Source: http://slideplayer.com/slide/3729303/
Timestamp: 2016-12-05 00:39:43
Document Index: 365517427

Matched Legal Cases: ['§875', '§875', '§875', '§875', '§875', '§230', '§230']

Published byNash Gregory
Unless otherwise noted, the content of this course material is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Copyright 2008, Bryce Pilz. You assume all responsibility for use and potential liability associated with any use of the material. Material contains copyrighted content, used in accordance with U.S. law. Copyright holders of content included in this material should contact with any questions, corrections, or clarifications regarding the use of content. The Regents of the University of Michigan do not license the use of third party content posted to this site unless such a license is specifically granted in connection with particular content objects. Users of content are responsible for their compliance with applicable law. Mention of specific products in this recording solely represents the opinion of the speaker and does not represent an endorsement by the University of Michigan. 2
Cybercrime and Wrap-up Class 14 – December 5, 2008 SI 519 / PubPol 688 Bryce Pilz Fall 2008 3
Schedule 2:10 – Introduction/Pizza 2:20 – Student Presentation: Art of Music Sampling 2:35 – Student Presentation: Digital Divide 2:45 – Guest Speaker: International Dispute Resolution and Arbitration 3:10 – Cybercrime Introduction 3:20 – Jake Baker Case 3:50 – Break 4:00 – Student Presentation: Comic Copyright Issues 4:10 – Class Drill: MySpace Cyberbullying 4:40 - Closing 4
ICANN Board of Directors “Section 3. CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF DIRECTORS ICANN Directors shall be: 1. Accomplished persons of integrity, objectivity, and intelligence, with reputations for sound judgment and open minds, and a demonstrated capacity for thoughtful group decision-making;” Source: ICANN Bylaws, Article VI, Section 3, Clause 1 (full text)full text 5
ICANN Board of Directors “2. Persons with an understanding of ICANN's mission and the potential impact of ICANN decisions on the global Internet community, and committed to the success of ICANN;” Source: ICANN Bylaws, Article VI, Section 3, Clause 2 (full text)full text 6
ICANN Board of Directors “3. Persons who will produce the broadest cultural and geographic diversity on the Board consistent with meeting the other criteria set forth in this Section;” Source: ICANN Bylaws, Article VI, Section 3, Clause 3 (full text)full text 7
ICANN Board of Directors “4. Persons who, in the aggregate, have personal familiarity with the operation of gTLD registries and registrars; with ccTLD registries; with IP address registries; with Internet technical standards and protocols; with policy- development procedures, legal traditions, and the public interest; and with the broad range of business, individual, academic, and non- commercial users of the Internet; “ Source: ICANN Bylaws, Article VI, Section 3, Clause 4 (full text)full text 8
ICANN Board of Directors “5. Persons who are willing to serve as volunteers, without compensation other than the reimbursement of certain expenses; and” Source: ICANN Bylaws, Article VI, Section 3, Clause 5 (full text)full text 9
ICANN Board of Directors “6. Persons who are able to work and communicate in written and spoken English.” Source: ICANN Bylaws, Article VI, Section 3, Clause 6 (full text)full text 10
ICANN Board of Directors “In order to ensure broad international representation on the Board… at all times each Geographic Region shall have at least one Director, and at all times no region shall have more than five Directors on the Board…” Source: ICANN Bylaws, Article VI, Section 5, (full text)full text 11
ICANN Board of Directors "Geographic Region” = Europe; Asia/Australia/Pacific; Latin America/Caribbean islands; Africa; and North America. “Geographic Regions” - reviewed by the Board from time to time (but at least every three years) to determine whether any change is appropriate, taking account of the evolution of the Internet.” Source: ICANN Bylaws, Article VI, Section 5, (full text)full text 12
