Source: http://www.google.com/patents/US5902379?dq=5,815,488
Timestamp: 2016-07-30 04:17:24
Document Index: 274009732

Matched Legal Cases: ['art 35', 'art 35', 'art 35', 'art 35', 'art 35', 'art 35', 'art 35', 'art 35']

Patent US5902379 - Oxygen generating device - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsAn oxygen generating device (11, 211) to which a gas mixture containing oxygen is fed, and which is operable to separate the gas mixture into oxygen rich and oxygen depleted gas components, the device (11, 211) including a negative temperature coefficient material (36a 36b 36c; 236) which is active at...http://www.google.com/patents/US5902379?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US5902379 - Oxygen generating deviceAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS5902379 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 08/817,714PCT numberPCT/GB1996/001845Publication dateMay 11, 1999Filing dateJul 29, 1996Priority dateAug 16, 1995Fee statusPaidAlso published asCA2202792A1, DE69602419D1, DE69602419T2, EP0785904A1, EP0785904B1, WO1997007053A1Publication number08817714, 817714, PCT/1996/1845, PCT/GB/1996/001845, PCT/GB/1996/01845, PCT/GB/96/001845, PCT/GB/96/01845, PCT/GB1996/001845, PCT/GB1996/01845, PCT/GB1996001845, PCT/GB199601845, PCT/GB96/001845, PCT/GB96/01845, PCT/GB96001845, PCT/GB9601845, US 5902379 A, US 5902379A, US-A-5902379, US5902379 A, US5902379AInventorsRobert John Phillips, Adrian SimonsOriginal AssigneeNormalair-Garrett (Holdings) LimitedExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (14), Referenced by (25), Classifications (18), Legal Events (4) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetOxygen generating device
US 5902379 AAbstract
An oxygen generating device (11, 211) to which a gas mixture containing oxygen is fed, and which is operable to separate the gas mixture into oxygen rich and oxygen depleted gas components, the device (11, 211) including a negative temperature coefficient material (36a 36b 36c; 236) which is active at an elevated temperature above a minimum operating temperature, to separate the gas mixture into oxygen rich and oxygen depleted gas components, there being an electronic control unit coupled to the device to pass an electrical current through the device (11, 211) to produce a heating effect within the device to heat the gas mixture at least towards the minimum operating temperature wherein the device includes a plurality of active sections (A, B, C) through each of which the gas mixture passes in turn, and the electrical current supply is connected to each of the sections (A, B, C) so that the sections electrically are connected in series.
1. An oxygen generating device to which a gas mixture containing oxygen is fed, and which is operable to separate the gas mixture into oxygen rich and oxygen depleted gas components, the device comprising a negative temperature coefficient material which is active at an elevated temperature above a minimum operating temperature, to separate the gas mixture into oxygen rich and oxygen depleted gas components, there being means to pass an electrical current through the device to produce a heating effect within the device to heat the gas mixture at least towards the minimum operating temperature and wherein the device comprises a plurality of active sections through each of which the gas mixture passes in turn, and the electrical current supply is connected to each of the sections so that the sections electrically are connected in series; andwherein at least one of the active sections of the device comprises a second material which, when electrical current passes therethrough, produces a heating effect within the device to heat the gas mixture at least when the gas mixture is at a temperature below the minimum operating temperature. 2. A device according to claim 1 wherein the second material comprises a positive temperature coefficient of resistance material, the heating effect of which thus decreases as the temperature within the device increases towards the minimum operating temperature.
3. A device according to claim 1 wherein the gas mixture passes into contact with one of the first and second materials and subsequently into contact with the other of the first and second materials, the first and second materials being separate from one another within the device.
4. A device according to claim 1 wherein the first and second materials are contained within a matrix such that the gas mixture passes simultaneously into contact with the first and second materials.
