Source: http://www.irs.gov/irm/part4/irm_04-026-007.html
Timestamp: 2013-05-23 05:14:59
Document Index: 20302244

Matched Legal Cases: ['art 103', 'art 103', 'art 103', 'art 128', 'art 103', 'art 103', 'art 103', 'art 103', 'art 103', 'art 103']

Internal Revenue Manual - 4.26.7 Bank Secrecy Act Penalties
Section 7. Bank Secrecy Act Penalties
4.26.7 Bank Secrecy Act Penalties
4.26.7.1
4.26.7.2
Penalty Authority
4.26.7.3
4.26.7.4
Determining Intent Under the BSA
4.26.7.5
Criminal Penalties for Violation of Bank Secrecy Act
4.26.7.6
(1) This transmits a revision to IRM 4.26.7, Bank Secrecy Act, Bank Secrecy Act Penalties. Material Changes
(1) The text is revised to incorporate provisions of recent legislation and regulations affecting BSA penalties.
(2) Citations from 31 CFR Part 103 were renumbered to 31 CFR Chapter X, effective March 1, 2011.
This supersedes IRM 4.26.7 dated November 17, 2006
Intended audience is employees of the Bank Secrecy Act Program in the Small Business/Self Employed (SB/SE) Division, and can
be referenced by all field compliance personnel.
William P. MarshallDirector, Fraud/BSASmall Business/Self-Employed 4.26.7.1 (06-20-2012)Overview
The Bank Secrecy Act (BSA), as amended, and related regulations at 31 CFR Chapter X (formerly Part 103) provide for civil
and criminal penalties as well as forfeiture of assets. BSA penalties depend on the type of entity, the type of activity involved,
and the degree of intent. Apparent violations are found through examination or information from informants.
Although, generally, the BSA examiner does not propose penalties arising from the violations, the elements of each violation
must be known to determine which facts are relevant to the examination process.
4.26.7.2 (06-20-2012)Penalty Authority
BSA civil examinations are conducted by BSA regulators. Final authority to assess civil penalties rests with the Secretary
of the Treasury, 31 USC 5321, and is delegated to the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN), 31 CFR 1010.810 (formerly
103.56). Authority to examine certain financial institutions for compliance with 31 CFR Chapter X (formerly Part 103) is delegated
to the IRS, 31 CFR 1010.810(b)(8) (formerly 103.56(b)(8)).
The authority to enforce the Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts (FBAR) reporting and recordkeeping requirements found at 31 USC 5314 and 31 CFR sections 1010.350 and 1010.420 (formerly
103.24 and 103.32) was redelegated from FinCEN to the Commissioner of Internal Revenue by a Memorandum of Agreement between
FinCEN and IRS. For these requirements, IRS conducts examinations and can assess penalties.
IRS Criminal Investigation (CI) has authority under 31 CFR 1010.810(c)(2) (formerly 103.56(c)(2)) to investigate all criminal
violations except those of 31 CFR 1010.340 (formerly 103.23) (Reports of Transportation of Currency or Monetary Instruments, CMIR). Customs investigates civil and criminal violations of the CMIR. 31 CFR 1010.810(c)(1) (formerly 103.56(c)(1)). Courts
A civil monetary penalty may be imposed for any BSA violation notwithstanding the fact that a criminal penalty is imposed
for the same violation, 31 USC 5321(d).
4.26.7.3 (06-20-2012)Civil Penalties
31 USC 5321 provides overall civil penalty provisions for violations of the BSA and for violations of certain related statutes.
It provides authority for assessing penalties when regulations for those penalties have not been issued. The penalties apply
to violations of the BSA itself, the regulations under the BSA, or any geographic targeting or special measures order issued
by Treasury, as well as penalties for taking certain actions, such as structuring, with the intent to evade BSA reporting
31 CFR 1010.820 (formerly 103.57), which was issued under the authority of 31 USC 5321, is the primary penalty regulation.
It addresses civil penalties arising from violations of the BSA reporting and recordkeeping requirements, as well as structuring
Other Code provisions and regulations provide for civil penalties for violations of special BSA requirements. For example,
31 USC 5330 and 31 CFR 1022.380(e) (formerly 103.41(e)) provide for civil penalties for failure to register a money services
business (MSB).
