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Transport Governance in Auckland - Part 6
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191 Auckland Governance, Volume 4: Research Papers Part 6 Transport Governance in Auckland SITUATION ANALYSIS Prepared for the Royal Commission on Auckland Governance Barry Mein CityScope Consultants Auckland May 2008 The information in this report is presented in good faith using the best information available to us at the time of preparation. It is provided on the basis that CityScope Consultants Ltd and its associates are not liable to any person or organisation for any damage or loss which may occur in relation to that person or organisation taking or not taking action (as the case may be) in respect of any statement, information, or advice conveyed within this report.
192 Report of the Royal Commission, March 2009 Contents: Transport Governance EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 194 1. INTRODUCTION 202 1.1 Purpose and scope 202 1.2 Sources 203 1.3 Report layout 203 2. BACKGROUND 204 2.1 Pre-1989 reforms 204 2.2 1989–1992 reforms 204 2.3 Expansion of the transport funding base 205 2.4 Organisational interactions 206 2.5 Engagement with central government 207 2.6 The Auckland Regional Transport Authority 208 2.7 Airport and port company ownership 209 2.8 Further legislative and policy changes 209 3. CURRENT STATE DESCRIPTION 210 3.1 Statutory authorities active in Auckland 211 3.2 Other organisations and groups 215 3.3 Scale of local government operations 216 3.4 Transport rates 221 3.5 Regional plans and strategies 222 4.
TRANSPORT GOVERNANCE ISSUES 224 4.1 Fragmented decision making 225 4.2 Responding to future needs 226 4.3 Barriers to integration 228 4.4 The role of central government 228 4.5 Geographic context, skills, and capability 229 4.6 Mandate 230 4.7 Funding 231 5. CASE STUDIES 233 5.1 Introduction 233 5.2 Regional arterial roads 233 5.3 Northern Busway 236 5.4 Passenger rail upgrade 237 5.5 Travel demand management 240 5.6 Road pricing 241 5.7 Integration of transport and land use 242 6. INTERNATIONAL APPROACHES TO TRANSPORT GOVERNANCE 243 6.1 European Union 243 6.2 London 244 6.3 Canada 245 6.4 United States 247 6.5 Australia 247 6.6 Implications for Auckland 248
193 Auckland Governance, Volume 4: Research Papers 193 Part 6. Transport Governance in Auckland 7. GOVERNANCE PRINCIPLES AND EVALUATION CRITERIA 250 7.1 Transport governance principles 250 7.2 Evaluation criteria 253 8. CONCLUSIONS 253 Abbreviations 255 References 257 Appendix: Themes from previous work on transport governance in Auckland 259 Table 1 Roles of Statutory Bodies involved in Auckland Transport 212 Table 2 Transport Infrastructure Asset Management and Operational Responsibilities, by Mode 214 Table 3 Statistical Summary, Auckland Local Roads 217 Table 4 Regional plans and strategies 223 Table 5 Proposed governance principles and evaluation criteria 252 List of Figures and Tables Figure 1 Local road lane km per 1000 population 217 Figure 2 Local road maintenance expenditure per lane km, 2006/07 ($000) 218 Figure 3 Local roads: proposed capital expenditure 2007–2016 ($ million) 218 Figure 4 Regional public transport funding, 1999–2007 ($ million) 219 Figure 5 Projected transport rates by local authority, 2006/07 to 2015/16 220 Figure 6 Transport share of council rate income, 2006/07 to 2015/16 221
194 Report of the Royal Commission, March 2009 194 Part 6. Transport Governance in Auckland EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Purpose and scope This paper provides a review of the current governance arrangements for transport in the Auckland region, and identiﬁes issues relevant to consideration of future governance options from a transport perspective. Background Transport and local government reforms between 1989 and 1992 reduced the number of territorial authorities in the Auckland region to seven. Transport functions were generally divided along modal lines: territorial authorities had responsibility for local roads, Transit New Zealand (Transit) for State highways, and the Auckland Regional Council (ARC) for public transport and the regional land transport strategy (RLTS).
These arrangements remained until 2004, although there were a number of changes to transport asset ownership and funding arrangements during that period. Signiﬁcant concerns over transport funding and governance arrangements emerged, however, as the regional institutions found that they severely constrained the ability to implement the major policies of the RLTS. This problem was particularly acute for public transport, where the need for signiﬁcant improvements had been identiﬁed, but the main organisations responsible were not able to make progress on implementation. The Government took steps to remedy this concern in 2004, with the establishment of a new Auckland Regional Transport Authority (ARTA), together with a signiﬁcant increase in funding for transport.
ARTA took over the ARC’s public transport service planning and funding role, and responsibility for preparing an annual land transport programme, which consolidates all of the territorial authority local roading expenditure together with ARTA’s own public transport expenditure, with the requirement to give eﬀect to the RLTS. Further legislative and policy changes are likely to strengthen the role of regional decision making and prioritisation. Legislative provision for the merger of Transit and Land Transport New Zealand to form a new New Zealand Transport Agency is also imminent. Current state description A large number of organisations have a statutory responsibility for transport in the Auckland region.
