Source: https://patents.google.com/patent/JP4741180B2/en
Timestamp: 2020-08-14 03:26:53
Document Index: 579308163

Matched Legal Cases: ['art 807', 'art 807', 'art 807', 'art, 811', 'art, 815', 'art, 901', 'art, 909', 'art, 919']

JP4741180B2 - Apparatus and method for protecting and transporting a reticle - Google Patents
Apparatus and method for protecting and transporting a reticle Download PDF
JP4741180B2
JP4741180B2 JP2003518954A JP2003518954A JP4741180B2 JP 4741180 B2 JP4741180 B2 JP 4741180B2 JP 2003518954 A JP2003518954 A JP 2003518954A JP 2003518954 A JP2003518954 A JP 2003518954A JP 4741180 B2 JP4741180 B2 JP 4741180B2
JP2003518954A
JP2004537867A (en
エム フリードマン グレン
イー デル プエルト サンティアゴ
エー マクレー ジェームズ
エス イーヴァルディ ジョルジュ
エー デマルコ マイケル
2001-08-10 Priority to US09/925,722 priority Critical
2001-08-10 Priority to US09/925,722 priority patent/US6619903B2/en
2002-08-12 Application filed by エーエスエムエル ホールディング エヌ．ブイ． filed Critical エーエスエムエル ホールディング エヌ．ブイ．
2002-08-12 Priority to PCT/US2002/025271 priority patent/WO2003013993A1/en
2004-12-16 Publication of JP2004537867A publication Critical patent/JP2004537867A/en
2011-08-03 Publication of JP4741180B2 publication Critical patent/JP4741180B2/en
239000002245 particles Substances 0.000 description 52
238000001459 lithography Methods 0.000 description 16
The present invention relates generally to lithography, particularly to the protection of lithography reticles.
Lithography is a process used to form features on the surface of an object. Such objects can include substrates used in making flat panel displays, circuit boards, various integrated circuits, and the like. For example, a semiconductor wafer can be used as a substrate for manufacturing an integrated circuit.
During lithography, another typical substrate, a reticle, is used to transfer a desired pattern onto a desired object. The reticle is formed from a material that is transparent to the lithographic wavelength used. For example, in the case of visible light, the reticle is formed from glass. The reticle has an image printed thereon. The size of the reticle is selected for the particular system used. During lithography, the wafer supported by the wafer stage is exposed to an image projected onto the surface of the wafer corresponding to the image on the reticle.
The projected image changes the properties of the photoresist deposited on the layer, eg, the surface of the wafer. These changes correspond to the features projected onto the wafer during exposure. After exposure, the layer can be etched to produce a patterned layer. The pattern corresponds to the feature projected on the wafer during exposure. This patterned layer is then used to remove exposed portions of the underlying structural layer in the wafer, such as a conductive layer, a semiconductor layer or an insulating layer. The process is then repeated with other steps until the desired features are formed on the surface of the wafer. As can be seen from the above description, the exact placement and size of the features produced by lithography directly corresponds to the accuracy of the image projected on the wafer.
In addition to the transmissive reticle, a reflective reticle is also used in the art. For example, reflective reticles are used for short wavelengths, which are otherwise absorbed by transmissive glass reticles.
In order to minimize reticle surface contamination, the lithography process is performed in a clean room. A clean room is a closed room with a specially controlled particle concentration. In order to maintain a specially controlled particle concentration, gaseous material is fed into and removed from the closed chamber. There are significant costs associated with maintaining a clean room. This cost depends in part on the size of the clean room and the equipment needed to maintain the clean room. For example, if the reticle is transported from one stage to another in the lithography process, the reticle is susceptible to contamination by particles present in the processing area. In order to minimize the possibility of contamination, the entire chamber in which the reticle is transferred is usually kept clean. Therefore, it is recommended to reduce the environment that must be kept clean. Another factor for reducing the size of the clean room is safety. In some cases, clean rooms are devoid of oxygen and are therefore unsuitable for human entry. If the clean room can be isolated to a smaller environment, the surrounding area can be maintained for safe use and human occupation.
In general, the reticle arrives at and out of the lithographic apparatus, including the EUV lithographic apparatus, as a closed box or “pod”. Vibrations, pressure shocks, and air turbulence can occur by opening the box, rolling up the particles, which initially accumulate on the inner surface of the box, for example, the upper or inner wall of the bottom and the ceiling of the lid. . The particles can be dissociated from the surface and then move freely and irregularly within the gas volume in the box. Some particles may eventually re-deposit on the exposed surface of the unprotected reticle in the box.
US Pat. No. 6,239,863, issued May 29, 2001 to Catey and co-assigned to Silicon Valley Group, Inc., now ASML US Inc., is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. A removable cover for protecting the used reticle is disclosed. The removable cover has a frame and a membrane supported by the frame. The removable cover further has at least one reticle fastener that applies force to the reticle so that the removable cover is in place when the removable cover is in place. This prevents movement relative to the reticle. However, the use of reticle fasteners may cause contamination of the reticle by contact with the reticle fastener.
The reticle is usually stored in an atmospheric environment. In preparation for exposure, the reticle is transported from an atmospheric environment to a high vacuum environment. The biggest concern in EUV lithography is how to move a reticle from an atmospheric environment to a high vacuum environment without adding particles to the critical area of the reticle, i.e. the reticle pattern or patterned area, during temporary disruption. It is to be conveyed. Temporary disruption refers to particles being rolled up in the load lock of an EUV lithographic apparatus due to air turbulence caused by having to remove air from the load lock. This is a new problem in the content of the lithographic apparatus. This is because the EUV device is the first device that exposes the reticle to a vacuum and does not include a protective pellicle.
Similar problems have previously occurred by those who design mask writing devices, or "mask writing devices". A mask writer uses one or more electron beams to write only a few pixels at a time, directly from the design data, into the mask blank, which takes a long time (1 with light as in a lithographic apparatus). Different from replicating the pattern from the mask to the wafer in one quick pass). The electron beam in a mask writer requires that the reticle be exposed to a high vacuum, eliminating the use of a pellicle, similar to EUV light in lithography.
