Source: https://patents.google.com/patent/JP5681365B2/en
Timestamp: 2020-01-23 02:58:19
Document Index: 547922039

Matched Legal Cases: ['application No. 60', 'application No. 60', 'application No. 60', 'Application No. 60', 'art 20', 'art 30', 'Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60', 'art 20', 'art 20', 'art 20', 'art 20', 'art 30', 'art 30']

JP5681365B2 - Sterilization system and sterilizer - Google Patents
Sterilization system and sterilizer Download PDF
JP5681365B2
JP5681365B2 JP2009518282A JP2009518282A JP5681365B2 JP 5681365 B2 JP5681365 B2 JP 5681365B2 JP 2009518282 A JP2009518282 A JP 2009518282A JP 2009518282 A JP2009518282 A JP 2009518282A JP 5681365 B2 JP5681365 B2 JP 5681365B2
JP2009518282A
JP2009542333A (en
アーノルド、アーンスト、ヴィ．
ドレトスキ、ブレイン、ジー．
ダン、トーマス、エム．
ラウリ、ロバート、イー．
ミュラー、エドワード、ピー．
ベネデック、カレン、アール．
マーヴィル、マリー−ルイーズ
ノクシライザー，インコーポレイテッドＮｏｘｉｌｉｚｅｒ， Ｉｎｃｏｒｐｏｒａｔｅｄ
2006-06-30 Priority to US11/477,513 priority Critical
2006-06-30 Priority to US11/477,513 priority patent/US8017074B2/en
2007-06-29 Application filed by ノクシライザー，インコーポレイテッドＮｏｘｉｌｉｚｅｒ， Ｉｎｃｏｒｐｏｒａｔｅｄ, ノクシライザー，インコーポレイテッドＮｏｘｉｌｉｚｅｒ， Ｉｎｃｏｒｐｏｒａｔｅｄ filed Critical ノクシライザー，インコーポレイテッドＮｏｘｉｌｉｚｅｒ， Ｉｎｃｏｒｐｏｒａｔｅｄ
2007-06-29 Priority to PCT/US2007/015093 priority patent/WO2008005313A2/en
2009-12-03 Publication of JP2009542333A publication Critical patent/JP2009542333A/en
2015-03-04 Publication of JP5681365B2 publication Critical patent/JP5681365B2/en
This application claims priority from partly continued US patent application S.N. 11 / 477,513, "Sterilization System and Sterilizer" (filed June 30, 2006). This application is a continuation-in-part of international application PCT / US2005 / 000173 (filed on January 6, 2005), the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. International application PCT / US2005 / 000173 includes US provisional patent application No. 60 / 534,395 (filed January 7, 2004), US provisional patent application No. 60 / 575,421 (filed June 1, 2004), and Relying on the priority of application No. 60 / 564,589 (July 23, 2004), all of which are incorporated herein by reference. This application is related to US Provisional Patent Application No. 60 / 542,298 (filed February 9, 2004), which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
The present invention relates to a sterilization apparatus and a sterilization method using nitric oxide and / or other nitrogen oxides as sterilizing agents. Specifically, the present invention relates to an apparatus and method for using nitric oxide and / or nitrogen oxide for sterilization purposes.
In hospitals, steam autoclaving has become the standard for sterilization of medical devices. In this method, the material is exposed to water vapor at 121 ° C. and a pressure of 15-20 lbs / in 2 for 15-30 minutes. Sterilization is caused by heat denaturation of proteins and DNA and subsequent inhibition of metabolic functions. This method requires cumbersome equipment, power supplies and piping. However, the desktop type can be refilled with water. Apart from these transportation problems, autoclaving is not suitable for the treatment of many plastics and other heat-sensitive materials.
The sterilant gas sterilizes contaminating microorganisms and inhibits their growth. Some of these sterilant gases include chlorine dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, ozone, and ethylene oxide. One problem with many sterilant gases is the possibility of explosion at high concentrations (eg, ethylene oxide, hydrogen peroxide, chlorine dioxide). Therefore, preservation, storage, and use of these gases at a high concentration lead to user danger. For safety reasons, this determines the usable concentration of the gas and causes further disadvantages. Since the concentration of the sterilant gas must be reduced for safety considerations, it is necessary to extend the exposure time for effective sterilization.
Certain sterilant gases such as chlorine dioxide, ozone and hydrogen peroxide are difficult to transport and costly. Many of these sterilant gases are powerful oxidants. Oxidizing gas is expensive, and enormous paperwork is required for transportation in a large tank, making its use difficult. Gases such as ozone and chlorine dioxide need to be generated at or near the site of use. Installation of such a facility for generating chlorine dioxide, which is a sterilizing gas, is expensive and requires a large space.
Hamilton US Pat. No. 6,607,696 discloses an apparatus for supplying chlorine dioxide to sterilize or sterilize a liquid or an object in a liquid. This apparatus uses a permeable sachet containing a gas generating reactant, such as sodium chlorite and citric acid (a container that is permeable to liquid and gas). The liquid diffuses in the container to reach the gas generating reactant and generates a gas such as chlorine dioxide. The gas diffused out of the permeable sachet is not shielded from the environment / atmosphere. Multi-compartment devices that generate chlorine dioxide using gas generating components contained in closed containers such as sachets and jacketed containers that are permeable and allow the diffusion of liquids and gases through the containers are disclosed in U.S. Patents 6,602,466 and 6,607,696. Is disclosed. These systems are expensive and difficult to manufacture and cannot contain product gas to prevent unintentional release into the environment / atmosphere, and this gas is enclosed in a sealed container when sterilizing an object. Cannot be supplied accurately as expected by the user.
U.S. Patent No. 6,607,696 U.S. Patent No. 6,602,466
Accordingly, there is a need for a method and apparatus for generating sterilant gas safely and efficiently at the site of use. There is also a need for a process that can produce high concentrations of sterilant gas without the risk of explosion or oxidation fires. There is a need to increase the efficiency of the sterilization process by generating high concentrations of NO in a short period of time to shorten the exposure time. There is also a need for a system and method that economically generates small amounts of sterilant gas. If a small amount of sterilant gas can be generated economically, the sterilization system can be easily transported, and the portability of the system that is hardly seen in conventional sterilization apparatuses and sterilization methods can be obtained.
Considering the problems with existing gaseous sterilants and disinfectants, sterilant gases that are minimally explosive and oxidative fires can be adjusted in a fast, safe and economical manner. There is a need for sterilant gas generation systems and generation methods that can be generated. There is also a need for a sterilant gas that can be safely used at sufficiently high concentrations to reduce the time required for sterilization and sterilization. Also, for example, a sterilant gas that hardly changes or destroys the material to be sterilized and / or the object to be sterilized by changing the molecule of the material to be sterilized or changing the structure of the object or material. There is a need.
The present invention provides a method for generating and using one or more nitrogen oxides for sterilization and sterilization. These nitrogen oxides include nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, dinitrogen tetroxide, or pure or mixtures of other nitrogen oxides. By using a compound that generates nitric oxide upon acidification and mixing nitric oxide with ambient air in an exemplary apparatus, this method generates a series of water-soluble and fat-soluble nitrogen oxides. Each gas has its own antibacterial activity. In addition, the gas mixture produced by the present invention is less oxidizable than other sterilant gases and can be used safely. Also, this gas mixture does not have the explosive risk found in existing preferred sterilant gases.
FIG. 1 shows a sterilizer comprising a sterilization chamber (SC) 12, a gas generation chamber (GGC) 14, and a connecting tube 16 having a safety valve 18. The SC 12 has an exhaust port 22 connected to the opening / closing part 20, the connection port 15, and the exhaust tube 29. An exhaust valve 23 is attached to the exhaust tube 29. The GGC 14 contains a composition (sterilant gas generating composition) 24 capable of generating a sterilant gas. The GGC 14 has a connecting portion 17 to which the connecting tube 16 is attached and a filling port 21 for adding liquid. FIG. 2 shows another example of the sterilization chamber 12 provided with a membrane-type opening / closing part 30 for opening / closing the SC 12. FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the sterilization apparatus 100 of the present invention comprising a hard case having a gas pumping function and a scrubbing function. FIG. 4 shows the display time (when the nitrogen concentration is 0%, 0.025%, 0.050%, 0.100%, 0.150%, 0.200%, 0.250%, 0.350%) after exposure to about 1 day) NO 2, killing certain bioindicators, either alive is a graph showing the one intermediate is. Details of other tests are described in Example 31 and the like. FIG. 5 is a graph showing the sterilization efficiency of NO when a specific bioindicator is exposed in the atmosphere at concentrations of 0 to 1% and 6% for 5 to 120 minutes. Details of other tests are described in Example 31 and the like. FIG. 6 is a graph showing time and concentration regions showing NO sterilization efficiency and sustained sterilization efficiency when treated at various times and concentrations in the atmosphere. Details of other tests are described in Example 31 and the like. FIG. 7 more clearly shows sterilization and incomplete sterilization when treated at various NO concentrations (0 and 1%) for various times as shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 and as described in Example 31. It is a pair of figures shown. In this example, it can be seen that the product of the NO concentration and the exposure time is preferable to the prediction of the sterilization efficiency rather than the NO concentration alone. FIG. 8 shows that the sample to be sterilized is evacuated, the sample is placed in a vacuum, NO (or NO 2 or other nitrogen oxides) is added, humidified air is added, dry air is added, and final conditions are left FIG. 2 shows a preferred sterilization process.
The above features of the present invention can be more clearly understood with reference to the following specification.
The present invention relates to a method for generating or using nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, and / or other nitrogen oxides to sterilize or sterilize medical devices and instruments, materials, tools, and equipment that should be sterile. And provide equipment. The use of only nitric oxide or a mixture of nitrogen oxides produced by reaction with air as a sterilant or sterilant gas mixture is more advantageous than using other gases. The use of only nitrogen dioxide diluted with nitrogen or a mixture with other nitrogen oxides is also advantageous for sterilization and sterilization of objects and materials. Nitric oxide and other nitrogen oxides are not explosive even at high concentrations. Further, since the oxidation performance of nitric oxide and other nitrogen oxides is lower than that of peroxides and ozone, the range of materials that can be sterilized is widened. Another advantage of using nitric oxide and / or other nitric oxides is that their density is close to that of air and when mixed with air it is closed like chlorine dioxide, which is twice as dense as air. It does not settle to the bottom of the container.
Generating a mixture of nitrogen oxides can have further advantages over pure nitric oxide and other single composition sterilization gases. Nitric oxide is very fat-soluble and has the ability to disrupt microbial lipid membranes. Nitric oxide also inactivates thioproteins and disrupts functional proteins of microorganisms. Nitrogen dioxide is more water soluble than nitric oxide. Finally, nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide disrupt DNA very effectively, causing damage such as strand breaks that cause cells to fail.
A mixture of nitric oxide and air reacts to give a mixture containing many different nitrogen oxides. Specifically, when NO is added to air or air is added to NO, NO reacts with oxygen in the atmosphere to generate NO 2 . The concentration of each nitric oxide species present in the mixture varies with temperature, pressure, and initial concentration of nitric oxide.
