Source: https://up.codes/viewer/osha-1926-construction/chapter/V/electric-power-transmission-and-distribution
Timestamp: 2018-09-21 22:05:45
Document Index: 636560905

Matched Legal Cases: ['art 1926', 'art 1910', 'arts\n1926', 'arts\n1926', 'arts\n1926', 'art\n1926', 'art\n1926', 'arts\n1926', 'art 1926', 'art 1926', '§ 1910', 'art 1926', '§ 1926', '§ 1926', '§ 1926', '§ 1926', '§ 1926', '§ 1926', '§ 1926', '§ 1926', '§ 1926', '§ 1926', '§ 1926', '§ 1926', '§ 1926', '§ 1926', '§ 1926', '§ 1926', '§ 1926', '§ 1926', '§ 1926', '§ 1926', '§ 1926', '§ 1926', '§ 1926', '§ 1926', '§ 1926', '§ 1926', '§ 1926', '§ 1926', '§ 1926', '§ 1926', '§ 1926', '§ 1926', '§ 1926']

Subpart V: Electric Power Transmission and Distribution, OSHA 1926 Construction | UpCodes
1926.950 General
1926.950(a) Application
1926.950(a)(1) Scope
1926.950(a)(2) Other Part 1926 standards
1926.950(a)(3) Applicable part 1910 requirements
1926.950(b) Training
1926.950(b)(1) All employees
1926.950(b)(2) Qualified employees
1926.950(b)(3) Supervision and annual inspection
1926.950(b)(4) Additional training
1926.950(b)(4)(i) Supervision and annual inspection
1926.950(b)(5) Type of training
1926.950(b)(6) Training goals
1926.950(b)(7) Demonstration of proficiency
1926.950(c) Information transfer
1926.950(c)(1) Host employer responsibilities
1926.950(c)(2) Contract employer responsibilities
1926.950(c)(3) Joint host- and contract-employer responsibilities
1926.950(d) Existing characteristics and conditions
1926.950(d)(2) The maximum switching-transient voltages
1926.950(d)(3) The presence of hazardous induced voltages
1926.950(d)(6)
1926.950(d)(7) The condition of poles, and
1926.950(d)(8) Environmental conditions relating to safety
1926.951 Medical services and first aid
1926.951(a) General
1926.951(b) First-aid training
1926.951(b)(1) Field work
1926.951(b)(2) Fixed work locations
1926.952 Job briefing
1926.952(a) Before each job
1926.952(a)(1) Information provided by the employer
1926.952(a)(2) Briefing by the employee in charge
1926.952(b) Subjects to be covered
1926.952(c) Number of briefings
1926.952(c)(1) At least one before each day or shift
1926.952(c)(2) Additional briefings
1926.952(d) Extent of briefing
1926.952(d)(1) Short discussion
1926.952(d)(2) Detailed discussion
1926.952(d)(2)(i)
1926.952(d)(2)(ii)
1926.952(e) Working alone
1926.953 Enclosed spaces
1926.953(a) General
1926.953(b) Safe work practices
1926.953(c) Training
1926.953(d) Rescue equipment
1926.953(e) Evaluating potential hazards
1926.953(f) Removing covers
1926.953(g) Hazardous atmosphere
1926.953(h) Attendants
1926.953(i) Calibration of test instruments
1926.953(j) Testing for oxygen deficiency
1926.953(k) Testing for flammable gases and vapors
1926.953(l) Ventilation, and monitoring for flammable gases or vapors
1926.953(m) Specific ventilation requirements
1926.953(n) Air supply
1926.953(o) Open flames
1926.954 Personal protective equipment
1926.954(a) General
1926.954(b) Fall protection
1926.954(b)(1) Personal fall arrest systems
1926.954(b)(1)(i)
1926.954(b)(1)(ii)
1926.954(b)(2) Work-positioning equipment
1926.954(b)(2)(i)
1926.954(b)(2)(i)(A)
1926.954(b)(2)(i)(B)
1926.954(b)(2)(i)(C)
1926.954(b)(2)(ii)
1926.954(b)(2)(iii)
1926.954(b)(2)(iv)
1926.954(b)(2)(ix)
1926.954(b)(2)(v)
1926.954(b)(2)(vi)
1926.954(b)(2)(vii) Positioning straps shall be capable of withstanding the following tests:
1926.954(b)(2)(vii)(A)
1926.954(b)(2)(vii)(B)
1926.954(b)(2)(vii)(C)
1926.954(b)(2)(vii)(D)
1926.954(b)(2)(vii)(E)
1926.954(b)(2)(viii)
1926.954(b)(2)(x)
1926.954(b)(2)(xi)
1926.954(b)(2)(xi)(A)
1926.954(b)(2)(xi)(B)
1926.954(b)(2)(xi)(C)
1926.954(b)(2)(xii)
1926.954(b)(2)(xii)(A)
1926.954(b)(2)(xii)(B)
1926.954(b)(2)(xii)(C)
1926.954(b)(2)(xii)(D)
1926.954(b)(2)(xii)(E)
1926.954(b)(2)(xii)(F)
1926.954(b)(3) Care and use of personal fall protection equipment
1926.954(b)(3)(i)
1926.954(b)(3)(ii)
1926.954(b)(3)(iii)
1926.954(b)(3)(iii)(A)
1926.954(b)(3)(iii)(B)
1926.954(b)(3)(iii)(C)
1926.954(b)(3)(iv)
1926.954(b)(3)(v)
1926.954(b)(3)(vi)
1926.954(b)(3)(vi)(A) Directly to webbing, rope, or wire rope
1926.954(b)(3)(vi)(B) To each other
1926.954(b)(3)(vi)(C)
1926.954(b)(3)(vi)(D) To a horizontal lifeline; or
1926.954(b)(3)(vi)(E)
1926.955 Portable ladders and platforms
1926.955(a) General
1926.955(b) Special ladders and platforms
1926.955(b)(1) Design load
1926.955(b)(2) Maximum load
1926.955(b)(3) Securing in place
1926.955(b)(4) Intended use
1926.955(c) Conductive ladders
1926.956 Hand and portable power equipment
1926.956(a) General
1926.956(b) Cord- and plug-connected equipment
1926.956(b)(1)
1926.956(b)(2)
1926.956(b)(3)
1926.956(c) Portable and vehicle-mounted generators
1926.956(c)(1) Equipment to be supplied
1926.956(c)(2) Equipment grounding
1926.956(c)(3) Bonding the frame
1926.956(c)(4) Bonding the neutral conductor
1926.956(d) Hydraulic and pneumatic tools
1926.956(d)(1) Hydraulic fluid in insulating tools
1926.956(d)(2) Operating pressure
1926.956(d)(3) Work near energized parts
1926.956(d)(4) Protection against vacuum formation
1926.956(d)(5) Protection against the accumulation of moisture
1926.956(d)(6) Breaking connections
1926.956(d)(7) Leaks
1926.956(d)(8) Hoses
1926.957 Live-line tools
1926.957(a) Design of tools
1926.957(a)(1) Fiberglass-reinforced plastic
1926.957(a)(2) Wood
1926.957(a)(3) Equivalent tests
1926.957(b) Condition of tools
1926.957(b)(1) Daily inspection
1926.957(b)(2) Defects
1926.957(b)(3) Biennial inspection and testing
1926.957(b)(3)(i) Each tool shall be thoroughly examined for defects
1926.957(b)(3)(ii)
1926.957(b)(3)(iii)
1926.957(b)(3)(iii)(A)
1926.957(b)(3)(iii)(B)
1926.957(b)(3)(iv)
1926.957(b)(3)(v) The voltage applied during the tests shall be as follows:
1926.957(b)(3)(v)(A)
1926.957(b)(3)(v)(B)
1926.957(b)(3)(v)(C)
1926.958 Materials handling and storage
1926.958(a) General
1926.958(b) Materials storage near energized lines or equipment
1926.958(b)(1) Unrestricted areas
1926.958(b)(1)(i)
1926.958(b)(1)(ii)
1926.958(b)(2) Restricted areas
1926.959 Mechanical equipment
1926.959(a) General requirements
1926.959(a)(1) Other applicable requirements
1926.959(a)(2) Inspection before use
1926.959(a)(3) Operator
1926.959(b) Outriggers
1926.959(b)(1) Extend outriggers
1926.959(b)(2) Clear view
1926.959(b)(3) Operation without outriggers
1926.959(c) Applied loads
1926.959(d) Operations near energized lines or equipment
1926.959(d)(1) Minimum approach distance
1926.959(d)(2) Observer
1926.959(d)(3) Extra precautions
1926.959(d)(3)(i)
1926.959(d)(3)(ii)
1926.959(d)(3)(iii)
1926.959(d)(3)(iii)(A)
1926.959(d)(3)(iii)(B)
1926.959(d)(3)(iii)(C)
1926.959(d)(3)(iii)(D)
1926.960 Working on or near exposed energized parts
1926.960(a) Application
1926.960(b) General
1926.960(b)(1) Qualified employees only
1926.960(b)(1)(i)
1926.960(b)(1)(ii)
1926.960(b)(2) Treat as energized
1926.960(b)(3) At least two employees
1926.960(b)(3)(i)
1926.960(b)(3)(i)(A)
1926.960(b)(3)(i)(B)
1926.960(b)(3)(i)(C)
1926.960(b)(3)(i)(D)
1926.960(b)(3)(i)(E)
1926.960(b)(3)(ii)
1926.960(b)(3)(ii)(A)
1926.960(b)(3)(ii)(B)
1926.960(b)(3)(ii)(C)
1926.960(c) Live work
1926.960(c)(1) Minimum approach distances
1926.960(c)(1)(i)
1926.960(c)(1)(ii)
1926.960(c)(1)(iii)
1926.960(c)(1)(iii)(A)
1926.960(c)(1)(iii)(B)
1926.960(c)(1)(iii)(C)
1926.960(c)(2) Type of insulation
1926.960(c)(2)(i)
1926.960(c)(2)(i)(A)
1926.960(c)(2)(i)(B)
1926.960(c)(2)(ii)
1926.960(c)(2)(ii)(A)
1926.960(c)(2)(ii)(B)
1926.960(d) Working position
1926.960(d)(1) Working from below
1926.960(d)(2) Requirements for working without electrical protective equipment
1926.960(e) Making connections
1926.960(e)(1) Connecting
1926.960(e)(2) Disconnecting
1926.960(e)(3) Loose conductors
1926.960(f) Conductive articles
1926.960(g) Protection from flames and electric arcs
1926.960(g)(1) Hazard assessment
1926.960(g)(2) Estimate of available heat energy
1926.960(g)(3) Prohibited clothing
1926.960(g)(4) Flame-resistant clothing
1926.960(g)(4)(i)
1926.960(g)(4)(ii)
1926.960(g)(4)(iii)
1926.960(g)(4)(iv)
1926.960(g)(5) Arc rating
1926.960(g)(5)(i)
1926.960(g)(5)(ii)
1926.960(g)(5)(iii)
1926.960(g)(5)(iv)
1926.960(g)(5)(v)
1926.960(g)(6) Dates
1926.960(g)(6)(i)
