Source: https://es.b-ok.org/book/2282900/ab49ff
Timestamp: 2019-10-22 05:43:57
Document Index: 145486037

Matched Legal Cases: ['art305', 'Art 275', 'Art 157', 'Art 283', 'Art 106', 'Art 261', 'Art 291', 'Art 193', 'Art 249', 'Art 114', 'Art 1544', 'Art 302', 'Art 1303', 'Art 323', 'Art 801', 'Arts 257', 'Art 388', 'Art 229', 'Art 192', 'Art 1815', 'Art 1871', 'Art 907', 'Art 1781', 'Art 169', 'Art 1619', 'Art 518', 'Art 2279', '§ 935', 'Art 275', 'Art 157', 'Art 283', 'Art 261', 'Art 291', 'Art 302', 'Art 323', 'Art 388', 'Art 229', 'Art 2279', 'Art 2276', 'Art 934', 'Art 989', 'Art 194', 'Art 193', 'Art 250', 'Art 949', 'Art 107', 'Art 934', 'Art 1153', '§ 935', 'Art 2280', 'Art 2277', 'Art 2280', 'Art 934', 'Art 989', 'Art 194', 'Art 194', 'Art 251', 'Art 107', 'Art 2279', '§ 935', 'Arts 86', 'Art 3', 'Art 545', 'Art 241', 'Art 1035', 'Art 489', 'Art 1323', 'Art 470', '§ 1053', 'Art 567', 'Art 381', 'Art 424', 'Art 584', 'Art 481', 'Art 184', 'Art 1793', 'Art 130', 'Art 1849', 'Art 1049', 'Art 334', 'Art 588', '§ 433', 'Art 351', 'Art 1759', 'Art 418', 'Art 1445', '§ 208', 'Art 457', 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2', 'Art 1', 'Art 1', 'Art 1', 'Art 1', 'Art 1', 'Art 1', 'Art 3']

Global Sales and Contract Law | Ingeborg Schwenzer, Christopher Kee, Pascal Hachem | download
Principal Global Sales and Contract Law
ISBN 10: 0199572984
ISBN 13: 9780199572984
Descarga (epub, 4.16 MB)
aus492
conformity486
picc484
aut476
dcfr458
liability453
law jurisdictions425
consumer424
remedies407
contractual393
applicable384
supreme369
see para359
ucc351
limitation348
pecl344
see paras328
common law jurisdictions328
clauses319
sgp316
che art305
bgh301
tur289
njw285
supreme court272
hkg269
kwt257
ind255
wal252
1 Thorn, pp 31, 32.
118 ARM Art 275 CC; AZE Art 157 CC; BLR Art 283 CC; CHN Art 106 PRL; KAZ Art 261 CC; KGZ Art 291 CC; KHM Art 193 CC; KOR Art 249 CC; MNG Art 114 CC; PHL Art 1544 CC; RUS Art 302 CC; THA Art 1303 CCC; TJK Art 323; TWN Art 801 CC; VNM Arts 257, 258 CC; UKR Art 388 CC; UZB Art 229 CC.
119 JPN Art 192 CC.
120 See para 40.28.
121 CHL Art 1815 CC; COL Art 1871 CC; Art 907 Com C; ECU Art 1781 CC; Art 169 Com C; SLV Art 1619 CC; for ARG and CRI see Muñoz, pp 374ff; for URY see Art 518 Com C: B2B sales by non-owners are valid, but a buyer may lose the price paid if it knew that the goods belonged to others, unless otherwise agreed, but if the buyer was unaware of that fact, the seller shall reimburse the money paid by the buyer together with the monetary compensation for any damage and loss of profits caused.
122 Formerly Art 2279(1). The provision was renumbered in 2008.
123 See Art III.-3:101 DCFR.
124 See Thorn, p 207.
125 DEU § 935 CC; ARM Art 275 CC; AZE Art 157 CC; BLR Art 283 CC; KAZ Art 261 CC; KGZ Art 291 CC; RUS Art 302 CC; TJK Art 323; UKR Art 388 CC; UZB Art 229 CC.
126 Three years: BEL Art 2279(2) CC; FRA Art 2276(2) CC. Five years: CHE Art 934(1) CC; TUR Art 989(1) CC. Only two years: KHM Art 194 (1) CC; JPN Art 193 CC; KOR Art 250 CC; TWN Art 949 CC; CHN Art 107 PRC CL.
127 CHE Art 934(1), (1)(bis) CC.
128 ITA Art 1153(1) CC.
129 DEU § 935(2) CC.
130 See for BEL Art 2280 CC; FRA Art 2277 CC; LUX Art 2280 CC; CHE Art 934(2) CC; TUR Art 989(2) CC; KHM Art 194 (2) CC; JPN Art 194 CC; KOR Art 251 CC; for CHN see Art 107 PRC CL: compensation extends not only to the purchase price but also to the fees necessary for preservation or maintenance of the goods.
131 See BEL Art 2279(3) CC; CHE Vischer, para 173; DEU § 935(2) CC; ESP Arts 86, 85 Com C; NLD Art 3.86(3) lit b) CC. In Italy this naturally follows from the fact that the good-faith acquirer of stolen goods is protected anyway.
132 See ESP Art 545 Com C.
133 COMPARATIVE Thorn, pp 196ff.
1 For barter contracts see paras 8.16 et seq.
2 See eg OHADA Art 241 AUDCG (implicit); Art IV.A–1:202 DCFR; AFG Art 1035(1) CC; ARE Art 489 CC; ARG Art 1323 CC; ARM Art 470(1) CC; AUS (VIC) 6(1) SGA; AUT § 1053 CC; AZE Art 567 CC; BHR Art 381 CC; BLR Art 424 CC; BOL Art 584 CC; BRA Art 481 CC; CAN (BC) s 6(1) SGA; CHE Art 184 CO; CHL Art 1793 CC; CHN Art 130 PRC CL; CMR s 1 SGA; COL Art 1849 CC; CRI Art 1049 CC; CUB Art 334 CC; CZE Art 588 CC; DEU § 433 CC; DZA Art 351 CC; ECU Art 1759 CC; EGY Art 418 CC; ENG s 2(1) SGA; ESP Art 1445 CC; EST § 208(1) CO; GEO Art 457 CC; GHA s 1 SGA; GRC Art 513 CC; GTM Art 1790 CC; HKG s 3(1) SGO; HND Art 1605 CC; HUN Art 365 CC; IND s 4(1) SGA; IRL s 1(1) SGA; IRN Art 338 CC; ITA Art 1470 CC; JOR Art 465 CC; JPN Art 555 CCC; KHM Art 515 CC; KOR Art 563 CC; KWT Art 454 CC; LBN Art 372 CO; LBY Art 407 CC; LTU Art 6:305 CC; LVA Art 2002 CC; MAC Art 865 CC; MAR Art 478 CO; MEX Art 2248 CC; MNG Art 243 CC; MRT Art 489 CO; MWI s 1 SGA; MYS s 4(1) SGA; NGA s 1 SGA; NIC Art 2530 CC; NLD Art 7(1) CC; NZL s 3(1) SGA; PAN Art 1215 CC; PER Art 1529 CC; PHL Art 1495 CC; POL Art 535 CC; PRT Art 874 CC; PRY Art 737 CC; QAT Art 419 CC; RUS Art 454 CC; SCO s 2(1) SGA; SGP s 2(1) SGA; SLV Art 1597 CC; SYR Art 386 CC; THA Art 453 CCC; TUN Art 564 CO; TUR Art 207(1) CO; TWN Art 345 CC; TZA s 1 SGA; UGA s 1 SGA; UKR Art 656 CC; URY Art 1661 CC; VEN Art 1474 CC; VNM Art 428 CC; WAL s 2(1) SGA; YEM Art 451 CC; ZMB s 1 SGA; ZWE s 1 SGA.
3 DNK Arts 9, 28 SGA; FIN §§ 6, 45 SGA; ISL §§ 6, 45 SGA; NOR §§ 6, 45 SGA; SWE §§ 6, 45 SGA; cf also Arts 30, 53 CISG.
4 Such definitions can only be found in AUS (VIC) s 3 SGA; AUT § 285 CC; CAN (BC) s 1 SGA; CHE Art 713 CC does not actually define ‘things’, see Wittibschlager, para 280; DEU § 90 CC; ENG s 61 SGA; HKG s 2 SGO; IND s 2 SGA; IRL s 62 SGA; ITA Art 810 CC; MYS s 2 SGA; NZL s 2 SGA; SCO s 61 SGA; SGP s 61 SGA; TUR Art 762 CC; Serozan, Eşya, p 71; WAL s 61 SGA. But see also the list of definitions provided at the beginning of the DCFR and referred to by Art I.-1:108.
5 See for Art 2 CISG; CHE Art 187 CO; TUR Art 209 CO. See also the respective Sale of Goods Acts of ISL and NOR, where the CISG has been incorporated as a special section on international sales contracts. Both Sale of Goods Acts have not, however, adopted the exclusion of electricity in Art 2 CISG into the corresponding § 5 of their respective Sale of Goods Acts.
6 ARM Art 471 CC; BLR Art 424 CC (property) to the ownership; IRQ Art 504 CC (property); ISR s 4 Sales Law (moveable property); LVA Art 2002 CC (property).
7 The word chose is now commonly replaced in English by the word ‘thing’.
8 Black’s Law Dictionary, 9th edn (2009), chose.
9 See COMMON LAW (UK) Benjamin’s Sale of Goods, para 1-080.
10 USA § 2-105(1) UCC.
11 IND s 2 SGA.
12 MYS s 2 SGA.
13 PAK s 2 SGA.
14 SCO s 2(1) SGA. Although Scotland is a mixed system it can be grouped with common law jurisdictions for present purposes.
15 See eg ARG Art 2311 CC; ARM Art 470 CC; AZE Art 567 CC; EST § 208(3) CO; KGZ Art 415 CC; LTU Art 6.305 CC; MDA Art 753 CC; POL Art 555 CC; RUS Art 454 CC; TKM Art 501 CC; UKR Art 656 CC; UZB Art 386 CC. See for DEU §§ 433, 90 CC but see § 453 CC according to which the provisions on the sale of goods apply equally to the sale of rights and other things.
16 FRA Art 1129 CC: ‘Il faut que l’obligation ait pour objet une chose au moins déterminée quant à son espèce. La quotité de la chose peut être incertaine, pourvu qu’elle puisse être déterminée.’
