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Aerodrome Emergency Planning SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS FOR AERODROMES - PDF
Aerodrome Emergency Planning SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS FOR AERODROMES
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1 Advisory Circular Aerodrome Emergency Planning AC (1) JANUARY 2013 SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS FOR AERODROMES CONTENTS Page 1. References 1 2. Purpose 2 3. Status of this advisory circular 2 4. Acronyms 2 5. Definitions 3 6. Applicability 6 7. Background 6 8. Introduction 6 9. The safety management system (SMS) Existing systems General requirements Safety policy and objectives and planning Safety risk management Safety assurance Safety Promotion Summary 28 Appendix A Safety management system review checklist REFERENCES Civil Aviation Act 1988 Part 139 of the Civil Aviation Safety Regulations 1998 (CASR 1998) Part 139 Manual of Standards (MOS) - Aerodromes AS/NZS ISO 31000:2009 Risk Management Principles and Guidelines ICAO Annex 14 - Aerodromes Volume I ICAO Doc 9859 Safety Management Manual, 2nd Edition dated ICAO Doc 9774 Manual on Certification of Aerodromes, First Edition 2001 CAAP SMS-1(0) Safety Management Systems for Regular Public Transport Operations Advisory Circulars (ACs) are intended to provide advice and guidance to illustrate a means, but not necessarily the only means, of complying with the Regulations, or to explain certain regulatory requirements by providing informative, interpretative and explanatory material. Where an AC is referred to in a Note below the regulation, the AC remains as guidance material. ACs should always be read in conjunction with the referenced regulations. This AC has been approved for release by the Executive Manager, Standards Division.
2 AC (1): Safety management systems for aerodromes 2 2. PURPOSE 2.1 This amended version will provide updated and contemporary information for certificate holders of certified aerodromes. 3. STATUS OF THIS ADVISORY CIRCULAR 3.1 This is the first amendment/revision of this AC and replaces AC (0) dated March The main objective of the revised AC is to incorporate a four component and 15 element Safety Management System Framework intended to guide development and implementation of a Safety Management System (SMS) at certified aerodromes. The 15 element framework is based on the ICAO Safety Management System Framework (ICAO Doc 9859) with an additional 3 elements included by CASA. 4. ACRONYMS AC AEP AM AOC Advisory Circular Aerodrome Emergency Planning Aerodrome Manual Airline Operator Committee AS/NZS Australian/New Zealand Standard CASA Civil Aviation Safety Authority CASR Civil Aviation Safety Regulations 1998 CEO ICAO IRS MOS MOWP Chief Executive Officer International Civil Aviation Organization Internal Reporting System Manual of Standards Method of Working Plan NOTAM Notice to Airman OHS QMS SM SMM SMS TLW TNA Occupational Health and Safety Quality Management System Safety Manager Safety Management System Manual Safety Management System Time Limited Works Training Needs Analysis
3 AC (1): Safety management systems for aerodromes 3 5. DEFINITIONS Accident: An occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft which takes place between the time any person boards the aircraft with intention of flight until such time as all such persons have disembarked in which: a) a person is fatally or seriously injured as a result of: being in the aircraft; or direct contact with any part of the aircraft, including parts which have become detached from the aircraft; or direct exposure to jet blast, except when the injuries are from natural causes, self-inflicted, or caused by other persons, or when injuries are to stowaways hiding outside the areas normally available to the passengers and crew, or b) the aircraft sustains damage or structural failure which; adversely affects the structural strength, performance or flight characteristics of the aircraft; and would normally require major repair or replacement of the affected component, except for engine failure or damage, when the damage is limited to the engine, its cowlings or accessories; or for damage limited to propellers, wing tips, antennas, tyres, brakes, fairings, small dents or puncture holes in the aircraft skin; or c) the aircraft is missing or is completely inaccessible. Notes: 1. For statistical uniformity only, an injury resulting in death within thirty days of the date of the accident is classified as a fatal injury by ICAO. 2. An aircraft is considered to be missing when the official search has been terminated and wreckage has not been located. Accountable Manager: A single term referencing the most senior person who holds the operational authority of the certificate. For the purposes of this AC, each organisation should substitute their own title for the person who holds such authority. As Low As Reasonably Practical (ALARP): means a risk is low enough that attempting to make it lower, or the cost of assessing the improvement gained in an attempted risk reduction, would actually be more costly than any cost likely to come from the risk itself. Assessment: In the context of competency based training is the process of observing, recording, and interpreting individual knowledge and performance against a specified standard.
