Source: http://cendi.dtic.mil/publications/00-3copyright.html
Timestamp: 2013-06-19 06:14:54
Document Index: 495573119

Matched Legal Cases: ['§105', 'art 27', 'art 227', 'art 21179', 'art\n25280', 'art 227', 'art 227', 'art2', 'art\n227']

Frequently Asked Questions About Copyright A Template for the Promotion of Awareness Among CENDI Agency Staff CENDI/2004-8
Prepared by CENDI Copyright Task Group
Edited and updated by Bonnie Klein & Gail Hodge Information International Associates, Inc.
Oak Ridge, Tennessee August 2004 Purpose and Use of This Document
The information presented in this FAQ is subject to changes enacted by U.S. Government policies, legislation and case law. Direct comments about this document to copyright@dtic.mil. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0
CENDI COPYRIGHT TASK GROUP CURRENT MEMBERS: Nancy Allard (NARA), Gary Borda (NASA), Kathleen Coleman (EPA), Richard Gray (DOD/AF), Jane Griffith (NLM), Gail Hodge (CENDI), Michael Hoffman (DOE), Richard Huffine (EPA), Flayo Kirk (DISA), Bonnie Klein, Chair (DTIC), Richard Lambert (NIH), Neil Mark (USGS), John Raubitschek (NTIS), Jacqueline Streeks (NASA/CASI)
CENDI is an interagency cooperative organization composed of the scientific and technical information (STI) managers from the Departments of Agriculture, Commerce, Energy, Education, Defense, the Environmental Protection Agency, Health and Human Services, Interior, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the National Archives and Records Administration, the National Science Foundation and the Government Printing Office. CENDI's mission is to help improve the productivity of federal science- and technology-based programs through the development and management of effective scientific and technical information support systems. In fulfilling its mission, CENDI member agencies play an important role in helping to strengthen U.S. competitiveness and address science- and technology-based national priorities. 1.0 GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Permission is an agreement from a copyright owner allowing another party to exercise one or more of the exclusive rights provided the copyright owner under the Copyright Law (See FAQ Section 2.1.5. Permission generally does not involve the transfer of any fees or reimbursements. Permission may also be referred to as a Copyright Release. Publication is the distribution of copies or phonorecords of a work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership or by rental, lease, or lending. The offering to distribute copies or phonorecords to a group of persons for purposes of further distribution, public performance, or public display, constitutes publication. A public performance or display of a work does not of itself constitute publication. (See 17 USC � 101. Definitions.17)
Transfer of copyright ownership is the act of transferring any or all of the exclusive rights comprised in a copyright from the copyright owner to another person or institution. Ownership is generally transferred through an assignment, mortgage, or exclusive license, whether or not it is limited in time or place of effect, but not including a nonexclusive license. (See 17 USC � 201(d)(2).18) Transfers must be in writing and must be signed by the party making the transfer. (See 17 USC � 204.19) 2.0 COPYRIGHT BASICS
2.1.1 What is copyright? Copyright is a form of protection provided by the laws of the United States (Title 17 of the United States Code (17 USC - Copyrights20) to the authors of original works of authorship including literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and certain other intellectual works. (See also Title 37 Code of Federal Regulations (37 CFR, Chapter II)21, which implements this statute.) Copyright protection arises automatically once an original work of authorship is fixed in a tangible medium of expression, now known or later developed; e.g., written, filmed, recorded. It does not require that a copyright notice be placed on the work, that the work be published, or that the work be deposited or registered with the Copyright Office or any other body. 2.1.2 What is the history of copyright legislation in the U.S.?
For further discussion, see U.S. Copyright Office, Circular 101: Copyright Basics,28 and Circular 40, Copyright Registration for Works of the Visual Arts.29 2.1.6 How long does copyright last? Under current Copyright Law, the copyright term for works created by individuals on or after January 1, 1978, is the life of the author plus 70 years. For "works made for hire," the copyright term is 95 years from the date of first publication or 120 years from the date of its creation, whichever is earliest. The copyright term for works created before January 1, 1978, is a complicated determination and may require help from your General Counsel or the Copyright Office.
