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ISO 17799_Whitepaper | Information Security | Business Continuity
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TABLE OF CONTENTS WHAT IS ISO 17799? BACKGROUND BS 7799 PART 1 (ISO 17799) VERSUS BS 7799 PART 2 BENEFITS OF ISO 17799 CONTROLS SECURITY POLICY ORGANIZATIONAL SECURITY ASSET CLASSIFICATION AND CONTROL PERSONNEL SECURITY PHYSICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY COMMUNICATIONS AND OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT ACCESS CONTROL SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE BUSINESS CONTINUITY MANAGEMENT COMPLIANCE PROCESS STEP 1: OBTAIN UPPER MANAGEMENT SUPPORT STEP 2: DEFINE SECURITY PERIMETER STEP 3: CREATE INFORMATION SECURITY POLICY STEP 4: CREATE INFORMATION SECURITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM STEP 5: PERFORM SECURITY RISK ASSESSMENT STEP 6: SELECT AND IMPLEMENT CONTROLS STEP 7: CREATE STATEMENT OF APPLICABILITY STEP 8: AUDIT SECURITY ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE SECURITY POLICY STATEMENT INFORMATION SECURITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (ISMS) BUSINESS CONTINUITY INFORMATION SYSTEM SECURITY OFFICER SECURITY MANAGEMENT SECURITY RESPONSE 2 4 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 12 12 13 13 13 13 14 14 15 15 16 16
Lucent Technologies Worldwide Services • 2
SECURITY MAINTENANCE SECURITY INFRASTRUCTURE SECURITY ANALYSIS SECURITY COMPLIANCE SECURITY EDUCATION CONFORMANCE CERTIFICATION CONFORMANCE AUDIT BS 7799 CERTIFICATION MODEL NON-ACCREDITED CERTIFICATION CONFORMANCE MAINTENANCE CONCLUSION ABOUT LUCENT TECHNOLOGIES WORLDWIDE SERVICES 17 17 18 20 21 21 21 21 22 22 22 22 Information Security Management September 2001 Lucent Technologies Worldwide Services • 3 .
Availability – ensuring that authorized users have access to information and associated assets when required. first published by the International Organization for Standardization. Lucent Technologies Worldwide Services What is ISO 17799? ISO 17799 is an internationally recognized Information Security Management Standard. The goal of information security is to suitably protect this asset in order to ensure business continuity.” ISO 17799 defines information as an asset that may exist in many forms and has value to an organization. ISO 17799 is the only “standard” devoted to Information Security Management in a field generally governed by “Guidelines” and “Best Practices. In spite of this controversy. As a standard that is primarily conceptual. ISO 17799 is high level. minimize business damage. Integrity – safeguarding the accuracy and completeness of information and processing methods.org).iso. It has also made the standard controversial among those who believe standards should be more precise.” or GASSP (http://web. ISO 17799 is not: • • • A technical standard Product or technology driven An equipment evaluation methodology such as the Common Criteria/ISO 15408 (www.edu/security/www/gassp1.html).Information Security Management: Understanding ISO 17799 By Tom Carlson. This approach allows it to be applied across multiple types of enterprises and applications.commoncriteria. or GMITS/ ISO 13335. or ISO (www. in December 2000. which is a collection of security best practices Related to the five-part “Guidelines for the Management of IT Security”. which deals with functional and assurance requirements of specific equipment Related to the “Generally Accepted System Security Principles. which provides a conceptual framework for managing IT security • • While ISO 17799 only covers the selection and management of information security controls. and conceptual in nature.ch). these controls may: • • Require utilization of a Common Criteria Equipment Assurance Level (EAL) Incorporate GASSP guidelines September 2001 Lucent Technologies Worldwide Services • 4 Information Security Management . broad in scope. and maximize return on investments. information security is characterized as the preservation of: • • • Confidentiality – ensuring that information is accessible only to those authorized to have access. As defined by ISO 17799.mit.
