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UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND CODE OF ACADEMIC INTEGRITY - PDF
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1 III-1.00(A) UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND CODE OF ACADEMIC INTEGRITY Approved by President August 1, 1991; Amended May 10, 2001; Amended May 5, 2005; Technical Amendments June 2012; Amended November 7, 2014 INTRODUCTION The University is an academic community. Its fundamental purpose is the pursuit of knowledge. Like all other communities, the University can function properly only if its members adhere to clearly established goals and values. Essential to the fundamental purpose of the University is the commitment to the principles of truth and academic honesty. Accordingly, the Code of Academic Integrity is designed to ensure that the principle of academic honesty is upheld. While all members of the University share this responsibility, the Code of Academic Integrity is designed so that special responsibility for upholding the principle of academic honesty lies with the students. DEFINITIONS 1. ACADEMIC DISHONESTY: any of the following acts, when committed by a student, shall constitute academic dishonesty: (d) CHEATING i : fraud, deceit, or dishonesty in any academic course or exercise in an attempt to gain an unfair advantage and/or intentionally using or attempting to use unauthorized materials, information, or study aids in any academic course or exercise. FABRICATION: intentional and unauthorized falsification or invention of any information or citation in any academic course or exercise. FACILITATING ACADEMIC DISHONESTY: intentionally or knowingly helping or attempting to help another to violate any provision of this Code. PLAGIARISM: intentionally or knowingly representing the words or ideas of another as one s own in any academic course or exercise. RESPONSIBILITY TO REPORT ACADEMIC DISHONESTY 2. Academic dishonesty is a corrosive force in the academic life of a university. It jeopardizes the quality of education and depreciates the genuine achievements of others. It is, without reservation, a responsibility of all members of the campus community to actively deter it. Apathy or acquiescence in the presence of academic dishonesty is not a neutral act. Histories of institutions demonstrate that a laissez-faire response will reinforce, perpetuate, and enlarge the scope of such misconduct. Institutional reputations for academic dishonesty are regrettable aspects of modern education. These reputations become self-fulfilling and grow, unless vigorously challenged by students and faculty alike. 1
2 All members of the University community-students, faculty, and staff-share the responsibility and authority to challenge and make known acts of apparent academic dishonesty. HONOR STATEMENT 3. Letters informing both graduate and undergraduate students of their acceptance at the University, as well as appointment letters for members of the faculty, shall contain a short statement concerning the role of the Student Honor Council ii, as well as the obligation of all members of the University of Maryland, College Park community to promote the highest standards of academic integrity. HONOR PLEDGE 4. On every examination, paper or other academic exercise not specifically exempted by the instructor, the student shall write by hand and sign the following pledge: I pledge on my honor that I have not given or received any unauthorized assistance on this examination. Failure to sign the pledge is not a violation of the Code of Academic Integrity, but neither is it a defense in case of violation of this Code. Students who do not sign the pledge will be given the opportunity to do so. Refusal to sign must be explained to the instructor. Signing or non-signing of the pledge will not be considered in grading or judicial procedures. Material submitted electronically should contain the pledge, submission implies signing the pledge. 5. On examinations, no assistance is authorized unless given by or expressly allowed by the instructor. On other assignments, the pledge means that the assignment has been done without academic dishonesty, as defined above. 6. The pledge is a reminder that at the University of Maryland students carry primary responsibility for academic integrity because the meaningfulness of their degrees depends on it. Faculty are urged to emphasize the importance of academic honesty and of the pledge as its symbol. Faculty are encouraged to reference both the pledge and this Code on syllabi, including where they can be found on the Internet and in the Undergraduate Catalog. SELF-REFERRAL 7. Students who commit acts of academic dishonesty may demonstrate their renewed commitment to academic integrity by reporting themselves in writing to the Office of Student Conduct iii. Students may not exercise the self-referral option more than once during their enrollment at the University. 2