1926.960(g)(6)(ii)
1926.960(g)(6)(iii)
1926.960(h) Fuse handling
1926.960(i) Covered (noninsulated) conductors
1926.960(j) Non-current-carrying metal parts
1926.960(k) Opening and closing circuits under load
1926.960(k)(1)
1926.960(k)(2)
1926.961 Deenergizing lines and equipment for employee protection
1926.961(a) Application
1926.961(b) General
1926.961(b)(2) No system operator
1926.961(b)(3) Single crews working with the means of disconnection under the control of the employee in charge of the clearance
1926.961(b)(4) Multiple crews
1926.961(b)(4)(i)
1926.961(b)(4)(ii)
1926.961(b)(5) Disconnecting means accessible to general public
1926.961(c) Deenergizing lines and equipment
1926.961(c)(2) Open disconnecting means
1926.961(c)(3) Automatically and remotely controlled switches
1926.961(c)(4) Network protectors
1926.961(c)(4)(i)
1926.961(c)(4)(ii)
1926.961(c)(4)(iii)
1926.961(c)(5) Tags
1926.961(c)(7) Install grounds
1926.961(c)(8) Consider lines and equipment deenergized
1926.961(c)(9) Transferring clearances
1926.961(c)(10) Releasing clearances
1926.961(c)(10)(i)
1926.961(c)(10)(ii)
1926.961(c)(10)(iii)
1926.961(c)(10)(iv)
1926.961(c)(11) Person releasing clearance
1926.961(c)(12) Removal of tags
1926.961(c)(13) Reenergizing lines and equipment
1926.962 Grounding for the protection of employees
1926.962(a) Application
1926.962(b) General
1926.962(b)(1) Deenergized
1926.962(b)(2) No possibility of contact
1926.962(b)(3) No induced voltage
1926.962(c) Equipotential zone
1926.962(d) Protective grounding equipment
1926.962(d)(1) Ampacity
1926.962(d)(1)(i)
1926.962(d)(1)(ii)
1926.962(d)(2) Impedance
1926.962(e) Testing
1926.962(f) Connecting and removing grounds
1926.962(f)(1) Order of connection
1926.962(g) Additional precautions
1926.962(h) Removal of grounds for test
1926.963 Testing and test facilities
1926.963(a) Application
1926.963(b) General requirements
1926.963(b)(1) Safe work practices
1926.963(b)(2) Training
1926.963(c) Safeguarding of test areas
1926.963(c)(1) Safeguarding
1926.963(c)(2) Permanent test areas
1926.963(c)(3) Temporary test areas
1926.963(c)(3)(i)
1926.963(c)(3)(ii)
1926.963(c)(3)(iii)
1926.963(c)(4) Removal of safeguards
1926.963(d) Grounding practices
1926.963(d)(1) Establish and implement practices
1926.963(d)(1)(i)
1926.963(d)(1)(ii)
1926.963(d)(2) Installation of grounds
1926.963(d)(3) Isolated ground return
1926.963(d)(3)(i)
1926.963(d)(3)(ii)
1926.963(d)(4) Equipment grounding conductors
1926.963(d)(5) Grounding after tests
1926.963(d)(5)(i)
1926.963(d)(5)(ii)
1926.963(d)(6) Grounding test vehicles
1926.963(e) Control and measuring circuits
1926.963(e)(1) Control wiring
1926.963(e)(2) Instruments
1926.963(e)(3) Routing temporary wiring
1926.963(e)(4) Test observer
1926.963(f) Safety check
1926.963(f)(1) Before each test
1926.963(f)(2) Conditions to be checked
1926.963(f)(2)(i)
1926.963(f)(2)(ii)
1926.963(f)(2)(iii)
1926.963(f)(2)(iv)
1926.963(f)(2)(v)
1926.963(f)(2)(vi)
1926.964 Overhead lines and live-line barehand work
1926.964(a) General
1926.964(a)(1) Application
1926.964(a)(2) Checking structure before climbing
1926.964(a)(3) Setting and moving poles
1926.964(a)(3)(i)
1926.964(a)(3)(ii)
1926.964(a)(3)(iii)
1926.964(b) Installing and removing overhead lines
1926.964(b)(1) Tension stringing method
1926.964(b)(2) Conductors, cables, and pulling and tensioning equipment
1926.964(b)(2)(i)
1926.964(b)(2)(ii)
1926.964(b)(2)(iii)
1926.964(b)(4) Induced voltage
1926.964(b)(4)(i)
1926.964(b)(4)(ii)
1926.964(b)(6) Load ratings
1926.964(b)(7) Defective pulling lines
1926.964(b)(8) Conductor grips
1926.964(b)(9) Communications
1926.964(b)(10) Operation of pulling rig
1926.964(b)(11) Working under overhead operations
1926.964(c) Live-line barehand work
1926.964(c)(1) Training
1926.964(c)(2) Existing conditions
1926.964(c)(2)(i)
1926.964(c)(2)(ii)
1926.964(c)(2)(iii)
1926.964(c)(3) Insulated tools and equipment
1926.964(c)(3)(i)
1926.964(c)(3)(ii)
1926.964(c)(4) Disable automatic-reclosing feature
1926.964(c)(5) Adverse weather conditions
1926.964(c)(6) Bucket liners and electrostatic shielding
1926.964(c)(6)(i)
1926.964(c)(6)(ii)
1926.964(c)(7) Bonding the employee to the energized part
1926.964(c)(8) Aerial-lift controls
1926.964(c)(8)(i)
1926.964(c)(8)(ii)
1926.964(c)(10) Check controls
1926.964(c)(11) Body of aerial lift truck
1926.964(c)(12) Boom-current test
1926.964(c)(12)(i)
1926.964(c)(12)(ii)
1926.964(c)(12)(iii)
1926.964(c)(13) Minimum approach distance
1926.964(c)(14) Approaching, leaving, and bonding to energized part
1926.964(c)(15) Positioning bucket near energized bushing or insulator string
1926.964(c)(16) Handlines
1926.964(c)(17) Passing objects to employee
1926.964(c)(18) Nonconductive measuring device
1926.964(d) Towers and structures
1926.964(d)(1) Working beneath towers and structures
1926.964(d)(2) Tag lines
1926.964(d)(3) Disconnecting load lines
1926.964(d)(4) Adverse weather conditions
1926.965 Underground electrical installations
1926.965(a) Application
1926.965(b) Access
1926.965(c) Lowering equipment into manholes
1926.965(c)(1) Hoisting equipment
1926.965(c)(2) Clear the area of employees
1926.965(d) Attendants for manholes and vaults
1926.965(d)(1) When required
1926.965(d)(2) Brief entries allowed
1926.965(d)(3) Entry without attendant
1926.965(d)(4) Communications
1926.965(e) Duct rods
1926.965(f) Multiple cables
1926.965(g) Moving cables
1926.965(h) Protection against faults
1926.965(h)(1) Cables with abnormalities
1926.965(h)(2) Work-related faults
1926.965(h)(2)(i) Sheath continuity
1926.966 Substations
1926.966(a) Application
1926.966(b) Access and working space
1926.966(c) Draw-out-type circuit breakers
1926.966(d) Substation fences
1926.966(e) Guarding of rooms and other spaces containing electric supply equipment
1926.966(e)(1) When to guard rooms and other spaces
1926.966(e)(1)(i)
1926.966(e)(1)(ii)
1926.966(e)(1)(iii)
1926.966(e)(1)(iii)(A)
1926.966(e)(1)(iii)(B)
1926.966(e)(3) Restricted entry
1926.966(e)(4) Warning signs
1926.966(e)(5) Entrances to rooms and other
1926.966(f) Guarding of energized parts
1926.966(f)(1) Type of guarding
1926.966(f)(2) Maintaining guards during operation
1926.966(f)(3) Temporary removal of guards
1926.966(g) Substation entry
1926.966(g)(1) Report upon entering
1926.966(g)(2) Job briefing
1926.967 Special conditions
1926.967(a) Capacitors
1926.967(a)(1) Disconnect from energized source
1926.967(a)(2) Short circuiting units
1926.967(a)(3) Short circuiting connected lines
1926.967(b) Current transformer secondaries
1926.967(c) Series streetlighting
1926.967(c)(1) Applicable requirements
1926.967(c)(2) Opening a series loop
1926.967(d) Illumination
1926.967(e) Protection against drowning
1926.967(e)(1) Personal flotation devices
1926.967(e)(2) Maintaining flotation devices in safe condition
1926.967(e)(3) Crossing bodies of water
1926.967(f) Excavations
1926.967(g) Employee protection in public work areas
1926.967(g)(1) Traffic control devices
1926.967(g)(2) Controlling traffic
1926.967(g)(3) Barricades
1926.967(g)(4) Excavated areas
1926.967(g)(5) Warning lights
1926.967(h) Backfeed
1926.967(i) Lasers
1926.967(j) Hydraulic fluids
1926.967(k) Communication facilities
1926.967(k)(1) Microwave transmission
1926.967(k)(2) Power-line carrier
1926.968 Definitions
V App A - [Reserved]
V App B - Working on Exposed Energized Parts
V App C - Protection From Hazardous Differences in Electric Potential
V App D - Methods of Inspecting and Testing Wood Poles
V App E - Protection From Flames and Electric Arcs
V App F - Work-Positioning Equipment Inspection Guidelines
V App G - Reference Documents
[59 FR 40730, Aug. 9, 1994; 75 FR 48135, Aug. 9, 2010; 78 FR 32116, May 29, 2013; 79 FR 20696, July 10, 2014; 79 FR 56962, September 24, 2014; 80 FR 25518, May 4, 2015; 80 FR 60040, October 5, 2015]
This subpart applies in addition to all other applicable standards contained in this Part 1926. Employers covered under this subpart are not exempt from complying with other applicable provisions in Part 1926 by the operation of § 1910.5(c) of this chapter. Specific references in this subpart to other sections of Part 1926 are provided for emphasis only.