17 See Malaurie/Aynès/Stoffel-Munck, pp 6–7. In this regard see also BEN Art 1129 CC; BFA Art 1129 CC; CAF Art 1129 CC; CIV Art 1129 CC; CMR Art 1129 CC; COG Art 1129 CC; GAB Art 1129 CC; GIN Art 1129 CC; MDG Art 1129 CC; MLI Art 1129 CC; NER Art 1129 CC; TCD Art 1129 CC; TGO Art 1129 CC.
18 See eg ARABIC/MIDDLE EAST Hafez, p 47 (majority of jurisdictions explicitly include incorporeals); IBERO-AMERICA Muñoz, p 53 (generally speaking all intangibles are things); ARE Art 97 CC; AUT Koziol et al/Apathy, § 1054, para 3 noting that §§ 373 et seq Comp C are however restricted to corporeal things; BOL Art 74 CC; CHE Art 184 CO; CRI Art 258 CC; HND Art 599 CC; JOR Art 54 CC; LBN Art 383 CO; MAR Art 57 CO; PAN Art 324 CC; PRT Art 202 CC; PRY Arts 1872, 1873 CC; SAF Havenga et al, pp 153–4; SLV Art 560 CC; TUR Art 207 CO; URY Art 460 CC; VEN Art 525 CC; YEM Arts 121, 124 CC.
19 See for this position under the CISG, Schlechtriem/Schwenzer/Schwenzer/Hachem, Art 1, para 16.
20 See for AUS (VIC) s 3 SGA (personal not real chattels); BEN Art 1129 CC; BFA Art 1129 CC; CAF Art 1129 CC; CAN (BC) s 1 SGA (personal not real chattels); CIV Art 1129 CC; CMR Art 1129 CC; COG Art 1129 CC; DNK § 1A(1) SGA; ENG s 61 SGA (personal not real chattels); FIN § 1(1) SGA; GAB Art 1129 CC; GIN Art 1129 CC; HKG s 2 SGO (personal not real chattels); IND s 2 SGA; IRL s 62 SGA (personal not real chattels); ISL Art 1(1) SGA; MDG Art 1129 CC; MLI Art 1129 CC; MYS s 2 SGA; NER Art 1129 CC; NOR § 1(1) SGA; NZL s 2 SGA (personal not real chattels); PAK s 2 SGA; SGP s 61 SGA (personal not real chattels); SWE § 1(1) SGA; TCD Art 1129 CC; TGO Art 1129 CC; WAL s 61 SGA (personal not real chattels).
21 See for CHE Arts 187, 216–22 CO; DEU, § 311b CC; GRC Arts 369, 513 CC; IRN Arts 12–18 CC (note the extensive list of what is an immoveable); ITA Art 1350 CC; TUR Arts 212, 245–59 CO.
22 See eg AUS (VIC) s 3 SGA; CAN (BC) s 1 SGA; CHE Art 187(2) CO; DEU MünchKommBGB/Kanzleiter/Krüger, § 311b, para 15 (can be subject to a sales contract); ENG s 61 SGA; HKG, s 2 SGO; IND s 2 SGA; IRL s 62 SGA; MYS s 2 SGA; NZL s 2 SGA; SCO s 61 SGA; SGP s 61 SGA; TUR Art 209(2) CO; USA § 2-105(1) UCC; WAL 61 s SGA.
23 Schlechtriem/Schwenzer/Schwenzer/Hachem, Art 1, para 17; Staudinger/Magnus, Art 1 CISG, para 53; Witz/Salger/Lorenz/Lorenz, Art 1, para 5.
24 See AFG Arts 473–5 CC; ARE Arts 97, 98 CC; ARG Art 2336 CC; ARM Art 305 CC; AUT § 87 CC; AZE Art 338 CC; BHR Art 19 CC; BLR Art 169 CC; CRO Art 298 CO; DEU §§ 134, 138 CC; DZA Art 682 CC; EGY Art 81 CC; GTM Art 444 CC; JOR Art 55 CC; KAZ Art 158 CC; KGZ Art 185 CC; KWT Art 23 CC; LBY Art 81 CC; LTU Art 1.80 CC; MAR Art 57 CO; MDA Art 223 CC; MEX Arts 748, 749 CC; MRT Art 77 CO; PRY Arts 202(2), 1896 CC; QAT Art 56 CC; RUS Art 168 CC; SYR Art 83 CC; TJK Art 193 CC; TUN Art 62 CO; UZB Art 115 CC; YEM Arts 112, 113 CC.
25 See eg IND Mulla, Sales, p 41.
26 See COMMON LAW (UK) Benjamin’s Sale of Goods, para 1-089 citing considerable case law and academic discussion from a variety of common law jurisdictions. See for AUT Koziol et al/Hopf/Eccher, § 285, para 2; DEU MünchKommBGB/Westermann, § 433, para 11.
27 COMMON LAW (UK) Benjamin’s Sale of Goods, para 1-089 (noting that the law does not recognize right of property in a dead body and citing references); AUS (VIC) ss 38, 39 Human Tissue Act (1982); AUT § 62a(4) Federal Law on Hospitals and Convalescent Homes (1957) (no intention of profit); CHE see Art 6 of the Federal Law on Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells (no profit); DEU § 17 Law on the Donation, Extraction and Transfer of Organs and Tissues (1997) (trade prohibited); TUR Arts 3, 4 of the Organ and Tissue Transplantation Law; UK s 32 Human Tissue Act (2004), but see s 32(9)(c) stating that it does not apply to ‘material which is the subject of property because of the application of human skill’.
28 Zahraa/Mahmour, 16 ALQ (2001), 232–3.
29 Objects referred to here are animals or edible things, see Hafez, p 46.
30 SHARI’A Al Majalla al Ahkam al Addliyah, Art 267. See Verse 115 of Surah Al Nahl in the Holy Quran. Also see Ashoush, pp 72–3.
31 AUS (VIC) s 3 SGA; CAN (BC) s 1 SGA; ENG s 61 SGA; HKG s 2 SGO; IND Art 2 SGA; IRL s 62 SGA; MYS s 2 SGA; NZL s 2 SGA; SCO s 61 SGA; SGP s 61 SGA; WAL s 61 SGA.
32 CISG Art 2(d).
33 CISG Schlechtriem/Schwenzer/Schwenzer/Hachem, Art 2, para 26; COMMON LAW (UK) Benajmin’s Sale of Goods, para 1-084; AUS Daewoo v Suncorp-Metway [2000] 48 NSWLR 692.
34 See COMMON LAW (UK) Benajmin’s Sale of Goods, para 1-084; IND Mulla, Sales, p 45.
35 See eg COMMON LAW (UK) Benjamin’s Sale of Goods, para 1-084; BLR Arts 130(2), 424(2) CC; CHE see Vischer, para 171; DEU Bamberger/Roth/Faust, § 433, para 26; RUS Arts 130(2), 424(2) CC; USA § 2-105, Comment 1 UCC. But see NZL Money World New Zealand 2000 Ltd v KVB Kunlun New Zealand Ltd [2006] 1 NZLR 381 (HC) (Fiji commemorative $2 note not goods).
36 See for AUT § 285a CC; BLR Art 137 CC; CHE Art 641a CC; DEU § 90a CC; EGY Art 5(K) Com C; RUS Art 137 CC.
37 USA § 2-105(1) UCC.
38 COMMON LAW (UK) Benjamin’s Sale of Goods, para 1-088; IND Mulla, Sales, p 41.
39 This expression is used when referring to animals which are put to work typically for farming purposes such as pulling a plough etc.
40 THA Art 456(1) of CCC. See similarly IRN Art 17 CC.
41 IBERO-AMERICA Muñoz p 62; CHE Art 202 CO; ESP Art 1494 CC; GTM Art 1568 CC; HND Art 1653 CC; PAN Art 1265 CC; TUR Art 224 CO. PER Art 1521 CC establishes that the remedies for hidden defects in cattle will be governed by the special laws or by the usages and in the absence of such by the rules of the Civil Code. In PRY Art 2070 CC establishes that the passing of property of cattle will be credited in the form established by the special legislation (PRY’s Rural Code). URY Art 1727 CC refers to the Rural Code Law no 10.024 in order to ascertain the limitation of period actions for the sale of cattle.
42 See for a different approach Art IV.A.-1:201 DCFR.
43 ENG s 61 SGA; SCO s 61 SGA; SGP s 61 SGA; WAL s 61 SGA.
44 USA § 2-105(4) UCC.
45 See Art IV. A.-1:201 DCFR; SHARI’A Al Majilla, Arts 266, 268; ARE Arts 202(1), 203 CC; Al Shamsy, pp 130–43; AUS (VIC) s 10(3) SGA; BLR Art 425 CC; BOL Kaune Arteaga, vol II, p 33; CAN (BC) s 9(3) SGA; CHE BaslerKommOR/Koller, Art 184, para 14; CHL Art 1461 CC; CHN Chen/Zhou, 2 L Rev (2000), 130; COL Art 1518 CC; DEU Bamberger/Roth/Faust, § 433, para 27; DZA Art 92 CC; ECU Art 1504 CC; EGY Art 131 CC; ENG s 5(3) SGA; ESP Medina de Lemus, II, vol 2, p 39; EST § 208(1) CO; FRA Art 1130 CC; GHA s 5 SGA; HKG s 7(3) SGO; IND s 6(3) SGA; IRL s 5(3) SGA; IRQ Arts 129, 514(2) CC, Al Fadly, pp 57–60; KEN s 7 SGA; KWT Art 168 CC, Omran, pp 59–60; LBY Art 131 CC; LVA Art 2009 CC; MAC Art 392 CC; MEX Art 1825 CC, Perez Fernandez del Castillo, p 92; MNG Art 269 CC; MWI s 5 SGA; MYS s 6(3) SGA; NGA s 5 SGA; NZL s 7(3) SGA; PAN Art 1122 CC; PER Art 1532 CC; PHL Art 1462 CC; QAT Art 149 CC; SCO s 5(3) SGA; SLV Art 1332 CC; SGP s 5(3) SGA; SLV Miranda, De la Compraventa, pp 122–4; SYR Art 132 CC; TUN Arts 66, 574 CO, Al Ahmadi, pp 125–8; TUR Serozan, p 102; TZA s 5 SGA; UGA s 6 SGA; USA § 2-105(2) UCC; VEN Arts 1155, 1156 CC, Aguilar Gorrondona, 202; WAL s 5(3) SGA; YEM Art 192 CC; ZMB s 5 SGA; ZWE s 5 SGA.
