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1 1 Trade marks2 Trade Marks An information brochure on trade mark protection3 Content We protect your trade mark Trade marks send out strong signals Trade marks create trust Trade marks protect ideas And safeguard assets Trade marks confer rights The road to trade mark protection No trade mark protection without classification: The list of goods and services First comes the search. The Trade Mark Register Your application Registration requirements Registration process and costs Effect of protection and term of protection Compulsory use and defence Opposition proceedings Transfer, licensing and giving as security Trade mark protection abroad Cancellation proceedings Service Tips for the trade mark search Glossary Adresses and important telephone numbers4 TRADE MARKS 3 We protect your trade mark The German Patent and Trade Mark Office (DPMA) is the national centre of excellence for industrial property protection in Germany. We are your service provider for trade mark protection from the application to the registration of your trade mark to the administra tion of your trade mark after registration in our Register. This brochure gives you a thorough insight into all issues that may be important to you in connection with the trade mark right and serves as a guide for your trade mark application.5 4 TRADE MARKS Trade marks send out strong signals They influence our purchasing decisions daily: trade marks give fresh impetus, trigger emotions, occupy market positions. Trade marks create distinctive features that allow to distinguish branded goods and services of an enterprise from the products offered by competitors. Trade marks are advertising tools that provide useful orientation in the endless stream of advertising messages through words and pictures, shapes and sounds. It is the trade mark that turns an anonymous product into a unique branded article and sometimes, a few letters or a sign even become a legend. The German trade mark law revision For more than 30 years it has been possible to use a protected sign to market services as well as goods. In the course of the 1995 German trade mark law revision, the term Marke (trade mark) was introduced. In its literal meaning a trade mark marks a product or a service, thus distinguishing it from the products offered by competitors. Trade marks create trust Every trade mark carries a promise of reli abil ity of source and consistency of quality of a product, service or an enterprise. Trade marks stand for special properties. They appeal to the needs of consumers, convey values and communicate ideas, thus creating credible identities that build trust and lasting customer relationships. This way they ensure the competitive edge of a company. A strong trade mark converts every single communication measure into an investment that will generate lasting or even increasing market value. This opens long-term perspectives.6 TRADE MARKS 5 Trade marks protect ideas Any signs, particularly words, including personal names, designs, letters, numerals, sound marks, three-dimensional configurations, including the shape of goods or their wrapping as well as other packaging, includ ing colours and combinations of colours, which are capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings may be protected as trade marks. (Sec. 3(1) Trade Mark Act [Markengesetz]). What types of trade marks are there? In addition to word marks and figurative marks, which are the most frequent trade mark types, there are also combined word/figurative marks, sound marks, smell marks, slogans and threedimensional marks. Combinations of different trade mark types are also conceivable, for example, three-dimensional signs with word or image. Today, trade marks are omnipresent. They can stand for a single product (for example, Mars, file number: ), for an entire product line (for example, Nivea, file number: ) or for an enterprise (for example, E.ON, file number: ). Within the meaning of trade mark law, trade marks distinguish only specific goods and services. For more detailed information see pages 9 to 11. Domain names as trade marks? As a rule, Internet domains can be registered as trade marks. The DPMA does not register domain names but recommends a trade mark search prior to choosing a domain name. Some domain names do not meet the requirements for registration in the Trade Mark Register. The registered domain can only be registered as a trade mark if the second level domain and/or the sub-domains, if any, satisfy the requirements for protection, in particular, if they are not merely descriptive terms or advertising statements.7 6 TRADE MARKS And safeguard assets In modern, ever faster changing markets, trade marks provide important orientation and decision-making confidence to customers and consumers. They reduce purchasing risks and enable identification with the products or services offered by a company. That is precisely why they are of inestimable value for the long-term success of a company. Strong trade marks help to build durable relationships between suppliers and customers. Trade marks are assets Today, the success of a company is closely linked to the prestige and value of its trade mark(s). In this context, important criteria are brand awareness, the trade mark image and market shares. For that reason, trade marks should not only be considered as a cost factor but also as important influencing factors that can increase the total value of a company.8 TRADE MARKS 7 Trade marks confer rights Trade mark protection usually arises from the entry of the sign in the Register kept by the DPMA. It gives you the right to prohibit others from using an identical or confusingly similar sign in trade as a mark. Entry of the trade mark in the Trade Mark Register makes it easier for you to enforce your legal claims