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⭐A. Repossessions, Sales and Deficiencies
A. Repossessions, Sales and Deficiencies
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1 Presented at by Richard Tomlinson 1 Consumer and Commercial Law Section Program June 27, 2008 at 2:30 p.m. If there is one theme to my presentation, it is this: consumer cases involving automobiles can be raised without utilizing the DTPA. As you will see, there are many other statutes that provide possible remedies such as the Uniform Commercial Code, the Truth-in-Lending Act, the Odometer Act and the Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act. Why should these other statutory claims be considered? First, you avoid the many procedural traps not found in the 1995 version of the DTPA. Second, many of these other statutory statutory claims provide for jurisdiction in federal court as an alternative to state court. If you are not happy with your local state courts, these other statutes give you the option of seeking out a different forum. What follows is a listing of common consumer claims involving automobiles. A. Repossessions, Sales and Deficiencies This is my first topic for a reason. In the past 5 years, I have noticed a change in the types of automobile cases that make it into my office. Fewer cases involving deception have appeared at my doorstop and many more repossession and deficiency cases have filled the vacuum. While I do not believe that dealers have become more honest and trustworthy, I do think that many consumers believe that going to an attorney is no longer an option in these matters, because consumers doubt that attorneys will handle such cases on a contingent basis, particularly given that many attorneys refuse to handle any cases that must be arbitrated. At any rate, given the declining economy, it appears that the rate of automobile repossession and the filing of automobile deficiency actions have both increased substantially. 1. Repossessions To repossess an automobile, the secured creditor needs a security agreement authorizing repossession and a default. Virtually all retail installment sales contracts have security agreements, so the most common issue raised with repossessions relates to whether a default has occurred and exists at the time of repossession. Default is defined by the contract, and most retail installment contracts define default as the failure to make timely payments or the failure to maintain insurance coverage for the vehicle serving as collateral. Certainly, these are the most common examples of default used to justify repossession. What follows are several examples of default issues in repossession cases. 1 My address is 3100 Timmons Lane, Suite 100, Houston, Texas 77027, and my telephone number and address are and Feel free to contact me if you have any questions.2 Page 2 a. Habitual Acceptance of Late Payments By habitually accepting late payments, secured creditors waive the timely payment provisions of the contract unless such creditors send notice prior to repossession noting that late payments will no longer be accepted. Ford Motor Credit Company v. Washington, 573 S.W.2d 616, (Tex. Civ. App. - Austin 1978, writ ref d n.r.e.); Cobb v. Midwest Recovery Bureau Company, 295 N.W.2d 232, (Minn. 1980). Secured creditors responded to these types of rulings by including non-waiver clauses in retail installment contracts that read like the following: Acceptance of a late payment shall not operate as a waiver of any subsequent default by the debtor. In commercial cases, these non-waiver clauses effectively preclude any claim of waiver through acceptance of late payments. In consumer cases, however, the courts have generally found that such clauses can be waived as well. Westinghouse Credit Corporation v. Shelton, 645 F.2d 869, (10 th Cir. 1981)(applying Oklahoma UCC); Moe v. John Deere Company, 516 N.W.2d 332, (S.D. 1994)(applying S.D. UCC). While no Texas court has addressed the effect of non-waiver clauses in the context of the UCC, several Texas courts have found that such clauses can be waived through course of conduct in the real estate lease context. Straus v. Kirby Court Corporation, 909 S.W.2d 105, (Tex. App. Houston [14 th Dist.] 1995, writ denied); Winslow v. Dillard Department Stores, Inc., 849 S.W.2d 862, (Tex. App. - Texarkana 1993, writ denied); Zwick v. Lodewijk Corporation, 847 S.W.2d 316, 318 (Tex. App. - Texarkana 1993, no writ); Regent International Hotels, Ltd. V. Las Colinas Hotels Corporation, 704 S.W.2d 101, (Tex. App. - Dallas 1985, no writ). If non-waiver clauses are subject to waiver, these clauses raise the