Source: https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?path=/prelim@title22/chapter87&edition=prelim
Timestamp: 2020-04-07 00:45:34
Document Index: 373172973

Matched Legal Cases: ['§8002', '§103', '§1', '§2011', '§8003', 'art 774', '§104', '§101', '§1401', '§101', '§105', '§105', '§8004', '§105', '§8005', '§106', '§8006', '§107', '§8007', '§109', '§8008', 'art 1', 'art 2', '§110']

[USC02] 22 USC Ch. 87: UNITED STATES AND INDIA NUCLEAR COOPERATION
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22 USC Ch. 87: UNITED STATES AND INDIA NUCLEAR COOPERATION
CHAPTER 87—UNITED STATES AND INDIA NUCLEAR COOPERATION
Statements of policy.
Waiver authority and congressional approval.
United States compliance with its nuclear nonproliferation treaty obligations.
Inoperability of determination and waivers.
MTCR adherent status.
United States-India scientific cooperative nuclear nonproliferation program.
§8002. Statements of policy
The following shall be the policies of the United States:
(2) Encourage States Party to the NPT to interpret the right to "develop research, production and use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes", as set forth in Article IV of the NPT, as being a right that applies only to the extent that it is consistent with the object and purpose of the NPT to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and nuclear weapons capabilities, including by refraining from all nuclear cooperation with any State Party that the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) determines is not in full compliance with its NPT obligations, including its safeguards obligations.
(3) Act in a manner fully consistent with the Guidelines for Nuclear Transfers and the Guidelines for Transfers of Nuclear-Related Dual-Use Equipment, Materials, Software and Related Technology developed by the NSG, and decisions related to the those 1 guidelines, and the rules and practices regarding NSG decisionmaking.
(6) Seek to prevent the transfer to a country of nuclear equipment, materials, or technology from other participating governments in the NSG or from any other source if nuclear transfers to that country are suspended or terminated pursuant to this chapter, the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (42 U.S.C. 2011 et seq.), or any other United States law.
(b) With respect to South Asia
The following shall be the policies of the United States with respect to South Asia:
(3) Secure India's—
(6) Ensure that spent fuel generated in India's civilian nuclear power reactors is not transferred to the United States except pursuant to the Congressional review procedures required under section 131 f. of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (42 U.S.C. 2160(f)).
(9) Ensure that the text and implementation of any agreement for cooperation with India arranged pursuant to section 123 of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (42 U.S.C. 2153) meet the requirements set forth in subsections a.(1) and a.(3) through a.(9) of such section [42 U.S.C. 2153(a)(1), (3)–(9)].
(Pub. L. 109–401, title I, §103, Dec. 18, 2006, 120 Stat. 2727.)
This chapter, referred to in subsec. (a)(6), was in the original "this title", meaning title I of Pub. L. 109–401, Dec. 18, 2006, 120 Stat. 2726, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of title I to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 8001 of this title and Tables.
The Atomic Energy Act of 1954, referred to in subsec. (a)(6), is act Aug. 1, 1946, ch. 724, as added by act Aug. 30, 1954, ch. 1073, §1, 68 Stat. 919, which is classified principally to chapter 23 (§2011 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2011 of Title 42 and Tables.
§8003. Waiver authority and congressional approval
If the President makes the determination described in subsection (b), the President may—
(1) exempt a proposed agreement for cooperation with India arranged pursuant to section 2153 of title 42 from the requirement of subsection (a)(2) of such section;
(2) waive the application of section 2157 of title 42 with respect to exports to India; and
(A) section 2158(a)(1)(D) of title 42; and
(B) section 2158 of title 42 regarding any actions that occurred before July 18, 2005.
(b) Determination by the President
The determination referred to in subsection (a) is a determination by the President that the following actions have occurred:
To the fullest extent available to the United States, the report referred to in paragraph (1) shall include the following information:
(H) A description of the decision of the NSG relating to nuclear cooperation with India, including whether nuclear cooperation by the United States under an agreement for cooperation arranged pursuant to section 2153 of title 42 is consistent with the decision, practices, and policies of the NSG.
