Source: http://www.google.com/patents/US5593567?dq=patent:+7360079
Timestamp: 2016-04-29 20:31:26
Document Index: 138254169

Matched Legal Cases: ['art 2', 'art 86', 'Application No. 63', 'Application No. 63', 'Application No. 62', 'Application No. 02', 'Application No. 03', 'Application No. 58', 'Application No. 61', 'Application No. 59', 'Application No. 59', 'Application No. 60', 'Application No. 62', 'Application No. 62', 'Application No. 62', 'Application No. 62', 'Application No. 62']

Patent US5593567 - Gasoline fuel - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsBy controlling one or more properties of a gasoline fuel suitable for combustion in automobiles, the emissions of NOx, CO and/or hydrocarbons can be reduced. The preferred fuel for reducing all three such emissions has a Reid Vapor Pressure no greater than 7.5 psi (0.51 atm), essentially zero olefins,...http://www.google.com/patents/US5593567?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US5593567 - Gasoline fuelAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS5593567 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 08/409,074Publication dateJan 14, 1997Filing dateMar 22, 1995Priority dateDec 13, 1990Fee statusPaidAlso published asUS5288393, US5653866, US5837126, US6030521Publication number08409074, 409074, US 5593567 A, US 5593567A, US-A-5593567, US5593567 A, US5593567AInventorsPeter J. Jessup, Michael C. CroudaceOriginal AssigneeJessup; Peter J., Croudace; Michael C.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (126), Non-Patent Citations (347), Referenced by (39), Classifications (8), Legal Events (5) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetGasoline fuel
US 5593567 AAbstract
By controlling one or more properties of a gasoline fuel suitable for combustion in automobiles, the emissions of NOx, CO and/or hydrocarbons can be reduced. The preferred fuel for reducing all three such emissions has a Reid Vapor Pressure no greater than 7.5 psi (0.51 atm), essentially zero olefins, and a 50% D-86 Distillation Point greater than about 180� F. (82� C.) but less than 205� F. (96.1� C.)
1. A method for operating an automotive vehicle having a spark-induced, internal combustion engine and a catalytic converter to yield a reduced amount of NOx, CO, or unburned hydrocarbons as compared to combusting fuel A/O AVE in said engine, the method comprising:(1) introducing into the engine an unleaded gasoline, suitable for combustion in an automotive engine, having the following properties:(a) a Reid Vapor Pressure less than 7.5 psi; (b) a 10% D-86 distillation point no greater than 158� F.; (c) a 50% D-86 distillation point less than 203� F.; (d) a 90% D-86 distillation point less than 300� F.; (e) a paraffin content greater than 65 volume percent; (f) an olefin content less than 8 volume percent; and (g) an octane value of at least 87; and thereafter (2) combusting the unleaded gasoline in said engine; (3) introducing at least some of the resultant engine exhaust emissions into the catalytic converter; and (4) discharging emissions from the catalytic converter to the atmosphere. 2. A method as defined in claim 1 wherein the unleaded gasoline has a 50% D-86 distillation point less than 200� F.
3. A method as defined in claim 1 wherein the unleaded gasoline has a 50% distillation point less than 198� F.
4. A method as defined in claim 1 wherein the unleaded gasoline has a 50% D-86 distillation point less than 195� F.
5. A method as defined in claim 1 wherein the unleaded gasoline has a 50% D-86 distillation point less than 193� F.
6. A method for operating an automotive vehicle having a spark-induced, internal combustion engine and a catalytic converter to yield a reduced amount of NOx, CO, or unburned hydrocarbons as compared to combusting fuel A/O AVE in said engine, the method comprising:(1) introducing into the engine an unleaded gasoline, suitable for combustion in an automotive engine, having the following properties:(a) a Reid Vapor Pressure less than 7.5 psi; (b) a 10% D-86 distillation point no greater than 158� F.; (c) a 50% D-86 distillation point less than 208� F.; (d) a 90% D-86 distillation point no greater than 315� F.; (e) a paraffin content greater than 72 volume percent; (f) an olefin content less than 8 volume percent; (g) an aromatics content of at least 4.5 volume percent; and (h) an octane value of at least 87; and thereafter (2) combusting the unleaded gasoline in said engine; (3) introducing at least some of the resultant engine exhaust emissions into the catalytic converter; and (4) discharging emissions from the catalytic converter to the atmosphere. 7. A method as defined in claim 6 wherein the unleaded gasoline has a 50% D-86 distillation point no greater than 205� F.
8. A method as defined in claim 6 wherein the unleaded gasoline has a 50% D-86 distillation point less than 200� F.
9. A method as defined in claim 6 wherein the unleaded gasoline has a 50% D-86 distillation point less than 198� F.
10. A method as defined in claim 6 wherein the unleaded gasoline has a 50% D-86 distillation point less than 195� F.
11. A method as defined in claim 6 wherein the unleaded gasoline has a 50% D-86 distillation point less than 193� F.
12. A method as defined in claim 7, 8, 9, or 11 wherein the unleaded gasoline has a 10% D-86 distillation point less than 140� F.
15. A method as defined in claim 14 wherein the unleaded gasoline has a 10% D-86 distillation point less than 140� F.
16. A method as defined in claim 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 wherein the unleaded gasoline has an olefin content less than 6 volume percent, a paraffin content greater than 70 volume percent and a 10% D-86 distillation point less than 140� F.
23. A method as defined in claim 21 wherein the unleaded gasoline has a Reid Vapor pressure less than 7.0 psi. and a 10% D-86 distillation point less than 140� F.
27. A method as defined in claim 25 wherein the unleaded gasoline has a 90% D-86 distillation point less than 300� F. and an olefin content less than 6 volume percent.
30. A method as defined in claim 29 wherein the unleaded gasoline has a 10% D-86 distillation point less than 140� F.
36. A method as defined in claim 34 wherein the unleaded gasoline has a 10% D-86 distillation point less than 140� F.
37. A method as defined in claim 34 wherein the unleaded gasoline has a 90% D-86 distillation point less than 300� F.
38. A method as defined in claim 37 wherein the unleaded gasoline has a paraffin content greater than 75 volume percent, a 10% D-86 distillation point less than 140� F., and a Reid Vapor Pressure less than 7.0 psi.
For gasoline fuels in which one desires that hydrocarbon emissions and/or CO emissions be minimized or reduced, the principal factor influencing such emissions is the 50% D-86 distillation point, with decreases therein causing decreases in the hydrocarbon emissions. Fuels generally prepared in accordance with this embodiment of the invention have a 50% D-86 distillation point no greater than 215� F. (101.6� C.), with the hydrocarbon and CO emissions progressively decreasing as the 50% D-86 distillation point is reduced below 215� F. (101.6� C.). Preferred fuels have a 50% D-86 Distillation Point of 205� F. (96.1� C.) or less. Best results are attained with fuels having a 50% D-86 distillation point below 195� F. (90.6� C.).
For gasoline fuels in which one desires that emissions of NOx be minimized or reduced, the principal factor influencing such emissions is Reid Vapor pressure. NOx emissions decrease as the Reid Vapor Pressure is decreased (e.g., to 8.0 psi (0.54 atm) or less, preferably to 7.5 psi (0.51 atm) or less, and even more preferably below 7.0 psi (0.48 atm)). Of secondary importance with respect to NOx emissions are the 10% D-86 Distillation Point and the olefin content. In general, decreasing olefin content (e.g., below 15 volume percent, preferably to essentially zero volume percent) and/or decreasing the 10% D-86 Distillation Point (e.g., to values below 140� F. (60� C.)) will provide some reduction in NOx emissions. However, because it is contemplated that decreases in olefin content will be more acceptable to an oil refiner than decreasing the 10% D-86 Distillation Point sufficiently to significantly affect the NOx emissions, it is believed that, as a practical matter, it will be olefin content which will be the secondary variable providing the most flexibility to an oil refiner in altering the gasoline properties to reduce NOx emissions. (This is all the more the case inasmuch as, in general, if one wishes to decrease the Reid Vapor Pressure, it is usually necessary to increase the 10% Distillation Point.) Accordingly, best results are attained when both the olefin content is below 15 volume percent (preferably to zero) and the Reid vapor pressure is no greater than 7.5 psi - - - with it being highly desirable, if possible, to also maintain the 10% D-86 Distillation Point below 140� F. (60� C.).