culminating in a “Code of Practice for Information Security Management” in 1993. with the goal being to prevent. Benefits of ISO 17799 Arguably. it is also subject to various interpretations and Information Security Management September 2001 Lucent Technologies Worldwide Services • 5 . BS 7799 Part 1 (ISO 17799) versus BS 7799 Part 2 It is important to understand the distinctions between Part 1 and Part 2 of the BS 7799 standard in order to later understand the dilemma facing conformance assessment. such as the ISO. Information security is always a matter of trade-offs. organizations are audited against Part 2. the BSI formed a program to accredit auditing firms. a working group devoted to Information Security was first established in the early 1990’s. While some organizations utilized the BS 7799 standard.c-cure.org ). This work evolved into the first version of the BS 7799 standard released in 1995.• Implement GMITS concepts Background ISO 17799 is a direct descendant of the British Standard Institute (BSI) Information Security Management standard BS 7799. This scheme is known as c:cure ( www. The information security process has traditionally been based on sound best practices and guidelines.bsi-global. The BS 7799 standard now consists of Part 1: Code of Practice. Part 1 is an implementation guide. To be certified as BS 7799 compliant. and availability. in response to industry demands. This rigidity precluded widespread acceptance and support. Movement to submit BS 7799 Part 2 for ISO standardization has been withdrawn. In the late 1990’s. It is used as a means to evaluate and build sound and comprehensive information security infrastructure. Simultaneously. based on suggestions. and Part 2: Specification of Information Security Management Systems. The BSI (www.” as competent to audit to BS 7799. and contain security breaches. It details information security concepts an organization “should” do. and to restore affected data to its previous state. or “Certification Bodies. culminating in its first release by ISO as ISO/IEC 17799:2000 in December 2000. balancing business requirements against the triad of confidentiality. culminating with the update and release of BS 7799 in 1998 and then again in 1999. only BS 7799 Part 1 has been accepted for ISO standardization because it is applicable internationally and across all types of organizations. demand grew for an internationally recognized information security standard under the aegis of an internationally recognized body. perfect security may be achievable only for networkless servers located in rooms without doors. a steering committee was formed. This demand led to the “fast tracking” of BS 7799 Part 1 by the BSI. integrity. information security had become headline news and a concern to computer users worldwide. In response to industry demands. By this time. BS 7799 Part 2 is an auditing guide based on requirements.com) has long been proactive in the evolving arena of Information Security. detect. It details information security concepts an organization “shall” do. While this cumulative wisdom of the ages is valid. As of September 2001.
standards. procedures. including: Information Security Policy document – a set of implementation-independent. ISO 17799 consists of 10 security controls. and guidelines Certification allows organizations to demonstrate their own and evaluate their trading partners’ information security status Certification shows “due diligence” For some organizations. helps implement and enforce policy statements. This document. and direction in accomplishing information security goals. along with a hierarchy of standards. but to do so. they are becoming increasingly dependent on these assets. guidelines. and technical solutions are only one portion of a holistic approach to information security. which are used as the basis for the security risk assessment. To other organizations. maintain. appropriate controls may be selected to mitigate these identified risk factors. and manage information security A set of tailored policies. Information Security Management September 2001 Lucent Technologies Worldwide Services • 6 . implement. At the same time. conceptual information security policy statements governing the security goals of the organization. commitment. Security Policy Security Policy control addresses management support.implementations. such as those requiring high degrees of assurance. Most information systems are not inherently secure. structured methodology A defined process to evaluate. and procedures. certification may be a marketing tool. Controls Organizations daily face threats to their information assets. Threat environments are determined by the execution of a methodical security risk assessment. It also offers a mechanism to manage the information security process. Ownership and review – Ongoing management commitment to information security is established by assigning ownership and review schedules for the Information Security Policy document. organizations must understand their own unique threat environment. Establishing information security requirements is essential. ISO 17799 is a comprehensive information security process that affords enterprises the following benefits: • • • • • An internationally recognized. ISO 17799 certification may become mandatory. Once risk areas are identified. ISO 17799 offers a benchmark against which to build organizational information security.