The division of responsibilities for transport between the various organisations is mainly according to mode, but in some areas, especially public transport, responsibility for asset ownership and operations is divided between diﬀerent organisations and is not vertically integrated.
The two areas with the greatest potential for confusion are strategic planning and funding, where responsibilities are divided between diﬀerent statutory bodies. The Regional Land Transport Committee prepares the RLTS, but is not permitted to refer to individual activities or their prioritisation, and has no statutory authority to require other parties to comply with the RLTS. Funding responsibilities are also split for local roads and public transport.
195 Auckland Governance, Volume 4: Research Papers 195 Part 6. Transport Governance in Auckland It is in the area of public transport infrastructure that arrangements are most complicated.
Responsibilities for passenger rail are divided between ONTRACK (for right of way, track and signals) and ARTA (for stations, trains, and service planning). For bus and ferry infrastructure, responsibilities are split between ARTA and the territorial authorities. In addition to the statutory organisations with transport responsibilities in the region, there are a number of other Government agencies and regional or project-speciﬁc groups and forums that engage in transport matters from time to time. These include a number of ad hoc groups established to coordinate the actions of diﬀerent statutory bodies.
Local government has a substantial ﬁnancial investment in the Auckland transport system, and its maintenance and development consumes a signiﬁcant and growing proportion of local government resources. In 2007, the value of local roads in the region was assessed at $9.6 billion, and $166 million was spent on local road maintenance. Over $5.7 billion in capital expenditure is planned for local roads over the next decade. Transit also has a substantial investment in State highways in the region. Although only PGUIFOFUXPSL 4UBUFIJHIXBZNBJOUFOBODFUPUBMMFE   NJMMJPOJO  BMNPTU PGUIFSFHJPOBMUPUBM BOEDBQJUBMJOWFTUNFOUUPUBMMFE   NJMMJPO   Expenditure on public transport is also signiﬁcant, and growing.
ARTA plans to spend about $190 million on public transport planning and operations in 2008/09. It is also managing a substantial capital works programme, with around $2.4 billion planned for the next 10 years, mainly on rail.
Transport rates are projected to more than double over the next decade, from a total of $248 million in 2006/07, to $550 million by 2015/16. Transport’s share of total rates in the SFHJPOJTBMTPFYQFDUFEUPJODSFBTF GSPNUPGPSUFSSJUPSJBMBVUIPSJUJFT BOEGSPN UPGPSUIF"3$ Transport governance issues A number of transport issues facing the region are relevant to the consideration of future governance arrangements. These are summarised below, and discussed in more detail in the case studies in Section 5.
Fragmented decision making q Despite the advent of ARTA, there remains fragmented decision making and a lack of clear regional leadership on transport, as responsibilities for transport functions are split between a range of organisations, and no one organisation has overall control.
q The management of arterial roads in the region lacks consistency, and there are concerns that their contribution to overall network performance is constrained as a result. q The wide range of organisations that have a role in transport decision making is reﬂected in the membership of the Regional Land Transport Committee, which has 23 members plus three observers.
196 Report of the Royal Commission, March 2009 196 Part 6. Transport Governance in Auckland q Individuals and organisations that wish to participate in the decision-making process face a complex planning landscape, which adds to transaction costs and reduces the value of public input. Responding to future needs q International trends in transport planning have involved a shift away from the previous “predict and provide” model to a greater emphasis on the eﬃcient management of existing capacity. Future decisions will involve a greater emphasis on operational matters, network management, and pricing.
q Because of New Zealand’s reliance on international trade, the transport system needs to be able to respond to international trends in logistics and tourism. Current strategies are heavily focused on the movement of people rather than goods. Supply chain issues need to be given greater prominence if the economic transformation objectives are to be met.
q There is a need to look beyond Auckland’s regional boundaries when considering future transport needs, particularly how to plan for the growth challenges in the northern North Island (including Northland, Waikato, and Bay of Plenty). At present, many of the organisations with a role in transport decision making do so from a relatively narrow frame of reference, reﬂecting their limited jurisdiction and constituencies. q Decisions on major transport infrastructure typically involve large capital expenditure and long lead times, and rely on a consistent approach not only between organisations, but also over time.
q The strategic policy environment for transport is becoming more multifaceted, with a broader range of objectives, which may sometimes be in conﬂict, requiring trade-oﬀs to be made. Decision-making frameworks need to be able to respond to the increased emphasis on economic transformation and sustainability. Barriers to integration q There is an increasing need to develop integrated solutions and a network-wide approach to transport issues, which often involve actions across modes and across jurisdictions. In the past, these cross-organisational matters have often been addressed through ad hoc, situation-speciﬁc responses to decision making.
q Transport and land use decisions are becoming increasingly interdependent. However, the timing of transport investments and land use changes are often misaligned.
q Internalising decisions within a single large organisation does not necessarily guarantee eﬀective integration, as institutional silos can and do exist. q Governance frameworks should seek to maintain an appropriate level of policy contestability, to provide suﬃcient checks and balances, and to ensure that decisions reﬂect a robust consideration of all options.