In view of the foregoing, it can be seen that many modifications of the invention are possible, depending upon which of the three pollutants one desires to reduce and the degree of reduction desired. For example, one can attain significant reductions in all three pollutants--hydrocarbons, CO, and NOx--by maintaining the 50% D-86 distillation point at or below about 215� F. (101.6� C.) and maintaining the Reid Vapor Pressure no greater than 8.0 psi (0.54 atm). Still better reductions can be obtained by maintaining the olefin content below 10 volume percent, or maintaining the 10% D-86 distillation point below 140� F. (60� C.), with still further reductions being possible when both the olefin content and 10% D-86 Distillation Point are so maintained. Yet further reductions are possible by maintaining the 50% D-86 distillation point below 195� F. (90.6� C.), by reducing the olefin content to below 5.0 vol. % (preferably to essentially zero), by decreasing the 10% D-86 Distillation Point to below 120� F. (49� C.), and/or by maintaining the Reid Vapor pressure below 7.0 psi (0.48 atm).
The presently preferred specifications proposed for commercial use for a gasoline produced in accordance with the invention are: (1) Olefin Content of 0%; (2) Reid Vapor Pressure of 7.5 psi (0.51 atm) maximum; and (3) 50% D-86 distillation point greater than 180� F. (82� C.) but no greater than 205� F. (96� C.). However, other fuels falling within the scope of the invention are also possible, for example, fuels meeting the following criteria:
(1) a 50% D-86 distillation point no greater than 215� F. (101.7� C.) and a Reid Vapor Pressure no greater than 8.0 psi (0.54 atm).
(2) a 50% D-86 distillation point no greater than 205� F. (96� C.) and an olefin content less than 3 percent by volume;
It will be understood in this disclosure and the claims to follow that the words "reduce" and "reducing" in the context of lowering NOx, CO, or hydrocarbon emissions are relative terms. Obviously, the simplest way to produce no emissions is to combust no fuel; and equally obviously, almost any combustion of a gasoline fuel will produce some emissions and thus produce greater emissions than if no fuel were combusted. However, on the assumption that the motoring public would find the consequences of combusting no fuel rather unattractive, logic dictates in the context of this invention that "reducing" is in comparison to the results achievable with other fuels. For example, for those embodiments of the invention in which the 50% D-86 Distillation Point is controlled to no more than 200� F. (93� C.), the emissions will be reduced in comparison to the otherwise identical fuel but having a higher 50% D-86 Distillation Point when combusted in the same automotive engine (or in an equivalent number of automotive engines) operating for the same time period in the same way.
Gasolines are well known fuels, generally composed of a mixture of hydrocarbons boiling at atmospheric pressure in a very narrow temperature range, e.g., 77� F. (25� C.) to 437� F. (225� C.). Gasolines are typically composed of mixtures of aromatics, olefins, and paraffins, although some gasolines may also contain such added non-hydrocarbons as alcohol (e.g., ethanol) or other oxygenates (e.g., methyl tertiary butyl ether). Gasolines may also contain various additives, such as detergents, anti-icing agents, demulsifiers, corrosion inhibitors, dyes, deposit modifiers, as well as octane enhancers such as tetraethyl lead. However, the preferred fuels contemplated in the invention are unleaded gasolines (herein defined as containing a concentration of lead no greater than 0.05 gram of lead per gallon (0.013 gram of lead per liter)). The preferred fuels will also have a Research Octane Number (RON) of at least 90. Octane value (R/2+M/2) for regular gasoline is generally at least 87 and for premium at least 92.
TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________       Class Class                  Class                       Class                            ClassProperties  A     B    C    D    E__________________________________________________________________________RVP (psi) max       9.0   10.0 11.5 13.5 15.0(atm) max   0.6   0.7  0.8  0.9  1.0Dist. 10% (�F.) max       158   149  140  131  122(�C.) max       70    65   60   55   50Dist. 50% (�F.) min-max       170-250             170-245                  170-240                       170-235                            170-230(�C.) min-max        77-121              77-118                   77-116                        77-113                             77-110Dist. 90% (�F.) max       374   374  365  365  365(�C.) max       190   190  185  185  185End Point (�F.) max       437   437  437  437  437(�C.) max       225   225  225  225  225__________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________Equation 1CO (gm per mile) =        K1 � (D-86 Dist. 50% Point in �F.)        +K2 � (D-86 Dist. 90% Point in �F.)        -K3 � (Vol. % Paraffins)Equation 2NOx (gm per mile) =        K4 � (Vol. % Olefins)        -K5 � (Vol. % Paraffins)        +K6 � (D-86 Dist. 10% Point in �F.)        +K7 � (RVP in psi)Equation 3HC (gm per mile) =        K8 � (Vol. % Olefins)        -K9 � (Research Octane Number)        +K10 � (D-86 Dist. 50% Point in______________________________________        �F.)
______________________________________Equation 4CO (gm per mile) =        0.00937 � (D-86 Dist. 50% Point in �F.)        +0.00133 � (D-86 Dist. 90% Point        in �F.)        -0.00828 � (Vol. % Paraffins)Equation 5NOx (gm per mile) =        0.00503 � (Vol. % Olefins)        -0.00060 � (Vol. % Paraffins)        +0.00087 � (D-86 Dist. 10% Point        in �F.)        +0.0159 � (RVP in psi)Equation 6HC (gm per mile) =        0.00245 � (Vol. % Olefins)        -0.00104 � (Research Octane Number)        +0.00109 � (D-86 Dist. 50% Point        in �F.)______________________________________
TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________GASOLINE PROPERTIES        Olefins                                      ReidBlend  Aromatics        Vol. Paraffins                   MTBE  Research                              Motor                                   D86 Dist.                                         D86 Dist.                                               D86                                                     VaporDesig- Vol. % by        % by Vol. % by                   Vol. % by                         Octane                              Octane                                   10% point                                         50% point                                               90%                                                     Pressurenation FIA   FIA  FIA   IR    Number                              Number                                   (�F.)                                         (�F.)                                               (�F.)                                                     psi__________________________________________________________________________AR3951-1  7.60  0.2  92.20 0.0   93.6 89.2 131   209   299   9.00AR3951-2  6.60  0.0  93.40 0.0   90.3 86.8 111   203   383   10.10AR3951-3  43.30 9.5  47.20 0.0   96.1 84.5 126   235   312   8.90AR3951-4  47.50 8.3  44.20 0.0   95.8 84.4 150   251   355   5.60AR3951-5  38.15 0.2  61.65 0.0   91.3 82.7 166   221   284   6.37AR3951-6  11.90 15.9 55.00 17.2  91.5 82.2 128   174   368   8.50AR3951-7  36.80 0.6  48.30 14.3  95.0 86.1 120   224   405   9.70AR3951-8  12.30 12.7 60.40 14.6  94.4 85.1 120   185   341   9.20AR3951-9  44.10 11.3 44.60 0.0   96.6 84.5 128   229   305   8.80AR3951-10  4.50  19.6 75.90 0.0   94.4 84.8 127   195   310   9.70AR3951-11  51.60 11.6 36.80 0.0   95.9 84.0 149   308   382   6.50AR3951-12  28.80 0.6  55.70 14.9  92.9 85.7 128   210   271   9.55AR3951-13  14.70 17.9 51.50 15.9  91.6 82.2 127   169   392   7.90AR3951-14  11.60 12.9 75.50 0.0   90.7 82.8 107   193   416   9.20AR3951-15  9.50  0.0  90.50 0.0   88.6 85.1 158   207   329   6.25ULRG   58.30 0.4  30.40 10.9  107.0                              95.7 160   218   229   5.35G3297-PJ  40.90 11.1 48.00 0.0   96.4 85.2 120   214   339   8.20A/O 1111  19.50 4.1  76.40 0.0   90.6 84.4 123   196   282   8.80A/O 2222  48.30 21.0 15.40 15.3  99.0 86.1 125   221   356   8.80A/O AVE  30.70 9.5  59.80 0.0   92.2 82.7 112   218   315   8.70ARCO EC-1  20.70 10.8 61.40 7.1   92.8 84.0 125   198   348   8.20SU2000E  40    9    45.3  5.7   97.9 86.7 139   224   321   8.0__________________________________________________________________________
The fuels were tested in random order with no back to back runs of the same fuel. At first, only the 15 test fuels (designated AR3951-1 through AR3951-15) were run, in random order, and all more than once. However, every fifth run was conducted with fuel G3297-PJ as a control to evaluate systematic error. Each fuel was tested in accordance with the Federal Test Procedure except that (1) instead of allowing the engine between tests to cool down in still air for 10 to 12 hours at 68� to 86� F. (20.0 to 30.0� C.), the engine was subjected for 4.75 hours to a 70� F. (21.1� C.) wind of 50 miles per hour (80.5 km/hr) and (2) instead of a Clayton dynamometer, a General Electric dynamometer was used. It will be noted that the 15 test fuels were purposely blended to provide widely different values for the ten properties shown in Table 2. The emissions data derived from combusting the 15 different test fuels were then analyzed by computer program using the SAS system commercially available from SAS Institute Inc. In this program, the results of the runs with the 15 different fuels were regressed against each of the 10 variables shown in Table 2, as well as against all possible combinations thereof, searching for an equation for each of the three pollutants of interest (NOx, CO, and hydrocarbons) defined by the minimum number of variables that gives the best surface fit based on the R squared value. As a result, the Equations 4, 5, and 6 hereinbefore presented were derived as the equations which best define the amount of pollutants (in grams per mile) emitted as a function of the properties of the fuel combusted in the 1988 Regency vehicle.
