Source: http://www.google.com/patents/US8038625?dq=2040248
Timestamp: 2014-12-29 14:51:42
Document Index: 35568782

Matched Legal Cases: ['art 10', 'art 10', 'art 10', 'art 10', 'art 10', 'art 10']

Patent US8038625 - System and method for three-dimensional mapping of electrophysiology information - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsAn electrophysiology apparatus is used to measure electrical activity occurring in a heart of a patient and to visualize the electrical activity and/or information related to the electrical activity. A three-dimensional map of the electrical activity and/or the information related to the electrical activity...http://www.google.com/patents/US8038625?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US8038625 - System and method for three-dimensional mapping of electrophysiology informationAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS8038625 B2Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 11/227,006Publication dateOct 18, 2011Filing dateSep 15, 2005Priority dateSep 15, 2005Also published asCA2622638A1, EP1931247A2, EP1931247A4, EP1931247B1, EP2298165A1, US20070073179, WO2007035306A2, WO2007035306A3Publication number11227006, 227006, US 8038625 B2, US 8038625B2, US-B2-8038625, US8038625 B2, US8038625B2InventorsValtino X. Afonso, Kedar Ravindra Belhe, Jeffrey A. SchweitzerOriginal AssigneeSt. Jude Medical, Atrial Fibrillation Division, Inc.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (71), Non-Patent Citations (11), Referenced by (1), Classifications (13), Legal Events (2) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetSystem and method for three-dimensional mapping of electrophysiology informationUS 8038625 B2Abstract An electrophysiology apparatus is used to measure electrical activity occurring in a heart of a patient and to visualize the electrical activity and/or information related to the electrical activity. A three-dimensional map of the electrical activity and/or the information related to the electrical activity is created. Exemplary maps include a time difference between action potentials at a roving electrode and a reference electrode, the peak-to-peak timing of action potentials at the roving electrode, the peak negative voltage of action potentials at the roving electrode, complex fractionated electrogram information, a dominant frequency of an electrogram signal, a maximum peak amplitude at the dominant frequency, a ratio of energy in one band of the frequency-domain to the energy in a second band of the frequency-domain, a low-frequency or high-frequency passband of interest, a frequency with the maximum energy in a passband, a number of peaks within a passband, an energy, power, and/or area in each peak, a ratio of energy and/or area in each peak to that in another passband, and a width of each peak in a spectrum. Colors, shades of colors, and/or grayscales are assigned to values of the parameters and colors corresponding to the parameters for the electrograms sampled by the electrodes are updated on the three-dimensional model.
at least one processor adapted to determine position information representative of said position data, to determine data information representative of said electrical data,
wherein said data information comprises complex fractionated electrogram information representative of said electrical data, wherein the complex fractionated electrogram information comprises a variance in time between discrete electrogram activations,
correlating said data information to said position information; and
4. The system of claim 1, wherein said data information further comprises frequency-domain information representative of said complex fractionated electrogram information.
5. The system of claim 4, wherein said frequency-domain information is determined via a fast Fourier transform of said complex fractionated electrogram information.