Each qualified employee shall also be trained and competent in:
The employer shall determine, through regular supervision and through inspections conducted on at least an annual basis, that each employee is complying with the safetyrelated work practices required by this subpart.
The training required by paragraph (b) of this section shall be of the classroom or on-the-job type.
The training shall establish employee proficiency in the work practices required by this subpart and shall introduce the procedures necessary for compliance with this subpart.
The employer shall ensure that each employee has demonstrated proficiency in the work practices involved before that employee is considered as having completed the training required by paragraph (b) of this section.
The contract employer and the host employer shall coordinate their work rules and procedures so that each employee of the contract employer and the host employer is protected as required by this subpart.
Existing characteristics and conditions of electric lines and equipment that are related to the safety of the work to be performed shall be determined before work on or near the lines or equipment is started. Such characteristics and conditions include, but are not limited to:
The locations of circuits and equipment, including electric supply lines, communication lines, and fire protective signaling circuits,
The employer shall provide medical services and first aid as required in § 1926.50.
In addition to the requirements of § 1926.50, when employees are performing work on, or associated with, exposed lines or equipment energized at 50 volts or more, persons with first-aid training shall be available as follows:
For field work involving two or more employees at a work location, at least two trained persons shall be available.
For fixed work locations such as substations, the number of trained persons available shall be sufficient to ensure that each employee exposed to electric shock can be reached within 4 minutes by a trained person. However, where the existing number of employees is insufficient to meet this requirement (at a remote substation, for example), each employee at the work location shall be a trained employee.
[59 FR 40730, Aug. 9, 1994; 79 FR 20698, July 10, 2014]
In assigning an employee or a group of employees to perform a job, the employer shall provide the employee in charge of the job with all available information that relates to the determination of existing characteristics and conditions required by § 1926.950(d).
The employer shall ensure that the employee in charge conducts a job briefing that meets paragraphs (b), (c), and (d) of this section with the employees involved before they start each job.
The briefing shall cover at least the following subjects: Hazards associated with the job, work procedures involved, special precautions, energy-source controls, and personal protective equipment requirements.
If the work or operations to be performed during the work day or shift are repetitive and similar, at least one job briefing shall be conducted before the start of the first job of each day or shift.
Additional job briefings shall be held if significant changes, which might affect the safety of the employees, occur during the course of the work.
A brief discussion is satisfactory if the work involved is routine and if the employees, by virtue of training and experience, can reasonably be expected to recognize and avoid the hazards involved in the job.
A more extensive discussion shall be conducted:
Note to paragraph (d): The briefing must address all the subjects listed in paragraph (b) of this section.
[75 FR 48135, Aug. 9, 2010; 78 FR 32116, May 29, 2013; 79 FR 20698, July 10, 2014]
This section covers enclosed spaces that may be entered by employees. It does not apply to vented vaults if the employer makes a determination that the ventilation system is operating to protect employees before they enter the space. This section applies to routine entry into enclosed spaces. If, after the employer takes the precautions given in this section and in § 1926.965, the hazards remaining in the enclosed space endanger the life of an entrant or could interfere with an entrant's escape from the space, then entry into the enclosed space must meet the permit space entry requirements of subpart AA of this part. For routine entries where the hazards remaining in the enclosed space do not endanger the life of an entrant or interfere with an entrant's escape from the space, this section applies in lieu of the permitspace entry requirements contained in §§ 1926.1204 through 926.1211.
The employer shall ensure the use of safe work practices for entry into, and work in, enclosed spaces and for rescue of employees from such spaces.
Each employee who enters an enclosed space or who serves as an attendant shall be trained in the hazards of enclosed-space entry, in enclosed-space entry procedures, and in enclosed-space rescue procedures.
Note to paragraph (e): The determination called for in this paragraph may consist of a check of the conditions that might foreseeably be in the enclosed space. For example, the cover could be checked to see if it is hot and, if it is fastened in place, could be loosened gradually to release any residual pressure. An evaluation also needs to be made of whether conditions at the site could cause a hazardous atmosphere, such as an oxygen-deficient or flammable atmosphere, to develop within the space.
When covers are removed from enclosed spaces, the opening shall be promptly guarded by a railing, temporary cover, or other barrier designed to prevent an accidental fall through the opening and to protect employees working in the space from objects entering the space.
Employees may not enter any enclosed space while it contains a hazardous atmosphere, unless the entry conforms to the confined spaces in construction standard in subpart AA of this part.
While work is being performed in the enclosed space, an attendant with first-aid training shall be immediately available outside the enclosed space to provide assistance if a hazard exists because of traffic patterns in the area of the opening used for entry. The attendant is not precluded from performing other duties outside the enclosed space if these duties do not distract the attendant from: Monitoring employees within the space or ensuring that it is safe for employees to enter and exit the space.
Note to paragraph (h): See § 1926.965 for additional requirements on attendants for work in manholes and vaults.
Test instruments used to monitor atmospheres in enclosed spaces shall be kept in calibration and shall have a minimum accuracy of ±10 percent.
Before an employee enters an enclosed space, the atmosphere in the enclosed space shall be tested for oxygen deficiency with a direct-reading meter or similar instrument, capable of collection and immediate analysis of data samples without the need for offsite evaluation. If continuous forced-air ventilation is provided, testing is not required provided that the procedures used ensure that employees are not exposed to the hazards posed by oxygen deficiency.
Before an employee enters an enclosed space, the internal atmosphere shall be tested for flammable gases and vapors with a direct-reading meter or similar instrument capable of collection and immediate analysis of data samples without the need for off-site evaluation. This test shall be performed after the oxygen testing and ventilation required by paragraph (j) of this section demonstrate that there is sufficient oxygen to ensure the accuracy of the test for flammability.
If flammable gases or vapors are detected or if an oxygen deficiency is found, forced-air ventilation shall be used to maintain oxygen at a safe level and to prevent a hazardous concentration of flammable gases and vapors from accumulating. A continuous monitoring program to ensure that no increase in flammable gas or vapor concentration above safe levels occurs may be followed in lieu of ventilation if flammable gases or vapors are initially detected at safe levels.
Note to paragraph (l): See the definition of "hazardous atmosphere" for guidance in determining whether a specific concentration of a substance is hazardous.
If continuous forced-air ventilation is used, it shall begin before entry is made and shall be maintained long enough for the employer to be able to demonstrate that a safe atmosphere exists before employees are allowed to enter the work area. The forced-air ventilation shall be so directed as to ventilate the immediate area where employees are present within the enclosed space and shall continue until all employees leave the enclosed space.
The air supply for the continuous forced-air ventilation shall be from a clean source and may not increase the hazards in the enclosed space.
Note to paragraph (o): See the definition of "hazardous atmosphere" for guidance in determining whether a specific concentration of a substance is hazardous.
Note to § 1926.953: Entries into enclosed spaces conducted in accordance with the permit space entry requirements of subpart AA of this part are considered as complying with this section.
[75 FR 48135, Aug. 9, 2010; 78 FR 32116, May 29, 2013; 79 FR 20698-20699, July 10, 2014; 80 FR 25518, May 4, 2015]
Personal protective equipment shall meet the requirements of Subpart E of this part.
Note to paragraph (a): Paragraph (d) of § 1926.95 sets employer payment obligations for the personal protective equipment required by this subpart, including, but not limited to, the fall protection equipment required by paragraph (b) of this section, the electrical protective equipment required by § 1926.960(c), and the flame-resistant and arc-rated clothing and other protective equipment required by § 1926.960(g).