4 AC (1): Safety management systems for aerodromes 4 Change Management: A systematic approach to controlling changes to any aspect of processes, procedures, products or services, both from the perspective of an organisation and individuals. Its objective is to ensure that safety risks resulting from change are assessed and appropriate risk mitigation factors implemented to ensure that safety risks resulting from change are reduced to as low as reasonably practicable. Competency: A combination of skills, knowledge and behaviour required to perform a task to the prescribed standard. Competency standards: Defined and expressed outcomes associated with the performance of a task. Competency-based training: Training designed to develop the skills, knowledge and behaviour required to meet competency standards Consequence: Outcome or impact of an event. Notes: 1. There can be more than one consequence from one event. 2. Consequences can range from positive to negative. 3. Consequences can be expressed qualitatively or quantitatively. 4. Consequences are considered in relation to the achievement of objectives. Hazard: A source of potential harm. Human Factors (HF): The minimisation of human error and its consequences by optimising the relationships within systems between people, activities and equipment. Incident: An occurrence, other than an accident, associated with the operation or maintenance of an aircraft, which affects or could affect the safety of operation. Likelihood: Used as a general description of probability or frequency. Note: Can be expressed qualitatively or quantitatively. Management: Management comprises planning, organising, resourcing, leading or directing, and controlling an organisation (a group of one or more people or entities) or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal. Operational safety-critical personnel: Persons performing or responsible for safety-related work, including those employees performing roles that have direct contact with the physical operation and maintenance of the aerodrome or with those who have operational contact with personnel who operate the aerodrome. Operator: An aerodrome operator certified under the Civil Aviation Act and Part 139 of CASR Reporting Culture: An organisational philosophy and practice that considers the context, in which, errors occur. It is characterised by the clear definition of acceptable and unacceptable behaviours, the free-flow of information, the correction of systemic issues and the reserved but appropriate application of sanctions on individuals where unacceptable behaviour persists
5 AC (1): Safety management systems for aerodromes 5 Risk: The chance of something happening that will have an impact on objectives. Notes: 1. A risk is often specified in terms of an event or circumstance and the consequence that may flow from it. 2. Risk is measured in terms of a combination of the consequences of an event and its likelihood. 3. Risk may have a positive or negative impact. Risk Assessment: The overall process of risk identification, risk analysis and risk evaluation. Risk Identification: The process of determining what, where, when, why and how something could happen. Risk Management: The identification, assessment, and prioritisation of risks through coordinated and economical application of resources to minimise, monitor, and control the probability and/or, impact of undesired events or to maximise the realisation of opportunities. Safety Case: A documented body of evidence that provides a demonstrated and valid argument that a system is adequately safe for a given application and environment over its lifetime. Safety Culture: An enduring set of beliefs, norms, attitudes, and practices within an organisation concerned with safety. A positive safety culture is characterised by a shared concern for, commitment to, and accountability for safety. Safety Management: May be described as managing the identification and reduction of hazards and the mitigation of risks associated with those hazards until they reach the ALARP criteria. Safety Manager (SM): A person responsible for managing all aspects of the operation of the operator s SMS. Safety Management System (SMS): The organisational structure, procedures, processes and resources needed to implement safety management throughout all activities and processes conducted by the organisation. Stakeholders: Those people and organisations who may affect, be affected by, or perceive themselves to be affected by a decision, activity or risk. Training: The process of bringing a person to an agreed standard of proficiency by practice and instruction. Training Needs Analysis (TNA): The identification of training needs at employee, departmental, or organisational level, in order for the organisation to perform effectively.
6 AC (1): Safety management systems for aerodromes 6 6. APPLICABILITY 6.1 This AC applies to operators of certified aerodromes. Operators of registered aerodromes are also encouraged to introduce a SMS at their aerodrome. Further guidance on the implementation of a SMS is provided in CAAP SMS-1(0). 6.2 Sub regulation (2) of CASR 1998 requires the operator of a certified aerodrome to have an aerodrome SMS that complies with the Part 139 Manual of Standards (MOS) Aerodromes. 6.3 This AC addresses aviation safety related processes and activities of the operator, rather than occupational health and safety, environmental protection, or security systems. The operator is responsible for the safety of services and/or products contracted to or purchased from other organisations. 7. BACKGROUND 7.1 This AC describes the safety outcomes and the key elements of an SMS. The AC content has been formatted to align within the framework of the ICAO SMS recommendations as described in Annex 14 Volume I Appendix 7, Framework for Safety Management Systems. 7.2 For the purpose of this AC, the SMS manual will be known as the Safety Management Manual (SMM). ICAO Document (Doc 9859) has been prepared to provide guidelines associated with the SMM. 7.3 Depending on the complexity of the aerodrome, the operator may have developed a stand alone Safety Management System Manual containing the SMS material that would otherwise be contained within the Aerodrome Manual. The inclusion of the SMS within the AM would be consistent with the format as described in ICAO Doc 9774 Manual on Certification of Aerodromes. 8. INTRODUCTION 8.1 History has shown that the effectiveness of the SMS is directly proportional to the degree of investment and participation of senior management, the effort put into hazard identification, the quality of outcomes of internal and external reporting and, and the appropriateness of risk management controls. 8.2 Section 10.1 of the Part 139 MOS Aerodromes briefly defines that a safety culture and ongoing senior management commitment are two underpinning elements of an effective SMS. These elements support, the processes of ongoing hazard identification, reporting, training, auditing, risk management, change management, document control and safety assurance. 8.3 The objective of risk management is to eliminate risk where practical or reduce the risk (likelihood/consequence) to acceptable levels (ALARP), and to manage the remaining risk to avoid or mitigate any possible undesirable outcome of the particular activity. Risk reduction is therefore an integral component to the development and application of an effective SMS. 8.4 An SMS should be considered as an integral part of aerodrome management. Since the introduction of Part 139 of CASR 1998 in 2003, SMS has been considered a major component of aerodrome certification and should be managed by the aerodrome operator to ensure continuous benefit to both safety and business aspects of aerodrome operations.
