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Internal Revenue Bulletin - September 29, 2003 - T.D. 9075 Internal Revenue Bulletin: 2003-39 September 29, 2003 T.D. 9075 Compensation Deferred Under Eligible Deferred Compensation Plans Table of Contents
Paperwork Reduction Act Background Summary of Comments Received and Changes Made Special Analyses Amendments to the Regulations PART 1—INCOME TAXES
This document contains final regulations that provide guidance on deferred compensation plans of state and local governments
and tax-exempt entities. The regulations reflect the changes made to section 457 by the Tax Reform Act of 1986, the Small
Business Job Protection Act of 1996, the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997, the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act
of 2001, the Job Creation and Worker Assistance Act of 2002, and other legislation. The regulations also make various technical
changes and clarifications to the existing final regulations on many discrete issues. These regulations provide the public
with guidance necessary to comply with the law and will affect plan sponsors, administrators, participants, and beneficiaries.
Effective Date: July 11, 2003. Applicability Date: These regulations apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2001. See “Effective date of the regulations” for additional
information concerning the applicability of these regulations.
Paperwork Reduction Act The collection of information contained in these final regulations has been reviewed and approved by the Office of Management
and Budget in accordance with the Paperwork Reduction Act (44 U.S.C. 3507) under control number 1545-1580. Responses to this
The estimated burden per respondent varies from .033 hour to 2 hours per trust established depending upon individual respondents’
circumstances, with an estimated average of one hour for each trust established, and from 20 hours to 50 hours per application
for approval as a custodian with an estimated average of 35 hours for each application submitted to qualify as a custodian.
Books or records relating to this collection of information must be retained as long as their contents may become material
Background Section 131 of the Revenue Act of 1978 (92 Stat. 2779) added section 457 to the Internal Revenue Code of 1954. On September
27, 1982, final regulations (T.D. 7836, 1982-2 C.B. 91 [47 FR 42335]) under section 457 (the 1982 regulations) were published
in the Federal Register. The 1982 regulations provided guidance for complying with the changes to the applicable tax law made by the Revenue Act
of 1978 relating to deferred compensation plans maintained by state and local governments and rural electric cooperatives.
Section 1107 of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (100 Stat. 2494) extended section 457 to tax-exempt organizations. Section 6064
of the Technical and Miscellaneous Act of 1988 (102 Stat. 3700) codified certain exceptions for certain plans. Notice 88-68,
1988-1 C.B. 556, addressed the treatment of nonelective deferred compensation of nonemployees, and provided an exception under
which section 457 does not to apply to certain church plans.
Section 1404 of the Small Business Job Protection Act of 1996 (110 Stat. 1755) added section 457(g) which requires that section
457(b) plans maintained by state and local government employers hold all plan assets and income in trust, or in custodial
accounts or annuity contracts (described in section 401(f) of the Internal Revenue Code), for the exclusive benefit of participants
Section 1071 of the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 (111 Stat. 788) permits certain accrued benefits to be cashed out. Sections 615, 631, 632, 634, 635, 641, 647, and 649 of the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 (EGTRRA)
(115 Stat. 38) included increases in elective deferral limits, repeal of the rules coordinating the section 457 plan limit
with contributions to certain other types of plans, catch-up contributions for individuals age 50 or over, extension of qualified
domestic relation order rules to section 457 plans, rollovers among various qualified plans, section 403(b) contracts and
individual retirement arrangements (IRAs), and transfers to purchase service credits under governmental pension plans.
Section 411(o)(8) and (p)(5) of the Job Creation and Worker Assistance Act of 2002 (116 Stat. 21) clarified certain provisions
in EGTRRA concerning section 457 plans, including the use of certain compensation reduction elections to be taken into account
in determining includible compensation.
On May 8, 2002, a notice of proposed rulemaking (REG-105885-99, 2002-1 C.B. 1103 [67 FR 30826]) was published in the Federal Register to issue new regulations under section 457, including amending the 1982 regulations to conform them to the legislative changes
that had been made to section 457 since 1982.
Following publication of the proposed regulations, comments were received and a public hearing was held on August 28, 2002.
After consideration of the comments received, the proposed regulations are adopted by this Treasury decision, subject to a
number of changes that are generally summarized below.
Summary of Comments Received and Changes Made 1. Excess Deferrals The proposed regulations addressed the income tax treatment of excess deferrals and the effect of excess deferrals on plan
eligibility under section 457(b). The proposed regulations provided that an eligible governmental plan may self-correct and
distribute excess deferrals and continue to satisfy the eligibility requirements of section 457(b) (including the distribution
rules and the funding rules) by reason of a distribution of excess deferrals. However, the proposed regulations provided that
if an excess deferral arose under an eligible plan of a tax-exempt employer, the plan was no longer an eligible plan.
After consideration of the comments received, the regulations extend self-correction for excess deferrals to eligible plans
of tax-exempt employers. If there is an excess deferral under such plan, the plan may distribute to a participant any excess
deferrals (and any income allocable to such amount) not later than the first April 15 following the close of the taxable year
of the excess deferrals, comparable to the rules for qualified plans under section 402(g). In such a case, the plan will continue
to be treated as an eligible plan. However, in accordance with section 457(c), any excess deferral is included in the gross
income of a participant for the taxable year of the excess deferral. If an excess deferral is not corrected by distribution,
the plan is an ineligible plan under which benefits are taxable in accordance with ineligible plan rules.
The income tax treatment and payroll tax reporting of distributions of excess deferrals from eligible section 457(b) governmental
plans are similar to the treatment and reporting of distribution of excess deferrals from tax-qualified plans. Such amounts
should be reported on Form 1099 and taxed in the year of distribution to the extent of distributed earnings on the excess
deferrals. For eligible section 457(b) tax-exempt plans, the excess deferrals are subject to income tax in the year of distribution
to the extent of distributed earnings on the excess deferrals and such earnings should be reported on Form W-2 for the year
of distribution. See also Notice 2003-20, 2003-19 I.R.B. 894, for information regarding the withholding and reporting requirements
applicable to eligible plans generally.
2. Aggregation Rules in the Proposed Regulations The proposed regulations included several rules that aggregate multiple plans for purposes of meeting the eligibility requirements
of section 457(b). These regulations retain all of these rules. For example, the regulations provide that in any case in which
multiple plans are used to avoid or evade the eligibility requirements under the regulations, the Commissioner may apply the
eligibility requirements as if the plans were a single plan. Also, an eligible employer is required to have no more than one
normal retirement age for each participant under all of the eligible plans it sponsors. In addition, all deferrals under all
eligible plans under which an individual participates by virtue of his or her relationship with a single employer are treated
as though deferred under a single plan for purposes of determining excess deferrals. Finally, annual deferrals under all eligible
plans are combined for purposes of determining the maximum deferral limits.
Few comments were received with respect to the aggregation rules under the proposed regulations. However, one commentator
requested that, where it is determined that multiple eligible plans maintained by a single employer, which have been aggregated
pursuant to the proposed regulations, contain excess deferrals, the employer have the ability to disaggregate those plans
solely for the purpose of either (1) distributing the excess deferrals under the self-correcting mechanism or (2) limiting
the characterization of such plans as "ineligible" to the one(s) that actually contain the excess deferrals. Taking into account
the ability for all eligible plans to self-correct by distribution, these regulations retain without material revision the
aggregation rules that were in the proposed regulations.
3. Deferral of Sick, Vacation, and Back Pay The proposed regulations would have allowed an eligible plan to permit participants to elect to defer compensation, including
accumulated sick and vacation pay and back pay, only if an agreement providing for the deferral is entered into before the
beginning of the month in which the amounts would otherwise be paid or made available and the participant is an employee in
that month. Comments requested that terminating participants be allowed to elect deferral for accumulated sick and vacation
pay and back pay even if the participant is not employed at the time of the deferral. The final regulations retain the rule under which the deferral election must be made during employment and before the beginning
of the month when the compensation would have been payable. However, the regulations include a special rule that allows an
election for sick pay, vacation pay, or back pay that is not yet payable (subject of course to the maximum deferral limitations
of section 457 in the year of deferral). Under the special rule, an employee who is retiring or otherwise having a severance
from employment during a month may nevertheless elect to defer, for example, his or her unused vacation pay after the beginning
of the month, provided that the vacation pay would otherwise have been payable before the employee has a severance from employment
and the election is made before the date on which the vacation pay would otherwise have been payable.
4. Unforeseeable Emergency Distributions The proposed regulations added examples that would illustrate when an unforeseeable emergency occurred. In particular, one
example provided that the need to pay for the funeral expenses of a family member may constitute an unforeseeable emergency.
Several commentators requested clarification in the final regulations of the definition of family member. The regulations
have been modified to define a family member as a spouse or dependent as defined in section 152(a).
5. Plan Terminations, Plan-to-Plan Transfers, and Rollovers The regulations include certain rules regarding plan terminations, plan-to-plan transfers, and rollovers. These topics have
been affected by the statutory changes that impose a trust requirement on eligible governmental plans. The direct rollovers
that were permitted by EGTRRA beginning in 2002 for eligible governmental plans provide participants affected by these types
of events the ability to retain their retirement savings in a funded, tax-deferred savings vehicle by rollover to an IRA,
qualified plan, or section 403(b) contract. The regulations provide an outline for the different plan termination and plan-to-plan
transfer alternatives available to sponsors of eligible governmental plans in these situations.
a. Plan terminations The regulations allow a plan to have provisions permitting plan termination whereupon amounts can be distributed without violating
the distribution requirements of section 457. Under the regulations, an eligible plan is terminated only if all amounts deferred
under the plan are paid to participants as soon as administratively practicable. If the amounts deferred under the plan are
not distributed, the plan is treated as a frozen plan and must continue to comply with all of the applicable statutory requirements
necessary for plan eligibility.
b. Plan-to-plan transfers among eligible governmental plans and purchase of permissive service credit by plan-to-plan transfer The proposed regulations would have allowed plan-to-plan transfers between eligible governmental plans under new circumstances,
as well as the purchase of permissive service credits by transfer from an eligible governmental plan to a governmental defined
benefit plan, but only if the transfers were made by plans within the same state. Commentators objected to the requirement
under the new transfer rules that the transfers be to plans within the same state.
Upon consideration of the comments received, the regulations allow transfers among eligible governmental plans in three situations.
In each case, the transferor plan must provide for transfers, the receiving plan must provide for the receipt of transfers,
and the participant or beneficiary whose amounts deferred are being transferred must be entitled to an amount deferred immediately
after the transfer that is at least equal to the amount deferred with respect to that participant or beneficiary immediately
before the transfer. Transfers are permitted among eligible governmental plans in the following three cases:
A person-by-person transfer is permitted for any beneficiary and for any participant who has had a severance from employment
with the transferring employer and is performing services for the entity maintaining the receiving plan (whether or not the
other plan is within the same state).
No severance from employment is required if the entire plan’s assets for all participants and beneficiaries are transferred
to another eligible governmental plan within the same state.
No severance from employment is required for a transfer from one eligible governmental plan of an employer to another eligible
governmental plan of the same employer. The final regulations also allow a plan-to-plan transfer from an eligible governmental plan to a governmental defined benefit
plan for permissive service credit, without regard to whether the defined benefit plan is maintained by a governmental entity
that is in the same state. In addition, language that was in an example which implied that section 415(n) (which addresses
the application of maximum benefit limitations with respect to certain contributions) might apply to such a transfer has been
eliminated because Treasury and the IRS have concluded that section 415(n) does not apply to such a transfer in any case in
which the actuarial value of the benefit increase that results from the transfer does not exceed the amount transferred.
c. Plan-to-plan transfers among eligible plans of tax-exempt entities The regulations retain the rule from the 1982 regulations allowing a plan-to-plan transfer after a participant has had a severance
d. Rollovers The proposed regulations specified the treatment of amounts rolled into or out of an eligible governmental plan and stated
that amounts rolled into the plan are treated as amounts deferred under the plan for purposes of the regulations. Some commentators
requested that consideration be given to allowing eligible governmental plans to have the same flexibility that they claimed
was permitted for qualified plans with respect to the timing of distributions of rolled-in assets. Specifically, these commentators
requested the ability for an eligible governmental plan to allow a participant to receive a distribution of rolled-in assets
even though the participant may not yet be eligible for a distribution of other assets held under the plan. Commentators pointed
out that, since section 402(c)(10) allows an eligible governmental plan to accept a rollover contribution only if the rolled-in
assets from other plan types are separately accounted for (in order to apply the section 72(t) early withdrawal income tax
for distributions from these assets), this ability should not cause administrative problems for plan sponsors. Commentators
also asserted that the flexibility to design an eligible governmental plan to permit such distributions would be beneficial
These regulations do not permit an eligible governmental plan to distribute rolled-in assets to a participant who is not yet
eligible for a distribution until future guidance of general applicability is published that addresses this issue. Treasury
and the IRS intend to issue, in the near future, guidance of general applicability resolving this issue in coordination with
the applicable rules for qualified plans and section 403(b) contracts. Commentators also requested clarification on the order of accounts for partial distributions to participants who have rolled-in
assets that are subject to the early withdrawal income tax. They requested that consideration be given in final regulations
to clarifying that the participant may be treated as receiving a partial distribution first from other plan assets to minimize
the early withdrawal income tax that would otherwise apply. These regulations clarify that, if a rollover is received by an
eligible governmental plan from an IRA, qualified plan, or section 403(b) contract, then distributions from the eligible governmental
plan are subject to the early withdrawal income tax in accordance with the plan’s method of accounting, i.e., for purposes of applying the section 72(t) early withdrawal income tax, a distribution is treated as made from an eligible
governmental plan’s separate account for rollovers from an IRA, qualified plan, or section 403(b) contract only if the plan
accounts for the distribution as a distribution from that account. Thus, for example, an eligible governmental plan may provide
that any unforeseeable emergency withdrawal is made from other accounts to the extent possible, in which event the early withdrawal
tax will not apply assuming that the plan only debits such other accounts to reflect the distribution.
The proposed regulations had requested comments on the issue of separate accounting for rolled-in amounts and asked if there
are any special characteristics that would be lost if multiple types of separate accounts were not maintained. Commentators
asked for the regulations to permit maintenance of a single rollover account for all amounts that are rolled into the eligible
governmental plan. These regulations require separate accounting only to the extent mandated by section 402(c)(10), i.e., only for rollovers from IRAs, qualified plans and section 403(b) contracts. Section 72(t)(9) provides that the early withdrawal
income tax applies to distributions from rollovers attributable to IRAs, qualified plans, and section 403(b) contracts. Thus,
if an eligible governmental plan accepts a rollover from another eligible governmental plan of an amount that was originally deferred under an eligible governmental plan and commingles that rollover in the same separate
account that includes a rollover amount from an IRA, qualified plan, or section 403(b) contract, then distributions from that
account will be subject to the early withdrawal income tax. Accordingly, in order to avoid this result, eligible governmental
plans may choose to establish three separate accounts for a participant even though these regulations only require that a single separate rollover account be maintained for all
amounts that are rolled into an eligible governmental plan: first, an account for all amounts deferred under that plan; second,
an account for any rollover from another eligible governmental plan (disregarding any amounts that originated from an IRA,
qualified plan, or section 403(b) contract); and third, an account for any rollover amount from an IRA, qualified plan, or
section 403(b) contract (including any amounts rolled over from another eligible governmental plan that originated from an
IRA, qualified plan, or section 403(b) contract). These regulations include an example illustrating that the early withdrawal
income tax would not apply to a partial distribution from a plan with such accounts assuming that the plan debits either of
the first two such other accounts to reflect the distribution.