In certain embodiments, nitric oxide is supplied at a concentration of 0.35% to 1% or more for 30 minutes or more. Preferably, the product of NO concentration (%) and time (min) is about 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 or more (for example, when the concentration is 0.35% and the time is 30 minutes, 10). In certain embodiments, the relative humidity is maintained at about 50% to 80% (or 60 to 80%), such as about 50%, 60%, 70%, or 80%. In certain embodiments, atmospheric NO concentrations are provided at about 0.25%, 0.35%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, or more. In a particular embodiment, the sample to be sterilized is first subjected to a vacuum of about 0.3 inch Hg (1.0 kPa) to about 5 inch Hg (16.9 kPa) , for example 0.3 inch (1.0 kPa) , Exposure to a 0.5 inch (1.7 kPa) , 1 inch (3.4 kPa) , 3 inch (10.2 kPa) , or 5 inch (16.9 kPa) vacuum.
In this specification, “gas” refers to any container that is neither in a solid state nor in a liquid state, has a relatively low density and low viscosity, expands and contracts due to changes in pressure and temperature, and easily diffuses. Some substance that tends to be evenly distributed.
In the present specification, “nitrogen monoxide” or “NO” means NO free radical or NO. In the present specification, “NO x ” is an abbreviation for nitrogen oxide or nitrogen oxide, each of which is an oxide produced by nitrogen, and each of these nitrogen has a positive oxidation number of +1 to +5. Yes. In the present specification, “nitrogen oxide”, “nitrogen oxide”, and “NO x ” are mixed gases containing one or more of the following gases composed of different amounts of nitrogen and oxygen: Nitric oxide (NO) dioxide Nitrogen (NO 2 ), nitrogen trioxide (NO 3 ), dinitrogen trioxide (N 2 O 3 ), dinitrogen tetroxide (N 2 O 4 ), dinitrogen pentoxide (N 2 O 5 ) and sub-oxidation Nitrogen (N 2 O). Examples of preferred sterilant gases include, but are not limited to, NO, NO 2 , NO 3 , N 2 O 3 , N 2 O 4 , N 2 O 5 , N 2 O, and mixtures thereof. Do not mean. Examples of most preferred sterilant gases are NO, NO 2 , N 2 O 4 , and mixtures thereof.
In the present specification, the “NO generating” compound or composition means a compound or composition capable of generating or releasing NO, NO 2 , or NO X. As used herein, a “sterilant gas generating” compound or composition means a compound or composition capable of generating or releasing a sterilant gas. A “NO generating” compound is a type of sterilant gas generating compound. Preferred sterilant gas generating compounds for use in the system, apparatus, and method of the present invention are carbon-based diazeniumdiolate compounds that generate at least 1 mole of NO per mole of compound.
In this specification, the “sterilization chamber” is an appropriately sized gas-tight test tank for storing articles to be sterilized or decontaminated, which may be made of a hard material or a soft material. . The sterilization chamber is preferably capable of (I) maintaining a vacuum, (II) receiving sterilization gas, and (III) receiving air. Sterilization is a high level of decontamination that destroys the life of all microorganisms, including the highly resistant bacterial endospores. Sterilization is an intermediate level of decontamination that removes almost all pathogenic microorganisms but does not remove bacterial spores. As used herein, “sterilize” or “sterilize” refers to killing or removing all microorganisms in a material or on an object. When a material or object is “sterilized” or “sterile”, there are no living organisms in or on the material or object. Since sterilization removes all microorganisms including endospores, methods, systems and / or devices for sterilizing a material or object also sterilize and decontaminate that material or object. In the present specification, the “object” is not a requirement of the invention, but refers to a device or material that performs sterilization and / or decontamination using the disclosed sterilization method, system, and device. The “object” is a material to be sterilized, and its physical shape is not limited. Although not particularly limited, for example, the object may be a medical device for which sterilization is desired, a medical device, or a combination of these devices. The object can have a wide range of shapes and sizes, and may be made of various materials (for example, metal, plastic, glass, although not particularly limited).
As used herein, a “gas generating chamber” is a container of any composition of any size that can be used to contain gas and / or gas generating compounds. The gas generation chamber is preferably made of a material that is impermeable to both liquid and gas. In the present specification, “microorganism” means bacteria, viruses, filamentous fungi, parasites, mycobacteria, and the like. As used herein, “scrubbing” refers to removing or chemically converting toxic nitrogen oxides from the exhaust stream of a sterilizer.
As used herein, “medical device” refers to the complete human or animal body for the treatment, alleviation, treatment or prevention of human or animal disease or to affect the structure or function of the human or animal body. Any instrument, device, tool, machine, brace, device, implant material, or other similar or related article that contains any component or part that is used in whole or in part in any tissue. As used herein, “transplant material” or “implantable material” refers to any material or object that is inserted or transplanted into the complete tissue of a mammal.
As used herein, “non-permeable material” refers to a substance, material or object that does not allow 95% or more of any liquid or gas to pass or diffuse for at least one hour. As used herein, “permeable material” refers to a substance, material, or object that allows gas and / or liquid to pass through.
In the sterilization system and method of the present invention, one or more nitrogen oxides (individually or in combination) are used to sterilize a wide range of instruments, devices, materials, human and animal tissues, drugs, biopharmaceuticals and various medical materials. Is used.
Another sterilization system and method of the present invention uses a compound that releases sterilant gas upon acidification, preferably nitric oxide. The system and method of the present invention generates nitric oxide, which is usually a mixture of water-soluble nitric oxide gas and fat-soluble nitric oxide gas, and a wide variety of devices, instruments, materials, human and Used to sterilize animal tissues, drugs, biological drugs and various medical related materials. In one embodiment of the invention, the sterilization object is made of a material used in health related products. Examples of health-related products include, but are not limited to, surgical products such as all types of surgical devices, cardiac surgical products, cardiac transplant materials, cardiovascular stents, vascular graft materials, orthopedic surgical devices, bones Examples include grafts, skeletal bonding materials, orthopedic implant materials, dental surgery products, dental implant materials, gastrointestinal implant materials, urinary tract implant materials, wound healing products, and tissue engineering products. In another embodiment of the invention, the tissue engineering product is a protein.
Typically, an object that is a medical device includes one or more materials, such as metals, non-metals, polymers or plastics, elastomers, and biological materials. Metals preferably used for medical devices are stainless steel, aluminum, nitinol, cobalt chromium, and titanium. Nonmetals include glass, silica, and ceramic.
In another embodiment of the present invention, the object to be sterilized is a bioabsorbable polyester polymer, specifically, although not particularly limited, poly (L-lactide), poly (DL-lactide) ), 50/50 poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide), poly (e-caprolactone) and mixtures thereof. Preferably, the material is a bioabsorbable polymer that can be used for implants and drug delivery. Preferred polymers used in medical devices are polyacetal, polyurethane, polyester, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polymethyl methacrylate, polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl alcohol, polypropylene, polymethylpentene, polyether ketone, polyphenylene oxide, polychlorinated. Vinyl, polycarbonate, polysulfone, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, polyetherimide, polyvinylidene fluoride, and copolymers and combinations thereof. Other materials used for medical devices include polysiloxanes, fluorinated polysiloxanes, ethylene propylene rubber, fluoroelastomers, and combinations thereof. Examples of bio-derived materials used for medical devices include polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, polycaprolactone, polyparadioxanone, polytrimethylene carbonate, copolymers thereof, collagen, elastin, chitin, coral, hyaluronic acid, bone, And combinations thereof, but are not limited thereto.
Certain medical devices and implants have bioactive membranes and / or biocompatible coatings. Examples thereof include, but are not limited to, infection prevention membranes, antibacterial membranes, drug release membranes, antithrombogenic membranes, lubrication membranes, heparin membranes, phosphorylcholine membranes, urokinase membranes, rapamycin membranes, and combinations thereof Is given. This bioactive membrane may be a hydrophilic membrane or a hydrophobic membrane. Other examples of bioactive membranes and polymers include, but are not limited to, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polyethylene glycol-co-propylene glycol. , Polyethylene glycol acrylate, polyethylene glycol diacrylate, polyethylene glycol methacrylate, polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate, polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl alcohol-co-vinyl acetate, polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate, polyhyaluronic acid, hydrophilic substitutes, monomers, Examples thereof include unsaturated prepolymers and uncrosslinked polymers containing double bonds. Other bioactive membranes and polymers include polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, poly (ethylene terephthalate), polyester, polyamide, polyarylate, polycarbonate, polystyrene, polysulfone, polyether, polyacrylate, polymethacrylate, poly ( 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), polyurethane, poly (siloxane), silicone, poly (vinyl chloride), fluorinated elastomer, synthetic rubber, poly (phenylene oxide), polyetherketone ABS rubber, polyetherimide, their hydrophobicity Substituted substances, precursor monomers thereof and the like can be mentioned.
In another embodiment of the invention, the object to be sterilized is made of a bioabsorbable polymer, or a drug-retaining or drug-eluting polymer, or a mixture thereof. In certain preferred embodiments of the invention, the sterilized object is an implant.
In one preferred embodiment of the system and method of the present invention, gas is generated at the point of use. Such point-of-use methods, systems, and devices eliminate the need for heavy tanks for potentially harmful gases and expensive on-site gas generation facilities. Since gas generation at the point of use used in the system and method of the present invention works without electricity, it can be applied to portable embodiments that perform sterilization, sterilization, and decontamination in harsh environments such as battle areas and refugee camps. It becomes a possible method. In one aspect, the present invention describes a method for generating a nitric oxide mixture for sterilization and sterilization. This method requires a device that includes both gas generation and its transport method. The equipment used in this process has the potential for many implementations.
In a preferred embodiment of the system or apparatus of the present invention, a sterilization chamber and a source of sterilant gas comprising one or more nitrogen oxides are used. The sterilization chamber may be fluidly coupled to a sterilant gas source, and the source of sterilant gas may be within the sterilization chamber. In a preferred embodiment, the gas generation chamber is fluidly connected to the sterilization chamber. In another preferred embodiment, the gas generation chamber is provided in the sterilization chamber.
Also preferred are embodiments of the system and method of the present invention that generate a nitric oxide mixture that has a lower oxidizing performance than a general purpose sterilant gas such as ozone or hydrogen peroxide. Another advantage is that the resulting nitric oxide mixture has lower explosive performance than general purpose sterilant gases such as ethylene oxide, hydrogen peroxide, and chlorine dioxide. This allows the use of high concentrations of gaseous mixtures, and therefore, the exposure time during the sterilization cycle can be reduced with the system and method of the present invention, as is known to those skilled in the art.
Yet another advantage is that the method of the present invention generates multiple species of different chemical properties for sterilization and sterilization. It is well known to those skilled in the art that bactericidal decontamination of cells with multiple mechanisms is preferred over treatment with a single mechanism. Combinations of antibacterial agents with different mechanisms of action work together to produce a greater effect than would be expected by simply adding the effects of each drug. The same principle applies to microbial resistance, and multiple drugs with different actions are used for treatment.
In one preferred embodiment of the method and system of the present invention, NO gas is generated using a group of nitric oxide donors called diazeniumdiolates. These compounds spontaneously release NO in solution and the rate is proportional to the acidity of the solution. In the process of the present invention, highly acidic conditions can be used to generate NO, in which case NO gas is rapidly generated (theoretically, NO complete release is less than 30 seconds).
In a preferred embodiment of the method and system of the present invention, the same carbon-based compound is used rather than the nitrogen-based diazeniumdiolate. As described in Parzuchowski et al., J Am Chem. Soc 124: 12182-91 (2002), nitrogen-based compounds can generate highly carcinogenic nitrosamine species, and therefore carbon-based compounds. Diazeniumdiolate is preferred. Carbon-based diazeniumdiolate compounds that release large amounts of NO, such as those described in US Provisional Application No. 60 / 542,298 (from 1 mol of compounds disclosed in US Pat. No. 6,232,336) Generating a large amount of nitric oxide per compound) and those described in US Provisional Application No. 60 / 542,298 (filed Feb. 9, 2004), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. However, the present invention is not particularly limited to these. In another embodiment of the method and apparatus of the present invention, a sterilant gas generating composition comprising a nitrogen-based diazeniumdiolate compound is used.
