Source: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ES/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52004DC0078
Timestamp: 2015-08-02 15:00:28
Document Index: 390053155

Matched Legal Cases: ['artículo 9', 'artículo 10', 'artículo 8', 'artículo 10', 'artículo 226', 'artículo 9', 'artículo 9', 'artículo 9', 'artículo 10', 'artículo 10', 'artículo 10', 'artículo 3', 'artículo 4', 'artículo 6', 'artículo 3']

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Comunicación de la Comisión al Consejo y al Parlamento europeo - Aplicación de la estrategia comunitaria de reducción de las emisiones de CO2 de los vehículos automóviles: - Cuarto informe anual sobre la eficacia de la estrategia (Ejercicio: 2002) [SEC(2004) 140]
Comunicación de la Comisión al Consejo y al Parlamento europeo - Aplicación de la estrategia comunitaria de reducción de las emisiones de CO2 de los vehículos automóviles: - Cuarto informe anual sobre la eficacia de la estrategia (Ejercicio: 2002) [SEC(2004) 140] /* COM/2004/0078 final */ COMUNICACIÓN DE LA COMISIÓN AL CONSEJO Y AL PARLAMENTO EUROPEO - Aplicación de la estrategia comunitaria de reducción de las emisiones de CO2 de los vehículos automóviles: - Cuarto informe anual sobre la eficacia de la estrategia - (Ejercicio: 2002) [SEC(2004) 140]1. IntroducciónLa estrategia comunitaria para reducir las emisiones de CO2 producidas por los automóviles y potenciar el ahorro de energía [1], [2] se basa en tres instrumentos principales:[1] COM(95) 689 final.[2] Conclusiones del Consejo de 25.6.1996.(1) Los compromisos de la industria del automóvil para aumentar el ahorro de combustible al efecto de conseguir un valor medio [3] de las emisiones específicas de CO2 de los turismos nuevos de 140 g de CO2/km en 2008/9.[3] El término «específicas» procede del título de la Decisión 1753/2000/CE y se utiliza para indicar que las emisiones del CO2 se expresan en gramos por kilómetro.(2) El etiquetado de consumo de los automóviles [4], que tiene por objeto informar al público sobre el consumo de combustible y las emisiones de CO2 de los turismos nuevos en venta o en arrendamiento financiero en la Comunidad para que el consumidor pueda efectuar su elección con conocimiento de causa.[4] Directiva 1999/94/CE del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 13 de diciembre de 1999, relativa a la información sobre el consumo de combustible y sobre las emisiones de CO2 facilitada al consumidor al comercializar turismos nuevos.(3) El fomento del ahorro de combustible de los vehículos mediante medidas fiscales.Se apoyan actividades precompetitivas de investigación a través del programa marco comunitario de investigación, con el objeto de contribuir a la reducción de CO2 mediante la creación de tecnologías avanzadas de piezas, propulsión y transmisión y vehículos.De conformidad con el artículo 9 de la Decisión 1753/2000/CE [5], la Comisión tiene que informar anualmente sobre la eficacia de la estrategia [6].[5] Decisión 1753/2000/CE del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 22 de junio de 2000, por la que se establece un plan de seguimiento de la media de las emisiones específicas de CO2 de los turismos nuevos.[6] También puede encontrarse información sobre la estrategia comunitaria en el sitio Internet: http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/co2/ co2_home.htm2. Breve evaluación generalEn total, considerando todas las medidas nacionales y comunitarias, las emisiones medias específicas de CO2 de los turismos en la UE disminuyó entre 1995 y 2002 de 186 g de CO2/km a 166 g de CO2/km [7], [8] equivalente a una reducción del 10,8 %. La estrategia comunitaria para reducir las emisiones de CO2 de los turismos y aumentar el ahorro de combustible aspira a conseguir una cifra de emisiones medias específicas de CO2 de los turismos matriculados recientemente en la UE de 120 g de CO2/km en 2005, y en 2010 como muy tarde, lo que equivale a una reducción del 35 %. Según se afirmaba ya en el último informe, es poco probable que el objetivo comunitario de 120 g de CO2/km se alcance en 2005.[7] Por primera vez, los datos oficiales de la UE se utilizan en la presente Comunicación. Los Estados miembros proporcionan los datos con arreglo a la Decisión 1753/2000/CE. Hasta 2002, el seguimiento se basaba en los datos proporcionados por las asociaciones. Según se indica en la última Comunicación, hay pequeñas diferencias entre estas series de los datos. Las emisiones específicas medias de CO2 según los datos de las asociaciones equivalen a 165 g CO2/km.[8] Hay que señalar que las cifras de CO2 de este informe indican el efecto de todas las medidas relacionadas con el CO2 adoptadas en la Comunidad. El artículo 10 de la Decisión 1753/2000/CE dispone que la Comisión informe al Consejo y al Parlamento Europeo antes de 2003/4 y 2008/9 de las reducciones conseguidas gracias a medidas técnicas y de otro tipo. En 2002, la Comisión convocó un contrato de servicios para estudiar el asunto minuciosamente. Las conclusiones de este trabajo figurarán en la próxima Comunicación.Para cumplir el objetivo comunitario de 120 g de CO2/km en 2010 haría falta conseguir una reducción anual media del 3,5% en la UE, lo que es bastante más alto de lo conseguido como media entre 1995 y 2002 (alrededor del 1,5 %). Se preveía que la reducción aumentaría con el tiempo, pero está claro que hay que esforzarse más para poder cumplir el objetivo para 2010. Sin embargo, en lo referido a los compromisos, tanto la ACEA como la JAMA han cumplido pronto el objetivo intermedio y creemos que estas asociaciones están en el buen camino para alcanzar sus objetivos a largo plazo.3. Progresos registrados por la industria automovilística respecto a sus compromisos respectivos.Han asumido compromisos asociaciones de la industria automovilística europeas (Asociación de Fabricantes Europeos de Automóviles - ACEA [9]) [10], japonesas (Asociación de Fabricantes Japoneses de Automóviles - JAMA [11]) y coreanas (Asociación de Fabricantes Coreanos de Automóviles - KAMA [12]) [13]. En el cuadro 1 figura la lista detallada de los fabricantes/filiales/marcas más importantes que se han asignado a la asociación respectiva para las cifras de seguimiento indicadas en el presente informe.[9] Fabricantes europeos de automóviles miembros de la ACEA: BMW AG, DaimlerChrysler AG, Fiat S.p.A., Ford of Europe Inc., General Motors Europe AG, Dr. Ing. H.c.F. Porsche AG, PSA Peugeot Citroën, Renault SA, Volkswagen AG.[10] COM (98) 495 final.[11] Fabricantes japoneses de automóviles miembros de la JAMA: Daihatsu, Fuji Heavy Industries (Subaru), Honda, Isuzu, Mazda, Nissan, Mitsubishi, Suzuki, Toyota.[12] Fabricantes coreanos de automóviles miembros de la KAMA: GM Daewoo Auto and Technology Company, Hyundai Motor Company, Kia Motors Corporation, Renault Samsung Motor Company y Ssangyong Motor Company.[13] COM (99) 446 final.ACEA [14] // ALFA ROMEO, ALPINA, ASTON MARTIN, AUDI, BAYERISCHE MOTOREN WERKE, BENTLEY, CADILLAC, CHEVROLET, CHRYSLER, CITROEN, DAIMLER, FERRARI, FIAT, FORD, GENERAL MOTORS, JAGUAR, JEEP, LAMBORGHINI, LANCIA-AUTOBIANCHI, LAND-ROVER, MASERATI, MATRA, MCC (SMART), MERCEDES BENZ, MINI, OPEL, PEUGEOT, PORSCHE, RENAULT, ROLLS-ROYCE, SAAB, SEAT, SKODA, VAUXHALL, VOLKSWAGEN, VOLVO[14] Obsérvese que, si bien Rover, incluido MG, ya no sea oficialmente miembro de la ACEA, Rover, la ACEA y la Comisión han acordado incorporar Rover/MG a las cifras de la ACEA.JAMA // DAIHATSU, HONDA, ISUZU, LEXUS, MAZDA, MITSUBISHI, NISSAN, SUBARU, SUZUKI, TOYOTAKAMA // DAEWOO, HYUNDAI, KIA, SSANGYONGCuadro 1: Lista de los fabricantes/filiales/marcas más importantes que se han asignado a la asociación respectiva para las cifras de control indicadas en el presente informe.Los tres compromisos equivalen en esfuerzo y presentan las siguientes características principales:(1) Objetivo relativo a las emisiones de CO2: todos los compromisos contemplan el mismo objetivo cuantificado de media de las emisiones específicas de CO2 de los turismos nuevos comercializados en la Unión Europea, esto es, 140 g de CO2/km (que deberán alcanzar para 2009 la JAMA y la KAMA, y para 2008, la ACEA).(2) Medios para alcanzar el objetivo: la ACEA, la JAMA y la KAMA se comprometen a cumplir el objetivo de reducir las emisiones de CO2 sobre todo mediante avances tecnológicos y los cambios correspondientes en el mercado.Además, se fijan «intervalos de referencia estimados» para 2003/2004 [15]. Todas las asociaciones se han comprometido también a examinar en 2003 (ACEA y JAMA) o en 2004 (KAMA) la posibilidad de más reducciones de CO2 «... con miras a progresar hacia el objetivo comunitario de 120 g de CO2 /km para 2012».[15] ACEA: 165 - 170 g CO2/km en 2003; JAMA: 165 - 170 de CO2/km en 2003; KAMA: 165 - 170 g CO2/km en 2004.Los compromisos deben someterse a un sistema de seguimiento exhaustivo y transparente. A este efecto, se elaboran con periodicidad anual unos «informes conjuntos» entre la Comisión y cada asociación, que ambas partes redactan y aprueban y que se publican simultáneamente a la presente Comunicación como documentos SEC.Por primera vez, los datos oficiales de control del CO2 de la UE se utilizan para calcular las cifras de 2002 [16]. Las asociaciones proporcionaban antes los datos de base.[16] El artículo 8 de la Decisión 1753/2000/CE dispone que los datos recogidos en el marco del plan de seguimiento a partir del año 2003 servirán como base de las obligaciones de carácter voluntario convenidas entre la Comisión y la industria del automóvil.Las principales conclusiones correspondientes al período de referencia comprendido entre 1995 y 2002 son las siguientes:- Según los datos oficiales de los Estados miembros en 2002, las emisiones específicas medias de CO2 de los parques automovilísticos son de 165 g/km en el caso de la ACEA, de 174 g/km en el de la JAMA y de 183 g/km en el de la KAMA [17]. Según las cifras de la ACEA, las emisiones específicas medias de CO2 de esta asociación han sido de 163 g/km (véase el cuadro 2).[17] El tema de hasta qué punto contribuyen a las reducciones observadas el progreso tecnológico y los cambios relacionados en el mercado, u otros aspectos como los cambios en el comportamiento de los consumidores, por ejemplo debido a medidas fiscales o al etiquetado de los automóviles, se estudiará en 2004.- Respecto a 1995, las emisiones específicas medias de CO2 se han reducido en un 10,8% en el caso de la ACEA (el 12,1% si se atiende a la cifra aducida por la ACEA), un 11,2% en el de la JAMA y un 7,1% en el de la KAMA.- Respecto a 2001, las tres asociaciones han reducido las emisiones específicas medias de CO2 de sus automóviles matriculados por primera vez en el mercado de la UE (la ACEA, aproximadamente un 1,2% [18]; la JAMA, aproximadamente un 2,5%, y la KAMA, aproximadamente un 1,8% [19]). Desde 1995, las mejoras de la eficacia del combustible de los turismos diésel han sido más claras que las registradas en los vehículos de gasolina.[18] Esta cifra de reducción se basa en los datos de la ACEA de 2001 y 2002. Si se tomaran los datos de la ACEA de 2001 y los datos oficiales de la UE de 2002 no habría ninguna reducción. Sin embargo, puede suponerse que esto se debería principalmente al cambio en la base de datos. Si se comparan los datos oficiales de la UE de 2002 y los datos oficiosos de la UE de 2001, el porcentaje de reducción coincidiría más o menos con el que se desprende de las cifras de la ACEA.[19] Todos los datos correspondientes a 2001 y 2002 se corrigen en un 0,7% para tener en cuenta los cambios en el ciclo de ensayos.- La JAMA y la ACEA han registrado bastantes progresos, aunque el comportamiento de la ACEA en 2002 no haya sido tan bueno como en los años anteriores. Sin embargo, la ACEA ya alcanzó en 2000 el intervalo de referencia intermedio previsto en 2003, y ahora está en el punto más bajo de dicho intervalo. La JAMA alcanzó en 2002 el punto más alto del intervalo de referencia intermedio. Se puede considerar que ambas asociaciones están en el buen camino.- El progreso de la KAMA sigue siendo insatisfactorio, aunque haya mejorado algo en los últimos dos años. Existe un riesgo real de que la KAMA no alcance su intervalo de referencia intermedio de 2004 de 165 a 170 g/km, en vista de que sólo quedan dos años para cubrir la diferencia de 13 g/km, lo que podría afectar a todo el planteamiento sobre el CO2 [20]. Sin embargo, la KAMA ha reafirmado su compromiso de cumplir sus objetivos.[20] Hay que recordar que el Consejo instó a la Comisión «... a que presente inmediatamente propuestas, incluidas propuestas legislativas, para su consideración, si es evidente, sobre la base del control y tras consulta con las asociaciones, que una o más asociaciones no cumplen sus compromisos» (Conclusiones del Consejo de octubre de 1999).- Para alcanzar el objetivo final de 140 g/km hay que trabajar más porque hay que aumentar el índice anual medio de reducción de las tres asociaciones. Por término medio, el índice de reducción debe ser del 2 %, esto es, alrededor de 3,5 g/km por año entre 1995 y 2008/9. En los años que quedan hasta 2008/9 los índices de reducción deben cifrarse en una media del 2,5% en el caso de la ACEA, del 2,8% en el de la JAMA y en el 3,4% en el de la KAMA. No obstante, se ha previsto desde el principio que el índice medio de reducción sería más alto en los últimos años (véase el cuadro 3).&gt;SITIO PARA UN CUADRO&gt;(1) Vehículos de gasolina y diésel únicamente; no se cree que los demás combustibles y los vehículos estadísticamente no identificados afecten a las medias de forma significativa.(2) En 2002 se utilizan los datos de los Estados miembros. En la «variación 95/02» se utilizan los datos de 1995 de las asociaciones y los datos de 2002 de los Estados miembros. Los turismos nuevos vendidos en el mercado de la UE por fabricantes ajenos a los compromisos no afectan a la media de la UE de forma significativa.(3) Las cifras de 2001 y 2002 se corrigen en un 0,7% para reflejar los cambios del ciclo de conducción.(4) Los porcentajes se calculan a partir de las cifras de CO2 no redondeadas; en 2002 se utilizan los datos de los Estados miembros.(5) La primera cifra se basa en los datos de los Estados miembros; la segunda cifra, en los datos de la ACEA.(6) La primera cifra se basa en los datos de 2002 de los Estados miembros y en los datos de 1995 de la ACEA; la segunda cifra se basa únicamente en los datos de la ACEA.Cuadro 2: Emisiones específicas medias de CO2 de los turismos nuevos por tipo de combustible, por asociación y en la Unión EuropeaLas emisiones medias globales de CO2 de los turismos nuevos matriculados en 2002 fueron más bajas en todos los Estados miembros que en 1995 y que en el período comprendido entre ambas fechas (véase el cuadro 1), aunque hay que señalar que los índices de reducción difieren algo según los países [21].[21] No se puede dar ninguna cifra de Grecia y Finlandia para 1995 por no disponerse de datos.&gt;SITIO PARA UN CUADRO&gt;* La primera cifra se basa en los datos de los Estados miembros; la segunda cifra se basa en la cifra de la ACEA** Cifras basadas en los datos de Estados miembrosCuadro 3: Cumplimiento del objetivo de 140g/km en 2008/2009&gt;REFERENCIA A UN GRÁFICO&gt;Las asociaciones han proporcionado los datos de 1995; los datos de 2002 son los oficiales de la UEcorregidos en un 0,7% para reflejar los cambios del ciclo de conducciónCuadro 1: Emisiones específicas medias de CO2 de los turismos nuevos en la UE y en los Estados miembros en 1995 y 2002 (medias ponderadas basadas en los datos correspondiente a los vehículos diésel y de gasolina) [22][22] Los datos de UE 1995 no incluyen los de Grecia o Finlandia por la insuficiencia de la información disponible. En 2002 se incluyen ambos Estados miembros.Todas las asociaciones aumentaron la cuota de ventas de automóviles diésel en el período de referencia (véase el cuadro 4), extremo que se había previsto a corto plazo. En cuanto al objetivo de 2008/9, se entendía que las asociaciones no lo cumplirían con un simple aumento de la cuota del gasóleo sino mediante avances tecnológicos y los cambios en el mercado ligados a ellos [23]. A este respecto, importa observar que el Consejo instó a la Comisión a «... proseguir los esfuerzos para la reducción significativa de las emisiones de nanopartículas y en particular elaborar un nuevo procedimiento de medición para vehículos de turismo, vehículos comerciales ligeros y vehículos comerciales pesados, teniendo en cuenta los resultados de estudios recientes sobre los efectos de las emisiones de nanopartículas sobre la salud...» [24]. Hace poco, la Comisión empezó a trabajar sobre los valores límite de emisión EURO 5 aplicables en torno a 2010. Se puede prever que, entre otras cosas, se hagan más severos los límites de las emisiones de partículas y otros contaminantes gaseosos. Paralelamente, un número cada vez mayor de fabricantes ha declarado su intención de equipar sus turismos diésel con filtros de partículas. Por otra parte, la ACEA ha planteado en el pasado sus dudas sobre la introducción de tecnología de inyección directa de gasolina. Esta tecnología debía romper en principio la fuerte tendencia hacia turismos de motor diésel. Estos avances deben tenerse en cuenta a la hora de considerar otra «diéselización» del parque de turismos de la UE.[23] Los tres «informes conjuntos» no prestan mayor atención a este tema complejo de los cambios en el mercado.[24] Conclusiones del Consejo de 18/19.12.2000.Las cifras de la ACEA que figuran en esta comunicación incluyen Rover/MG pero, como Rover/MG - que asumía al principio el compromiso como parte de BMW - ya no es miembro de la ACEA, ésta ha declarado que la asociación no puede asumir ninguna responsabilidad sobre lo que consigan los vehículos Rover en relación con el CO2 de aquí a 2008.Ésta es la primera vez en que se ha producido un cambio en la composición de las asociaciones. La Comisión hará todo lo posible para velar por que los cambios en la composición de las asociaciones no tengan repercusiones negativas en la integridad de los compromisos ni en el marco reglamentario.&gt;SITIO PARA UN CUADRO&gt;(1) Los turismos nuevos vendidos en el mercado de la UE por fabricantes ajenos a los compromisos no afectan a la media de la UE de forma significativa.(2) Las variaciones en vehículos de gasolina o gasóleo en el periodo 1995-2000 representan la variación de las matriculaciones de los vehículos de cada tipo de combustible respecto al total. Las variaciones en el número total de vehículos representan el aumento o disminución de matriculaciones en términos absolutos. Las variaciones en el número total de vehículos representan el aumento en el número de matriculaciones en la UE-15 durante el período considerado.(3) Las cifras totales incluyen los vehículos no identificados estadísticamente y los vehículos que consumen combustibles de otros tipos.(4) En lo relativo a 2002, se utilizan los datos proporcionados por los Estados miembros.(5) La cifra total de matriculaciones que figura en el cuadro correspondiente a 2002 se basa en los datos de los Estados miembros. Se excluyen varios vehículos, por ejemplo aquéllos a los que no se puede atribuir ningún valor CO2. Las matriculaciones totales notificadas por las asociaciones son aproximadamente 500.000 vehículos más, lo que no afecta de forma significativa al porcentaje de gasolina/diésel indicado.Cuadro 4: Tendencias en la composición de nuevos automóviles matriculados de cada una de las asociaciones y de la UESegún se ha indicado, todas las asociaciones declararon en su compromiso respectivo que cumplirían el objetivo final sobre todo mediante avances tecnológicos y los cambios en el mercado ligados a esos avances, que ya han contribuido efectivamente a las reducciones conseguidas hasta ahora (principalmente, gracias a la introducción de motores diésel de inyección directa de alta velocidad (High Speed Direct Injection Diesel [HDI]) y, en menor medida, la introducción de motores de gasolina de inyección directa (Gasoline Direct Injection [GDI]), la transmisión variable continua (Continuously Variable Transmission [CVT]), la elevación variable de válvulas (Variable Valve Lift [VVL]), además de otras mejoras técnicas, así como los vehículos que funcionan con combustibles alternativos (Alternative Fuelled Vehicles [AFVs]) o de doble combustible (Dual Fuelled Vehicles [DFV]). Desde el año 2000, la ACEA y, en menor medida, la JAMA han comercializado turismos que emiten 120 g de CO2/km o menos (cumplimiento de uno de los compromisos). La ACEA superó las 580.000 matriculaciones y la JAMA las 44.000 de este tipo de automóviles en 2002. La KAMA aún no ha comercializado estos modelos.Respecto a los supuestos subyacentes a los compromisos, las asociaciones siguen señalando varios aspectos que consideran negativos para la adopción de medidas de reducción del CO2 (véanse los informes conjuntos). Entre los problemas ya mencionados en el pasado, la ACEA señala la coyuntura difícil de la industria automovilística. La Comisión comparte la opinión de la ACEA de que la coyuntura en Europa ha sido morosa últimamente y que esto podría influir en las finanzas de la industria automovilística y en los consumidores. Si estas condiciones persistieran durante más tiempo, podrían afectar a las posibilidades de la industria de llevar nueva tecnología al mercado. Sin embargo, la ACEA ha confirmado que la situación económica por la que atraviesa no alterará su compromiso de cumplir su objetivo de CO2 en 2008.Aparte del trabajo sobre medidas fiscales (véase el capítulo VI), el estudio de 2003 (2004 en el caso de la KAMA) revestirá mayor importancia para la evolución futura de la estrategia comunitaria. Actualmente no existen requisitos legales que obliguen a la industria a alcanzar 120 g de CO2/km para 2012 o en cualquier otra fecha pero, según el texto de los compromisos, así como de las recomendaciones de la Comisión, la ACEA y la JAMA estudiarán en 2003 «posibilidades de reducciones suplementarias de CO2 con miras a progresar hacia el objetivo comunitario de 120 g de CO2/km para 2012». En septiembre de 2003 empezaron las consultas informales entre la ACEA y la Comisión y la JAMA y la Comisión. Tanto la ACEA como la JAMA han manifestado su intención de presentar las conclusiones de sus estudios respectivos en diciembre de 2003 a más tardar. Con independencia de estas conclusiones, en el año de referencia de 2003 (2004 en el caso de la KAMA) se compararán los resultados reales y los «intervalos de referencia estimados» [25] como parte del «gran estudio», que abordará, además, cuestiones relacionadas con los supuestos de los compromisos. Además, según lo dispuesto en el artículo 10 de la Decisión nº 1753/2000, los informes para los años fijados como objetivo intermedio (año de referencia 2003 para la ACEA y la JAMA, y 2004 para la KAMA) abordarán cuestiones relacionadas con las razones de las reducciones observadas. Hay que evaluar a fondo si las reducciones registradas se deben a medidas técnicas tomadas por los fabricantes o a cambios en el comportamiento de los consumidores.