Source: http://www.science.gov/topicpages/a/additional+computational+expense.html
Timestamp: 2016-10-26 23:16:26
Document Index: 785161014

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 990', '§ 990', '§ 990', 'art 1', '§ 953', '§ 946', '§ 947', '§ 946', '§ 946', '§ 953', '§ 947', '§ 947', '§ 947', '§ 946', '§ 947', '§ 953', '§ 953', '§ 953', '§ 946', 'art 4', 'art 4', '§ 1']

additional computational expense: Topics by Science.gov
Sample records for additional computational expense
An algorithm for computationally expensive engineering optimization problems
Yoel, Tenne
Modern engineering design often relies on computer simulations to evaluate candidate designs, a scenario which results in an optimization of a computationally expensive black-box function. In these settings, there will often exist candidate designs which cause the simulation to fail, and can therefore degrade the search effectiveness. To address this issue, this paper proposes a new metamodel-assisted computational intelligence optimization algorithm which incorporates classifiers into the optimization search. The classifiers predict which candidate designs are expected to cause the simulation to fail, and this prediction is used to bias the search towards designs predicted to be valid. To enhance the search effectiveness, the proposed algorithm uses an ensemble approach which concurrently employs several metamodels and classifiers. A rigorous performance analysis based on a set of simulation-driven design optimization problems shows the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
24 CFR 990.175 - Utilities expense level: Computation of the current consumption level.
...: Computation of the current consumption level. 990.175 Section 990.175 Housing and Urban Development... Calculating Formula Expenses § 990.175 Utilities expense level: Computation of the current consumption level. The current consumption level shall be the actual amount of each utility consumed during the...
24 CFR 990.180 - Utilities expense level: Computation of the rolling base consumption level.
...: Computation of the rolling base consumption level. 990.180 Section 990.180 Housing and Urban Development... Calculating Formula Expenses § 990.180 Utilities expense level: Computation of the rolling base consumption level. (a) General. (1) The rolling base consumption level (RBCL) shall be equal to the average...
...: Computation of the rolling base consumption level. 990.180 Section 990.180 Housing and Urban Development... Calculating Formula Expenses § 990.180 Utilities expense level: Computation of the rolling base consumption... RBCL not to be comparable to the current year's consumption level. (c) Financial incentives. The...
24 CFR 990.165 - Computation of project expense level (PEL).
... with 24 CFR 941.606 for a mixed-finance transaction, then the project covered by the mixed-finance... 24 Housing and Urban Development 4 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Computation of project expense level (PEL). 990.165 Section 990.165 Housing and Urban Development Regulations Relating to Housing...
... 24 Housing and Urban Development 4 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Utilities expense level: Computation of the current consumption level. 990.175 Section 990.175 Housing and Urban Development Regulations Relating to Housing and Urban Development (Continued) OFFICE OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR PUBLIC AND INDIAN HOUSING, DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND...
... 24 Housing and Urban Development 4 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Utilities expense level: Computation of the rolling base consumption level. 990.180 Section 990.180 Housing and Urban Development Regulations Relating to Housing and Urban Development (Continued) OFFICE OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR PUBLIC AND INDIAN HOUSING, DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING...
... 24 Housing and Urban Development 4 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Utilities expense level: Computation of the current consumption level. 990.175 Section 990.175 Housing and Urban Development REGULATIONS RELATING TO HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT (CONTINUED) OFFICE OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR PUBLIC AND INDIAN HOUSING, DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND...
... 24 Housing and Urban Development 4 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Utilities expense level: Computation of the rolling base consumption level. 990.180 Section 990.180 Housing and Urban Development REGULATIONS RELATING TO HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT (CONTINUED) OFFICE OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR PUBLIC AND INDIAN HOUSING, DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING...