In one preferred embodiment of the method and apparatus of the present invention using a sterilant gas generating composition comprising a carbon-based diazeniumdiolate compound, the carbon-based diazeniumdiolate compound is a carbon-based diazeniumdiolate. Generates more than 1 mole of NO per mole of compound. In yet another embodiment of the method and apparatus of the present invention, the carbon-based diazeniumdiolate has a carbon having a diazeniumdiolate group, which carbon is an imidate, thioimidate, amidine or enamine. It is not a part.
In yet another embodiment of the method and apparatus of the present invention, the carbon-based diazeniumdiolate compound has the formula:
R 3 —C (R 1 ) x (N 2 O 2 R 2 ) y
y is an integer of 1 to 3, and x + y is 3.
Where R 1 is not imidate, thioimidate, amidine or enamine.
Wherein R 2 is selected from the group consisting of a counter cation and a protecting group on the terminal oxygen.
In the formula, R 3 is a phenyl group.
In yet another embodiment of the method and apparatus of the present invention, the carbon-based diazeniumdiolate compound is represented by the above formula,
Where R 1 is not imidate, thioimidate, amidine or enamine,
Wherein R 2 is selected from the group consisting of a counter cation and a terminal oxygen protecting group,
In the formula, R 3 is a phenyl group. In certain preferred embodiments of the invention,
R 1 is a group selected from the group consisting of an electron withdrawing group, a nitro group, an ether, a thioether, and a non-enamine-amine;
Wherein the R 2 substituent is selected from the group consisting of an aliphatic group, an aromatic group, and a non-aromatic group;
In which R 3 substituents are mono- or di-substituted amino, unsubstituted amino, ammonium, alkoxy, acetoxy, aryloxy, acetamide, aldehyde, benzyl, cyano, nitro, thio, sulfonic acid, vinyl, carboxyl, nitroso, trihalo A group selected from the group consisting of silane, trialkylsilane, trialkylsiloxane, trialkoxysilane, diazeniumdiolate, hydroxyl, halogen, trihalomethyl, ketone, benzyl, and alkylthio. It is a group selected from the group consisting of quaternary amines, and the protecting group is a group selected from the group consisting of aryl groups, sulfonyl groups, glycosyl groups, acyl groups, alkyl groups, and olefinic groups. .
A NO-generating compound that can be used in the method and system of the present invention, but with care, is sodium nitroprusside. This is because cyanide is simultaneously generated in the gas generation chamber. The generation of cyanide represents a danger to human health and causes disposal safety issues for the gas generation chamber. In the present invention, nitrosothiol may be used to generate NO, but nitrosothiol has a tendency to regenerate after releasing NO, so it acts as a chemical storage tank of NO and makes it difficult to predict NO release. Therefore, as the sterilant gas generating composition of the present invention, a nitrogen-based diazeniumdiolate compound, specifically, nitrosothiol, S-nitrosoglutathione, sodium nitroprusside, molsidomine, iron-sulfur nitrosyl, rucine black salt , And mixtures thereof.
In the most preferred embodiment of the system and method of the present invention, the NO releasing compound used is a carbon-based diazeniumdiolate compound. Carbon-based diazeniumdiolate molecules generate a greater amount of nitric oxide but do not form nitrosamines. Preferably, the carbon-based diazeniumdiolate compound generates a larger amount of NO per mole. In the system and method of the present invention, a C-based diazeniumdiolate compound capable of generating at least 1 mole of NO per mole is preferably used as the sterilant gas generating compound. Such carbon-based diazeniumdiolates are described in US Provisional Application No. 60 / 542,298, “Nitric Oxide-Releasing Molecules” (filed February 9, 2004). This document is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
In the system and method of the present invention, it is preferable to use a C-based diazeniumdiolate compound that does not form carcinogenic nitrosamines even when acidified. Another advantage that is preferably used as the NO releasing compound of the C-based diazeniumdiolate compound is that the amount of NO released per mole of the NO releasing compound is large. For example, nitrogen-based diazeniumdiolate and nitrosothiol produce less NO per mole of compound than carbon-based diazeniumdiolate compounds. In addition, when a C-based diazeniumdiolate compound is used as a preferred NO releasing compound, an acid can be used for releasing NO in place of the copper solution necessary for releasing NO from nitrosothiol. Yet another advantage of the method and system of the present invention is that the impact on the environment is small compared to methods that require a solution containing copper ions.
The nitric oxide forming compounds used in the systems and methods of the present invention provide many advantages to the present invention. One advantage is that nitric oxide is highly lipid-soluble and therefore toxic to almost all microorganisms that have lipid membranes (with the exception of an envelopeless virus).
Other nitrogen oxides such as nitrogen dioxide and dinitrogen tetroxide are more water soluble than nitric oxide. Of these, nitrogen dioxide is particularly susceptible to DNA damage, causing nitrosation and deamination of DNA bases and single- and double-strand breaks. DNA damage is a powerful killing mechanism. In the present invention, the gas mixture is combined to attack microorganisms in various ways through various mechanisms of action. The antibacterial advantages of the method using multiple action mechanisms are as described above.
Yet another advantage of the system and method of the present invention is the ability to form small amounts of nitrous acid or nitric acid in water that adhere to solids even in a moist environment, thereby increasing the antimicrobial properties of the present invention.
In another embodiment of the system and method of the present invention, a pressurized or non-pressurized cylindrical gas generating chamber containing one or more nitrogen oxides is used. In this embodiment, portability is sacrificed, but it is useful for large-scale decontamination in a very large facility such as military use. The one or more nitrogen oxides can be stored in the cylindrical container at a high concentration. However, this embodiment is less desirable because of the dangers, costs, and paperwork associated with transporting concentrated pressurized gas. A more preferred method is to bring the concentration of the one or more nitrogen oxides in the cylindrical vessel to the desired concentration with nitrogen or other inert gas such as, but not limited to, argon, helium, neon. Will be reduced to. This gas or gas mixture is sent to the sterilization chamber via an automatic metering system fluidly connected to the sterilization chamber or by other gas transport methods known to those skilled in the art. In other embodiments, computer or microprocessor means are used to control the transport of sterilant gas from the gas cylinder.
In embodiments of the invention in which the NO releaser is activated with acid, any acid may be used to generate NO. In one embodiment of the invention, as described in Example 1, a liquid activator, an aqueous acid, is added to activate the NO donor. Examples of the liquid activator include water, acid, and a mixture of water and acid, but are not particularly limited thereto. Since the handling and transport of aqueous acids is inconvenient, powdered acids that can be activated with water are preferred. Any powdered acid may be used, but a low pKa powdered acid is preferred. This is because a method of generating NO promptly is preferable, and a low pKa acid is more effective. These low pKa acids include, but are not limited to, oxalic acid and maleic acid. Generally, up to a 10-fold molar excess of powdered acid is used, but low molar ratios may be used.
In one preferred embodiment of the system or method of the present invention, the gas generating chamber contains both carbon-based diazeniumdiolate and powdered acid, and the gas generating chamber is capable of rapid addition of liquid, preferably water. And has an opening that is fluidly connected to the sterilization chamber so that the gas produced by the activation of the carbon-based diazeniumdiolate is carried into the sterilization chamber. If necessary, other connection lines and / or connection ports may be provided to apply a vacuum for the purpose of releasing NO gas from the sterilization chamber. Preferably, this NO gas is released into a reusable NO x scrubbing system. In a preferred method or apparatus of the present invention, the sterilant gas is scrubbed and recovered after the object is sterilized.
In order to reduce the moisture in the gas generation chamber during manufacture, transportation, and storage, a water absorbing material may be placed in the gas generation chamber. Examples of the water-absorbing material include, but are not limited to, molecular sieves, silica gel, and other methods known to those skilled in the art. Care must be taken so that the amount of water-absorbing material does not interfere with the generation of NO due to the addition of water.
Those skilled in the art can use the ideal gas law, the number of moles of NO released from various NO-releasing compounds, and the molecular weight of the compound of interest to achieve the desired NO concentration in any particular volume, including the sterilization chamber. The amount of compound required in the gas generation chamber can be determined. For example, to generate 0.0225 moles of NO and obtain a 50% NO concentration in a 1 liter volume, NO release with 2 moles of NO per mole of compound and a molecular weight of 163 gms / mol 1.956 grams of compound are used. In this way, the user can control the amount of NO added to various sterilization applications. For example, medical personnel may need to add high concentrations of NO and require a fast sterilization cycle. Users who focus on portability need not be as nervous about the speed and cost of the process. As the sterilization cycle becomes longer, the amount of NO releasing compound decreases, that is, the added NO decreases. Thus, the device 100 or process provides flexibility for possible end users to make decisions regarding cost, speed, portability, and other usage parameters.
One embodiment of the present invention is a lightweight, portable device that uses chemically generated NO as a fast and effective sterilant, does not require power, and thus can be used in harsh environments.
FIG. 1 shows the device 10 in its simplest form. The apparatus 10 includes a sterilization chamber (SC) 12, a gas generation chamber (GGC) 14, a connecting tube 16 that allows gas to flow from the GGC 14 to the SC 12, and a safety valve 18 that is on the connecting tube 16 and separates the GGC 14 from the SC 12. Have parts. The SC 12 has an opening / closing part 20, a connection port 15, and an exhaust port 22 connected to the exhaust tube 29. The exhaust tube 29 is provided with an exhaust valve 23. GGC 14 includes a powdered sterilant gas-generating composition or compound 24. This will be described in detail later. The GGC 14 further has a female luer connector 17 to which the connecting tube 16 is attached, and a filling port 21 for adding a liquid. Each component of the device 10 is described in more detail below.
FIG. 1 shows details of the sterilization chamber (SC) 12. The SC 12 includes a plastic physical container 13, a gas-impermeable, opening / closing part 20 that can open and close the SC 12 for loading / removing materials to be sterilized, and a connection port 15 that can be gas-sealed and sealed to the connection tube 16 And an exhaust port 22 that allows the gaseous sterilant to be removed from the SC 12 prior to removal of the sterilized material. SC12 may be made of any plastic material that can hold a low molecular weight gas for up to 45 minutes. Due to the short time required for gas retention, gas semi-permeable materials may be used in the manufacture of SC12 to optimize weight, toughness, cost variables, etc., depending on the particular application.
Examples of the plastic used for the physical container 13 of SC12 include a polymer having high chemical resistance, such as a styrene-ethylene-butylene block copolymer modified with silicone oil (for example, C-FLEX tube), a Haller resin fluoropolymer. (E.g., Chemiflor 367), ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (e.g., quinal), fluoropolymers (e.g., MFA), polyketones or polyether ether ketones ( PEEK), perfluoroalkoxyfluorocarbon (PFA), fluoroethylene-propylene (FEP), polyimide, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), but are not limited to these. . The opening / closing part 20 is provided at various positions of the SC, but is preferably provided on the SC 12 at a point opposite to the connection port 15 and the exhaust port 22 or toward both sides of the SC 12. The opening / closing part 20 is preferably made of polyethylene. One preferred closure is one having a mating linear fastener that resists pressure rupture, such as U-Maxi Grip (Illinois Toolwork, USA). Although there are many interlocking linear fasteners available, this model is particularly desirable because it resists pressure rupture.