4.26.7.3.1 (06-20-2012)Negligence
For each negligent violation of any requirement of the BSA, the penalty may not exceed $500. It is assessed only against financial
institutions and nonfinancial trades or businesses. 31 USC 5321(a)(6) and 31 CFR 1010.820(h) (formerly 103.57(h)). Civil money
penalties for negligent violations of the BSA are, in practice, extremely rare.
Negligence is discussed in this Section at 4.26.7.4.1.
Penalties for Negligent Violations
Violation Persons Subject to Penalty
Authority Negligent violation of any provision of the BSA or any regulation prescribed under the BSA
Any financial institution or non-financial trade or business
31 USC 5321(a)(6)(A) 31 CFR 1010.820(h) (formerly 103.57(h))
Pattern of negligent violations of any provision of the BSA or any regulation prescribed under the BSA
31 USC 5321(a)(6)(B)
4.26.7.3.2 (06-20-2012)"Non-Willful"
Violation of FBAR Requirements
Any person who violates or causes any violation of the FBAR requirements of 31 USC 5314 may be assessed a penalty not to exceed
$10,000 per violation. 31 USC 5321(a)(5)(B). Such penalty is not applicable if the violation was due to reasonable cause and the amount of the transaction or the balance
in the account at the time of the transaction was properly reported.
Penalty for "Non-Willful"
Authority Violation of 31 USC 5314 FBAR requirements unless such violation was due to reasonable cause, and the amount of the transaction
or the balance in the account at the time of the transaction was properly reported
Any person who violates or causes any violation
31 USC 5321(a)(5)(B)(31 CFR 1010.820(g) (formerly 31 CFR 103.57(g)) does not reflect the current FBAR penalties.) 4.26.7.3.3 (06-20-2012)Willful Violations of Recordkeeping and Reporting Requirements
Where the violation is willful, the penalty depends on the type of violation. There are different penalties for recordkeeping,
reporting, and program violations, as well as for other types of violations, such as failure by an MSB to register. Within the types of willful violations, there are variations in penalties as well, depending on the particular provision violated.
A penalty may be assessed on a partner, director, officer, or employee, as well as the business, for certain willful violations
identified in section 5321(a), and against any person for other violations, such as the FBAR reporting and recordkeeping violations.
Penalties for Willful Violation of Recordkeeping Requirements
Authority Failure to comply with any recordkeeping requirement for a financial institution, except 31 CFR 1010.420 (formerly 103.32)
(FBAR).
Any domestic financial institution, and
Any partner, director, officer, or employee.
31 CFR 1010.820(c) (formerly 103.57(c))
Failure to comply with the recordkeeping requirements of 31 USC 5314, 31 CFR 1010.420 (formerly 103.32) (FBAR) for violations
occurring prior to 10/23/04.
Any person willfully violating, or willfully causing any violation of 31 USC 5314.
the amount (not to exceed $100,000) equal to the balance in the account at the time of the violation, or $25,000. 31 CFR 1010.820(g)(2) (formerly 103.57(g)(2))
occurring after 10/22/04.
50 percent of the balance in the account at the time of the violation. 31 USC 5321(a)(5)(C)
Penalties for Willful Violation of Reporting Requirements
Failure to comply with any reporting requirement for financial institutions, including report retention requirements. Exceptions:
Failure to report a foreign account (FBAR) 31 USC 5314, 31 CFR 1010.350 (formerly 103.24). Failure to report a transaction with a foreign financial agency 31 USC 5315.
Any domestic financial institution or nonfinancial trade or business and
the amount involved in the transaction (not to exceed $100,000) or $25,000.
31 USC 5321(a)(1), 31 CFR1010.820(f) (formerly 103.57(f))
Failure to comply with the reporting requirements of 31 USC 5314, 31 CFR 1010.350 (formerly 103.24) (FBAR) for violations
Any person willfully violating, or willfully causing any violation of 31 USC 5314, 31 CFR 1010.350 (formerly 103.24).
the amount (not to exceed $100,000) equal to the balance in the account at the time of the violation, or $25,000.
31 CFR 1010.820(g)(2) (formerly 103.57(g)(2)).This regulation has not been changed to reflect the amendment to section 5321. It provides the prior law, which is still applicable
to violations occurring prior to 10/23/04. Failure to report a transaction with a foreign financial agency, 31 USC 5315, or not complying with an injunction under Sec.