46 AUT § 1276 CC; CHE see BaslerKommOR/Koller, Art 184, para 14; CZE Art 595 CC; SVK Art 595 CC.
47 See also for DEU MünchKommBGB/Westermann, § 433, para 15.
48 Referring to emblements and growing crops, but not unborn young, see AUS (VIC) s 3 SGA; CAN (BC) s 1 SGA; ENG s 61 SGA; HKG s 2 SGO; IND s 2 SGA; IRL s 62 SGA; MYS s 2 SGA; NZL s 2 SGA; SCO s 61 SGA; SGP s 61 SGA; WAL s 61 SGA.
49 USA §§ 2-105(1), 2-107 UCC.
50 See UK Benjamin’s Sale of Goods, para 1-094 discussing former difficulties and relevance to current definition of goods.
51 AUS (VIC) s 3 SGA (not expressly including minerals); CAN (BC) s 1 SGA (not expressly including minerals); CHE BaslerKommOR/Koller, Art 187, para 4; DEU BGH, 20 October 1999, NJW (2000), 504, 505; MünchKommBGB/Westermann, § 433, para 15; ENG s 61 SGA (not expressly including minerals); HKG s 2 SGO (not expressly including minerals); IND s 2 SGA (not expressly including minerals); IRL s 62 SGA (not expressly including minerals); MYS s 2 SGA (not expressly including minerals); NZL s 2 SGA (not expressly including minerals); SCO s 61 SGA (not expressly including minerals); SGP s 61 SGA (not expressly including minerals); WAL s 61 SGA (not expressly including minerals); USA § 2-107 UCC.
52 See Benjamin’s Sale of Goods, para 1-097 explaining among other things that property in gold and silver is vested in the Crown by royal prerogative.
53 See COMMON LAW (UK) ibid, para 1-098 discussing various commentary.
54 ENG Morgan v Russell & Sons [1909] 1 KB 357 (EWHC); AUS Mills v Stokman (1967) 116 CLR 61(HC). See also CAN McGuiness, § 1.27; IND Mulla, Sales, p 40; NZL Hawes, para 10.5 citing Egmont Box Co Ltd v Regsitrar-General of Lands [1920] NZLR 741 (SC).
55 In some jurisdictions it may however be necessary to distinguish between standing and running water, see ARABIC/MIDDLE EAST Zahraa/Mahmour, 16 ALQ (2001), 215.
56 See eg EAST ASIA SJ Yang, pp 34ff; BLR Arts 129, 510 et seq CC; BOL Art 75 CC; CHE see Art 713 CC BaslerKommOR/Koller, Art 184, para 10; CUB Art 46(1) CC; DEU BGH, 4 October 1972, NJW (1972), 2300 (water), MünchKommBGB/Westermann, § 433, para 13, see also § 453 CC, Bamberger/Roth/Faust, § 453, para 23 (electricity); EST § 208(3) CO; HUN Art 94(2) CC; LTU Arts 6:383–91 CC; POL Art 555 CC; RUS Arts 539 et seq CC; TUR Serozan, p 102.
57 See COMMON LAW (UK) Benajmin’s Sale of Goods, para 1-085 referring to case law from a number of common law jurisdictions. See also AUS A S X Operations Pty Limited & Anor v Pont Data Australia Pty Limited, 97 ALR 513 (FCA) electrical impulses were not goods although electricity within statutory definition of goods in s 4 Competition and Consumer Act (1974) formally the Trade Practices Act; The Laws of Australia/Sutton, para 8.4.8; IND Mulla, Sales, p 48; NZL Hawes, para 10.5; USA Gainesville v Florida Power & Light Co, US Dist Ct (SD Fl), 18 April 1980, 488 F Supp 1258 finding electricity a tangible commodity although an anti-trust case.
58 COMMON LAW (UK) Benajmin’s Sale of Goods, para 1-087; AUS The Laws of Australia/Sutton para 8.4.8; IND Mulla, Sales, p 37 but see p 48 as well.
59 See Schlechtriem/Schwenzer/Schwenzer/Hachem, Art 2, para 37; Staudinger/Magnus, Art 2 CISG, para 50.
60 AUT § 3(1) Law on Rights regarding registered Ships and Ships Under Construction (1940) (with regard to inland water vessels); CAN Canada Shipping Act (2001); CHE see BaslerKommZGB/Schwander, Art 713, para 7; COL Art 97 Com C; CZE Hondius et al, p 132; DEU § 3(1) Law on Rights regarding registered Ships and Ships Under Construction (1940) (with regard to inland water vessels); ENG Merchant Shipping Act (1995); EST Hondius/Heutger, p 132; GTM Art 1125 CC; HKG s 3 (1) Merchant Shipping Ordinance; IND s 22 Merchant Shipping Act; KEN The Merchant Shipping Act (2009); LVA Hondius/Heutger, p 132; MYS s 13 Merchant Shipping Ordinance; SCO Merchant Shipping Act (1995); SGP s 7 Merchant Shipping Act: registration requirement does not apply for fishing vessels; SVK Hondius et al, p 132; TUR Art 954 Com C; VEN Art 614 Com C; WAL Merchant Shipping Act (1995).
61 BLR Art 130 CC; DEU § 452 CC; KAZ Art 117 CC; KGZ Art 24 CC; LTU Art 1:98 CC; RUS Art 130 CC; TJK Art 142 CC; UKR Art 181 CC; SJ Yang, p 33.
62 See ARABIC/MIDDLE EAST Hafez, p 49; COMMON LAW (UK) Benjamin’s Sale of Goods, para 1-082 noting potential applicability of the Sale of Goods Act; ARE Art 5(6)(a) and (b) Commercial Transactions Law; AUS The Laws of Australia/Sutton, para 8.4.8; BHR Art 4(2) Com C; CHE see BaslerKommZGB/Schwander, Art 713, para 7; DZA Art 2 and 3 Com C; EGY Art 6(b) and (c) Com C; IND Mulla, Sales, p 45 (in some respects); IRQ Arts 5(10), 6(1), 7(1) Com C; JOR Art 7(a) Com C; KWT Arts 8, 9 Com C; LBN Art 7(1) and (2) Com C; MAR Art 7(1) Com C; QAT Art 6(1) Com C; SAU 2(f) Commercial Courts Law; SYR Art 7(a) Com C; TUN Art 1 Com C; TUR Art 936 Com C, YEM Arts 11(1), 12(1) Com C.
63 BOL Art 1396 CC; Art 898 Com C; see CHN Art 24 PRL; MEX Art 756 CC.
64 But see Art IV.A.-1:201(b) DCFR explicitly including ships, vessels, hovercraft, airfcraft, and space objects.
65 See Schlechtriem/Schwenzer/Schwenzer/Hachem, Art 2, para 33; Enderlein/Maskow/Strohbach, Art 2, para 7.2; Brunner, Art 2 CISG, para 14; Schlechtriem, Uniform Sales Law, p 29. But see Honnold/Flechtner, para 54.
66 cf Schlechtriem, Uniform Sales Law, p 29.
67 cf Staudinger/Magnus, Art 2, para 46; Enderlein/Maskow/Strohbach, Art 2, para 7.2; Brunner, Art 2, para 14.
68 cf Schlechtriem/Schwenzer/Schwenzer/Hachem, Art 2, para 33; Witz/Salger/Lorenz/Lorenz, Art 2, para 8.
69 Schlechtriem/Schwenzer/Schwenzer/Hachem, Art 2, para 33; Staudinger/Magnus, Art 2 CISG, para 46; Enderlein/Maskow/Strohbach, Art 2, para 7.2.
70 DEU MünchKommBGB/Westermann, § 433, para 24; Schlechtriem/Schwenzer/Schwenzer/Hachem, Art 1, para 20.
71 COMMON LAW (UK) Benjamin’s Sale of Goods, para 19-008; DEU §§ 448, 475g, 647 Com C; Bamberger/Roth/Kindl, § 929, para 1.
72 This approach is taken by AUT § 285 CC; Koziol et al/Hopf/Eccher, § 285, para 1; SWE Sivesand, p 18. Similarly FIN where s 1(1) SGA speaks of ‘the sale of property other than real property (goods)’. See also HUN Art 94(2) CC according to which natural resources that can be utilized in the same way as things can be owned and consequently can be sold.
73 This approach is taken by ITA (Art 814 CC) in regard to electricity. The same holds true for CHE (Art 713 CC), and TUR (Art 762 CC) which both refer to forces of nature which can be controlled. This includes electricity.
74 This approach is taken by the CISG in Art 2(c–f).
75 This approach is taken by ISR s 4(a) Sales Law; ISL Art 1(1) SGA; NOR Art 1(1) SGA.
76 This approach is taken by DEU § 453(1) CC which provides for the application of the sale of goods provisions to the sale of rights and other items. The formula ‘other items’ is understood to comprise such intangibles as electricity, know-how or even a chance, see Bamberger/Roth/Faust, § 453, para 23.
77 See for this position under the CISG, Schlechtriem/Schwenzer/Schwenzer/Hachem, Art 1, para 16.
78 Green/Saidov, 2 J Bus L (2007), 161.
79 ENG St Albans City and District Council v International Computers Ltd [1996] 4 All ER 481 (QB); Benjamin’s Sale of Goods, para 1-086; AUS Gammasonics Institute for Medical Research Pty Ltd v Comrad Medical Sysytems Pty Ltd [2010] NSWSC 267; HKG The Hong Kong Law Reform Commission Report, Contracts For The Supply Of Goods, para 2.92.
80 See for a different view the case of IND Tata Consultancy Services v State Of Andhra Pradesh [2004] 4 LRI 903 (SC, Civil Appellate Jurisdiction) noting at para 23 ‘Thus a transaction sale of computer software is clearly a sale of “goods” within the meaning of the term as defined in the [Sales Tax Act (1957)]. The term “all materials, articles and commodities” includes both tangible and intangible/incorporeal property which is capable of abstraction, consumption and use and which can be transmitted, transferred, delivered, stored, possessed etc. The software programmes have all these attributes.’
81 USA § 2-103(k), Comment 7 UCC (2003).
82 See eg Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act (UCITA) which has only been adopted in two states: (VA) Code Ann. §§ 59.1–501.1; (MD) Code, Commercial Law, §§ 22–101.
83 See para 7.23.
84 See the discussion under domestic German law with regard to software not delivered on discs but by way of electronic communication. Here, the prevailing opinion in German doctrine applies the sale of ‘other items’ under § 453(1), Staudinger/Beckmann, § 453, para 53; MünchKommBGB/Holch, § 90, para 27. However, the recent decision BGH, 15 November 2006, NJW (2007), 2394, 2394ff appears to argue that the software is nevertheless stored on some corporeal medium and is therefore to be treated as a ‘good’; in that direction also MünchKommBGB/Holch, § 90, para 28. With regard to the CISG the correct prevailing opinion holds that these cases still remain within the sphere of application of the Convention, see RB Arnhem, 28 June 2006, CISG-online 1256; Schlechtriem/Schwenzer/Schwenzer/Hachem, Art 1, para 21; Bamberger/Roth/Saenger, Art 1 CISG, para 7; Brunner, Art 2, para 4.