Document “New Mask Blank Handling System for the Advanced Electron Beam Writer” (September 1999), “New Mask Blank Handling System for the Advanced Electron Beam Writer” Photo SPIE Vol. 3873, reference number 0277-786X / 99) Yoshitake et al., Published in the progress of the 19th Annual BACUS Symposium on Mask Technology, shows a solution to the problem. In short, Yoshitake tends to deposit many fewer particles on the mask blank when the mask blank is held in a box with a membrane filter (clean filter pod or CFP) during the transition between atmospheric pressure and vacuum. Found that there is. Therefore, Yoshitake's solution is that the mask blank is placed in a box that is permeable only to gas, the box is placed in the load lock, the load lock is moved between atmospheric pressure and vacuum, Is opened, and the mask blank is taken out of the box and the load lock.
However, Yoshitake's solution introduces additional problems to be solved. First, in embodiments where the mask is housed in a closed box or pod, the mask is not protected. As a result, the mask may be contaminated when the closed box or pod is opened. Second, in embodiments where the mask is housed in a box with a filter, the same apparatus is used to remove the mask blank from the box. This can cause cross contamination.
In short, there is a need for a method that further reduces the possibility of reticle contamination during transport. Similarly, there is a need to reduce the likelihood of a reticle being contaminated when the reticle is moving between atmospheric pressure and vacuum.
The present invention provides a reticle protection and transport system and method for a lithographic apparatus. The system includes an indexer that stores a plurality of substrates, such as a reticle, and a removable reticle cassette. The removable reticle cassette has an internal chamber and an external chamber. The system further includes an end effector coupled to the robot arm. The end effector engages one of the plurality of reticles so that the reticle can be placed in a removable reticle cassette and subsequently transported. To further protect the reticle in the removable reticle cassette, the system further includes a seal coupled to the end effector and the robot arm.
In order to transport the reticle, the reticle is first loaded into the end effector. The end effector is then used to form an array in which the reticle is loaded into a removable reticle cassette. What is important is that the reticle and the removable reticle cassette do not contact each other. This array is then sealed and transported from the indexer to a mount for performing lithographic exposure. When the lithographic exposure is complete, the array is returned to the indexer where the reticle is withdrawn from the removable reticle cassette and stored.
In another embodiment, the present invention provides a substrate transport system for transferring a substrate from atmospheric pressure to vacuum in a lithographic apparatus, the lithographic apparatus having one or more removable substrate transport cassettes. Each removable substrate transport cassette has at least one vent and at least one filter. In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides an access module for exchanging a substrate from an atmospheric environment to a vacuum environment.
These and other advantages and features will be readily apparent upon reading the following detailed description of the invention.
The present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the drawings, identical elements and functionally similar elements are designated by the same reference numerals. Additionally, the leftmost numerical value of a reference sign represents the number of the drawing in which the reference sign is first shown.
FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a reticle transport system according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a view showing a removable reticle cassette according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the arrangement of reticles and pellicles in a removable reticle cassette according to an embodiment of the present invention.
4 and 5 are diagrams illustrating a method of loading a reticle into a removable reticle cassette according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating a substrate transfer system according to an embodiment of the present invention.
7A-7H are simplified side views illustrating an example of a substrate transport system and another part of a lithographic apparatus, according to an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 8 is a view showing a substrate transport cassette that can be taken out according to an embodiment of the present invention.
9A-9K are simplified side views illustrating an embodiment of a substrate transport system and a lithographic apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Examples of the present invention will be described in detail. Although specific features, configurations and arrangements are discussed, it should be understood that this is for illustration only. Those skilled in the art will recognize that other steps, configurations and arrangements or devices may be used to achieve the features of the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Indeed, for the sake of brevity, conventional electronic components, semiconductor device fabrication, and other functional aspects of the method / apparatus (and the individual components of the apparatus) will not be described in detail here.
FIG. 1 shows a reticle transport system 100 for a lithographic apparatus. The reticle transport system 100 has an indexer 105. According to an embodiment of the invention, the indexer 105 further comprises a shelf storage chamber (not shown) in the lithographic apparatus. An inert gas atmosphere is maintained in the indexer 105. According to the embodiment, for example, the indexer 105 is filled with nitrogen gas and other gaseous materials necessary to meet clean room requirements.
A plurality of reticles 109 are stored on a shelf (not shown) in the indexer 105. The reticle is used to transfer a particular pattern to a substrate, such as a semiconductor wafer, panel display, circuit board, and the like. The reticle may be reflective or transmissive as will be apparent to those skilled in the lithography art. In order to protect the reticle 109 from contamination, a pellicle 110 may be fixed on the reticle 109. An example of a pellicle that can be used in connection with the present invention is a co-owned, pending US non-provisional patent application Ser. No. 09/501180, filed Feb. 10, 2000. (US Pat. No. 6,507,390) "Method and Apparatus for a Reticle with Puged Pellicle-to-Reticle Gap", which is incorporated herein by reference. Incorporated.
Although the reticles shown in FIG. 1 are arranged perpendicular to each other, this arrangement is merely an example and is not limiting. In an alternative embodiment, the reticles can also be stored horizontally with respect to each other. Similarly, in another embodiment, the reticle can be stored in a carousel and the reticle can be rotated to a specific position within the indexer. In the embodiment, the reticle 109 and the pellicle 110 are stored upside down. In this way, any contaminants that fall on the reticle fall to the back side. If reticle 109 and pellicle 110 are stored vertically (as shown in FIG. 1), end effector 113 is configured to rotate the reticle and pellicle upside down. After reading this disclosure, one of ordinary skill in the relevant art will recognize alternative arrangements for storing reticle 109 and pellicle 110 within indexer 105 without departing from the scope of the present invention.
The removable reticle cassette 111 is also stored in the indexer 105. The removable reticle cassette 111 is used to accommodate the reticle 109 during conveyance. The environment of the releasable reticle cassette 111 is also maintained in a “clean” state. In this way, the clean room state is maintained in a remarkably small space volume. The indexer 105 is shown as having only one removable reticle cassette 111, but this is merely an example and does not limit the present application. The number of reticle cassettes 111 that can be taken out and the number of reticles 109 that are similarly stored are determined by the space limitation of the indexer 105. The present invention has been described with respect to a reticle to which a pellicle is attached. However, this is merely an example and not a limitation. A reticle without a pellicle can be used without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention. Further details of the removable reticle cassette 111 are provided below with reference to FIG.