Notwithstanding the entry into force of an agreement for cooperation with India arranged pursuant to section 2153 of title 42 and pursuant to this chapter, and except as provided under subparagraph (B), exports of nuclear and nuclear-related material, equipment, or technology to India shall be terminated if there is any materially significant transfer by an Indian person of—
The President may choose not to terminate exports of nuclear and nuclear-related material, equipment, and technology to India under subparagraph (A) if—
(ii) at the time of the transfer, either the Government of India did not own, control, or direct the Indian person that made the transfer or the Indian person that made the transfer is a natural person who acted without the knowledge of any entity described in subparagraph (B) or (C) of section 8008(5) of this title; and
(B) Requirements for approvals
Exports, reexports, transfers, and retransfers referred to in subparagraph (A) may only be approved if—
(ii) appropriate measures are in place at any facility referred to in clause (i) to ensure that no sensitive nuclear technology, as defined in section 3203(5) of this title, will be diverted to any person, site, facility, location, or program not under IAEA safeguards; and
The President shall ensure that all appropriate measures are taken to maintain accountability with respect to nuclear materials, equipment, and technology sold, leased, exported, or reexported to India so as to ensure—
(i) full implementation of the protections required under section 2153(a)(1) of title 42; and
The measures taken pursuant to subparagraph (A) shall include the following:
(iii) In the event the IAEA is unable to implement safeguards as required by an agreement for cooperation arranged pursuant to section 2153 of title 42, appropriate assurance that arrangements will be put in place expeditiously that are consistent with the requirements of section 2153(a)(1) of title 42 regarding the maintenance of safeguards as set forth in the agreement regardless of whether the agreement is terminated or suspended for any reason.
(1) Information on nuclear activities of India
The President shall keep the appropriate congressional committees fully and currently informed of the facts and implications of any significant nuclear activities of India, including—
(v) an agreement for cooperation between the Government of India and the United States Government arranged pursuant to section 2153 of title 42 or any subsequent arrangement under section 2160 of title 42;
(B) any material inconsistencies between the content or timeliness of notifications by the Government of India pursuant to paragraph 14(a) of the Safeguards Agreement and the facilities and schedule described in paragraph (14) of the separation plan presented in the national parliament of India on May 11, 2006, taking into account the later initiation of safeguards than was anticipated in the separation plan;
(C) the construction of a nuclear facility in India after December 18, 2006;
(D) significant changes in the production by India of nuclear weapons or in the types or amounts of fissile material produced; and
(E) changes in the purpose or operational status of any unsafeguarded nuclear fuel cycle activities in India.