bar for finding waiver or estoppel. In other words, courts are going to expect the acceptance of more late payments to overcome a non-waiver clause. b. Existence of Credit Insurance The sale of credit life, credit disability or credit unemployment insurance as a part of the retail installment contract for the sale of a vehicle is treated as an agreement to look to the relevant insurance policy in the even of the insured even, death, disability or unemployment. Owens v. Walt Johnson Lincoln Mercury, Inc., 574 P.2d 642, (Ore. 1978). Once the secured creditor is put on notice of a potential claim to be made against a credit insurance policy, the secured creditor is required to refrain from repossessing the collateral. Id.; Carter v. United States National Bank, 768 P.2d 930, (Ore. 1989); Wiley v. GMAC, 624 So.2d 518, 521 (Ala. 1993); Corbin v. Regions Bank, 574 S.E.2d 616, (Ga. App. 2002); Entriken v. Motor Coach FCU, 845 P.2d 93, (Mont. 1992). See also Bank One Milwaukee v. Harris, 563 N.W.2d 543, 546 (Wis. App. 1997)(repossession of vehicle under these circumstances unconscionable). In short, if a secured creditor repossessed a vehicle after being informed that the buyer was disabled and the underlying contract provided for a purchase of credit disability insurance,3 Page 3 the repossession violated the implicit promise associated with the insurance purchase that the creditor would look first to the insurance to cover defaulted payments caused by disability. c. Right to Withhold Payments to Cover Damages Tex. Bus. & Com. Code provides that [t]he buyer on notifying the seller of his intention to do so may deduct all or any part of the damages resulting from any breach of the contract from any part of the price still due under said contract. For example, after six months, title has not transferred and the buyer has been unable to obtain permanent registration, leading to several traffic tickets with substantial fines. Another example would entail a failing dealership taking a trade-in and failing to pay it off, even though current retail installment contracts provide that the seller will pay off the balance owed on the trade-in. A buyer would be free under section to inform the seller or its assignee that the failure to transfer title or to pay off a trade-in has caused damages and that the buyer intends to apply its damages as a form of set-off or recoupment against future required payments. d. Revocation of Acceptance Under Tex. Bus. & Com. Code 2.608, a buyer of an automobile may revoke acceptance when the automobile has a substantial non-conformity that substantially impairs its value to the buyer if discovery of the non-conformity was difficult, notice is given within a reasonable time, and the condition of the vehicle has not substantially changed. Under Tex. Bus. & Com. Code 2.711, a consumer who justifiably revokes is entitled to cancel the transaction and to recover all payments made. In short, revocation is the UCC version of rescission. If a consumer revoked acceptance before a repossession occurred, it could be argued that there is no default to justify repossession. In addition, it could be argued that the revoking consumer has a security interest superior to the finance company assignee, because section 2.711(c) provides a justifiably revoking buyer has a security interest in goods in his possession or control for any payments made on their price and any expenses reasonably incurred in their inspection, receipt, transportation, care and custody.... In effect, such revoking buyers are entitled to hold the vehicle after revocation until the purchase price at least has been refunded. Vista Chevrolet, Inc. v. Lewis, 704 S.W.2d 363, 369 (Tex. App. - Corpus Christi 1985)(... after revocation of acceptance, the buyer has a security interest in the goods and may retain possession of the goods to secure repayment of any payments that may have been made by the buyer ), aff d in part and rev d in part on other grounds, 709 S.W.2d 176 (Tex. 1986). Practice Pointer: I would not raise breach of express warranty made by the manufacturer as an impediment to repossession, relying upon the right to withhold4 Page 4 payments or revocation of acceptance. To raise one of these impediments to repossession, you need to show that the dealer-seller breached the contract. Breach of an express or implied warranty is hard to pin on a new-car dealer in Texas, because these dealers disclaim all warranties, express and implied, asserting that the buyer s warranty rights are limited to the express warranty afforded by the manufacturer. Dealers do retain certain duties that cannot ordinarily be disclaimed, such as the duty to transfer good title and to pay off trade-ins. To the extent the dealer affords an express warranty that has been breached, then the buyer may assert the right to withhold payments and revocation of acceptance to preclude a finding of default sufficient to justify repossession. 