Personal fall arrest systems shall meet the requirements of Subpart M of this part.
Personal fall arrest equipment used by employees who are exposed to hazards from flames or electric arcs, as determined by the employer under § 1926.960(g)(1), shall be capable of passing a drop test equivalent to that required by paragraph (b)(2)(xii) of this section after exposure to an electric arc with a heat energy of 40±5 cal/cm2.
Body belts and positioning straps for Work-positioning equipment shall meet the following requirements:
Hardware for body belts and positioning straps shall meet the following requirements:
Hardware shall be made of dropforged steel, pressed steel, formed steel, or equivalent material.
Hardware shall have a corrosion-resistant finish.
Hardware surfaces shall be smooth and free of sharp edges.
Buckles shall be capable of withstanding an 8.9-kilonewton (2,000-pound-force) tension test with a maximum permanent deformation no greater than 0.4 millimeters (0.0156 inches).
D rings shall be capable of withstanding a 22-kilonewton (5,000-pound-force) tensile test without cracking or breaking.
Snaphooks shall be capable of withstanding a 22-kilonewton (5,000-pound-force) tension test without failure.
Note to paragraph (b)(2)(iv): Distortion of the snaphook sufficient to release the keeper is considered to be tensile failure of a snaphook.
Tool loops shall be situated on the body of a body belt so that the 100 millimeters (4 inches) of the body belt that is in the center of the back, measuring from D ring to D ring, is free of tool loops and any other attachments.
Top grain leather or leather substitute may be used in the manufacture of body belts and positioning straps; however, leather and leather substitutes may not be used alone as a load-bearing component of the assembly.
Plied fabric used in positioning straps and in load-bearing parts of body belts shall be constructed in such a way that no raw edges are exposed and the plies do not separate.
A dielectric test of 819.7 volts, AC, per centimeter (25,000 volts per foot) for 3 minutes without visible deterioration;
A leakage test of 98.4 volts, AC, per centimeter (3,000 volts per foot) with a leakage current of no more than 1 mA;
Note to paragraphs (b)(2)(vii)(A) and (b)(2)(vii)(B): Positioning straps that pass direct-current tests at equivalent voltages are considered as meeting this requirement.
Tension tests of 20 kilonewtons (4,500 pounds-force) for sections free of buckle holes and of 15 kilonewtons (3,500 pounds-force) for sections with buckle holes;
A buckle-tear test with a load of 4.4 kilonewtons (1,000 pounds-force); and
A flammability test in accordance with Table V-1.
TABLE V-1-FLAMMABILITY TEST
Test method Criteria for passing the test
Vertically suspend a 500-mm (19.7-inch) length of strapping supporting a 100-kg (220.5-lb) weight. Any flames on the positioning strap shall self extinguish.
Use a butane or propane burner with a 76-mm (3-inch) flame The positioning strap shall continue to support the 100-kg (220.5-lb) mass.
Direct the flame to an edge of the strapping at a distance of 25 mm (1 inch).
Remove the flame after 5 seconds.
Wait for any flames on the positioning strap to stop burning.
The cushion part of the body belt shall contain no exposed rivets on the inside and shall be at least 76 millimeters (3 inches) in width.
Copper, steel, or equivalent liners shall be used around the bars of D rings to prevent wear between these members and the leather or fabric enclosing them.
Snaphooks shall be of the locking type meeting the following requirements:
The locking mechanism shall first be released, or a destructive force shall be placed on the keeper, before the keeper will open.
A force in the range of 6.7 N (1.5 lbf) to 17.8 N (4 lbf) shall be required to release the locking mechanism.
With the locking mechanism released and with a force applied on the keeper against the face of the nose, the keeper may not begin to open with a force of 11.2 N (2.5 lbf) or less and shall begin to open with a maximum force of 17.8 N (4 lbf).
Body belts and positioning straps shall be capable of withstanding a drop test as follows:
The test mass shall be rigidly constructed of steel or equivalent material with a mass of 100 kg (220.5 lbm). For work-positioning equipment used by employees weighing more than 140 kg (310 lbm) fully equipped, the test mass shall be increased proportionately (that is, the test mass must equal the mass of the equipped worker divided by 1.4).
For body belts, the body belt shall be fitted snugly around the test mass and shall be attached to the test-structure anchorage point by means of a wire rope.
For positioning straps, the strap shall be adjusted to its shortest length possible to accommodate the test and connected to the test-structure anchorage point at one end and to the test mass on the other end.
The test mass shall be dropped an unobstructed distance of 1 meter (39.4 inches) from a supporting structure that will sustain minimal deflection during the test.
Body belts shall successfully arrest the fall of the test mass and shall be capable of supporting the mass after the test.
Positioning straps shall successfully arrest the fall of the test mass without breaking, and the arrest force may not exceed 17.8 kilonewtons (4,000 pounds-force). Additionally, snaphooks on positioning straps may not distort to such an extent that the keeper would release.
Note to paragraph (b)(2): When used by employees weighing no more than 140 kg (310 lbm) fully equipped, body belts and positioning straps that conform to American Society of Testing and Materials Standard Specifications for Personal Climbing Equipment, ASTM F887-12e1, are deemed to be in compliance with paragraph (b)(2) of this section.
Work-positioning equipment shall be inspected before use each day to determine that the equipment is in safe working condition. Work-positioning equipment that is not in safe working condition may not be used. Note to paragraph (b)(3)(i): Appendix F to this subpart contains guidelines for inspecting work-positioning equipment.
Personal fall arrest systems shall be used in accordance with § 1926.502(d).
Note to paragraph (b)(3)(ii): Fall protection equipment rigged to arrest falls is considered a fall arrest system and must meet the applicable requirements for the design and use of those systems. Fall protection equipment rigged for work positioning is considered work-positioning equipment and must meet the applicable requirements for the design and use of that equipment.
The employer shall ensure that employees use fall protection systems as follows:
Each employee working from an aerial lift shall use a fall restraint system or a personal fall arrest system. Paragraph (b)(2)(v) of § 1926.453 does not apply.
Except as provided in paragraph (b)(3)(iii)(C) of this section, each employee in elevated locations more than 1.2 meters (4 feet) above the ground on poles, towers, or similar structures shall use a personal fall arrest system, work-positioning equipment, or fall restraint system, as appropriate, if the employer has not provided other fall protection meeting Subpart M of this part.
Until March 31, 2015, a qualified employee climbing or changing location on poles, towers, or similar structures need not use fall protection equipment, unless conditions, such as, but not limited to, ice, high winds, the design of the structure (for example, no provision for holding on with hands), or the presence of contaminants on the structure, could cause the employee to lose his or her grip or footing. On and after April 1, 2015, each qualified employee climbing or changing location on poles, towers, or similar structures unless the employer can demonstrate that climbing or changing location with fall protection is infeasible or creates a greater hazard than climbing or changing location without it.
Note 1 to paragraphs (b)(3)(iii)(B) and (b)(3)(iii)(C): These paragraphs apply to structures that support overhead electric power transmission and distribution lines and equipment. They do not apply to portions of buildings, such as loading docks, or to electric equipment, such as transformers and capacitors. Subpart M of this part contains the duty to provide fall protection associated with walking and working surfaces.
Note 2 to paragraphs (b)(3)(iii)(B) and (b)(3)(iii)(C): Until the employer ensures that employees are proficient in climbing and the use of fall protection under Â§ 1926.950(b)(7), the employees are not considered "qualified employees" for the purposes of paragraphs (b)(3)(iii)(B) and (b)(3)(iii)(C) of this section. These paragraphs require unqualified employees (including trainees) to use fall protection any time they are more than 1.2 meters (4 feet) above the ground.
On and after April 1, 2015, Work-positioning systems shall be rigged so that an employee can free fall no more than 0.6 meters (2 feet).
Anchorages for work-positioning equipment shall be capable of supporting at least twice the potential impact load of an employee's fall, or 13.3 kilonewtons (3,000 pounds-force), whichever is greater.
Note to paragraph (b)(3)(v): Wood-pole fall-restriction devices meeting American Society of Testing and Materials Standard Specifications for Personal Climbing Equipment, ASTM F887-12e1, are deemed to meet the anchorage-strength requirement when they are used in accordance with manufacturers' instructions.
Unless the snaphook is a locking type and designed specifically for the following connections, snaphooks on work-positioning equipment may not be engaged:
To a D ring to which another snaphook or other connector is attached;
To any object that is incompatibly shaped or dimensioned in relation to the snaphook such that accidental disengagement could occur should the connected object sufficiently depress the snaphook keeper to allow release of the object.
[79 FR 20699-20700, July 10, 2014]
Requirements for portable ladders contained in Subpart X of this part apply in addition to the requirements of this section, except as specifically noted in paragraph (b) of this section.
Portable ladders used on structures or conductors in conjunction with overhead line work need not meet § 1926.1053(b)(5)(i) and (b)(12). Portable ladders and platforms used on structures or conductors in conjunction with overhead line work shall meet the following requirements:
In the configurations in which they are used, portable platforms shall be capable of supporting without failure at least 2.5 times the maximum intended load.
Portable ladders and platforms may not be loaded in excess of the working loads for which they are designed.
Portable ladders and platforms shall be secured to prevent them from becoming dislodged.
Portable ladders and platforms may be used only in applications for which they are designed.
Portable metal ladders and other portable conductive ladders may not be used near exposed energized lines or equipment. However, in specialized high-voltage work, conductive ladders shall be used when the employer demonstrates that nonconductive ladders would present a greater hazard to employees than conductive ladders.
