Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/285/1/case.html
Timestamp: 2017-05-25 08:53:35
Document Index: 157690452

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 238', '§ 1201', '§ 222', '§ 222', '§ 238', '§ 222', '§ 214', '§ 234', '§ 238', '§ 216', '§ 222']

Burnet v. Chicago Portrait Co. (full text) :: 285 U.S. 1 (1932) :: Justia U.S. Supreme Court Center Log In
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Burnet v. Chicago Portrait Co. 285 U.S. 1 (1932)
U.S. Supreme CourtBurnet v. Chicago Portrait Co., 285 U.S. 1 (1932)Burnet v. Chicago Portrait Co.No. 378Argued January 20, 21, 1932Decided February 23, 1932285 U.S. 1CERTIORARI TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS
(1) That the purpose is to mitigate the evil of double taxation and to facilitate the foreign enterprises of domestic corporations, and Page 285 U. S. 2
Certiorari, 284 U.S. 607, to review a judgment of the Circuit Court of Appeals affirming a determination of the Board of Tax Appeals, 16 B.T.A. 1129. Page 285 U. S. 4
The sole question is whether New South Wales is a "foreign country" within the meaning of the applicable statute. [Footnote 1] Page 285 U. S. 5
The word "country," in the expression "foreign country," is ambiguous. It may be taken to mean foreign territory or a foreign government. In the sense of territory, it may embrace all the territory subject to a foreign sovereign power. When referring more particularly to a foreign government, it may describe a foreign state in the international sense -- that is, one that has the status of an international person with the rights and responsibilities under international law of a member of the family of nations, [Footnote 2] or it may mean a foreign government which has authority over a particular area or subject matter, although not an international person, but only a component part, or a political subdivision, of the larger Page 285 U. S. 6 international unit. [Footnote 3] The term "foreign country" is not a technical or artificial one, and the sense in which it is used in a statute must be determined by reference to the purpose of the particular legislation. [Footnote 4]
In the case of tariff acts, this Court said in Stairs v. Peaslee, 18 How. 521, 59 U. S. 526, that the word "country" has always been construed "to embrace all the possessions of a foreign state however widely separated, which are subject to the same supreme executive and legislative control." See also United States v. The Ship Recorder, 1 Blatchf. 218, 225-227; Campbell v. Barney, 5 Blatchf. 221. Accordingly, in construing the Act of March 3, 1851 (9 Stat. 629, 630), providing that imported merchandise should be appraised at its market value at "the principal markets of the country" from which it had been imported, the Court held that a commodity shipped from Halifax, Nova Scotia, should be appraised according to the value in the principal markets under the British rule, and these were found, in fact, to be London and Liverpool. After the ratification of the Treaty of Peace between the United States and Spain (30 Stat. 1754), Porto Rico and the Philippines ceased to be "foreign country" under the tariff laws. De Lima v. Bidwell, 182 U. S. 1; In re Fourteen Diamond Rings, 183 U. S. 176, 183 U. S. 179. It followed that the term "other countries" in the Commercial Convention with Cuba of 1903 (33 Stat. 2136, 2140) did not include the Philippine Islands. Faber v. United States, 221 U. S. 649, 221 U. S. 658. Under the provisions of the Platt Amendment (31 Stat. 897), and the Constitution of Cuba, the Isle of Pines was de facto under the jurisdiction of Cuba, and hence remained "foreign country" within the meaning of the Tariff Act of 1897 (30 Stat. 151). Pearcy v. Stranahan, 205 U. S. 257, 205 U. S. 265. Page 285 U. S. 7
In the instant case, the question is one of credit for income taxes "paid to any foreign country." The word "country" is manifestly used in the sense of government. And to decide what government fits the description, whether only that of a foreign power which may be considered an international person or that of a political entity which, although not an international person, levies and collects income taxes which may be the subject of the intended credit, it is necessary to consider the object of the enactment and to construe the expression "foreign country" so as to achieve, and not defeat, its aim. We think that the purpose of the statute is clear. The fact that the provision is for a credit to the domestic corporation, against income taxes payable here, of income taxes "paid during the same taxable year to any foreign country" itself demonstrates that the primary design of the provision was to mitigate the evil of double taxation. Cognate provisions in the case of individuals disclose a similar intent. Section 222(a) [Footnote 5] of the same Revenue Page 285 U. S. 8 Act (1921) provides that the income tax, in the case of a citizen of the United States, should be credited with the amount of any income taxes "paid during the taxable year to any foreign country or to any possession of the United States." In the case of an alien resident of the United States, the credit is conditioned upon reciprocal treatment. The resident alien is to be credited with
42 Stat. 249. [Footnote 6] Page 285 U. S. 9
In the case of domestic corporations, the purpose is also disclosed to facilitate their foreign enterprises. The provision of § 238(e) of the Revenue Act of 1921 indicates appreciation of the practical exigencies which lead to the foreign incorporation of subsidiaries for the extension by domestic corporations of their business abroad. This clearly appears to be the reason for the allowance by that Act of a credit to a domestic corporation, against its income tax here upon dividends received from its foreign subsidiary, of a proportionate part, as defined, of the income taxes paid by that subsidiary to "any foreign country." [Footnote 7] The same provision applies to subsidiaries with Page 285 U. S. 10 respect to income taxes paid "to any possession of the United States."
