Source: http://goalgoole.com/agency/
Timestamp: 2019-12-08 07:27:55
Document Index: 558106276

Matched Legal Cases: ['Art. 2179', 'Art. 2180', 'Art. 2181', 'Art. 2182', 'Art.2183', 'Art. 2184', 'Art. 2185', 'Art. 2186', 'Art. 2187', 'Art. 2188', 'Art. 2248', 'Art. 2189', 'Art. 2190', 'Art. 2191', 'Art. 2192', 'Art. 2193', 'Art. 2194', 'Art. 2195', 'Art. 2196', 'Art. 2197', 'Art. 2198', 'Art. 2199', 'Art. 2200', 'Art. 2201', 'Art. 2202', 'Art. 2203', 'Art. 2204', 'Art. 2205', 'Art. 2206', 'Art. 2207', 'Art. 2208', 'Art. 2209', 'Art. 2210', 'Art. 2211', 'Art. 2212', 'Art. 2213', 'Art. 2214', 'Art. 2215', 'Art. 2216', 'Art. 2217', 'Art. 2218', 'Art. 2219', 'Art. 2220', 'Art. 2221', 'Art. 2222', 'Art. 2223', 'Art. 2224', 'Art. 2225', 'Art. 2226', 'Art. 2227', 'Art. 2228', 'Art. 2229', 'Art. 2230', 'Art. 2231', 'Art. 2232', 'Art. 2233', 'Art. 2179', 'Art. 2234', 'Art. 2235', 'Art. 2236', 'Art. 2237', 'Art. 2238', 'Art. 2239', 'Art. 2240', 'Art. 2241', 'Art. 2242', 'Art. 2243', 'Art. 2244', 'Art. 2245', 'Art. 2246', 'Art. 2247', 'Art. 2248', 'Art. 2249', 'Art. 2250', 'Art. 2251', 'Art. 2252', 'Art. 2253', 'Art. 2254', 'Art. 2255', 'Art. 2256', 'Art. 2199', 'Art. 2257', 'Art. 2258', 'Art. 2027', 'Art. 2259', 'Art. 2027', 'Art. 2260', 'Art. 2213', 'Art. 2261', 'Art. 2262', 'Art. 2263', 'Art. 2208', 'Art. 2264', 'Art. 2265', 'Art. 2233']

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Art. 2179 – Source of authority.
Art. 2180 – Form of authority.
Art. 2181 – Scope of power of attorney.
(1) The scope of a power of attorney given by contract shall be fixed in accordance with the contract.
(2) Where the agent informs a third party of his power of attorney, the scope of his authority shall, as regards such third party, be fixed in accordance with the information given to him by the agent.
Art. 2182 – Extinction of power of attorney.
(2) The provisions of sub-art (1) shall apply where a body corporate ceases to exist.
Art.2183 – Revocation of authority.
Art. 2184 – Document to be returned.
(2) He may not retain such document until final settlement of his accounts or claims with the principal.
Art. 2185 – Loss of document.
Art. 2186 – Justification of authority.
Art. 2187 – Conflicting interests.
(1) A contract mad by an agent in a case where his interests conflict with those of the principal may be cancelled at the request of the principal where the third party who entered into the contract knew or should have known of the conflict.
(3) The contract shall be cancelled where the third party concerned fails to declare his intention to be bound by the contract within two months from having been informed of the principal’s intention to cancel the contract.
Art. 2188 – Contract with oneself.
(3) Nothing in this Article shall affect the special provisions applicable to commission agents (Art. 2248 and 2252).
Art. 2189 – Complete agency.
Art. 2190 – Abuse or Lapse of power.
(1) Contracts made by an agent in the name of another outside the scope of his power may be ratified or repudiated at his option by the person in whose name the agent acted.
(2) The provisions of sub-art (1) shall apply where the agent acted under an authority which had lapsed.
Art. 2191 – Option of principal.
Art. 2192 – Effect of ratification.
Art. 2193 – Effect of repudiation.
Art. 2194 – Liability.
Art. 2195 – Liability of principal
(c) he caused in any other manner, in particular by his statements, behaviour or failure to act, a third party to believe that the person with whom he was dealing was authorized to act on behalf of the principal.
Art. 2196 – Exclusion of liability.
(1) Except in cases of fraud, a third party who has dealings with the agent may not claim compensation from the agent on the ground that he acted outside the scope of his authority where such third party, prior to entering into the contract, took cognizance of the document evidencing the authority of the agent.
Art. 2197 – Agent acting on his own behalf.
Art. 2198 – Rights of principal.
Art. 2199 – Definition.
Art. 2200 – Form of agency.