31 USC 5320 enforcing compliance with section 5315.
Any person $10,000
31 USC 5321(a)(3).Note that the regulations for Sec. 5315 are found in 31 CFR Part 128 not Chapter X (formerly Part 103). Because of this, IRS
delegated exam authority in 31 CFR 1010.810 (formerly 103.56) does not extend to this requirement. Failure to comply with requirements to report transportation of monetary instruments that includes currency (CMIR) found in
31 USC 5316, 31 CFR 1010.340 (formerly 103.23). Any person
The amount of the currency or monetary instruments transported, mailed or shipped less any amount forfeited under the authority
of 31 CFR 1010.830 (formerly 103.58). 31 USC 5321(a)(2), 31 CFR 1010.820(f) (formerly 103.57(f))
4.26.7.3.4 (06-20-2012)Willful Violation of Other Duties
Under 31 USC 5314, 31 CFR 1010.360 (formerly 103.25) establishes a procedure under which the Secretary of the Treasury may
issue regulations requiring designated financial institutions to report certain financial transactions with designated foreign
financial agencies. Notice of such reporting requirements need not be published in the Federal Register, but notice must be
served personally upon the affected financial institution(s).
A Geographical Targeting Order (GTO) to report or record may be issued under 31 USC 5326, 31 CFR 1010.370 (formerly 103.26).
The Secretary, upon the Secretary's own initiative or at the request of an appropriate Federal or state law enforcement official,
may issue an order requiring any domestic financial institution or group of domestic financial institutions in a geographic
area, and any other person participating in the type of transaction, to file a report in the manner and to the extent specified
in the order, if it is found that reasonable grounds exist for concluding that additional recordkeeping and/or reporting requirements
are necessary to carry out the purposes of the BSA.
Special measures, including reporting, recordkeeping, and prohibited transactions that are specially ordered under 31 USC
5318A for one or more domestic financial institutions and domestic financial agencies, may be required after a finding by
the Secretary that a jurisdiction, financial institution, or transaction is of primary money laundering concern. Special Measures
for some entities appear in the regulations at 31 CFR 1010.651 (formerly 103.186) et. seq. Financial institutions and agencies that engage in private banking or offer correspondent accounts to foreign entities, for
example a credit union or an agent of a foreign financial institution, must establish due diligence (or in some cases, enhanced
due diligence), policies, procedures, and controls that are reasonably designed to detect and report instances of money laundering
through those accounts, especially when special measures apply. 31 USC 5318(i), 31 CFR 1010.610 and 1010.620 (formerly 103.176
and 103.178). Correspondent accounts for foreign shell banks are prohibited, 31 USC 5318(j), 31 CFR 1010.630 (formerly 103.177).
Both sections 5318 and 5318A are viewed as complementary international counter money laundering provisions and share the same
penalty, 31 USC 5321(a)(7).
The information-sharing rules of section 314 of the USA PATRIOT Act allowed the Secretary to make conforming regulations that
have been issued as part of 31 CFR Chapter X (formerly Part 103). For this reason IRS does have examination authority, 31
CFR 1010.810 (formerly 103.56). The regulations are found in 31 CFR 1010, Sub Part E. A report to FinCEN is required if a
positive "hit"
is found after a request for information is made through FinCEN from law enforcement. No report is required for information-sharing
among financial institutions, although there are mandatory procedures. A financial institution's anti-money laundering (AML) program must comply with section 314(a) requirements if that financial
institution is subject to those requirements.
Penalties for Willful Violation of Other Duties
Penalty Authority Failure to report a transaction with a foreign financial agency required by regulations under the authority of 31 CFR 1010.360
(formerly 103.25), for violations occurring prior to 10/23/04.
Specified financial institutions that are required to provide such reports by a regulation promulgated under 31 CFR 1010.360(a)
(formerly 103.25(a)).
The amount (not to exceed $100,000) of the transaction or $25,000.
31 USC 5321(a)(5), 31 CFR 1010.820(g) (formerly 103.57(g)) Failure to report a transaction with a foreign financial agency required by regulations under the authority of 31 CFR 1010.360
(formerly 103.25) for violations occurring after 10/22/2004
(formerly 103.25(a)). The greater of: $100,000, or 50 percent of the amount of the transaction.
31 USC 5321(a)(5), 31 CFR 1010.820(g) (formerly 103.57(g))
Failure to comply with a geographic targeting order issued under 31 USC 5326, 31 CFR 1010.370 (formerly 103.26)
Any domestic financial institution and
Up to the greater of the amount involved in the transaction (not to exceed $100,000) or $25,000.