3 8. If an investigation by the Director of Student Conduct or designee reveals that no member of the University had a suspicion of a self-referring student s act of academic dishonesty, then the student will not be charged with academic dishonesty, or left with a disciplinary record. Instead, the Director of Student Conduct or designee will notify the instructor of the course in which the incident occurred to consult on the matter. The Director of Student Conduct or designee shall then convene a meeting with the student. The purpose of the meeting will be to ensure that the self-referral provisions of this Code are followed, not to levy a sanction, or to create a disciplinary record. The Director of Student Conduct or designee will notify the instructor of the course in which the incident occurred of the meeting s outcome iv. 9. In all cases where a student self-referral is accepted, the student will be required to successfully complete the non-credit academic integrity seminar offered by the Student Honor Council. Also, the student will have any grade for the academic exercise in question reduced one letter grade, or to an F or a zero, in the discretion of the instructor involved. 10. If the Director of Student Conduct or designee determines that a suspicion of academic dishonesty existed at the time the student admitted the act, then the matter will be resolved in accordance with the procedures specified in this Code for resolving academic dishonesty allegations. The student s admission may be considered a mitigating circumstance for purposes of sanctioning. PROCEDURES: REPORTING AND INFORMAL RESOLUTION 11. Any member of the University community who has witnessed an apparent act of academic dishonesty, or has information that reasonably leads to the conclusion that such an act has occurred or has been attempted, has the responsibility to inform the Office of Student Conduct promptly. 12. If the Director of Student Conduct or designee determines that a report of academic dishonesty is supported by reasonable cause v, the Office of Student Conduct shall offer the student an opportunity for a preliminary interview to review the allegations and any supporting evidence that was provided to the Office of Student Conduct vi. The instructor of the course in which the incident occurred may be included in the meeting. The Office of Student Conduct shall also provide the accused student with a copy of this Code, and a statement of procedural rights approved by the Honor Council vii. The Director of Student Conduct or a designee, the student, and the instructor of the course in which the incident occurred may reach a collective agreement concerning how a case should be resolved. This informal resolution and the sanction imposed are not subject to appeal. PROCEDURES: RESOLUTION BY A DISCIPLINARY CONFERENCE 13. Referred students may elect to resolve the matter in a Disciplinary Conference if the student: (1) is alleged to have committed an act of academic dishonesty that would not 3
4 normally result in suspension or expulsion, as defined by the Code of Academic Integrity and (2) has no prior record of academic dishonesty or other significant judicial history viii. 14. Students participating in a Disciplinary Conference in the Office of Student Conduct are accorded the following procedural protections: (d) (e) Written notice of charges at least three (3) days prior to the scheduled conference. Reasonable access to the case file prior to and during the conference. An opportunity to respond to the evidence against them and to call appropriate witnesses on their behalf. The option to be accompanied and assisted by a representative, who may be an attorney. All representatives are subject to the restrictions of Parts 35 and 36 of the Code of Student Conduct. A plea of not responsible will be entered for respondents who fail to attend their scheduled Disciplinary Conference; the proceedings will proceed in their absence and the respondents will be notified via electronic mail of the conference outcome and sanctioning determination. 15. Disciplinary Conferences shall be conducted by the Director of Student Conduct or designee. The Director of Student Conduct or designee reserves the right to refer complex or contested cases to an Honor Review for adjudication. Respondents will be notified in writing of the conference outcome and sanctioning determination. No appeal will be granted for any decision made in a Disciplinary Conference. 16. The normal sanction for undergraduate students found responsible for violating the Code of Academic Integrity during a Disciplinary Conference is the grade of XF. The Director of Student Conduct or a designee will receive sanctioning recommendations from the Complainant. The Director of Student Conduct or a designee reserves the right to levy lesser or more severe sanctions depending on factors such as the nature and importance of the academic exercise; the degree of premeditation or planning, the extent of dishonest or malicious intent, and whether the violation is a first-time or repeat offense. PROCEDURES: RESOLUTION BY A HONOR REVIEW 17. An Honor Review is conducted by an Honor Board. The Board is convened by the Student Honor Council. It will normally consist of six persons, five of whom will be voting members. Determinations of the Honor Board will be by a majority vote (three votes or more). Honor Boards are selected as follows: Three (3) students selected by the Student Honor Council from among its members. In the event the student accused of academic dishonesty is a graduate student, then at least two (2) of the student members shall be graduate students. Two (2) faculty or staff members selected in accordance with selection procedures established by the Office of Student Conduct. In the event the student 4
