Source: http://www.google.de/patents/US6614384
Timestamp: 2013-06-19 16:33:38
Document Index: 80386840

Matched Legal Cases: ['art 1508', 'art 1508', 'art 1508', 'art 1508', 'art 1508', 'art 1508', 'arts 1508', 'art 1508', 'art 1508', 'art 1508', 'art 1508', 'art 1508', 'art 1508', 'art 1508', 'art 1508', 'arts 1508', 'art 1508', 'art 1508', 'art 1508', 'art 1508', 'art 1508', 'art 1508', 'art 1508', 'art 1508', 'art 1508', 'art 1508']

Patent US6614384 - System and method for detecting an intruder using impulse radio technology - Google PatenteSuche Bilder Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive Mehr » Erweiterte Patentsuche | Webprotokoll | Anmelden Erweiterte Patentsuche PatenteAn intrusion detection system and method are provided that can utilize impulse radio technology to detect when an intruder has entered a protection zone. In addition, the intrusion detection system and method can utilize impulse radio technology to determine a location of the intruder within the protection...http://www.google.de/patents/US6614384?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US6614384 - System and method for detecting an intruder using impulse radio technology Ver�ffentlichungsnummerUS6614384 B2PublikationstypErteilung Anmeldenummer09/952,206 Ver�ffentlichungsdatum2. Sept. 2003Eingetragen14. Sept. 2001 Priorit�tsdatum14. Sept. 2000Auch ver�ffentlicht unterUS6822604, US7129886, US7541968, US20020130807, US20040021599, US20050083199, US20080111686, WO2002023218A2, WO2002023218A3 Ver�ffentlichungsnummer09952206, 952206, US 6614384 B2, US 6614384B2, US-B2-6614384, US6614384 B2, US6614384B2 ErfinderDavid J. Hall, Scott M. Yano, Hans G. SchantzUrspr�nglich Bevollm�chtigterTime Domain CorporationPatentzitate (23), Nichtpatentzitate (6), Referenziert von (49), Klassifizierungen (36) Externe Links: USPTO, USPTO-Zuordnung, EspacenetSystem and method for detecting an intruder using impulse radio technologyUS 6614384 B2 Zusammenfassung An intrusion detection system and method are provided that can utilize impulse radio technology to detect when an intruder has entered a protection zone. In addition, the intrusion detection system and method can utilize impulse radio technology to determine a location of the intruder within the protection zone and also track the movement of the intruder within the protection zone. Moreover, the intrusion detection system and method can utilize impulse radio technology to create a specially shaped protection zone before trying to detect when and where the intruder has penetrated and moved within the protection zone.
CLAIMING BENEFIT OF PRIOR FILED PROVISIONAL APPLICATION This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/232,562 filed on Sep. 14, 2000 and entitled �Ultra-Wideband Bistatic Radar for Target Detection/Position� which is incorporated by reference herein.
Uses of impulse radio systems are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/332,502, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,177,903, titled, �System and Method for Intrusion Detection using a Time Domain Radar Array� and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/332,503, titled, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,218,979, �Wide Area Time Domain Radar Array� both filed on Jun. 14, 1999 both of which are assigned to the assignee of the present invention. The above patent documents are incorporated herein by reference.
A pulse train with conventional �early-late� time-shift modulation can be expressed: S tr ( k )  ( t ) = ∑ j  ( - 1 ) f j ( k )  a j ( k )  ω  ( c j ( k )  t - T j ( k )  δ   d [ j / N s ] ( k ) , b j ( k ) ) where k is the index of a transmitter, j is the index of a pulse within its pulse train, (−1)fj (k), aj (k), bj (k), cj (k), and ω(t, bj (k)) are the coded polarity, pulse amplitude, pulse type, pulse width, and normalized pulse waveform of the jth pulse of the kth transmitter, Tj (k) is the coded time shift of the jth pulse of the kth transmitter, δ is the time shift added when the transmitted symbol is 1 (instead of 0), d(k) is the data (i.e., 0 or 1) transmitted by the kth transmitter, and Ns is the number of pulses per symbol (e.g., bit). Similar expressions can be derived to accommodate other proposed forms of modulation.