85 See eg AUT OGH, 14 October 1997, 5Ob504/96, Koziol et al/Apathy, § 1054, para 3; CHE BGer, 27 August 1998, BGE 124 III 456, 458ff; DEU Staudinger/Beckmann, § 453, para 53.
86 FRA Civ 1, 25 November 1997, Bull civ IV, no 308, JCP (1998), 853 note Gross. See Hondius et al, p 139 citing references to differing opinions.
87 See for copyright: FRA Arts L 131-1 et seq; see for patents: Arts L 613-8 et seq.
88 See eg DEU BGH, 9 October 2001, CR 2002, 93 et seq; see also MünchKommBGB/Busche, § 631, para 254.
89 AUT OGH, 3 August 2005, 9 Ob 81/04h; CHE BaslerKommOR/Zindel/Pulver, Art 363, para 11, but see BGer, 27 August 1998, BGE 124 III 456, 458ff; CHN Ma, 2 J Leg Sci (2006), 156; DEU Staudinger/Beckmann, § 453, para 53, MünchKommBGB/Busche, § 631, para 254.
90 For further discussion see paras 8.30 et seq.
91 Schlechtriem/Schwenzer/Schwenzer/Hachem, Art 1 CISG, para 18; Schlechtriem, Internationales UN-Kaufrecht, para 32; but see Staudinger/Magnus, Art 1 CISG, para 44.
92 Schlechtriem/Schwenzer/Schwenzer/Hachem, Art 1, para 18.
94 DEU Schlechtriem, SR BT, para 28. For the CISG, Schlechtriem/Schwenzer/Schwenzer/Hachem, Art 1, para 18.
95 See for DEU MünchKommBGB/Westermann, Vorbem zu, §§ 433–53, para 23; Staudinger/Beckmann, § 453, para 53; with numerous further references BGH, 15 November 2006, NJW (2007), 2394, 2395 applying rules on tenancy.
96 See for DEU in detail with convincing arguments Marly, paras 166, 167.
97 See for DEU MünchKommBGB/Holch, § 90, para 28; Staudinger/Jickeli/Stieper, § 90, para 15; Marly, para 165; Schlechtriem, SR BT, para 28.
98 COMMON LAW (UK) Benjamin’s Sale of Goods, para 1-080.
99 AUS (VIC) s 3 SGA; CAN (BC) s 1 SGA; ENG s 61 SGA; GHA s 81(1) SGA; HKG s 2 SGO; IRL s 62 SGA; KEN s 2(1) SGA; NGA s 62(1); MWI s 62(1) SGA; NZL s 2 SGA; SCO s 61 SGA; SGP s 61 SGA; TZA s 62(1) SGA; UGA s 1(1) SGA; WAL s 61 SGA; ZMB s 62(1) SGA; ZWE s 62(1) SGA.
100 IND s 2 SGA.
101 PAK s 2 SGA.
102 MYS s 2 SGA.
103 ARG Art 451 Com C; BOL Art 6(3–5) Com C; CHL Art 3(2), (12) Com C; CHN Art 174 PRC CL applying sales law provisions to other types of contracts involving payment; COL Art 20 (4) Com C; CRI Art 1 in conjunction with Arts 120–39, 148–51 Com C; DEU § 453 CC; ECU Art 3 Com C; GTM Art 4(2) Com C; HND Art 4 (1), (2) Com C; JPN Art 555 CC; KHM Art 527 CC; KOR Art 563 CC; LTU Art 6.305 CC; MEX Art 75(3) Com C; PRT Art 2 Com C; RUS Art 454 CC; SLV Art 5 (1), (3) Com C; URY Arts 7(1), 515 Com C; VEN Art 2(3) Com C; VNM Art 429 CC.
104 CHE see BaslerKommOR/Koller, Art 184, paras 11 et seq; TUR Serozan, p 104.
105 AUT § 285 CC; BLR Art 130 CC; HUN Art 94(2) CC.
106 Schlechtriem/Schwenzer/Schwenzer/Hachem, Art 1, para 22; Staudinger/Magnus, Art 1 CISG, para 56, both with further references. But see Art IV.A.-1:101 DCFR for the alternative approach.
107 Honold/Flechtner, para 56.
108 See CHN Chen/Zhou, 2 Law Review (2000), 129; DEU Staudinger/Beckmann, § 453, para 32.
109 DEU Staudinger/Beckmann, § 453, para 26.
110 EAST ASIA (CIVIL LAW) SJ Yang, p 31; AFG Art 19(h) Com C; ARE Arts 5(4), 6(7) Commercial Transactions Law; AUT OGH, 20 March 2002, 3Ob290/01w noting that although the general provisions on sales apply, §§ 373 et seq Comp C do not apply since companies are not corporeal things; see also Koziol et al/Apathy, § 1054, para 3; BHR Art 3(5) Com C; DZA Art 3(2) Com C; EGY Art 4(c) Com C; IRQ Art 5(15) Com C; KWT Art 5(6) Com C; QAT Art 4(5) Com C; TUN Art 5 rights in rem; YEM Art 10(6) Com C.
111 See also IND Mulla, Sales, p 43.
112 See eg CHE BaslerKommOR/Koller, Art 184, para 12; DEU MünchKommBGB/Westermann, § 433, para 16. But see Schlechtriem/Schwenzer/Schwenzer/Hachem, Art 1, para 19 suggesting know-how not incorporated in a physical medium is not within scope of CISG.
113 Cass Civ 1, 7 November 2000, Bull civ I, no 283; RTD civ, 2001.137, obs Th Revet: the sale of ‘clientele’ is lawful provided that freedom of choice of the clients is preserved.
4.06, 4.17, 29.20
16.11, 16.14, 16.23
Arts 473–5
Art 497(1)
13.38, 13.40, 13.53
16.14, 16.23
18.03, 18.16, 18.18
Art 575(2)
18.08, 18.14
20.05, 20.14
9.06, 9.11, 20.05, 20.22
26.56, 26.59
Art 1035(1)
7.01, 8.01, 8.16, 28.03, 36.01
Art 1074(1)
Art 1074(2)
31.04, 31.46, 31.47
Art 1077
28.07, 29.19, 29.37, 29.38, 35.10
31.52, 31.68
32.01, 32.15, 32.16, 32.35
31.72, 31.112, 31.116, 31.127
35.10, 35.14, 35.17, 37.01
36.11, 36.13
35.17, 37.01, 37.08
30.29, 30.37
Art 1154
Art 19(h)
6.07, 34.26
16.14, 16.21, 18.08, 19.10
21.13, 21.18
8.03, 39.42, 39.50
46.23, 46.86, 46.123
46.65, 50.26, 50.28, 50.30, 50.33
10.29, 10.30, 10.64
10.51, 10.67
17.23, 17.28
18.03, 18.08, 18.16, 18.18, 18.20, 18.22
18.26, 18.28, 18.29
18.14, 20.05, 20.14
9.11, 20.05, 20.22
14.14, 24.02, 26.66
Art 111(1)
Art 111(2)
26.08, 26.12, 26.26
Art 112(3)
Art 119(1)
41.17, 43.12, 47.46
Art 119(2)
41.11, 45.27, 47.183
45.28, 50.06, 50.32
42.05, 42.08
45.11, 45.33, 45.41
8.03, 28.19
45.122, 45.125
Art 184(2)
44.285, 44.286
42.38, 42.40
28.07, 29.19, 29.37, 29.38, 35.10, 36.10
7.01, 8.01, 8.16, 28.03, 35.10, 35.14, 35.17, 36.01, 37.01
Art 363(1)
Arts 364–70
Art 365(1)
Art 365(2)
31.59, 31.69
28.07, 29.06
32.01, 32.15, 32.17, 32.35
33.17, 34.34, 34.64
Art 380(1)
34.03, 34.41, 34.44, 34.77
Art 381(2)
51.26, 51.27, 51.29, 51.30
Art 383(2)
30.29, 30.37, 35.10, 35.14, 35.17, 37.01, 37.08
13.28, 13.29
13.01, 13.09
Arts 571–89
Art 574(1)
Art 835(3)
6.06, 6.07
Arts 2–3
28.31, 31.99
Consumer Protection Law 1998
Code of Civil and Commercial Procedure
Arts 563–93
Civil Code 1869
Civil Code 2003
Art 4.030
19.18, 19.19
Arts 6–7
16.35, 16.37
16.11, 16.12
46.51, 46.67
41.14, 45.11, 45.33
44.138, 44.204
46.23, 46.35, 46.49, 46.51, 46.95
46.45, 46.112
44.267, 44.272
44.267, 46.40
28.07, 29.37
Art 747(2)
Art 889
41.11, 47.183
Art 923
Arts 924–7
18.03, 18.04, 18.16, 18.18
18.28, 18.29
20.05, 20.12
21.10, 21.12, 21.13
19.25, 20.33, 21.18, 50.30
10.41, 10.64
10.49, 10.62
10.63, 10.64, 19.13
Art 1197
24.02, 26.05, 26.26, 26.66, 45.78, 45.113, 45.114, 45.119
Art 1198(2)
43.12, 47.56, 47.186
Art 1204(3)
47.21, 47.186
7.01, 8.01, 8.16, 28.03, 32.07, 35.14, 36.01, 39.59
29.60, 32.07
42.38, 42.42
46.65, 50.24, 50.26, 50.28, 50.30
35.10, 36.11, 36.19
35.17, 37.01
46.23, 46.49
32.01, 32.15, 32.35
Art 2101(2)–(3)
32.01, 32.38, 32.41
31.127, 47.84
Art 2388
29.05, 30.09, 39.68
Arts 132 et seq
43.12, 47.21, 47.56, 47.186, 47.187
Art 218(1)
26.08, 26.21
Art 218(3)
26.20, 26.58, 27.49
Art 218(4)
26.08, 26.21, 26.33
6.07, 7.35, 34.26
32.11, 40.28
29.05, 29.38, 30.09, 30.37
Art 463(2)–(4)
Art 463(3)
Art 463(4)
41.11, 41.14, 47.183
31.59, 47.156
6.04, 34.03, 33.17, 33.22, 34.26, 34.36, 34.62, 34.77
34.62, 34.69, 51.26, 51.27, 51.29
Consumer Protection Law 1993
Art 40, part 1
Art 7(2)