(2) Implementation and compliance report
Not later than 180 days after the date on which an agreement for cooperation with India arranged pursuant to section 2153 of title 42 enters into force, and annually thereafter, the President shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report including—
(ii) any licenses approved by the Department of Commerce for the export or reexport to India of commodities, related technology, and software which are controlled for nuclear nonproliferation reasons on the Nuclear Referral List of the Commerce Control List maintained under part 774 of title 15, Code of Federal Regulation,1 or any successor regulation;
(F) an analysis of whether United States civil nuclear cooperation with India is in any way assisting India's nuclear weapons program, including through—
(K) a detailed description of efforts and progress made toward the achievement of India's—
(iv) effective implementation of the decision described in clause (iii);
(L) the disposal during the previous year of spent nuclear fuel from India's civilian nuclear program, and any plans or activities relating to future disposal of such spent nuclear fuel; and
(M) with respect to the United States-India Agreement for Cooperation on Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy (hereinafter in this subparagraph referred to as the "Agreement") approved under section 101(a) of the United States-India Nuclear Cooperation Approval and Nonproliferation Enhancement Act—
(I) all provision of sensitive nuclear technology to India, and other such information as may be so designated by the United States or India under Article 1(Q); and
(II) all facilities in India notified pursuant to Article 7(1) of the Agreement;
(I) any agreed safeguards or any other form of verification for by-product material decided by mutual agreement pursuant to the terms of Article 1(A) of the Agreement;
(II) research and development undertaken in such areas as may be agreed between the United States and India as detailed in Article 2(2)(a.) of the Agreement;
(III) the civil nuclear cooperation activities undertaken under Article 2(2)(d.) of the Agreement;
(IV) any United States efforts to help India develop a strategic reserve of nuclear fuel as called for in Article 2(2)(e.) of the Agreement;
(V) any United States efforts to fulfill political commitments made in Article 5(6) of the Agreement;
(VI) any negotiations that have occurred or are ongoing under Article 6(iii.) of the Agreement; and
(VII) any transfers beyond the territorial jurisdiction of India pursuant to Article 7(2) of the Agreement, including a listing of the receiving country of each such transfer;
(I) any instances in which the United States or India requested consultations arising from concerns over compliance with the provisions of Article 7(1) of the Agreement, and the results of such consultations; and
(II) any matters not otherwise identified in this report that have become the subject of consultations pursuant to Article 13(2) of the Agreement, and a statement as to whether such matters were resolved by the end of the reporting period; and
(I) any consultations are expected to occur under Article 16(5) of the Agreement; and
(II) any enrichment is being carried out pursuant to Article 6 of the Agreement.
The information required to be submitted under paragraph (2)(F) after the initial report may be submitted together with the annual report on progress toward regional nonproliferation required under section 2376(c) 2 of this title.
(Pub. L. 109–401, title I, §104, Dec. 18, 2006, 120 Stat. 2729; Pub. L. 110–369, title I, §§101(c), 105, Oct. 8, 2008, 122 Stat. 4029, 4030.)
This chapter, referred to in subsec. (d)(1), (2), (3)(A), was in the original "this title", meaning title I of Pub. L. 109–401, Dec. 18, 2006, 120 Stat. 2726, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of title I to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 8001 of this title and Tables.
Section 2376(c) of this title, referred to in subsec. (g)(3)(B), was repealed by Pub. L. 113–188, title XIV, §1401, Nov. 26, 2014, 128 Stat. 2023.
2008—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 110–369, §101(c), substituted "October 8, 2008" for "the enactment of a joint resolution under section 2153(d) of title 42 approving such an agreement".
Subsec. (g)(1)(B) to (E). Pub. L. 110–369, §105(a), added subpar. (B) and redesignated former subpars. (B) to (D) as (C) to (E), respectively.
Subsec. (g)(2)(M). Pub. L. 110–369, §105(b), added subpar. (M).
3. India and the IAEA are making substantial progress toward concluding an Additional Protocol consistent with IAEA principles, practices, and policies that would apply to India's civil nuclear program;
1 So in original. Probably should be "Regulations,".
§8004. United States compliance with its nuclear nonproliferation treaty obligations
Nothing in this chapter constitutes authority for any action in violation of an obligation of the United States under the NPT.
(Pub. L. 109–401, title I, §105, Dec. 18, 2006, 120 Stat. 2738.)
This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original "this title", meaning title I of Pub. L. 109–401, Dec. 18, 2006, 120 Stat. 2726, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of title I to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 8001 of this title and Tables.
§8005. Inoperability of determination and waivers
(Pub. L. 109–401, title I, §106, Dec. 18, 2006, 120 Stat. 2738.)
§8006. MTCR adherent status
Congress finds that India is not an MTCR adherent for the purposes of section 2797b of this title.
(Pub. L. 109–401, title I, §107, Dec. 18, 2006, 120 Stat. 2738.)