Efficient Methods for Bayesian Uncertainty Analysis and Global Optimization of Computationally Expensive Environmental Models
Shoemaker, Christine; Espinet, Antoine; Pang, Min
Models of complex environmental systems can be computationally expensive in order to describe the dynamic interactions of the many components over a sizeable time period. Diagnostics of these systems can include forward simulations of calibrated models under uncertainty and analysis of alternatives of systems management. This discussion will focus on applications of new surrogate optimization and uncertainty analysis methods to environmental models that can enhance our ability to extract information and understanding. For complex models, optimization and especially uncertainty analysis can require a large number of model simulations, which is not feasible for computationally expensive models. Surrogate response surfaces can be used in Global Optimization and Uncertainty methods to obtain accurate answers with far fewer model evaluations, which made the methods practical for computationally expensive models for which conventional methods are not feasible. In this paper we will discuss the application of the SOARS surrogate method for estimating Bayesian posterior density functions for model parameters for a TOUGH2 model of geologic carbon sequestration. We will also briefly discuss new parallel surrogate global optimization algorithm applied to two groundwater remediation sites that was implemented on a supercomputer with up to 64 processors. The applications will illustrate the use of these methods to predict the impact of monitoring and management on subsurface contaminants.
Global and Local Optimization Methods for Calibration and Design of Computationally Expensive Hydrologic Models
Shoemaker, C. A.; Singh, A.
This paper will describe some new optimization algorithms and their application to hydrologic models. The approaches include a parallel version of a new heuristic algorithm combined with tabu search and a mathematically derived global optimization method that is based on trust region methods. The goals of these methods are to find optimal solutions to calibration problems and to design problems with relatively few simulations or (in a parallel environment) relatively little wallclock time. This is important because currently it is not possible to apply global optimization methods like genetic algorithms to computationally expensive simulation models like partial differential equations (with many nodes in groundwater) because it is not feasible to do thousands of simulations to evaluate the objective/fitness function. Results of the application of the algorithms to some complex models of groundwater contamination and phosphorous transport in watersheds will be presented.
Efficient Parameter Estimation and Uncertainty Quantification for Computationally Expensive Simulations with Subsurface and Hydrology Applications
Shoemaker, C. A.; Singh, A.; Wang, Y.; Woodbury, J.
Solving inverse problems for nonlinear simulation models with a nonlinear objective is usually a global optimization problem. This talk will discuss algorithms that employ response surfaces as a surrogate for an expensive simulation model or parallel computing to significantly reduce the computational time required to solve continuous global optimization problems and uncertainty analysis of simulation models that require a substantial amount of CPU time for each simulation. In order to reduce the number of simulations required, we are interested in utilizing information from all previous simulations done as part of an optimization search by building a (radial basis function) multivariate response surface that interpolates these earlier simulations. We will present examples of the application of these methods to significant environmental problems described by computationally intensive simulation models used worldwide including a large groundwater aquifer and a watershed model SWAT, which is used to describe potential pollution of NYC's drinking water. The models use site-specific data and the new algorithms are compared to well-known methods like PEST, SQP, and genetic algorithms. We will also describe an uncertainty analysis method SOARS that uses derivative-free optimization to help construct a response surface of the likelihood function to which Markov Chain Monte Carlo is applied. This approach has been shown to reduce CPU requirements to less than 1/10 of what is required by conventional MCMC uncertainty analysis. The computational methods described here are general and can be applied to a wide range of scientific and engineering problems described by nonlinear simulation models including those in the geosciences. Contact the senior author about open source software.
... with 24 CFR 941.606 for a mixed-finance transaction, then the project covered by the mixed-finance... using regression analysis and benchmarking for the actual costs of Federal Housing Administration (FHA... for the area in which the PHA is located, and non-wage expenses. (e) Calculating a PEL. To calculate...
