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60076-4
Guide to the lightning impulse and
switching impulse testing –
This English-language version is derived from the original
bilingual publication by leaving out all French-language
pages. Missing page numbers correspond to the Frenchlanguage pages.
IEC 60076-4:2002(E)
 IEC 2002 Copyright .This is a preview .
including photocopying and microfilm. without permission in writing from the publisher. Switzerland
Telephone: +41 22 919 02 11 Telefax: +41 22 919 03 00 E-mail: inmail@iec. see current catalogue
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International Electrotechnical Commission.ch Web: www. CH-1211 Geneva 20. 3.
........................................................................................................ 67
Figure A....................... 19
7....................................... 75
Figure B............ 17
7 Lightning impulse tests .....................................................................................................1 – Lightning impulse............2 Transformers ...... 39
9 Interpretation of oscillograms or digital recordings ..................................................................................6 – Resistance earthing of low-impedance windings ............................................3 Reactors...............................................................................................................2 Impulses chopped on the tail ......... 49
11 Impulse test reports ........................................................................................ 77
Figure 1 – Typical impulse test circuit ................................... 11
2 Normative references .........................................................................................................................5 – Winding earthed through a resistor ......................... 69
Figure A........ including transfer function analysis ....................................................... 55
Figure 2 – Lightning impulse test terminal connections and applicable methods
of failure detection ............ 43
9..................................................3 – Damped oscillation ................................................................................................................................................. 73
Figure A.................. 25
8 Switching impulse tests ..................................................................................... 63
Figure A.............................................. 23
7.................. 13
4 Specified waveshapes .................... 75
Figure A..................1 – Waveshape control for high-impedance windings .................................... full-wave failure – Line-to-neutral breakdown
across high-voltage winding of 400 kV generator transformer .................................................................2 – Wavetail control for low impedance windings ....This is a preview .........................................................................................4 – Effects due to short length of wavetail.... 63
Annex B (informative) Typical oscillograms and digital recordings...........................................5 Recording of tests ..........2 – Lightning impulse... 11
3 General ........................................ 17
7.................... 53
Annex A (informative) Principles of waveshape control ............ 59
Figure 4 – Switching impulse test terminal connections and methods
of failure detection ........................................................................................................................................... 17
7......................................................................................7
1 Scope .......................... 13
5 Test circuit .. 31
8............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 61
Figure A........................................................................................3 Terminal connections and applicable methods of failure detection ......................1 Waveshapes...........................1 Lightning impulse .................................................................................... 81
Figure B...................................................... 31
8.........................2 Switching impulse................................................................................. 21
7........................................................................................click here to buy the full publication
60076-4  IEC:2002
FOREWORD........................................................................................ 13
6 Calibration ............................ 31
8................... 47
10 Digital processing...................................................................................................... 57
Figure 3 – Transformer and reactor switching impulse waveshapes ..........................1 Special requirements................................................................................ 43
9.......................................................................................................................................4 Test procedures ... 83
.......................... full-wave failure – Breakdown between discs
at entrance to high-voltage winding of 115 kV transformer ...............
............. 95
Figure B..........7 – Lightning impulse...............
superimposed oscillations with >50 % amplitude and frequency <0............... 89
Figure B.....11 – Chopped lightning impulse – Effects of differences in times to chopping
when testing a 220 kV transformer .............1 – Summary of examples illustrated in oscillograms and digital recordings .................................................. 119
Figure B...................................................................................This is a preview .9 – Lightning impulse....... 93
Figure B....16 – Switching impulse – Satisfactory test on a 33 Mvar...4 – Lightning impulse...................................... 97
Figure B........... full-wave failure – Breakdown between leads
of two 1........................ 107
Figure B.................................21 – Full lightning impulse – Non-standard waveshape....... 115
Figure B.......... full-wave failure – Breakdown short-circuiting
one section of the fine-step tapping winding of a 220 kV transformer ................................. 105
Figure B........................ 99
Figure B................................................................................................................................................................ 117
Figure B............. 87
Figure B...............................14 – Switching impulse – Satisfactory test on a 400 kV three-phase
generator transformer .10 – Chopped lightning impulse – Impulses at different voltage levels
