Source: http://www.google.com/patents/US20020122925?dq=6,998,619
Timestamp: 2017-03-26 08:12:47
Document Index: 462692021

Matched Legal Cases: ['arts 2', 'arts 50', 'arts 8', 'arts 15', 'arts 14', 'arts 20', 'arts 13', 'arts 3']

Patent US20020122925 - Information display protectors - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsInformation display protectors for display devices having an information display area, comprising a stack of flexible substantially transparent sheets, the sheets having on one side thereof an adhesive layer and having on the other side thereof a hardcoat layer comprising inorganic oxide particles dispersed...http://www.google.com/patents/US20020122925?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US20020122925 - Information display protectorsAdvanced Patent SearchTry the new Google Patents, with machine-classified Google Scholar results, and Japanese and South Korean patents.Publication numberUS20020122925 A1Publication typeApplicationApplication numberUS 09/924,127Publication dateSep 5, 2002Filing dateAug 7, 2001Priority dateAug 7, 2000Also published asCN1446370A, CN1446371A, EP1309847A1, EP1312103A2, EP1312104A2, US6589650, US6660388, US6660389, US6841190, US20020114934, US20040081764, WO2002012857A1Publication number09924127, 924127, US 2002/0122925 A1, US 2002/122925 A1, US 20020122925 A1, US 20020122925A1, US 2002122925 A1, US 2002122925A1, US-A1-20020122925, US-A1-2002122925, US2002/0122925A1, US2002/122925A1, US20020122925 A1, US20020122925A1, US2002122925 A1, US2002122925A1InventorsJunkang Liu, Bettie Fong, Bruce KlugeOriginal AssigneeLiu Junkang J., Fong Bettie C., Kluge Bruce D.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManReferenced by (60), Classifications (101), Legal Events (5) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetInformation display protectors
US 20020122925 A1Abstract
Information display protectors for display devices having an information display area, comprising a stack of flexible substantially transparent sheets, the sheets having on one side thereof an adhesive layer and having on the other side thereof a hardcoat layer comprising inorganic oxide particles dispersed in a binder matrix and a low surface energy fluorinated compound, the stack being cut so that the sheets will fit the information display area. The low surface energy fluorinated compound can be part of the hardcoat layer or can be a separate layer atop the hardcoat layer. The protectors have very good scratch, smudge and glare resistance. The stack of protectors can be stored, for example, on a personal digital assistant or its cover or case. Images(5) Claims(30)
1. Information display protectors for a display device having an information display area, comprising a stack of flexible substantially transparent sheets, the sheets having on one side thereof an adhesive layer and having on the other side thereof a hardcoat layer comprising inorganic oxide particles dispersed in a binder matrix and a low surface energy fluorinated compound, the stack being cut so that the sheets will fit the information display area. 2. Information display protectors according to claim 1 wherein the hardcoat comprises colloidal inorganic oxide particles dispersed in a free-radically cured binder. 3. Information display protectors according to claim 2 wherein the colloidal inorganic oxide particles comprise colloidal silica particles. 4. Information display protectors according to claim 1 wherein the binder is derived from one or more copolymerizable free-radically curable monomers, oligomers, polymers or combinations thereof. 5. Information display protectors according to claim 1 wherein the binder comprises a conductive polymer. 6. Information display protectors according to claim 1 wherein the fluorinated compound is derived from a perfluoropolyether having the formula: Y—(CaF2aO)b—CaF2a—Y wherein each Y comprises a polymerizable group attached to a chain of randomly distributed, —CaF2aO—, repeating units, wherein each a is independently 1 to 7, b is the number of such repeating units, and b has a value from 1 to 300 such that the perfluoropolyether has a number average molecular weight of about 500 to about 20,000. 