Reticle transport system 100 further includes an end effector 113 coupled to robot arm 115. The end effector 113 engages with a plurality of reticles 109 and pellicles 110 for placement in a reticle cassette 111 from which the reticle 109 and pellicle 110 can be removed. In alternative embodiments, a cane or manual or robotic device therefor that can engage a reticle or pellicle (if provided) may be used. In the embodiment, the end effector 113 is engaged with the reticle 109 and the pellicle 110 by electrostatic attraction. In an alternative embodiment, the end effector can engage the reticle 109 and pellicle 110 by vacuum attraction.
A seal 117 is also used in the reticle transport system 100. The seal 117 puts the reticle in the removable reticle cassette 111. sealing Used to do. The seal 117 can fix the reticle 109 in the removable reticle cassette 111, and at the same time, prevents contamination from entering the removable reticle cassette 111, so that nitrogen can be extracted from the removable reticle cassette 111. It can be any device that can prevent escape. For example, the seal 117 may be a vacuum seal or a magnetic seal. That is, a vacuum system and a magnetic system, or the like, can also be used in connection with the present invention to facilitate the sealing function.
The reticle transport system 100 further has a door 107. door 107 Is used to prevent contaminants from entering the indexer 105 and to prevent nitrogen gas from escaping. In alternative embodiments, the indexer 105 may be provided with more than one door. For example, additional doors may be used to provide access to the indexer 105 for manual or automatic insertion of a plurality of reticles 109 and removable reticle cassettes 111. Possible reasons for accessing the indexer 105 include repair of the indexer 105, replacement of the reticle 109, and the like. Further, the end effector 113 can be configured to pass through one or more doors 107 before engaging the reticle 109.
FIG. 2 provides a perspective view of an exemplary removable reticle cassette 111 according to an embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, the removable reticle cassette 111 has an internal chamber 205 and an external chamber 210. The internal chamber 205 contains a reticle 109 and a pellicle 110. Containment is doing. The internal chamber 205 is sealed within the external chamber by a seal 117 during reticle replacement. The external chamber 210 is used to contain the nitrogen gas and other gaseous materials necessary to provide a clean state environment.
The material used for the removable reticle cassette 111 should be compatible with standard cleaning agents used with lithography systems. The material should not cause outgassing of amines or other undesirable substances that are detrimental to lithographic processing. Furthermore, the material should be resistant to mechanical strain. Examples of possible materials that can be used are fiber reinforced molded polymers, metals coated with Derlin ™ or PTFE (Teflon ™), such as aluminum or titanium. Other materials may be used without departing from the scope of the present invention.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the removable reticle cassette 111 houses a reticle with any type of pellicle and a reticle without a pellicle. Further, the removable reticle cassette 111 also houses a solid or breathable pellicle frame.
FIG. 3 shows an array of reticle 109 and pellicle 110 sealed in a removable reticle cassette 111 according to the present invention, which is ready for transport by the robot arm 115. Is done. End effector 113 Is shown engaged with a reticle and pellicle. In alternative embodiments, mechanical, electromechanical or robotic devices that can engage a cane or other material, reticle or pellicle may be used. After reading this disclosure, additional engaging means will become apparent to those skilled in the relevant art. A method for transporting the reticle 109 from the indexer 105 will now be described with reference to FIGS.
Referring to FIG. 4, lithography apparatus The method of transporting the reticle 109 from the indexer 105 starts by opening the door 107 so that the end effector 113 can gain access to the contents of the indexer 105.
Next, the reticle 109 and the pellicle 110 are engaged by the end effector 113. In accordance with embodiments of the present invention, end effector 113 can be engaged with reticle 109 and pellicle 110 by vacuum, electrostatic charge, magnetism, cane, or other lifting device. When reticle 109 and pellicle 110 are fixed to end effector 113, robot arm 115 is used to operate toward reticle cassette 111 from which end effector 113 can be removed. In the embodiment, the reticle 109 and the pellicle 110 are arranged so as to be inverted. In this way, any potential contamination occurs on the backside of the reticle.
FIG. 5 shows the reticle 109 and pellicle 110 loaded in the removable reticle cassette 111, and the removable reticle cassette 111 is not in contact with the reticle 109 and pellicle 110. When the reticle 109 and pellicle 110 are placed in a removable reticle cassette 111, a seal 117 is used to ensure a clean environment, thereby forming a sealed array.
Finally, the robot arm 115 is used to transport the sealed array from the indexer 105 to a mount for performing lithographic exposure. When the lithographic exposure process is complete, the sealed array is returned to the indexer 105 according to an embodiment of the invention. Next, the reticle 109 and the pellicle 110 are taken out from the removable reticle cassette 111 by performing the processes shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 in the reverse order.
As described above, how to move a reticle from an atmospheric pressure environment to a high vacuum environment without adding particles to the critical region of the reticle is a major concern in EUV lithography. Thus, according to an embodiment of the present invention, another exemplary system and method for a substrate transfer system for use in transferring a reticle in an EUV lithographic apparatus will now be described. The term substrate is used in some exemplary embodiments described herein. In another exemplary embodiment, it is called a reticle. After reading this disclosure, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that substrates other than reticles may be used, such as mask blanks, wafers, flat panel displays, and the like. Such similar substrates are considered to be within the scope of the present invention.
A typical substrate transfer system 600 will now be described with reference to FIGS. 6 and 7A-7H. A removable substrate transport cassette 600 having a shell 607 is shown in FIG. In the embodiment, the substrate 601 is attached to the tray 603 horizontally. Four bottom corners of the substrate are engaged with the tray positioning member 605. The tray 603 and the substrate 601 are attached to the inner shell 607 through the opening 611. The opposite end 624 of the shell 607 is a closed end. When the tray 603 is disposed in the inner shell 607, the flange 609 seals the opening 611 by latching means (not shown) and substantially prevents gas and particles from flowing through the opening. The latching means can include, for example, permanent magnets, electromagnets, mechanical latches, passive hooks and eyes, and the like. Additional means for sealing the flange 609 to the opening 611 will be apparent to those skilled in the relevant art based on the teachings presented herein. Arrangement of the substrate 601 in the substrate transfer cassette 600 that can be taken out is called a cassette / substrate arrangement.
