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AIRAH_RSG2003 | Ozone Depletion | Chlorofluorocarbon
AIRDA1-1998 Centrifugal Pump
As 1668.3-2001 the Use of Ventilation and Tinhtoanhutkhoi
Standards Australia AS1668-1 1998
Rippleetal.2017-scientistswarning
AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE
AIRAH wishes to acknowledge the assistance provided by Environment Australia in
producing this booklet.
Copyright AIRAH © 2002
This Document shall not be copied in part or as a whole, without prior written permission from
ISBN 0-949436-41-0
First Edition: August 1994
Second Edition: May 1995
Third Edition: June 1996
Fourth Edition: November 1997
Fifth Edition: April 1998
Sixth Edition: June 1998
Seventh Edition: January 2003
The Information or advice contained in this document is intended for use only by persons who
have adequate technical training in the field appropriate to the contents of this document. This
document has been compiled as an aid only and the information or advice should be verified
before any person puts it to any use. The user should also establish the applicability of the
information or advice in relation to any specific circumstances. While the information or advice
is believed to be correct, both the Australian Institute of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and
Heating Inc. and Environment Australia, its officers, employees and agents disclaim
responsibility for any inaccuracies contained within the document including those due to any
negligence in the preparation and publication of the said document.
Seventh Edition –January 2003
REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE - 2003
C.A. LOMMERS, Dip.Mech.Eng., F.AIRAH, M.ASHRAE
The Australian Institute of Refrigeration Air conditioning and Heating Inc (AIRAH)
Level 7, 1 Elizabeth Street •Melbourne •VIC •3000
Tel: (03) 9614 8868 •Fax: (03) 9614 8949
PART 1: OVERVIEW OF ISSUES........................................................................................................4
1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 4
1.2 What is Ozone Depletion?..................................................................................................... 4
1.3 What is Global Warming?...................................................................................................... 5
1.4 An Accepted Method of Estimating the Impact of Global Warming ....................................... 5
PART 2: NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL CODES ..........................................................................7
2.1 Montreal Protocol................................................................................................................... 7
2.2 How will this Phase Out affect Chlorine Based Refrigeration Systems?................................ 9
2.3 The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change........................................... 9
2.4 Proposed Commonwealth Approach and Future Legislation............................................... 10
PART 3: DEALING WITH OZONE DEPLETION.................................................................................11
3.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 11
3.2 Step 1: Equipment Identification .......................................................................................... 12
3.3 Step 2 - Refrigerant Usage Audit......................................................................................... 13
3.4 Step 3 - Review Options ...................................................................................................... 13
PART 4: REDUCING THE IMPACT ON GLOBAL WARMING............................................................14
4.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 14
4.2 Direct Emissions .................................................................................................................. 14
4.3 Indirect Emissions................................................................................................................ 17
PART 5: IMPLEMENTATION..............................................................................................................19
5.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 19
PART 6: SAFETY GROUP CLASSIFICATIONS .................................................................................21
6.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 21
PART 7: FLUORINATED REFRIGERANTS .......................................................................................22
7.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 22
7.2 Selecting an Ozone Friendly Refrigerant ............................................................................. 23
7.3 Transitional or Retrofit Refrigerants ..................................................................................... 23
7.4 Medium and Long Term Refrigerants .................................................................................. 23
7.5 Refrigerant Performance Characteristics ............................................................................. 24
7.6 Environmental Properties..................................................................................................... 26
7.7 Refrigerant Performance ..................................................................................................... 28
7.8 Refrigerants, Lubricants and System Considerations .......................................................... 28
7.9 Overview of Suitable Lubricants .......................................................................................... 33
7.10 Handling Refrigerants .......................................................................................................... 35
7.11 Reclaiming, Recycling or Reprocessing Used Refrigerants ................................................. 35
......................................................................................................................................................... 47 References.....................17 Safety Design and Construction ................................9 Can Hydrocarbons be used in Australia? .....5 Environmental Properties...14 Decanting Hydrocarbon Refrigerant from Equipment .................12 Safety Checks for Hydrocarbon Refrigerant Use.16 What Considerations should be made in the Selection and Application of a Hydrocarbon Refrigerant? .............................................................................................1 Introduction ....................... 53 Appendix D –Natural Refrigerants Performance Tables......................................................................................... 41 8............................................................... 41 8. 62 Page 3 Seventh Edition –January 2003 ..................................................................................................6 Performance of Natural Refrigerants ................ 46 8...... 36 8................................................................................36 8................... 41 8............................................................................................................. Maintenance and Handling of Hydrocarbon Refrigerants ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 45 8..............................11 General Approach to Handling of Hydrocarbon Refrigerants........... 40 8.................................2 Are Hydrocarbon Refrigerants safe to use?........................................ 40 8.15 Removal and Evacuation............................................................................................13 Leak Detection of Hydrocarbon Refrigerants.................................................................... 39 8. 37 8..10 Service.................................................. AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE PART 8: NATURAL REFRIGERANTS......... 49 Appendix B –Refrigerant Development ..............................................4 Refrigerant Performance Characteristics .............................8 What is the Effect on Metals?........................................................................................................................... 38 8.............. 48 Appendix A –Terminology .........3 Selection Guide for Natural Refrigerants ................................................................... 51 Appendix C –Fluorinated Refrigerants Performance Tables ...... 38 8.............................................. 45 8..................... 39 8........................................ 46 8.................................................7 What Lubricants are Suitable for Natural Refrigerants? ..................................................... 36 8...........................................
resulting in more melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. Stratospheric ozone depletion results in a thinning of the ozone layer and the appearance of an ‘ ozone hole’ at the Antarctic pole each Spring. Halons. The low temperature (-78 C) clouds comprise tiny particles of frozen water vapour. The clouds act as reservoirs of chlorine held in inactive compounds such as hydrogen chloride. The polar vortex makes Antarctic air appreciably colder. With the coming of spring and the end of a long winter over the Antarctic. HFC (hydrofluorocarbon) and natural refrigerants and their allocated ASHRAE or ISO numbers. This document covers CFC (chlorofluorocarbon). The ozone layer absorbs most of the harmful ultraviolet-B radiation from the sun. The ozone layer over the Antarctic has steadily weakened since measurements started in the early 1980’ s.2 What is Ozone Depletion? Ozone is an extremely rare gas in the atmosphere. ultraviolet radiation from the sun encounters the stratospheric ice clouds and catalyses reactions on their surfaces. than the air above the Arctic. converting the inactive compounds to reactive chlorine monoxide. AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE PART 1: OVERVIEW OF ISSUES 1. The Australian Government is a signatory to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (the Montreal Protocol) which sets out a mandatory timetable for the phase out of ozone depleting substances (ODS) and urges additional action to minimise damage to the ozone layer. This guide includes current requirements of the Montreal Protocol. hydrochloric acid and chlorine nitrate. 1. the reservoir of chlorine components in the polar clouds and the presence of ultraviolet radiation. Depleting the ozone layer allows more harmful radiation to reach the earth. The Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) reflects the combination of percentage (by weight) of chlorine atoms and the lifetime of the compound in the atmosphere. This guide provides a better understanding of alternative refrigerants and system performance effects resulting from the use of refrigerants that have little or no effect on the ozone layer and a minimal impact on global warming. more eye cataracts. it is essential to life on earth as we know it. however. HCFCs. It also completely screens out lethal UV-C radiation. Ninety percent of ozone exists in the stratosphere between 10 to 50 kilometres above the earth. the Commonwealth Ozone Protection Act 1989 and the various State/Territory requirements as indicated in the "Revised Strategy for Ozone Protection in Australia 1994". representing just three out of every 10 million molecules. by about 5 –10oC. Page 4 Seventh Edition –January 2003 . damage to ocean eco-systems and reduced fishing yields. which do not react with ozone. reduced plant yields. the still air within the polar vortex. HCFC (hydrochlorofluorocarbon). Further alternatives may be included when testing and safety requirements have been addressed in the applicable Australian Standards and Codes. adverse effects on animals and more damage to building materials and plastics.1 Introduction This guide includes information for designers and contractors in the refrigeration and air conditioning industry that assists in judgements on environmental issues and the effect refrigerants and systems can have on the environment. Similar reactions occur with bromine which is derived from halons and is responsible for between 10% and 30% of ozone loss. The key conditions are the extreme cold. weakened immune systems. Polar stratospheric clouds which form during the Antarctic winter in the very cold stratosphere play a major role in creating the conditions for the loss o of ozone. The chlorine monoxide destroys ozone at a very rapid rate –as much as 1% per day. The ozone hole and ozone depletion results from CFCs. methyl bromide and other ODS released to the atmosphere. This document briefly explains the differences between ozone depletion and global warming and the impact these two distinctly different processes have on the environment. nitrogen and nitrogen oxides.
such changes usually take place over thousands of years.3 What is Global Warming? The earth is surrounded by a thin film of gases which form the atmosphere. These are the three main greenhouse gases. Although their atmospheric concentrations are small. the greater the potential for a warmer planet and changes to the earth’ s climate. The composition of the atmosphere has changed over geological time.8 kg of CO2 per kWhr of electrical energy generated. CO2 concentration in the atmosphere has increased by about 28%. However. among others. Since pre-industrial times.6 kg per kWhr of electrical power generated. The largest portion of the global warming effect of a system is normally attributed to the (indirect) CO2 emission due to the required energy generation. the indirect effect is 90 to 98% of the global warming effect. policymakers to compare the impact on the climate system of emission of different greenhouse gases. The methods of generating power vary from state to state and from country to country. The criteria used to estimate the Total Equivalent Warming Impact can be summarised as follows: TEWI = direct + indirect emission OR TEWI = leakage + energy consumption OR TEWI = (GWP x Lannual x n) + (Eannual x ß x n) Page 5 Seventh Edition –January 2003 . The source of the energy required for the operation of a system would therefore have a direct impact on global warming effect. Time horizons of 20 years and 100 years are used in this document to enable the proper evaluation on the environment. Typically. In the absence of human activity. coal fire generation will release between 0. The introduction of TEWI (Total Equivalent Warming Impact) enables designers and contractors to estimate the equivalent CO2 emission to atmosphere from system leakage (direct emission) and energy consumption (indirect emission). as do their respective effects on Global Warming (egg. human activities over the last two hundred years have measurably changed the composition of the atmosphere through the emission of greenhouse gases. (31 to 32% according to the latest IPCC assessment reports) methane by 145% and nitrous oxide by 13%. The GWP index is relative to carbon dioxide (CO2). whereas hydro power generation will only contribute a negligible quantity of CO2 to atmosphere). which is normalised at 1. AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE 1. As greenhouse gases differ in their atmospheric lifetimes. GWPs also have a time component.6 and 0. 1. Fluorinated compounds such as HFCs. they have a relatively long atmospheric life. GWPs (Global Warming Potential) are used by. Based on the high percentage of fossil fuels used in power stations the average European CO2 release is around 0. It is the composition of the atmosphere that distinguishes the earth from other planets in our solar system and creates the conditions necessary for the diversity of life on the earth’ s surface and in the oceans. The greater the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. PFCs and SF6 are also greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases have the potential to increase the earth’ s average temperature by trapping some of the heat that the earth normally radiates back into space.4 An Accepted Method of Estimating the Impact of Global Warming Methods of calculating the total effect on Global Warming have been developed using the direct (due to emission) and indirect (due to energy requirement) effects of refrigerants considered for use in a system.
7 Estimated Indirect Global Warming Impact: 21. Current and future technological advances for improving the energy efficiency of refrigerating and air conditioning systems will play a decisive role in reducing the greenhouse effect.2 kW compressor motor. Direct Global Warming Impact.608 kW per annum Estimated CO2 emission per kWhr generated: 0. calculated for a 20 year time horizon: Refrigerant GWP: 5.) ß = CO2 emissions per kWhr TEWI = CO2 (kg) Refrigeration and air conditioning systems account for 10 to 20% of total electricity consumption in developed countries.2 kW + 0. relative to CO2 (GWP CO2 = 1. Example: Consider a refrigeration system for a typical liquor store cool-room installation comprising a roof mounted air cooled condensing unit and two evaporators. Research on TEWI (Total Equivalent Warming Impact) has shown that for most applications the impact on global warming will be greater from energy consumption than from CO2 equivalent emission (release) of refrigerants.512 kg CO2 Page 6 Seventh Edition –January 2003 .3 kW) x 8 hours = 52 kW daily Evaporator fans: 0. a 0.a.3 kW x 24 hours = 7.15 kW evaporator fan motors. The average annual refrigerant leakage has been estimated at 10% of the total system volume.000 + 302.7 x 20 = 302.2 kW Annual energy consumption: 59. The refrigerant selected for the system is R507 and it contains 50 kg by volume. also calculated for a 20 year period: Estimated Compressor plus Condenser fan motor daily operating hours at 50% of 16 hour daily calculated operating hours is 8 hours per day. Electricity consuming components include a 6.512 kg CO2 TEWI = leakage + energy consumption TEWI = 570.3 kW condenser fan motor and two 0. AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE Where: GWP = Global Warming Potential of Refrigerant.000 kg CO2 Indirect Global Warming Impact. Estimated daily operating hours for evaporator fans is 24.2 kW daily x 365 days per annum = 21.0) Lannual = Leakage rate (kg) per annum n = number of years Eannual = Energy consumption (kWhr p. Daily energy consumption: Compressor and condenser fan motors: (6.512 = 872.2 kW daily Total daily consumption: = 59.608 x 0.700 kg CO2 per kg R507 Estimated annual refrigerant loss: 10% of 50 kg = 5 kg Estimated Direct Global Warming Impact for 20 year period: 5.700 x 5 x 20 = 570.