to the trade mark. The registration certificate and the register extract are proof that you are entitled to the registered trade mark. The trade mark registration gives you a means to act against any unauthorised person who infringes your rights. In case of wilful or negligent infringement of your trade mark rights, you can seek injunctive relief or may be entitled to damages. Unlawfully marked objects may also be seized and destroyed by customs authorities when the unlawfully marked goods are imported or exported. Who can be the owner of a trade mark? As a rule, any company or any private individual can apply for a trade mark for any type of goods or services. A business establishment is not necessary. In business life, you may choose to use the symbol with registered trade marks. This indicates to others that the sign is a registered, protected trade mark.9 8 TRADE MARKS The road to trade mark protection Far more than 780,000 trade marks are registered in the Register of the DPMA and new trade marks are being added daily. What signs are eligible for protection and what signs are not? What must be considered when filing an application? Our brochure aims at providing a quick overview of what is important with regard to registration and what rights your trade mark gives to you. Please bear in mind that trade mark law and practice are complex issues that require great care. This is true for the advance trade mark search, which is your responsibil ity, and also for the examination of the application and the registration performed by our experts. We wish you success with your application.10 TRADE MARKS 9 No trade mark protection without classification: the list of goods and services There is no across-the-board registration for trade marks. Rather, you must specify those goods and services for which you seek trade mark protection (list of goods and services). Goods and services are categorised in dif fer ent classes according to the International Classification of Goods and Services for the Purposes of the Registration of Marks under the Nice Agreement (Nice Classification). Therefore, the list of goods and services is an important component of the trade mark application; without such a list the application is incomplete. A correct list of goods and services ensures fast processing of your application. Errors in drafting the list of goods and services are by far the most frequent cause for longer processing times for trade mark applications. In such cases, we clarify questions regarding the list with you. In order to avoid this extra work and be able to register trade marks faster in the interest of our customers, we offer a variety of tools that help customers to draw up lists of goods and services. For online applications, you can select admissible goods and services terms by means of a shopping basket in the application. You will also find a great number of terms, which are definite enough in all respects to refer to goods and services, in our search engine for goods and services. Please use it if you apply for a trade mark using the paper application form. If these terms are used, we can register the trade marks immediately if there are no legal grounds for refusal. e-services/dpmadirekt Large applicants can draw up lists of goods and services in cooperation with our staff before filing. These approved lists can be adopted as they stand for further applications. classifications/niceclassification/ search.html11 10 TRADE MARKS What has to be taken into account when classifying products: The scope of protection of a trade mark is determined by the goods and services for which it is protected. After the application has been received by the DPMA, no goods and services can be added to the list. However, restrictions are possible any time. Each additional class of goods and services that you claim increases the probability that owners of earlier trade marks will file oppositions to the registration of your trade mark. Furthermore, the Trade Mark Act prescribes the compulsory use of all goods and services claimed. This means that you must actually put to use the trade mark in trade in connection with all the goods and services claimed in order to fully and permanently maintain your right to the trade mark. For detailed information see the following pages under the catchwords application, compulsory use and opposition proceedings. Nice Classification and Vienna Classification All standardised and admissible terms that can be used for the list of goods and services of an application are contained in the 45 classes (34 for goods and eleven for services) of the International Classification of Goods and Services for the Purposes of the Registration of Marks or Nice Classification for short. However, the international classification for the figurative elements or images of marks is called Vienna Classification. e-services/dpmadirekt Harmonised classification database Many national trade mark offices of the European Union have agreed on a list of approximately 60,000 classification terms, which are available in 28 languages and admissible in the participating countries. This database (TMclass) is more comprehensive than the list of the Nice Classification but uses the same taxonomy. It is available to you for online trade mark applications by means of a shopping basket. For more detailed information, visit our website.12 TRADE MARKS 11 Classes of the Nice Classification Class Brief description 1 Chemicals 2 Paints 3 Cleaning preparations 4 Oils, greases, fuels 5 Pharmaceuticals 6 Common metals and simple goods of metal 7 Machines, motors and engines 8 Hand tools 9 Electrical apparatus and instruments 10 Medical apparatus and instruments 11 Apparatus for heating, ventilating and sanitary purposes 12 Vehicles 13 Weapons 14 Jewellery, clocks and watches 15 Musical instruments 16 