6. Ineligible Plans The proposed regulations included guidance regarding ineligible plans under section 457(f). Section 457(f) generally provides
that, in the case of an agreement or arrangement for the deferral of compensation, the deferred compensation is included in
gross income when deferred or, if later, when the rights to payment of the deferred compensation cease to be subject to a
substantial risk of forfeiture. Section 457(f) was in section 457 when it was added to the Code in 1978 for governmental employees,
and extended to employees of tax-exempt organizations (other than churches or certain church-controlled organizations) in
1986, because unfunded amounts held by a tax-exempt entity compound tax free like an eligible plan, a qualified plan, or a
section 403(b) contract. Section 457(f) was viewed as essential in order to provide an incentive for employers that are not
subject to income taxes to adopt an eligible plan, a qualified plan, or a section 403(b) contract.[1] Section 457(f) does not apply to an eligible plan, a qualified plan, a section 403(b) contract, a section 403(c) contract,
a transfer of property described in section 83, a trust to which section 402(b) applies, or a qualified governmental excess
benefit arrangement described in section 415(m). The proposed regulations stated that section 457(f) applies if the date on
which there is no substantial risk of forfeiture with respect to the compensation deferred precedes the date on which there
is a transfer of property to which section 83 applies. The proposed regulations included several examples, including an example
illustrating that section 457(f) does not fail to apply merely because benefits are subsequently paid by a transfer of property.
Comments were requested on the coordination of sections 457(f) and 83 under the proposed regulations.
In response, a number of commentators objected to the proposed coordination of sections 457(f) and 83, including arguing that
the proposed regulation would place tax-exempt organizations at a competitive disadvantage when it comes to attracting and
retaining executive talent because it would effectively eliminate the use of discounted mutual fund options as a tax effective
component of total compensation. Some commentators also asserted that the proposed regulations were ambiguous as to their
applicability to steeply discounted mutual fund options, and recommended that, if the provision is not removed, at a minimum
future guidance should be more specific. The final regulations retain the interpretation of the coordination of sections 457(f) and 83 that was in the proposed regulations,
and also clarify the application of the rule by adding an example involving an option grant. The regulations also include
a clarification that, when benefits are paid or made available under an ineligible plan, the amount included in gross income
is equal to the amount paid or made available, but only to the extent that the amount exceeds the amount the participant included
in gross income when he or she obtained a vested right to the benefit.
7. Severance Pay and Other Exceptions In 2000, the IRS issued Announcement 2000-1, 2000-1 C.B. 294, which provided interim guidance on certain broad-based, nonelective
plans of a state or local government that were in existence before 1999. Comments were requested on arrangements, such as
those maintained by certain state or local governmental educational institutions, under which supplemental compensation is
payable as an incentive to terminate employment, or as an incentive to retain retirement-eligible employees, to ensure an
appropriate workforce during periods in which a temporary surplus or deficit in workforce is anticipated. Treasury and the
IRS continue to be interested in receiving comments on this issue, which should be sent to the following address: Internal
Revenue Service, Attn: CC:DOM:CORP:R (Section 457 Plans), Room 5201, P. O. Box 7604, Ben Franklin Station, Washington, D.C.
20044. Written comments may be hand delivered Monday through Friday between 8 a.m. and 4 p.m. to: Internal Revenue Service,
Courier’s Desk, Attn: CC:PA:RU (Section 457 Plans), 1111 Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20224. Alternatively, written
comments may be submitted electronically via the Internet by selecting the “Tax Regs” option on the IRS Home Page, or by submitting
them directly to the IRS Internet site at: http://www.irs.gov/tax_regs/reglist.html. Comments should be received by October 9, 2003.
8. Effective Date of the Regulations The proposed regulations included a general effective date under which the regulations would have applied to taxable years
beginning after December 31, 2001. This is the general effective date for the changes made in section 457 by EGTRRA. Commentators
did not express concern about this effective date and some commentators also stated that eligible governmental plans have
adopted plan amendments to address the changes that have been allowed by EGTRRA, so that it would be appropriate to have the
final regulations effective date coincide with the effective date for EGTRRA. These regulations are generally applicable to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2001, subject to certain specific
transition rules. Under one of these transition rules, for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2001, and before January
1, 2004, a plan will not fail to be an eligible plan if it is operated in accordance with a reasonable, good faith interpretation
of section 457(b). Whether a plan is operated in accordance with a reasonable, good faith interpretation of section 457(b)
will generally be determined based on all of the relevant facts and circumstances, including the extent to which the employer
has resolved unclear issues in its favor. The regulations state that a plan will be deemed to be operated in accordance with
a reasonable, good faith interpretation of section 457(b) if it is operated in accordance with the terms of these regulations.
The IRS will also deem a plan to be operated in accordance with a reasonable, good faith interpretation of section 457(b)
if it is operated in accordance with the terms of the 1982 regulations as in effect for taxable years beginning before January
1, 2002 (to the extent those 1982 regulations are consistent with subsequent changes in law, including EGTRRA) or in accordance
with the terms of the 2001 proposed regulations. However, a plan will be deemed not to be operated in accordance with a reasonable,
good faith interpretation of section 457(b) if it is operated in a manner that is inconsistent with the terms of the 1982
regulations as in effect for taxable years beginning before January 1, 2002 (to the extent those 1982 regulations are consistent
with subsequent changes in law, including EGTRRA), except to the extent permitted under either these final regulations or
the 2001 proposed regulations.
Further, there is a special delayed effective date for the rule under which an eligible governmental plan cannot distribute
rollover account benefits to a participant who is not yet eligible for a distribution. Thus, this rule is not applicable until
years beginning after December 31, 2003, since this issue is expected to be resolved before that date.
The regulations also retain the rule in the proposed regulations under which the regulations do not apply with respect to
an option that lacked a readily ascertainable fair market value (within the meaning of section 83(e)(3)) at grant that was
granted on or before May 8, 2002. Thus, the status of such an option under section 457(f) would be determined without regard
in these regulations will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. The collection
of information in the regulations is in section 1.457-8(a)(3)(ii)(B) and consists of the requirement that a custodian of a
custodial account may be a person other than a bank only if the person demonstrates to the satisfaction of the Commissioner
that the manner in which the person will administer the custodial account will be consistent with the requirement of section
457(g)(1) and (3) of the Code. This certification is based on the fact that the cost of submitting this information is small,
even for small entities. Therefore, a Regulatory Flexibility Analysis under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. chapter
6) is not required. Pursuant to section 7805(f) of the Code, the notice of proposed rulemaking preceding these regulations
was submitted to the Chief Counsel for Advocacy of the Small Business Administration for comment on its impact on small business.
*	*	*	*	* Amendments to the Regulations Accordingly, 26 CFR part 1 is amended as follows:
Authority: 26 U.S.C. 7805 *
§1.457-1 General overviews of section 457. Section 457 provides rules for nonqualified deferred compensation plans established by eligible employers as defined under
§1.457-2(d). Eligible employers can establish either deferred compensation plans that are eligible plans and that meet the
requirements of section 457(b) and §§1.457-3 through 1.457-10, or deferred compensation plans or arrangements that do not
meet the requirements of section 457(b) and §§1.457-3 through 1.457-10 and that are subject to tax treatment under section
457(f) and §1.457-11. §1.457-2 Definitions. This section sets forth the definitions that are used under §§1.457-1 through 1.457-11.
(a) Amount(s) deferred. Amount(s) deferred means the total annual deferrals under an eligible plan in the current and prior years, adjusted for gain or loss. Except
as provided at §§1.457-4(c)(1)(iii) and 1.457-6(a), amount(s) deferred includes any rollover amount held by an eligible plan
as provided under §1.457-10(e).
(b) Annual deferral(s)—(1) Annual deferral(s) means, with respect to a taxable year, the amount of compensation deferred under an eligible plan, whether by salary reduction
or by nonelective employer contribution. The amount of compensation deferred under an eligible plan is taken into account
as an annual deferral in the taxable year of the participant in which deferred, or, if later, the year in which the amount
of compensation deferred is no longer subject to a substantial risk of forfeiture. (2) If the amount of compensation deferred under the plan during a taxable year is not subject to a substantial risk of forfeiture,
the amount taken into account as an annual deferral is not adjusted to reflect gain or loss allocable to the compensation
deferred. If, however, the amount of compensation deferred under the plan during the taxable year is subject to a substantial
risk of forfeiture, the amount of compensation deferred that is taken into account as an annual deferral in the taxable year
in which the substantial risk of forfeiture lapses must be adjusted to reflect gain or loss allocable to the compensation
deferred until the substantial risk of forfeiture lapses. (3) If the eligible plan is a defined benefit plan within the meaning of section 414(j), the annual deferral for a taxable
year is the present value of the increase during the taxable year of the participant’s accrued benefit that is not subject
to a substantial risk of forfeiture (disregarding any such increase attributable to prior annual deferrals). For this purpose,
present value must be determined using actuarial assumptions and methods that are reasonable (both individually and in the
aggregate), as determined by the Commissioner.
(4) For purposes solely of applying § 1.457-4 to determine the maximum amount of the annual deferral for a participant for
a taxable year under an eligible plan, the maximum amount is reduced by the amount of any deferral for the participant under
a plan described at paragraph (k)(4)(i) of this section (relating to certain plans in existence before January 1, 1987) as
if that deferral were an annual deferral under another eligible plan of the employer. (c) Beneficiary. Beneficiary means a person who is entitled to benefits in respect of a participant following the participant’s death or an alternate
payee as described in §1.457-10(c).
(d) Catch-up. Catch-up amount or catch-up limitation for a participant for a taxable year means the annual deferral permitted under section 414(v) (as described in
§1.457-4(c)(2)) or section 457(b)(3) (as described in §1.457-4(c)(3)) to the extent the amount of the annual deferral for
the participant for the taxable year is permitted to exceed the plan ceiling applicable under section 457(b)(2) (as described
in §1.457-4(c)(1)).
(e) Eligible employer. Eligible employer means an entity that is a state that establishes a plan or a tax-exempt entity that establishes a plan. The performance of
services as an independent contractor for a state or local government or a tax-exempt entity is treated as the performance
of services for an eligible employer. The term eligible employer does not include a church as defined in section 3121(w)(3)(A), a qualified church-controlled organization as defined in section
3121(w)(3)(B), or the federal government or any agency or instrumentality thereof. Thus, for example, a nursing home which
is associated with a church, but which is not itself a church (as defined in section 3121(w)(3)(A)) or a qualified church-controlled
organization as defined in section 3121(w)(3)(B)), would be an eligible employer if it is a tax-exempt entity as defined in
paragraph (m) of this section.
(f) Eligible plan. An eligible plan is a plan that meets the requirements of §§1.457-3 through 1.457-10 that is established and maintained by an eligible employer.
An eligible governmental plan is an eligible plan that is established and maintained by an eligible employer as defined in paragraph (l) of this section.
An arrangement does not fail to constitute a single eligible governmental plan merely because the arrangement is funded through
more than one trustee, custodian, or insurance carrier. An eligible plan of a tax-exempt entity is an eligible plan that is established and maintained by an eligible employer as defined in paragraph (m) of this section.
(g) Includible compensation. Includible compensation of a participant means, with respect to a taxable year, the participant’s compensation, as defined in section 415(c)(3),
for services performed for the eligible employer. The amount of includible compensation is determined without regard to any
community property laws. (h) Ineligible plan. Ineligible plan means a plan established and maintained by an eligible employer that is not maintained in accordance with §§1.457-3 through
1.457-10. A plan that is not established by an eligible employer as defined in paragraph (e) of this section is neither an
eligible nor an ineligible plan. (i) Nonelective employer contribution. A nonelective employer contribution is a contribution made by an eligible employer for the participant with respect to which the participant does not have the
choice to receive the contribution in cash or property. Solely for purposes of section 457 and §§1.457-2 through 1.457-11,
the term nonelective employer contribution includes employer contributions that would be described in section 401(m) if they were contributions to a qualified plan.
(j) Participant. Participant in an eligible plan means an individual who is currently deferring compensation, or who has previously deferred compensation
under the plan by salary reduction or by nonelective employer contribution and who has not received a distribution of his
or her entire benefit under the eligible plan. Only individuals who perform services for the eligible employer, either as
an employee or as an independent contractor, may defer compensation under the eligible plan.
(k) Plan. Plan includes any agreement or arrangement between an eligible employer and a participant or participants (including an individual
employment agreement) under which the payment of compensation is deferred (whether by salary reduction or by nonelective employer
contribution). The following types of plans are not treated as agreements or arrangements under which compensation is deferred:
a bona fide vacation leave, sick leave, compensatory time, severance pay, disability pay, or death benefit plan described in section
457(e)(11)(A)(i) and any plan paying length of service awards to bona fide volunteers (and their beneficiaries) on account of qualified services performed by such volunteers as described in section
457(e)(11)(A)(ii). Further, the term plan does not include any of the following (and section 457 and §§1.457-2 through 1.457-11 do not apply to any of the following)—
(1) Any nonelective deferred compensation under which all individuals (other than those who have not satisfied any applicable
initial service requirement) with the same relationship with the eligible employer are covered under the same plan with no
individual variations or options under the plan as described in section 457(e)(12), but only to the extent the compensation
is attributable to services performed as an independent contractor;
(2) An agreement or arrangement described in §1.457-11(b); (3) Any plan satisfying the conditions in section 1107(c)(4) of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (100 Stat. 2494) (TRA '86) (relating
to certain plans for state judges); and
(i) A plan or arrangement of a tax-exempt entity in existence prior to January 1, 1987, if the conditions of section 1107(c)(3)(B)
of the TRA ’86, as amended by section 1011(e)(6) of the Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988 (102 Stat. 3700) (TAMRA),
are satisfied (see §1.457-2(b)(4) for a special rule regarding such plan);
(ii) A collectively bargained nonelective deferred compensation plan in effect on December 31, 1987, if the conditions of
section 6064(d)(2) of TAMRA are satisfied; (iii) Amounts described in section 6064(d)(3) of TAMRA (relating to certain nonelective deferred compensation arrangements
in effect before 1989); and
(iv) Any plan satisfying the conditions in section 1107(c)(4) or (5) of TRA ’86 (relating to certain plans for certain individuals
with respect to which the Service issued guidance before 1977).
(l) State. State means a state (treating the District of Columbia as a state as provided under section 7701(a)(10)), a political subdivision
of a state, and any agency or instrumentality of a state.
(m) Tax-exempt entity. Tax-exempt entity includes any organization exempt from tax under subtitle A of the Internal Revenue Code, except that a governmental unit
(including an international governmental organization) is not a tax-exempt entity.
(n) Trust. Trust means a trust described under section 457(g) and §1.457-8. Custodial accounts and contracts described in section 401(f) are
treated as trusts under the rules described in §1.457-8(a)(2).
§ 1.457-3 General introduction to eligible plans. (a) Compliance in form and operation. An eligible plan is a written plan established and maintained by an eligible employer that is maintained, in both form and
operation, in accordance with the requirements of §§1.457-4 through 1.457-10. An eligible plan must contain all the material
terms and conditions for benefits under the plan. An eligible plan may contain certain optional features not required for
plan eligibility under section 457(b), such as distributions for unforeseeable emergencies, loans, plan-to-plan transfers,
additional deferral elections, acceptance of rollovers to the plan, and distributions of smaller accounts to eligible participants.