and establish ownership and stewardship of all assets. Information Security Management September 2001 Lucent Technologies Worldwide Services • 7 . including: Accountability and inventory – mechanisms to maintain an accurate inventory of assets. Handling – handling standards. Information System Security Officer (ISSO) – acts as a central point of contact for information security issues. are based on asset classification. Third-party access – mechanisms to govern third-party interaction within the organization based on business requirements. Personnel Security Personnel Security control addresses an organization’s ability to mitigate risk inherent in human interactions. direction. Independent review – mechanisms to allow independent review of security effectiveness. sustains. Organizational cooperation – maintains relationships with both information-sharing partners and local law-enforcement authorities. transfer. including codes of conduct and non-disclosure agreements. and manages the security infrastructure. Outsourcing – organizational outsourcing arrangements should have clear contractual security requirements. including: Management Information Security Forum – provides a multi-disciplinary committee chartered to discuss and disseminate information security issues throughout the organization. Authorization processes – ensures that security considerations are evaluated and approvals obtained for new and modified information processing systems. Security responsibilities – personnel should be clearly informed of their information security responsibilities. Specialist information – maintains relationships with independent specialists to allow access to expertise not available within the organization. including: Personnel screening – policies within local legal and cultural frameworks ascertain the qualification and suitability of all personnel with access to organizational assets. This framework may be based on job descriptions and/or asset classification. Information Security responsibilities – individual information security responsibilities are unambiguously allocated and detailed within job descriptions.Organizational Security Organizational Security control addresses the need for a management framework that creates. including introduction. removal. Labeling – labeling standards unambiguously brand assets to their classification. and disposal of all assets. and decisions. Classification – mechanisms to classify assets based on business impact. Asset Classification and Control Asset Classification and Control addresses the ability of the security infrastructure to protect organizational assets.
Housekeeping – policies. Recourse – a formal process to deal with violation of information security policies.controls to mitigate risk from introduction of malicious code. Communications and Operations Management Communication and Operations Management control addresses an organization’s ability to ensure correct and secure operation of its assets. A given premises may have multiple zones based on classification level or other organizational requirements. Change control – process to manage change and configuration control. Physical security perimeter – the premises security perimeter should be clearly defined and physically sound. including: Operational procedures – comprehensive set of procedures. should exist to govern operational security within the workspace. such as utilization of shredding equipment. Asset transfer – mechanisms to track entry and exit of assets through the security perimeter. in support of organizational standards and polic ies. System acceptance – methodology to evaluate system changes to ensure continued confidentiality.Terms and conditions of employment – personnel should be clearly informed of their information security responsibilities as a condition of employment. Physical and Environmental Security Physical and Environmental Security control addresses risk inherent to organizational premises. and “clean desk” principles. General – policies and standards. Segregation of duties – segregation and rotation of duties minimize the potential for collusion and uncontrolled exposure. standards. Equipment – equipment should be sited within the premises to ensure physical and environmental integrity and availability. including change management of the Information Security Management System. Access control – breaches in the physical security perimeter should have appropriate entry/exit controls commensurate with their classification level. Capacity planning – mechanism to monitor and project organizational capacity to ensure uninterrupted availability. Information Security Management September 2001 Lucent Technologies Worldwide Services • 8 . Incident management – mechanism to ensure timely and effective response to any security incidents. guidelines. integrity. including: Location – organizational premises should be analyzed for environmental hazards. and procedures to address routine housekeeping activities such as backup schedules and logging. and availability. secure storage. Training – a mandatory information security awareness training program is conducted for all employees. Malicious code . including new hires and established employees.
