Source: http://www.brennancenter.org/analysis/emergency-powers
Timestamp: 2019-03-20 07:25:37
Document Index: 208658521

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 1601', '§ 247', '§ 5121', '§ 2318', '§ 1320', '§ 360', '§ 7410', '§ 7651', '§ 217', '§ 1515', '§ 1902', '§ 2503', '§ 6393', '§ 300', '§ 79', '§ 831', '§ 1601', '§ 978', '§ 12301', '§ 5121', '§ 300', '§ 1601']

Unknown to most Americans, a vast set of laws gives the president greatly enhanced powers during emergencies. President Donald Trump has declared a national emergency to bypass Congress and secure funding for a wall along the border with Mexico. The Brennan Center, building on previous research, has identified 123 statutory powers that may become available to the president when de declares a national emergency, including two that might offer some legal cover for his wall-building ambitions (10 U.S.C. 2808 (a) and 33 U.S.C. 2293 on our list below). An additional 13 statutory powers become available when a national emergency is declared by Congress.
50 U.S.C. §§ 1601-1651 National Emergencies Act (1976) "With respect to acts of Congress authorizing the exercise, during the period of a national emergency, of any special or extraordinary power, the President is authorized to declare such national emergency” The National Emergencies Act imposes procedural requirements on the President’s exercise of emergency powers. It has governed the declaration of multiple emergencies. For a complete list of emergencies declared under this statute, see here.
42 U.S.C. § 247d Public Health Service Act (1944)
"If the Secretary [of Health and Human Services] determines, after consultation with such public health officials as may be necessary, that –
42 U.S.C. §§ 5121 et seq. Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (1988; earlier iterations, known as the "Disaster Relief Act,” were issued in 1950 and 1974)
22 U.S.C. § 2318 (a)(1) President may direct the drawdown of defense articles from Department of Defense stocks, Department of Defense services, and military education and training, of a total value not to exceed $100 million per year, for the purpose of providing military, economic, peacekeeping, antiterrorism, and/or non-proliferation assistance to foreign countries and international organizations (1961)
"(1) If the President determines and reports to the Congress in accordance with section 2411 of this title that –
(Note: In the “Invocations and Delegations of Authority” column, executive orders in italics reflect orders that cite the relevant code section for the purposes of delegating or transferring authority without actually invoking those powers. *No relevant citations* indicates that we did not identify any invocations of the emergency powers in citing references available on Westlaw. **Zero citations** indicates that no citing references at all were available on Westlaw for the code section indicated.)
Sort By Level of Restrictions on Presidential Powers
42 U.S.C. § 1320b-5 Secretary of Health and Human Services may waive confidentiality, certification, sanctions, and other provisions as necessary to supply public health services (2002)
Substantial restrictions on President’s power to invoke during national emergency Public Health 1
21 U.S.C. § 360bbb-3 Secretary of Health and Human Services may authorize the use of an unapproved drug, device, or biological product, or an unapproved use of an approved drug, device, or biological product (2004)
"The Secretary may make a declaration that the circumstances exist justifying the authorization under this subsection for a product on the basis of—
Substantial restrictions on President’s power to invoke during national emergency Public Health 2
42 U.S.C. § 7410 (f) Governor of a State may petition the President to suspend any part of Clean Air Act implementation plan or any requirement under 42 U.S.C. § 7651j (concerning excess emissions penalties or offsets) for up to 4 months (1977) "Upon application by the owner or operator of a fuel burning stationary source, and after notice and opportunity for public hearing, the Governor of the State in which such source is located may petition the President to determine that a national or regional energy emergency exists of such severity” that a temporary suspension may be necessary, and that "other means of responding to the emergency may be inadequate”
Substantial restrictions on President’s power to invoke during national emergency Public Health 3
42 U.S.C. § 217 President may use the Public Health Service to such extent and in such manner as shall in their judgment promote the public interest; or President may by Executive Order declare the commissioned corps of the Public Health Service to be a military service (1944) "In time of war, or of emergency proclaimed by the President;” or "In time of war, or of emergency involving the national defense proclaimed by the President” E.O. 9575, Declaring the Commissioned Corps of the Public Health Service to Be a Military Service and Prescribing Regulations Therefore, 10 FR 7895, June 21, 1945 (declaring commissioned corps of the Public Health Service a military service for "the period of the present war”). No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Public Health 4