Office requisites, stationery 17 Insulating materials, semi-finished goods 18 Goods made of leather 19 Building materials (non-metallic) 20 Furniture 21 Small manually operated utensils 22 Ropes, string, sails 23 Yarns und threads 24 Woven textiles and covers 25 Clothing, footwear 26 Haberdashery and trimmings 27 Carpets, rugs, and wall hangings 28 Games, sporting articles 29 Food of animal origin 30 Food of plant origin 31 Agricultural and forestry products 32 Non-alcoholic drinks, also beers 33 Alcoholic drinks 34 Tobacco, smokers articles 35 Advertising, business management 36 Insurances 37 Building construction, repair services 38 Telecommunications 39 Transport 40 Treatment of materials 41 Education, training, sporting / cultural activities 42 Scientific and technological services 43 Providing food and drink, temporary accommodation 44 Medical services 45 Legal services, security services13 12 TRADE MARKS The first step is the search. The Trade Mark Register We publish all trade marks applied for, registered and refused in Germany online in DPMAregister. For this reason, those interested in applying for the registration of a new trade mark should first conduct a search in the official Trade Mark Register. That way you can check in a first step whether your intended trade mark will infringe earlier national rights. What should be considered when con ducting a search? Make sure that there is no trade mark in a similar or identical form. For further information on the search see pages 27 to 28. Have you completed your trade mark search? Then you should not wait much longer. An early application may have essential advan tages from a legal point of view because trade mark law is governed by the principle of pri ority. That means that the trade mark with the earlier filing date usually has better chances to prevail in the case of conflict. Trade mark search not only for applicants A trade mark search is not only useful before filing an application. Trade mark owners should also conduct searches after registration at regular intervals to protect their trade mark and, if necessary, to defend it effectively.14 TRADE MARKS 13 Your application The first step to use the legal options of trade mark protection is a formally correct, complete and early application. The applicant can be a natural person, a legal person or a partnership with legal capacity. You must file a separate application for each trade mark. Important: In any case your application must contain a representation (illustration) of the trade mark. The illustration must show the trade mark exactly as you wish to have it protected in the future. Indicate the type of trade mark (word mark, figurative mark, sound mark, et cetera). Indicate exactly the goods and services for which you intend to use the trade mark you are applying for. The number of requested classes determines the amount of the fee payable for the application. For detailed information on this issue see the leaflet Information for Trade Mark Applicants available online. trade_marks/application Tip If you draft your list of goods and ser vices in accordance with the Nice Classification sorted by classes and in ascending order you will help to speed up the examination of the application (see also page 9). Goods and services that are not available in the classification database may still be claimed with an electronically signed electronic application (DPMAdirekt) or with a trade mark application on paper (see page 14). However, we are able to process your application faster if you select terms from the database.15 14 TRADE MARKS Ways to apply trade_marks/application Written applications If you choose to file a written application, please use the application form provided by the DPMA and file it with our office or a patent information centre authorised to accept trade mark applications. The application form can be downloaded any time from the Internet. e-services/dpmadirekt Online If you choose the online option, you can file your application without an electronic signature and without a signature card over the Internet via our DPMAdirektWeb service with the shopping basket for goods and services. This requires no special software. You will be guided through the application process in seven steps. with a qualified electronic signature via our DPMAdirekt service. A list of suppliers of signature cards is available from the Bundesnetzagentur (Federal Network Agency for Electricity, Gas, Telecommunications, Post and Railway). The online services smart card of the European Patent Office is also admissible. e_dienstleistungen/dpmadirekt Furthermore, you need the DPMAdirekt application software to prepare and validate application documents. You can download the DPMAdirekt software free of charge and find more information on our website. Please note that it is not possible to apply for a trade mark by just sending an ordinary .16 TRADE MARKS 15 What happens after filing? You receive a receipt with the official file number. The essential application data are entered into our in-house information system and will appear in the DPMAregister online register, which is available to the public on our website. The filing date what role does it play? As mentioned in the section dealing with trade mark search (see page 12) the principle of priority applies in trade mark law. As a rule, the earlier trade mark that means the trade mark with the earlier filing date has better chances to succeed in case of conflict. Check list for a successful trade mark application: Have you been creative when designing the trade mark? Avoid descriptive or deceptive terms, or terms that are often used in advertising. Make sure that there is no other trade mark similar or identical to your trade mark. Search for existing rights of third parties before filing an application. Make sure you