Media handling – controls to govern secure handling and disposal of information storage media and documentation. Network access control – policy on usage of network services. or connection timeouts Information Security Management September 2001 Lucent Technologies Worldwide Services • 9 . including password stewardship and unattended equipment. such as “panic buttons” Enable terminal.Network management . user. and information transport mechanisms. including mechanisms (when appropriate) to: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Authenticate nodes Authenticate external users Define routing Control network device security Maintain network segregation or segmentation Control network connections Maintain the security of network services Host access control – mechanisms (when appropriate) to: Automatically identify terminals Securely log-on Authenticate users Manage passwords Secure system utilities Furnish user duress capability. Information exchange – controls to govern information exchange including end user agreements. Access Control Access Control addresses an organization’s ability to control access to assets based on business and security requirements.controls to govern the secure operation of the networking infrastructure. including: Business requirements – policy controlling access to organizational assets based on business requirements and “need to know.” User management – mechanisms to: • • • Register and deregister users Control and review access and privileges Manage passwords User responsibilities – informing users of their access control responsibilities. user agreements.
System Integrity – mechanisms to control access to. Business continuity maintenance – identifies ownership of business continuity strategy as well as ongoing re-assessment and maintenance. Business Continuity Management Business Continuity Management control addresses an organization’s ability to counteract interruptions to normal operations. Business continuity testing – testing and documentation of business continuity strategy. and verify integrity of.Application access control – limits access to applications based on user or application authorization levels. and security requirements. including: Business continuity planning – business continuity strategy based on a business impact analysis. contractual. and user responsibilities. and procedures governing the usage and maintenance of cryptographic controls. Mobile computing – policies and standards to address asset protection. including: System security requirements – incorporates information security considerations in the specifications of any system development or procurement. Access monitoring – mechanisms to monitor system access and system use to detect unauthorized activities. Cryptography – policies. evaluate. including: Legal requirements – awareness of: • • • • • Relevant legislation Intellectual property rights Safeguarding of organizational records Data privacy Prevention of misuse Information Security Management September 2001 Lucent Technologies Worldwide Services • 10 . operational software and data. including a process to track. Compliance Compliance control addresses an organization’s ability to remain in compliance with regulatory. Application security requirements – incorporates information security considerations in the specification of any application development or procurement. statutory. System Development and Maintenance System Development and Maintenance control addresses an organization’s ability to ensure that appropriate information system security controls are both incorporated and maintained. standards. and incorporate asset upgrades and patches. secure access. Development security – integrates change control and technical reviews into development process.
must be certified to ISO 17799. rather. and protect audit tools. it is a process. the marketplace. the most crucial component to the success of an ISO 17799 program is gaining upper management support. They may be contained in one policy document. or wisdom. the security perimeter must be under an organization’s control. or policy statements incorporated Information Security Management September 2001 Lucent Technologies Worldwide Services • 11 . Step 2: Define Security Perimeter One of the most difficult initial tasks is to define the security perimeter. and enthusiasm and dedication may fade with time. minimize disruption. it cannot effectively manage it. Process The process for implementing information security management using ISO 17799 proceeds as shown in Figure 1. A successful ISO 17799 implementation will instill security as an organizational lifestyle driven from the top.• • Regulation of cryptography Collection of evidence Technical requirements – mechanism to verify execution of security policies and implementations. The security perimeter may or may not encompass the total organization. System audits – auditing controls to maximize effectiveness. The process of setting up a compliant infrastructure may be onerous. Figure 1: ISO 17799 Process Obtain Upper Management Support Define Security Perimeter Create Information Security Policy Create Information Security Management System Perform Risk Assessment Select and Implement Controls Document in Statement of Accountability Audit Step 1: Obtain Upper Management Support Whether driven by regulation. Step 3: Create Information Security Policy Information security policies may take multiple forms. multiple documents tailored to different audiences. conceptually. which. Information security is not a program. or security domain. however. If an organization cannot control it.
