Source: http://www.science.gov/topicpages/a/aliens+unfair+immigration-related.html
Timestamp: 2016-10-26 03:59:42
Document Index: 135765239

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 68', '§ 68', '§ 68', '§ 68', '§ 68', '§ 68', '§ 68', '§ 68', '§ 68', '§ 44', '§ 44', '§ 44', '§ 44', '§ 44', '§ 16', '§ 16', '§ 16', '§ 16', '§ 227', '§ 227', '§ 269', '§ 444', '§ 444', '§ 227', '§ 76', '§ 424', '§ 227', '§ 423', '§ 68', '§ 68', '§ 68', '§ 68', '§ 68', '§ 68', '§ 68', '§ 68', '§ 68', '§ 68', '§ 227', '§ 227']

aliens unfair immigration-related: Topics by Science.gov
Sample records for aliens unfair immigration-related
... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Intervenor in unfair immigration-related... ALLEGATIONS OF UNLAWFUL EMPLOYMENT OF ALIENS, UNFAIR IMMIGRATION-RELATED EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES, AND DOCUMENT FRAUD § 68.15 Intervenor in unfair immigration-related employment cases. The Special Counsel, or...
... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Intervenor in unfair immigration-related... ALLEGATIONS OF UNLAWFUL EMPLOYMENT OF ALIENS, UNFAIR IMMIGRATION-RELATED EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES, AND DOCUMENT FRAUD § 68.15 Intervenor in unfair immigration-related employment cases. The Special Counsel, or...
... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Intervenor in unfair immigration-related... ALLEGATIONS OF UNLAWFUL EMPLOYMENT OF ALIENS, UNFAIR IMMIGRATION-RELATED EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES, AND DOCUMENT FRAUD § 68.15 Intervenor in unfair immigration-related employment cases. The Special Counsel, or...
... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Intervenor in unfair immigration-related... ALLEGATIONS OF UNLAWFUL EMPLOYMENT OF ALIENS, UNFAIR IMMIGRATION-RELATED EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES, AND DOCUMENT FRAUD § 68.15 Intervenor in unfair immigration-related employment cases. The Special Counsel, or...
28 CFR 68.4 - Complaints regarding unfair immigration-related employment practices.
... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Complaints regarding unfair immigration... INVOLVING ALLEGATIONS OF UNLAWFUL EMPLOYMENT OF ALIENS, UNFAIR IMMIGRATION-RELATED EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES, AND DOCUMENT FRAUD § 68.4 Complaints regarding unfair immigration-related employment practices. (a)...
... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Complaints regarding unfair immigration... INVOLVING ALLEGATIONS OF UNLAWFUL EMPLOYMENT OF ALIENS, UNFAIR IMMIGRATION-RELATED EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES, AND DOCUMENT FRAUD § 68.4 Complaints regarding unfair immigration-related employment practices. (a)...
... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Complaints regarding unfair immigration... INVOLVING ALLEGATIONS OF UNLAWFUL EMPLOYMENT OF ALIENS, UNFAIR IMMIGRATION-RELATED EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES, AND DOCUMENT FRAUD § 68.4 Complaints regarding unfair immigration-related employment practices. (a)...
... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Complaints regarding unfair immigration... INVOLVING ALLEGATIONS OF UNLAWFUL EMPLOYMENT OF ALIENS, UNFAIR IMMIGRATION-RELATED EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES, AND DOCUMENT FRAUD § 68.4 Complaints regarding unfair immigration-related employment practices. (a)...
... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Complaints regarding unfair immigration... INVOLVING ALLEGATIONS OF UNLAWFUL EMPLOYMENT OF ALIENS, UNFAIR IMMIGRATION-RELATED EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES, AND DOCUMENT FRAUD § 68.4 Complaints regarding unfair immigration-related employment practices. (a)...
28 CFR 44.200 - Unfair immigration-related employment practices.
... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Unfair immigration-related employment... IMMIGRATION-RELATED EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES Prohibited Practices § 44.200 Unfair immigration-related employment practices. (a)(1) General. It is unfair immigration-related employment practice for a person or other...
... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Unfair immigration-related employment... IMMIGRATION-RELATED EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES Prohibited Practices § 44.200 Unfair immigration-related employment practices. (a)(1) General. It is unfair immigration-related employment practice for a person or other...
... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Unfair immigration-related employment... IMMIGRATION-RELATED EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES Prohibited Practices § 44.200 Unfair immigration-related employment practices. (a)(1) General. It is unfair immigration-related employment practice for a person or other...
... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Unfair immigration-related employment... IMMIGRATION-RELATED EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES Prohibited Practices § 44.200 Unfair immigration-related employment practices. (a)(1) General. It is unfair immigration-related employment practice for a person or other...
... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Unfair immigration-related employment... IMMIGRATION-RELATED EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES Prohibited Practices § 44.200 Unfair immigration-related employment practices. (a)(1) General. It is unfair immigration-related employment practice for a person or other...
... 28 Judicial Administration 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Office of Special Counsel for Immigration... Immigration Related Unfair Employment Practices. (a) The Office of Special Counsel for Immigration Related Unfair Employment Practices shall be headed by a Special Counsel for Immigration Related...
