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Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 11', '§ 10', '§ 3692', '§ 2', '§ 3692', '§ 10', '§ 3692', '§ 3692', '§ 111', '§ 11', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 11', '§ 10', '§ 11', '§ 10', '§ 11', '§ 3692', '§ 3692', '§ 3692', '§ 1400', '§ 1391', '§ 3692', '§ 11', '§ 1292', '§ 2', '§ 3692', '§ 3692', '§ 2', '§ 1', '§ 11', '§ 111', '§ 2', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 10', '§ 176', '§ 178', '§ 3692', '§ 3692', '§ 10', '§ 3692', '§ 3692', '§ 10']

MUNIZ V. HOFFMAN, 422 U. S. 454 (1975) - US SUPREME COURT DECISIONS ON-LINE
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(a) It is clear from § 10(l) of the NLRA, as added by the Labor Management Relations Act (LMRA), and related sections, particularly § 10(h) (which provides that the courts' jurisdiction to grant temporary injunctive relief or to enforce or set aside an NLRB unfair practice order shall not be limited by the Norris-LaGuardia Act), and from the legislative history of such sections, that Congress not only intended to exempt injunctions authorized by the NLRA and the LMRA from the Norris-LaGuardia Act's limitations, including original § 11 of the latter Act (now repealed) requiring jury trials in contempt actions arising out of that Act, but also intended that civil and criminal contempt proceedings enforcing those injunctions were not to afford contemnors the right to a jury trial. By providing for labor Act injunctions outside the Norris-LaGuardia Act's framework, Congress necessarily contemplated that there would be no right to a jury trial in such contempt proceedings. Pp. 422 U. S. 458-467. chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
WHITE, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which BURGER, C.J.,and BRENNAN, BLACKMUN, and REHNQUIST, JJ., joined. DOUGLAS, J., filed a dissenting opinion, post, p. 422 U. S. 478. STEWART, J., filed a dissenting opinion, in which MARSHALL and POWELL, JJ., joined, post, p. 422 U. S. 481. chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
Early in 1970, Local 21 of the San Francisco Typographical Union commenced picketing a publishing plant of a daily newspaper in San Rafael, Cal. Shortly thereafter, the newspaper filed an unfair labor practice charge against this union activity, and the Regional Director of the National Labor Relations Board, in response to that filing, petitioned the District Court pursuant to § 10(l) for a temporary injunction against those activities pending final disposition of the charge by the Board. The District Court, after a hearing, granted the requested relief and, more than two months later, granted a second petition for a temporary injunction filed by the Regional Director in response to other union activities related to chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
the original dispute. On June 24, 1970, Local 21 and certain of its officials were found to be in civil contempt of the latter injunction. After the entry of this contempt order, the tempo of illegal activities in violation of both injunctions increased, with other locals, including Local 70, participating. Various unions and their officers, including petitioners, were subsequently ordered to show cause why they should not be held in civil and criminal contempt of the injunctions. After proceedings in the criminal contempt case had been severed from the civil contempt proceedings, petitioners demanded a jury trial in the criminal case; this request was denied and petitioners were adjudged guilty of criminal contempt after appropriate proceedings. The District Court suspended the sentencing of petitioner Muniz and placed him on probation for one year; the court imposed a fine on petitioner Local 70 which, for purposes of this case, was $10,000. [Footnote 1] On appeal of that judgment to the Court of Appeals, petitioners argued, inter alia, that they had a statutory right to a jury trial of any disputed issues of fact, relying on 18 U.S.C. § 3692; [Footnote 2] petitioners also argued that they had a right to a jury trial under Art. III, § 2, of the Constitution, and the Sixth Amendment. The Court of Appeals rejected these and other claims chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
The petitioners' claim to jury trial under § 3692 is simply stated: that section provides for jury trial in contempt cases arising under any federal law governing the issuance of injunctions in any case growing out of a labor dispute; here, the injunction issued under § 10(l) arose out of a labor dispute in the most classic sense, and hence contempt proceedings were subject to § 3692's requirement for jury trial. Were we to consider only the language of § 3692, we might be hard pressed to disagree. But it is not unusual that exceptions to the applicability of a statute's otherwise all-inclusive language are not contained in the enactment itself, but are found in another statute dealing with particular situations to which the first statute might otherwise apply. [Footnote 3] Tidewater Oil chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
Co. v. United States, 409 U. S. 151 (1972); MacEvoy Co. v. United States ex rel. Tomkins Co., 322 U. S. 102 (1944). The Norris-LaGuardia Act, 47 Stat. 70, as amended, 29 chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
U.S.C. §.101 et seq., for example, categorically withdraws jurisdiction from the United States courts to issue any injunctions against certain conduct arising out of labor chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