hence requires protection. transfer. These strategies may call for the creation of policies. Security risk assessment is a method to maximize use of finite organizational assets based on measurable risk and organizational risk tolerance. or for the hiring of specific personnel. Assets must be identified. Step 4: Create Information Security Management System A framework – Information Security Management System (ISMS) – must be created to implement. By definition. Controls can then be selected to avoid. It is important early in the ISMS creation process to identify and empower a Security Lead or Information System Security Officer to coordinate. oversee. or extreme harm should be considered. Risk assessment steps are as follows: Identify assets within the security perimeter – an asset can be a tangible item. manage. whereby assets. risk can be expressed as: Probability x Harm = Risk. Nevertheless. committees. such as an organizational database. and vulnerabilities are identified and the commensurate risk is quantified. Mathematically. An asset may have multiple vulnerabilities. Determine realistic probability – probabilities for each threat/vulnerability combination should be determined. ISMS defines the security perimeter and provides a roadmap detailing information security strategies for each of the 10 ISO 17799 control areas. This value allows the rating on a relative scale of the seriousness of a given risk independent of its probability. For example. a threat to the organizational database may be theft or alteration. or reduce risk to an acceptable level. the vulnerability to an organization’s database may be a poor access control or insufficient backup. For example. Only those threats that have a significant probability. This numerical interpretation allows prioritization of finite risk-mitigating resources. Identification of threats must be realistic. Step 5: Perform Security Risk Assessment ISO 17799 is about management of risk. threats. procedures. plans. implementation-independent statement showing upper management’s support of information security concepts and goals. Information Security Management September 2001 Lucent Technologies Worldwide Services • 12 . such as hardware. and teams. Harm is not related to probability. Identify vulnerabilities to the assets – vulnerabilities are recognized deficiencies in assets that can be exploited by threats to create risk. Calculate harm – harm (sometimes referred to as impact) may be quantified numerically to reflect damage from a successful exploit. Identify threats to the assets – threats exploit or take advantage of asset vulnerabilities to create risks. which is accomplished by developing a risk management and mitigation strategy. Threats to each asset must be identified. There can be multiple threats for each asset. This calculation results in a numeric rating of asset-based risk for a given set of threats and vulnerabilities. an asset has value to the organization. and enforce the information security process. and ultimately take ownership of the ISMS. A relative value must also be established for each asset so importance can be established when risks are quantified.within standards. or intangible. and ownership must be established. the intent is the same: a high-level. standards.evaluation and mitigation of risk is the goal of the ISO 17799 ISMS. Calculate risk. maintain. Combinations with statistically insignificant probability may be ignored. Chartered and empowered by the upper management support evidenced in the Information Security Policy.
the Statement of Applicability is where organizations document that it did what it said it would do. Step 6: Select and Implement Controls Controls mitigate risks identified in the Security Risk Assessment. Audits may be: • • • 1st party – an organization performs the audit itself 2nd party – a customer or partner performs the audit 3rd party – an independent auditor performs the audit Third-party auditing is required for conformance certification. along with rationale as required. Figure 2: ISO 17799 Security Organization Structure Information Security Management September 2001 Lucent Technologies Worldwide Services • 13 . This can be prioritized by the risk value identified in Step 5. Step 8: Audit Auditing allows a review of the implementation of the information security infrastructure. Whereas the ISMS says what organizations are going to do. This document addresses the 10 ISO 17799 control areas. Risk cannot be mitigated if not identified. and tabulates the selection or absence of controls. The selection of controls is predicated on availability of assets and management’s ability to accept certain risks in lieu of implementing controls. Step 7: Create Statement of Applicability A Statement of Applicability is the portion of the ISMS that documents how risks identified in the Security Risk Assessment are mitigated by the selection of controls. Security Organization Structure Figure 2 is an example of an organizational security structure resulting from application of the ISO 17799 process.Note that the effectiveness of the ISO 17799 process is reliant on the accuracy and thoroughness of the Security Risk Assessment.