30.09, 30.11, 39.61, 39.66
40.29, 40.41, 40.74, 40.79
7.08, 20.05, 20.06, 20.12, 20.14
Arts 308–10
16.21, 16.25
17.16, 17.23, 17.24, 17.26, 17.28
19.10, 21.18
19.24, 20.29
19.19, 19.20, 21.22
28.07, 29.38, 29.39, 36.10
Art 369(2)
44.267, 44.279, 46.40
Art 409(4)
45.11, 45.33
4.51, 4.54, 8.42
12.15, 27.30
26.05, 26.12, 26.14, 26.20, 26.33
22.20, 22.23
10.04, 10.26, 10.29
10.55, 10.57, 10.58
10.67, 12.28
Arts 463 et seq
47.26, 47.81, 47.116, 47.120, 47.190
45.12, 45.78, 45.113
50.06, 50.15
7.04, 8.01, 28.07
Art 470(1)
38.08, 38.28, 38.43, 38.58, 38.61
32.01, 32.07, 32.32, 32.36, 32.41, 48.06
Art 476(3)
31.46, 31.47, 31.72, 31.74, 31.112, 31.116, 31.127
43.17, 47.84, 50.24
31.174, 45.55
31.100, 31.146, 31.147
33.05, 33.08, 33.17, 33.24, 34.27, 34.48, 34.60, 34.64, 34.83, 34.87
35.17, 37.01, 37.13, 37.16
35.14, 36.19, 42.05
36.50, 39.06
50.26, 50.30
Arts 1276 et seq
Art 1277(2)
39.28, 39.34
Consumer Protection Law 2001
13.23, 36.38
Competition and Consumer Act 1974
4.51, 20.24
s 24(2)–(3)
Pt 2-3
12.01, 12.03, 12.17, 21.35, 21.36
Electronic Transactions Act (Cth) 1999
11.06, 22.16
s 51A
s 51A(2)(a)
ss 25–6
s 77MA
s 77(2)(a)MA
s 51AA
s 51AB
s 51AC
Court Procedure Rules 2006
46.27, 46.30, 46.51, 46.57, 46.62, 46.96, 46.113
Limitation Act 1985
Pt 4, Div 4
46.30, 46.113
s 100(2)(b)
46.27, 46.51, 46.57, 46.62
13.05, 13.23
30.11, 39.68
40.26, 40.34, 40.51
ss 8–9
Limitations Act 1969
Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1956
ss 15–21A
Supreme Court Act 1979
s 84(2)(a)
46.27, 46.51, 46.57, 46.62, 46.96
Factors Act 1892
s 43a
Limitation of Actions Act 1936
17.10, 19.04
s 6(1)(a)
s 30C(4)(a)
s 32A–D
s 34(1)(b)
ss 4–5
Frustrated Contracts Act 1959
7.01, 7.06, 7.11, 7.34, 13.05, 13.23, 40.34
40.34, 40.50
36.59, 36.63
s 3(4)
17.07, 19.07, 49.30, 49.12, 49.15
7.01, 8.03, 8.16, 10.05, 28.03, 36.01
17.38, 41.11, 45.32, 47.07, 47.183
41.11, 41.15, 47.183
s 13(1) 10.90
10.11, 31.52
29.45, 41.20, 47.63, 47.70
ss 16 et seq
47.22, 47.28
47.28, 47.85, 47.162
s 17(a)
32.07, 32.16, 32.36, 32.39
s 17(b)
32.07, 32.33, 47.109
s 17(c)
32.21, 32.39, 32.41
6.13, 31.112, 47.90
s 19(b)
31.55, 31.127, 31.131, 31.162
27.06, 27.28
31.74, 31.75
10.09, 28.17
s 23(r 1)
38.38, 39.51
s 23(r 2)
s 23(r 3)
39.42, 39.53
s 23(r 4)(a)–(b)
s 23(r 5)
s 23(r 5(1))
40.48, 40.64
40.41, 40.61
13.05, 13.23, 40.34, 40.53
8.21, 13.05, 13.23, 40.34, 40.55
35.03, 36.01, 37.04
36.19, 42.13
29.38, 29.59
s 36(5)
31.59, 47.157
31.61, 31.62
47.165, 47.166
28.30, 29.20, 29.24, 29.39, 30.34, 30.35
34.34, 34.41, 37.05, 47.93
33.06, 34.32
33.06, 34.48, 34.64, 37.05, 47.93
35.17, 37.03
41.40, 43.31, 50.27
31.09, 44.240
s 59(3)
31.09, 48.04
48.04, 48.11
4.54, 27.06
s 64(b)
8.08, 8.09
ss 38–39
Limitations of Actions Act 1958
s 28AA
s 32(2)(a)
Bundesgesetz über die Preisbindung bei Büchern 2000
§ 30(1)
2.36, 2.46, 2.112
§ 21(2)
7.01, 7.23, 7.36
§ 285a
40.34, 40.41, 40.52
38.28, 38.41, 39.61, 39.64
§ 862a
§ 862(2)
§ 862(2)(a)
10.61, 10.63
§ 862(3)
§ 862(4)
§ 864(a)
12.03, 12.20
§ 864(1)
16.11, 16.14, 16.26
§ 865, sentence 2
§ 871(1)
17.24, 17.25
18.20, 18.20, 18.33
18.22, 20.14, 21.11, 21.36
§ 879(2) no 4
21.13, 21.14, 21.17
§§ 902 et seq
§ 902(1)
10.60, 29.54
29.59, 36.19
28.07, 29.37, 35.10, 36.29
§ 905a(1)
36.23, 36.24
§ 905a(2)
§ 905(2)
§ 906(2)
17.37, 21.29, 26.05, 26.08
43.12, 47.48
§ 918(1)
41.18, 47.48
29.45, 43.12
50.06, 50.17, 50.24, 50.28
31.47, 31.06, 32.27
§ 922(1)
31.72, 31.74, 31.112, 31.127
§ 922(2)
31.160, 31.164
§ 932(1)
43.17, 48.02, 48.13
§ 932(2)
§ 933a
21.10, 21.12, 21.17, 21.18
45.12, 45.78
§ 1000(1)
46.83, 46.88
§ 1000(2)
13.36, 13.38
§§ 1024–44
42.05, 42.13, 42.45, 42.46, 45.12, 45.78
7.01, 8.01, 8.16, 28.03, 31.46, 35.14, 42.19
§§ 1045–54
35.10, 35.17, 37.01, 42.05, 42.13
§ 1063(a)
30.34, 30.38, 31.55
§ 1170(a)
44.253, 45.122, 45.125
§ 1313(a)
44.122, 44.204
§ 1333(1)
§ 1333(2)
§ 1336(1)
44.267, 44.288
§ 1336(2)
44.267, 44.285, 46.40, 46.124
§ 1336(3)
19.25, 51.07
50.24, 50.28
19.19, 51.23
19.18, 19.20
Commercial Code (Handelsgesetzbuch)
§ 352(1)
§ 354(1)
Company Law 2007 (Unternehmensgesetzbuch)
§§ 1–6
§§ 48–58
§ 49(1)
§ 49(2)
§ 53(3)
27.04, 31.52
§ 376(1)
§ 376(2)
44.225, 44.247, 44.248
§ 376(3)
2.47, 6.04, 34.03, 33.17, 34.26, 34.32, 34.63, 34.64, 34.77, 34.82
§ 377(4)
6.04, 31.59, 34.21
§ 378(4)
§ 392(1)–(2)
e-Commerce Act 2001
§§ 5–9
§ 9(1)–(2)
Federal Law on Hospitals and Convalescent Homes 1957
§ 62a(4)
§ 2(2)
Law on Rights regarding Registered Ships and Ships under Construction 1940
Law on Electronic Signatures
§ 49(2)–(3)
27.06, 27.43
7.08, 20.05, 20.12, 20.14
18.08, 18.19, 21.13, 21.18
16.11, 16.21, 16.22, 16.25
16.21, 16.25, 19.13
17.16, 17.23, 17.24
26.05, 26.12, 26.14
10.04, 10.26, 10.29, 10.33
10.48, 10.55, 10.57, 10.58, 10.62
10.61, 10.67
Arts 414 et seq
14.01, 47.26, 47.81, 47.116, 47.120, 47.190
28.07, 29.38, 29.39
Art 1316-4
11.06, 22.16, 22.20
22.09, 22.11, 26.50
Art 1369-4
Art 1369-4(2)
Art 1369-4–1369-6
Art 1369-5–1369-6
Art 1369-6
Arts 1582–98
8.01, 36.01
8.01, 8.03, 38.36, 39.50
16.28, 16.29
Art 1597
Art 1599
Arts 1603–4
Art 1609
Arts 1625–6
Arts 1626–40
48.02, 48.13
41.31, 44.83
Art 1647(1)
Art 1647(2)
38.65, 47.174
31.47, 34.03, 34.09, 34.77, 51.27
Art 1648(1)
51.28, 51.29
37.01, 47.185
Art 1675
Art 1676(1)
Art 1681
41.11, 45.32, 47.183
Art 1984(1)
Art 1984(2)
Arts 1984 et seq
Art 1985(2)
15.08, 51.35
Arts 2241 et seq
Art 2254(1)
Art 2268
Art 2276(1)
40.71, 40.74
Art 2276(2)
Art 2247
Art 2277
Book III, Title VI
2.37, 2.40
Art L 121-25
Art L 132-1(2)
Art R 132-1
Arts L.131-1 et seq
Art R.34
Commercial Code 1806
Art L 123-23
Art L 321-1–L.321-3
Art L 321-3
Art L 321-3(3)
Commercial Companies Code 1807
2.70, 2.82
Arts L 132-1 et seq
Décret no 2004-836 of 20/08/04
Law of 8 July 1907 [DP 1908. 4.173], modified by Law of 10 March 1937 [DP 1938.4.168] and by Law no 79-595 of 13 July 1979 [D 1979.269]
21.08, 21.22
Law no 80-335 of 12 May 1980
Law no 81-766 1981
Law no 85-98 of 25 January 1985, as amended by Law no 94-475 of 10 June 1994
Art 121(1)
Ordonnance de commerce 1673
Promotion of Trust in the Digital Economy 2004
4.54, 20.05
7.04, 7.06
20.04, 20.05
Art 1134(3)
41.11, 44.319, 47.183
41.11, 45.11, 45.27, 45.33, 45.41, 47.183
Art 1153(2)
46.44, 46.112
Art 1184(3)
19.19, 19.20
Arts 1625–40
13.05, 13.38
Art 2279(1)
40.28, 40.71
20.04, 20.22
21.13, 21.14
16.21, 16.22, 16.25, 19.13
17.23, 17.24, 17.28
18.03, 18.04, 18.08, 18.14, 18.16, 18.18, 18.22, 19.09
18.26, 19.09
Arts 121–7
Art 104(2)
13.12, 13.14
Art 323(1)
12.01, 12.25
50.24, 50.26, 50.30, 50.33
47.112, 47.113
Art 405(1)
Art 405(4)
47.138, 47.141
Art 418(2)
Art 419(1)
Art 419(2)
44.267, 44.279, 44.285, 46.40
7.01, 8.16
8.01, 28.03, 28.07
30.34, 30.38
42.43, 42.46
29.10, 31.38, 31.45
32.01, 32.07
31.160, 31.162