1 Montreal Protocol The timetable set by the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer is for production and consumption of ODS in developed and developing countries. at 1991 base level Freeze in 2002 at average 25% reduction by 1999 1995-1998 base level 50% reduction by 2001 20% reduction by 2005 e 70% reduction by 2003 Total phase out by 2015 Total phase out by 2005 NOTES: a With the exception of a very small number of internationally agreed essential uses that are considered critical to human health and/or laboratory and analytical procedures. c In addition.5% of base level consumption can be used until 2030 for servicing existing equipment. d All reductions include an exemption for pre-shipment and quarantine uses e Review in 2003 to decide on interim further reductions beyond 2005. the 1992 Copenhagen Amendment to the Protocol. Page 7 Seventh Edition –January 2003 . Consumption is defined as the quantities manufactured and imported less those quantities exported or destroyed in a given year. up to 0. The following table summarises the requirements laid down under the 1987 Montreal Protocol. the 1990 London Amendment to the Protocol. Ozone Depleting Substance Developed Countries Developing Countries a Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Phased out end of 1995 Total phase out by 2010 Halons Phased out end of 1993 Total phase out by 2010 a Carbon Tetrachloride Phased out end of 1995 Total phase out by 2010 a Methyl Chloroform Phased out end of 1995 Total phase out by 2015 b Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) Freeze from beginning of 1996 Freeze in 2016 at 2015 base level 35% reduction by 2004 Total phase out by 2040 65% reduction by 2010 90% reduction by 2015 c Total phase-out by 2020 Hydrobromofluorocarbons (HBFCs) Phased out end of 1995 Phased out end of 1995 d Methyl Bromide Freeze in 1995. AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE PART 2: NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL CODES 2. b Based on 1989 HCFC consumption with an extra allowance (ozone depleting potential (ODP) weighted) equal to 2.8% of 1989 CFC consumption. Percentage reductions relate to the base year production for the substance. to phase out consumption of those CFC and HCFC refrigerants commonly used in the air conditioning and refrigeration industry in Australia.
is currently exploring proposals to extend Commonwealth regulation to include controls on end use. Environment Australia. but have been estimated by industry to be adequate to meet the demand in Australia. The sale of ODS and HFC/PFC refrigerants is likely to be restricted to registered persons under a national scheme. Supply controls have been set at levels approximately half the amount allowable under the Montreal Protocol. Page 8 Seventh Edition –January 2003 . except where an essential use license is granted. in accordance with the Montreal Protocol and the Ozone Protection Act 1989. The allowable import of HCFC refrigerants peaked in 1998-1999 and is subject to a phase out quota system. Substantive supply (imports) will cease by 2020 with only very limited supplies then available until 2030 to service remaining HCFC-dependent equipment. The Commonwealth’ s environment agency. HCFC's: The Australian Government introduced controls on the import and manufacture of HCFC refrigerants from 1 January 1996. AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE CFC’ s: Production and imports of CFC refrigerants ceased on 1 January 1996.
the comparatively high GWP of synthetic greenhouse gases (SGG) makes the correct handling of refrigerants that contain synthetic gases a significant contribution towards reducing Australia’ s total greenhouse gas emissions. 2. became one of the first countries to ratify the Convention.3 The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change In response to growing international awareness of the potential problems of climate change. In 1998. The following table summarises the HCFC quota system that will limit HCFCs availability to industry: Calendar Year: Limit quantity of HCFCs available to industry 2002 and 2003 190 ODP tonnes per year 2004 and 2005 160 ODP tonnes per year 2006 and 2007 130 ODP tonnes per year 2008 and 2009 100 ODP tonnes per year 2010 and 2011 70 ODP tonnes per year 2012 and 2013 40 ODP tonnes per year 2014 and 2015 10 ODP tonnes per year 2016 to 2029 2. in tonnes. This would result in a deficient or inoperative refrigeration or air conditioning system.2 of the National Greenhouse Strategy committed governments to work with industry to develop environmental management strategies for the synthetic greenhouse gases –hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). As explained under Part 1.2 How will this Phase Out affect Chlorine Based Refrigeration Systems? If a system operates on Chlorine based refrigerants. Australia’s Government launched the National Greenhouse Strategy. Measure 7. perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). by its ozone depleting potential. outlining a comprehensive approach to tackling greenhouse issues. including HCFC refrigerants. Australia played an active role in these negotiations and. the United Nations General Assembly convened discussions from 1990 to 1992 to draft the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (the Convention). Page 9 Seventh Edition –January 2003 . Parties to the Convention have agreed to work towards achieving the Convention’ s ultimate aim of stabilising ‘greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system’ . it may not be possible to purchase replacement Chlorine based refrigerants to re-charge/refill systems with refrigerant leaks.4 of these guidelines. in December 1992.5 ODP tonnes per year 2030 Nil ODP tonnes are calculated by multiplying the mass of the ODS. AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE 2.
The Commonwealth plan would include opportunities to incorporate existing industry codes and standards. License holders would be required to report on volumes of HFCs and PFCs imported. exporters and manufacturers. assist Industry Transition and include the funding of HFC/PFC emission minimisation initiatives. The Commonwealth approach is expected to include a strong industry focus on flexibility and co-regulation. Product Stewardship would establish clearly defined environmental responsibilities for the importers of pre-charged air conditioning equipment. Supply controls for SGG would comprise controlled substance licenses for importers. The Reserve will look more closely at issues of emissions reduction strategies across all fluorocarbon refrigerants. Supply controls for SGG. The existing legislation includes a managed trust account –the Ozone Protection Reserve –that is used to fund projects that will assist in the phase-out of HCFCs and Methyl Bromide. and 4. The Commonwealth would replace existing End-Use Regulation with a single national framework for the management of ODS and the SGG used as their alternatives. as well as compliance with emission reduction requirements. AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE 2. exported and manufactured. The Commonwealth would support and help enhance voluntary measures already in place for bulk imports of HCFCs under the industry-based scheme Refrigerant Reclaim Australia. certification and accreditation requirements under the proposed arrangement. It is envisaged that. Proposed changes to the Ozone Protection Act 1989 would include four new elements: 1. importers of pre-charged equipment would be required to demonstrate that they have appropriate arrangements in place to manage refrigerants at the end of their serviceable life. The function of the Reserve would be changed to broaden its scope. Industry based boards would administer training. giving legal backing to industry based initiatives.4 Proposed Commonwealth Approach and Future Legislation The Commonwealth’ s primary regulatory mechanism is the Ozone Protection Act 1989. Product stewardship requirements. While they would not be compelled to sign up with the Refrigerant Reclaim Australia service. Further sales of HFCs and PFCs would be restricted to those who hold accreditation or certification under the amended legislation. 2. Page 10 Seventh Edition –January 2003 . Industry transition. the Commonwealth is now considering the extension of this Act to include SGG (primarily HFCs & PFCs) used in the air-conditioning and refrigeration industry and end use controls traditionally regulated by the State and Territory governments. 3. The same regulations and requirements would apply regardless of where you operate. End-use regulation. where appropriate. Following a substantial review of this legislation.
a technician or refrigeration engineer can respond on a crisis management basis. chilled water systems. contact the equipment manufacturer or a qualified refrigeration engineer to identify the refrigerant and/or lubricant used in the system. It is therefore necessary to determine how crucial the refrigeration/air conditioning plant is to the facility. In these circumstances your actions should be to: Continue running the existing plant until it reaches the end of its useful life. and the facility owner feels that he can afford to be without it for a while. medium and large systems use more complex items of refrigeration equipment and usually require some on site system assembly and refrigerant filling. split system air conditioners. Examples: Small self contained units (i. If chlorinated refrigerants are used. and built up direct expansion plant. For example. Small.e. In some cases the correct line of action is quite clear. small retail display cases. but in most instances there are options that require further assessment. Refrigeration systems in this category are susceptible to refrigerant leakage and often require regular maintenance. Plan how to safely dispose of an old system without venting refrigerant to atmosphere. There is a wide range of technical solutions that can be applied. The following step by step approach will ensure that all relevant options are properly assessed. Typical examples are coolrooms.  Systems using chlorinated refrigerants must be identified. AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE PART 3: DEALING WITH OZONE DEPLETION 3. Conversely.1 Introduction Designers and contractors should offer the following advice to their clients:  The phase out of CFCs and the HCFC quota system has reached the stage where good management of existing chlorinated refrigerants is vital in the successful transition to non- chlorinated refrigerants. if a plant failure could halt production or sales. freezer rooms. All refrigeration and air conditioning systems must have labels showing the type of refrigerant and lubricant used. if a system consists of a small air conditioning plant in an office. phase out plans should take a very high priority. REFRIGERANT LEAKAGE MUST BE MINIMISED NOW. domestic refrigerators.  Determine the importance of the affected refrigeration system by assessing the nature and dependence of the system to the facility. Page 11 Seventh Edition –January 2003 . small air conditioners) .Refrigeration systems of this type are very reliable and often run for 20 years without maintenance. act now by planning containment and/or replacement of the ODS. If refrigerants or lubricants cannot be identified. Make the appropriate contingency plans in case the system breaks down and loses its charge of refrigerant.
SYSTEM OPERATING PRESSURES: The operating pressures of refrigerants will limit the alternatives and types of replacement refrigerants available for the existing system.) and metals used. LUBRICANT: COMPRESSOR TYPE: The type of compressor used in a refrigeration system has a strong influence on conversion opportunities (e. New refrigerants must be chemically compatible with all materials used in the existing system. semi-hermetic and open drive compressors have varying opportunities and limitations for conversion). Page 12 Seventh Edition –January 2003 . AGE OF PLANT: The age and life expectancy of the plant will influence the decision to convert existing equipment or replace it with a new plant. COMPATIBILITY: Various materials used in CFC and HCFC refrigeration systems can affect conversion options. hermetic. System conversions can accommodate system shortfalls and/or optimise on total energy input by utilising current technologies. COOLING CAPACITY: Determine the required cooling capacity for each facility/system and the shortfall/surplus capacity installed on the site. AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE 3. elastomers (rubber/plastic seals. REFRIGERANT AND Identify the type of refrigerant and lubricant being used. as this will have direct impact on the choices available. This may affect the technical options to be adopted.2 Step 1: Equipment Identification Before assessing the available technical options it is important to know the type of equipment and refrigerant that is used in EACH plant or system. establish the type of lubricant. gaskets etc. design and installation techniques. When considering conversion to a different refrigerant.g.
It will prove impossible to continue use of existing plants unless levels of leakage are considerably reduced. This will provide important data on the need for replacement and the potential to re-use chlorinated refrigerant from converted or replaced plants and systems.3 Step 2 . ANNUAL REFRIGERANT Many plants suffer from a considerable degree of refrigerant leakage. Refrigerant should only be handled by a qualified refrigeration engineer or accredited refrigeration technician. If the equipment is susceptible to leaks either implement a leakage reduction campaign or replace the equipment and use a new refrigerant.Refrigerant Usage Audit AVAILABLE CFC Determine the total quantity of each chlorinated refrigerant being stored on BANK: site in existing systems and equipment. During the recovery process it is important that refrigerant is transferred into a cylinder that is empty or that contains the same type of refrigerant. AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE 3. 3. use of the existing plant: existing refrigerants can continue. providing an emergency plan is established to take care of a plant failure. It should be noted that all refrigerants must be used with caution. low global warming potential. high efficiency and safety of use.4 Step 3 . OPTION 3: Refrigerant recovery Whenever an old plant is being decommissioned or a and re-use: plant is being serviced it is essential that the refrigerant is recovered. Annual consumption can be checked by consulting purchasing and maintenance records. A low USAGE: refrigerant consumption may sustain continued usage for a few more years.Review Options OPTION 1: Continue using If a refrigeration system is leak free. OPTION 2: Leakage reduction: Many refrigeration plants leak. Page 13 Seventh Edition –January 2003 . OPTION 4: Using alternative The most important factors in selecting a refrigerant to refrigerants: replace a chlorinated refrigerant are low ozone depletion potential. For further information refer to the manufacturer of the refrigerant.
refrigerant leakage and refrigerant recovery losses. AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE PART 4: REDUCING THE IMPACT ON GLOBAL WARMING 4. It should be noted that the system design and components selected to operate in a refrigeration system have a great deal of impact on the indirect global warming potential of a system.2 Direct Emissions Direct emissions are made up of two components. This section provides an overview to reduce the impact on global warming of refrigeration systems. Page 14 Seventh Edition –January 2003 . Code of Good Practice HB40 Part 1 “Reduction of Emissions of Fluorocarbon Refrigerants in Commercial and Industrial Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Systems”provides guidelines for designers and installers to improve system design and reduce refrigerant loss from a system. 4.1 Introduction As already mentioned in part 1 of this guide an acceptable method of estimating the total effect on global warming is by considering the direct and indirect effects of refrigerants considered for use in a system.
The GWP values shown for blends are mass-weighted averages. even elimination. of refrigerant recharge for these highly refined systems should be the objective of all installation. The reduction. Some can consume several times their initial charge of refrigerant over their lifetime. LEAKAGE AND RECOVERY LOSSES: Each type of equipment or installation has its own characteristics in terms of refrigerant “ consumption” . leak-tightness degradation. They consist of (1) refining the designs of all components that may contribute to leak tightness. AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL: Global Warming Potential (GWP) of a refrigerant is an indicator of its potency to warm the planet by action as a greenhouse gas. Other systems can have near zero leakage. losses during handling and lack of recovery at the end of life are not the same for each application. Emission reduction is not limited to improving leak tightness or recovering refrigerant it is an overall discipline that applies to the entire life-cycle of the product. ruptures. The values shown in the environmental properties tables of this guide are relative to Carbon Dioxide (CO2) for integration periods of 20 and 100 years respectively. The levels of emission will differ for each system. as well as unpredictable events such as leak-tightness degradation and ruptures. MEANS TO LIMIT EMISSIONS: Improving leak tightness is essentially a conservation measure that takes into consideration the intrinsic characteristics of assemblies and materials. As Direct Global Warming Potential is determined by the amount of refrigerant permitted to escape to atmosphere it must be realised that the more environmentally friendly the refrigerant (lowest GWP) the less damaging the long term effect of the substance on the environment. Page 15 Seventh Edition –January 2003 . (2) charge reduction and (3) limitation of incidents that cause losses by rupture or relief valves opening. Fugitive emissions. Preventive actions aim at sharply decreasing emissions (design and installation phase).
operating or servicing systems.  Training technicians in refrigerant leak-tightness control and recovery.2).  Definition of refrigerant-saving operation and maintenance procedures.  Provision of refrigerant detectors in plant areas with early warning Page 16 Seventh Edition –January 2003 .  Carrying out of extensive pressure testing before evacuating the system (refer AS 1677 part 2.  Enforcement of “ no venting”handling procedure. key points that result in an improved leak-tight installation are:  Minimisation of the refrigerant charge of a system. Emission limitation also requires:  A commitment by management to implement such policy in designing.  Use of compatible elastomers and gasketting materials. recovery units. in which the refrigerant is handled. as well as all procedures performed on systems or parts of systems that contain refrigerants. valves and flexible hoses.1).  Implementation of metrology for measuring leak flow rates. clause 5.  Limitation of emission from relief valves (refer Code of Good Practice HB40 part 1.  Availability of adequate high-quality equipment (detectors. clause 4.  Design of very tight systems. adaptors.  Incorporation of welded joints and fittings instead of screwed joints and fittings. Please note that the lower the vacuum pressure the more likely the system will be without leaks.  Minimisation of the number of connections in a system.  Selection of sealed components less prone to refrigerant leakage. such as charging or recovery. connection hoses etc). Recommendations to reduce refrigerant leakage vary depending on whether installations are fixed or mobile. area monitors. clause 8. AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE MEANS TO LIMIT EMISSIONS (cont.  Selection of sealed or semi-hermetic equipment in favour of open drive plant.4).) Emission limitation profoundly affects each process. For fixed installations.5.  Evacuation of each system using the deep evacuation or triple evacuation method (refer Code of Good Practice HB40 part 1.  Use of simple documentation to trace refrigerant movement.  Implementation of leak-tightness classification of components such as joints.  Selection of a refrigerant and design a system to operate at lower operating pressures.