197 Auckland Governance, Volume 4: Research Papers 197 Part 6. Transport Governance in Auckland The role of central government q The integrity of the nationally strategic networks is important to the Government’s economic transformation and sustainability agendas, and needs to be adequately reﬂected in regional governance structures.
It is also important to recognise and accommodate the Government’s role in transport funding. q Recent initiatives have highlighted the importance of an open dialogue between central and local government on transport and urban development issues, to ensure that the strategic direction adopted in the region is consistent with national policy objectives, and to enable funding to be more closely aligned. q Legislative and policy changes are placing greater emphasis on regional decision making, especially in the area of project prioritisation, and changes to Crown transport agencies should provide opportunities for a more streamlined interaction with central government, and the potential to develop a structure that more closely integrates the operations of State highways and arterial roads.
Geographic context, skills, and capability q The appropriate geographic context for transport functions diﬀers, as do the skills, capability and community interactions needed for these decisions (both for staﬀ and elected oﬃcials).
q There is general acceptance that major transport infrastructure such as strategic and arterial roads and public transport should be planned and coordinated at the regional level. q It is important not to overlook local community issues, however. They collectively make up a substantial proportion of the region’s transport budgets, staﬀ time, and public interaction, and are the potential source of some signiﬁcant outcome gains. q There is some evidence of transport decisions being based on a perceived “sharing” of resources between territorial authority districts, rather than a rational allocation according to need across the region as a whole.
q Concerns have been expressed over the ability for local government to retain specialist staﬀ in the transport sector. This is particularly important given the long- term planning horizons that exist for most transport projects. Small councils can be particularly vulnerable. q The established practice of including representation from all organisations on oﬃcer working groups does not always represent the best use of staﬀ resources, and can greatly increase transaction costs. Mandate q The lack of a clear organisational mandate to take all of the actions necessary to implement a particular transport policy has often been cited as a reason for lack of progress in transport in Auckland.
198 Report of the Royal Commission, March 2009 198 Part 6. Transport Governance in Auckland q Regional transport planning institutions are not necessarily responsible for the funding and implementation of their plans, and there has been a tendency to develop “wish lists”. q ARTA has provided a regional focus for coordination and prioritisation, but there are limits to its ability to fulﬁl its statutory role. ARTA’s inﬂuence over State highways and local roads (including regional arterials) remains indirect, and it lacks a clear mandate for rail network development, where it must negotiate agreements with ONTRACK.
q ARTA’s Auckland Transport Plan has provided a degree of coordination by bringing all land transport projects into one document, with priorities, but it is not currently driven from an assessment of the strategic requirements of the regional transport system. q Although ARTA intends a “top down” approach in the next Auckland Transport Plan it is not clear how this will ensure that the priorities established in the plan are actually implemented by Transit, ONTRACK, and the territorial authorities. q Structural changes are of value only if they are linked to eﬀective implementation tools (including asset ownership, funding, procurement, and enforcement) and a legislative mandate to use them.
Funding q Land transport decisions are inextricably linked to funding. Many of the transport governance problems that have been identiﬁed in Auckland have stemmed from a lack of alignment between desired actions and the ability or willingness to pay. q There needs to be clear accountability to road users and ratepayers. This has been a problem in the past, when expenditure decisions are removed from those who have the political accountability for raising the money. q There is a need to ensure that capital and operating expenditure decisions are eﬃcient and eﬀective use of public funds. Some recent transport decisions have been criticised because of their lack of consideration of aﬀordability issues, and a trading of scope for time.
q Local government’s reliance on rates creates a constraint on the ability to invest in growing the transport system. This is particularly the case for public transport, XIJDISFMJFTPO"3$SBUFT BOEJTSFTQPOTJCMFGPSPWFSPGUIF"3$SBUFUBLF q The “compartmentalised” funding arrangements for land transport provide opportunities for disagreement between funders, and can lead to distortions in the allocation of funds. Ideally, project selection should be independent of funding sources.
q A review of governance arrangements in Auckland may provide some opportunity to move to a “bulk funding” or “block funding” approach for transport in the region, rather than the current project-speciﬁc funding approach.