5. An oxygen generating device to which a gas mixture containing oxygen is fed, and which is operable to separate the gas mixture into oxygen rich and oxygen depleted gas components, the device comprising a negative temperature coefficient material which is active at an elevated temperature above a minimum operating temperature, to separate the gas mixture into oxygen rich and oxygen depleted gas components, there being means to pass an electrical current through the device to produce a heating effect within the device to heat the gas mixture at least towards the minimum operating temperature and wherein the device comprises a plurality of active sections through each of which the gas mixture passes in turn, and the electrical current supply is connected to each of the sections so that the sections electrically are connected in series; anda housing containing the plurality of sections of the device, each section having a passage therethrough for the gas in which passage the active material is arranged. 6. An oxygen generating device to which a gas mixture containing oxygen is fed, and which is operable to separate the gas mixture into oxygen rich and oxygen depleted gas components, the device comprising a negative temperature coefficient material which is active at an elevated temperature above a minimum operating temperature, to separate the gas mixture into oxygen rich and oxygen depleted gas components, there being means to pass an electrical current through the device to produce a heating effect within the device to heat the gas mixture at least towards the minimum operating temperature and wherein the device comprises a plurality of active sections through each of which the gas mixture passes in turn, and the electrical current supply is connected to each of the sections so that the sections electrically are connected in series; andwherein in each section the gas passes between layers of the active material there being duct means into which the oxygen rich gas component flows from each of the sections and from which the oxygen rich gas component is collected for use. 7. An oxygen generating system including an oxygen generating device to which a gas mixture containing oxygen is fed, and which is operable to separate the gas mixture into oxygen rich and oxygen depleted gas components, the device comprising a negative temperature coefficient material which is active at an elevated temperature above a minimum operating temperature, to separate the gas mixture into oxygen rich and oxygen depleted gas components, there being means to pass an electrical current through the device to produce a heating effect within the device to heat the gas mixture at least towards the minimum operating temperature and wherein the device comprises a plurality of active sections through each of which the gas mixture passes in turn, and the electrical current supply is connected to each of the sections so that the sections electrically are connected in series; andwherein the system includes a heat exchanger through which the gas mixture passes prior to being fed to the oxygen generating device, there being passage means for at least one of heated oxygen depleted gas component and oxygen rich gas component from the oxygen generating device to be fed to the heat exchanger such that the gas mixture is preheated by heat exchanged from a least one of the oxygen depleted gas component and the oxygen rich gas component prior to being fed to the oxygen generating device. 8. A system according to claim 7 which includes a control means to control the amount of gas mixture fed to the oxygen generating device and to control the current supply to the device thereby to achieve a desired rate of production of oxygen rich gas component, with a required proportion of oxygen contained therein.
This invention relates to an oxygen generating device and to a system incorporating an oxygen generating device.
Certain ceramic materials, which are so-called ionic conductors of oxygen, become electrically conductive at elevated temperatures due to the mobility of oxygen ions within the crystal lattice. Since these materials are only conductive to oxygen ions, an external electric circuit providing electronic conduction is needed. Temperatures in the order of at least 600 K are required to obtain sufficient ionic conductivity.
The electrical current passing through the material has a heating effect on the material and on the air passing through the device, and at least after an initial warm up period, the oxygen generating device is self sustaining at a temperature above the minimum operating temperature at which air is separated into its oxygen rich and oxygen depleted gas components.
The amount of ambient air fed to the oxygen generating device, (and electrical current passed through the material) can be controlled as necessary, to ensure that the demand for the oxygen rich gas supply is met, but in previous arrangements it has been necessary to provide complex active control means to control the electrical current and hence the temperature of the device, so that overheating of the oxygen generating device is avoided.
With at least some commonly used ceramic membrane materials, there is a higher electrical resistance through the material at lower temperatures, and so the magnitude of electrical current which can pass through the material to cause a heating effect, is dependent on the temperature of the material, which in turn depends at least in part on the temperature of the gas mixture delivered to the material. The inventors have realised that this property of the material can be utilised to avoid overheating of the oxygen generating device without an active control means being required to control the electrical current.
According to a first aspect of the invention we provide an oxygen generating device to which a gas mixture containing oxygen is fed, and which is operable to separate the gas mixture into oxygen rich and oxygen depleted gas components, the device comprising a negative temperature coefficient of resistance material which is active at an elevated temperature above a minimum operating temperature, to separate the gas mixture into oxygen rich and oxygen depleted gets components, there being means to pass an electrical current through the device to produce a heating effect within the device to heat the gas mixture at least towards the minimum operating temperature, wherein the device comprises a plurality of active sections through each of which the gas mixture passes in turn and the electrical current supply is connected to each of the sections so that the sections electrically are in series.
