Source: https://regulations.justia.com/regulations/fedreg/2016/12/29/2016-31646.html
Timestamp: 2020-08-12 12:58:24
Document Index: 184495872

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 9', 'art 1036', 'art 1036', 'art 1037', '§ 209', '§ 209', '§ 209', 'art 1036', 'art 1036', 'art 1037']

California State Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Standards; Greenhouse Gas Emissions From 2014 and Subsequent Model Year Medium- and Heavy-Duty Engines and Vehicles; Notice of Decision, 95982-95987 [2016-31646] :: Environmental Protection Agency :: Regulation Tracker :: Justia
Justia Regulation Tracker Environmental Protection Agency California State Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Standards; Greenhouse Gas Emissions From 2014 and Subsequent Model Year Medium- and Heavy-Duty Engines and Vehicles; Notice of Decision, 95982-95987 [2016-31646]
California State Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Standards; Greenhouse Gas Emissions From 2014 and Subsequent Model Year Medium- and Heavy-Duty Engines and Vehicles; Notice of Decision, 95982-95987 [2016-31646]
Download as PDF 95982 Federal Register / Vol. 81, No. 250 / Thursday, December 29, 2016 / Notices Agency, Office of the Science Advisor, Mail Code 8105R, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW., Washington, DC 20460. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Meeting access: These meetings are open to the public. The full Agenda and Meeting materials are available at the HSRB Web site: http://www2.epa.gov/ osa/human-studies-review-board. For questions on document availability, or if you do not have access to the Internet, consult with the DFO, Jim Downing listed under FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT. Special accommodations. For information on access or services for individuals with disabilities, or to request accommodation of a disability, please contact the DFO listed under FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT at least 10 days prior to the meeting to give EPA as much time as possible to process your request. asabaliauskas on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with NOTICES How may I participate in this meeting? The HSRB encourages the public’s input. You may participate in these meetings by following the instructions in this section. 1. Oral comments. Requests to present oral comments during either conference call will be accepted up to Noon Eastern Time on Wednesday, January 18, 2017, for the January 25–26, 2017 meeting and up to Noon Eastern Time on Friday, March 10, 2017 for the March 17, 2017 conference call. To the extent that time permits, interested persons who have not pre-registered may be permitted by the HSRB Chair to present oral comments during either call at the designated time on the agenda. Oral comments before the HSRB are generally limited to five minutes per individual or organization. If additional time is available, further public comments may be possible. 2. Written comments. Submit your written comments prior to the meetings. For the Board to have the best opportunity to review and consider your comments as it deliberates, you should submit your comments by Noon Eastern Time on Wednesday, January 18, 2016, for the January 25–26, 2017 conference call, and by noon Eastern Time on Friday, March 10, 2017 for the March 17, 2017 teleconference. If you submit comments after these dates, those comments will be provided to the HSRB members, but you should recognize that the HSRB members may not have adequate time to consider your comments prior to their discussion. You should submit your comments to the DFO, Jim Downing listed under FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT. There is no limit on the length of written VerDate Sep<11>2014 18:41 Dec 28, 2016 Jkt 241001 comments for consideration by the HSRB. Background The HSRB is a Federal advisory committee operating in accordance with the Federal Advisory Committee Act 5 U.S.C. App. 2 § 9. The HSRB provides advice, information, and recommendations on issues related to scientific and ethical aspects of human subjects research that are submitted to the Office of Pesticide Programs to be used for regulatory purposes. The major objectives of the HSRB are to provide advice and recommendations on: (1) Research proposals and protocols; (2) reports of completed research with human subjects; and (3) how to strengthen EPA’s programs for protection of human subjects of research. Topics for discussion. On Wednesday, January 25, 2017, EPA’s Human Studies Review Board will consider three published articles: 1. Methylisothiazolinone contact allergy and dose-response relationships, authored by Michael D. Lundov, Claus Zachariae, and Jeanne D. Johansen. Contact Dermatitis (2011) 64, 330–336. 2. Methylisothiazolinone in rinse-off products causes allergic contact dermatitis: A repeated open-application study, authored by K Yazar, M.D. Lundov, A. Faurschou, M. Matura, A. ´ Boman, J.D. Johansen, and C. Liden. British Journal of Dermatology (2015) 173, 115–122. 3. An evaluation of dose/unit area and time as key factors influencing the elicitation capacity of methylchloroisothiazolinone/ methylisothiazolinone (MCI/MI) in MCI/MI-allergic patients, authored by Claus Zachariae, Anne Lerbaek, Pauline M. McNamee, John E. Gray, Mike ´ Wooder, and Torkil Menne. Contact Dermatitis (2006) 55, 160–166. Then on Thursday, January 26, 2017 the HSRB will consider: 1. Published article: Cholinesterase Activity Resulting from Carbaryl Exposure. 2. Unpublished article: A randomized double blind study with malathion to determine the residues of malathion dicarboxylic acid (DCA), malathion monocarboxylic acid (MCA), dimethyl phosphate (DMP), dimethyl thiophosphate (DMTP), and dimethyl dithiophosphate (DMDTP) in human urine. Meeting materials for these topics will be available in advance of the meeting at http://www2.epa.gov/osa/humanstudies-review-board. On March 17, 2017, the Human Studies Review Board will review and PO 00000 Frm 00027 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 finalize their draft Final Report from the January 25–26, 2017 meeting in addition to other topics that may come before the Board. The HSRB may also discuss planning for future HSRB meetings. The agenda and the draft report will be available prior to the conference call at http://www2.epa.gov/osa/humanstudies-review-board. Meeting minutes and final reports. Minutes of these meetings, summarizing the matters discussed and recommendations made by the HSRB, will be released within 90 calendar days of the meeting. These minutes will be available at http://www2.epa.gov/osa/ human-studies-review-board. In addition, information regarding the HSRB’s Final Report, will be found at http://www2.epa.gov/osa/humanstudies-review-board or from Jim Downing listed under FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT. Dated: December 19, 2016. Thomas A. Burke, EPA Science Advisor. [FR Doc. 2016–31640 Filed 12–28–16; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 6560–50–P ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY [EPA–HQ–OAR–2016–0179; FRL–9957–70– OAR] California State Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Standards; Greenhouse Gas Emissions From 2014 and Subsequent Model Year Mediumand Heavy-Duty Engines and Vehicles; Notice of Decision Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). ACTION: Notice of decision. AGENCY: The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is granting the California Air Resources Board’s (‘‘CARB’s’’) request for a waiver of Clean Air Act preemption for its greenhouse gas (‘‘GHG’’) emission regulation for the new 2014 and subsequent model year on-road medium- and heavy-duty engines and vehicles (‘‘California Phase 1 GHG Regulation’’) adopted in 2011. This regulation establishes requirements applicable to new motor vehicles with a gross vehicle weight rating exceeding 8,500 pounds and engines that power such motor vehicles, except for medium-duty passenger vehicles that are subject to California’s Low Emission Vehicle Program. This regulation generally aligns California’s GHG emission standards and test procedures with the federal GHG emission standards and test procedures that EPA SUMMARY: E:\FR\FM\29DEN1.SGM 29DEN1 asabaliauskas on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with NOTICES Federal Register / Vol. 81, No. 250 / Thursday, December 29, 2016 / Notices adopted in 2011. A deemed-to-comply provision is included in CARB’s regulation whereby manufacturers may demonstrate compliance with California’s Phase 1 GHG Regulation by complying with EPA’s Phase 1 regulation. This decision is issued under the authority of the Clean Air Act (‘‘CAA’’ or ‘‘the Act’’). DATES: Petitions for review must be filed by February 27, 2017. ADDRESSES: EPA has established a docket for this action under Docket ID EPA–HQ–OAR–2016–0179. All documents