50.28, 50.33
Art 981
Bill of Exchange Act, 21 June 1933
Cheque Act, 14 August 1933
29.19, 36.14
Civil Code (signed 18 August 1896, in force 1900) (BGB)
2.39, 2.48–2.52, 2.123, 38.42, 44.110, 46.37
§ 104 no 1
§ 104 no 2
§ 105(1)
§ 105(2)
§ 108(2)
§ 112(1)
§ 113(1)
§ 119(1)
17.31, 17.32
§ 119(2)
§ 121(1)
17.26, 17.31, 17.32, 23.07
§ 122(2)
18.03, 18.16, 18.16, 18.18, 18.26, 18.28
§ 123(1)
18.20, 18.22
§ 123(2)
§ 125, sentence 1
§ 125, sentence 2
§ 130(1)
10.26, 10.29, 10.64
§ 130(1)(1)
§ 130(2)
10.29, 10.52
17.37, 26.05, 26.08
7.08, 20.05, 20.06, 20.12, 20.14, 20.26
7.08, 20.04, 20.05, 20.26, 20.11, 21.13
§ 138(1)
§ 138(2)
21.14, 21.17
10.01, 10.24, 10.26
10.48, 10.49, 10.51
§ 147(1)
§ 147(2)
10.48, 10.48
§ 150(1)
10.48, 10.61
§ 150(2)
10.52, 10.53
8.08, 8.09, 8.11
§ 156(1)–(2)
§ 158(1)
§§ 164 et seq
§ 164–81
§ 164(1)
§ 164(1)(1)
§ 167(2)
§ 168(1)
§ 168(3)
§§ 170 et seq
§ 177(1)
§ 177(2)(2)
13.53, 23.07
§ 179(1)
§ 179(2)
§ 179(3)
13.28, 16.28
§ 184(1)
§§ 186–93
10.60, 29.52
§ 187(1)
21.22, 51.35
§ 199(1)
51.36, 51.37
§ 199(2)
51.17, 51.17
§§ 205–11
§ 212(1)
§ 241(1)
28.26, 43.12
§ 241(2)
23.09, 24.14, 28.26
§ 241a(3)
18.12, 21.29, 21.36, 24.02
§ 243(1)
§ 244(1)
§ 244(2)
§ 247(1)
§ 248(1)
44.121, 44.204
§ 253(1)
§ 253(2)
§ 254(2)
28.07, 29.37, 35.10
§ 270(1)
§ 270(4)
§ 271(1)
§ 276(1)
§ 276(3)
44.309, 44.315
24.15, 44.74, 44.315
§ 280(1)
23.09, 24.10, 28.26
§ 281(1)
§ 281(4)
28.25, 28.26, 44.324
§ 286(1)
41.17, 47.46
§ 286(2)
§ 286(4)
41.18, 46.75, 47.48
§ 288(1)
46.84, 46.88
§ 288(2)
§ 288(4)
4.24, 41.23
§§ 305 et seq
12.01, 12.03
§§ 305–10
§ 305(1)(1)
§ 305(1), sentence 1
§ 305(2), (3)
§ 305(2)
12.25, 14.13, 26.17
§ 305c(1)
§ 306(2)
12.27, 12.30
§ 307(1)
14.13, 21.36
12.03, 21.26
12.03, 21.36, 41.62
§ 310(1)
§ 311a(2)
17.38, 41.14
§ 311b, para 15
§ 311(2)
23.09, 24.14
45.12, 45.78, 47.197
§ 313(1)
§ 313(3)
10.12, 31.54
§ 317(1)
§ 319(1)–(2)
§ 320(2)
42.38, 42.39
§ 321(1)
42.43, 42.45, 42.46
§ 321(2)
41.52, 43.18
§ 323(1)
47.46, 47.112
§ 323(2)
§ 323(3)
§ 323(4)
§ 323(5)
31.65, 31.69, 47.114, 47.160, 48.07
§ 326(5)
§ 340(1)
§ 340(2)
§ 343(1)
§ 346(1)
§ 346(2)
47.177, 50.33
7.01, 7.04, 8.01, 8.16, 28.03, 36.01
§ 433(1)
28.07, 32.01, 42.19
§ 433(2)
8.01, 35.10, 35.14, 35.17, 37.01
17.32, 31.38, 37.07
§ 434(1)
28.35, 31.46, 31.47, 31.49, 31.72, 31.112, 31.127, 31.131, 31.169
§ 434(3)
29.10, 31.45, 31.49, 31.63
32.01, 32.07, 32.27, 37.07
17.32, 31.153, 32.07, 32.27, 41.52, 43.17, 44.84
§ 438(1)
§ 438(2)
§ 438(3)
32.27, 41.52, 43.17
43.18, 48.02
§ 441(3)
48.14, 48.15
§ 441(4)
§ 442(1)
31.158, 31.160, 31.162, 31.164
32.01, 44.310
29.39, 38.28, 38.42
§ 448(1)
7.18, 7.35
§ 453(1)
§ 459(1)
31.29, 44.80
§ 474(2)
29.39, 38.29
6.30, 44.313
19.25, 21.22
§ 816(1)
§ 818(1)
§ 831(1), sentence 2
39.23, 40.36
§ 929 et seq
36.50, 39.61, 39.67
39.63, 39.67
40.34, 40.39
§ 935(2)
40.82, 40.83
§ 142(3)
§ 161(2)
10.59, 27.04
§ 362(1)
44.237, 47.72
§ 376(2)–(3)
44.247, 44.248
§§ 377–8
34.03, 33.17, 34.26, 34.34, 34.41, 34.44, 34.63, 34.77
§ 392(1)
Companies Law (Comp L)
§ 53(2)
10.59, 13.06
§ 375(2)
Contract Law (Vertragsgesetz)
§§ 299 et seq
§§ 331 et seq
Gesetz über die Preisbindung für Bücher 2002
Gesetz zur Regelung von Allgemeinen Geschäftsbedingungen 1976 (standard form contracts) (AGBG)
6.32, 21.35
Handelsgesetzbuch (10 May 1897, in force 1 January 1900) (HGB)
Introductory Act on the Civil Code (EGBGB)
Art 27(4)
Art 43(6)
39.30, 39.33, 39.35
Art 246 § 1
Art 246 § 1(1)
Art 246 § 3
Law on Electronic Signatures 2001
Law on Product Liability
§ 3(1)
Law on the Donation, Extraction and Transfer of Organs and Tissues 1997
7.09, 20.16
Art 7(1)
Contracts Act 1960
7.01, 8.01, 8.16
10.09, 17.38
31.127, 31.131, 37.05, 47.90
s 13(a)(i)
33.06, 34.32, 34.34, 34.41
31.59, 31.62
s 26(3)(a)
38.08, 38.38
33.06, 34.48, 34.64
7.34, 30.11, 39.68
Arts 7–8
17.26, 17.31
21.13, 21.17
Art 289(1)
36.23, 36.24, 36.26
Art 296(1)
Art 385(1)
Arts 391–4
7.01, 7.06, 8.01, 8.16
34.03, 34.77
Art 976
39.63, 39.64
Art 1036(1)
Law 2557/1997 on Fixed Book Prices
Arts 224 et seq
7.20, 22.06
Art 1259
18.22, 19.23
Arts 1309–10
16.20, 19.09
19.25, 20.33, 21.18
10.41, 10.48, 10.49, 10.62
10.49, 10.63
Art 1559
41.51, 48.02
Art 1568
Arts 1593–604
27.06, 27.49
Arts 1600 et seq
Art 1687
Art 1693
Art 1712
7.01, 8.01, 8.03, 8.16, 28.03, 35.14, 36.01, 39.50
8.03, 10.05, 39.50
32.11, 40.47
Art 1826(3)
41.17, 46.52, 47.46
Art 4(2)
Art 672(2)
Art 672(3)
Art 673
45.12, 45.78, 45.119
Art 695(1)
29.34, 38.14
33.22, 34.62
Decree no 47-2008 on the Recognition of Electronic Communications and Signature 2008
Judicial Organic Law
4.06, 4.10
Companies Law 1994
44.319, 47.183
45.11, 45.27, 45.33, 45.41, 47.183
Civil Code 1880
Art 754
Art 756
Art 1555
Art 1555(3)
Art 1557
17.16, 17.24
20.04, 20.12
7.01, 8.01, 8.16, 28.03, 35.14, 36.01
Art 4(I)–(II)
Art 718
10.48, 10.49, 10.52, 10.53, 10.62
Arts 724–30
Art 763(1)
Control of Exemption Clauses Ordinance 1898
Law for Consumers Protection
6.21, 6.30
Bills of Exchange Ordinance (Cap 19) 1885
Control of Exemption Clauses Ordinance 1989
6.14, 12.03
Electronic Transactions Ordinance 2000
Factors Ordinance 1924
Factors Ordinance 1997
High Court Ordinance 1998
Law Amendment and Reform (Consolidation) Ordinance 1997
ss 16–18
Limitation Ordinance 1965
s 4(1)(a)
Merchant Shipping Ordinance 1999
Sale of Goods Ordinance 1896
s 1(5)
7.01, 7.06, 7.11, 7.34, 30.11, 35.14, 39.68
17.38, 45.32, 47.07, 47.183
29.45, 41.20, 47.70
ss 13 et seq
s 14(1)(a)
32.08, 32.16, 32.36, 32.39
s 14(1)(b)
32.08, 32.21, 32.33, 32.39, 32.41, 47.109
6.13, 31.55, 31.131
s 16(2)(b)
s 16(4)
10.09, 28.17, 39.39
s 20(r 1)
s 20(r 2)
s 20(r 3)
s 20(r 4)(a)–(b)
s 20(r 5)
39.43, 39.44
s 20(r 5(1))
13.05, 13.23, 40.34
8.21, 40.55
35.03, 35.14, 35.17, 36.01, 37.04
s 31(2)–(3)
s 31(5)
31.61, 31.62, 37.16
1 See for AFG Art 1035(1) CC; ARE Art 489 CC; ARG Art 1323 CC; AUT § 1054 CC; BHR Art 381 CC; BLR Art 424 CC; BOL Art 584 CC; BRA Art 481 CC; CHE Art 184(1) CO; CHL Art 1793 CC; COL Art 1849 CC; CRI Art 1049 CC; CUB Art 334 CC; CZE Art 588 CC; DEU § 433 CC; DZA Art 351 CC; ECU Art 1759 CC; EGY Art 418 CC; ESP Art 1.445 CC; EST § 208 CO; FRA Arts 1582, 1583 CC; GEO Art 477 CC; GRC Art 513 CC; GTM Art 1790 CC; HND Art 1605 CC; HRV Art 376 CC; HUN Art 365 CC; IRN Art 338 CC; ISR s 1 SL; ITA Art 1470 CC; JOR Art 465 CC; KWT Art 454 CC; LBN Art 372 CO; LBY Art 407 CC; LTU Art 6.305 CC; LVA Art 2002 CC; MAR Art 478 CO, Safi, Aqd Al Bayaa, p 14; MDA Art 753 CC; MEX Art 2248 CC; MRT Art 489 CO; NIC Art 2530 CC; NLD Art 7:1 CC; PAN Art 1215 CC; PER Art 1529 CC; PRT Art 874 CC; PRY Art 737 CC; QAT Art 419 CC; SLV Art 1597 CC; SYR Art 386 CC; TUN Art 564 CO, Al Ahmadi, p 16; URY Art 1661 CC; USA §§ 2-301, 2-106(1) UCC; VEN 1474 CC; YEM Art 451 CC.