The U.S. Copyright Law, Chapter 3 -- Duration of Copyright30 Information Circular 15a - Duration of Copyright: Provisions of the Law Dealing with the Length of Copyright Protection 31 Fact sheet FL 15 - New Terms for Copyright Protection32 When Works Pass Into the Public Domain33 Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States33a
2.3.3 How can the owner of a copyrighted work be identified? If you want to contact the copyright owner regarding use of a copyrighted work, the best place to start is with the work itself. Copyright notices in published works identify the owner at the time the work was published. However, copyright ownership may have changed since publication. The copyright notice and any permissions are often printed on the back of the title page in books. Most owners will be apparent, particularly for relatively current works. However, identifying the specific owner may be more difficult for journal articles, gray literature and older works. Affiliation of the author may suggest ownership or may help to locate the individual author, but is not in itself definitive. The U.S. Copyright Office provides some suggestions in Copyright Office Circular 22.41 Additionally, Copyright Office records, including registration information and recorded documents, are available through LOCIS (Library of Congress Information System42), or a newer web-based search system. Information, including ownership information, is available for works registered for copyright since January 1, 1978. The information may be searched online by title of the work, author and copyright claimant. 2.4 Copyright and the Internet
As in the print environment, it is not necessary for an author to include a copyright statement on the material in order for the work to maintain its copyright protection. However, you may find notices on the home page or on special terms and condition pages that provide for specific uses. 2.4.5 Are copyright notices required on materials on Government Web sites? It is good practice to provide notice whenever possible, even though it is not required. In addition, there may be disclaimers and use notices that apply to use of the material. Check your Agency policy regarding Web site notices. See examples listed in Section 6.0.
No. In April, 2000, Federal Judge Harry L. Hupp in his ruling on deep linking
in Ticketmaster vs. Tickets.com (2000) states that, "...hyperlinking
does not itself involve a violation of the Copyright Act (whatever it may
do for other claims) since no copying is involved." Many organizations encourage
Post43and the New
York Times44.
L. No. 105-304, 112 Stat. 286045) added Chapter
12 to the U.S. Copyright Law46. The DMCA prohibits any person
U.S.C. � 1201(a)(1)47. The Copyright Office will determine
U.S.C. � 1201(a)(2)48.
U.S.C. � 120249. Each prohibition is subject to a number of
U.S.C. � 51250. However, this "safe harbor" provision
Copyright Office Summary of the DMCA51. 2.5 Other Forms of Intellectual Property Protection
authorship such as literary works, phonorecords, dramatic works, etc. Patents52 protect new, useful and non-obvious inventions such as processes, machines,
manufactures and compositions of matter. Trademarks53 protect words, phrases, symbols or designs, such as logos or names of products
Patent and Trademark Office.54
USC � 101, Definitions.55)
in Government Employee Authored Works. 56 30 Cath. L. Rev.
Affairs Associates v. Rickover 57 284 F.2d 262, 268 n.20
USC � 105.58 "Copyright protection � is not available
Evils: Government Copyright and Copyright-like Controls Over Government Information. Syracuse Law Review, 999, 1995. ADA394923 59). See Pfeiffer
v. Central Intelligence Agency 60, 60 F.3d 861 (D.C. Cir.
information. Examples include OMB
Circular A-130,61 Management of Federal Information Resources, Department of Defense
9, 1996, ASD (PA)62 and DOD
Release.63 However, while the Government is not required to
of Information Act (FOIA) Exemptions)64 provide the Government
Research and Development Agreements (CRADA's65 ) and NASA Space Act Agreements66 , the Government has statutory authority to withhold from public dissemination,
and Conditions for the Visible Human Project67 and the License Agreement for Use of the UMLS® Metathesaurus®.68 Issues related to joint authorship
USC §105, works prepared by government employees as part of their
17 USC � 40369 regarding copyright notice requirements for
Bender & Co. v. West Publishing Co.,70 158 F.3d 674 (2d
Copyright Form71 and the Kluwer
Academic/Plenum Publishing Transfer of Copyright Form72.