relied upon in making this decision, including those submitted to EPA by CARB, are contained in the public docket. Publicly available docket materials are available either electronically through www.regulations.gov or in hard copy at the Air and Radiation Docket in the EPA Headquarters Library, EPA West Building, Room 3334, 1301 Constitution Avenue NW., Washington, DC. The Public Reading Room is open to the public on all federal government working days from 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.; generally, it is open Monday through Friday, excluding holidays. The telephone number for the Reading Room is (202) 566–1744. The Air and Radiation Docket and Information Center’s Web site is http://www.epa.gov/ oar/docket.html. The email address for the Air and Radiation Docket is: a-andr-docket@epa.gov, the telephone number is (202) 566–1742, and the fax number is (202) 566–9744. An electronic version of the public docket is available through the federal government’s electronic public docket and comment system at http:// www.regulations.gov. After opening the www.regulations.gov Web site, enter EPA–HQ–OAR–2016–0179 in the ‘‘Enter Keyword or ID’’ fill-in box to view documents in the record. Although a part of the official docket, the public docket does not include Confidential Business Information (‘‘CBI’’) or other information whose disclosure is restricted by statute. EPA’s Office of Transportation and Air Quality (‘‘OTAQ’’) maintains a Web page that contains general information on its review of California waiver and authorization requests. Included on that page are links to prior waiver Federal Register notices, some of which are cited in today’s notice; the page can be accessed at http://www.epa.gov/otaq/ cafr.htm. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: David Dickinson, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW., Telephone: VerDate Sep<11>2014 18:41 Dec 28, 2016 Jkt 241001 (202) 343–9256. Email: dickinson.david@epa.gov. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: I. Background California’s Phase 1 GHG Regulation complements CARB’s existing TractorTrailer GHG regulation that was initially adopted in December 2008 and subsequently amended in 2010 and 2012. EPA granted California a waiver for the Tractor-Trailer GHG regulation in 2014.1 The Tractor-Trailer GHG regulation requires new 2011 and subsequent model year (‘‘MY’’) sleepercab tractors that haul 53-foot or longer box-type trailers on California highways, and 53-foot and longer boxtype trailers operating on California highways to be equipped with U.S. EPA SmartWay approved aerodynamic technologies and low-rolling resistance tires. California’s Phase 1 GHG Regulation establishes emission standards for tractors that are also subject to the requirements of CARB’s Tractor-Trailer GHG regulation. CARB amended the Tractor-Trailer GHG regulation in conjunction with its adoption of the Phase 1 GHG Regulation to make California’s GHG requirements for new medium- and heavy-duty engines and vehicles consistent with corresponding requirements of EPA’s Phase 1 GHG regulation.2 The California Phase 1 GHG Regulation establishes GHG emission standards and associated test procedures for new 2014 and subsequent MY diesel-fueled mediumand heavy-duty engines and for new 2016 and subsequent MY gasolinefueled medium- and heavy-duty engines used in combination tractors and vocational vehicles that are identical to the corresponding GHG emission standards and associated test procedures for diesel and gasolinefueled heavy-duty engines in EPA’s Phase 1 GHG regulation. The California Phase 1 GHG Regulation also contains ‘‘deemed to comply’’ provisions that allow engine manufacturers to demonstrate that 2014 through 2022 model year medium- and heavy-duty engines comply with California’s GHG emission standards by showing compliance with EPA’s Phase 1 regulation, i.e., submitting to CARB the engine family’s Certificate of Conformity issued by EPA.3 1 79 FR 46256 (August 7, 2014). FR 57106 (September 15, 2011). 3 See ‘‘California Exhaust Emission Standards and Test Procedures for 2004 and Subsequent Model Heavy-Duty Diesel-Engines and Vehicles’’, Part 1036, Subpart B, section 1036.108, and ‘‘California Exhaust Emission Standards and Test Procedures for 2004 and Subsequent Model Heavy-Duty OttoCycle Engines and Vehicles’’, Part 1036, Subpart B, 2 76 PO 00000 Frm 00028 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 95983 By letter dated January 29, 2016,4 CARB submitted to EPA a request for a waiver of the preemption found at section 209(a) of Clean Air Act, 42 U.S.C. 7543(a), for the California Phase 1 GHG Regulation. CARB’s submission provides analysis and evidence to support its finding that the California Phase 1 GHG Regulation satisfies the CAA section 209(b) criteria and that a waiver of preemption should be granted. II. Principles Governing This Review A. Scope of Review Section 209(a) of the CAA provides: No State or any political subdivision thereof shall adopt or attempt to enforce any standard relating to the control of emissions from new motor vehicles or new motor vehicle engines subject to this part. No State shall require certification, inspection or any other approval relating to the control of emissions from any new motor vehicle or new motor vehicle engine as condition precedent to the initial retail sale, titling (if any), or registration of such motor vehicle, motor vehicle engine, or equipment.5 Section 209(b)(1) of the Act requires the Administrator, after an opportunity for public hearing, to waive application of the prohibitions of section 209(a) for any state that has adopted standards (other than crankcase emission standards) for the control of emissions from new motor vehicles or new motor vehicle engines prior to March 30, 1966, if the state determines that its state standards will be, in the aggregate, at least as protective of public health and welfare as applicable federal standards.6 However, no such waiver shall be granted if the Administrator finds that: (A) The protectiveness determination of the state is arbitrary and capricious; (B) the state does not need such state standards to meet compelling and extraordinary conditions; or (C) such state standards and accompanying enforcement procedures are not consistent with section 202(a) of the Act.7 section 1036.108. See also ‘‘California Greenhouse Gas Exhaust Emission Standards and Test Procedures for 2014 and Subsequent Model HeavyDuty Vehicles’’, Part 1037, Subpart B, section 1037.101(b)(2). 4 CARB, ‘‘In the Matter of California’s Request for Waiver Pursuant to Clean Air Act Section 209(b) for California’s Greenhouse Gas Regulation for Medium- and heavy-Duty Engines and Vehicles,’’ January 29, 2016 (‘‘California Waiver Request Support Document’’) See www.regulations.gov Web site, docket number EPA–HQ–OAR–2016–0179– 0003. 5 CAA § 209(a). 42 U.S.C. 7543(a). 6 CAA § 209(b)(1). 42 U.S.C. 7543(b)(1). California is the only state that meets section 209(b)(1)’s requirement for obtaining a waiver. See S. Rep. No. 90–403 at 632 (1967). 7 CAA § 209(b)(1). 42 U.S.C. 7543(b)(1). E:\FR\FM\29DEN1.SGM 29DEN1 95984 Federal Register / Vol. 81, No. 250 / Thursday, December 29, 2016 / Notices Key principles governing this review are that EPA should limit its inquiry to the specific findings identified in section 209(b)(1) of the Clean Air Act, and that EPA will give substantial deference to the policy judgments California has made in adopting its regulations. In previous waiver decisions, EPA has stated that Congress intended the Agency’s review of California’s decision-making to be narrow. EPA has rejected arguments that are not specified in the statute as grounds for denying a waiver: The law makes it clear that the waiver requests cannot be denied unless the specific findings designated in the statute can properly be made. The issue of whether a proposed California requirement is likely to result in only marginal improvement in California air quality not commensurate with its costs or is otherwise an arguably unwise exercise of regulatory power is not legally pertinent to my decision under section 209, so long as the California requirement is consistent with section 202(a) and is more stringent than applicable Federal requirements in the sense that it may result in some further reduction in air pollution in California.8 This principle of narrow EPA review has been upheld by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.9 ‘‘[T]he statute does not provide for any probing substantive review of the California standards by federal officials.’’ Ford Motor Co. v. EPA, 606 F.2d 1293, 1300 (D.C. Cir. 1979). Thus, EPA’s consideration of all the evidence submitted concerning a waiver decision is circumscribed by its relevance to those questions that may be considered under section 209(b)(1). B. Burden and Standard of Proof As the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit has made clear in MEMA I, opponents of a waiver request by California bear the burden of showing that the statutory criteria for a denial of the request have been met: asabaliauskas on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with NOTICES [T]he language of the statute and its legislative history indicate that California’s regulations, and California’s determinations that they must comply with the statute, when presented to the Administrator are presumed to satisfy the waiver requirements and that the burden of proving otherwise is on whoever attacks them. California must present its regulations and findings at the hearing and thereafter the parties opposing 8 ‘‘Waiver of Application of Clean Air Act to California State Standards,’’ 36 FR 17458 (Aug. 31, 1971). Note that the more stringent standard expressed here, in 1971, was superseded by the 1977 amendments to section 209, which established that California must determine that its standards are, in the aggregate, at least as protective of public health and welfare as applicable federal standards. 9 See, e.g., Motor and Equip. Mfrs Assoc. v. EPA, 627 F.2d 1095 (D.C. Cir. 1979) (‘‘MEMA I’’). VerDate Sep<11>2014 18:41 Dec 28, 2016 Jkt 241001 the waiver request bear the burden of persuading the Administrator that the waiver request should be denied.10 The Administrator’s burden, on the other hand, is to make a reasonable evaluation of the information in the record in coming to the waiver decision. As the court in MEMA I stated: ‘‘here, too, if the Administrator ignores evidence demonstrating that the waiver should not be granted, or if he seeks to overcome that evidence with unsupported assumptions of his own, he runs the risk of having his waiver decision set aside as ‘arbitrary and capricious.’ ’’ 11 Therefore, the Administrator’s burden is to act ‘‘reasonably.’’ 12 With regard to the standard of proof, the court in MEMA I explained that the Administrator’s role in a section 209 proceeding is to: [ . . . ]consider all evidence that passes the threshold test of materiality and . . . thereafter assess such material evidence against a standard of proof to determine whether the parties favoring a denial of the waiver have shown that the factual circumstances exist in which Congress intended a denial of the waiver.13 In that decision, the court considered the standards of proof under section 209 for the two findings related to granting a waiver for an ‘‘accompanying enforcement procedure.’’ Those findings involve: (1) Whether the enforcement procedures impact California’s prior protectiveness determination for the associated standards, and (2) whether the procedures are consistent with section 202(a). The principles set forth by the court are similarly applicable to an EPA review of a request for a waiver of preemption for a standard. The court instructed that ‘‘the standard of proof must take account of the nature of the risk of error involved in any given decision, and it therefore varies with the finding involved. We need not decide how this standard operates in every waiver decision.’’ 14 With regard to the protectiveness finding, the court upheld the Administrator’s position that, to deny a waiver, there must be ‘‘clear and compelling evidence’’ to show that proposed enforcement procedures undermine the protectiveness of California’s standards.15 The court noted that this standard of proof also accords with the congressional intent to provide California with the broadest possible discretion in setting regulations it finds protective of the public health and welfare.16 With respect to the consistency finding, the court did not articulate a standard of proof applicable to all proceedings, but found that the opponents of the waiver were unable to meet their burden of proof even if the standard were a mere preponderance of the evidence. Although MEMA I did not explicitly consider the standards of proof under section 209 concerning a waiver request for ‘‘standards,’’ as compared to a waiver request for accompanying enforcement procedures, there is nothing in the opinion to suggest that the court’s analysis would not apply with equal force to such determinations. EPA’s past waiver decisions have consistently made clear that: ‘‘[E]ven in the two areas concededly reserved for Federal judgment by this legislation—the existence of ‘compelling and extraordinary’ conditions and whether the standards are technologically feasible—Congress intended that the standards of EPA review of the State decision to be a narrow one.’’ 17 C. Deference to California In previous waiver decisions, EPA has recognized that the intent of Congress in creating a limited review based on specifically listed criteria was to ensure that the federal government did not second-guess state policy choices. As the Agency explained in one prior waiver decision: It is worth noting . . . I would feel constrained to approve a California approach to the problem which I might also feel unable to adopt at the federal level in my own capacity as a regulator. . . . Since a balancing of risks and costs against the potential benefits from reduced emissions is a central policy decision for any regulatory agency under the statutory scheme outlined above, I believe I am required to give very substantial deference to California’s judgments on this score.18 Similarly, EPA has stated that the text, structure, and history of the California waiver provision clearly indicate both a congressional intent and appropriate EPA practice of leaving the decision on ‘‘ambiguous and controversial matters of public policy’’ to California’s judgment.19 This interpretation is supported by relevant discussion in the House Committee 16 Id. 10 MEMA I, note 19, at 1121. 11 Id. at 1126. 12 Id. at 1126. 13 Id. at 1122. 14 Id. 15 Id. PO 00000 Frm 00029 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 17 See, e.g., ‘‘California State Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Standards; Waiver of Federal Preemption,’’ 40 FR 23102 (May 28, 1975), at 23103. 18 40 FR 23102, 23103–04 (May 28, 1975). FR 23102, 23104 (May 28, 1975); 58 FR 4166 (January 13, 1993). 19 40 E:\FR\FM\29DEN1.SGM 29DEN1 Federal Register / Vol. 81, No. 250 / Thursday, December 29, 2016 / Notices Report for the 1977 amendments to the CAA. Congress had the opportunity through the 1977 amendments to restrict the preexisting waiver provision, but elected instead to expand California’s flexibility to adopt a complete program of motor vehicle emission controls. The report explains that the amendment is intended to ratify and strengthen the preexisting California waiver provision and to affirm the underlying intent of that provision, that is, to afford California the broadest possible discretion in selecting the best means to protect the health of its citizens and the public welfare.20 D. EPA’s Administrative Process in Consideration of California’s Request On August 9, 2016, EPA published a notice of opportunity for public hearing and comment on California’s waiver request. In that notice, EPA requested comments on CARB’s request for a waiver for the California Phase 1 GHG Regulation under the following three criteria: Whether (a) California’s determination that its motor vehicle emissions standards are, in the aggregate, at least as protective of public health and welfare as applicable federal standards is arbitrary and capricious, (b) California needs such State standards to meet compelling and extraordinary conditions, and (c) California’s standards and accompanying enforcement procedures are consistent with section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act. EPA received no comments and no requests for a public hearing. Consequently, EPA did not hold a public hearing. III. Discussion asabaliauskas on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with NOTICES A. Whether California’s Protectiveness Determination Was Arbitrary and Capricious As stated in the background, section 209(b)(1)(A) of the Act sets forth the first of the three criteria governing a new waiver request—whether California was arbitrary and capricious in its determination that its motor vehicle emissions standards will be, in the aggregate, at least as protective of public health and welfare as applicable federal standards. Section 209(b)(1)(A) of the CAA requires EPA to deny a waiver if the Administrator finds that California’s protectiveness determination was arbitrary and capricious. However, a finding that California’s determination was arbitrary and capricious must be based upon clear and convincing 20 MEMA I, 627 F.2d at 1110 (citing H.R. Rep. No. 294, 95th Cong., 1st Sess. 301–02 (1977)). VerDate Sep<11>2014 18:41 Dec 28, 2016 Jkt 241001 evidence that California’s finding was unreasonable.21 CARB did make a protectiveness determination in adopting the California Phase 1 GHG Regulation, and found that the California Phase 1 GHG