199 Auckland Governance, Volume 4: Research Papers 199 Part 6. Transport Governance in Auckland q ARTA’s role in the preparation of the regional land transport programme has been criticised by some territorial authorities as adding “process churn” without necessarily delivering any corresponding improvement in outcomes. International approaches A review of international approaches to transport governance in metropolitan regions has highlighted the following implications for Auckland. q Problems are similar elsewhere. Auckland’s transport governance issues are not unique, and it is apparent that similar challenges are being faced by metropolitan areas around the world.
q The increasing complexity of issues associated with urban mobility and sustainability has led to a much stronger focus on transport operations and demand management. q Integrated solutions to transport problems are required in the future, across modes, between disciplines, and between transport and land use planning and decision making. q Governance structures appear to be more successful where decision makers are obliged to represent the interests of the metropolitan area as a whole. For Auckland, this suggests that political accountability should be at the regional level rather than to a federation of local councils.
q The more successful overseas models have the mandate to both develop and implement strategic plans. For Auckland, this implies a stronger alignment between the RLTS and a broader range of regional responsibilities including public transport, major roads, and demand management. Governance principles and evaluation criteria The following set of principles and evaluation criteria are proposed for the evaluation of transport governance options. q Accountability: Does the option enable public authorities to be held to account for their actions by stakeholders, the public, ratepayers, and funders? q Representation: Does the option enable the eﬀective representation of diﬀerent stakeholder and community interests at national, regional, and local levels? q Coherence: Does the option provide public authorities with clear and simple roles and accountabilities, and enable policies and actions that are coherent and easily understood?
q Eﬃciency and eﬀectiveness: Does the option enable eﬀective and timely policies, delivering what is needed on the basis of clear objectives, with structures that minimise transaction costs, make best use of staﬀ resources, and ensure value for money?
200 Report of the Royal Commission, March 2009 200 Part 6. Transport Governance in Auckland q Mandate: Does the option provide public authorities with a clear mandate and the statutory authority to take the necessary actions to implement current and future transport plans? q Risk and funding alignment: Does the option provide for an alignment between decisions and the ﬁnancial risks that they impose? q Integration: Does the option enable integration between modes, and between transport and other activities, particularly land use? q Openness: Does the option enable public authorities to work in an open and transparent manner, and actively communicate about their activities and decisions?
q Responsiveness: Does the option enable eﬀective responses to emerging international trends, national policy objectives, and future transport challenges? q Continuity and consistency: Does the option provide for policy continuity and consistency, over time and between diﬀerent parts of the regional network? Conclusions Transport will remain a signiﬁcant issue in Auckland, and there will continue to be a high level of public interest and scrutiny of local government transport decisions. The governance arrangements for transport in Auckland remain fragmented, and there is no clear leadership.
This is out of step with the need for integrated and cross-regional approaches to solving problems.
There is a strong expectation amongst transport stakeholders that this fragmentation should be addressed as part of the current governance review process, allowing better consistent transport decisions, and reduced transaction costs. The current separation of asset management responsibilities and associated funding arrangements along modal lines constrains the ability of decision makers to take an integrated view, and can lead to suboptimal outcomes. This problem is particularly acute for public transport and rail.
Existing governance structures do not appear well equipped to address some of the major infrastructure projects in the region, and the types of decision required to manage demand and maximise the performance of existing assets.
The major elements of the transport system operate as a regional network, and decisions on the development and operation of the network should be made regionally. Future governance arrangements will need to successfully encompass State highways, local roads, public transport, walking, and cycling, together with funding and pricing arrangements.
It is essential that national objectives and ﬁnancial accountabilities are not compromised. A strengthened regional organisation may allow for a greater degree of regional self-
201 Auckland Governance, Volume 4: Research Papers 201 Part 6. Transport Governance in Auckland determination, but will need to include adequate checks and balances in place to protect the Government’s investment, and maintain political accountability to taxpayers. A key issue to be resolved is whether transport should be the responsibility of a single- purpose agency, or part of a larger organisation with a wide range of responsibilities.
Another related dimension to consider is the nature of decisions that need to be made by elected oﬃcials.
A separation of strategic and tactical decisions between a political body and an appointed board is common, but relies on an appropriate level of board accountability to the political body. This can be assisted by the involvement of an independent commissioner. Many of the governance issues that have been identiﬁed in Auckland have related to the lack of an adequate connection between decision-making and funding powers. Structural changes are of value only if they are linked to eﬀective implementation and funding tools. For Auckland, this should include consideration of the following: q the potential to consolidate transport rates into a single charge q the desirability of future governance arrangements to incorporate new revenue sources, including regional fuel taxes, tolling, and road pricing q the potential for central government funding arrangements to be delegated to the region in future, possibly through some form of “bulk funding” for transport.
202 Report of the Royal Commission, March 2009 202 Part 6. Transport Governance in Auckland 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Purpose and scope The Royal Commission on Auckland Governance (the Commission) has been established to receive representations on, inquire into, investigate, and report on the local government arrangements (including institutions, mechanisms, and processes) that are required in the Auckland region over the foreseeable future in order to maximise, in a cost eﬀective manner,— (a) the current and future well-being of the region and its communities; and (b) the region’s contribution to wider national objectives and outcomes.
