Source: https://www.mruni.eu/en/mokslo_darbai/jurisprudencija/archyvas/index.php?print=Y&l=96627
Timestamp: 2019-08-18 21:53:28
Document Index: 304598244

Matched Legal Cases: ['Art. 19', 'Art. 1', 'Art. 19', 'Art. 92', 'Art. 95', 'Art. 19']

Jurisprudence, 2007, No. 1(91)
Joachim Arntz. Rechtsschutz gegenüber der öffentlichen Verwaltung: Rechtslage und Praxis in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
Abstract. Es dauerte mehr als 100 Jahre, bis ein umfassender Verwaltungsrechtsschutz durch unabhängige Gerichte zumindest im westlichen Teil Deutschlands verwirklicht wurde. Jetzt garantiert die Rechtsweggarantie des Art. 19 Abs. 4 des Grundgesetzes (GG) einen lückenlosen und effektiven gerichtlichen Schutz gegen Verletzungen der Rechtssphäre des Einzelnen durch Eingriffe der deutschen öffentlichen Gewalt. Der Rechtsweg ist auch dann eröffnet, wenn das einfache Gesetz eine Klagemöglichkeit nicht vorsieht. Da die Grundrechte die staatliche Gewalt auf allen Ebenen als unmittelbar geltendes Recht binden (Art. 1 Abs. 3 GG), ist ihre Bedeutung immens. Doch Art. 19 Abs. 4 GG garantiert den Rechtsweg nur gegen Eingriffe der "öffentlichen Gewalt". Öffentliche Gewalt in diesem Sinne ist jedenfalls die gesamte vollziehende Gewalt, unabhängig davon, ob sie als Verwaltung oder als Regierung zu qualifizieren ist [1]. Als Gerichte, welche die rechtsprechende Gewalt ausüben, führt Art. 92 GG das Bundesverfassungsgericht, die "in diesem Grundgesetz vorgesehenen Bundesgerichte" und die Gerichte der Länder auf. Als Bundesgerichte nennt Art. 95 GG neben dem für den Bereich der Zivil- und Strafgerichtsbarkeit zuständigen Bundesgerichtshof das Bundesverwaltungsgericht, den Bundesfinanzhof, das Bundesarbeitsgericht und das Bundessozialgericht. Ihnen entsprechen die fünf Gerichtszweige, die es in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland gibt. Sie alle nehmen Rechtsschutzaufgaben nach Art. 19 Abs. 4 GG wahr.
Die richterliche Unabhängigkeit dient der ordnungsgemäßen Erfüllung der staatlichen Aufgabe Rechtsprechung. Vollständige richterliche Unabhängigkeit besteht nur dort, wo der Richter sowohl sachlich als auch persönlich unabhängig ist.
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Klaus-Dieter Haase. Vorläufiger Rechtsschutz im deutschen Verwaltungsrecht: Funktion und Struktur
Abstract. Die Bedeutung des vorläufigen Rechtsschutzes in der forensischen Praxis ist groß. Die Funktion des vorläufigen Rechtsschutzes ist es, die Zeit bis zum rechtskräftigen Abschluss des Klageverfahrens zu überbrücken. Der vorläufige Rechtsschutz ergänzt insofern das Hauptsacheverfahren, indem er dessen volle Wirksamkeit absichert. Zur Effektivität von Rechtsschutz gehört wesentlich eine zeitliche Komponente: Rechtsschutz muss möglichst zeitnah gewährt werden. Reichweite und inhaltliche Grenzen des vorläufigen Rechtsschutzes folgen aus dem einstweiligen Charakter des vorläufigen Rechtsschutzes.
Für einzelne Rechtsgebiete des Verwaltungsrechts stellt der vorläufige Rechtsschutz wenn nicht die einzige, so doch die maßgebliche Form des Rechtsschutzes dar. Er wandelt sich insoweit vom gerichtlichen Neben- bzw. Sonderverfahren hin zum Regelverfahren. Das gilt namentlich für Verfahren auf Zulassung zum Studium und für versammlungsrechtliche Verfahren.