However, except as otherwise specifically provided in §§1.457-4 through 1.457-10, if an eligible plan contains any optional
provisions, the optional provisions must meet, in both form and operation, the relevant requirements under section 457 and
§§1.457-2 through 1.457-10.
(b) Treatment as single plan. In any case in which multiple plans are used to avoid or evade the requirements of §§1.457-4 through 1.457-10, the Commissioner
may apply the rules under §§1.457-4 through 1.457-10 as if the plans were a single plan. See also §1.457-4(c)(3)(v) (requiring
an eligible employer to have no more than one normal retirement age for each participant under all of the eligible plans it
sponsors), the second sentence of §1.457-4(e)(2) (treating deferrals under all eligible plans under which an individual participates
by virtue of his or her relationship with a single employer as a single plan for purposes of determining excess deferrals),
and §1.457-5 (combining annual deferrals under all eligible plans). §1.457-4 Annual deferrals, deferral limitations, and deferral agreements under eligible plans. (a) Taxation of annual deferrals. Annual deferrals that satisfy the requirements of paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section are excluded from the gross income
of a participant in the year deferred or contributed and are not includible in gross income until paid to the participant
in the case of an eligible governmental plan, or until paid or otherwise made available to the participant in the case of
an eligible plan of a tax-exempt entity. See §1.457-7.
(b) Agreement for deferral. In order to be an eligible plan, the plan must provide that compensation may be deferred for any calendar month by salary
reduction only if an agreement providing for the deferral has been entered into before the first day of the month in which
the compensation is paid or made available. A new employee may defer compensation payable in the calendar month during which
the participant first becomes an employee if an agreement providing for the deferral is entered into on or before the first
day on which the participant performs services for the eligible employer. An eligible plan may provide that if a participant
enters into an agreement providing for deferral by salary reduction under the plan, the agreement will remain in effect until
the participant revokes or alters the terms of the agreement. Nonelective employer contributions are treated as being made
under an agreement entered into before the first day of the calendar month.
(c) Maximum deferral limitations—(1) Basic annual limitation. (i) Except as described in paragraphs (c)(2) and (3) of this section, in order to be an eligible plan, the plan must provide
that the annual deferral amount for a taxable year (the plan ceiling) may not exceed the lesser of—
(A) The applicable annual dollar amount specified in section 457(e)(15): $11,000 for 2002; $12,000 for 2003; $13,000 for 2004;
$14,000 for 2005; and $15,000 for 2006 and thereafter. After 2006, the $15,000 amount is adjusted for cost-of-living in the
manner described in paragraph (c)(4) of this section; or
(ii) The amount of annual deferrals permitted by the 100 percent of includible compensation limitation under paragraph (c)(1)(i)(B)
of this section is determined under section 457(e)(5) and §1.457-2(g).
(iii) For purposes of determining the plan ceiling under this paragraph (c), the annual deferral amount does not include any
rollover amounts received by the eligible plan under §1.457-10(e).
(iv) The provisions of this paragraph (c)(1) are illustrated by the following examples: Example 1 (i) Facts. Participant A, who earns $14,000 a year, enters into a salary reduction agreement in 2006 with A’s eligible employer and
elects to defer $13,000 of A’s compensation for that year. A is not eligible for the catch-up described in paragraph (c)(2)
or (3) of this section, participates in no other retirement plan, and has no other income exclusions taken into account in
computing includible compensation.
(ii) Conclusion. The annual deferral limit for A in 2006 is the lesser of $15,000 or 100 percent of includible compensation, $14,000. A’s
annual deferral of $13,000 is permitted under the plan because it is not in excess of $14,000 and thus does not exceed 100
percent of A’s includible compensation. Example 2. (i) Facts. Assume the same facts as in Example 1, except that A’s eligible employer provides an immediately vested, matching employer contribution under the plan for participants
who make salary reduction deferrals under A’s eligible plan. The matching contribution is equal to 100 percent of elective
contributions, but not in excess of 10 percent of compensation (in A’s case, $1,400). (ii) Conclusion. Participant A’s annual deferral exceeds the limitations of this paragraph (c)(1). A’s maximum deferral limitation in 2006
is $14,000. A’s salary reduction deferral of $13,000 combined with A’s eligible employer’s nonelective employer contribution
of $1,400 exceeds the basic annual limitation of this paragraph (c)(1) because A’s annual deferrals total $14,400. A has an
excess deferral for the taxable year of $400, the amount exceeding A’s permitted annual deferral limitation. The $400 excess
deferral is treated as described in paragraph (e) of this section.
Example 3. (i) Facts. Beginning in year 2002, Eligible Employer X contributes $3,000 per year for five years to B’s eligible plan account. B’s
interest in the account vests in 2006. B has annual compensation of $50,000 in each of the five years 2002 through 2006. B
is 41 years old. B is not eligible for the catch-up described in paragraph (c)(2) or (3) of this section, participates in
no other retirement plan, and has no other income exclusions taken into account in computing includible compensation. Adjusted
for gain or loss, the value of B’s benefit when B’s interest in the account vests in 2006 is $17,000.
(ii) Conclusion. Under this vesting schedule, $17,000 is taken into account as an annual deferral in 2006. B’s annual deferrals under the
plan are limited to a maximum of $15,000 in 2006. Thus, the aggregate of the amounts deferred, $17,000, is in excess of B’s
maximum deferral limitation by $2,000. The $2,000 is treated as an excess deferral described in paragraph (e) of this section.
(2) Age 50 catch-up—(i) In general. In accordance with section 414(v) and the regulations thereunder, an eligible governmental plan may provide for catch-up
contributions for a participant who is age 50 by the end of the year, provided that such age 50 catch-up contributions do
not exceed the catch-up limit under section 414(v)(2) for the taxable year. The maximum amount of age 50 catch-up contributions
for a taxable year under section 414(v) is as follows: $1,000 for 2002; $2,000 for 2003; $3,000 for 2004; $4,000 for 2005;
and $5,000 for 2006 and thereafter. After 2006, the $5,000 amount is adjusted for cost-of-living. For additional guidance,
see regulations under section 414(v).
(ii) Coordination with special section 457 catch-up. In accordance with sections 414(v)(6)(C) and 457(e)(18), the age 50 catch-up described in this paragraph (c)(2) does not
apply for any taxable year for which a higher limitation applies under the special section 457 catch-up under paragraph (c)(3)
of this section. Thus, for purposes of this paragraph (c)(2)(ii) and paragraph (c)(3) of this section, the special section
457 catch-up under paragraph (c)(3) of this section applies for any taxable year if and only if the plan ceiling taking into
account paragraph (c)(1) of this section and the special section 457 catch-up described in paragraph (c)(3) of this section
(and disregarding the age 50 catch-up described in this paragraph (c)(2)) is larger than the plan ceiling taking into account
paragraph (c)(1) of this section and the age 50 catch-up described in this paragraph (c)(2) (and disregarding the special
section 457 catch-up described in paragraph (c)(3) of this section). Thus, if a plan so provides, a participant who is eligible
for the age 50 catch-up for a year and for whom the year is also one of the participant's last three taxable years ending
before the participant attains normal retirement age is eligible for the larger of—
(A) The plan ceiling under paragraph (c)(1) of this section and the age 50 catch-up described in this paragraph (c)(2) (and
disregarding the special section 457 catch-up described in paragraph (c)(3) of this section) or
(B) The plan ceiling under paragraph (c)(1) of this section and the special section 457 catch-up described in paragraph (c)(3)
of this section (and disregarding the age 50 catch-up described in this paragraph (c)(2)).
(iii) Examples. The provisions of this paragraph (c)(2) are illustrated by the following examples: Example 1. (i) Facts. Participant C, who is 55, is eligible to participate in an eligible governmental plan in 2006. The plan provides a normal
retirement age of 65. The plan provides limitations on annual deferrals up to the maximum permitted under paragraphs (c)(1)
and (3) of this section and the age 50 catch-up described in this paragraph (c)(2). For 2006, C will receive compensation
of $40,000 from the eligible employer. C desires to defer the maximum amount possible in 2006. The applicable basic dollar
limit of paragraph (c)(1)(i)(A) of this section is $15,000 for 2006 and the additional dollar amount permitted under the age
50 catch-up is $5,000 for 2006.
(ii) Conclusion. C is eligible for the age 50 catch-up in 2006 because C is 55 in 2006. However, C is not eligible for the special section
457 catch-up under paragraph (c)(3) of this section in 2006 because 2006 is not one of the last three taxable years ending
before C attains normal retirement age. Accordingly, the maximum that C may defer for 2006 is $20,000.
Example 2. (i) Facts. The facts are the same as in Example 1, except that, in 2006, C will attain age 62. The maximum amount that C can elect under the special section 457 catch-up under
paragraph (c)(3) of this section is $2,000 for 2006.
(ii) Conclusion. The maximum that C may defer for 2006 is $20,000. This is the sum of the basic plan ceiling under paragraph (c)(1) of this
section equal to $15,000 and the age 50 catch-up equal to $5,000. The special section 457 catch-up under paragraph (c)(3)
of this section is not applicable since it provides a smaller plan ceiling.
Example 3. (i) Facts. The facts are the same as in Example 2, except that the maximum additional amount that C can elect under the special section 457 catch-up under paragraph (c)(3)
of this section is $7,000 for 2006.
(ii) Conclusion. The maximum that C may defer for 2006 is $22,000. This is the sum of the basic plan ceiling under paragraph (c)(1) of this
section equal to $15,000, plus the additional special section 457 catch-up under paragraph (c)(3) of this section equal to
$7,000. The additional dollar amount permitted under the age 50 catch-up is not applicable to C for 2006 because it provides
a smaller plan ceiling.
(3) Special section 457 catch-up—(i) In general. Except as provided in paragraph (c)(2)(ii) of this section, an eligible plan may provide that, for one or more of the participant's
last three taxable years ending before the participant attains normal retirement age, the plan ceiling is an amount not in
excess of the lesser of—
(B) The underutilized limitation determined under paragraph (c)(3)(ii) of this section. (ii) Underutilized limitation. The underutilized amount determined under this paragraph (c)(3)(ii) is the sum of— (A) The plan ceiling established under paragraph (c)(1) of this section for the taxable year; plus (B) The plan ceiling established under paragraph (c)(1) of this section (or under section 457(b)(2) for any year before the
applicability date of this section) for any prior taxable year or years, less the amount of annual deferrals under the plan
for such prior taxable year or years (disregarding any annual deferrals under the plan permitted under the age 50 catch-up
under paragraph (c)(2) of this section).
(iii) Determining underutilized limitation under paragraph (c)(3)(ii)(B) of this section. A prior taxable year is taken into account under paragraph (c)(3)(ii)(B) of this section only if it is a year beginning
after December 31, 1978, in which the participant was eligible to participate in the plan, and in which compensation deferred
(if any) under the plan during the year was subject to a plan ceiling established under paragraph (c)(1) of this section.
This paragraph (c)(3)(iii) is subject to the special rules in paragraph (c)(3)(iv) of this section. (iv) Special rules concerning application of the coordination limit for years prior to 2002 for purposes of determining the underutilized
limitation—(A) General rule. For purposes of determining the underutilized limitation for years prior to 2002, participants remain subject to the rules
in effect prior to the repeal of the coordination limitation under section 457(c)(2). Thus, the applicable basic annual limitation
under paragraph (c)(1) of this section and the special section 457 catch-up under this paragraph (c)(3) for years in effect
prior to 2002 are reduced, for purposes of determining a participant’s underutilized amount under a plan, by amounts excluded
from the participant’s income for any prior taxable year by reason of a nonelective employer contribution, salary reduction
or elective contribution under any other eligible section 457(b) plan, or a salary reduction or elective contribution under
any 401(k) qualified cash or deferred arrangement, section 402(h)(1)(B) simplified employee pension (SARSEP), section 403(b)
annuity contract, and section 408(p) simple retirement account, or under any plan for which a deduction is allowed because
of a contribution to an organization described in section 501(c)(18) (pre-2002 coordination plans). Similarly, in applying
the section 457(b)(2)(B) limitation for includible compensation for years prior to 2002, the limitation is 33 percent of the
participant’s compensation includible in gross income.
(B) Coordination limitation applied to participant. For purposes of determining the underutilized limitation for years prior to 2002, the coordination limitation applies to
pre-2002 coordination plans of all employers for whom a participant has performed services, whether or not those are plans
of the participant’s current eligible employer. Thus, for purposes of determining the amount excluded from a participant’s
gross income in any prior taxable year under paragraph (c)(3)(ii)(B) of this section, the participant’s annual deferrals under
an eligible plan, and salary reduction or elective deferrals under all other pre-2002 coordination plans, must be determined
on an aggregate basis. To the extent that the combined deferrals for years prior to 2002 exceeded the maximum deferral limitations,
the amount is treated as an excess deferral under paragraph (e) of this section for those prior years.
(C) Special rule where no annual deferrals under the eligible plan. A participant who, although eligible, did not defer any compensation under the eligible plan in any year before 2002 is
not subject to the coordinated deferral limit, even though the participant may have deferred compensation under one of the
other pre-2002 coordination plans. An individual is treated as not having deferred compensation under an eligible plan for
a prior taxable year if all annual deferrals under the plan are distributed in accordance with paragraph (e) of this section.
Thus, to the extent that a participant participated solely in one or more of the other pre-2002 coordination plans during
a prior taxable year (and not the eligible plan), the participant is not subject to the coordinated limitation for that prior
taxable year. However, the participant is treated as having deferred an amount in a prior taxable year, for purposes of determining
the underutilized limitation for that prior taxable year under this paragraph (c)(3)(iv)(C), to the extent of the participant’s
aggregate salary reduction contributions and elective deferrals under all pre-2002 coordination plans up to the maximum deferral
limitations in effect under section 457(b) for that prior taxable year. To the extent an employer did not offer an eligible
plan to an individual in a prior given year, no underutilized limitation is available to the individual for that prior year,
even if the employee subsequently becomes eligible to participate in an eligible plan of the employer.
Example 1. (i) Facts. In 2001 and in years prior to 2001, Participant D earned $50,000 a year and was eligible to participate in both an eligible
plan and a section 401(k) plan. However, D had always participated only in the section 401(k) plan and had always deferred
the maximum amount possible. For each year before 2002, the maximum amount permitted under section 401(k) exceeded the limitation
of paragraph (c)(3)(i) of this section. In 2002, D is in the 3-year period prior to D’s attainment of the eligible plan’s
normal retirement age of 65, and D now wants to participate in the eligible plan and make annual deferrals of up to $30,000
under the plan’s special section 457 catch-up provisions.
(ii) Conclusion. Participant D is treated as having no underutilized amount under paragraph (c)(3)(ii)(B) of this section for 2002 for purposes
of the catch-up limitation under section 457(b)(3) and paragraph (c)(3) of this section because, in each of the years before
2002, D has deferred an amount equal to or in excess of the limitation of paragraph (c)(3)(i) of this section under all of
D’s coordinated plans. Example 2. (i) Facts. Assume the same facts as in Example 1, except that D only deferred $2,500 per year under the section 401(k) plan for one year before 2002.
(ii) Conclusion. D is treated as having an underutilized amount under paragraph (c)(3)(ii)(B) of this section for 2002 for purposes of the
special section 457 catch-up limitation. This is because D has deferred an amount for prior years that is less than the limitation
of paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section under all of D’s coordinated plans.