No party in this case suggests that the injunctions authorized by Congress in 1935 and 1947 were subject to the jurisdictional and procedural limitations of Norris-LaGuardia. Neither can it be seriously argued that, at the time of enactment of the Wagner and Taft-Hartley Acts, civil or criminal contempt charges arising from violations of injunctions authorized by those statutes were to be tried to a jury. The historic rule at the time was that, absent contrary provision by rule or statute, jury trial was not required in the case of either civil or criminal contempt. See Green v. United States, 356 U. S. 165, 356 U. S. 183, 356 U. S. 189 (1958). Section 11 of Norris-LaGuardia, 29 U.S.C. § 111 (1946 ed.), [Footnote 4] required jury trials in contempt actions arising out of labor disputes. But § 11 was among those sections which § 10(h) expressly provided would not limit the power of federal courts to chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
It would be difficult to contend otherwise. It seems beyond doubt that, since 1935, it had been understood that the injunctions and enforcement orders referred to in § 10(h) were not subject to the jury requirements of § 11 of Norris-LaGuardia. When Congress subjected labor unions to unfair labor practice proceedings in 1947, and in §§ 10(j) and 10(l) provided for interim injunctive relief from the courts pending Board decision in unfair labor practice cases, it was equally plain that § 11, by its own terms, would not apply to contempt cases arising out of these injunctions. By providing for labor chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
H.R.Conf.Rep. No. 510, 80th Cong., 1st Sess., 57 (1947) (emphasis added). [Footnote 7] chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
93 Cong.Rec. 4835 (1947). This statement was made in the context of Senator Ball's explanation of his proposed amendment to § 10(l) as reported out of committee. That section provided generally that the Board would be required, under certain circumstances, to seek injunctive relief in the federal chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
This argument is unpersuasive. Not a word was said in connection with recodifying § 11 as § 3692 of the Criminal Code that would suggest any such important change in the settled intention of Congress, when it enacted the Wagner and Taft-Hartley Acts, that there would be no jury trials in contempt proceedings arising out of labor Act injunctions. Injunctions authorized by the Labor Management Relations Act were limited to those sought by the Board, "acting in the public interest, and not in vindication of purely private rights." S.Rep. chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
No. 105, 80th Cong., 1st Sess., 8 (1947). We cannot accept the proposition that Congress, without expressly so providing, intended in § 3692 to change the rules for enforcing injunctions which the Labor Management Relations Act authorized the Labor Board, an agency of the United States, to seek in a United States court. Cf. United States v. Mine Workers, 330 U.S. at 330 U. S. 269-276. [Footnote 8] Just as § 3692 may not be read apart from other relevant provisions of the labor law, that section likewise may not be read isolated from its legislative history and the revision process from which it emerged, all of which place definite limitations on the latitude we have in construing it. The revision of the Criminal Code was, as petitioners suggest, a massive undertaking, but, chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
Holy Trinity Church v. United States, 143 U. S. 457, 143 U. S. 459 (1892). Whatever may be said with regard to the application of this rule in other chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
The general rule announced in Ryder was applied by this Court in Fourco Glass Co. v. Transmirra Corp., 353 U. S. 222 (1957). In that case, the question was whether venue in patent infringement actions was to be governed by 28 U.S.C. § 1400(b), a discrete provision dealing with venue in patent infringement actions, or 28 U.S.C. § 1391(c), a general provision dealing with venue in actions brought against corporations. Both of these provisions underwent some change in wording in the 1948 revision of the Judicial Code. [Footnote 10] The respondents in that chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
The Court rejected this argument in terms acutely chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
relevant to this case. "[N]o changes of law or policy," the Court said, "are to be presumed from changes of language in the revision unless an intent to make such changes is clearly expressed." 353 U.S. at 353 U. S. 227. Furthermore, a change in the language of a statute itself was not enough to establish an intent to effect a substantive change, for "every change made in the text is explained in detail in the Revisers' Notes," id. at 353 U. S. 226, and the Notes failed to express any substantive change. The Court relied on the Senate and House Reports on the 1948 revision to support this position, id. at 353 U. S. 226 nn. 6 and 7; the language quoted by the Court from the House Report is virtually identical to that which appears in the House Report of the 1948 revision of the Criminal Code, see n 9, supra. In view of the express disavowals in the House and Senate Reports on the revisions of both the Criminal Code, see supra at 422 U. S. 468-469, and the Judicial Code, see n 10, supra, it would seem difficult, at best, to argue that a change in the substantive law could nevertheless be effected by a change in the language of a statute without any indication in the Reviser's Note of that change. It is not tenable to argue that the Reviser's Note to § 3692, although it explained in detail what words were deleted from and added to what had been § 11 of the Norris-LaGuardia Act, simply did not bother to explain at all, much less in detail, that an admittedly substantial right was being conferred on potential contemnors that had been rejected in the defeat of the Ball amendment the previous year and that, historically, contemnors had never enjoyed. [Footnote 11] chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