Als verfahrensrechtliche Institution ist der vorläufige Rechtsschutz in seinen Einzelheiten in der Verwaltungsgerichtsordnung (VwGO) geregelt. Dabei unterscheidet das Gesetz zwei eigenständige Verfahren des Eilrechtsschutzes: das verkürzend sogenannte Aussetzungsverfahren einerseits und das Verfahren auf Erlass einer einstweiligen Anordnung andererseits. Das Aussetzungsverfahren betrifft ausschließlich den einstweiligen Rechtsschutz im Zusammenhang mit der Vollziehung belastender Verwaltungsakte.
Die einstweilige Anordnung ist das Mittel des vorläufigen Rechtsschutzes in allen sonstigen Fällen. Das Aussetzungs- und das Anordnungsverfahren sind jeweils selbständige gerichtliche Verfahren.
In Anbetracht ihrer unterschiedlichen Anwendungsbereiche schließen sich das Aussetzungs- und das Anordnungsverfahren an sich gegenseitig aus.
Die Verfahren des vorläufigen Rechtsschutzes sind nach einer in gerichtlichen Entscheidungen häufig zu lesenden Formulierung „summarische“ Verfahren. Das macht deutlich, dass die Sach- und Rechtslage im vorläufigen Verfahren schon wegen der zeitlichen Zwänge nicht in gleicher Weise ausgelotet werden kann wie im Klageverfahren.
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Stasys Vėlyvis, Vigintas Višinskis, Inga Žalėnienė. The Complaint of the Procedural Actions of Bailiff
Abstract. The Civil Procedure Code of the Republic of Lithuania provides several ways to defend the infringed rights. One of them is to hear the civil case by summary trial. Judicial proceedings of civil cases in summary trial are performed following simplified procedural requirements; the court plays an active role during such procedure, and hearing of such cases usually takes less time than procedure by litigation. Actions of bailiff can be complained using summary proceeding.
Procedure of submission of complaints for bailiff’s actions is regulated by articles 510-513 of the Civil Procedure Code of the Republic of Lithuania. Noncomprehensive legal regulation brings a lot of problems to judicial practice.
In this article the authors analyse subjects of a plaint for bailiff’s actions as well as objects of the plaint. In Lithuania, bailiff’s activity is divided into functions that bailiff performs and services that he provides.
A bailiff performs his functions executing legal executive documents, by the order of court fixing actual circumstances or passing and handing over documents to persons and entities situated in Lithuania, performing other functions provided in legal acts. A bailiff provides services saving (administrating) property in execution process, fixing actual circumstances in absence of court order, passing and handing over documents to persons and entities situated in Lithuania in absence of court order, providing legal consultancy, selling movable pro- perty at pawn at an auction, mediating in execution of obligations. The authors of the article draw the conclusion that only bailiff’s actions performed as a function of bailiff can be complained by the procedure provided in the article 510 of the Civil Process Code.
The Civil Process Code does not provide with a range of subjects that can submit a plaint for bailiff’s actions.
A plaint for bailiff’s actions can be submitted by a person directly participating in execution process whose rights or legal interests are infringed by a bailiff performing or non-performing procedural actions during an execution of judicial decision. Such a person may be an executor, a debtor, a provider of gage, a person participating in auction, an employer of the debtor executing bailiff’s order concerning attachment of earning etc. A plaint can be submitted only for procedural actions performed by bailiff or rejection to perform procedural actions. On the ground of judicial practice, the authors make a conclusion that any form of execution of bailiff’s procedural action can be complained. The Civil Process Code provides that it is possible to complain a rejection to perform procedural actions. Rejection to perform procedural actions shall be considered not inactivity but an active operation.
Insufficiently clear regulation of territorial and dispositional jurisdiction of complaints for bailiff’s actions as well as period for submission of the plaint aggravate a defence of infringed rights. The authors analyse the Civil Procedure Code, Instruction of execution of judicial decision, and judicial practice, regulating territorial jurisdiction. It is concluded in the article that following the principles of dispositional jurisdiction cases for plaints for bailiff’s actions shall be heard by courts of common law. However procedure of execution of nonpecuniary administrative cases should be controlled by administrative courts and within this category of cases plaints for bailiff’s actions should be accredited to them.