Regulation would not cause California motor vehicle emissions standards, in the aggregate, to be less protective of the public health and welfare than applicable federal standards.22 CARB notes that its rulemaking action established California GHG emission standards for medium- and heavy-duty vehicles that are identical to the corresponding GHG emission standards for heavy-duty engines and vehicles in EPA’s Phase 1 GHG regulation, and the regulation further contains ‘‘deemed to comply’’ provisions that allow manufacturers to demonstrate 2014 through 2022 model year medium- and heavy-duty engines and vehicles comply with California GHG emission standards by providing CARB the same emissions data and related information required to certify the engine or vehicle to EPA’s Phase 1 GHG regulations’ requirements.23 In addition, CARB notes that minor differences remain between the EPA and CARB programs that provide further assurances that California’s program is, in the aggregate, at least as protective as the federal program as applied to the categories of affected medium- and heavy-duty engines and vehicles.24 EPA received no 21 MEMA I, 627 F.2d at 1122, 1124 (‘‘Once California has come forward with a finding that the procedures it seeks to adopt will not undermine the protectiveness of its standards, parties opposing the waiver request must show that this finding is unreasonable.’’); see also 78 FR 2112, at 2121 (Jan. 9, 2013). 22 California Waiver Request Support Document at 30–31, and Attachment 11 (CARB Resolution 13– 50, dated December 12, 2013, at EPA–HQ–OAR– 2016–0179–0012). The CARB Board expressly declared in Resolution 13–50 that ‘‘BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the Board hereby determines that the regulations adopted herein will not cause California motor vehicle emission standards, in the aggregate, to be less protective of the public health and welfare than applicable federal standards. 23 Id. ‘‘Phase 1 Certified Tractor’’ means a tractor that has been certified in accordance with either the Greenhouse Gas Emissions Standards and Fuel Efficiency Standards for Medium- and Heavy-Duty Engines and Vehicles, as adopted by the US EPA (76 FR 57106 (September 15, 2011)); or the Greenhouse Gas Emission Requirements for New 2014 and Subsequent Model Heavy-Duty Vehicles, as adopted by the California Air Resources Board, sections 95660 to 95664, Subarticle 12, title 17, California Code of Regulations 95302. 24 Id. For example, CARB explains that California’s Phase 1 GHG Regulation does not fully incorporate the federal definition of ‘‘urban bus’’ in order to preserve California’s existing requirement that urban buses be powered by heavy heavy-duty diesel engines (HHD) for which an EPA waiver has already been granted (78 FR 44112 (July 23, 2013), and that the useful life period for HHD diesel engines exceeds the federal useful life period for PO 00000 Frm 00030 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 95985 comments and EPA is not otherwise aware of evidence suggesting that CARB’s protectiveness determination was unreasonable. As it is clear that California’s standards are at least as protective of public health and welfare as applicable federal standards, and that CARB’s deemed to comply provision together with the unique aspects of the California Phase 1 GHG Regulation make California’s standards even more protective, EPA finds that California’s protectiveness determination is not arbitrary and capricious. B. Whether the Standards Are Necessary To Meet Compelling and Extraordinary Conditions Section 209(b)(1)(B) instructs that EPA cannot grant a waiver if the Agency finds that California ‘‘does not need such State standards to meet compelling and extraordinary conditions.’’ EPA’s inquiry under this second criterion has traditionally been to determine whether California needs its own motor vehicle emission control program (i.e. set of standards) to meet compelling and extraordinary conditions, and not whether the specific standards (the California Phase 1 GHG Regulation) that are the subject of the waiver request are necessary to meet such conditions.25 In recent waiver actions, EPA again examined the language of section 209(b)(1)(B) and reiterated this longstanding traditional interpretation as the appropriate approach for analyzing the need for ‘‘such State standards’’ to meet ‘‘compelling and extraordinary conditions.’’ 26 In conjunction with the California Phase 1 GHG Regulation, CARB determined in Resolution 13–50 that California continues to need its own motor vehicle program to meet serious light heavy-duty and medium heavy-duty diesel engines. 25 See California State Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Standards; Notice of Decision Granting a Waiver of Clean Air Act Preemption for California’s 2009 and Subsequent Model Year Greenhouse Gas Emission Standards for New Motor Vehicles,’’ 74 FR 32744 (July 8, 2009), at 32761; see also ‘‘California State Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Standards; Waiver of Federal Preemption Notice of Decision,’’ 49 FR 18887 (May 3, 1984), at 18889– 18890. 26 See 78 FR 2112, at 2125–26 (Jan. 9, 2013) (‘‘EPA does not look at whether the specific standards at issue are needed to meet compelling and extraordinary conditions related to that air pollutant.’’; see also EPA’s July 9, 2009 GHG Waiver Decision wherein EPA rejected the suggested interpretation of section 209(b)(1)(B) as requiring a review of the specific need for California’s new motor vehicle greenhouse gas emission standards as opposed to the traditional interpretation (need for the motor vehicle emission program as a whole) applied to local or regional air pollution problems. See also 79 FR 46256, 46261 (August 7, 2014). E:\FR\FM\29DEN1.SGM 29DEN1 95986 Federal Register / Vol. 81, No. 250 / Thursday, December 29, 2016 / Notices ongoing air pollution problems.27 CARB asserted that ‘‘The geographical and climatic conditions and the tremendous growth in vehicle population and use that moved Congress to authorize California to establish vehicle standards in 1967 still exist today. EPA has long confirmed CARB’s judgment, on behalf of the State of California, on this matter.’’ 28 In enacting the California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006, the Legislature found and declared that: asabaliauskas on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with NOTICES Global warming poses a serious threat to the economic well-being, public health, natural resources, and the environment of California. The potential adverse impacts of global warming include the exacerbation of air quality problems, a reduction in the quality and supply of water to the state from the Sierra snowpack, a rise in sea levels resulting in the displacement of thousands of coastal businesses and residences, damage to the marine ecosystems and the natural environment, and an increase in the incidences of infectious diseases, asthma, and other health-related problems.29 27 California Waiver Request Support Document, at 31, referencing Resolution 13–50, dated December 12, 2013 (see EPA–HQ–OAR–2016– 0179–0012). Resolution 13–50 also states ‘‘WHEREAS, heavy-duty trucks, buses, and motor homes emitted 23 percent of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from on-road vehicles and 8 percent of GHG emissions from all sources in California in 2010. Resolution 13–50 also states ‘‘WHEREAS, in recognition of the devastating impacts of climate change emissions on California, Governor Schwarzenegger, in June 2005, enacted Executive Order S–3–05 which established the following GHG emission targets: By 2010, reduce GHG emissions to 2000 levels; by 2020, reduce GHG emissions to 1990 levels; and by 2050, reduce GHG emissions 80 percent below 1990 levels. In addition, the South Coast and San Joaquin Valley air basins continue to experience some of the worst air quality in the nation, and many areas in California continue to be in nonattainment for the national ambient air quality standards for particulate matter and ozone (81 FR 78149, 78153, November 7, 2016). To address this issue, for example, California’s heavyduty program also includes an optional low NOX provision, and CARB states ‘‘Because the proposed regulation for Optional Low NOX emissions standards is optional, the emission benefits from that proposal will depend on the level of participation by engine manufacturers. Staff estimated NOX emission benefits for two different scenarios based on low and high participation rates from manufacturers and estimated NOX emission benefits of 0.6 to 1.2 tons per day (TPD) statewide in 2020, and 3.3 to 6.9 TPD in 2035.’’ CARB Initial Statement of Reasons, December 12, 2013, EPA– HQ–OAR–2016–0179–0003. 28 California Waiver Request Support Document, at 33 (referencing 70 FR 50322, 50323 (August 26, 2005); 74 FR 32744, 32762–763 (July 9, 2009); 79 FR 46256, 46262 (August 7, 2014). 