An alternative form of time-shift modulation can be described as One-of-Many Position Modulation (OMPM). The OMPM approach, shown in FIG. 4B, involves shifting a pulse to one of N possible modulation positions about a nominal coded (or uncoded) time position in response to an information signal, where N represents the number of possible states. For example, if N were four (4), two data bits of information could be conveyed. For further details regarding OMPM, see �Apparatus, System and Method for One-of-Many Position Modulation in an Impulse Radio Communication System,� Attorney Docket No. 1659.0860000, filed Jun. 7, 2000, assigned to the assignee of the present invention, and incorporated herein by reference.
In addition to the methods articulated above, impulse radio technology along with Time Division Multiple Access algorithms and Time Domain packet radios can achieve geo-positioning capabilities in a radio network. This geo-positioning method is described in co-owned, co-pending application titled �System and Method for Person or Object Position Location Utilizing Impulse Radio,� application Ser. No. 09/456,409, filed Dec. 8, 1999, and incorporated herein by reference, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,300,903.
FIGS. 8A-8C illustrate the cross correlation process and the correlation function. FIG. 8A shows the waveform of a template signal. FIG. 8B shows the waveform of a received impulse radio signal at a set of several possible time offsets. FIG. 8C represents the output of the cross correlator for each of the time offsets of FIG. 8B. For any given pulse received, there is a corresponding point that is applicable on this graph. This is the point corresponding to the time offset of the template signal used to receive that pulse. Further examples and details of precision timing can be found described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,677,927, and commonly owned co-pending application application Ser. No. 09/146,524, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,304,623, filed Sep. 3, 1998, titled �Precision Timing Generator System and Method,� both of which are incorporated herein by reference.
A receiver has been developed that includes a baseband signal converter device and combines multiple converter circuits and an RF amplifier in a single integrated circuit package. For greater elaboration of this receiver, see the patent application titled �Baseband Signal Converter for a Wideband Impulse Radio Receiver,� application Ser. No. 09/356,384, filed Jul. 16, 1999, assigned to the assignee of the present invention, and incorporated herein by reference, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,421,389.
FIGS. 9-10, illustrate exemplary block diagrams of the UWB scanning receiver 900 and its companion the UWB transmitter 1000. Time Domain Corporation has developed the UWB scanning receiver 900 that implements time-modulated ultra-wideband (TM-UWB) technology and utilizes short Gaussian monocycle pulses at relatively high pulse repetition frequencies (PRF). The pulse durations are less than 1 ns with a PRF exceeding 1 MHz. The interval between pulses is not fixed but is time coded using sequences of psuedo-random numbers. See, Withington, Reinhardt, and Stanley, �Preliminary Results of an Ultra-Wideband (Impulse) Scanning Receiver�, Paper S38P3, Milcom 1999, Atlantic City, N.J., November 1999 which is incorporated herein.
Implementing the UWB scanning receiver 900 in a multipath environment results in a scanning receiver output that represents a psuedo-channel impulse of the propagation channel. The multipath channel is characterized by the line of sight (LOS) signal (if one exists) along with delayed, attenuated copies of the transmitted signal corresponding to reflections off of objects including intruders in the environment. The multipath structure of the propagation channel is unique to the placement of objects in the protection zone as well as the placement of the transmit and receive antennas 1006 and 911, respectively. Assuming that the propagation environment is stationary (i.e. all reflective surfaces and antennas are fixed and no intruders are present), successive multipath scans taken by the scanning receiver 900 are identical. This can be verified to ensure stationarity via a simple subtraction and digital filtering of the successive scan waveforms. As described in greater detail below, the scan waveforms that are made when an intruder is not present are later compared to scan waveforms that are made when an intruder is present which enables the detection of the intruder. Further examples and details about the basic components within the UWB scanning receiver 900 and the UWB transmitter 1000 can be found in the commonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/537,264, filed Mar. 29, 2000, entitled �System and Method of using Multiple Correlator Receivers in an Impulse Radio System� which is incorporated herein by reference.