Parameter Estimation of Computationally Expensive Watershed Models Through Efficient Multi-objective Optimization and Interactive Decision Analytics
Akhtar, Taimoor; Shoemaker, Christine
Watershed model calibration is inherently a multi-criteria problem. Conflicting trade-offs exist between different quantifiable calibration criterions indicating the non-existence of a single optimal parameterization. Hence, many experts prefer a manual approach to calibration where the inherent multi-objective nature of the calibration problem is addressed through an interactive, subjective, time-intensive and complex decision making process. Multi-objective optimization can be used to efficiently identify multiple plausible calibration alternatives and assist calibration experts during the parameter estimation process. However, there are key challenges to the use of multi objective optimization in the parameter estimation process which include: 1) multi-objective optimization usually requires many model simulations, which is difficult for complex simulation models that are computationally expensive; and 2) selection of one from numerous calibration alternatives provided by multi-objective optimization is non-trivial. This study proposes a "Hybrid Automatic Manual Strategy" (HAMS) for watershed model calibration to specifically address the above-mentioned challenges. HAMS employs a 3-stage framework for parameter estimation. Stage 1 incorporates the use of an efficient surrogate multi-objective algorithm, GOMORS, for identification of numerous calibration alternatives within a limited simulation evaluation budget. The novelty of HAMS is embedded in Stages 2 and 3 where an interactive visual and metric based analytics framework is available as a decision support tool to choose a single calibration from the numerous alternatives identified in Stage 1. Stage 2 of HAMS provides a goodness-of-fit measure / metric based interactive framework for identification of a small subset (typically less than 10) of meaningful and diverse set of calibration alternatives from the numerous alternatives obtained in Stage 1. Stage 3 incorporates the use of an interactive visual
Bayesian Uncertainty Analysis SOARS for Computationally Expensive Simulation Models with Application to Contaminant Hydrology in the Cannonsville Watershed
Shoemaker, C. A.; Cowan, D.; Woodbury, J.; Ruppert, D.; Bliznyuk, N.; Wang, Y.; Li, Y.
This paper presents application of a new computationally efficient method SOARS for statistically rigorous assessment of uncertainty in parameters and model output when the model is calibrated to field data. The SOARS method is general and is here applied to watershed problems The innovative aspect of this procedure is that an optimization method is first used to find the maximum likelihood estimator and then the costly simulations done during the optimization are re-used to build a response surface model of the likelihood function. Markov Chain Monte Carlo is applied then to the response surface model to obtain the posterior distributions of the model parameters and the appropriate transformations to correct for non-normal error. On a hazardous spill in channel problem and on a small watershed (37 km2), the computational effort to obtain roughly the same accuracy of solution is 150 model simulations for the SOARS method versus 10,000 simulations for conventional MCMC analysis, which is more than a 60 fold reduction in computational effort. For the larger Cannonsville Watershed (1200 km2) the method is expanded to provide posterior densities not only on parameter values but also on multiple model predictions. Available software for the method will be discussed as well as SOAR’s use for assessing the impact of climate change on hydrology and water-borne pollutant transport in the Cannonsville basin and other watersheds.
Addition of flexible body option to the TOLA computer program, part 1
This report describes a flexible body option that was developed and added to the Takeoff and Landing Analysis (TOLA) computer program. The addition of the flexible body option to TOLA allows it to be used to study essentially any conventional type airplane in the ground operating environment. It provides the capability to predict the total motion of selected points on the analytical methods incorporated in the program and operating instructions for the option are described. A program listing is included along with several example problems to aid in interpretation of the operating instructions and to illustrate program usage.
11 CFR 9008.10 - Documentation of disbursements; net outstanding convention expenses.
... CFR 9008.10 during the audit of that committee under 11 CFR 9008.11. (h) Production of computer... outstanding convention expenses. In addition to the requirements set forth at 11 CFR 102.9(b), the convention... documenting campaign receipts and disbursements, for a period of three years pursuant to 11 CFR 102.9(c),...
Harp, D. R.; Pawar, R.