7. Information display protectors according to claim 1 wherein the fluorinated compound comprises at least one of: (C2H5O)2CH3SiC3H6NHCO(CF2O)15(C2F4O)13CF2CONHC3H6SiCH3(OC2H5)2, (C2H5O)3SiC3H6NHCO(CF2O)15(C2F4O)i3CF2CONHC3H6Si(OC2H5)3, F(CF(CF3)CF2O)25CF2CF3, C4H9NHCO(CF2O)15(C2F4O)13CF2CONHC4H9, CH2═CHCOOC2H4NHCO(CF2O)15(C2F4O)13CF2CONHC2H4OOCCH═CH2, CH2═CHCOOCH2(CF2O)15(C2F4O)13CF2CH2OOCCH═CH2, (HOCH2)2CH2NHCO(CF2O)15(C2F4O)13CF2CONHCH2(CH2OH)2, (C2H5O)3Si(CH2)3NHCO(CF2CF2O)8CF 2CONH(CH2)3Si(OC2H5)3, (C2H5O)2CH3Si(CH2)3NHCO(CF2CF2O)8CF 2CONH(CH2)3SiCH3(OC2H5)2, (C2H5O)2CH3Si(CH2)3NHCO(CF2CF2O) 14CF 2CONH(CH2)3SiCH3(OC2H5)2, (C2H5O)3Si(CH2)3NHCO(CF2C(CF3)FO)1 2CF2CONH(CH2)3Si(OC2H5)3, (C2H5O)2CH3Si(CH2)3NHCO(CF2C(CF3)FO)12CF2CONH(CH2)3SiCH3(OC2H5)2, 8. Information display protectors according to claim 1 wherein the hardcoat layer comprises the fluorinated compound. 9. Information display protectors according to claim 1 wherein the hardcoat layer has a thickness of from about 1 micrometer to about 100 micrometers. 10. Information display protectors according to claim 1 wherein an antisoiling layer atop the hardcoat layer comprises the fluorinated compound. 11. Information display protectors according to claim 10 wherein the antisoiling layer has a thickness of about 0.005 to about 2 micrometers. 12. Information display protectors according to claim 1 fuirther comprising a substantially transparent adhesive layer. 13. Information display protectors according to claim 12 wherein the adhesive is non -tacky with respect to skin. 14. Information display protectors according to claim 1 wherein the substrate has two major sides with the hardcoat on one such side and an adhesive layer on the other such side. 15. Information display protectors according to claim 14 having a roughened surface on the hardcoat side of the information display protector and a microtextured adhesive surface on the other side of the information display protector. 16. Information display protectors according to claim 1 having a roughened surface on the hardcoat side of the information display protector. 17. An information display device comprising a personal digital assistant, cell phone, touch-sensitive screen, wrist watch, car navigation system, global positioning system, depth finder, calculator, electronic book, CD player, DVD player, projection television screen, computer monitor, notebook computer display or instrunent gauge, having a stack of information display protectors according to claim 1 adhered thereto. 18. An information display device according to claim 17 wherein the stack is adhered to the back of a personal digital assistant. 19. An information display device according to claim 17 wherein the stack is adhered to the front cover of a personal digital assistant. 20. An information display device according to claim 17 wherein the personal digital assistant comprises a case with the stack adhered thereto. 21. A method for making information display protectors for a electronic devices having an information display area, comprising: a) applying to one side of a substantially transparent generally planar substrate a curable hardcoat layer comprising inorganic oxide particles dispersed in a free-radically polymerizable binder matrix and a low surface energy fluorinated compound; b) curing the hardcoat layer; c) applying to the other side of the substrate an adhesive layer; d) forming the coated substrate into a stack of sheets; and e) converting the stack so that the sheets will fit the information display area. 22. A method according to claim 21 wherein the fluorinated compound comprises a perfluoropolyether having the formula: Y—(CaF2aO)b—CaF2a—Y wherein each Y comprises a polymerizable group attached to a chain of randomly distributed, —CaF2aO—, repeating units, wherein each a is independently 1 to 7, b is the number of such repeating units, and b has a value from 1 to 300 such that the perfluoropolyether has a number average molecular weight of about 500 to about 20,000. 