31 USC 5321(a)(1), 31 CFR 1010.820(f) (formerly 103.57(f))
Failure to comply with any special measures order issued under 31 USC 5318A. Any domestic financial institution or agency
An amount equal to not less than twice the amount of the transaction but not more than $1,000,000.
31 USC 5321(a)(7) Failure to comply with due diligence requirements for financial institutions having a private banking or correspondent account
for a foreign person set forth at 31 USC 5318(i) or prohibition of managing a correspondent account with a foreign shell corporation
31 USC 5318(j) and at 31 CFR 1010.605-630 (formerly 103.175-178). Any financial institution or agency included in 31 USC 5318(i). An amount equal to not less than twice the amount of the transaction, but not more than $1,000,000. 31 USC 5321(a)(7)
Failure to comply with the information sharing rules regarding reporting by Sec. 314 of the USA PATRIOT Act and found at 31
CFR 1010, Subpart E (formerly Part 103, Subpart H).
Any financial institution, as defined in 31 CFR 1010.505 (formerly 103.90) and Any partner, director, officer, or employee. $25,000
31 USC 5321(a)(1)
Failure to follow procedures for information sharing required by Sec. 314 of the USA PATRIOT Act and found at 31 CFR 1010,
Subpart E (formerly Part 103, Subpart H).
Financial institution or association of financial institutions
Loss of Safe Harbor Protections given in the act.
Public Law 107–56 Sec. 314, 31 CFR 1010.540(b)(5) (formerly 103.110(b)(5)) 4.26.7.3.5 (06-20-2012)Structuring and Related Prohibited Actions
See IRM 4.26.13 for a complete discussion of structuring transactions to avoid certain BSA requirements.
Structuring requires showing a purpose or intent to avoid specific requirements of the BSA. These specific requirements are
listed in 31 USC 5324:
Reporting by filing a Currency Transaction Report (CTR) (31 USC 5313(a))
Recordkeeping by creating and maintaining records for the issuance or sale of a bank check, cashier's check, traveler's check,
or money order of $3,000 or more or any regulation prescribed under any section (31 USC 5325) Reporting or recordkeeping imposed by any order issued under section 5326, geographical targeting order reports or records
Recordkeeping imposed by any regulation prescribed under section 21 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act or section 123 of
Public Law 91-508 (that affect Title 12 and are not under IRS BSA examination authority)
Reporting on Report of Cash Payments Over $10,000 Received in a Trade or Business, Form 8300 (31 USC 5331)
Reporting on the CMIR (31 USC 5316)
The Secretary of the Treasury is authorized by 31 USC 5321(a)(4) to impose a civil money penalty on any person who violates
any provision of section 5324. A civil penalty for the above actions relating to structuring regarding the CTR (31 CFR 1010.314
(formerly 103.63)) is found in the regulations at 31 CFR 1010.820(e) (formerly 103.57(e)).
IRS does not have examination authority under 31 CFR 1010.810(b)(8) (formerly 103.56(b)(8)), which delegates examination authority
over financial institutions to examine individuals for structuring unless they themselves are included in the definition of
financial institution – for example, an MSB customer (who is the sole proprietor of an MSB) purchasing money orders from another
Civil Penalties for Structuring and Related Prohibited Actions
Authority Structuring transactions, or taking related actions in violation of 31 USC 5324, 31 CFR 1010.314 (formerly 103.63)
Any person The amount of coins and currency involved in the transaction for which such penalty is imposed, reduced by the amount of any
forfeiture to the United States in connection with the transaction for which the penalty was imposed.
31 USC 5321(a)(4) 31 CFR 1010.820(e) (formerly 103.57(e)) 4.26.7.3.6 (06-20-2012)Anti-Money Laundering Program Violations
The Secretary of the Treasury may require a class of domestic financial institutions or nonfinancial trades or businesses
to maintain appropriate procedures to ensure compliance with the BSA and its regulations or to guard against money laundering.
31 USC 5318(a)(2).
All financial institutions must establish anti-money laundering (AML) programs, 31 USC 5318(h). Those financial institutions
required to have AML programs appear in the regulations at 31 CFR Chapter X (formerly 31 CFR Part 103). However at the present
time, regulations have not been adopted for some types of financial institutions and they are currently exempted from this
requirement. 31 CFR 1010.205 (formerly 103.170).