29 Id. at 33. The Global Warming Solutions Act also sets for the California Legislature’s finding and declaration that ‘‘Continuing to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is critical for the protection of all areas of the state, but especially for the state’s most disadvantaged communities, as those communities are affected first, and, most frequently, by the adverse impacts of climate change, including an increased frequency of extreme weather events, such as drought, heat, and flooding. The state’s most disadvantaged communities also are disproportionately impacted by the deleterious VerDate Sep<11>2014 18:41 Dec 28, 2016 Jkt 241001 There has been no evidence submitted to indicate that California’s compelling and extraordinary conditions do not continue to exist. California, particularly in the South Coast and San Joaquin Valley air basins, continues to experience some of the worst air quality in the nation, and many areas in California continue to be in nonattainment with national ambient air quality standards for fine particulate matter and ozone.30 As California has previously stated, ‘‘nothing in [California’s unique geographic and climatic] conditions has changed to warrant a change in this determination.’’ 31 EPA agrees that the fundamental conditions that cause California’s serious air pollution problems continue to exist.32 Therefore, EPA affirms California’s need for its new motor vehicle emissions program as a whole, to meet compelling and extraordinary conditions. In addition, EPA notes the continued adverse impacts of California’s changing climate (e.g. the increase in wildfires, increased threats to coastal developments and ecosystems, etc.).33 Based on the record before us, including EPA’s prior waiver decisions, EPA is unable to identify any change in circumstances or evidence to suggest that the conditions that Congress identified as giving rise to serious air quality problems in California no longer exist. Therefore, EPA cannot find that California does not need its state standards, including greenhouse gas emission standards, to meet compelling and extraordinary conditions in California. C. Consistency With Section 202(a) For the third and final criterion, EPA evaluates the program for consistency effects of climate change on public health.’’ In addition, on April 29, 2015, California Governor Edmund Brown issued Executive Order B–30–15 which states in part ‘‘WHEREAS climate change poses an ever-growing threat to the well-being, public health, natural resources, economy, and the environment of California, including loss of snowpack, drought, sea level rise, more frequent and intense wildfires, heat waves, more severe smog, and harm to natural and working lands, and these effects are already being felt in the state.’’ 30 74 FR 32744, 32762–63 (July 8, 2009). 31 74 FR 32744, 32762 (July 8, 2009); 76 FR 77515, 77518 (December 13, 2011). 32 In addition to the variety of human health impacts associated with high air temperatures (e.g., heat stroke and dehydration, and effects on people’s cardiovascular, respiratory, and nervous systems), warming can also increase the formation of groundlevel ozone, a component of smog that can contribute to respiratory problems. See ‘‘What Climate Change Means for California,’’ August 2016, EPA 430–F–16–007 at https://www.epa.gov/ sites/production/files/2016–09/documents/climatechange-ca.pdf. 33 Id. PO 00000 Frm 00031 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 with section 202(a) of the CAA. Under section 209(b)(1)(C) of the CAA, EPA must deny California’s waiver request if EPA finds that California’s standards and accompanying enforcement procedures are not consistent with section 202(a). Section 202(a) requires that regulations ‘‘shall take effect after such period as the Administrator finds necessary to permit the development and application of the relevant technology, considering the cost of compliance within that time.’’ EPA has previously stated that the determination is limited to whether those opposed to the waiver have met their burden of establishing that California’s standards are technologically infeasible, or that California’s test procedures impose requirements inconsistent with the federal test procedure. Infeasibility would be shown here by demonstrating that there is inadequate lead time to permit the development of technology necessary to meet the California Phase 1 GHG Regulation, giving appropriate consideration to the cost of compliance within that time.34 California’s accompanying enforcement procedures would also be inconsistent with section 202(a) if the federal and California test procedures conflicted, i.e., if manufacturers would be unable to meet both the California and federal test requirements with the same test vehicle.35 Regarding test procedure conflict, CARB notes that it is not aware of any instances in which a manufacturer is precluded from conducting one set of tests on a heavy-duty engine or a heavyduty vehicle to determine compliance with both California and federal GHG requirements. The regulation’s ‘‘deemed to comply’’ provisions ensure that engine and vehicle manufacturers can use federal test results to demonstrate compliance with California’s GHG emission standards through the 2022 model year. CARB also notes that no test procedure inconsistencies exist for those manufactures that elect not to utilize the deemed to comply provisions, or for 2023 and subsequent model year engines and vehicles because the California GHG emission standards and associated test procedures for new medium- and heavyduty engines and new medium- and heavy-duty vehicles are identical to corresponding federal GHG emission standards and test procedures.36 For the reasons set forth above, and because 34 See, e.g., 38 F.R 30136 (November 1, 1973) and 40 FR 30311 (July 18, 1975). 35 See, e.g., 43 FR 32182 (July 25, 1978). 36 California Waiver Support Document at 44. E:\FR\FM\29DEN1.SGM 29DEN1 Federal Register / Vol. 81, No. 250 / Thursday, December 29, 2016 / Notices there is no evidence in the record or other information that EPA is aware of, EPA cannot find that CARB’s Phase I GHG Regulation is inconsistent with section 202(a) based upon test procedure inconsistency. In addition, EPA did not receive any comments arguing that the California Phase 1 GHG Regulation was technologically infeasible or that the cost of compliance would be excessive, such that California’s standards might be inconsistent with section 202(a).37 In EPA’s review of CARB’s Phase 1 GHG Regulation, we likewise cannot identify any requirements that appear technologically infeasible or excessively expensive for manufacturers to implement within the timeframes provided.38 EPA therefore cannot find that the California Phase 1 GHG Regulation does not provide adequate lead time or is otherwise not technically feasible. We therefore cannot find that the California Phase 1 GHG Regulation that we analyzed under the waiver criteria is inconsistent with section 202(a). Having found that the California Phase 1 GHG Regulation satisfies each of the criteria for a waiver, and having received no evidence to contradict this finding, we cannot deny a waiver for the regulation. asabaliauskas on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with NOTICES IV. Decision The Administrator has delegated the authority to grant California section 209(b) waivers to the Assistant Administrator for Air and Radiation. After evaluating CARB’s California Phase 1 GHG Regulation and CARB’s submissions for EPA review, EPA is hereby granting a waiver for the California Phase 1 GHG Regulation. This decision will affect persons in California and those manufacturers and/ or owners/operators nationwide who must comply with California’s requirements. In addition, because other states may adopt California’s standards for which a section 209(b) waiver has been granted under section 177 of the Act if certain criteria are met, this decision would also affect those states and those persons in such states. For 37 See, e.g., 78 FR 2134 (Jan. 9, 2013), 47 FR 7306, 7309 (Feb. 18, 1982), 43 FR 25735 (Jun. 17, 1978), and 46 FR 26371, 26373 (May 12, 1981). 38 California Waiver Support Document at 34–43. For example, both CARB and EPA identified a host of technologies suitable for compliance with medium- and heavy-duty diesel engine CO2 standards, and for engines in combination tractors and vocational vehicles. In addition, CARB and EPA identified a variety of compliance strategy technologies for heavy-duty gasoline engine CO2 standards. EPA and CARB also identified a number of commercially available technologies that will enable 2014 through 2018 MY heavy-duty pick-up truck and van (‘‘PUV’’) GHG emission standards. VerDate Sep<11>2014 18:41 Dec 28, 2016 Jkt 241001 these reasons, EPA determines and finds that this is a final action of national applicability, and also a final action of nationwide scope or effect for purposes of section 307(b)(1) of the Act. Pursuant to section 307(b)(1) of the Act, judicial review of this final action may be sought only in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. Petitions for review must be filed by February 27, 2017. Judicial review of this final action may not be obtained in subsequent enforcement proceedings, pursuant to section 307(b)(2) of the Act. V. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews As with past waiver and authorization decisions, this action is not a rule as defined by Executive Order 12866. Therefore, it is exempt from review by the Office of Management and Budget as required for rules and regulations by Executive Order 12866. In addition, this action is not a rule as defined in the Regulatory Flexibility Act, 5 U.S.C. 601(2). Therefore, EPA has not prepared a supporting regulatory flexibility analysis addressing the impact of this action on small business entities. Further, the Congressional Review Act, 5 U.S.C. 801, et seq., as added by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996, does not apply because this action is not a rule for purposes of 5 U.S.C. 804(3). Dated: December 22, 2016. Janet G. McCabe, Acting Assistant Administrator, Office of Air and Radiation. [FR Doc. 2016–31646 Filed 12–28–16; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 6560–50–P ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY [EPA–HQ–OPP–2016–0506; FRL–9957–04] Agency Information Collection Activities; Proposed Renewal of an Existing Collection (EPA ICR No. 2472.02 and OMB Control No. 2070– 0191); Comment Request Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). ACTION: Notice. AGENCY: In compliance with the Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA), this document announces that EPA is planning to submit an Information Collection Request (ICR) to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). The ICR, entitled: ‘‘Pesticide Spray Drift Reduction Technologies’’ and identified SUMMARY: PO 00000 Frm 00032 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 95987 by EPA ICR No. 2472.02 and OMB Control No. 2070–0191, represents the renewal of an existing ICR that is scheduled to expire on August 31, 2017. Before submitting the ICR to OMB for review and approval, EPA is soliciting comments on specific aspects of the proposed information collection that is summarized in this document. The ICR and accompanying material are available in the docket for public review and comment. DATES: Comments must be received on or before February 27, 2017. ADDRESSES: Submit your comments, identified by docket identification (ID) number EPA–HQ–OPP–2016–0506, by one of the following methods: • Federal eRulemaking Portal: http:// www.regulations.gov. Follow the online instructions for submitting comments. Do not submit electronically any information you consider to be Confidential Business Information (CBI) or other information whose disclosure is restricted by statute. • Mail: OPP Docket, Environmental Protection Agency Docket Center (EPA/ DC), (28221T), 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW., Washington, DC 20460–0001. • Hand Delivery: To make special arrangements for hand delivery or delivery of boxed information, please follow the instructions at http:// www.epa.gov/dockets/contacts.html. Additional instructions on commenting or visiting the docket, along with more information about dockets generally, is available at http:// www.epa.gov/dockets. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: ´ Rame Cromwell, Field and External Affairs Division (7506P), Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW., Washington, DC 20460–0001; telephone number (703) 308–9068; email address: cromwell.rame@epa.gov. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: I. What information is EPA particularly interested in? Pursuant to PRA section 3506(c)(2)(A) (44 U.S.C. 3506(c)(2)(A)), EPA specifically solicits comments and information to enable it to: 1. Evaluate whether the proposed collection of information is necessary for the proper performance of the functions of the Agency, including whether the information will have practical utility. 2. Evaluate the accuracy of the Agency’s estimates of the burden of the proposed collection of information, including the validity of the methodology and assumptions used. E:\FR\FM\29DEN1.SGM 29DEN1
[Pages 95982-95987]
[FR Doc No: 2016-31646]
[EPA-HQ-OAR-2016-0179; FRL-9957-70-OAR]
Greenhouse Gas Emissions From 2014 and Subsequent Model Year Medium-
and Heavy-Duty Engines and Vehicles; Notice of Decision
Clean Air Act preemption for its greenhouse gas (``GHG'') emission
regulation for the new 2014 and subsequent model year on-road medium-
and heavy-duty engines and vehicles (``California Phase 1 GHG
Regulation'') adopted in 2011. This regulation establishes requirements
applicable to new motor vehicles with a gross vehicle weight rating
exceeding 8,500 pounds and engines that power such motor vehicles,
except for medium-duty passenger vehicles that are subject to
California's Low Emission Vehicle Program. This regulation generally
aligns California's GHG emission standards and test procedures with the
federal GHG emission standards and test procedures that EPA
[[Page 95983]]
adopted in 2011. A deemed-to-comply provision is included in CARB's
regulation whereby manufacturers may demonstrate compliance with
California's Phase 1 GHG Regulation by complying with EPA's Phase 1
DATES: Petitions for review must be filed by February 27, 2017.
EPA-HQ-OAR-2016-0179. All documents relied upon in making this
comment system at http://www.regulations.gov. After opening the
www.regulations.gov Web site, enter EPA-HQ-OAR-2016-0179 in the ``Enter
Keyword or ID'' fill-in box to view documents in the record. Although a
part of the official docket, the public docket does not include
Confidential Business Information (``CBI'') or other information whose
California's Phase 1 GHG Regulation complements CARB's existing
Tractor-Trailer GHG regulation that was initially adopted in December
2008 and subsequently amended in 2010 and 2012. EPA granted California
a waiver for the Tractor-Trailer GHG regulation in 2014.\1\ The
Tractor-Trailer GHG regulation requires new 2011 and subsequent model
year (``MY'') sleeper-cab tractors that haul 53-foot or longer box-type
trailers on California highways, and 53-foot and longer box-type
trailers operating on California highways to be equipped with U.S. EPA
SmartWay approved aerodynamic technologies and low-rolling resistance
tires. California's Phase 1 GHG Regulation establishes emission
standards for tractors that are also subject to the requirements of
CARB's Tractor-Trailer GHG regulation. CARB amended the Tractor-Trailer
GHG regulation in conjunction with its adoption of the Phase 1 GHG
Regulation to make California's GHG requirements for new medium- and
heavy-duty engines and vehicles consistent with corresponding
requirements of EPA's Phase 1 GHG regulation.\2\ The California Phase 1
GHG Regulation establishes GHG emission standards and associated test
procedures for new 2014 and subsequent MY diesel-fueled medium- and
heavy-duty engines and for new 2016 and subsequent MY gasoline-fueled
medium- and heavy-duty engines used in combination tractors and
vocational vehicles that are identical to the corresponding GHG
emission standards and associated test procedures for diesel and
gasoline-fueled heavy-duty engines in EPA's Phase 1 GHG regulation. The
California Phase 1 GHG Regulation also contains ``deemed to comply''
provisions that allow engine manufacturers to demonstrate that 2014
through 2022 model year medium- and heavy-duty engines comply with
California's GHG emission standards by showing compliance with EPA's
Phase 1 regulation, i.e., submitting to CARB the engine family's
Certificate of Conformity issued by EPA.\3\
\1\ 79 FR 46256 (August 7, 2014).
\2\ 76 FR 57106 (September 15, 2011).
\3\ See ``California Exhaust Emission Standards and Test
Procedures for 2004 and Subsequent Model Heavy-Duty Diesel-Engines
and Vehicles'', Part 1036, Subpart B, section 1036.108, and
``California Exhaust Emission Standards and Test Procedures for 2004
and Subsequent Model Heavy-Duty Otto-Cycle Engines and Vehicles'',
Part 1036, Subpart B, section 1036.108. See also ``California
Greenhouse Gas Exhaust Emission Standards and Test Procedures for
2014 and Subsequent Model Heavy-Duty Vehicles'', Part 1037, Subpart
B, section 1037.101(b)(2).
By letter dated January 29, 2016,\4\ CARB submitted to EPA a
request for a waiver of the preemption found at section 209(a) of Clean
Air Act, 42 U.S.C. 7543(a), for the California Phase 1 GHG Regulation.
CARB's submission provides analysis and evidence to support its finding
that the California Phase 1 GHG Regulation satisfies the CAA section
209(b) criteria and that a waiver of preemption should be granted.