7 AC (1): Safety management systems for aerodromes Most, if not all, aerodrome operators that will use this AC will already have an SMS in place. This AC has introduced additional SMS elements to be considered and therefore organisations should take the opportunity to review their existing SMS in line with continual improvement and with the view of improving the outcomes of an effective SMS. Depending on the complexity of the aerodrome and the management of third parties, organisations may need to consider a gap analysis assessment procedure to review the system as a result of changes. 8.6 Gap analysis procedures will permit a formal review to determine which components and elements of the SMS are currently in place, and which components or elements should be added or modified to meet SMS improvements as well as regulatory requirements. 9. THE SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (SMS) 9.1 Within the context of this AC, Operator means an aerodrome operator certified under the Civil Aviation Act and Part 139 of CASR An SMS should consist of well documented, easy to comprehend procedures that are continuously managed to support the aerodrome operator s obligations with respect to the AM and CASR 139 certification. 9.3 The SMS should be developed and maintained by the aerodrome operator and/or Safety Manager and be designed to manage the safety requirements based on the complexity of the aerodrome. 9.4 An SMS supports the aerodrome operator in: tracking of minor events to determine trends and to trigger action plans; and well accumulated evidence can be used to support safety cases and direct resources. identifying areas of non-compliance with regulations and appropriate manner to rectify the non-compliance. detecting hazards through accumulation of evidence. An example is where recording events of aircraft parking congestion can identify a hazard and support the aerodrome operator to increase the size of the apron area. prioritising risk to allow development of an action plan in the event of adverse audit findings continual assessment and updating of appropriate parts of the aerodrome emergency response plan. identifying responsible personnel to be accountable for managing identified hazards. assessing the ongoing risks associated with works area safety management and determining appropriate responses for contingencies. 9.5 CASA policy is for an SMS to consist of a four component, fifteen element framework based on the addition of three elements to the twelve found in the ICAO Annex 14 Volume I Appendix 7, framework. The four components and fifteen elements considered as part of a modern SMS framework are: Safety policy and objectives and planning: º Management commitment and responsibility; º Safety accountabilities; º Appointment of key safety personnel; º SMS implementation plan; º Third party interface;
8 AC (1): Safety management systems for aerodromes 8 º Coordination of emergency response planning; º Documentation; Safety risk management: º Hazard identification process; º Safety risk assessment and mitigation process; Safety assurance: º Safety performance monitoring and measurement; º Internal safety investigation; º The management of change; and º Continuous improvement of the SMS; Safety promotion: º Training and education; and º Safety communication. Note: CASA anticipates that ICAO Annex 14 Volume I Appendix 7 will shortly be replaced with Annex 19 following the transfer of the provisions on safety management responsibilities and processes from existing Annexes for consolidation in new Annex 19 Safety Management. 9.6 This AC outlines that each SMS should be consistent in identifying each of the four components and fifteen elements however, the degree to which each elements is addressed will be dependent on the level of complexity of the aerodrome. The SMS provides a framework within which the AM and other Manuals can be incorporated thereby embedding safety as an integral part of all aerodrome procedures and management processes. As an example, all hazard identification and management procedures required in the AM could be incorporated within the hazard identification and safety risk assessment and mitigation elements of the SMS. Organising the AM and SMS in this way ensures consideration of these safety related activities in an integrated manner and ensures parallel and redundant processes are avoided. 10. EXISTING SYSTEMS Integrating existing systems into an SMS 10.1 An SMS is associated with sound and safe management practice and therefore may benefit from the use of established systems. Business systems involving document control, personnel management, reporting systems, assurance, change management, senior management accountability and continuous improvement can be used to enhance the operation of an SMS Within an organisation, there may be various business systems or processes already in existence with common processes to an SMS that include: Document control processes; Change management processes; Enterprise or Project Risk Management Systems; Contractor management processes; Quality Management System (QMS); Environmental Management System;
9 AC (1): Safety management systems for aerodromes 9 Occupational Health and Safety Management System; and Security Management System. Depending on the maturity, size and expertise of the operator, there may be the potential for the aerodrome SMS to utilise existing procedures and structures Because SMS and QMS share many common resources, there may be a tendency to assume that an operator that has established and operates a QMS does not need, or already has, an SMS. This assumption is incorrect. There are many similarities between SMS and QMS, but there are also some important differences. Quality management focuses on assuring product/service quality, and the means to achieve it, whereas safety management focuses on the identification of hazards and the mitigation of risks associated with those hazards until they reach predetermined risk levels known as ALARP (As Low as Reasonably Practicable). To achieve this, SMS utilises and integrates quality management techniques, risk management and human factor principles into the processes and procedures of the operator to ensure safety objectives are realised The SMS and the QMS are separate systems with different functions. They do however share many features, elements and capabilities. For example, the reporting systems, communications, training are similar and could be shared. Depending on the size of the operator, some roles might also be shared between systems; including the Quality and Safety Manager roles. Integration has its benefits, such as consistency and resource maximisation. Effective integration can even expose relationships between hazards which are not obvious when the systems are operated in isolation. However, integration if not managed carefully can create problems and even induce risks into the operation. The operator should therefore assure itself that there are no obvious misalignments or gaps between the integrated SMS and the QMS capabilities The SMS should be considered the overarching system, which can contain sub-systems. The SMS therefore must provide an organisational overview and confirmation that the aerodrome operational safety issues are the most important operational issues. 11. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 11.1 The SMS Manual should describe a set of procedures that must be followed and ensure that each element is addressed according to the aerodrome operator s specific system. As listed in paragraph 9.5 of this AC, the following example of SMS documentation has been prepared in accordance with the ICAO Framework for Safety Management System elements. 12. SAFETY POLICY AND OBJECTIVES AND PLANNING Management commitment and responsibility 12.1 The accountable manager s commitment to, and responsibility for, safety should be formally expressed in a statement of the aerodrome operator s safety policy. This should reflect the operator s philosophy of safety management and become the foundation on which the operator s SMS is built.