Another embodiment of SC12 is shown in FIG. Here, the SC 12 is a film-type opening / closing that is a C-shaped track made of a connecting plastic hook and rib that opens and closes the SC 12 using a zipper-like tab 31 and a guide groove 32 that separate and connect the connecting portions. Part 30. The membrane-type opening / closing part 30 is attached at a position of 1 to 2 cm from the periphery of the SC 12 along the three adjacent sides of the SC 12, and can be loaded and removed from the SC 12 by pulling a plastic fold from the SC 12. It has become.
The connection port 15 enables connection between the SC 12 and the connecting tube 16 in a gas-sealed state. In the preferred embodiment, a female luer connector 25 is mounted over the connection port 15 and the end of the connector tube 16 fits snugly with the male luer connector 27 or the female luer connector 25. A shaft with an inclination designed to do is attached. It is also possible to change this configuration according to the prior art, and the luer coupler at the top of the connection port 15 may be a male type and the luer coupler at the end of the coupling tube 16 may be a female type.
In one embodiment, the exhaust port 22 is a plastic flange for connecting an exhaust tube that extends from the SC 12 by a flange and is inserted into the exhaust tube 29 with a certain slope. A valve 23 is attached to the exhaust tube 29, and when it is closed, the SC 12 is cut off from the ambient air. In one preferred embodiment, the valve 23 is often a roller activated compression valve for shielding the exhaust tube 29, as is known to those skilled in the art.
The connecting tube may be made of any flexible plastic having a relatively high chemical resistance. Preferred plastic materials include, but are not limited to, C-FLEX, Chemiflor 367, EPDM, ETFE, quinal, MFA, PEEK, PFA, FEP, polyimide, and PVC. The length of the connecting tube needs to be long enough that the user can freely operate each room without disturbing the other rooms. Usually, a connecting tube 16 with a length of 20-30 inches is preferred, but lengths outside the range of 20-30 inches also work. A male luer connector is attached to the end of the connecting tube 16. There is also a slanted hard plastic tip that can be inserted into a female luer connector to provide a fluid tight seal.
A wide variety of safety valves 18 can be used to isolate the GGC 14 from the SC 12, examples of which include, but are not limited to, folding valves, roller-actuated compression valves, and the like. Any valve can be used as long as it can stop the flow of liquid from the GGC 14 to the SC 12. In one preferred embodiment of the invention, an air vent / vacuum break valve is used because it is self-actuating.
"Gas generation chamber (GGC) and gas generation compounds"
Examples of the GGC 14 include a container 19 made of various plastics having chemical resistance. Examples of these include, but are not limited to, C-FLEX, Chemiflor 367, EPDM, ETFE, quinal, MFA, PEEK, PFA, FEP, polyimide, and PVC. In certain preferred embodiments, the container comprises PFTE and / or polyolefin. The GGC 14 has a female luer coupler 17 attached for connection of the GGC 14 to the coupling tube 16, whereby fluid flows from the GGC 14 to the SC 12. Preferably, the filling port 21 of the GGC 14 is an opening with a large lid having a threaded frame protruding at least 0.5 cm above the wall surface of the GGC so as to facilitate holding and sealing with the lid. .
Another embodiment of the present invention is schematically shown in FIG. The sterilization apparatus 100 is a hard case that is attached to a gas generation chamber 102 that can be sealed and has gas pumping means and scrubbing means inside. The device 100 is fluidly connected to the gas generation chamber 102 via a sealable port 103. In one preferred embodiment, the sealable port 103 is a double-closed, high-speed cut coupling (Cowler Products, USA), and the tube 104 from the gas generation chamber 102 is a male for a female coupling. The mouth 103 which can be sealed is a coupling corresponding to it. The advantage of the double closure feature is that the gas generation chamber 102 or sterilization chamber 101 can be removed without opening it to the local environment. Accordingly, the sterilant gas is sealed in the sterilization chamber 101, and the residual gas from the gas generation chamber 102 is sealed and held until the scrubbing step.
The device 100 has a compartment with an electronically driven or manually operated pump 105 that is in fluid communication with the sterilization chamber 101 or that is not in communication with the position of the intake valve 106. This intake valve 106 may be manual or controlled by the microprocessor 110. When the pump is activated and fluidly connected to the sterilization chamber 101, the pump 105 removes the gas contained in the sterilization chamber 101 and the gas generation chamber 102 by the intake valve 106. This gas is sent to the scrubbing system 107 where it is deactivated to remove these gases from the exhaust stream. The container containing the pump 105 and the scrubbing system 107 lumen may or may not be in fluid communication with the sterilization chamber 101 depending on the location of the intake valve 106. In the apparatus 100, after completion of the sterilization cycle, the valve and the pump 105 are activated, the gas flows from the sterilization chamber 101 through the intake valve 106 to the scrubbing system 107, and the gas flow is discharged from the apparatus 100 through the exhaust valve 108. It is designed to return gas to the sterilization chamber 101 for an extended period of time to bring it back to the scrubbing system 107 to reduce the gas level to a level that conforms to OSHA or other regulatory agency standards and guidelines. During such gas recycling, microbial contaminants that can be picked up by the gas stream during the gas recycling process (pump 105, scrubbing system 107, and in the necessary tubes, sterilization chamber 101 and The gas returning to the sterilization chamber is passed through the sterilization air filter 109 so that contamination caused by fluid communication between these elements does not enter the sterilization chamber 101.
Gaseous NO has certain risks and requires special transport and handling techniques. Exposure to high concentrations of NO is harmful. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the immediate risk level to current life and health to 100 ppm for a maximum of 30 minutes until the effects of exposure become a health or life threat. OSHA or an average of 25 ppm over 8 hours was set at the workplace NO level. Due to the danger of lethal NO generation, any equipment or transport system may be exposed to the environment surrounding NO in a form or level that increases the risk that leaked NO will cause damage to humans through inhalation or exposure. It is necessary to have a means to prevent leakage. Nitrogen dioxide formation is a major health threat. The OSHA standard for NO 2 is 1 ppm average over 8 hours.
The system of the present invention reduces user exposure to gas. The system and method of the present invention includes a sterilant gas removal and / or detoxification system called scrubbing. The method of the present invention preferably includes a scrubbing process that removes and detoxifies the gas prior to recovery of the sterilized or sterilized material from the sterilization chamber. This scrubbing process includes various NO, NO 2 and NO x removal and detoxification methods. The scrubbing system or process may use an adsorbent to capture NO and convert NO to NO 2 using an oxidant. Under appropriate conditions, this sterilant gas can be discharged to the outside environment, and high concentrations of NO, NO 2 , and NO x are easily dissipated. This scrubbing process may be made using a commercially available scrubbing device such as Butch Analytical B-414 (USA). Ideally, it is preferable that the level of NO, NO 2 , and NO x in the exhaust gas is less than OSHA-LTWA by this scrubbing device. See also Basile R. “Nitrogen Oxide Emission Methods”, http://www.finishers-management.com/may2002/nox.htm. It is also preferred that this method works quickly.
Most preferably, the method of the present invention does not expose the user to concentrations of NO, NO 2 , and / or NO x that exceed OSHA standards. In certain preferred embodiments, the gas is removed from the sterilization chamber prior to opening the sterilization chamber. In some cases, for example, when used outdoors, the sterilization chamber may be opened without removing the gas. In order to reduce exposure to sterilant gas, the system and method of the present invention includes a sterilant gas removal and detoxification system called scrubbing.
Examples 2, 3, and 4 show examples of effective scrubbing systems using Placol and Plafill Select (Purafill, USA). Those skilled in the art will appreciate that there can be many configurations for scrubbing systems for nitrogen oxide mixtures. In one embodiment of the invention, the sterilization system is lightweight, does not require power (including batteries), and is completely self-supporting. The heart of this system consists of a reusable and sealable sterilization chamber, a disposable gas generation chamber, and a connecting tube. A reusable sterilization chamber is filled with a surgical device or other material to be sterilized, sealed, and connected to a gas generation chamber that is pre-filled with a nitric oxide (NO) donor and an acid activator. Next, when water is added to the gas generation chamber and the chamber is sealed, the generated gas flows into the sterilization chamber. A gas permeable, liquid impermeable valve isolates the two chambers and prevents mixing of the contents of each chamber. In one embodiment of the present invention, the sterilant gas generating composition can release a sufficient amount of NO to the sterilized object in as little as about 2 seconds to about 30 seconds. Carbon-based diazeniumdiolate compounds can release sufficient amounts of NO to sterilize objects in as little as about 2 seconds to about 30 seconds. Sterilization is sufficient in 5 minutes, but an additional 10 minutes may be required for safety.
"Sterilization with different transport amounts of nitric oxide"
A blood storage container (Nexel, USA, Lifecell PL732 plastic tissue culture flask) is used as the sterilization chamber. The strip-shaped stainless steel plate is immersed in sporulated B. subtilisvar. Niger at 1.0 6 CFU / ml (determined using ABS 595 standard curve). The plate is air dried, placed in a sterilization chamber, and the sterilization chamber is heat sealed. The sterilization chamber is deaerated using a syringe while adjusting the air flow with a sterilization chamber valve. A known amount of air is introduced into the container using a graduated syringe.
The NO generating donor compound is placed in a 7 cc gas generating chamber. This gas generation chamber is connected to a storage container through a luer lock connector. The liquid activator 3.0N-HCl is added to the gas generation chamber, and the generated gas is allowed to flow into the sterilization chamber. After generating gas for a while, the gas is sealed in the sterilization chamber using a compression valve.
The effect in the sterilization chamber is tested with varying amounts of NO gas, specifically 10%, 5%, 2.5%, and 1% NO. The amount (%) of the produced NO gas introduced into the sterilization chamber is calculated from the number of moles of NO generated necessary to achieve the desired NO%. In this calculation, the ideal gas law and the chemical formula amount of the NO gas generating compound (diazenium diolate NO donor in this test) are used to determine the mass of the NO gas generating compound to be used.
Effective at killing 10 6 CFU / ml sporulated B. subtilisvar. Niger in 5 minutes at all tested concentrations including 1%. The bactericidal power is determined by shaking the contaminated steel strip vigorously in LB at 37 ° C. for 48 hours and then plating on an agar plate. In the control, the same treatment is performed except that an additional% of nitrogen is added instead of NO. The control stainless steel plate shows visible growth when cultured for 24 hours under the above conditions.
“Scrubbing NO and NO X from a portable sterilization chamber”
After the sterilant gas is used in the sterilization chamber, the chamber gas is directed to another chamber containing the scrubbing medium. This exhaust gas is present on the scrubbing medium.
Two 300 ml PL732 tissue culture bags (Lifecell PL732 Plastic Tissue Culture Flask Case, USA) are interconnected using tubes. Use a hose clamp to break the connection between the two bags. Open one bag for the “scrubbing” bag and put a pre-measured amount of scrubbing media (6.0-60 grams of Plafil Select and Placol 1: 1 mixture) into the bag. The opening is then heat sealed. Degas both bags with a syringe. Air (180 cc) is injected into the bag for the sterilization chamber. Thereafter, 20 cc of NO gas is injected to make the final concentration 10% NO. A mixture of NO and air is present in the sterilization chamber for 5 minutes. Then, except for the hose clamp, by compressing the sterile bag, it pushes all of the NO X gas in the scrubbing bag containing a plastic fill select and Purakoru. Then attach this hose clamp. Immediately thereafter, a sample (0.1 to 1.0 cc) of the atmosphere in the scrubbing bag is taken out and injected into a NO detector capable of measuring the NO concentration up to ppb. Thereafter, the 1.0cc sample of the atmosphere in the scrubbing bag, periodically removed and injected into the NO X detector. Table 1 shows the results of three consecutive tests. There is no need to change the scrubbing material during continuous testing.