After the generation of the first waveform 1502, the receiving impulse radio unit 900 receives at a subsequent time �ts� the impulse radio signal 1402 having a known pseudorandom sequence of pulses that are similar to the pulses initially transmitted by the transmitting impulse radio unit 1000 during the generation of the first waveform 1502. However at this time, the impulse radio signal 1402 is transmitted within and through a protection zone 1104 that does have an intruder 1102. In particular, the receiving impulse radio unit 900 receives the impulse radio signal 1402 that passed over a direct path 1404 between the transmitting impulse radio unit 1000 and the receiving impulse radio unit 900. The presence of the intruder 1102 causes the receiving impulse radio unit 900 to also receive the impulse radio signal 1402 that passed over an indirect path 1406 between the transmitting impulse radio unit 1000 and the receiving impulse radio unit 900. The receiving impulse radio unit 900 receives both of these impulse radio signals 1402 in addition to other reflected impulse radio signals 1402 (not shown) over time and generates a second waveform 1504 (an exemplary second waveform 1504 is shown in FIG. 15b). The second waveform 1504 is a time domain representation of the actual distortion of the transmitted Gaussian waveforms after being bounced of the intruder 1102 and filtered by the environment around the transmitting impulse radio unit 1000 and the receiving impulse radio unit 900. In other words, the second waveform 1504 corresponds to the received impulse shapes of the impulse radio signals 1402 that are received by the receiving impulse radio unit 900 when the intruder 1102 is located in the protection zone 1104.
The receiving impulse radio unit 900 includes a processor 1408 that compares the first waveform 1502 and the second waveform 1504 to determine whether there is a change between the first waveform 1502 and the second waveform 1504 caused by an intruder 1102 entering the protection zone 1104. To illustrate this change between waveforms reference is made to FIGS. 15a and 15 b, where there are illustrated two exemplary waveforms 1502 and 1504 that could be generated by the receiving impulse radio unit 900. The first waveform 1502 has an initial wavefront 1503 representative of the first received impulse radio pulses of the impulse radio signal 1402. Likewise, the second waveform 1504 generated after the first waveform 1502 has an initial wavefront 1506 representative of the first received impulse radio pulse of the subsequently received impulse radio signal 1402. In addition, the second waveform 1504 has a multipath reflection part 1508 caused by the intruder 1102 that was absent in the first waveform 1502 but present in the second waveform 1504. This multipath reflection part 1508 is caused by the reception of the impulse radio signal 1402 that bounced off the intruder 1102 and passed over the indirect path 1406 between the transmitting impulse radio unit 1000 and the receiving impulse radio unit 900. The distance �d� between the intruder 1102 and the receiving impulse radio unit 900 can be calculated knowing the elapsed time �t� between the initial wavefront 1506 and the multipath reflection part 1508 of the second waveform 1504. Once the distance �d� is calculated, the intruder 1102 could be in one of many places indicated by the ellipse shown in FIG. 14 (shown are two possible positions of the intruder 1102).
At step 1610, if the intruder 1102 is determined to be in the protection zone 1104, the processor 1408 could then calculate the difference �d� between the direct path between the transmitter 1000 and receiver 900 and the indirect path 1402 by knowing the elapsed time �t� between the initial wavefront 1506 and the multipath reflection part 1508 of the second waveform 1504 (see FIG. 15b). For instance, the distance �d� can be calculated to be 0.984 feet for each nanosecond in the elapsed time �t� between the initial wavefront 1506 and the multipath reflection part 1508 of the second waveform 1504 (see FIG. 15b). In this embodiment, the intruder 1102 could be in one of many places indicated by the ellipse shown in FIG. 14 (shown are two possible positions of the intruder 1102). Reference is made to the second embodiment of the intrusion detection system 1100′ which can determine the real location of the intruder 1102.
After the generation of the first waveforms 1502 a′, 1502 b′and 1502 c′, each receiving impulse radio unit 900 a′, 900 b′ and 900 c′ receives at a subsequent time �ts� the impulse radio signal 1402′ having a known pseudorandom sequence of pulses that are similar to the pulses initially transmitted by the transmitting impulse radio unit 1000′ during the generation of the first waveforms 1502 a′, 1502 b′ and 1502 c′. However at this time, the impulse radio signal 1402′ is transmitted within and through a protection zone 1104′ that does have an intruder 1102′.