In Tidewater Oil Co. v. United States, 409 U. S. 151 (1972), the Court applied the rule that revisions contained in the 1948 Judicial Code should be construed by reference to the Reviser's Notes. The question was whether a change in the language of 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a)(1), made in the 1948 revision of the Judicial Code, had modified a longstanding policy under § 2 of the Expediting Act of 1903, 32 Stat. 823, as amended, 15 U.S.C. 29, providing generally that this Court should have exclusive appellate jurisdiction over civil antitrust chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
In this case, involving the 1948 revision of the Criminal Code, the House and Senate Reports caution repeatedly against reading substantive changes into the revision, and the Reviser's Note to § 3692 gives absolutely no indication that a substantive change in the law was contemplated. In these circumstances, our cases and the canon of statutory construction which Congress expected would be applied to the revisions of both the Criminal and Judicial Codes require us to conclude, along with all the lower federal courts having considered this question since 1948, save one, that § 3692 does not provide for trial by jury in contempt proceedings brought to enforce an injunction issued at the behest of the Board in a labor dispute arising under the Labor Management Relations Act. [Footnote 12] chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
We also agree with the Court of Appals that the union petitioner had no right to a jury trial under At. III, § 2, and the Sixth Amendment. Green v. United States, 356 U. S. 165 (1958), reaffirmed the historic rule that state and federal courts have the constitutional power to punish any criminal contempt without a jury trial. United States v. Barnett, 376 U. S. 681 (1964), and Cheff v. Schneckenberg, 384 U. S. 373 (1966), presaged a change in this rule. The constitutional doctrine which emerged from later decisions such as Bloom v. Illinois, 391 U. S. 194 (1968); Frank v. United States, 395 U. S. 147 (1969); Baldwin v. New York, 399 U. S. 66 (1970); Taylor v. Hayes, 418 U. S. 488 (1974); and Codispoti v. Pennsylvania, 418 U. S. 506 (1974), may be capsuled as follows: (1) Like other minor crimes, "petty" contempts may be tried chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
We cannot agree. In determining the boundary between petty and serious contempts for purposes of applying the Sixth Amendment's jury trial guarantee, and in holding that a punishment of more than six months in prison could not be ordered without making a jury trial available to the defendant, the Court has referred to the relevant rules and practices followed by the federal and state regimes, including the definition of petty offenses under 18 U.S.C. § 1(3). Under that section, petty offenses are defined as those crimes "the penalty for which chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
In enacting this language in 1948, Congress reaffirmed the purpose originally expressed in § 11 of the Norris-LaGuardia Act, 47 Stat. 72, 29 U.S.C. § 111 (1946 ed.). That Act was intended to shield the organized labor movement from the intervention of a federal judiciary perceived by some as hostile to labor. The Act severely constrained the power of a federal court to issue an injunction against any person "participating or interested in a labor dispute." Section 11 provided for trial by jury in "all cases arising under this Act in which a person shall be charged with contempt." In the context of the case now before us, I view this section as affording, at the very least, a jury trial in any criminal contempt proceeding involving an alleged violation of an injunction issued against a participant in a "labor dispute." Any such injunction issued by a federal court was one "arising under" the Act, for it could have been issued only in accordance with the Act's prescriptions. [Footnote 2/1] The evident congressional intent was to provide chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
I would reverse the judgment against Local 70 or constitutional grounds. [Footnote 2/4] Article III, § 2, of the Constitution provides that "[t]he Trial of all Crimes, except chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
(Emphasis added.) The Court fails to give effect to this language when it declares that a $10,000 fine is not "of such magnitude that a jury should have been interposed to guard against bias or mistake." Ante at 422 U. S. 477. I have previously protested this Court's refusal to recognize a right to jury trial in cases where it deems an offense to be "petty." [Footnote 2/5] But even the "petty offense" exception cannot justify today's result, for it is impossible fairly to characterize either the offense or its penalty as "petty." [Footnote 2/6] Disobedience of an injunction obtained by the Board is hardly a transgression trivial by its nature, and the imposition of a $10,000 fine is not a matter most locals would take lightly. In any event, the Constitution deprives us of the power to grant or withhold trial by jury depending upon our assessment of the substantiality of the penalty. To the argument that the Framers could not have intended to provide trial by jury in cases involving only chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