The Commission has called for submissions, and has commissioned independent research into a number of aspects of governance. It has also identiﬁed transport as a signiﬁcant issue for regional governance, and has signalled the need to thoroughly examine options for future transport governance as part of its wider investigations. This paper forms part of that process. It provides a review of the current governance arrangements for transport in the Auckland region, and identiﬁes issues relevant to consideration of future governance options from a transport perspective. It is intended that the paper will form part of the background material to be used by the Commission, and will identify the key transport issues that need to be taken into account in the Commission’s assessment of future governance options for Auckland.
The transport situation analysis covers all modes of transport, with a focus on those parts of the transport system that are inﬂuenced, to a greater or lesser extent, by the actions of local government. This means that the primary focus of the report is on land transport (the statutory deﬁnition of which includes harbour ferries), where local government has a wide range of responsibilities, including planning, ownership, investment, funding, maintenance, and operations. The paper also addresses port and airport activities to the extent that these are inﬂuenced by, and have an inﬂuence on, local government decisions.
It also examines the interrelationships between transport and other areas of local government activity, with a particular focus on land use/transport integration. In addition to the issues raised in this paper, the Commission’s consideration of transport governance options needs to be informed by the public submission process, and the approach that the Commission decides to adopt for other local government functions. For this reason, the paper explores issues that should be addressed in future governance arrangements, but does not provide an evaluation of alternative options, and no attempt has been made to arrive at a transport governance “solution”.
203 Auckland Governance, Volume 4: Research Papers 203 Part 6. Transport Governance in Auckland 1.2 Sources The paper has drawn on a range of sources, including q a review of plans, strategy and policy documents, and the annual reports of relevant organisations (including an analysis of related statistical information) q a review of the literature on transport governance within metropolitan regions q relevant material provided to the Commission through its preliminary interactions with stakeholders and other organisations q interviews with a small number of key informants, selected to provide a range of perspectives from individuals who have background knowledge and experience, but are independent from the existing local government agencies in Auckland.
1.3 Report layout The paper includes the following sections: 1. Introduction: the purpose and scope of this paper 2. Background: a brief historical overview of transport planning and governance in Auckland, to the extent that this is relevant to the current context and possible future arrangements 3. Current state description: a description of the current governance arrangements for transport in Auckland, including the organisations involved, their roles and responsibilities, interactions, and expenditure levels 4. Transport governance issues: an outline of the recent, current, and likely future transport issues facing the region, with an emphasis on those that have or are likely to impact on governance arrangements for local government 5.
Case studies: a series of case studies that illustrate current transport responsibilities, governance arrangements, and issues 6. International approaches: an overview of some of the international approaches to transport governance in metropolitan regions 7. Options and evaluation criteria: outline of the governance principles and related evaluation criteria that should be taken into account, from a transport perspective, in assessing future governance options for Auckland 8. Conclusions: implications for future governance arrangements arising from this paper.
204 Report of the Royal Commission, March 2009 204 Part 6. Transport Governance in Auckland 2. BACKGROUND This section provides a brief historical overview of transport planning and governance in Auckland, to the extent that this is relevant to the current context and possible future arrangements. It mainly focuses on the changes that have occurred since the 1989 local government reforms, and an analysis of the reasons for those changes and an assessment of how well they addressed the region’s transport issues. 2.1 Pre-1989 reforms Prior to the 1989 local government reforms, there were 26 territorial authorities in the Auckland region, in addition to the Auckland Regional Authority.
The regional authority had a much larger role in transport than the current Auckland Regional Council (ARC), with responsibility for the Auckland International Airport (until 1988), and bus operations, public transport funding, strategic transport planning, and regional roads. The port operation was also undertaken by a regionally elected body, the Auckland Harbour Board. Territorial authorities had similar transport responsibilities to now, with management of local roads. Because there were more territorial authorities, some issues arose over the consistent treatment of arterial roads that traversed territorial authority boundaries.
As a result, some roads (notably Greenlane-Balmoral Road and Pakuranga Highway) were designated as regional roads, under the control of the Auckland Regional Authority. State highways were controlled by the National Roads Board.
2.2 1989–1992 reforms The 1989 local government reforms reduced the number of territorial authorities in the Auckland region to seven, and led to the formation of the ARC. These changes, in combination with other legislative changes in the late 1980s and early 1990s (including the Transit New Zealand Act 1989, the Transport Services Licensing Act 1989, the Resource Management Act 1991, and a further round of reforms to the governance and functions of the ARC in 1991), led to a shift in transport operational responsibilities away from regionally elected bodies (the ARC and the Auckland Harbour Board) to corporatised or privatised companies.