... 28 Judicial Administration 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Office of Special Counsel for Immigration... Immigration Related Unfair Employment Practices. (a) The Office of Special Counsel for Immigration Related Unfair Employment Practices shall be headed by a Special Counsel for Immigration Related...
... 28 Judicial Administration 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Office of Special Counsel for Immigration... Immigration Related Unfair Employment Practices. (a) The Office of Special Counsel for Immigration Related Unfair Employment Practices shall be headed by a Special Counsel for Immigration Related...
... 28 Judicial Administration 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Office of Special Counsel for Immigration... Immigration Related Unfair Employment Practices. (a) The Office of Special Counsel for Immigration Related Unfair Employment Practices shall be headed by a Special Counsel for Immigration Related...
... 28 Judicial Administration 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Exemption of the Special Counsel for Immigration-Related, Unfair Employment Practices Systems. 16.78 Section 16.78 Judicial Administration... the Privacy Act § 16.78 Exemption of the Special Counsel for Immigration-Related, Unfair...
... 28 Judicial Administration 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Exemption of the Special Counsel for Immigration-Related, Unfair Employment Practices Systems. 16.78 Section 16.78 Judicial Administration... the Privacy Act § 16.78 Exemption of the Special Counsel for Immigration-Related, Unfair...
... 28 Judicial Administration 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Exemption of the Special Counsel for Immigration-Related, Unfair Employment Practices Systems. 16.78 Section 16.78 Judicial Administration... the Privacy Act § 16.78 Exemption of the Special Counsel for Immigration-Related, Unfair...
... 28 Judicial Administration 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Exemption of the Special Counsel for Immigration-Related, Unfair Employment Practices Systems. 16.78 Section 16.78 Judicial Administration... the Privacy Act § 16.78 Exemption of the Special Counsel for Immigration-Related, Unfair...
SOL Tests Create Unfair Pressure.
Ernst, Katie
A seventh-grader explains why the Virginia Standards of Learning tests unfairly pressure her and her teachers. She wants her free reading time restored and wishes politicians would worry more about students understanding--not just memorizing--facts. She praises teachers who go beyond the SOL. (MLH)
12 CFR 227.13 - Unfair credit contract provisions.
... 12 Banks and Banking 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Unfair credit contract provisions. 227.13... RESERVE SYSTEM (CONTINUED) UNFAIR OR DECEPTIVE ACTS OR PRACTICES (REGULATION AA) Credit Practices Rule § 227.13 Unfair credit contract provisions. It is an unfair act or practice for a bank to enter into...
... 12 Banks and Banking 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Unfair credit contract provisions. 227.13... RESERVE SYSTEM UNFAIR OR DECEPTIVE ACTS OR PRACTICES (REGULATION AA) Credit Practices Rule § 227.13 Unfair credit contract provisions. It is an unfair act or practice for a bank to enter into a consumer...
Tatar, Moshe; Ben-Uri, Ina; Horenczyk, Gabriel
... 12 Banks and Banking 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Unfair labor practices. 269.6 Section 269.6 Banks and Banking FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM (CONTINUED) BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM POLICY ON LABOR RELATIONS FOR THE FEDERAL RESERVE BANKS § 269.6 Unfair labor practices. (a) It shall be an unfair labor practice for a Bank to:...
Wu, Yan; Zang, Yufeng; Yuan, Binke; Tian, Xuehong
Empirical evidence indicates that people are inequity averse. However, it is unclear whether and how suffering unfairness impacts subsequent behavior. We investigated the consequences of unfair treatment in subsequent interactions with new interaction partners and the associated neural mechanisms. Participants were experimentally manipulated to experience fair or unfair treatment in the ultimatum game (UG), and subsequently, they were given the opportunity to retaliate in the dictator game (DG) in their interactions with players who had not played a role in the previous fair or unfair treatment. The results showed that participants dictated less money to unrelated partners after frequently receiving unfair offers in the previous UG (vs. frequently receiving fair offers in the previous UG), but only when they were first exposed to unfair UG/DG. Stronger activation in the right dorsal anterior insula was found during receiving unfair offers and during the subsequent offer-considering phase. The regional homogeneity (ReHo), a measure of the local synchronization of neighboring voxels in resting-state brain activity, in the left ventral anterior insula and left superior temporal pole was positively correlated with the behavior change. These findings suggest that unfair treatment may encourage a spread of unfairness, and that the anterior insula may be not only engaged in signaling social norm violations, but also recruited in guiding subsequent adaptive behaviors. PMID:25798102
... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Unfair credit practices. 444.2 Section 444.2 Commercial Practices FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION TRADE REGULATION RULES CREDIT PRACTICES § 444.2 Unfair credit practices. (a) In connection with the extension of credit to consumers in or affecting commerce, as...
... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Unfair credit practices. 444.2 Section 444.2 Commercial Practices FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION TRADE REGULATION RULES CREDIT PRACTICES § 444.2 Unfair credit practices. (a) In connection with the extension of credit to consumers in or affecting commerce, as...