USC � 101.73). The authors of a joint work are co-owners of
USC � 201.74). If a joint work is interdependent, contributions are generally created independently by separate co-authors with the intention to merge them into a unitary whole, and therefore they comprise separable parts. One should be able to isolate the contributions of a government employee from the contributions of a non-government employee. If, on the other hand, co-authors collaborated on much or all of a joint work, it will be considered inseparable, and it may be impossible to determine where the contributions of one author end and the other author or authors begin. Therefore, for an inseparable joint work, it is difficult or impossible to isolate the contribution of government employees from contributions of non-government employees. When the U.S. Government is joint author with a non-government entity, the law on how much of the work is protected by copyright is unsettled and is thus open to differing interpretations. In such situations, you should consult your Office of General Counsel.
Acquisition Regulations (FAR)75. There are a number of FAR
Subpart 27.4--Rights in Data and Copyrights76 provides copyright
general data rights clause (FAR 52.227-14),77 except for
Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement (DFARS) Subpart 227.4 78and Part 21179 and Part
25280 provisions that affect the ownership of copyright for
Subpart 227.4 81provides the copyright guidance for DoD (FAR
27.40082). The DFARS recognizes that the contractor owns
227.7103-983, DFARS
252.227-7013-4)84. If a special clause is inserted into
252.227-702085), the contractor must assign the copyright
special copyright provisions. The FAR SBIR data rights clause, 52.227-2086 permits an SBIR contractor to assert copyright ownership unless there is specific
227.7103-987 and 227.7203-988).
52.227-1489).
An example of a copyright statement, which includes a government license, for use with works created under contracts with civilian agencies and NASA is: COPYRIGHT STATUS: This work, authored by ______________ employees, was funded in whole or in part by _________________ under U.S. Government contract _______________, and is, therefore, subject to the following license: The Government is granted for itself and others acting on its behalf a paid-up, nonexclusive, irrevocable worldwide license in this work to reproduce, prepare derivative works, distribute copies to the public, and perform publicly and display publicly, by or on behalf of the Government. All other rights are reserved by the copyright owner. 4.4 Does the Government Have the Same Rights to Use Copyrighted Material Produced Outside of a Government Contract But Included in a Work Produced Under a Government Contract as it Does to Portions of the Work First Produced in Performance of the Contract?
27.404(f)(2)90 and DFARS
227.7103-9(a)(2)91).
special works data rights clause, 52.227-17,92 in addition
Section 27.404(g)(3)93, agencies may, to the extent provided
to assign copyright to the Government. Thus, Agency FAR supplements (e.g., the NASA FAR Supplement at 1852.227-1494 may also direct contractors
clause 252.227-702095 automatically directs the contractor
general data rights clause, 52.227-14,96 the contractor must
27.404(g)97 and 52.227-14(d)98).
right to require the contractor to assign the copyright to the Government. Under the FAR special works data rights clause 52.227-1799,
clause 252.227-7013100 recognizes the contractor's copyright,
clause 252.227-7020 101 directs the contractor to assign
227.7106(b)102 notes that a contractor "retains
27.404(f)(1)(v)103), although the Copyright Law has no copyright
252.227-7013(f) and 252.227-7014(f)104.
