Source: http://www.google.com/patents/US8047575?dq=patent:+7360079
Timestamp: 2014-11-27 08:49:22
Document Index: 141236175

Matched Legal Cases: ['Application No. 60', 'art 1', 'art 2', 'art 1', 'art 2', 'art 1', 'art 2']

Patent US8047575 - Printable features formed from multiple inks and processes for making them - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inAdvanced Patent SearchPatentsThe invention relates to reflective and non-reflective features formed from multiple inks. In one embodiment, the printed feature comprises a substrate having a first region and a second region, the first and second regions having different surface characteristics; a first printed element disposed on...http://www.google.com/patents/US8047575?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US8047575 - Printable features formed from multiple inks and processes for making themAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS8047575 B2Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 11/756,225Publication dateNov 1, 2011Filing dateMay 31, 2007Priority dateMay 31, 2006Also published asEP2021187A2, EP2021187B1, US8070186, US20070278422, US20080043085, US20120036702, WO2007140485A2, WO2007140485A3Publication number11756225, 756225, US 8047575 B2, US 8047575B2, US-B2-8047575, US8047575 B2, US8047575B2InventorsRichard Einhorn, Mark Hanpden-Smith, Scott Haubrich, Rimple B. BhatiaOriginal AssigneeCabot CorporationExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (71), Non-Patent Citations (8), Classifications (15), Legal Events (1) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetPrintable features formed from multiple inks and processes for making themUS 8047575 B2Abstract The invention relates to reflective and non-reflective features formed from multiple inks. In one embodiment, the printed feature comprises a substrate having a first region and a second region, the first and second regions having different surface characteristics; a first printed element disposed on the first region; and a second printed element disposed on the second region, wherein the first printed element is more adherent than the second printed element to the first region. In another embodiment, the printed feature comprises multiple layers formed from different inks exhibiting enhanced durability. The invention is also to processes for forming these features, preferably through a direct write printing process.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/443,248, filed May 31, 2006, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to printable features and to processes for making printable features. In particular, the invention relates to reflective and non-reflective printable features formed on substrates having regions with different surface characteristics, to multi-layered features, and to processes for making such features.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Recent advances in color copying and printing have put increasing importance on developing new methods to prevent forgery of security documents such as banknotes. While there have been many techniques developed, one area of increasing interest is in developing reflective and non-reflective features that cannot be readily reproduced, particularly by a color copier or printer.
In one embodiment, the reflective or non-reflective feature, is disposed, e.g., positioned, formed or printed, over an underlying element (e.g., an underlying image, optionally an underlying reflective image), the underlying element preferably being at least partially visible through the feature when viewed at one angle (for example, if the reflective or non-reflective feature is translucent or has gaps in it through which one can view the underlying element). The underlying element may become obscured, however, when viewed from another angle, relative to the surface of the feature. The effect of obscuring an underlying element is further described in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/331,233, filed Jan. 13, 2006, entitled �Reflective features, Their Use and Processes for Making Them,� the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. Optionally, the underlying element comprises metallic particles, e.g., metallic nanoparticles.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the first reflective or non-reflective element and the second reflective or non-reflective element form a continuous graphical feature that spans at least a part of the first region and at least a part of the second region. As used herein, the term �graphical feature� is meant to refer to the overall shape or outline of the reflective or non-reflective feature. As use herein, the term �continuous� is meant to refer to a single, discreet, connected object or part of an object, optionally formed from one or more inks, substantially free of gaps. Non-limiting examples of graphical features of the present invention include any geometric image or shape, one or more alphanumeric characters, microimages, microprint (2 pt font size or smaller, height less than about 400 μm, e.g., less than about 300 μm, less than about 200 μm or less than about 100 μm), image, personal image (e.g., image of an individual), photograph, fingerprint, design, barcode, logo, trademark, pattern, e.g., guilloche pattern or rosette pattern, or other object. Additionally, the first reflective or non-reflective element and the second reflective or non-reflective element optionally form a continuous graphical feature that extends across the interface between the first region and the second region of a substrate to form a continuous graphical feature that is difficult to reproduce, and may serve to authenticate an item. FIG. 3, discussed below, provides an example of a continuous graphical feature in which the letter �A� extends continuously across the interface 11 between first region 12 and second region 13. This embodiment is particularly desirable for security applications if the first and second regions exhibit substantially different surface characteristics, as it is difficult to form a continuous graphical feature, having a single uniform appearance, extending across regions having substantially different surface characteristics. FIGS. 1 and 2, discussed below, provide examples of non-continuous graphical reflective feature having a first reflective or non-reflective element 7 comprising the numbers �01� and a second reflective or non-reflective element 8 comprising the numbers �234,� the second reflective or non-reflective element 8 being separate from the first reflective or non-reflective element 7, but forming a single reflective or non-reflective graphical feature.