will be reported to. It is chartered and empowered by the Security Policy Statement. The non-specific nature of the Security Policy Statement makes it appropriate for public disclosure. and hence. actual or suspected.” Its intent is to show upper management’s commitment to information security goals. similar to a security-oriented “Mission Statement. the 10 ISO 17799 control areas are addressed. empower the Security Organization Structure. and managed by the Information System Security Officer. ISMS also serves as a reference to external Information Security Management September 2001 Lucent Technologies Worldwide Services • 14 . top-level statement of intent for upper management. the security perimeter is defined. and a risk management strategy detailed for each control area. Information Security Management System (ISMS) ISMS is the risk management strategy of the organization.Security Policy Statement Information Security Management System Business Continuity Security Management Information Security Officer Disaster Recovery Team Management Security Forum Security Response Security Maintenance Security Infrastructure Security Analysis Security Compliance Security Education Incident Response Team Exploit tracking Change Control Board Policies Plans / Programs Risk Assessment Statement of Applicability Security Awareness Program External Liasions Standards Selection of controls Guidelines Procedures Security Policy Statement The Security Policy Statement is a general. Regulatory and legislative requirements will be fulfilled Information security training will be available to all staff Breaches of information security. and investigated by the Information System Security Officer. The Security Policy Statement includes statements to the effect that the policy of the organization is that: • • • • • • Confidentiality of information will be assured Integrity of information will be maintained Availability of information to authorized users will be met. Within ISMS.
which specifies ownership and a yearly review schedule.supporting documentation correlating risk management documentation to the 10 ISO 17799 control areas. which include: • • • • • • • • • • • Lead the Management Security Forum Lead the Incident Response Team Prepare Management Security Forum security briefs Record and resolve security incidents Maintain ISMS Establish and review the Security Risk Assessment Select controls and risk mitigation Maintain the Statement of Applicability Monitor ongoing compliance with security standards Establish and maintain contacts with external security resources Evaluate changes in asset base and resultant security implications September 2001 Lucent Technologies Worldwide Services • 15 Information Security Management . A formal job description defines the Information System Security Officer’s principal duties. appointed. and empowered. Information System Security Officer An Information System Security Officer should be identified. ISMS documentation includes: • • • • • • • • • • Security Structure Organization Chart Risk Management Strategy Information System Security Officer job description Management Security Forum charter ISMS Document Control Plan Security Risk Assessment Statement of Applicability Customer Code of Conduct ISO 17799 Document Matrix listing all applicable documents Security Perimeter Demarcation drawings Business Continuity Business Continuity Plan – an organizational impact analysis that produces a comprehensive business continuity plan. Disaster Recovery Team – formed as a means of testing and implementing the business continuity plan. ISMS is an organization-specific. information security roadmap.
strategies. and the Information System Security Officer. and policies Discuss status of security initiatives Obtain and review security briefings from the Information System Security Officer Review security incident reports and resolutions Formulate risk management thresholds and assurance requirements Yearly review and approval of the Information Security Policy Yearly review and approval of the ISMS Security Response Incident Response Team – formed to create and carry out an Incident Response Plan. The team is chartered with the Incident Response mission to: • • • • • • • • • Prepare for an incident Identify an incident Contain the incident Eradicate the intruder Recover from the intrusion Learn from the incident Methodologies include processes to: Identify. as well as with legal and public relations entities. and rosters established. Engineering Manager. Other members are included as required. Tools are procured.• Consult and advise on general information security issues Security Management The Management Security Forum consists of the Chief Information Officer. and de-escalate security events Assess organizational security Maintain organizational security External Liaisons.established with local law enforcement agencies. NOC or Data Center Manager. The team should include diverse skill sets covering all aspects of an organization’s Information Processing Systems. Management Security Forum duties include: • • • • • • • • • Provide ongoing management support to the security process Serve as an alternative channel for discussion of security issues Develop security objectives. escalate. members trained. Information Security Management September 2001 Lucent Technologies Worldwide Services • 16 .