[79 FR 20700-20701, July 10, 2014]
Paragraph (b) of this section applies to electric equipment connected by cord and plug. Paragraph (c) of this section applies to portable and vehicle-mounted generators used to supply cord- and plug-connected equipment. Paragraph (d) of this section applies to hydraulic and pneumatic tools.
Cord- and plug-connected equipment not covered by Subpart K of this part shall comply with one of the following instead of § 1926.302(a)(1):
The equipment shall be equipped with a cord containing an equipment grounding conductor connected to the equipment frame and to a means for grounding the other end of the conductor (however, this option may not be used where the introduction of the ground into the work environment increases the hazard to an employee); or
The equipment shall be of the double-insulated type conforming to Subpart K of this part; or
The equipment shall be connected to the power supply through an isolating transformer with an ungrounded secondary of not more than 50 volts.
Portable and vehicle-mounted generators used to supply cord- and plug-connected equipment covered by paragraph (b) of this section shall meet the following requirements:
For vehicle-mounted generators, the frame of the generator shall be bonded to the vehicle frame.
Paragraph (d)(1) of § 1926.302 does not apply to hydraulic fluid used in insulating sections of hydraulic tools.
A hydraulic or pneumatic tool used where it may contact exposed energized parts shall be designed and maintained for such use.
The hydraulic system supplying a hydraulic tool used where it may contact exposed live parts shall provide protection against loss of insulating value, for the voltage involved, due to the formation of a partial vacuum in the hydraulic line.
A pneumatic tool used on energized electric lines or equipment, or used where it may contact exposed live parts, shall provide protection against the accumulation of moisture in the air supply.
Pressure shall be released before connections are broken, unless quick-acting, self-closing connectors are used.
Employers must ensure that employees do not use any part of their bodies to locate, or attempt to stop, a hydraulic leak.
Hoses may not be kinked.
[79 FR 20701, July 10, 2014]
If the tool is made of fiberglass-reinforced plastic (FRP), it shall withstand 328,100 volts per meter (100,000 volts per foot) of length for 5 minutes, or
Note to paragraph (a)(1): Live-line tools using rod and tube that meet ASTM F711-02 (2007), Standard Specification for Fiberglass-Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Rod and Tube Used in Live Line Tools, are deemed to comply with paragraph (a)(1) of this section.
If the tool is made of wood, it shall withstand 246,100 volts per meter (75,000 volts per foot) of length for 3 minutes, or
The tool shall withstand other tests that the employer can demonstrate are equivalent.
If any defect or contamination that could adversely affect the insulating qualities or mechanical integrity of the live-line tool is present after wiping, the tool shall be removed from service and examined and tested according to paragraph (b)(3) of this section before being returned to service.
Live-line tools used for primary employee protection shall be removed from service every 2 years, and whenever required under paragraph (b)(2) of this section, for examination, cleaning, repair, and testing as follows:
The tool shall be tested in accordance with paragraphs (b)(3)(iv) and (b)(3)(v) of this section under the following conditions:
After the tool has been repaired or refinished; and
After the examination if repair or refinishing is not performed, unless the tool is made of FRP rod or foam-filled FRP tube and the employer can demonstrate that the tool has no defects that could cause it to fail during use.
246,100 volts per meter (75,000 volts per foot) of length for 1 minute if the tool is made of fiberglass, or
164,000 volts per meter (50,000 volts per foot) of length for 1 minute if the tool is made of wood, or
Note to paragraph (b): Guidelines for the examination, cleaning, repairing, and inservice testing of live-line tools are specified in the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers' IEEE Guide for Maintenance Methods on Energized Power Lines, IEEE Std 516-2009.
[79 FR 20701-20702, July 10, 2014]
Materials handling and storage shall comply with applicable material-handling and material-storage requirements in this part, including those in Subparts N and CC of this part.
In areas to which access is not restricted to qualified persons only, materials or equipment may not be stored closer to energized lines or exposed energized parts of equipment than the following distances, plus a distance that provides for the maximum sag and side swing of all conductors and for the height and movement of material-handling equipment:
For lines and equipment energized at 50 kilovolts or less, the distance is 3.05 meters (10 feet).
For lines and equipment energized at more than 50 kilovolts, the distance is 3.05 meters (10 feet) plus 0.10 meter (4 inches) for every 10 kilovolts over 50 kilovolts.
In areas restricted to qualified employees, materials may not be stored within the working space about energized lines or equipment.
Note to paragraph (b)(2): Paragraph (b) of § 1926.966 specifies the size of the working space.
[79 FR 20702, July 10, 2014]
Mechanical equipment shall be operated in accordance with applicable requirements in this part, including Subparts N, O, and CC of this part, except that § 1926.600(a)(6) does not apply to operations performed by qualified employees.
he critical safety components of mechanical elevating and rotating equipment shall receive a thorough visual inspection before use on each shift.
Note to paragraph (a)(2): Critical safety components of mechanical elevating and rotating equipment are components for which failure would result in free fall or free rotation of the boom.
The operator of an electric line truck may not leave his or her position at the controls while a load is suspended, unless the employer can demonstrate that no employee (including the operator) is endangered.
Mobile equipment, if provided with outriggers, shall be operated with the outriggers extended and firmly set, except as provided in paragraph (b)(3) of this section.
Outriggers may not be extended or retracted outside of the clear view of the operator unless all employees are outside the range of possible equipment motion.
If the work area or the terrain precludes the use of outriggers, the equipment may be operated only within its maximum load ratings specified by the equipment manufacturer for the particular configuration of the equipment without outriggers.
Mechanical equipment used to lift or move lines or other material shall be used within its maximum load rating and other design limitations for the conditions under which the mechanical equipment is being used.
Mechanical equipment shall be operated so that the minimum approach distances, established by the employer under § 1926.960(c)(1)(i), are maintained from exposed energized lines and equipment. However, the insulated portion of an aerial lift operated by a qualified employee in the lift is exempt from this requirement if the applicable minimum approach distance is maintained between the uninsulated portions of the aerial lift and exposed objects having a different electrical potential.
A designated employee other than the equipment operator shall observe the approach distance to exposed lines and equipment and provide timely warnings before the minimum approach distance required by paragraph (d)(1) of this section is reached, unless the employer can demonstrate that the operator can accurately determine that the minimum approach distance is being maintained.
If, during operation of the mechanical equipment, that equipment could become energized, the operation also shall comply with at least one of paragraphs (d)(3)(i) through (d)(3)(iii) of this section.
The energized lines or equipment exposed to contact shall be covered with insulating protective material that will withstand the type of contact that could be made during the operation.
The mechanical equipment shall be insulated for the voltage involved. The mechanical equipment shall be positioned so that its uninsulated portions cannot approach the energized lines or equipment any closer than the minimum approach distances, established by the employer under § 1926.960(c)(1)(i).
Each employee shall be protected from hazards that could arise from mechanical equipment contact with energized lines or equipment. The measures used shall ensure that employees will not be exposed to hazardous differences in electric potential. Unless the employer can demonstrate that the methods in use protect each employee from the hazards that could arise if the mechanical equipment contacts the energized line or equipment, the measures used shall include all of the following techniques:
Using the best available ground to minimize the time the lines or electric equipment remain energized,
Bonding mechanical equipment together to minimize potential differences,
Providing ground mats to extend areas of equipotential, and
Employing insulating protective equipment or barricades to guard against any remaining hazardous electrical potential differences.
Note to paragraph (d)(3)(iii): Appendix C to this subpart contains information on hazardous step and touch potentials and on methods of protecting employees from hazards resulting from such potentials.
This section applies to work on exposed live parts, or near enough to them to expose the employee to any hazard they present.
Only qualified employees may work on or with exposed energized lines or parts of equipment.
Only qualified employees may work in areas containing unguarded, uninsulated energized lines or parts of equipment operating at 50 volts or more.
Electric lines and equipment shall be considered and treated as energized unless they have been deenergized in accordance with § 1926.961.
Except as provided in paragraph (b)(3)(ii) of this section, at least two employees shall be present while any employees perform the following types of work:
Installation, removal, or repair of lines energized at more than 600 volts,
Other work that exposes an employee to electrical hazards greater than, or equal to, the electrical hazards posed by operations listed specifically in paragraphs (b)(3)(i)(A) through (b)(3)(i)(D) of this section.
Paragraph (b)(3)(i) of this section does not apply to the following operations:
Routine circuit switching, when the employer can demonstrate that conditions at the site allow safe performance of this work,
Work performed with live-line tools when the position of the employee is such that he or she is neither within reach of, nor otherwise exposed to contact with, energized parts, and
The employer shall establish minimum approach distances no less than the distances computed by Table V-2 for ac systems or Table V-7 for dc systems.
Table V-2 - AC Live-Line Work Minimum Approach Distance
The minimum approach distance (MAD; in meters) shall comform to the following equations.