[25] ACEA: 165 - 170 g CO2/km en 2003; JAMA: 165 - 175 g CO2/km en 2003; KAMA: 165 - 170 g CO2/km en 2004.4. Aplicación de la Decisión 1753/2000/CELa denominada Decisión de «seguimiento» entró en vigor el 30 de agosto de 2000. Los datos recogidos en virtud de la misma sirvieron por primera vez en 2002 de datos oficiales para el seguimiento de los compromisos voluntarios de la industria automovilística de reducir las emisiones de CO2 de los turismos. Todos los Estados miembros proporcionaron los datos de 2002, aunque algunos bastante tarde.Para determinar y solucionar los posibles problemas ligados a la aplicación de la Decisión la Comisión (en aplicación de los artículos 3 y 6 de la misma), se creó en 2001 un grupo de expertos. Para apoyarlo, la Comisión puso en marcha un estudio dirigidos a mejorar la transferencia de los datos y la determinación de posibles incoherencias de los datos. El grupo se ha reunido cuatro veces y ha progresado en lo que respecta a varias cuestiones metodológicas y de transferencia de datos.Las dos primeras series de datos proporcionadas por los Estados miembros (2000 y 2001) sirvieron principalmente para comparar los datos con los aportados por los informes conjuntos de seguimiento de las asociaciones de fabricantes de automóviles. Hay que recordar que las asociaciones han utilizado en sus informes estadísticas sobre el CO2 suministradas por la AAA (Association Auxiliaire de l'Automobile - ACEA y KAMA) o por Marketing Systems (JAMA).Sin embargo, con los datos oficiales de la UE disponibles, existe una solución de continuidad con la última serie de datos y, a causa de las diferencias subyacentes (véase más adelante), no es correcto para añadir simplemente los datos oficiales de casi todos los últimos años a los datos históricos de las asociaciones.Las principales soluciones de continuidad son:Cobertura de los países: Los datos de la UE de 2002 cubren quince Estados miembros, mientras que los datos de CO2 de la ACEA y, aparte de 2001, la KAMA, nunca han incluido a Grecia y, hasta hace poco, tampoco a Finlandia. Los datos de la JAMA cubren todos los Estados miembros.Diferencias metodológicas: AAA y Marketing Systems enlazan las matriculaciones con su propio banco de datos de especificaciones de los vehículos, que es muy analítico y se utiliza después para las matriculaciones de todos los Estados miembros. En cuanto a los datos de la UE, cada Estado miembro tiene su propia serie de especificaciones para los vehículos, a la que se enlazan sus matriculaciones nacionales. Hay variaciones nacionales de estas características de los vehículos, lo que podría justificar las pequeñas diferencias existentes en los resultados globales y en parte de los datos más detallados de análisis de tendencias.Diferencias en los datos sobre matriculación: Los datos oficiales de la UE parecen dejar fuera un porcentaje importante de las ventas de automóviles nuevos. En 2002, la diferencia se elevaba a alrededor de 500.000 vehículos (equivalente al 4% de las matriculaciones totales) [26]. También hay que observar que los datos de la UE hacen caso omiso de las matriculaciones de automóviles sin datos sobre el CO2, mientras que en el caso de los datos de las asociaciones, de no existir información relativa al CO2 y los proveedores de datos no pudieran cubrir las lagunas de información con la ayuda de sus propios datos, esos vehículos entrarían en la categoría «desconocido».[26] Obsérvese que esta diferencia no se traduce automáticamente en diferencias en las medias calculadas de CO2, lo que ocurriría tan sólo si las características de los datos que faltan se desviaran sistemáticamente de las características del parque total.Problema de las zonas grises: La ACEA cree que algunos Estados miembros matriculan los vehículos según el régimen fiscal (vehículo comercial o privado) y no conforme a las definiciones de categoría M1/N1. Hay que estudiar más este problema.Alcance de los datos: Los datos oficiales de la UE cubren (según se explica en el compromiso) las emisiones de CO2 de los automóviles que utilizan todos los combustibles, incluidos los propulsados por combustibles alternativos. Los datos de CO2 de las asociaciones se basan sistemáticamente en los automóviles de gasolina y diésel [27].[27] Hay que señalar que el número de AFV era tan pequeño antes, y sigue siéndolo, que su peso es insignificante en el cálculo de la media de CO2.En la actualidad, la divergencia entre los datos de la UE y los de las asociaciones desde el punto de vista de la cifra media global de CO2 sólo es algo superior al 1% en el caso de la ACEA y alrededor del 0,1% en el de la JAMA [28]. La Comisión invitó a las asociaciones de fabricantes de automóviles a aclarar algunos de estos extremos en contacto directo entre sus proveedores de datos y las organizaciones nacionales responsables. Se trabajó algo sobre la comparabilidad de los datos en 2002/2003 pero los progresos fueron escasos por razones de coste y de confidencialidad comercial aducida por los proveedores de los datos. Se seguirá trabajando sobre la calidad de los datos y se espera que las divergencias se reduzcan a largo plazo.[28] La KAMA no recogió en 2002 datos propios a efectos de seguimiento.5. Aplicación de la Directiva 1999/94/CELa Directiva sobre el «etiquetado» se adoptó el 13 de diciembre de 1999; su aplicación tenía como plazo el 18 de enero de 2001. A finales de octubre de 2003, todos los Estados miembros salvo Alemania habían aplicado la Directiva. De conformidad con el artículo 226 CE, la Comisión llevó el asunto al Tribunal de Justicia, que dictó sentencia el 24/09/2003 [29].[29] C-74/02.En 2003, se ha modificado el anexo III de la Directiva [30] y la Comisión ha publicado una Recomendación sobre la aplicación a «otros medios» [31].[30] DO L 186/34 de 25.07.2003.[31] DO L 82/33 de 29.03.2003.La Comisión aguarda ahora los informes de los Estados miembros de conformidad con elartículo 9, cuyo plazo es el 31 de diciembre de 2003 [32], para estudiar la necesidad de otras medidas, por ejemplo cómo tratar mejor otras cuestiones aún pendientes según se indica en el artículo 9.[32] El artículo 9 de la Directiva 1999/94/CE reza lo siguiente: «Cualquier modificación necesaria para adaptar los anexos de la presente Directiva deberá ser adoptada por la Comisión de conformidad con el procedimiento establecido en el artículo 10 y habiendo consultado a las organizaciones de consumidores y otras partes interesadas. Como base para el proceso de adaptación, los Estados miembros deberán enviar a la Comisión, a más tardar el 31 de diciembre de 2003, un informe sobre la eficacia de las disposiciones de la presente Directiva, que abarque el período del 18 de enero de 2001 hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2002. El formato de dicho informe se establecerá con arreglo al procedimiento previsto en el artículo 10, no más tarde del 18 de enero de 2001. Además, la Comisión, con arreglo al procedimiento establecido en el artículo 10, tomará las medidas para: a) definir más concretamente el formato de la etiqueta a la que hace referencia el artículo 3 mediante la modificación del anexo I; b) definir más concretamente los requisitos de la guía a la que hace referencia el artículo 4 con la intención de clasificar los modelos de turismo nuevos, haciendo posible así la confección de una lista de los modelos con arreglo a las emisiones de CO2 y al consumo de combustible dentro de clases especificadas, incluida una clase donde aparezcan los nuevos modelos de automóviles con menor consumo de combustible; c) establecer recomendaciones para aplicar los principios de las disposiciones sobre impresos de promoción a que hace referencia el párrafo primero del artículo 6 a otros medios de comunicación y materiales». Las propuestas de modificación de la Directiva, de ser necesarias, no podrán presentarse seguramente antes de 2005 y probablemente tampoco entrarían en vigor antes de 2006/2007.6. Trabajos sobre la fiscalidad6.1. Trabajos relacionados con los vehículosEn 2002, la Comisión publicó los resultados de su trabajo sobre la fiscalidad [33]. Centrándose en los impuestos de matriculación (IM) y anuales de circulación (IAC), la Comisión llegó a las conclusiones siguientes:[33] COM(2002) 431 final.* La fiscalidad constituye un instrumento complementario esencial para lograr el objetivo de la UE de 120 g de CO2 en los turismos nuevos en 2005, y en 2010 como muy tarde, y contribuir al cumplimiento de los compromisos asumidos por la UE en el marco del Protocolo de Kioto.* Los impuestos nacionales sobre los vehículos deben instaurar una relación más directa entre el nivel impositivo y las emisiones de CO2 de cada turismo nuevo. La diferenciación de la fiscalidad de los vehículos se considera un elemento fundamental para mejorar globalmente la eficacia del consumo de combustible de los turismos nuevos. Los impuestos existentes sobre los vehículos deberían sustituirse por impuestos totalmente basados en las emisiones de CO2 o, en su defecto, debería incorporarse un factor relativo al CO2 en el IM y el IAC vigentes. La adición de otros factores podría también permitir tener en cuenta otros objetivos medioambientales nacionales, p. ej., la pronta introducción de las normas EURO IV.El Parlamento Europeo acogió positivamente la Comunicación [34]. El Consejo inició sus debates en mayo de 2003 y todavía no los ha concluido.[34] Informe A5-0265/2003, adoptado por el PE el 6 de noviembre de 2003.6.2. Trabajos relacionados con el combustibleAunque actualmente no esté directamente relacionada con la estrategia comunitaria de reducción de las emisiones de CO2 de los automóviles, podría ser interesante considerar la Directiva 2003/96/CE que el Consejo adoptó en octubre de 2003. Esta Directiva está reestructurando la fiscalidad comunitaria de los productos energéticos y de la electricidad. Establece unos niveles mínimos de imposición o unos niveles más altos de varios productos energéticos y ofrece incentivos al fomento del uso de productos energéticos más respetuosos con el medio ambiente. A largo plazo, esta labor podría adquirir importancia para la estrategia del CO2 y los automóviles, por ejemplo si más coches adoptaran la electricidad o el hidrógeno como fuente de energía.7. Otras medidas conexasEn las conclusiones del Consejo de Medio Ambiente de 10 de octubre de 2000 se instaba a la Comisión a estudiar medidas de reducción de las emisiones en los vehículos comerciales ligeros (técnicamente iguales a los vehículos de la categoría N1 [35]) y los sistemas móviles de aire acondicionado utilizados en los turismos [36]. En los párrafos siguientes se presenta el estado de los trabajos.[35] Los vehículos N1 se definen como los que se utilizan para el transporte de mercancías y tienen una masa no superior a las 3,5 toneladas.[36] El Consejo de Medio Ambiente de 10 de octubre de 2000 llegó a la conclusión siguiente:7.1. Vehículos comerciales ligerosLos vehículos comerciales ligeros constituyen la tercera mayor categoría de emisores viales de CO2 tras los turismos y los vehículos pesados. En el año 2000, los vehículos comerciales ligeros sumaron alrededor del 13% de las emisiones viales totales de CO2 al emitir unas 90 Mt de CO2. Con las tendencias actuales, se prevé que estas emisiones aumenten tanto en términos absolutos como en relativos en la próxima década [37].[37] Cifras del año 2000. Los turismos suman unas 420 Mt y los vehículos pesados, incluidos los autobuses, unas 200 Mt. Para más detalles, véase Agencia Europea de Medio Ambiente: National and central estimates for air emmissions from road transport. Technical Report 74.Las normas y los procedimientos normalizados de medición de las emisiones de CO2 son un requisito previo para estudiar, formular y aplicar decisiones políticas de reducción de las emisiones de los vehículos comerciales ligeros, por lo que la Comisión adoptó en 2001 una propuesta relativa a la medición de las emisiones del CO2 y al consumo de combustible de los vehículos comerciales ligeros [38]. Conforme a la propuesta, el consumo de combustible y las emisiones de CO2 de estos vehículos se determinarían, a efectos de homologación, más o menos de la misma manera que en el caso de los vehículos M1 (turismos). En septiembre de 2002, esta propuesta pasó la primera lectura en el Parlamento Europeo y la Posición Común del Consejo se adoptó en septiembre de 2003. Es probable que el Parlamento Europeo acepte la Posición Común en diciembre de 2003, en cuyo caso se consideraría adoptado el acto conforme a la Posición Común.[38] Propuesta de directiva del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo por la que se modifican las Directivas del Consejo 70/156/CEE y 80/1268/CEE en lo relativo a las mediciones de emisiones de dióxido de carbono y consumo de combustible de los vehículos N1. COM(2001) 543 final.Las enmiendas formuladas a la propuesta de la Comisión por las dos instituciones son significativas en la medida en que proponen fijar un plazo más tardío de aplicación de las mediciones obligatorias del CO2 y del consumo de combustible: 2009, frente al plazo de 2007 de la propuesta de la Comisión. Hará falta una información completa sobre los vehículos de la clase I, incluidos los vehículos con homologación escalonada, del 1.1.2007 en adelante. Una información completa sobre vehículos de las clases II y III, incluidos los vehículos con homologación escalonada, haría falta a partir de 1.1.2009. La información sobre las cifras medidas de consumo y de CO2 de los vehículos N1 matriculados como tales estaría disponible un año más tarde, es decir, 2008 (vehículos de la clase I) y 2010 (vehículos de las clases II y III).El Consejo y el Parlamento Europeo también han incorporado la posibilidad de agrupar los vehículos por familias. Este agrupamiento, sumado a la regla de exención del 6% [39], tiene repercusiones poco claras en la exactitud de los valores de CO2 y del consumo de combustible notificados finalmente de un tipo concreto de vehículo, versión o variante, por lo que una enmienda pide a la Comisión que examine en un plazo de dos años desde la entrada en vigor de la Directiva las repercusiones del concepto de «agrupamiento» y de parte de las demás enmiendas al efecto de presentar, si procede, medidas de adaptación de la Directiva al progreso técnico.[39] Según el punto 11.1 del anexo I del proyecto de modificación, la homologación se puede ampliar a los vehículos del mismo tipo o de un tipo distinto desde el punto de vista de las características de la masa de referencia, de la masa máxima autorizada, de las relaciones de transmisión globales y de los equipos y accesorios del motor si las emisiones de CO2 medidas por el servicio de inspección técnica no exceden en un 6% del valor de homologación de los vehículos de la categoría N1.La Comisión ha efectuado hace poco un estudio inicial sobre las posibilidades de reducción de las emisiones de CO2 y la formulación de políticas sobre los vehículos comerciales ligeros en el período comprendido entre 2005 y 2015 con la estrecha colaboración de las partes interesadas. Los resultados de ese estudio ya están disponibles [40]. Las conclusiones principales son:[40] «Preparation of measures to reduce CO2 emmissions from N1 vehicles», estudio realizado por RAND Europe, Institut für das Kraftfahrtwesen Aachen, Transport&Mobility Leuven.Mercado de N1: Se calcula que hay unos 20 millones de vehículos comerciales ligeros N1 en el mercado. Ha habido un crecimiento constante de vehículos nuevos N1 matriculados desde poco más de un millón en 1995 a más de 1,5 millones en 2000. La ACEA tiene una cuota de mercado de alrededor del 90% de los vehículos N1, la JAMA aproximadamente 6-8%, y la KAMA, casi todo el 2-4% restante. Los motores diésel dominan la mayoría el mercado de vehículos N1 con una penetración aproximada del 95% de las nuevas ventas.Tendencias futuras del mercado previstas: Se prevé que las ventas de vehículos N1en la UE aumenten anualmente un 2%. Sigue reinando la incertidumbre sobre la cuota futura de las distintas subclases. El mantenimiento de la tendencia observada de 1995 a 2000 aumentaría aún más la cuota de las clases II y III.Evolución de las emisiones de CO2: Como las emisiones de CO2 de los vehículos N1 no se incluyen todavía en los procedimientos de ensayo de la UE, no existen bases de datos fidedignas. Por consiguiente, y según el estudio, sólo hay algunas estimaciones de una gran variedad de fuentes. Las estimaciones indican que las emisiones específicas de CO2 de los vehículos N1 nuevos han disminuido estos últimos años. A este respecto, debería considerarse que las hipótesis de AUTO OIL II [41] prevén una reducción anual de las emisiones específicas de CO2 de los vehículos N1 de aproximadamente un 1,2 %. En aquella época, la industria automovilística aprobó esta cifra, que puede considerarse actualmente el mejor indicador de las expectativas de futuro desarrollo tecnológico. Como comparación, la cifra anual requerida de reducción del CO2 de los turismos en virtud de los compromisos sobre el CO2 es de alrededor del 1,9 %. En cuanto a las emisiones futuras de CO2, las estimaciones indican que, de quedar las cosas como están y mantenerse las cuotas de mercado de las tres subclases, es probable que las emisiones de los vehículos N1 nuevos aumenten de aproximadamente un 9500 Kt en 2005 a 11500 Kt en 2015.[41] COM(2002) 626 final.Elementos impulsores del mercado: Según los fabricantes, las prioridades de los clientes al comprar vehículos N1 se ordenan como sigue: coste de compra, funcionalidad, solidez, seguridad y dinámica. Como el ahorro debido a la mejor eficacia del combustible es una parte relativamente pequeña de los costes totales de compra, no es probable que desempeñe el papel protagonista en la toma de decisiones ni de los clientes ni de los fabricantes.Soluciones tecnológicas: Se dispone actualmente de un gran número de tecnologías que podrían reducir el consumo de combustible y las emisiones de CO2 de los vehículos N1 (véase el cuadro 5). Mientras que las cifras de ahorro de CO2 se consideran muy fidedignas, las estimaciones de costes son menos seguras. Se basan en un examen de folletos informativos sobre los costes al consumidor final. Es lógico suponer que los costes reales a los fabricantes son considerablemente más bajos. Por regla general, se estima que los precios de coste son entre 2 y 3 veces más bajos que los precios al consumo final. Sin embargo, los costes reales al consumo final dependen en definitiva de la competencia y la comercialización constituyen así un factor importante para los fabricantes.&gt;SITIO PARA UN CUADRO&gt;Cuadro 5: Posibles ahorros de CO2 en 2010 y costes tecnológicos estimados, expresados en precios al consumoCálculos hipotéticos: Partiendo de las opciones y los costes tecnológicos reconocidos, el estudio formula dos hipótesis, una realista y otra óptima, para valorar la evaluación futura de las emisiones de CO2 y los costes específicos anexos [42]. El cuadro 6 indica los resultados de estas investigaciones. Si las opciones tecnológicas realistas se aplicaran en todos los automóviles vendidos en 2005, las emisiones de CO2 se reducirían en un 6,7%, de 9550 Kt a 8910 Kt. Si se aplicaran las opciones tecnológicas óptimas, la reducción sería del 13,3 %. En 2010, las cifras serían 11,3% y 23,1%, respectivamente, y, en 2015, 22,8% y 28,5%. Todas estas cifras de reducción corresponden a una hipótesis de situación sin cambios. Hay que señalar que las reducciones anuales supuestas en la «hipótesis realista» son muy parecidas al índice de reducción incluido en AUTO OIL II, lo que significa que coinciden con las expectativas tecnológicas futuras de los grupos de expertos de AUTO OIL II.[42] El grupo de estudio estimó las emisiones de CO2 de la base de referencia en 2005, 2010 y 2015 utilizando el modelo TREMOVE. Primero estimaron las cantidades del parque de N1 totales y nuevos y a continuación, las emisiones de CO2 de los vehículos nuevos por clases. Las diversas posibilidades tecnológicas se evaluaron a partir de esas estimaciones. La base de referencia de las emisiones de CO2 se funda en la extrapolación del parque y las tecnologías actuales. Se estima que los kilómetros medios recorridos sólo aumentarán ligeramente de 19.738 en el año 2000 a 20.016 km en 2015. Por último, se calcularon las reducciones de las emisiones del CO2 ligadas a las diversas hipótesis.&gt;SITIO PARA UN CUADRO&gt;* Los costes de reducción incluyen los costes de inversión (véase el cuadro 5) y el ahorro de combustible, teniendo en cuenta los precios futuros estimados del combustible.** Nota: el aumento de las emisiones de 2010 a 2015 se debe al aumento previsto del número de vehículos nuevos N1 en este plazo.Cuadro 6: Emisiones de CO2 y costes de reducción específicos anualizados en 2005, 2010 y 2015 según ambas hipótesis, teniendo en cuenta los costes de inversión y los ahorros de combustibleConsideraciones de rentabilidad: Según este estudio, un análisis de las dos opciones tecnológicas indica que las cifras de rentabilidad oscilan entre un ahorro de 18 euros por tonelada reducida y un coste de aproximadamente 54 euros por tonelada reducida, dependiendo de la hipótesis. El cuadro 6 lo indica con más detalle, basándose en los costes al consumo del cuadro 5. A efectos de comparación, una cifra de referencia de entre 20 y 50 euros por tonelada aparece en el Programa Europeo sobre el Cambio Climático como indicador de la rentabilidad [43], [44].[43] Una característica común de los diversos grupos de trabajo PECC ha sido la determinación de un criterio «inferior a los 20EUR/t CO2eq» e «inferior a los 50EUR/t CO2eq» como referencia de la evaluación de la rentabilidad de cada posible medida. Sin embargo, hay que señalar que el criterio del coste PECC sólo se utiliza en las mediciones del primer período de compromiso. En el caso de la tecnología que se introducirá en 2015, las futuras evaluaciones de la rentabilidad podrían llegar a conclusiones distintas.