48 CFR 2103.570 - Misleading, Deceptive, or Unfair Advertising.
... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 6 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 true Misleading, Deceptive, or Unfair Advertising. 2103.570 Section 2103.570 Federal Acquisition Regulations System OFFICE OF PERSONNEL..., Deceptive, or Unfair Advertising. (a) OPM, or the Contractor with the approval of OPM, makes available...
12 CFR 227.25 - Unfair balance computation method.
... under 12 CFR 226.12 or 12 CFR 226.13; or (2) Adjustments to finance charges as a result of the return of... 12 Banks and Banking 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Unfair balance computation method. 227.25... Practices Rule § 227.25 Unfair balance computation method. (a) General rule. Except as provided in...
47 CFR 76.1001 - Unfair practices generally.
... MULTICHANNEL VIDEO AND CABLE TELEVISION SERVICE Competitive Access to Cable Programming § 76.1001 Unfair practices generally. (a) Unfair practices generally. No cable operator, satellite cable programming vendor in which a cable operator has an attributable interest, or satellite broadcast programming...
Lo, Graciete; Tu, Ming; Wu, Olivia; Anglin, Deidre; Saw, Anne; Chen, Fang-pei
Encounters with Western psychiatric treatment and acculturation may influence causal beliefs of psychiatric illness endorsed by Chinese immigrant relatives, thus affecting help-seeking. We examined causal beliefs held by forty-six Chinese immigrant relatives and found that greater acculturation was associated with an increased number of causal beliefs. Further, as Western psychiatric treatment and acculturation increased, causal models expanded to incorporate biological/physical causes. However, frequency of Chinese immigrant relatives' endorsing spiritual beliefs did not appear to change with acculturation. Clinicians might thus account for spiritual beliefs in treatment even after acculturation increases and biological causal models proliferate. PMID:27127454
Infants Associate Praise and Admonishment with Fair and Unfair Individuals
DesChamps, Trent D.; Eason, Arianne E.; Sommerville, Jessica A.
Recent evidence suggests that infants possess a rudimentary sensitivity to fairness: infants expect resources to be distributed fairly and equally, and prefer individuals that distribute resources fairly over those that do so unfairly. The goal of the present work was to determine whether infants' evaluations of fair and unfair individuals also includes an understanding that fair individuals are worthy of praise and unfair individuals are worthy of admonishment. After watching individuals distribute goods fairly or unfairly to recipients, 15-month-old (Experiments 1 and 2) and 13-month-old (Experiment 3) infants took part in a test phase in which they saw only the distributors' faces accompanied by praise or admonishment. Across all experiments, infants differentially shifted their visual attention to images of the fair and unfair distributors as a function of the accompanying praise or admonishment, although the direction in which they did so varied by age. Thus, by the start of the second year of life, infants appear to perceive fair individuals as morally praiseworthy and unfair individuals as morally blameworthy.
Radke, Sina; Brazil, Inti A.; Scheper, Inge; Bulten, Berend H.; de Bruijn, Ellen R. A.
Offenders with psychopathy have often committed crimes violating social norms, which may suggest a biased moral reasoning in psychopathy. Yet, as findings on utilitarian decisions remain conflicting, the current study investigated different aspects of fairness considerations in offenders with psychopathy, offenders without psychopathy and healthy individuals (N = 18/14/18, respectively). Unfair offers in a modified Ultimatum Game (UG) were paired with different unselected alternatives, thereby establishing the context of a proposal, and made under opposing intentionality constraints (intentional vs. unintentional). As in previous studies, unfair offers were most often rejected when the alternative was fair and when the offer was made intentionally. Importantly, however, offenders with psychopathy demonstrated a similar rejection pattern to that of healthy individuals, i.e., taking the unselected alternative into account. In contrast, delinquents without psychopathy did not adjust their decision behavior to the alternatives to an offer, suggesting stronger impairments in social decision-making. Crucially, the mechanisms and processes underlying rejection decisions might differ, particularly with regard to cognitive vs. emotional competencies. While preserved cognitive perspective-taking could drive seemingly intact decision patterns in psychopathy, emotional empathy is likely to be compromised. PMID:23898257
The private rejection of unfair offers and emotional commitment.
Yamagishi, Toshio; Horita, Yutaka; Takagishi, Haruto; Shinada, Mizuho; Tanida, Shigehito; Cook, Karen S
In a series of experiments, we demonstrate that certain players of an economic game reject unfair offers even when this behavior increases rather than decreases inequity. A substantial proportion (30-40%, compared with 60-70% in the standard ultimatum game) of those who responded rejected unfair offers even when rejection reduced only their own earnings to 0, while not affecting the earnings of the person who proposed the unfair split (in an impunity game). Furthermore, even when the responders were not able to communicate their anger to the proposers by rejecting unfair offers in a private impunity game, a similar rate of rejection was observed. The rejection of unfair offers that increases inequity cannot be explained by the social preference for inequity aversion or reciprocity; however, it does provide support for the model of emotion as a commitment device. In this view, emotions such as anger or moral disgust lead people to disregard the immediate consequences of their behavior, committing them to behave consistently to preserve integrity and maintain a reputation over time as someone who is reliably committed to this behavior. PMID:19564602
5 CFR 9701.517 - Unfair labor practices.
... 5 Administrative Personnel 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Unfair labor practices. 9701.517 Section 9701.517 Administrative Personnel DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY-OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT) DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT SYSTEM...