Depleted oil and gas reserves have abandoned wellbore densities up to 10 per square kilometer (Crow, 2010). These locations are considered to have favorable geological structure and properties for CO2 sequestration. To understand the risk of CO2 leakage along these abandoned wellbores requires the simulation of a comprehensive set of realizations encompassing the potential scenarios. The simulations must capture transient, 3D, multi-phase effects (i.e. supercritical, liquid, and gas CO2 phases along with liquid reservoir and aquifer fluids), and include capillary and buoyant flow. Performing a large number of these simulations becomes computationally burdensome. In order to reduce this computational burden, regression approaches have been used to develop computationally efficient reduced order models to try to capture the general trends of the simulations. In these approaches, model inputs and outputs are collected from the transient simulations at each time step. Recognizing that many of the inputs to the regression approach come from time series (i.e. pressures and CO2 saturations) and that all of the outputs are time series (i.e. CO2 and brine flow rates), we develop a time-series matching approach. In this approach, CO2 and brine flow rate time series are estimated given input time series and parameters by averaging the flow rates of the collected simulations weighted by the similarity of their input time series and parameter. Similarity of both time series and parameters is calculated by the Euclidean distance. Euclidean distances are converted to a generalized likelihood metric, and used to weight the flow-rate time-series averages. We present a comparison of this time series matching approach to the MARS algorithm.
Seddiqzai, Meriam; Dahmen, Tobias; Sure, Rebecca
Summary The intramolecular radical addition to aniline derivatives was investigated by DFT calculations. The computational methods were benchmarked by comparing the calculated values of the rate constant for the 5-exo cyclization of the hexenyl radical with the experimental values. The dispersion-corrected PW6B95-D3 functional provided very good results with deviations for the free activation barrier compared to the experimental values of only about 0.5 kcal mol−1 and was therefore employed in further calculations. Corrections for intramolecular London dispersion and solvation effects in the quantum chemical treatment are essential to obtain consistent and accurate theoretical data. For the investigated radical addition reaction it turned out that the polarity of the molecules is important and that a combination of electrophilic radicals with preferably nucleophilic arenes results in the highest rate constants. This is opposite to the Minisci reaction where the radical acts as nucleophile and the arene as electrophile. The substitution at the N-atom of the aniline is crucial. Methyl substitution leads to slower addition than phenyl substitution. Carbamates as substituents are suitable only when the radical center is not too electrophilic. No correlations between free reaction barriers and energies (ΔG ‡ and ΔG R) are found. Addition reactions leading to indanes or dihydrobenzofurans are too slow to be useful synthetically. PMID:24062821
Gansäuer, Andreas; Seddiqzai, Meriam; Dahmen, Tobias; Sure, Rebecca; Grimme, Stefan
The intramolecular radical addition to aniline derivatives was investigated by DFT calculations. The computational methods were benchmarked by comparing the calculated values of the rate constant for the 5-exo cyclization of the hexenyl radical with the experimental values. The dispersion-corrected PW6B95-D3 functional provided very good results with deviations for the free activation barrier compared to the experimental values of only about 0.5 kcal mol(-1) and was therefore employed in further calculations. Corrections for intramolecular London dispersion and solvation effects in the quantum chemical treatment are essential to obtain consistent and accurate theoretical data. For the investigated radical addition reaction it turned out that the polarity of the molecules is important and that a combination of electrophilic radicals with preferably nucleophilic arenes results in the highest rate constants. This is opposite to the Minisci reaction where the radical acts as nucleophile and the arene as electrophile. The substitution at the N-atom of the aniline is crucial. Methyl substitution leads to slower addition than phenyl substitution. Carbamates as substituents are suitable only when the radical center is not too electrophilic. No correlations between free reaction barriers and energies (ΔG (‡) and ΔG R) are found. Addition reactions leading to indanes or dihydrobenzofurans are too slow to be useful synthetically. PMID:24062821
Computing the acoustic radiation force exerted on a sphere using the translational addition theorem.