This included q the formation of Auckland International Airport Ltd as a publicly listed company JO  XJUIBOJOJUJBM   TIBSFIPMEJOHCZ"VDLMBOEMPDBMBVUIPSJUJFT (approximately half of which has since been sold) q the formation of Ports of Auckland Ltd in 1988, with shares held by the Auckland  BOE8BJLBUP  SFHJPOBMDPVODJMT
205 Auckland Governance, Volume 4: Research Papers 205 Part 6. Transport Governance in Auckland q the corporatisation of the ARC bus operation into the Yellow Bus Company, and its later privatisation through sale to Stagecoach New Zealand (since sold to NZ Bus) q the transfer of some regional roads from the Auckland Regional Authority into the control of the relevant territorial authorities. Further reforms to the ARC in 1992 led to the transfer of regional assets (notably, in USBOTQPSUUFSNT UIFSFHJPOnTTIBSFJO1PSUTPG"VDLMBOE-UEBOEPXOFSTIJQPGUIF Yellow Bus Company) to the newly formed Auckland Regional Services Trust.
The trust was a directly elected body, originally established with the intention that it would dispose of its assets in order to retire debt. Through a combination of prudent management, improved economic conditions, and signiﬁcantly improved earnings, it was able to retire its debt without the need to fully sell down the assets. While the Yellow Bus Company was QSJWBUJTFE BTOPUFEBCPWF UIFTIBSFPG1PSUTPG"VDLMBOE-UEXBTSFUBJOFE The reforms during the 1989–92 period focused the ARC into a regulatory, planning, and funding role, with an emphasis on land transport. In addition to its speciﬁc regulatory responsibilities under the Resource Management Act (including the preparation of a regional policy statement), the ARC was also responsible for preparing a regional land transport strategy from 1992, and for planning and procuring public transport services through a competitive process.
2.3 Expansion of the transport funding base With the Auckland Regional Services Trust having achieved its primary aim of retiring debt, attention then turned to whether or not to dispose of its remaining assets, and what to do with the proceeds. Mounting concerns over the lack of funding for key transport infrastructure in the region had been highlighted in the 1993 and 1995 regional land transport strategies, and in the “Keep Auckland Moving” campaign by Auckland’s local authorities in 1996. Funding for public transport was particularly constrained at this time, with a funding cap of $28.6 million from the National Land Transport Fund and a small amount of regional petrol tax revenue (approximately $7 million per annum) the only funds available other than rates.
As a result, there was very little opportunity for capital investment in public transport infrastructure, despite the strategic policy of the region being supportive of this.
The potential to manage the remaining regional assets in a manner that enabled funds to support capital investment in transport provided an opportunity to at least partially address this problem. As a result, Infrastructure Auckland was formed in 1998 as the custodian of the remaining Auckland Regional Services Trust assets, with a statutory responsibility to use the fund for the beneﬁt of the region by making grants for transport projects and stormwater infrastructure. In contrast to the regionally elected Auckland Regional Services Trust, Infrastructure Auckland was governed by a board appointed by an Electoral College of local authority
206 Report of the Royal Commission, March 2009 206 Part 6. Transport Governance in Auckland appointees, which also monitored its performance. Territorial authority voting entitlements on the Electoral College varied with the size of the council; the ARC had one of the 14 votes. This highlighted a shift in political accountability away from regionally elected bodies (the ARC and the Auckland Regional Services Trust) towards a “collective” governance model involving territorial authority representation. A similar approach was adopted for the governance of other regional infrastructure, notably Watercare Services Ltd.
The mid-1990s also saw changes to the roles and responsibilities of central government agencies, notably the formation of Transfund New Zealand in 1996, which took over the funding role, previously held by Transit. Transit’s role was therefore focused onto management of the State highway network. A dedicated National Roads Fund was also established at this time. These changes led to an increase in the quantity of land transport funding, both nationally, through increases in the size of the fund, and to Auckland, through an increased share of national funding, and through Infrastructure Auckland grants.
This provided the impetus for the development of some key public transport projects, including the extension of rail to a new Britomart station and the development of the Northern Busway.
2.4 Organisational interactions The processes for developing and implementing large transport projects remained highly fragmented, however, particularly in relation to public transport planning and development. At the strategic planning level, the ARC, with support from the territorial authorities, had identiﬁed the need for a major improvement in the region’s public transport system, with a particular emphasis on developing the passenger rail network and the Northern Busway to form a “rapid transit network”. Because of the divided responsibilities between the ARC, territorial authorities, Transit, and other government agencies, however, no single organisation could take responsibility for implementing this strategy, and progress was often dependent on ad hoc agreements between a range of organisations with diﬀering responsibilities.
For example, the implementation of the Northern Busway required the agreement of four organisations through a heads of agreement (see case study in section 5.3). The development of the region’s passenger rail network necessitated an even more complex set of ad hoc arrangements because of the statutory limitations on regional councils’ ability to own transport assets. Although the ARC was involved in negotiations to purchase access rights from Tranz Rail (with the support of territorial authorities and Infrastructure Auckland), no suitable organisation existed to hold those assets once acquired.
