to be treated as the equivalent of an attempt to produce 100 grams of marihuana, except where the actual weight of the usable marihuana is greater.
The last sentence of subsection (a)(5) implements the directive to the Commission in section 7(1) of Public Law 111–220.
Subsection (b)(2) implements the directive to the Commission in section 5 of Public Law 111–220.
Subsection (b)(3) is derived from Section 6453 of the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988.
Frequently, a term of supervised release to follow imprisonment is required by statute for offenses covered by this guideline. Guidelines for the imposition, duration, and conditions of supervised release are set forth in Chapter Five, Part D (Supervised Release). Because the weights of LSD carrier media vary widely and typically far exceed the weight of the controlled substance itself, the Commission has determined that basing offense levels on the entire weight of the LSD and carrier medium would produce unwarranted disparity among offenses involving the same quantity of actual LSD (but different carrier weights), as well as sentences disproportionate to those for other, more dangerous controlled substances, such as PCP. Consequently, in cases involving LSD contained in a carrier medium, the Commission has established a weight per dose of 0.4 milligram for purposes of determining the base offense level.
The dosage weight of LSD selected exceeds the Drug Enforcement Administration's standard dosage unit for LSD of 0.05 milligram (i.e., the quantity of actual LSD per dose) in order to assign some weight to the carrier medium. Because LSD typically is marketed and consumed orally on a carrier medium, the inclusion of some weight attributable to the carrier medium recognizes (A) that offense levels for most other controlled substances are based upon the weight of the mixture containing the controlled substance without regard to purity, and (B) the decision in Chapman v. United States, 111 S.Ct. 1919 (1991) (holding that the term "mixture or substance" in 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1) includes the carrier medium in which LSD is absorbed). At the same time, the weight per dose selected is less than the weight per dose that would equate the offense level for LSD on a carrier medium with that for the same number of doses of PCP, a controlled substance that comparative assessments indicate is more likely to induce violent acts and ancillary crime than is LSD. (Treating LSD on a carrier medium as weighing 0.5 milligram per dose would produce offense levels equivalent to those for PCP.) Thus, the approach decided upon by the Commission will harmonize offense levels for LSD offenses with those for other controlled substances and avoid an undue influence of varied carrier weight on the applicable offense level. Nonetheless, this approach does not override the applicability of "mixture or substance" for the purpose of applying any mandatory minimum sentence (see Chapman; §5G1.1(b)). Subsection (b)(11) implements the directive to the Commission in section 6(1) of Public Law 111–220.
Subsection (b)(12) implements the directive to the Commission in section 6(2) of Public Law 111–220.
Subsection (b)(13)(A) implements the instruction to the Commission in section 303 of Public Law 103–237.
Subsections (b)(13)(C)(ii) and (D) implement, in a broader form, the instruction to the Commission in section 102 of Public Law 106–310.
Subsection (b)(14) implements the directive to the Commission in section 6(3) of Public Law 111–220.
Subsection (b)(15) implements the directive to the Commission in section 7(2) of Public Law 111–220.
Historical Note: Effective November 1, 1987. Amended effective January 15, 1988 (see Appendix C, amendments 19, 20, and 21); November 1, 1989 (see Appendix C, amendments 123-134, 302, and 303); November 1, 1990 (see Appendix C, amendment 318); November 1, 1991 (see Appendix C, amendments 369-371 and 394-396); November 1, 1992 (see Appendix C, amendments 446 and 447); November 1, 1993 (see Appendix C, amendments 479, 484-488, and 499); September 23, 1994 (see Appendix C, amendment 509); November 1, 1994 (see Appendix C, amendment 505); November 1, 1995 (see Appendix C, amendments 514-518); November 1, 1997 (see Appendix C, amendments 555 and 556); November 1, 2000 (see Appendix C, amendments 594 and 605); December 16, 2000 (see Appendix C, amendment 608); May 1, 2001 (see Appendix C, amendments 609-611); November 1, 2001 (see Appendix C, amendments 620-625); November 1, 2002 (see Appendix C, amendment 640); November 1, 2003 (see Appendix C, amendment 657); November 1, 2004 (see Appendix C, amendments 667, 668, and 674); November 1, 2005 (see Appendix C, amendment 679); March 27, 2006 (see Appendix C, amendment 681); November 1, 2006 (see Appendix C, amendments 684 and 688); November 1, 2007 (see Appendix C, amendments 705, 706, and 711); May 1, 2008 (see Appendix C, amendment 715); November 1, 2009 (see Appendix C, amendments 727 and 728); November 1, 2010 (see Appendix C, amendments 746 and 748); November 1, 2011 (see Appendix C, amendments 750, 751, and 760).