used and completely filled out our official application form. Is the trade mark represented correctly? Does the list of goods and services correspond to the Nice Classification? Use the search engine on our website to check. You can download application forms and find comprehensive information on the DPMA and on the formalities of an IP application on the Internet. Our enquiry units also provide information on the filing routes, procedures and requirements. For contact details see the service section of this brochure on page 38.17 16 TRADE MARKS Registration requirements The DPMA performs an absolute grounds examination of your trade mark application. However, we do not examine whether your trade mark conflicts with the IP rights of others. What exactly are absolute grounds for refusal? Your trade mark can only be registered if there are no absolute grounds for refusal. These are, for example, lack of distinctiveness, descriptive terms that should be kept freely available for general use, obvious likelihood of confusion, offence against morality or public policy, emblem of state included in a trade mark. Examples: general catchwords: for manpower services, super, extra, brilliant for various goods or services deceptive terms: Alsterwasser for whisky morally offensive terms: Urbi et Orbi for goods or services national emblems: national flags, symbol of Europe (circle of stars) As a rule, any sign capable of being repre sented graphically can be protected if it is capable of distinguishing your products or services from those offered by competitors, with the exception of signs that must be kept available for general use. The latter applies to such terms in particular that simply describe the type, quality or other properties and characteristics of the products claimed. For example, the word Apple is distinctive for computers but not for apples because as a descriptive indication it must be kept freely available for unrestricted use by competitors. The following are also excluded from regis tration: promotional statements, general advertising slogans and word sequences that have become customary in the current language as fixed expression. Descriptions can be registered in exceptional cases if the sign, as a result of its use, has estab lished itself as a trade mark in the entire territory of the Federal Republic of Germany for the goods and services claimed. That means that the sign can be identified by the targeted trade circles as coming from the applicant. In that case, it must be proved by appropriate documents and also a survey, if required, that the great majority of the trade circles associate the trade mark with a specific enterprise.18 TRADE MARKS 17 Registration process and costs Application filed Acknowledgement of receipt No defects Formal and substantive examination of the trade mark application (after payment of fee) Defects Notification on defects Answer by applicant Decision on refusal Remedy DPMA Remedy DPMA Special motion procedure DPMA Appeal proceedings Federal Patent Court Possible appeal on a point of law Federal Court of Justice Application finally refused Registration of the trade mark Publication of the registration Opposition, if any Service of oppositions Order to cancel the trade mark Formal and substantive examination of oppositions Special motion procedure DPMA/ appeal proceedings Federal Patent Court Rejection of oppositions Possible appeal on a point of law Federal Court of Justice19 18 TRADE MARKS The registration procedure After receiving the fees, which must be paid within three months after filing the application, the DPMA examines whether the application meets the formal requirements and whether there are absolute grounds for refusal of registration of the trade mark. If the fees are not paid in due time, the application is deemed withdrawn. Overview of fees for application with registration Application fee (including class fee for up to three classes) Application fee for online filing (including class fee for up to three classes) Class fee upon filing the application (for each additional class from the fourth class) Accelerated examination of the application 300 euros 290 euros 100 euros 200 euros If all the requirements are met, the trade mark is registered. You receive a certificate of registration and the corresponding extract from the Register. The registration of the trade mark is published in the official electronic Trade Mark Journal (Markenblatt). At special request and subject to payment of an additional fee, we can speed up processing of the application. Trade mark without registration? Under particular conditions, trade mark protection may also accrue without registration either by long-term, intensive use in trade or if the trade mark has a very extraordinary reputation (a so-called well-known mark ). If grounds for refusal are identified during the examination of your application, you will be notified in writing about the defects. Your answer will be examined. If it does not overcome all deficiencies stated in the notification, a decision will be taken to refuse the application (or possibly, part of the application). You have the opportunity to have this decision reviewed during special motion (Erinnerung) or appeal proceedings, for which a fee is charged. Tip If there is a change of name or address, a transfer of the seat of your company or a change of representative, arrange for an update of your entry in the Trade Mark Register.20 TRADE MARKS 19 Effect of protection and term of protection You obtain trade mark protection in the whole territory of the Federal Republic of Germany by registration of your trade mark in the German Trade Mark Register. Ten years of protection indefinite renewal The term of protection starts on the application date and ends after ten years, on the last day of the month of the application