ICANN Meetings Rotate between Geographic Regions – Paris in June ’08 – Cairo in November ’08 13
ICANN Staff 73 staff members NO members from Latin America, 4 from Africa, 13 from Europe, and 45, or 62% of staff members, are from the North American region, of which 41 are from the United States. 14
Cybercrime Overview 15
Cybercrime Criminal law v. criminal procedure Study of Cybercrime – analysis of criminal law and criminal procedure in the context of the Internet or computer networks 16
Cybercrimes Traditional crimes performed with computers Criminal intellectual property violations Unauthorized access to computers Crimes in a virtual world 17
Kerr: Criminal Law in Virtual Worlds Physical perspective v. virtual perspective Applying criminal law in virtual worlds? 18
Criminal Law Overview Actus Reus v. Mens Rea Actus Reus – The act – a bodily movement Mens Rea – The required mental state – Not always expressly provided – General v. specific intent 19
Jake Baker Case 20
Communicated over usenet and with Canadian detailing plans for pretty bad things Discovered by UM alum in Russia DPS confiscated evidence, found other s Federal agents charged Baker with violating 18 U.S.C. §875(c) 22
18 U.S.C. §875(c) “(c) Whoever transmits in interstate or foreign commerce any communication containing any threat to kidnap any person or any threat to injure the person of another, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than five years, or both.” 23
§875(c) Mens rea element? Courts have interpreted 875(c) requires proof that a reasonable person would have taken the statement as “a serious expression of an intention to inflict bodily harm.” Source: United States v. Khorrami, 895 F.2d 1186, 1192 (7th Cir. 1990) 24
History of 875(c) Charles Lindbergh Source: 25
History of 875(c) 1932: intended to prevent use of the mail to transmit threats – Sender must have intended “to extort… money or other things of value” Motivated by kidnapping of Lindbergh’s infant and kidnapper’s use of mail to convey threats Source: 1932 Extortion Statute (July 8, 1932, ch. 464, Sec. 1, 47 Stat. 649) 26
History of 875(c) 1934: modified to extend to any kind of communication (due to telegraph and telephone) BY: mrbill (flickr)flickr 27
History of 875(c) 1939: expanded to extend to non-extortionate threats – Adjusted punishment based on extortionate intent 28
District Court Supreme Court – true threats not protected by First Amendment – “true threats” = express and unconditional – E.g. LBJ case – overturned conviction based on “If they ever make me carry a rifle the first man I want to get in my sights is LBJ” District Court – dismissed indictment on First Amendment grounds – Baker’s statements fell short of “true threats” Source: Watts v. United States, 394 U.S. 705 (1969) 29
6 th Circuit Government appealed to 6 th Circuit 30
6 th Circuit Holding Did not address First Amendment Held that indictment failed to state claim because it did not satisfy the “communicate a threat” element of 875(c) 31
6 th Circuit Reasoning A literal reading of 875(c) would lead to absurd results 32
6 th Circuit Reasoning Therefore, “a communication containing a threat” must be such that a reasonable person (1) would take the statement as a serious expression of an intention to inflict bodily harm (mens rea); and (2) would perceive such expression as being communicated to effect some change or achieve some goal through intimidation (the actus reus) Source: U.S. v. Alkhabaz, 104 F.3d 1492 (6th Cir. 1997) 33
6 th Circuit Reasoning “no reasonable person would perceive such communications as being conveyed to effect some change or achieve some goal through intimidation.” – Government failed to allege a communication containing a threat Purpose was to “foster a friendship” not to convey a threat. Source: U.S. v. Alkhabaz, 104 F.3d 1492 (6th Cir. 1997) 34
Impact on Cybercrime “new technology such as the Internet may complicate analysis [by courts] and may sometimes require new or modified laws.” – First decisions to apply 875(c) to electronic media – Some commentators concerned that court applied 875(c) differently b/c this was new technology Whether it’s a First Amendment analysis or a strict reading of 875(c), we see concerns over chilling expression or over-reaching in the criminal context Source: U.S v. Baker, 890 F.Supp (E.D. Mich. 1995) 35