For phase-to-phase system voltages of 50 V to 300 V:1
MAD = avoid contact
For phase-to-phase system voltages of 301 V to 5kV:1
MAD = M + D, where
D = 0.02 m the electrical component of the minimum approach distance
M = 0.31 m for voltages up to 750V and 0.61 m otherwise the inadvertent movement factor
For phase-to-phase system voltages of 5.1 kV to 72.5V:1,4
MAD = M + AD, where
M = 0.61 m the inadvertent movement factor
A = the applicable value from Table V-4 the altitude correction factor
D = the value from Table V-3 corresponding to the voltage and exposure or the value of the electrical component of the minimum approach distance calculated using the method provided in Appendix B to this subpart the electrical component of the minimum approach distance
For phase-to-phase system voltages of more than 72.5 kV, nominal:2, 4
MAD = 0.3048(C+a)VL-GTA+M , where
C= 0.01 for phase-to-ground exposures that the employer can demonstrate consist only of air across the approach distance (gap),
0.01 for phase-to-phase exposures if the employer can demonstrate that no insulated tool spans the gap and the no large conductive object is in the gap, or
0.011 otherwise
VL-G = phase-to-ground rms voltage, in kV
T = maximum anticipated per-unit transient overvoltage; for phase-to-ground exposures, T equals TL-G, the maximum per-unit transient overvoltage, phase-to-ground, determined by the employer under paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section; for phase-to-phase exposures, T equals 1.35TL-G+0.45
A = altitude correction factor from Table V-4
M = 0.31 m, the inadvertent movement factor
a = saturation factor, as follows:
Phase-to-Ground Exposure
VPeak = TL-GVL-G√2 635 kV or less 635.1 to 915 kV 915.1 to 1,050 kV More than 1,050 kV
a 0 (VPeak-635)/140,000 (VPeak-645)/135,000 (VPeak-675)/125,000
Phase-to-Ground Exposure3
VPeak=(1.35TL-G+0.45)VL-g√2 630 kV or less 630.1 to 848 kV 848.1 to 1,131 kV 1,131.1 to 1,485 kV More than 1,485 kV
a 0 (VPeak-630)/155,000 (VPeak-633.6)/152,207 (VPeak-628)/153,846 (VPeak-350.5)/203,666
1 Employers may use the minimum approach distances in Table V-5. If the worksite is at an elevation of more than 900 metes (3,000 feet), see footnote 1 to Table V-5
2 Employers may use the minimum approach distances in Table V-6, except that the employer may not use the minimum approach distances in Table V-6 for phase-to-phase exposures if an insulated tool spans the gap or if any large conductive object is in the gap. If the worksite is at an elevation of more than 900 meters (3,00 feet), see footnote 1 to Table V-6. Employers may use the minimum approach distance in Table 7 through Table 14 in Appendix B to this subpart, which calculated MAD for various values of T, provided the employer follows the notes to those tables.
3 Use the equations for phase-to-ground exposures (with VPeak for phase-to-phase exposures) unless the employer can demonstrate that no insulated tool spans the gap and that no large conductive objects is in the gap.
4 Until March 31, 2015, employers may use the minimum approach distances in Table 6 in Appendix B to this subpart
TABLE V-3-ELECTRICAL COMPONENT OF THE MINIMUM APPROACH DISTANCE (D; IN METERS) AT 5.1 TO 72.5 KV
Nominal voltage (kV) phase-to-phase Phase-to-ground exposure Phase-to-phase exposure
D (m) D(m)
5.1 to 15.0 0.04 0.07
15.1 to 36.0 0.16 0.28
36.1 to 46.0 0.23 0.37
46.1 to 72.5 0.39 0.59
TABLE V-4 - ALTITUDE CORRECTION FACTOR
Altitude above sea level (m) A
0 to 900 1.00
901 to 1,200 1.02
1,201 to 1,500 1.05
1,501 to 1,800 1.08
1,801 to 2,100 1.11
2,101 to 2,400 1.14
2,401 to 2,700 1.17
2,701 to 3,000 1.20
3,001 to 3,600 1.25
3,601 to 4,200 1.30
4,201 to 4,800 1.35
4,801 to 5,400 1.39
5,401 to 6,000 1.44
TABLE V-5 - ALTERNATIVE MINIMUM APPROACH DISTANCES FOR VOLTAGES OF 72.5 KV AND LESS 1
Nominal voltage (kV) phase-to-phase Distance
Phase-to-ground exposure Phase-to-phase exposure
0.050 to 0.300 2 Avoid contact Avoid contact
0.301 to 0.750 2 0.33 1.09 0.33 1.09
0.751 to 5.0 0.63 2.07 0.63 2.07
5.1 to 15.0 0.65 2.14 0.68 2.24
15.1 to 36.0 0.77 2.53 0.89 2.92
36.1 to 46.0 0.84 2.76 0.98 3.22
46.1 to 72.5 1.00 3.29 1.20 3.94
1 Employers may use the minimum approach distances in this table provided the worksite is at an elevation of 900 meters (3,000 feet) or less. If employees will be working at elevations greater than 900 meters (3,000 feet) above mean sea level, the employer shall determine minimum approach distances by multiplying the distances in this table by the correction factor in Table V-4 corresponding to the altitude of the work.
2 For single-phase systems, use voltage-to-ground.
TABLE V-6 - ALTERNATIVE MINIMUM APPROACH DISTANCES FOR VOLTAGES OF MORE THAN 72.5 KV 1, 2, 3
Voltage range phase to phase (kV) Phase-to-ground exposure Phase-to-ground exposure
72.6 to 121.0 1.13 3.71 1.42 4.66
121.1 to 145.0 1.30 4.27 1.64 5.38
145.1 to 169.0 1.46 4.79 1.94 6.36
169.1 to 242.0 2.01 6.59 3.08 10.10
242.1 to 362.0 3.41 11.19 5.52 18.11
362.1 to 420.0 4.25 13.94 6.81 22.34
420.1 to 550.0 5.07 16.63 8.24 27.03
550.1 to 800.0 6.88 22.57 11.38 37.34
2 Employers may use the phase-to-phase minimum approach distances in this table provided that no insulated tool spans the gap and no large conductive object is in the gap.
3 The clear live-line tool distance shall equal or exceed the values for the indicated voltage ranges.
TABLE V-7 - DC LIVE-LINE MINIMUM APPROACH DISTANCE (IN METERS) WITH OVERVOLTAGE FACTOR 1
Maximum anticipated per-unit transient overvoltage distance (m) maximum line-to-ground voltage (kV)
1.5 or less 1.12 1.60 2.06 2.62 3.61
1.6 1.17 1.69 2.24 2.86 3.98
1.7 1.23 1.82 2.42 3.12 4.37
1.8 1.28 1.95 2.62 3.39 4.79
1 The distances specified in this table are for air, bare-hand, and live-line tool conditions. If employees will be working at elevations greater than 900 meters (3,000 feet) above mean sea level, the employer shall determine minimum approach distances by multiplying the distances in this table by the correction factor in Table V-4 corresponding to the altitude of the work.
No later than April 1, 2015, for voltages over 72.5 kilovolts, the employer shall determine the maximum anticipated per-unit transient overvoltage, phase-to-ground, through an engineering analysis or assume a maximum anticipated per-unit transient overvoltage, phase-to-ground, in accordance with Table V-8. When the employer uses portable protective gaps to control the maximum transient overvoltage, the value of the maximum anticipated per-unit transient overvoltage, phase-to-ground, must provide for five standard deviations between the statistical sparkover voltage of the gap and the statistical withstand voltage corresponding to the electrical component of the minimum approach distance. The employer shall make any engineering analysis conducted to determine maximum anticipated perunit transient overvoltage available upon request to employees and to the Assistant Secretary or designee for examination and copying.
Note to paragraph (c)(1)(ii): See Appendix B to this subpart for information on how to calculate the maximum anticipated per-unit transient overvoltage, phase-to-ground, when the employer uses portable protective gaps to reduce maximum transient overvoltages.
TABLE V-8-ASSUMED MAXIMUM PER-UNIT TRANSIENT OVERVOLTAGE
Voltage range (kV) Type of current (ac or dc) Assumed maximum per-unit transient overvoltage
72.6 to 420.0 ac 3.5
420.1 to 550.0 ac 3.0
550.1 to 800.0 ac 2.5
250 to 750 dc 1.8
The employer shall ensure that no employee approaches or takes any conductive object closer to exposed energized parts than the employer's established minimum approach distance, unless:
The employee is insulated from the energized part (rubber insulating gloves or rubber insulating gloves and sleeves worn in accordance with paragraph (c)(2) of this section constitutes insulation of the employee from the energized part upon which the employee is working provided that the employee has control of the part in a manner sufficient to prevent exposure to uninsulated portions of the employee's body), or
The employee is insulated from any other exposed conductive object in accordance with the requirements for live-line barehand work in § 1926.964(c).
When an employee uses rubber insulating gloves as insulation from energized parts (under paragraph (c)(1)(iii)(A) of this section), the employer shall ensure that the employee also uses rubber insulating sleeves. However, an employee need not use rubber insulating sleeves if:
Exposed energized parts on which the employee is not working are insulated from the employee; and
When installing insulation for purposes of paragraph (c)(2)(i)(A) of this section, the employee installs the insulation from a position that does not expose his or her upper arm to contact with other energized parts.
When an employee uses rubber insulating gloves or rubber insulating gloves and sleeves as insulation from energized parts (under paragraph (c)(1)(iii)(A) of this section), the employer shall ensure that the employee:
Puts on the rubber insulating gloves and sleeves in a position where he or she cannot reach into the minimum approach distance, established by the employer under paragraph (c)(1) of this section; and
Does not remove the rubber insulating gloves and sleeves until he or she is in a position where he or she cannot reach into the minimum approach distance, established by the employer under paragraph (c)(1) of this section.
The employer shall ensure that each employee, to the extent that other safety-related conditions at the worksite permit, works in a position from which a slip or shock will not bring the employee's body into contact with exposed, uninsulated parts energized at a potential different from the employee's.