Silva, Glauber T; Baggio, André L; Lopes, J Henrique; Mitri, Farid G
In this paper, the translational addition theorem for spherical functions is employed to calculate the acoustic radiation force produced by an arbitrary shaped beam on a sphere arbitrarily suspended in an inviscid fluid. The procedure is also based on the partial-wave expansion method, which depends on the beam-shape and scattering coefficients. Given a set of beam-shape coefficients (BSCs) for an acoustic beam relative to a reference frame, the translational addition theorem can be used to obtain the BSCs relative to the sphere positioned anywhere in the medium. The scattering coefficients are obtained from the acoustic boundary conditions across the sphere's surface. The method based on the addition theorem is particularly useful to avoid quadrature schemes to obtain the BSCs. We use it to compute the acoustic radiation force exerted by a spherically focused beam (in the paraxial approximation) on a silicone-oil droplet (compressible fluid sphere). The analysis is carried out in the Rayleigh (i.e., the particle diameter is much smaller than the wavelength) and Mie (i.e., the particle diameter is of the order of the wavelength or larger) scattering regimes. The obtained results show that the paraxial focused beam can only trap particles in the Rayleigh scattering regime. PMID:25768823
7 CFR 953.25 - Expenses and compensation.
... 7 Agriculture 8 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Expenses and compensation. 953.25 Section 953.25... SOUTHEASTERN STATES Order Regulating Handling Administrative Committee § 953.25 Expenses and compensation... powers under this subpart. In addition, they may receive reasonable compensation at a rate recommended...
7 CFR 946.30 - Expenses and compensation.
... 7 Agriculture 8 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Expenses and compensation. 946.30 Section 946.30... WASHINGTON Order Regulating Handling Administrative Committee § 946.30 Expenses and compensation. Committee... their powers under this subpart. In addition, they may receive reasonable compensation at a...
7 CFR 947.31 - Expenses and compensation.
... 7 Agriculture 8 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Expenses and compensation. 947.31 Section 947.31... Administrative Committee § 947.31 Expenses and compensation. Committee members and their respective alternates... addition, they may receive reasonable compensation at a rate recommended by the committee and approved...
... 7 Agriculture 8 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Expenses and compensation. 946.30 Section 946.30... WASHINGTON Order Regulating Handling Administrative Committee § 946.30 Expenses and compensation. Committee... their powers under this subpart. In addition, they may receive reasonable compensation at a...
... 7 Agriculture 8 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Expenses and compensation. 946.30 Section 946.30... WASHINGTON Order Regulating Handling Administrative Committee § 946.30 Expenses and compensation. Committee... their powers under this subpart. In addition, they may receive reasonable compensation at a...
... 7 Agriculture 8 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Expenses and compensation. 953.25 Section 953.25... SOUTHEASTERN STATES Order Regulating Handling Administrative Committee § 953.25 Expenses and compensation... powers under this subpart. In addition, they may receive reasonable compensation at a rate recommended...
... 7 Agriculture 8 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Expenses and compensation. 947.31 Section 947.31... Administrative Committee § 947.31 Expenses and compensation. Committee members and their respective alternates... addition, they may receive reasonable compensation at a rate recommended by the committee and approved...
... 7 Agriculture 8 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Expenses and compensation. 947.31 Section 947.31... Administrative Committee § 947.31 Expenses and compensation. Committee members and their respective alternates... addition, they may receive reasonable compensation at a rate recommended by the committee and approved...
... 7 Agriculture 8 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Expenses and compensation. 947.31 Section 947.31... Administrative Committee § 947.31 Expenses and compensation. Committee members and their respective alternates... addition, they may receive reasonable compensation at a rate recommended by the committee and approved...
... 7 Agriculture 8 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Expenses and compensation. 946.30 Section 946.30... WASHINGTON Order Regulating Handling Administrative Committee § 946.30 Expenses and compensation. Committee... their powers under this subpart. In addition, they may receive reasonable compensation at a...
... 7 Agriculture 8 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Expenses and compensation. 947.31 Section 947.31... Administrative Committee § 947.31 Expenses and compensation. Committee members and their respective alternates... addition, they may receive reasonable compensation at a rate recommended by the committee and approved...