6. The system of claim 1, wherein said map comprises a three-dimensional model.
7. The system of claim 6, wherein said data information is presented via said three-dimensional model on which said data information is mapped to said plurality of locations corresponding to said data information. Description
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention expands the previous capabilities of cardiac electrophysiology mapping systems to provide additional diagnostic data using both the time domain and frequency domain representations of electrophysiology data. A three-dimensional map of the electrical activity and/or the information related to the electrical activity is created. Exemplary maps include a time difference between action potentials at a roving electrode and a reference electrode, the peak-to-peak voltage of action potentials at the roving electrode, the peak negative voltage of action potentials at the roving electrode, complex fractionated electrogram information, a dominant frequency of an electrogram signal, a maximum peak amplitude at the dominant frequency, a ratio of energy in one band of the frequency-domain to the energy in a second band of the frequency-domain, a low-frequency or high-frequency passband of interest, a frequency with the maximum energy in a passband, a number of peaks within a passband, an energy, power, and/or area in each peak, a ratio of energy and/or area in each peak to that in another passband, and a width of each peak in a spectrum. Colors, shades of color, and/or grayscales are assigned to values of the parameters and colors, shades of colors, and/or grayscales corresponding to the parameters for the electrograms sampled by the electrodes are updated on the three-dimensional model.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION System Level Overview and Basic Location Methodology
The patient 11 is depicted schematically as an oval for simplicity. Three sets of surface electrodes (e.g., patch electrodes) are shown applied to a surface of the patient 11 along an X-axis, a Y-axis, and a Z-axis. The X-axis surface electrodes 12, 14 are applied to the patient along a first axis, such as on the lateral sides of the thorax region of the patient (e.g., applied to the patient's skin underneath each arm) and may be referred to as the Left and Right electrodes. The Y-axis electrodes 18, 19 are applied to the patient along a second axis generally orthogonal to the X-axis, such as along the inner thigh and neck regions of the patient, and may be referred to as the Left Leg and Neck electrodes. The Z-axis electrodes 16, 22 are applied along a third axis generally orthogonal to the X-axis and the Y-axis, such as along the sternum and spine of the patient in the thorax region and may be referred to as the Chest and Back electrodes. The heart 10 lies between these pairs of surface electrodes. An additional surface reference electrode (e.g., a �belly patch�) 21 provides a reference and/or ground electrode for the system 8. The belly patch electrode 21 is an alternative to a fixed intra-cardiac electrode 31. It should also be appreciated that in addition, the patient 11 will have most or all of the conventional electrocardiogram (ECG) system leads in place. This ECG information is available to the system 8 although not illustrated in the FIG. 1.
A representative catheter 13 having at least a single electrode 17 (e.g., a distal electrode) is also shown. This representative catheter electrode 17 is referred to as the �roving electrode� or �measurement electrode� throughout the specification. Typically, multiple electrodes on the catheter will be used. In one embodiment, for example, the system 8 may comprise up to sixty-four electrodes on up to twelve catheters disposed within the heart and/or vasculature of the patient. Of course, this embodiment is merely exemplary, and any number of electrodes and catheters may be used within the scope of the present invention.
Thus, any two of the surface electrodes 12, 14, 16, 18, 19, 22 may be selected as a dipole source and drain with respect to a ground reference, e.g., the belly patch 21, while the unexcited electrodes measure voltage with respect to the ground reference. The roving electrode or measurement electrode 17 placed in the heart 10 is exposed to the field from a current pulse and is measured with respect to ground, e.g., the belly patch 21. In practice the catheters within the heart may contain multiple electrodes and each electrode potential may be measured. As previously noted, at least one electrode may be fixed to the interior surface of the heart to form a fixed reference electrode 31, which is also measured with respect to ground. Data sets from each of the surface electrodes, the internal electrodes, and the virtual electrodes are all used to determine the location of the measurement electrode 17 or other electrodes within the heart 10.
All of the raw electrode voltage data is measured by the A/D converter 26 and stored by the computer 20 under the direction of software. This electrode excitation process occurs rapidly and sequentially as alternate sets of surface electrodes are selected and the remaining non-driven electrodes are used to measure voltages. This collection of voltage measurements is referred to herein as the �electrode data set.� The software has access to each individual voltage measurement made at each electrode during each excitation of each pair of surface electrodes.