50 U.S.C. § 1515 President may suspend the operation of provisions regulating the storage, transportation, disposal, procurement, handling, and testing of chemical and biological weapons, including the prohibition on testing such weapons on human subjects (1969) "during the period of any war declared by Congress and during the period of any national emergency declared by Congress or by the President” *No relevant citing references on Westlaw* No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Public Health 5
33 U.S.C. § 1902 (b)(3)(F) Certain laws governing the disposal of garbage at sea – including restrictions on disposal near land and a prohibition on the discharge of waste that may contain toxic chemicals or heavy metals – do not apply (1987) During "time of war or a national emergency declared by the President or Congress” *No relevant citing references on Westlaw* No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Public Health 6
33 U.S.C. § 2503 (1)(B) Public vessels may dispose of potentially infectious medical waste in ocean waters more than 50 nautical miles from the nearest land after taking precautions to prevent the waste from coming ashore after disposal (1988) During "time of war or declared national emergency” *No relevant citing references on Westlaw* No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Public Health 7
42 U.S.C. § 6393 (a)(2)(A) President may waive 30-day minimum comment period on proposed rules and regulations issued under the Energy and Policy Conservation Act (1975) "if the President finds that such waiver is necessary to act expeditiously during an emergency affecting the national security of the United States”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Public Health 8
42 U.S.C. § 300ff-83 Secretary of Health and Human Services may waive provisions of HIV Health Care Services Program to improve the health and safety of those receiving care under the Program and the general public, but may not expend more than 5% of the funds allocated under the Program for supplemental grants (2006)
"in an emergency area and during an emergency period,” defined as:
"a geographic area in which there exists
"the period in which there exists ---
*No relevant citing references on Westlaw* No meaningful restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Public Health 9
20 U.S.C. § 79 Barro Colorado island in the Panama Canal Zone, which is otherwise to be left in its "natural state for scientific observation,” may be used for other purposes (1940) "in event of declared national emergency” *No relevant citing references on Westlaw* No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Land Management 10
16 U.S.C. § 831s Government may take possession of land specified in Tennessee Valley Authority Act for the purpose of manufacturing explosives or for other war purposes (1933) "in case of war or national emergency declared by Congress”
Requires Congressional declaration of national emergency to invoke Land Management 14
"in time of war or national emergency hereafter declared by the President or the Congress”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Land Management 15
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Land Management 16
"in case of a national emergency”
The Coast Guard used Fort McHenry as a training station during World War II, but not pursuant to this statute. Instead, the War Department leased part of the fort from the National Parks Service. For more information on this history, see David Marin, "For the safety of ports, ships, and facilities,” Coast Guard Mid Atlantic, Sept. 5, 2015, http://midatlantic.coastguard.dodlive.mil/.
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Land Management 17
"during wartime or national emergency”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Land Management 18
"during a period of national emergency proclaimed by the President”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Land Management 19
"during a national emergency”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Land Management 20
"During a national emergency declared by the President or Congress”
After World War II, as part of a surplus property conveyance program, the federal government conveyed without monetary consideration some military air bases to state and local governments for use as airports. This provision was invoked to reclaim at least one of these air bases during the Korean War national emergency. See generally "Gabreski Airport History,” Suffolk County Government, accessed Oct. 19, 2018, http://www.suffolkcountyny.gov/ Departments/ EconomicDevelopmentandPlanning/ FrancisSGabreskiAirport/ AirportHistory.aspx.