TABLE 5__________________________________________________________________________GASOLINE PROPERTIES        Olefins                                      ReidBlend  Aromatics        Vol. Paraffins                   MTBE  Research                              Motor                                   D86 Dist.                                         D86 Dist.                                               D86                                                     VaporDesig- Vol. % by        % by Vol. % by                   Vol. % by                         Octane                              Octane                                   10% point                                         50% point                                               90%                                                     Pressurenation FIA   FIA  FIA   IR    Number                              Number                                   (�F.)                                         (�F.)                                               (�F.)                                                     psi__________________________________________________________________________A      9.6   0.0  90.4  0.0   94.0 89.5 128   206   291   9.23B      5.3   0.0  94.7  0.0   91.1 87.4 106   178   290   11.45C      48.8  10.3 41.0  0.0   97.0 84.7 122   225   300   9.14D      46.6  11.4 42.1  0.0   96.2 84.0 147   236   334   6.63E      39.4  0.4  60.1  0.0   97.3 83.2 164   219   271   6.46F      9.8   16.8 73.3  15.9  92.0 83.0 121   161   231   9.35G      32.8  0.6  66.6  13.7  96.6 87.5 107   194   296   11.54H      12.7  15.0 72.3  14.0  94.3 84.8 119   180   302   9.88I      46.4  12.6 41.0  0.0   97.3 84.9 126   220   294   8.73J      4.8   6.2  89.1  0.0   93.9 84.9 119   188   290   9.65K      45.6  13.6 40.8  0.0   95.9 83.9 135   274   370   7.60L      31.0  0.2  68.8  14.4  93.3 85.6 125   206   262   9.43M      15.9  15.3 68.8  15.8  92.1 82.9 114   157   368   9.77N      12.8  11.6 75.6  0.0   90.7 83.2 107   185   403   10.51P      10.6  0.0  89.4  0.0   89.7 85.8 144   204   318   7.07Q      31.8  9.9  58.3  0.0   92.1 82.7 129   220   331   8.31R      52.0  21.9 26.1  14.6  98.8 85.5 130   224   358   8.37S      21.1  3.9  75.0  0.0   91.0 84.3 129   199   284   8.44T      30.2  0.0  69.8  0.0   88.5 81.2 127   182   293   8.00V      23.3  6.0  70.7  0.0   92.0 83.5 132   196   319   7.96W      25.6  11.8 62.5  10.1  97.7 86.7 134   215   335   8.12X      38.5  0.0  61.5  0.0   94.8 85.6 123   211   326   7.63__________________________________________________________________________
Presently, the most commercially attractive fuel producible in accordance with the invention has the following properties: (1) Olefin Content of 0%; (2) Reid Vapor Pressure of 7.5 psi (0.51 atm) maximum; and (3) 50% D-86 distillation point greater than 180� F. (82� C.) but no greater than 205� F. (96� C.).
Where it is desired to take advantage of the emission reductions attainable by varying the 50% D-86 distillation point, this value usually is no greater than 215� F. (101.6� C.), e.g., no greater than 210� F. (98.9� C.) but preferably is no greater than 205� F. (96.1� C.), e.g., less than 203� F. (95� C.), or less than 200� F. (93.3� C.), or less than 198� F. (92.2� C.), more preferably less than 195� F. (90.6� C.), e.g., less than 193� F. (89.4� C.), or less than 190� F. (87.8� C.), or less than 187� F. (86.1� C.), and most preferably less than 185� F. (85.0� C.), e.g., less than 183� F. (83.9� C.). In general, the 50% D-86 Distillation Point is above 170� F. (77� C.) and most often above 180� F. (82.2� C.).
Where the emissions reductions attainable by reducing the 10% D-86 Distillation Point is desired, this value is most often maintained no greater than 140� F. (71� C.), preferably no more than 135� F. (57.2� C.), even more preferably no more than 130� F. (54� C.), and most preferably of all, no more than 122� F. (48.9� C.).