Each of the receiving impulse radio units 900 a′, 900 b′ and 900 c′ includes a processor 1408′ that respectively compares the first waveform 1502 a′, 1502 b′ and 1502 c′ and the second waveform 1504 a′, 1504 b′ and 1504 c′ to determine whether there is a change between the first waveform 1502 a′, 1502 b′ and 1502 c′ and the second waveform 1504 a′, 1504 b′ and 1504 c′ caused by an intruder 1102′ entering the protection zone 1104′. To illustrate this change between waveforms reference is made to FIGS. 18a and 18 b, where there are respectively illustrated exemplary first waveforms 1502 a′, 1502 b′, 1502 c′ and exemplary second waveforms 1504 a′, 1504 b′ and 1504 c′ that could be generated by the receiving impulse radio units 900 a′, 900 b′ and 900 c′. For instance, the receiving impulse radio unit 900 a′ would generate the first waveform 1502 a′ and the second waveform 1504 a′. Each first waveform 1502 a′, 1502 b′ and 1502 c′ has an initial wavefront 1503 a′, 1503 b′ and 1503 c′ representative of the first received impulse radio pulses of the impulse radio signal 1402′. Likewise, each second waveform 1504 a′, 1504 b′ and 1504 c′ has an initial wavefront 1506 a′, 1506 b′ and 1506 c′ representative of the first received impulse radio pulses in the subsequently received impulse radio signal 1402′. In addition, the second waveforms 1504 a′, 1504 b′ and 1504 c′ each have a multipath reflection part 1508 a′, 1508 b′ and 1508 c′ caused by the intruder 1102′ that was absent in the first waveforms 1502 a′, 1502 b′ and 1502 c′ but present in the second waveforms 1504 a′, 1504 b′ and 1504 c′. These multipath reflection parts 1508 a′, 1508 b′ and 1508 c′ are caused by the reception of the impulse radio signals 1402′ that bounced off the intruder 1102′ and passed over the indirect path 1406 a′, 1406 b′ and 1406 c′ between the transmitting impulse radio unit 1000 and the receiving impulse radio units 900 a′, 900 b′ and 900 c′. The distances �d1�, �d2� and �d3� which are the differences between the direct paths 1402′ and indirect paths 1406 a′, 1406 b′ and 1406 c′ can be calculated knowing the elapsed time �t1�, �t2� and �t3� between the initial wavefront 1506 a′, 1506 b′ and 1506 c′ and the multipath reflection part 1508 a′, 1508 b′ and 1508 c′ of the second waveforms 1504 a′, 1504 b′ and 1504 c′. Again it should be understood that there may be many items (e.g., walls, trees, furniture . . . ) within the protection zone 1104′ that could cause a multipath reflection part in the first waveform 1502 a′, 1502 b′ and 1502 c′ and the second waveform 1504 a′, 1504 b′ and 1504 c′ but it is the difference between the two waveforms that indicates the presence of one or more intruders 1102′. Moreover, it should be noted that the shape of the protection zone 1104′ in this embodiment is basically arbitrary as compared to the specially designed shape of the protection zone 1104″ the third embodiment.
After calculating the distances �d1�, �d2� and �d3� which are the differences between the direct paths 1402′ and indirect paths 1406 a′, 1406 b′ and 1406 c′, each receiving impulse radio unit 900 a′, 900 b′ and 900 c′ and transmitting unit 1000′ forwards their calculated distance �d1�, �d2� or �d3� to the transmitting impulse radio unit 1000′. Thereafter, the transmitting impulse radio unit 1000′ has a processor 1802′ that use the distances �d1�, �d2� and �d3�, and the known positions of the receiving impulse radio units 900 a′, 900 b′ and 900 c′ to calculate the location of the intruder 1102′ within the protection zone 1104′. Again, the position of intruder 1102′ can be determined by the processor 1802′ using a numerical algorithm such as Newton-Raphson method or some other techniques. Once the position and coordinates of the intruder 1102′ are determined, various filtering techniques (e.g., Kalman filter) can be used by the intrusion detection system 1100′ to track the movement of the intruder 1102′ within the protection zone 1104′.
At step 1918, if the intruder 1102′ is determined to be in the protection zone 1104′, the processor 1408 a′ could then calculate the distance �d1� between direct and indirect paths by knowing the elapsed time �t1� between the initial wavefront 1506 a′ and the multipath reflection part 1508 a′ of the second waveform 1504 a′ (see FIG. 18b). For instance, the distance �d1� can be calculated to be 0.984 feet for each nanosecond in the elapsed time �t1� between the initial wavefront 1506 a′ and the multipath reflection part 1508 a′ of the second waveform 1504 a′(see FIG. 18b).
At step 1922, if the intruder 1102′ is determined to be in the protection zone 1104′, the processor 1408 b′ could then calculate the distance �d2� between direct and indirect paths by knowing the elapsed time �t2� between the initial wavefront 1506 b′ and the multipath reflection part 1508 b′ of the second waveform 1504 b′ (see FIG. 18b). For instance, the distance �d2� can be calculated to be 0.984 feet for each nanosecond in the elapsed time �t2� between the initial wavefront 1506 b′ and the multipath reflection part 1508 b′ of the second waveform 1504 b′ (see FIG. 18b).