This embodiment provides a method of scrubbing NO x by passing NO x gas through a tube filled with scrubbing media connected to a container. A tube (3/8 inch ID, 1/2 inch OD, 30 inch long silastic tube) is packed with 13.3 grams of a 1: 1 mixture of Plafil Select and Placol. In this process, a part of the medium is crushed. Insert a glass wool stopper at the end of the tube. Each end of the tube is connected to a separate plastic tissue culture bag (Lifecell PL732 plastic tissue culture flask, Nexel, USA). One bag has an in-line valve. The valve is closed except for the atmosphere in the bag. One bag is a sterilization chamber and injects 180 cc of air and 20 cc of NO gas. This gas is present in the sterile bag for 5 minutes. Next, the valve is opened, and gas is pushed out through the tube to the bag on the receiver side. Inject 0.5 cc of the receiver's bag atmosphere sample into the NO x detector. The results show that the NO x content in the recipient's bag is 30 ppb, a much lower concentration than the OSHA guidelines.
"Scrubbing from the sterilization chamber of NO and NO X"
Self-sealing ability to divide the inlet and case made of EFC12 series quick disconnect coupling (Cowler Products, USA) into upper and lower parts at almost the same volume in a sealable case (Pelican Products, USA) Install plastic shelves with gasket edges. The upper part is a sterilization chamber and its volume is 20.3 liters (4.5 × 19 × 14.5 inches). One inlet of the sterilization chamber is used to introduce a known amount of NO gas into the sterilization chamber, and can also be used to form a circulation flow as needed. The exhaust port on the opposite side of the case is kept in a shut-off state (sealed state) for a period of 5 minutes to match the NO gas addition stage and the sterilization cycle time.
The lower chamber contains the pump, microprocessor, electrical components if present, valves, scrubbing system, sterilizing air filter, and other components as required. A scrubbing system is connected to the exhaust and the tube has the male end of the EFC12 series quick disconnect coupling. On the opposite side of the exhaust port, this tube is connected to a pump (Gast, USA, model: DOA-P104-AA, flow rate: 35 liters / minute), and further to a plurality of columns including a scrubbing system. One column is packed with Plafill Select (USA) and the other column is packed with Placol (about 200-300 grams of material in each column). Inject NO into the upper sterilization chamber and maintain for 5 minutes. After 5 minutes, connect the scrubbing system by connecting the male end of the EFC12 series quick disconnect coupling to the female end of the exhaust, open the inlet and run the pump. Prior to pump operation, pump exhaust into the sterilization chamber using a tube with male end of EFC12 series quick disconnect coupling and sterile air filter (ACRO50, Paul, USA) Lead to the sterilization chamber from the same inlet used for the test. The gas from the sterilization chamber is sampled using a syringe from an in-line sampling vessel with a rubber septum after pumping for 1 minute. Sample gas is injected and quantified with a Thermoenvironmental (USA) 42C chemiluminescent NO x detector. Also, NO from the NO storage container is injected into the same device as a positive control. For example, this system can be recirculated by adding gas, shutting off the gas generation chamber, and attaching the tube from the exhaust port to the "intake port" where NO was originally charged. Gas circulates in the system.
A series of tests are performed four times using 1% NO injected and this device. After recirculation of the gas from the exhaust for 1 minute from the intake (using an air filter to prevent contamination of the sterilization chamber) and sampling and measuring the gas content of the sterilization chamber as described above, it can be seen that all of the NO and NO X components are removed. All four samples give an estimated value of about 2 ppb without raising the NO detector baseline, which is well below the OSHA guidelines (25 ppm for NO and 1 ppm for NO 2 ).
Test with 5% NO added. Remove 1 liter of air (5%) from the sealed case, then add 5% NO and test at atmospheric pressure. Then 1 liter of NO is put into the sealed sterilization chamber and allowed to exist for 5 minutes. The scrubbing system is then activated as described above. In either test, after gas recirculation for 1 minute, the sample showed an NO and NO X to about 4 ppb, which is much smaller than the OSHA guidelines. The Plafill Select and Placol columns are not exchanged between these 6 tests.
Connect the glass pressure vessel to the NO gas tank source after scrubbing. This pressure vessel is replaced with argon gas for 5 hours to remove atmospheric oxygen (prevention of NO 2 · formation), and further, NO is replaced three times to create a pure NO atmosphere to suppress fluctuations in the bactericidal activity value. To. For testing sterilization methods, Bacillus subtillis var niger 9372 (> 80% endospore formation, standard for ethylene oxide and autoclave tests), and organisms commonly found in the epidermis such as S. aureus (strain 21769) and Staphylococcus Epidermides (strain 21977) and enteric organisms: Klebsiella pneumoniae (strain 21991) and Serratia marcesens (strain 21140) were used. This Serratia strain was found as one of the most resistant bacteria to the bactericidal effect of NO during culture in the previous test. See Raulli R et al., Recent Res Devel Microbiol 6: 177-183, 2002. The entirety of this document is incorporated herein by reference.
These organisms are cultured overnight in brain heart exudate BHI. Culturing is performed to at least 10 8 CFU / ml according to the ABS 595 standard curve of each organism. A strip-shaped stainless steel plate 3 × 1 cm is immersed in a culture solution, and is first dried in the atmosphere, or is put in a pressure vessel while still wet with the culture solution. The stainless steel plate is exposed to NO gas at atmospheric pressure for a period of 5 minutes, gradually reducing the time from 45 minutes. Control samples are processed in the same way. However, the pressure vessel is replaced with nitrogen.
After replacing all NO with argon, the sealed container is carefully opened in a laminar flow hood. The sample is aseptically removed with sterile chopsticks and placed in a culture tube containing sterile BHI medium. These samples are cultured in a 35 ° C. water bath with vigorous shaking. The sample is observed (digital photograph) after 24 hours, returned to the water bath, and the absorbance is measured after 72 hours. The control has a value of> 10 8 CFU / ml after 24 hours. The results shown in Table 2 are from three separate tests, and the result (3/3) indicates that there is no bacterial growth in all three tests.
Similar to Example 1, a portable system is fabricated using a blood storage container and other laboratory parts. In this system, a blood storage container (Nexel, USA, Lifecell PL732 plastic tissue culture flask) is the sterilization chamber. The system has multiple inlets, can be easily connected to tubes and other rooms, and can be easily cut and heat sealed for insertion and removal of contaminated / sterile samples. This heat seal is strong and withstands pressure sufficiently even when using a pressure of 1 ATM on a trial basis. Two interconnected 60 ml syringes and a tube with a three-way stopper are used to mix the acidic buffer in one syringe with the NO-releasing diazeniumdiolate in the other syringe. This tube is connected to a blood container / sterilization chamber.
The stopcock is opened and acid buffer is added to the syringe containing diazeniumdiolate. Close this valve leading to the buffer syringe and open the valve to the sterilization chamber. The 300 cc sterilization chamber expands in about 15 seconds. The test is performed as described above, but the system is used instead of a pressure vessel.
The organisms to be tested are cultured overnight in BHI. Culturing is performed until at least 10 8 CFU / ml (100 times greater than FDA test guidelines) from the ABS 595 standard curve for each organism. A strip-shaped stainless steel plate 3 × 1 cm is immersed in a culture solution, and is first dried in the atmosphere, or is put in a pressure vessel while still wet with the culture solution. Soak the dried sample in sterile BHI medium before placing in the sterile room. This method shows a bactericidal activity in 15 minutes against wet dipped strip stainless steel plates contaminated with B.subtilis (endospore formation), B.subtilis (resting phase), S.marcesens, or S.epidermides However, sterilization can be performed in a shorter time.
In this example, the sterilization of medical materials such as needles and plastic tubes is tested. Teflon (inner diameter: 1/8 inch), polyethylene (inner diameter: 1.77 mm), vinyl (inner diameter: 0.5 mm) tube, and 30-gauge disposable needle were combined for a total of about 10 8 CFU / ml samples. Immerse in a bacterial mixture of B. subtilis, S. marcesens, and S. epidermides. Place these samples in a sterilization chamber and seal. At least some inoculum is visible to the naked eye in the tube lumen (open space or cavity in the tube) or needle, respectively. Table 4 shows the results of this test. Each material control reaches at least a total of 10 6 CFU / ml at a concentration determined from the ABS 595 standard curve within 24 hours.
"Effect of humidity on living bacteria"
In this example, several humidification patterns and sterilization effects through a gas sterilization seal pouch are tested. Using bacterial mix, grow to about 10 8 CFU / ml and mix equal volumes. A strip-shaped stainless steel plate is dipped, dried, and analyzed by one of three methods (A, B, C). Method A: Cover the sample with a wet Kimwipe. Method B: The sample is left in a dry state. Method C: The sample is dried, and V.V. Seal in a Muller ™ Dual Peel Seal Pouch. Samples from Methods B and C are placed in a sterilization chamber with a wet Kimwipe. When entering the sterilization chamber, keep the Kimwipe and sample as far apart as possible. The room is again carefully sealed so that the position of the sample relative to the Kimwipe does not change. Each sample is exposed to a sterilization cycle at 1 atmosphere for 15 minutes, removed under sterile conditions as described above, and the sample is placed in BHI medium. Test samples are exposed to NO gas and control samples are treated similarly, but the sterilization chamber is replaced with nitrogen. The results are shown in Table 5. All controls reach a total of 10 6 CFU / ml at concentrations determined from the ABS 595 standard curve within 24 hours.
This test provides two very important findings. For one, since NO sterilizes dry samples indoors, the addition of moisture from Kimwipes is not required to sterilize samples contaminated with live bacteria. The second finding is that sterilization is possible in a sealed packaging and that the sterility of the device can be maintained after the sterilization chamber is opened. When this sterilization method uses a gas generating compound, it provides a highly portable and lightweight method that does not require power.
"Effect of humidity on spores"
This example addresses the effect of humidity on spore sterilization using both NO and NO 2 / N 2 O 4 as sterilization gases. The test is performed in a 300 ml glass container. The test procedure is as follows. 40 microliters of water is added to the container, the container is sealed with parafilm and half of the container is humidified. Condensed water is observed inside the container pre-humidified with 40 ml of water during the test, indicating high humidity in the apparatus. Condensed water was not observed on the inner wall of the container without water.
The container is allowed to stand for 30 minutes. Two tyvek sachets, each containing a biometric indicator (product number: 33677713-6100ST) made by Raven, are placed in each container. These containers are replaced as follows. Degas the container to 8 inches Hg (27.1 kPa) (absolute pressure). Refill the container with air until atmospheric pressure is reached. Repeat degassing / airing twice more. The vessel is degassed to 8 inches Hg (27.1 kPa) (absolute pressure). Sterilization gas is introduced into this container. Compressed air (9% relative humidity) is added and the vessel is returned to atmospheric pressure. The two sachets are left in a sterile environment for 50 or 100 minutes and then removed. BI is cultured for 14 days in 4 ml tryptic soy medium at 55-60 ° C.
These tests show that humidity is important for spore sterilization. According to additional sterilization cycle tests, if the humidity level is between 40% and 80% relative humidity, the spores die at room temperature.