10 AC (1): Safety management systems for aerodromes The aerodrome operator s safety policy should be clear, concise and confirm top level management support, be signed by the accountable manager, and include a commitment to: implementing a SMS based on the safety policy; assurance of senior management accountability; provide management guidance for setting, reviewing and achieving safety objectives and safety targets through the management of safety risks; provision of the resources necessary for effective safety management and ensuring staff are sufficiently trained and aware of their safety responsibilities and accountability for safety at all levels of the organisation; management s explicit support of a reporting culture, as part of the overall safety culture of the organisation, i.e. encouragement of a culture that is against acts of reprisal against, employees that report safety issues; to complying with all applicable legal/legislative requirements, standards and best practice; communication with all employees and parties; establishing and maintaining standards for acceptable safety behaviour; active encouragement of safety reporting; integrating safety management with other critical management systems within the organisation; promotion and demonstration of their commitment to the Safety Policy through active and visible participation in the SMS; and periodic review of the safety policy to ensure it remains relevant and appropriate to the organisation The accountable manager is best characterised by their authorities and responsibilities which include: Full authority for human resources issues; Authority for major financial issues; Direct responsibility for the conduct of the organisation s affairs; Final authority over airside operations under the aerodrome certificate; and Final responsibility for all safety issues Safety objectives and standards for safety performance are set by the accountable manager for the entire organisation. They consist of statements of intended safety outcomes. At more complex aerodromes, individual safety objectives are accompanied by documented plans of action To assist in their development, safety objectives should be Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Timely (S.M.A.R,T). Examples of such safety objectives may include but are not limited to: A 10% reduction in airside driving incidents over the next 12 months; A reduction in apron fuel spill incidents to a maximum of two per quarter; All incident assessment and corrective action outcomes to be implemented within recommended timeframes; A 10% reduction (month-to-month) in bird and animal strikes over the next six months (subject to similar environmental conditions being experienced);
11 AC (1): Safety management systems for aerodromes 11 A reduction in personal injuries; Completion of SMS induction training by all new employees, stakeholders and contractors within two months of starting work/operations; and Nil significant aviation incidents impact, attributable to the aerodrome operator, or any runway incursions over the next five (5) years Those responsible for the provision of a safe and compliant facility must hold the authority to enable their safety responsibilities to be demonstrated. An SMS cannot function if someone is assigned safety responsibilities but does not have the authority to expend resources to meet those responsibilities It is important that the management structure and accountabilities are clear and where required, who will represent accountable management at either the Safety Committee meetings or other stakeholder meeting opportunities that have been accepted by the aerodrome operator as relevant to supporting the SMS. Safety Action Groups are an accepted alternative title to stakeholder groups The aerodrome operator must ensure that management understands the responsibilities and that the resources are provided to satisfy compliance. Adequate resources consideration should include an assessment of staff to fulfil all responsibilities effectively An effective safety policy should clearly detail the operator s attitude toward acceptable and unacceptable behaviour. The organisation needs a Reporting Culture philosophy. A reporting culture promotes confidence within an organisation enabling the reporting of genuine errors without fear of consequences to the individual. It is not a no-blame approach, rather it is characterised by the clear definition of acceptable and unacceptable behaviours, the free-flow of information, the correction of systemic issues and the reserved but appropriate application of sanctions on individuals where deliberate contravention or persistent unsafe actions without appropriate reason occur The safety policy should clearly define the boundaries of what is considered to be unacceptable behaviour. It should also broadly outline the reporting systems in place and staff responsibilities with respect to these systems. It should recognise the objective of this approach as being the improvement of systemic problems and the prevention of future incidents not the laying of blame and retribution The endorsement, promotion and acceptance of the safety policy is as important as its development. Without widespread awareness of safety policy, personnel cannot be expected to behave in a manner consistent with the safety policy. The safety policy should not only be contained within the SMM but also widely publicised and distributed. As such, it should also be subject to document control procedures. Safety accountabilities The accountable manager requires an organisational structure that has the responsibility, authority and accountability assigned to it to ensure that the SMS will function as planned. This includes an organisation chart that depicts the organisation structure inclusive of the SMS that establishes a clear line of communication from the SM directly to the accountable manager as nominated by the aerodrome operator The accountable manager should determine an organisational structure to ensure reporting and assessment responsibilities are assigned according to the level of risk associated with an event, incident or accident.