§8007. United States-India scientific cooperative nuclear nonproliferation program
The Secretary of Energy, acting through the Administrator of the National Nuclear Security Administration, is authorized to establish a cooperative nuclear nonproliferation program to pursue jointly with scientists from the United States and India a program to further common nuclear nonproliferation goals, including scientific research and development efforts, with an emphasis on nuclear safeguards (in this section referred to as "the program").
The program shall be carried out in consultation with the Secretary of State and the Secretary of Defense.
(c) National Academies recommendations
The Secretary of Energy shall enter into an agreement with the National Academies to develop recommendations for the implementation of the program.
The agreement entered into under paragraph (1) shall provide for the preparation by qualified individuals with relevant expertise and knowledge and the communication to the Secretary of Energy each fiscal year of—
The recommendations and assessments prepared under this subsection shall be made publicly available.
(d) Consistency with Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
All United States activities related to the program shall be consistent with United States obligations under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.
There are authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary to carry out this section for each of fiscal years 2007 through 2011.
(Pub. L. 109–401, title I, §109, Dec. 18, 2006, 120 Stat. 2739.)
§8008. Definitions
(1) The term "Additional Protocol" means a protocol additional to a safeguards agreement with the IAEA, as negotiated between a country and the IAEA based on a Model Additional Protocol as set forth in IAEA information circular (INFCIRC) 540.
(2) The term "appropriate congressional committees" means the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on International Relations of the House of Representatives.
(3) The term "dual-use material, equipment, or technology" means material, equipment, or technology that may be used in nuclear or nonnuclear applications.
(4) The term "IAEA safeguards" has the meaning given the term in section 6305(3) of this title.
(5) The term "Indian person" means—
(B) a corporation, business association, partnership, society, trust, or any other nongovernmental entity, organization, or group, that is organized under the laws of India or has its principal place of business in India; and
(6) The terms "Missile Technology Control Regime", "MTCR", and "MTCR adherent" have the meanings given the terms in section 2797c of this title.
(7) The term "nuclear materials and equipment" means source material, special nuclear material, production and utilization facilities and any components thereof, and any other items or materials that are determined to have significance for nuclear explosive purposes pursuant to subsection 1 2139(b) of title 42.
(8) The terms "Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty" and "NPT" mean the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, done at Washington, London, and Moscow July 1, 1968, and entered into force March 5, 1970 (21 UST 483).
(9) The terms "Nuclear Suppliers Group" and "NSG" refer to a group, which met initially in 1975 and has met at least annually since 1992, of Participating Governments that have promulgated and agreed to adhere to Guidelines for Nuclear Transfers (currently IAEA INFCIRC/254/Rev.8/Part 1) and Guidelines for Transfers of Nuclear-Related Dual-Use Equipment, Materials, Software, and Related Technology (currently IAEA INFCIRC/254/Rev.7/Part 2).
(10) The terms "nuclear weapon" and "nuclear explosive device" mean any device designed to produce an instantaneous release of an amount of nuclear energy from special nuclear material that is greater than the amount of energy that would be released from the detonation of one pound of trinitrotoluene (TNT).
(11) The term "process" includes the term "reprocess".
(12) The terms "reprocessing" and "reprocess" refer to the separation of irradiated nuclear materials and fission products from spent nuclear fuel.
(13) The term "sensitive nuclear technology" means any information, including information incorporated in a production or utilization facility or important component part thereof, that is not available to the public and which is important to the design, construction, fabrication, operation, or maintenance of a uranium enrichment or nuclear fuel reprocessing facility or a facility for the production of heavy water.
(14) The term "source material" has the meaning given the term in section 2014(z) of title 42.
(15) The term "special nuclear material" has the meaning given the term in section 2014(aa) of title 42.
(16) The term "unsafeguarded nuclear fuel-cycle activity" means research on, or development, design, manufacture, construction, operation, or maintenance of—
(Pub. L. 109–401, title I, §110, Dec. 18, 2006, 120 Stat. 2739.)