Dissent Statutory interpretation issue “The words in §875(c) are simple, clear, and concise, and unambiguous. The plain, expressed statutory language commands only that the alleged communication must contain ‘any threat’ to kidnap or physically injure ‘any person’, made for ‘any reason’ or ‘no reason.’” Source: U.S. v. Alkhabaz, 104 F.3d 1492 (6th Cir. 1997) 36
MySpace Cyber-bullying – Lori Drew 37
Falling out 13-year old victim Drew’s 13- year old daughter 39
Fall 2006: “Josh Evans” account created Source: 40
“Josh Evans” Victim BY: Jeremy Banks (flickr)flickr /licenses/by/2.0/deed.en BY: hildgrim (flickr)flickr /licenses/by/2.0/deed.en 41
“Josh Evans” Victim “The world would be a better place without you.” “You’re the kind of boy a girl would kill herself over.” BY: Jeremy Banks (flickr)flickr /licenses/by/2.0/deed.en BY: hildgrim (flickr)flickr /licenses/by/2.0/deed.en 42
MySpace Terms of Service 43
MySpace TOS Source: 44
MySpace TOS “you represent and warrant that (a) all registration information you submit is truthful and accurate;” “you will maintain the accuracy of such information;” Source: 45
MySpace TOS Will not use information obtained from MySace to “harass, abuse, or harm other people;” Will not “solicit personal information from anyone under 13;” and Will not promote “information known to be false or misleading.” Will not use pictures of person without that person’s permission. Source: 46
Jurisdiction Defendant Victim Source: Source: BY: Jesse Wagstaff (flickr)flickr 47
Prosecution in Missouri? Missouri harassment laws at the time limited to telephone harassment Obscenity laws didn’t fit No “Threat” under §875(c) Homicide laws didn’t fit (problems with the actus reus) 48
Indictment in C.D. Cal Computer Fraud Abuse Act Felony counts – causing emotional distress – Greater than 1 year in prison Misdemeanor counts – not requiring emotional distress – 1 year or less in prison 49
Computer Fraud and Abuse Act Intentionally accessing a computer without authorization; or exceeding authorized access, And thereby obtaining information from any protected computer Involving interstate or foreign communication 50
CFAA “without access” not defined “exceeds authorized access” = “to access a computer without authorization and to use such access to obtain or alter information in the computer that the accessor is not entitled so to obtain or alter” Source: The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (18 USC 1030) 51
CFAA History 1984 – Counterfeit Access Device and Computer Fraud and Abuse Act House Committee: “section 1030 deals with an ‘unauthorized access’ concept of computer fraud rather than the mere use of a computer. Thus, the conduct prohibited is analogous to that of ‘breaking and entering’ rather than using a computer … in committing the offense.” Source: H.R. Rep. No at 20 (1984) 52
Closing Argument – U.S. "Folks, that's Josh Evans right there," U.S. Attorney O'Brien told the court. "Lori Drew decided to humiliate a child. The only way she could harm this pretty little girl was with a computer. She chose to use a computer to hurt a little girl, and for four weeks she enjoyed it." Reference: U.S.A. v. Lori Drew, No. 2:08-cr-582 (C.D. Cal., 2008) 53
Closing Argument - Defense "If you hadn't heard the indictment read to you, you'd think this was a homicide case," Drew's attorney, Dean Steward said. "And it's not a homicide case. This, ladies and gentlemen, is a computer case, and that's what you need to decide." Reference: U.S.A. v. Lori Drew, No. 2:08-cr-582 (C.D. Cal., 2008) 54
Final Message Excluded "The world would be a better place without you" Sent via IM, and not through interstate commerce – So excluded 55
Verdict Convicted of 3 misdemeanors under CFAA – Misdemeanors punishable by year or less in jail No conviction on felony charges under CFAA (to inflict emotional distress) – Felonies punishable with over a year in jail 56