Standards can address: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Personnel security Employee conduct Data classification Data labeling Data handling Data transmission Data encryption VPNs Data recovery Data routing Access control Firewall standard Network security Network application Data switching Logging Asset management Alarm Physical security Security maintenance Guidelines – established to formalize adoption of information security best practices. Change Control Board – chartered and empowered to manage change. as well as recovery and back-out procedures. In addition. Security Infrastructure Policies – established to express conceptual information security organizational goals in the Information Security Policy. Guidelines can address: Information Security Management September 2001 Lucent Technologies Worldwide Services • 17 .qualified specialists in different organizational networking elements are tasked with tracking relevant exploits and reporting information of concern to the Information System Security Officer. Standards – established to support implementation of Information Security Policy.Security Maintenance Exploit Tracking . The change control process includes change submission request and evaluation. a Document Control plan is initiated to control the ISMS documentation.
threats. Figures 3. The Security Risk Assessment is reviewed on a schedule set by the Information System Security Officer. and 5 provide examples of scales to quantify harm. Figure 3: Probability of Event Scale Information Security Management September 2001 Lucent Technologies Worldwide Services • 18 . comprehensively and qualitatively. Procedures can address: • • • • • • • • • • • • Risk management Backup/Restore System user add/delete/modify Customer provisioning Equipment maintenance Asset control Alarm Security maintenance Terminal server add/modify/delete Password/shared secret change Firewall setup Incident response Plans/Programs – established to meet information security goals. Plans and programs can address: • • • • • • Information security awareness Change control Incident response Intrusion detection Business continuity Acceptance test Security Analysis Security Risk Assessment – performed to identify relevant assets. and vulnerabilities. 4.• • • • Access control Data protection Router configuration Organizational security Procedures – established to detail information security implementation in support of relevant standards and policies.
Probability of event Negligible Very Low Low Medium High Very High Extreme Frequency Unlikely to occur 2 – 3 times every 5 years < = Once per year < = Once every 6 months < = Once per month = > Once per month = > Once per day Rating 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Information Security Management September 2001 Lucent Technologies Worldwide Services • 19 .
Furthermore. and management’s willingness to accept residual risk.14 15-19 20--30 Rating None Low Medium High Critical Extreme Selection of Controls – selected based on risk rating. extra effort required to repair 2 Damaging Significant expenditure of resources required Damage to reputation and confidence Extended outage and / or loss of connectivity Compromise of large amounts of data or services Permanent shutdown Complete compromise 3 Serious 4 Grave 5 Figure 5: Risk Scale Risk calculation (Probability x Harm) 0 1-3 4-7 8.Figure 4: Harm of Event Scale Harm of event Insignificant Minor Degree of harm Minimal to no impact No extra effort required to repair Rating 0 1 Significant Tangible harm. not all control areas are applicable to every organization. detailing how risks identified in the Security Risk Assessment were either mitigated via selection of controls. The Statement of Applicability is where security Information Security Management September 2001 Lucent Technologies Worldwide Services • 20 . or accepted. availability of risk mitigation assets. management may decide that acceptance of some risks is preferable to the cost of mitigation. Due to the broad and general nature of the ISO 17799 standard. Security Compliance A Statement of Applicability addresses all 10 ISO 17799 control areas.
org ). causing security breaches. Human interaction may act in ways that undermine security controls. However. and in some cases individuals. A Security Awareness Program is chartered to: • • • Clarify why security is important and controls are needed Clarify employee security responsibilities Serve as a forum to discuss security questions The Security Awareness program should include “new hire” orientation. The respective National Accreditation Boards accredit individual auditing firms. ISO promotes the international harmonization of conformance assessment activities and the worldwide acceptance of the results through ISO/CASCO. Conformance Audit At the present time. its standards and guides harmonize conformity assessment worldwide through independent third-party auditors. and RvA in the Netherlands. BS 7799 Certification Model In the BS 7799 certification model. This will undoubtedly change in the future as demand rises. Until a supplement based on requirements emerges. Examples are UKAS in the United Kingdom.ansi. The U. a mechanism to audit an organization for conformance to ISO 17799 does not exist. CASCO has an international membership representing 87 countries in both participant and observer status. but at present. CASCO also has liaisons to many other international testing and accreditation agencies and technical committees. Conformance Certification ISO does not participate in conformance assessment activities. there is nothing against which to audit. authorized and competent to audit against BS 7799 Part 2 standard requirements. representative to the ISO is ANSI (www. as a Certification Body. It documents due diligence and rational decisionmaking. organizations requiring certification are implementing to ISO 17799 and certifying to the requirements of BS 7799 Part 2. its general policy committee on conformance assessment. The Certification Body then audits the organization against BS 7799 Part 2. Information Security Management September 2001 Lucent Technologies Worldwide Services • 21 . ISO 17799 falls under the aegis of the ISO Joint Technical Committee 1 Sub Committee 27 (JTC 1/ SC 27). hence is unsuitable for audit.S. The validity of the certificate is ultimately derived from the National Accreditation Board of the respective country. Security Education Security Awareness Program – personnel must have the knowledge to understand the significance of their actions. We can surmise that an ISO 17799 audit mechanism will eventually appear similar to the BS7799 Part 2 model. The standard is based on suggestions in lieu of requirements. authority starts with the National Accreditation Board of each respective country. and ongoing refresher activities.decisions are rationalized and documented. leading to BS 7799 Certification.