Example 3. (i) Facts. Participant E, who earned $15,000 for 2000, entered into a salary reduction agreement in 2000 with E’s eligible employer
and elected to defer $3,000 for that year under E’s eligible plan. For 2000, E’s eligible employer provided an immediately
vested, matching employer contribution under the plan for participants who make salary reduction deferrals under E’s eligible
plan. The matching contribution was equal to 67 percent of elective contributions, but not in excess of 10 percent of compensation
before salary reduction deferrals (in E’s case, $1,000). For 2000, E was not eligible for any catch-up contribution, participated
in no other retirement plan, and had no other income exclusions taken into account in computing taxable compensation.
(ii) Conclusion. Participant E’s annual deferral equaled the maximum limitation of section 457(b) for 2000. E’s maximum deferral limitation
in 2000 was $4,000 because E’s includible compensation was $12,000 ($15,000 minus the deferral of $3,000) and the applicable
limitation for 2000 was one third of the individual’s includible compensation (one-third of $12,000 equals $4,000). E’s salary
reduction deferral of $3,000 combined with E’s eligible employer’s matching contribution of $1,000 equals the limitation of
section 457(b) for 2000 because E’s annual deferrals totaled $4,000. E’s underutilized amount for 2000 is zero.
(v) Normal retirement age—(A) General rule. For purposes of the special section 457 catch-up in this paragraph (c)(3), a plan must specify the normal retirement age
under the plan. A plan may define normal retirement age as any age that is on or after the earlier of age 65 or the age at
which participants have the right to retire and receive, under the basic defined benefit pension plan of the state or tax-exempt
entity (or a money purchase pension plan in which the participant also participates if the participant is not eligible to
participate in a defined benefit plan), immediate retirement benefits without actuarial or similar reduction because of retirement
before some later specified age, and that is not later than age 70. Alternatively, a plan may provide that a participant is
allowed to designate a normal retirement age within these ages. For purposes of the special section 457 catch-up in this paragraph
(c)(3), an entity sponsoring more than one eligible plan may not permit a participant to have more than one normal retirement
age under the eligible plans it sponsors.
(B) Special rule for eligible plans of qualified police or firefighters. An eligible plan with participants that include qualified police or firefighters as defined under section 415(b)(2)(H)(ii)(I)
may designate a normal retirement age for such qualified police or firefighters that is earlier than the earliest normal retirement
age designated under the general rule of paragraph (c)(3)(i)(A) of this section, but in no event may the normal retirement
age be earlier than age 40. Alternatively, a plan may allow a qualified police or firefighter participant to designate a normal
retirement age that is between age 40 and age 70.
(vi) Examples. The provisions of this paragraph (c)(3) are illustrated by the following examples: Example 1. (i) Facts. Participant F, who will turn 61 on April 1, 2006, becomes eligible to participate in an eligible plan on January 1, 2006.
The plan provides a normal retirement age of 65. The plan provides limitations on annual deferrals up to the maximum permitted
under paragraphs (c)(1) through (3) of this section. For 2006, F will receive compensation of $40,000 from the eligible employer.
F desires to defer the maximum amount possible in 2006. The applicable basic dollar limit of paragraph (c)(1)(i)(A) of this
section is $15,000 for 2006 and the additional dollar amount permitted under the age 50 catch-up in paragraph (c)(2) of this
section for an individual who is at least age 50 is $5,000 for 2006.
(ii) Conclusion. F is not eligible for the special section 457 catch-up under paragraph (c)(3) of this section in 2006 because 2006 is not
one of the last three taxable years ending before F attains normal retirement age. Accordingly, the maximum that F may defer
for 2006 is $20,000. See also paragraph (c)(2)(iii) Example 1 of this section.
Example 2. (i) Facts. The facts are the same as in Example 1 except that, in 2006, F elects to defer only $2,000 under the plan (rather than the maximum permitted amount of $20,000).
In addition, assume that the applicable basic dollar limit of paragraph (c)(1)(i)(A) of this section continues to be $15,000
for 2007 and the additional dollar amount permitted under the age 50 catch-up in paragraph (c)(2) of this section for an individual
who is at least age 50 continues to be $5,000 for 2007. In F's taxable year 2007, which is one of the last three taxable years
ending before F attains the plan’s normal retirement age of 65, F again receives a salary of $40,000 and elects to defer the
maximum amount permissible under the plan's catch-up provisions prescribed under paragraph (c) of this section. (ii) Conclusion. For 2007, which is one of the last three taxable years ending before F attains the plan’s normal retirement age of 65, the
applicable limit on deferrals for F is the larger of the amount under the special section 457 catch-up or $20,000, which is
the basic annual limitation ($15,000) and the age 50 catch-up limit of section 414(v) ($5,000). For 2007, F’s special section
457 catch-up amount is the lesser of two times the basic annual limitation ($30,000) or the sum of the basic annual limitation
($15,000) plus the $13,000 underutilized limitation under paragraph (c)(3)(ii) of this section (the $15,000 plan ceiling in
2006, minus the $2,000 contributed for F in 2006), or $28,000. Thus, the maximum amount that F may defer in 2007 is $28,000.
Example 3. (i) Facts. The facts are the same as in Examples 1 and 2, except that F does not make any contributions to the plan before 2010. In addition, assume that the applicable basic dollar
limitation of paragraph (c)(1)(i)(A) of this section continues to be $15,000 for 2010 and the additional dollar amount permitted
under the age 50 catch-up in paragraph (c)(2) of this section for an individual who is at least age 50 continues to be $5,000
for 2010. In F's taxable year 2010, the year in which F attains age 65 (which is the normal retirement age under the plan),
F desires to defer the maximum amount possible under the plan. F’s compensation for 2010 is again $40,000.
(ii) Conclusion. For 2010, the maximum amount that F may defer is $20,000. The special section 457 catch-up provisions under paragraph (c)(3)
of this section are not applicable because 2010 is not a taxable year ending before the year in which F attains normal retirement
(4) Cost-of-living adjustment. For years beginning after December 31, 2006, the $15,000 dollar limitation in paragraph (c)(1)(i)(A) of this section will
be adjusted to take into account increases in the cost-of-living. The adjustment in the dollar limitation is made at the same
time and in the same manner as under section 415(d) (relating to qualified plans under section 401(a)), except that the base
period is the calendar quarter beginning July 1, 2005, and any increase which is not a multiple of $500 will be rounded to
the next lowest multiple of $500.
(d) Deferral of sick, vacation, and back pay under an eligible plan—(1) In general. An eligible plan may provide that a participant may elect to defer accumulated sick pay, accumulated vacation pay, and back
pay under an eligible plan if the requirements of section 457(b) are satisfied. For example, the plan must provide, in accordance
with paragraph (b) of this section, that these amounts may be deferred for any calendar month only if an agreement providing
for the deferral is entered into before the beginning of the month in which the amounts would otherwise be paid or made available
and the participant is an employee in that month. In the case of accumulated sick pay, vacation pay, or back pay that is payable
before the participant has a severance from employment, the requirements of the preceding sentence are deemed to be satisfied
if the agreement providing for the deferral is entered into before the amount is currently available (as defined in regulations
under section 401(k)). (2) Examples. The provisions of this paragraph (d) are illustrated by the following examples:
Example 1. (i) Facts. Participant G, who is age 62 in 2003, is an employee who participates in an eligible plan providing a normal retirement
age of 65. Under the terms of G’s employer’s eligible plan and G’s sick leave plan, G may, during November of 2003 (which
is one of the three years prior to normal retirement age), make a one-time election to contribute amounts representing accumulated
sick pay to the eligible plan in December of 2003 (within the maximum deferral limitations). Alternatively, such amounts may
remain in the “bank” under the sick leave plan. No cash out of the sick pay is available until the month in which a participant
ceases to be employed by the employer. The total value of G’s accumulated sick pay (determined, in accordance with the terms
of the sick leave plan, by reference to G’s current salary) is $4,000 in December of 2003.
(ii) Conclusion. Under the terms of the eligible plan and sick leave plan, G may elect before December of 2003 to defer the $4,000 value
of accumulated sick pay under the eligible plan, provided that G’s other annual deferrals to the eligible plan for 2003, when
added to the $4,000, do not exceed G’s maximum deferral limitation for the year.
Example 2. (i) Facts. Same facts as in Example 1, except that G will separate from service on January 17, 2004, and elects, on January 4, 2004, to defer G’s accumulated sick
and vacation pay (which totals $12,000) that is payable on January 15, 2004.
(ii) Conclusion. G may elect before January 15, 2004, to defer the accumulated sick and vacation pay under the eligible plan, even if the
election is made after the beginning of January, because the agreement providing for the deferral is entered into before the
amount is currently available and G does not cease to be an employee before the amount is currently available. G will have
$12,000 of includible compensation in 2004 because the deferral is taken into account in the definition of includible compensation.
Example 3. (i) Facts. Employer X maintains an eligible plan and a vacation leave plan. Under the terms of the vacation leave plan, employees generally
accrue three weeks of vacation per year. Up to one week’s unused vacation may be carried over from one year to the next, so
that in any single year an employee may have a maximum of four weeks vacation time. At the beginning of each calendar year,
under the terms of the eligible plan (which constitutes an agreement providing for the deferral), the value of any unused
vacation time from the prior year in excess of one week is automatically contributed to the eligible plan, to the extent of
the employee’s maximum deferral limitations. Amounts in excess of the maximum deferral limitations are forfeited.
(ii) Conclusion. The value of the unused vacation pay contributed to X’s eligible plan pursuant to the terms of the plan and the terms of
the vacation leave plan is treated as an annual deferral to the eligible plan in the calendar year the contribution is made.
No amounts contributed to the eligible plan will be considered made available to a participant in X’s eligible plan.
(e) Excess deferrals under an eligible plan—(1) In general. Any amount deferred under an eligible plan for the taxable year of a participant that exceeds the maximum deferral limitations
set forth in paragraphs (c)(1) through (3) of this section, and any amount that exceeds the individual limitation under §1.457-5,
constitutes an excess deferral that is taxable in accordance with §1.457-11 for that taxable year. Thus, an excess deferral
is includible in gross income in the taxable year deferred or, if later, the first taxable year in which there is no substantial
(2) Excess deferrals under an eligible governmental plan other than as a result of the individual limitation. In order to be an eligible governmental plan, the plan must provide that any excess deferral resulting from a failure of
a plan to apply the limitations of paragraphs (c)(1) through (3) of this section to amounts deferred under the eligible plan
(computed without regard to the individual limitation under §1.457-5) will be distributed to the participant, with allocable
net income, as soon as administratively practicable after the plan determines that the amount is an excess deferral. For purposes
of determining whether there is an excess deferral resulting from a failure of a plan to apply the limitations of paragraphs
(c)(1) through (3) of this section, all plans under which an individual participates by virtue of his or her relationship
with a single employer are treated as a single plan (without regard to any differences in funding). An eligible governmental
plan does not fail to satisfy the requirements of paragraphs (a) through (d) of this section or §§1.457-6 through 1.457-10
(including the distribution rules under §1.457-6 and the funding rules under §1.457-8) solely by reason of a distribution
made under this paragraph (e)(2). If such excess deferrals are not corrected by distribution under this paragraph (e)(2),
the plan will be an ineligible plan under which benefits are taxable in accordance with §1.457-11.
(3) Excess deferrals under an eligible plan of a tax-exempt employer other than as a result of the individual limitation. If a plan of a tax-exempt employer fails to comply with the limitations of paragraphs (c)(1) through (3) of this section,
the plan will be an ineligible plan under which benefits are taxable in accordance with §1.457-11. However, a plan may distribute
to a participant any excess deferrals (and any income allocable to such amount) not later than the first April 15 following
the close of the taxable year of the excess deferrals. In such a case, the plan will continue to be treated as an eligible
plan. However, any excess deferral is included in the gross income of a participant for the taxable year of the excess deferral.
If the excess deferrals are not corrected by distribution under this paragraph (e)(3), the plan is an ineligible plan under
which benefits are taxable in accordance with §1.457-11. For purposes of determining whether there is an excess deferral resulting
from a failure of a plan to apply the limitations of paragraphs (c)(1) through (3) of this section, all eligible plans under
which an individual participates by virtue of his or her relationship with a single employer are treated as a single plan.
(4) Excess deferrals arising from application of the individual limitation. An eligible plan may provide that an excess deferral that is a result solely of a failure to comply with the individual
limitation under §1.457-5 for a taxable year may be distributed to the participant, with allocable net income, as soon as
administratively practicable after the plan determines that the amount is an excess deferral. An eligible plan does not fail
to satisfy the requirements of paragraphs (a) through (d) of this section or §§1.457-6 through 1.457-10 (including the distribution
rules under §1.457-6 and the funding rules under §1.457-8) solely by reason of a distribution made under this paragraph (e)(4).
Although a plan will still maintain eligible status if excess deferrals are not distributed under this paragraph (e)(4), a
participant must include the excess amounts in income as provided in paragraph (e)(1) of this section. (5) Examples. The provisions of this paragraph (e) are illustrated by the following examples:
Example 1. (i) Facts. In 2006, the eligible plan of State Employer X in which Participant H participates permits a maximum deferral of the lesser
of $15,000 or 100 percent of includible compensation. In 2006, H, who has compensation of $28,000, nevertheless defers $16,000
under the eligible plan. Participant H is age 45 and normal retirement age under the plan is age 65. For 2006, the applicable
dollar limit under paragraph (c)(1)(i)(A) of this section is $15,000. Employer X discovers the error in January of 2007 when
it completes H’s 2006 Form W-2 and promptly distributes $1,022 to H (which is the sum of the $1,000 excess and $22 of allocable
(ii) Conclusion. Participant H has deferred $1,000 in excess of the $15,000 limitation provided for under the plan for 2006. The $1,000 excess
must be included by H in H’s income for 2006. In order to correct the failure and still be an eligible plan, the plan must
distribute the excess deferral, with allocable net income, as soon as administratively practicable after determining that
the amount exceeds the plan deferral limitations. In this case, $22 of the distribution of $1,022 is included in H’s gross
income for 2007 (and is not an eligible rollover distribution). If the excess deferral were not distributed, the plan would
be an ineligible plan with respect to which benefits are taxable in accordance with §1.457-11.
Example 2. (i) Facts. The facts are the same as in Example 1, except that X uses a number of separate arrangements with different trustees and annuity insurers to permit employees to
defer and H elects deferrals under several of the funding arrangements none of which exceeds $15,000 for any individual funding
arrangement, but which total $16,000.
Example 3. (i) Facts. The facts are the same as in Example 1, except that H’s deferral under the eligible plan is limited to $11,000 and H also makes a salary reduction contribution
of $5,000 to an annuity contract under section 403(b) with the same Employer X.
(ii) Conclusion. H’s deferrals are within the plan deferral limitations of Employer X. Because of the repeal of the application of the coordination
limitation under former paragraph (2) of section 457(c), H’s salary reduction deferrals under the annuity contract are no
longer considered in determining H’s applicable deferral limits under paragraphs (c)(1) through (3) of this section.
Example 4. (i) Facts. The facts are the same as in Example 1, except that H’s deferral under the eligible governmental plan is limited to $14,000 and H also makes a deferral of $4,000
to an eligible governmental plan of a different employer. Participant H is age 45 and normal retirement age under both eligible
plans is age 65.
(ii) Conclusion. Because of the application of the individual limitation under §1.457-5, H has an excess deferral of $3,000 (the sum of $14,000
plus $4,000 equals $18,000, which is $3,000 in excess of the dollar limitation of $15,000). The $3,000 excess deferral, with
allocable net income, may be distributed from either plan as soon as administratively practicable after determining that the
combined amount exceeds the deferral limitations. If the $3,000 excess deferral is not distributed to H, each plan will continue
to be an eligible plan, but the $3,000 must be included by H in H’s income for 2006.