[44] Informe PECC de marzo de 2003. Sin embargo, las cifras de 20 a 50 euros/tonelada no deberían considerarse un límite riguroso sino que, teniendo en cuenta las incertidumbres relacionadas con la aplicación concreta, dan una indicación general de la rentabilidad de una medida determinada, mientras que hay que atender también a otras consideraciones (por ejemplo, los beneficios ligados a la seguridad del abastecimiento, a otros temas medioambientales o al largo plazo). Otros criterios comunes de evaluación y comparación intersectoriales de las medidas eran el calendario de ejecución y las repercusiones en otros ámbitos políticos; véase el segundo informe provisional PECC, «¿Podemos cumplir nuestros objetivos de Kioto?».Los costes específicos dependen, entre otras cosas, de la clase de vehículo. Las medidas más rentables son las aplicadas en los vehículos de la clase I, seguidos por la combinación de tecnologías aplicadas en las clases I y II. En algunas hipótesis, especialmente con las medidas más rigurosas que está previsto tomar en 2010 y 2015 en las subclases II y III, los costes superarían algo los 50 euros por tonelada menos.El trabajo sobre los vehículos N1 es poco concluyente y todavía no se ha terminado. Es demasiado pronto para presentar posibles políticas finales.Sin embargo, en vista de las conclusiones a que se ha llegado hasta ahora, la Comisión está estudiando medidas, entre las que se cuentan las siguientes:- La introducción de requisitos de etiquetado similares a los aplicados en los vehículos M1 (véase la Directiva 1999/94/CE).- El seguimiento de las tendencias de las emisiones de los vehículos N1 (véase la Decisión 1753/2000/CE).- Medidas de reducción de las emisiones de CO2 de los vehículos N1.La coordinación de la aplicación de estas medidas dependerá del resultado de los debates en el Consejo y el Parlamento Europeo sobre las enmiendas propuestas a la Directiva 80/1268/CEE y de las conclusiones de más estudios adicionales que se llevarán a cabo en los próximos años.Las medidas de reducción de las emisiones de CO2 de los vehículos comerciales ligeros sólo podrán considerarse cuando dispongamos de datos completos y fidedignos sobre las emisiones, medidas conforme a la propuesta sobre la medición de las emisiones de CO2 y del consumo de combustible de los vehículos comerciales ligeros.Para conseguir más información sobre estos temas, la Comisión ha decidido poner en marcha un estudio complementario centrado en:i La medición, de conformidad con la Directiva modificada 80/1268/CEE, del consumo de combustible y de las emisiones de CO2 de un número representativo de vehículos comerciales ligeros.ii El tratamiento de las cuestiones indicadas por el Consejo y el Parlamento Europeo en el artículo 3 [45] de la Directiva modificada 80/1268/CEE como aplicables a los vehículos de la categoría N1.[45] Este nuevo proyecto de artículo dispone que la Comisión, a más tardar dos años después de la entrada en vigor de la Directiva:iii Mayor elaboración de la evaluación de las posibles políticas de reducción de las emisiones de esta categoría o de sus subclases, incluso en los países candidatos.Las conclusiones de este estudio se conocerán a finales de 2004.7.2. Equipos móviles de aire acondicionadoLa Comisión ha empezado a trabajar sobre los equipos móviles de aire acondicionado centrándose en las posibles posibilidades (I) de medición y, de ser posible, de reducción del consumo suplementario de combustible y las emisiones conexas de CO2, y (ii) de reducción de las emisiones de refrigerante (HFC-134a). Ambas actividades forman parte del Programa Europeo sobre el Cambio Climático [46]. Los resultados del trabajo sobre el refrigerante se presentan en otro documento [47].[46] COM(2001) 580 final.[47] COM(2003) 492 final.Respecto al consumo de combustible, existen cada vez más pruebas de que el uso de equipos de aire acondicionado en los turismos podía aumentar apreciablemente las emisiones de CO2. Se trata de una fuente no cubierta por la legislación vigente sobre la medición del consumo de combustible y de las emisiones de CO2 y no le afectan por tanto los compromisos de la industria automovilística [48]. Se estima que las emisiones adicionales oscilan entre un 3 y un 8% [49]. Además, parece existir la posibilidad de reducir en alrededor del 50 % el efecto en el consumo de combustible del uso de estos equipos.[48] Los compromisos especifican que las emisiones de CO2 de los automóviles nuevos se medirán conforme a la Directiva 93/116/CE, que es la base sobre la que se fijaron los objetivos. Este ensayo no incluye el uso de equipos de aire acondicionad. En cualquier caso habrá que tener en cuenta los cambios en el procedimiento de ensayo, como ocurrió por última vez con la Directiva 99/100/CE, en el seguimiento de los compromisos del CO2 mediante la corrección de las emisiones de CO2 medidas para ajustarlas al procedimiento 93/116/CE. La última corrección efectuada es el ajuste del 0,7% mencionado en la nota del cuadro 2.[49] «Options to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions due to Mobile Air Conditioning - Summary of the discussions» de la «cumbre MAC» celebrada en Bruselas los días 10 y 11/febrero de 2003.Una vez más, un requisito previo al estudio de las repercusiones del uso de equipos de aire acondicionado son procedimientos de análisis fiables. Por consiguiente, la Comisión aspira a concluir el trabajo lo antes posible, esforzándose al tiempo por elaborar procedimientos de análisis armonizados internacionalmente, cuando proceda.8. ConclusionesLa estrategia comunitaria para reducir las emisiones de CO2 de los turismos y aumentar del ahorro de combustible tiene por objeto alcanzar una cifra concreta media de emisiones de CO2 de los turismos nuevos matriculados en la Comunidad de 120 g de CO2/km en 2005, y en 2010 como muy tarde. El valor específico del CO2/km alcanzado en el año civil de 2002 fue de 166 g de CO2/km [50], frente a los 186 g de CO2/km en 1995, el año de referencia de la estrategia comunitaria. Si bien es poco probable que se alcance el objetivo de 120 g de CO2/km ya en 2005, sigue siendo realista cumplir el objetivo para 2010 si se toman las medidas necesarias y no se escatiman esfuerzos. Es importante que la ACEA y la JAMA cumplan pronto su objetivo intermedio fijado para 2003.[50] Cifra basada en datos oficiales de la UE.Parece claro que será necesario aplicar los tres pilares de la estrategia para cumplir el objetivo global. La Comunicación de la Comisión hecha pública hace poco sobre la fiscalidad de los turismos presenta, entre otras cosas, diversos regímenes fiscales posibles que pueden apoyar la estrategia comunitaria de reducción de las emisiones de CO2. Además, revestirán gran importancia las conclusiones del estudio [51] de 2003 sobre las posibilidades de más reducciones de CO2 por las asociaciones de fabricantes con miras a progresar hacia el objetivo de la Comunidad de 120 g de CO2/km en 2012.[51] 2003 (ACEA y JAMA) y 2004 (KAMA).El cumplimiento de los compromisos de la industria automovilística progresa satisfactoriamente. Sin embargo, para alcanzar el objetivo final de los compromisos (140 g de CO2/km), las tres asociaciones tienen que intensificar en mayor o menor medida sus esfuerzos. A juzgar por los informes conjuntos, la Comisión no tiene motivos para creer que la ACEA y la JAMA no estarán a la altura de sus compromisos respectivos. En cuanto a la KAMA, las preocupaciones están justificadas. La KAMA tendrá que esforzarse mucho más si quiere cumplir su objetivo intermedio para 2004, tal como se le ha señalado. La KAMA ha reiterado su determinación de cumplir los objetivos asumidos.La aplicación de la Directiva 1999/94 y de la Decisión 1753/2000 ha avanzado a buen ritmo y está casi completa.La Comisión sigue trabajando sobre las emisiones de CO2 de los vehículos comerciales ligeros y ha empezado a trabajar sobre las emisiones de CO2 causadas por el uso de equipos móviles de aire acondicionado.COMMISSION STAFF WORKING PAPER Monitoring of ACEA's Commitment on CO2 Emission Reductions from Passenger Cars (2002) Monitoring of JAMA's Commitment on CO2 Emission Reductions from Passenger Cars (2002) Monitoring of KAMA's Commitment on CO2 Emission Reductions from Passenger Cars (2002) - Final Reports 5 September 2003 {COM(2004) 78 final}Monitoring of ACEA's Commitment on CO2 EmissionReductions from Passenger Cars (2002)Final Report 5 September 2003Joint Report of the European Automobile Manufacturers Association and the Commission ServicesMonitoring of ACEA Commitment [1] on CO2 Emission Reductions from Passenger Cars[1] As recognized by the European Commission in the Recommendation of 5 February 1999 on the reduction of CO2 emissions from passenger cars (1999/125/EC). Hereafter referred to as "The Commitment".JOINT REPORT OF ACEA AND THE COMMISSION SERVICES [2]: YEAR 2002 REPORT[2] Hereafter often referred to as "The Commission".ES SUMMARY OF PROGRESS IN DELIVERING THE COMMITMENTE1 Trends in specific emissions of CO2 (g/km)In 2002 - taking official EU data [3] - the average specific emissions of ACEA's new car fleet registered in the EU was 165 g/km. For petrol-fuelled cars, specific emissions were 172 g/km; for diesel-fuelled cars, the corresponding value was 155 g/km and for alternative fuelled [4] passenger cars the value was 177 g/km.[3] According to the Joint Monitoring System prior 1995-2001 monitoring was based on data provided by ACEA which are broadly similar to those specified in Annex I of Decision 1753/2000/EC. In 2002 for the first time, official EU data is used in the joint monitoring based on data delivered by Member States under Decision 1753/2000/EC. Annex 2 contains comparisons of data from EU and ACEA sources, whenever appropriate.[4] These are all vehicles not using diesel or petrol, e.g. LPG, CNG or electric power.Compared to ACEA's 2001 data, ACEA reduced the average specific CO2 emissions of its new car fleet registered within the EU by about 2 g/km; a reduction of 1.2 % [5], [6]. This is about the same reduction rate identified when official 2002 EU data are compared with unofficial 2001 EU data [7]. Since 1995, ACEA has maintained an unbroken trend of CO2 emission reduction (see Figure 1 [8]).[5] In the 2002 report ACEA data continues to be used in certain places, in particular where consistent longer-term trends contribute to a better understanding of CO2 reduction developments (and official EU data is not available to fulfil this role).[6] All percentage figures are based on unrounded numbers.[7] See COM(2002)693 final. Please note that the official EU data cover alternative fuels, ACEA data does not. However, in the light of the small number of alternative fuel vehicles registered this has no impact on the reported EU averages.[8] Figure 1 shows in particular ACEA time-series data for 1995 to 2002. In the 2001 joint Monitoring Report, ACEA's 2001 CO2 figure was shown as 164 g/km. This figure included a cycle change correction factor (see Section 2.11) of 1 %; the Commission and ACEA have now agreed that the correction factor should be 0.7 %. This means that, using exact figures, ACEA's CO2 figure in 2001 was 164.5 g/km, or using the rounded figures normally quoted in this report 165 g/km (see Annex 2).With official EU data becoming available, a discontinuity from the past data series exists, because of underlying differences (see Section 2.10). It is therefore not correct to simply adjoin official data for the most recent year, onto ACEA's historical data.&gt;REFERENCIA A UN GRÁFICO&gt;Figure : EU Trends of ACEA members' fleet in average specific emissions of CO2; based on ACEA data [9]. For 2002 the official EU data are added. 2001 and 2002 data are corrected by 0.7 % for cycle change adjustment.[9] Please note, ACEA figures do not include alternative fuels. The official EU data cover alternative fuels, e.g. they are included under "all" in Figure 1.Using ACEA's 1995 time-series between 1995 and 2002, ACEA achieved an overall reduction in new car CO2 emissions of 12.1 %; petrol cars were down by 9.0 %, and diesel cars were down by 13.6 %.E2 Trends in specific fuel consumption by fuel type (litres/100km)Fuel consumption in terms of litres per 100 km (l/100km) has followed a similar downward profile to that of CO2 emissions. Over the 1995 to 2002 period, using ACEA's time-series data, average fuel consumption fell for new petrol and diesel cars combined from 7.6 l/100km to 6.5 l/100km [10]. The corresponding consumption reductions for new petrol cars and new diesel cars decreased from 7.9 l/100km to 7.2 l/100km and from 6.6 l/100km to 5.7 l/100km, respectively (see Figure 2).[10] The following conversion factors were used for the calculation of specific fuel consumption (l/100km) from specific CO2 emissions (g/km): petrol 23.7, diesel 26.6.&gt;REFERENCIA A UN GRÁFICO&gt;Figure : Trends of ACEA members' fleet in average specific fuel consumption (l/100km) by fuel; based on ACEA data. For 2002 official EU data are added. 2001 and 2002 basis CO2 data are corrected by 0.7 % for cycle change adjustmentE3 Trends in physical fleet characteristicsACEA has achieved these sizeable improvements in new car CO2 performance whilst increases in physical fleet characteristics have occurred. Overall figures for average car mass, engine capacity and power increased in 2002, compared to 2001 (see Annex 2). However, based on ACEA's time-series data, some car characteristics decreased in 2002 compared to earlier periods; for example, petrol car mass (down on 1999) and diesel engine capacity (down on 1996).E4 Technical developments introduced to reduce CO2 emissionsTechnical developments introduced by ACEA manufacturers in 2002 included: fully variable valve lift & timing technology combined with GDI; variable intake control system on small gasoline engines; fast warm-up cooling systems; torque converter lock-up from 1st gear on automatic transmissions; application of low-viscosity/friction oil (engine and rear axle) across model-ranges; friction optimised rear axle differential; and engine covering/underbody panelling. 2002 also saw the increased application of: GDI, alternative-fuelled vehicles, VVT, 6-speed & automated manual gearboxes, electric power steering, lightweight materials, refined aerodynamics, rolling resistance improvements, and turbo-charged engines.These advances reflect significant and continued efforts by ACEA manufacturers to introduce a wide range of technical and product developments to reduce CO2 emissions. According to ACEA the large-scale commercialisation of CO2 efficient technologies has brought to market new cars with attractive product attributes that have then induced market changes (such as diesel share growth following the launch of DI diesels etc.).E5 Brief overall assessment on progress in relation to the targetIn 2002, ACEA reduced the average CO2 emissions of its new car fleet. Taking the official EU data, the average specific emissions of ACEA's new car fleet registered in the EU was 165 g/km. ACEA's CO2 performance is consistent with achieving the 2003 estimated intermediate target range of 165 -170 g/km specified in its Commitment. ACEA has already met the first of its CO2 commitments ("some members of ACEA will introduce in the EU market, not later than 2000, models emitting 120 gCO2/km or less"). In fact, 2002 saw new registrations of cars emitting 120 gCO2/km or less rise sharply (even though car registrations in total fell by over 4 % [11]). The share of cars emitting 140 gCO2/km or less also rose in 2002, further evidencing ACEA's determination to meet its commitments.[11] Based on ACEA data.To meet its 2008 Commitment ACEA must increase its annual average reduction rate to about 4 g/km or 2.5 % a year during the remaining period of the Commitment. Based on ACEA's time-series data, to meet its 2008 Commitment ACEA must increase its annual average reduction rate to 2.3 % a year during the remaining period of the Commitment, from about 3 g/km or 1.7 % average annual decrease achieved since 1995. However, it should be noted that using ACEA's 1995-2002 data set, CO2 emissions have been cut from 185 g/km in 1995 to 163 g/km in 2002. Over recent years CO2 reduction rates have been higher than expected -- with diesel technology especially, being extremely well accepted in the EU market. The overall outcome is that in 2002 ACEA was almost half the way towards achieving its 2008 target.ACEA stresses that compliance with the 2008 target remains extremely ambitious, both technically and economically.In summary, the Commission Services and ACEA have no reason to believe that ACEA will not live up to its Commitment.1. MONITORING OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS AFFECTING THE COMMITMENT1.1. Commitment initiatives1.1.1. Brief description of current R&D programmes1.1.2. OtherThe ACEA Commitment continues to ensure that right across the European automotive industry, CO2 reduction remains a high priority in R&D expenditures, as well as in product and process planning and development. The vast majority of this R&D effort is being undertaken independently, by each of the ACEA manufacturers freely pursuing their own policies and initiatives in this highly competitive area. It is not possible, for competitive reasons, to review individual manufacturer R&D programmes as part of the monitoring report.In addition, however, ACEA and its sister body EUCAR are undertaking a collaborative, pre-competitive automotive R&D programme on medium and long-term technologies for CO2 reduction (as detailed in previous Joint Monitoring Reports). It seeks to use "Framework Programme" (FP) funding to launch collaborative projects between manufacturers, suppliers, research institutes and universities. The programme reflects the research interests of the participating companies, and serves to illustrate key areas of R&D activity. For the upcoming FP6, EUCAR has arranged its research into three areas: Fuels & Powertrain; Manufacturing & Materials; and Integrated Safety - and the first two cover CO2 reduction topics:Fuels & Powertrain: integrated project proposals are being prepared on renewable (biomass) fuels, improved conventional powertrains, fuel cell powertrains and auxiliary power units, hydrogen storage.Manufacturing & Material: integrated project proposals are being prepared for low weight vehicles using a mixed material approach, as well as methods and concepts on how vehicles are to be manufactured efficiently and environmentally sound in the future.Section 4.5 provides a fuller summary of EUCAR's research activities.1.2. Technological developments1.2.1. Description of fuel efficiency characteristics of new technologies, alternative concepts1.2.2. Availability of new technologies in the EU1.2.3. Availability of alternative concepts passenger cars in the EU1.2.4. Availability of low emission passenger cars (e.g. emitting 120 g/km or less) in the EUTechnical developments introduced by one or more ACEA manufacturers in 2002 included:* fully variable valve lift & timing technology combined with GDI;* variable intake control system on small gasoline engines (this employs a variable intake manifold in combination with a high rate of exhaust gas recirculation);* fast warm-up cooling systems to reduce internal engine friction in warm-up;* torque converter lock-up from 1st gear on automatic transmissions;* application of low-viscosity/friction oil (engine and rear axle) across model-ranges;* friction optimised rear axle differential;* engine covering/underbody panelling; and 2002 also saw the increased application of: GDI, VVT, 6-speed & automated manual gearboxes, electric power steering, lightweight materials; refined aerodynamics; rolling resistance improvements (through better tyres &brakes), and turbo-charged engines.In addition ACEA manufacturers continued their on-going development of alternative-fuelled vehicle technologies (CNG/LPG/bioethanol/biogas/electric/etc.), and 2002 saw a growth in sales of alternative-fuelled vehicles (AFVs).These advances reflect significant and continued efforts by ACEA manufacturers to introduce a wide range of technical and product developments to reduce CO2 emissions. According to ACEA the large-scale commercialisation of CO2 efficient technologies has brought to market new cars with attractive product attributes that have then induced market changes (such as diesel share growth following the launch of DI diesels etc.).Technical advances by ACEA manufacturers resulted in a continued upward trend in the market share taken by the most fuel-efficient cars. In 2002, based on ACEA data, ACEA first registrations of (petrol + diesel) cars with CO2 levels of 140 g or less, rose to 23.7 % of total registrations --up from a 23.0 % share in 2001 and a 2.6 % share in 1995. Further, ACEA continued to build on its Year 2000 achievement of the first of its CO2 commitments: "some members of ACEA will introduce in the EU market models emitting 120 gCO2/km or less". 2002 saw first registrations of cars emitting 120 gCO2/km or less rise by over 90 % on the prior year (even though car registrations in total dropped by over 4 %); first registrations of such cars totalled over 580 000 units, and they achieved an impressive 5 % share of new registrations, compared to only 0.7 % as recently as 1999. This technology driven trend to fuel-efficient cars directly connects to the provision in the ACEA Commitment on achieving the target mainly "by technological developments -- and market changes linked to these developments".1.3. Description of market trends in physical fleet characteristicsThrough its technical developments (see Section 1.2), ACEA has achieved sizeable improvements in new car CO2 performance whilst increases in other physical fleet characteristics have occurred. Overall figures for average car mass, engine capacity and power increased in 2002, compared to 2001. However, based on ACEA's time-series data, some car characteristics decreased in 2002 compared to earlier periods; for example, petrol car mass (down on 1999) and diesel engine capacity (down on 1996). Reduction of diesel engine capacities can mainly be attributed to direct injection technology, which has allowed lowering engine capacities.ACEA provided some indication that new automotive regulations, introduced since 1995, have added to car mass, and therefore damaged fuel efficiency (see Section 4.2 of 2001 Joint Monitoring Report, for ACEA's estimate of adverse CO2 effects). However an in-depth analysis of the impact of new regulations needs still to be undertaken.The Commission believes that the increases in vehicle weight that might have been as an effect of new legislation are, if at all, potentially small and would therefore be negligible for the average specific CO2 emissions2. STATISTICAL MONITORING (1995-2002)2.1. Trends in specific emissions of CO2 (g/km)In 2002, taking the official EU data, the average specific emissions of ACEA's new car fleet registered in the EU was 165 g/km.Compared to ACEA's 2001 data, ACEA reduced the average specific CO2 emissions of its new car fleet registered within the EU by about 2 g/km; a reduction of 1.2 % [12], [13]. This is about the same reduction rate when official 2002 EU data are compared with unofficial 2001 EU data [14].