5 accused of academic dishonesty is a graduate student, then at least one (1) of the persons selected shall be a regular member of the graduate faculty. The Honor Board shall have one (1) member who shall serve as the Presiding Officer. The Presiding Officer may be a student, faculty, or staff member of the University and will be selected by the Director of Student Conduct. 18. If the Director of Student Conduct determines that the Student Honor Council or an Honor Board cannot be convened within a reasonable period of time after an accusation is made, the Director of Student Conduct or designee may review the case. If there is reasonable cause to believe that an act of academic dishonesty has occurred or has been attempted, the Director of Student Conduct or designee will convene an ad hoc Honor Board by selecting and appointing two students and one faculty or staff member. Whenever possible, student members of ad hoc Honor Boards shall be members of the Student Honor Council. A non-voting presiding officer shall be appointed by the Director of Student Conduct. 19. The Campus Advocate or a designee shall serve as the Complainant at an Honor Review. The principal responsibilities of the Complainant are: To prepare a formal charge of academic dishonesty, and deliver it to the student and the Honor Board. The student will be deemed to have received notice on the date of delivery at the most recent address or electronic mail address ( ) provided to the University by the student; and To present the evidence and analysis upon which the charge is based to the Honor Board during the Honor Review; and To perform such other duties as may be requested by the Student Honor Council or the Honor Board. 20. The charge of academic dishonesty serves to give a student a reasonable understanding of the act and circumstances to be considered by the Honor Board, thereby placing the student in a position to contribute in a meaningful way to the inquiry. It also serves to provide initial focus to that inquiry. It is not, however, a technical or legal document, and is not analogous to an indictment or other form of process. The charge may be modified as the discussion proceeds, as long as the accused student is accorded a reasonable opportunity to prepare a response. 21. The purpose of an Honor Review is to explore and investigate the incident giving rise to the appearance of academic dishonesty, and to reach an informed conclusion as to whether or not academic dishonesty occurred. In keeping with the ultimate premise and justification of academic life, the duty of all persons at an Honor Review is to assist in a thorough and honest exposition of all related facts. The basic tenets of scholarship full and willing disclosure, accuracy of statement, and intellectual integrity in hypothesis, argument, and conclusion must always take precedence over the temptation to gain a particular resolution of the case. An Honor Review is not in the character of a criminal or civil legal proceeding. It is not modeled on 5
6 these adversarial systems; nor does it serve the same social functions. It is not a court or tribunal. Rather, it is an academic process unique to the community of scholars that comprise a university. 22. The role of the Presiding Officer is to exercise impartial control over the Honor Review in order to achieve an equitable, orderly, timely and efficient process. The Presiding Officer is authorized to make all decisions and rulings as are necessary and proper to achieve that end, including such decisions and rulings as pertain to scheduling and to the admissibility of evidence. If in the judgment of the Presiding Officer there is reasonable cause to question the impartiality of a board member, the Presiding Officer will so inform the Honor Council, which will reconstitute the board. 23. The Director of Student Conduct or a designee will select the date, time and place for the Honor Review, and notify all parties in writing a minimum of five (5) business days prior to the review. 24. The sequence of an Honor Review is necessarily controlled by the nature of the incident to be investigated and the character of the information to be examined. It thus lies within the judgment of the Presiding Officer to fashion the most reasonable approach. The following steps, however, have been found to be efficient, and are generally recommended: (d) (e) (f) (g) Complainant, and then the student or the student s advocate, summarizes the matter before the Honor Board, including any relevant information or arguments. The Complainant, and then the student, present and question persons having knowledge of the incident, and offer documents or other materials bearing on the case. The Complainant, the student and all members of the Honor Board may question any person giving testimony. The members of the Honor Board may ask the Complainant or the student any relevant questions. The members may also request any additional material or the appearance of other persons they deem appropriate. The Complainant, and then the student or the student s advocate, may make brief closing statements. The Honor Board meets privately to discuss the case, and reaches a finding by a majority vote. The Honor Board will not conclude that a student has attempted or engaged in an act of academic dishonesty unless, after considering all the information before it, a majority of members believe that such a conclusion is supported by clear and convincing evidence. If this is not the case, the Honor Board will dismiss the charge of academic dishonesty. If the Honor Board finds the student has engaged in an act of academic dishonesty, both the Complainant and the student or the student s advocate may recommend an appropriate sanction. Pertinent documents and other material may be offered. The Honor Board then meets privately to reach a decision regarding the sanction, which must be by a majority vote of its voting members. 6