At step 1926, if the intruder 1102′ is determined to be in the protection zone 1104′, the processor 1408 c′ could then calculate the distance �d3� between direct and indirect paths by knowing the elapsed time �t3� between the initial wavefront 1506 c′ and the multipath reflection part 1508 c′ of the second waveform 1504 c′ (see FIG. 18b). For instance, the distance �d3� can be calculated to be 0.984 feet for each nanosecond in the elapsed time �t3� between the initial wavefront 1506 c′ and the multipath reflection part 1508 c′ of the second waveform 1504 c′ (see FIG. 18b).
Referring to FIG. 20, there is a diagram illustrating a third embodiment of the intrusion detection system 1100 in accordance with the present invention. The third embodiment of the intrusion detection system 1100 is illustrated using double prime referenced numbers. Basically, the intrusion detection system 1100″ is similar to the second embodiment except that prior to detecting any intruders 1102″ the intrusion detection system 1100″ can utilize a test subject 2002″ and impulse radio technology to design the shape of the protection zone 1104″. In other words, the intrusion detection system 1100″ enables the creation of an unusually shaped protection zone 1104 c″ instead of using the arbitrary shapes associated with the protection zones 1104 and 1104′ of the first two embodiments. Prior to arming the intrusion detection system 1100′, the system can be put into a �learning mode�. During the �learning mode�, the test subject 2002″ traverses the perimeter 2204″ of the protection zone 1104 c″ to be protected and the intrusion detection system 1100″ would track the test subject 2002″ and build a two and possibly three-dimensional representation of the shape of the protection zone 1104 c″.The intrusion detection system 1100″ can track the test subject 2002″ in the same manner the intrusion detection system 1100′ would track an intruder 1104′ in the second embodiment.
Each receiving impulse radio unit 900 a″, 900 b″ and 900 c″ receives the first impulse radio signal 1402″ and generates a first waveform 1502 a″, 1502 b″ and 1502 c″ (similar to the first waveforms 1502 a′, 1502 b′ and 1502 c′ shown in FIG. 18a). Each of the first waveforms 1502 a″, 1502 b″ and 1502 c″ is a time domain representation of the actual distortion of the transmitted Gaussian waveform after being filtered by the environment around the transmitting impulse radio unit 1000″ and each receiving impulse radio unit 900 a″, 900 b″ and 900 c″. In other words, each first waveform 1502 a″, 1502 b″ and 1502 c″ corresponds to the received impulse shape of the impulse radio signal 1402″ that is received by each receiving impulse radio unit 900 a″, 900 b″ and 900 c″ when there is no intruder 1102″ located in or near the protection zone 1104 c″. After the generation of the first waveforms 1502 a″, 1502 b″ and 1502 c″, each receiving impulse radio unit 900 a″, 900 b″ and 900 c″ receives at a subsequent time �ts� the impulse radio signal 1402″ having a known pseudorandom sequence of pulses that are similar to the pulses initially transmitted by the transmitting impulse radio unit 1000″ during the generation of the first waveforms 1502 a″, 1502 b″ and 1502 c″. However at this time, the impulse radio signal 1402″ is transmitted within and through a protection zone 1104 c″ that does have an intruder 1102″ in or near it.