[12] ACEA data used for 1995 since no official EU data exists for the period since 1995. The EU data is the official basis for the monitoring process. However, since EU and ACEA data are not fully consistent and comparable in all details, for trend analysis ACEA's 1995-2002 data are used. For this reason no percentage calculations using ACEA's 1995 data and EU 2002 data are shown in this report.[13] All percentage figures are based on unrounded numbers.[14] See COM(2002)693 final. Please note that the official EU data cover alternative fuels, ACEA data does not. However, in the light of the small number of alternative fuel vehicles registered this has no impact on the reported EU averages.Since 1995, ACEA has maintained an unbroken trend of CO2 emission reduction. Using ACEA's 1995 time-series between 1995 and 2002, ACEA achieved an overall reduction in new car CO2 emissions of 12.1 %; petrol cars were down by 9.0 %, and diesel cars were down by 13.6 % (see Figure 3).&gt;REFERENCIA A UN GRÁFICO&gt;Figure 3: ACEA's CO2 Reduction Index (1995=100); based on ACEA data. For 2002 official EU data are added. 2001 and 2002 data are corrected by 0.7 % for cycle change adjustment2.2. Number of newly registered passenger carsIn 2002, ACEA new car registrations in the EU amounted to 12 044 461 units, using ACEA data, down over 4 % on the previous year [15]. ACEA's market share of total EU passenger cars was 86 % (including Rover [16]). Over the period 1995-2002 new registrations increased by 17.6 %.[15] All figures given in this chapter are based on ACEA data.[16] See Section 2.12Petrol car registrations totalled 6 481 940 units in 2002, an 11.3 % decrease on the previous year. In 2002, such vehicles represented 53.8 % of total new car registrations by ACEA members. The number of diesel cars registered totalled 5 252 613 in 2002, which represented 43.6 % of total car registrations by ACEA members (see Figure 4). The number of cars equipped with other fuel types (AFVs) increased in 2002 (see Section 2.5).&gt;REFERENCIA A UN GRÁFICO&gt;Figure 4: New Car Registrations by ACEA (million units)2.3. Fleet compositionFigure 5 shows ACEA's fleet composition by CO2 categories for the year 2002, and the reference year 1995 (using ACEA data).&gt;REFERENCIA A UN GRÁFICO&gt; // &gt;REFERENCIA A UN GRÁFICO&gt;Figure 5: ACEA's Fleet Composition by CO2 Categories (% share of total registrations) in 1995 and 2002In 2002, ACEA's CO2-related fleet composition continued to show a strong move towards more fuel-efficient cars, with 140 g or below cars achieving a 23.7 % share of total (petrol + diesel) registrations in 2002 -- up from 6.8 % in 1998, and only 2.6 % in 1995 (see Figure 6). Over the 1995 to 2002 period new registrations of such cars has been multiplied by almost 10. By contrast, in 2002, there were sizeable falls in both the registrations and market share of cars with CO2 emissions of more than 160 g/km. Registrations of these cars fell by almost 8 % in 2002 on the prior year, and by over 40 % compared to 1995; as a proportion of total ACEA registrations, such cars decreased from 80.8 % in 1995, to 64.9 % in 1998 to reach 40.9 % in 2002.&gt;REFERENCIA A UN GRÁFICO&gt;Figure 6: Change in ACEA's Fleet Composition by "aggregated CO2 Categories"Figure 7 shows how ACEA shares of registrations have developed by CO2 category over the 1995-2002 period. As can be seen, ACEA achieved a clearly identifiable "wave-effect" towards enhanced new car fuel efficiency.&gt;REFERENCIA A UN GRÁFICO&gt;Figure 7: ACEA's "wave-effect" of CO2 categories towards enhanced fuel efficiency (g/km)2.4. EU trends in physical fleet characteristicsTrends in physical characteristics of ACEA's new car fleet are shown in Figure 8 below (see also Section 1.3).&gt;REFERENCIA A UN GRÁFICO&gt;Figures 8: Physical ACEA Fleet Characteristics (1995=100)Using ACEA time-series data, average car mass (petrol + diesel) rose in 2002, and since 1995 a 10.2 % increase in mass has occurred. For petrol cars, there was virtually no growth in mass, and compared to 1999, petrol car mass was down by 1 %. In 2002, diesel car mass maintained its recent upward trend.Engine capacity for petrol and diesel combined increased very slightly in 2002; and over the 1995 to 2002 period has only shown a growth of 5.7 %. In 2002, petrol capacity rose marginally, and since 1995 has risen by only 1.6 %. Diesel capacity fell in 2002; this 2002 level is below that in 1996.Engine power (petrol + diesel) rose in 2002, and since 1995, quite a strong increase has occurred, driven particularly by increased diesel power.Through its technical developments (see Section 1.2), ACEA has achieved sizeable improvements in new car CO2 performance whilst increases in other physical fleet characteristics have occurred.2.5. Trends in new technologies in the EUAs noted in Sections 1.2, 2002 saw the introduction or increased application by ACEA manufacturers of a wide range of technical developments to reduce CO2 emissions. Within these reduction efforts, ACEA manufacturers continued their on-going development of alternative-fuelled vehicle technologies (CNG/LPG/bioethanol/biogas/electric/etc.), and 2002 saw a growth in sales of alternative-fuelled vehicles (AFVs). See Figure 9 for AFV sales developments since 1995, based on ACEA data.&gt;REFERENCIA A UN GRÁFICO&gt;Figure 9: ACEA sales of Alternative-Fuelled Vehicles (units)2.6. Trends in low emission passenger cars in the EUIn 2002 ACEA built further on its Year 2000 achievement of the first of its CO2 commitments ("some members of ACEA will introduce in the EU market models emitting 120 gCO2/km or less"). Using ACEA time-series data, in 2002 ACEA first registrations of 120 gCO2/km or less cars rose by over 90 % on the prior year (even though car registrations in total dropped by over 4 %). In 2000, ACEA manufacturers achieved this commitment, by bringing to market more than 20 models that achieved 120 gCO2/km or less - with registrations of almost 160 000 units. This major effort was augmented in 2001 with ACEA manufacturer first registrations of such cars totalling over 306 500 units -- which represented over 2.5 % of total ACEA (petrol + diesel) registrations. In 2002, first registrations of cars emitting 120 gCO2/km or less again almost doubled to reach over 580 000 units (see Figure 10 for longer-term developments), and achieved an impressive 5 % share of total new registrations.&gt;REFERENCIA A UN GRÁFICO&gt;Figure 10: ACEA Registrations of Cars with CO2 emissions of 120 gCO2/km or less2.7. Trends in alternative concepts passenger cars in the EUNothing new to report.2.8. Trends in innovative concepts passenger cars in the EUIn 2002 the car manufacturers' associations and the Commission agreed guidelines for the acceptance of innovative concepts within the monitoring of the commitments (see Annex 3).2.9. Brief description of the degree of occurrence of grey areas between M1 and N1 vehiclesNothing to report (see Section 2.10).2.10. Data sources, data methods and data confidence levelsFor the first time since the inception of the Joint CO2 Monitoring Reports, this 2002 report utilises data from the official EU scheme (1753/2000/EC), that is based on Member State submissions (see Annex 1). The data submitted by Member States are now the official basis for the monitoring process. The data have been slightly processed by the Commission [17]. Until now, ACEA purchased data from the French-based association AAA (Association Auxiliaire de l'Automobile), so as to enable the annual monitoring exercises to be undertaken.[17] The cycle change correction of 0.7 % has been applied, and potentially erroneous allocations of vehicles to CO2 classes, involving a few hundred vehicles, have been suppressed (see Annex 1)However, with official EU data becoming available, a discontinuity from the past data series exists, because of underlying differences (see below). It is not correct to simply adjoin official data for the most recent year, onto ACEA's historical data.The main dimensions of this discontinuity are:Country Coverage: The EU data for 2002 covers all 15 Member States. Whereas, ACEA's CO2 data has never included Greece, and has not until recently included Finland (due to data unavailability).Methodology Differences: ACEA data links registrations to one, highly analysed, vehicle specification information bank, which is used for all Member State registrations. For EU data, each Member State has its own vehicle specification set, to which it links its national registrations; national variations in these vehicle specifications exist. A number of more specific methodological issues have been identified in relation to CO2 categories and the treatment of unknown cars (see next item on Registration Differences), e.g. ACEA's data provider closes gaps in incomplete data sets with the help of its databank while Member States count only cars with complete data sets. In order to improve the data a more in-depth analysis would be needed. Moreover there seems to be a systematic difference in the reporting of the mass of vehicles between ACEA data (report mass of empty vehicle) and Member States data (report in accordance with the definition given in Decision 1753/2000/EC).Registration Data Differences: The official EU data seems to miss a sizeable percentage of new car registrations. In 2002, the difference is about 400 000 vehicles (equal to about 3 % of total registrations) [18]. The largest difference was in Spain. The official EU data only record registrations (and CO2 figures) for which CO2 data is provided whereas in the case of ACEA data, if no CO2 information was available, or cannot be provided by the vehicle specification data bank, any such vehicles would be included under an "unknown" category. In past Monitoring Reports the size of "unknown versions" has been an important parameter in the evaluation of data quality. The EU data cannot provide this information.[18] It should be noted that the Commission believes that such a difference does not automatically lead to differences in the calculated CO2 averages. This would be only the case if the characteristics of the missing data deviate systematically from the characteristics of the total fleet. The issue will be further discussed within the Expert Group dealing with the implementation of Decision 1753/2000/EC.Grey Area Problem: ACEA believes that some Member States might register vehicles in accordance with the fiscal regime (commercial or private vehicle), not in accordance with M1 & N1 category definitions. This is a likely source of difference, which needs more thorough investigation -- particularly the number of M1 vehicles potentially registered as N1. As shown in an earlier report, for ACEA data, the grey area issue is small; for EU data it is an unknown volume.Data Scope: The official EU data covers - as laid down in the Commitment - the CO2 emissions of cars using all fuels, including AFVs. Whereas ACEA's CO2 data has consistently been on the basis of petrol + diesel cars [19].[19] It should be mentioned that the number of AFV was so small in the past, and still is, and that the Commission therefore believes that these vehicles are negligible for the calculated CO2 average.ACEA is closely monitoring data quality of this newly available EU data source. Currently the variance between EU & ACEA data in terms of the overall average CO2 figure is only a little more than 1%; although differences in some details exist, over the long-term data differences should narrow. ACEA explained that for the future it will continue to make data comparisons between EU/Member State and industry data sources, and if over the next years systematic deviations become apparent, ACEA will assume that systematic deviations also existed in the baseline assumption for year 1995.Since actual and underlying methodological differences exist between the EU data and ACEA's data (see above and Annex 2) the new EU data cannot be simply adjoined onto ACEA's historical CO2 time-series built-up from 1995. As a result, the new data does not provide a means to undertake longer-term "trend" evaluations of key CO2 developments that can contribute to a better understanding of CO2 reduction developments. For this reason this Joint Report uses ACEA's consistent historical data through to 2002 for such evaluations.2.11. Description of measurement issues for CO2 emission factorsThe ACEA Commitment specifies that new car CO2 emissions will be measured according to Directive 93/116/EC. Since the establishment of the ACEA Commitment, the mandatory type approval method of measuring CO2 emissions has been revised by Directive 99/100/EC. One of the principle changes (introduced over the period 2000 to 2002 for M1 vehicles) relates to the drive cycle - the deletion of the initial 40 seconds of unmeasured engine idling prior to the commencement of the test. As a rule, such a change of test procedure increases the measured value of CO2 emissions.Since January 2001 almost all new M1 vehicles have had their CO2 emissions measured according to the "new" directive/cycle (99/100/EC). A correction factor needs to be applied to the measured CO2 emissions of such vehicles to broadly bring them into line with the 93/116/EC procedure, which is the basis on which ACEA's future targets were established and the basis of historical monitoring data in this report. In 2002 ACEA & the Commission reached a consensus on this correction factor adjustment; it was agreed that a 0.7 % reduction should be applied to "measured" emissions to align them with the Commitment's basis. In this report, this adjustment has been applied to 2001 and 2002 data. For future years it was also agreed that this 0.7 % adjustment should be maintained unless new data is provided by ACEA, that proves its inappropriateness.2.12. Other issuesAs stated in the 2001 Monitoring Report, Rover is no longer a member of ACEA. Although Rover terminated its ACEA membership from 2001, to maintain consistency with prior years, when Rover was a member, figures on ACEA, contained in this report, continue to include Rover. The procedure is acceptable to ACEA and Rover. ACEA explained that this does not imply, however, that ACEA now takes any responsibility for Rover's CO2 performance; historical data consistency is the sole reason for the continued inclusion of Rover data in ACEA's figures.According to ACEA's data in 2002 Rover car registrations only accounted for 1.2 % of the ACEA total. ACEA's total CO2 figure for 2002 would have been about 0.1 g/km lower if Rover were excluded from the ACEA total. The impact on the 1995 data has not been assessed yet.The Commission is continuing to examine Rover's exit from ACEA, in relation to the CO2 Commitment.3. KEY ASSUMPTIONS TO THE COMMITMENT3.1. Availability of enabling fuelsStatement on implication for the Commitment and justification3.2. Nothing new to report.Distortion of competitionStatement on implication for the Commitment and justificationNothing new to report.3.3. Promotion of CO2 efficient technologiesStatement on implication for the Commitment and justificationIn prior monitoring reports ACEA raised concerns over UK diesel policies that have restricted CO2 reduction potential over a period through to 2001. In October 2002 ACEA provided the Commission with additional information on UK diesel disincentive policies and diesel's weak performance in the UK market compared to the rest of the EU market. In its reply in May 2003 concerning the taxation of diesel passenger cars in the United Kingdom, the Commission provided results of an independent study that shows that the recent changes in UK's taxation policy favour the purchase of diesel vehicles. This has been confirmed by the UK Government, which drew attention to the increasing trend in diesel share between 2000 and 2002. The Commission and ACEA agree that this issue will again be addressed in the "2003 Review" of the ACEA Commitment.3.4. Acceptance of innovationStatement on implication for the Commitment and justificationNothing new to report.4. OTHER ISSUES4.1. New measures affecting CO2Comment on impact of the issue and on implication for the CommitmentNothing new to report.4.2. New regulatory measuresComment on impact of the issue and on implication for the CommitmentACEA continues to consider that the End of Life (ELV) Directive has adverse implications for fuel efficiency. ACEA disagrees with the Commission's assessment (see 2001 Joint Report) that this Directive "will not have any adverse effect on fuel efficiency given it does not limit the use of any material". As expressed in previous reports the Commission sees no evidence for adverse effects.4.3. Fiscal measuresComment on impact of the issue and on implication for the CommitmentNothing further to report (see Section 3.3).4.4. Breakthrough technologiesComment on impact of the issue and on implication for the CommitmentNothing further to report (see Sections 1.1, 1.2 & 4.5).4.5. Research Programmes: Description and future potentialComment on impact of the issue and implications for the CommitmentIn 2002 the final phase of FP5 was being reached, along with preparations for the start-up of the next EU Framework Programme -- FP6. This meant that during 2002 there were no submission of proposals for new research projects, as FP5 have had no calls (of EUCAR relevance) in the later period.Instead efforts were placed on launching proposals accepted during the 2001 calls -- such as FUEVA (fuel cell technologies validation), and FPEC (piston movement to electric conversion), as reported in the 2001 report. Also, for those proposals accepted in the earlier phase of FP5, and expected to be completed during 2003, efforts were being placed on delivering what has been agreed. Further, initial ideas on how to evaluate the results of the FP5 powertrain related projects were elaborated. The Commission funded Thematic Network on Powertrain, PREMTECH, will play an important role in this evaluation which is expected to start in 2003.The European industry has always indicated that CO2 research issues need to be addressed by a long-term programme, and consequently has stressed the need to have CO2 emission reduction research issues sufficiently covered and funded in both FP5 and FP6. During 2002, FP6 has therefore been of great interest and concern to EUCAR and its members. The initial proposal on FP6, to a too great extent, neglected road transport and CO2 emission reduction research; however, this was corrected for the final version, and FP6 now offers a level of CO2 research possibilities comparable to that in FP5.During 2002 initial ideas on FP6 projects were matured into draft Integrated Project (IP) proposals which are to be submitted to the first calls of FP6, deadline March - April 2003. The Integrated Project form of running research projects, as FP6 offers, allows larger and more system oriented research, (budget range 10 - 30 M Euro, duration 4 - 6 years).For FP6, EUCAR has arranged its research into three programmes; Fuels & Powertrain, Manufacturing & Materials and Integrated Safety. Each will be mentored by one or two research directors coming from the EUCAR Council members; the idea behind forming these three programmes is to direct the research towards the relevant issues and to harmonise industrial and research strategies.Clearly the first two groups cover topics dealing with CO2 reduction. In the Fuels & Powertrain program, IP proposals are being prepared on renewable (biomass) fuels, improved conventional powertrains, fuel cell powertrains and auxiliary power units, hydrogen storage. In the second program, Manufacturing & Material, IP proposals are being prepared for low weight vehicles using a mixed material approach, as well as methods and concepts on how the future vehicles are to be manufactured efficiently and environmentally sound. In mid-2003 indications are expected on which of these IP proposals will be accepted for FP6 funding.4.6. Other measures - telematics, infrastructure, educationComment on impact of the issue and on implication for the CommitmentNothing new to report.4.7. Economic situation of the car industryComment on impact of the issue and on implication for the CommitmentACEA is of the opinion that the EU economic growth in 2002 was very disappointing and well below potential. A range of global and EU-level uncertainties had a negative impact on domestic demand and consumer & investor confidence. ACEA explained that against this poor macro-economic environment car sales deteriorated in 2002, despite the provision of sales incentives by manufacturers. ACEA new car registrations in the EU fell by over 4 % in 2002 on 2001 (based on ACEA data) (see Section 2.2).ACEA believes that the tough economic and financial environment has slowed the uptake of more advanced (and typically more expensive) technologies into the marketplace.The Commitment requires that "...any detrimental impacts on the financial performance, competitiveness and employment with the European industry associated with the Commitment will be reviewed". Nevertheless, the Commission agrees that the general economic growth in the EU in 2002 was depressed. A fragile economy especially in some of Europe's larger economies, and political instability following September 11 has contributed to a more cautious outlook among consumers overall. Even a short-term reduction in demand, as in 2002, can be a cause for concern in the auto industry. The cost for launching a new model is high and as it will only have a relatively short life span each model is dependent on a certain uptake. This coupled with a certain over capacity in the sector can give industry concerns. It is worth noting, however, that the slowdown in 2002 comes after a number of years with historically high sales figures.It was agreed that the issue will be re-addressed within the "Review in 2003" mentioned in the Technical Annex to the Commitment5. CONCLUSIONS5.1. Progress statement on delivering the CommitmentSince 1995, ACEA has maintained an unbroken trend of CO2 emission reduction. In 2002 - taking the official EU data [20] - the average specific emissions of ACEA's new car fleet registered in the EU is 165 g/km. ACEA's CO2 performance is well ahead of what is needed to achieve the 2003 estimated intermediate target range of 165 -170 g/km specified in its Commitment, and ACEA has already met the first of its CO2 commitments ("some members of ACEA will introduce in the EU market, not later than 2000, models emitting 120 gCO2/km or less"). In fact, 2002 saw registrations of cars emitting 120 gCO2/km or less rise sharply (even though car registrations in total fell). The share of cars emitting 140 gCO2/km or less also rose in 2002, further evidencing ACEA's determination to meet its commitments.