To overcome this problem, another ad hoc solution emerged, with the formation of Auckland Regional Transport Network Ltd (ARTNL), a council-controlled organisation
207 Auckland Governance, Volume 4: Research Papers 207 Part 6. Transport Governance in Auckland jointly owned by the territorial authorities, with a shareholders representative group to oversee the board (similar to Watercare Services Ltd). The involvement of the ARC, Infrastructure Auckland, territorial authorities (both individually and jointly through ARTNL), and later central government agencies in the planning phases for rail development meant that a large number of organisations had a role, but none had overall control of the situation. Perhaps inevitably, given the diﬀerent constituencies being represented and the level of political focus on the issues at hand, this fragmented arrangement led to a number of disagreements over the nature, scale, and timing of rail improvements.
The lack of progress on transport issues also raised concerns in the private sector, and led to the formation of some pressure groups that were speciﬁcally focused on transport issues in the region. Examples include the Auckland Transport Action Group, a voluntary group of private and public sector chief executives, which presented a report to the Prime Minister in 2001 calling for the Government and the Auckland region to strengthen arrangements to provide a single decision-making and priority-setting process for regional transport projects, supported by a set of process improvements to allow eﬀective progress on implementation of key transport projects in the region (Auckland Transport Action Group, 2001).
2.5 Engagement with central government One area where the Auckland councils were able to achieve some cohesion, however, was over the issue of transport funding, where the focus was on the inadequacy of funding available to achieve the strategic objectives that had been set in the Regional Land Transport Strategy (RLTS). The 2003 RLTS brought this issue to a head, with the clear articulation of a funding gap that, unless addressed, meant that progress on key projects could not be achieved. The joint involvement of the Regional Land Transport Committee and the Mayoral Forum and a stronger central government focus on Auckland led to the establishment of a Joint Oﬃcials Group in 2003 to examine the funding issues associated with Auckland’s transport system.
By this time, the Government had prepared a new New Zealand Transport Strategy, which broadened the focus of transport to address ﬁve key objectives: economic development, safety and security, access and mobility, public health, and environmental sustainability. These objectives were given statutory weight in the Land Transport Management Act 2003. By reviewing the RLTS against these objectives, the Joint Oﬃcials Group was able to identify the need for a funding injection to speed the transformation of Auckland’s transport system, especially public transport (Joint Oﬃcials Group, 2003). As a result, the Government announced a new funding package at the end of 2003, which contained a Crown allocation and a new regional petrol tax.
As part of that package, the Government also announced its intention to reform transport governance in the region through the formation of a new agency, the Auckland Regional Transport Authority (ARTA). Although the reasons for this decision are manifold (and the
208 Report of the Royal Commission, March 2009 208 Part 6. Transport Governance in Auckland matter was not speciﬁcally addressed in the Joint Oﬃcials Group report), the Government was clearly concerned to ensure that its new funding commitments were not subverted by a continued lack of cohesion in planning, funding, and asset ownership.
As a further part of the package, the Government also introduced legislation to require greater integration between land use planning and transport (as part of the Local Government (Auckland) Amendment Act 2004).
The Government also took on a more active role in rail infrastructure at this time, with the repurchase of the rail track network from Toll Holdings in September 2004. The New Zealand Railways Corporation, trading as ONTRACK, took responsibility on behalf of the Crown for the ownership and maintenance of the railway infrastructure from this date. 2.6 The Auckland Regional Transport Authority ARTA was formed in December 2004, pursuant to the provisions of the Local Government (Auckland) Amendment Act 2004. That legislation also led to the dissolution of Infrastructure Auckland and the transfer of its assets to Auckland Regional Holdings.
In a shift from the previous territorial authority-dominated structures, both new organisations were established as subsidiaries of the ARC, although the territorial authorities are represented on the ARTA appointments panel, which appoints the ARTA directors (territorial authorities have seven of the 15 representatives, and the ARC eight). ARTA took over the ARC’s public transport service planning and funding role, although the ARC still provides a large proportion of ARTA’s funding through rates and Auckland Regional Holdings dividends. ARTA has also taken over most of the public transport assets previously owned and managed by ARTNL.
This includes a number of ferry wharves (others are owned by territorial authorities) and rail stations. ARTA has responsibility for the “above track” rail assets in the Auckland region, including rail stations and passenger trains. The other rail infrastructure assets (right of way, tracks, signals, bridges, and tunnels) are owned and managed by ONTRACK. As part of a shift towards a greater degree of coordination in transport planning and funding, ARTA also has statutory responsibility for preparing the annual regional land transport programme, which consolidates all of the territorial authority local roading expenditure and ARTA’s own public transport expenditure into a single regional programme that forms the basis of the Auckland region’s funding “bid” to Land Transport New Zealand (LTNZ).