7 (h) The Presiding Officer will provide the Complainant and the student with a written report of the Honor Board s determination. 25. Role of Advocate and Advisor: (d) (e) The accused student may be assisted by an advocate, who must be a registered, degree-seeking student at the University. The role of the advocate will be limited to: 1. Making brief opening and closing statements, as well as comments on appropriate sanction. 2. Suggesting relevant questions which the Presiding Officer may direct to witness. 3. Providing confidential advice to the student. The accused student may also be accompanied by an advisor, who may be an attorney. The role of the advisor during an Honor Review will be limited to providing confidential advice only to the accused student, not the advocate, provided such advice is given without interfering with or disrupting the Honor Review. Even if accompanied by an advocate and/or an advisor, the student must take an active and constructive role in the Honor Review. In particular, the student must fully cooperate with the Honor Board and respond to its inquiries without undue intrusion by an advocate or advisor. In consideration of the limited role of advocates and advisors, and of the compelling interest of the University to expeditiously conclude the matter, the work of an Honor Board will not, as a general practice, be delayed due to the unavailability of an advocate or an advisor. Honor Reviews may be recorded or transcribed. If a recording or transcription is not made, the decision of the honor board must include a summary of the testimony and shall be sufficiently detailed to permit review on appeal. Presence at an Honor Review lies within the judgment of the Presiding Officer. An Honor Review is a confidential investigation. It requires a deliberative and candid atmosphere, free from distraction. Accordingly, it is not open to the public or other interested persons. However, at the student s request, the Presiding Officer will permit a student s parents or spouse to observe and may permit a limited number of additional observers. The Presiding Officer may remove from the Honor Review any person who disrupts or impedes the investigation, or who fails to adhere to the rulings of the Presiding Officer. The Presiding Officer may direct that persons, other than the accused student or the Complainant, who are to be called upon to provide information, be excluded from the Honor Review except for that purpose. The members of the Honor Board may conduct private deliberations at such times and places as they deem proper. It is the responsibility of the person desiring the presence of a witness before an Honor Board to ensure that the witness appears. If necessary, a subpoena may be requested, in accordance with Part 36 of the Code of Student Conduct ix. Because experience has demonstrated that the actual appearance of an individual is of greater value than a written statement, the latter is discouraged and should not be used unless the individual cannot or reasonably should not be expected to appear. Any written statement must be dated, signed by the person making it, and 7
8 (f) witnessed by a University employee or by a person approved by the Director of Student Conduct (e.g., a notary). The work of an Honor Board will not, as a general practice, be delayed due to the unavailability of a witness. An Honor Review is not a trial. Formal rules of evidence commonly associated with a civil or criminal trial may be counterproductive in an academic investigatory proceeding, and shall not be applied. The Presiding Officer will accept for consideration all matters which reasonable persons would accept as having probative value in the conduct of their affairs. Unduly repetitious, irrelevant, or personally abusive material should be excluded. 26. If the Honor Board finds that an attempt or act of academic dishonesty did occur, it shall impose an appropriate sanction. The normal sanction for an undergraduate student who has been found responsible for violating the Code of Academic Integrity during an Honor Review is the grade of XF in the course. The normal sanction for a graduate student shall be dismissal (suspension or expulsion) from the University. Generally, acts involving advance planning, falsification of papers, conspiring with others, or some actual or potential harm to other students will merit a severe sanction, i.e. suspension or expulsion, even for a first offense. An attempt to commit an act shall be punished to the same extent as the consummated act. APPEALS 27. In cases where an Honor Board has determined the appropriate sanction to be less than suspension or expulsion, both the finding of responsibility and the sanction(s) of an Honor Board will be final, unless, within five (5) business days after the Board s written decision is sent to the student, and referring faculty member, the student or the referring faculty member notifies the Director of Student Conduct in writing of the intention of filing an appeal. The student may appeal both the findings and the penalty. The Complainant may appeal the penalty only. A written brief supporting any appeal must be submitted in writing to the Director of Student Conduct within an additional ten (10) business days. The opposing party shall be provided a reasonable opportunity to submit a written response. 28. Any member of the appellate body who has taken part in an Honor Review that is the subject of an appeal is not eligible to hear the appeal. 29. Decisions of the appellate body will be by majority vote, based upon the record of the original proceeding and upon written briefs. De novo x hearings (re-hearing of original case without deference to lower board s ruling) shall not be conducted. 30. Deference shall be given to the determinations of Honor Boards by the appellate body. Sanctions may only be reduced if found to be grossly disproportionate to the offense. Likewise, upon an appeal by the Complainant, sanctions may be 8