In practice, there arises a problem how to detect a moment until which a complaint for bailiff actions can be submitted. After evaluation of legal regulation and judicial practice it is concluded in the article that a complaint can be submitted before the execution actions are completed. In that cases, infringed rights can be defended by submitting a plaint for litigation trial.
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Ingrida Mačernytė-Panomariovienė. The Influence of International Labour Standards on Ships over the Labour Relations of Lithuanian Seafarers
Abstract. It is very important for Lithuania as a maritime state, a member of International Labour Organization (hereinafter – ILO) and a member of International Maritime Organization (hereinafter – IMO) to elaborate and develop maritime transport, as well as to set minimum labour standards for seafarers. Until now Lithuania has ratified a few special ILO conventions out of 68 and one IMO convention, which sets minimum labour standards for seafarers.
There are no studies or research done in the sphere of regulating the maritime labour relations. The aim of this article is to analyse labour standards on ships in international and national level, as well as to inform about legal loopholes concerning labour relations of seafarers working in ships under Lithuanian flag jurisdiction. In order to achieve the aim of this article the following tasks are set: to analyse the development of labour relations on ships, to overview international organizations` impact towards global harmonization of seafarers’ labour conditions as well as to list the gaps in implementation of seafarers labour standards in Lithuania. The object of the article is social legal relations, concerning application of international labour standards to seafarers in Lithuanian labour law.
The following methods were used during the research: historical – genetic, explanatory and analytical. The article consists of introductory part, three main parts and conclusions. In the first part of the article the impact of international organizations on the regulation of the seafarers’ labour relations is analysed. Two major organizations which have the most impact on regulating labour relations and accommodation facilities of the seafarers are separated – International Labour organization and International Maritime organization. In the second and third part of the article the transfer of the international labour standards to Lithuanian legal basis before and after independence (1990) restoration are analysed.
Lithuanian membership in international organizations is not only important while becoming a competitive maritime state but also because of possibilities of harmonizing seafarers labour conditions globally. This is why ratification of the 2006 Consolidated Maritime Labour Convention adopted during the Maritime Session of the International Labor Conference would ease Lithuania’s competition in global maritime transport market and would assure the acknowledgement while securing the rights and social guarantees of the seafarers working not only in ships under Lithuanian flag jurisdiction but also in other ships of the contracting states of the Convention coming to Lithuanian ports. Yet there are many legal changes to be done and even new laws to be enacted by the Lithuanian Government before the ratification of the Convention taker place.
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Edita Gruodytė. Conception of Injured Person in Section on Crimes against Activity of Public Official or Person Fulfilling Public Administrative Functions
Abstract. For the first time all criminal norms related to the offences related to the activities of persons fulfilling administrative functions (when criminals disturb their normal functioning) are gathered into separate chapter of criminal code, also in comparison with old criminal code (1961) criminal responsibility is broadened (because old criminal code tried to protect only some of them- police and their supporters, representatives of government and society). Also instead of aforementioned narrow old terms two new categories: the terms “public official” and “other persons fulfilling public administrative functions” are for the first time used in Lithuanian criminal code to identify the victim of the crime. Before (in criminal code of 1961) the term “public official” was used to define only a subject of the crime.
The aim of the article is to look into reform of criminal code with relation to the mentioned definitions later to define aforementioned existing categories, identify their main features in order to help the correct usage of the articles of criminal code in theory and practice.
The author makes conclusion that the reform is positive because it reflects general tendencies in society and helps to realize the principle of justice and the principle that persons are equal against the law.
In trying to reveal the content of new categories the author identifies some problems. First of all incorrect usage of terms in formulation of legal norms when legislator instead of indicating that public officials is part of group of persons fulfilling administrative functions says that there are public officials and persons fulfilling administrative functions what is totally incorrect understanding. There are several practical problems in deciding which norm – administrative ore criminal to apply in the case because in some features both liabilities are identical. The author tries to solve existing questions analysing legal norms and the practice of the Highest Lithuanian court.