The raw electrode data is used to determine the �base� location in three-dimensional space (X, Y, Z) of the electrodes inside the heart, such as the roving electrode or measurement electrode 17, and any number of other electrodes located in or around the heart and/or vasculature of the patient 11. FIG. 2 shows a catheter 13, which may be a conventional electrophysiology (EP) catheter, extending into the heart 10. In FIG. 2, the catheter 13 extends into the left ventricle 50 of the heart 10. The catheter 13 comprises the distal roving or measurement electrode 17 discussed above with respect to FIG. 1 and has additional electrodes 52, 54, and 56. Since each of these electrodes lies within the patient (e.g., in the left ventricle of the heart), location data may be collected simultaneously for each of the electrodes. In addition, when the electrodes are disposed adjacent to the surface, although not necessarily directly on the surface of the heart, and when the current source 25 is �off� (i.e., when none of the surface electrode pairs is energized), at least one of the electrodes 17, 52, 54, and 56 can be used to measure electrical activity (e.g., voltage) on the surface of the heart 10.
The electrode data may also be used to create a respiration compensation value used to improve the raw location data for the electrode locations as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/819,027 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,263,397), which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The electrode data may also be used to compensate for changes in the impedance of the body of the patient as described in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/227,580 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,885,707), filed contemporaneously with this application on 15 Sep. 2005, which is also incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
In one variation, for example, a convex hull may be generated using standard algorithms such as Qhull. The Qhull algorithm, for example, is described in Barber, C. B., Dobkin, D. P., and Huhdanpaa, H. T., �The Quickhull algorithm for convex hulls,� ACM Trans. on Mathematical Software, 22(4):469-483, December 1996. Other algorithms used to compute a convex hull shape are known and may also be suitable for use in implementing the invention. This surface is then re-sampled over a more uniform grid and interpolated to give a reasonably smooth surface stored as a three-dimensional model for presentation to the physician during the same or a later procedure. Such a three-dimensional model, for example, provides an estimated boundary of the interior of the heart region from the set of points.
Various electrophysiology data may be measured and presented to a cardiologist through the display 23 of the system 8 shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 4 depicts an illustrative computer display that may be displayed via the computer 20. The display 23, for example, may be used to show data to a user, such as a physician, and to present certain options that allow the user to tailor the configuration of the system 8 for a particular use. It should be noted that the contents on the display can be easily modified and the specific data presented is illustrative only and not limiting of the invention. An image panel 60 shows a three-dimensional model of a heart chamber 62 identifying regions that received a depolarization waveform at the same time, i.e., �isochrones,� mapped to the model in false color or grayscale. The isochrones are, in one variation, mapped to three-dimensional coordinates (e.g., X, Y, Z) corresponding to the electrogram from which they were obtained. The isochrones are also shown in guide bar 64 as a key, identifying information associated with a particular color or grayscale mapped to the three-dimensional model. In this image, the locations of multiple electrodes on a pair of catheters are also mapped to the three-dimensional model. Other data that may be mapped to the heart surface model include, for example, the magnitude of a measured voltage and the timing relationship of a signal with respect to heartbeat events. Further, the peak-to-peak voltage measured at a particular location on the heart wall may be mapped to show areas of diminished conductivity and may reflect an infarct region of the heart.
In the variation shown in FIG. 4, for example, the guide bar 64 is graduated in milliseconds and shows the assignment of each color or grayscale to a particular time relationship mapped to the three-dimensional model. The relationship between the color or grayscale on the three-dimensional model image 62 and the guide bar 64 can also be determined by a user with reference to the information shown in panel 66. FIG. 5 shows an enlargement of the panel 66 depicted in FIG. 4. The panel 66, in this variation, shows timing information used to generate isochrones mapped on the three-dimensional model 62 shown in FIG. 4. In general, a fiducial point is selected as the �zero� time. In FIG. 5, for example, the inflection point 70 of a voltage appearing on a reference electrode is used as the primary timing point for the creation of isochrones. This voltage may be acquired from either a virtual reference or a physical reference (e.g., the fixed reference electrode 31 shown in FIG. 1). In this variation, the voltage tracing corresponding to the fiducial point is labeled �REF� in FIG. 5. The roving electrode signal is depicted in FIG. 5 and is labeled �ROV.� The inflection point 72 of the voltage signal ROV corresponds to the roving electrode 17. The color guide bar 65 shows the assignment of color or grayscale tone for the timing relationship seen between inflection points 70 and 72 of the reference and roving voltage signals REF and ROV, respectively.