With Institutions of Higher Education, Hospitals, and Other Non-Profit Organizations105 and to OMB
Circular A-102, Grants and Cooperative Agreements with State and Local Governments106 when the grantee is a state or local agency such as a state university. Section
36 of Circular A-110107 provides that a grantee may assert
requirements for providing government access108to information
States (28 USC � 1498(b))109. The exclusive action for such
C. Boyle, 200 F.3d 1369 (Fed. Cir. 2000)110. While the Government may rely on fair use, the use of materials by the Government
Department of Justice opinion dated April 30, 1999,111 that "while
Material for Intelligence Purposes"112 by Major Gary M. Bowen.
Office Circular 1113) 5.1.4 May the U.S. Government use works of foreign governments or international organizations? Many foreign countries provide copyright protection for works of their government. However, certain types of official works of government bodies, such as statutes and court decisions, are generally not copyrighted. Many foreign governments will consider waiving copyright upon request. International organizations, such as the United Nations and the World Bank, also hold copyright. However, many of these documents may contain waivers or waivers may be obtained upon request. Depending on the particular agreement, the U.S. Government may have additional rights based on contributing, paying or being a sponsoring member of the organization.
Law at 17 U.S.C. � 107114 (See FAQ Section 2.2.2). 5.2 Use of Government Libraries and Archives
USC � 108115, all libraries and archives are provided special
on Photocopying under Interlibrary Loan Arrangements,116 and
Circular 21: Reproductions of Copyrighted Works by Educators and Librarians.117 5.2.2 Can digital material be copied for archival purposes? Can its format be changed?
Section 108 of
the Copyright Act118 addresses library archiving. The Digital
Millennium Copyright Act2 amended Sec. 108 to cover both
material may also be converted to a new format for preservation of access. 5.2.3 What happens if the actual need for copyrighted material exceeds the exceptions granted in 17 USC �� 107 and 108? When the anticipated needs for copyrighted material exceed the exceptions
granted in � 107119 and �108120,
5.2.4 Do copyright principles apply to materials purchased and licensed by Government libraries? Federal librarians procure published materials in a variety of formats for the use of federal employees and the public. Generally, federal libraries do not own copyrights in the materials in their collection. In the paper environment, libraries usually purchase copies to add to their collections. Copyright law, fair use, and the �first sale� doctrine address the rights and responsibilities of the library as purchaser and of its users. However, in the digital environment, while copyright principles apply, the rights of the library and its users are usually negotiated through contractual agreements and licenses. The terms of these agreements usually allow viewing materials and making reasonable copies for personal or agency use. Most specifically forbid: Substantial or systematic reproduction. Systematic supply or distribution to non-authorized users. It is important to work with your agency contracting officer and legal advisor in negotiating license agreements for databases, e-books, electronic journals or other subscription products. For further discussion and guidance, see the FEDLINK video presentation Licensing Electronic Publications for Use in a Federal Agency, CENDI's License Agreements for Electronic Products and Services: Frequently Asked Questions, and the National Library of Medicine Policy on Acquiring Copyrighted Material in Electronic Format. Libraries should be proactive in informing and educating users about copyright and information license agreements. For examples, see the Naval Research Laboratory Library Use and Disclaimer Notice and Smithsonian Institution Libraries Permissions: Using Digital Materials from the Smithsonian Institution Libraries. 5.3 Permissions, Licenses, and releases to Use Copyrighted Works
letter requesting permission is available from the University of Texas.121
U.S.C. � 1498(b)122.
under 17 U.S.C. � 107123, reproduction by libraries or archives under 17
U.S.C. � 108124, or transfer of particular copies or phonorecords
U.S.C. �109125. Once the copyright is registered in the U.S.
28 U.S.C. � 1498(b)126 specifies that a copyright owner's
Subpart 227.70127.
U.S.C. 1498(b)128, the Government's liability is for either
Association of Research Libraries. Principles For Licensing Electronic Resources. July 15, 1997. 6 pp. [http://www.arl.org/scomm/licensing/principles.html] [Six library associations, representing an international membership of libraries of all types and sizes, developed this statement of principles to guide libraries in negotiating license agreements for access to electronic resources so as to create agreements that respect the rights and obligations of both parties.]