8 kg per kWhr of electrical energy. REFRIGERANT PERFORMANCE: From the viewpoint of economic operation and low energy consumption (i. It is also desirable that the pressure . the latter being more important in smaller systems since it permits the use of small compressors. if the latent heat value of the refrigerant is too high. However in small systems. The more important properties of a refrigerant that influence the capacity and efficiency are (1) the latent heat of vapourisation. Based on the high percentage of fossil fuels used in power stations the CO2 could be as high as 0. Low compression ratios result in low power consumption and high volumetric efficiency. This not only decreases power consumption but also reduces the compressor displacement requirements that permit the use of smaller. the amount of refrigerant circulated will be insufficient for accurate control of liquid. it is possible for considerable amounts of air and moisture to be drawn into the system in the event of a leak. Except in very small systems. 4. a high coefficient of performance. AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE alarms. Reasonably low condensing pressures under normal atmospheric conditions are also desirable in that they allow the use of light weight materials in construction of the condensing equipment. If the pressure in the low pressure side is below atmospheric pressure. Small improvements in system efficiencies therefore have a marked improvement on the global warming impact of a refrigerant system.temperature relationship of the refrigerant is such that the pressure in the evaporator is always above atmospheric. Page 17 Seventh Edition –January 2003 . as heat transfer rates improve. (2) the specific volume of vapour. When a high latent heat value is accompanied by a low specific volume in the vapour state.3 Indirect Emissions Indirect Emissions are the major contributor to a refrigeration system’ s global warming effect caused by the energy consumption of a system. the refrigerant giving the lowest compression ratio is the most desirable. the efficiency and capacity of the compressor are greatly increased. The following provides an overview of the various proven methods used to reduce energy consumption of a refrigerant system. This results in a significant greenhouse effect over the life of the plant. HEAT EXCHANGERS: Heat exchangers such as evaporators and condensers benefit from an improved coefficient of conductance. more compact equipment.e. (3) the compression ratio and (4) the specific heat of the refrigerant in both liquid and vapour states.that is. thereby reducing the size. a very high latent heat value is desirable in that the mass flow rate per unit of capacity is less. All other factors being equal. weight and cost of the equipment. low global warming impact) it is desirable that a refrigerant has physical and thermal characteristics that will result in a minimum power requirement per unit of refrigerating capacity . particularly in liquid chilling applications.
A higher suction pressure will result in lower energy consumption of a refrigerating system. Page 18 Seventh Edition –January 2003 . Increasing the condensing temperature while the suction temperature remains constant increases the compression ratio and reduces the volumetric efficiency of the compressor so that the actual volume of vapour displaced by the compressor per unit of time decreases. Heat rejection dependent on wet bulb temperature can present an advantage over dry bulb temperature dependent heat rejection equipment. resulting in faulty expansion valve operation. The higher the vapourising pressure. PIPE SIZING: In sizing refrigerant pipes. Refrigerant lines should be sized for pressure losses of 1K or less per segment of the discharge.that is the suction or evaporating temperature of a system. (2) rotary compressors. The large variations in compressor capacity that accompany changes in the operating suction temperature are primarily a result of change in the density of the suction vapour entering the compressor. Excessive liquid line pressure drops cause flashing of the liquid refrigerant. all of which have differing performance characteristics and efficiencies. A given volume of suction vapour. suction and discharge line pressure drops cause loss of compressor capacity and increase energy consumption. COMPRESSOR EFFICIENCY: Compressor technology is changing and compressor efficiencies are constantly improving. All compressor types have certain advantages in their own field of use. This means that for any given piston displacement. Considerable compressor power can be saved by investigating available alternatives and selecting the most appropriate compressor for the application. handled by the compressor represents a greater mass of refrigerant when the suction pressure is high than when the suction pressure is low. suction and liquid line piping. In addition there are a number of alternative compressor types available on the market today. The most important factor governing compressor capacity is the vapourising temperature of the liquid in the evaporator . Some available compressor types are (1) reciprocating compressors. For the most part. However. the greater the density of the suction vapour. the actual mass of refrigerant circulated by the compressor per unit of time would decrease because of the reduction in compressor displacement. the mass circulated by the compressor per unit of time increases as the suction pressure increases. (3) centrifugal compressors. the type of compressor employed in any individual application depends on the size and nature of the installation and on the refrigerant used in the system. AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE EVAPORATING TEMPERATURE: Compressor performance and cycle efficiency varies considerably with the operating conditions of the system. (4) screw compressors and (5) orbital or scroll compressors. CONDENSING TEMPERATURE: The refrigerating capacity of a compressor decreases as the condensing temperature increases. cost considerations favour keeping line sizes as small as possible. even if the density of the vapour entering the compressor were to remain the same at all condensing temperatures. Therefore.
The elements of a Refrigerant Management Program should include: 1. This will include a combination of several of the options described. 2. Minimising leaks and ensuring no refrigerant is being vented to atmosphere. Equipment of this type should. AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE PART 5: IMPLEMENTATION 5. it is not possible to convert the plant to operate on an ozone benign refrigerant. Identifying which equipment can be converted or replaced most easily/cheaply and which plant is old and due for replacement anyway. In some instances. It is necessary that a REFRIGERANT MANAGEMENT PROGRAM be established without delay. low GWP and has a high efficiency. if possible. immediate action must be taken. 3. It will allow maximum possible operation of the existing plant and equipment. continuing the process until all plant and equipment has been converted to Ozone Benign refrigerants. It is important to remember that the refrigeration contracting industry has limited capacity. Page 19 Seventh Edition –January 2003 .1 Introduction After the options have been reviewed those that are appropriate can now be implemented. such as CFC 11 chiller systems. whilst ensuring that the phase out occurs in a controlled way with minimum risk to the facility and the environment. To ensure that there is no lack of refrigeration. Options can be reviewed and strategies can be modified as new refrigerants or technologies become available on the market. In year one (1) converting or replacing enough equipment to supply sufficient recovered refrigerants for annual servicing requirements for the remaining equipment. Benefits can also be gained from new technology. The investment cost for conversion and/or replacement of existing equipment operating on ODS can be spread over several years by adopting the above steps. be converted to a low ozone depleting HCFC refrigerant until such time as an ozone benign replacement becomes available. In year two (2) and beyond. equipment and refrigerant developments. 4. HCFC123 would in this instance be considered the most suitable replacement refrigerant for R11 systems. R123 has a low ODP.
In some instances it may be necessary to provide additional refrigerant detection and oxygen level detection systems to ensure that the plant provides a safe operating environment to the operators and occupants. design development and tests for safety change the requirements and safety provisions for each respective refrigerant. medium and long term. COMPATIBILITY : When selecting a replacement refrigerant for an existing system it is necessary to check the compatibility of the fluid with existing system components and operating conditions such as operating pressures. AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE Your assessment of a suitable replacement refrigerant should include the following: SAFETY: All refrigerants used in the air conditioning and refrigeration industry are potentially dangerous and require different safety procedures and provisions. component seals and the like. lubricants used. Page 20 Seventh Edition –January 2003 . Ongoing use. COST: As the cost of refrigerants varies with supply and demand it is necessary to check the cost of both the first and second choice refrigerants to ensure that future purchases of replacement refrigerants remain affordable. motor insulation. AVAILABILITY: It is necessary to ensure that the selected refrigerant is commercially available in the short.
A2 or B1). otherwise they give F2 and Cl2. AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE PART 6: SAFETY GROUP CLASSIFICATIONS 6. whose flammability and/or toxicity characteristic may change as the composition changes during fractionation. Page 21 Seventh Edition –January 2003 . Flammability Classification: Refrigerants are assigned to one of three classes: 1. For toxicity. Class 2 signifies refrigerants having a lower flammability limit (LFL) concentration of more than 3 o 0. The heat of combustion is calculated as explained above in the definition of a class 2 category.000 kJ/kg. Class 3 indicates refrigerants that are highly flammable. The heat of combustion has been calculated assuming that combustion products are gaseous and in their most stable state (e. ‘worst case of fractionation’ is defined as the composition during fractionation that results in the highest concentration(s) in the vapour or liquid phase for which the TLV-TWA is less than 400 ppm. Department of Transportation.S.10 kg/m3 at 21oC and 101 kPa or a heat of combustion greater than or equal to 19.1 Introduction Refrigerants have been classified into safety groups according to the following criteria: Classification: The safety classifications consist of two alphanumeric characters (e. as identified by an LFL concentration of less than or equal to 0. The second classification is the classification of the blend composition of the ‘ worst case fractionation’ . The capital letter indicates the toxicity and the Arabic numeral denotes the flammability. For example. F and Cl give HF and HCl if there is enough H in the molecule. Tests have been conducted in accordance with ASTM E681-85 except that the ignition source shall be an electrically activated kitchen match head for halocarbon refrigerants. Class 1 indicates refrigerants that do not show flame propagation when tested in air at 101 kPA (standard atmospheric pressure) and 21oC. based on data used to determine TLV-TWA or concentration indices. N. but it is a Class 2 refrigerant. Safety Classification of Refrigerant Blends: Blends. S give CO2.10 kg/m in air at 21 C and 101 kPa and a heat of combustion of less than 19. based on data used to determine Threshold Limit Value-Time- Weighted Average (TLV-TWA) or consistent indices.g.g.000 kJ/kg. C. Class B signifies refrigerants for which there is evidence of toxicity at concentrations below 400 ppm. The TLV- TWA for a specified blend composition has been calculated from the TLV-TWA of the individual components. ‘worst case of fractionation’ is defined as the composition during fractionation that results in the highest concentration of the flammable component(s) in the vapour or liquid phase. Each of the two classifications has been determined according to the same criteria as a single component refrigerant. The first classification listed is the classification of the ‘ as formulated’composition of the blend. 2 or 3 based on flammability. Definitions of flammability differ depending on the purpose. Toxicity classification: Refrigerants are assigned to one of two classes: A or B based on the following exposure: Class A signifies refrigerants for which toxicity has not been identified at concentrations less than or equal to 400 ppm. shall be assigned a dual safety group classification with the two classifications separated by a slash (/). SO3. N2. For flammability. excess H is converted to H2O). ammonia is classified for transportation purposes as a non-flammable gas by the U.
R407B. The equipment can live out its commercial life with the original charge. The final application of refrigerants should be checked for compatibility with equipment and system design. R507 Commercial equipment . R403A. Equipment owners should ensure their CFC/HCFC based equipment is made leak free. R416A. R408A. R402A. R407A. R413A. R409A. such as domestic refrigerators. medium temperature R409A. Alternatives for new equipment are not confined to HCFC and HFC refrigerants. R410A. R402A. R403A. R413A 1 Commercial equipment – Sealed hermetic unit R134a. R507 NOTES: 3 4 ¹ R401A for Evaporating ² R401A and R409A are not usually extensive not for use with temperatures between . R407B . R134a. R507. R22. suitable for beverage coolers i. 4 4 Open drive R404A.e. Open drive R413A Centrifugal/screw R134a. R407C . R401A. R123. refrigeration Open drive R404A. R409B. R22. Consideration should be given to other technologies and refrigerants such as ammonia. R404A. SECTOR COMPRESSOR TYPE REFRIGERANT Domestic fridge/Freezers Sealed hermetic unit R134a. R404A. R123. R402B. R402A. possibly R124 . R408A. R410A. converted or replaced immediately. R507. R134a. R401A . R407A . R717 3 4 Centrifugal/screw R134a. R22. R404A. R507 2 Reciprocating open drive R134a. R402B. R507 Large commercial and industrial Reciprocating R22.1 Introduction The availability of chlorinated refrigerants to service existing plant is now becoming unreliable. R401B. R507 Accessible semi-hermetic R22. R407C. R408A. R403A. R403A. R409A. there is no need to convert the system. The following table summarises the manufacturers’ recommendations for retrofit and new equipment replacement refrigerants. R408A. R404A. The conversion/retrofitting options available for the air conditioning and refrigeration industry can be summarised as follows. R22. R401A . R407C. R409A. A thorough investigation should be undertaken with both refrigerant suppliers and equipment manufacturers to ensure replacement or alternative refrigerants are fully compatible with and suitable for the application and system design. R410A. R402B. 2 R409A . R401A . hydrocarbons. R134a. R413A. R407C. absorption and the like. R402A. 4 R401A . R22. temperature R407B. R407C. Drinkrite coolers etc required evaporators Page 22 Seventh Edition –January 2003 . AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE PART 7: FLUORINATED REFRIGERANTS 7. R507 2 Accessible semi-hermetic R134a. R410A. R410A. R401C. possibly R22 Air conditioning Reciprocating R22. R401A. R717 Mobile air conditioning or Reciprocating R22. R408A. If equipment is normally leak free. modifications flooded 23°C and 7°C Temprite. R413A. R404A. R507 Reciprocating open drive R22. R409B. R410A Accessible semi-hermetic R22. R413A. R407B. R404A. R123. R404A. R134a. R410A.low Sealed hermetic unit R22. R401A. R401B. R409A. R403A. as there is no requirement to withdraw chlorinated refrigerants from service.
 The above table provides an overview of alternative refrigerant option. It is recommended that final selection and
performance details are verified with the refrigerant supplier and equipment manufacturer before any work is
7.2 Selecting an Ozone Friendly Refrigerant
The numerous “alternative”refrigerants available on the market today present a somewhat confusing
situation for designers and contractors. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34 provides a refrigerant numbering
system assigning composition-designating prefixes for the various refrigerant groups. ASHRAE
refrigerant number groups are as follows:
 R10 to R50 are Methane Series Refrigerants;
 R110 to R170 are Ethane Series Refrigerants;
 R216ca to R290 are Propane Series Refrigerants;
 RC316 to RC318 are Cyclic Organic Compound Refrigerants;
 R400 to R411B are Zeotropic Blend Refrigerants *;
 R500 to R509 are Azeotropic Blend Refrigerants;
 R600 to R620 are Miscellaneous Organic Compound Refrigerants;
 R630 and R631 are Nitrogen Compounds;
 R702 to R764 are Inorganic Compounds and;
 R1112a to R1270 are Unsaturated Organic Compounds.
* Zeotropic Blend refrigerants that are commercially available have been assigned an identifying
number in the 400 Series. This number designates which components are in the mixture but not
the proportion of each. The letter added to the refrigerant number distinguishes between
zeotropic blends having the same components in different proportions.
Replacement refrigerants can be segregated into two distinct categories transitional or retrofit
refrigerants and medium and long term refrigerants:
7.3 Transitional or Retrofit Refrigerants
Transitional or Retrofit refrigerants are HCFC (hydrochlorofluorocarbon) refrigerants which also contain
reduced amounts of Chlorine. They are primarily intended as substitute refrigerants for systems that
use CFC refrigerants.
These refrigerants should be considered as an interim medium term alternative and not a long term
replacement refrigerant, as substantive supply (imports) will cease by 2020 with only very limited
supplies then available until 2030 to service remaining HCFC-dependent equipment, in accordance
with the Montreal Protocol and the Ozone Protection Act.
7.4 Medium and Long Term Refrigerants
Chlorine free refrigerants are considered long term substitutes for ozone depleting refrigerants.HFC
(hydrofluorocarbon) refrigerants available in Australia have a zero ozone depletion potential (ODP) and
generally have a relatively low global warming potential (GWP).