23. A method according to claim 21 wherein the fluorinated compound comprises at least one of: (C2H5O)2CH3SiC3H6NHCO(CF2O)15(C2F4O)1 3CF2CONHC3H6SiCH3(OC2H5)2, (C2H5O)3SiC3H6NHCO(CF2O)15(C2F4O)1 3CF2CONHC3H6Si(OC2H5)3, F(CF(CF3)CF2°)25CF2CF3, C4H9NHCO(CF2O)1 5(C2F4O) 13CF2CONHC4H9, CH2═CHCOOC2H4NHCO(CF2O)15(C2F4O)13CF2CONHC2H4OOCCH═CH2, CH2═CHCOOCH2(CF2O)15(C2F4O)13CF2CH2OOCCH═CH2, (HOCH2)2 CH2NHCO(CF2O)15(C2F4O)13CF2CONHCH2(CH2OH)2, (C2H5O)3Si(CH2)3NHCO(CF2CF2O)8CF2CONH(CH2)3Si(OC2H5)3, (C2H5O)2CH3Si(CH2)3NHCO(CF2CF2O)8CF2CONH(CH2)3SiCH3(OC2H5)2, (C2H5O)2CH3Si(CH2)3NHCO(CF2CF2O)14CF2CONH(CH2)3SiCH3(OC2H5)2, (C2H5O)3Si(CH2)3NHCO(CF2C(CF3)FO)12CF2CONH(CH2)3Si(OC2H5)3, (C2H5O)2CH3Si(CH2)3NHCO(CF2C(CF3)FO)12CF2CONH(CH2)3SiCH3(OC2H5)2, or. 24. A method according to claim 21 wherein the fluorinated compound is blended into the hardcoat layer. 25. A method according to claim 21 wherein the hardcoat layer has a thickness of from about 1 micrometer to about 100 micrometers. 26. A method according to claim 21 wherein the low surface energy fluorinated compound is applied as a separate antisoiling layer atop the hardcoat layer. 27. A method according to claim 26 wherein the antisoiling layer has a thickness of about 0.005 to about 2 micrometers. 28. A method according to claim 21 wherein the adhesive is non-tacky with respect to skin. 29. A method according to claim 21 further comprising forming a roughened surface on the hardcoat side of the information display protector. 30. A method according to claim 21 further comprising forming a microtextured surface on the adhesive.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION [0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of pending application Ser. No. 09/633,835, filed Aug. 7, 2000 Jun. 20, 1997, entitled “MICROSCOPE COVER SLIDE MATERIALS”, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0002] This invention relates to protective films for information displays. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0003] Optical displays, and especially touch panel displays, typically have an exposed viewing surface made from a thermoplastic film or slab. Commonly-employed thermoplastic polymers have very good optical transparency, dimensional stability and impact resistance, but unfortunately have poor abrasion resistance. The optical displays of devices such as personal digital assistants (“PDAs”), cell phones, touch-sensitive screens and removable computer filters are subjected to frequent handling and contact with the user's face or fingers, styli, jewelry and other objects. For example, facial oils can adversely affect contrast, color saturation or brightness of a cell phone display. The screens of projection televisions and laptop computers are handled less frequently but nonetheless are sometimes touched, scratched or smudged. Consequently, the viewing face of the display is susceptible to scratches, abrasion and smudges arising during routine use. This can cause the display to lose resolution and clarity, and sometimes to become unreadable or inoperative. To protect such displays, protective films or coatings can be employed. [0004] Protective films for PDAs, cellular phones and other display devices are available from many commercial sources including A.R.M. (SECURER™ Screen Protector), CompanionLink Software, Inc. (COMPANIONLINK™ PDA Screen Protector), EC Film (PDA Screen Protector), Fellowes Corporation (WrightRIGHT™ PDA Screen Protector), PerfectData Corporation (SILKYBOARD™ PDA Keyboard and Screen Protector), ROTA Technology Inc. (RT-PDS Screen Protector and RT-MPS Mobile Phone Screen protector), Swann Communications (PDA PLUS™ Screen Protectors), Sanwa Supply Inc. (LCD-PDA Screen Protector) and VSPS (V.S. Protective Shield). Typically these products are sold as single precut sheets of plain plastic film, although some include a textured or tinted surface over at least a portion of the film. Some of the above-mentioned protective films are said to help keep a PDA screen smudge-free. Viewing screen protective devices are also shown in, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,907,090 (Ananian); 6,059,628 (Yoo et al.); 6,250,765 (Murakami) and Re. 35,318 (Warman). A touch panel device having a roughened outermost surface is shown in Japanese published patent application (Kokai) No. 2000-020240. [0005] Hardcoats have also been used to protect the face of information displays. These hardcoats typically contain inorganic oxide particles, e.g., silica, of nanometer dimensions dispersed in a binder precursor resin matrix, and sometimes are referred to as “ceramers”. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,104,929 (Bilkadi '929) describes UV curable ceramer coatings containing colloidal silica particles dispersed in a protic group-substituted ester or amide of an acrylic acid. A ceramer described in Bilkadi '929and known as 3M 906 Abrasion Resistant Coating has been used as a hardcoat on signage. [0006] U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,132,861 (Kang et al. '861), 6,238,798 B1 (Kang et al. '798) and 6,245,833 B1 (Kang et al. '833) and Published PCT Application No. WO 99/57185 (Huang et al.) describe ceramer compositions containing blends of colloidal inorganic oxide particles, a curable binder precursor and certain fluorochemical compounds. These compositions provide stain and abrasion resistant hardcoats in a single layer coating. [0007] A transparent stack of anti-graffiti sheets is shown in PCT Published application No. WO 00/24576 (Janssen et al.). The entire stack is applied to a glass or plastic window, signage or a display and the topmost sheet is removed once the sheet has become damaged. The sheets in the stack can include an optional release layer. The release layer is said preferably to comprise a material selected from the group consisting of acrylates, methacrylates, urethanes, polyolefins, silicones, fluorochemicals such as fluorocarbons, and mixtures thereof. In Example 7, 3M 906 Abrasion resistant Coating is employed as an abrasion-resistant release layer atop polycarbonate sheets in the stack. Stacks of removable plastic sheets for use on automotive windows are shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,002,326 (Westfield et al.) and in Offenlegungsschrift DE 36 37 188 A1 (Altmann et al.). [0008] U.S. Pat. No. 5,851,674 (Pellerite et al.) describes a self-assembling fluorinated silane film that can be applied atop a multilayer antireflective film to provide a coating having antisoiling properties. [0009] U.S. Pat. No. 6,204,350 (Liu et al.) describes curable coating compositions which comprises alkoxysilane containing fluorinated polymers. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0010] Coatings made from 3M 906 Abrasion Resistant coating are susceptible to smudges, staining and marks from pens or pencils. It can be difficult to mix the ingredients in the Kang et al. '798 and Kang et al. '833 compositions without experiencing flocculation. Owing to the high cost of the fluorochemical and its use throughout the hardcoat layer, these compositions are also relatively expensive. The Pellerite et al. films have insufficient adhesion to a film made from a ceramer such as 3M 906 Abrasion Resistant Coating. [0011] The present invention provides in one aspect protectors for a display device having an information display area (e.g., a screen), comprising a stack of flexible substantially transparent sheets, the sheets having on one side thereof an adhesive layer and having on the other side thereof a hardcoat layer comprising inorganic oxide particles dispersed in a binder matrix and a low surface energy fluorinated compound, the stack being cut so that the sheets will fit the information display area. The low surface energy fluorinated compound can be blended into the hardcoat layer or can be a separate layer atop the hardcoat layer. [0012] The present invention also provides a method for making information display protectors for electronic devices having an information display area, comprising: [0013] a) applying to one side of a substantially transparent generally planar substrate a curable hardcoat layer comprising inorganic oxide particles dispersed in a free-radically polymerizable binder matrix and a low surface energy fluorinated compound; [0014] b) curing the hardcoat layer; [0015] c) applying to the other side of the substrate an adhesive layer; [0016] d) forming the coated substrate into a stack of sheets; and [0017] e) converting the stack so that the sheets will fit the information display area. [0018] The information display protectors of the invention have very good scratch, smudge and glare resistance and very good durability. The stack of information display protectors can be stored on the display device (e.g., on a PDA or on a PDA cover or case).