[20] For the first time, official EU data is used in this Joint Monitoring Report. According to the Joint Monitoring System the monitoring has to be based on the data delivered under Decision 1753/2000/EC. According to this scheme prior 1995-2001 monitoring was based on data provided by ACEA. The Annex contains comparisons of data from EU and ACEA sources, whenever appropriate.5.2. Statement on expected future progress of the CommitmentFurther in 2002, ACEA was almost half the way towards achieving its 2008 target and CO2 reduction rates have been higher than expected. To meet its 2008 Commitment ACEA must increase its annual average reduction rate to about 4 g/km or 2.5 % a year during the remaining period of the Commitment. Based on ACEA's time-series data, to meet its 2008 Commitment ACEA must increase its annual average reduction rate to 2.3 % a year during the remaining period of the Commitment, from about 3 g/km or 1.7 % average annual decrease achieved since 1995. Over recent years diesel technology, especially, has been extremely well accepted in the EU market.ACEA stresses that the 2008 target remains extremely ambitious, both technically and economically.In summary, the Commission Services and ACEA have no reason to believe that ACEA will not live up to its Commitment.DATA ANNEXES (2002)ANNEX 1:A1: SPECIFIC FUEL EFFICIENCY (l/100km) AND EMISSIONS OF CO2 (g/km) AVERAGED OVER ALL NEWLY REGISTERED PASSENGER CARS FOR EACH DIFFERENT FUEL-TYPE, FOR THE EU AND EACH MEMBER STATEA2: THE DISTRIBUTION OF CO2 EMISSIONS (g/km) IN THE NEW PASSENGER CAR FLEET FOR EACH DIFFERENT FUEL TYPE, FOR THE EUA3: THE DISTRIBUTION OF AVERAGED POWER AND ENGINE CAPACITY OF NEW PASSENGER CARS FOR EACH FUEL TYPE FOR THE EU-15 AND EACH MEMBER STATEANNEX 2: KEY DAT COMPARISONANNEX 3: MONITORING RULES FOR INNOVATIVE CONCEPTSANNEX 1: 2002 Monitoring DataA1: SPECIFIC FUEL EFFICIENCY (l/100km) AND EMISSIONS OF CO2 (g/km) [21] AVERAGED OVER ALL NEWLY REGISTERED PASSENGER CARS FOR EACH DIFFERENT FUEL-TYPE FOR THE EU AND EACH MEMBER STATE [22][21] The emission-values of CO2 are corrected by 0.7%[22] The total number of vehicles based on the data from Member States is smaller than the total number of vehicles according to the data of the car manufacturers association because the Member States submit exclusively data about those vehicles for which corresponding CO2 data are available in their database.ACEA MEMBERS - 2002&gt;SITIO PARA UN CUADRO&gt;A2: THE DISTRIBUTION OF CO2 EMISSIONS [23] (g/km) IN THE NEW PASSENGER CAR FLEET [24] FOR EACH DIFFERENT FUEL TYPE [25][23] It is generally not possible to adjust the official EU CO2 category distribution data for the 0.7 % cycle change. If such an adjustment were feasible, the effect would be for volumes to move into lower categories (e.g. 140 g & less cars would increase in volume as a % of total). However, on request of ACEA it was taken into account that each of two ACEA members respectively is producing one variant of a model which is emitting 81 gCO2/km. After adjusting this value to the new test cycle (-0.7 %) the value will be 80.4 gCO2/km. This adjustment is done in this table only for these two variants. All other vehicles, car makes and CO2 emission categories are not adjusted.[24] The following vehicles were suppressed due to possible data implausibility: 290 petrol cars with 14 gCO2/km as an average from the category &lt;60 gCO2/km, 16 diesel cars with 16 gCO2/km as an average from the category &lt;60 gCO2/km, 144 petrol cars with 79 gCO2/km as an average from the category 60-80 gCO2/km, 50 diesel cars with 79 gCO2/km as an average from the category 60-80 gCO2/km, 502 diesel vehicles emitting 414 gCO2/km as an average from the category 351-450 gCO2/km, 7 vehicles emitting 775 gCO2/km as an average from the category &gt;450 gCO2/km[25] The total number of vehicles based on the data from Member States is smaller than the total number of vehicles according to the data of the car manufacturers association because the Member States submit exclusively data about those vehicles for which corresponding CO2 data are available in their data base.ACEA MEMBERS - 2002&gt;SITIO PARA UN CUADRO&gt;A3 THE DISTRIBUTION OF AVERAGED POWER AND ENGINE CAPACITY OF NEW PASSENGER CARS FOR EACH FUEL TYPE FOR THE EU-15 AND EACH MEMBER STATE [26][26] Mass data not shown due to possible inconstancies in Member States' deliveriesACEA MEMBERS - 2002&gt;SITIO PARA UN CUADRO&gt;ANNEX 2: Key Data ComparisonEU 2002 & ACEA 2001 and 2002 key data(All data in CO2 emissions section corrected by 0.7 % for cycle change)&gt;SITIO PARA UN CUADRO&gt;ANNEX 3: Monitoring Rules for Innovative ConceptsJOINT AGREEMENT ON THE GUIDELINES FOR THE ACCEPTANCE OF INNOVATIVE CONCEPTS WITHIN THE MONITORING OF THE COMMITMENTS OF ACEA, JAMA AND KAMA ON CO2 REDUCTION FROM PASSENGER CARSA General aspects:a) The basis of the assessment is the text of the Commitments [27] and the Recommendations [28], and any decision must be closely linked to monitoring-related questions of the Commitment, and must be relevant for the quality of the monitoring.[27] "The acceptance by the Commission of innovative concepts for vehicles replacing conventional cars in short-haul traffic as contributing factors to comply with the Commitment."[28] Innovative concepts for vehicles replacing conventional cars will be counted towards the achievement of this CO2 emission target even if they are not included in the category M1 or are not currently covered by Directive 93/166/ECb) Political aspects should also be taken into account, e.g., possible reactions of Council, EP, NGO and the general public, and all sides should avoid undermining the credibility of the Commitments.c) Innovations in general should not be hampered, and technical passenger car innovations, e.g. lightweight vehicles, should be promoted. However, as a replacement it should be a "bona fide" and in principle a one-for-one replacement of a conventional vehicle.d) Any definition or criteria of "innovative concept" set out in this document is exclusively for the purpose of the monitoring of the Commitment on CO2 emission from passenger cars. They are not intended to be used in any other context or be seen by the auto industry as an indication by the Commission to establish any additional category of cars for the present or the future.e) The "innovative concept" vehicles must meet a number of technical and environmental criteria.B Specific criteria:a) The "innovative concept" should meet at least the general criteria of M-class vehicles (Motor vehicles with at least four wheels [29] used for the carriage of passengers).[29] In exceptional cases three wheel vehicles might be included, subject to a case-by-case decisionb) The CO2 emissions should be measurable in accordance with Directive 80/1268/EC and a CO2 figure should be provided by the manufacturers (even if these vehicles are currently not covered by this Directive)c) The "innovative concept" should meet at least the emissions limit values for regulated pollutants applicable to M1 vehiclesd) The "innovative concept" vehicle should demonstrate passive and active safety appropriate to its intended usee) The "innovative concept" should have a minimum top speed that allows its usage on all types of public roads [30][30] E.g., the usage of some roads require minima speedsf) The "innovative concept" should comply with the ELV Directive.C. Monitoring rule(1) Vehicles - or natural developments of such vehicles - which were on the market before 1995 are not considered as "innovative concepts".(2) The associations shall show clear evidence that the innovative concept it proposes is marketed and promoted to end users as a replacement to a conventional car in short haul traffic.(3) Innovative concepts have to replace conventional cars. The car industry has to provide evidence of replacement numbers. If such evidence cannot be provided on at least 50% of the registrations, a maximum of 100 000 units on the total EU market will be taken into account.In the Monitoring Report "innovative concepts" will be treated in a separate chapter.Monitoring of JAMA's Commitment on CO2 EmissionReductions from Passenger Cars (2002)Final Report 5 September 2003Joint Report of the Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association and the Commission ServicesMonitoring of JAMA Commitment [31] on CO2 Emission Reductions from Passenger Cars[31] As recognized by the European Commission in the Recommendation of 13 April 2000 on the reduction of CO2 emissions from passenger cars (2000/304/EC). Hereafter referred to as "The Commitment"JOINT REPORT OF JAMA AND THE COMMISSION SERVICES [32]: YEAR 2002 REPORT[32] Hereafter often referred to as "The Commission"ES SUMMARY OF PROGRESS IN DELIVERING THE COMMITMENTE1 Trends in specific emissions of CO2 (g/km)In 2002 JAMA members decreased the averaged specific CO2 emissions of passenger cars registered within the EU by about 4 g/km to 174 g/km [33]. This is a 2.5 % [34] drop from 2001. Consequently JAMA accomplished the intermediate target set for the year 2003 in 2002.[33] For the first time, official EU data is used in this Joint Monitoring Report. According to the Joint Monitoring System the monitoring has to be based on the data delivered under Decision 1753/2000/EC. According to this scheme prior 1995-2001 monitoring was based on data provided by JAMA. The Annex contains comparisons of data from EU and JAMA sources, whenever appropriate. In the 2002 report JAMA data continues to be used in certain places, in particular where consistent longer-term trends contribute to a better understanding of CO2 reduction developments (and EU data is not available to fulfil this role). Official EU data about CO2 emissions include AFV. However, it should be noted that the number of AFV was so small in the past, and still is, that these vehicles are negligible for the calculated CO2 average.[34] All percentage figures are based on unrounded numbers and include decimals.For petrol-fuelled cars, specific emissions dropped to 172 g/km in 2002 - a 1.0 % reduction compared to 2001. For diesel-fuelled cars, the value is 180 g/km - a 9.5 % reduction compared to 2001.Over the full reporting period 1995 to 2002, specific average emissions showed a consistent downward trend. On average specific CO2 emission (g/km) levels of Japanese cars registered in the EU have decreased by an average of 1.5 % [35] a year and fell from 196 g/km in 1995 to 174 g/km in 2002, achieving an 11.4 % reduction from 1995 (see Figure 1).[35] This value is a simple arithmetic average, and throughout the text simple arithmetic averages are used.The average CO2 emission levels of gasoline-fuelled cars recorded a decrease from 191 g/km in 1995 to 172 g/km in 2002 - a 10 % reduction as compared with 1995. The average CO2 emission levels of diesel cars recorded a decrease from 239 g/km in 1995 to 180 g/km - a 24.9 % reduction as compared with 1995.&gt;REFERENCIA A UN GRÁFICO&gt;Figure 1: EU Trends [36] of JAMA members' fleet in average specific emissions of CO2 (Based until 2001 on JAMA data; for 2002 the official EU data are used [37]. 2001 and 2002 data are corrected by 0.7 % for cycle adjustment.)[36] Figure 1 shows in particular JAMA time-series data for 1995 to 2002. In the 2001 Joint Monitoring Report, JAMA's 2001 CO2 figure was shown as 179 g/km. This figure did not include a cycle change correction factor (see Section 2.11); the Commission and JAMA have now agreed that the correction factor should be 0.7 %. This means that, using exact figures, JAMA's CO2 figure in 2001 was 178 g/km.[37] JAMA data and Commission data for the EU are nearly identical.E2 Trends in specific fuel consumption by fuel type (l/100 km)Fuel efficiency in 2002 improved on 2001 for both petrol and diesel cars. 2001 values were 7.3 l/100km for petrol, 7.5 l/100km for diesel and 7.3 l/100km for all JAMA members' new registrations [38]. In 2002 comparable values were 7.3 l/100km, 6.8 l/100km and 7.1 l/100km. Gasoline passenger cars, which counted for the majority of JAMA member's passenger cars registered within the EU over the full 1995 to 2002 reporting period, consumed about 8.0 l/100 km in 1995. Their average fuel consumption decreased to 7.2 l/100 km in 2002. Diesel cars consumed an average of 8.9 l/100 km in 1995, and achieved an average fuel consumption of 6.8 l/100 km in 2002 (see Figure 2).[38] The following conversion factors were used for the calculation of specific fuel consumption (l/100km) from specific CO2 emissions (g/km): petrol 23.7, diesel 26.6.&gt;REFERENCIA A UN GRÁFICO&gt;Figure 2: Trends of JAMA member's fleet in average specific fuel consumption by fuel (l/100km) (Based until 2001 on JAMA data; for 2002 the official EU data are used. 2001 and 2002 data are corrected by 0.7 % for cycle adjustment.)E3 Trends in physical fleet characteristicsThe average mass [39] of new petrol cars increased slightly from 2001 to 2002 - from 1 136 kg to 1 146 kg; for diesel the values decreased from 1538 kg to 1468 kg. When all new registrations are combined the average mass was 1 207 kg in 2001 and 1 220 kg in 2002. Average engine power of new registrations increased slightly, from 76 kW in 2001 to 77 kW in 2002. Average engine capacity decreased slightly, from 1 668 cm3 in 2001 to 1 666 cm3 in 2002.[39] JAMA's data are based on the kerb weight of the vehicle.The general trends in physical characteristics over the whole reporting period 1995 to 2002 show an increase, notably in mass (+ 12 %). This is mainly due to increasing gasoline car weight (+ 11 %) and increased diesel passenger car registrations (+ 209 %) over the reporting period. Average engine capacity increased by 2.7 % over the period from 1995 to 2002. The engine power increased by 10.5 % over the same period.E4 Technical developments introduced to reduce CO2 emissionsThe main new technologies introduced since 1995 include the gasoline and diesel direct injection engines. The Continuous Variable Transmission Technology (CVT) has already been introduced and continues to be used on cars sold on the market. JAMA members have also introduced hybrid cars and idle stop mechanism in 2000.E5 Brief overall assessment on progress in relation to the targetIn 2002 JAMA Members decreased the averaged specific CO2 emissions of passenger cars registered within the EU by about 4 g/km to 174 g/km [40]. This is a 2.5 % drop compared to 2001. JAMA already accomplished already in 2002 the 2003 intermediate target (165 to 175 g/km).[40] For the first time, official EU data is used in this joint monitoring report In the 2002 report JAMA data continues to be used in certain places, in particular where longer-term trends contribute to a better understanding of CO2 reduction developments (and EU data is not available to fulfil this role)Over the whole reporting period, 1995 to 2002, JAMA members fleet's average specific CO2 emissions fell from 196 g/km in 1995 to 174 g/km in 2002. Japanese automobile manufacturers have produced passenger cars achieving lower specific CO2 emission levels since 1995, achieving in that period a 11.4 % decrease in average CO2 specific emissionsThe share of diesel cars in JAMA members' fleets has increased over the reporting period. While in 1995 gasoline cars accounted for 89.6 % of the fleet and diesel cars for 10.4 % in 1995, in 2002 the shares were 76.8 % and 23.2 % respectively.An important achievement before the 2003 review is the launch on the EU market of gasoline cars emitting 120 g/km or less. Although sales remain small (43 743 vehicles in 2002), this shows a positive effort made by JAMA.JAMA accomplished already in 2002 the 2003 intermediate target. Further CO2 emissions reductions are required to meet the final target (140 g/km in 2009). Emissions reductions will have to fall faster (around 2.8 %) for the 2009 target (140 g/km) to be met, see Figure 3. It should be mentioned that JAMA expected from the beginning that the reduction profile would be relatively slow initially and gather pace later.&gt;REFERENCIA A UN GRÁFICO&gt;Figure 3 - The current and required annual rates of CO2 reductionTo achieve the CO2 emission targets agreed upon in the commitment by 2009, Japan automobile manufacturers will further explore various technologies namely Direct Injection (DI), hybrid vehicles and Continuous Variable Transmission Technology (CVT) etc. JAMA emphasizes the difficulty of planning and managing of CO2 reduction due to unknown factors such as changes of consumer demands.In summary, the Commission and JAMA currently have no reason to believe that JAMA would not live up to its Commitment.1. MONITORING OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS AFFECTING THE COMMITMENT1.1 Commitment initiativesBrief description of current R&D programsSections 1.2 and 2.5 cover JAMA technological developments and research activities.1.2 Technological developments1.2.1 Description of fuel efficiency characteristics of new technologies, alternative concepts1.2.2 Availability of new technologies in the EU and Member States1.2.3 Availability of alternative concepts passenger cars in the EU1.2.4 Availability of low emission passenger cars (e.g. emitting 120g/km or less) in the EUJAMA has committed itself to achieving a 140 g/km emission target by 2009 and JAMA's members are continuing CO2 emission reduction R&D toward this goal. Ongoing efforts are made to make technological improvements successively available to the market. Technological developments achieved by JAMA's members within the reporting period include Direct Gasoline and Diesel Injection engines and Continuous Variable Transmission Technology (CVT). JAMA has also launched hybrid cars and the Idle Stop Mechanism on the EU market during 2000.The CO2 emission reduction technologies made available by JAMA to the market are shown in Figure 6 in Section 2.5. A direct injection gasoline model has been on the market since 1997. A direct injection diesel car debuted on the market in 1998 and has seen a very quick uptake by the markets in 2002 (approximately 19 % of JAMA member's first registrations in 2002). Efforts are also made to diffuse the Continuous Variable Transmission Technology (CVT) available on the market prior to 1995.Several low-emission passenger cars have been put on the EU market in recent years, achieving 120 g/km or less. In 2000, JAMA member companies have put a 80 g/km gasoline-hybrid car and another 119 g/km car with Idle stop mechanism on the market. A new 120 g/km gasoline-hybrid model was launched in the autumn of 2000.1.3 Description of market trends in physical fleet characteristicsFor Japanese cars as a whole, based on JAMA's figures, the average mass of vehicles increased by around 12 % in 2002 as compared with 1995. The main factor is the increase in the weight of gasoline-fuelled cars (mass increased by around 11 %). Engine capacity of Japanese cars showed a shift towards an increase by approximately 2.8 % and their engine power presented an increase by approximately 10.0 % in 2002 as compared with 1995. CO2 emission levels, however, showed a decrease of approximately 11.4 % for Japanese cars as a whole in 2002 as compared with 1995, a sign that the cars available on the market have benefited from CO2 reduction technologies (see Section 2.4 for further details and linkage to CO2). Data from Member States are presented in Annex 1 and 2.2. STATISTICAL MONITORING (1995-2002)2.1 Trends in specific emissions of CO2 (g/km)From 2001 to 2002 the average specific emissions from JAMA new car registration in the EU dropped by 2.5 % to 174 g/km. For gasoline-fuelled cars the corresponding reduction was 1.0 %, and for diesel fuelled cars average specific emissions were 9.5 % lower in 2002 than in 2001.The average specific CO2 emission levels of Japanese cars over the entire reporting period showed a downward trend (see Figure 4). Their average specific CO2 emission levels decreased by an average of roughly 1.5 % each year and fell from 196 g/km in 1995 to 174 g/km in 2002 (marking an 11.4 % reduction as compared with 1995).The averaged specific CO2 emission levels of gasoline-fuelled cars recorded a decrease from 191 g/km in 1995 to 172 g/km in 2002 -a 10.0 % reduction as compared with 1995. This gives an average annual reduction of around 1.4 %.The averaged specific CO2 emission levels of diesel cars recorded a decrease from 239 g/km in 1995 to 180 g/km in 2002 - a 24.9 % reduction. This amounts to a 3.6 % average reduction over the period.Total average fuel consumption decreased within the reporting period 1995 to 2002: the diesel fuel consumption decreased from about 9.0 l/100 km to 6.8 l/100km, and the gasoline fuel consumption from 8.0 l/100 km to 7.3 l/100km. For all vehicles, the average fuel consumption was 7.1 l/100km.&gt;REFERENCIA A UN GRÁFICO&gt;Figure 4: JAMA members' CO2 reduction index (1995=100) (Based on JAMA data until 2001; for 2002 official EU data is used. 2001 and 2002 data are corrected by 0.7 % for cycle adjustment)2.2 Number of newly registered passenger carsThe number of registered gasoline passenger cars increased from 1 013 138 vehicles in 1995 to 1 202 578 vehicles in 2002 (+18,7 %). Petrol cars represent about 76.8 % of total first registrations of petrol and diesel cars produced by JAMA members.The number of registered diesel passenger cars increased from 117 577 in 1995 to 362 891 in 2002 (+208.6 %), - showing the much bigger increment than gasoline cars (see Figure 5). Corresponding values for 2001 were: 1 203 433 petrol cars, 265 328 diesel cars, and 1 520 643 [41] for all car registrations in 2001 [42].[41] For 2001, petrol and diesel cars together amount to 1 468 761 cars. "Unknown vehicles" make up the difference with the total vehicles (1 520 643). For 2002, petrol and diesel cars together amount to 1 565 469 cars; total vehicles were 1 621 469.