7.5 Refrigerant Performance Characteristics
Refrigerant properties are necessary to describe the operating characteristics of the refrigerant within
the system. Thermodynamic and transport properties of refrigerants are necessary for predicting
system behaviour and component performance. The following table provides the basic performance
properties of halogenated refrigerants:
Refrigerant: Mol. Mass: Freezing Point: Normal Boiling Critical Critical
Point at 1 Atm: Temperature: Pressure:
(kg/kmol) ( C) ( C) ( C) (kPa, abs)
CFC's:
R11 137.38 -110.5 23.71 198.0 4,408
R12 120.91 -157.1 -29.75 112.0 4,136
R113 187.38 -36.22 47.59 214.1 3,392
R114 170.92 -94.2 3.6 145.7 3,257
R500 99.30 -159 -33.5 102.1 4,173
R502 111.6 - -45.4 80.73 4,018
HCFC's:
R22 86.48 -160 -40.76 96.0 4,974
R123 152.93 -107.15 27.82 183.68 3,662
R124 136.47 -199.15 -11.96 122.3 3,624
R401A 99.44 - -34.4 105.3 4,613
R401B 92.84 - -35.7 103.5 4,682
R401C 101.0 - -22.9 109.9 4,402
R402A 101.6 - -49.2 76.03 4,234
R402B 94.71 - -47.2 83.0 4,525
R403A 91.99 - -44.0 91.2 4,690
R403B 103.26 - -43.8 88.7 4,400
R405A 111.9 - -32.9 106.0 4,292
R406A 89.86 - -32.7 116.5 4,883
R408A 87.01 - -45.5 83.3 4,424
R409A 97.43 - -35.4 106.9 4,699
R409B 96.67 - -36.5 104.4 4,711
R411A 82.36 - -39.7 99.1 4,954
R411B 83.07 - -41.6 96.0 4,947
R412A 92.17 - -36.4 107.5 4,880
R416A 111.9 - -24.7 111.9 4,015
R509A 123.96 - -40.4 87.2 4,030
HFC's:
R125 120.2 -100.63 -48.14 66.2 3,629
R134a 102.03 -103.3 -26.07 101.1 4,059
R404A 97.60 - -46.6 72.1 3,735
R407A 90.11 - -45.2 81.9 4,487
R407B 102.94 - -46.8 74.4 4,083
R407C 86.20 - -43.8 86.1 4,634
R410A 72.59 - -51.6 70.2 4,770
R413A 103.95 - -29.3 101.4 4,240
R417A 106.70 - -41.8 89.9 4,096
R507A 98.86 - -47.1 70.8 3,715
700 A1 e R500 CFC Blend CFC-12 (74%) 0.Cl2.800.F2 0. 9. a low global warming potential and a short estimated atmospheric life.000. 4.: Safety %Mass Mixture: 20.85 6.300.000.200 R113 Trichlorotrifluoroethane C.F2. 4.23 4. 5.H.021 5.300.F. 6.100.400.800.900.Cl3.300 A1 HCFC-22 (49%) HCFC's: R22 Chlorodifluoromethane C. AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE 7. 2.700.F2 0. 400 A1/A1 HCFC-124 (34%) HFC-152a (13%) R401B HCFC Blend HCFC-22 (61%) 0. A1 5.030 5.000. 400 A1/A1 HFC-124 (28%) HFC-152a (11%) R401C HCFC Blend HCFC-22 (33%) 0.055 4.C.Cl.P.F3 0.P.600 A1 R12 Dichlorodifluoromethane C.D.020 390. 36 A1 R124 Chlorotetrafluoroethane CH.200.030 2.600.F 1.040 3.200. 1. 8.70 7.70 7.F. 540 A1 R123 Dichlorotrifluoroethane C.500. 100. 1. No: Name: Chemical Formula or O.F2 0. 2. 3000 A1/A1 HFC-218 (20%) HC-290(Propane) (5%) R403B HCFC Blend HCFC-22 (56%) 0.033 5. 120.Cl2.F2 0. 3.700. 1.100.700 A1 R114 Dichlorotetrafluoroethan C.90 A1 HFC-152a (26%) R502 CFC Blend CFC-115 (51%) 0. 1.100. 4.600. 3.500.6 Environmental Properties A long term replacement refrigerant should have zero or a low ozone depletion potential.700. 10.041 4.95 10.700.000.022 2.Cl.C. 900.F3 0.300.Cl.100 A1/A1 HFC-218 (39%) HC-290(Propane) (5%) Page 26 Seventh Edition –January 2003 . 190 A1 R401A HCFC Blend HCFC-22 (53%) 0.H. 620.800. 2.00 6. 900 A1/A1 HFC-125 (60%) HC-290(Propane) (2%) R402B HCFC Blend HCFC-22 (60%) 0. 500 yrs Classificatio n CFC's: R11 Trichlorofluoromethane C. 5.: G.C.W.Cl.Cl2.037 3. 700 A1/A1 HFC-125 (38%) HC-290(Propane) (2%) R403A HCFC Blend HCFC-22 (75%) 0.500.Cl.300. 7.C.900. 300 A1/A1 HFC-124 (52%) HFC-152a (15%) R402A HCFC Blend HCFC-22 (38%) 0.
400 A1/A1 HFC-142b (5. 5.024 5.: G.700.300 A1/A1 HFC-134a (4%) HFC-143a (52%) R407A HFC Blend HFC-32 (20%) 0.600.5%) 0.900. 500 yrs Classificatio n R405A HCFC Blend HCFC-22 (45%) 0.300. 1. 2.400. 1.800.200.C.0 5.P. 500 A1/A2 HCFC-152a (3%) HCFC-1270 (3%) R412A HCFC Blend HCFC-22 (70%) 0.600.000 A1/A1 HFC-125 (7%) HFC-143a (46%) R409A HCFC Blend HCFC-22 (60%) 0.5%) R509A HCFC Blend HCFC-22 (44%) 0. 300 A1/A1 HCFC-134a (59%) HFC-600 (1. 1.P.500.000. 2.000.048 4.055 5. 500 A1/A2 HCFC-152a (11%) HCFC-1270 (1.200 A1/A2 HCFC-142b (25%) HFC-218 (5%) R416A HCFC Blend HCFC-124 (39.052 4.000.5%) R411B HCFC Blend HCFC-22 (94%) 0.200.700.0 3.000.000.H2. 500 A1/A1 HCFC-124 (25%) HCFC-142b (15%) R409B HCFC Blend HCFC-22 (65%) 0. 2. 3.F3.200. AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE No: Name: Chemical Formula or O.039 4.500.000.D.0 5. 1.500. 1. 6.5%) HFC-152a (7%) HFC-318 (42. 600 A1/A1 HFC-125 (40%) HFC-134a (40%) R407B HFC Blend HFC-32 (10%) 0.200 A1 HFC-218 (56%) HFC's: R125 Pentafluoroethane C2.H. 1.500. 1.5%) 0. 400 A1 R404A HFC Blend HFC-125 (44%) 0.600. 5. 400 A1/A2 HCFC-142b (41%) HC-600a(Isobutane) (4%) R408A HCFC Blend HCFC-22 (47%) 0. 900 A1/A1 HFC-125 (70%) HFC-134a (20%) Page 27 Seventh Edition –January 2003 .5%) R406A HCFC Blend HCFC-22 (55%) 0.500.F 0. 500 A1/A1 HCFC-124 (25%) HCFC-142b (10%) R411A HCFC Blend HCFC-22 (87. 1.200.200.0 5.: Safety %Mass Mixture: 20.100.009 2.900.300.400. 3. 1.0 4. 1. 1. 2. 7.028 5.F5 0. 100.048 4.800.057 3.W.100 A1 R134a Tetrafluoroethane C.026 4.
A full comparative performance analysis should be based on identical operating conditions (such as evaporating and condensing temperatures) and should include Coefficient of Performance. Page 28 Seventh Edition –January 2003 .0 3.400 A1 HFC-143a (50%) NOTES:  O. A2. A variation in operating conditions will result in a meaningless comparison.D. 1. 7.: G. O. referenced to the absolute global warming potential for CO2 using time horizons of 20. 1. Calculated GWP values for refrigerant blends have been rounded to the nearest 100.D. 100. A1.000. Performance characteristics of fluorinated refrigerants and blends.6%) 0.P. 2.900. 100 and 500 years. Compression Ratio. 7. Particular care should therefore be taken to ensure that the replacement refrigerant and compressor manufacturers' requirements are satisfied and conversion procedures (if necessary) are adopted. 700 A1/A2 HFC-134a (50%) HC-600 (3. in some instances. 3.P. based on ASHRAE conditions have been included in appendix C of this guide.: Safety %Mass Mixture: 20.4%) R507A HFC Blend HFC-125 (50%) 0. of CFC-11 = 1.0 4. AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE No: Name: Chemical Formula or O.900. 2.8 Refrigerants.P. it is necessary to check the performance characteristic of each alternative refrigerant being considered for a particular system. All comparisons should be based on a standard method such as that published by ASHRAE.e.W.g. 500 yrs Classificatio n R407C HFC Blend HFC-32 (23%) 0.400.P. 1. Should a refrigerant be selected as a replacement refrigerant for an existing system.  SAFETY GROUP CLASSIFICATIONS as noted in AS 1677 part 1 are indicated by alphanumeric characters (e.P. The capital letters A or B indicate lower or higher toxicity respectively and the numeric value refers to the refrigerant’ s flammability (the number 1 being no flame propagation and 3 being higher flammability).600. 600 A1/A1 HFC-125 (50%) R413A HFC Blend HFC-134a (88%) 0.0 3.W.0 5. The bold figures refer to the 100 year time horizon commonly used as the inventory standard.  G. referenced to Ozone Depletion Potential of CFC-11 (i.700.900. Mass Flow Rate and Temperature Glide.200. 500 A1/A1 HFC-125 (25%) HFC-134a (52%) R410A HFC Blend HFC-32 (50%) 0.7 Refrigerant Performance As all refrigerants perform differently. 1. are more dependent on the correct application and type of refrigerant oil.500 A1/A2 HFC-218 (9%) HC-600a (3%) R417A HFC Blend HFC-125 (46.400. it will then be necessary to include the existing refrigerant in the comparative analysis.0 3. B3 etc).700. Lubricants and System Considerations New generation refrigerants.0).D.
designed to replace CFC-11 in centrifugal chillers. HCFC-123 is compatible with most material used on CFC-11 systems (including refrigerant oil) with the exception of some motor insulation and gasketing materials. The report indicates that HCFC-123 should be classified as Carcinogenic (Category 3). AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE HCFC-123 Is classed as a low pressure refrigerant. HCFC-123 has been subjected to rigorous analysis by the National Industrial Chemical Notification and Assessment Scheme (NICNAS). a division of Worksafe Australia in their Priority Existing Chemical No. 4 report dated March 1996. Page 29 Seventh Edition –January 2003 . Toxicity testing of HCFC-123 has indicated caution is needed with long term exposure in the work place.
with evaporating temperatures between - 23 °C and . The only deviation from the above is the automotive industry where PAG (poly alkylene glycol) oils are recommended for new compressors and occasionally for retrofit. Page 30 Seventh Edition –January 2003 . different HFC-134a driers are required and other minor system changes may be necessary. It is recommended that 50% of the mineral oil in the existing CFC-12 systems be replaced with alkyl benzene lubricant (polyol ester oil may be used). CFC-12 and the mineral oils used in CFC- 12 systems are compatible with polyol ester lubricants. R401A Is an HCFC blend or mixture refrigerant designed to replace CFC-12 refrigerant in existing systems. Drier cores may require upgrading or changing and other minor design changes may be necessary. The receiver/drier should be replaced with a suitable desiccant core and the flexible hoses should be replaced with nylon barrier hoses. Drier cores may require upgrading or changing and other minor system changes may be necessary.7 °C. Alkyl benzene lubricant does not readily absorb moisture and can therefore be handled in the same way as mineral oil. Alkyl benzene does not readily absorb moisture and can therefore be handled in the same way as mineral oil. It is not necessary to flush mineral oil from the system. but it is necessary that the 55cc's of alkyl benzene lubricant be added to replace the mineral oil lost during evacuation of the CFC-12 and also in the receiver/drier. and is compatible with most materials in CFC-12 systems. R401C Is an HCFC blend or mixture refrigerant designed to replace CFC-12 in existing automotive air conditioning systems. However. The industry has elected in most cases to use a synthetic polyol ester lubricant in new HFC-134a systems. Polyol ester lubricants absorb moisture at a much greater rate than mineral oils and thus should not be left open to the atmosphere more than the absolute minimum. It is recommended that 50% of the mineral oil in existing systems be replaced with alkyl benzene lubricant (polyol ester oil may be used). PAG oils absorb moisture ten times more readily than polyol ester lubricants. Polyol ester lubricants should be stored in metal containers as moisture can penetrate some plastic containers. PAG oils are not generally compatible with either CFC-12 or mineral oil and so are not usually suitable for retrofits. AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE HFC-134a Operates at pressures similar to CFC-12 and it is compatible with most materials in CFC-12 systems. HFC- 134a will not operate with the conventional mineral oils used with CFC- 12. enabling existing CFC-12/mineral oil systems to be retrofitted to HFC134a/polyol ester. R401B Is an HCFC blend or mixture refrigerant designed to replace CFC-12 refrigerants in existing systems with evaporating temperatures between -40 °C and -23 °C.
R402B Is an HCFC blend or mixture refrigerant designed to replace CFC-502 in existing small hermetic systems. Drier cores may require upgrading or changing and other minor system changes may be necessary. These refrigerants will not operate with conventional mineral oils used with CFC-502 refrigerants unless the system is specifically designed to recover an immiscible oil to the compressor. R404A Is an HFC blend or mixture refrigerant designed to replace CFC-502. R402A is compatible with most materials in CFC-502 systems. such as ice-making machines. R403B is compatible with most materials in CFC-502 systems and will operate with conventional mineral oils used with CFC- 502 refrigerants. These refrigerants can be used as replacement refrigerants for R502 in existing systems. Page 31 Seventh Edition –January 2003 . R404A is compatible with most materials used in CFC-502 systems. since they are all HFC based. However. Drier cores may require upgrading or changing and other minor system changes may be necessary. AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE R402A Is an HCFC blend or mixture refrigerant designed to replace CFC-502 refrigerant. Alkyl benzene does not absorb moisture. Drier cores may require replacing or changing and other minor system changes may be necessary. R407A Is an HFC blend or mixture refrigerant designed as a replacement refrigerant for CFC-12 systems. The manufacturer recommends that polyol ester lubricant is used with R407A refrigerants. it will be necessary to remove the existing mineral oil to less than 5% by flushing with polyol ester oils. R406A is compatible with most materials in CFC-12 systems and will operate with conventional mineral oils used with CFC- 12 refrigerants. The manufacturers recommend that polyol ester lubricants be used. Polyol ester oils readily absorb moisture and cannot be left open to the atmosphere without detrimental effects. The manufacturers recommend that 50% of the mineral oil in existing systems be replaced with alkyl benzene lubricant. R403A Is an HCFC blend or mixture refrigerant designed to replace CFC-502 refrigerant. No oil changes are necessary and only the filter driers need to be changed to a suitable desiccant core. R405A Is an HCFC blend or mixture refrigerant designed to replace CFC-12 refrigerant. R405A is compatible with most materials in CFC-12 systems and will operate with conventional mineral oils used with CFC- 12 refrigerants. R403A is compatible with most materials in CFC-502 systems and will operate with conventional mineral oils used with CFC- 502 refrigerants. R403B Is an HCFC blend or mixture refrigerant designed to replace CFC-502 refrigerant. R406A Is an HCFC blend or mixture refrigerant designed to replace CFC-12 refrigerant.