In view of the information presented above, a petroleum refiner may take advantage of the invention by blending hydrocarbon streams boiling in the gasoline range of 77� F. (25� C.) to about 437� F. (225� C.) so as to affect at least one (and preferably more than one) of the properties of one of the streams as follows:
(a) decreasing the 50% D-86 distillation point by at least 20� F. (11.1� C.) or by at least 40� F. (22.1� C.);
(e) decreasing the 10% D-86 distillation point by at least 10� F. (5.5� C.) or by at least 20� F. (11.1� C.); and
"Reid Vapor Pressure" is a pressure determined by a conventional analytical method for determining the vapor pressure of petroleum products. In essence, a liquid petroleum sample is introduced into a chamber, then immersed in a bath at 100� F. (37.8� C.) until a constant pressure is observed. Thus, the Reid Vapor Pressure is the difference, or the partial pressure, produced by the sample at 100� F. (37.8� C.). The complete test procedure is reported as ASTM test method D 323-89 in the 1990 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 5, Petroleum Products, Lubricants, and Fossil Fuels, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
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C-13.97CRC Project No. CM-79-71, "Analysis of 1971 Road Rating Data: Unleaded Gasolines in 1971 Cars, Phase II:1970-1971 CRC Road Rating Program," Coordinating Research Council, Inc., Jun., 1973.98CRC Report No. 445, "Influence of Leaded and Unleaded Fuels on Octane Requirement Increase in 1971 Model Cars," 20 Car Pilot Program at Southwest Research Institute, Mar. 1971, pp. 1 to 7, 17, 81-84, & 86.99 *CRC Report No. 445, Influence of Leaded and Unleaded Fuels on Octane Requirement Increase in 1971 Model Cars, 20 Car Pilot Program at Southwest Research Institute, Mar. 1971, pp. 1 to 7, 17, 81 84, & 86.100CRC Report No. 451, "Influence of Leaded and Unleaded Fuels on Octane Requirement Increase in 1971 Model Cars, Phase 1:1970-1971 CRC Road Rating Program," May 1972, Revised Sep. 1972, pp. 6, 7, 19, 96 to 98, 102 & 103.101 *CRC Report No. 451, Influence of Leaded and Unleaded Fuels on Octane Requirement Increase in 1971 Model Cars, Phase 1:1970 1971 CRC Road Rating Program, May 1972, Revised Sep. 1972, pp. 6, 7, 19, 96 to 98, 102 & 103.102CRC Report No. 454, "Effect of Altitude Changes on Octane Number Requirement of Late Model Cars," Oct., 1973.103CRC Report No. 455, "Evaluation of a High Temperature Driveability Test Procedure," Jun. 1973, pp. 1-3, 8-10, 39, & 40.104CRC Report No. 467, "Octane Number Requirement Survey 1973," May 1974, pp. 1-4, 6, 75, 76, 96, 97, & Table C-I.105 *CRC Report No. 467, Octane Number Requirement Survey 1973, May 1974, pp. 1 4, 6, 75, 76, 96, 97, & Table C I.106CRC Report No. 476, "Octane Requirement Increase in 1973 Model Cars, Phase II:1973 CRC Road Rating Program," Feb. 1975, pp. 1-4, 45, 46, 48, & 49.107 *CRC Report No. 476, Octane Requirement Increase in 1973 Model Cars, Phase II:1973 CRC Road Rating Program, Feb. 1975, pp. 1 4, 45, 46, 48, & 49.108CRC Report No. 477, "1973 CRC Fuel Rating Program Part I: Road Octane Performance in 1973 Model Cars", Feb. 1975.109CRC Report No. 479, "Octane Number Requirement Survey 1974," Aug. 1975, pp. 1-4, 6, 67, 68, 69a, 85, & 85a.110 *CRC Report No. 479, Octane Number Requirement Survey 1974, Aug. 1975, pp. 1 4, 6, 67, 68, 69a, 85, & 85a.111CRC Report No. 488, "1975 CRC Octane Number Requirement Survey," Aug. 1976.112 *CRC Report No. 488, 1975 CRC Octane Number Requirement Survey, Aug. 1976.113CRC Report No. 493, "1976 CRC Octane Number Requirement Survey,"Jul. 1977, pp. 1-4, 92, 93, 114, & 115.114 *CRC Report No. 493, 1976 CRC Octane Number Requirement Survey, Jul. 1977, pp. 1 4, 92, 93, 114, & 115.115CRC Report No. 494, "1975 CRC Fuel Rating Program: Road Octane Performance in 1975 Model Cars", Oct. 1977.116CRC Report No. 497, "1977 CRC Octane Number Requirement Survey," Jun. 1978, pp. 1-5, 117, 118, & 143.117 *CRC Report No. 497, 1977 CRC Octane Number Requirement Survey, Jun. 1978, pp. 1 5, 117, 118, & 143.118CRC Report No. 500, "1977 CRC Altitude Program," Feb. 1979, pp. 1-3, 76, & 77.119 *CRC Report No. 500, 1977 CRC Altitude Program, Feb. 1979, pp. 1 3, 76, & 77.120CRC Report No. 510, "1978 Fuel Rating Program: Road Octane Performance in 1978 Model Cars", Aug. 1979, pp. 1-3, 17, & 18.121CRC Report No. 515, "1979 CRC Octane Number Requirement Survey," Apr. 1980, pp. 1-5, C2-C5, D5, and D6.122 *CRC Report No. 515, 1979 CRC Octane Number Requirement Survey, Apr. 1980, pp. 1 5, C2 C5, D5, and D6.123CRC Report No. 519, "1980 CRC Octane Number Requirement Survey," Jan. 1981, pp. 1-6, C3-C5, D5, and D6.124 *CRC Report No. 519, 1980 CRC Octane Number Requirement Survey, Jan. 1981, pp. 1 6, C3 C5, D5, and D6.125CRC Report No. 520, "1980 CRC Fuel Rating Program: Road Octane Performance in 1980 Model Cars," Jul. 1981, pp. 1-3, 17-19, B-6, & B-9.126 *CRC Report No. 520, 1980 CRC Fuel Rating Program: Road Octane Performance in 1980 Model Cars, Jul. 1981, pp. 1 3, 17 19, B 6, & B 9.127CRC Report No. 523, "1981 CRC Altitude Octane Requirement Program," Dec. 1981, pp. 1-4, and D1-D4.128 *CRC Report No. 523, 1981 CRC Altitude Octane Requirement Program, Dec. 1981, pp. 1 4, and D1 D4.129CRC Report No. 525, "1981 CRC Octane Number Requirement Survey," Aug. 1982, pp. 1-7, C1, C4, D2, D3, and D6.130 *CRC Report No. 525, 1981 CRC Octane Number Requirement Survey, Aug. 1982, pp. 1 7, C1, C4, D2, D3, and D6.131CRC Report No. 533, "1982 CRC Octane Number Requirement Survey," Jul. 1983, pp. 1-7, C1, C4, D4, D5, and D8.132 *CRC Report No. 533, 1982 CRC Octane Number Requirement Survey, Jul. 1983, pp. 1 7, C1, C4, D4, D5, and D8.133CRC Report No. 539, "1983 CRC Octane Number Requirement Survey," Aug. 1983, pp. i, 3, 7-11, 19, C1, C4, D4, D5, and D8.134 *CRC Report No. 539, 1983 CRC Octane Number Requirement Survey, Aug. 1983, pp. i, 3, 7 11, 19, C1, C4, D4, D5, and D8.135CRC Report No. 541, "1982 CRC Fuel Rating Program: Road Octane Performance of Oxygenates in 1982 Model Cars," Jul. 1985, pp. 1-4, and 13-15.136 *CRC Report No. 541, 1982 CRC Fuel Rating Program: Road Octane Performance of Oxygenates in 1982 Model Cars, Jul. 1985, pp. 1 4, and 13 15.137CRC Report No. 544, "1984 CRC Octane Number Requirement Survey," Dec. 1985, the Abstract page, and pp. 3, 4, 7-11, 19, C1, C4, D7, and D10.138 *CRC Report No. 544, 1984 CRC Octane Number Requirement Survey, Dec. 1985, the Abstract page, and pp. 3, 4, 7 11, 19, C1, C4, D7, and D10.139CRC Report No. 548, "1985 CRC Octane Number Requirement Survey," Oct. 1986, pp. i, 1-6, C1, C3, D5, & D8.140 *CRC Report No. 548, 1985 CRC Octane Number Requirement Survey, Oct. 1986, pp. i, 1 6, C1, C3, D5, & D8.141CRC Report No. 553, "1986 CRC Octane Number Requirement Survey," Aug. 1987, pp. i, 1-4, 6, C1, C3, D5, & D8.142 *CRC Report No. 553, 1986 CRC Octane Number