The land transport programme must give eﬀect to the RLTS. The inclusion of local roads in the land transport programme means that Auckland territorial authorities no longer have a direct funding relationship with LTNZ, unlike other territorial authorities in the country. This is a potential source of tension, especially if ARTA’s views on priorities diﬀer from territorial authorities, or where LTNZ funds are insuﬃcient to meet key priorities. ARTA’s statutory mandate enables it to take on the functions of a road controlling authority in future, by agreement with the relevant
209 Auckland Governance, Volume 4: Research Papers 209 Part 6. Transport Governance in Auckland territorial authority, but this step does not appear to be contemplated by any of the parties at this stage. With the transfer of public transport functions to ARTA, the ARC’s role is now mainly focused on preparation and approval of the RLTS, which sets the broad direction for transport policy and investment over the next 10 years. The RLTS is prepared by the ARC Regional Land Transport Committee, which has a broad membership including representatives of the ARC, territorial authorities, and appointees to represent the ﬁve transport objectives identiﬁed in the Land Transport Management Act, and other stakeholders.
The result is a very large committee (currently 23 members plus three observers), with a mix of elected and unelected members, which has caused some tensions in the past.
2.7 Airport and port company ownership Recent developments in the shareholding of both Ports of Auckland Ltd and Auckland International Airport Ltd have highlighted the role of local government in the ownership of strategic infrastructural assets. After the reversion of the previous Infrastructure "VDLMBOETIBSFIPMEJOHPGPG1PSUTPG"VDLMBOE-UEUP"VDLMBOE3FHJPOBM )PMEJOHT BO"3$TVCTJEJBSZ UIBUFOUJUZ XJUI"3$TVQQPSU IBTTJODFBDRVJSFEUIFSFNBJOJOH TIBSFIPMEJOHUPCFDPNFUIF   PXOFSPG1PSUTPG"VDLMBOE Recent takeover bids for Auckland International Airport Ltd have also led to a focus on strategic assets by the two territorial authority shareholders, Auckland City Council XIJDIIBTB   TIBSFIPMEJOH BOE.BOVLBV$JUZ$PVODJM  # PUIDPVODJMT nominated successful candidates to the board election in 2007, and both voted not to support a takeover bid by the Canada Pension Plan Investment Board in early 2008, which ultimately failed to receive Ministerial approval.
The status of both the airport and port as strategic assets is likely to inﬂuence future ownership options for local government. 2.8 Further legislative and policy changes Further legislative and policy changes are under way in the land transport sector, which are likely to strengthen the role of regional decision making and prioritisation, allow regions greater control over the operation of public transport services, and provide a stronger focus on the Government’s economic transformation and sustainability agendas. The Land Transport Management Amendment Bill, which introduces changes to the funding and prioritisation of land transport activities, proposes a further strengthening of the regional planning function for land transport, by bringing the prioritisation of all expenditure (including State highways) into an expanded land transport programme.
The bill proposes that ARTA retain responsibility for this function in Auckland. The Government intends to provide a stronger direction to transport planning and funding decisions through the preparation of a Government Policy Statement.
210 Report of the Royal Commission, March 2009 210 Part 6. Transport Governance in Auckland Another signiﬁcant change proposed in the Land Transport Management Amendment Bill is the merger of Transit and LTNZ to form the New Zealand Transport Agency. This change is planned to take place from 1 July 2008, subject to the passage of the bill. The bill provides for the new agency to take over Transit’s existing responsibilities for State highway management and operations, as well as LTNZ’s funding and safety management functions.
The Government intends to publish an update of the New Zealand Transport Strategy in mid-2008, and issued a discussion paper in December 2007 as part of this process.
The update is intended to q provide direction for the transport sector until 2040 in the context of the Government’s sustainability agenda and other Government strategies in the areas of energy and energy eﬃciency q translate that direction into high-level targets for the transport sector and intermediate targets for sub-sectors (air, sea, road, vehicle ﬂeet, rail, freight, public transport, walking, and cycling) to help achieve the high-level targets q provide clearer guidelines for decisions about funding allocations q contain an action plan, including accountabilities for actions, reﬂecting how the Government intends to reach the transport targets.
The discussion paper proposes some ambitious targets for the transport sector, including a halving of greenhouse gas emissions from transport, a signiﬁcant increase in travel by public transport, walking, and cycling, and an increase in the proportion of freight carried by rail and coastal shipping. These targets are likely to have a major inﬂuence on the future direction of transport policy and funding allocations. The Government has also introduced a Public Transport Management Bill, which is intended to enable regional councils to have a stronger degree of inﬂuence over the scheduled public transport services in their regions, including the ability to introduce controls over non-subsidised “commercial” services.
If passed, this will allow ARTA to exert a more direct inﬂuence over the way in which the whole public transport network operates. At present, ARTA has limited control over the operation of commercial services, which has constrained attempts to improve the level of system integration (including, for example, the introduction of integrated ticketing).
3. CURRENT STATE DESCRIPTION This section provides a description of the current governance arrangements for transport in Auckland, including the organisations involved, their roles and responsibilities, interactions between agencies and disciplines (statutory and non-statutory), expenditure levels, and governance structures.
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