12 AC (1): Safety management systems for aerodromes The accountable manager should ensure that the management structure is consistent with risk responsibility of managers. Appointment of key safety personnel Key safety personnel are those personnel who hold positions of responsibility and/or authority within the organisation that have a direct effect on the safety of the aerodrome The SMM must nominate and record the SM and ensure that the nomination is supported by the accountable manager or other senior management depending on the organisational structure. The accountable manager or his delegate is accountable for the application and effectiveness of the SMS Depending on the size of the organisation, the SM should possess operational management experience and an adequate technical background to understand the systems that support aerodrome operations While the accountable manager is accountable for safety, safety is the responsibility of all members of the operator s organisation. Specific safety activities and functional or operational safety performance outcomes are the responsibility of the relevant managers While the accountable manager is ultimately responsible for the overall safety performance of the organisation, the SM is accountable for the satisfactory administration and facilitation of the SMS itself and should monitor all cross-functional or departmental SMS activities to ensure relevant integration and reporting between sections The Safety Manager, irrespective of other duties, should have responsibilities and authority for, but not limited to: ensuring that processes needed for the SMS are established, implemented and maintained; reporting to the accountable manager on the performance of the SMS and the areas where improvement is required; ensuring the promotion of awareness of safety requirements throughout the operator s organisation; develop and mature the SMS over time, through engagement with the organisations senior management at all levels, and operational employees; drafting the Safety Management Manual; implementing, maintaining, reviewing and revision of the SMS; regular evaluation, reviews and fine tuning of the safety program; providing safety advice to management and staff; providing timely advice and assistance on safety matters to managers, employees and contractors at all levels; communicating with Heads of Departments on safety related issues; promoting safety awareness and a positive safety culture; liaison with CASA, Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB) and other stakeholders on safety-related issues; exchange of valuable lessons learned with other operators and aerodrome users and stakeholders; researching and sharing safety related information with other key safety personnel in the organisation;
13 AC (1): Safety management systems for aerodromes 13 if delegated by the accountable manager, chairing the safety committee(s); incident and accident investigation coordination (unless an obvious conflict of interest is involved and/or when independence cannot be assured); managing immunity-based reporting systems (confidential reports); monitoring the progress of safety reports and ensuring that hazards are addressed in a timely manner; maintaining an appropriate reporting system to identify hazards, which includes the overseeing the reduction of risks to ensure that they are ALARP; maintaining safety documentation; ensuring SMS induction and recurrent training are conducted in accordance with the SMM Manual; identifying ongoing safety training requirements to support the SMS programme objectives; overseeing the internal and external SMS audit programmes; and an understanding of the Aerodrome Emergency Plan and the role of the Aerodrome Emergency Committee Where possible, the Safety Manager should be assisted by safety representatives from each department or functional area The accountable manager should ensure that those assigned safety responsibilities hold the authority to meet their safety responsibilities and therefore have the necessary authority to expend resources to meet those responsibilities The management team must be trained and competent to fulfil their responsibilities within the SMS Where the complexity of the aerodrome requires a separate Safety Committee, the SM should determine those representatives from the aerodrome operator and relevant stakeholders who should participate as members A Safety Committee would normally be necessary for functional or senior management involvement on policy, overall system implementation and safety performance review purposes. Membership and level of participation in the Safety Committee would depend on the size and structure of the organisation: Small Organisation a small organisation will have limited staff and the appointment of a dedicated SM may not be an option. For small organisations, the functions of a SM could be included as part of the duties of another position within the organisation or undertaken by a contractor. The importance of the safety management function cannot be emphasised enough and the implications of adding additional roles and responsibility to the SM should be considered carefully. Medium Organisation a medium sized organisation may have a separate SM, possibly with a small number of staff. There would be an opportunity for one of the Safety Representatives to be appointed as required. The Safety Committee may consist of external stakeholders. Large Organisation a large organisation may have a dedicated Safety Department, led by a Head of Safety Management. There would be scope within the department to appoint a dedicated SM, and additional support personnel as required. The Safety Committee may be internal representation supported by external operational groups.