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING [0019] [0019]FIG. 1 is a schematic side view of a screen protector of the prior art. [0020] [0020]FIG. 2 is a perspective view of another screen protector of the prior art. [0021] [0021]FIG. 3 is a schematic side view of an information display protector of the invention. [0022] [0022]FIG. 3a is a schematic side view of another information display protector of the invention. [0023] [0023]FIG. 4 is a plan view of a PDA, the screen being covered with an information display protector of FIG. 3. [0024] [0024]FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a stack of screen protectors of the invention. [0025] [0025]FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a PDA, the screen being covered with an information display protector of FIG. 3, and the inside front cover having a stack of the protectors of FIG. 5 adhered thereto. [0026] [0026]FIG. 7 shows a rating chart used to evaluate ink repellency.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0027] The information display protectors of the invention and components thereof are sometimes shown or described herein using words of orientation such as “upper”, “atop”, “above” or “front”. These and similar terms are merely employed for convenience to refer to the general direction (with respect to the optical path through an information display device) towards a normal viewer of the display device. Likewise, the information display protectors of the invention and components thereof are sometimes shown or described herein using words of orientation such as “lower”, “beneath”, “underneath” or “behind”. These and similar terms are merely employed for convenience to refer to the general direction (with respect to such optical path) towards the display. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the information display protectors of the invention can be used in a variety of orientations and locations. [0028] The information display protectors of the invention can be used on a variety of kinds of information displays having a variety of information display area configurations. Such displays include multi-character and especially multi-character, multi-line displays such as liquid crystal displays (“LCDs”), plasma displays, front and rear projection displays, cathode ray tubes (“CRTs”) and signage. The information display protectors of the invention can also be used on single-character or binary displays such as light emitting diodes (“LEDs”), signal lamps and switches. The information display protectors of the invention can be used on illuminated or non-illuminated displays. The information display protectors of the invention are especially useful on displays whose information display area is in the form of a viewing screen having a viewing surface that is susceptible to damage during normal use. [0029] The display elements of the invention can be employed in a variety of portable and non-portable information display devices including PDAs, cell phones (including combination PDA/cell phones), touch-sensitive screens, wrist watches, car navigation systems, global positioning systems, depth finders, calculators, electronic books, CD or DVD players, projection television screens, computer monitors, notebook computer displays, instrument gauges, instrument panel covers, signage such as graphic displays (including indoor and outdoor graphics, bumper stickers, and the like), reflective sheeting, and the like. These devices can have planar viewing faces, or non-planar viewing faces such as the slightly curved face of a typical CRT. Typically the display element is located on or in close physical proximity to a viewing face of the information display device rather than being spaced an appreciable distance therefrom. [0030] [0030]FIG. 1 shows a screen protector of the prior art, generally identified as 10, and typically intended for use on a PDA screen. Screen protector 10 is a single sheet of vinyl film 12 coated with an adhesive 14 and adhered to a liner 16. Such screen protectors typically are sold as a set of sheets on liners, placed loosely in a box or packaged on a retail hang card. The stack is typically stored separately from the PDA and must be located when the user desires to put a new screen protector on the PDA. Screen protector 10 has a relatively soft surface that does not provide scratch resistance or smudge resistance. Instead, screen protector 10 serves mainly as a sacrificial membrane that shields the top membrane of the underlying PDA screen. [0031] [0031]FIG. 2 shows another screen protector of the prior art, generally identified as 20, and having a curved bottom edge 21 and overall dimensions suited for use on a PALM™ V PDA (Palm, Inc.). Like screen protector 10, screen protector 20 is sold as a single sheet of film 22 coated with an adhesive 24 and adhered to a liner 26. However, a portion of the top surface 27 of screen protector 20 has a matte finished region 28 that provides some glare resistance and some improvement in stylus feel for the writing area on the PDA screen. Region 28 does not offer smudge resistance and thus is susceptible to staining, fingerprints and marking with ink and pencil