"Powder acid test"
A preferred sterilant gas generating composition comprises nitrogen-based diazeniumdiolate and oxalic acid. Addition of oxalic acid in a 10: 1 molar ratio to diazeniumdiolate generates sterilant gas and fills the blood storage container with NO from diazeniumdiolate within about 20 seconds. For this reason, it is not necessary to add 3N-HCl to diazeniumdiolate to generate NO, and NO gas can be generated by adding water. Since no acid is required, transportation, storage, and use of the apparatus are greatly facilitated.
Carbon-based diazeniumdiolate (nitrogen-based diazeniumdiolate can decompose to produce carcinogenic nitrosamines) and disposable powders that can be pre-filled with activating powdered acid The plastic gas generation chamber has an opening with a large lid to facilitate the addition of water and has a suitable accessory line for transporting gas to the sterilization chamber. Additional utility lines and inlets may be provided to create a vacuum if necessary and to release NO gas from the room (via a reusable NO x scrubbing system).
A polyolefin material is selected from the viewpoint of flexibility, fracture resistance, light weight, and productivity. Its dimensions are approximately 10 inches square. The bottom end of the sterilization chamber has a resealable opening, such as a “zip lock”, that allows for quick and easy introduction and resealing of the device. After the user puts the device into the pouch, the upper part of the pouch can be sealed by simply and quickly moving the tab, resulting in a complete gas tight seal.
At one end of the pouch sterilization chamber, a tube opening and a tube of about 10 inches are provided to connect to the gas generation chamber. The end of the transport tube is a “quick disconnect” connection that facilitates connection to the gas generation chamber, and each tube has a compression roller valve for closing the tube.
The sterilization chamber is made of polyolefin material and is a 3.5 inch square with a large hard plastic screw cap protruding from the top of the container for easy filling of powder and water. This room has a luer connection port and is easily connected to the sterilization chamber.
"Generation of NO gas from nitrite metal salt"
A solid metal nitrite (eg, sodium nitrite, potassium nitrite, magnesium nitrite) is reacted with a liquid acid solution (eg, sulfuric acid, maleic acid, hydrochloric acid, nitrous acid, nitric acid) or a solution of a proton donor. And nitric oxide and / or nitrogen dioxide. When a solution of a metal nitrite salt is prepared and reacted with a solution of a solid acid powder, nitric oxide and / or nitrogen dioxide is produced. If the metal salt and the solid acid powder are mixed in the powder state, the reaction of the two powders will start upon addition of water. When both a metal nitrite solution and an acid solution are used, nitric oxide gas is generated. This type of reaction yields nitrous acid, which decomposes over time into nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide. Using the method and system of the present invention, this NO gas can be used to sterilize biological indicators or objects and materials.
For example, maleic acid and NaNO 2 are added to a 20 mL vial and the vial is placed in a 1 L jar. Two types of BI (Raben: Lot Number: 3336552) placed in a sealed sachet (Tyvek towards NO generation system) are placed inside this 1 L jar. Add 5 mL of water to the powder using a syringe. After 10 minutes, these BIs are placed in 4 mL tryptic soy medium and held at 55-60 ° C. for 14 days. Alternatively, the BI in the sachet may be affixed to the edge of the 1L jar so that the tyvek faces the NO source. Air may also be removed from the jar. Water can also be added using a needle to a vial containing maleic acid and NaNO 2 in a jar. After 10 minutes, these BIs are placed in 4 mL tryptic soy medium and maintained at 55-60 ° C. for 14 days. Alternatively, a water-soluble capsule can be used to contain a mixture of powdered maleic acid and powdered NaNO 2 and dissolved in water at the beginning of the sterilization cycle.
Table 7 shows various combinations of amounts and ratios of sodium nitrite and maleic acid that can generate an appropriate amount of NO gas and sterilize the biomarker at a given time.
"Synthesis of soluble carbon-based diazeniumdiolates"
Various nitrogen-based diazeniumdiolates are commercially available and can be used for this purpose, but due to the ability of nitrogen-based diazeniumdiolates to produce highly carcinogenic nitrosamines, their use in medical applications is limited (Parzuchowski et al., 2002, supra). Carbon-based diazeniumdiolate does not produce nitrosamines, but produces more than three times more NO per mole than nitrogenous NO donors. By using a carbon-based NO donor, safety can be increased while reducing the total weight of the product.
Carbon-based diazeniumdiolates can be produced using benzylic intermediates. Benzyl methyl ether, PhCH 2 OCH 3 (commercially available from Sigma-Aldrich, USA) is one starting material. In a pearl pressure vessel, 3 ml (0.024 mol) of benzyl methyl ether is added to 30 ml of methanol. To this solution, 11 ml (0.048 mol) of 25% sodium methoxide is added with stirring. Oxygen is removed from the flask by repeatedly applying and releasing pressure with an inert gas (10). This solution is exposed to 40-80 psi NO gas at room temperature for 1-5 days. When the consumption of NO gas is eliminated, the reaction is complete and is replaced by NO gas in the head space. Diethyl ether is added to precipitate all of the anionic diazeniumdiolate salt, and the precipitate is filtered and dried. The NO releasing ability of the product, PhC (N 2 O 2 Na) 2 OCH 3 , is tested by the chemiluminescence method described below, and the structure is confirmed by absorption spectroscopic analysis, elemental analysis, and NMR.
Another synthetic scheme is by commercially available benzyl thiocyanate (PhCH 2 SCN, Sigma-Aldrich, USA). In a pearl pressure vessel, 3 g (0.020 mol) of benzyl thiocyanate is added to 30 ml of tetrahydrofuran. To this solution is added 40 ml (0.040 mol) of 1.0 M sodium silanolate with stirring. Repeat the pressurization and release with an inert gas (10) to remove oxygen in the flask. This solution is then exposed to 40-80 psi NO gas at room temperature for 1-5 days. When the consumption of NO gas is eliminated, the reaction is complete and is replaced by NO gas in the head space. Diethyl ether is added to precipitate all of the anionic diazeniumdiolate salt, and the precipitate is filtered and dried. The NO releasing ability of the product, PhC (N 2 O 2 Na) 2 SCN, is tested by the chemiluminescence method described below, and absorption spectroscopic analysis, elemental analysis, and NMR structure confirmation are performed.
Preferred sterilant gas generating compounds for NO generation are these carbon-based diazeniumdiolate compounds. This is because the NO release rate under acidic conditions is fast and close to ideal. Similar NO donor selection criteria are yield and cost.
"Measurement of NO release from diazeniumdiolate"
The method for measuring NO released from diazeniumdiolate is according to the method described in Smith DJ et al., J Med Chem 39: 1148-1156, 1996. The entirety of this document is incorporated herein by reference. The weight of the sample is recorded, the sample is dissolved in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), and the mixture is left open in a 25 ° C. water bath. The buffer is purged with argon gas from the bottom of the container through a glass filter tube so that the effluent gas passes through a calibrated chemiluminescent NO x detector for NO content measurement. Continue bubbling until the value is stable and extremely low, and integrate the signal at intervals of a few minutes. The integral is converted to NO moles compared to the integral obtained using a certified NO / Helium standard gas (MG Industries, USA). The rate of NO release over a period of time calculated by dividing the integral of the signal by the integration time (minutes) is plotted against the total elapsed time since the sample was first placed in the buffer.
“NO content in the environment”
All tests for NO are performed in a certified fume hood. NO is an environmental pollutant and can be harmful to humans if the concentration exceeds 100 ppm. NO contained in the synthesis container or sterilization chamber is put in a container containing 10 times volume of ambient air over 5 minutes. All NO is converted to NO 2 during this process. The NO 2 from the sterilization chamber then passes through a NaOH column where the NO 2 is effectively removed. This is a well-understood method often used for industrial processing (Basile, 2002).
“Optimization of the sterilization cycle at ambient temperature”
Optimize the following parameters for the sterilization cycle at ambient temperature (about 22-24 ° C.): cycle duration, allowable air percentage, humidity, internal pressure (NO amount), and characteristics of the device to be sterilized (device surface area, Device type [ie narrow lumen, deadlock lumen], use of sterile pouch filling material, salt attachment device, protein attachment device). The bioindicator (BI) chosen for the test is the sporulated Bacillus subtillis var niger, which is the standard organism used for Et 2 O process certification and also widely used for certification of other sterilization processes It is a living creature. See Hoxey EV et al., J Appl Bacteriol 58: 207-214, 1985. The entirety of this document is incorporated herein by reference.
Incubate B. subtillis var niger 9372 overnight in Luria Broth (LB) medium at 37 ° C. in a shaking water bath. This usually results in a concentration exceeding 10 8 CFU / ml. The ABS 595 of each solution after overnight culture is measured and compared with a standard curve to determine an approximate concentration CFU / ml. Dilute with sterile LB medium to a culture concentration of 10 6 CFU / ml. The bacteria are brought into a spore-forming state by the following method. As described in Sterlini and Mendelstam, Biochem J. 113: 29-37, 1969 (1969), the culture solution is centrifuged at 2500 RPM (1000 × g, Sobol GLC-1) for 5 minutes to form a low nutrient medium. Resuspend. The bacteria are washed more than once with this sporulation medium and the final pellet is suspended in a suitable amount of sporulation medium to a concentration of 10 6 CFU / ml. Usually, this method results in over 80% endospore formation.
Two strip stainless steel plates, 1 inch long, 1/8 inch ID Teflon (R) tubing, and (polyethylene) terephthalate (PET) strips were tested for typical sterilization cycle parameters Used for. These three types of materials, strip-shaped stainless steel plate, Teflon (registered trademark) tube, and PET strip are each referred to as “material panel” items. This is because items from this material panel are soaked in an endospore-forming bacterial suspension of 10 6 CFU / ml. Under the same conditions as the NO gas sterilized product, the two material samples are treated in the same manner except that they are brought into contact with nitrogen in the sterilization chamber. After treatment, these materials are placed in LB medium and cultured for 24 hours at 37 ° C. in a shaking water bath. After 24 hours, the culture medium of the control and treatment groups is observed with the naked eye and a photograph is taken. A part is taken out, diluted with sterilized LB, and placed on an LB agar plate, and the concentration CFU / ml is measured. Incubate for an additional 24 hours for a total of 48 hours, with ABS 595 measured at 48 hours if necessary (take a further confirmation photo). Ingested LB agar plates are cultured at 37 ° C. and colony growth is assessed at 24 and 48 hours after inoculation.
All colonies on the plate that are derived from the material after the sterilization process are examined and confirmed by morphological observation, gram staining and / or other necessary means that the bacteria are B. subtillis var niger. The same confirmation is performed for cultures growing in LB. Variables that cause B. subtilis var niger to grow on the material after exposure to the sterilization process are considered variables outside the usable range.
“Evaluation of the effect of sterilization cycle time on sterilization efficiency”
Material sterilization is tested by sterilizing material panels at room temperature for 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 120 minutes. Each processing group and control group are processed in the same manner. However, in the control, nitrogen gas is used instead of NO. Repeat the test three times. The criterion for successful sterilization is 0 CFU / ml in all three tests at any time. One failure out of three (positive B. subtillis var niger culture) is considered a failure in that measurement.