In the embodiment, the shell 607 is further provided with one or more filters 621 and vent holes 626. Advantageously, gas rather than particles can flow through filter 621 and vent 626. In the example, one filter 621 and vent 626 are located on the opposite side of the substrate 601 from the patterned side 623. In FIG. 6, consistent with the actual arrangement in the EUV tool, the patterned side 623 faces down to the tray 603. Accordingly, the blank side 625 of the substrate 601 faces the filter 621 and the vent hole 626 upward. Even if the filter and vents do not allow the particles to flow, the contaminated particles that initially adhere to the inside of the filter 621 will be transferred from the exterior to the interior of the substrate transport cassette 600 that can be removed during pressure transition (ie, venting). Released when gas flows. Due to the arrangement of the substrate 601, the released particles tend to collide with the blank side 625 rather than the patterned side 623 of the substrate 601. Therefore, by suitably disposing at least one filter 621 relative to the patterned side of the substrate 601, the pattern can be further protected from particles.
In the embodiment, the substrate transfer system 699 further includes a substrate transfer device 627. Using the end effector 615, a vacuum compatible manipulator or motion device, or “vacuum robot” (not shown), is installed in the substrate transfer device 627. In Substrate 601 Placement And can be transported from station to station within a lithographic apparatus. This process is further described below with reference to FIGS.
Continuing this description, the end effector 615 is provided with at least one end effector positioning member 619. An engagement tab 613 is coupled to the flange 609 to facilitate holding of the substrate transfer device 627. A tab positioning member 617 is provided on the engaging tab. In this way, the effector positioning member 619 of the end effector 615 can be individually engaged with the tab positioning member 617 of the engagement tab 613. The pair of end effector positioning member 619 and engagement tab positioning member 617 can comprise a pin in the hole, a pin in the slot, and the like. When the shell 607 is attached to the flange 609, the vacuum robot can move the reticle transfer device 627, the shell 607, and the enclosed substrate 601 from station to station within the process chamber of the lithographic apparatus. A part effector 615 and an engagement tab 613 can be used. Additional embodiments of the substrate transport system 699 will now be described with reference to FIGS. 7A-7C and 7F-7G.
Referring to FIG. 7A, in the embodiment of the present invention, the substrate transfer system 699 further comprises a box 701. Box 701 is used to accommodate the cassette / substrate array. A common type of box is the “Standard Mechanical Interface (SMIF) reticle pod”. However, “box” is generally used to represent any hermetic container having a substantially flat base 711 and a detachable lid 713 in which the substrate 601 is machine-to-machine. It is conveyed to. A handle 715 coupled to the lid 713 allows a manipulator or motion device, or “pneumatic robot” 717, to pick up the box by the handle 715. The latch means (not shown) holds the base 711 and the lid 713 while being temporarily connected. A seal (not shown) between the base 711 and the lid 713 prevents gas and particles from flowing into and out of the box 701.
In the embodiment of the present invention, the substrate 601 and the removable substrate transport cassette 600 are stored and transported in the box 701. The arrangement of the cassette / substrate arrangement in the box is referred to herein as a box / cassette / substrate arrangement. Each substrate 601 is arranged in a substrate transport cassette 600 that can be taken out. For simplicity and clarity, the description here is limited to a box that holds only one substrate, eg, substrate 601, but a box that holds multiple substrates can also be handled by the present invention. Will be immediately apparent. For example, one type of SMIF reticle pod currently in use can hold up to six reticles. In the embodiment of the present invention, the box 701 is temporarily placed on the shelf 707 of the first storage rack 709. In an embodiment, the first storage rack 709 is a “non-vacuum (out-of-vacuum (OOV) rack)”.
Referring to FIG. 7B, according to an embodiment of the present invention, the substrate transport system 699 further includes a dissociator 718. The dissociator 718 can dissociate the base 711 from the lid 713. Typical dissociation devices include a “depotting station” and a manual SMIF depotting station, also known as a pod popper.
Referring to FIG. 7C, in the embodiment of the present invention, the substrate transfer system 699 further includes a load lock 719. The load lock 719 includes an atmosphere side door 721 and a vacuum side door 723, and the vacuum side door 723 connects the load lock 719 to the process chamber 725. The vacuum side door 723 is provided to allow the vacuum compatible transport mechanism, that is, the “vacuum robot” 727 to access the load lock 719. The vacuum robot 727 can be coupled to the removable substrate transport cassette 600 using positioning member pairs 617 (not shown) and 619.
Referring to FIG. 7F, in the embodiment of the present invention, the substrate transfer system 699 is further provided with a second storage rack 731 disposed in the process chamber 725. The second storage rack 731 has a plurality of shelves 729 for storing a substrate cassette 600 that can be taken out and a substrate 601 (that is, a cassette / substrate array). A typical second storage rack is an in-vacuum (IV) storage room.
Referring to FIG. 7G, in yet another embodiment of the present invention, the substrate transfer system 699 further includes a locking device 733. The locking device 733 engages with a recess in the shell 607 and temporarily connects the shell 607 to the second storage rack 731.
An exemplary method for transferring a substrate, eg, substrate 601, from atmospheric pressure to a vacuum in a lithographic apparatus using a substrate transfer system according to an embodiment of the present invention is described below with reference to FIGS. 7A-7H. I will explain.
Referring to FIG. 7A, when the lithographic apparatus is reached, a box 701 (box / cassette / substrate array) containing a substrate transport cassette 600 and a substrate 601 that can be taken out is temporarily placed on the shelf 707 of the first storage rack 709. Arranged. Upon receiving a request to move a particular substrate, eg, substrate 601, into the vacuum process chamber, atmospheric robot 717 picks up the box / cassette / substrate array from storage rack 709 and removes the box / cassette / substrate array from dissociator 718. And release the base from the lid. FIG. 7B shows the base 711 placed on the dissociator 718. The lid 713 has already been removed and is not shown. The robot 717 holds a cassette / substrate arrangement.