...) Unfair practices involving terrestrial cable programming and terrestrial cable programming vendors. (1... cable operator that has an attributable interest in a terrestrial cable programming vendor to unduly or... prices, terms, and conditions for the sale of, terrestrial cable programming to any...
... control with a cable operator or cable operators, satellite cable programming vendor or vendors in which a... attributable interest, or satellite broadcast programming vendor or vendors that wholly own or control, or are... practices generally. (a) Unfair practices generally. No cable operator, satellite cable programming...
14 CFR 399.80 - Unfair and deceptive practices of ticket agents.
... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Unfair and deceptive practices of ticket....80 Unfair and deceptive practices of ticket agents. It is the policy of the Board to regard any of the following enumerated practices (among others) by a ticket agent as an unfair or deceptive...
16 CFR 424.1 - Unfair or deceptive acts or practices.
... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Unfair or deceptive acts or practices. 424.1... ADVERTISING AND MARKETING PRACTICES § 424.1 Unfair or deceptive acts or practices. In connection with the sale..., 15 U.S.C. 44, it is an unfair or deceptive act or practice in violation of section 5(a)(1) of...
12 CFR 227.14 - Unfair or deceptive practices involving cosigners.
... 12 Banks and Banking 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Unfair or deceptive practices involving cosigners. 227.14 Section 227.14 Banks and Banking FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM (CONTINUED) BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM (CONTINUED) UNFAIR OR DECEPTIVE ACTS OR PRACTICES (REGULATION AA) Credit Practices Rule § 227.14 Unfair or...
Perceived Unfair Treatment and Problem Drinking among U.S. Navy Careerists
Moore, Roland S.; Cunradi, Carol B.; Duke, Michael R.; Galvin, Deborah
This mixed method paper assessed interrelationships of unfair treatment at work, stress, and problem drinking amongst a sample of U.S. Navy careerists. Survey data from current drinkers (n=2380) were analyzed, along with qualitative interviews from a quota sample of 81. More women than men (51.4% vs. 16.2%) reported gender unfair treatment; approximately 20% of respondents reported ethnic/racial unfair treatment. Unfair treatment was associated with likelihood of problem drinking, but associations were attenuated after adjusting for frequency of work problems and expecting alcohol to alleviate stress. Qualitative results revealed contexts of unfair treatment within bureaucratic structures, tradition, norms, and role modeling. PMID:24729946
In the Ultimatum Game, a proposer suggests how to split a sum of money with a responder. If the responder rejects the proposal, both players get nothing. Rejection of unfair offers is regarded as a form of punishment implemented by fair-minded individuals, who are willing to impose the cooperation norm at a personal cost. However, recent research using other experimental frameworks has observed non-negligible levels of antisocial punishment by competitive, spiteful individuals, which can eventually undermine cooperation. Using two large-scale experiments, this note explores the nature of Ultimatum Game punishers by analyzing their behavior in a Dictator Game. In both studies, the coexistence of two entirely different sub-populations is confirmed: prosocial punishers on the one hand, who behave fairly as dictators, and spiteful (antisocial) punishers on the other, who are totally unfair. The finding has important implications regarding the evolution of cooperation and the behavioral underpinnings of stable social systems. PMID:25113502
Infants distinguish antisocial actions directed towards fair and unfair agents.
Meristo, Marek; Surian, Luca
Three experiments provide evidence of an incipient sense of fairness in preverbal infants. Ten-month-old infants were shown cartoon videos with two agents, the 'donors', who distributed resources to two identical recipients. One donor always distributed the goods equally, while the other performed unequal distributions by giving everything to one recipient. In the test phase, a third agent hit or took resources away from either the fair or the unfair donor. We found that infants looked longer when the antisocial actions were directed towards the unfair rather than the fair donor. These findings support the view that infants are able to evaluate agents based on their distributive actions and suggest that the foundations of human socio-moral competence are acquired independently of parental feedback and linguistic experience. PMID:25329149
Fair and unfair punishers coexist in the Ultimatum Game.