The manufacturer recommends that polyol ester lubricant is used with R407C refrigerants. R411A is compatible with most materials used in HCFC-22 systems and will operate with conventional mineral and alkyl benzene lubricants. Drier cores may require upgrading or changing and other minor system changes may be necessary. designed to replace HCFC- 22. R409A is compatible with most materials used in CFC-12 systems. R411A Is an HCFC blend or mixture refrigerant designed to replace HCFC-22. R407C Is an HFC blend or mixture refrigerant designed as a replacement refrigerant for HCFC-22. R409A will operate with conventional mineral and alkyl benzene lubricants. R409B can also be used as a replacement for R500. Drier cores may require upgrading or changing and other minor system changes may be necessary. The manufacturer recommends that polyol ester lubricants are used in R410A systems. Drier cores may require replacing or changing and other minor system changes may be necessary. AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE R407B Is an HFC blend or mixture refrigerant designed as a replacement refrigerant for CFC-12 and CFC-502 systems. R409B Is an HCFC blend or mixture refrigerant designed to replace CFC-12. R410A is compatible with most materials used in HCFC-22 systems. however. The manufacturer recommends that polyol ester lubricant is used with R407B refrigerants. R409B is compatible with most materials used in CFC-12 systems. Page 32 Seventh Edition –January 2003 . Drier cores may require upgrading or changing and other minor system changes may be necessary. provide improved results. R410A Is a near-azeotropic HFC blend refrigerant. R408A is compatible with most materials used in CFC-502 system and will operate with conventional mineral oils used with CFC-502 refrigerants. Drier cores may require replacing or changing and other minor system changes may be necessary. However. R410A will not operate with conventional mineral oils used in HCFC-22 systems. R409A Is an HCFC blend or mixture refrigerant designed to replace CFC-12. R409B will operate with conventional mineral and alkyl benzene lubricants. Polyol ester lubricants will. which is extensively used in transport refrigeration. its pressure is approximately 50% higher than HCFC-22 and therefore is not safe to use as a drop in replacement for HCFC-22. R408A Is an HCFC blend or mixture refrigerant designed to replace CFC-502. Drier cores may require replacing or changing and other minor system changes may be necessary. Drier cores may require replacing or changing and other minor system changes may be necessary.
poly alkylene-glycol (PAG) and hydro-treated mineral oils. Lubricants containing silicone and silicate (additives used as anti-foaming agents) may not be compatible with new generation refrigerants. R413A will operate with conventional mineral oils. Drier cores may require replacing or changing and other minor system changes may be necessary. Drier cores may require replacing or changing and other minor system changes may be necessary. alkyl benzene (AB). Lubricants now in use and being considered for new refrigerants include mineral oils (MO). AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE R411B Is an HCFC blend or mixture refrigerant designed to replace CFC-502. Drier cores may require replacing or changing and other minor system changes may be necessary. poly vinyl-ether (PVE). Drier cores may require upgrading or changing and other minor system changes may be necessary. R412A Is an HCFC blend or mixture refrigerant designed to replace CFC-500. R413A Is an HFC blend or mixture refrigerant designed as a replacement refrigerant for CFC-12 systems. polyol ester and polyol alkylene glycol lubricants. The manufacturer recommends that polyol ester lubricants are used in R507 systems. Understanding the role of lubricants requires an analysis of surfaces to be lubricated and their potential interaction with refrigerants and other elastomers in the system. R416A is compatible with most materials used in CFC-12 systems. R411B is compatible with most materials used in CFC-502 systems and will operate with conventional mineral and alkyl benzene lubricants. 7. R416A Is an HCFC blend or mixture refrigerant designed to replace CFC-12. Drier cores may require upgrading or changing and other minor system changes may be necessary. R416A will operate with conventional mineral oil. Compatibility of lubricants with new generation refrigerants is as follows: Traditional Lubricants CFC’ s & HCFC’ s HFC’ s Mineral oil (MO) Good suitability Not suitable Alkyl benzene (AB) Good suitability Limited application Mineral oil + Alkyl benzene Good suitability Not suitable Page 33 Seventh Edition –January 2003 . R412A will operate with conventional mineral and alkyl benzene lubricants.9 Overview of Suitable Lubricants The primary function of lubricants is to reduce friction and minimise wear in the compressor. R412A is compatible with most materials used in CFC-500 systems. R507 will not operate with conventional mineral oils used in CFC-502 systems. poly-alpha-olefin (PAO). R507 Is an azeotropic HFC blend refrigerant. designed to replace CFC-502 and is compatible with most materials used in CFC-502 systems. polyol-ester (POE). alkyl benzene. It is therefore essential that lubricants are selected and confirmed to be appropriate by equipment and refrigerant manufacturers. polyol ester and poly alkylene glycol lubricants. A lubricant achieves this by interposing a film between sliding surfaces that reduces direct solid-to-solid contact or lowers the coefficient of friction.
2 Polyol ester (POE) Limited application Good suitability 3 Poly vinyl ether (PVE) Not suitable Good suitability 2 Poly alkylene glycol (PAG) Not suitable Limited application Hydro treated mineral oil Not suitable Not suitable NOTES: 1 denotes lubricant possibly requiring basic viscosity correction 2 denotes lubricant that is especially critical with moisture 3 denotes extensive test program Page 34 Seventh Edition –January 2003 . AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE Poly alpha olefin (PAO) Limited application Not suitable New Lubricants 1.
reclaim and destroy ozone depleting refrigerants thereby reducing the industry’s impact on the environment. Note: most blends containing a flammable component are formulated so that the vapour is not flammable. AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE 7. More recently. RRA is a not-for-profit public benefit organisation that holds its funds in a tightly controlled trust. import and export of CFC and HCFC refrigerants) the need to increase the rate of reclaiming. When vapour is taken from the charging cylinder. The primary objective of the organisation is to recover.10 Handling Refrigerants The following recommendations concerning the practical handling of refrigerants should also be considered:  When charging zeotropic refrigerant blends. recycling and reprocessing of used refrigerants became more demanding. Recycling or Reprocessing Used Refrigerants As the requirements of the Montreal Protocol took effect from 1 January 1996 (by preventing or controlling the manufacture. not safety reasons. Page 35 Seventh Edition –January 2003 . Once the recovered refrigerant is received and weighted the contractor receives a rebate from RRA by way of a credit from their wholesaler. shifts in concentration may occur. A critical displacement of the ignition point can occur under high pressure when a high proportion of air is present. recycled and reprocessed refrigerants are exempt from the phase out controls and can therefore be used without contravening current legislation. equipment should be charged with liquid. Contractors are able to return unwanted refrigerant to their wholesalers. 7. RRA has expanded its role to incorporate the recovery and safe disposal of HFC’ s and PFC’s.  The use of blends with a significant temperature glide is not recommended for systems with flooded evaporators or condenser for performance. Reclaimed.  Many blends contain at least one flammable component therefore the entry of air into the system must be avoided.11 Reclaiming. Refrigerant Reclaim Australia (RRA) was established as the Australian refrigeration and air conditioning industry’s response to the Montreal Protocol and the problem of ozone depletion.
Hydrocarbons do not spontaneously combust on contact with air. AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE PART 8: NATURAL REFRIGERANTS 8.1 Introduction Natural refrigerants provide alternatives to a number of CFC. Page 36 Seventh Edition –January 2003 . Contain the hydrocarbon either in a sealed system and/or reduce the number of connections. the range of flammability being approximately between 1 and 10%. Only one of these measures needs to be effective to prevent an incident. 3. The hydrocarbon needs to mix with the correct proportion of air. Install ventilation such that the final concentration of hydrocarbons in air is below the lower flammability limit. In these industries. Outside these limits combustion cannot occur. they are compatible with common elastomer materials found in refrigerating systems and are soluble in conventional mineral oils. 4.2 Are Hydrocarbon Refrigerants safe to use? The most important concern regarding the adoption of hydrocarbons as a refrigerant is their flammability. It is essential that the same approach is followed by the refrigeration industry. Restrict the maximum charge of hydrocarbons. they cannot undergo reaction with water and hence. 2. HCFC and HFC refrigerants. An ignition source with an energy greater than 0. 3. Eliminate the source of ignition associated with the system. powering vehicles and as aerosol propellants. This document is intended to highlight the differences between natural refrigerants and other refrigerants and to direct readers to the authoritative documents that should be consulted. do not form the corresponding strong acids that can lead to premature system failure. Three elements need to coincide: 1. People working in the refrigeration industry have relatively little practical and theoretical knowledge about natural and in particular hydrocarbon refrigerants. Much of the knowledge already exists and AIRAH has assembled some of this information in this Refrigerant Selection Guide. The increased application of this technology will bring with it many technical and safety issues. 8. 2. Solutions to eliminate the scenario for potential fire or explosion can be summarised as follows: 1. procedures and standards have been developed and adopted to ensure the safe use of the product.25 millijoules or a surface with a temperature exceeding 440°C must be present. It should be remembered that millions of tonnes of hydrocarbons are used safely every year throughout the world for cooking. heating. Since natural refrigerants contain no chlorine or fluorine atoms. as well as some of the basic information necessary for engineers working with refrigeration systems using natural refrigerants and hydrocarbons. In addition to their zero ozone depletion potential (ODP) and low or no global warming potential (GWP). There must be a release of hydrocarbons. It is therefore in the interest of the industry to make available as much technical and safety information as possible. With the introduction of ODS regulations and the introduction of climate change policy around the world it is considered likely that more refrigeration system designers and users will be turning to alternative natural refrigerants.
compatible with R744 copper piping or wiring. It is recommended that final selection and performance details are verified with the refrigerant supplier and equipment manufacturer before any work is undertaken. The final application of alternative refrigerants should be checked for compatibility with equipment and system design. R744 All R170. R717. R744 Large commercial and industrial Reciprocating open drive R170. The following table is provided as a guide for the selection of refrigerants for new equipment. R290. R600a Commercial equipment . Sealed hermetic unit R290. Screw R600a. R290 refrigeration metic reciprocating open drive Air conditioning Reciprocating open drive R600a. R290.3 Selection Guide for Natural Refrigerants Refrigerants should be selected so that they contribute to good system efficiency. R717 Hermetic R600a All R290 NOTES: o R744 (Carbon Dioxide) should only be considered for low temperature applications (-10 C or lower operating temperatures).low Sealed hermetic unit R170. Commercial equipment . R744 All R600a. and are suitable for. Commercial grade hydrocarbons contain significant quantities of sulphur. R600a medium temperature Accessible semi-hermetic R290. R717 Centrifugal R600a Accessible semi-hermetic R290 Screw R600a. R600a (Isobutane) possesses approximately 50% volumetric refrigerating capacity of R12 and R134a. AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE 8. R290 temperature Accessible semi-hermetic R170. R717 is not R600a. R290. R600a. SECTOR COMPRESSOR TYPE REFRIGERANT COMMENTS Domestic fridge/ freezers Sealed hermetic unit R290.R290 Reciprocating open drive R170. water and other impurities that contribute to the degradation of oils that may shorten compressor life and invalidate equipment warranties. R290. R600a Reciprocating open drive R290. R744 Mobile air conditioning or Her R600a. the application and system design. R290. A thorough investigation should be undertaken with both refrigerant suppliers and equipment manufacturers to ensure refrigerants are fully compatible with. The above table provides an overview of alternative refrigerant option. Page 37 Seventh Edition –January 2003 . Only refrigerant grade products should be used for the above applications. R290.
A1.3 -42.796 R600a 58.D. referenced to the absolute global warming potential for CO2 using time horizons of 20.5 Environmental Properties Natural refrigerants have zero ozone depletion potential.: Safety Formula: Classification 20. of CFC-11 = 1.P.2 4. A2.0 3. Mass: Freezing Point: Normal Boiling Critical Critical Point at 1 Atm.12 -138. 100.6 -11. B3 etc).384 R1270 42. abs) R170 30.: Temperature: Pressure: (kg/kmol) (oC) o ( C) o ( C) (kPa. SAFETY GROUP CLASSIFICATIONS as noted in AS 1677 part 1 are indicated by alphanumeric characters (e. 3 A3 R600a Isobutane C4 H10 0.10 -187.12 -159.872 R290 44.01 -56.D.0 1. O. 1 A1 R1270 Propylene C3 H6 0.e.3 132.03 -77. 3.P.2 -47. 3 A3 NOTES: O.0 0. 100 and 500 years. referenced to ozone depletion potential of CFC-11 (i. 0. The following table provides the basic performance properties of natural refrigerants: Refrigerant: Mol.0 3. No: Name: Chemical O. 1. 3 A3 R717 Ammonia NH3 0.6 32.7 92.0).665 NOTES: (A) (A) Freezing Point of R744 condition is for 527 kPa (the triple point).7 -33.3 -0. 0 B2 R744 Carbon Dioxide CO2 0. 3 A3 R600 Butane C4 H10 0.: G. The capital letters A or B indicate low or higher toxicity and the numeric value refers to the refrigerant’ s flammability (the number 1 being no flame propagation and 3 being higher flammability). AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE 8.7 4.8 -88. The bold figures refer to the 100 year time horizon commonly used as the inventory standard. G. 3 A3 R290 Propane C3 H8 0.W.1 96.4 31.6 134.5 152. 3. a very low or zero global warming potential and a short estimated atmospheric life.0 3.P.4 4.0 3. 3.4 Refrigerant Performance Characteristics Refrigerant properties are necessary to describe the operating characteristics of the refrigerant within the system. (B) Sublimation at 1 Atmosphere 8.1 7.W.D. 3.0 3.g.08 -185.5 11.0 3.P.248 R600 58.7 3.P.07 -182.330 (A) (B) R744 44. 500 yrs R170 Ethane C2 H6 0.640 R717 17.6 -78. 3. Thermodynamic and transport properties of refrigerants are necessary for predicting system behaviour and component performance. Page 38 Seventh Edition –January 2003 .
Compatibility of lubricants with natural refrigerants is as follows: Traditional Lubricants Hydrocarbon Ammonia (R717). All comparisons should be based on a standard method such as that published by ASHRAE. 8. Should a refrigerant be selected as a replacement refrigerant for an existing system. Heat Transfer and Temperature Glide. Compression Ratio. it is necessary to check the performance characteristic of each alternative refrigerant being considered for a particular system. CO2 (R744) & Propylene (R1270) 1 Mineral oil (MO) Good suitability Good suitability 1 Alkyl benzene (AB) Good suitability Limited application 1 Mineral Oil + Alkyl benzene Good suitability Limited application 1 Poly alpha olefin (PAO) Good suitability Good suitability New Lubricants 1 Polyol ester (POE) Good suitability Not suitable Poly vinyl ether (PVE) Not suitable Not suitable 2 2 Poly alkylene glycol (PAG) Limited application Limited application Hydro treated mineral oil Not suitable Good suitability NOTES: 1 denotes lubricant possibly requiring basic viscosity correction. Performance characteristics of refrigerants and blends. it will then be necessary to include the existing refrigerant in the comparative analysis. Mass Flow Rate. 2 denotes lubricant that is especially critical with moisture.7 What Lubricants are Suitable for Natural Refrigerants? Hydrocarbon refrigerants possess full chemical compatibility with nearly all lubricants commonly used within refrigeration systems. Page 39 Seventh Edition –January 2003 . Lubricants containing silicone and silicate (additives used as anti-foaming agents) are not compatible with hydrocarbon refrigerants.6 Performance of Natural Refrigerants As all refrigerants perform differently. based on ASHRAE conditions have been included in appendix D of this guide. A full comparative performance analysis should be based on identical operating conditions (such as evaporating and condensing temperatures) and should include Coefficient of Performance. Particular care should be taken to ensure that replacement refrigerants and equipment manufacturer requirements are satisfied. A variation in operating conditions will result in a meaningless comparison. AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE 8.