2 Arts 30, 53 CISG; OHADA Arts 250, 262 AUDCG; Art IV.A.1–1:202 DCFR.
3 eg most civil codes establish that the price must be paid in money: see AFG Art 1035(1) CC; ARE Art 489 CC; ARG Art 1323 CC; ARM Art 470 CC; AUT § 1053 CC; AZE Art 567 CC; BHR Art 381 CC; BLR Art 424 CC; BOL Art 584 CC; BRA Art 481 CC; CHE see Art 184 CO, BaslerKommOR/Koller, Art 184, paras 19 et seq; CHL Art 1793 CC; COL Art 1849 CC; CUB Art 334 CC; DEU § 433(2) CC; DZA Art 351 CC; ECU Art 1759 CC; EGY Art 418 CC; GTM Art 1790 CC; IRN Art 338 CC; ISR s 1 SL; JOR Art 465 CC; KAZ Art 406 CC; KGZ Art 415 CC; KWT Art 454 CC; LBN Art 372 CO; LBY Art 407 CC; LTU Art 6.305 CC; LVA Art 2002 CC; MAR Art 478 CO; MEX Art 2248 CC; MRT Art 489 CO; PER Art 1529 CC; PRY Art 737 CC; QAT Art 419 CC; SLV Art 1597 CC; SYR Art 386 CC; TUN Art 564 CO; UKR Art 655 CC; URY Art 1661 CC; UZB Art 386 CC; YEM Art 451 CC. Civil codes that do not specify that payment of the price is in money are: CRI Art 1049 CC; IRQ Art 506 CC; NIC Art 2530 CC; PRT Art 874 CC; VEN 1474 CC; while some state that the price can be paid in money or other sign (signo): ESP Art 1.445 CC; GHA s 1 SGA (states that the price can wholly or partly consist of money); HND Art 1605 CC; PAN Art 1215 CC.
4 Art 4, sentence 2(b) CISG; OHADA AUDCG is silent on this issue and thus pursuant to Ordinary Law rules Art 237.
5 AUS (VIC) s 6(1) SGA; CAN (BC) s 6(1) SGA; ENG s 2(1) SGA; HKG s 3(1) SGO; IND s 4(1) SGA; IRL s 1(1) SGA; MYS s 4(1) SGA; NZL s 3(1) SGA; SCO s 2(1) SGA; SGP s 2(1) SGA; USA § 2-106(1) UCC (‘Contract for sale’); WAL s 2(1) SGA.
6 COMMON LAW (UK) Benjamin’s Sale of Goods, para 1-028; CAN Fridman, pp 28–9.
7 ARABIC/MIDDLE EAST (SHARI’A, EGY, IRQ, LBN, SYR) Basha, p 193; SHARI’A Al Majalla Arts 232, 323; ALB Art 164 CC; ARE Art 511 CC, FHC, challenge no 209, session dated 25 May 1997, JY 17, TO 19, p 463; BEL Art 1583 CC; BEN Art 1583 CC; BFA Art 1583 CC; BHR Art 389 CC; BOL Art 584 CC, Kaune Arteaga, vol. 2, p 125; CAF Art 1583 CC; CAN (QUÉ) Art 1453 CC; CIV Art 1583 CC; CMR Art 1583 CC; COG Art 1583 CC; CRI Baudrit Carrillo, p 48; DZA Art 165 CC; EGY Art 204 CC; FRA Art 1583 CC; GAB Art 1583 CC; GIN Art 1583 CC; GTM Arts 1791, 1790 CC; IRQ Art 135 CC; ITA Art 1376 CC; JOR Art 485(a)(1) CC; KWT Arts 463, 889 CC, COC, challenge no 404, session dated 11 November 2002, Civ Cir, JY 30, part 2, p 482; LBN Art 394 CO; LBY Art 207 CC; MAR Art 491 CO; MDG Art 1583 CC; MEX Art 2014 CC, Art 374 Com C, León Tovar, pp 152, 198, Vásquez del Mercado, p 200; MLI Art 1583 CC; NER Art 1583 CC; PER Arts 1529, 947 CC; PRT Arts 879, 408(1) CC, Muñoz, p 26 citing ICC Final Award Case no 11570, de Lima Pinheiro, p 285; PRY Arts 737, 2061, 2062 CC, Castillo Freyre, Comentarios al Contrato de Compraventa, pp 124–6; QAT Art 246 CC; ROM Art 1295; SYR Art 205 CC; TCD Art 1583 CC; TGO Art 1583 CC; THA Art 458 CC; TUN Arts 583, 584 CO, Al Ahamdi, p 291; USA (LA) Art 2456 CC; VEN Arts 1 474, 1.161 CC, Aguilar Gorrondona, p 217; YEM Art 521 CC.
8 USA § 2-306 UCC. See also § 2-204(3) UCC (contract does not fail for indefiniteness by leaving one or several terms open); White/Summers, § 4-9. See eg Viva Vino Import Corp v Franese Vini Srl, US Dist Ct (ED Pa), 29 August 2000, CISG-online 675.
9 See Schlechtriem/Schwenzer/Schwenzer/Hachem, Art 1, para 14 citing references.
10 See ibid citing references. See also Bridge, International Sale of Goods, para 11.19.
11 See Schlechtriem/Schwenzer/Schwenzer/Hachem, Art 1, para 14.
12 ARG Arts 563–93 CPCC; ARM Arts 463 et seq CC; AUS (VIC) s 64 SGA; AZE Arts 414 et seq CC; BLR Arts 417 et seq CC; BOL Arts 523–49 CPC; BRA Arts 686 et seq CPC; CAN (BC) s 72 SGA; CHE Arts 229 et seq CO; CHL Arts 892–4 CPC; COL Arts 527 et seq CPC; CRI Arts 650 et seq CPC; DEU § 156 CC; ECU Arts 475 et seq CPC; EGY Law no 100 of 1957 Concerning Some Commercial Sales; ENG s 57 SGA; ESP Arts 634 et seq JL; FRA L.321-1–L.321-3 Com C; GTM Arts 224 et seq CPCC; HKG s 60 SGO; IND s 64 SGA; IRL s 58 SGA; KAZ Arts 915 et seq CC; KGZ Arts 409 et seq CC; MEX Arts 469 et seq CPC; NZL s 57 SGA; PAN Arts 1700 et seq JC; PER Arts 725 et seq CPC; PRT Arts 886 et seq CPC; RUS Arts 447 et seq CC; SCO s 57 SGA; SGP s 57 SGA; SLV Arts 593 et seq CPC; TJK Arts 478 et seq CC; URY Arts 387 et seq CPC; USA §2-328(2) UCC; UZB Arts 378 et seq CC; VEN Arts 563–84 CPC; WAL s 57 SGA.
13 For this definition of auctions used in regard to Art 2(b) CISG, Schlechtriem/Schwenzer/Schwenzer/Hachem, Art 2, para 20; see also AUS (VIC) s 64(b) SGA; CAN (BC) s 72(b) SGA; CHE Art 229 CO; CHN Art 51 Auction Law; DEU § 156 CC; ENG s 57(2) SGA; FIN s 9 Contracts Act; HKG s 60(b) SGO; IND s 64(2) SGA; IRL s 58(2) SGA; NZL s 57(2) SGA; SCO s 57(2) SGA; SGP s 57(b) SGA; TUR Art 225 CO; TWN Art 391 CC; WAL s 57(2) SGA.
14 See Art 2:202, Note 3(b)(cc) PECL.
15 See further paras 10.29 et seq.
16 See eg Art 2:202, Note 3(b)(cc) PECL (noting various jurisdictions); see also CHE Art 231(2) CO; DEU § 156 sentence 2 CC; FIN s 9 Contracts Act; GRC Art 199 CC.
17 See further paras 10.34 et seq.
18 AUS (VIC) s 64(b) SGA; CAN (BC) s 72(b) SGA; ENG s 57(2) SGA; HKG s 60(b) SGO; IND s 64(2) SGA; IRL s 58(2) SGA; NZL s 57(2) SGA; SCO s 57(2) SGA; SGP s 57(2) SGA; USA § 2-328(3) UCC; WAL s 57(2) SGA.
19 See eg CHE Handkommentar/Schoenenberger, Art 229, para 6; DEU MünchKommBGB/Kramer, § 156, para 5.
20 In FRA where there is a reserve price fixed by the seller, the auctioneer may not conclude the sale at a lower price and uses its discretion to withdraw the good. In common law jurisdictions withdrawal of goods from auction without a reserve may give rise to remedies against the seller or auctioneer but not entitle the highest bidder to sue on the basis of a concluded contract, see Benjamin’s Sale of Goods, para 2-005. In this context see also USA § 2-328(3) UCC noting in an auction without reserve, after the auctioneer calls for bids on an article or lot, that article or lot cannot be withdrawn unless no bid is made within a reasonable time.