Art. 2201 – Acceptance of agency.
(2) The appointment as an agent shall be deemed to be accepted, unless it be immediately refuse, where it refers to functions which the agent carries out in an official capacity or professionally, or where he holds himself out publicly for such functions.
Art. 2202 – Scope of agency.
Art. 2203 – General agency.
Art. 2204 – Acts of management.
Art. 2205 – Special agency.
Art. 2206 – Authority of special agent.
(2) An act performed by the agent outside the scope of his authority shall not bind the principal unless he ratifies it, or in accordance with the principles government unauthorized agency.
Art. 2207 – Obligation to ratify.
(2) The provisions of sub-art (1) shall apply where it is reasonable to admit that, in the circumstances, the principal would have extended the scope of the agent’s authority, had he been aware of the situation.
Section 2 . Duties of agent
Art. 2208 – Strict good faith.
Art. 2209 – Effect.
(1) The agent shall act in the exclusive interest of he principal and may not, without the latter’s knowledge, derive any benefit from any transaction into which he enters in pursuance of his authority.
Art. 2210 – Accounts.
(1) The agent shall account to the principal for all sums received by him and all profits accruing to him in the course of his employment, notwithstanding that the sums he received were not owed to the principal.
Art. 2211 – Diligence required of agent.
Art. 2212 – Non-liability of agent.
(2) The provisions of sub-art (1) shall not apply where he contracted with a person whose insolvency he knew or ought to have known at the time of the making of the contract.
Art. 2213 – Duty to account.
Art. 2214 – Approval of management.
(1) The principal shall be deemed to have approved the management of the agent where, after having received from him a statement thereupon, he remains silent for a longer period than warranted by the nature of the affair or usage.
Art. 2215 – Delegation of authority. – 1. Possibility.
(1) The agent shall carry out the agency in person unless he was authorized by the principal to appoint a substitute.
(2) Such authorization shall be implied where from usage it appears a matter of indifference whether the agent acts personally or by deputy.
Art. 2216 – 2. Liability of agent.
(1) The agent shall be liable for the acts of any person whom he appointed without authorization as his substitute as if they were his own.
(2) Where the agent has been authorized to appoint a substitute, he shall be liable only for the care with which he selected his substitute and gave him instructions.
Art. 2217 – 3. Relationship between the principal and the substituted agent.
(1) The relationship between the principal and the substituted agent shall be as though the substituted agent had received authority to act as agent directly from the principal, where the substituted agent had reasons to believe that the agent was authorized to appoint a substitute.
Art. 2218 – Plurality of agents.
Art. 2219 – Contractual remuneration.
Art. 2220 – Remuneration not fixed by contract.
(2) Failing agreement between the parties, the court shall fix the remuneration in conformity with recognized rates and usage.
Art. 2221 – Outlays and expenses.
Art. 2222 – Liabilities and damages.
Art. 2223 – Set-off.
(2) He may set-off these sums against those owed to him by the agent, in particular by reason of the latter’s default in the performance of the agency.
Art. 2224 – Agent’s lien.
Art. 2225 – Plurality of principals.
Art. 2226 – Revocation of agency.
(1) The principal may revoke the agency at his discretion and, where appropriate, compel the agent to restore to him the written instrument evidencing his authority.
Art. 2227 – Effect of revocation.
Art. 2228 – Plurality of principals.
(2) One of the principals may not without the others’ consent revoke the common agent unless such revocation is founded upon a just motive.
Art. 2229 – Renunciation of agent.
Art. 2230 – Death or incapacity of agent.
(3) They shall, until such time as the necessary steps can be taken by the principal, do whatever is required in the circumstances to safeguard the principal’s interests.
Art. 2231 – Plurality of agents.
(2) The other agents shall notify the principal upon becoming aware of the cause of termination of the agency and shall in the meantime do whatever is required in the circumstances to safeguard the principal’s interests.
Art. 2232 – Death or incapacity of principal.
(1) Unless otherwise agreed, a contract of agency shall terminate by the death of the principal or where he is declared absent, becomes incapable or is adjudicated bankrupt.
(2) The agent shall in such event continue his management where he had commenced it and there is not danger in delay until the heirs or the legal representative of the principal are in a position to take it over themselves.
Section 5. Effect of agency as regards third parties
Art. 2233 – Application of rules on representation.
The legal relations of principal, agent and third parties shall be subject to the provisions of Chapter 1 of this Title (Art. 2179-2198).
Chapter 3. Commission
Section 1. Commission to buy or to sell
Art. 2234 – Definition.
(1) The commission to buy or to sell is a contract of agency whereby the agent, called the commission agent, undertakes to buy or to sell in his own name but on behalf of another person, called the principal, goods, securities or other fungible things.