Requirement Survey, Aug. 1987, pp. i, 1 4, 6, C1, C3, D5, & D8.143CRC Report No. 561, "1987 CRC Octane Number Requirement Survey," Aug. 1988, pp. i, 1-7, C1, C3, & D8.144 *CRC Report No. 561, 1987 CRC Octane Number Requirement Survey, Aug. 1988, pp. i, 1 7, C1, C3, & D8.145CRC Report No. 563, "1987 CRC Octane Number Requirement Rating Workshop," Sep. 1988, pp. i, 1-4, 7, & 8.146 *CRC Report No. 563, 1987 CRC Octane Number Requirement Rating Workshop, Sep. 1988, pp. i, 1 4, 7, & 8.147CRC Report No. 566, "1988 CRC Octane Number Requirement Survey," Aug. 1989, pp. i, 1-4, 6, 7, C1, C3, D3, D6, and D7.148 *CRC Report No. 566, 1988 CRC Octane Number Requirement Survey, Aug. 1989, pp. i, 1 4, 6, 7, C1, C3, D3, D6, and D7.149CRC Report No. 567, "1989 CRC Octane Number Requirement Rating Workshop," Oct. 1989, pp. 1-7.150 *CRC Report No. 567, 1989 CRC Octane Number Requirement Rating Workshop, Oct. 1989, pp. 1 7.151CRC Report No. 570, "1989 CRC Octane Number Requirement Survey," Aug. 1990, the Abstract page, and pp. 1-5, 7, 8, D3, D6, D7, Table C-1, and Table C-3.152 *CRC Report No. 570, 1989 CRC Octane Number Requirement Survey, Aug. 1990, the Abstract page, and pp. 1 5, 7, 8, D3, D6, D7, Table C 1, and Table C 3.153CRC Report No. 575, "1990 CRC Octane Number Requirement Survey" Jul. 1991, pp. i, 1-3, 5, 6, C1, C3, D7, D10, and D11.154 *CRC Report No. 575, 1990 CRC Octane Number Requirement Survey Jul. 1991, pp. i, 1 3, 5, 6, C1, C3, D7, D10, and D11.155CRC Report No. 578, "Effect of Volatility and Oxygenates on Driveability at Intermediate Ambient Temperatures," Mar. 1992.156Croudace, M. C. and Jessup, P. J., "Studies of Octane Properties of Mixtures of Isomeric Hexanes," SAE Technical Paper Series, 881604, International Fuels and Lubricants Meeting and Exposition, Portland, Oregon, Oct. 10-13, 1988.157D. R. Lawson, P. J. Groblicki, D. H. Stedman, G. A. Bishop and P. L. Guenther, "Emissions from In-Use Motor Vehicles in Los Angeles: A Pilot Study of Remote Sensing and the Inspection and Maintenance Program," Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, vol. 40, No. 8, Aug. 1990, pp. 1096-1105.158Davis, H. P. Uyehara, O. A., and Myers, P. S., "The Effects of Knock On The Hydrocarbon Emissions Of A Spark-Ignition Engine," SAE Technical Paper Series, 690085, International Automotive Engineering Congress, Detroit, Michigan, Jan. 13-17, 1969.159 *Distillation Adjustment: An Innovative Step to Gasoline Reformulation by Jeff A. Gething, SAE Technical Paper 910382, Feb. 25 Mar. 1, 1991.160Duffy, L. J., Everett, N. R., Sevcik, J. J., and Piehle, F. J., "Keeping The Lead Out of Unleaded Gasolines," Proceedings of the American Petroleum Institute's Division of Refining, 1972. Presented at the 37th Mid-Year Meeting of the American Petroleum Institute's Division of Refining, New York, New York, May 8-11, 1972.161Duke, L. C., Lestz, S. S., and Meyer, W. E., "The Relation Between Knock and Exhaust Emissions Of A Spark Ignition Engine," SAE Technical Paper Series, 700062, Automotive Engineering Congress, Detroit, Michigan, Jan. 12-16, 1970.162 *Effect of Automotive Emissions Requirements on 6A Solene Characteristics pp. 1 31 1970.163Effect of Automotive Emissions Requirements on 6A Solene Characteristics pp. 1-31 1970.164 *Effect of Gasoline Property on Exhaust Emissions and Driveability, Toyota Motor Corporation, dated Oct. 1990, 19 pages.165 *Effect of Volatility on Driveability at Intermediate Ambient Temperatures, (CRC Project No. CM 118 89) (Not to be published), prepared by the CRC Volatility Group of Coordinating Research Council, dated Jan. 1992.166 *Effect on Gasoline Quality on Throttle Response of Engines During Warm up by Minoru Tomita, Masanori Okada, Haruyuki Katayama and Masahiko Nakada, SAE Technical Paper Series, 900163, SAE International Congress and Exposition, Detroit, Michigan, Feb. 26 Mar. 2, 1990.167 *Engine Bench Evaluation of Gasoline Composition Effect on Pollutants Conversion Rate by a Three Way Catalyst by Michel F. Prigent, Brigitte C. Martin and Jean Claude Guibet, SAE Technical Paper Series, 900153, SAE International Congress and Exposition, Detroit, Michigan, Feb. 26 Mar. 2, 1990.168F. L. Potter, "Clean Air Act History Marked by Battle, Compromise," Fuel Reformulation, vol. 1, No. 1, Sep./Oct. 1991, pp. 22-25.169File History for U.S. Patent 2,142,937, Deanesly et al., Production of Higher Boiling Hydrocarbons from Olefins, Jan. 3, 1939.170File History for U.S. Patent 2,401,983, Stanly et al. Motor Fuels, Jun. 11, 1946.171File History for U.S. Patent Re 20,596, Taylor et al., Process for Manufacturing Motor Fuel, Dec. 21, 1937.172File History of U. S. Patent 4,525,174, Croudace, Method and Fuel Composition for Control of Octane Requirement Increase, Jun. 25, 1985.173File History of U. S. Patent 4,600,408, Jessup et al., Gasoline Compositions Containing Carbonates, Jul. 15, 1986.174File History of U.S. Patent 2,204,215, Greensfelder et al., Manufacture of Motor Fuel, Jun. 11, 1940.175File History of U.S. Patent 2,407,716, Marschner, Superfuel, Sep. 17, 1946.176File History of U.S. Patent 2,407,717, Marschner, Aviation Superfuel, Sep. 17, 1946.177File History of U.S. Patent 2,411,582, McCulloch, Aviation Fuel, Nov. 26, 1946.178File History of U.S. Patent 2,495,648, Voge et al., Hydrocarbon Treating Process, Jan. 24, 1950.179File History of U.S. Patent 2,939,836, Koome et al., Destructive Hydrogenation of Heavy Cycle Oils, Jun. 7, 1960.180File History of U.S. Patent 2,944,003, Ruedisulj et al., Production of Aviation Gasoline, Jul. 5, 1960.181File History of U.S. Patent 3,156,640, Hart, Combined Hydroisomerization-Desulfurization Process, Nov. 10, 1964.182File History of U.S. Patent 4,429,173, Hutson, Jr. et al., Production of High-Octane Unleaded Motor Fuel by Alkylation of Isobutane with Isoamylenes Obtained by Dehydrogenation of Isopentane, Jan. 31, 1984, File History includes copies of 15 patents cited during prosecution.183File History of U.S. Patent 4,602,919, Jessup et al., Gasoline Compositions Containing Melonates, Jul. 29, 1986.184File History of U.S. Patent 4,647,292, Jessup et al., Gasoline Composition Containing Acid Anhydrides, Mar. 3, 1987.185File History of U.S. Patent 4,699,629, Croudace et al., Fuel Composition and Method for Control of Octane Requirement Increase, Oct. 13, 1987.186File History of U.S. Patent 4,720,288, Croudace et al., Gasoline Fuel Composition, Jan. 19, 1988.187File History of U.S. Patent 4,743,273, Croudace et al., Fuel Composition and Method for Control of Engine Octane Requirements, May 10, 1988.188File History of U.S. Patent 4,773,916, Croudace et al., Fuel Composition and Method for Control of Octane Requirement Increase, Sep, 27, 1988.189File History of U.S. Patent 4,781,728, Jessup et al., Octane Enhancers for Fuel Compositions, Nov. 1, 1988.190File History of U.S. Patent 4,812,146, Jessup, Liquid Fuels of High Octane