[42] First registration numbers are taken from JAMA&gt;REFERENCIA A UN GRÁFICO&gt;Figure 5. Number of newly registered passenger cars by JAMA members (unit registrations) (Based on JAMA data)2.3 Fleet compositionThe share of cars emitting categories 160 g/km and less has increased from 16.2 % in 1995 to 41.0 % in 2002, while the share of the car emitting more than 161 g/km decreased from 83.8 % to 59.0 %.&gt;REFERENCIA A UN GRÁFICO&gt; // &gt;REFERENCIA A UN GRÁFICO&gt;Figure 6 : JAMA's fleet composition per CO2 category in shares of total (petrol + diesel) in 1995 and 2002Furthermore, as Figure 6 shows, a significant increase in registrations can be seen in the category "121 to 140 g/km"; there were 203 012 new registrations for this category in 2002, up from 22 055 in 1995 [43]. Figure 6b shows the rapid growth in the 140 g/km or less and 141 g/km to 160 g/km ranges over the reporting period. Over the same period, there was a significant drop in the registration of vehicles in the 181g/km to 200 g/km range, as well as reduction in shares in all higher emissions ranges.[43] JAMA data&gt;REFERENCIA A UN GRÁFICO&gt;Figure 6b: Change in JAMA's fleet composition between 1995, 2001 and 2002 by "aggregated CO2 categories" (Based on JAMA data)2.4 EU trends in physical fleet characteristicsChanges in physical characteristics [44] - engine power and cylinder capacity - showed an upward trend from 2001 to 2002, continuing the overall trend present from 1995 (see Figures 7a and 7b). The average mass of new car registrations rose slightly from 1 207 kg in 2001 to 1 220 kg in 2002; engine capacity decreased from 1 668 cm3 to 1 666 cm3; and power rose from 76 kW to 77 kW in 2002. Average diesel-fuelled car mass was over a third higher than that for petrol, and the capacity was 37 % higher for diesel-fuelled cars than for petrol cars.[44] Trend analysis based on JAMA data&gt;REFERENCIA A UN GRÁFICO&gt; // &gt;REFERENCIA A UN GRÁFICO&gt;Figures 7a: Physical JAMA members' fleet characteristics for 2001 & 2002 (Based on JAMA data) // Figures 7b: Physical JAMA members' fleet characteristics 1995-2002 (percent of 1995 values based on JAMA data)Average total automobile mass was 1 095 kg in 1995 and increased by 11.4 % over the reporting period (1 220 kg in 2002). Gasoline automobiles' average mass has increased by 8.5 % within the reporting period, from 1 056 kg in 1995 to 1 146 kg in 2002. Diesel automobiles' average mass reached the minimum of 1 447 kg in 1997 (against 1 461 kg in 1995) but increased up to 1 557 kg in 2001, then decreased again to 1 468kg in 2002; i.e. a 0.5 % increase over the reporting period 1995 to 2002.Total engine capacity has increased by 2.8 % within the reporting period, from 1 621 cm3 in 1995 to 1 666 cm3 in 2002. Gasoline engine capacity reached a peak of 1 558 cm3 capacity in 1998 (against 1 543 cm3 in 1995) and decreased to 1 533 cm3 in 2002 (-0.6 % as compared with 1995). Diesel engine capacity reached its minimum 2 104 cm3 capacity in 2002 (against 2 298 cm3 in 1995). The overall trend shows only a marginal growth in average engine capacity over the reporting period.While total engine power was 70 kW in 1995, and rose to 77 kW by 2002, a 10.0 % increase in EU average over this five years period. Gasoline engine power has increased from 70 kW in 1995 to 76 kW in 2002. Diesel engine power has steadily increased by 24.2 % within the reporting period, i.e. from 66 kW in 1995 to 82 kW in 2002.The physical characteristics increased over the period, however, average specific CO2 emissions dropped by 11.4 % in the same time (see Figure 7b).2.5 Trends in new technologies in the EUJAMA's members have introduced several new technologies on the EU market over the monitoring period (see description in 1.2). Trends in sales vary across technologies, but overall, with the exception of direct injection diesel engines the shares of these technologies remain small. The shares of cars equipped with direct injection diesel engines have increased from 0 % to 19.2 % since their respective launch in 1998. Sales of cars equipped with Continuous Variable Transmission Technology (CVT) have shown some upward trends. It's also included the hybrid cars and Idle Stop Mechanism since 2000.The trends for each technology, as well as the share of new passenger cars equipped with these technologies in total new passenger car sales by JAMA members, are shown in Figure 8.&gt;REFERENCIA A UN GRÁFICO&gt;Qualitative Description // Quantitative (Optional)Direct Injection for gasoline engines was first marketed in1997, has shown definite growth until 2000 and isreceding since then. // &gt;REFERENCIA A UN GRÁFICO&gt;Direct Injection for diesel engines was introduced to themarket in 1998 and shows rapid growth from 1999 to 2002. // &gt;REFERENCIA A UN GRÁFICO&gt;CVT was first marketed in 1988. No significant trendcan be stated. // &gt;REFERENCIA A UN GRÁFICO&gt;Alternative Concepts are studied by the manufacturersbut they were not introduced in the market yet. //Figure 8: Trends in new technologies launched by JAMA members on the EU market2.6 Trends in low emission passenger cars in the EUJAMA released its first "120 g/km or less" car on the EU market in 1999. In 2000, JAMA has launched a 119 g/km car and an 80 g/km gasoline-hybrid car. Furthermore, JAMA released a 120 g/km gasoline-hybrid model in the autumn of 2000 (see Section 1.2.4).In 2002, 43 804 JAMA cars with emissions of 120 g/km or less were registered in the EU, up from 5 544 cars in 1999. Previously there had been no registrations of vehicles in this emissions category.&gt;REFERENCIA A UN GRÁFICO&gt;Figure 9: JAMA members' new registrations of vehicle with specific emission of 120 g/km or less2.7 Trends in alternative concepts passenger cars in the EUNothing to report.2.8 Trends in innovative concepts passenger cars in the EUIn 2002 the car manufacturers' associations and the Commission agreed guidelines for the acceptance of innovative concepts within the monitoring of the commitments (see Annex 3).2.9 Brief description of the degree of occurrence of grey areas between M1 and N1 vehiclesBased on own data JAMA estimates the number of M1 vehicles with a type approval for M1 and N1which are potentially registered as N1 in the EU is equal to a total of 6 731 vehicles or 4.2 % of total registrations in 2002.2.10 Data methods, data sources and data confidence levelsFor the first time since the inception of the Joint CO2 Monitoring Reports, this 2002 report uses data from the official EU scheme (1753/2000/EC), that is based on Member State submissions (see Annex). Until now, JAMA purchased data from Marketing Systems Corporation, so as to enable the annual monitoring exercises to be undertaken. The data submitted by Member States are the official figures for the monitoring process.However, with official EU data becoming available, a discontinuity from the past data series might exist; because of some differences in data treatment and data collection it is not appropriate to simply adjoin official data for most recent years, onto JAMA's historical data.The main dimensions of this discontinuity are:Methodology Differences: JAMA data links registrations to Marketing Systems vehicle specification information, which is used for all Member State registrations. For EU data, each Member State has its own vehicle specification set, to which it links its national registrations; national variations in these vehicle specifications exist. JAMA's data provider tries to improve incomplete data sets with the help of their databanks while Member States count only cars with complete data sets. The methodologies used by the data provider for closing gaps in the data sets are not known.Registration Data Differences: The official EU data misses a sizeable percentage of new car registrations (7.5 % compared to JAMA data about total number of new registrations) [45]. In 2002, the largest difference was in Spain. Official EU data do not include cars for which no CO2 data are available for the Member States. Whereas, in the case of JAMA data, if no CO2 information was available or could be provided by the vehicle specification database, any such vehicles would be included under an "unknown" category.[45] In the JAMA database 55 996 vehicles did not have specific CO2 emissions values, and are hence excluded from the calculation of average specific CO2 emissions. This represents 3.5% of total new registrations. However, it should be noted that the difference between total registrations and identified versions does not automatically lead to differences in the calculated CO2 averages. This would be only the case if the characteristics of the missing data deviate systematically from the characteristics of the total fleet.Grey Area Problem: According to JAMA this is a likely source of difference, which needs more thorough investigation -- particularly the number of M1 vehicles potentially registered as N1. For JAMA data, the grey area issue is small; for EU data it is an unknown volume.Data Scope: The official EU data covers the CO2 emissions of cars using all fuels, including AFVs whereas JAMA's CO2 data has consistently been on the basis of petrol + diesel cars [46].[46] It should be noted that the number of AFV was so small in the past, and still is, that these vehicles are negligible for the calculated CO2 average. Since all AFV vehicles are not originally produced by JAMA members but retrofitted, JAMA wanted them not to be shown in the annexed tables.However, currently the variance between EU & JAMA data in terms of the overall average CO2 figure is very small. In fact all rounded numbers are identical.Nevertheless, actual and underlying methodological differences exist between the EU data and JAMA's data so that the EU data cannot be simply adjoined onto JAMA's historical CO2 time-series built-up from 1995. As a result, the EU data does currently not provide a means to undertake longer-term "trend" evaluations of some key CO2 developments (e.g. developments in some Member States, trends in vehicle mass [47]) that can contribute to a better understanding of CO2 reduction developments. For this reason this Joint Report uses JAMA's consistent historical data through to 2002 for such trend evaluations.[47] JAMA provides data of the empty vehicles while the data requested by decision 1753 are those of the empty vehicles plus all liquids and 75 kg for the driver.2.11 Description of measurement issues for CO2 emission factorsThe JAMA Commitment specified that new car CO2 emissions will be measured according to Directive 93/116/EC. Since the establishment of the JAMA Commitment, the mandatory type approval method of measuring CO2 emissions has been revised by Directive 99/100/EC. One of the principle changes (introduced over the period 2000 to 2002 for M1 vehicles) relates to the drive cycle - the deletion of the initial 40 seconds of unmeasured engine idling prior to the commencement of the test. As a rule, such a change of test procedure increases the measured value of CO2 emissions.Since January 2001 almost all new M1 vehicles have had their CO2 emissions measured according to the "new" directive/cycle (99/100/EC). A correction factor needs to be applied to the measured CO2 emissions of such vehicles to broadly bring them into line with the 93/116/EC procedure, which is the basis on which JAMA's future targets were established and the basis of historical monitoring data in this report. In 2002 JAMA and the Commission reached a consensus on this correction factor adjustment; it was agreed that a 0.7 % reduction should be applied to "measured" emissions to align them with the Commitment's basis. In this report, this adjustment has been applied to 2001 and 2002 data. For future years it was also agreed that this 0.7 % adjustment should be maintained unless new data is provided by the associations, that proves its inappropriateness.2.12 Other issuesNothing to report.3. KEY ASSUMPTIONS TO THE COMMITMENT3.1 Availability of enabling fuelsStatement on implication for the Commitment and justificationNothing to report3.2 Distortion of competitionStatement on implication for the Commitment and justificationNothing to report.3.3 Promotion of CO2 efficient technologiesStatement on implication for the Commitment and justificationNothing to report.3.4 Acceptance of innovationStatement on implication for the Commitment and justificationNothing to report.4. OTHER ISSUES4.1 New measures affecting CO2Comment on impact of the issue and on implication for the CommitmentNothing to report.4.2 New regulatory measuresComment on impact of the issue and on implication for the CommitmentJAMA anticipates that the End of Life Vehicle (ELV) Directives will have adverse implications for the fuel efficiency of cars, as it may limit in its opinion the use of certain light materials and technologies, while burdening significantly the companies. The Commission does not expect negative repercussions of the ELV Directive on the commitment.4.3 Fiscal measuresComment on impact of the issue and on implication for the CommitmentNothing to report.4.4 Breakthrough technologiesComment on impact of the issue and on implication for the CommitmentNothing to report.4.5 Research programmes: Description and future potentialComment on impact of the issue and on implication for the CommitmentNothing to report.4.6 Other measures - telematics, infrastructure, educationComment on impact of the issue and on implication for the CommitmentJAMA believes that measures such as the promotion of trade in purchase of new cars, presentations of correct and proper car maintenance methods, driver training, optimization of infrastructure, effective and efficient land use, and efforts to achieve a smoother traffic road will have a beneficial effect on CO2 reduction. JAMA thinks that such measures should therefore be embraced in a positive manner under government lead and with the co-operation of the industrial sectors involved.4.7 Economic situation of the car industryComment on impact of the issue and on implication for the CommitmentNothing to report.5. CONCLUSIONS5.1 Progress statement on delivering the CommitmentSince 1995 JAMA maintains a consistent trend of CO2 emission reduction. In 2002 the average specific emissions of JAMA's new car fleet registered in the EU was 174 g/km. JAMA's performance is hereby ahead of the estimated intermediate target of 165 - 175 g/km, considered in JAMA's commitment for 2003. It is to note that JAMA also met in time its first commitment to introduce not later than 2000, models emitting 120 g/km CO2 or less. In 2002 the number of new registered cars emitting 120 g/km CO2 rose considerably. Also the share of cars emitting 140 g/km CO2 or less continued to rise consistently in 2002. This is further evidencing of JAMA's determination to meet its Commitment5.2 Statement on expected future progress of the CommitmentJAMA achieved the intermediate target range of 165 - 175 g/km in 2002, one year earlier than estimated. The final target value of 140 g/km in 2009 requires further serious effort by the Japanese automobile manufacturers. Emissions reductions will have to fall faster for the 2009 target (140 g/km) to be met. For the 2009 target, annual emissions reductions will have to increase to an average of 2.8 % per year over the period until 2009.Importantly, and as agreed upon, this target will mainly be achieved by technological developments affecting different car characteristics and market changes linked to these developments. Regarding technological developments, JAMA reiterated that its members would aim at a high share of new cars equipped with CO2 efficient technologies. Japanese automobile manufacturers have agreed to make every endeavor to contribute to the achievement of JAMA's goals.In order to achieve the targets JAMA believes that the following would be desirable:1. The full market availability of fuels with lower sulfur to enable the application of technologies needed for the industry to achieve its CO2 commitment.2. Sound development of automobile industry and manufacturers' stable profitability.3. Adopting measures to diffuse CO2 emission reduction technologies in consideration of a balanced approach with regard to other regulatory requirements.The Commission Services and JAMA have presently no reason to believe that the target will not be reached.DATA ANNEXES (2002)ANNEX 1A1: SPECIFIC FUEL EFFICIENCY (l/100km) AND EMISSIONS OF CO2 (g/km) AVERAGED OVER ALL NEWLY REGISTERED PASSENGER CARS FOR EACH DIFFERENT FUEL-TYPE FOR THE EU AND EACH MEMBER STATEA2: THE DISTRIBUTION OF CO2 EMISSIONS (g/km) IN THE NEW PASSENGER CAR FLEET FOR EACH DIFFERENT FUEL TYPE, FOR THE EUA3: THE DISTRIBUTION OF AVERAGED POWER AND ENGINE CAPACITY OF NEW PASSENGER CARS FOR EACH FUEL TYPE FOR THE EU-15 AND EACH MEMBER STATEANNEX 2: KEY DATA COMPARISONANNEX 3: MONITORING RULES FOR INNOVATIVE CONCEPTSA1: SPECIFIC FUEL EFFICIENCY (l/100km) AND EMISSIONS OF CO2 (g/km) [48] AVERAGED OVER ALL NEWLY REGISTERED PASSENGER CARS FOR EACH DIFFERENT FUEL-TYPE FOR THE EU AND EACH MEMBER STATE [49][48] The emission-values of CO2 are corrected by 0.7 % for test cycle adjustment.[49] On request of JAMA AFV are excluded.JAMA MEMBERS - 2002&gt;SITIO PARA UN CUADRO&gt;A2: THE DISTRIBUTION OF CO2 EMISSIONS (g/km) [50] IN THE NEW PASSENGER CAR FLEET [51] FOR EACH DIFFERENT FUEL TYPE [52], [53][50] It is not possible to adjust the official EU CO2 category distribution data for the 0.7 % cycle adjustment. If such an adjustment were feasible, the effect would be for volumes to move into lower categories (e.g. 140 g & less cars would increase in volume as a % of total).[51] The following vehicles were suppressed due to possible data implausibility: 4 petrol cars with 79 gCO2/km as an average from the category 60-80 gCO2/km, 12 diesel cars with 60 gCO2/km as an average from the category 60-80 gCO2/km, 1 petrol cars with 942 gCO2/km as an average from the category &gt;450 gCO2/km.[52] The total number of vehicles based on the data from Member States is smaller than the total number of vehicles according to the data of the car manufacturers association because the Member States submit exclusively data about those vehicles for which corresponding CO2 data are available in their data base.[53] On request of JAMA AFV are excluded.JAMA MEMBERS - 2002&gt;SITIO PARA UN CUADRO&gt;A3 : THE DISTRIBUTION OF AVERAGED [54] POWER AND ENGINE CAPACITY OF NEW PASSENGER CARS FOR EACH FUEL TYPE FOR THE EU-15 AND EACH MEMBER STATE [55][54] EU data on mass is being re-checked by Commission and therefore not displayed in this report. A comparison between JAMA and official EU data is not possible.[55] On request of JAMA AFV are excluded.JAMA MEMBERS - 2002&gt;SITIO PARA UN CUADRO&gt;ANNEX 2: Key Data ComparisonEU 2002 & JAMA 2001 and 2002 key data&gt;SITIO PARA UN CUADRO&gt;&gt;REFERENCIA A UN GRÁFICO&gt;Figure 10: Distribution of CO2 emissions by CO2 categories - official EU data and JAMA dataANNEX 3: Monitoring Rules for Innovative ConceptsJOINT AGREEMENT ON THE GUIDELINES FOR THE ACCEPTANCE OF INNOVATIVE CONCEPTS WITHIN THE MONITORING OF THE COMMITMENTS OF ACEA, JAMA AND KAMA ON CO2 REDUCTION FROM PASSENGER CARSA. General aspects:a) The basis of the assessment is the text of the Commitments [56] and the Recommendations [57] , and any decision must be closely linked to monitoring-related questions of the Commitment, and must be relevant for the quality of the monitoring.[56] "The acceptance by the Commission of innovative concepts for vehicles replacing conventional cars in short-haul traffic as contributing factors to comply with the Commitment."[57] Innovative concepts for vehicles replacing conventional cars will be counted towards the achievement of this CO2 emission target even if they are not included in the category M1 or are not currently covered by Directive 93/166/EC"b) Political aspects should also be taken into account, e.g., possible reactions of Council, EP, NGO and the general public, and all sides should avoid undermining the credibility of the Commitments.c) Innovations in general should not be hampered, and technical passenger car innovations, e.g. lightweight vehicles, should be promoted. However, as a replacement it should be a "bona fide" and in principle a one-for-one replacement of a conventional vehicle.d) Any definition or criteria of "innovative concept" set out in this document is exclusively for the purpose of the monitoring of the Commitment on CO2 emission from passenger cars. They are not intended to be used in any other context or be seen by the auto industry as an indication by the Commission to establish any additional category of cars for the present or the future.e) The "innovative concept" vehicles must meet a number of technical and environmental criteria.B. Specific criteria:a) The "innovative concept" should meet at least the general criteria of M-class vehicles (Motor vehicles with at least four wheels [58] used for the carriage of passengers)[58] In exceptional cases three wheel vehicles might be included, subject to a case-by-case decisionb) The CO2 emissions should be measurable in accordance with Directive 80/1268/EC and a CO2 figure should be provided by the manufacturers (even if these vehicles are currently not covered by this Directive)c) The "innovative concept" should meet at least the emissions limit values for regulated pollutants applicable to M1 vehiclesd) The "innovative concept" vehicle should demonstrate passive and active safety appropriate to its intended usee) The "innovative concept" should have a minimum top speed that allows its usage on all types of public roads [59][59] E.g., the usage of some roads require minima speedsf) The "innovative concept" should comply with the ELV Directive.C. Monitoring rule1. Vehicles - or natural developments of such vehicles - which were on the market before 1995 are not considered as "innovative concepts".2. The associations shall show clear evidence that the innovative concept it proposes is marketed and promoted to end users as a replacement to a conventional car in short haul traffic.3. Innovative concepts have to replace conventional cars. The car industry has to provide evidence of replacement numbers. If such evidence cannot be provided on at least 50% of the registrations, a maximum of 100 000 units on the total EU market will be taken into account.4. In the monitoring report "innovative concepts" will be treated in a separate chapter.Monitoring of KAMA's Commitment on CO2 EmissionReductions from Passenger Cars (2002)Final Report 5 September 2003Joint Report of the Korea Automobile Manufacturers Association and the Commission ServicesMonitoring of KAMA [60]'s Commitment [61] on CO2 Emission Reductions from Passenger Cars[60] KAMA represents the Korea Automobile Manufacturers Association of Hyundai Motor Company, Kia Motors Corporation, GM Daewoo Auto & Technology Company, Renault Samsung Motor Company, and Ssangyong Motor Company.