Brañas-Garza, Pablo; Espín, Antonio M; Exadaktylos, Filippos; Herrmann, Benedikt
Three experiments provide evidence of an incipient sense of fairness in preverbal infants. Ten-month-old infants were shown cartoon videos with two agents, the ‘donors’, who distributed resources to two identical recipients. One donor always distributed the goods equally, while the other performed unequal distributions by giving everything to one recipient. In the test phase, a third agent hit or took resources away from either the fair or the unfair donor. We found that infants looked longer when the antisocial actions were directed towards the unfair rather than the fair donor. These findings support the view that infants are able to evaluate agents based on their distributive actions and suggest that the foundations of human socio-moral competence are acquired independently of parental feedback and linguistic experience. PMID:25329149
Cerit, Hilâl; Schuur, Rachel J.; de Bruijn, Ellen R. A.; Van der Does, Willem
Experimental manipulation of serotonin (5-HT) availability has been shown to modulate social behavior. For instance, serotonin depletion increased the rejection rates of unfair offers in the ultimatum game (UG), whereas a single dose of the serotonin reuptake inhibitor (citalopram) decreased rejection rates. These effects were observed immediately after the manipulation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of prolonged tryptophan (TRP) supplementation on UG performance in healthy individuals. A randomized double-blind placebo (PLC)-controlled design was used. Healthy volunteers (N = 47) completed the UG before and after a 6-day intervention of TRP (2.8 g/day) or PLC. Impulsivity was measured with a Go-Stop task. The overall analyses showed that TRP supplementation had no significant effect on UG scores, but the direction of the effect was opposite from expectations. Because repeated performance of the UG may lead to unwanted learning effects or strategical changes, additional analyses were conducted in which participants (N = 7) who accepted all offers on the second measurement were excluded. These analyses revealed that the TRP-group rejected very unfair offers more often than the PLC group. The groups did not differ on impulsivity. Increasing serotonin through TRP supplements increased the rejection of very unfair offers. The direction of our findings is inconsistent with earlier studies that showed that increasing 5-HT availability results in less rejection of unfair offers. The current findings thus importantly suggest that effects of acute vs. prolonged enhancement of 5-HT availability may differ. Also, the outcomes show that the UG is a complex task and participants’ decisions may depend on context, e.g., prior experience with the task. PMID:26236273
Hu, Jie; Cao, Yuan; Blue, Philip R.; Zhou, Xiaolin
Social hierarchy exists in almost all social species and affects everything from resource allocation to the development of intelligence. Previous studies showed that status within a social hierarchy influences the perceived fairness of income allocation. However, the effect of one’s social status on economic decisions is far from clear, as are the neural processes underlying these decisions. In this study, we dynamically manipulated participants’ social status and analyzed their behavior as recipients in the ultimatum game (UG), during which event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded. Behavioral results showed that acceptance rates for offers increased with the fairness level of offers. Importantly, participants were less likely to accept unfair offers when they were endowed with high status than with low status. In addition, cues indicating low status elicited a more positive P2 than cues indicating high status in an earlier time window (170–240 ms), and cues indicating high status elicited a more negative N400 than cues indicating low status in a later time window (350–520 ms). During the actual reception of offers, the late positivity potential (LPP, 400–700 ms) for unfair offers was more positive in the high status condition than in the low status condition, suggesting a decreased arousal for unfair offers during low status. These findings suggest a strong role of social status in modulating individual behavioral and neural responses to fairness. PMID:25477798
Unfairness of certain events in the Olympic games.
Khosla, T
Boxing, weight-lifting, wrestling, and judo are graded events in that opponents are matched by weight. If protection were to be denied by removing this restriction such sports would overwhelmingly favour the heavyweights. Data on Olympic winners show that many running and jumping events are seriously biased in favour of the very tall. It is suggested that the rules of these events should be revised to include a grading by height. This would remedy an element of unfairness in many athletic contests, beginning at school. PMID:5696539
Unfairness of Certain Events in the Olympic Games
Khosla, T.
Brevers, Damien; Noël, Xavier; Hanak, Catherine; Verbanck, Paul; Kornreich, Charles
Recent empirical findings suggest that alcohol dependence is characterized by heightened sensitivity to unfairness during social transactions. The present study went a step further and aimed to ascertain whether this abnormal level of sensitivity to unfairness is underlined by an increased emotional reactivity. Twenty-six recently abstinent alcohol-dependent (AD) individuals and 32 controls performed an ultimatum game (UG), in which participants had to respond to take-it-or-leave-it offers, ranging from fair to unfair and made by a fictive proposer. Emotional state was recorded during UG offers presentation and was indexed by the amplitude of skin conductance response (SCR). Results showed that AD decided to reject unfair offers more frequently than their controls, confirming previous data. The proportion of rejected unfair UG offers was correlated with SCR, in the AD but not in the control group. This finding suggests that deciding to accept or reject unfair UG offers is influenced by arousal-affective activity in AD, but not in controls. Heightened emotional reactivity may have driven AD to punish the proposer rather than acting as a rational economic agent. An implication of present findings is that AD might have difficult to cope with unfair situations triggered by social interactions. Future studies are needed in order to examine whether—emotional and behavioral—reactivity to unfairness during the UG could impact alcohol consumption and relapse in AD. PMID:26217293
Strang, Sabrina; Grote, Xenia; Kuss, Katarina; Park, Soyoung Q.; Weber, Bernd
Humans are tremendously sensitive to unfairness. Unfairness provokes strong negative emotional reactions and influences our subsequent decision making. These decisions might not only have consequences for ourselves and the person who treated us unfairly but can even transmit to innocent third persons – a phenomenon that has been referred to as generalized negative reciprocity. In this study we aimed to investigate whether regulation of emotions can interrupt this chain of unfairness. Real allocations in a dictator game were used to create unfair situations. Three different regulation strategies, namely writing a message to the dictator who made an unfair offer, either forwarded or not forwarded, describing a neutral picture and a control condition in which subjects just had to wait for three minutes, were then tested on their ability to influence the elicited emotions. Subsequently participants were asked to allocate money between themselves and a third person. We show that writing a message which is forwarded to the unfair actor is an effective emotion regulation strategy and that those participants who regulated their emotions successfully by writing a message made higher allocations to a third person. Thus, using message writing as an emotion regulation strategy can interrupt the chain of unfairness. PMID:26924557
48 CFR 2152.203-70 - Misleading, deceptive, or unfair advertising.
... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 6 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 true Misleading, deceptive, or..., deceptive, or unfair advertising. As prescribed in 2103.571, insert the following clause: Misleading, Deceptive, or Unfair Advertising (OCT 2005) The Contractor agrees that any advertising material...