Values, Mar. 14, 1989.191File History of U.S. Patent 4,844,717, Croudace et al., Fuel Composition and Method for Control of Engine Octane Requirements, Jul. 4, 1989.192File History of U.S. Patent 5,032,144, Jessup et al., Octane Enhancers for Fuel Compositions, Jul. 16, 1991.193Fleming, R. D., Eccleston, D. G., "The Effect of Fuel Composition, Equivalence Ratio, and Mixture Temperature on Exhaust Emissions," SAE Technical Paper Series, 710012, Automotive Engineering Congress, Detroit, Michigan, Jan. 11-15, 1971.194Fuel and Energy Abstracts, Mar. 1990, Oil Gas J., Apr. 1989, 87, (16) 44-48.195Fuel and Energy Abstracts, Mar., 1989, Erdoel Kohle, Erdas, Petrochem., Dec. 1988, 41, (12), 491, 496.196Fuel and Energy Abstracts, May 1990, Oil Gas J., May 1989, 87 (20), 35-40.197Fuel and Energy Abstracts, May 1990, Pure Appl. Chem., 1989, 61, (8), 1373-1378.198Fuel and Energy Abstracts, Sep., 1989, Chem. Aust., 1989, 56, (3), 77-79.199Fuel and Energy Abstracts, Sep., 1989, Erdoel, Erdgas, Kohle, 1988, 104, (9), 368-371. (In German).200Gibbs, L. M., "The Impact of ASTM Specifications On State Motor Fuel Regulations," Proceedings of the American Petroleum Institute's Division of Refining, 1986. Presented at the 51st Mid-Year Meeting of the American Petroleum Institute's Refining Department, San Deigo, California, May 12-15, 1986.201 *HESD Report No. 35 32030, Emissions and Vehicle Performance with Lower RVP Fuels, prepared for American Petroleum Institute by Automotive Testing Laboratories, Inc., Jan. 1988.202HESD Report No. 35-32030, "Emissions and Vehicle Performance with Lower RVP Fuels," prepared for American Petroleum Institute by Automotive Testing Laboratories, Inc., Jan. 1988.203 *How Injector, Engine, and Fuel Variables Impact Smoke and Hydrocarbon Emissions with Port Fuel Injection by Ather A. Quader, SAE Technical Paper Series, 890623, SAE International Congress and Exposition, Detroit, Michigan, Feb. 27 Mar. 3 1989.204 *Internal, three page Unocal corporate memorandum by Tim Wusz to Gerald Wessler dated Mar. 28, 1988 (apparently misdated, sic Mar. 28, 1989).205J. E. Peeples, "A Brave New World for Fuel Reformulation," Fuel Reformulation, vol. 1, No. 1, Sep./Oct. 1991, pp. 27-31.206J. J. Wise, "Auto/Oil Program - Data and Knowledge - Growing Rapidly," Fuel Reformulation, vol. 2, No. 3, May/Jun. 1992, pp. 64-69.207Knaus, J. A., Lockerbie, T. E., Buerstetta, F. D., and Warren, T. W., "Road Octane Improvement--A Basis For Process Evaluation," presented at the Thirteenth Southwest Regional Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Tulsa, Oklahoma, Dec. 5-7, 1957.208 *Letter from Alan Zengel to the Members of the CRC Volatility Group, dated Dec. 20, 1988, with attachment letter from Joseph Colucci to Alan Zengel dated Dec. 12, 1988.209 *Letter from Coordinating Research Council signed by Beth Evans, dated May 19, 1989, addressed to Unocal Corporation (four pages).210Letter from Coordinating Research Council signed by Beth Evans, dated Nov. 21, 1988 addressed to Members of the CRC Automotive Committee with an attachment entitled "1989 CRC Program on the Effect of Volatility on Driveability at Intermediate Ambient Temperatures" (Nov. 1988).211 *Letter from Coordinating Research Council signed by Beth Evans, dated Nov. 21, 1988 addressed to Members of the CRC Automotive Committee with an attachment entitled 1989 CRC Program on the Effect of Volatility on Driveability at Intermediate Ambient Temperatures (Nov. 1988).212Letter from R. M. Reuter of Texaco, Inc., dated Mar. 29, 1990 addressed to Participants in the 1989 CRC Driveability Program - Yakima.213 *Letter from R. M. Reuter of Texaco, Inc., dated Mar. 29, 1990 addressed to Participants in the 1989 CRC Driveability Program Yakima.214McKinney, C. M. and Blade, O. C., "Bureau of Mines--API Survey of Aviation Gasolines, 1969," SAE Technical Paper Series, 700228 National Business Aircraft Meeting, Wichita, Kansas, Mar. 18-20, 1970.215Morris, W. E., "The Interaction Approach to Gasoline Blending," presented at the National Petroleum Refiners Association Annual Meeting, San Antonio, Texas, Mar. 23-25, 1975.216Morton Lippmann, "Health Effects of Ozone: A Critical Review," The Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, vol. 39, No. 5, May 1989, pp. 672-695.217Mulac, J. C., McCafferty, R. L., and Meyer, W. A. P., "Carburetor Evaporation Losses-Volatility and Reactivity," presented at the 31st Mid-Year Meeting of the American Petroleum Institute's Divison of Refining, Houston, Texas, May 11, 1966.218MVMA National Fuel Survey, Summer Season, Oct. 15, 1976.219 *Nationwide Gasoline Compositions (MVMA and SWRI Surveys, 1988).220Nelson, E. E., "Hydrocarbon Control For Los Angeles By Reducing Gasoline Volatility," SAE Technical Paper Series, 690087, International Automotive Engineering Congress, Detroit, Michigan, Jan. 13-17, 1969.221NIPER (National Institute for Petroleum and Energy Research) computer date regarding properties of summer gasolines from 1976-86 & 88-90 (688 pages).222NIPIER--143-PPS-86/1, "Motor Gasolines, Summer 1985," by C. L. Dickson et al., Work performed by the American Petroleum Institute and the U. S. Department of Energy, National Institute for Petroleum and Energy Research, Bartlesville, Oklahoma, Jun. 1986.223 *NPC: U.S. Refiners Near Top Gasoline Capacity, Oil & Gas Journal, Oct. 13, 1986, p. 30.224Oberfell, G. G. et al., "Thermal Alkylation and Neohexane," presented at the Twentieth Annual Meeting of the American Petroleum Institute, Chicago, Illinois, Nov. 9-17, 1939.225 *Octane Week, Special NPRA Convention Edition, Week of Mar. 26, 1990, vol. IV, No. 44, pp. 1 14.226Octane Week, Special NPRA Convention Edition, Week of Mar. 26, 1990, vol. IV, No. 44, pp. 1-14.227 *One page memo from E. H. Schanerberger of Ford Motor to Beth Evans of CRC, dated Jan. 11, 1989.228Pendleton, P. O., "Automotive Gasoline Usage in Reciprocating Aircraft Engines," SAE Technical Paper Series, 871012, General Aviation Aircraft Meeting and Exposition, Wichita, Kansas, Apr. 28-30, 1987.229 *Pp. 47 50 from the Oil & Gas Journal, Jun. 18, 1990.230Pp. 47-50 from the Oil & Gas Journal, Jun. 18, 1990.231 *Premium Compositions Average Results for 9 RVP Season.232Progress Report to RPC, Data Analysis and Report Writing Subcommittee, A. M. Hochhauser, Jul. 26, 1990 (8 pages).233Publication No. 01-131299, Fuel Composition for use in Gasoline Engine, Laid Open May 24, 1989, Japanese Application No. 63-247245 filed Sep. 29, 1988.234Publication No. 01-234497, Lead-free High Octane Value Gasoline, Laid Open Sep. 19, 1989, Japanese Application No. 63-59587 filed Mar. 14, 1988.235Publication No. 01-9293, Clear Gasoline, Laid Open Jan. 12, 1989, Japanese Application No. 62-162966 filed Jun. 30, 1987.236Publication No. 03-229796, Fuel Oil Composition, Laid Open Oct. 11, 1991, Japanese Application No. 02-24005 filed Feb. 02, 1990.237Publication