2. Sales Following Repossession Secured creditors repossess vehicles to dispose of them in hopes pf paying off all or part of the balance owed. This right to sell or otherwise dispose of the vehicle does not mean the repossessing creditor has complete discretion. First, under Tex. Bus. & Com. Code 9.623(c)(2), the buyer has an absolute right to redeem the repossessed vehicle at any time before sale. I am handling a case now where a secured creditor received a full payment of the redemption amount and then went ahead with the sale a few days later, rendering the sale wrongful and a form of conversion. Second, every aspect of the disposition of the collateral must be commercially reasonable to pass muster under Tex. Bus. & Com. Code For example, an attack on the commercial reasonableness of a sale could be based the failure to recondition the collateral before sale, the failure to publicize the sale, an unreasonably long delay in selling collateral and even unreasonably low price. National Consumer Law Center, Repossessions and Foreclosures (5 th ed.) Third, after the sale, the secured creditor is supposed to send a notice of surplus or deficiency under Tex. Bus. & Com. Code 9.616, but the failure to give such notice only entitles the debtor to a $500 penalty under Tex. Bus. & Com. Code 9.625(e)(5) and (6). 3. Deficiencies Under Tex. Bus. & Com. Code 9.626, a secured creditor may sue a debtor for any deficiency remaining after a post-repossession sale. In the not too distant past, most lenders in this field, with the exception of credit unions, avoided filing deficiency actions, apparently viewing them as a waste of effort given the prohibition on wage garnishment in Texas. Most lenders, other than credit unions, would only sue debtors for a deficiency when a suit was filed to obtain a writ of sequestration when the collateral could not be located for repossession. That has changed in the past year or so. Ford Motor Credit Company has filed a number of direct suits in the past year to recover deficiencies, and, more importantly, debt buyers have begun to buy deficiency accounts from auto lenders and bring a vast number of lawsuits to recover the deficiencies. There are a number of defenses to these actions. What follows is a less than exclusive list.5 Page 5 First, to recover a deficiency arising out of a consumer transaction requires the sending of proper notice of intended disposition or sale that complies with Tex. Bus. & Com. Code through In other words, Texas recognizes an absolute bar rule in cases in which either no notice or inadequate notice has been given. Tanenbaum v. Economic Laboratory, 628 S.W.2d 769 (Tex. 1982); State Bar Committee Comment following Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Since sections and provide form letters for giving such notice that serve as safe harbor protection for the form of the letter, this is not a difficult obligation to fulfill. Nevertheless, I have found on more than one of these letters that secured creditors fail to give at least 10 days notice of intended disposition, even though at least that amount of time is required by section In addition, most of my clients do not recall receiving such notice of sale and debt buyers are not always able to obtain such letters from original creditors or to prove that they were actually sent. Practice Pointer: If a defendant raises lack of notice or an absence of commercial reasonableness in the sale in his/her answer, the burden of proving the sending of notice or the conduct of the sale in a commercially reasonable manner is placed upont the secured creditor plaintiff. Tex. Bus. & Com. Code 9.626(a)(2); Greathouse v. Charter National Bank-Southwest, 851 S.W.2d 173 (Tex. 1992). In effect, if the defendant alleges lack of notice or an absence of commercial reasonableness, the burden of proof on these issues shifts to the plaintiff secured creditor. Second, some of these deficiency claims are time-barred. The applicable statute of limitations is provided by Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Under this statute, the secured creditor or its assignee has four years from the date of breach. While the right to recover each payment is subject to limitations under this statute, the entire debt is barred if more than 4 years have expired since the date of