... 7 Agriculture 8 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Expenses and compensation. 953.25 Section 953.25... SOUTHEASTERN STATES Order Regulating Handling Administrative Committee § 953.25 Expenses and compensation... powers under this subpart. In addition, they may receive reasonable compensation at a rate recommended...
... 7 Agriculture 8 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Expenses and compensation. 953.25 Section 953.25... SOUTHEASTERN STATES Order Regulating Handling Administrative Committee § 953.25 Expenses and compensation... powers under this subpart. In addition, they may receive reasonable compensation at a rate recommended...
... 7 Agriculture 8 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Expenses and compensation. 953.25 Section 953.25... SOUTHEASTERN STATES Order Regulating Handling Administrative Committee § 953.25 Expenses and compensation... powers under this subpart. In addition, they may receive reasonable compensation at a rate recommended...
... 7 Agriculture 8 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Expenses and compensation. 946.30 Section 946.30... WASHINGTON Order Regulating Handling Administrative Committee § 946.30 Expenses and compensation. Committee... their powers under this subpart. In addition, they may receive reasonable compensation at a...
The Effects of Computer-Assisted Instruction on Student Achievement in Addition and Subtraction at First Grade Level.
Spivey, Patsy M.
This study was conducted to determine whether the traditional classroom approach to instruction involving the addition and subtraction of number facts (digits 0-6) is more or less effective than the traditional classroom approach plus a commercially-prepared computer game. A pretest-posttest control group design was used with two groups of first…
17 CFR Appendix B to Part 4 - Adjustments for Additions and Withdrawals in the Computation of Rate of Return
... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Adjustments for Additions and Withdrawals in the Computation of Rate of Return B Appendix B to Part 4 Commodity and Securities Exchanges COMMODITY FUTURES TRADING COMMISSION COMMODITY POOL OPERATORS AND COMMODITY TRADING ADVISORS Pt. 4, App....
Subsonic flutter analysis addition to NASTRAN. [for use with CDC 6000 series digital computers
Doggett, R. V., Jr.; Harder, R. L.
A subsonic flutter analysis capability has been developed for NASTRAN, and a developmental version of the program has been installed on the CDC 6000 series digital computers at the Langley Research Center. The flutter analysis is of the modal type, uses doublet lattice unsteady aerodynamic forces, and solves the flutter equations by using the k-method. Surface and one-dimensional spline functions are used to transform from the aerodynamic degrees of freedom to the structural degrees of freedom. Some preliminary applications of the method to a beamlike wing, a platelike wing, and a platelike wing with a folded tip are compared with existing experimental and analytical results.
Pierri-Galvao, Monica
Nowadays, data acquisition software and sensors are being widely used in introductory physics laboratories. This allows the student to spend more time exploring the data that is collected by the computer hence focusing more on the physical concept. Very often, a faculty is faced with the challenge of updating or introducing a microcomputer-based laboratory (MBL) at his or her institution. This article will provide a list of experiments and equipment needed to convert about half of the traditional labs on a 1-year introductory physics lab into MBLs. PMID:22346229
Addition of higher order plate and shell elements into NASTRAN computer program
Narayanaswami, R.; Goglia, G. L.
Two higher order plate elements, the linear strain triangular membrane element and the quintic bending element, along with a shallow shell element, suitable for inclusion into the NASTRAN (NASA Structural Analysis) program are described. Additions to the NASTRAN Theoretical Manual, Users' Manual, Programmers' Manual and the NASTRAN Demonstration Problem Manual, for inclusion of these elements into the NASTRAN program are also presented.
Im, G-Yoon J.; Bronner, Sarah M.; Goetz, Adam E.; Paton, Robert S.; Cheong, Paul H.-Y.; Houk, K. N.; Garg, Neil K.