Example 5. (i) Facts. Assume the same facts as in Example 3, except that H’s deferral under the eligible governmental plan is limited to $14,000 and H also makes a deferral of $4,000
to an eligible plan of Employer Y, a tax-exempt entity.
(ii) Conclusion. The results are the same as in Example 3, namely, because of the application of the individual limitation under §1.457-5, H has an excess deferral of $3,000. If the
$3,000 excess deferral is not distributed to H, each plan will continue to be an eligible plan, but the $3,000 must be included
by H in H’s income for 2006.
(ii) Conclusion. The results are the same as in Example 5, namely, because of the application of the individual limitation under §1.457-5, H has an excess deferral of $3,000. If the
by H into H’s income for 2006.
§1.457-5 Individual limitation for combined annual deferrals under multiple eligible plans. (a) General rule. The individual limitation under section 457(c) and this section equals the basic annual deferral limitation under §1.457-4(c)(1)(i)(A),
plus either the age 50 catch-up amount under §1.457-4(c)(2), or the special section 457 catch-up amount under §1.457-4(c)(3),
applied by taking into account the combined annual deferral for the participant for any taxable year under all eligible plans.
While an eligible plan may include provisions under which it will limit deferrals to meet the individual limitation under
section 457(c) and this section, annual deferrals by a participant that exceed the individual limit under section 457(c) and
this section (but do not exceed the limits under § 1.457-4(c)) will not cause a plan to lose its eligible status. However,
to the extent the combined annual deferrals for a participant for any taxable year exceed the individual limitation under
section 457(c) and this section for that year, the amounts are treated as excess deferrals as described in §1.457-4(e).
(b) Limitation applied to participant. The individual limitation in this section applies to eligible plans of all employers for whom a participant has performed
services, including both eligible governmental plans and eligible plans of a tax-exempt entity and both eligible plans of
the employer and eligible plans of other employers. Thus, for purposes of determining the amount excluded from a participant’s
gross income in any taxable year (including the underutilized limitation under §1.457-4(c)(3)(ii)(B)), the participant’s annual
deferral under an eligible plan, and the participant’s annual deferrals under all other eligible plans, must be determined
on an aggregate basis. To the extent that the combined annual deferral amount exceeds the maximum deferral limitation applicable
under §1.457-4(c)(1)(i)(A), (c)(2), or (c)(3), the amount is treated as an excess deferral under §1.457-4(e).
(c) Special rules for catch-up amounts under multiple eligible plans. For purposes of applying section 457(c) and this section, the special section 457 catch-up under §1.457-4(c)(3) is taken
into account only to the extent that an annual deferral is made for a participant under an eligible plan as a result of plan
provisions permitted under §1.457-4(c)(3). In addition, if a participant has annual deferrals under more than one eligible
plan and the applicable catch-up amount under §1.457-4(c)(2) or (3) is not the same for each such eligible plan for the taxable
year, section 457(c) and this section are applied using the catch-up amount under whichever plan has the largest catch-up
amount applicable to the participant.
(d) Examples. The provisions of this section are illustrated by the following examples: Example 1. (i) Facts. Participant F is age 62 in 2006 and participates in two eligible plans during 2006, Plans J and K, which are each eligible
plans of two different governmental entities. Each plan includes provisions allowing the maximum annual deferral permitted
under §1.457-4(c)(1) through (3). For 2006, the underutilized amount under §1.457-4(c)(3)(ii)(B) is $20,000 under Plan J and
is $40,000 under Plan K. Normal retirement age is age 65 under both plans. Participant F defers $15,000 under each plan. Participant
F’s includible compensation is in each case in excess of the deferral. Neither plan designates the $15,000 contribution as
a catch-up permitted under each plan’s special section 457 catch-up provisions. (ii) Conclusion. For purposes of applying this section to Participant F for 2006, the maximum exclusion is $20,000. This is equal to the
sum of $15,000 plus $5,000, which is the age 50 catch-up amount. Thus, F has an excess amount of $10,000 which is treated
as an excess deferral for Participant F for 2006 under §1.457-4(e).
Example 2. (i) Facts. Participant E, who will turn 63 on April 1, 2006, participates in four eligible plans during 2006. Plan W which is an eligible
governmental plan; and Plans X, Y, and Z which are each eligible plans of three different tax-exempt entities. For 2006, the
limitation that applies to Participant E under all four plans under §1.457-4(c)(1)(i)(A) is $15,000. For 2006, the additional
age 50 catch-up limitation that applies to Participant E under all four plans under §1.457-4(c)(2) is $5,000. Further, for
2006, different limitations under §1.457-4(c)(3) and (c)(3)(ii)(B) apply to Participant E under each of these plans, as follows:
under Plan W, the underutilized limitation under §1.457-4(c)(3)(ii)(B) is $7,000; under Plan X, the underutilized limitation
under §1.457-4(c)(3)(ii)(B) is $2,000; under Plan Y, the underutilized limitation under §1.457-4(c)(3)(ii)(B) is $8,000; and
under Plan Z, §1.457-4(c)(3) is not applicable since normal retirement age is age 62 under Plan Z. Participant E’s includible
compensation is in each case in excess of any applicable deferral.
(ii) Conclusion. For purposes of applying this section to Participant E for 2006, Participant E could elect to defer $23,000 under Plan Y,
which is the maximum deferral limitation under §1.457-4(c)(1) through (3), and to defer no amount under Plans W, X, and Z.
The $23,000 maximum amount is equal to the sum of $15,000 plus $8,000, which is the catch-up amount applicable to Participant
E under Plan Y and which is the largest catch-up amount applicable to Participant E under any of the four plans for 2006.
Alternatively, Participant E could instead elect to defer the following combination of amounts: an aggregate total of $20,000
to any of the four plans; or $22,000 to Plan W and none to any of the other three plans.
(iii) If the underutilized amount under Plans W, X, and Y for 2006 were in each case zero (because E had always contributed
the maximum amount or E was a new participant) or an amount not in excess of $5,000, the maximum exclusion under this section
would be $20,000 for Participant E for 2006 ($15,000 plus the $5,000 age 50 catch-up amount), which Participant E could contribute
to any of the plans.
§1.457-6 Timing of distributions under eligible plans. (a) In general. Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section (relating to distributions on account of an unforeseeable emergency),
paragraph (e) of this section (relating to distributions of small accounts), §1.457-10(a) (relating to plan terminations),
or §1.457-10(c) (relating to domestic relations orders), amounts deferred under an eligible governmental plan may not be paid
to a participant or beneficiary before the participant has a severance from employment with the eligible employer or when
the participant attains age 70 , if earlier. For rules relating to loans, see paragraph (f) of this section. This section
does not apply to distributions of excess amounts under §1.457-4(e). However, except to the extent set forth by the Commissioner
in revenue rulings, notices, and other guidance published in the Internal Revenue Bulletin, this section applies to amounts
held in a separate account for eligible rollover distributions maintained by an eligible governmental plan as described in
§1.457-10(e)(2).
(b) Severance from employment—(1) Employees. An employee has a severance from employment with the eligible employer if the employee dies, retires, or otherwise has a
severance from employment with the eligible employer. See regulations under section 401(k) for additional guidance concerning
(2) Independent contractors—(i) In general. An independent contractor is considered to have a severance from employment with the eligible employer upon the expiration
of the contract (or in the case of more than one contract, all contracts) under which services are performed for the eligible
employer if the expiration constitutes a good-faith and complete termination of the contractual relationship. An expiration
does not constitute a good faith and complete termination of the contractual relationship if the eligible employer anticipates
a renewal of a contractual relationship or the independent contractor becoming an employee. For this purpose, an eligible
employer is considered to anticipate the renewal of the contractual relationship with an independent contractor if it intends
to contract again for the services provided under the expired contract, and neither the eligible employer nor the independent
contractor has eliminated the independent contractor as a possible provider of services under any such new contract. Further,
an eligible employer is considered to intend to contract again for the services provided under an expired contract if the
eligible employer's doing so is conditioned only upon incurring a need for the services, the availability of funds, or both.
(ii) Special rule. Notwithstanding paragraph (b)(2)(i) of this section, the plan is considered to satisfy the requirement described in paragraph
(a) of this section that no amounts deferred under the plan be paid or made available to the participant before the participant
has a severance from employment with the eligible employer if, with respect to amounts payable to a participant who is an
independent contractor, an eligible plan provides that—
(A) No amount will be paid to the participant before a date at least 12 months after the day on which the contract expires
under which services are performed for the eligible employer (or, in the case of more than one contract, all such contracts
expire); and
(B) No amount payable to the participant on that date will be paid to the participant if, after the expiration of the contract
(or contracts) and before that date, the participant performs services for the eligible employer as an independent contractor
(c) Rules applicable to distributions for unforeseeable emergencies—(1) In general. An eligible plan may permit a distribution to a participant or beneficiary faced with an unforeseeable emergency. The distribution
must satisfy the requirements of paragraph (c)(2) of this section.
(2) Requirements—(i) Unforeseeable emergency defined. An unforeseeable emergency must be defined in the plan as a severe financial hardship of the participant or beneficiary
resulting from an illness or accident of the participant or beneficiary, the participant’s or beneficiary’s spouse, or the
participant’s or beneficiary’s dependent (as defined in section 152(a)); loss of the participant's or beneficiary’s property
due to casualty (including the need to rebuild a home following damage to a home not otherwise covered by homeowner’s insurance,
e.g., as a result of a natural disaster); or other similar extraordinary and unforeseeable circumstances arising as a result of
events beyond the control of the participant or the beneficiary. For example, the imminent foreclosure of or eviction from
the participant's or beneficiary’s primary residence may constitute an unforeseeable emergency. In addition, the need to pay
for medical expenses, including non-refundable deductibles, as well as for the cost of prescription drug medication, may constitute
an unforeseeable emergency. Finally, the need to pay for the funeral expenses of a spouse or a dependent (as defined in section
152(a)) may also constitute an unforeseeable emergency. Except as otherwise specifically provided in this paragraph (c)(2)(i),
the purchase of a home and the payment of college tuition are not unforeseeable emergencies under this paragraph (c)(2)(i).
(ii) Unforeseeable emergency distribution standard. Whether a participant or beneficiary is faced with an unforeseeable emergency permitting a distribution under this paragraph
(c) is to be determined based on the relevant facts and circumstances of each case, but, in any case, a distribution on account
of unforeseeable emergency may not be made to the extent that such emergency is or may be relieved through reimbursement or
compensation from insurance or otherwise, by liquidation of the participant's assets, to the extent the liquidation of such
assets would not itself cause severe financial hardship, or by cessation of deferrals under the plan.
(iii) Distribution necessary to satisfy emergency need. Distributions because of an unforeseeable emergency must be limited to the amount reasonably necessary to satisfy the emergency
need (which may include any amounts necessary to pay any federal, state, or local income taxes or penalties reasonably anticipated
to result from the distribution).
(d) Minimum required distributions for eligible plans. In order to be an eligible plan, a plan must meet the distribution requirements of section 457(d)(1) and (2). Under section
457(d)(2), a plan must meet the minimum distribution requirements of section 401(a)(9). See section 401(a)(9) and the regulations
thereunder for these requirements. Section 401(a)(9) requires that a plan begin lifetime distributions to a participant no
later than April 1 of the calendar year following the later of the calendar year in which the participant attains age 70 or
(e) Distributions of smaller accounts—(1) In general. An eligible plan may provide for a distribution of all or a portion of a participant’s benefit if this paragraph (e)(1)
is satisfied. This paragraph (e)(1) is satisfied if the participant’s total amount deferred (the participant’s total account
balance) which is not attributable to rollover contributions (as defined in section 411(a)(11)(D)) is not in excess of the
dollar limit under section 411(a)(11)(A), no amount has been deferred under the plan by or for the participant during the
two-year period ending on the date of the distribution, and there has been no prior distribution under the plan to the participant
under this paragraph (e). An eligible plan is not required to permit distributions under this paragraph (e).
(2) Alternative provisions possible. Consistent with the provisions of paragraph (e)(1) of this section, a plan may provide that the total amount deferred for
a participant or beneficiary will be distributed automatically to the participant or beneficiary if the requirements of paragraph
(e)(1) of this section are met. Alternatively, if the requirements of paragraph (e)(1) of this section are met, the plan may
provide for the total amount deferred for a participant or beneficiary to be distributed to the participant or beneficiary
only if the participant or beneficiary so elects. The plan is permitted to substitute a specified dollar amount that is less
than the total amount deferred. In addition, these two alternatives can be combined; for example, a plan could provide for
automatic distributions for up to $500, but allow a participant or beneficiary to elect a distribution if the total account
balance is above $500.
(f) Loans from eligible plans—(1) Eligible plans of tax-exempt entities. If a participant or beneficiary receives (directly or indirectly) any amount deferred as a loan from an eligible plan of
a tax-exempt entity, that amount will be treated as having been paid or made available to the individual as a distribution
under the plan, in violation of the distribution requirements of section 457(d).
(2) Eligible governmental plans. The determination of whether the availability of a loan, the making of a loan, or a failure to repay a loan made from a
trustee (or a person treated as a trustee under section 457(g)) of an eligible governmental plan to a participant or beneficiary
is treated as a distribution (directly or indirectly) for purposes of this section, and the determination of whether the availability
of the loan, the making of the loan, or a failure to repay the loan is in any other respect a violation of the requirements
of section 457(b) and the regulations, depends on the facts and circumstances. Among the facts and circumstances are whether
the loan has a fixed repayment schedule and bears a reasonable rate of interest, and whether there are repayment safeguards
to which a prudent lender would adhere. Thus, for example, a loan must bear a reasonable rate of interest in order to satisfy
the exclusive benefit requirement of section 457(g)(1) and §1.457-8(a)(1). See also §1.457-7(b)(3) relating to the application
of section 72(p) with respect to the taxation of a loan made under an eligible governmental plan, and §1.72(p)-1 relating
to section 72(p)(2).
Example. (i) Facts. Eligible Plan X of State Y is funded through Trust Z. Plan X permits an employee’s account balance under Plan X to be paid
in a single sum at severance from employment with State Y. Plan X includes a loan program under which any active employee
with a vested account balance may receive a loan from Trust Z. Loans are made pursuant to plan provisions regarding loans
that are set forth in the plan under which loans bear a reasonable rate of interest and are secured by the employee’s account
balance. In order to avoid taxation under §1.457-7(b)(3) and section 72(p)(1), the plan provisions limit the amount of loans
and require loans to be repaid in level installments as required under section 72(p)(2). Participant J’s vested account balance
under Plan X is $50,000. J receives a loan from Trust Z in the amount of $5,000 on December 1, 2003, to be repaid in level
installments made quarterly over the 5-year period ending on November 30, 2008. Participant J makes the required repayments
until J has a severance from employment from State Y in 2005 and subsequently fails to repay the outstanding loan balance
of $2,250. The $2,250 loan balance is offset against J’s $80,000 account balance benefit under Plan X, and J elects to be
paid the remaining $77,750 in 2005.
(ii) Conclusion. The making of the loan to J will not be treated as a violation of the requirements of section 457(b) or the regulations.
The cancellation of the loan at severance from employment does not cause Plan X to fail to satisfy the requirements for plan
eligibility under section 457. In addition, because the loan satisfies the maximum amount and repayment requirements of section
72(p)(2), J is not required to include any amount in income as a result of the loan until 2005, when J has income of $2,250
as a result of the offset (which is a permissible distribution under this section) and income of $77,750 as a result of the
distribution made in 2005.