9 increased only if the original sanction is deemed to be grossly disproportionate to the offense. Cases may be remanded to a new Honor Board if specified procedural errors or errors in interpretation of this Code were so substantial as to effectively deny the accused student a fair hearing, or if new and significant evidence became available that could not have been discovered by a diligent respondent before or during the original Honor Board hearing. On remand, no indication or record of the previous hearing will be introduced or provided to the members of the new Honor Board, except to impeach contradictory testimony, at the discretion of the Presiding Officer. Cases may be dismissed only if the finding is held to be arbitrary and capricious. 31. If an Honor Board determines to suspend or expel a student, then the student may submit a written appeal to the Senate Committee on Student Conduct, in accordance with procedures set forth in Parts of the Code of Student Conduct. 32. Regardless of whether an appeal is filed, suspension requires approval by the Vice President for Student Affairs, and may be altered, deferred, or withheld. Expulsion requires approval by the President, and may be altered, deferred, or withheld. THE GRADE OF XF 33. The grade of XF is intended to denote a failure to accept and exhibit the fundamental value of academic honesty. The grade XF shall be recorded on the student s transcript with the notation failure due to academic dishonesty. The grade XF shall be treated in the same way as an F for the purposes of grade point average, course repeatability, and determination of academic standing. 34. No student with an XF on the student s transcript shall be permitted to represent the University in any extracurricular activity, or run for or hold office in any student organization which is allowed to use University facilities, or which receives University funds. 35. The student may file a written petition to the Student Honor Council to have the grade of XF removed and permanently replaced with the grade of F. The decision to remove the grade of XF and replace it with an F shall rest in the discretion and judgment of a majority of a quorum of the Council provided that: At the time the petition is received, at least twelve (12) months (or time otherwise specified by the Honor Council) shall have elapsed since the grade of XF was imposed; and, At the time the petition is received, the student shall have successfully completed a non-credit seminar on academic integrity, as administered by the Office of Student Conduct; or, for the person no longer enrolled at the University, an equivalent activity as determined by the Office of Student Conduct; and, 9
10 The Office of Student Conduct certifies that to the best of its knowledge the student has not been found responsible for any other act of academic dishonesty or similar disciplinary offense at the University of Maryland or another institution. 36. Prior to deciding a petition, the Honor Council will review the record of the case and consult with the Director of Student Conduct. Generally, the grade of XF ought not to be removed if awarded for an act of academic dishonesty requiring significant premeditation. If the XF grade is removed, records of the incident may be voided in accordance with Parts 51 and 52 of the Code of Student Conduct. The decision of the Honor Council shall not be subject to subsequent Honor Council review for four years, unless the Honor Council specifies an earlier date on which the petition may be reconsidered. Decisions pertaining to the removal of the XF grade penalty may be appealed to the Senior Vice President and Provost. If the Senior Vice President and Provost removes the grade of XF from the student s transcript, the Senior Vice President and Provost shall provide written reasons to the Honor Council. THE STUDENT HONOR COUNCIL 37. There shall be a Student Honor Council composed of qualified graduate and undergraduate students in good academic standing xi. 38. The members of the Student Honor Council are appointed for one (1) year terms, by the Director of Student Conduct, Director of Academic Integrity, and the Chair of the Honor Council. Students may be reappointed for additional one (1) year terms. 39. All Student Honor Council members are subject to the training and conduct requirements of Parts 27 and 28 of the Code of Student Conduct. 40. The Student Honor Council has the following responsibilities and authority: (d) (e) (f) To increase awareness throughout the campus of the importance of academic integrity. To develop bylaws subject to approval by the University for legal sufficiency and consistency with the requirements of this Code of Academic Integrity and the Code of Student Conduct. To designate from its members students to serve as members of Honor Boards as specified in this Code. To consider petitions for the removal of the grade of XF from University records in accordance with Part 35 of this Code. To assist in the design and teaching of the non-credit seminar on academic integrity and moral development, as determined by the Director of Student Conduct. To advise and consult with faculty and administrative officers on matters pertaining to academic integrity at the University. 10