Efficient syntheses of 4,5-, 5,6-, and 6,7-indolyne precursors beginning from commercially available hydroxyindole derivatives are reported. The synthetic routes are versatile and allow access to indolyne precursors that remain unsubstituted on the pyrrole ring. Indolynes can be generated under mild fluoride-mediated conditions, trapped by a variety of nucleophilic reagents, and used to access a number of novel substituted indoles. Nucleophilic addition reactions to indolynes proceed with varying degrees of regioselectivity; distortion energies control regioselectivity and provide a simple model to predict the regioselectivity in the nucleophilic additions to indolynes and other unsymmetrical arynes. This model has led to the design of a substituted 4,5-indolyne that exhibits enhanced nucleophilic regioselectivity. PMID:21114321
Addition of visual noise boosts evoked potential-based brain-computer interface.
Xie, Jun; Xu, Guanghua; Wang, Jing; Zhang, Sicong; Zhang, Feng; Li, Yeping; Han, Chengcheng; Li, Lili
Although noise has a proven beneficial role in brain functions, there have not been any attempts on the dedication of stochastic resonance effect in neural engineering applications, especially in researches of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). In our study, a steady-state motion visual evoked potential (SSMVEP)-based BCI with periodic visual stimulation plus moderate spatiotemporal noise can achieve better offline and online performance due to enhancement of periodic components in brain responses, which was accompanied by suppression of high harmonics. Offline results behaved with a bell-shaped resonance-like functionality and 7-36% online performance improvements can be achieved when identical visual noise was adopted for different stimulation frequencies. Using neural encoding modeling, these phenomena can be explained as noise-induced input-output synchronization in human sensory systems which commonly possess a low-pass property. Our work demonstrated that noise could boost BCIs in addressing human needs. PMID:24828128
Computations on the primary photoreaction of Br2 with CO2: stepwise vs concerted addition of Br atoms.
Xu, Kewei; Korter, Timothy M; Braiman, Mark S
It was proposed previously that Br2-sensitized photolysis of liquid CO2 proceeds through a metastable primary photoproduct, CO2Br2. Possible mechanisms for such a photoreaction are explored here computationally. First, it is shown that the CO2Br radical is not stable in any geometry. This rules out a free-radical mechanism, for example, photochemical splitting of Br2 followed by stepwise addition of Br atoms to CO2-which in turn accounts for the lack of previously observed Br2+CO2 photochemistry in gas phases. A possible alternative mechanism in liquid phase is formation of a weakly bound CO2:Br2 complex, followed by concerted photoaddition of Br2. This hypothesis is suggested by the previously published spectroscopic detection of a binary CO2:Br2 complex in the supersonically cooled gas phase. We compute a global binding-energy minimum of -6.2 kJ mol(-1) for such complexes, in a linear geometry. Two additional local minima were computed for perpendicular (C2v) and nearly parallel asymmetric planar geometries, both with binding energies near -5.4 kJ mol(-1). In these two latter geometries, C-Br and O-Br bond distances are simultaneously in the range of 3.5-3.8 Å, that is, perhaps suitable for a concerted photoaddition under the temperature and pressure conditions where Br2 + CO2 photochemistry has been observed. PMID:25767936
26 CFR 1.709-1T - Treatment of organizational expenses and syndication costs (temporary).
... the partnership. A change in the characterization of an item as an organizational expense is a change... additional $10,000 of organizational expenses and must change its method under § 1.446-1(e) and the... using an impermissible method of accounting for the organizational expenses and must change its...
... Angeles to visit friends and relatives. In addition, A detours into Mexico for sight-seeing. Because of...) all computations are to be made on the basis of a straight-line measurement. (3) Principal place of... expense. On the other hand, had N made no allocation between deductible and non-deductible items, B...
... as water), if any, to be furnished by the LHA as part of operating expense; (4) Routine maintenance... local taxing body, collection losses, payroll taxes, etc.; (7) Nonroutine maintenance—common property... computed on the basis of the total number of homes in the development (i. e., the annual amount...