After discussing the existing problems, making historical analysis of the criminal norms, the author proposes solutions how to solve the existing shortcomings of the articles at least temporarily, because in the nearest future Lithuania must enact new administrative code and some problems hopefully would be solved.
The article is made using historical, analytical, grammatical, comparative scientific methods using critical approach.
Criminal laws are discussed using Lithuanian court practice.
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Oksana Vladimirovna Isaenkova, Аleksej Аndrejevič Demičev. The Codification of Law Enforcement in Russia: the Present Situation and Prospects of Development
Abstract. The article deals with the project of code enforcement in Russia, its criticism and the prospects of its development.
The theories of law enforcement in Russian jurisprudence are described. The opinion that the law enforcement is just the institution of civil proceedings and could not be singled out as an independent branch of law is expressed and criticized. Contrary to the opinion that the Supreme Court due to the legal practice can settle the process of enforcement and amend its legal loopholes, the authors try to prove the necessity of legal ground and suggest the way of arranging laws in a system – codification. According to the authors, the increase in the efficiency of enforcement is possible while establishing a united system of law enforcement as a separate branch of law, without leaving enforcement rules scattered throughout many different branches of law.
The authors of the article criticize the opinions that suggest stiffening the responsibility for noncompliance with the decisions because of the debtor’s contradictions with the personal immunity principle in the process of enforcement, and at the same time the minimum legal security guarantees are violated by the parties of enforcement.
The article indicates that in the legal acts of 1997, which regulate the bailiffs’ actions, the bailiffs’ independence was considered to be positive. The present law-making trials due to the regulation of relations in the process of enforcement are confronted with these contradictions: on one hand, the execution of court decisions cannot be equalled only by the administration of justice, on the other hand, the execution of court decisions cannot be separated from the administration of justice, because it is considered to be its continuation.
The authors emphasize the reasons for the absence of the united law-making procedure. In their opinion, the reason for the absence of the united law-making strategy in law enforcement is that different branches of law in Russia are contending for the regulation of the executive documents. The attitude to the law enforcement as a part of the civil (arbitration) proceedings is described too. The idea that the legal relations of enforcement are attributed to the category of administrative legal relations has been brought out into the open recently. The seconders of administrative conception enforcement suggest developing law-making in accordance with technical rules of administrative law-making.
The modern prospects of development in law-making of law enforcement should be based on the proportion of enforcement to the civil proceedings as a proportion originated from outcomes and reasons, but not as the one originated from the part and the whole.
The authors draw a conclusion that the independence and particularity of law enforcement are indicated by its regulation: firstly, it is not the consequence of the obligatory civil or administrative proceedings, secondly, the common ground of its origin can be the documents received in the non-procedural way.
On the analogy of standard structure, law enforcement can be considered as a particular sanction for the other branches of law – civil and administrative one. If the legal rule of the civil proceedings is intended to establish the enforcement order of substantial rule, the procedural rules of enforcement distinguish between the procedural and substantial sanctions. Such an interpretation of law enforcement should be the pivot on which the first code of enforcement of Russia revolves.
According to the authors, codification is the most promising and expedient way to develop the branch of law enforcement and the legislation of code enforcement will increase the efficiency of enforcement institutes.
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Gytis Kuncevičius. The Fraudulent Management of Finance Accounting as the Mean of Tax Evasion: Administrative and Criminal Responsibility
Abstract. The fraudulent management of finance accounting is one of the most common means of tax evasion. The legal acts of Lithuania lay criminal and administrative responsibility for this infringement. However the legal acts are not harmonized with each other, there is no clear division between different kinds of responsibility. In order to avoid the consequences of gaps of the laws, there is a need to pay reasonable attention to the issues concerning the administrative and criminal responsibility for the infringements of tax evasion. There is a need to form logical and harmonized system of means of responsibility which could help to react to the threats to state‘s and societies and every person’s financial interests on time. The criminal and administrative responsibilities are not harmonized with each other and therefore some problems occur. One of the problems is that the dispositions of parts 3 and 5 of article 173¹ of Code of Infringements of Administrative Law of Republic of Lithuania (CIAL) establish the situation where the scope of administrative infringement collides with scope of criminal act creating the competition between administrative and criminal responsibility. That means that the analogical infringement could fall under either administrative or criminal responsibility. In order to harmonize criminal and administrative norms in this field, there is need to remove the indication of exact amounts of money which offenders are trying to avoid from the dispositions of parts 3 and 5 of article 173¹ of CIAL.