Each of the receiving impulse radio units 900 a″, 900 b″ and 900 c″ includes a processor 1408″ that compares the first waveform 1502 a″, 1502 b″ and 1502 c″ and the second waveform 1504 a″, 1504 b″ and 1504 c″ to determine whether there is a change between the first waveform 1502 a″, 1502 b″ and 1502 c″ and the second waveform 1504 a″, 1504 b″ and 1504 c″ caused by an intruder 1102″ entering or coming near the protection zone 1104 c″. Like the first waveforms 1502 a′, 1502 b′ and 1502 c′ and the second waveforms 1504 a′, 1504 b′ and 1504 c′ shown in FIGS. 19a and 19 b, each first waveform 1502 a″, 1502 b″ and 1502 c″ has an initial wavefront 1503 a″, 1503 b″ and 1503 c″ representative of the first received impulse radio pulses of the impulse radio signal 1402″. Likewise, each second waveform 1504 a″, 1504 b″ and 1504 c″ has an initial wavefront 1506 a″, 1506 b″ and 1506 c″ representative of the first received impulse radio pulses in the subsequently received impulse radio signal 1402″. In addition, the second waveforms 1504 a″, 1504 b″ and 1504 c″ each have a multipath reflection part 1508 a″, 1508 b″ and 1508 c″ caused by the intruder 1102″ that was absent in the first waveforms 1502 a″, 1502 b″ and 1502 c″ but present in the second waveforms 1504 a″, 1504 b″ and 1504 c″. These multipath reflection parts 1508 a″, 1508 b″ and 1508 c″ are caused by the reception of the impulse radio signals 1402″ that bounced off the intruder 1102″ and passed over the indirect path 1406 a″, 1406 b″ and 1406 c″ between the transmitting impulse radio unit 1000″ and the receiving impulse radio units 900 a″, 900 b″ and 900 c″. The distances �d1�, �d2� and �d3� between direct and indirect paths can be calculated knowing the elapsed time �t1�, �t2� and �t3� between the initial wavefront 1506 a″, 1506 b″ and 1506 c″ of the second waveforms 1504 a″, 1504 b″ and 1504 c″ and the multipath reflection part 1508 a″, 1508 b″ and 1508 c″. Again, a determination as to whether the intruder 1104″ is actually inside the specially shaped protection zone 1104 c″ is made later by the processor 1802″ associated with the transmitting impulse radio unit 1000″.
To do determine whether the intruder 1102″ is actually within the protection zone 1104 c″ (as shown) or just near the protection zone 1104 c″, the processor 1802″ would determine the location of the intruder 1102″ and then compare this location to the two and possibly three-dimensional representation of the shape of the protection zone 1104 c″. Again, the position of intruder 1102″ can be determined by the processor 1802″ using a numerical algorithm such as Newton-Raphson method or some other techniques. Once the position and coordinates of the intruder 1102″ are determined, various filtering techniques (e.g., Kalman filter) can be used by the intrusion detection system 1100″ to track the movement of the intruder 1102″ within the protection zone 1104 c″. Referring to FIGS. 21a-21 b, there is a flowchart illustrating the basic steps of a third embodiment of the preferred method 1600″ of the present invention. Beginning at step 2101, prior to arming the intrusion detection system 1100″, the system is put into a �learning mode�. During the �learning mode�, the test subject 2002″ traverses the perimeter 2204″ of the protection zone 1104 c″ to be protected and the intrusion detection system 1100″ would track the test subject 2002″ and build a two and possibly three-dimensional representation of the shape of the protection zone 1104 c″. The intrusion detection system 1100″ can track the test subject 2002″ in the same manner the intrusion detection system 1100′ would track an intruder 1104′ in the second embodiment.
At step 2116, the processor 1408 a″ within the first receiving impulse radio unit 900 a″ operates to compare the first waveform 1502 a″ and the second waveform 1504 a″ to determine whether there is a change between the first waveform 1502 a″ and the second waveform 1504 a″ caused by an intruder 1102″ coming near or entering the protection zone 1104 c″. In the present example, there is a change between the first waveform 1502 a″ and the second waveform 1504 a″ because an intruder 1102″ was not present when the first waveform 1502 a″ was generated but the intruder 1102″ was present when the second waveform 1504 a″ was generated by the first receiving impulse radio unit 900 a″ (e.g., see first waveform 1502 a′ and second waveform 1504 a′ in FIGS. 18a-18 b). This change is noticeable due to the presence of the multipath reflection part 1508 a″ caused by the intruder 1102″. Of course, the first receiving impulse radio unit 900 a″ may generate many second waveforms at step 2110 in which there is no difference or very little difference with a first waveform because an intruder 1102″ was not present. If an intruder 1102″ is not within or near the protection zone 1104 c″ then the method 1600″ returns to and repeats steps 2110 and 2116 until an intruder 1102″ is determined to be within or near the protection zone 1104 c″. At step 2118, if the intruder 1102″ is determined to be within or near the protection zone 1104 c″, the processor 1408 a″ could then calculate the distance �d1� between direct and indirect paths by knowing the elapsed time �t1� between the initial wavefront 1506 a″ and the multipath reflection part 1508 a″ of the second waveform 1504 a″ (e.g., see second waveform 1504 a′ in FIG. 18b). For instance, the distance �d1� can be calculated to be 0.984 feet for each nanosecond in the elapsed time �t1� between the initial wavefront 1506 a″ and the multipath reflection part 1508 a″ of the second waveform 1504 a″ (e.g., see second waveform 1504 a′ in FIG. 18b). Again, a determination as to whether the intruder 1104″ is actually inside the specially shaped protection zone 1104 c″ is made later at step 2130 by the processor 1802″ associated with the transmitting impulse radio unit 1000″.