§1.457-7 Taxation of distributions under eligible plans. (a) General rules for when amounts are included in gross income. The rules for determining when an amount deferred under an eligible plan is includible in the gross income of a participant
or beneficiary depend on whether the plan is an eligible governmental plan or an eligible plan of a tax-exempt entity. Paragraph
(b) of this section sets forth the rules for an eligible governmental plan. Paragraph (c) of this section sets forth the rules
for an eligible plan of a tax-exempt entity.
(b) Amounts included in gross income under an eligible governmental plan—(1) Amounts included in gross income in year paid under an eligible governmental plan. Except as provided in paragraphs (b)(2) and (3) of this section (or in §1.457-10(c) relating to payments to a spouse or
former spouse pursuant to a qualified domestic relations order), amounts deferred under an eligible governmental plan are
includible in the gross income of a participant or beneficiary for the taxable year in which paid to the participant or beneficiary
(2) Rollovers to individual retirement arrangements and other eligible retirement plans. A trustee-to-trustee transfer in accordance with section 401(a)(31) (generally referred to as a direct rollover) from an
eligible government plan is not includible in gross income of a participant or beneficiary in the year transferred. In addition,
any payment made from an eligible government plan in the form of an eligible rollover distribution (as defined in section
402(c)(4)) is not includible in gross income in the year paid to the extent the payment is transferred to an eligible retirement
plan (as defined in section 402(c)(8)(B)) within 60 days, including the transfer to the eligible retirement plan of any property
distributed from the eligible governmental plan. For this purpose, the rules of section 402(c)(2) through (7) and (9) apply.
Any trustee-to-trustee transfer under this paragraph (b)(2) from an eligible government plan is a distribution that is subject
to the distribution requirements of §1.457-6.
(3) Amounts taxable under section 72(p)(1). In accordance with section 72(p), the amount of any loan from an eligible governmental plan to a participant or beneficiary
(including any pledge or assignment treated as a loan under section 72(p)(1)(B)) is treated as having been received as a distribution
from the plan under section 72(p)(1), except to the extent set forth in section 72(p)(2) (relating to loans that do not exceed
a maximum amount and that are repayable in accordance with certain terms) and §1.72(p)-1. Thus, except to the extent a loan
satisfies section 72(p)(2), any amount loaned from an eligible governmental plan to a participant or beneficiary (including
any pledge or assignment treated as a loan under section 72(p)(1)(B)) is includible in the gross income of the participant
or beneficiary for the taxable year in which the loan is made. See generally §1.72(p)-1.
Example 1. (i) Facts. Eligible Plan G of a governmental entity permits distribution of benefits in a single sum or in installments of up to 20
years, with such benefits to commence at any date that is after severance from employment (up to the later of severance from
employment or the plan’s normal retirement age of 65). Effective for participants who have a severance from employment after
December 31, 2001, Plan X allows an election—as to both the date on which payments are to begin and the form in which payments
are to be made—to be made by the participant at any time that is before the commencement date selected. However, Plan X chooses
to require elections to be filed at least 30 days before the commencement date selected in order for Plan X to have enough
time to be able to effectuate the election.
(ii) Conclusion. No amounts are included in gross income before actual payments begin. If installment payments begin (and the installment
payments are payable over at least 10 years so as not to be eligible rollover distributions), the amount included in gross
income for any year is equal to the amount of the installment payment paid during the year.
Example 2. (i) Facts. Same facts as in Example 1, except that the same rules are extended to participants who had a severance from employment before January 1, 2002. (ii) Conclusion. For all participants (that is, both those who have a severance from employment after December 31, 2001, and those who have
a severance from employment before January 1, 2002, including those whose benefit payments have commenced before January 1,
2002), no amounts are included in gross income before actual payments begin. If installment payments begin (and the installment
(c) Amounts included in gross income under an eligible plan of a tax-exempt entity—(1) Amounts included in gross income in year paid or made available under an eligible plan of a tax-exempt entity. Amounts deferred under an eligible plan of a tax-exempt entity are includible in the gross income of a participant or beneficiary
for the taxable year in which paid or otherwise made available to the participant or beneficiary under the plan. Thus, amounts
deferred under an eligible plan of a tax-exempt entity are includible in the gross income of the participant or beneficiary
in the year the amounts are first made available under the terms of the plan, even if the plan has not distributed the amounts
deferred. Amounts deferred under an eligible plan of a tax-exempt entity are not considered made available to the participant
or beneficiary solely because the participant or beneficiary is permitted to choose among various investments under the plan.
(2) When amounts deferred are considered to be made available under an eligible plan of a tax-exempt entity—(i) General rule. Except as provided in paragraphs (c)(2)(ii) through (iv) of this section, amounts deferred under an eligible plan of a tax-exempt
entity are considered made available (and, thus, are includible in the gross income of the participant or beneficiary under
this paragraph (c)) at the earliest date, on or after severance from employment, on which the plan allows distributions to
commence, but in no event later than the date on which distributions must commence pursuant to section 401(a)(9). For example,
in the case of a plan that permits distribution to commence on the date that is 60 days after the close of the plan year in
which the participant has a severance from employment with the eligible employer, amounts deferred are considered to be made
available on that date. However, distributions deferred in accordance with paragraphs (c)(2)(ii) through (iv) of this section
are not considered made available prior to the applicable date under paragraphs (c)(2)(ii) through (iv) of this section. In
addition, no portion of a participant or beneficiary’s account is treated as made available (and thus currently includible
in income) under an eligible plan of a tax-exempt entity merely because the participant or beneficiary under the plan may
elect to receive a distribution in any of the following circumstances:
(A) A distribution in the event of an unforeseeable emergency to the extent the distribution is permitted under §1.457-6(c).
(B) A distribution from an account for which the total amount deferred is not in excess of the dollar limit under section
411(a)(11)(A) to the extent the distribution is permitted under §1.457-6(e).
(ii) Initial election to defer commencement of distributions—(A) In general. An eligible plan of a tax-exempt entity may provide a period for making an initial election during which the participant
or beneficiary may elect, in accordance with the terms of the plan, to defer the payment of some or all of the amounts deferred
to a fixed or determinable future time. The period for making this initial election must expire prior to the first time that
any such amounts would be considered made available under the plan under paragraph (c)(2)(i) of this section.
(B) Failure to make initial election to defer commencement of distributions. Generally, if no initial election is made by a participant or beneficiary under this paragraph (c)(2)(ii), then the amounts
deferred under an eligible plan of a tax-exempt entity are considered made available and taxable to the participant or beneficiary
in accordance with paragraph (c)(2)(i) of this section at the earliest time, on or after severance from employment (but in
no event later than the date on which distributions must commence pursuant to section 401(a)(9)), that distribution is permitted
to commence under the terms of the plan. However, the plan may provide for a default payment schedule that applies if no election
is made. If the plan provides for a default payment schedule, the amounts deferred are includible in the gross income of the
participant or beneficiary in the year the amounts deferred are first made available under the terms of the default payment
(iii) Additional election to defer commencement of distribution. An eligible plan of a tax-exempt entity is permitted to provide that a participant or beneficiary who has made an initial
election under paragraph (c)(2)(ii)(A) of this section may make one additional election to defer (but not accelerate) commencement
of distributions under the plan before distributions have commenced in accordance with the initial deferral election under
paragraph (c)(2)(ii)(A) of this section. Amounts payable to a participant or beneficiary under an eligible plan of a tax-exempt
entity are not treated as made available merely because the plan allows the participant to make an additional election under
this paragraph (c)(2)(iii). A participant or beneficiary is not precluded from making an additional election to defer commencement
of distributions merely because the participant or beneficiary has previously received a distribution under §1.457-6(c) because
of an unforeseeable emergency, has received a distribution of smaller amounts under §1.457-6(e), has made (and revoked) other
deferral or method of payment elections within the initial election period, or is subject to a default payment schedule under
which the commencement of benefits is deferred (for example, until a participant is age 65).
(iv) Election as to method of payment. An eligible plan of a tax-exempt entity may provide that an election as to the method of payment under the plan may be made
at any time prior to the time the amounts are distributed in accordance with the participant or beneficiary’s initial or additional
election to defer commencement of distributions under paragraph (c)(2)(ii) or (iii) of this section. Where no method of payment
is elected, the entire amount deferred will be includible in the gross income of the participant or beneficiary when the amounts
first become made available in accordance with a participant’s initial or additional elections to defer under paragraphs (c)(2)(ii)
and (iii) of this section, unless the eligible plan provides for a default method of payment (in which case amounts are considered
made available and taxable when paid under the terms of the default payment schedule). A method of payment means a distribution
or a series of periodic distributions commencing on a date determined in accordance with paragraph (c)(2)(ii) or (iii) of
Example 1. (i) Facts. Eligible Plan X of a tax-exempt entity provides that a participant’s total account balance, representing all amounts deferred
under the plan, is payable to a participant in a single sum 60 days after severance from employment throughout these examples,
unless, during a 30-day period immediately following the severance, the participant elects to receive the single sum payment
at a later date (that is not later than the plan’s normal retirement age of 65) or elects to receive distribution in 10 annual
installments to begin 60 days after severance from employment (or at a later date, if so elected, that is not later than the
plan’s normal retirement age of 65). On November 13, 2004, K, a calendar year taxpayer, has a severance from employment with
the eligible employer. K does not, within the 30-day window period, elect to postpone distributions to a later date or to
receive payment in 10 fixed annual installments. (ii) Conclusion. The single sum payment is payable to K 60 days after the date K has a severance from employment (January 12, 2005), and
is includible in the gross income of K in 2005 under section 457(a).
Example 2. (i) Facts. The terms of eligible Plan X are the same as described in Example 1. Participant L participates in eligible Plan X. On November 11, 2003, L has a severance from the employment of the eligible
employer. On November 24, 2003, L makes an initial deferral election not to receive the single-sum payment payable 60 days
after the severance, and instead elects to receive the amounts in 10 annual installments to begin 60 days after severance
(ii) Conclusion. No portion of L’s account is considered made available in 2003 or 2004 before a payment is made and no amount is includible
in the gross income of L until distributions commence. The annual installment payable in 2004 will be includible in L’s gross
income in 2004.
Example 3. (i) Facts. The facts are the same as in Example 1, except that eligible Plan X also provides that those participants who are receiving distributions in 10 annual installments
may, at any time and without restriction, elect to receive a cash out of all remaining installments. Participant M elects
to receive a distribution in 10 annual installments commencing in 2004.
(ii) Conclusion. M’s total account balance, representing the total of the amounts deferred under the plan, is considered made available and
is includible in M’s gross income in 2004.
Example 4. (i) Facts. The facts are the same as in Example 3, except that, instead of providing for an unrestricted cashout of remaining payments, the plan provides that participants
or beneficiaries who are receiving distributions in 10 annual installments may accelerate the payment of the amount remaining
payable to the participant upon the occurrence of an unforeseeable emergency as described in §1.457-6(c)(1) in an amount not
exceeding that described in §1.457-6(c)(2).
(ii) Conclusion. No amount is considered made available to participant M on account of M's right to accelerate payments upon the occurrence
of an unforeseeable emergency. Example 5. (i) Facts. Eligible Plan Y of a tax-exempt entity provides that distributions will commence 60 days after a participant’s severance
from employment unless the participant elects, within a 30-day window period following severance from employment, to defer
distributions to a later date (but no later than the year following the calendar year the participant attains age 70). The
plan provides that a participant who has elected to defer distributions to a later date may make an election as to form of
distribution at any time prior to the 30th day before distributions are to commence. (ii) Conclusion. No amount is considered made available prior to the date distributions are to commence by reason of a participant’s right
to defer or make an election as to the form of distribution.
Example 6. (i) Facts. The facts are the same as in Example 1, except that the plan also permits participants who have made an initial election to defer distribution to make one additional
deferral election at any time prior to the date distributions are scheduled to commence. Participant N has a severance from
employment at age 50. The next day, during the 30-day period provided in the plan, N elects to receive distribution in the
form of 10 annual installment payments beginning at age 55. Two weeks later, within the 30-day window period, N makes a new
election permitted under the plan to receive 10 annual installment payments beginning at age 60 (instead of age 55). When
N is age 59, N elects under the additional deferral election provisions, to defer distributions until age 65.
(ii) Conclusion. In this example, N’s election to defer distributions until age 65 is a valid election. The two elections N makes during
the 30-day window period are not additional deferral elections described in paragraph (c)(2)(iii) of this section because
they are made before the first permissible payout date under the plan. Therefore, the plan is not precluded from allowing
N to make the additional deferral election. However, N can make no further election to defer distributions beyond age 65 (or
accelerate distribution before age 65) because this additional deferral election can only be made once.
§1.457-8 Funding rules for eligible plans. (a) Eligible governmental plans—(1) In general. In order to be an eligible governmental plan, all amounts deferred under the plan, all property and rights purchased with
such amounts, and all income attributable to such amounts, property, or rights, must be held in trust for the exclusive benefit
of participants and their beneficiaries. A trust described in this paragraph (a) that also meets the requirements of §§1.457-3
through 1.457-10 is treated as an organization exempt from tax under section 501(a), and a participant’s or beneficiary’s
interest in amounts in the trust is includible in the gross income of the participants and beneficiaries only to the extent,
and at the time, provided for in section 457(a) and §§1.457-4 through 1.457-10.
(2) Trust requirement. (i) A trust described in this paragraph (a) must be established pursuant to a written agreement that constitutes a valid
trust under state law. The terms of the trust must make it impossible, prior to the satisfaction of all liabilities with respect
to participants and their beneficiaries, for any part of the assets and income of the trust to be used for, or diverted to,
purposes other than for the exclusive benefit of participants and their beneficiaries.
(ii) Amounts deferred under an eligible governmental plan must be transferred to a trust within a period that is not longer
than is reasonable for the proper administration of the participant accounts (if any). For purposes of this requirement, the
plan may provide for amounts deferred for a participant under the plan to be transferred to the trust within a specified period
after the date the amounts would otherwise have been paid to the participant. For example, the plan could provide for amounts
deferred under the plan at the election of the participant to be contributed to the trust within 15 business days following
the month in which these amounts would otherwise have been paid to the participant.
(3) Custodial accounts and annuity contracts treated as trusts—(i) In general. For purposes of the trust requirement of this paragraph (a), custodial accounts and annuity contracts described in section
401(f) that satisfy the requirements of this paragraph (a)(3) are treated as trusts under rules similar to the rules of section
401(f). Therefore, the provisions of §1.401(f)-1(b) will generally apply to determine whether a custodial account or an annuity
contract is treated as a trust. The use of a custodial account or annuity contract as part of an eligible governmental plan
does not preclude the use of a trust or another custodial account or annuity contract as part of the same plan, provided that
all such vehicles satisfy the requirements of section 457(g)(1) and (3) and paragraphs (a)(1) and (2) of this section and
that all assets and income of the plan are held in such vehicles.
(ii) Custodial accounts—(A) In general. A custodial account is treated as a trust, for purposes of section 457(g)(1) and paragraphs (a)(1) and (2) of this section,
if the custodian is a bank, as described in section 408(n), or a person who meets the nonbank trustee requirements of paragraph
(a)(3)(ii)(B) of this section, and the account meets the requirements of paragraphs (a)(1) and (2) of this section, other
than the requirement that it be a trust.