(2) The rules governing agency shall apply to this contract subject to such special provisions and exceptions as are laid down in this Section.
Art. 2235 – Measures of preservation.
(1) The commission agent shall take all necessary steps for the preservation of the goods sent to him on behalf of the principal and safeguard the latter’s rights against the carrier when the goods seem to have been damaged or their arrival has been delayed.
(2) He shall forthwith notify these incidents to the principal, as well as the fact that the goods have not arrived.
(3) Such duties shall be carried out by a person notwithstanding that he has not accepted the commission, where the commission falls within his professional activity.
Art. 2236 – Sale of goods.
Where there is a risk that the goods consigned for sale will quickly deteriorate, the commission agent may and, where it is in the interest of the principal, shall have them sold with the assistance of the competent authorities at the place of their location.
Art. 2237 – Anticipated payment.
The commission agent shall act at his own risk where, without the principal’s consent. He pays the seller before delivery has taken place.
Art. 2238 – Sale on credit.
(1) The commission agent may grant time for payment to the buyer where such is the custom of trade at the place of sale and the principal has not given him contrary instructions.
(2) The commission agent who grants time for payment shall inform the principal as to the person of the buyer and the period of time granted for payment.
(3) Failing such notification by the commission agent, the transaction shall be deemed to be made on a cash basis and the provisions of the following Article shall apply.
Art. 2239 – Unauthorised Credit.
(1) Where the commission agent grants time for payment contrary to the instructions of the principal or usage, the principal may demand immediate payment.
(2) In such a case, the commission agent may retain the benefits he received in granting time for payment.
Art. 2240 – Guarantee given by commission agent.
(1) The commission agent shall be liable to the principal for the payment or the performance of other obligations by the persons with whom he contracted where he acted as del credere agent.
(2) Unless otherwise agreed, a commission agent entrusted with the purchase or sale of securities shall be deemed to be a del credere agent.
(3) A commission agent entrusted with the purchase or sale of goods shall be deemed to be a del credere agent where such is the custom of trade in the palce where he resides or where he guaranteed the solvency of the persons with whom he contracted.
Art. 2241 – Del credere agent.
(1) The del credere commission agent is a guarantor jointly liable with the person with whom he contracted.
(2) He shall in all cases be liable to the principal for the performance of the contract he entered into unless non-performance was due to the principal’s default.
Art. 2242 – Insurance.
The commission agent shall not be bound to insure the goods unless the principal instructed him to do so.
Art. 2243 – Remuneration of commission agent.
(1) Where the remuneration of the commission agent has not been agreed upon between the parties, it shall be fixed in accordance with the custom of the place where the contract was entered into by the commission agent.
(2) Failing such custom, the court shall fix it on the basis of equity having regard to the work performed by the commission agent, the expenses he incurred and the risks he assumed.
(3) Where he acted as del credere agent, the commission agent shall be entitled to a special remuneration to be fixed under the terms of the contract or in accordance with usage or equity.
Art. 2244 – When remuneration is due.
(1) The commission agent shall be entitled to his remuneration for a specific transaction entrusted to him where the transaction is completed or where failure to complete it is due to a reason attributable to the principal.
(2) He shall not be entitled thereto where the transaction was not completed for other reasons, subject to any contrary usage in the place of his professional activity.
Art. 2245 – Forfeiture of right to remuneration.
(1) The right to remuneration shall be forfeited where the commission agent acts dishonestly towards the principal.
(2) It shall be forfeited in particular where he pretends that he purchased at a higher price or sold at a lower price than he actually did.
Art. 2246 – Outlays and advances.
(1) The commission agent shall be entitled to be reimbursed with interest all outlays and advances made by him in good faith to carry out the transactions entrusted to him by the principal.
(2) Unless otherwise agreed, such reimbursement shall be due to him notwithstanding that the transaction entrusted to him could not be effected.
Art. 2247 – Lien.
(1) The commission agent shall have a lien for the payment of the sums due to him by the principal.
(2) He may exercise this right on all goods in his possession which he was instructed to buy or to sell on behalf of the principal.
(3) He may exercise it on the monies he received from a buyer for the principal.
Art. 2248 – Dealings on own account.
(1) The commission agent entrusted with the sale or purchase of goods quoted on the Stock Exchange or having marker value may, in the absence of contrary instructions by the principal, effect the transaction as a third party on his own account and conclude the contract with himself.
(2) In such a case, he shall remain entitled to the remuneration agreed upon or resulting from usage.
(3) The price fixed for the transaction may not be less than the price intimated to him by the principal nor than the price quoted on the Stock Exchange or the market price.