Every bank is required to have a written customer identification program. 31 CFR 1020.220 (formerly 103.121). For most, it
is part of their AML program. Although a credit union under IRS examination authority is not required to have an AML program,
it is required, as a bank, to have a customer identification program. A bank must create and retain, for five years, certain
customer records as a part of its customer identification program. Penalties for Program Violations Violation
Authority Failure to establish an anti-money laundering (AML) compliance program under 31 USC 5318(h) and various regulations appearing
at 31 CFR Chapter X (formerly Part 103).
Any financial institution required to establish a program and
Any partner, director, officer or employee
$25,000. For a violation of section 5318(a)(2) of this title or a regulation prescribed under section 5318(a)(2), a separate violation
occurs for each day the violation continues and at each office, branch, or place of business at which a violation occurs or
31 USC 5321(a)(1) Failure to establish a written customer identification program 31 CFR 1020.220 (formerly 103.121), which includes failure
to create and retain records of customer identification. Any financial institution required to establish a program and
Any partner, director, officer, or employee
31 USC 5321(a)(1) 4.26.7.3.7 (06-20-2012)MSB Registration Violations
The failure to comply with the MSB registration requirement includes failure to retain a copy of the registration or agent
A person who fails to register, as required by 31 CFR 1022.380 (formerly 103.41), is subject to a penalty of $5,000 per day,
whether or not the failure to register was willful.
The instructions to Registration of Money Services Businesses, FinCEN Form 107, define "owner or controlling person"
for purposes of responsibility to register to include, for a corporation, "the largest single shareholder."
The instructions also provide that if two or more persons own equal numbers of shares of a corporation, they can enter
into an agreement to determine who will register the corporation. See the instructions to Form 107 for additional information.
Penalty for MSB Registration Violations
Failure to comply with any requirements of 31 USC 5330 or 31 CFR 1022.380 (formerly 103.41) that is registration of a money
Any person who is required to comply. $5,000 per day
31 USC 5330(e), 31 CFR 1022.380(e) (formerly 103.41(e)) 4.26.7.4 (06-20-2012)Determining Intent Under the BSA
Civil penalties vary depending on intent. There may be a violation, but the penalty amount depends on whether the person was
negligent, or willfully or intentionally violated legal requirements.
There is no overall definition of intent in the BSA. The common law (case law) definitions of negligence and intent are used
to establish which penalties are appropriate.
In determining intent, generally one looks to the knowledge of the person involved. This includes knowledge of the facts involved
and knowledge of legal requirements relating to those facts.
Intent is determined by analyzing all the facts and circumstances of the case and it is often shown by circumstantial evidence.
The BSA examiner must thoroughly document facts on the issue of intent.
4.26.7.4.1 (06-20-2012)Negligence
Negligence is usually defined as the failure to use the care that a reasonable person would use in the same or similar circumstances.
There are two principal areas where a reasonable person would exercise care for financial reporting and recordkeeping. A reasonable
business person would normally:
Exercise care to learn about legal requirements in his area of business.
Exercise care to see that his business had sufficient internal controls to meet those requirements.
When normal business care is not exercised in one or both of these areas, there is a case for negligence.
Negligence is the lack of reasonable cause for a failure to use the care normally expected in the same or similar circumstances.
For additional suggestions on the type of facts that establish negligence, see the Penalty Handbook, IRM 20.1.1.3.1. 4.26.7.4.2 (06-20-2012)Civil Willfulness
If a person does not know of that legal duty but it can be shown that the person made conscious efforts to avoid learning
of the duty, willfulness may be imputed under the concept of "willful blindness"
or "reckless disregard"
4.26.7.4.3 (06-20-2012)Establishing Willfulness
Two steps in establishing willfulness are: Establishing knowledge of the law, and
Evaluating indicators of willfulness.
4.26.7.4.3.1 (06-20-2012)Knowledge of the Law
An apparent violator’s knowledge about applicable legal requirements may be an indicator of willfulness if those requirements
are not met. Knowledge may be established in several ways.
Notification by IRS: The Letter 1052 describes the BSA requirements of most businesses in general. When receipt of the Letter 1052 has been acknowledged,
knowledge is established.
Special mailings are good evidence of knowledge if controls have been set up for returned mail.