[61] As recognized by the European Commission in the Recommendation of 13 April 2000 on the reduction of CO2 emissions from passenger cars (2000/303/EC). Hereafter referred to as "The Commitment".JOINT REPORT OF KAMA AND THE COMMISSION SERVICES [62]: YEAR 2002 REPORT[62] Hereafter often referred to as "The Commission".ES SUMMARY OF PROGRESS IN DELIVERING THE COMMITMENTE1 Trends in specific emissions of CO2 (g/km)KAMA reduced the average CO2 emission of its new passengers car fleet registered (petrol and diesel) in the EU market to 183 g/km in 2002 [63], from 197 g/km in 1995 and 187 g/km in 2001 [64]. This represents a reduction of 6.9 % over the whole monitoring period of 1995 to 2002 and 1.8 % over the period 2001 to 2002 [65].[63] All 2001 and 2002 CO2 performance figures for KAMA in JR 2002 have been corrected by 0.7 % under the consideration of new test cycle, as to bring them in line with the amended Directive 93/116/EC on which the Commitment is based (see Section 2.11).[64] For the first time, official EU data is used in this Joint Monitoring Report. According to the Joint Monitoring System the monitoring has to be based on the data delivered under Decision 1753/2000/EC. According to this scheme prior 1995-2001 monitoring was based on data provided by KAMA.[65] All percentage figures are based on unrounded numbers.Average specific CO2 emission from petrol-fuelled cars fell from 195 g/km in 1995 and 179 g/km in 2001 to 178 g/km in 2002 (an 8.0 % and a 0.8 % drop). Even though average specific CO2 emissions from diesel-fuelled cars fell from 309 g/km in 1995 and 234 g/km in 2001 to 203 g/km in 2002 (a significant 34.4 % and a 13.3 % drop), it should be reduced more by using fuel-efficient engines for meeting the targets of 2004 and 2009 (see Figure 1).&gt;REFERENCIA A UN GRÁFICO&gt;Figure 1: EU Trends of KAMA's Fleet in Specific Average Emissions of CO2 (2001 and 2002 data are corrected by 0.7 % for cycle change adjustment)E2 Trends in specific fuel consumption by fuel type (l/100km)Specific fuel consumption (litres/100 km) of petrol engine and diesel engine is proportional to their CO2 emissions - the lower the fuel consumption, the lower the emissions.Total fuel consumption for petrol and diesel fuelled cars combined decreased from 8.2 l/100 km in 1995 to 7.5 l/100km in 2001 and 7.5 l/100 km in 2002 [66].[66] The following conversion factors were used for the calculation of specific fuel consumption (l/100km) from specific CO2 emissions (g/km): petrol 23.7, diesel 26.6.Petrol passenger cars, which occupied most of KAMA's sales volumes over the reporting period, consumed about 8.1 l/100 km in 1995, which decreased afterwards to 7.5 l/100 km in 2001 and 7.5 l/100 km in 2002. Diesel cars consumed an average of 11.6 l/100 km in 1995, decreasing to 8.8 l/100 km in 2001 and 7.6 l/100 km in 2002 (see Figure 2).&gt;REFERENCIA A UN GRÁFICO&gt;Figure 2: Trends in KAMA's fleet in specific average fuel consumption, by fuel type (2001 and 2002 data are corrected by 0.7 % for cycle change adjustment)E3 Trends in physical fleet characteristicsThe average power for newly registered cars has increased by 4.6 % between 2001 and 2002. As regards power increase, even though fuel-efficiency improvements were made, KAMA believes that customers also sought better vehicle driveability and performance that led to the overall power increase from 65 kW in 2001 to 68 kW in 2002.Engine capacity of petrol cars has been decreased by 0.3 %, and diesel cars decreased by 8.4 % over the monitoring period 2001 to 2002. In the case of diesel engine capacity, the medium size HSDI (High Speed Direct Injection) diesel engine introduced in 2001 mainly contributed to the reduction of engine capacity.A trend analysis of the mass of vehicles cannot be carried out this year due to inconsistencies between the data provided by KAMA for the period 1995 to 2001 and the official EU data [67]. Moreover, some of the 2002 official EU data are also inconsistent in themselves [68].[67] The definition of mass used by KAMA in previous reports needs still to be checked.[68] Some Member States delivered data based on the maximum weight of the vehicle. This is inconsistent with the definitions given in Decision 1753/2000/EC.Although general trends in physical characteristics show an overall increase in engine power within the reporting period, total fuel consumption for petrol- and diesel-fuelled cars combined decreased with application of various technological developments.E4 Technical developments introduced to reduce CO2 emissionsIn addition to meeting emission regulations (EURO III & IV) and OBD (On Board Diagnostics) regulation in place in the EU, KAMA members tried to reduce CO2 emissions and improve fuel economy with various technical developments.KAMA members tried to reduce CO2 emissions by applying new technologies such as advanced torque based actuator control, advanced knock control system, weight reduction, advanced petrol engine and HSDI diesel engine, reduction of engine friction, variable intake-manifold system, motor driven power steering, drag reduction, low friction tire, and 6-speed manual transmission within the reporting period.KAMA members introduced these newly developed vehicles in the EU market from 2001. As a result, the share of diesel cars with CO2 level of 141 - 160 g/km category has increased by 994 % (from 1 455 units to 15 919 units) over the period of 2001 to 2002. HSDI diesel engines were introduced in 2001, increasing from a 0.4 % to a 5.0 % share of total KAMA sales volume in the period 2001 to 2002; the volume will steadily increase and contribute to the remarkable reduction of CO2 in the EU market.In order to introduce low emission cars, KAMA members are currently developing diesel passenger cars of small displacement with common rail (2nd generation of HSDI engines) that will be launched in 2003 at the earliest.E5 Brief overall assessment on progress in relation to the targetMainly due to the application of new technologies such as advanced torque based actuator control, combustion improvement, variable intake manifold system, CVVT (Continuously Variable Valve Timing) system, advanced knock control, swirl control system, and HSDI diesel engine, etc. on the EU market, a reduction of average specific CO2 emissions was accomplished from 197 g/km to 183 g/km between 1995 and 2002.To achieve the CO2 emission targets agreed upon in the Commitment by 2004 and 2009, KAMA members have begun to concentrate on developing fuel-efficient car technologies such as, inter alia, 2nd generation HSDI engine, GDI (Gasoline Direct Injection) engine, CVT, weight reduction, and reduction of drag force.Even though the total sales volume in 2002 dropped nearly by 19.6 %, the sales volume of petrol cars dropped by nearly 26.5 % and diesel car registrations increased by nearly 27.1 % in the period 2001 to 2002. KAMA members launched a number of more fuel-efficient car models on the EU market in 2002.As the fleet composition in the EU is mainly composed of fuel-efficient diesel and the sales volume of diesel has been constantly increased to over 40 % of total sales, KAMA members will introduce the 2nd generation HSDI engine for small size passenger cars to reduce the CO2 emission. To meet the targets in 2004 and 2009, it is necessary for KAMA members to increase the number of cars emitting less than 120 g/km and KAMA members have to increase their annual average reduction rate to around 3.4 % [69] during the remaining period of the Commitment. As the Commission and KAMA agree that only with significant and additional efforts will the targets be met, KAMA members will try to invest in development of the fuel-efficient car segments to meet the target in 2004 and 2009. It should be mentioned that KAMA expected from the beginning that the reduction profile would be relatively slow initially and gather pace later.[69] This value is the simple arithmetic average value.In summary, the Commission Services and KAMA have currently no reason to believe that KAMA will not live up to its Commitment. However, KAMA has to accelerate the introduction of fuel-efficient technologies for diesel and petrol engines for this purpose.5. MONITORING OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS AFFECTING THE COMMITMENT5.1. Commitment initiatives5.1.1. Brief description of current R&D programmes5.1.2. OtherKAMA members consider investments into R&D as a key element for meeting the CO2 emissions targets of 2004 and 2009. They have already started new R&D projects aiming at reducing passenger car's CO2 emission as well as other emissions.Recently, Korean government finalised plans to allow the domestic sale of diesel passenger cars from 2005. So far KAMA members launched diesel passenger cars on the EU market without the base of domestic market due to too much stringent emission regulation of diesel passenger car in Korea. Hereafter the R&D activities of KAMA members will be increased and low CO2 emitting diesel passenger cars will be expected to be of relative popularity, which will remarkably contribute to CO2 reduction.5.2. Technological developments5.2.1. Description of fuel efficiency characteristics of new technologies, alternative concepts5.2.2. Availability of new technologies in the EU5.2.3. Availability of alternative concepts passenger cars5.2.4. Availability of low emission passenger cars (e.g. emitting 120 g/km or less) in the EU5.2.5. Availability of innovative concept passenger carsKAMA members have committed themselves to achieve the target and are running several R&D programmes. KAMA is convinced that these programmes will contribute to further reducing specific CO2 emission to meet the target.The technological activities can be divided into 5 major categories; Engine Programme, Transmission Programme, After-Treatment Improvement Programme, Car Weight Reduction Programme, and Reduction of Resistances Programme.Engine ProgrammeKAMA members are trying to develop higher performance and lower CO2 emission engines. KAMA members have introduced various kinds of technical developments to reduce CO2 emissions over the monitoring period as followings:* Advanced torque based actuator control* Combustion improvement* Variable intake manifold system* CVVT system* Advanced knock control* Swirl control system* Reduction of friction* HSDI diesel engine with cooled EGR and VGT (Variable Geometry Turbocharger)The new technologies and products launched by KAMA members have resulted in recent CO2 reduction performance. KAMA members also have strategies of CO2 reduction with developing the fuel-efficient engines such as MPI engine, GDI engine, and HSDI engine, which have potentials of CO2 reduction in 5-25 %, 13-33 %, and 10-30 % compared to conventional engines respectively.Furthermore, roller rocker arm, stop-go system, and 2-stage variable valve lift system will be applied for the increase of volumetric efficiency by the end of 2003. Small displacement passenger cars with 2nd generation HSDI engine will be launched by 2003 at the earliest.Actually KAMA members started to launch HSDI diesel cars onto the EU market from the end of 2000 and will increase the portion of such diesel cars in taking the place of petrol cars.Transmission ProgrammeTransmission is one of the major factors affecting CO2 emission. Its efficiency and speed are the main factors to be improved so as to reduce emissions. KAMA members are focusing on self-development of the CVT (Continuously Variable Transmission) for the EU market. KAMA members launched passenger cars with applied technologies such as the line-up variable control system for the improvement of efficiency with 6-speed manual transmission onto the EU market in 2002. KAMA members are also trying to develop 5-speed automatic transmission and ASG (Automated Selected Gearbox) for the EU market during the monitoring period.After-Treatment Improvement ProgrammeKAMA members are investigating several after-treatment systems for fuel-efficient diesel engines to be used in the near future, e.g. 4-way catalyst and photo catalyst systems. These will be applied to different car classes such as small and/or medium size cars and KAMA expects these cars will be launched onto the EU market in near future. Development of after-treatment system in parallel with CO2 reduction to meet the stringent emission regulation, along with European OBD system for diesel cars in the EU was accomplished at the end of 2001 and was launched in 2002.Car Weight Reduction ProgrammeThis programme is one of the major measures to contribute to CO2 emission reduction. KAMA members are developing aluminium bodies and chasses for lightweight vehicles. This activity will consist of extrusion, three-dimensional bending, casting as well as tube hydro-forming. In the case of chassis, the suspension system is a promising area where new technology can be applied. Vehicle weight will be continuously reduced as long as the regulation on safety permits.Reduction of Resistances ProgrammeKAMA members are trying to develop new technologies such as reduction of engine friction and motor driven power steering for reducing CO2 emission (by 5-15 %) which will be launched into the EU market by 2003. Aerodynamic drag may be improved by reducing drag coefficient or modifying frontal area shape that have an effect on CO2 reduction. Drag coefficient has been decreased significantly in recent years through expanded use of vehicle wind tunnel during research and development. Tire rolling resistance has been also decreased by each KAMA member's special specification for CO2 reduction, along with low friction silica tire, preserve tire life, ride quality, brake distance, and handling under a variety of road conditions. KAMA members have already set to work for getting further gains of 5 - 10 % on this programme.5.3. Description of market trends in physical fleet characteristicsThere has been no significant market trend with regard to the physical fleet characteristics within the reporting period. KAMA members have achieved some improvements in new car CO2 reduction, even though most parameters have increased in general (see Section 2.4).Averaged engine capacity decreased after 1996 to 1 507 cm3 in 2001 and increased to 1 546 cm3 in 2002.Averaged engine power reached the peak 71 kW in 1997 and decreased to 65 kW in 2001 and then increased to 68 kW in 2002. The main contributor to CO2 decrease after 1997 is sales volume increase of petrol mini cars with engine capacities of less than 1 000 cm3. Hereafter small displacements passenger cars with 2nd generation HSDI engine will mainly contribute to CO2 decrease.A trend analysis of the mass of vehicles cannot be carried this year due to inconsistencies between the data provided by KAMA for the period 1995 to 2001 and the official EU data. Moreover, some of the 2002 official EU data are inconsistent in themselves.6. STATISTICAL MONITORING (1995-2002)6.1. Trends in specific emissions of CO2 (g/km)As shown in Figure 1, the average specific CO2 emissions of newly registered passenger cars from KAMA members in the EU increased from 197 g/km in 1995 to 203 g/km in 1997. After 1997 it decreased to 187 g/km in 2001 and 183 g/km in 2002. KAMA members in the EU market achieved an average reduction in specific CO2 emission of about 6.9 % over the period 1995 to 2002. Specific CO2 emission from petrol cars, which occupied most sales volumes, reached the highest (203 g/km) in 1997 and decreased afterwards due to the increase of petrol mini car (&lt;1000 cm3) sales. But after 2001, number of diesel car sales increased to 27.7 %, which affected the reduction of CO2 emission.Diesel cars with higher CO2 emissions due to its heavier weight showed a sharp decrease of CO2 emission within reporting period. Although the thermal efficiency of diesel engines is better than that of petrol engines, their fuel efficiency was lower for diesel than for petrol engines, due to the larger size of diesel vehicles. The overall trend in total fuel consumption shows a significant decrease from 1997 onward, mainly driven by the decrease of fuel consumption in petrol cars and by the increased sales of segment A/B diesel cars. KAMA expects that the reduction rate of CO2 emission will be definitely increased due to the increasing number of small diesel cars (see Figure 3).The overall CO2 emission of KAMA shows a steady decrease since 1998 and the CO2 reduction rate of KAMA will be increased with increasing the number of diesel passenger cars by 2004 and 2009.&gt;REFERENCIA A UN GRÁFICO&gt;Figure 3 : KAMA's CO2 Reduction Index (1995 = 100) (2001 and 2002 data are corrected by 0.7 % for cycle change adjustment)6.2. Number of newly registered passenger carsTotal new car registration by KAMA was 325 206 units in 2002, down by 18 % from 2001 registrations (396 792 units). Petrol cars still represented the largest share of new registrations - 77.9 % in 2002 (compared to 85.2 % in 2001; see Figure 4).The number of petrol cars with CO2 emitting less than 140 g/km that were not shown in the EU market before 2002 reached 5 855 units (1.8 % share).The number of diesel passenger cars sold increased from 55 219 units in 2001 to 71 708 units in 2002 (up 29.9 %; see Figure 4). Even though the portion of diesel passenger cars sold increased to 22.1 %, the specific emission of KAMA diesel cars slightly affected the reduction of CO2 emission due to the small portion of CO2 emission categories less than 140 g/km. The portion of small passenger car with new diesel engine is only 5.0 %.&gt;REFERENCIA A UN GRÁFICO&gt;Figure 4 : Number of newly registered passenger cars by KAMA6.3. Fleet compositionKAMA's fleet composition has changed towards more fuel-efficient cars over the monitoring period. The fleet composition of KAMA has moved to the fuel-efficient categories with the exception of the 251-300 g/km categories. The share of this category grew by 1.3 % over the period 1995 to 2002 (from 3.1 % to 4.4 %), but decreased by 3.3 % from 7.7 % to 4.4 % over the period 2001 to 2002.Though the number of petrol mini car sales decreased, the number of diesel passenger car in the low category of 141-160 g/km has increased from 1 455 units to 15 919 units (0.4 % to 4.9 % in total first registrations) over the period 2001 to 2002. Thus, the share of cars in the low category of 141-160 g/km has increased to 44.7 % in 2001 and 38.3 % in 2002 from 9.2 % in 1995, which mainly contributed to reducing CO2 emission (see Figure 5). Especially the number of cars in the low categories of 140 g/km or less has reached to 5 855 units (1.8 %).In 2002, KAMA's CO2-related fleet composition continued to show a move towards more fuel-efficient cars, with 160 g/km or below car sales rising to 40.1 % in 2002 from 9.2 % in 1995. First registrations of vehicles of 160 g/km or below in 2002 are 130 495 units.&gt;REFERENCIA A UN GRÁFICO&gt; // &gt;REFERENCIA A UN GRÁFICO&gt;Figure 5a : KAMA's fleet composition per CO2 category (% share of total registrations) in 1995 and 2002&gt;REFERENCIA A UN GRÁFICO&gt;Figure 5b Change in KAMA's fleet composition by "aggregated CO2 categories"6.4. EU trends in physical fleet characteristicsTotal engine capacity has decreased from 1 589 cm3 in 1995 to 1 507 cm3 in 2001 and increased to 1 546 cm3 in 2002; i.e. decreased by 2.7 % over the period 1995-2002 but increased by 2.6 % over the period 2001-2002. Petrol engine capacity reached the maximum 1 583 cm3 in 1996 (against 1 568 cm3 in 1995) and decreased to 1 361 cm3 in 2001 and then 1 357 cm3 in 2002; i.e. decreased by 13.5 % over the period 1995-2002. Diesel engine capacity reached the minimum 2 316 cm3 in 1998 (against 2 735 cm3 in 1995) and increased to 2 396 cm3 in 2001 and decreased to 2 195 cm3 in 2002. The overall trend shows some reasonable variations in engine capacity over the reporting period of 1995-2002, mainly due to a drop (-13.5 %) in petrol engine capacity and a drop (-19.7 %) in diesel engine capacity (see Figure 6).Total engine power reached the maximum 71 kW in 1997 (against 67 kW in 1995) and decreased to 65 kW in 2001 and then increased to 68 kW in 2002; i.e. increased by 1.5 % over the reporting period 1995-2002. Petrol engine reached the maximum 71 kW in 1997 (against 67 kW in 1995) and decreased to 62 kW in 2002, i.e. decreased by 7.5 % over the reporting period. Diesel engine power has substantially increased by28.8 % within the reporting period, i.e. from 66 kW in 1995 to 85 kW in 2002 (see Figure 6).A trend analysis of the mass of vehicles cannot be carried this year due to inconsistencies of the data provided by KAMA for the period 1995 to 2001 and the official EU data. Moreover, the 2002 official EU data are inconsistent in themselves [70].[70] Some Member States delivered data based on the maximum weight of the vehicle. This is inconsistent with the definitions given in Decision 1753/2000/EC.&gt;REFERENCIA A UN GRÁFICO&gt; // &gt;REFERENCIA A UN GRÁFICO&gt;Figures 6a: Physical KAMA fleet characteristics for 2001& 2002 // Figures 6b: Physical KAMA fleet characteristics 1995 to 2002 (percent of 1995 values)6.5. Trends in new technologies in the EUAs noted in Section 1.2, KAMA members tried to apply several technologies to reduce CO2 emission such as torque based actuator control, advanced knock control, variable intake-manifold system HSDI diesel engine, engine & driving friction reduction and weight reduction within the reporting period. Trends in first registrations vary across the applied technologies.The share of cars applied with advanced torque based actuator control that could increase the engine performance increased from 6.7 % in 1999, 8.4 % in 2000, 38.4 % in 2001, and 48.4 % [71] in 2002.