Art. 2249 – Presumption.
Where the commission agent who is himself entitled to act as buyer or seller notifies the principal of the carrying out of a transaction without naming the person with whom he contracted, he shall be deemed to have assumed the obligations of buyer or seller on his own account.
Art. 2250 – Termination of commission.
The commission shall not terminate where the principal or the commission agent dies, becomes incapable or is declared absent where the heirs or representatives of the principal or commission agent continue his commercial activity.
Section 2. Forwarding agency
Art. 2251 – Forwarding agency.
(1) The forwarding agency is a contract of agency whereby the agent, called the commission agent, shipper or forwarding agent, undertakes to enter in his own name but on behalf of another person, called the principal, into a contract for the forwarding of goods.
(2) The rules governing the contract of commission to buy or to sell shall apply to this contract.
Art. 2252 – Insurance and dealings on own account.
(1) Unless otherwise agreed, the forwarding agent shall not be bound to insure the goods.
(2) He may himself undertake to effect their transport.
(3) In such a case, he shall have the same rights and duties as a carrier.
Chapter 4. Authority granted by the court
Art. 2253 – Principle.
The authority to do an act or acts of a certain kind on behalf of another may be given by the court to a person hereinafter called the curator.
Art. 2254 – Application for appointment.
(1) An application for the appointment of a curator may be made to the court by a relative or by the spouse of the person to be represented.
Art. 2255 – Decision of the court.
(1) The court shall not grant the application unless the person to be represented is not in a position to appoint an agent by reason of his being away, ill or for any other cause.
(2) The court shall authorize the curator it appoints to carry out such acts as are of an urgent nature.
(3) The court shall make such order as it thinks fit to safeguard the interests of the person represented and to ensure that the curator will execute any sentence that may be passed upon him in relation to his liabilities to the person represented.
Art. 2256 – Effect.
(1) The curator appointed by the court shall as soon as possible inform the person whom he represents of his appointment.
(2) The respective rights and obligations of the person represented and the curator appointed by the court shall be subject to the provisions of Chapter 2 of this Title (Art. 2199-2233).
Chapter 5. Unauthorized agency
Art. 2257 – Scope of application.
Unauthorized agency occurs where a person who has no authority to do so undertakes with full knowledge of the facts to manage another person’s affairs without having been appointed an agent.
Art. 2258 – Management against principal’s will.
(1) Where the management was undertaken against the principal’s will, the provisions relating to unlawful enrichment and, where appropriate, those relating to extra-contractual liability shall apply (Art. 2027-2178).
(2) The provisions of this Chapter shall not apply in such a case unless the principal ratifies the acting person’s management.
Art. 2259 – Management not undertaken in the principal’s interest.
(1) Where the management was undertaken by the acting person in his own interest and not in that of the principal, the provisions relating to unlawful enrichment and, where appropriate, those relating to extra-contractual liability shall apply (Art. 2027-2178).
(2) The provisions of this Chapter shall apply where the acting person managed the other party’s affair at the same time as his own by reason of the fact that both affairs were so closely connected together that one of them could not be managed separately.
Art. 2260 – Duties of acting person.
(1) The acting person shall as soon as possible inform the principal concerned in the affair that he has undertaken the management.
(2) He shall continue the management undertaken by him and bring it to completion as long as the principal concerned in the affair is not in a position to take it over himself.
(3) He shall be subjected to the same rules as an agent as regards the duty to render accounts (Art. 2213 and 2214).
Art. 2261 – Diligence and liability.
(1) The acting person shall manage the affair he has undertaken with the same care as a bonus paterfamilias.
(2) The court may, having regard to the circumstances that induced him to undertake the management, reduce the damages to which he may be liable owing to his default .
Art. 2262 – Disability of acting person.
Where the acting person was under a disability as to contracting, he shall only be liable to the extent of his enrichment or the benefits with which he parted in breach of good faith.
Art. 2263 – Good faith.
(1) The acting person shall act with the strictest good faith towards the principal.
(2) The provisions governing agency shall apply in this respect (Art. 2208-2212).
Art. 2264 – Duties of principal.
(1) Where the principal’s interest required that the management be undertaken, he shall ratify the acts done by the acting person in his name.
(2) He shall indemnify the acting person for all liabilities he personally undertook, reimburse him the expenses incurred in his interest and compensate him for any damage he suffered in connection with the management and not due to his default.
(3) Expenses made by the acting person shall produce interest as from the day they were made without it being necessary that the principal be placed in default.
Art. 2265 – Effect of ratification.
Where the principal is bound by law to ratify the transaction or he in fact ratifies it, the provisions governing agency shall apply (Art. 2233).