Verdict 8 of 12 would have convicted on felonies: "I would have liked to see this lady go to jail to change the way Internet sites are run," said Kunasz, 25, a former hairdresser who lives in Los Angeles County. Source: Kohler, Jeremy and David Hunn. “Most jurors favored felony conviction for Lori Drew.” St. Louis Dispatch. 2 December 2008 (articKle)articKle 57
Verdict (cont.) "The thing that really bothered me was that [Drew's] attorney kept claiming that nobody reads the terms of service," she said. "I always read the terms of service… If you choose to be lazy and not go though that entire agreement or contract of agreement, then absolutely you should be held liable." Source: 58
Next Steps? Judge Wu has option to overturn verdict – Indicated that issue of whether Drew read TOS was “complicated legal question” Appeal to 9 th Circuit New laws? 59
MySpace Cyber-bullying Drill 60
Group 1 – “Breaking Up Is Hard To Do” New Missouri Cyber-bullying Statute – Criminalizes “two or more acts” that “serve no legitimate purpose” and “would cause a reasonable person… to be frightened, intimidated, or emotionally distressed.” – Aggravated crime if the actor is over 21 and the other person is under 17 Source: Missouri SB 818 (full text)full text 61
“legitimate purpose” What about: – First “let’s break up” (get a nasty response) – Second your nasty response – Third more nasty response – Jail??? 62
Group 2: “Where did it all go wrong?” 63
Jurisdiction Defendant Victim Source: BY: Jesse Wagstaff (flickr)flickr Source: 64
Issues Interstate commerce? (not knowingly) California? – What act occurred in California? – Do you agree? (should intent matter?) 65
Group 3: Just Like Your Mortgage Agreement USA Today editorial defending verdict Source: Ackerman, Nick. "The law fits the crime." USA Today. 3 December (article)article 66
Another example – Match.com 68
Group 4: Let’s Be Civil Civil: money not incarceration; preponderance of evidence not incarceration; less constitutional protection for defendant; only a remedying harm to a person, not necessarily to the public Source: "MySpace case bends the law." USA Today. 3 December (article)article 69
Group 5: What about MySpace? Supreme Court denied cert on case applying §230 to shield MySpace from claim that it doesn’t provide adequate safeguards against sexual predators. Should §230 protect MySpace if it was sued in civil court by the victim’s family in the Lori Drew case? 70
Group 6: Who’s there? Okay to have narrow statute targeting improper anonymous uses of Internet? Pending federal legislation targets anyone who uses “electronic means” with intent to “coerce, intimidate, harass, or cause emotional distress to a person” involving interstate commerce. Too broad? Ways to narrow? Source: H.R.6123 Megan Meier Cyberbullying Prevention Act 71
1 – First Amendment Content regulated  strict scrutiny: compelling gov. interest + narrowly tailored to that interest + no less restrictive means – Hard to overcome – 10 years since COPA enacted; still no enforceable law Anonymity is protected by itself This is a check on any regulation of expression: IP, defamation, election law, criminal laws, etc. Expression on Internet is protected (Reno v. ACLU, 1997) 73
2 - Copyright Purpose is to promote learning! – This includes both promoting creation of works and public’s access to those works When you lose sight of this purpose, you get: – Ambiguous fair use – No formalities, making it difficult to get permission – Long term – Derivative works protection Consistent with First Am.? Idea/Expression, Fair Use 74
3 – Public Licenses Rely on IP protection, don’t compete with it As Jacobsen v. Katzer (2007) case held – this is a different manner of licensing your rights (your rights don’t change) – Makes your public license much more enforceable, allowing owner to pass along openness requirements downstream 75
4- Privacy 4 th and 14 th Amendments are primary constitutional protections against Gov. invasion – Issue is “expectation of privacy” Federal laws governing private parties are piecemeal Lessig: many uses of personal information are beneficial, so it’s not an easy answer 76
Closing Thank you and good luck Download ppt "Unless otherwise noted, the content of this course material is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License."