2-1998 and British Standard BS:4434:1995 for Group A3 refrigerants. This order is only approximate and exceptions may be found for individual compounds or for special conditions.008 kg/m³).  Sealed systems not exceeding 0. subject to certain conditions. building requirements and plant locations being satisfied. brass. NOTES: Do not use methyl chloride with aluminium in any form (a highly flammable gas is formed and the explosion hazard is great). various metals affect such properties as hydrolysis and thermal decomposition in varying degrees. The tendency of metals to promote thermal decomposition of halogenated compounds is in the following order: (Least decomposition) Inconel < 18-8 stainless steel < nickel < copper < 1340 steel < aluminium < bronze < brass < zinc < silver (most decomposition). lead and aluminium. small shops. restaurants.  Piping for systems exceeding 1. abattoirs. Refrigerant 717 (ammonia) should never be used with copper. Not exceeding 5. Not exceeding 1.0 kg in special machinery rooms for general manufacturing and indirect systems. No restriction of charge if all refrigerant containing parts in a special machinery room or open air. prisons.0 kg in special machinery rooms for hotels. cast iron. dairies. NOTES: Page 40 Seventh Edition –January 2003 . Magnesium. The effect of metals on hydrolysis is probably similar.  Charge in systems below ground not to exceed 1.9 Can Hydrocarbons be used in Australia? The use of Hydrocarbons is banned or restricted for use in some Australian states. restaurants. places for Not exceeding 10.8 What is the Effect on Metals? Halogenated refrigerants can be used satisfactorily under normal conditions with most common metals.5 kg must be restricted to the room containing the refrigerant.  For systems with charges exceeding 0. copper. ALL  All associated electrical contacts shall be sealed or non-sparking. where people work. indirect systems.2-1998 “ Refrigerating Systems Part 2: Safety Requirements for Fixed Applications”. theatres. side in special machinery rooms. Australian Standard AS/NZ 1677.5 kg per sealed system. zinc and aluminium alloys containing more than 2% magnesium are not recommended for use with halogenated compounds where even trace amounts of water may be present. cold stores.25 kg a sudden loss of refrigerant shall not raise the concentration in the room or occupied compartment above the practical limit (0. such as steel. tin. small Not exceeding 2. III Industrial. Under more severe conditions. dwellings. schools. Category Example Key Requirements I Hospitals. provides for the use of Hydrocarbon refrigerants (within group A3).0 kg for systems with high pressure areas of supermarkets. II Offices. Not exceeding 10. supermarkets.0 kg. non public Not exceeding 25.5 kg per sealed system. AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE 8.0 kg in humanly occupied spaces. The following table lists the requirements of AS/NZ 1677.25 kg can be sited in any location. 8.
2- 1991 “ Refrigerated Packaged Air-conditioners”.  Electrical test meters. If the installation permits. Maintenance and Handling of Hydrocarbon Refrigerants This section deals with practical aspects relating to the handling of hydrocarbon refrigerants and its associated machinery.6 ‘ Maximum Charge of Refrigerant Group A3’for specific system requirements and limitations.  Refrigerant recovery cylinders. non-sparking. 8. adequately sealed or intrinsically safe etc. General work area: Work in confined spaces must be avoided.1-1988 “ Refrigerated Room Air-conditioners”. The following precautions should be considered the minimum required prior to commencing any work: Work procedure: Work procedures should be planned to minimise risk of flammable gas or vapour being present while the work is being performed. All tools and equipment (including measuring equipment) must be checked for suitability for working with hydrocarbon equipment.12 Safety Checks for Hydrocarbon Refrigerant Use Check the area: Prior to commencing any service or maintenance work on systems containing hydrocarbon refrigerants it is necessary to conduct the appropriate safety checks to ensure that the risk of ignition is minimised. The effect of ignition of such a flammable mixture can be severe. AS 1861. 8. Other standards to be considered are: AS 2430. The area around the work space should be sectioned off. Instructions should be issued regarding the nature of the work being carried out. Ensure that the detection equipment being used is suitable for use with flammable refrigerants (e. It is therefore important that the appropriate safety requirements are observed at all times when working with flammable refrigerants.11 General Approach to Handling of Hydrocarbon Refrigerants All flammable refrigerant gases when mixed with air can form a flammable mixture.  Portable lighting. AS 1430- 1986 “ Household Refrigerators and Freezers”. AS 1861. All competent persons should be fully versant with the hazards and safety requirements associated with hydrocarbon refrigerants.10 Service. it is recommended that the equipment is removed from its existing position to a controlled workshop environment suitable for the type of repair where the appropriate work can be safely carried out.  Refrigerant leak testing units. clause 2.) Page 41 Seventh Edition –January 2003 . 8. Particular attention should be paid to the selection of:  Refrigerant recovery units. AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE Refer AS 1677 part 2. The condition within the working space should be made safe by the control of flammable materials.g.1-1987 ”Classification of Hazardous Areas” . Checking for presence of hydrocarbon refrigerant: The working space should be checked with an appropriate refrigerant detector prior to and during work to ensure that technicians are aware of a potentially flammable atmosphere. All service and maintenance should be carried out by a competent person in accordance with the manufacturer’ s recommendations and requirements.
g. Page 42 Seventh Edition –January 2003 . appropriate fire extinguishing equipment (e. AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE Presence of fire extinguisher: If any hot work is to be conducted on refrigeration equipment or any associated parts. dry powder or CO2 fire extinguisher) should be located near the work space.
Ventilation should safely disperse any released refrigerant and preferably expel it externally to atmosphere.  Check compliance of refrigerant charge with the latest legislated requirements.  Ensure that electrical power to the equipment is isolated while undertaking charging.  Check refrigeration systems components and piping for potential corrosion. Page 43 Seventh Edition –January 2003 . it is recommended that an appropriate detection system and alarm is provided in the most appropriate and critical point in the system. AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE No ignition sources: Work being carried out in relation to a refrigeration system involving exposing any piping or equipment that contains or has contained flammable refrigerant must use any sources of ignition in such a manner that it may lead to the risk of fire or explosion. The area around the equipment should be surveyed prior to any work being undertaken to ensure that that it is safe from all flammable hazards or ignition risks.  Check and ensure that all electrical cabling and wiring is safe and not showing any wear that could contribute to potential short circuiting and sparking. Check electrical components: Repair and maintenance to all electrical components should be included in the initial safety checks of the equipment. repairing. Under no circumstances should equipment operation be re-instated with faulty electrical components. it should be undertaken in accordance with the recommendations noted elsewhere in this document.  Check ventilation provisions for adequacy and effectiveness. Should there be a need for brazing or welding. If it is essential to maintain an active power supply to the equipment during the repair activities.  Check and verify operation of leak detection equipment.  Check and ensure adequate and efficient earth bonding of the equipment. Ventilated area: Ensure that the working space is well ventilated before any work is undertaken on any refrigerant piping or refrigerant equipment. All possible ignition sources.  Check seals and sealing materials for degradation. must be sufficiently far away from the work space and/or site of installation. including cigarette smoking. Note that equivalent manufacturer approved seals and sealing materials should be used to replace faulty seals. Replace all faulty components with manufacturer approved components: Check refrigeration equipment: The following list provides an overview of checks that apply to installations employing flammable refrigerants. removing and disposal during which flammable refrigerant could possibly be released to the surrounding space.  Check and verify refrigerant and lubricant labelling. recovering and purging of refrigeration systems.  Do not alter any electrical components such that their operation or safety can compromise the safety of the system/installation. Ensure that power supplies are isolated prior to undertaking such an inspection and immediately repair or replace faulty electrical components. Initial safety checks prior to undertaking refrigeration circuit repairs should include but not be limited to the following:  Ensure that all capacitors are discharged to prevent possible sparking.  Check operation of any refrigerant detection systems and alarms. Also refer to the latest revision of Australian Standard 1677 part 2 “ Refrigerating Systems Part 2: Safety Requirements for fixed applications” .
AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE  Check for excessive vibration from compressors and other moving parts such as fans. Page 44 Seventh Edition –January 2003 .
The following procedure is recommended to decommission a refrigeration system:  Familiarising yourself with equipment. AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE 8.  Not overfilling recovery cylinders (do not exceed 80% volume liquid charge). All refrigerants should be recovered safely and stored in appropriately selected and marked containers. system operation and operating conditions. manufacturer approved fluorescent oil additives may be used to enhance leak detection. Take a refrigerant and oil sample to ensure that both refrigerant and oil can be analysed for potential re-use of recovered refrigerant. The following leak detection method is provided as a guide for system operating on hydrocarbon refrigerants:  Ensure that no naked flames are present during leak detection procedures.  Compatible. When system is free from refrigerant use an inert gas such as oxygen free nitrogen to purge system prior to undertaking any brazing or welding.  Using appropriately calibrated weighing scales and place recovery cylinders on the scales prior to decanting any refrigerant. o Recovery equipment and cylinders that conform to the appropriate standards. o A competent person to supervise remedial works.  Using a manifold arrangement to decant refrigerant if a system vacuum cannot be achieved.  Calibrate leak detection equipment to the appropriate percentage of gas concentration applicable for the installation (25% maximum concentration).  Use only electronic or similar leak detection equipment without any potential ignition sources.  Isolating system from electrical power source. It is necessary to remove all refrigerant from the system or circuit if a refrigerant leak has been located that requires brazing or welding. o Personal protective equipment.  When using fluid type leak detection methods ensure that fluids used are compatible with hydrocarbon refrigerants. circuiting.14 Decanting Hydrocarbon Refrigerant from Equipment Familiarisation with system operation and design is necessary before decommissioning any system or decanting any refrigerant from a system or circuit.  Pumping down refrigeration system if possible. 8.  Ensuring that all isolating valves on equipment are closed fully.  Not re-using decanted refrigerant in another system unless it has been analysed and cleaned. Page 45 Seventh Edition –January 2003 .  Ensuring the availability of the following safety equipment prior to undertaking any works: o Mechanical handling equipment (if needed) to handle refrigerant containers/ cylinders.13 Leak Detection of Hydrocarbon Refrigerants Do not use any detection devices using a naked flame (including a halide torch) to search for a refrigerant leak.  Ensuring that all cylinders and equipment are removed from site promptly when decanting process has been completed.  Not exceeding maximum cylinder working pressure. Note that fluids containing chlorine may react with hydrocarbon refrigerants and corrode copper piping.
 All refrigerants and lubricant used in any system must be identified with permanent labelling. AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE 8.  The circuit is now ready for repair such as cutting or brazing.16 What Considerations should be made in the Selection and Application of a Hydrocarbon Refrigerant?  Use hydrocarbons only with the written approval of the respective equipment manufacturer. Department of Minerals and Energy.  Comply with the legislative requirements of the respective state.  Service and installation personnel should be suitably trained. etc.  Purge circuit again with an inert gas.  Steps 1 and 2 should be repeated three times or until satisfied that no flammable refrigerant is present inside the circuit.15 Removal and Evacuation The following recommended procedure should be used when opening a refrigerant circuit containing flammable refrigerants:  Remove refrigerant. The entire refrigerant charge should be recovered and stored in correct recovery cylinders. Triple flushing procedures should be conducted as follows:  Step 1 break vacuum in circuit/system with oxygen free nitrogen.e.  Step 2 vent inert gas to atmosphere and repeat step 1. Continue to pressurise system with oxygen free nitrogen until an appropriate working pressure is reached. Ensure that an inert gas is used to bleed through the circuit/system while any brazing or welding activities are taking place.  Work should be carried out on appropriately approved premises.  Satisfy the requirements of all relevant and applicable Australian Standards.  Evacuate the circuit.  Purge circuit with an inert gas. 8.). Do not use compressed air or oxygen to flush refrigerant circuits.  Use only hydrocarbon refrigerant having an ASHRAE or ISO “R”number Page 46 Seventh Edition –January 2003 .  Comply with the requirements of the respective local governing authorities (i. Once the system is free from flammable refrigerant it is necessary to repeatedly flush the system with an inert gas such as oxygen free nitrogen until no flammable gas is present inside the circuit. Ensure that bleed outlets and evacuation pumps are sufficiently far away from any potential ignition sources and that the space is adequately vented.
subject to certain conditions. provides for the use of Hydrocarbon refrigerants (within group A3).17 Safety Design and Construction The use of hydrocarbons is banned or restricted for use in some Australian states. Page 47 Seventh Edition –January 2003 .2-1998 “ Refrigerating Systems Part 2: Safety Requirements for fixed applications” . Australian Standard AS/NZ 1677. AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE 8.
results of Kyoto Meeting. “ Experiences with Hydrocarbon Blends in the UK Market.  Product literature provided by Rhone-Poulenc.  International Institute of Refrigeration. International Journal of Refrigeration Volume 19. August 1995” .  International Institute of Refrigeration. Review paper “ Working fluids for mechanical refrigeration . Training Guide.  Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.  Ozone Protection Act 1989.  Product literature provided by Ineus (formally known as ICI Klea).  NIST Standard Reference Data Base 23 ‘Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Refrigerants and Refrigerant Mixtures –REFPROP.Z.  Product literature provided by DuPont Fluorochemicals.  HPAC Engineering ‘ New Physical. The Hague.  Product literature provided by Atofina (formally known as Elf Atochem). N.Invited paper presented at the 19th International Congress of Refrigeration.  Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE References  ANZECC "Revised Strategy for Ozone Protection in Australia 1994". published February 2001.2. 12th Informatory Note of the IIR on Fluorocarbons and Refrigeration. Safety & Environmental Data for Refrigerants’dated August 1999.  Climate Change: More than just Carbon Dioxide by Ministry for the Environment.0. Number 8 1996. 1996-3.  Bitzer International ‘ Refrigerants Report 8’ .  NIST Standard Reference Data Base 49 ‘ Vapour Compression Design Program –Cycle_D’version 2.  1993 ASHRAE Hand Book of Fundamentals. dated 18 December 1997.  Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Registration Board. Refrigeration Science and Technology Proceedings.  ACRIB (Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Industry Board) Guidelines for the use of Hydrocarbon Refrigerants in Static Refrigeration and Air conditioning Systems.  International Climate Change Partnership . Fluorocarbons and global warming. 1996. Page 48 Seventh Edition –January 2003 . Applications for Natural Refrigerants.  International Institute of Refrigeration. Ritter” .J. dated July 1997. version 6.  Product literature provided by Honeywell (formally known as Allied Signal Chemicals).  ASHRAE Standard 34 – 1992 ‘ Number Designation and safety classification of refrigerants’ including amendments up to and including May 28. by T.