The recently formed Center for Internet Security (www. The flexibility of ISO 17799 is such that work done toward it should transfer to any emerging information security standard that may be deemed preferable in the future. This phenomenon will be driven by many factors. it is impossible to certify to BS 7799. including planning and design. including the U. nothing more than applied and documented “best practices. implementation. engineering and installation Information Security Management September 2001 Lucent Technologies Worldwide Services • 22 . the validity of the certificate is derived from the reputation of the nonaccredited Certification Body. a nationally accredited Certification Body that issued the original Certificate of Conformance must approve changes to the security infrastructure defined within the Statement of Applicability.” We expect to see an ever-increasing demand for information security certification. ISO 17799 is.cisecurity. and operations. such as insurance premium reductions Corporate “due diligence” concerns All of these examples represent growth opportunities and challenges to all practitioners and students of information security. Conclusion Internationally accepted information security standards are still in their infancy. Minor changes may be submitted in writing. a consortium of more than 100 organizations chartered to deal with due diligence. including: • • • • Regulatory requirements. mobility solution services. technical support services.. the National Accreditation Board does not accredit a Certification Body to BS 7799. accredited by a National Accreditation Board from another country. has adopted BS 7799 as a foundational standard. in which case. An organization may choose to have a non-accredited Certification Body perform the certification. Lucent Services provides consulting services. Major changes may require reauditing. International auditing firms have taken this approach. after all. among other issues. Alternatively. and a re-certification audit is required every three years. such as HIPAA Marketing incentives.org ). Without an accredited Certification Body. Conformance Maintenance Based on the BS 7799 model. particularly in e-commerce and finance Financial incentives.Non-Accredited Certification In some areas. we can surmise that conformance maintenance will follow the same or similar requirements. Surveillance visits are performed every six months. and undoubtedly ISO 17799 will evolve over time as deficiencies are addressed. In BS 7799 Part 2. furnishing the evaluator with enough detail to determine impact. About Lucent Technologies Worldwide Services Lucent Technologies Worldwide Services offers service providers and enterprises a comprehensive portfolio of network services and software solutions for the full network lifecycle. The validity of the certificate is derived from the National Accreditation Board of the other country.S. an organization may elect to be certified by an accredited Certification Body.
A.com.com. All rights reserved. Information Security Management September 2001 Lucent Technologies Worldwide Services • 23 .S. Visit the Lucent Web site at http://www. Copyright © 2001.lucent. For information regarding Lucent Services network services and software solutions capabilities. Lucent Technologies. call 1-888-4-Lucent in the U.. All trademarks and registered trademarks are properties of their respective holders. Lucent Technologies is headquartered in Murray Hill.S. USA.. or email: networkcare@lucent. New Jersey. or 1-650-318-1020 outside the U.S. and software solutions for network and application performance management. Lucent Technologies Worldwide Services This is an unpublished work protected under the copyright laws. Printed in U.services. Inc.
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