The vibration, pressure shock, and air turbulence generated by opening the box 701 wind up particles adhering to the inner surface of the box 701 from the beginning, for example, the upper side of the bottom or the inner wall and ceiling of the lid 713. The particles are separated from the surface and can then move freely and irregularly within the gas volume in the box 701 (Brownian motion). Some particles may eventually re-deposit on the exposed surface of the substrate in box 701. For example, if the box 701 contains an unprotected reticle, the particles may fall onto the exposed surface of the reticle. However, because the reticle of the present invention is completely enclosed and protected by a removable substrate transport cassette 600, particles are prevented from reaching any surface of the reticle.
In FIG. 7C, the atmospheric pressure robot 717 arranges the cassette / substrate arrangement in the load lock 719. During this step, the atmosphere side door 721 is open while the vacuum side door 723 is closed. Next, the atmospheric robot 717 is pulled out leaving the cassette / substrate arrangement in the load lock 719. When the atmospheric robot 717 is pulled out, the atmospheric door 721 is closed and a vacuum is provided in the load lock 719 by a pump. The vacuum forming step with the pump is shown in FIG. 7D.
At the time of vacuum formation by the pump, the substrate 601 is changed from atmospheric pressure to vacuum. In particular, gas is discharged from the removable substrate transport cassette 600 through the filter 621 and the vent hole 626, but particles outside the removable substrate transport cassette 600 enter the removable substrate transport cassette 600. This prevents the substrate 601 from being contaminated. During vacuum formation by the load lock 719 pump, some of the particles deposited on the inner surface of the load lock 710 are rolled up and begin to move freely and irregularly within the load lock 719. Similarly, particles deposited on the outer surface of the removable substrate transport cassette 600 are also separated and begin to move freely and irregularly within the load lock 719. However, the particles cannot reach the substrate 601. This is because the filter 621 and the vent hole 626 become a barrier that cannot transmit particles together with the solid wall portion of the substrate transport cassette 600 that can be taken out.
It is possible that particles are deposited on the inner wall of the substrate transfer cassette 600 that can be taken out when the substrate 601 is first placed in the substrate transfer cassette 600 that can be taken out. In order to minimize the presence of these internal particles, the internal surface of the removable substrate transport cassette 600 should be thoroughly cleaned before introducing the substrate 601. However, as will be apparent to those skilled in the relevant arts, even with the best cleaning techniques available, it is almost impossible to eliminate all particles. Therefore, the possibility of any remaining internal particle migration to the critical region of the substrate 601 must also be minimized. That is, in the embodiment of the present invention, the gas flow rate is reduced, thereby minimizing the tendency of the particles to separate from the inner wall of the substrate transport cassette 600 from which the particles can be taken out. In an embodiment of the present invention, the filter 621 and vent 626 provide a means to ensure a low flow rate in the removable substrate transport cassette 600. This is because the filter 621 and the vent 626 decelerate the molecular passage. It is important to have a sufficiently large filter area to avoid damage to the filter 621 if a pressure differential that is too large across the thickness of the filter is formed. The possibility of such damage is formed by excessively limiting the total amount of open area available for gas molecules to leave the removable substrate transport cassette 607. Furthermore, the use of a filter that restricts the gas flow excessively requires a long pump vacuum formation time, which reduces the throughput of the lithographic apparatus and has an economically adverse effect.
It was observed that the gas flow has different effects on the behavior of the particles deposited on the surface, depending on the size of the particles. Larger particles (eg,> 5 microns) tend to be easily detached, while smaller particles (eg, <0.1 microns) tend to stick stubbornly. The larger the particle, the easier it is to leave the surface at a given gas flow rate. Fortunately, for this same reason, larger particles are easier to clean away from the surface, which means that larger particles are difficult to find in a thoroughly cleaned removable substrate transport cassette 607. . Thus, in embodiments of the invention, substrate transport that can be taken out at a rate sufficiently low (ie, “maximum allowable gas flow rate”) to not remove particles of a predetermined size, eg, equal to or smaller than 1 micron. It is sufficient to remove the gas in the cassette 607, and the predetermined size is somewhat larger than a particle size that can be effectively removed by the cleaning process, for example 0.5 microns. Statistically in this example,> 0.5 micron particles are unlikely to exist after cleaning and the flow rate is lower than the flow rate that tends to interfere with> 1 micron particles, so any remaining particles (<0.5 Micron) is less likely to be separated from the inner surface of the substrate transport cassette that can be removed during the pressure transition. The maximum allowable gas flow rate should be measured in a substrate transport cassette that can be removed at a location near the filter 621. This is because the speed increases as one approaches the container inlet or outlet.
By protecting the sensitive areas of the substrate 601 from particles by attaching a removable cover to the substrate 601, a greater means of protection can be achieved. That is, in the embodiment of the present invention, a removable cover such as a pellicle disclosed in US Pat. No. 6,239,863 (cited above) is attached to the reticle, and the covered reticle can be taken out. Surrounded within. Unless otherwise used, the terms “mask” and “reticle” both refer to an exposed reticle and a reticle protected by a removable cover in the context of the present invention.
Referring to FIG. 7E, after the vacuum is formed by the pump, the vacuum side door 723 is opened, and the vacuum robot 727 reaches the load lock 719. After being coupled to the cassette / substrate array using positioning member pairs 617 and 619, the robot 727 removes the cassette / substrate array from the load lock 719 and moves it to the process chamber 725.
Referring to FIG. 7F, the vacuum robot 727 places the cassette / substrate array on the second storage shelf 729 and separates it from the cassette / substrate array. In an embodiment of the present invention, a substrate is required for a particular substrate, eg, substrate 601 to be ejected from the process chamber, or a particular substrate is required for lithographic exposure or “processing” in a vacuum chamber. Until it is done, it is stored in the removable substrate transport cassette 600 in the second storage rack storage chamber. When evacuation from the chamber is required, the cassette / substrate array containing a particular reticle is removed by following the steps in exactly the reverse order. Another step for processing the substrate during the lithographic exposure stage of the process chamber will now be described with reference to FIGS. 7G and 7H.