with identical times to chopping when testing a 115 kV transformer ................... chopped-wave failure – Breakdown between turns
in a fine-step tapping winding of a 220 kV transformer ......................20 – Chopped lightning impulse – Non-standard chopped wave
on a layer type winding .... 525 kV
single-phase shunt reactor ...................1 % sections of outside tapping winding of 400 kV generator transformer ........ 85
Figure B. 109
Figure B...........click here to buy the full publication
Figure B........................................... interlayer breakdown in coarse-step tapping winding
of a 400/220 kV transformer.6 – Lightning impulse................................ 91
Figure B...................................... 121
Figure B.................18 – Full lightning impulse – Evaluation of a non-standard waveshape –
Influence of in-built smoothing algorithms in digitizers ...........5 – Lightning impulse..................23 – Full lightning impulse – Failure digital recordings of a flashover between
tap leads of a tap changer and of a flashover between coarse and fine tapping winding.13 – Full lightning impulse – Effect of generator firing differences
at different voltage levels when testing a 400 kV transformer ...8 – Lightning impulse.......... full-wave failure – Breakdown between parallel
conductors in a multi-conductor main high-voltage winding of a 220/110 kV transformer ....................... comparison
of non-standard waveshapes by digitizers of different make from the same recording ............. 113
Figure B...................................................... 123
Table B.12 – Full lightning impulse – Effect of non-linear resistors embodied
in neutral end on-load tap-changer of a transformer with separate windings.......................................... chopped-wave failure – Breakdown between turns
in the main high-voltage winding of a 115 kV transformer .................19 – Full lightning impulse – Non-standard waveshape.......... 103
Figure B........................15 – Switching impulse – Breakdown by axial flashover of the main highvoltage winding of a 525 kV single-phase........................................3 – Lightning impulse................ full-wave failure – Breakdown between foils of 66 kV
bushing on tested winding.............................5 MHz ..22 – Full lightning impulse – Test-circuit problem caused by a sparkover
to earth from a measuring cable.. generator transformer................ 111
Figure B......... 115
Figure B................. 77
.....17 – Lightning impulse – Comparison of the transfer function
of a full wave and a chopped wave ............................. 101
Figure B....................
the IEC publishes International Standards.
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
14/413/FDIS
14/446/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
4) In order to promote international unification.
Annexes A and B are for information only. To
this end and in addition to other activities.
3) The documents produced have the form of recommendations for international use and are published in the form
of standards.This is a preview .
6) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject
of patent rights.
. any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with may
participate in this preparatory work.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of the IEC on technical matters express. technical specifications. The IEC collaborates closely with the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the
This International Standard cancels and replaces IEC 60722 published in 1982 and
constitutes a technical revision of that document. an
from all interested National Committees. Part 3. The IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.click here to buy the full publication
Part 4: Guide to the lightning impulse and switching impulse testing –
1) The IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). Their preparation is
entrusted to technical committees. technical reports or guides and they are accepted by the National
Committees in that sense. The object of the IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields.
5) The IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any
equipment declared to be in conformity with one of its standards. Any
divergence between the IEC Standard and the corresponding national or regional standard shall be clearly
indicated in the latter.
International Standard IEC 60076-4 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 14: Power
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives. International. governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising
with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC International
Standards transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional standards. as nearly as possible.
dielectric tests and external clearances in air
Guide to lightning impulse and switching impulse testing – Power transformers and
Ability to withstand short-circuit
Determination of sound levels
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until 2007.This is a preview .
withdrawn.click here to buy the full publication
IEC 60076 consists of the following parts. under the general title Power transformers:
replaced by a revised edition. the publication will be
reconfirmed. or
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document.This is a preview . test circuits including test connections. High-voltage test techniques – Part 1: General definitions and test requirements
IEC 60060-2.click here to buy the full publication
This part of IEC 60076 gives guidance and explanatory comments on the existing procedures for
lightning and switching impulse testing of power transformers to supplement the requirements of
IEC 60076-3. Reactors
IEC 61083-1. Instruments and software used for measurement in high-voltage impulse tests –
Part 1: Requirements for instruments
IEC 61083-2. It is also generally applicable to the testing of reactors (see IEC 60289).
modifications to power transformer procedures being indicated where required. Digital recorders for measurements in high-voltage impulse tests – Part 2:
Evaluation of software used for the determination of the parameters of impulse waveforms
. earthing
Information is given on waveshapes. Power transformers – Part 3: Insulation levels. only the edition cited applies. For undated references. High-voltage test techniques – Part 2: Measuring systems
IEC 60076-3. test procedures.
IEC 60060-1.
For dated references. failure detection methods. measuring techniques and interpretation
of results. the test techniques are as recommended in IEC 60060-1 and IEC 60060-2. dielectric tests and external
IEC 60289. the latest edition
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