Strang, Sabrina; Grote, Xenia; Kuss, Katarina; Park, Soyoung Q; Weber, Bernd
Humans are tremendously sensitive to unfairness. Unfairness provokes strong negative emotional reactions and influences our subsequent decision making. These decisions might not only have consequences for ourselves and the person who treated us unfairly but can even transmit to innocent third persons--a phenomenon that has been referred to as generalized negative reciprocity. In this study we aimed to investigate whether regulation of emotions can interrupt this chain of unfairness. Real allocations in a dictator game were used to create unfair situations. Three different regulation strategies, namely writing a message to the dictator who made an unfair offer, either forwarded or not forwarded, describing a neutral picture and a control condition in which subjects just had to wait for three minutes, were then tested on their ability to influence the elicited emotions. Subsequently participants were asked to allocate money between themselves and a third person. We show that writing a message which is forwarded to the unfair actor is an effective emotion regulation strategy and that those participants who regulated their emotions successfully by writing a message made higher allocations to a third person. Thus, using message writing as an emotion regulation strategy can interrupt the chain of unfairness. PMID:26924557
16 CFR 423.5 - Unfair or deceptive acts or practices.
... TEXTILE WEARING APPAREL AND CERTAIN PIECE GOODS AS AMENDED § 423.5 Unfair or deceptive acts or practices. (a) Textile wearing apparel and certain piece goods. In connection with the sale, in or affecting commerce, of textile wearing apparel and certain piece goods, it is an unfair or deceptive act or...
Violent Behavior and Unfairness in School: Multilevel Analysis of Italian Schools
Vieno, Alessio; Gini, Gianluca; Santinello, Massimo; Lenzi, Michela; Nation, Maury
This study examines the role of school unfairness in predicting violent behavior among Italian early adolescents. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to examine the relations between individual (demographics, psychosocial and relational characteristics, and perception of procedural and relational school unfairness), and class characteristics…
Servaas, Michelle Nadine; Aleman, André; Marsman, Jan-Bernard Cornelis; Renken, Remco Jan; Riese, Harriëtte; Ormel, Johan
Unfair treatment may evoke more negative emotions in individuals scoring higher on neuroticism, thereby possibly impacting their decision-making in these situations. To investigate the neural basis of social decision-making in these individuals, we examined interpersonal reactions to unfairness in the Ultimatum Game (UG). We measured brain activation with fMRI in 120 participants selected based on their neuroticism score, while they made decisions to accept or reject proposals that were either fair or unfair. The anterior insula and anterior cingulate cortex were more activated during the processing of unfair offers, consistent with prior UG studies. Furthermore, we found more activation in parietal and temporal regions for the two most common decisions (fair accept and unfair reject), involving areas related to perceptual decision-making. Conversely, during the decision to accept unfair offers, individuals recruited more frontal regions previously associated with decision-making and the implementation of reappraisal in the UG. High compared to low neurotic individuals did not show differential activation patterns during the proposal of unfair offers; however, they did show lower activation in the right dorsal striatum (putamen) during the acceptance of unfair offers. This brain region has been involved in the formation of stimulus-action-reward associations and motivation/arousal. In conclusion, the findings suggest that both high and low neurotic individuals recruit brain regions signaling social norm violations in response to unfair offers. However, when it comes to decision-making, it seems that neural circuitry related to reward and motivation is altered in individuals scoring higher on neuroticism, when accepting an unfair offer. PMID:25720857
28 CFR 68.39 - Formal hearings.
... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Formal hearings. 68.39 Section 68.39 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE FOR ADMINISTRATIVE HEARINGS BEFORE ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGES IN CASES INVOLVING ALLEGATIONS OF UNLAWFUL EMPLOYMENT OF ALIENS, UNFAIR IMMIGRATION-RELATED...
28 CFR 68.31 - Separation of functions.
... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Separation of functions. 68.31 Section 68.31 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE FOR... ALIENS, UNFAIR IMMIGRATION-RELATED EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES, AND DOCUMENT FRAUD § 68.31 Separation...
... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Separation of functions. 68.31 Section 68.31 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE FOR... ALIENS, UNFAIR IMMIGRATION-RELATED EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES, AND DOCUMENT FRAUD § 68.31 Separation...
... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Separation of functions. 68.31 Section 68.31 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE FOR... ALIENS, UNFAIR IMMIGRATION-RELATED EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES, AND DOCUMENT FRAUD § 68.31 Separation...
... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Separation of functions. 68.31 Section 68.31 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE FOR... ALIENS, UNFAIR IMMIGRATION-RELATED EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES, AND DOCUMENT FRAUD § 68.31 Separation...
... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Separation of functions. 68.31 Section 68.31 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE FOR... ALIENS, UNFAIR IMMIGRATION-RELATED EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES, AND DOCUMENT FRAUD § 68.31 Separation...
28 CFR 68.35 - Standards of conduct.
... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Standards of conduct. 68.35 Section 68.35... ALIENS, UNFAIR IMMIGRATION-RELATED EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES, AND DOCUMENT FRAUD § 68.35 Standards of conduct... tactics, refusal to adhere to reasonable standards of orderly and ethical conduct, failure to act in...
28 CFR 68.9 - Responsive pleadings-answer.
... 68.9 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE FOR... ALIENS, UNFAIR IMMIGRATION-RELATED EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES, AND DOCUMENT FRAUD § 68.9 Responsive pleadings... other pleadings at any time prior to the issuance of the Administrative Law Judge's final order based...
28 CFR 68.37 - Waiver of right to appear and failure to participate or to appear.
... of the evidence in the case and decision shall be based on them. (b) Dismissal—Abandonment by party... OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE FOR ADMINISTRATIVE HEARINGS BEFORE ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGES IN CASES INVOLVING ALLEGATIONS OF UNLAWFUL EMPLOYMENT OF ALIENS, UNFAIR IMMIGRATION-RELATED EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES,...
... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Closing the record. 68.49 Section 68.49... ALIENS, UNFAIR IMMIGRATION-RELATED EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES, AND DOCUMENT FRAUD § 68.49 Closing the record. (a) When there is a hearing, the record shall be closed at the conclusion of the hearing unless...
... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Closing the record. 68.49 Section 68.49... ALIENS, UNFAIR IMMIGRATION-RELATED EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES, AND DOCUMENT FRAUD § 68.49 Closing the record. (a) When there is a hearing, the record shall be closed at the conclusion of the hearing unless...
... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Definitions. 68.2 Section 68.2 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) RULES OF PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE FOR ADMINISTRATIVE HEARINGS BEFORE ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGES IN CASES INVOLVING ALLEGATIONS OF UNLAWFUL EMPLOYMENT OF ALIENS, UNFAIR IMMIGRATION-RELATED...
28 CFR 68.46 - Authenticity.
... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Authenticity. 68.46 Section 68.46... ALIENS, UNFAIR IMMIGRATION-RELATED EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES, AND DOCUMENT FRAUD § 68.46 Authenticity. The authenticity of all documents submitted as proposed exhibits in advance of the hearing shall be deemed...
Social status modulates the neural response to unfairness.
Hu, Jie; Blue, Philip R; Yu, Hongbo; Gong, Xiaoliang; Xiang, Yang; Jiang, Changjun; Zhou, Xiaolin
In human society, which is organized by social hierarchies, resources are usually allocated unequally and based on social status. In this study, we analyze how being endowed with different social statuses in a math competition affects the perception of fairness during asset allocation in a subsequent Ultimatum Game (UG). Behavioral data showed that when participants were in high status, they were more likely to reject unfair UG offers than in low status. This effect of social status correlated with activity in the right anterior insula (rAI) and with the functional connectivity between the rAI and a region in the anterior middle cingulate cortex, indicating that these two brain regions are crucial for integrating contextual factors and social norms during fairness perception. Additionally, there was an interaction between social status and UG offer fairness in the amygdala and thalamus, implicating the role of these regions in the modulation of social status on fairness perception. These results demonstrate the effect of social status on fairness perception and the potential neural underpinnings for this effect. PMID:26141925
12 CFR 227.23 - Unfair acts or practices regarding allocation of payments.
... Credit Card Account Practices Rule § 227.23 Unfair acts or practices regarding allocation of payments. When different annual percentage rates apply to different balances on a consumer credit card...