Copyright Clearance Center (CCC). [http://www.copyright.com/CopyrightResources/default.asp]
Motion Picture Licensing Corporation (MPLC). [http://www.mplc.com/index2.htm]
National Music Publishers Association/Harry Fox Agency (HFA). [http://www.nmpa.org/hfa.html]
Picture Agency Council of America (PACA). [http://www.stockindustry.org/]
Publishers' Catalogues. [ http://www.lights.com/publisher]
National Air and Space Administration (NASA). Scientific and Technical Information. NASA Privacy and Copyright Notice. [http://www.sti.nasa.gov/privacy.html ]
] Documentation, Approval, and Dissemination of NASA Scientific and Technical Information (NPG 2200.2A, September 3, 1997). [http://nodis3.gsfc.nasa.gov/displayDir.cfm?Internal_ID=N_PG_2200_002A_&page_name=main]
NASA SP-1999-7602. NASA Publishing Guidelines for Authors. [http://stipo.larc.nasa.gov/SP7602/index.html ] [See Section 3.2: Copyright http://stipo.larc.nasa.gov/SP7602/pg08.html#3.2]
National Science Foundation. Guidelines for Reproducing or Using Graphics from the NSF Web Site. [http://www.nsf.gov/home/pubinfo/reuse.htm]
Department of Commerce. Administrative Order DAO 219-1: Outside Writing and Speaking; Department Approval [http://www.osec.doc.gov/bmi/daos/219-1.htm]
[http://www.defenselink.mil/webmasters/policy/dod_web_policy_12071998_with_amendments_and_corrections.html#part2] U.S. Air Force Museum. Privacy, Security and Use Notice. [http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/warn.htm]
SECNAVINST 5870.6 Copyright in Works of Authorship Prepared by DON Personnel [http://neds.nebt.daps.mil/Directives/5870_6.pdf] SECNAVINST 5870.5 Permission to Copy Materials Subject to Copyright (26 August 1988) [http://neds.nebt.daps.mil/Directives/5870_5.pdf]
SECNAVINST 5870.4 Copyrighted Sound and Video Recordings [http://neds.nebt.daps.mil/Directives/5870_4.pdf] U.S. Department of Education
ERIC Database Use Policy [ http://www.eduref.org/Eric/Help/dbpolicy.shtml ]
American Association for Artificial Intelligence. AAAI Press Copyright Form [http://www.aaai.org/Press/Editorial/Author/copyrightform.html] American Geophysical Union. Copyright Agreement [http://www.agu.org/pubs/Copyrght.pdf]
IEEE Computer Society. Copyright Form Information. [http://www.computer.org/forminfo.htm]
IEEE Copyright Form [http://www.ieee.org/portal/index.jsp?pageID=corp_level1&path=about/documentation/copyright&file=cfrmlink.xml&xsl=generic.xsl]
29Circular 40, Copyright Registration for Works of the Visual Arts http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ1.html
43Washington Post http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/interact/longterm/talk/copy.htm 44New York Times http://www.time.com/time/faq/#link
71IEEE Copyright Form http://www.ieee.org/portal/index.jsp?pageID=corp_level1&path=about/documentation/copyright&file=cfrmlink.xml&xsl=generic.xsl 72Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishing Transfer of Copyright Form http://www.bga.org/journal/Kluwer-Plenum_copyright.pdf
78Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement (DFARS) Subpart
227.4 http://www.acq.osd.mil/dp/dars/dfars/html/r20030430/227_4.htm
105OMB Circular A-110 Uniform Administrative Requirements for Grants
106OMB Circular A-102, Grants and Cooperative Agreements with State
112"Application of the Copyright Doctrine of Fair Use to the
Reproduction of Copyrighted Material for Intelligence Purposes" http://www.jagcnet.army.mil/TJAGSA