21 CHE Art 233(1) CO; MEX Art 2325 CC; PAN Art 1722 JL.
22 See ARE Art 126(1) Federal Law no 18 of 1993; EGY Art 5 Law no 1100 of 1957.
23 Directive 97/7/EC of 4 June 1997.
24 See eg on this question: AUS Peter Smythe v Vincent Thomas [2007] NSWSC 844; FRA Tribunal de Grande Instance, 3 May 2000, Recueil Dalloz 2000, 640, obs C Caron: held that online auction organized by a company, which amounts to public auction, adversely affects the monopoly of commissaires-priseurs; USA Ebay Inc v Bidder’s Edge Inc US Dist Ct (ND Cal), 24 May 2000, 100 F Supp 2d 1058.
25 BGH, 3 November 2004, NJW (2005), 53.
26 See for AUT Anderl, RdW (2005), 401: as AUT does not define ‘auction’, the decision of the BGH cannot be transposed to Austrian law.
27 Consequently, those countries, which have transposed the CISG as specific rules on international sales have in some instances also transposed this exclusion for international sales into their sale of goods Acts; see for ISL § 5(3)(b) SGA; NOR § 5(3)(b) SGA.
28 See Schlechtriem/Schwenzer/Schwenzer/Hachem, Art 2, para 19; MünchKommBGB/Westermann, Art 2 CISG, para 7; Soergel/Lüderitz/Fenge, Art 2 CISG, para 6; Witz/Salger/Lorenz/Lorenz, Art 2, para 6; but see Schroeter, ZEuP (2004), 20, 29, 30. This was different under ULIS where Art 5(1)(d) only excluded sales by authority of law or on execution or distress. Therefore, private auctions were not encompassed by this exception.
29 Schroeter, ZEuP (2004), 20ff; Schlechtriem/Schwenzer/Schwenzer/Hachem, Art 2, para 21.
30 See Schlechtriem/Schwenzer/Schwenzer/Hachem, Art 2, para 22; Witz/Salger/Lorenz/Lorenz, Art 2, para 6.
31 See eg OHADA Art 241 AUDCG (implicit); Art IV.A–1:202 DCFR; AFG Art 1035(1) CC; ARE Art 489 CC; ARG Art 1323 CC; ARM Art 470(1) CC; AUS (VIC) s 6(1) SGA; AUT § 1053 CC; AZE Art 567 CC; BHR Art 381 CC; BLR Art 424 CC; BOL Art 584 CC; BRA Art 481 CC; CAN (BC) s 6(1) SGA; CHE Art 184 CO; CHL Art 1793 CC; CHN ART 130 PRC CL; CMR s 1 SGA; COL Art 1849 CC; CRI Art 1049 CC; CUB Art 334 CC; CZE Art 588 CC; DEU § 433 CC; DZA Art 351 CC; ECU Art 1759 CC; EGY Art 418 CC; ENG s 2(1) SGA; ESP Art 1445 CC; EST § 208(1) CO; GEO Art 457 CC; GHA s 1 SGA; GRC Art 513 CC; GTM Art 1790 CC; HKG s 3(1) SGO; HND Art 1605 CC; HUN Art 365 CC; IND s 4(1) SGA; IRL s 1(1) SGA; IRN Art 338 CC; ITA Art 1470 CC; JOR Art 465 CC; JPN ART 555 CC; KHM Art 515 CC; KOR Art 563 CC; KWT Art 454 CC; LBN Art 372 CO; LBY Art 407 CC; LTU Art 6:305 CC; LVA Art 2002 CC; MAC ART 865 CC; MAR Art 478 CO; MEX Art 2248 CC; MON Art 243 CC; MRT Art 489 CO; MWI s 1 SGA; MYS s 4(1) SGA; NGA s 1 SGA; NIC Art 2530 CC; NLD Art 7(1) CC; NZL s 3(1) SGA; PAN Art 1215 CC; PER Art 1529 CC; PHL Art 1495 CC; POL Art 535 CC; PRT Art 874 CC; PRY Art 737 CC; QAT Art 419 CC; RUS Art 454 CC; SCO s 2(1) SGA; SGP s 2(1) SGA; SLV Art 1597 CC; SYR Art 386 CC; THA ART 453 CCC; TUN Art 564 CO; TUR Art 207(1) CO; TWN Art 345 CC; TZA s 1 SGA; UGA s 1 SGA; UKR Art 656 CC; URY Art 1661 CC; VEN Art 1474 CC; VNM ART 428 CC; WAL s 2(1) SGA; YEM Art 451 CC; ZMB s 1 SGA; ZWE s 1 SGA. But contrast USA § 2-304(1) UCC.
32 Mal refers to everything that someone can own.
33 See SHARI’A Art 105 Al Majalla; IRQ Art 506 CC.
34 See SHARI’A Art 120(1) Al Majalla; IRQ Art 507 CC.
35 SHARI’A Art 379 Al Majalla; AFG Art 1173 CC; ARE Arts 608, 611 CC; in AUT an interesting solution has been chosen: Arts 1045–54 CC govern barter, Arts 1055–89 CC govern sales. Some of the provisions on sales state that the rules on barter are to be applied correspondingly. These are the rules on passing of risk in Arts 1048, 1049 CC and the use of the goods in Arts 1050, 1051 CC (see Art 1064 CC); BHR Art 450 CC; BLR Art 538 CC; CHE Art 237 CO, see also Art 238 CO (where the party receiving the goods is dispossessed because of defective title or the goods are returned because of defects, the party which has incurred loss may choose between damages or restitution of the goods traded); CHN Art 175 PRC CL; CZE Art 611 CC; DEU § 480 CC; DZA Art 415 CC; EGY Art 485 CC; EST § 254 CO; FRA Arts 1703, 1707 CC; HUN Art 378 CC; IRQ Art 597 CC; JOR Arts 553, 556 CC; JPN Art 586 CC; KHM Art 567 CC; KOR Art 595 CC; KWT Art 522 CC; LBY Art 474 CC; LTU Art 6.432 CC; LVA Art 2092 CC; MAR Art 635 CO; MDA Art 824 CC; MNG Art 274 CC; POL Art 604 CC; QAT Art 419 CC; RUS Art 567 CC; SVK Art 611 CC; SVN Art 529 CO; SYR Art 453 CC; TUN Art 724 CO; TWN Art 398 CC; USA § 2-304(1) UCC, Edwards, 36 J Marshall L Rev (2003), 421, 441, fn 153, Lithuanian Commerce Corp v Sara Lee Hosiery, US Dist Ct (D NJ), 30 July 2002, 219 F Supp 2d 600, Wheeler v Sunbelt Tool Co, Inc, Il Ct App, 17 March 1989, 537 NE 2d 1332; VNM Art 463 CC; YEM Art 585 CC.
36 See IRN Art 465 CC.
37 See eg Ferrari, 15 J L & Com (1995), 53; Piltz, paras 2-22 et seq; Karollus, pp 26ff; Reinhart, Art 1, para 2; Herber/Czerwenka, CISG Art 1, para 5; Staudinger/Magnus, CISG Art 1, para 29; Winship, Scope, paras 1–22; El Saghir, p 370 but note that El Saghir observes the Egyptian Civil Code distinguishes between sales and barter, however his analysis omits Art 48 Egyptian Civil Code which states that the provisions governing sale apply to barter/exchange as far as the nature of exchange allows.
38 See Schwenzer/Kee, IHR (2009), 229ff; Schlechtriem/Schwenzer/Schwenzer/Hachem, Art 1, para 11; Honnold/Flechtner, Art 2, para 56.1; Bridge, International Sale of Goods, para. 11.19 (no reason to exclude if rationalized as back to back sales with price set-off); Enderlein/Maskow, Art 53, para 2.5; CIETAC, 13 June 1989, CISG-online 865; Int Ct Ukrainian CCI, 10 October 2003, CISG-online 1268; Int Ct Russian CCI, 17 June 2004, CISG-online 1240; Int Ct Russian CCI, 9 March 2004, CISG-online 1184. See also Ziegel, 25 J L & Com (2005), 60 stating ‘the permissibility of a tribunal applying the CISG by analogy deserves further consideration’.
39 See Schwenzer/Kee, IHR (2009), 229ff; Schlechtriem/Schwenzer/Schwenzer/Hachem, Art 1, para 11.
40 ENG, WAL, Benajmin’s Sale of Goods, para 1-052.
41 AUS (VIC) s 6(2) SGA; CAN (BC) s 6(3) SGA; ENG s 2(3) SGA; HKG s 3(2) SGO; IND s 4(2) SGA; IRL s 1(2) SGA; MYS s 4(2) SGA; NZL s 3(3) SGA; SCO s 2(3) SGA; SGP s 2(3) SGA; WAL s 2(3) SGA.
42 Many common law jurisdictions have (or have in the past had) specific Hire Purchase Acts which also implied conditions and warranties with respect to conformity. See for example ENG Hire Purchase Act (1964); IND Hire Purchase Act (1972); MYS Hire Purchase Act (1967); SCO Hire Purchase Act (1964); SGP Hire Purchase Act (1969); WAL Hire Purchase Act (1964).
43 See AUS (VIC) s 31 SGA; CAN (BC) s 30(3) SGA; ENG s 25(1) SGA; HKG s 27(2) SGO; IND s 30(2) SGA; IRL s 25(2) SGA; MYS s 30 SGA; NZL s 27(2) SGA; SCO s 25(1) SGA; SGP s 25 SGA; WAL s 25(1) SGA. The distinction is also relevant to those jurisdictions which have bills of sales legisation. See generally Ch 40.
44 See COMMON LAW (ENG) Helby v Matthews [1895] AC 471 (HL).
45 AUT Koziol et al/Apathy, § 1063, para 26; DEU Staudinger/Stoffels, Leasing, para 11; for exceptions see Bamberger/Roth/Ehlert, § 535, para 52.
46 But provisions may exist with respect to consumers.
47 See Hondius et al, pp 117ff citing references.
48 See eg USA § 2A-210 et seq UCC.
49 See eg USA § 2A-209 UCC. A similar solution is found in civil law jurisdictions where the lessor disclaims all liability and assigns its rights from the sales contract to the lessee.
50 See Schlechtriem/Schwenzer/Schwenzer/Hachem, Art 1, para 16.
51 See MünchKommBGB/Westermann, Art 1 CISG, para 6; Schlechtriem, Internationales UN-Kaufrecht, para 25; Piltz, paras 2-40, 2-37; less guardedly, Staudinger/Magnus, Art 1 CISG, para 33; Honsell/Siehr, Art 1, para 5: CISG generally applicable.
52 See Schlechtriem/Schwenzer/Schwenzer/Hachem, Art 1, para 16; Staudinger/Magnus, Art 1 CISG, para 34. But see for consumer leasing Soergel/Lüderitz/Fenge, Art 3 CISG, para 6.
53 See the 1988 UNIDROIT Convention