[71] The rates used in Section 2.5 are based on KAMA's estimation number of cars shipped to the EU region in the monitoring period.The share of cars applied with knock control that also could increase engine performance increased from 7.4 % in 1996, 13.4 % in 2000, 38.1 % in 2001, and 47.7 % in 2002.The shares of variable intake-manifold system first introduced in 2001 were 1.3 % of total KAMA first registrations in 2001 and the volume were increased to 9.1 % in 2002.The shares of HSDI diesel engines first introduced in 2001 were 4.4 % of total KAMA first registrations in 2001 and the volume were increased to 21.3 % in 2002.Several new kinds of technical developments introduced by KAMA to reduce CO2 emissions over the monitoring period are as followings:* Combustion improvement : 7.6 %* Variable geometry timing system : 2.4 %* 2-stage variable intake manifold system : 9.1 %* Cooled EGR : 3.0 %* Variable geometry turbocharger : 2.4 %* 6-speed manual transmission : 1.0 %* Motor driven power steering : 3.0 %* Engine friction reduction : 7.6 %* Drag reduction : 9.1 %* Low friction tire : 9.1 %Hereafter the R&D activities of KAMA members will be increased and low CO2 emitting diesel passenger cars will be expected to be of relative popularity, which will contribute to CO2 reduction.6.6. Trends in low emission passenger cars in the EUKAMA members will launch the fuel-efficient cars emitting 120 g/km or less onto the EU market in 2003 at the earliest.6.7. Trends in alternative concepts passenger cars in the EUKAMA members are developing HEV and planning to launch it on the EU market in near future.6.8. Trends in innovative concept passenger cars in the EUIn 2002 the car manufacturers' associations and the Commission agreed guidelines for the acceptance of innovative concepts within the monitoring of the Commitments (see Annex 2).6.9. Brief description of the degree of occurrence of Grey Areas between M1 and N1 vehiclesNothing to report.6.10. Data sources, data methods and data confidence levels6.10.1. Data sources6.10.2. Data methods6.10.3. Data confidence levelsFor the first time since the inception of the Joint CO2 Monitoring Reports, this 2002 report utilises data from the official EU scheme (1753/2000/EC), that is based on Member State submissions (see Annex 1). The data submitted by Member States are the official figures for the monitoring process. Until now, KAMA utilised data from the French-based association AAA (Association Auxiliaire de l'Automobile) partly supplemented by data delivered by Marketing Systems, so as to enable the annual monitoring exercises to be undertaken.However, with official EU data becoming available, a discontinuity from the past data series exists; because of underlying differences (see below) it is not correct to simply adjoin official data for most recent years, onto KAMA's historical data.The main dimensions of this discontinuity are:Country Coverage: The official EU data for 2002 covers 15 Member States. Whereas, KAMA's CO2 data has not until recently included Greece and Finland (due to data unavailability).Methodology Differences: KAMA data links registrations to one, highly analysed, vehicle specification information bank, which is used for all Member State registrations. For official EU data, each Member State has its own vehicle specification set, to which it links its national registrations; national variations in these vehicle specifications exist. A number of more specific methodological issues have been identified in relation to CO2 categories and the treatment of unknown cars which need further investigation, e.g. KAMA's data provider try to improve incomplete data sets with the help of their databanks while Member States count only cars with complete data sets. The methodologies used by the data provider for closing gaps in the data sets are not known. Moreover there seems to be a systematic difference in the reporting of the mass of vehicles.Registration Data Differences: Firstly, official EU data disregards car registrations with no CO2 data provided, whereas in the case of KAMA data, if no CO2 information was available or can not be provided by the vehicle specification databank, any such vehicles would be included under an "unknown" category. In past Monitoring Reports the size of "unknown versions" has been an important parameter in the evaluation of data quality. The official EU data cannot provide this information. Secondly, the registration number in Spain (19 336 units) reflected only part of the number of KAMA member's exports (57 538 units) [72] in 2002.[72] This number was accumulated and estimated by KAMA. However, it should be mentioned that shipments to the EU region are not identical with the first registrations.6.11. Description of measurement issues for CO2 emission factorsKAMA's CO2 emissions figures have been established according to Directive 93/116/EC [73], which amended Directive 80/1268/EC. Among other changes, the new cycle includes for the first time a cold start period - the deletion of the initial 40 seconds of unmeasured engine idling prior to the commencement of the test, and consequently values for fuel consumption and CO2 emissions are higher under the new system. The implementation of this new measuring procedure has led to an artificial average increase of the CO2 emission figures, compared to the previously used Directive, whereas the CO2 emissions from cars in the real world have not changed.[73] The Directive in force at the time of the KAMA CommitmentSince January 2001, almost all M1 vehicles up to 2 500 kg have had their CO2 emissions measured according to the new Directive/cycle (99/100/EC). A correction factor needs to be applied to the measured CO2 emissions of such vehicles to broadly bring them into line with the 93/116/EC procedure, which is the basis on which KAMA's future targets were established and the basis of historical monitoring data in this report. In 2002 KAMA and the Commission reached a consensus on this correction factor adjustment; it was agreed that a 0.7 % reduction should be applied to "measured" emissions to align them with the Commitment's basis. In this report, this adjustment has been applied to 2001 and 2002 data. For future years it was also agreed that this 0.7 % adjustment should be maintained unless new data is provided by KAMA, that proves its inappropriateness.6.12. Other issuesNothing to report.7. KEY ASSUMPTIONS TO THE COMMITMENT7.1. Availability of enabling fuelsStatement on implication for the Commitment and justificationNothing to report.7.2. Distortion of competitionStatement on implication for the Commitment and justificationNothing to report.7.3. Promotion of CO2 efficient technologiesStatement on implication for the Commitment and justificationCars with low CO2 emission technology like lean burn engine and CVT could not be launched to the EU market although they were introduced in 1998 to the Korean market, due to the stringent emission regulations of EU. KAMA expects fuel-efficient lean burn cars (with de-NOx catalyst) to contribute to reducing CO2 emission in the near future. KAMA members have high expectations for certain technologies; in particular those associated with gasoline direct injection engines.It is the Commission's opinion that KAMA was fully aware of the emission standards laid down in the amended Directive 70/220/EC when making its Commitment.7.4. Acceptance of innovation7.5. Statement on implication for the Commitment and justificationNothing to report.8. OTHER ISSUES8.1. New measures affecting CO2Comment on impact of the issue and on implication for the CommitmentNothing to report.8.2. New regulatory measuresComment on impact of the issue and on implication for the CommitmentMore stringent regulations of emissions, safety, and recycling can affect the effort to reduce CO2 emission. For example, such regulations may contain legal, technical or procedural requirements that in practice could create technical or other impediments to the objective of reducing CO2 emission. Compliance with such regulations may also increase costs for manufacturers, thereby affecting their financial situation and having an impact on the resources available for developing CO2 efficient technologies.KAMA anticipates that the End-of-Life Vehicle (ELV) Directive [74] and possible implementation of regulations on Pedestrian Friendly Vehicle will have adverse implications for the fuel efficiency of cars, as it may limit the use of certain light materials and technologies, while imposing a significant financial burden on KAMA members.[74] Directive 2000/53/ECOther directives with major implications are the emissions Directive 70/220/EC and the fuel Directive 98/70/EC. It might well prove that the industry will be severely limited in its ability to offer widespread direct injection diesel and petrol engines simultaneously fulfilling the required NOx level and offering the fuel consumption improvements on the fuel qualities specified. The key point is that emissions, CO2 and fuels are intrinsically linked, and KAMA members needs 100 % availability of fuel with less than 10 ppm or "sulphur free", in order to meet both the stringent 2005 EURO-IV tailpipe emission standards and 140 g/km CO2 commitment. The CO2 effects will be assessed for fourteen regulations, which include measures on tailpipe emissions, noise, safety, security, and ELV, etc.The Commission believes that the ELV Directive will not have any adverse effects on fuel efficiency given that it does not limit the use of any material. Experience shows that the recycling rates set by the Directive do not affect the possibility to use any material. In the Netherlands, a material recycling rate of 80 % (as requested by the Directive for 2006) has been reached in 2001 and the Dutch recycling scheme set itself the goal of exceeding the 85 % recycling target (set by the Directive for 2015) already by 2007. Similar experiences in other Member States further confirm this.According to the Commission restrictions on heavy metals set by the Directive does not have any impact on the choice of materials and on the fuel reduction performances given that the restrictions only apply to components for which heavy-metals free substitutes are available (including electric vehicles).The Commission draws attention to the fact that KAMA knew the EURO III and EURO IV limit values [75] at the time it signed the Commitment and that the introduction of 10 ppm fuels goes [76] beyond KAMA's expectation at that time, a fact that will have to be taken into account in the 2004 review.[75] Directive 98/69/EC[76] Directive 2003/17/ECFinally, the Commission cannot accept that voluntary commitments made by car manufacturers with regard to pedestrian safety be taken into account within the monitoring of the CO2 Commitment.8.3. Fiscal measuresComment on impact of the issue and on implication for the CommitmentNothing to report.8.4. Breakthrough technologiesComment on impact of the issue and on implication for the CommitmentNothing to report.8.5. Research programmes: Description and future potentialComment on impact of the issue and on implication for the CommitmentKAMA members have committed themselves to achieve a target (140 g/km of CO2 emission in 2009) and are running several R&D programmes to investigate methods to reduce CO2 emission with up to 20-30 % according to the car segments.The activities can be divided into several major categories: The Engine Programme, the Transmission Programme, the After-Treatment Improvement Programme, the Car Weight Reduction Programme, and the Reduction of Resistances Programme (see Section 1.2), which will be combined for reducing CO2 emission and launched step by step to the EU market in near future.In addition to the reduction of car weight, KAMA members are trying to develop new technologies such as CVVT, advanced reduction of engine friction, reduction of resistances (running and rolling) for reducing CO2 emission, motor driven power steering which were launched into the EU market in 2002 and small vehicle with 2nd HSDI engine, roller rocker arm and stop-go system for reducing CO2 emission which will be launched into the EU market by 2003 at the earliest.8.6. Other measures - telematics, infrastructure, educationComment on impact of the issue and on implication for the CommitmentKAMA members will consider implementing the driver education activities for more environmentally friendly driving in the EU. KAMA believes that such initiatives will encourage customer acceptance of CO2 efficient technology and are one of the contributors to "market changes linked to technical development" as specified in the Commitment.KAMA also believes that measures such as the promotion of trade-in purchase of new cars, presentation of correct and proper car maintenance methods, driver training, optimisation of infrastructure, effective and efficient land use, and efforts to achieve a smoother traffic flow by using ITS will have a beneficial effect on CO2 reduction. KAMA thinks that such measures should therefore be embraced in a positive manner under government lead and with the co-operation of the industrial sectors involved.8.7. Economic situation of the car industryComment on impact of the issue and on implication for the CommitmentThe Commission is aware of the problematic economic situation of some Korean car makers. However, even though the economic situation in Korea has been getting recovered gradually, the effect of economic crisis at the end of 1997 shows the low rate of CO2 reduction of cars from KAMA members; actual investment for R&D for fuel-efficient car was very difficult during the monitoring period.KAMA notes that the development costs for technologies will be higher for their members than other associations that have large sales volume in the EU market, which is a disproportionate burden of investment to KAMA members during past several years after economic crisis. In these circumstances, KAMA requests that such economic factors may have to be duly considered in the monitoring of CO2 emission reduction from passenger cars.The Commission is aware of the difficult economic situation of some Korean car manufacturers. The Commission draws attention to the fact that one Korean manufacturer, contributing a significant market share of KAMA on the EU market, achieved high profits in 2002 and Koreas auto trade surplus remain at high level.The Commission draws attention to the fact that the world market for passenger cars is fractionated in many respects, not just with regard to CO2 emission reduction requirements, and a large number of regional regulations apply. Furthermore, on the EU market all manufacturers require equivalent efforts, and in this respect the Commitments guarantee a level playing field. The situation described by KAMA is not new since the Commitment was made.9. CONCLUSIONS9.1. Progress statement on delivering the CommitmentKAMA members are encouraged to concentrate on CO2 emission reductions by developing fuel-efficient cars. KAMA reduced the average CO2 emission of its new passengers car fleet registered (petrol and diesel) in the EU market to 183 g/km in 2002, from 197 g/km in 1995 and 187 g/km in 2001. This represents a reduction of 6.9 % over the whole monitoring period of 1995-2002 and 1.8 % over the period 2001 to 2002.When the fleet composition is considered (see Section 2.3), an outstanding feature is the sharp increase of the share of low CO2 cars emitting less than 160 g/km (40.2 %), which shows the endeavour and will of KAMA members to meet the Commitment.9.2. Statement on expected future progress of the CommitmentIt is encouraging to see that in 2002 KAMA's CO2-related fleet composition continued to show a move towards more fuel-efficient cars with 160 g/km or below car sales rising to 40.2 % from 9.2 % in 1995. However, the estimated intermediate target range of 165-170 g/km in 2004 and the final target value of 140 g/km in 2009 require further serious efforts by KAMA members. Importantly, and as agreed upon, the targets will mainly be achieved by technological developments affecting different car characteristics and market changes linked to these developments. Regarding technological developments, KAMA will aim at achieving a high share of new cars equipped with CO2 efficient technologies.Although the current progress in fuel-efficient car technology development of KAMA members is relatively slower than that of European automobile manufacturers, they will increase the portion of fuel-efficient cars and introduce the 2nd generation HSDI engines for small size passenger cars by 2003. Hereafter the R&D activities of KAMA members will be accelerated and low CO2 emitting passenger cars, such as 2nd generation HSDI engines for small size passenger cars and HEV, will be expected to be of relative popularity, which will remarkably contribute to CO2 reduction.KAMA members must increase their annual average reduction by about 6 g/km with developing cars emitting less than 120 g/km to meet the CO2 target of 2004 and 2009, and expect the reduction rates will be increased with the acceleration of technology development as time goes on.In summary, the Commission Services and KAMA have currently no reason to believe that KAMA will not live up to its Commitment. However, KAMA has to accelerate the introduction of fuel-efficient technologies for diesel and petrol engines for this purpose.DATA ANNEXES (2002)ANNEX 1A1 : SPECIFIC FUEL EFFICIENCY (l/100km) AND EMISSIONS OF CO2 (g/km) AVERAGED OVER ALL NEWLY REGISTERED PASSENGER CARS FOR EACH DIFFERENT FUEL-TYPE FOR THE EU AND EACH MEMBER STATEA2 : THE DISTRIBUTION OF CO2 EMISSIONS (g/km) IN THE NEW PASSENGER CAR FLEET FOR EACH DIFFERENT FUEL TYPEA3 : THE DISTRIBUTION OF AVERAGED POWER AND ENGINE CAPACITY OF NEW PASSENGER CARS FOR EACH FUEL TYPE FOR THE EU-15 AND EACH MEMBER STATEANNEX 2: Monitoring Rules for Innovative ConceptsANNEX 2: MONITORING RULES FOR INNOVATIVE CONCEPTSANNEX 1: 2002 Monitoring dataA1: SPECIFIC FUEL EFFICIENCY (l/100km) AND EMISSIONS OF CO2 (g/km) [77] AVERAGED OVER ALL NEWLY REGISTERED PASSENGER CARS FOR EACH DIFFERENT FUEL-TYPE FOR THE EU AND EACH MEMBER STATE[77] The emission-values of CO2 are corrected by 0.7% for test cycle change.KAMA MEMBERS - 2002&gt;SITIO PARA UN CUADRO&gt;A2: THE DISTRIBUTION OF CO2 EMISSIONS (g/km) IN THE NEW PASSENGER CAR FLEET [78] FOR EACH DIFFERENT FUEL TYPE [79][78] The following vehicles were suppressed due to possible data implausibility: 628 petrol cars with 119 gCO2/km as an average from the category 101-120 gCO2/km, 3 petrol cars emitting 845 gCO2/km as an average from the category &gt;450 g CO2/km.[79] The total number of vehicles based on official EU data is smaller than the total number of vehicles according to the data of the car manufacturers association because the Member States submit exclusively data about those vehicles for which corresponding CO2 data are available in their data base.KAMA MEMBERS - 2002&gt;SITIO PARA UN CUADRO&gt;A3 : THE DISTRIBUTION OF AVERAGED POWER AND ENGINE CAPACITY OF NEW PASSENGER CARS FOR EACH FUEL TYPE FOR THE EU-15 AND EACH MEMBER STATE [80][80] Mass data not shown due to possible inconstancies in Member States' deliveriesKAMA MEMBERS - 2002&gt;SITIO PARA UN CUADRO&gt;ANNEX 2: Monitoring Rules for Innovative ConceptsJOINT AGREEMENT ON THE GUIDELINES FOR THE ACCEPTANCE OF INNOVATIVE CONCEPTS WITHIN THE MONITORING OF THE COMMITMENTS OF ACEA, JAMA AND KAMA ON CO2 REDUCTION FROM PASSENGER CARSA. General aspects:a) The basis of the assessment is the text of the commitments [81] and the Recommendations [82] , and any decision must be closely linked to monitoring-related questions of the Commitment, and must be relevant for the quality of the monitoring.[81] "The acceptance by the Commission of innovative concepts for vehicles replacing conventional cars in short-haul traffic as contributing factors to comply with the Commitment."[82] Innovative concepts for vehicles replacing conventional cars will be counted towards the achievement of this CO2 emission target even if they are not included in the category M1 or are not currently covered by Directive 93/166/ECb) Political aspects should also be taken into account, e.g. possible reactions of Council, EP, NGO and the general public, and all sides should avoid undermining the credibility of the Commitments.c) Innovations in general should not be hampered, and technical passenger car innovations, e.g. lightweight vehicles, should be promoted. However, as a replacement it should be a "bona fide" and in principle a one-for-one replacement of a conventional vehicle.d) Any definition or criteria of "innovative concept" set out in this document is exclusively for the purpose of the monitoring of the Commitment on CO2 emission from passenger cars. They are not intended to be used in any other context or be seen by the auto industry as an indication by the Commission to establish any additional category of cars for the present or the future.e) The "innovative concept" vehicles must meet a number of technical and environmental criteria.B. Specific criteria:i. The "innovative concept" should meet at least the general criteria of M-class vehicles (Motor vehicles with at least four wheels [83] used for the carriage of passengers)[83] In exceptional cases three wheel vehicles might be included, subject to a case-by-case decisionii. The CO2 emissions should be measurable in accordance with Directive 80/1268/EC and a CO2 figure should be provided by the manufacturers (even if these vehicles are currently not covered by this Directive)iii. The "innovative concept" should meet at least the emissions limit values for regulated pollutants applicable to M1 vehiclesiv. The "innovative concept" vehicle should demonstrate passive and active safety appropriate to its intended usev. The "innovative concept" should have a minimum top speed that allows its usage on all types of public roads [84][84] E.g., the usage of some roads require minima speedsvi. The "innovative concept" should comply with the ELV Directive.C. Monitoring rule1. Vehicles - or natural developments of such vehicles - which were on the market before 1995 are not considered as "innovative concepts".2. The associations shall show clear evidence that the innovative concept it proposes is marketed and promoted to end users as a replacement to a conventional car in short haul traffic.3. Innovative concepts have to replace conventional cars. The car industry has to provide evidence of replacement numbers. If such evidence cannot be provided on at least 50 % of the registrations, a maximum of 100 000 units on the total EU market will be taken into account.4. In the monitoring report "innovative concepts" will be treated in a separate chapter. Top	Other sites managed by the Publications OfficeEU BookshopEU Open Data PortalTedWhoiswhoCORDISN-LexEU law and publicationsDirect accessOfficial JournalEU law and related documentsNational lawPreparatory actsMore...Practical informationFAQHelpContactEuroVocMy EUR-LexPreferencesMy searchesMy itemsMy RSS feedsAbout this websiteLegal noticeContactTop