lead. The remainder of the top surface 27 of screen protector 20 is relatively soft and does not provide scratch resistance or smudge resistance. [0032] [0032]FIG. 3 shows an information display protector of the invention generally identified as 30. The lower face of flexible membrane 33 is coated with an adhesive layer 34 to which has been applied a protective liner 32. The lower surface of adhesive 34 is microtextured. Use of a microtextured adhesive layer is optional. Microtexturing helps air bubbles escape from beneath information display protector 30 when it is applied to a display screen, thereby helping to provide good optical coupling between information display protector 30 and the screen. The upper face of membrane 33 is coated with a hardcoat layer 36. Hardcoat 36 provides scratch and abrasion resistance to help protect the screen from damage. Hardcoat 36 has a roughened upper surface 37. The inclusion of such a roughened surface is optional. It provides glare protection for a display screen and makes it easier to write upon the display screen using a stylus. Antisoiling layer 38 contains a low surface energy fluorinated compound, and is sufficiently thin so that the roughened upper surface 37 of hardcoat 36 is replicated on viewing surface 31. Antisoiling layer 38 provides oil and ink resistance to help prevent hardcoat 36 from being smudged or otherwise soiled by exposure to contaminants such as skin oils, cosmetics, pencil lead, inks and adventitious dirt. Antisoiling layer 38 can also make the hard coat easier to clean if it is soiled. Thus if necessary, a user can accidentally or deliberately write on the display with a pen or pencil, and easily remove the resulting pencil or ink marks. An optional antistatic coating can also be applied atop the hardcoat 36 or atop the antisoiling layer 38 in order to discourage dust and other contaminants from adhering to a display. [0033] [0033]FIG. 3a shows another information display protector of the invention generally identified as 30 a. The lower face of flexible membrane 33 is coated with an adhesive layer 34 a to which has been applied a protective liner 32. The lower surface of adhesive 34 a is smooth rather than microtextured as in the protector of FIG. 3. The upper face of membrane 33 is coated with a hardcoat layer 36 a. Hardcoat 36 a contains a low surface energy fluorinated compound blended into layer 36 a instead of as a separate antisoiling layer atop hardcoat 36 a. Hardcoat 36 a has a roughened upper surface 37 a, thus providing glare protection for a PDA screen. [0034] [0034]FIG. 4 shows a PDA generally designated as 40 to which has been applied the information display protector 30 of FIG. 3. The user simply removes liner 32 from adhesive 34, centers protector 30 over screen 42 and presses protector 30 into place. Protector 30 serves as a screen protector for the PDA screen, and preferably is precut to slightly undersized dimensions so that the edges of protector 30 extend nearly to the perimeter of screen 42, while still permitting protector 30 to be easily removed later if desired. The roughened viewing surface 31 reduces glare and makes it much easier to write upon screen 42, especially when using a stylus. The antisoiling layer 38 (not shown in FIG. 4) provides oil and ink resistance to help prevent hardcoat 36 (also not shown in FIG. 4) of protector 30 from becoming smudged or otherwise soiled. This is especially helpful if a user accidentally uses a pen or pencil rather than a stylus to write on screen 42. [0035] [0035]FIG. 5 shows a stack 50 of four PDA information display protectors of the type shown in FIG. 3. Stack 50 has a single liner 32 protecting the adhesive layer 34 a of the lowermost information display protector. The remaining information display protectors can be adhered to one another by pressing adhesive layers 34 b, 34 c and 34 d against antisoiling layers 38 a, 38 b and 38 b, respectively. A user can remove the uppermost protector from the stack and adhere it to the screen of a PDA as in FIG. 4. If the thus-applied protector later becomes worn or damaged, it can be peeled off the PDA screen and replaced with another protector from stack 50. [0036] A user can store the stack by adhering it to a display device or to its case or cover. FIG. 6 shows a PDA generally designated as 60. Protector 30 (on substrate 33) has been removed from the top of stack 50 and applied to the screen 42 of PDA 60. Liner 32 has been removed from stack 50 so that stack 50 could be adhered to inside surface 64 of PDA front cover 62. Although not shown in FIG. 6, the stack could instead be adhered to the rear of PDA 60 or to any available surface of a separate PDA case. If the stack 50 contains a relatively low number of protectors (e.g., 10 or less, more preferably 5 or less), it will not unduly obscure underlying printed graphics on the front cover (such as the printed GRAFFITI™ alphabet symbol guide that is supplied with some PDAs) and will not hamper closure of a PDA cover or case if applied to an inside surface thereof. Because the stack 50 can be stored with the PDA, spare protectors 30 are close at hand when needed. This is a much more convenient mode of storage