14 AC (1): Safety management systems for aerodromes The objective of the Safety Committee is to provide a forum to discuss safety issues and manage the overall effectiveness of the SMS. Terms of reference for the Safety Committee are documented in the SMM. Responsibilities of the safety committee may include: Making recommendations or decisions concerning safety incidents and objectives; Identification of the hazards of the business and their effects upon those activities critical to the safety of flight Defining safety performance indicators and setting performance targets; The use of active monitoring and audit processes to validate that the necessary controls identified through the risk mitigation process are in place and are being maintained. Review safety directions and outcomes; Monitor the performance of the SMS to ensure ongoing effectiveness and active commitment to safety; Ensure all nominated procedures are addressed as per the SMM; Ensuring an ongoing, systematic approach to the management of how interfaces between the organisation and its suppliers, subcontractors and business partners impact on aviation safety. Assess the quality and integrity of SMS audit reports and internal reviews; and Review CASA and annual Aerodrome Technical Inspection reports. SMS Implementation Plan If an operator does not already have an SMS, the SMS implementation plan should be endorsed by the accountable manager and be implemented within a suitable timeframe The SMS implementation plan should detail all aspects of the development and implementation of the SMS. It is expected that the SMS program will mature over time through a process of continuous improvement The implementation plan should address all the areas covered in the SMM with particular attention being given to safety strategy, safety objectives, safety management processes and activities, resource implications, training, safety promotion and time lines The planning (or establishment) group may be able to build upon existing strengths by reviewing the organisations current capabilities for safety management (including experience, knowledge, processes, procedures, resources etc.). An operator s shortcomings in safety management experience should be recognised and resources to assist in development and implementation of the SMS identified. Many aerodrome operators may already have internal procedures in place for the investigation of incidents, hazard identification, safety monitoring etc. These should be reviewed and perhaps modified for integration in the SMS as required. It is important that the operator reuse as many existing procedures as practicable, to improve integration, acceptance and utilise proven procedures and processes. Familiarity of staff with processes extant prior to the implementation of the SMS reduces the risk inherent with the change process Building on the operator s existing capabilities and experience enables the operator to fast-track the SMS implementation; lessening the disruption to the delivery of products and/or services, and allowing the operator to reap the safety and efficiency benefits sooner. During this review process, the operator SMS planning group is advised to also examine best industry practices for safety management by consulting with other operators of similar size and complexity.
15 AC (1): Safety management systems for aerodromes 15 Implementation Timing Many operators employ a phased approach (e.g. over 12 months). A suggested approach is provided below. Phase 1 Planning and Reactive Safety Management Planning should provide a blueprint describing how the SMS requirements will be met and integrated into the operator s work activities, and an accountability framework for the implementation of the SMS: Identify the Accountable Manager and the safety responsibilities of managers; Identify the person (or planning group) within the organisation responsible for implementing the SMS; Describe the system; Conduct a gap analysis of the operator s existing resources compared with SMS establishing requirements; Develop an SMS implementation plan that explains how the organisation will implement the SMS in accordance with this AC and international Standards and Recommended Practices, the system description and the results of the gap analysis together with the timelines of implementation; Develop and apply a structured change management process; Develop documentation relevant to safety policy and objectives; Develop and establish means for safety communication; and Develop and apply an SMS continuous improvement program As part of phase one, the operator should also implement those elements of the SMS implementation plan that refer to the safety risk management reactive processes: hazard identification and safety risk management using reactive processes; training relevant to: º SMS implementation plan components; and º safety risk management (reactive processes); documentation relevant to: º SMS implementation plan components; and º safety risk management (reactive processes). Phase 2 Proactive Safety Management and Assurance Proactive safety management should put into practice those elements of the SMS implementation plan that refer to safety risk management based on proactive and predictive processes: hazard identification and safety risk management using proactive processes; training relevant to: º SMS implementation plan components; and º safety risk management (proactive and predictive processes);
16 AC (1): Safety management systems for aerodromes 16 documentation relevant to: º SMS implementation plan components; and º safety risk management (proactive and predictive processes) To fully satisfy the requirements of phase 2 the operator should also put into practice operational safety assurance: development of effective SPIs and safety performance targets; training relevant to operational safety assurance; documentation and instigation of processes relevant to safety assurance, including internal audit; and develop and maintain formal means for safety communication. Note: 12 months is a suggested timeline. Other timelines may be more suitable. Gap Analysis and Project Plan A gap analysis is conduct in three steps: clearly identify the required SMS elements, capabilities, resources and organisational structures; analysis the elements, capabilities, resources and structures already existing within the organisation; and identify the gaps between the requirements and what already exists with the organisation necessary for the SMS to function