At step 2120, the processor 1408 b″ within the second receiving impulse radio unit 900 b″ operates to compare the first waveform 1502 b″ and the second waveform 1504 b″ to determine whether there is a change between the first waveform 1502 b″ and the second waveform 1504 b″ caused by an intruder 1102″ coming near or entering the protection zone 1104 c″. In the present example, there is a change between the first waveform 1502 b″ and the second waveform 1504 b″ because an intruder 1102″ was not present when the first waveform 1502 b″ was generated but the intruder 1102″ was present when the second waveform 1504 b″ was generated by the second receiving impulse radio unit 900 b″ (e.g., see first waveform 1502 b′ and second waveform 1504 b′ in FIGS. 18a-18 b). This change is noticeable due to the presence of the multipath reflection part 1508 b″ caused by the intruder 1102″. Of course, the second receiving impulse radio unit 900 b″ may generate many second waveforms at step 2112 in which there is no difference or very little difference with a first waveform because an intruder 1102″ was not present. If an intruder 1102″ is not within or near the protection zone 1104 c″ then the method 1600″ returns to and repeats steps 2112 and 2120 until an intruder 1102″ is determined to be within or near the protection zone 1104 c″. At step 2122, if the intruder 1102″ is determined to be within or near the protection zone 1104 c″, the processor 1408 b″ could then calculate the distance �d2� between direct and indirect paths by knowing the elapsed time �t2�, between the initial wavefront 1506 b″ and the multipath reflection part 1508 b″ of the second waveform 1504 b″ (e.g., see second waveform 1504 b′ in FIG. 18b). For instance, the distance �d2� can be calculated to be 0.984 feet for each nanosecond in the elapsed time �t2� between the initial wavefront 1506 b″ and the multipath reflection part 1508 b″ of the second waveform 1504 b″ (e.g., see second waveform 1504 b′ in FIG. 18b). Again, a determination as to whether the intruder 1104″ is actually inside the specially shaped protection zone 1104 c″ is made later at step 2030 by the processor 1802″ associated with the transmitting impulse radio unit 1000″.
At step 2124, the processor 1408 c″ within the third receiving impulse radio unit 900 c″ operates to compare the first waveform 1502 c″ and the second waveform 1504 c″ to determine whether there is a change between the first waveform 1502 c″ and the second waveform 1504 c″ caused by an intruder 1102″ coming near or entering the protection zone 1104 c″. In the present example, there is a change between the first waveform 1502 c″ and the second waveform 1504 c″ because an intruder 1102″ was not present when the first waveform 1502 c″ was generated but the intruder 1102″ was present when the second waveform 1504 c″ was generated by the third receiving impulse radio unit 900 c″ (e.g., see first waveform 1502 c′ and second waveform 1504 c′ in FIGS. 18a-18 b). This change is noticeable due to the presence of the multipath reflection part 1508 c″ caused by the intruder 1102″. Of course, the third receiving impulse radio unit 900 c″ may generate many second waveforms at step 2314 in which there is no difference or very little difference with a first waveform because an intruder 1102″ was not present. If an intruder 1102″ is not within or near the protection zone 1104 c″ then the method 1600″ returns to and repeats steps 2114 and 2124 until an intruder 1102″ is determined to be within or near the protection zone 1104 c″. At step 2126, if the intruder 1102″ is determined to be within or near the protection zone 1104 c″, the processor 1408 c″ could then calculate the distance �d3� between direct and indirect paths by knowing the elapsed time �t3� between the initial wavefront 1506 c″ and the multipath reflection part 1508 c″ of the second waveform 1504 c″ (e.g., see second waveform 1504 c′ in FIG. 18b). For instance, the distance �d3� can be calculated to be 0.984 feet for each nanosecond in the elapsed time �t3� between the initial wavefront 1506 c″ and the multipath reflection part 1508 c″ of the second waveform 1504 c″ (e.g., see second waveform 1504 c′ in FIG. 18b). Again, a determination as to whether the intruder 1104″ is actually inside the specially shaped protection zone 1104 c″ is made later at step 2030 by the processor 1802″ associated with the transmitting impulse radio unit 1000″.
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