The amplitude of the voltage signal ROV corresponding to the roving electrode 31 is also shown on panel 66 of FIG. 5. The amplitude of the time-varying signal ROV is located between two adjustable bands 74 and 76, which can be used to set selection criteria for the peak-to-peak voltage of the signal ROV. In practice, regions of the heart with low peak-to-peak voltage are the result of infarct tissue, and the ability to convert the peak-to-peak voltage to grayscale or false color allows identification of the regions that are infarct or ischemic. In addition, a time-varying signal 78 (also labeled �V1�) is also shown and corresponds to a surface reference electrode, such as a conventional ECG surface electrode. The signal V1, for example, may orient a user, such as a physician, to the same events detected on the surface of the patient.
As described above, the electrodes of at least one EP catheter are moved over the surface of the heart and while in motion they detect the electrical activation of the heart or other EP signals on the surface of the heart. During each measurement, the real-time location of the catheter electrode is noted along with the value of the EP voltage or signal. This data is then projected onto a surface of the three-dimensional model corresponding to the location of the electrode when the sampled EP data was taken. Since this data is not taken while the locating surface electrodes are energized, a projection process may be used to place the electrical information on the nearest heart surfaces represented by the geometry. In one exemplary embodiment, for example, two close points or locations in the EP data set are selected, and the data is mapped to a point determined to be the closer of the two points (e.g., via �dropping� a line to the �nearest� surface point on the geometric surface). This new point is used as the �location� for the presentation of EP data in the images presented to the physician.
Complex fractionated electrogram (CFE) and frequency-domain information may also be mapped to the three-dimensional model. CFE information, for example, may be useful to identify and guide ablation targets for atrial fibrillation. CFE information refers to irregular electrical activation (e.g., atrial fibrillation) in which an electrogram comprises at least two discrete deflections and/or perturbation of the baseline of the electrogram with continuous deflection of a prolonged activation complex (e.g., over a 10 second period). Electrograms having very fast and successive activations are, for example, consistent with myocardium having short refractory periods and micro-reentry. FIG. 6, for example, shows a series of electrograms. The first two electrograms, RAA-prox and RAA-dist, comprise typical electrograms from the right atrium of a patient such as from a proximal roving electrode and a distal roving electrode in the right atrium of a patient, respectively. The third electrogram, LA-roof, comprises a CFE electrogram, such as from the roof of the patient's left atrium. In this third electrogram, LA-roof, the cycle lengths indicated by the numbers shown in the electrogram are substantially shorter than the cycle lengths indicated by the numbers shown in the first two electrograms, RAA-prox and RAA-dist. In another example shown in FIG. 7, a first electrogram RA-Septum comprises fast and successive activations indicated by the arrows compared to the second electrogram RA. The fast and successive activations, for example, can be consistent with myocardial tissue having short refractory periods and micro-reentry, e.g., an atrial fibrillation �nest.�
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JUDE MEDICAL, ATRIAL FIBRILLATION DIVISION, INFree format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:ST. JUDE MEDICAL, DAIG DIVISION, INC.;REEL/FRAME:018223/0401Effective date: 20051221Nov 4, 2005ASAssignmentOwner name: ST. JUDE MEDICAL, DAIG DIVISION, INC., MINNESOTAFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:ALFONSO, VALTINO X.;BELHE, KEDAR RAVINDRA;SCHWEITZER, JEFFREY A.;REEL/FRAME:016983/0672;SIGNING DATES FROM 20051024 TO 20051026Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:ALFONSO, VALTINO X.;BELHE, KEDAR RAVINDRA;SCHWEITZER, JEFFREY A.;SIGNING DATES FROM 20051024 TO 20051026;REEL/FRAME:016983/0672RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services©2012 Google