The gap analysis is vital step in the process because many of the elements, capabilities, resources and organisational structures necessary to development the SMS will - in most cases - already exist within the organisation Once the gap analysis is complete and fully documented, any elements, capabilities, resources or organisational structures which have been identified as missing or deficient will need to be created or modified as the case may be. These, together with elements, capabilities, resources and organisational structures which already existing, form the basis of the SMS Implementation Plan. Operators may format their SMS implementation plan to suit their individual needs. Suggested structures and content can be found at Appendix 2 (Guidance on the development of an SMS GAP analysis for service providers) to Chapter 7 of ICAO Document 9859 provides GAP Analysis guidance A table may be used to account for each component and their respective sub-elements. The table can provide: Yes and No response, in terms of the compliance of the existing system, to the SMS requirements; remarks for partial compliance or deviations; actions required and timelines to achieve the criteria; and existing organisation documentation where the requirement is addressed It is important that the implementation plan provide indications of funds and human resources required to enact the changes. It is not enough that the gaps have been identified and a plan established to implement the missing components; the organisation should demonstrate through its implementation plan that it has the resources and desire to build its system in accordance with the plan.
17 AC (1): Safety management systems for aerodromes The gap analysis and the implementation plan must be reviewed and approved by the operator s accountable manager. Once approved, management should be assured that: a documented procedure is established and maintained for managing the implementation; and development of the SMS is progressing satisfactorily and in accordance with the implementation plan. Third Party Interfaces Contracted Activities Whether a large corporate contractor or small business, the contracting authority (e.g. an operator) holds overall responsibility for the safety of services provided by the contractor. The contract or service level agreement should specify the safety standards to be met. The contracting authority then has the responsibility for ensuring that the contractor complies with the safety standards prescribed in the contract An SMS should ensure that the level of safety of an operation is not eroded by the inputs, services and supplies provided by external organisations The operator should consider the third parties previous safety record and any audit findings. In addition, the operator should ensure that the third party understands the operator s SMS and their responsibilities relating to it. These factors should be given equal weight with other considerations like price, quality and timely delivery As a general guideline, a third party contract should include the following as a minimum standard: Any agreement for the provision of services should be supported by a written contract prior to services commencing; All third party providers should hold the appropriate qualifications/credentials or approvals for the work being outsourced; All third parties should understand the aerodrome operator s SMS, and their own responsibilities within the SMS program. The operator must have a demonstrated process to assure themselves that the third party is aware of, and meeting these requirements; All contracted organisations should be able to demonstrate their ability to provide trained and competent staff. All written service level agreements should contain a schedule of oversight to monitor the third party s performance on a regular basis; All agreements should contain details on how any noted safety hazards and deficiencies will be addressed and the time frame for these actions (risk management process as outlined in this AC); Where a service being provided is conducted under a licence or certificate approved by CASA, the written agreement should contain a statement requiring the third party to advise the contracting organisation of any regulatory action undertaken by CASA that may impact on the third parties ability to provide the required services; A documented procedure is established and maintained for managing third party interfaces; The aerodrome operator may consider the need to cancel the contract in the event of continued non-compliance; The contract or service level agreement specifies the safety standards to be met; and
18 AC (1): Safety management systems for aerodromes 18 The operator has the final responsibility and safety oversight capability and is accountable for ensuring that the contractor complies with safety standards prescribed in the contract. Coordination of the Emergency Response Plan Coordination of emergency response planning should be referenced and clearly defined in the aerodrome manual. Guidance is provided in AC 139-7(0) Aerodrome Emergency Planning. Documentation The decision to prepare a separate Safety Management Manual (SMM) should be determined by the complexity of the aerodrome facility and aerodrome stakeholder participation. The specific design, integration and implementation of the SMS will be influenced by, and be dependent on, the requirements of the individual operator while considering existing processes, policies and safety practices. If an operator chooses to incorporate the SMS components within an existing AM these components must be sufficiently identifiable to allow assessment of the effectiveness of the SMS. The dynamics of an SMS will be dependent on the complexity of the aerodrome as mentioned above Where a separate document has been produced as a SMM, ensure that the officer responsible for document control, including amendments and distribution is clearly defined Documentation management should include appropriate preparation of agendas and references to minutes of meetings. The SMS information should include a procedure for preparation, distribution and document control of these items SMS documentation should provide detail that states and references a document review period and a distribution list of other document holders. 