There is also need to remove disproportion between criminal and administrative sanctions. The draft CIAL does not provide the constitution of the fraudulent management of finance accounting at all. The article 188 of draft CIAL provides only general constitution of this infringement, where the responsibility for the infringement of finance accounting legal acts is provided. Such a proposal is not rational because intentional and negligent infringements are joined into one group.
Such a constitution will not allow choosing proper sanction for different gravity infringements. We suggest that the constitution as it is in draft CIAL could be used for reckless and minor infringements and the fraudulent management of finance accounting should be punished more strictly. Therefore there is need to embed the constitution of the fraudulent management of finance accounting in the draft CIAL and to harmonize it with the article 222 of Criminal Code of Lithuania. We suggest that the constitution of the fraudulent management of finance accounting could be formulated as follows: “the fraudulent management of finance accounting in order to avoid or avoiding taxes is punished with the fine from x to y Litas to natural persons and from q to z Litas to legal persons.”
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Justinas Usonis. Problems of Legal Regulation of Health and Safety at Work in Road Transport Sector
Abstract. The paper deals with problems of reglamentation of health and safety at work in road transport sector in the Republic of Lithuania. The author pays attention to the fact that a lot of standards are provided in international, European, and national legal acts but there is no sector-specific provisions on health and safety for the road transport sector. However the statistics shows that road transport sector is one of the most dangerous sectors with a growing number of accidents at work.
Both European Community and national legal framework on health and safety is very complex and not very clear and has to be simplified and rationalised. The lack of provisional information from State labour inspectorate and other competent institutions about existing and new requirements on specifics of health and safety at work in road transport is marked. Due to the lack of dialogue between social partners, there are difficulties with the local (establishment-level) regulation of safety and health at work. Trade unions are not active in process of consultation and information of employees inside establishments. Therefore the road transport operators are not able to sort out, enact in local legal acts and observe all the standards in this field.
The author makes a proposal that in order to ensure safety and health at work of road transport workers, it is nec- essary to appoint the Ministry of Social Security and Labour together with the Ministry of Transport and Communications to prepare the sector-specific health and safety at work legal acts and enact them as model for road transport sector. The State institutions must consult employers and publish literature on concrete sector-specific requirements. Thus alongside establishment of standards the State must also provide the real legal and social help for the road transport sector employers having more than 50 000 employees in Lithuania and share the responsibility of implementation of health and safety at work standards in practice.
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Audronė Dziegoraitienė. The Culture and the European Union Law: in Search of Orrelation
Abstract. The correlation of the EU law and the culture are analysed in the article. The miscellaneous nature of the analysed subject-matter demonstrates the complexity of combining hardly compatible elements, namely, the culture and law, into a juridical structure, the latter lacking not only a clear centre but also a specific plan to establish the interrelation between the subjects.
The aim of the paper is to investigate the correlation of the culture and the EU law under theoretical and practical aspects. To achieve the aim, the following objectives were raised : a) to introduce the perspective of the culture and the EU law by revealing dominating problems and tendencies; b) to present the relation between the EU law and culture in the background of N. Luhmann's theory of autopoiesis; c) to review the scope of the culture as regulated in the Consolidated Version Of the Treaty On the European Union together with the judicial practice as a whole.