"Effect of ambient temperature sterilization efficiency"
Immerse material panel items in 10 6 CFU / ml of B. subtillis LB medium. Using the previous test data, an appropriate time point is selected using the shortest success time. For example, if you succeed in 5 minutes, use 10 minutes. The test is performed while increasing the temperature by 10 degrees between −10 ° C. and 50 ° C. If it does not work at extreme temperatures, increase or decrease the temperature by 10 ° C and repeat the test to achieve the desired result. Perform low temperature tests in a calibrated refrigerator that allows temperatures between -20 ° C and 20 ° C. At temperatures above 20 ° C., testing is performed in a standard incubator. The sterilizer parts are allowed to equilibrate to the test temperature for 20 minutes prior to the sterilization process test. A control group is provided for each processing group, and the same processing is performed. However, nitrogen gas is used instead of NO. Success is 0 CFU / ml in three tests at any temperature. A single failure in three trials (positive B. subtillis var niger culture) is considered a failure of the measurement, which sets the limits of the measurement parameters.
There is a high probability that there is an interdependent relationship between the high ambient temperature and the NO gas pressure used for processing. At high temperatures, it may be considered that there is no reduction in efficiency even with a small NO gas pressure. This will not necessarily be a problem. A problem that emerges is the ability to increase the humidity of the sterilization chamber under freezing temperature conditions. In this case, failure to humidify the sterilization chamber may limit the use of the method at freezing temperatures.
"Evaluation of optimum humidity conditions in sterilization room"
The manufactured sterilization room prototype is modified so that the hygrometer probe can be inserted. The probe is sealed inside the room using a non-curable silicon sealant. A NIST traceable hygrometer (Fisher Scientific) capable of measuring relative humidity (RH) in the range of 2 to 98% is used to measure the humidity level. The calibration of the device is performed once a week using a dedicated nitrogen gas chamber containing multiple salt solutions that can create a 10-80% RH environment by mixing, for example 11, 43, 75% RH environment. Perform at a frequency.
Methods for creating reproducible RH levels in the sterilization chamber are known, after which material panel items are contaminated with B. subtillis, dried in ambient air, and sterilized with an appropriate weight of water (sample adsorbed water). Put in the room. The above sterilization process is RH that varies linearly within the range of 10-80%, for example 10-15% RH, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% Test at RH. For tests conducted at test temperatures other than room temperature, equilibrate to the test temperature for 20 minutes before the start of the sterilization process. Also, the second most effective time is used. At any RH level, success is 0 CFU / ml in all three trials. A single failure in three trials (positive B. subtillis var niger culture) is considered a failure of the measurement, which sets the limits of the measurement parameters.
For example, if sterilization fails at 0% RH and is effective at 15%, an additional test to determine% RH between 0-15% is added to provide the required humidification and / or drying in the sterilization room. Optimize the range of effective conditions for.
"Effect of NO gas pressure on sterilization efficiency"
Attach a low pressure gauge to the sterilization chamber tube. Attach a three-way plug (luer lock) to the gauge directly or via a short tube. From there, vacuum with a 60cc syringe or pump if necessary. The sterilization chamber is sealed with a stopper and the vacuum is maintained. The NO gas pressure used for the sterilization test is adjusted by changing the amount of diazeniumdiolate in the gas generating chamber from the normal level of 6.8 g / 1000 cc. 1.7, 3.4, 6.8 gms (control) diazeniumdiolate is used in the gas generation chamber, and sterilization is performed while maintaining the amount of oxalic acid at a ratio of 10: 1 in the test. Dead space is also taken into account. Success is to be 3 trials 0 CFU / ml. A single failure in three trials (positive B. subtillis var niger culture) is considered a failure of the measurement, which sets the limits of the measurement parameters.
“Effect of ambient air on sterilization efficiency”
Since the ultimate mechanism of NO sterilization in this method is the formation of nitrous acid (HNO 2 ) on the surface condensate, it is very important to use or exclude ambient air. It may be advantageous to introduce a small amount of ambient air in the process. A small amount of O 2 dissolved in the condensed water can produce a sufficient amount of nitrous acid under the conditions used in the process of the present invention.
A low pressure gauge is attached to the sterilization chamber tube. Attach a three-way plug (luer lock) directly or via a short tube to the gauge. From there, the 60cc syringe is evacuated with a pump if necessary. The sterilization chamber is sealed with a stopcock to maintain its vacuum. A graduated syringe with ambient air can be inserted into the stopcock and a known amount of air can be introduced into the sterilization chamber. The diazeniumdiolate generates 2 moles of NO per mole and the ideal gas law, and the amount of diazeniumdiolate in the gas generating chamber is 1 ATM, 6 per liter volume. Adjust to 8 gm. Determine the dead space and adjust with the mass of diazeniumdiolate. Tests are performed at 1, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, and 20% ambient air volume in a sterilization chamber. These tests are performed at 25 ° C. and the two relevant extreme temperatures determined in the above test. In three trials, if all B. subtilis contaminated items in the material panel are all zero-growth, the result is considered good. A single failure in three trials (positive B. subtillis var niger culture) is considered a failure in that measurement and this sets the limit for the measurement parameter. Failure at low levels of ambient air indicates that oxygen is required and provides evidence that the mechanism of action for NO in this process may be related to nitrite purification.
The possibility of interdependence between ambient air and humidity is as already mentioned.
"Sterilization with various nitrogen oxides"
The mixture of nitric oxide and air reacts into a mixture containing many different nitrogen oxides. The concentration of each nitric oxide species in the mixture varies with temperature, pressure, and initial concentration of nitric oxide. The concentration of various nitric oxide species in the atmosphere can be measured directly or predicted using established methods.
For example, detailed chemical kinetics of NO oxidation in humid air can be simulated using available chemical kinetic software (eg, Chemkin software) and kinetic data in the literature. A closed batch homogeneous batch reactor model is used to predict the concentration of the composition and compound species present from the NO air mixture.
The analysis results at two different NO initial concentrations are shown in Table 6 below. From these results, it can be seen that, after 5 minutes, NO is oxidized into NO 2 , N 2 O 4 , nitric acid, nitrous acid HNO 3 , and small amounts of N 2 O 3 and N 2 O 5 .
In other embodiments of the system and method of the present invention, a sterilant gas comprising other nitrogen oxides such as nitrogen dioxide and / or nitrous oxide is used. These nitrogen oxides can be generated from nitrogen monoxide and air supplied by the gas generation chamber. In other embodiments, nitrogen dioxide and / or nitrous oxide can be supplied from a pressurized tank. NO 2 or N 2 O 4 can be stored at a high concentration in the tank, or diluted with an inert gas such as nitrogen or argon to form a low concentration mixture. Alternatively, NO 2 or N 2 O 4 may be diluted with air.
This gas or gas mixture can be sent to the sterilization chamber by a metering regulator fluidly connected to the sterilization chamber or other gas transport methods known to those skilled in the art.
"Sterilization efficacy of various nitrogen oxides"
The test is performed in a glass container that can measure the gas in an accurate amount. The test is performed using a biomarker (BI) consisting of a stainless steel plate ingested with 10 6 Bacillus stearothemophilus spores. Each of the BI plates is heat-sealed in a Tyvek sterilization pouch and placed in a glass container. This container is filled with various gas mixtures obtained by a procedure in which the order and timing of gas introduction are precisely controlled.
In one procedure, the glass container is degassed to 3 inches Hg (10.2 kPa) (absolute pressure). As a sterilant gas, NO or NO2 is added in an amount that will be 5% concentration (volume concentration) when filled with sterilant gas and diluent gas. After 5 minutes, add air or nitrogen to the vessel until atmospheric pressure is reached. BI is exposed to air or nitrogen for 10 minutes. The BI in the pouch is then removed from the container and placed in a microbiology hood. The biomarker is removed from the pouch, placed in a tube containing sterile tryptic soy medium, cultured at about 55 to about 60 ° C. and observed for growth.
The spore test results are shown in Table 9.
"Sterilization cycle including exposure time to specific nitrogen oxides"
Evaluate the ability of nitric oxide gas to permeate spaces or vacancies (ie, lumens) inside the tube and inactivate lumen spores. The spores used are the most resistant to nitric oxide gas.
The following configured lumen is tested:
(A) 17-inch stainless steel (SS) tube, inner diameter: 2.5 mm, bent into a “U” shape
(B) 60 inch polyethylene (PE) tube, inner diameter: 4.5 mm, coiled, in tyvek pouch
(C) 60-inch PE tube, inner diameter: 4.5 mm, outer diameter: 1.5 mm, built-in PEEK tube, coiled, in tiebeck pouch
Wire-like biomarkers are inoculated with 10 6 Bacillus stearothemophilus spores (ATCC 7953), (Ravenlot: 3W67583) and placed in the center of each tube of these structures. At that time, the coiled polyethylene tube was heated and sealed in a Tyvek sterilization pouch.
Each lumen sample is tested individually. A stainless steel tube (three samples: SS-1, SS-2, SS-3), a polyethylene tube, and a polyethylene tube with a built-in PEEK catheter were each placed in a resistance test apparatus and placed at 23 ° C. for 5 minutes for the next gas cycle. Exposed. This gas cycle is as follows.
The sterilization chamber / resistance test device is evacuated and maintained in a vacuum for 2 minutes. NO gas is then placed in the sterilization chamber and the vacuum is reduced by 1 inch Hg (3.4 kPa) . This condition is maintained for 2 minutes. Air is then added until the chamber is at atmospheric pressure and maintained at that condition for 5 minutes.
The spore test results are shown in Table 10. After 14 days of culture, all control samples show bacterial growth, and samples exposed to gas for 5 minutes show no bacterial growth.
"Influence of insoluble crystalline precipitation on sterilization efficiency"
Many studies have shown how difficult it is to kill spores blocked in water-insoluble crystals, especially with gaseous sterilants. See, for example, Abbott CF et al., J Pharm Pharmacol 8: 709-720, 1956; Doyle JE and Ernst RR, Applied Microbiology 15 (4): 726-730, 1967. For measurement of sterilization efficiency, the Doyle and Ernst methods are used for spore preparation and separation, spore occlusion in crystalline calcium carbonate, and recovery of occluded spores.
Prepare 10 ml of 1.11% CaCl 2 solution containing 10 6 spores / ml. To this is quickly added 10 ml of 1.06% Na 2 CO 3 and the mixture is shaken vigorously. Crystals of Ca 2 CO 3 are formed immediately, and a large amount of spores are incorporated into the crystals. The crystals are washed with distilled water in three 20,000 × g centrifugation steps. The crystals are added to 10 ml distilled water and 0.2% methylcellulose to simplify the operation. 10 μl of the crystal suspension is spread on filter paper, dried at room temperature and further dried at 90 ° C. for 16 hours.
After exposure to the sterilant, the strip of paper is placed in 25 ml of 3.0% sterile NH 4 Cl solution at 0 ° C. for 3 days to dissolve the crystals. The strip and the solution are put into a blender and irradiated with ultrasonic waves for 5 minutes. Samples are diluted and placed on tryptone glucose yeast extract agar and counted. The case of zero growth in three separate tests is considered a favorable result.
"Sterilization efficiency in devices with lumens with long and narrow closed ends"
Many studies have shown that it is difficult to reliably sterilize long, narrow, end-capped lumens. See, for example, Alfa MC, Infect Control Ster Technol April: 26-36, 1997; and Rutala W Aetal., Infect Control Hosp Epidemio 19: 798-804, 1998. To examine the ability of this sterilization process to effectively sterilize this type of device, a non-porous Teflon tube (inner diameter ≤ 3 mm) was cut to a length of 125 cm and B. subtillis var niger (10 6 CFU / ml) is inserted into the tube using a 60 ml syringe. The tube is drained and air dried. Close part of the tube with a snug plug. The stopper is tested for gas tightness using a 60 cc syringe at a slight air pressure. Other methods of sealing one end of the tube are heat sealing, solvent welding, clamping. Tubes with open or sealed ends should be wrapped with care not to bend and placed in a sterilization chamber for processing. At the end of the sterilization process, the tube is cut to 4 inches long and placed in a sterile culture tube containing a sufficient amount of LB so that the tube segment is completely soaked. Sterilization efficiency is evaluated as described above.