(B) Nonbank trustee status. The custodian of a custodial account may be a person other than a bank only if the person demonstrates to the satisfaction
of the Commissioner that the manner in which the person will administer the custodial account will be consistent with the
requirements of section 457(g)(1) and (3). To do so, the person must demonstrate that the requirements of §1.408-2(e)(2) through
(6) (relating to nonbank trustees) are met. The written application must be sent to the address prescribed by the Commissioner
in the same manner as prescribed under §1.408-2(e). To the extent that a person has already demonstrated to the satisfaction
of the Commissioner that the person satisfies the requirements of §1.408-2(e) in connection with a qualified trust (or custodial
account or annuity contract) under section 401(a), that person is deemed to satisfy the requirements of this paragraph (a)(3)(ii)(B).
(iii) Annuity contracts. An annuity contract is treated as a trust for purposes of section 457(g)(1) and paragraph (a)(1) of this section if the
contract is an annuity contract, as defined in section 401(g), that has been issued by an insurance company qualified to do
business in the state, and the contract meets the requirements of paragraphs (a)(1) and (2) of this section, other than the
requirement that it be a trust. An annuity contract does not include a life, health or accident, property, casualty, or liability
(b) Eligible plans maintained by tax-exempt entity—(1) General rule. In order to be an eligible plan of a tax-exempt entity, the plan must be unfunded and plan assets must not be set aside
for participants or their beneficiaries. Under section 457(b)(6) and this paragraph (b), an eligible plan of a tax-exempt
entity must provide that all amounts deferred under the plan, all property and rights to property (including rights as a beneficiary
of a contract providing life insurance protection) purchased with such amounts, and all income attributable to such amounts,
property, or rights, must remain (until paid or made available to the participant or beneficiary) solely the property and
rights of the eligible employer (without being restricted to the provision of benefits under the plan), subject only to the
claims of the eligible employer's general creditors.
(2) Additional requirements. For purposes of paragraph (b)(1) of this section, the plan must be unfunded regardless of whether or not the amounts were
deferred pursuant to a salary reduction agreement between the eligible employer and the participant. Any funding arrangement
under an eligible plan of a tax-exempt entity that sets aside assets for the exclusive benefit of participants violates this
requirement, and amounts deferred are generally immediately includible in the gross income of plan participants and beneficiaries.
Nothing in this paragraph (b) prohibits an eligible plan from permitting participants and their beneficiaries to make an election
among different investment options available under the plan, such as an election affecting the investment of the amounts described
in paragraph (b)(1) of this section.
§1.457-9 Effect on eligible plans when not administered in accordance with eligibility requirements. (a) Eligible governmental plans. A plan of a state ceases to be an eligible governmental plan on the first day of the first plan year beginning more than
180 days after the date on which the Commissioner notifies the state in writing that the plan is being administered in a manner
that is inconsistent with one or more of the requirements of §§1.457-3 through 1.457-8, or §1.457-10. However, the plan may
correct the plan inconsistencies specified in the written notification before the first day of that plan year and continue
to maintain plan eligibility. If a plan ceases to be an eligible governmental plan, amounts subsequently deferred by participants
will be includible in income when deferred, or, if later, when the amounts deferred cease to be subject to a substantial risk
of forfeiture, as provided at §1.457-11. Amounts deferred before the date on which the plan ceases to be an eligible governmental
plan, and any earnings thereon, will be treated as if the plan continues to be an eligible governmental plan and will not
be includible in participant’s or beneficiary’s gross income until paid to the participant or beneficiary.
(b) Eligible plans of tax-exempt entities. A plan of a tax-exempt entity ceases to be an eligible plan on the first day that the plan fails to satisfy one or more
of the requirements of §§1.457-3 through 1.457-8, or §1.457-10. See §1.457-11 for rules regarding the treatment of an ineligible
§1.457-10 Miscellaneous provisions. (a) Plan terminations and frozen plans—(1) In general. An eligible employer may amend its plan to eliminate future deferrals for existing participants or to limit participation
to existing participants and employees. An eligible plan may also contain provisions that permit plan termination and permit
amounts deferred to be distributed on termination. In order for a plan to be considered terminated, amounts deferred under
an eligible plan must be distributed to all plan participants and beneficiaries as soon as administratively practicable after
termination of the eligible plan. The mere provision for, and making of, distributions to participants or beneficiaries upon
a plan termination will not cause an eligible plan to cease to satisfy the requirements of section 457(b) or the regulations.
(2) Employers that cease to be eligible employers—(i) Plan not terminated. An eligible employer that ceases to be an eligible employer may no longer maintain an eligible plan. If the employer was
a tax-exempt entity and the plan is not terminated as permitted under paragraph (a)(2)(ii) of this section, the tax consequences
to participants and beneficiaries in the previously eligible (unfunded) plan of an ineligible employer are determined in accordance
with either section 451 if the employer becomes an entity other than a state or §1.457-11 if the employer becomes a state.
If the employer was a state and the plan is neither terminated as permitted under paragraph (a)(2)(ii) of this section nor
transferred to another eligible plan of that state as permitted under paragraph (b) of this section, the tax consequences
to participants in the previously eligible governmental plan of an ineligible employer, the assets of which are held in trust
pursuant to §1.457-8(a), are determined in accordance with section 402(b) (section 403(c) in the case of an annuity contract)
and the trust is no longer to be treated as a trust that is exempt from tax under section 501(a).
(ii) Plan termination. As an alternative to determining the tax consequences to the plan and participants under paragraph (a)(2)(i) of this section,
the employer may terminate the plan and distribute the amounts deferred (and all plan assets) to all plan participants as
soon as administratively practicable in accordance with paragraph (a)(1) of this section. Such distribution may include eligible
rollover distributions in the case of a plan that was an eligible governmental plan. In addition, if the employer is a state,
another alternative to determining the tax consequences under paragraph (a)(2)(i) of this section is to transfer the assets
of the eligible governmental plan to an eligible governmental plan of another eligible employer within the same state under
the plan-to-plan transfer rules of paragraph (b) of this section.
Example 1. (i) Facts. Employer Y, a corporation that owns a state hospital, sponsors an eligible governmental plan funded through a trust. Employer
Y is acquired by a for-profit hospital and Employer Y ceases to be an eligible employer under section 457(e)(1) or §1.457-2(e).
Employer Y terminates the plan and, during the next 6 months, distributes to participants and beneficiaries all amounts deferred
that were under the plan.
(ii) Conclusion. The termination and distribution does not cause the plan to fail to be an eligible governmental plan. Amounts that are distributed
as eligible rollover distributions may be rolled over to an eligible retirement plan described in section 402(c)(8)(B).
Example 2. (i) Facts. The facts are the same as in Example 1, except that Employer Y decides to continue to maintain the plan. (ii) Conclusion. If Employer Y continues to maintains the plan, the tax consequences to participants and beneficiaries will be determined
in accordance with either section 402(b) if the compensation deferred is funded through a trust, section 403(c) if the compensation
deferred is funded through annuity contracts, or §1.457-11 if the compensation deferred is not funded through a trust or annuity
contract. In addition, if Employer Y continues to maintain the plan, the trust will no longer be treated as exempt from tax
Example 3. (i) Facts. Employer Z, a corporation that owns a tax-exempt hospital, sponsors an unfunded eligible plan. Employer Z is acquired by
a for-profit hospital and is no longer an eligible employer under section 457(e)(1) or §1.457-2(e). Employer Z terminates
the plan and distributes all amounts deferred under the eligible plan to participants and beneficiaries within a one-year
(ii) Conclusion. Distributions under the plan are treated as made under an eligible plan of a tax-exempt entity and the distributions of
the amounts deferred are includible in the gross income of the participant or beneficiary in the year distributed.
Example 4. (i) Facts. The facts are the same as in Example 3, except that Employer Z decides to maintain instead of terminate the plan. (ii) Conclusion. If Employer Z maintains the plan, the tax consequences to participants and beneficiaries in the plan will thereafter be
determined in accordance with section 451.
(b) Plan-to-plan transfers—(1) General rule. An eligible governmental plan may provide for the transfer of amounts deferred by a participant or beneficiary to another
eligible governmental plan if the conditions in paragraphs (b)(2), (3), or (4) of this section are met. An eligible plan of
a tax-exempt entity may provide for transfers of amounts deferred by a participant to another eligible plan of a tax-exempt
entity if the conditions in paragraph (b)(5) of this section are met. In addition, an eligible governmental plan may accept
transfers from another eligible governmental plan as described in the first sentence of this paragraph (b)(1), and an eligible
plan of a tax-exempt entity may accept transfers from another eligible plan of a tax-exempt entity as described in the preceding
sentence. However, a state may not transfer the assets of its eligible governmental plan to a tax-exempt entity’s eligible
plan and the plan of a tax-exempt entity may not accept such a transfer. Similarly, a tax-exempt entity may not transfer the
assets of its eligible plan to an eligible governmental plan and an eligible governmental plan may not accept such a transfer.
In addition, if the conditions in paragraph (b)(4) of this section (relating to permissive past service credit and repayments
under section 415) are met, an eligible governmental plan of a state may provide for the transfer of amounts deferred by a
participant or beneficiary to a qualified plan (under section 401(a)) maintained by a state. However, a qualified plan may
not transfer assets to an eligible governmental plan or to an eligible plan of a tax-exempt entity, and an eligible governmental
plan or the plan of a tax-exempt entity may not accept such a transfer.
(2) Requirements for post-severance plan-to-plan transfers among eligible governmental plans. A transfer under paragraph (b)(1) of this section from an eligible governmental plan to another eligible governmental plan
is permitted if the following conditions are met —
(iii) The participant or beneficiary whose amounts deferred are being transferred will have an amount deferred immediately
after the transfer at least equal to the amount deferred with respect to that participant or beneficiary immediately before
the transfer; and
(iv) In the case of a transfer for a participant, the participant has had a severance from employment with the transferring
employer and is performing services for the entity maintaining the receiving plan.
(3) Requirements for plan-to-plan transfers of all plan assets of eligible governmental plans. A transfer under paragraph (b)(1) of this section from an eligible governmental plan to another eligible governmental plan
(ii) All of the assets held by the transferor plan are transferred; (iii) The transferor plan provides for transfers;
(iv) The receiving plan provides for the receipt of transfers; (v) The participant or beneficiary whose amounts deferred are being transferred will have an amount deferred immediately after
the transfer at least equal to the amount deferred with respect to that participant or beneficiary immediately before the
(vi) The participants or beneficiaries whose deferred amounts are being transferred are not eligible for additional annual
deferrals in the receiving plan unless they are performing services for the entity maintaining the receiving plan.
(4) Requirements for plan-to-plan transfers among eligible governmental plans of the same employer. A transfer under paragraph (b)(1) of this section from an eligible governmental plan to another eligible governmental plan
is permitted if the following conditions are met — (i) The transfer is from an eligible governmental plan to another eligible governmental plan of the same employer (and, for
this purpose, the employer is not treated as the same employer if the participant’s compensation is paid by a different entity);
(iii) The receiving plan provides for the receipt of transfers; (iv) The participant or beneficiary whose amounts deferred are being transferred will have an amount deferred immediately
(v) The participant or beneficiary whose deferred amounts are being transferred is not eligible for additional annual deferrals
in the receiving plan unless the participant or beneficiary is performing services for the entity maintaining the receiving
(5) Requirements for post-severance plan-to-plan transfers among eligible plans of tax-exempt entities. A transfer under paragraph (b)(1) of this section from an eligible plan of a tax-exempt employer to another eligible plan
of a tax-exempt employer is permitted if the following conditions are met —
(6) Treatment of amount transferred following a plan-to-plan transfer between eligible plans. Following a transfer of any amount between eligible plans under paragraphs (b)(1) through (b)(5) of this section —
(i) the transferred amount is subject to the restrictions of §1.457-6 (relating to when distributions are permitted to be
made to a participant under an eligible plan) in the receiving plan in the same manner as if the transferred amount had been
originally been deferred under the receiving plan if the participant is performing services for the entity maintaining the
receiving plan, and
(ii) in the case of a transfer between eligible plans of tax-exempt entities, except as otherwise determined by the Commissioner,
the transferred amount is subject to §1.457-7(c)(2) (relating to when amounts are considered to be made available under an
eligible plan of a tax-exempt entity) in the same manner as if the elections made by the participant or beneficiary under
the transferor plan had been made under the receiving plan.
Example 1. (i) Facts. Participant A, the president of City X’s hospital, has accepted a position with another hospital which is a tax-exempt entity.
A participates in the eligible governmental plan of City X. A would like to transfer the amounts deferred under City X’s eligible
governmental plan to the eligible plan of the tax-exempt hospital. (ii) Conclusion. City X’s plan may not transfer A’s amounts deferred to the tax-exempt employer’s eligible plan. In addition, because the
amounts deferred would no longer be held in trust for the exclusive benefit of participants and their beneficiaries, the transfer
would violate the exclusive benefit rule of section 457(g) and §1.457-8(a).
Example 2. (i) Facts. County M, located in State S, operates several health clinics and maintains an eligible governmental plan for employees
of those clinics. One of the clinics operated by County M is being acquired by a hospital operated by State S, and employees
of that clinic will become employees of State S. County M permits those employees to transfer their balances under County
M’s eligible governmental plan to the eligible governmental plan of State S.
(ii) Conclusion. If the eligible governmental plans of County M and State S provide for the transfer and acceptance of the transfer (and
the other requirements of paragraph (b)(1) of this section are satisfied), then the requirements of paragraph (b)(2) of this
section are satisfied and, thus, the transfer will not cause either plan to violate the requirements of section 457 or these
Example 3. (i) Facts. City Employer Z, a hospital, sponsors an eligible governmental plan. City Employer Z is located in State B. All of the assets
of City Employer Z are being acquired by a tax-exempt hospital. City Employer Z, in accordance with the plan-to-plan transfer
rules of paragraph (b) of this section, would like to transfer the total amount of assets deferred under City Employer Z’s
eligible governmental plan to the acquiring tax-exempt entity's eligible plan.
(ii) Conclusion. City Employer Z may not permit participants to transfer the amounts to the eligible plan of the tax-exempt entity. In addition,
because the amounts deferred would no longer be held in trust for the exclusive benefit of participants and their beneficiaries,
the transfer would violate the exclusive benefit rule of section 457(g) and §1.457-8(a).
Example 4. (i) Facts. The facts are the same as in Example 3, except that City Employer Z, instead of transferring all of its assets to the eligible plan of the tax-exempt entity, decides
to transfer all of the amounts deferred under City Z’s eligible governmental plan to the eligible governmental plan of County
B in which City Z is located. County B’s eligible plan does not cover employees of City Z, but is willing to allow the assets
of City Z’s plan to be transferred to County B’s plan, a related state government entity, also located in State B.
(ii) Conclusion. If City Employer Z’s (transferor) eligible governmental plan provides for such transfer and the eligible governmental plan
of County B permits the acceptance of such a transfer (and the other requirements of paragraph (b)(1) of this section are
satisfied), then the requirements of paragraph (b)(3) of this section are satisfied and, thus, City Employer Z may transfer
the total amounts deferred under its eligible governmental plan, prior to termination of that plan, to the eligible governmental
plan maintained by County B. However, the participants of City Employer Z whose deferred amounts are being transferred are
not eligible to participate in the eligible governmental plan of County B, the receiving plan, unless they are performing
services for County B.
Example 5. (i) Facts. State C has an eligible governmental plan. Employees of City U in State C are among the eligible employees for State C’s
plan and City U decides to adopt another eligible governmental plan only for its employees. State C decides to allow employees
to elect to transfer all of the amounts deferred for an employee under State C’s eligible governmental plan to City U’s eligible
governmental plan.