Educational visits, where the financial institution signs that it has received information concerning BSA, are proof of knowledge.
A prior BSA examination may prove knowledge.
Actions of the apparent violator: Previously filed reports.
Stated awareness of the law.
Structuring transactions to avoid the filing of CTRs may show awareness of the law.
Education by principals for whom the violator is acting as an agent. Many financial institutions have training programs to
inform their agents about BSA reporting and recordkeeping requirements.
Education by the business community: Many businesses belong to business organizations that have newsletters and handbooks relating to BSA requirements.
Many businesses have legal and accounting professionals who may be advising them about their BSA responsibilities.
4.26.7.4.3.2 (06-20-2012)Indications of Willfulness
A showing of willfulness by the apparent violator that causes a failure to report or keep records is based on the facts and
Failure to file required reports - Evidence of willful failure to report may include: Filings on some transactions but not on others, especially where the unreported transactions involved the same individual(s).
Failure to comply with AML requirements that leads to reporting or recordkeeping violations.
Failure to maintain required records - Evidence of willful failure to record includes: Documentary evidence that the same individual conducted multiple transactions within a very short period of time so it was
clear that the transactions were related and should have triggered a recordkeeping requirement. Evidence that the records were false and the violator must have known-- for example, retention of a photocopied identification
document, which differs from the information provided on the form.
Failure to comply with requirements that leads to reporting or recordkeeping violations.
4.26.7.5 (06-20-2012)Criminal Penalties for Violation of Bank Secrecy Act
IRS Criminal Investigation has BSA criminal examination authority under 31 CFR 1010.810(c)(2) (formerly 103.56(c)(2)) except
for examinations related to the CMIR, which are examined by Customs. If an examination has criminal potential, see IRM 4.26.8,
Special Procedures. Most Federal BSA criminal penalties are provided for in 31 USC 5322 and 31 CFR 1010.840 (formerly 103.59).
18 USC 1960 provides for criminal penalties for certain MSBs for failure to comply with the state licensing requirements or
with the registration requirement for MSBs under 31 USC 5330 and 31 CFR 1022.380 (formerly 103.41).
Criminal penalties for structuring are provided for in 31 USC 5324(d) and 31 CFR 1010.840 (formerly 103.59).
4.26.7.6 (06-20-2012)Forfeiture Authority
) BSA criminal and civil forfeiture authority was moved by section 372 of the USA PATRIOT Act from Title 18 to 31 USC 5317(c).
The code at 31 USC 5317(c)(2) provides for civil forfeiture proceedings. The code provision is quite broad. Any property involved
in a violation of Sections 5313 (currency reporting requirements), 5316 (exporting and importing monetary instruments), or
5324 (criminal structuring), or any conspiracy to commit such violation, and any property traceable to any such violation
or conspiracy, may be seized and forfeited to the United States. The Secretary of the Treasury has discretionary authority
to remit or mitigate the forfeiture.
Forfeiture authority under related regulation 31 CFR 1010.830 (formerly 103.58) is narrower in that it mentions neither the
CTR nor the structuring transactional amounts. This regulation provides only that any currency or other monetary instruments,
which are in the process of any transportation and for which a report (the CMIR) is required under section 1010.340 (formerly
103.23), are subject to seizure and forfeiture to the United States if the report has not been filed or contains material
Generally, a BSA examiner can, with appropriate issuance approval, serve a BSA civil summons for the purpose of BSA civil
examinations. See IRM 4.26.8, Special Procedures for summons procedures. However, for the purpose of perfecting seizures and
forfeitures related to BSA civil enforcement, the Chief, Criminal Investigation. or a delegate must authorize summons issuance,
31 CFR 1010.912(b) (formerly 103.72(b)).
Amounts seized and forfeited reduce penalties assessed for violation of the reporting requirements regarding exporting and
importing monetary instruments, 31 USC 5321(a)(2), 31 CFR 1010.820(d) (formerly 103.57(d)) and the structuring prohibitions,
31 USC 5321(a)(4), 31 CFR 1010.820(e) (formerly 103.57(e)).
Customs has forfeiture authority along with its examination authority over the CMIR, 31 CFR 1010.810(b)(7) (formerly 103.56(b)(7)).
It also has authority to examine for criminal violations of the CMIR requirements, 31 CFR 1010.810(c)(1) (formerly 103.56(c)(1)).