When an employee performs work near exposed parts energized at more than 600 volts, but not more than 72.5 kilovolts, and is not wearing rubber insulating gloves, being protected by insulating equipment covering the energized parts, performing work using live-line tools, or performing live-line barehand work under § 1926.964(c), the employee shall work from a position where he or she cannot reach into the minimum approach distance, established by the employer under paragraph (c)(1) of this section.
The employer shall ensure that employees make connections as follows:
When lines or equipment are connected to or disconnected from energized circuits, an employee shall keep loose conductors away from exposed energized parts.
When an employee performs work within reaching distance of exposed energized parts of equipment, the employer shall ensure that the employee removes or renders nonconductive all exposed conductive articles, such as keychains or watch chains, rings, or wrist watches or bands, unless such articles do not increase the hazards associated with contact with the energized parts.
The employer shall assess the workplace to identify employees exposed to hazards from flames or from electric arcs.
For each employee exposed to hazards from electric arcs, the employer shall make a reasonable estimate of the incident heat energy to which the employee would be exposed.
Note 1 to paragraph (g)(2): Appendix E to this subpart provides guidance on estimating available heat energy. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration will deem employers following the guidance in Appendix E to this subpart to be in compliance with paragraph (g)(2) of this section. An employer may choose a method of calculating incident heat energy not included in Appendix E to this subpart if the chosen method reasonably predicts the incident energy to which the employee would be exposed.
Note 2 to paragraph (g)(2): This paragraph does not require the employer to estimate the incident heat energy exposure for every job task performed by each employee. The employer may make broad estimates that cover multiple system areas provided the employer uses reasonable assumptions about the energy-exposure distribution throughout the system and provided the estimates represent the maximum employee exposure for those areas. For example, the employer could estimate the heat energy just outside a substation feeding a radial distribution system and use that estimate for all jobs performed on that radial system.
The employer shall ensure that each employee who is exposed to hazards from flames or electric arcs does not wear clothing that could melt onto his or her skin or that could ignite and continue to burn when exposed to flames or the heat energy estimated under paragraph (g)(2) of this section.
Note to paragraph (g)(3): This paragraph prohibits clothing made from acetate, nylon, polyester, rayon and polypropylene, either alone or in blends, unless the employer demonstrates that the fabric has been treated to withstand the conditions that may be encountered by the employee or that the employee wears the clothing in such a manner as to eliminate the hazard involved.
The employer shall ensure that the outer layer of clothing worn by an employee, except for clothing not required to be arc rated under paragraphs (g)(5)(i) through (g)(5)(v) of this section, is flame resistant under any of the following conditions:
An electric arc could ignite flammable material in the work area that, in turn, could ignite the employee's clothing,
Molten metal or electric arcs from faulted conductors in the work area could ignite the employee's clothing, or
Note to paragraph (g)(4)(iii): This paragraph does not apply to conductors that are capable of carrying, without failure, the maximum available fault current for the time the circuit protective devices take to interrupt the fault.
The incident heat energy estimated under paragraph (g)(2) of this section exceeds 2.0 cal/cm2.
The employer shall ensure that each employee exposed to hazards from electric arcs wears protective clothing and other protective equipment with an arc rating greater than or equal to the heat energy estimated under paragraph (g)(2) of this section whenever that estimate exceeds 2.0 cal/cm2. This protective equipment shall cover the employee's entire body, except as follows:
Arc-rated protection is not necessary for the employee's hands when the employee is wearing rubber insulating gloves with protectors or, if the estimated incident energy is no more than 14 cal/cm2, heavy-duty leather work gloves with a weight of at least 407 gm/m2 (12 oz/yd2),
Arc-rated protection is not necessary for the employee's feet when the employee is wearing heavy-duty work shoes or boots,
Arc-rated protection is not necessary for the employee's head when the employee is wearing head protection meeting § 1926.100(b)(2) if the estimated incident energy is less than 9 cal/cm2 for exposures involving single-phase arcs in open air or 5 cal/cm2 for other exposures,
The protection for the employee's head may consist of head protection meeting § 1926.100(b)(2) and a faceshield with a minimum arc rating of 8 cal/cm2 if the estimated incidentenergy exposure is less than 13 cal/cm2 for exposures involving single-phase arcs in open air or 9 cal/cm2 for other exposures, and
For exposures involving singlephase arcs in open air, the arc rating for the employee's head and face protection may be 4 cal/cm2 less than the estimated incident energy.
Note to paragraph (g): See Appendix E to this subpart for further information on the selection of appropriate protection.
The obligation in paragraph (g)(2) of this section for the employer to make reasonable estimates of incident energy commences January 1, 2015.
The obligation in paragraph (g)(4)(iv) of this section for the employer to ensure that the outer layer of clothing worn by an employee is flame-resistant when the estimated incident heat energy exceeds 2.0 cal/cm2 commences April 1, 2015.
The obligation in paragraph (g)(5) of this section for the employer to ensure that each employee exposed to hazards from electric arcs wears the required arc-rated protective equipment commences April 1, 2015.
When an employee must install or remove fuses with one or both terminals energized at more than 300 volts, or with exposed parts energized at more than 50 volts, the employer shall ensure that the employee uses tools or gloves rated for the voltage. When an employee installs or removes expulsion-type fuses with one or both terminals energized at more than 300 volts, the employer shall ensure that the employee wears eye protection meeting the requirements of Subpart E of this part, uses a tool rated for the voltage, and is clear of the exhaust path of the fuse barrel.
The requirements of this section that pertain to the hazards of exposed live parts also apply when an employee performs work in proximity to covered (noninsulated) wires.
Non-current-carrying metal parts of equipment or devices, such as transformer cases and circuit-breaker housings, shall be treated as energized at the highest voltage to which these parts are exposed, unless the employer inspects the installation and determines that these parts are grounded before employees begin performing the work.
The employer shall ensure that devices used by employees to open circuits under load conditions are designed to interrupt the current involved.
The employer shall ensure that devices used by employees to close circuits under load conditions are designed to safely carry the current involved.
[79 FR 20702-20708, July 10, 2014; 79 FR 56962, September 24, 2014; 80 FR 60040, October 5, 2015]
This section applies to the deenergizing of transmission and distribution lines and equipment for the purpose of protecting employees. Conductors and parts of electric equipment that have been deenergized under procedures other than those required by this section shall be treated as energized.
If no system operator is in charge of the lines or equipment and their means of disconnection, the employer shall designate one employee in the crew to be in charge of the clearance and to perform the functions that the system operator would otherwise perform under this section. All of the requirements of paragraph (c) of this section apply, in the order specified, except as provided in paragraph (b)(3) of this section.
If only one crew will be working on the lines or equipment and if the means of disconnection is accessible and visible to, and under the sole control of, the employee in charge of the clearance, paragraphs (c)(1), (c)(3), and (c)(5) of this section do not apply. Additionally, the employer does not need to use the tags required by the remaining provisions of paragraph (c) of this section.
If two or more crews will be working on the same lines or equipment, then:
The crews shall coordinate their activities under this section with a single employee in charge of the clearance for all of the crews and follow the requirements of this section as if all of the employees formed a single crew, or
Each crew shall independently comply with this section and, if there is no system operator in charge of the lines or equipment, shall have separate tags and coordinate deenergizing and reenergizing the lines and equipment with the other crews.
The employer shall render any disconnecting means that are accessible to individuals outside the employerâ¿¿s control (for example, the general public) inoperable while the disconnecting means are open for the purpose of protecting employees.
The employer need not use the tags mentioned in paragraphs (c)(2) and (c)(3) of this section on a network protector for work on the primary feeder for the network protector's associated network transformer when the employer can demonstrate all of the following conditions:
The employer shall ensure the installation of protective grounds as required by § 1926.962.
After the applicable requirements of paragraphs (c)(1) through (c)(7) of this section have been followed, the lines and equipment involved may be considered deenergized.
Only the employee in charge who requested the clearance may release the clearance, unless the employer transfers responsibility under paragraph (c)(9) of this section.
No one may remove tags without the release of the associated clearance as specified under paragraphs (c)(10) and (c)(11) of this section.
[79 FR 20708-20709, July 10, 2014]
This section applies to grounding of transmission and distribution lines and equipment for the purpose of protecting employees. Paragraph (d) of this section also applies to protective grounding of other equipment as required elsewhere in this Subpart.
Note to paragraph (a): This section covers grounding of transmission and distribution lines and equipment when this subpart requires protective grounding and whenever the employer chooses to ground such lines and equipment for the protection of employees.
For any employee to work transmission and distribution lines or equipment as deenergized, the employer shall ensure that the lines or equipment are deenergized under the provisions of § 1926.961 and shall ensure proper grounding of the lines or equipment as specified in paragraphs (c) through (h) of this section. However, if the employer can demonstrate that installation of a ground is impracticable or that the conditions resulting from the installation of a ground would present greater hazards to employees than working without grounds, the lines and equipment may be treated as deenergized provided that the employer establishes that all of the following conditions apply:
The employer ensures that the lines and equipment are deenergized under the provisions of § 1926.961.
Temporary protective grounds shall be placed at such locations and arranged in such a manner that the employer can demonstrate will prevent each employee from being exposed to hazardous differences in electric potential.
Note to paragraph (c): Appendix C to this subpart contains guidelines for establishing the equipotential zone required by this paragraph. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration will deem grounding practices meeting these guidelines as complying with paragraph (c) of this section.