An examination of the provisions of earlier income tax acts in which the expression "foreign country" is found does not support, but rather negatives, the conclusion that the term was used in the restricted sense for which the petitioner contends. In the Corporation Tax Act of Page 285 U. S. 11 1909 (36 Stat. 113), deduction from gross income was allowed to the corporation for all sums paid by it within the year for taxes "imposed by the government of any foreign country as a condition to carrying on business therein." That corporation tax was an excise on the privilege of doing business in a corporate capacity. The provision with respect to taxes laid by a foreign government manifestly referred to that government which, as the statute said, imposed a privilege tax. There was no suggestion that the foreign government laying the tax must have an international status; it was enough that it had authority to require the payment "as a condition to carrying on business." In the Income Tax Act of 1913, paragraph G(b), 38 Stat. 173, deduction was allowed, in computing net income of a corporation, of
The Income Tax Amendments of 1917, §§ 1201(1), 1207(1) (40 Stat. 330, 334, 335) continued the provisions for deductions as to taxes imposed "by the authority" of "any foreign country" in obviously the same sense. [Footnote 8] Page 285 U. S. 12
The Revenue Act of 1918, with its provisions for credits, against income taxes laid here, of taxes paid "to any foreign country, upon income derived from sources therein" (§§ 222(a), 238(a); 40 Stat. 1073, 1080) [Footnote 10] was Page 285 U. S. 13 enacted with this background, and we find no basis whatever for the conclusion that the term "foreign country" was used in that statute in any different sense. In the Act of 1918, the provisions for deductions of taxes from gross income, in computing net income, by citizens or residents, and by domestic corporations, of taxes paid to a foreign country were continued as in the prior acts, save that there was excepted from these deductions the amount of the credits now allowed to citizens and residents under § 222 and to domestic corporations under § 238 (40 Stat. 1067). [Footnote 11] In these provisions for deductions, the expression Page 285 U. S. 14 "foreign country" undoubtedly had the same meaning that it had in the prior income tax acts. [Footnote 12] It will be observed that taxes paid to the states of the Union, or to their political subdivisions, were deductible from gross income. [Footnote 13] But, in the provisions introduced in the Act of 1918 for credits against income taxes, such taxes paid to the states of the Union, and to their political subdivisions, were not included. [Footnote 14] This fact does not affect the present question, for credits were allowed in the case of income taxes paid to foreign countries, and the provision as to such countries was the same in the section relating to credits as in that with respect to deductions. The slight difference in phraseology in §§ 222 and 238 as to credits for taxes paid "to any foreign country," instead of taxes imposed "by the authority of any foreign country," as in §§ 214(a) and 234(a) [Footnote 15] is not important. As the context plainly shows, both phrases were intended to convey the same meaning. Thus, § 234(a)(3)(d) provides for deduction, in computing the net income of Page 285 U. S. 15 a domestic corporation, of the taxes imposed "by the authority of any foreign country, except the amount of income, war-profits and excess profits taxes allowed as a credit under § 238." The distinction made with respect to income taxes paid to the states of the Union, and to their political subdivisions, between deductions from gross income and credits against taxes, simply reflected the economic policy adopted in making allowances for taxes paid within the borders of continental United States and the organized territories. In relation to income taxes paid outside these borders, the provision as to credits was enacted to give greater and not less relief. Not only was the same expression as to foreign countries used in the section as to credits against income taxes as had been employed, and was still continued, as to deductions from gross income, but that the reference was not to a government having an international status was indicated by the provision for similar credits in cases of income taxes paid to "any possession of the United States." [Footnote 16] And that the dominant thought in the mind of the Congress was to allow a credit for income taxes paid in any foreign country, whenever imposed by the authority of a foreign government, is shown in the reports, above cited, of the committees in connection with the Revenue Bill of 1918. [Footnote 17]
No change or qualification was made in the use of the term "foreign country" in the Revenue Act of 1921, [Footnote 18] and we think it must be regarded as having the same significance as it unquestionably had through the series of the prior income tax acts to which we have referred. The same controlling purpose is manifest, and the credit provision, here in question, in relation to taxable dividends Page 285 U. S. 16 from foreign subsidiaries of domestic corporations was introduced not to narrow that purpose but to carry it out more effectively. [Footnote 19]
But this provision was shortly superseded in the amended Regulations No. 45, promulgated Page 285 U. S. 17 April 17, 1919, by a new Article 382 containing the following:
The Department thus sought to introduce a qualification as to the significance of "foreign country" not found in the words of the statute, or in those of the preceding income tax acts, or in departmental regulations under them, and one that was inconsistent with the apparent purpose of the enactment. It was a qualification which not only did not conform to the view that the expression "foreign country" was limited to a foreign state having the status of an international person under international law, but, on the other hand, afforded no definite criterion. Its phrase "self-governing colony" had no certain application, as there are colonies with varying degrees of self-government, and if, in view of the aim of the statute, it was important to draw a distinction with respect to self-government, it would appear that the particular phase of autonomy that was relevant to the purpose of the statute was the competency to impose income taxes upon the domestic corporation, or its foreign subsidiary, with respect to which the relief was granted. It is true that certain foreign political divisions which formerly had not had an international status were achieving it, but even that progress, at the time of the adoption of the regulation in 1919, [Footnote 21] was still uncertain both as to the quality and extent of the international recognition which would be accorded, and, however important Page 285 U. S. 18 in other relations that progress might be, it was not the concern of this statute, and its operation cannot be deemed to depend upon it. The departmental regulation became the more ambiguous as it proceeded with its illustrations relating to municipalities.
By § 216(e) of the Revenue Act of 1918 (40 Stat. 1069), a nonresident alien individual was allowed credits for personal exemptions and for dependents if the "country" of which he was a citizen or subject allowed a similar credit to citizens of the United States not residing in "such country." Article 307 of Regulations No. 45 gave a list of "countries" which satisfied the credit requirements of this provision. This list was amended in later editions of these regulations, applicable to the Revenue Act of 1918, and embraced a great variety of "countries," including, for example, British Honduras, Ceylon, Cyprus, Fiji Islands, Gibraltar, Gold Coast, Malay States, Mauritius, St. Kitt-Nevis, etc. [Footnote 22] As already noted, the expression "foreign Page 285 U. S. 19 country" was used in § 222(a)(3) of the Revenue Act of 1918 in relation to credits allowed to an alien resident of the United States for taxes upon income derived from sources in such "country," if the latter allowed a similar credit to citizens of the United States. [Footnote 23] Article 385 of Regulations No. 45, set forth the list of "countries" which did or did not satisfy this reciprocal credit requirement. This Article further illustrates the ambiguity of the regulations. [Footnote 24] Page 285 U. S. 20
It is urged that the Revenue Act of 1921 must be deemed to have been adopted with the meaning attributed to the term "foreign country" by the regulations under the Act of 1918. But regulations of such an ambiguous character supplying no definite criterion cannot be deemed to determine satisfactorily the interpretation Page 285 U. S. 21 of the statute. The Revenue Act of 1918 had continued the expression "foreign country" precisely as it had been used in the preceding income tax acts without any such restricting gloss, and the Act of 1921 continued the expression as used in the Act of 1918. In these circumstances, we are of the opinion that the expression "foreign country" in the Act of 1921 should be deemed to have the same significance in that Act that it had in the prior acts and was not limited by the regulations adopted under the Act of 1918. The regulations under the Act of 1921 were of the same equivocal sort as those to which we have referred under the Act of 1918, and can be deemed to have no greater effect. [Footnote 25] The decisions of the Treasury Department [Footnote 26] applying these regulations have no more force than the reasons given to sustain them and these, in our opinion, furnish no adequate ground for denying effect to the credit provisions of the statute in accordance with their manifest purpose.
"* * * *" "(e) For the purposes of this section, a domestic corporation which owns a majority of the voting stock of a foreign corporation from which it receives dividends (not deductible under section 234) in any taxable year shall be deemed to have paid the same proportion of any income, war-profits, or excess profits taxes paid by such foreign corporation to any foreign country or to any possession of the United States, upon or with respect to the accumulated profits of such foreign corporation from which such dividends were paid, which the amount of such dividends bears to the amount of such accumulated profits: Provided, That the credit allowed to any domestic corporation under this subdivision shall in no case exceed the same proportion of the taxes against which it is credited, which the amount of such dividends bears to the amount of the entire net income of the domestic corporation in which such dividends are included. The term 'accumulated profits,' when used in this subdivision in reference to a foreign corporation, means the amount of its gains, profits, or income in excess of the income, war-profits, and excess profits taxes imposed upon or with respect to such profits or income. . . ."