"Sterilization efficiency in devices with sealed joints"
Surgical scissors and forceps are immersed in 10 6 CFU / ml of contaminated broth to contaminate the swivel. The swivel is moved while the device is immersed in a bacterial broth to allow bacteria to enter between the arms of the device. The device is air dried and subjected to sterilization. Zero growth in three separate trials is considered a favorable result.
“Sterilization of equipment in each sterile pouch”
Surgical scissors and forceps are immersed in a 10 6 CFU / ml contaminated broth to contaminate the swivel. The apparatus is dried and Seal in a Muller dual peel seal pouch (Fisher Scientific) and insert into the sterilization chamber of the processing equipment. After the treatment, the contaminated forceps are carefully removed from the pouch under sterile conditions by a sterilization method, placed in a culture flask containing sterile LB medium, and the sterilization efficiency is measured as described above. Zero growth in three separate trials is considered a favorable result. Other items, such as a long narrow lumen tube, may be added to the test procedure.
"Two-stage processing cycle"
The overall sterilization efficiency depends on the efficiency with which the gas contacts the microorganisms and the efficiency with which the contacting microorganisms are killed. In one preferred embodiment of the sterilization method of the present invention, the sterilizing sterilant treatment cycle maximizes the killing of microorganisms that come into contact with the flow of sterilizing gas into the device. The inflow of gas into the recesses, lumens, gaps, crevices, connecting surfaces, inner surfaces of medical devices can be caused by (especially) the size of gas molecules, diffusivity, "stickiness", the interior or surface of solid or liquid materials. Depends on the adsorptivity to.
NO is known to have better transport performance than NO 2 due to its small molecule and low adhesion. In one preferred embodiment of the invention, this sterilization cycle consists of two stages. In the first stage, NO enters from the surface of the object to be sterilized. In the second stage, NO is oxidized to NO 2 and other nitrogen oxides. This NO 2 and other nitrogen oxides provide an additional effective microbial kill mode. This two-stage approach reduces the sterilization gas volume and reduces the time required to sterilize devices that have hidden surfaces and / or complex shapes.
This preferred two-stage processing cycle is performed, for example, as follows. The device to be sterilized is placed in a room that can generate and maintain a vacuum and accept sterilization gas and air. The sterilization chamber is sealed. The sterilization chamber is evacuated and the vacuum level is less than 3 inches Hg (10.2 kPa) (absolute pressure). An amount of NO gas corresponding to a concentration of 1 to 8% is supplied to the degassed room as the final sterilized mixed gas. This condition is maintained for about 30 seconds to about 5 minutes. Add humidified air to bring the room to atmospheric pressure. This condition is maintained for about 30 seconds to about several hours, depending on the concentration of the sterilant. The sterilization chamber is degassed and replaced with air, and the sterilized device is taken out.
This two-stage treatment cycle is more effective for sterilizing an object having a lumen than (1) a cycle in which NO and air are introduced simultaneously and (2) a cycle in which NO 2 is introduced in air or nitrogen. is there
"Polymer sterilization"
Whether a polymer can be sterilized can be determined by inoculating the polymer with a spore solution, drying, and exposing to nitrogen oxides. After exposure, the spores are washed from the polymer into the growth medium and cultured to see growth.
"Effects of nitric oxide sterilization on bioabsorbable polymers"
In this example, the change in molecular weight distribution over time before and after sterilization of a polyester-based bioabsorbable polymer is evaluated. Specifically, the effects of the method of the present invention are evaluated using three types of sterilization methods, ethylene oxide (EtO) treatment, gamma irradiation, and nitrogen oxides. Polyester materials include lactel (R) DLPLG (poly-DL-lactide-co-glycolide, 50/50), DLPLA (poly-DL-lactide-COOH), LPLA (poly-L-lactide), and DURECT ( PCL (poly-e-caprolactone) polymer obtained from the United States). Treated samples are evaluated immediately after treatment (Day 0). Samples are treated with the method of the invention (or industrial EtO standard conditions (100% EtO, 1 hour, 57 ° C., ≧ 70% RH, then 15 hours of aeration) and gamma irradiation (26.8 kGy) Prepare an untreated control sample of each polymer for each sterilization method.
In all samples treated with NO X, no significant change was observed in MW distribution of the bulk polymer. For some samples, there is some minor change in the low MW region of the chromatogram (retention time: about 10 minutes). The EtO-treated sample has a change in shape as compared to the control sample, and is difficult to separate from the Tyvek® sterile pouch and adheres to the bag surface. There is no significant change in the MW distribution of the bulk polymer. In all irradiated samples, a detectable change appears in the MW distribution of the bulk polymer.
Three kinds of sterilization treatment (NO X, EtO, and radiation), and four kinds of bioabsorbable polyester polymer: Rakuteru (R) DLPLG (poly -DL- lactide - co - glycolide, 50/50), DLPLA (poly - Apply to bulk samples of DL-lactide-COOH), LPLA (poly-L-lactide) and PCL (poly-e-caprolactone). Polymer samples are measured for molecular weight by GPC chromatography immediately after receipt (labeled 0 days, time point 1). Samples treated with nitrogen oxides do not show significant differences in MW distribution compared to control samples. Although the EtO-treated polymer sample does not show a large difference in MW distribution, it is visually deformed compared to the control sample and adheres to a sterile pouch. Gamma-irradiated polymer samples show a detectable change in MW distribution, indicating that the average molecular weight has decreased and the bulk polymer chains are fragmented. The change due to gamma irradiation is most significant in PCL samples.
"Protein sterilization"
The sample protein is tested under sterile conditions known to kill Stearothermophilus spores and tests whether this sterile condition affects the biological function of the protein. Trypsin is used as a protein sample. During the sterilization cycle, trypsin is in powder form and its function is evaluated later as a solution. A biomarker is included with the protein powder in the same sterile container.
In describing representative embodiments of the present invention, the methods and / or processes of the present invention are represented herein as a particular combination of steps. However, the method or process is not limited to the specific combination of steps described, and the method or process is not limited to a combination of these special orders. Other process combinations are possible, as one of ordinary skill in the art would think. Therefore, particular combinations of steps described herein should not be construed as limiting the claims. Further, the claims relating to the method and / or process of the present invention are not limited to the performance of these steps in the order described, but those skilled in the art can change this combination. It will be understood that it remains within the spirit and scope of the invention.
In additional sterilization tests, the effectiveness of varying concentrations of NO and NO 2 in air or nitrogen and in the presence of humidity was evaluated. The test was performed using a biomarker (Raben 36100ST33668092) with Bacillus stearothemophilus spores on a stainless steel plate, with these indices placed in a Tyvek pouch or a microcentrifuge tube in a Tyvek pouch. Both are 300 ml pearl pressure vessels that have been conditioned to a relative humidity of over 80% with 20 microliters of water in advance, and a 67 liter “resistance test device” using humidified air with a relative humidity of over 70%. Used as. After one step of testing, the concentration is reduced to about 0%, 0.025%, 0.050%, 0.100%, 0.150%, 0.200%, 0.250%, 0.350% NO 2 Biomarkers were exposed for 24 hours to assess the presence of dead and live spores. FIG. 4 shows the results of such a test, which shows that the bioindicator test spores are killed by exposure to more than 0.200% NO 2 in nitrogen for 24 hours.
In other rounds of sterilization testing, the bioindicator is set to NO under atmospheric conditions at concentrations between 0 and 1.00% and at concentrations of 6.0% with a time varying between 5 and 120 minutes. Exposed to. FIG. 5 shows the results of these tests. A sustained sterilization effect was obtained with 6% NO in the air at an exposure time of 5 minutes to 60 minutes and 0.35% NO for an exposure time of 60 minutes to 120 minutes. FIG. 6 shows the sterilization performance of NO under the atmosphere. The NO concentration is about 0.35% and the treatment time is about 60 minutes or more, and the sustained effect is obtained. Fig. 7 compares various concentrations and exposure times in the atmosphere using NO. Here, the product of NO concentration (%) and exposure time (min) is superior in sterilization performance than NO concentration alone. It is an indicator.
The above-described embodiments of the present invention are intended to describe the description and specification. It is not limited to the specific forms disclosed. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that many variations and modifications of the embodiments described herein are possible based on the above disclosure.
A method for spore sterilization of an object,
Place the object in the sterilization room,
Sealing the sterilization chamber,
Generate a sterilant gas containing one or more nitrogen oxides in the gas generation chamber,
After the generation of the sterilant gas, introducing the sterilant gas into the sterilization chamber,
After the introduction of the sterilant gas, the humidity of the sterilization chamber is humidified to a relative humidity ranging from 40% to 80%,
A spore sterilization method, wherein the object is exposed to a humidified sterilant gas for an appropriate time.
The spore sterilization method according to claim 1, wherein the sterilant gas includes a mixture of NO 2 , N 2 O 4 and air.
Spores sterilizing method according to claim 1 or 2 wherein the sterilant gas comprises NO 2.
The spore sterilization method according to claim 3, wherein the sterilant gas contains a mixture of NO 2 and N 2 O 4 .
The spore sterilization method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, further comprising degassing the sterilization chamber before introducing the sterilant gas into the sterilization chamber.
The method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, further comprising controlling the temperature of the sterilization chamber.
The spore sterilization method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, further comprising measuring a temperature of the sterilization chamber and / or measuring a humidity of the sterilization chamber.
The spore sterilization method according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein a concentration of the sterilant gas in the sterilization chamber is 0.1% to 6%.
The object is at least one material selected from the group consisting of degradable polymers, biological materials, shape memory metals, shape memory polymers, drug transport polymers, bioabsorbable polymers, bioactive membranes, and proteins. The spore sterilization method according to any one of claims 1 to 8.
10. The device according to claim 1, wherein the object is at least one medical device selected from the group consisting of a medical device having a bioactive film, a bone graft, a skeleton-binding material, a drug release stent, and a polymer-coated graft material. A spore sterilization method according to claim 1.
JP2009518282A 2004-01-07 2007-06-29 Sterilization system and sterilizer Active JP5681365B2 (en)
US11/477,513 2006-06-30
US11/477,513 US8017074B2 (en) 2004-01-07 2006-06-30 Sterilization system and device
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2007-06-29 AU AU2007269789A patent/AU2007269789A1/en not_active Abandoned
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EP2040759A2 (en) 2009-04-01
CA2656236A1 (en) 2008-01-10
AU2007269789A1 (en) 2008-01-10
US8017074B2 (en) 2011-09-13
WO2008005313A3 (en) 2008-02-28
US20110318225A1 (en) 2011-12-29
US8808622B2 (en) 2014-08-19
US20070014686A1 (en) 2007-01-18
JP2014094302A (en) 2014-05-22
CA2582887A1 (en) 2007-12-30
CA2656236C (en) 2016-08-09
WO2008005313A2 (en) 2008-01-10
US9180217B2 (en) 2015-11-10
JP2009542333A (en) 2009-12-03
EP2040759B1 (en) 2014-11-05
US20150273095A1 (en) 2015-10-01
US8216523B2 (en) 2012-07-10 Decontamination unit with collapsible decontamination enclosure and decontamination process
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