Protective grounding equipment shall be capable of conducting the maximum fault current that could flow at the point of grounding for the time necessary to clear the fault.
Protective grounding equipment shall have an ampacity greater than or equal to that of No. 2 AWG copper.
Protective grounds shall have an impedance low enough so that they do not delay the operation of protective devices in case of accidental energizing of the lines or equipment.
Note to paragraph (d): American Society for Testing and Materials Standard Specifications for Temporary Protective Grounds to Be Used on De-Energized Electric Power Lines and Equipment, ASTM F855-09, contains guidelines for protective grounding equipment. The Institute of Electrical Engineers Guide for Protective Grounding of Power Lines, IEEE Std 1048-2003, contains guidelines for selecting and installing protective grounding equipment.
The employer shall ensure that, unless a previously installed ground is present, employees test lines and equipment and verify the absence of nominal voltage before employees install any ground on those lines or that equipment.
The employer shall ensure that, when an employee attaches a ground to a line or to equipment, the employee attaches the ground-end connection first and then attaches the other end by means of a live-line tool. For lines or equipment operating at 600 volts or less, the employer may permit the employee to use insulating equipment other than a live-line tool if the employer ensures that the line or equipment is not energized at the time the ground is connected or if the employer can demonstrate that each employee is protected from hazards that may develop if the line or equipment is energized.
The employer shall ensure that, when an employee performs work on a cable at a location remote from the cable terminal, the cable is not grounded at the cable terminal if there is a possibility of hazardous transfer of potential should a fault occur.
The employer may permit employees to remove grounds temporarily during tests. During the test procedure, the employer shall ensure that each employee uses insulating equipment, shall isolate each employee from any hazards involved, and shall implement any additional measures necessary to protect each exposed employee in case the previously grounded lines and equipment become energized.
[79 FR 20709-20710, July 10, 2014]
This section provides for safe work practices for high-voltage and high-power testing performed in laboratories, shops, and substations, and in the field and on electric transmission and distribution lines and equipment. It applies only to testing involving interim measurements using high voltage, high power, or combinations of high voltage and high power, and not to testing involving continuous measurements as in routine metering, relaying, and normal line work.
Note to paragraph (a): OSHA considers routine inspection and maintenance measurements made by qualified employees to be routine line work not included in the scope of this section, provided that the hazards related to the use of intrinsic highvoltage or high-power sources require only the normal precautions associated with routine work specified in the other paragraphs of this subpart. Two typical examples of such excluded test work procedures are "phasing-out" testing and testing for a "no-voltage" condition.
The employer shall ensure that each employee, upon initial assignment to the test area, receives training in safe work practices, with retraining provided as required by § 1926.950(b).
A barrier or barricade that limits access to the test area to a degree equivalent, physically and visually, to the barricade specified in paragraph (c)(3)(i) of this section, or
The employer shall ensure the removal of the safeguards required by paragraph (c)(3) of this section when employees no longer need the protection afforded by the safeguards.
In highpower testing, the employer shall provide an isolated ground-return conductor system designed to prevent the intentional passage of current, with its attendant voltage rise, from occurring in the ground grid or in the earth. However, the employer need not provide an isolated ground-return conductor if the employer can demonstrate that both of the following conditions exist:
The employer protects employees from any hazardous step and touch potentials that may develop during the test.
Note to paragraph (d)(3)(ii): See Appendix C to this subpart for information on measures that employers can take to protect employees from hazardous step and touch potentials.
Before any employee applies a direct ground, the employer shall discharge high capacitance equipment or apparatus through a resistor rated for the available energy.
Personal protective equipment is provided and used as required by Subpart E of this part and by this subpart; and
[79 FR 20710-20711, July 10, 2014]
This section provides additional requirements for work performed on or near overhead lines and equipment and for live-line barehand work.
Before allowing employees to subject elevated structures, such as poles or towers, to such stresses as climbing or the installation or removal of equipment may impose, the employer shall ascertain that the structures are capable of sustaining the additional or unbalanced stresses. If the pole or other structure cannot withstand the expected loads, the employer shall brace or otherwise support the pole or structure so as to prevent failure.
Note to paragraph (a)(2): Appendix D to this subpart contains test methods that employers can use in ascertaining whether a wood pole is capable of sustaining the forces imposed by an employee climbing the pole. This paragraph also requires the employer to ascertain that the pole can sustain all other forces imposed by the work employees will perform.
When a pole is set, moved, or removed near an exposed energized overhead conductor, the pole may not contact the conductor.
To protect employees from falling into holes used for placing poles, the employer shall physically guard the holes, or ensure that employees attend the holes, whenever anyone is working nearby.
The following provisions apply to the installation and removal of overhead conductors or cable (overhead lines).
When lines that employees are installing or removing can contact energized parts, the employer shall use the tensionstringing method, barriers, or other equivalent measures to minimize the possibility that conductors and cables the employees are installing or removing will contact energized power lines or equipment.
For conductors, cables, and pulling and tensioning equipment, the employer shall provide the protective measures required by § 1926.959(d)(3) when employees are installing or removing a conductor or cable close enough to energized conductors that any of the following failures could energize the pulling or tensioning equipment or the conductor or cable being installed or removed:
Failure of the conductor or cable being pulled, or
Before employees install lines parallel to existing energized lines, the employer shall make a determination of the approximate voltage to be induced in the new lines, or work shall proceed on the assumption that the induced voltage is hazardous.
Unless the employer can demonstrate that the lines that employees are installing are not subject to the induction of a hazardous voltage or unless the lines are treated as energized, temporary protective grounds shall be placed at such locations and arranged in such a manner that the employer can demonstrate will prevent exposure of each employee to hazardous differences in electric potential.
Note to paragraph (b)(4)(ii): Appendix C to this subpart contains guidelines for protecting employees from hazardous differences in electric potential as required by this paragraph.
Note to paragraph (b)(4): If the employer takes no precautions to protect employees from hazards associated with involuntary reactions from electric shock, a hazard exists if the induced voltage is sufficient to pass a current of 1 milliampere through a 500-ohm resistor. If the employer protects employees from injury due to involuntary reactions from electric shock, a hazard exists if the resultant current would be more than 6 milliamperes.
The employer shall ensure that employees do not exceed load ratings of stringing lines, pulling lines, conductor grips, load-bearing hardware and accessories, rigging, and hoists.
The employer shall repair or replace defective pulling lines and accessories.
The employer shall ensure that employees do not use conductor grips on wire rope unless the manufacturer specifically designed the grip for this application.
The employer shall ensure that employees maintain reliable communications, through twoway radios or other equivalent means, between the reel tender and the pullingrig operator.
Employees may operate the pulling rig only when it is safe to do so.
Note to paragraph (b)(10): Examples of unsafe conditions include: employees in locations prohibited by paragraph (b)(11) of this section, conductor and pulling line hangups, and slipping of the conductor grip.
While a power-driven device is pulling the conductor or pulling line and the conductor or pulling line is in motion, the employer shall ensure that employees are not directly under overhead operations or on the crossarm, except as necessary for the employees to guide the stringing sock or board over or through the stringing sheave.
In addition to other applicable provisions contained in this subpart, the following requirements apply to live-line barehand work:
Before an employee uses or supervises the use of the live-line barehand technique on energized circuits, the employer shall ensure that the employee completes training conforming to § 1926.950(b) in the technique and in the safety requirements of paragraph (c) of this section.
Before any employee uses the live-line barehand technique on energized high-voltage conductors or parts, the employer shall ascertain the following information in addition to information about other existing conditions required by § 1926.950(d):
The nominal voltage rating of the circuit on which employees will perform the work,
The clearances to ground of lines and other energized parts on which employees will perform the work, and
The voltage limitations of equipment employees will use.
The employer shall ensure that the insulated equipment, insulated tools, and aerial devices and platforms used by employees are designed, tested, and made for live-line barehand work.
The employer shall ensure that employees keep tools and equipment clean and dry while they are in use.
The employer shall render inoperable the automatic-reclosing feature of circuit-interrupting devices protecting the lines if the design of the devices permits.
The employer shall ensure that employees do not perform work when adverse weather conditions would make the work hazardous even after the employer implements the work practices required by this subpart. Additionally, employees may not perform work when winds reduce the phase-to-phase or phase-to-ground clearances at the work location below the minimum approach distances specified in paragraph (c)(13) of this section, unless insulating guards cover the grounded objects and other lines and equipment.
Note to paragraph (c)(5): Thunderstorms in the vicinity, high winds, snow storms, and ice storms are examples of adverse weather conditions that make live-line barehand work too hazardous to perform safely even after the employer implements the work practices required by this subpart.
The employer shall provide and ensure that employees use a conductive bucket liner or other conductive device for bonding the insulated aerial device to the energized line or equipment.
Where differences in potentials at the worksite pose a hazard to employees, the employer shall provide electrostatic shielding designed for the voltage being worked.
The employer shall ensure that, before the employee contacts the energized part, the employee bonds the conductive bucket liner or other conductive device to the energized conductor by means of a positive connection. This connection shall remain attached to the energized conductor until the employee completes the work on the energized circuit.
Aerial lifts used for live-line barehand work shall have dual controls (lower and upper) as follows:
The upper controls shall be within easy reach of the employee in the bucket. On a two-bucket-type lift, access to the controls shall be within easy reach of both buckets.
The lower set of controls shall be near the base of the boom and shall be designed so that they can override operation of the equipment at any time.
The employer shall ensure that, before employees elevate an aerial lift into the work position, the employees check all controls (ground level and bucket) to determine that they are in proper working condition.