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Land Management 21
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Land Management 22
"during the period of a national emergency declared by the President or Congress”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Land Management 23
"in the case of–
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Land Management 24
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Military and National Defense 25
"In time of war or during a national emergency declared by the President”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Military and National Defense 26
"for the duration of any war, or of any national emergency declared by Congress”
Requires Congressional declaration of national emergency to invoke Military and National Defense 27
"in time of national emergency declared by the President after January 1, 1953, or when otherwise authorized by law”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Military and National Defense 28
"for the duration of a war or national emergency proclaimed by the President”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Military and National Defense 29
"during a war or during a national emergency declared by Congress or the President”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Military and National Defense 30
"during a war or a national emergency declared by Congress or the President”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Military and National Defense 31
"during a national emergency proclaimed by the President”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Military and National Defense 32
"In time of war, or of national emergency declared by Congress or the President”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Military and National Defense 33
"In time of war, or of national emergency declared by the Congress or the President”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Military and National Defense 34
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Military and National Defense 35
"In time of war or national emergency declared by Congress”
Requires Congressional declaration of national emergency to invoke Military and National Defense 36
"during a national emergency” – however, "The Secretary shall prescribe the circumstances constituting a national emergency for purposes of this subsection”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Military and National Defense 37
"(A) during a period of national emergency declared by the Congress or the President; or
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Military and National Defense 38
"during a war or national emergency… [not to] continue beyond September 30 of the fiscal year following that in which the war or national emergency ends”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Military and National Defense 39
"during and immediately following a period of war, or during and immediately following a national emergency involving the use of the armed forces in armed conflict”
Substantial restrictions on President’s power to invoke during national emergency Military and National Defense 40
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Military and National Defense 40.5
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Military and National Defense 41
"If at the end of any fiscal year there is in effect a declaration of war or national emergency”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Military and National Defense 42
"during a war or national emergency and for 18 months after the war or emergency ends”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Military and National Defense 43
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Military and National Defense 44
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Military and National Defense 45
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Military and National Defense 46
"In the event of a declaration of war or the declaration by the President of a national emergency in accordance with the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. §§ 1601 et seq.) that requires use of the armed forces”
Substantial restrictions on President’s power to invoke during national emergency Military and National Defense 47
"If, because of national emergency or serious economic conditions affecting the general welfare, the President should consider the pay adjustment…in any year to be inappropriate”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Federal Employees 48
"If, because of national emergency or serious economic conditions affecting the general welfare, the President should consider the level of comparability payments…in any year to be inappropriate”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Federal Employees 49
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Federal Employees 49.5
"during war or during a period of national emergency declared by the President or Congress”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Federal Employees 49.6
"in time of war or of national emergency declared by Congress or the President”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Federal Employees 50
"in time of war or national emergency declared by Congress or the President”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Federal Employees 51
"In time of war, or of emergency declared after May 29, 1954, by Congress or the President”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Federal Employees 52
"in time of war or national emergency”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Federal Employees 53
"In time of war, or of national emergency declared by Congress or the President” and "so long as such war or national emergency continues”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Federal Employees 54
Requires Congressional declaration of national emergency to invoke Federal Employees 55
"In time of war or during a national emergency declared by Congress”
Requires Congressional declaration of national emergency to invoke Federal Employees 56
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Federal Employees 57
"In times of war or national emergency”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Federal Employees 58
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Federal Employees 59
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Federal Employees 59.5
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Federal Employees 60
"(1) in time of war; or
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Federal Employees 60.5
"during a war or national emergency”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Federal Employees 61
"in time of war, or of national emergency declared by the President or the Congress after October 19, 1984”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Federal Employees 62
10 U.S.C § 978 (e)
President may suspend requirements that applicants for enlistment in the armed forces undergo drug and alcohol use and dependency testing prior to enlistment (1988)
"In time of war, or time of emergency declared by Congress or the President”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Federal Employees 63
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Federal Employees 64
Requires Congressional declaration of national emergency to invoke Federal Employees 66
Requires Congressional declaration of national emergency to invoke Federal Employees 67
Requires Congressional declaration of national emergency to invoke Federal Employees 68
"in time of war or emergency declared by Congress”
Requires Congressional declaration of national emergency to invoke Federal Employees 69
"If a [standard written agreement to serve for a period of active duty] expires during a war or during a national emergency declared by Congress or the President after January 1, 1953”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Federal Employees 70
"In time of war or of national emergency declared by Congress or the President after January 1, 1953”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Federal Employees 71
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Federal Employees 72
"during a time of war or a national emergency declared by Congress or the President”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Federal Employees 73
"during a war or during a national emergency declared by the President or Congress”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Federal Employees 74
"…during war or during a period of national emergency declared by the President or Congress”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Federal Employees 75
"In time of war or of national emergency declared by Congress, or when otherwise authorized by law”
Requires Congressional declaration of national emergency to invoke Federal Employees 76
***Due to age limits for Selective Service, the authority conferred by section (b) has been effectively moot since the late 1950s***
Requires Congressional declaration of national emergency to invoke Federal Employees 77
"during periods of national defense emergency, as determined by the President”
No meaningful restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Federal Employees 78
"During a national emergency declared by the President, the regular working hours…. under regulations prescribed by the Secretary of the Army…may be exceeded”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Federal Employees 79
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Federal Employees 80
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Federal Employees 81
"In time of war, or of national emergency declared by the President or Congress[.]” Any suspension of procedures under this section "may not continue beyond six months after the termination of the war or national emergency.”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Federal Employees 82
"during any period members of a reserve component are serving on active duty pursuant to an order to active duty under authority of” 10 U.S.C. §§ 12301, 12302, or 12304
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Federal Employees 83
"when the Secretary considers it necessary to do so to meet the requirements of war, national emergency, or a contingency operation or other military requirements.” This authority may not be delegated.