One or each of the active sections of the device may comprise a second material which when electrical current passes therethrough produces a heating effect within the device to heat the gas mixture at least when the gas mixture is it a temperature below the minimum operating temperature.
Thus there is no need to provide any separate preheating means to provide for rapid warm up of the oxygen generating device. The second material may comprise a positive temperature coefficient of resistance material, the heating effect of which may decrease as the temperature within the device increases towards the minimum operating temperature.
According to a second aspect of the invention, we provide an oxygen generating system including an oxygen, generating device according to the first aspect of the invention. The system may include a heat exchanger through which the gas mixture passes prior to being fed to the oxygen generating device, there being passage means for heated oxygen depleted gas component and/or oxygen rich gas component from the oxygen generating device to be fed to the heat exchanger such that the gas mixture is preheated by heat exchanged from the oxygen depleted gas component and/or the oxygen rich gas component.
The system may include a control means to control the amount of gas mixture fed to the oxygen generating device, and to control the current supply to the device thereby to achieve a desired rate of production of oxygen rich gas component.
FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic illustrative view in cross section to an enlarged scale of part of the oxygen generating device of FIG. 2;
FIG. 6 is a graph showing the relative conductivities of first and second materials which may be used within an oxygen generating device in accordance with the invention, as conductivity varies with temperature.
Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown an oxygen generating system 10, which has at its heart, a ceramic membrane module 11 being an oxygen generating device in accordance with the invention.
The ambient air which may be at a very cool temperature indeed, possibly below 273 K then passes through a heater module 16 which will be described in more detail hereinafter, where, at least after the system 10 has warmed up, the ambient air will be pre-heated before the air passes into the ceramic membrane module 11.
The ceramic membrane module 11 generates oxygen rich gas component as hereinafter described, which passes from the module 11 via an outlet 17. The oxygen rich gas component passes through the heater module 16 via line 17a where at least some of its heat is dissipated to the ambient air, so that a cooled oxygen rich gas supply is obtained, which is fed via line 18a to a plenum 18, and hence to a filter 19 where any residual debris is removed, from which filter 19 the oxygen gas component may pass to, for example, an aircrew where the oxygen rich air component can be breathed, particularly at ambient atmospheric pressure at elevated altitudes.
The heater module 16 may also comprise an electrical resistance or some other kind of auxiliary heater so that during an initial warm up period, the ambient air entering, the heater module 16 can be warmed so that warmed air is fed to the ceramic membrane module 11 rather than cold air but in the examples to be described, preheating of the ambient air is achieved in the ceramic membrane module 11.
It will be appreciated from the discussion below that the ceramic membrane module 11 can only operate to separate the ambient air into its oxygen rich and oxygen depleted air components, when at a temperature above a minimum operating temperature; typical operating temperatures are in the range 1100-1200 K. The temperature of the ambient air within the heater module 16, and/or the temperature of the oxygen rich and/or oxygen depleted gas component within the heater module 16, is monitored, so as to provide a suitable input via line 23 to the electronic control unit 15. Also, the temperature within the ceramic membrane module 11 may be monitored, so as to provide an input 24 to the electronic control unit 15 although as will be appreciated from the discussion below, such an input 24 is not required to protect the ceramic membrane module 11 from overheating.
The pressure of the oxygen rich gas component supply in plenum 18 is also monitored, so as to provide an input 25 to the electronic control unit 15.
The speed of the fan 14, and hence the volume of air being delivered to the heater module 16 and subsequently the ceramic membrane module 11, is monitored and an input 26 is provided to the electronic control unit 15.
In response to demand for oxygen rich gas the electronic control unit 15 controls the speed of the fan 14 via a line 27, and the power fed to the ceramic membrane module 11 via a line 28 to control the level of oxygen generation in the ceramic membrane module 11. There is also a built in test which results in an output indicated at 29 for example, to alert an aircrew to the fact that the system 10 is not operating correctly.
Operation of the ceramic membrane module 11 will now be described in more detail with reference to FIGS. 2 to 4.