repossession, because the debt is effectively accelerated on the date of repossession. Third, debt buyers may be unable to prove up the amount of the deficiency in one of these suits. Much like the credit card debt suits filed by debt buyers, there may be little or no paperwork to support the amount of the claim. Even if the original creditor has retained such paperwork, the debt buyer may have to pay substantial sums to obtain it. 4. Possible Remedies Wrongful repossession, no notice of sale and inadequate notice of sale claims should be brought, because the UCC provides for minimum damages on these claims in consumer transactions equal to 10% of the cash price and the entire finance charge. Tex. Bus. & Com. Code 9.625(c)(2). In addition, repossessing when there has been no default or when there has been a failure to give proper notice may also be a breach of contract (depending on the language in the contract), entitling the consumer debtor to6 Page 6 attorney fees under Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code First City Bank - Farmers Branch, Texas v. Guex, 677 S.W.2d 25, (Tex. 1984); All Valley Acceptance Company v. Durfey, 800 S.W.2d 672, (Tex. App. - Austin, writ denied). B. Deceptive Auto Sales: Odometer Rollbacks and Undisclosed Wreck Damage 1. Background In my experience, two of the most common deceptive trade practices in the sale of automobiles involve misrepresentations regarding the mileage of an automobile and failures to disclose prior wreck damage. These commonly are issues in the sale of used automobiles, but the failure to disclose damage to automobiles can occur with new cars as well. 2 These are significant issues as well, because increased mileage and prior wreck damage, particularly when not fully remedied, have major impacts upon the fair market value of vehicles and may also render warranties void. On an initial review, many attorneys may believe that the only responsible party in an odometer case is the party in the chain of title that rolled back the odometer. Upon further review, however, the law often holds parties up the chain of title to be liable in such cases, sometimes including the retail finance company. With cases involving prior wreck damage, many defense attorneys representing dealerships will assert that their clients had no actual knowledge of the prior wreck damage and should therefore not be held liable. Dealers, and even retail finance entities, can be held liable in such cases. 2. Who is responsible when an odometer has been rolled back? Imagine the following hypothetical facts based on one of my cases: Ms. Smith, a consumer, notices an advertisement for a vehicle in the Chronicle which claims a particular vehicle has Low K, obviously an indication of low mileage. She calls the advertising dealer and is informed orally that the exact mileage is around 40,000, and she decides to go visit the dealership as a result. At the dealership, she is shown the advertised vehicle which has a sticker affixed to one of the side windows which affirmatively states the mileage to be around 40,000. After purchasing the vehicle and an extended warranty by way of a retail installment contract that is later assigned to a bank, she begins to notice that the vehicle seems to need constant repairs. Relying on a television story about odometer fraud, she runs a Carfax search and discovers that the odometer of her vehicle may have 2 For example, new cars sometimes fall off their transporters when being unloaded and sometimes new cars get into wrecks before they have ever been titled.7 Page 7 been rolled back, because the Carfax report notes an emissions test with a recorded mileage that is much more than what has apparently been recorded in the various title transfers visible in the title history of the vehicle. After sending a demand letter to the dealer, she is contacted by an adjustor for the dealer s insurance carrier who denied her claim, asserting that the emissions station had merely made a mistake on the inputing of the mileage. Upon contacting the first consumer owner of the vehicle and the dealer which accepted the vehicle as a trade-in, however, she discovered that the vehicle had over 100,000 miles on the odometer at the time of its trade-in after about 2 ½ years of use. The title history did not reflect the true mileage, because the initial entry at the time of trade-in and later sale by the trade-in dealer had been forged, as apparently the first digit of a 6-digit odometer reading entry had been turned into a upper-case A and this forgery hid the true mileage in subsequent sales. The issue is who is liable for this obvious fraud. a. The