Observations on the nature of modern culture, as seen in the context of the EU legal and political goals, are presented in the introductory part. In the first part of the article, the analysis of the culture concept as a multidimensional element is given; in the second part, a short review of the EU law and culture under the autopoiesis or organized systems' theory, which particularly suits the purpose of revealing the analysis of coherence search, is presented. This theory enabled to analyse the culture in the European Union law in the context of systems, and to clarify the relationship of the EU law and the culture in the cases when there is a try to judicially define the system and the concept of culture in the EU law. In the third part, more consideration is given to the analysis of the EU legal base. Initially, the European Community underlined the priority of economic development, thus, there was no wonder that the question of culture was ignored. However, in the course of Community development, the significance of culture was growing until it became a new matter of interest of the EU in Maastricht. Consequently, the commentary on Article 151 of the Consolidated Version Of the Treaty On the European Union is distinguished in the paper. Alongside, cases pertinent to the presented theme are selected. In conclusion, the findings and the evaluation of the EU law and the culture interrelation are presented by taking into consideration the goals of law and the synthesis of law practices and culture.
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Egidija Stauskienė. Rechtsnatur der Zwangsvollstreckungs
Abstract. Der Zivilprozess endet sich nicht mit der Fällung der Gerichtsentscheidung. Damit ihre Rechtskraft realisiert wird, muss die Gerichtsentscheidung vollzogen werden. Fall die gefällte Gerichtsentscheidung freiwillig nicht ausgeführt wird, erfolgt ihre Zwangsvollstreckung. Im solchen Fall wird das Vollzugsverfahren durchgeführt. Davon wie die Gerichtsentscheidungen vollzogen werden, hängt ab, wie das Verfassungsrechts auf gerichtliche Verteidigung realisiert wird, wie wirksam die verletzte oder strittige subjektive Rechte der Person oder die von Gesetzen geschützte Interessen verteidigt werden. Im Gegenfall wären sowohl das Recht auf gerichtliche Verteidigung selbst, als auch die Gerichtsentscheidung rein deklarativ. Das könnte das Vertrauen der Gesellschaft zu Gerichten, ihr Ansehen vermindern. Der besste, rasche und ökonomische Weg der Vollstreckung der Gerichtsentscheidung ist ihre freiwillige Ausführung, ohne des Zwangseingriffes des Staates. Doch die gegenwärtige Situation in Litauen zeugt davon, dass der Staat einen effektiven Rechtsmechanismus für den geeigneten und raschen Vollzugsverfahren schaffen muss. Es bestehen einige vorherrschende Auffassungen wegen der Rechtsnatur des Vollzugsverfahrens. Einerseits wird das Vollzugsverfahren als Fortsetzung der Zivilsache und entsprechend als das letzte, abschließende Stadium des Zivilprozesses betrachtet. Der anderen Auffassung nach wird das Vollzugsverfahren für selbständigen Rechtszweig, der durch die Normen des Vollzugsrechts geregelt wird, gehalten. Einige Vertreter des Prozessrechts hälten das Vollzugsverfahren für den Teil der Verwaltungsprozesses. Im vorliegenden Artikel werden die Argumente der oben erwähnten Auffassungen sowie ihre Begründungen dargeboten. Im Artikel werden die Identifizierungsprobleme des Vollzugsverfahrens als eines Teils des Zivilprozesses und als eines Teils des Verwaltungsprozesses sowie eines eigenständigen Rechtszweiges und Fragen der Stellung des Vollzugsverfahrens im Rechtssystem Litauens erörtert. Die oben genannten Fragen wurden in der Doktrin des Zivilprozessrechts Litauens nicht genauer untersucht.
Meistens werden die Fragen der Rechtsnatur des Voll- zugsverfahrens allein in Zivilprozesslehrbüchern episodisch behandeln. Der Ansicht der Autorin nach, bleibt die Frage der Rechtsnatur des Vollzugsverfahrens sowohl im litauischen als auch im Recht der anderen Ländern diskutabel. Im Artikel werden einige Schlussfolgerungen gezogen, die die Einheit der Ziele, Prinzipien sowie der einigen Instituten des Vollzugsverfahrens und Zivilprozesses begründen.