Referring first to FIG. 2, the ceramic membrane module 11 comprises a housing 30 which his a passage 35 for gas therethrough. The passage has an inlet 31, a first flow reverse box 32, a second flow reverse box 33, and an outlet 20 to which oxygen depleted air component is fed from the device 11 via ducting 34.
In FIG. 2, in a first passage part 35a between the inlet 31 and the first flow reverse box 32, there is first active section A comprising first material 36a in the form of a ceramic membrane stack. One suitable material consists of an electrolyte membrane such as Cerium Gadolinium Oxide (CGO) coated on both sides with an electrode made for example of Lanthanum Strontium Cobalt Ferrite (LSCF). The direction of flow of the oxygen depleted gas component is indicated at 37 (which is the same direction as the gas mixture), whilst the direction of flow of oxygen rich gas component is indicated at 38. It can be seen that direction 38 is generally orthogonal to the extent of the first passage part 35a between the inlet 31 and the first flow reverse box 32, such that the oxygen rich air component flows into a duct 39 from which it may be collected and flow from the device 11 to the outlet 17 shown in FIG. 1.
The oxygen depleted gas component flow direction is reversed in box 32, and passes into a second active section B which comprises a second passage part 35b between the flow reverse boxes 32 and 33. The second passage part 35b contains a membrane stack 36b of first material, through which the gas flows. Again, the direction of flow of the oxygen depleted component is indicated at 37, and the directions of flow of the oxygen rich gas component into duct 39 are indicated at 38.
Within a third passage part 35c between the second flows reverse box 33 and the ducting 34 for the oxygen depleted gas component, there is a third active section C comprising yet another membrane stack 36c of first material. Again the relative directions of flow of the oxygen depleted gas component and oxygen rich gas component through membrane stack 36c are indicated by arrows 37 and 38 respectively.
Referring now to FIG. 6, there is shown in full lines a graph showing how the conductivity of the first material 36a-36c changes with temperature. Below a cut-off temperature tmin it can be seen that the first material 36a-36c provides substantially no conductivity. The first material 36a-36c will fail to separate the ambient air into its oxygen rich and oxygen depleted gas components until the material 36a-36c is at a minimum operating temperature tmot.
Prior to the air passing through the first material 36a in the first passage part 35a, the air passes through a membrane stack 40a of a second ceramic material. The second material 40a may again be a ceramic material, but exhibiting a positive temperature coefficient of resistance. Suitable second material may be based on the barium titanate perovskite system.
Hence at temperatures belong tmin indicated in FIG. 6, the second material 40a will conduct electricity therethrough and thus a heating effect will be achieved in the ceramic membrane module 11. In FIG. 6, the conductivity of the second material 40a relative to temperature is indicated by the dotted lines. As the temperature within the module 11 increases, the amount of electrical current conducted by the second material 40a decreases and hence the heating effect due to the material 40a will decrease. It can be seen that it is envisaged that the conductivities of the first and second materials 36a-36c and 40a will be about equal around the temperature tmot being the minimum operating temperature, which the first material 36a-36c must attain in order to perform its function of separating the ambient air into oxygen rich and oxygen depleted gas components. This may be around 600 K.
Referring again to FIG. 2, in the second passage part 35b between the first flow reverse box 32 and the second flow reverse box 33, there is a further membrane stack of second material 40b, and in the third passage part 35c between the second flow reverse box 33 and the duct 34, there is a yet further membrane stack of second material 40c. In this embodiment, the gas mixture, as it flows through the ceramic membrane module 11, sequentially comes into contact with second material 40a, then first material 36a and so on. In another embodiment, instead of the first and second materials 36a-36c and 40a-40c being arranged in membrane stacks separate from one another as indicated in FIG. 2, the materials may be contained within a common matrix such that air passing through the ceramic membrane module 11 may simultaneously come into contact within the first and second material contained in the matrix.
The amount of oxygen rich gas component, and can be adjusted by changing the amount of electrical current which can pass through the ceramic membrane module 11, e.g. by changing the voltage across the module 11 and by adjusting the rate of delivery of ambient air to the inlet 31, by adjusting the speed of fan 14.
The temperature within the ceramic membrane module 11 is controlled by means of monitoring the temperature within the ceramic membrane module 11, and adjusting the amount of ambient air fed to the ceramic membrane module 11. In order to reduce the temperature, the speed of fan 14 is increased, thus increasing the amount of cooling air flow. In order to increase the temperature, the fan speed is reduced.