date. Filing date: 12 May 2009 End of term of protection: 31 May 2019 Term of protection In contrast to other IP rights, trade mark protection can be renewed for further periods of ten years, indefinitely, subject to the payment of the appropriate fees. You may renew the trade mark only in relation to some of the goods and services, and if you decide to abandon those classes which you no longer need, you might save on re newal fees. The form for the renewal of a trade mark (extension of the term of protection) and for changing the scope of protection can be downloaded from our website. trade_marks/forms Overview of renewal fees Renewal fee (including class fee for up to three classes) Class fee upon renewal (for each additional class from the fourth class) 750 euros 260 euros If the trade mark owner does not extend the term of protection in due time or does not pay the full amount of the renewal fees, the trade mark will lapse.21 20 TRADE MARKS Compulsory use and defence Even after your trade mark has been regis tered, you have to take into account some legal aspects to maintain lasting protection for your trade mark. Registered trade marks must be put to use The Trade Mark Act prescribes the so-called compulsory use of the trade mark for all claimed goods and services. This means that you must use your trade mark in trade for all claimed goods and services to maintain the right to the trade mark. If the trade mark is not used within a continuous period of more than five years, there is a danger of cancellation of the trade mark upon request by a third party. More information is available on page 26. What trade mark owners should consider: Applications for new trade marks received at the DPMA amount to approximately 60,000 each year. Consequently, the probability increases that newly registered trade marks will violate your IP right. Therefore, many trade mark owners actively monitor their trade marks and permanently observe the relevant trade mark registers with regard to possible conflicting trade marks. If necessary, seek the help of an expert, for example, a lawyer or a patent attorney to defend your trade mark. In such cases, you as owner of the earlier trade mark can file a notice of opposition against the registration of a later trade mark. If trade marks become generic terms Over the years, successful trade marks may become generic terms under certain conditions, trade marks, such as, for example, Tesa (adhesive tape), Fön (hairdryer), Tempo (paper tissues) and Walkman run the risk of becoming synonyms for the products. In those cases, the trade mark is in danger of being cancelled because it is used as a descriptive synonym and loses distinctiveness. For this reason, the owners of successful trade marks make the effort to indicate in the relevant publications (dictionaries, et cetera) that the relevant word constitutes a registered trade mark.22 TRADE MARKS 21 Opposition proceedings Basically, the registration of your trade mark is a registered right which may be cancelled in certain cases. If your newly registered trade mark is identical or similar to other earlier applications or trade marks, the owners of those signs may lodge a notice of opposition against your trade mark. This also applies in the reverse case, of course: if your trade mark right is infringed by a newly registered trade mark, you can file a notice of opposition against it. If the opposition is successful, the trade mark will be cancelled in full or for some of the goods and/ or services. Opposition Please take into consideration that a trade mark right does not only derive from registration (see page 18). This is why owners of unregistered trade marks can also lodge a notice of opposition against the registration of a trade mark. Simple and cost-effective opposition proceedings A written notice of opposition must be filed within three months after the publication of the newly registered trade mark. Within this period of time, the opposition fee of 120 euros must be paid. It is not possible to extend this period. The opposition form can be downloaded from the Internet. trade_marks/forms During opposition proceedings, it is examined whether there is a likelihood of confusion between the trade marks. This assessment does not only take into account the similarity of the signs but also clarifies whether con flicting products and/or services are similar. Our trade mark examiners decide on the opposition (by decision). It is possible to have this decision reviewed. In case there is a likelihood of confusion, the registration of the later trade mark will be cancelled (possibly, in part). When the parties reach an agreement Part of opposition proceedings can be settled if the parties themselves reach an agreement. As owner of the later trade mark, for example, you can limit your list of goods/services or undertake to use your trade mark only for certain products or only in a certain form, while the owners of the earlier trade marks, in return, withdraw their opposition. During opposition proceedings, under certain conditions, you can23 22 TRADE MARKS contest that the earlier trade mark was actually put to use by the opponent. Then, the owner of the conflicting trade mark must substantiate by prima facie evidence that they haves put the trade mark to genuine use during the last five years. If they cannot provide sufficient proof, the opposition will be rejected on that basis alone. In certain cases, the trade mark registration can still be cancelled after the conclusion of opposition proceedings (see page 26). Keep an eye on the market. It is important to keep informed on a regular basis about published applications and newly registered trade marks and to immediately act against detected copying or against misuse by later trade marks. View more
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