party directly responsible for the roll-back The party which rolled back the odometer and forged the mileage reading on the title was apparently a wholesaler which had purchased the vehicle at auction after the trade-in dealer had submitted the vehicle for sale at an auction. This wholesaler was able to forge the odometer reading in the first transfer of title paragraph on the back of the original certificate of title, because the trade-in dealer and the culpable wholesaler were not obligated, as licensed dealers, to apply for a new certificate of title, and thereby record for posterity the information regarding the odometer reading during each transfer, until a retail sale was made. In short, the wholesaler had the original certificate of title in hand and was able to forge the odometer reading in an effort to hide the roll-back of the odometer performed by the wholesaler. The cheating wholesaler engaged in this course of conduct to make a better profit on the vehicle, having purchased it at the low value reflected by its high mileage and then sold it for a much higher price which was based on a purported mileage reading which was far below the actual experience of the vehicle. The cheating wholesaler that engaged in the roll-back and the forgery of the title is clearly liable under both the Texas Deceptive Trade Practices Act and the federal Odometer Act. The DTPA explicitly prohibits disconnecting, turning back, or resetting the odometer of any motor vehicle so as to reduce the number of miles indicated on the odometer gauge. Tex. Bus. & Com. Code 17.46(b)(16). See, e.g., Houston v. Mike Black Auto Sales, 788 S.W.2d 696, (Tex. App. - Corpus Christi 1990, no writ) where a dealer was required to go to trial on this issue based on evidence that the dealer had replaced the odometer and failed to disclose that fact in a later sale. Likewise, the Odometer Act prohibits such tampering. 19 U.S.C (2). See, e.g., U.S. v. Whitlow, 979 F.2d 1008 (5 th Cir. 1992), an appeal regarding the sentence given to a Houston used car wholesaler who pleaded guilty to odometer tampering and was believed to have rolled back odometers in no less than 1500 automobiles. While both the DTPA and the Odometer Act would permit a private recovery of damages and attorney s fees8 Page 8 against such a party, this may be a waste of time, because the parties engaged in rollbacks are often judgment-proof. That does not mean, however, that consumers injured by such roll-backs are entitled to no relief. b. The dealer which misrepresented the mileage or failed to disclose the true mileage of the vehicle In the example set forth above, the dealer made a number of representations about the mileage that turned out to be false. First, the advertisement stated that the mileage on the vehicle was low when it was over 100,000 miles. Second, the dealer representative stated orally on the telephone that the mileage was around 40,000 which is clearly false. Third, the sticker on the car disclosed an exact mileage of around 40,000 when the true mileage was over 100,000. Obviously, this vehicle was represented to be a low mileage vehicle when, in fact, it had an excessive number of miles which clearly affected the value of the vehicle. As a result, the dealer clearly violated the DTPA, Tex. Bus. & Com. Code 17.46(b)(5) and (7), by misrepresenting the characteristics and quality of the vehicle. There are numerous Texas cases where dealers have misrepresented the mileage of a vehicle with a rolled-back odometer and have been held liable under the DTPA for the misrepresentation. Green Tree Acceptance, Inc. v. Holmes, 803 S.W.2d 458, 460, 462 (Tex. App. - Fort Worth 1991, writ denied); Houston v. Mike Black Auto Sales, 788 S.W.2d at 699; Jones v. Star Houston, Inc., 1988 Tex. App. LEXIS 827 (Tex. App. - Houston [14 th Dist.] 1988, no writ); Gallery Datsun, Inc. v. Metcalf, 630 S.W.2d 853, 854 (Tex. App. - Houston [1 st Dist. 1982, no writ); Jack Criswell Lincoln-Mercury, Inc. v. Haith, 590 S.W.2d 616, (Tex. Civ. App. - Houston [1 st Dist.] 1979, writ ref d n.r.e). One defense frequently raised in such cases is that the dealer did not know that the odometer reading that it was disclosing was false, and this fact can be relevant due to the fact that the odometer disclosures on the certificate of title are made based on the seller s best knowledge. In Preston II Chrysler-Dodge v. Donwerth, 744 S.W.2d 142, (Tex. App. - Dallas 1987), rev d on other grounds, 775 S.W.2d 634 (Tex. 1989), the dealer represented that the mileage on the odometer of a vehicle was the accurate mileage to the best of its knowledge, and the failure to