It has been found that utilising a single sheet membrane of first material which is active to separate the gas mixture into oxygen rich and oxygen depleted components is unacceptable in design terms and impracticable due to the required size of that sheet. Also the electrical current flow required through such a membrane to achieve adequate volumes of separation of oxygen rich and oxygen depleted gas components, is unnacceptably high.
In accordance with the invention however the electrical current is caused to flow in series through the active sections A, B and C of the device. In this way it will be appreciated that the electrical resistance of the second active section B, the first material 36b of which is a negative temperature coefficient of resistance material, is dependent upon the temperature of the gas mixture (air) delivered to it from the first active section A of the device 11.
Hence the inventors realised that the device 11 can thermally be managed with a control system a less complex than would otherwise be required. As the temperature of air entering active section B of the device 11 increases, the resistance of the first negative temperature coefficient of resistance material 36b in active section B will decrease resulting a reduced heating effect in active section B with the result that the temperature rise of the oxygen depleted air fed through active section B of the device to active section C, will be restricted. Any increase in temperature of the air fed to active section C, could for example by a decrease in the temperature of the air fed to active section B, will cause the heating effect of the negative temperature coefficient of resistance first material 36c of the third active section C of the device to decrease, and so the heating effect of active section C and any further active sections of the device 11 will be restricted.
Although in the example described the first active section A is the coolest and has the higher resistance, in another arrangement, another of the active sections B,C could be arranged to have the highest electrical resistance and thus be primarily responsible for limiting the electric current through all the active sections A,B,and C.
A voltage is applied across the device between the interconnect sheet R1 and a boundary sheet R4.
Oxygen molecules contained in the gas stream within the passages P1 to P3 diffuse through the porous cathode layers C1 to C3 to the electrolyte layers E1 to E3. The applied voltage causes the oxygen molecules to ionise at the electrode layers E1 to E3. The resultant anions pass through the electrolyte layers E1 to E3 and reform at the anode layers A1 to A3, and hence pass into the passages Q1 to Q3 which extend transversely to the passages P1-P3 and are also formed by corrugations/castellations formed in a corrugated or castellated sheet Z1-Z3. Electrical current thus passes through the active section A of the device in the direction shown by arrow C through the various layers of the active section A of the device 11.
For an air pre-heating section, the arrangement may be similar to that of FIG. 4, but the electrolyte layers E1 to E3 would be replaced by suitable positive temperature co-efficient of resistance material (40a). The electrical potential applied across the outermost interconnect and boundary sheets A1 and A4 allows electrical current to flow through the various layers of the section of the device, when the temperature is below that required for minimum operation.
By virtue of the preheating section or sections the onset of oxygen production occurs on start up, before it otherwise would. The transition between electrical current passing through the preheating section or sections and the oxygen generating section or section would ideally be instantaneous, but practically there is a transition zone where there is parallel electrical conductivity, as indicated in the graph of FIG. 6, which occurs will both the preheating and oxygen generating sections being conductive.
In FIG. 5 a flat plate design of one active section A of a ceramic membrane module 211 is shown, there being a first electrode 250 and a second electrode 251, with a matrix containing first and second material 236 and 240 between them. Ambient air passes into passageways provided between the lower plate electrode 250 and the matrix 236/240 of ceramic materials, whilst electrical current flows in the direction shown by arrow C, between one electrode 251 and the other electrode 250.
Hence various modifications are possible without departing from the scope of the invention. Although in the embodiments described there is in each case second material which can produce a heating effect during a warm up period, within the oxygen generating device when electrical current passes through the material to heat the gas mixture, at least when the gas mixture within the device is at a temperature below the minimum operating temperature of the first material, and possibly at temperature also below the temperature at which the first material can conduct electricity and thus dissipate heat within the oxygen generating device, the gas may be preheated by other means to above the minimum operating temperature during initial warm up.
The actual arrangement of control system of an oxygen generating system incorporating such a device may be modified compared to the arrangement shown in FIG. 1 which is given for example only. The relationship of conductivity to temperature for actual materials selected for use may not be exactly as indicated in FIG. 6.
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