No. 03-263493, Lead-Free High-Octane Gasoline, Laid Open Nov. 22, 1991, Japanese Applicaton No. 02-63537 filed Mar. 14, 1990.238Publication No. 05-179263, Gasoline, Laid Open Jul. 20, 1993, Japanese Application No. 03-358562 filed Dec. 27, 1991.239Publication No. 60-130684, Fuel Composition, Laid Open Jul. 12, 1985, Japanese Application No. 58-237881 filed Dec. 19, 1983.240Publication No. 61-166884, Fuel Composition for Gasoline Engine, Laid Open Jul. 28, 1986, Japanese Application No. 61-14308 filed Jan. 24, 1986.241Publication No. 61-16984, Manufacture of Gasoline Mainly from Hydrocarbon of Boiling Point Lower than 220� C. Such as Petroleum Naphtha or Naphtha-Cracked Gasoline, Laid Open Jan. 24, 1986, Japanese Application No. 59-138668 filed Jul. 04, 1984.242Publication No. 61-16985, Manufacture of Unleaded Gasoline of High Octane Value, Laid Open Jan. 24, 1986, Japanese Application No. 59-137525 filed Jul. 03, 1984.243Publication No. 61-176694, Gasoline Composition, Laid Open Aug. 8, 1986, Japanese Application No. 60-17120 filed Jan. 31, 1985.244Publication No. 63-289094, Lead-Free, High-Octane Gasoline, Laid Open Nov. 25, 1988, Japanese Application No. 62-123129 filed May 20, 1987.245Publication No. 63-317590. Unleaded and High-Octane Gasoline, Laid Open Dec. 26, 1988, Japanese Application No. 62-153026 filed Jun. 19, 1987.246Publication No. 63-317591, High-Powered Fuel Oil, Laid Open Dec. 26, 1988, Japanese Application No. 62-153836 filed Jun. 19, 1987.247Publication No. 63-317592, Production of High-Powered Fuel Oil, Laid Open Dec. 26, 1988, Japanese Application No. 62-153837 filed Jun. 19, 1987.248Publication No. 63-317593, Unleaded Regular Gasoline, Laid Open Dec. 26, 1988, Japanese Application No. 62-154189 filed Jun. 20, 1987.249R. A. Corbett, "Auto/Oil Progressing Toward Cleaner Fuel Compositions," Fuel Reformulation, vol. 1, No. 1, Sep./Oct. 1991, pp. 46-50.250R. H. Pahl and M. J. McNally, "Fuel Blending and Analysis for the Auto/Oil Air Quality Improvement Research Program," SAE Technical Paper Series, 902098, International Fuels and Lubricants meeting and Exposition, Tulsa, Oklahoma, Oct. 22-25, 1990, pp. 1-11.251R. K. Stone and B. H. Eccleston, "Vehicle Emissions vs. Fuel Composition," API-Bureau of Mines-Part II, 1969, pp. 651-690.252 *Reformulated Gas No Help in Older Cars by Matthew L. Wald, The New York Times, Appearing in Orange County Register, Dec. 19, 1990.253 *Reformulated Gasoline Industry Scoreboard.254 *Regular Compositions Average Results for 9 RVP Season.255 *Released Reports, Jan. 1994, Coordinating Research Council, Inc., Atlanta, Ga.256Report of Investigations 7291, "Influence of Volatile Fuel Components on Vehicle Emissions," by B. H. Eccleston et al., United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1970.257 *Report of Investigations 7291, Influence of Volatile Fuel Components on Vehicle Emissions, by B. H. Eccleston et al., United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1970.258SAE 710295, "Effect of Fuel and Lubricant Additives on Exhaust Emissions," Mixon et al., Inter-Industry Emission Control, SP-361, Jan. 11-15, 1971, coveorsheet, pp. 1207-1220.259 *SAE 710295, Effect of Fuel and Lubricant Additives on Exhaust Emissions, Mixon et al., Inter Industry Emission Control, SP 361, Jan. 11 15, 1971, coveorsheet, pp. 1207 1220.260SAE 780588, "The Inter-Industry Emission Control Program - Eleven Years of Progress in Automotive Emissions and Fuel Economy Research," McCabe et al., pp. 1-7 (entire document). No Date.261 *SAE 780588, The Inter Industry Emission Control Program Eleven Years of Progress in Automotive Emissions and Fuel Economy Research, McCabe et al., pp. 1 7 (entire document). No Date.262SAE 902094, "Effects of Gasoline Composition on Exhaust Emissions and Driveability," Hoshi et al., dated Oct. 22-25, 1990.263 *SAE 902094, Effects of Gasoline Composition on Exhaust Emissions and Driveability, Hoshi et al., dated Oct. 22 25, 1990.264SAE Paper No. 710136, "The Effect of Gasoline Volatility on Emissions and Driveability," by P. J.265SAE Paper No. 710136, "The Effect of Gasoline Volatility on Emissions and Driveability," by P. J. Clarke, 1971.266 *SAE Paper No. 710136, The Effect of Gasoline Volatility on Emissions and Driveability, by P. J. Clarke, 1971.267SAE Paper No. 710138, "Passenger Car Driveability in Cool Weather," by J. D. Benson et al., 1971.268SAE Paper No. 710364, "Effects of Fuel Factors on Emissions," by S. S. Sorem, 1971.269 *SAE Paper No. 710364, Effects of Fuel Factors on Emissions, by S. S. Sorem, 1971.270SAE Paper No. 710675, "Octane Requirement Increase in 1971 Model Cars with Leaded and Unleaded Gasolines," by H. A. Bigley, Jr. et al., 1971.271 *SAE Paper No. 710675, Octane Requirement Increase in 1971 Model Cars with Leaded and Unleaded Gasolines, by H. A. Bigley, Jr. et al., 1971.272SAE Paper No. 720700, "Mathematical Expressions Relating Evaporative Emissions from Motor Vehicles Without Evaporative Loss-Control Devices to Gasoline Volatility," by W. F. Biller et al., 1972.273SAE Paper No. 720932, "The Effect of Gasoline Volatility on Exhaust Emissions," by P. J. Clarke, 1972.274SAE Paper No. 720933, "Driveability Testing on a Chassis Dynamometer," by R. J. Wahrenbrock et al., 1972.275SAE Paper No. 720934, "New Emphasis on Fuel Volatility--Effects on Vehicle Warmup with Quick-release Chokes,"by R. F. Stebar et al, 1972.276 *SAE Paper No. 720934, New Emphasis on Fuel Volatility Effects on Vehicle Warmup with Quick release Chokes, by R. F. Stebar et al, 1972.277SAE Paper No. 730474, "An Evaluation of the Performance and Emissions of a CRF Engine Equipped with a Prechamber," by D. B. Wimmer et al., 1973.278SAE Paper No. 730593, "Fuel Effects on Oxidation Catalysts and Catalyst-Equipped Vehicles," by A. H. Neal et al., 1973.279SAE Paper No. 730616, "Gasolines for Low-Emission Vehicles", by J. C. Ellis, 1973.280 *SAE Paper No. 730616, Gasolines for Low Emission Vehicles , by J. C. Ellis, 1973.281SAE Paper No. 740520, "Cold Weather Driveability Performance of Late Model Cars," by A. M. Horowitz et al., 1974.282 *SAE Paper No. 740520, Cold Weather Driveability Performance of Late Model Cars, by A. M. Horowitz et al., 1974.283SAE Paper No. 740694, "Fuels and Emissions--Update and Outlook, 1974," by R. W. Hurn et al., 1974.284SAE Paper No. 740694, "Fuels and Emissions--Update and Outlook, 1974." by R. W. Hurn et al., 1974.285 *SAE Paper No. 740694, Fuels and Emissions Update and Outlook, 1974, by R. W. Hurn et al., 1974.286SAE Paper No. 750120, "Exhaust Emissions, Fuel Economy, and Driveability of Vehicles Fueled with Alcohol-Gasoline Blends," by N. D. Brinkman et al., 1975.287 *SAE Paper No. 750120, Exhaust Emissions, Fuel Economy, and Driveability of Vehicles Fueled with Alcohol Gasoline Blends, by N. D. Brinkman et al., 1975.288SAE Paper No. 750419, "Methanol-Gasoline Blends Performance in