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Irma Randakevičienė. Reopening a Criminal Case: Conception and the Leader Types
Abstract. The article analyses a new theme, which has not yet been analysed in Lithuanian research. Though it could hardly be stated that a reopening of the criminal proceedings is the most pressing issue to be analysed by the today’s researchers, nevertheless, this form of control over the reasonableness and lawfulness of court judgements must be given theoretical foundation. This is the only way to give essence to the whole system of control over court judgements that exists in the criminal procedure. It must be consistent. It is necessary to prevent one form of control duplicating another or overlapping with it. Meanwhile, reopening of criminal proceedings, included into the system of control over court judgements, offers the last chance to restore justice in a criminal case. The reasonableness of a court judgement and its lawfulness are subjected to review, review is also extended to the final res judicata judgements. Such instances when criminal cases are reopened are not frequent in the court practice; and there is nothing wrong in it – the criminal procedure must be stable. Even though reopening of criminal proceedings is an exceptional possibility, it is noted that over a hundred judgements are reviewed every year because of manifestly improper application of law.
It is described in the article that a reopening of criminal proceedings is an exceptional stage or phase of the criminal procedure, thus eliminating all the ambiguities related with the role of this form of control over court judgements in the procedure. A new approach is applied to the determination of the types of the reopening of criminal proceedings taking in regard the grounds and procedure for the reopening of criminal proceedings that function the criminal procedures of various countries. Apart from the division of grounds into in favorem and in defavorem, no other types of reopening criminal proceedings have yet been determined in any country.
The article reveals features characteristic to all types of the reopening of criminal proceedings, i.e., to reopening of criminal proceedings as a form of control over court judgements.
This form is not compared to cassation or appeal, as the analysis of this aspect will be the subject matter of another articles. Here, the focus was given to the principal aspects of the concept of the reopening of criminal proceedings, as this is a completely new theme.
In current years, the institute of the reopening of criminal proceedings has been given considerable attention in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, therefore the author considerably relies on the attitudes of this Court.
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Vytautas Kurpuvesas, Marius Sargevičius. Implementation of the Legal System Rules in the Field of Public Security
Abstract. Since 1998, a reorganisation of internal regiments of the Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of Lithuania (referred to as regiments) has been going on in Lithuania. First two stages of the reorganisation have passed without major discussions or problems: regiments no longer use draftsmen of national mandatory military service, the function of supervision of detention facilities has been commissioned to the Prisons Department under the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Lithuania. Such a reform necessitated changes in the organisational structure, resource management and functions, which should have been culminated in creation of specialised police forces subordinated to the Minister of the Interior.
The article discusses the issues pertaining to legal status and reorganisation of the regiments.
Since the creation of regiments, legal regulation of activities and service was noted for its complexity and lack of coherent, logic legal basis. The quality of regulation of activities and service in the regiments has changed once the Statute of Internal Service was adopted. However, in the Statute, regiments were not listed in the system of interior, and the problem of legitimacy of regiments arose. Since regiments were not listed as agencies of interior, their status, place in the system and legal basis were unclear. Such situation should be treated as a negative one from the perspective of legitimate expectations mad legal certainty. Officers of the regiments have to work in such an uncertainty, their legal status is unclear as there are the applicable social guarantees.
The article discusses two possible options for reorganisation: reforming the regiments into special police forces or into an agency under the Ministry. The latter is suggested since problematic outcomes could be avoided, which would arise should they be reformed into special police forces: 1) reforming regiments into special police forces would run against the Code of Punishment which regulates the institutional framework of agencies ensuring the execution of punishments (convoy, riot control); 2) an option to support armed forces in case of war would be lost; 3) it would not be ensured that there are mobile response forces ready to act and support other law enforcement authorities for restoration of public order and support in emergency situations (riots in prisons; during mass events; wide fires; floods, etc.); 4) damage would be done to the image of the police as an institution protecting human rights and freedoms, providing assistance to persons who suffered from criminal acts and other law infringements, ensuring supervision of traffic, etc.; 5) Lithuania does not have long-running democratic traditions, therefore it should not be purposeful to concentrate special forces in “same hands”. It is suggested that the reform of the regiments should be decided by the Government together with the Ministry of the Interior, taking into account the opinion of the management of the regiments.
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