11 (g) To issue an annual report to the University Senate on academic integrity standards, policies, and procedures, including recommendations for appropriate changes. 41. The campus administration shall provide an appropriate facility, reserved for the primary use of the Honor Council, and suitable for the conduct of hearings. Clerical and secretarial assistance will also be provided. FUTURE SELF GOVERNANCE 42. Insofar as academic dishonesty is most immediately injurious to the student body, and because the student body is in a unique position to challenge and deter it, it is the intent of the University that ultimately this Code will evolve into one where the provisions are marked by complete student administration. TERMS AD HOC HONOR BOARD board consisting of a presiding officer, two (2) students, and one (1) faculty or staff member appointed by the Director of Student Conduct or designee. ACADEMIC DISHONESTY see Part 1 of this Code. CHARGE OF ACADEMIC DISHONESTY a formal description of the case being considered by the Honor Board. CLEAR AND CONVINCING EVIDENCE that evidence which results in reasonable certainty of the truth of the ultimate fact in controversy. It requires more than a preponderance of the evidence but less than proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Clear and convincing evidence will be shown where the truth of the facts asserted is highly probable. COMPLAINANT individual responsible for preparing the charge of academic dishonesty and presenting the case before the Honor Board. The Complainant must be a registered, degreeseeking student. DISCIPLINARY CONFERENCE meeting between respondent and Director of Student Conduct or designee to resolve a case of academic dishonesty. The Director of Student Conduct or designee will be responsible for the finding of facts, determination of responsibility and sanctioning if respondent is found responsible. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE a committee of Honor Council officers, selected in accordance with Honor Council bylaws. HONOR BOARD body appointed by the Student Honor Council to hear and resolve a case of academic dishonesty. The board consists of five (5) voting members (three (3) student members of the Honor Council and two (2) faculty or staff members), and one (1) non-voting presiding officer. 11
12 HONOR REVIEW the process conducted by the Student Honor Council leading to resolution of an academic dishonesty case. PRELIMINARY INTERVIEW informal meeting prior to an Honor Review or Disciplinary Conference between the Director of Student Conduct or designee and a student accused of violating the Code of Academic Integrity to discuss the allegations and corresponding charges, the student s rights and responsibilities, and the options for resolution. PRESIDING OFFICER individual on the Honor Board responsible for directing proceedings during the Honor Review. The Presiding Officer is selected by the Director of Student Conduct. STUDENT HONOR COUNCIL students appointed by the Director of Student Conduct, the Director of Academic Integrity, and the Chair of the Honor Council. These students are charged with conducting Honor Reviews to resolve alleged academic integrity violations. i We are grateful to our colleagues and friends at the Center for Student Conduct at the University of California, Berkeley for inspiring this revised definition of Cheating for our Code of Academic Integrity and for granting the university permission to use and repurpose this portion of their Code of Conduct. ii The term Honor Council, used throughout the Code, permits reliance upon Honor Council committees, appointed in accordance with Council bylaws. iii Students who elect to self-refer for academic integrity violations are encouraged to utilize the Office of Student Conduct electronic referral form on the Office of Student Conduct website to detail the incident. iv The final sanction notice to the faculty instructor of the course where the incident took place shall be maintained in a file of self-referrals, but shall not be considered a disciplinary record. v Pertinent procedures for determining reasonable cause shall be set forth in the Honor Council bylaws. vi At the conclusion of the preliminary interview students reserve the right to request that the Director of Academic Integrity or a designee immediately conduct a Disciplinary Conference to resolve the matter in question. vii The statement shall include a reference to the right to be represented by an advocate, as specified in Part 25 of this Code. viii In every case the Office of Student Conduct should determine if a prior record exists. ix Before issuing a subpoena, the Director of Student Conduct may require that a party requesting the subpoena make a reasonable effort to secure voluntary compliance by a potential witness. x De novo: re-hearing of original case without deference to the lower board s ruling. xi The screening committee shall try to create an Honor Council that reflects the diversity of the campus, and is of sufficient size to resolve cases as promptly as possible. The determination of whether an Honor Council applicant is qualified rests within the discretion of the selection committee, provided that no uniform grade point cutoff is applied. A history of disciplinary or felonious misconduct may be sufficient grounds to disqualify any candidate. 12