(ii) Conclusion. If State C’s (transferor) eligible governmental plan provides for such transfer and the eligible governmental plan of City
U permits the acceptance of such a transfer (and the other requirements of paragraph (b)(1) of this section are satisfied),
then the requirements of paragraph (b)(4) of this section are satisfied and, thus, State C may transfer the total amounts
deferred under its eligible governmental plan to the eligible governmental plan maintained by City U.
(8) Purchase of permissive past service credit by plan-to-plan transfers from an eligible governmental plan to a qualified plan—(i) General rule. An eligible governmental plan of a state may provide for the transfer of amounts deferred by a participant or beneficiary
to a defined benefit governmental plan (as defined in section 414(d)), and no amount shall be includible in gross income by
reason of the transfer, if the conditions in paragraph (b)(8)(ii) of this section are met. A transfer under this paragraph
(b)(8) is not treated as a distribution for purposes of §1.457-6. Therefore, such a transfer may be made before severance
(A) For the purchase of permissive past service credit (as defined in section 415(n)(3)(A)) under the receiving defined benefit
governmental plan; or
Example. (i) Facts. Plan X is an eligible governmental plan maintained by County Y for its employees. Plan X provides for distributions only
in the event of death, an unforeseeable emergency, or severance from employment with County Y (including retirement from County
Y). Plan S is a qualified defined benefit plan maintained by State T for its employees. County Y is within State T. Employee
A is an employee of County Y and is a participant in Plan X. Employee A previously was an employee of State T and is still
entitled to benefits under Plan S. Plan S includes provisions allowing participants in certain plans, including Plan X, to
transfer assets to Plan S for the purchase of past service credit under Plan S and does not permit the amount transferred
to exceed the amount necessary to fund the benefit resulting from the past service credit. Although not required to do so,
Plan X allows Employee A to transfer assets to Plan S to provide a past service benefit under Plan S.
(c) Qualified domestic relations orders under eligible plans—(1) General rule. An eligible plan does not become an ineligible plan described in section 457(f) solely because its administrator or sponsor
complies with a qualified domestic relations order as defined in section 414(p), including an order requiring the distribution
of the benefits of a participant to an alternate payee in advance of the general rules for eligible plan distributions under
§1.457-6. If a distribution or payment is made from an eligible plan to an alternate payee pursuant to a qualified domestic
relations order, rules similar to the rules of section 402(e)(1)(A) shall apply to the distribution or payment.
Example 1. (i) Facts. Participant C and C’s spouse D are divorcing. C is employed by State S and is a participant in an eligible plan maintained
by State S. C has an account valued at $100,000 under the plan. Pursuant to the divorce, a court issues a qualified domestic
relations order on September 1, 2003, that allocates 50 percent of C’s $100,000 plan account to D and specifically provides
for an immediate distribution to D of D’s share within 6 months of the order. Payment is made to D in January of 2004.
(ii) Conclusion. State S’s eligible plan does not become an ineligible plan described in section 457(f) and §1.457-11 solely because its
administrator or sponsor complies with the qualified domestic relations order requiring the immediate distribution to D in
advance of the general rules for eligible plan distributions under §1.457-6. In accordance with section 402(e)(1)(A), D (not
C) must include the distribution in gross income. The distribution is includible in D’s gross income in 2004. If the qualified
domestic relations order were to provide for distribution to D at a future date, amounts deferred attributable to D’s share
will be includible in D’s gross income when paid to D.
Example 2. (i) Facts. The facts are the same as in Example 1, except that S is a tax-exempt entity, instead of a state.
advance of the general rules for eligible plan distributions under § 1.457-6. In accordance with section 402(e)(1)(A), D (not
C) must include the distribution in gross income. The distribution is includible in D’s gross income in 2004, assuming that
the plan did not make the distribution available to D in 2003. If the qualified domestic relations order were to provide for
distribution to D at a future date, amounts deferred attributable to D’s share would be includible in D’s gross income when
paid or made available to D.
(d) Death benefits and life insurance proceeds. A death benefit plan under section 457(e)(11) is not an eligible plan. In addition, no amount paid or made available under
an eligible plan as death benefits or life insurance proceeds is excludable from gross income under section 101. (e) Rollovers to eligible governmental plans—(1) General rule. An eligible governmental plan may accept contributions that are eligible rollover distributions (as defined in section 402(c)(4))
made from another eligible retirement plan (as defined in section 402(c)(8)(B)) if the conditions in paragraph (e)(2) of this
section are met. Amounts contributed to an eligible governmental plan as eligible rollover distributions are not taken into
account for purposes of the annual limit on annual deferrals by a participant in §1.457-4(c) or §1.457-5, but are otherwise
treated in the same manner as amounts deferred under section 457 for purposes of §§1.457-3 through 1.457-9 and this section.
(2) Conditions for rollovers to an eligible governmental plan. An eligible governmental plan that permits eligible rollover distributions made from another eligible retirement plan to
be paid into the eligible governmental plan is required under this paragraph (e)(2) to provide that it will separately account
for any eligible rollover distributions it receives. A plan does not fail to satisfy this requirement if it separately accounts
for particular types of eligible rollover distributions (for example, if it maintains a separate account for eligible rollover
distributions attributable to annual deferrals that were made under other eligible governmental plans and a separate account
for amounts attributable to other eligible rollover distributions), but this requirement is not satisfied if any such separate
account includes any amount that is not attributable to an eligible rollover distribution.
Example. (i) Facts. Plan T is an eligible governmental plan that provides that employees who are eligible to participate in Plan T may make
rollover contributions to Plan T from amounts distributed to an employee from an eligible retirement plan. An eligible retirement
plan is defined in Plan T as another eligible governmental plan, a qualified section 401(a) or 403(a) plan, or a section 403(b)
contract, or an individual retirement arrangement (IRA) that holds such amounts. Plan T requires rollover contributions to
be paid by the eligible retirement plan directly to Plan T (a direct rollover) or to be paid by the participant within 60
days after the date on which the participant received the amount from the other eligible retirement plan. Plan T does not
take rollover contributions into account for purposes of the plan’s limits on amounts deferred that conform to §1.457-4(c).
Rollover contributions paid to Plan T are invested in the trust in the same manner as amounts deferred under Plan T and rollover
contributions (and earnings thereon) are available for distribution to the participant at the same time and in the same manner
as amounts deferred under Plan T. In addition, Plan T provides that, for each participant who makes a rollover contribution
to Plan T, the Plan T record-keeper is to establish a separate account for the participant’s rollover contributions. The record-keeper
calculates earnings and losses for investments held in the rollover account separately from earnings and losses on other amounts
held under the plan and calculates disbursements from and payments made to the rollover account separately from disbursements
from and payments made to other amounts held under the plan.
(ii) Conclusion. Plan T does not lose its status as an eligible governmental plan as a result of the receipt of rollover contributions. The
conclusion would not be different if the Plan T record-keeper were to establish two separate accounts, one of which is for
the participant’s rollover contributions attributable to annual deferrals that were made under an eligible governmental plan
and the other of which is for other rollover contributions.
(f) Deemed IRAs under eligible governmental plans. See regulations under section 408(q) for guidance regarding the treatment of separate accounts or annuities as individual
retirement plans (IRAs).
§1.457-11 Tax treatment of participants if plan is not an eligible plan. (a) In general. Under section 457(f), if an eligible employer provides for a deferral of compensation under any agreement or arrangement
that is an ineligible plan--
(1) Compensation deferred under the agreement or arrangement is includible in the gross income of the participant or beneficiary
for the first taxable year in which there is no substantial risk of forfeiture (within the meaning of section 457(f)(3)(B))
of the rights to such compensation; (2) If the compensation deferred is subject to a substantial risk of forfeiture, the amount includible in gross income for
the first taxable year in which there is no substantial risk of forfeiture includes earnings thereon to the date on which
there is no substantial risk of forfeiture;
(3) Earnings credited on the compensation deferred under the agreement or arrangement that are not includible in gross income
under paragraph (a)(2) of this section are includible in the gross income of the participant or beneficiary only when paid
or made available to the participant or beneficiary, provided that the interest of the participant or beneficiary in any assets
(including amounts deferred under the plan) of the entity sponsoring the agreement or arrangement is not senior to the entity's
general creditors; and
(4) Amounts paid or made available to a participant or beneficiary under the agreement or arrangement are includible in the
gross income of the participant or beneficiary under section 72, relating to annuities.
(b) Exceptions. Paragraph (a) of this section does not apply with respect to-- (1) A plan described in section 401(a) which includes a trust exempt from tax under section 501(a);
(c) Amount included in income. The amount included in gross income on the applicable date under paragraphs (a)(1) and (a)(2) of this section is equal to
the present value of the compensation (including earnings to the extent provided in paragraph (a)(2) of this section) on that
date. For purposes of applying section 72 on the applicable date under paragraphs (a)(3) and (4) of this section, the participant
is treated as having paid investment in the contract (or basis) to the extent that the deferred compensation has been taken
into account by the participant in accordance with paragraphs (a)(1) and (a)(2) of this section. (d) Coordination of section 457(f) with section 83— (1) General rules. Under paragraph (b)(3) of this section, section 457(f) and paragraph (a) of this section do not apply to that portion of
any plan which consists of a transfer of property described in section 83. For this purpose, a transfer of property described
in section 83 means a transfer of property to which section 83 applies. Section 457(f) and paragraph (a) of this section do
not apply if the date on which there is no substantial risk of forfeiture with respect to compensation deferred under an agreement
or arrangement that is not an eligible plan is on or after the date on which there is a transfer of property to which section
83 applies. However, section 457(f) and paragraph (a) of this section apply if the date on which there is no substantial risk
of forfeiture with respect to compensation deferred under an agreement or arrangement that is not an eligible plan precedes
the date on which there is a transfer of property to which section 83 applies. If deferred compensation payable in property
is includible in gross income under section 457(f), then, as provided in section 72, the amount includible in gross income
when that property is later transferred or made available to the service provider is the excess of the value of the property
at that time over the amount previously included in gross income under section 457(f).
Example 1. (i) Facts. As part of an arrangement for the deferral of compensation, an eligible employer agrees on December 1, 2002, to pay an individual
rendering services for the eligible employer a specified dollar amount on January 15, 2005. The arrangement provides for the
payment to be made in the form of property having a fair market value equal to the specified dollar amount. The individual's
rights to the payment are not subject to a substantial risk of forfeiture (within the meaning of section 457(f)(3)(B)).
(ii) Conclusion. In this Example 1, because there is no substantial risk of forfeiture with respect to the agreement to transfer property in 2005, the present
value (as of December 1, 2002) of the payment is includible in the individual's gross income for 2002. Under paragraph (a)(4)
of this section, when the payment is made on January 15, 2005, the amount includible in the individual's gross income is equal
to the excess of the fair market value of the property when paid, over the amount that was includible in gross income for
2002 (which is the basis allocable to that payment).
Example 2. (i) Facts. As part of an arrangement for the deferral of compensation, individuals A and B rendering services for a tax-exempt entity
each receive in 2010 property that is subject to a substantial risk of forfeiture (within the meaning of section 457(f)(3)(B)
and within the meaning of section 83(c)(1)). Individual A makes an election to include the fair market value of the property
in gross income under section 83(b) and individual B does not make this election. The substantial risk of forfeiture for the
property transferred to individual A lapses in 2012 and the substantial risk of forfeiture for the property transferred to
individual B also lapses in 2012. Thus, the property transferred to individual A is included in A's gross income for 2010
when A makes a section 83(b) election and the property transferred to individual B is included in B's gross income for 2012
when the substantial risk of forfeiture for the property lapses.
(ii) Conclusion. In this Example 2, in each case, the compensation deferred is not subject to section 457(f) or this section because section 83 applies to the
transfer of property on or before the date on which there is no substantial risk of forfeiture with respect to compensation
deferred under the arrangement.
Example 3. (i) Facts. In 2004, Z, a tax-exempt entity, grants an option to acquire property to employee C. The option lacks a readily ascertainable
fair market value, within the meaning of section 83(e)(3), has a value on the date of grant equal to $100,000, and is not
subject to a substantial risk of forfeiture (within the meaning of section 457(f)(3)(B) and within the meaning of section
83(c)(1)). Z exercises the option in 2012 by paying an exercise price of $75,000 and receives property that has a fair market
value (for purposes of section 83) equal to $300,000.
(ii) Conclusion. In this Example 3, under section 83(e)(3), section 83 does not apply to the grant of the option. Accordingly, C has income of $100,000 in 2004
under section 457(f). In 2012, C has income of $125,000, which is the value of the property transferred in 2012, minus the
allocable portion of the basis that results from the $100,000 of income in 2004 and the $75,000 exercise price. Example 4. (i) Facts. In 2010, X, a tax-exempt entity, agrees to pay deferred compensation to employee D. The amount payable is $100,000 to be
paid 10 years later in 2020. The commitment to make the $100,000 payment is not subject to a substantial risk of forfeiture.
In 2010, the present value of the $100,000 is $50,000. In 2018, X transfers to D property having a fair market value (for
purposes of section 83) equal to $70,000. The transfer is in partial settlement of the commitment made in 2010 and, at the
time of the transfer in 2018, the present value of the commitment is $80,000. In 2020, X pays D the $12,500 that remains due.
(ii) Conclusion. In this Example 4, D has income of $50,000 in 2010. In 2018, D has income of $30,000, which is the amount transferred in 2018, minus the allocable
portion of the basis that results from the $50,000 of income in 2010. (Under section 72(e)(2)(B), income is allocated first.
The income is equal to $30,000 ($80,000 minus the $50,000 basis), with the result that the allocable portion of the basis
is equal to $40,000 ($70,000 minus the $30,000 of income).) In 2020, D has income of $2,500 ($12,500 minus $10,000, which
is the excess of the original $50,000 basis over the $40,000 basis allocated to the transfer made in 2018).
§ 1.457-12 Effective dates. (a) General effective date. Except as otherwise provided in this section, §§1.457-1 through 1.457-11 apply for taxable years beginning after December
(b) Transition period for eligible plans to comply with EGTRRA. For taxable years beginning after December 31, 2001, and before January 1, 2004, a plan does not fail to be an eligible
plan as a result of requirements imposed by the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 (115 Stat. 385)
(EGTRRA) (Public Law 107-16) June 7, 2001, if it is operated in accordance with a reasonable, good faith interpretation of
EGTRRA.
(c) Special rule for distributions from rollover accounts. The last sentence of §1.457-6(a) (relating to distributions of amounts held in a separate account for eligible rollover
distributions) applies for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2003.
(d) Special rule for options. Section 1.457-11(d) does not apply with respect to an option without a readily ascertainable fair market value (within the
meaning of section 83(e)(3)) that was granted on or before May 8, 2002.
(e) Special rule for qualified domestic relations orders. Section 1.457-10(c) (relating to qualified domestic relations orders) applies for transfers, distributions, and payments
made after December 31, 2001.
Par. 5. In §602.101, paragraph (b) is amended by adding an entry in numerical order to the table to read as follows:
1.457-8
Approved July 2, 2003.
(Filed by the Office of the Federal Register on July 10, 2003, 8:45 a.m., and published in the issue of the Federal Register
for July 11, 2003, 68 F.R. 41230)
[1] See generally the Report to the Congress on the Tax Treatment of Deferred Compensation under Section 457, Department of the Treasury, January 1992 (available from the Office of Tax Policy, Room 5315, Treasury Department, 1500
Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington DC 20220).