Turbulence computations with 3-D small-scale additive turbulent decomposition and data-fitting using chaotic map combinations
Although the equations governing turbulent fluid flow, the Navier-Stokes (N.S.) equations, have been known for well over a century and there is a clear technological necessity in obtaining solutions to these equations, turbulence remains one of the principal unsolved problems in physics today. It is still not possible to make accurate quantitative predictions about turbulent flows without relying heavily on empirical data. In principle, it is possible to obtain turbulent solutions from a direct numerical simulation (DNS) of the N.-S. equations. The author first provides a brief introduction to the dynamics of turbulent flows. The N.-S. equations which govern fluid flow, are described thereafter. Then he gives a brief overview of DNS calculations and where they stand at present. He next introduces the two most popular approaches for doing turbulent computations currently in use, namely, the Reynolds averaging of the N.-S. equations (RANS) and large-eddy simulation (LES). Approximations, often ad hoc ones, are present in these methods because use is made of heuristic models for turbulence quantities (the Reynolds stresses) which are otherwise unknown. They then introduce a new computational method called additive turbulent decomposition (ATD), the small-scale version of which is the topic of this research. The rest of the thesis is organized as follows. In Chapter 2 he describes the ATD procedure in greater detail; how dependent variables are split and the decomposition into large- and small-scale sets of equations. In Chapter 3 the spectral projection of the small-scale momentum equations are derived in detail. In Chapter 4 results of the computations with the small-scale ATD equations are presented. In Chapter 5 he describes the data-fitting procedure which can be used to directly specify the parameters of a chaotic-map turbulence model.
Smith, Jacob; Xiong, Wei; Yan, Wentao; Lin, Stephen; Cheng, Puikei; Kafka, Orion L.; Wagner, Gregory J.; Cao, Jian; Liu, Wing Kam
Additive manufacturing (AM) methods for rapid prototyping of 3D materials (3D printing) have become increasingly popular with a particular recent emphasis on those methods used for metallic materials. These processes typically involve an accumulation of cyclic phase changes. The widespread interest in these methods is largely stimulated by their unique ability to create components of considerable complexity. However, modeling such processes is exceedingly difficult due to the highly localized and drastic material evolution that often occurs over the course of the manufacture time of each component. Final product characterization and validation are currently driven primarily by experimental means as a result of the lack of robust modeling procedures. In the present work, the authors discuss primary detrimental hurdles that have plagued effective modeling of AM methods for metallic materials while also providing logical speculation into preferable research directions for overcoming these hurdles. The primary focus of this work encompasses the specific areas of high-performance computing, multiscale modeling, materials characterization, process modeling, experimentation, and validation for final product performance of additively manufactured metallic components.
The Effect of Emphasizing Mathematical Structure in the Acquisition of Whole Number Computation Skills (Addition and Subtraction) By Seven- and Eight-Year Olds: A Clinical Investigation.
Uprichard, A. Edward; Collura, Carolyn
This investigation sought to determine the effect of emphasizing mathematical structure in the acquisition of computational skills by seven- and eight-year-olds. The meaningful development-of-structure approach emphasized closure, commutativity, associativity, and the identity element of addition; the inverse relationship between addition and…
... 24 Housing and Urban Development 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Eligible community housing... community housing development organization (CHDO) operating expense and capacity building costs. (a) Up to 5... expenses of community housing development organizations (CHDOs). This amount is in addition to amounts...
Henline, P.A.
The increased use of UNIX based computer systems for machine control, data handling and analysis has greatly enhanced the operating scenarios and operating efficiency of the DRI-D tokamak. This paper will describe some of these UNIX systems and their specific uses. These include the plasma control system, the electron cyclotron heating control system, the analysis of electron temperature and density measurements and the general data acquisition system (which is collecting over 130 Mbytes of data). The speed and total capability of these systems has dramatically affected the ability to operate DIII-D. The improved operating scenarios include better plasma shape control due to the more thorough MHD calculations done between shots and the new ability to see the time dependence of profile data as it relates across different spatial locations in the tokamak. Other analysis which engenders improved operating abilities will be described.