Guo, Xiuyan; Zheng, Li; Cheng, Xuemei; Chen, Menghe; Zhu, Lei; Li, Jianqi; Chen, Luguang; Yang, Zhiliang
Self-contribution to the income (individual achievement) was an important factor which needs to be taken into individual's fairness considerations. This study aimed at elucidating the modulation of self-contribution to the income, on recipient's responses to unfairness in the Ultimatum Game. Eighteen participants were scanned while they were playing an adapted version of the Ultimatum Game as responders. Before splitting money, the proposer and the participant (responder) played the ball-guessing game. The responder's contribution to the income was manipulated by both the participant's and the proposer's accuracy in the ball-guessing game. It turned out that the participants more often rejected unfair offers and gave lower fairness ratings when they played a more important part in the earnings. At the neural level, anterior insula, anterior cingulate cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and temporoparietal junction showed greater activities to unfairness when self-contribution increased, whereas ventral striatum and medial orbitofrontal gyrus showed higher activations to fair (vs unfair) offers in the other-contributed condition relative to the other two. Besides, the activations of right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during unfair offers showed positive correlation with rejection rates in the self-contributed condition. These findings shed light on the significance of self-contribution in fairness-related social decision-making processes. PMID:23946001
Hagiwara, Nao; Penner, Louis A; Gonzalez, Richard; Albrecht, Terrance L
Prior research on the impact of Afrocentric features on health has focused primarily on a single feature, skin color. We explored the effects of two other Afrocentric features (lip thickness, nose width) on Blacks' health status and whether unfair treatment mediates any relationship between these features and health. A secondary analysis of a prior study of Black patients' health was conducted. Patients with strong (high lip and high nose ratios) and weak (low lip and low nose ratios) Afrocentric features (i.e., congruent features) had poorer health than patients with incongruent features. Unlike findings for skin color, congruence of features rather than strength predicted health. Congruence predicted perceived unfair treatment in the same manner. Importantly, perceived unfair treatment mediated the relation between Afrocentric features and health. The study suggests that even subtle differences in Afrocentric features can have serious long-term health consequences among Blacks. Clinical implications of the findings are discussed. PMID:23914746
Ma, Qingguo; Meng, Liang; Zhang, Zhexiao; Xu, Qing; Wang, Yue; Shen, Qiang
Previous research has reported that feedback-related negativity (FRN) may represent the degree of perceived unfairness in the ultimatum game (UG). However, few studies have incorporated intention-related consideration in examining the neural correlates of fairness perception. To address this issue, the present study introduced an intentional UG paradigm to disentangle the effect of perceived intention from fairness concerns, using an event-related potential (ERP) analysis. Consistent with the hypothesis, the behavioral results indicated that good intention could markedly reduce rejection rates, and this intention effect was modulated by the degree of fairness, which was more prominent under unfair scenarios. Further electrophysiological results showed that, for the unfair division schemes, FRN and P300 amplitudes were significantly different between offers proposed with good intention and those with bad intention, while such discrepancies were not observed for the fair condition. In summary, converging results demonstrated that perceived intention can modulate the effect of fairness in social decision-making. PMID:25863263
12 CFR 227.26 - Unfair charging of security deposits and fees for the issuance or availability of credit to...
... 12 Banks and Banking 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Unfair charging of security deposits and fees for the issuance or availability of credit to consumer credit card accounts. 227.26 Section 227.26 Banks and Banking FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM (CONTINUED) BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM UNFAIR OR DECEPTIVE ACTS OR PRACTICES...
Civai, Claudia; Corradi-Dell'Acqua, Corrado; Gamer, Matthias; Rumiati, Raffaella I.
The "irrational" rejections of unfair offers by people playing the Ultimatum Game (UG), a widely used laboratory model of economical decision-making, have traditionally been associated with negative emotions, such as frustration, elicited by unfairness ([Sanfey et al., 2003] and [van't Wout et al., 2006]). We recorded skin conductance responses as…
12 CFR 227.24 - Unfair acts or practices regarding increases in annual percentage rates.
...) Consumer Credit Card Account Practices Rule § 227.24 Unfair acts or practices regarding increases in annual... will apply to each category of transactions on the consumer credit card account. A bank must not increase the annual percentage rate for a category of transactions on any consumer credit card...
12 CFR 227.22 - Unfair acts or practices regarding time to make payment.
... THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM UNFAIR OR DECEPTIVE ACTS OR PRACTICES (REGULATION AA) Consumer Credit Card.... Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, a bank must not treat a payment on a consumer credit card account as late for any purpose unless the consumer has been provided a reasonable amount of...
78 FR 35826 - Unfair Competitive Advantages; Enhancement of the Formal Complaint Process
...The Commission is proposing rules to enhance the formal complaint process in cases involving alleged violations of a law that prohibits the Postal Service from taking certain actions that might provide it with unfair competitive advantages. The proposal provides an optional accelerated procedure that allows for adjudication of this type of complaint within 90 days. The Commission invites......
48 CFR 1652.203-70 - Misleading, deceptive, or unfair advertising.
... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 6 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 true Misleading, deceptive, or... CLAUSES Texts of FEHBP Clauses 1652.203-70 Misleading, deceptive, or unfair advertising. As prescribed in 1603.7003, the following clause shall be inserted in all FEHBP contracts: Misleading, Deceptive,...
... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Unfair or deceptive acts or practices. 424.1 Section 424.1 Commercial Practices FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION TRADE REGULATION RULES RETAIL FOOD STORE... of offering for sale by retail food stores of food, grocery products or other merchandise...
75 FR 37435 - Fact Finding Investigation No. 27; Potentially Unlawful, Unfair or Deceptive Ocean Transportation...
... Fact Finding Investigation No. 27; Potentially Unlawful, Unfair or Deceptive Ocean Transportation... will use the information obtained in this investigation and recommendations of the Fact-Finding Officer... property in the oceanborne foreign commerce of the United States, in order to gather facts and establish...
... cosigners. 227.14 Section 227.14 Banks and Banking FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM (CONTINUED) BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM (CONTINUED) UNFAIR OR DECEPTIVE ACTS OR PRACTICES (REGULATION AA) Credit... to guarantee this debt. Think carefully before you do. If the borrower doesn't pay the debt, you...
... cosigners. 227.14 Section 227.14 Banks and Banking FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM (CONTINUED) BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM UNFAIR OR DECEPTIVE ACTS OR PRACTICES (REGULATION AA) Credit Practices Rule... to guarantee this debt. Think carefully before you do. If the borrower doesn't pay the debt, you...