No meaningful restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Federal Employees 84
"during a period of national emergency (other than a period of war or an emergency described in section 8111A of this title)”
No meaningful restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Federal Employees 85
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Federal Employees 86
"during which the borrower –
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Federal Employees 87
"During a national emergency declared by the President…. [and] under regulations prescribed by the Secretary of the Air Force”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Federal Employees 88
Requires Congressional declaration of national emergency to invoke Federal Employees 89
Substantial restrictions on President’s power to invoke during national emergency Federal Employees 90
Substantial restrictions on President’s power to invoke during national emergency Federal Employees 91
"If, because of national emergency or serious economic conditions affecting the general welfare, the President considers the pay adjustment which would otherwise be required by this section in any year to be inappropriate”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Federal Employees 92
"as the Secretary deems necessary in connection with a war or other military operation or national emergency”
No meaningful restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Federal Employees 93
"if the President determines in writing that the suspension is necessary in the interest of national security because of an emergency”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Federal Employees 94
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Federal Employees 95
"when the President determines that it is necessary to augment the active forces for any named operational mission or that it is necessary to provide assistance” in response to "an emergency involving –
Substantial restrictions on President’s power to invoke during national emergency Federal Employees 96
"During and immediately following a period of war, or a period of national emergency declared by the President or the Congress that involves the use of the armed forces in armed conflict” and "during and immediately following a disaster or emergency [declared by the President under the Stafford Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 5121 et seq. or activated by the Secretary of Health and Human Services under the Public Health Service Act, 42 U.S.C. § 300hh]”
Substantial restrictions on President’s power to invoke during national emergency Federal Employees 97
"Whenever the President by proclamation or Executive order declares a national emergency to exist by reason of actual or threatened war, insurrection, or invasion, or disturbance or threatened disturbance of the international relations of the United States, or whenever the Attorney General determines that an actual or anticipated mass migration of aliens en route to, or arriving off the coast of, the United States presents urgent circumstances requiring an immediate Federal response”
Substantial restrictions on President’s power to invoke during national emergency Asset Seizure, Control, and Transfer 400
"in time of war declared by the Congress or during a national emergency”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Asset Seizure, Control, and Transfer 401
"in time of war or during any national emergency declared by the President”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Asset Seizure, Control, and Transfer 402
"during a period for which the President has declared a national emergency or for which the Congress has declared war”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Asset Seizure, Control, and Transfer 403
"during a national emergency declared by the President”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Asset Seizure, Control, and Transfer 404
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Asset Seizure, Control, and Transfer 405
"Upon proclamation by the President that there exists war or a threat of war, or a state of public peril or disaster or other national emergency, or in order to preserve the neutrality of the United States”
No meaningful restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Asset Seizure, Control, and Transfer 406
"because of a national emergency or because of a material increase in the demand for wheat”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Asset Seizure, Control, and Transfer 407
"because of a national emergency or because of a material increase in export demand”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Asset Seizure, Control, and Transfer 408
"for disaster relief purposes in the United States or to meet any national emergency declared by the President”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Asset Seizure, Control, and Transfer 409
"In any case where the Secretary of Agriculture determines and reports to the President with regard to any article or articles that a condition exists requiring emergency treatment”
No meaningful restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Asset Seizure, Control, and Transfer 410
"During a national emergency declared by Presidential proclamation, or a period for which the President has proclaimed that the security of the national defense makes it advisable”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Asset Seizure, Control, and Transfer 411
"During any period in which vessels may be requisitioned under this chapter”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Asset Seizure, Control, and Transfer 412
"during a national emergency proclaimed by the President or a period for which the President has proclaimed that the security of the national defense makes it advisable”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Asset Seizure, Control, and Transfer 413