The contempt proceedings in the present case arose out of a dispute between Local 21 of the International Typographical Union and the San Rafael Independent Journal. chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
Section 3692 thus, expressly applies to more than just those cases of contempt arising under the Norris-LaGuardia Act. By its own terms, the section encompasses all cases of contempt arising under any of the several laws of the United States governing the issuance of injunctions in cases of a "labor dispute." Section 10(l) of chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
Section 10(l) requires the Board's regional official to petition the appropriate district court for injunctive relief pending final Board adjudication when he has "reasonable cause" to believe that a labor organization or its agents have engaged in certain specified unfair labor practices. [Footnote 3/1] Although not all unfair labor practices potentially subject to § 10(l) injunctions need arise out of a "labor dispute," both the primary strike and the secondary activity in this case concerned the "terms or conditions of employment" of Local 21 members. Thus, the injunction and subsequent contempt proceedings clearly involved a "labor dispute" as that term is defined in the Norris-LaGuardia Act and the National Labor Relations Act. [Footnote 3/2] Accordingly, § 10(l) is here a law governing the issuance of an injunction in chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
Similarly, § 10(h) does not indicate a congressional intent to eliminate the jury trial requirement for criminal contempts arising from disobedience of injunctions issued pursuant to the National Labor Relations Act. [Footnote 3/5] That chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
In contrast, when Congress provided for the issuance of injunctions during national emergencies as part of the Taft-Hartley Act, 29 U.S.C. § § 176-180, it did not merely state that the jurisdiction of district courts under those circumstances is not limited by Norris-LaGuardia. Rather, it provided simply and broadly that all of the provisions of that Act are inapplicable. 29 U.S.C. § 178(h). [Footnote 3/6] chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
If, contrary to the above discussion, there is any ambiguity about § 3692, it should nonetheless be read as extending a right to a jury trial in the criminal contempt proceedings now before us under the firmly established canon of statutory construction mandating that any ambiguity concerning criminal statutes is to be resolved in favor of the accused. See, e.g., United States v. Bass, 404 U. S. 336, 404 U. S. 347; Rewis v. United States, 401 U. S. 808, 401 U. S. 812; Smith v. United States, 360 U. S. 1, 360 U. S. 9. On the other hand, there is no sound policy argument for limiting the scope of § 3692. A guarantee of the right to a jury trial in cases of criminal contempt for violation of injunctions issued pursuant to § 10(l) does not restrict the ability of the Board's regional official to seek, or the power of the District Court to grant, temporary injunctive relief to bring an immediate halt to secondary boycotts and recognitional picketing pending adjudication of unfair labor practice charges before the Board. Nor does it interfere with the authority of the District Court to insure prompt compliance with its injunction through the use of coercive civil contempt sanctions. [Footnote 3/7] Indeed, chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
construing § 3692 as it is written, so as to include this kind of an injunction issued pursuant to the National Labor Relations Act, would not even affect the power of the court to impose criminal contempt sanctions. It would only require that, prior to imposition of criminal punishment for violation of a court order, the necessary facts must be found by an impartial jury, rather than by the judge whose order has been violated. [Footnote 3/8] chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
On its face, § 3692, which guarantees to "the accused" the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury in language identical to the Sixth Amendment's guarantee of a jury trial in criminal cases, appears to be limited to trials for criminal contempt. That construction is also consistent with the decision of Congress to place the provision in Title 18, dealing with crimes and criminal procedure. Moreover, while it is clear that a trial for criminal contempt is an independent proceeding, and "no part of the original cause," Michaelson v. United States ex rel. Chicago, St. P., M. & O. R. Co., 266 U. S. 42, 266 U. S. 64, civil contempt proceedings to insure compliance with an injunction are extensions of the original equitable cause of action. See id. at 266 U. S. 64-65. It is therefore arguable that § 10(l)'s explicit statement that the "jurisdiction" of the district courts shall not be affected by "any other provision of law" renders inapplicable any otherwise relevant statutory requirement of a jury trial for civil contempts. See In re Union Nacional de Trabajadores, 502 F.2d 119-121.