13. SAFETY RISK MANAGEMENT 13.1 The process of risk management involves establishing an appropriate infrastructure and culture to apply a simple systematic method to assess risk levels associated with potential hazards and events. Elements to be considered include context, identification, evaluation, mitigation controls, monitoring and communicating risks associated with any activity, function or process that will enable organisations to maintain safety compliance and maximise financial gains The objective of risk management is to eliminate risk where practical or reduce the risk (likelihood/consequence) to acceptable levels (ALARP), and to manage the remaining risk so as to avoid or mitigate any possible undesirable outcome of the particular activity. Risk reduction is therefore an integral component to the development and application of an effective SMS. Hazard identification 13.3 Risk management is supported by a hazard identification process that is compiled within a register. The risk register is the documented outcome of reported aerodrome hazards derived from assessing events and other environments of safety concerns. The resulting risk level is evaluated from the combination of likelihood and consequence Hazard identification should be a product of internal and external reports, serviceability inspections and outcomes from meetings. Depending on the complexity of the aerodrome, opportunities to report safety concerns can be generated from, but not limited to: Ramp Safety Committee; Ramp Operation Committee;
19 AC (1): Safety management systems for aerodromes 19 Aerodrome Emergency Planning (AEP) Committees; Operational staff inspections; CASA Reports; Aerodrome Technical Inspections Reports; Airline Operator Committees Safety Action Groups Air Traffic Control meetings, (if applicable); Public Awareness Groups; Accident reports; Electronic Safety Incident Reports; Pilot reports; Fixed based operator reports; and Project contractor progress meetings The aerodrome operator should develop and promote to all stakeholders, a formal process to report hazards and safety issues. In conjunction with the reporting and serviceability sections of the AM, introduce and manage a process for reporting unserviceability and noncompliance with the Part 139 MOS. The reporting system can be electronic, a paper trail or both Hazard identification should be considered for all aerodrome activities that have the potential to create an incident. Pre-project assessment such as Job Hazard Analysis is a good example of assessing risk prior to the commencement of major works Hazard reporting can be a function of a number of communication systems. An Internal Reporting System (IRS) is an alternative tool for recording reports and distributing the information to operator representatives who are responsible to ensure outcomes are addressed. An IRS should encompass the following elements: Procedures for reporting hazards or safety concerns; Methods for collating, storage and distribution of data; Procedures for determining the risk level; Documentation of corrective action; and Continuous monitoring of the system and Safety Performance Indicators The IRS should be user friendly and accessible to all personnel who are responsible for safety management at the aerodrome. The aerodrome operator may limit some stakeholders to the hazard identification and reporting element only. Safety risk assessment and mitigation 13.9 The risk framework should be a formal process agreed by all members of senior management. The framework will need to demonstrate a reporting and assessment relationship between all levels of management and reporting opportunities within the organisation The framework should provide opportunities for continual review of the SMS. Depending on the complexity of the aerodrome, the framework should establish procedures for monitoring and review.
20 AC (1): Safety management systems for aerodromes The SMS should consider a corporate risk management framework that includes appropriate statements of likelihood and consequences. A matrix designed by incorporating both likelihood and consequences may be required to determine risk level and effect on business continuity The risk level is not a quantified outcome determined by a legislative process. The aerodrome operator determines the levels of acceptable risk, suitable for their particular circumstances and aerodrome environment. Australian Standards can be used as guidelines to prepare risk management frameworks. The process of determining levels of acceptable risk should take into consideration input from other stakeholders such as aircraft operators that use the aerodrome. Hazard Identification Hazards can combine in unforeseeable ways, so that even apparently trivial hazards can result in undesirable outcomes which may have catastrophic results Consequently the starting point for the whole safety risk management process should be the establishment of the context and hazard identification. A systematic and comprehensive hazard identification process is critical, because hazards not identified at this stage may be excluded from further risk analysis and treatment Hazards can be identified from a range of sources including, but not limited to: brain-storming using experienced operational personnel; development of risk scenarios; trend analysis; feedback from training; safety surveys and oversight safety audits; monitoring of normal operations; state investigation of the contribution of operational activities to accidents and serious incidents; and information exchange systems (similar operators, regulators etc.) Over time, the database of reported hazards enables the operator to: identify hot spots that need particular attention; and conduct trend analysis which can provide the basis for improvement of hazard identification. Risk criteria and the concept of ALARP There is general acceptance that not all risk can be eliminated from aerodrome operations. There are practical limits to which the aviation industry is able to go and the extent to which the industry and the community will pay to reduce risk. The aim of risk management, therefore, is to reduce risks to a level which is As Low As Reasonably Practicable - ALARP The principle of managing risk to a level that is ALARP is as follows: There is an upper level of risk that is deemed to be intolerable. If a risk is found to be intolerable, risk reduction measures are essential, regardless of cost; There is a lower level of risk that is deemed to be broadly acceptable. At this risk level (and below), maintain current systems and monitor and review the risk. Further risk reduction may be made, but only if the cost is insignificant; and