Referring to FIG. 7G, when the vacuum robot 727 approaches to be attached to the cassette / substrate array, the locking device 733 deploys and engages a recess (not shown) in the shell 607. In this way, the locking device 733 temporarily connects the shell 607 to the second storage rack 731.
Referring to FIG. 7H, the vacuum robot 727 pulls the substrate transfer device 627 containing the substrate 601 to separate the substrate transfer device from the shell 607, and the shell moves on the shelf 729 of the second storage rack 731. It remains empty. Although not shown, the vacuum robot 729 places the substrate 601 on a stage mount or chuck (not shown). Next, the substrate 601 is separated from the substrate transfer device 627. In an embodiment of the present invention, the substrate transfer device 627 remains connected to the vacuum robot 727 during or after chucking. The removal of the substrate 601 from the stage, the replacement of the substrate transfer device 627 and the substrate 601 in the empty shell 607 remaining in the second storage rack 731, and the release of the locking device 733 are performed in the reverse order. Follow.
An alternative embodiment of a removable substrate transport cassette is shown in FIG. Referring to FIG. 8, a removable substrate transport cassette 800 having a lower portion 807 and an upper portion 811 is shown. A substrate 801 having a patterned area 803 facing downwards (shown as a dashed line plus X in a square) is placed on the lower portion 807 of a removable substrate transport cassette 800. Has been. In particular, the lower corner 809 of the substrate is fitted in the lower part positioning member 805 of the lower part 807. The upper portion 811 of the removable substrate transfer cassette, that is, the “top” is placed on the substrate 801. In particular, the upper corner 813 of the substrate 801 is fitted in a recess formed by the upper part positioning member 815 in the top 811. When the substrate is fitted to the lower portion 807 and the top 811 is placed on the substrate, the seal 817 faces the first surface 819. The purpose of the seal 817 is to prevent particles from entering the removable substrate transport cassette 800. The seal 817 is permeable to gas but not permeable to particles. For example, in an embodiment, the seal 817 is a “winding path” having a raised surface with a protruding concentric vertical flange that fits loosely into a corresponding groove in the first surface 819. be able to. Alternatively, the seal 817 can be selected to be impermeable to both gas and particles. For example, in the embodiment, as shown in FIG. 8, the seal 817 is an O-ring type elastomer seal. When the top 811 is in place, the edge strip 821 loosely surrounds the side edge 823 of the lower portion. The purpose of the edge strip 821 is to further hinder the entry of particles into the substrate transport cassette 800 that can be removed from the outside by creating a more tortuous path. The edge strip 821 further has a second surface 825 that can be used to support the top 811 when a substrate transport cassette 800 that can be removed to remove the substrate 801 is held open. Used to provide. The filter 827 and the vent hole 829 are arranged to face the side opposite to the patterned region 803, that is, the blank side of the substrate. Filter 827 and vent 829 allow gas to freely enter and exit the closed removable substrate transport cassette 800, but do not interfere with the flow of particles. A substrate transport system having a removable substrate transport cassette 800 according to an embodiment of the present invention will now be described with reference to FIGS. 9A-9B and 9H-9J.
Referring to FIG. 9A, in the embodiment of the present invention, the substrate transfer system 999 includes a box 903. The box 903 is used to store the substrate transport cassette 800 and the substrate 801 that can be taken out. A common type of box is the “Standard Mechanical Interface (SMIF) reticle pod”. That is, however, a “box” is generally used to represent any hermetic container having a substantially flat base 919 and a releasable lid 915 in which the substrate 801 is transferred from machine to machine. . A handle 905 coupled to the lid 915 allows a manipulator or motion device, or “atmospheric robot” 901, to pick up the box 903 by the handle 905. Latch means (not shown) holds the base 919 and the lid 915 in a temporarily coupled state. A seal (not shown) between the base 919 and the lid 915 prevents gases and particles from entering the box 913 and out of the box.
In the embodiment of the present invention, the substrate 801 and the substrate transport cassette 800 that can be taken out are stored and transported in the box 903. Each substrate 801 is arranged in an individual take-out substrate transport cassette 800 (which forms a cassette / substrate array), and the take-out substrate transport cassette 800 itself is placed in a box 903. (This forms a box / cassette / substrate array). For simplicity and clarity, the description herein is limited to a box that holds only one substrate, but it is readily apparent that a box that holds multiple substrates can also be handled by the present invention. It will be. For example, one type of SMIF reticle pod currently in use can hold up to six reticles.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the box / cassette / substrate array is temporarily placed on the shelf 909 of the first storage rack 911. In an embodiment, the first storage rack 911 is a “non-vacuum (OOV) rack”.
Referring to FIG. 9B, in the embodiment of the present invention, the substrate transport system 999 further includes an access module 913. The access module 913 includes a dissociation device (not shown), a load lock 925, and a transport shuttle 923. Further, in the embodiment, the entrance / exit module 913 is further provided with a stepped portion 917 and an elevator 921. In yet another embodiment, the access module 913 includes an atmosphere side gate valve 931, a vacuum side gate valve 933, and a process chamber 937.
In an embodiment, the compact arrangement of the access module 913 significantly reduces the operating range required from the atmospheric robot 901. In this way, a significantly smaller atmospheric robot 901 can be used. The ability to use a smaller atmospheric robot 901 frees up valuable space, which is generally extremely lacking in lithographic apparatus. Furthermore, the ability to use smaller atmospheric robots 901 according to embodiments of the present invention reduces the amount of heat and vibration generated by robots 901. Heat and vibration are major causes of performance degradation in lithographic apparatus.
As shown in FIG. 9H, in another embodiment of the present invention, the access module 913 further includes a vacuum robot 935.
FIG. 9I shows a simplified front view of the second storage rack 939. In an embodiment of the present invention, the vacuum robot 935 transports the cassette / substrate array to a second storage rack 939 located in the process chamber 937. The second storage rack 939 is provided with a plurality of shelves 941 and a step portion 943. Another feature for processing a substrate during the lithographic exposure stage of process chamber 937 will now be described with reference to FIG. 9J.