\4\ CARB, ``In the Matter of California's Request for Waiver
Pursuant to Clean Air Act Section 209(b) for California's Greenhouse
Gas Regulation for Medium- and heavy-Duty Engines and Vehicles,''
January 29, 2016 (``California Waiver Request Support Document'')
See www.regulations.gov Web site, docket number EPA-HQ-OAR-2016-
0179-0003.
attempt to enforce any standard relating to the control of emissions
from new motor vehicles or new motor vehicle engines subject to this
part. No State shall require certification, inspection or any other
approval relating to the control of emissions from any new motor
vehicle or new motor vehicle engine as condition precedent to the
initial retail sale, titling (if any), or registration of such motor
vehicle, motor vehicle engine, or equipment.\5\
\5\ CAA Sec.  209(a). 42 U.S.C. 7543(a).
applicable federal standards.\6\ However, no such waiver shall be
procedures are not consistent with section 202(a) of the Act.\7\
\6\ CAA Sec.  209(b)(1). 42 U.S.C. 7543(b)(1). California is the
only state that meets section 209(b)(1)'s requirement for obtaining
a waiver. See S. Rep. No. 90-403 at 632 (1967).
\7\ CAA Sec.  209(b)(1). 42 U.S.C. 7543(b)(1).
[[Page 95984]]
reduction in air pollution in California.\8\
\8\ ``Waiver of Application of Clean Air Act to California State
Standards,'' 36 FR 17458 (Aug. 31, 1971). Note that the more
Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.\9\ ``[T]he
\9\ See, e.g., Motor and Equip. Mfrs Assoc. v. EPA, 627 F.2d
B. Burden and Standard of Proof
waiver request should be denied.\10\
\10\ MEMA I, note 19, at 1121.
set aside as `arbitrary and capricious.' '' \11\ Therefore, the
Administrator's burden is to act ``reasonably.'' \12\
\11\ Id. at 1126.
\12\ Id. at 1126.
[ . . . ]consider all evidence that passes the threshold test of
waiver.\13\
\13\ Id. at 1122.
standard operates in every waiver decision.'' \14\
undermine the protectiveness of California's standards.\15\ The court
intent to provide California with the broadest possible discretion in
setting regulations it finds protective of the public health and
welfare.\16\
\17\ See, e.g., ``California State Motor Vehicle Pollution
C. Deference to California
California's judgments on this score.\18\
\18\ 40 FR 23102, 23103-04 (May 28, 1975).
California's judgment.\19\ This interpretation is supported by relevant
discussion in the House Committee
[[Page 95985]]
Report for the 1977 amendments to the CAA. Congress had the opportunity
through the 1977 amendments to restrict the preexisting waiver
provision, but elected instead to expand California's flexibility to
adopt a complete program of motor vehicle emission controls. The report
explains that the amendment is intended to ratify and strengthen the
preexisting California waiver provision and to affirm the underlying
intent of that provision, that is, to afford California the broadest
possible discretion in selecting the best means to protect the health
of its citizens and the public welfare.\20\
\19\ 40 FR 23102, 23104 (May 28, 1975); 58 FR 4166 (January 13,
\20\ MEMA I, 627 F.2d at 1110 (citing H.R. Rep. No. 294, 95th
D. EPA's Administrative Process in Consideration of California's
hearing and comment on California's waiver request. In that notice, EPA
requested comments on CARB's request for a waiver for the California
Phase 1 GHG Regulation under the following three criteria: Whether (a)
A. Whether California's Protectiveness Determination Was Arbitrary and
unreasonable.\21\
\21\ MEMA I, 627 F.2d at 1122, 1124 (``Once California has come
see also 78 FR 2112, at 2121 (Jan. 9, 2013).
CARB did make a protectiveness determination in adopting the
California Phase 1 GHG Regulation, and found that the California Phase
1 GHG Regulation would not cause California motor vehicle emissions
standards, in the aggregate, to be less protective of the public health
and welfare than applicable federal standards.\22\ CARB notes that its
rulemaking action established California GHG emission standards for
medium- and heavy-duty vehicles that are identical to the corresponding
GHG emission standards for heavy-duty engines and vehicles in EPA's
Phase 1 GHG regulation, and the regulation further contains ``deemed to
comply'' provisions that allow manufacturers to demonstrate 2014
through 2022 model year medium- and heavy-duty engines and vehicles
comply with California GHG emission standards by providing CARB the
same emissions data and related information required to certify the
engine or vehicle to EPA's Phase 1 GHG regulations' requirements.\23\
In addition, CARB notes that minor differences remain between the EPA
and CARB programs that provide further assurances that California's
program is, in the aggregate, at least as protective as the federal
program as applied to the categories of affected medium- and heavy-duty
engines and vehicles.\24\ EPA received no comments and EPA is not
otherwise aware of evidence suggesting that CARB's protectiveness
determination was unreasonable.
\22\ California Waiver Request Support Document at 30-31, and
Attachment 11 (CARB Resolution 13-50, dated December 12, 2013, at
EPA-HQ-OAR-2016-0179-0012). The CARB Board expressly declared in
Resolution 13-50 that ``BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the Board hereby
determines that the regulations adopted herein will not cause
California motor vehicle emission standards, in the aggregate, to be
less protective of the public health and welfare than applicable
\23\ Id. ``Phase 1 Certified Tractor'' means a tractor that has
been certified in accordance with either the Greenhouse Gas
Emissions Standards and Fuel Efficiency Standards for Medium- and
Heavy-Duty Engines and Vehicles, as adopted by the US EPA (76 FR
57106 (September 15, 2011)); or the Greenhouse Gas Emission
Requirements for New 2014 and Subsequent Model Heavy-Duty Vehicles,
as adopted by the California Air Resources Board, sections 95660 to
95664, Subarticle 12, title 17, California Code of Regulations
95302.
\24\ Id. For example, CARB explains that California's Phase 1
GHG Regulation does not fully incorporate the federal definition of
``urban bus'' in order to preserve California's existing requirement
that urban buses be powered by heavy heavy-duty diesel engines (HHD)
for which an EPA waiver has already been granted (78 FR 44112 (July
23, 2013), and that the useful life period for HHD diesel engines
exceeds the federal useful life period for light heavy-duty and
medium heavy-duty diesel engines.
standards, and that CARB's deemed to comply provision together with the
unique aspects of the California Phase 1 GHG Regulation make
California's standards even more protective, EPA finds that
California's protectiveness determination is not arbitrary and
B. Whether the Standards Are Necessary To Meet Compelling and
California needs its own motor vehicle emission control program (i.e.