CRITICAL The temperature at which the density of the liquid and the density TEMPERATURE: of the vapour become the same. CRITICAL PRESSURE: The pressure is the lowest pressure at which a substance can exist in the liquid state at its critical temperature. FREEZING POINT: The temperature of a substance at which freezing occurs. For example. when used in refrigeration cycles. AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE Appendix A – Terminology AZEOTROPIC Blends comprising multiple components of different volatilities REFRIGERANTS: that. COMPRESSION RATIO: The ratio of the absolute discharge pressure to the absolute suction. that is.0. At this point the meniscus at the liquid-vapour boundaries disappears. BOILING POINT: The temperature at which a fluid will change from liquid to a gas. CONDENSING PRESSURE: The condensing pressure is the saturation pressure corresponding to the temperature of the liquid-vapour mixture in the condenser. COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE: The ratio of refrigeration provided (in kilowatts) to energy input (in kilowatts). The critical temperature is different for every gas. EVAPORATOR PRESSURE: The pressure of the refrigerant gas leaving the evaporator and being drawn to the suction inlet to the compressor. it is the saturation pressure at the critical temperature. do not change volumetric composition or saturation temperatures as they evaporate (boil) or condense at constant pressure. The boiling point will depend on the pressure exerted on the surface of the liquid. Page 49 Seventh Edition –January 2003 . if a refrigeration circuit consumes 1 kW of power and provides 5 kW of cooling it has a COP of 5.
Mixtures containing more than one component. such as R-500 and R502 (ASHRAE 500 series refrigerants).AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE NET REFRIGERATING EFFECT: The available refrigerating capacity (in evaporator) per kilogram of refrigerant circulating for the nominated conditions. such as CFC-12 or HFC-134a. This is reversed in the condensing process. Near-Azeotropic and non-Azeotropic mixtures (ASHRAE R400 series refrigerants) behave somewhat differently. Page 50 Seventh Edition –January 2003 . In simple terms. The mixture is at its original composition when fully evaporated or fully condensed. The liquid therefore tends to become richer in the less volatile (higher boiling point) component and boils at a higher temperature. TEMPERATURE GLIDE: A single component refrigerant. change volumetric composition and saturation temperatures as they evaporate (boil) or condense at constant pressure. When a non-Azeotropic or Zeotropic mixture boils as it passes through the evaporator. that boil at a constant temperature are called azeotropes. REFRIGERANT CIRCULATED: The amount of refrigerant circulated per second per kilowatt of refrigeration. The reverse applies to condensation. when used in refrigeration cycles. This increase in boiling temperature during the evaporation process is called temperature glide. ZEOTROPIC REFRIGERANTS: Blends comprising multiple components of different volatilities that. boils at a constant temperature for a given pressure. the vapour given off is richer in the more volatile (lower boiling point) component. the vapour temperature leaving an evaporator will be higher than the liquid temperature entering the evaporator. This is because the components of the blend have different boiling points and hence boil off at different rates from each other. Their compositions and boiling points do change as the material boils.
X R11 R124 . X R22 . X R12/R500 R170 Ethane 1 X R503 R290 Propane 1. X R502 R113 . X R12 . X R123 . 3 X R22/R502 R401A MP39 DuPont X R12 R401B MP66 DuPont X R12 R401C MP52 DuPont X R12 R402A HP80 DuPont X R502 R402B HP81 DuPont X R502 R403A Isceon 69S Rhodia X R502 R403B Isceon 69L Rhodia X R502 R404A HP62 DuPont X R502 FX70 Atofina Page 51 Seventh Edition –January 2003 . X - R134a . 3 X R114 R125 . X R114 . AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE Appendix B – Refrigerant Development ALTERNATIVE REFRIGERANTS Transitional and Retrofit Medium and Long Term Refrigerant Refrigerant HCFC/HFC Man-Made HFC Natural Partly Chlorinated Chlorine Free Halogen Free Halogenated ISO# Trade Name Manufacturer Ref. CFC HCFC HFC HC/ Replaces Natural R11 .
denotes toxic refrigerant 3. X CFC R507 AZ50 Honeywell X R502 R509A TP5R2 Arcton X R502 R600 Butane 1 X R12 R600a Isobutane 1. AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE ISO# Trade Name Manufacturer Ref. 2. 3 X Various R1270 Propylene 1 X R22 NOTES: 1. 4 X R502 R744 Carbon dioxide 1. denotes refrigerant with large deviation in refrigerant capacity and pressure compared to the refrigerant it replaces 4. 3 X R12/R114 R717 Ammonia 1. denotes refrigerant not compatible with copper Page 52 Seventh Edition –January 2003 . X CFC R502 . denotes flammable refrigerant 2. CFC HCFC HFC HC/ Replaces Natural R405A G2015 Greencool X R12 R406A GHG-HP Indianapolis X R12 R407A Klea60 ICI X R12/R502 R407B Klea61 ICI X R502 R407C Klea66 ICI X R22 R408A FX10 Atofina X R502 R409A FX56 Atofina X R12 R409B FX57 Atofina X R12 R410A Suva9100 Dupont 3 X R22 AZ20 Honeywell R411A G2018A Greencool X R22 R411B G2018B Greencool X R502 R412A TP5R Arcton X R500 R413A Isceon 49 Rhodia X R12 R414A GHG-X4 Indianapolis R416A FR-12 X R12 R417A Isceon 59 Rhodia X R22 R500 .
85 6.00849 4.7 R412A 175 801 4.81 N.00855 4.03 0 R12 182 744 4. 4.29 1.8/0.58 N.94 0.00641 4.1/4. 4.92 6.00676 4.448 3.03 162.5 R411A 259 1.3 R401B 199 978 4.80 0.00707 4.71 122.26 1.36 99.1 R408A 349 1.7 R406A 146 849 5.987 0 R134a 164 770 4.03 0.16 0. Temp Pressure: Pressure: Ratio: Refrigerating Circulated: Of Glide: Effect: Perform.317 3.9/8.61 0 Page 53 Seventh Edition –January 2003 .A.A.367 3.6 R411B 291 1.00943 4.82 168.430 3.A. AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE Appendix C – Fluorinated Refrigerants Performance Tables Condition A: 258 K (-15oC) evaporation and 303 K (30oC) condensing No: Evaporator Condensing Comp.64 0 R401A 183 931 5.53 0.70 147.01006 4.15 4.68 128.86 85.46 149.00117 3.00671 4.65 0 R502 344 1.A.94 N.534 3.A.A.74 0.6 R405A 153 869 5. Net Refrigerant Coeff.12 0 HFC's: R125 406 1.11 0.97 0.57 0.88 142.09 116.00593 3.350 3.00641 5.10 139.00703 4.21 150.00765 4.567 3.83 6.7/3.07 4.35 173.8/8. N.70 0 R113 7 54 7.25 0.93 0.44 2.1/0.00816 4.00662 3.2/1.54 0.07 130.97 112.0/6.91 157.92 141.75 0.12 167.83 106.30 155.54 0.90 0 R124 89 445 5.89 0.91 0. (kPa) (kPa) (kg/s) (°C) (kJ/kg) (Cooling) CFC's: R11 20 126 6.38 0 HCFC's: R22 296 1.A.7 R509A 380 1.3/0.00 0.00 5.17 0.31 0.00886 4.66 0 R123 16 110 6.54 0.00575 4.00665 4.46 1. N.68 0 R500 215 881 4.7/1.22 0. 4.00595 4.42 0.0/1.6/5.28 0.47 150. N.127 4.5 R409B 191 995 5.4/5.6 R403B 380 1. 4.A. N.192 4.00615 4.32 0.2/6.76 N.3 R402A 386 1.9/1.00797 3.70 7.09 156.20 3.00 117.00636 4.0 R402B 352 1.432 4.200 4.00718 4.43 0.3 R409A 174 951 5.87 0 R114 47 252 5.91 0.3 R403A 343 1.8 R401C 148 808 5.
16 0.00510 3.33 188. 4.98 0 R401A 19 225 11.7 R407B 333 1.00422 4.47 0. Glide: Effect: (Cooling) (kPa) (kPa) (kg/s) (°C) (kJ/kg) CFC’ s R12 23 182 7. Net Refrigerant Coeff.91 2.18 0 Condition B: 200 K (-73oC) evaporation and 238 K (-35oC) condensing No: Evaporator Condensing Comp.00444 4.8/8.92 122.7/4.1 R417A 10 116 11.A.4 HFC’ s: R125 25 185 7.7 R417A 220 1.95 0.42 0.00530 3.85 109.57 0.47 0 R407C 12 152 12. Of Temp Pressure: Pressure: Ratio: Refrigerating Circulated: Perform.16 2.67 214.95 0.00742 4.14 156.2 R410A 480 1.49 0/0.73 0.00472 4.A.6/5.92 167.98 2.40 0.86 0.33 236.97 144.9 R410A 30 220 7.79 195.2/5.65 6.00535 3. Temp Pressure: Pressure: Ratio: Refrigerating Circulated: Of Glide: Effect: Perform.1 R413A 178 830 4.7 R507A 381 1.51 114.3/4.39 0.22 0.00598 4. Net Refrigerant Coeff.466 3. Net Refrigerant Coeff. (kPa) (kPa) (kg/s) (°C) (kJ/kg) (Cooling) R404A 364 1.44 5.84 186.5/6.00466 3.48 4.90 0. (kPa) (kPa) (kg/s) (°C) (kJ/kg) (Cooling) HCFC’ s: R22 17 132 7.1/0.5/0.8/2.356 5.00881 4.2 R401B 21 238 11.883 3.40 134.91 4.76 211.00910 4.75 0.082 4.9 R407C 264 1.91 138.00817 3.503 4.1 Condition C: 213 K (-60oC) evaporation and 258 K (-15oC) condensing No: Evaporator Condensing Comp.89 4.00722 4. N.426 4.66 N.4 R407A 287 1.433 3.62 225.70 7.89 0.00693 3.5/2.62 0.49 0. Temp Pressure: Pressure: Ratio: Refrigerating Circulated: Of Glide: Effect: Perform.90 4.60 172.00872 3.51 0.94 113.3/5.9/3.6 0.00637 3.6 Page 54 Seventh Edition –January 2003 .88 0.52 0 R411A 13 125 9.03 0 HCFC’ s: R22 38 296 7.00580 3. AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE No: Evaporator Condensing Comp.
8/4.84 115.6 R409B 20 245 12.00561 3.9/6.14 0.A.31 5.38 118.47 3.03 0.39 0.58 6. 3. AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE No: Evaporator Condensing Comp.8 R409B 62 759 12. N.45 157.8/8.00598 2.9/1.07 0.5 R411A 31 280 9.00 0/0.66 174.88 1.A.00561 3.7 R412A N.00643 3.00535 3.64 N.66 4.00668 2. N.00793 2.2/5.50 6.00 155.84 186. N.56 6.03 208.00869 3.44 5.6/5.A.1 HCFC’ s: R22 105 910 8.35 0.5 R401B 65 744 11.5/6.79 0.94 0.32 0.25 181. Net Refrigerant Coeff. Of Temp Pressure: Pressure: Ratio: Refrigerating Circulated: Perform.6 R405A 47 660 14. Net Refrigerant Coeff.3/4. N.A.62 5.A.00722 3.4 R401A 19 225 11. Glide: Effect: (Cooling) (kPa) (kPa) (kg/s) (°C) (kJ/kg) R401C 14 191 13.14 0. N.1 HFC’ s: R125 55 406 7.54 0.00637 2.00530 3.4 R409A 18 234 13.00842 3.6 0.17 0.83 138.00644 2.24 7.A.37 5.28 147.3/2.49 0.32 0.0 R401C 46 611 13.25 179.00552 3.A.6 R401C 14 191 13. N. N.18 150.11 195.04 126.93 0.02 0 R500 76 671 8. N.80 0.24 149.00666 2.7/5.13 0.00511 3.00678 2.88 0.A.A.A.48 155. N.00480 3.79 0 R134a 16 164 10.72 2. Glide: Effect: (kPa) (kPa) (kg/s) (Cooling) (°C) (kJ/kg) CFC’ s: R12 64 566 8.53 0.2 R401B 21 238 11.04 0. R417A 23 264 11.4 R409A 55 725 13.00609 3.7/6.37 5.48 4.3/7.7 R411A 89 860 9.7/4.64 178.15 0. Of Temp Pressure: Pressure: Ratio: Refrigerating Circulated: Perform.00572 2. HFC’ s: Page 55 Seventh Edition –January 2003 .0 R406A 46 647 14.33 188.07 167.99 0 R407C 28 339 12.64 178.01 0 R401A 59 708 12. N.67 164.00555 3.A.4/6.31 6.2/7.9/4.70 0.70 4.7/6.A.00556 3.A.7 Condition D: 233 K (-40oC) evaporation and 293 K (20oC) condensing No: Evaporator Condensing Comp.5 R413A N.73 3.00 180.
N.3/0.9 R402B 261 1.0 Condition E: 250 K (-23oC) evaporation and 310 K (37oC) condensing No: Evaporator Condensing Comp.54 3.72 5.89 0.00 0.00688 2.59 0.00853 2.A.24 135.64 114.28 0.6/6.49 0 R502 257 1.11 0.34 98.035 12.09 93.A.58 2. N.77 154.58 0. Of Temp Pressure: Pressure: Ratio: Refrigerating Circulated: Perform.43 121.85 3. N.1/3.46 0 R12 134 890 6.19 0.00647 2.A.36 145.041 9.8/0. AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE R125 149 1.56 0.62 5.A.00 130.A.1 R401B 143 1.99 0.01146 1. N.9 R408A 259 1.1 R402A 287 1.00578 2.27 0.1 R413A N. N. N.5/5.701 6.71 0.6 R401C 105 970 9.117 8. N.091 11.81 104.A.95 0 R407A 95 1.18 137.28 127.69 87.A.A. N. N.00666 3.53 150.00725 2.153 10.1 R407C 86 1.3 Page 56 Seventh Edition –January 2003 . N.00953 3. N.A.44 0.00871 2. N. N.20 172.2/5.19 0.9/4.98 0.4 R406A 104 1.1/1. Glide: Effect: (kPa) (kPa) (kg/s) (Cooling) (°C) (kJ/kg) CFC’ s: R11 14 159 11.A.5/3.85 0 HCFC’ s: R123 10 140 14.48 145.A.54 0.53 142.565 6.14 0 R114 32 310 9.56 4. N.00867 2.00687 3. N.424 6.A.820 6.80 4.00767 3.00787 2. N.00633 2.00942 3.84 1.15 0 R22 218 1. Net Refrigerant Coeff.A.A.2 R403A N.8/4.00684 2.A.00701 2. R405A 108 1.39 0. Of Temp Pressure: Pressure: Ratio: Refrigerating Circulated: Perform.172 8.56 0 R134a 51 572 11.09 0.86 0/0.00825 2.52 117.A R417A 72 823 11.138 9.016 9.09 85.88 3. Net Refrigerant Coeff. Glide: Effect: (kPa) (kPa) (kg/s) (Cooling) (°C) (kJ/kg) R407B 114 1.4/7.92 0.2 R409A 124 1.7/5.00682 2.A.20 144.22 146.04 0. N.01011 2. R403B N.01069 2. N.78 0.33 0 R124 62 546 8.01170 2.443 8.70 6.99 0.A.A.00738 2.0 No: Evaporator Condensing Comp.49 0.A.07 0 R401A 131 1.47 0.03 157.205 8.626 6.29 0.55 4.90 0.A.9/6.64 106.6 R410A 176 1.11 115.