Referring to FIG. 9J, in preparation for lithographic exposure, vacuum robot 935 places substrate 801 on chuck 945 of lithographic exposure stage 947. Chuck 945 was electrically discharged, for example, to create a reticle clamping force when energized or electrically loaded, and when energized, when shorted, or otherwise. It can be an electrostatic chuck that is sometimes used to release the reticle.
An exemplary method for transferring a substrate from atmospheric pressure to vacuum in a lithographic apparatus using a substrate transfer system according to an embodiment of the invention will now be described with reference to FIGS.
FIG. 9A shows an atmospheric robot 901, and this atmospheric robot 901 stores a box / cassette / substrate arrangement (a box 903 containing a substrate transfer cassette 800 and a substrate 801 that can be taken out) as a first storage rack. 911 is placed on the shelf 909. Based on the request for a specific reticle, the atmospheric robot 901 transports the box / cassette / substrate array from the rack 911 to the access module 913 shown in FIG. 9B.
Referring to FIG. 9B, the box lid 915 is placed on the step 917 of the module 913. A dissociator (not shown) dissociates the box lid 915 from the base 919. The base 919 is placed on the elevator 921.
Next, as shown in FIG. 9C, the elevator 921 lowers the base 919, and this base 919 supports the cassette / substrate array (the substrate transport cassette 800 that can take out the substrate 801) away from the lid 915. Yes. The shuttle 923 remains stopped in the load lock 925, so that the elevator 921, the base 919, and the cassette / substrate arrangement move downward through the shuttle 923 without colliding.
Referring to FIGS. 9D and 9E, the shuttle 923 moves to and grasps the cassette and substrate array. Then, the elevator 921 further lowers the base 919 and the shuttle 923 can pass through the base positioning member 929. At this point, the base part of the cassette / substrate array 807 Is placed only on the shuttle finger 927. Shuttle 923 then moves the cassette / substrate array into load lock 925.
Referring to FIGS. 9F and 9G, the elevator 921 lifts the base 919 to the lid 915 while the shuttle 923 is still in the load lock 925. A box latch / unlatching device (not shown) latches the base 919 and the lid 915 together. At this time, the elevator 921 is lowered, and the box 903 placed on the stepped portion 917 remains.
If desired, the atmospheric robot 901 takes the now empty box 903 and replaces this box with another box / cassette / substrate array. For example, in a lithographic apparatus having two access modules 913, the first module 913 can be dedicated to performing a substrate loading function and the second module 913 can be dedicated to performing a substrate ejection function. Can be made. In that case, the atmospheric robot 901 takes the empty box 903 out of the first module 913 and places this box in the second module 913 for receiving the already processed reticle. Next, the atmospheric robot 901 takes out the box 903 that stores the processed substrate from the second module 913 and places the box on the storage rack. Next, the atmospheric robot 901 takes out the box 903 containing the next substrate to be processed from the storage rack, and arranges this box in the first module 913. In contrast, in the case of a lithographic apparatus having only one access module 913, the module 913 is used for loading and unloading of the reticle. In this case, the atmospheric robot 901 waits until the reticle is processed and returns to the box 903, and then the box 903 is taken out. Other sequences of operations that maximize manufacturing throughput for devices having single or multiple access modules 913 will be apparent to those skilled in the art based on the present disclosure. These series of operations may or may not require the empty box 903 to be removed from the access module 913 to maximize throughput.
As shown in FIG. 9G, when the elevator 921 is off the route, the shuttle 923 retracts onto the elevator 921 and opens the route for the atmosphere side gate valve 931 to close. A vacuum is then created in the load lock 925 with a pump. As explained above, the box 903 may or may not exist at this point.
Referring to FIG. 9H, when the desired vacuum level is achieved in the load lock 925, the vacuum side gate valve 933 opens and the vacuum robot 935 reaches the load lock 925 to pick up the cassette / substrate array and process Transport into chamber 937.
Referring to FIG. 9I, the vacuum robot 935 then transfers the cassette / substrate array to the process chamber. 937 To the second storage rack 939. FIG. 9I shows a simplified front view of a second storage rack 939 having a shelf 941 and a step 943. In this figure, the reticle insertion and removal directions are perpendicular to the page. Referring to the lower half of FIG. 9I, the end effector 940 of the vacuum robot 935 is shown inserting the cassette / substrate array into the bottom shelf 941. In an embodiment, the insertion is performed at a height sufficient to avoid interference of the edge strip 821 of the upper portion 811 with the step 943. After performing the horizontal insertion action, using the end effector 940, the vacuum robot 935 lowers the lower part 807 to the bottom shelf 941 and pulls it out.
Referring to the upper half of FIG. 9I, the lower part 807 is shown placed on the intermediate shelf 941 after being placed on the intermediate shelf 941 by the vacuum robot 935. During the downward robot movement, the surface 825 of the edge strip 821 is placed on the step 943 so that the top 811 is the base plate. 807 This operation continues downward until the shelf 941 is reached. In other words, in the embodiment, all cassette / substrate arrays are stored in the second storage rack in the open state. End effector part on shelf 941 And base plate 807 The vacuum robot 935 can extract the lower portion 807 and the substrate 801 to attach the substrate 801 to the stage by performing a small upward movement. This operation provides a removable reticle cassette for the lower portion 807 and the substrate 801, but does not provide a removable reticle cassette for the upper portion 811. This process is described in more detail below. After a small upward movement, the substrate 801 still does not contact the upper portion 811 supported by the step 943. Next, the vacuum robot 935 extracts the lower portion 807 and the substrate 801 using a horizontal operation perpendicular to the paper surface, and places the upper portion 811 on the step portion 943. To eject the substrate from the lithographic apparatus, the vacuum robot 935 completes the entire cassette-substrate array by following the insertion sequence in reverse order, as described above and shown in the lower half of FIG. 9I. Take out. Further steps for processing the substrate during the lithographic exposure stage of the process chamber 937 will now be described with reference to FIGS. 9J and 9K.