"during a period of war or national emergency; or to the extent that the Secretary determines necessary to support a contingency operation”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Asset Seizure, Control, and Transfer 414
"if the project is necessary to support the armed forces in the country or region in which the project is carried out by reason of a declaration of war, or a declaration by the President of a national emergency pursuant to the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.), that is in force at the time of the commencement of the project”
No meaningful restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Asset Seizure, Control, and Transfer 415
"if the Secretary concerned determines that the transaction is made as a result of any of the following:
No meaningful restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Asset Seizure, Control, and Transfer 416
"In the event of a declaration of war or a declaration by the President of a national emergency in accordance with the National Emergencies Act [50 U.S.C. §§ 1601 et seq.] that requires or may require use of the Armed Forces”
No meaningful restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Asset Seizure, Control, and Transfer 417
"Whenever the Congress declares that a state of war or national emergency exists”
Requires Congressional declaration of national emergency to invoke Asset Seizure, Control, and Transfer 418
Substantial restrictions on President’s power to invoke during national emergency Asset Seizure, Control, and Transfer 419
"upon request by the Secretary of Defense during a time of war or national emergency, or whenever the Secretary of Defense determines that it is necessary for national security or contingency operation (as that term is defined in section 101 of title 10, United States Code)”
No meaningful restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Asset Seizure, Control, and Transfer 420
"(1) in cases of emergency found by the Commission involving danger to life or property or due to damage to equipment, or
Substantial restrictions on President’s power to invoke during national emergency Asset Seizure, Control, and Transfer 421
"(1) If the President—
Substantial restrictions on President’s power to invoke during national emergency Asset Seizure, Control, and Transfer 422
"During a war or national emergency proclaimed by the President or declared by law and ended by proclamation or law”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Asset Seizure, Control, and Transfer 423
(c) "when a state of emergency has been proclaimed by the President or by concurrent resolution of Congress declaring that such reserves should be disposed of,”;
"(1) for use in relieving distress
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Asset Seizure, Control, and Transfer 424
"where the Secretary [of Agriculture] determines that a local, State, or national emergency or disaster has caused low-income migrant or seasonal farmworkers to lose income, to be unable to work, or to stay home or return home in anticipation of work shortages”
Substantial restrictions on President’s power to invoke during national emergency Asset Seizure, Control, and Transfer 425
"During war, or a national emergency declared by Presidential proclamation”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Asset Seizure, Control, and Transfer 426
"in time of war or in case of national emergency”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Criminal Prosecution and Detainment Powers 500
"when the United States is at war, or in times of national emergency as declared by the President or by the Congress”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Criminal Prosecution and Detainment Powers 501
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency Criminal Prosecution and Detainment Powers 502
(a) "Whenever the President shall by proclamation declare an emergency to exist by reason of a state of war, or otherwise”;
(b) "When necessary to respond to a national emergency declared under the National Emergencies Act or to a specific threat to human life or national interests”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency International Relations 600
"during a period of war or national emergency as proclaimed by the President”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency International Relations 601
"Upon the application of the country concerned, whenever [the President] considers it in the public interest…during a war or a declared national emergency”
No meaningful restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency International Relations 602
"in the event of a declaration of war or an armed attack on any [ally]” or "if the President declares an emergency”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency International Relations 603
"during a proclaimed national emergency”
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency International Relations 604
If "(A) the President declares a national emergency and formally notices the declaration of a national emergency in the Federal Register;
No restrictions on President’s power to invoke during a national emergency International Relations 605
"to deal with any unusual and extraordinary threat, which has its source in whole or substantial part outside the United States” and "with respect to which a national emergency has been declared for purposes of this chapter and may not be exercised for any other purpose. Any exercise of such authorities to deal with any new threat shall be based on a new declaration of national emergency which must be with respect to such threat”
Substantial restrictions on President’s power to invoke during national emergency International Relations 606