Laboratory Tests and in Vehicles," by A. W. Crowley et al., 1975.289 *SAE Paper No. 750419, Methanol Gasoline Blends Performance in Laboratory Tests and in Vehicles, by A. W. Crowley et al., 1975.290SAE Paper No. 750451, "Establishment of ORI Characteristics as a Function of Selected Fuels and Engine Families," by H. T. Niles et al., 1975.291 *SAE Paper No. 750451, Establishment of ORI Characteristics as a Function of Selected Fuels and Engine Families, by H. T. Niles et al., 1975.292SAE Paper No. 750763, "Methanol/Gasoline Blends as Automotive Fuel," by J. R. Allsup, 1975.293 *SAE Paper No. 750763, Methanol/Gasoline Blends as Automotive Fuel, by J. R. Allsup, 1975.294SAE Paper No. 750937, "Octane Number Increase of Military Vehicles Operating on Unleaded Gasoline," by J. D. Tosh et al., 1975.295 *SAE Paper No. 750937, Octane Number Increase of Military Vehicles Operating on Unleaded Gasoline, by J. D. Tosh et al., 1975.296SAE Paper No. 770811, "Road Octane Number Trends of Japanese Passenger Cars," by K. Date et al, 1977.297 *SAE Paper No. 770811, Road Octane Number Trends of Japanese Passenger Cars, by K. Date et al, 1977.298SAE Paper No. 780611, "Fuel Volatility Effects on Driveability of Vehicles Equipped with Current and Advanced Fuel Management Systems," by C. R. Morgan et al., 1978.299SAE Paper No. 780612, "The Influence of Fuel Characteristics on Vaporization in the S.I. Engine Cylinder During Cranking at Low Temperature," by Y. Nakajima et al., 1978.300 *SAE Paper No. 780612, The Influence of Fuel Characteristics on Vaporization in the S.I. Engine Cylinder During Cranking at Low Temperature, by Y. Nakajima et al., 1978.301SAE Paper No. 780651, "Hot Weather Volatility Requirements of European Passenger Cars," by R. F. Becker et al., 1978.302SAE Paper No. 780653, "The Hot-Fuel Handling Performance of European and Japanese Cars," by B. D. Caddock et al. 1978.303SAE Paper No. 780653, "The Hot-Fuel Handling Performance of European and Japanese Cars," by B. D. Caddock et al., 1978.304 *SAE Paper No. 780653, The Hot Fuel Handling Performance of European and Japanese Cars, by B. D. Caddock et al., 1978.305SAE Paper No. 780949, "The Effects of Refinery Gasoline Components on Road Octane Quality," by R. E. Burtner et al., International Fuels & Lubricants Meeting, Royal York, Toronto, Nov. 13-16, 1978.306SAE Paper No. 790203, "The Effects of Fuel Composition and Fuel Additives on Intake System Detergency of Japanese Automobile Engine," by T. Nishizaki et al., 1979.307 *SAE Paper No. 790203, The Effects of Fuel Composition and Fuel Additives on Intake System Detergency of Japanese Automobile Engine, by T. Nishizaki et al., 1979.308SAE Paper No. 790204, "A Novel Laboratory Method for Evaluating Induction System Deposits in Gasoline Engines," by H. W. Marbach et al., 1979.309 *SAE Paper No. 790204, A Novel Laboratory Method for Evaluating Induction System Deposits in Gasoline Engines, by H. W. Marbach et al., 1979.310SAE Paper No. 801352, "Evaluation of MTBE Gasoline by Japanese Passenger Cars," by Shintaro Miyawaki et al., 1980.311SAE Paper No. 821211, "1980 CRC Fuel Rating Program--The Effects of Heavy Aromatics and Ethanol on Gasoline Road Octane Ratings," by M. J. Gorham et al., 1982.312 *SAE Paper No. 821211, 1980 CRC Fuel Rating Program The Effects of Heavy Aromatics and Ethanol on Gasoline Road Octane Ratings, by M. J. Gorham et al., 1982.313SAE Paper No. 830937, "Gasoline Volatility and Hot Weather Driveability of Japanese Cars," by E. Yoshida et al., 1983.314 *SAE Paper No. 830937, Gasoline Volatility and Hot Weather Driveability of Japanese Cars, by E. Yoshida et al., 1983.315SAE Paper No. 841386. "Hot and Cold Fuel Volatility Indexes of French Cars: A Cooperative Study of the GFC Volatility Group," by Le Breton et al., 1984.316SAE Paper No. 852132, "Gasoline Vapor Pressure Reduction--an Option for Cleaner Air," by R. F. Stebar et al., 1985.317 *SAE Paper No. 852132, Gasoline Vapor Pressure Reduction an Option for Cleaner Air, by R. F. Stebar et al., 1985.318SAE Paper No. 872111, "An Engine Dynamometer Test for Evaluating Port Fuel Injector Plugging," by F. Caracciolo et al., 1987.319 *SAE Paper No. 872111, An Engine Dynamometer Test for Evaluating Port Fuel Injector Plugging, by F. Caracciolo et al., 1987.320SAE Paper No. 892090, "Changes in Reid Vapor Pressure of Gasoline in Vehicle Tanks as the Gasoline is Used," by A. D. Brownlow et al., 1989.321 *SAE Paper No. 892090, Changes in Reid Vapor Pressure of Gasoline in Vehicle Tanks as the Gasoline is Used, by A. D. Brownlow et al., 1989.322SAE Paper No. 901114, "Volatility Characteristics of Blends of Gasoline with Ethyl Tertiary-Butyl Ether (ETBE)," by R. L. Furey, Government/Industry Meeting and Exposition Washington, D. C. May 1-4, 1990.323 *SAE Paper No. 901114, Volatility Characteristics of Blends of Gasoline with Ethyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (ETBE), by R. L. Furey, Government/Industry Meeting and Exposition Washington, D. C. May 1 4, 1990.324SAE Paper No. 902129, "The Seasonal Impact of Blending Oxygenated Organics with Gasoline on Motor Vehicle Tailpipe and Evaporative Emissions, Part II," by F. D. Stump et al., 1990.325 *SAE Paper No. 902129, The Seasonal Impact of Blending Oxygenated Organics with Gasoline on Motor Vehicle Tailpipe and Evaporative Emissions, Part II, by F. D. Stump et al., 1990.326SAE Paper No. 902132, "Use of Ethyl-t-Butyl Ether (ETBE) as a Gasoline Blending Component," C. M. Shiblom et al., 1990.327 *Test Gasoline Matrix a two page document with handwritten date of Jul. 17, 1990.328Testimony, Dr. Robert Zweig, Meeting of California Air Resources Board, Nov. 21, 1991, Transcript pp. i, ii, 129-134 and 353.329 *The Effect of Aromatics Content on NOx Emissions by Annette Reid Guerrero and James M. 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Inc.Blending of economic, reduced oxygen, winter gasolineEP2275519A2Jul 27, 2001Jan 19, 2011Mazoil Technologies LimitedImproved fuel additive formulation and method of using sameWO2000029516A1 *Nov 17, 1999May 25, 2000Talbert Fuel Systems, Inc.Automotive gasoline fuel for internal combustion enginesWO2002079349A1 *Mar 19, 2002Oct 10, 2002Bp Oil International LimitedProcess for treating fuel* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification208/46, 208/16, 585/14, 208/14, 208/18International ClassificationC10L1/06Cooperative ClassificationC10L1/06European ClassificationC10L1/06Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionJul 13, 2000FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4May 10, 2004FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8Nov 8, 2005DCDisclaimer filedEffective date: 20050811May 23, 2006DDDisclaimer and dedication filedEffective date: 20050811Jun 19, 2008FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 12RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services