When preparing for lithography exposure, the vacuum robot 935 places the substrate 801 on the chuck 945 of the lithography exposure stage 947. The vacuum robot 935 first moves upward until the substrate 801 contacts the chuck 945. Next, energy is supplied to the chuck 945 to tighten the substrate 801 (FIG. 9J). Thereafter, the vacuum robot 935 moves downward, leaves the substrate 801 attached to the chuck 945, and carries away the lower portion 807 not attached to the chuck 945 (FIG. 9K). The substrate is released from and removed from the exposure stage 947 in exactly the reverse order.
A programmed computer system is used to execute programs that direct the manipulation of substrates, components, and other features of the lithography system. Based on the teachings described herein, the design of a program for implementing the system and method of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the relevant art.
While various embodiments of the present invention have been described above, it should be understood that these embodiments are shown by way of example only and not limitation. It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made to the examples without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims. Accordingly, the breadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.
FIG. 1 shows a reticle transport system according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 shows a removable reticle cassette according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a diagram showing an arrangement of reticles and pellicles in a removable reticle cassette according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a method of loading a reticle into a removable reticle cassette according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating a method of loading a reticle into a removable reticle cassette according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 7A is a simplified side view illustrating an embodiment of a substrate transport system and another portion of a lithographic apparatus, according to an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 7B is a simplified side view illustrating an embodiment of a substrate transport system and another portion of a lithographic apparatus, according to an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 7C is a simplified side view illustrating an embodiment of a substrate transport system and another portion of a lithographic apparatus, according to an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 7D is a simplified side view illustrating an example of a substrate transport system and another portion of a lithographic apparatus, according to an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 7E is a simplified side view illustrating an embodiment of a substrate transport system and another portion of a lithographic apparatus, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 7F is a simplified side view illustrating an embodiment of a substrate transport system and another portion of a lithographic apparatus, according to an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 7G is a simplified side view illustrating an example of a substrate transport system and another portion of a lithographic apparatus, according to an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 7H is a simplified side view illustrating an example of a substrate transport system and another portion of a lithographic apparatus, according to an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 8 is a view showing a substrate transport cassette that can be taken out according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 9A is a simplified side view illustrating an embodiment of a substrate transport system and a lithographic apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 9B is a simplified side view illustrating an embodiment of a substrate transport system and a lithographic apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 9C is a simplified side view illustrating an embodiment of a substrate transport system and a lithographic apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 9D is a simplified side view illustrating an embodiment of a substrate transport system and a lithographic apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 9E is a simplified side view illustrating an embodiment of a substrate transport system and a lithographic apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 9F is a simplified side view illustrating an embodiment of a substrate transport system and a lithographic apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 9G is a simplified side view illustrating an embodiment of a substrate transport system and a lithographic apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 9H is a simplified side view illustrating an embodiment of a substrate transport system and a lithographic apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 9I is a simplified side view illustrating an embodiment of a substrate transport system and a lithographic apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 9J is a simplified side view illustrating an embodiment of a substrate transport system and a lithographic apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 9K is a simplified side view illustrating an embodiment of a substrate transport system and a lithographic apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
100 reticle transport system, 105 indexer, 107 door, 109 reticle, 110 pellicle, 111 reticle cassette, 113 end effector, 115 robot arm, 117 seal, 205 internal chamber, 210 external chamber, 600 substrate transport cassette, 601 substrate, 603 Tray, 605 tray positioning member, 607 shell, 611 shell, 613 engagement tab, 615 end effector, 617 tab positioning member, 619 end effector positioning member, 621 filter, 623 patterned side, 625 blank side, 626 Vent hole, 627 substrate transfer device, 701 box, 707 shelf, 709 first storage rack, 711 base, 713 lid, 715 handle, 717 atmospheric robot, 7 8 Dissociation device, 719 Load lock, 721 Atmosphere side door, 723 Vacuum side door, 725 Process chamber, 727 Vacuum robot, 729 Shelf, 731 Second storage rack, 733 Locking device, 800 Substrate transport cassette, 801 Substrate, 803 pattern Formed region, 805 lower part positioning member, 807 lower part, 811 upper part, 815 upper part positioning member, 817 seal, 819 first surface, 821 edge band, 823 side edge, 827 filter 829 Vent, 897 Lower part, 901 Atmospheric robot, 903 Box, 905 Handle, 907 Base part, 909 Shelf, 911 Storage rack, 913 In / out module, 913 box, 915 Lid, 917 Step part, 919 Base, 921 Elevator , 923 transport shuttle, 925 load lock, 927 shuttle finger, 929 base positioning member, 931 atmosphere side gate valve, 933 vacuum side gate valve, 935 vacuum robot, 939 second storage rack, 937 process chamber, 940 end effector, 941 Shelf, 945 chuck, 947 lithography exposure apparatus, 999 substrate transfer system
In a reticle transfer system for a lithographic apparatus having a robot arm (115) ,
(A) An indexer (105) for storing a plurality of reticles (109) and a removable reticle cassette (111 ) is provided,
(B) An end effector (113) coupled to the robot arm (115) is provided, and the end effector (113) is capable of taking out the one of the plurality of reticles (109). To engage one of the plurality of reticles (109) to be disposed in a reticle cassette (111) and to be subsequently transported;
(C) the seal member for sealing (117) are provided one on the removable reticle cassette (111) within said sealing member (117) is the end of the plurality of reticles (109) Reticle transport system for a lithographic apparatus, characterized in that it is coupled to a part effector (113) .
The reticle transfer system according to claim 1, wherein the removable reticle cassette (111) comprises an internal chamber (205) and an external chamber (210) .
The reticle transfer system of claim 1, wherein the seal member (117) is coupled to the robot arm (115) .
In a method of transporting a reticle in a lithographic apparatus,
(A) storing a plurality of reticles (109) and an extractable reticle cassette (111) in the indexer (105) ;
(B) for one of said plurality of reticles (109) but which allows it to be placed in the removable reticle cassette (111) in engagement with one of the plurality of reticles (109) Connecting the end effector (113) to the robot arm (115) ,
(C) A seal member (117) coupled to the end effector (113) is used to seal and seal one of the plurality of reticles (109) into a removable reticle cassette (111) . Form an array,
(D) A method of transporting a reticle (109) in a lithographic apparatus, comprising transporting the sealed array.
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