prove actual knowledge that the mileage on the odometer was inaccurate doomed the DTPA misrepresentation claim. On the other hand, in Green Tree Acceptance, 803 S.W.2d at , a similar to the best of its knowledge representation was made, but there was enough evidence of actual knowledge that the odometer reading was false to uphold a DTPA verdict. In our example, however, the dealer made an affirmative statement about the mileage unconditioned by any limitation based on its knowledge, which imposes a duty on the seller to know whether its statements were true. First Title Co. of Waco v. Garrett, 860 S.W.2d 74, 76 (Tex. 1993)( when a seller makes an affirmative representation, the law imposes a duty to know whether that statement is true ); Robinson v. Preston Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc., 633 S.W.2d9 Page 9 500, 502 (Tex. 1982)( When a seller makes representations to the buyer, he is under a duty to know if his statements are true. ). Thus, the dealer in our example should be held liable for any misrepresentation, whether made with knowledge or not. Like the DTPA, the Odometer Act also prohibits not only mileage misrepresentations on the prescribed odometer disclosure clauses on certificates of title, but also elsewhere in oral statements, advertising and other written statements. See 49 U.S.C (a)(2); Ryan v. Edwards, 592 F.2d 756, 761 (4 th Cir. 1979)(false representation of low mileage in newspaper advertising actionable, as our oral misstatements of mileage); Hughes v. Box, 814 F.2d 498, (8 th Cir. 1987). Under the Odometer Act, however, there is no private liability in a civil action unless the defendant is shown to have acted with intent to defraud. 49 U.S.C (a). Unlike the duty to establish a failure to disclose under the DTPA with actual knowledge, the intent to defraud element in an Odometer Act case can be established by constructive knowledge. In other words, a dealer making a false representation of mileage is liable under the Odometer Act if it reasonably should have known its statement was false or reasonably should have taken investigative steps which would have revealed the falsity of its statement. Nieto v. Pence, 578 F.2d 640, 642 (5 th Cir. 1978). In further contrast with the DTPA, the Odometer Act provides that a prevailing consumer is entitled to an automatic award of three times the consumer s actual damages with minimum damages of $1, U.S.C (a). c. The finance company that purchased the retail installment contract Due to a clause in most retail installment contracts which provides that the holder of the contract is subject to all claims and defenses that the buyer has against the seller, assignee finance companies have vicarious liability for the odometer violations of dealers. See Riggs v. Anthony Auto Sales, Inc., 32 F.Supp.2d 411, (W.D. La. 1998). This vicarious liability is limited by the terms of the holder clause, such that a consumer would be entitled to cancel the debt and recover affirmatively a sum not to exceed what has been paid under the contract. 3 Id. 3 Finance companies deal with the potential liability flowing from the holder clause by requiring dealers to agree to indemnify them should they be sued over a wrongful act performed by the dealer. This indemnification is usually a prominent part of the formal dealer agreement between the dealer and the finance company, which sets forth the terms of the relationship between them and the terms under which the finance company will purchase retail installment contracts. In lawsuits in which the lender has been added under a holder clause theory of vicarious liability, the finance companies often file cross-claims against the dealer seeking indemnification. In other cases, the dealer may agree to purchase the retail installment contract and assume all10 Page Who is responsible when prior wreck damage has not been disclosed? Imagine the following hypothetical facts based on one of my cases: Mr. and Mrs. Smith appear at a dealership and take their time looking over the available vehicles. Finding one late model vehicle with relatively low mileage, Mrs. Smith asked if there was anything wrong with the vehicle and whether it had been in a wreck, particularly in light of its low milage, and was told that there was nothing wrong with the vehicle and that it had only one owner before being traded-in to that dealer. As a result of these assurances, the Smiths purchased the vehicle. A few months after the purchase concluded, Mrs. Smith was informed by the service department that the vehicle had been in a serious wreck previously and that she might want to return it. After