In one embodiment, the reflective or non-reflective feature of the present invention comprises a substrate having a first region comprising a first undercoat. The first undercoat optionally comprises a composition selected from the group consisting of varnishes, offset varnishes, dry offset varnishes, shellacs, latexes, and polymers. As used herein, the term �undercoat� refers to a coating disposed underneath a reflective or non-reflective element and on top of a supporting substrate. If the first region comprises a first undercoat, the first reflective element (in those aspects in which the first element is reflective), which is disposed on the first undercoat of the first region, exhibits enhanced reflectivity relative to the reflectivity of the first reflective element in the absence of the first undercoat. The presence of the undercoat may also facilitate adhesion and durability of the first reflective or non-reflective element.
FIG. 1 also illustrates a single non-continuous reflective or non-reflective feature comprising the numbers �01234� disposed on substrate 1. The feature comprises a first reflective or non-reflective element 7 and a second reflective or non-reflective element 8. Specifically, the first element 7 comprises the numbers �01�, and the second element 8 comprises the numbers �234�. Semantically, the number �1� (disregarding the number �0�) also could be considered a first element since it is disposed on the first region 2, and the number �2� (disregarding the numbers �34�) could be considered a second element since it is disposed on the second region 3. According to this embodiment of the present invention, the first element 7 (however characterized) is more adherent to the first region 2, e.g., the first surface 4 of the first region 2, than the second element 8 would be if it were formed on first surface 4 of first region 2. Similarly, the second element 8 ideally is more adherent to the second region 3, e.g., the second surface 5 of the second region 3, than the first element 7 would be if it were formed on second surface 5 of second region 3.
Although it is contemplated that the optical properties (e.g., color, hue and reflectivity) of the first reflective or non-reflective element 7 may differ from the optical properties of the second reflective or non-reflective element 8, preferably the optical properties of the first element 7 are substantially the same as the optical properties of the second element 8 such that together the two elements form a single reflective or non-reflective feature (e.g., the number �01234� in FIG. 1) that has a uniform overall appearance to an observer. That is, preferably the two elements appear to have similar or substantially the same optical properties such that the two elements appear to a lay observer to have been formed from a single ink. Desirably, the formation of a single reflective or non-reflective feature having an overall uniform appearance on a substrate having multiple regions with different surface characteristics is very difficult to reproduce for would-be counterfeiters.
FIG. 3 illustrates another embodiment of the present invention in which the reflective or non-reflective feature comprises a first reflective or non-reflective element 14, which forms the left portion of the letter �A�, and a second reflective or non-reflective element 15, which forms the right portion of the letter �A�. This feature comprises a continuous graphical feature spanning both the first region and the second region of a substrate. That is, together, the first and second reflective elements 14, 15 form a single continuous reflective or non-reflective feature that extends across interface 11 unlike the reflective feature �01234� shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, which comprises elements (�01� and �234�) that are non-continuous (e.g., separate) with respect to one another.
FIG. 4 shows an intermediate feature that may be formed during the fabrication of the feature shown in FIG. 3. As with the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the first reflective or non-reflective element 14 and the second reflective or non-reflective element 15 shown in FIG. 3 preferably are formed from a first ink and a second ink, respectively, the inks being suited for deposition, e.g., printing, onto the first substrate surface 12 and the second substrate surface 13, respectively. As discussed above, the first ink may be deposited before, after, simultaneously with or substantially simultaneously with deposition of the second ink. The intermediate feature shown in FIG. 4 would be formed after deposition of the first ink to form the first reflective or non-reflective element 14, but prior to deposition of a second ink to form the second reflective or non-reflective element 15 (the right portion of the letter �A�) shown in FIG. 3.
As indicated above, the reflective or non-reflective features preferably are formed from multiple inks, each ink preferably being formulated to optimally adhere to a given substrate surface (e.g., first or second surface of first or second regions, respectively) and form a different reflective or non-reflective element. Unlike the adherence test discussed above for determining the level of adherence of a solid reflective element onto a substrate region, the ability of a fluid ink to adhere to a substrate surface may be characterized by the contact angle formed between a respective ink droplet and the surface on which the ink is deposited, e.g., printed. As used herein, the term �contact angle� means the angle at which a liquid/vapor interface meets the substrate surface (e.g., first surface or second surface). The contact angle, θ, of an ink with a surface is determined primarily by the interfacial energies of the materials involved, as related by the equation:
Generally, if the contact angle is less than about 90�, the ink is considered �wetting� and desirably can spread on the surface. For the liquid to completely wet the surface, the contact angle should approach zero. For spreading to occur, the surface energy of the solid must be greater than the combination of the surface tension of the liquid and the interfacial tension between the solid and the liquid. Although there are exceptions, generally speaking, the more adherent (wetting) an ink is to a particular substrate region, the more adherent the resulting reflective or non-reflective element will be to that substrate region.