3 R411A 189 1.2/5.5 R411B 214 1.00728 2.190 8.83 0.69 137. Of Temp Pressure: Pressure: Ratio: Refrigerating Circulated: Perform.76 5.347 7.8/0.6 Page 57 Seventh Edition –January 2003 . Net Refrigerant Coeff.69 154.00646 3.6/1. Glide: Effect: (kPa) (kPa) (kg/s) (Cooling) (°C) (kJ/kg) R409B 137 1.00623 3.432 6.07 0.41 0.46 0.13 160.03 1. AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE No: Evaporator Condensing Comp.
702 8.A N.01 1.00615 6.04 0 R124 124 360 2.60 0.00601 8. N. N.16 0.A.5 R402A 509 1.18 70.51 174.75 0 R401A 250 770 3.9 R401C 204 666 3.90 0/0.22 128.00 170.30 0.52 0.5/0.A.00 0.00587 6.65 0.00847 7.62 0.39 5.5/3.00933 2.00649 8.57 4.00791 7.96 0.A.1 R402B 466 1.82 0.90 130.01060 2. Net Refrigerant Coeff.32 97.05 111.37 99.A.65 0 Condition F: 266 K (-7oC) evaporation and 300 K (23oC) condensing No: Evaporator Condensing Comp. N.01002 2.4 R407A 207 1. R417A 158 1.5 R507 284 1.A.09 1.72 0 R502 453 1. N. N.00659 7.706 6.744 6.4 R407B 243 1.0 R410A 357 2.08 169.74 0.63 2.17 0.A N.283 2.00775 2.84 0.68 3.05 0 R404A 270 1.100 2.A.246 6.36 0.00753 3.56 0.00707 2.A.2/5.53 141.9/4.00896 2.00695 7. N.83 0.57 0. Net Refrigerant Coeff. Of Temp Pressure: Pressure: Ratio: Refrigerating Circulated: Perform.865 6.66 4.3/1.5 R401B 270 810 3. N. Glide: Effect: (kPa) (kPa) (kg/s) (Cooling) (°C) (kJ/kg) HFC’ s: R125 302 1.A.01022 2.620 8.55 2.00658 2.57 143.297 8.A.26 162. N.A. Page 58 Seventh Edition –January 2003 .00784 7.54 154. Of Temp Pressure: Pressure: Ratio: Refrigerating Circulated: Perform.3/4.41 0.792 7.196 2.0/5.45 0.21 107.00591 6. AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE No: Evaporator Condensing Comp.A.47 0.72 0 R114 66 201 3.16 0 R12 243 616 2. N.19 0.1 R413A N.00572 7.52 126.42 0 HCFC’ s: R22 394 989 2.31 0 R123 24 85 3.29 151. Glide: Effect: (kPa) (kPa) (kg/s) (Cooling) (°C) (kJ/kg) CFC’ s: R11 30 99 3.85 0.01416 2.93 0.79 0 R500 287 729 2. N.43 118.7 R407C 190 1.4 R403A N.53 127.62 3.08 132.14 0.1/1.9/3.54 151.46 0 R134a 116 937 8.A.00767 7.30 166.14 94.6/2.
00800 7.5/0.0/3.9 R407B 446 1.A.8/1.4/3.A.44 0.80 0.00844 7.55 139.00548 7. Of Temp Pressure: Pressure: Ratio: Refrigerating Circulated: Perform.7/5.14 0 R123 39 140 3.251 2.6 R411B 388 997 2.90 7.40 0.305 2. N.02 0 R134a 226 627 2.47 182.57 180.05 0 R502 642 1.A.49 3.20 5.A.00614 6.14 171.195 2.9 R507 502 1.62 0.A. N.52 0.21 0 Condition G: 277 K (4oC) evaporation and 310 K (37oC) condensing No: Evaporator Condensing Comp.1/0. R417A 298 896 3.1/5.00949 6.7 HFC’ s: R125 535 1.3/0.5 R410A 634 1.47 155.00535 7.42 0.81 0.4 R407A 389 1. N.5/6.8/0.00728 6.76 0.36 0.31 163.A.47 0 Page 59 Seventh Edition –January 2003 .00622 7. N.00969 7.06 0 R114 103 310 3.48 128.00554 7. N.63 0 R12 351 890 2.A.17 162. N.53 118.01009 7.0 R407C 358 1.A.31 159.566 2.93 0.00643 7.54 0.05 158. Glide: Effect: (kPa) (kPa) (kg/s) (Cooling) (°C) (kJ/kg) R403B N.59 146.40 141.A. N. R405A 211 718 3.12 0.A. N.A.00707 6.42 0.00611 6.5/6.00629 6.565 2.44 105.00548 5. AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE No: Evaporator Condensing Comp.38 0.80 129.77 162.81 0. N.424 2.43 124.69 186. Net Refrigerant Coeff.65 0 HCFC’ s: R22 566 1. N.88 0.A.139 2.67 0.44 99.01 137.21 0.24 1.5/8.48 0.00582 6. N.3 R408A 461 1.9 R406A 200 703 3.055 2. N.185 3.7 R411A 347 935 2.01 103.00 6. Of Temp Pressure: Pressure: Ratio: Refrigerating Circulated: Perform.26 5.00614 7.52 182.00775 6.47 0.222 2.38 0.7 R409B 260 825 3.00683 7.00715 7.86 0.70 0 R404A 481 1.96 0.00778 7. Glide: Effect: (kPa) (kPa) (kg/s) (Cooling) (°C) (kJ/kg) CFC’ s: R11 48 159 3.1 R413A N.08 6.125 3.3 R409A 238 788 3.A.41 0.52 160.00627 7.14 0 R500 414 1.31 0.08 0.A.14 0. Net Refrigerant Coeff.47 3.24 4.7/4.
0/4.95 3.00828 7.A.18 150.A.A.07 0 R134a 338 937 2.56 129. N.9 R408A 656 1.63 0.00700 5.51 111.58 7.48 139.  All pressures note in the above tables are gauge pressures measured for vapour refrigerant conditions.35 0.A.2/1. AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE No: Evaporator Condensing Comp.55 0. N.138 3.01186 6.55 0.432 2.A.3/5. Of Temp Pressure: Pressure: Ratio: Refrigerating Circulated: Perform.00664 5.190 3.00774 6.73 6. N.24 3.37 0.1 R413A N.865 2.59 0.25 0.6/3. compressor motor and compressor isentropic efficiencies.A N.6 R401C 305 970 3.34 0 NOTES:  Performance details are calculated in accordance with the requirements for ASHRAE 2001 Book of Fundamentals Chapter 19 and are based on the temperatures and conditions noted for each table.701 2.98 0.98 142.03 0 R404A 685 1. N.75 4.66 0. Net Refrigerant Coeff.  The tables include refrigerants recommended for the noted operating conditions.0/3.49 161.22 151.88 5.45 84.26 0.2 R409A 353 1.24 0.67 172.19 0. N.A.3 R409B 384 1.00921 6.94 157.84 0.5 R507 712 1. N.00580 6.31 0.44 1.00665 6.7/0.2/0.00640 6.00636 6.A.35 0.7 R407C 529 1.70 1.89 120.1 R402A 724 1. N.5 R411B 558 1.00897 6.11 0 R401A 371 1.9/0. R417A 441 1.76 4.297 2.0 R410A 903 2.7/2.00601 6.626 2. R405A 316 1.01 156.77 113.A.A.9/6. N.49 112.97 0.00769 5.A. N.702 2.9 R402B 665 1. N. R403B N.6/5.  All values noted in the aforementioned tables are refrigerant cycle efficiencies using 100% compressor volumetric.69 0. Glide: Effect: (kPa) (kPa) (kg/s) (Cooling) (°C) (kJ/kg) R124 189 546 2.00891 6.00660 5.6 HFC’ s: R125 760 1.A.2/4.A.2 R403A N.117 3.4 R407A 571 1.06 155. N.77 148.77 0.00716 6.00811 5.01 4.00618 6.00880 5. N.53 0.80 0.A.30 0.246 2.29 129.40 169.4 R407B 648 1.A.52 0.A.4/0. N.87 0.706 2.172 2.10 150.57 166.00589 5.6/5.1/6.016 3.45 108.64 5.4 R406A 299 1.A.27 0.6/1.47 0.00643 5.A.820 2.A. No allowances have been made for sub cooling liquid or superheating suction refrigerant gas temperatures.1/7.A.744 2.620 3.72 0. N.44 0.1 R401B 399 1. Page 60 Seventh Edition –January 2003 .85 2.347 2.  Temperature glide values for zeotropic blends (R400 series refrigerants) include the evaporating glide as the first value and the condensing glide as the second value.A.041 3.792 2.1/0. N. N.94 123.3 R411A 504 1.00671 7. N.15 4.
AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE  N.A. Page 61 Seventh Edition –January 2003 . Denotes information not available at the time of publication.
67 0. Effect: (kPa) (kPa) (kg/s) (Cooling) (kJ/kg) R170 219 913 4.079 3.00760 2.0 R290 292 1.32 0. Net Refrigerant Coeff.242.205 3. Temp Pressure: Pressure: Ratio: Refrigerating Circulated: Of Glide: Effect: Perform.00379 4. Of Pressure: Pressure: Ratio: Refrigerating Circulated: Perform.00091 4.630 4.73 1.653 2.54 263.0 R744 2.00 R717 22 236 10.00342 4.01 0.51 0.59 0.64 R290 43 292 6.30 320.287 7.00293 4.87 Condition C: 200 K (-73oC) evaporation and 238 K (-35oC) condensing No: Evaporator Condensing Comp.27 362.78 Page 62 Seventh Edition –January 2003 .00273 4.167 4. Effect: (kPa) (kPa) (kg/s) (cooling) (kJ/kg) R170 94 778 8.79 340. AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE Appendix D – Natural Refrigerants Performance Tables Condition A: 258 K (-15oC) evaporation and 303 K (30oC) condensing No: Evaporator Condensing Comp.77 0.72 0.69 0.308 3.26 0.0 R1270 364 1. Net Refrigerant Coeff.0 R600 56 284 5. Of Pressure: Pressure: Refrigerating Circulated: Ratio: Perform.00312 3.0 Condition B: 183 K (-90oC) evaporation and 233 K (-40oC) condensing No: Evaporator Condensing Comp.61 0.15 131. Effect: (kPa) (kPa) (kg/s) (Cooling) (kJ/kg) R170 379 1.68 0.99 0.0 R717 236 1.00 0.59 286.55 0. Of Pressure: Pressure: Ratio: Refrigerating Circulated: Perform.77 0.85 160.16 366. (kPa) (kPa) (kg/s) (°C) (kJ/kg) R170 1.94 1. Net Refrigerant Coeff.08 0.00349 4.00360 4.74 0.07 292.61 0.102.35 Condition D: 213 K (-60oC) evaporation and 258 K (-15oC) condensing No: Evaporator Condensing Comp.00275 2.630 4.00623 2.00080 3.70 278.55 0. Net Refrigerant Coeff.0 R600a 89 404 4.
146.430 2. Net Refrigerant Coeff.70 179.00090 2.87 1. The tables include refrigerants recommended for the noted operating conditions. Effect: (kPa) (kPa) (kg/s) (Cooling) (kJ/kg) R290 111 836 7.00332 7. Of Pressure: Pressure: Ratio: Refrigerating Circulated: Perform. Of Pressure: Pressure: Ratio: Refrigerating Circulated: Perform.24 Condition G: 266 K (-7oC) evaporation and 300 K (23oC) condensing No: Evaporator Condensing Comp.00326 7. Net Refrigerant Coeff.00092 7.32 NOTES: Performance details are calculated in accordance with the requirements for ASHRAE Book of Fundamentals 2001 Chapter 19 and are based on the temperatures and conditions noted for each table.39 279.090.30 R600a 180 490 2.00095 3.72 271.61 R600 79 230 2.21 Condition F: 250 K (-23oC) evaporation and 310 K (37oC) condensing No: Evaporator Condensing Comp.91 320.98 0.63 0.53 276.004 5. Net Refrigerant Coeff.05 0.53 0.55 0. Of Pressure: Pressure: Ratio: Refrigerating Circulated: Perform.00087 7.37 306.63 0.277 2.49 0.90 R600 120 349 2.73 291. Net Refrigerant Coeff.68 0.91 301.00368 7.85 Condition H: 277 K (4oC) evaporation and 310 K (37oC) condensing No: Evaporator Condensing Comp.00358 6. All values noted in the aforementioned tables are refrigerant cycle efficiencies using 100% compressor and motor efficiencies.722 5.057.16 R717 498 1.61 1.92 1.113.99 R744 1.430 8.79 R717 328 943 2.00312 7.00343 7.64 0.24 0. AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE Condition E: 233 K (-40oC) evaporation and 293 K (20oC) condensing No: Evaporator Condensing Comp. Effect: (kPa) (kPa) (kg/s) (Cooling) (kJ/kg) R290 381 904 2.48 0.00362 2.94 R717 72 858 11.90 R600a 121 330 2.00557 2. Effect: (kPa) (kPa) (kg/s) (Cooling) (KJ/kg) R717 166 1. Page 63 Seventh Edition –January 2003 . Effect: (kPa) (kPa) (kg/s) (Cooling) (kJ/kg) R290 535 1. Of Pressure: Pressure: Ratio: Refrigerating Circulated: Perform.55 0.88 1.
A. Denotes information not available at the time of publication. N. Page 64 Seventh Edition –January 2003 .AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE All pressures note in the above tables are gauge pressures measured for vapour refrigerant conditions.
For further information or additional copies: THE AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF REFRIGERATION. AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY REFRIGERANT SELECTION GUIDE The Challenge The problems associated with stratospheric ozone depletion and global warming have and will continue to be the driving force behind the radical changes in the refrigeration industry worldwide. Stakeholders in the refrigeration and air conditioning industry now face the challenge and opportunity to address the requirements of the Montreal Protocol and Kyoto Protocol in a professional manner by selecting a low or zero ozone depleting refrigerant with a minimal global warming potential. energy consumption or safety. As this document considers a very dynamic subject which will change with the development of new refrigerants and technologies. technicians and operators/owners to keep abreast of ongoing developments and technology affecting the longevity of our industry.: (03) 9614 8949 www. The challenge therefore is to develop acceptable plans that lead directly to environmentally acceptable long-term solutions. This is especially true for the areas of commercial refrigeration and air conditioning systems with their wide range of applications.org. These changing times require system designers. AIR CONDITIONING & HEATING INC. within time frames that are consistent with both international and Australian legislative requirements. Your comments can be forwarded to AIRAH. without compromising system reliability. All new refrigerants noted in this guide are supported by a broad base of service capabilities and experience in Australia. 1 Elizabeth Street •Melbourne •VIC •3000 Tel.au Page 65 Seventh Edition –January 2003 . we invite those interested parties or persons to contribute their comments for consideration in future issues of this guide.airah. ABN 81 004 082 928 Level 7.: (03) 9614 8868 •Fax.
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