contacting the first and only owner, it was discovered that the first owner had been in a serious wreck, that the repairs had been performed by the same dealer which had later sold the car to the Smiths, and that he informed the salesman at the time of trade-in that the vehicle had been in a wreck previously, which fact reduced the trade-in allowance provided by this same dealer. There is some specific Texas law which is intended to provide some protection against this sort of deception in automobile sales, but, in many cases, it does not appear to work. Under Tex. Transp. Code through , the Texas Legislature has set up a regulatory framework which requires vehicles which have suffered damages equal to 75% or more of their fair market value prior to an accident to have branded titles and those which have suffered damages equal to 95% or more of their prior fair market value to be used only as salvage. To avoid the loss in value associated with a branded title, however, insurance companies need merely estimate that the cost of repair following a serious wreck to be less than 75% of the prior fair market value. By manipulating either the estimate of repairs or the appraisal of the prior value, insurance companies can avoid the intended sweep of this statutory scheme. Despite the fact that the salvage title laws can be easily avoided, consumers can still receive some measure of protection through the DTPA. a. Dealer liability Under the foregoing facts, the dealer might well be liable both for an affirmative liability in an effort to save the finance company the expense and inconvenience of litigation. Based on this inherent indemnification arrangement, the dealer is usually, but not always, the party which is ultimately responsible for covering the monetary cost of defensive attorney s fees, settlement, and judgment. The most common exception to this general rule is when the dealer is out of business or otherwise insolvent.11 Page 11 misrepresentation, in violation of DTPA 17.46(b)(5) and (7), and a failure to disclose a material fact, in violation of DTPA 17.46(b)(24). Many dealers have been liable for affirmatively misrepresenting the collision history of vehicles. River Oaks L-M, Inc. v. Whalen, 1998 Tex. App. LEXIS 5687 (Tex. App. [1 st Dist.] 1998, no writ); Grabinski v. Blue Springs Ford Sales, Inc., 136 F.3d 565 (8 th Cir. 1998); Torrance v. AS & L Motors, Ltd., 459 S.E.2d 67 (N.C. App. 1995). Likewise, many dealers have also been held liable for failing disclose the prior wreck history of vehicles. Tandy v. Marti, 213 F.Supp.2d 935 (S.D. Ill. 2002); Bird v. John Chezik Homerun, Inc., 152 F.3d 1014 (8 th Cir. 1998); Parrott v. Carr Chevrolet, Inc., 965 P.2d 440 (Ore. 1998), aff d in part, rev d in part, 17 P.3d 473 (Ore. 2001). As mentioned previously, a failure to disclose violation requires proof of the dealer s knowledge of the prior wreck history as well as proof that this fact was not disclosed. Based on these violations, dealers in Texas would be liable for damages or rescission/revocation of acceptance/restoration of money or property under DTPA 17.50(b)(3). b. Finance company liability As stated before, finance companies that purchase retail installment contracts are typically held liable for the wrongs of the dealers based on the holder clause. Even in those cases in which the holder clause is missing but should have been placed in the contract, recent amendments to the UCC have implied the existence of such a clause when it should have been present. See Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Conclusion Despite the weakening of the DTPA and the obvious impact of tort reform on Harris County juries, there remain many deceptive automobile sales cases worth taking to court. In particular, odometer rollbacks and undisclosed wreck damage provide strong bases for suit. Prior to suit, however, plaintiff s counsel must evaluate the facts and consider all of the risks associated with trial before taking on such cases. Given the conservative litigation climate, plaintiffs counsel are advised to take those cases that even a conservative juror would consider to be fraud. In the automobile context, odometer rollbacks and failures to disclose wreck damage are the types of cases that all jurors would view as fraudulent and worthy of their time in the jury box. C. Failed Yo-Yo Transactions 1. Background of Yo-Yo Sales, aka Spot Deliveries A yo-yo or spot delivery is a very common sales practice with both new and used car dealers, and it is probably the most insidious practice affecting consumers with poor View more
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