In a preferred embodiment, for reflective features, either or both the first ink and/or the second ink as well as the reflective features formed therefrom comprise metallic nanoparticles. Thus, in a preferred embodiment, either or both the first reflective element and/or the second reflective element, which are formed from the first and second inks, respectively, also comprise metallic nanoparticles. Preferably, the metallic nanoparticles in either or both the first reflective element and/or the second reflective element form a highly reflective film or films. By �highly reflective,� it is meant that the nanoparticles when formed in a film exhibit at least some degree of non-diffuse or non-Lambertian reflectivity. That is, the nanoparticle film or films (as well as the overall features of the invention) preferably exhibit some degree of specular reflectivity, optionally some degree of colored specular reflectivity. It is contemplated, however, that the nanoparticle film(s), the first and/or second reflective elements and/or the reflective features themselves may exhibit some degree of diffuse reflectivity, in addition to specular reflectivity. Reflective elements comprising metallic nanoparticles have been found to exhibit enhanced reflectivity, particularly enhanced specular reflectivity, over conventional features.
Metallic nanoparticles that optionally are included in the inks to form reflective features can be produced by a number of methods. For example, the metallic nanoparticles may be formed by spray pyrolysis, as described, for example, in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/645,985, filed Jan. 21, 2005, or in an organic matrix, as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/117,701, filed Apr. 29, 2005, the entireties of which are fully incorporated herein by reference. A non-limiting example of one preferred method of making metallic particles and metallic nanoparticles, is known as the polyol process, and is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,539,041, which is fully incorporated herein by reference. A modification of the polyol process is described in, e.g., P. -Y. Silvert et al., �Preparation of colloidal silver dispersions by the polyol process� Part 1�Synthesis and characterization, J. Mater. Chem., 1996, 6(4), 573-577; Part 2�Mechanism of particle formation, J. Mater. Chem., 1997, 7(2), 293-299, both disclosures of these documents are fully incorporated by reference herein. Briefly, in the polyol process a metal compound is dissolved in, and reduced or partially reduced by a polyol such as, e.g., a glycol, at elevated temperature to afford corresponding metal particles. In the modified polyol process, the reduction is carried out in the presence of a dissolved anti-agglomeration substance, preferably a polymer, most preferably polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP).
For thermal ink jet inks, the vehicle optionally comprises a mixture of at least two solvents, optionally at least two organic solvents, e.g., a mixture of at least three organic solvents, or at least four organic solvents. The use of more than one solvent is preferred because it allows, inter alia, to adjust various properties of a composition simultaneously (e.g., viscosity, surface tension, contact angle with intended substrate etc.) and to bring all of these properties as close to the optimum values as possible�particularly so that the first and second inks, respectively, are well-suited for deposition onto the first and second regions, respectively. Preferably, for thermal ink jet printing applications, the vehicle comprises water, optionally with one or more other vehicles. In one embodiment, the vehicle comprises a mixture of propylene glycol and water.
In one embodiment, the reflective or non-reflective feature further comprises a second coating having a fourth surface disposed at least in part on the third surface. By way of non-limiting examples, the second coating may comprise material selected from the group consisting of varnishes, offset varnishes, dry offset varnishes, shellacs, latexes and polymers. Preferably, the second coating is transparent. As used herein, the term �transparent� means capable of allowing light to pass therethrough, e.g., through a translucent layer. The primary purpose of the second coating is to protect the underlying layers from, for example, moisture, and everyday wear-and-tear. Additionally, in those aspects in which the feature is reflective, the second coating may enhance the reflectivity of the feature if, for example, the fourth surface possesses specular reflectance. Optionally, the second coating further comprises a colorant, e.g., a dye, pigment or phosphor, which modifies the color or photoluminescence of the feature.
Optionally, the feature is highly reflective. In one embodiment, the reflective element comprises a reflective layer. The reflective layer optionally is at least partially semitransparent. As used herein, the term �semitransparent� means capable of allowing at least some light to pass therethrough, e.g., through openings and/or through a translucent layer, while optionally absorbing a portion of the light. The reflective layer may also be continuous or non-continuous.
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