not whether the specific standards (the California Phase 1 GHG
Regulation) that are the subject of the waiver request are necessary to
meet such conditions.\25\ In recent waiver actions, EPA again examined
the language of section 209(b)(1)(B) and reiterated this longstanding
traditional interpretation as the appropriate approach for analyzing
the need for ``such State standards'' to meet ``compelling and
extraordinary conditions.'' \26\
\25\ See California State Motor Vehicle Pollution Control
\26\ See 78 FR 2112, at 2125-26 (Jan. 9, 2013) (``EPA does not
In conjunction with the California Phase 1 GHG Regulation, CARB
determined in Resolution 13-50 that California continues to need its
own motor vehicle program to meet serious
[[Page 95986]]
ongoing air pollution problems.\27\ CARB asserted that ``The
geographical and climatic conditions and the tremendous growth in
vehicle population and use that moved Congress to authorize California
to establish vehicle standards in 1967 still exist today. EPA has long
confirmed CARB's judgment, on behalf of the State of California, on
this matter.'' \28\ In enacting the California Global Warming Solutions
Act of 2006, the Legislature found and declared that:
Global warming poses a serious threat to the economic well-
being, public health, natural resources, and the environment of
California. The potential adverse impacts of global warming include
the exacerbation of air quality problems, a reduction in the quality
and supply of water to the state from the Sierra snowpack, a rise in
sea levels resulting in the displacement of thousands of coastal
businesses and residences, damage to the marine ecosystems and the
natural environment, and an increase in the incidences of infectious
diseases, asthma, and other health-related problems.\29\
\27\ California Waiver Request Support Document, at 31,
referencing Resolution 13-50, dated December 12, 2013 (see EPA-HQ-
OAR-2016-0179-0012). Resolution 13-50 also states ``WHEREAS, heavy-
duty trucks, buses, and motor homes emitted 23 percent of greenhouse
gas (GHG) emissions from on-road vehicles and 8 percent of GHG
emissions from all sources in California in 2010. Resolution 13-50
also states ``WHEREAS, in recognition of the devastating impacts of
climate change emissions on California, Governor Schwarzenegger, in
June 2005, enacted Executive Order S-3-05 which established the
following GHG emission targets: By 2010, reduce GHG emissions to
2000 levels; by 2020, reduce GHG emissions to 1990 levels; and by
2050, reduce GHG emissions 80 percent below 1990 levels. In
addition, the South Coast and San Joaquin Valley air basins continue
to experience some of the worst air quality in the nation, and many
areas in California continue to be in nonattainment for the national
ambient air quality standards for particulate matter and ozone (81
FR 78149, 78153, November 7, 2016). To address this issue, for
example, California's heavy-duty program also includes an optional
low NOX provision, and CARB states ``Because the proposed
regulation for Optional Low NOX emissions standards is
optional, the emission benefits from that proposal will depend on
the level of participation by engine manufacturers. Staff estimated
NOX emission benefits for two different scenarios based
on low and high participation rates from manufacturers and estimated
NOX emission benefits of 0.6 to 1.2 tons per day (TPD)
statewide in 2020, and 3.3 to 6.9 TPD in 2035.'' CARB Initial
Statement of Reasons, December 12, 2013, EPA-HQ-OAR-2016-0179-0003.
\28\ California Waiver Request Support Document, at 33
(referencing 70 FR 50322, 50323 (August 26, 2005); 74 FR 32744,
32762-763 (July 9, 2009); 79 FR 46256, 46262 (August 7, 2014).
\29\ Id. at 33. The Global Warming Solutions Act also sets for
the California Legislature's finding and declaration that
``Continuing to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is critical for the
protection of all areas of the state, but especially for the state's
most disadvantaged communities, as those communities are affected
first, and, most frequently, by the adverse impacts of climate
change, including an increased frequency of extreme weather events,
such as drought, heat, and flooding. The state's most disadvantaged
communities also are disproportionately impacted by the deleterious
effects of climate change on public health.'' In addition, on April
29, 2015, California Governor Edmund Brown issued Executive Order B-
30-15 which states in part ``WHEREAS climate change poses an ever-
growing threat to the well-being, public health, natural resources,
economy, and the environment of California, including loss of
snowpack, drought, sea level rise, more frequent and intense
wildfires, heat waves, more severe smog, and harm to natural and
working lands, and these effects are already being felt in the
and ozone.\30\ As California has previously stated, ``nothing in
warrant a change in this determination.'' \31\ EPA agrees that the
fundamental conditions that cause California's serious air pollution
problems continue to exist.\32\ Therefore, EPA affirms California's
need for its new motor vehicle emissions program as a whole, to meet
compelling and extraordinary conditions. In addition, EPA notes the
continued adverse impacts of California's changing climate (e.g. the
increase in wildfires, increased threats to coastal developments and
ecosystems, etc.).\33\
\30\ 74 FR 32744, 32762-63 (July 8, 2009).
\31\ 74 FR 32744, 32762 (July 8, 2009); 76 FR 77515, 77518
(December 13, 2011).
\32\ In addition to the variety of human health impacts
associated with high air temperatures (e.g., heat stroke and
dehydration, and effects on people's cardiovascular, respiratory,
and nervous systems), warming can also increase the formation of
ground-level ozone, a component of smog that can contribute to
respiratory problems. See ``What Climate Change Means for
California,'' August 2016, EPA 430-F-16-007 at https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/climate-change-ca.pdf.
decisions, EPA is unable to identify any change in circumstances or
state standards, including greenhouse gas emission standards, to meet
compelling and extraordinary conditions in California.
C. Consistency With Section 202(a)
permit the development of technology necessary to meet the California
Phase 1 GHG Regulation, giving appropriate consideration to the cost of
compliance within that time.\34\ California's accompanying enforcement
procedures would also be inconsistent with section 202(a) if the
federal and California test procedures conflicted, i.e., if
manufacturers would be unable to meet both the California and federal
test requirements with the same test vehicle.\35\
\34\ See, e.g., 38 F.R 30136 (November 1, 1973) and 40 FR 30311
\35\ See, e.g., 43 FR 32182 (July 25, 1978).
Regarding test procedure conflict, CARB notes that it is not aware
of any instances in which a manufacturer is precluded from conducting
one set of tests on a heavy-duty engine or a heavy-duty vehicle to
determine compliance with both California and federal GHG requirements.
The regulation's ``deemed to comply'' provisions ensure that engine and
vehicle manufacturers can use federal test results to demonstrate
compliance with California's GHG emission standards through the 2022
model year. CARB also notes that no test procedure inconsistencies
exist for those manufactures that elect not to utilize the deemed to
comply provisions, or for 2023 and subsequent model year engines and
vehicles because the California GHG emission standards and associated
test procedures for new medium- and heavy-duty engines and new medium-
and heavy-duty vehicles are identical to corresponding federal GHG
emission standards and test procedures.\36\ For the reasons set forth
above, and because
[[Page 95987]]
there is no evidence in the record or other information that EPA is
aware of, EPA cannot find that CARB's Phase I GHG Regulation is
\36\ California Waiver Support Document at 44.
California Phase 1 GHG Regulation was technologically infeasible or
that the cost of compliance would be excessive, such that California's
standards might be inconsistent with section 202(a).\37\ In EPA's
review of CARB's Phase 1 GHG Regulation, we likewise cannot identify
any requirements that appear technologically infeasible or excessively
expensive for manufacturers to implement within the timeframes
provided.\38\ EPA therefore cannot find that the California Phase 1 GHG
Regulation does not provide adequate lead time or is otherwise not
\37\ See, e.g., 78 FR 2134 (Jan. 9, 2013), 47 FR 7306, 7309
(Feb. 18, 1982), 43 FR 25735 (Jun. 17, 1978), and 46 FR 26371, 26373
(May 12, 1981).
\38\ California Waiver Support Document at 34-43. For example,
both CARB and EPA identified a host of technologies suitable for
compliance with medium- and heavy-duty diesel engine CO2
standards, and for engines in combination tractors and vocational
vehicles. In addition, CARB and EPA identified a variety of
compliance strategy technologies for heavy-duty gasoline engine
CO2 standards. EPA and CARB also identified a number of
commercially available technologies that will enable 2014 through
2018 MY heavy-duty pick-up truck and van (``PUV'') GHG emission
We therefore cannot find that the California Phase 1 GHG Regulation
that we analyzed under the waiver criteria is inconsistent with section
202(a).
Having found that the California Phase 1 GHG Regulation satisfies
each of the criteria for a waiver, and having received no evidence to
contradict this finding, we cannot deny a waiver for the regulation.
The Administrator has delegated the authority to grant California
section 209(b) waivers to the Assistant Administrator for Air and
Radiation. After evaluating CARB's California Phase 1 GHG Regulation
and CARB's submissions for EPA review, EPA is hereby granting a waiver
for the California Phase 1 GHG Regulation.
filed by February 27, 2017. Judicial review of this final action may
not be obtained in subsequent enforcement proceedings, pursuant to
section 307(b)(2) of the Act.
[FR Doc. 2016-31646 Filed 12-28-16; 8:45 am]