than the typical storage mode for current PDA screen protector products sold as single sheets. When protector 30 on screen 42 becomes worn or damaged, a fresh protector can be removed from stack 50. For example, as shown in FIG. 6, the next protector in stack 50 can be removed by peeling adhesive layer 34 c away from antisoiling layer 38 b. [0037] A wide variety of substrate materials can be used in the invention. The substrate should be substantially transparent, that is, the substrate should have sufficient transparency or translucency at the intended wavelength and under the intended viewing conditions so that the information display protector does not unduly impede use and viewing of the underlying PDA screen. Suitable substrate materials include thermosetting or thermoplastic polymers such as polycarbonate, poly(meth)acrylate (e.g., polymethyl methacrylate or “PMMA”) , polyolefins (e.g., polypropylene or “PP”), polyurethane, polyesters (e.g., polyethylene terephthalate or “PET”), polyamides, polyimides, phenolic resins, cellulose diacetate, cellulose triacetate, polystyrene, styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers, epoxies, and the like. Typically the substrate will be chosen based in part on the desired optical and mechanical properties for the intended use. Such mechanical properties typically will include flexibility, dimensional stability and impact resistance. The substrate thickness typically also will depend on the intended use. For most applications, substrate thicknesses of less than about 0.5 mm are preferred, and more preferably about 0.02 to about 0.2 mm. Self-supporting polymeric films are preferred. Films made from polyesters such as PET or polyolefins such as PP (polypropylene), PE (polyethylene) and PVC (polyvinyl chloride) are particularly preferred. The substrate can be formed into a film using conventional filmmaking techniques such as extrusion of the substrate resin into a film and optional uniaxial or biaxial orientation of the extruded film. The substrate can be treated to improve adhesion between the substrate and the hardcoat, using, e.g., chemical treatment, corona treatment such as air or nitrogen corona, plasma, flame, or actinic radiation. If desired, an optional tie layer can also be applied between the substrate and the hardcoat to increase the interlayer adhesion. [0038] The hardcoat is a tough, abrasion resistant layer that protects the substrate and the underlying display screen from damage from causes such as scratches, abrasion and solvents. The hardcoat preferably contains nanometer-sized inorganic oxide particles dispersed in a binder matrix and optionally contains the low surface energy fluorinated compound as an ingredient of the hardcoat layer. Typically the hardcoat is formed by coating a curable liquid ceramer composition onto the substrate and curing the composition in situ to form a hardened film. Suitable coating methods include, for example, spin coating, knife coating, die coating, wire coating, flood coating, padding, spraying, roll coating, dipping, brushing, foam application, and the like. [0039] A variety of inorganic oxide particles can be used in the hardcoat. The particles preferably are substantially spherical in shape and relatively uniform in size. The particles can have a substantially monodisperse size distribution or a polymodal distribution obtained by blending two or more substantially monodisperse distributions. Preferably the inorganic oxide particles are and remain substantially non-aggregated (substantially discrete), as aggregation can result in precipitation of the inorganic oxide particles or gelation of the hardcoat. Preferably the inorganic oxide particles are colloidal in size, that is, they preferably have an average particle diameter of about 0.001 to about 0.2 micrometers, more preferably less than about 0.05 micrometers, and most preferably less than about 0.03 micrometers. These size ranges facilitate dispersion of the inorganic oxide particles into the binder resin and provide ceramers with desirable surface properties and optical clarity. The average particle size of the inorganic oxide particles can be measured using transmission electron microscopy to count the number of inorganic oxide particles of a given diameter. Preferred inorganic oxide particles include colloidal silica, colloidal titania, colloidal alumina, colloidal zirconia, colloidal vanadia, colloidal chromia, colloidal iron oxide, colloidal antimony oxide, colloidal tin oxide, and mixtures thereof. The inorganic oxide particles can consist essentially of or consist of a single oxide such as silica, or can comprise a combination of oxides, such as silica and aluminum oxide, or a core of an oxide of one type (or a core of a material other than a metal oxide) on which is deposited an oxide of another type. Silica is a particularly preferred inorganic particle. The inorganic oxide particles are desirably provided in the form of a sol containing a colloidal dispersion of inorganic oxide particles in liquid media. The sol can be prepared using a variety of techniques and in a variety of forms including hydrosols (where water serves as the liquid medium), organosols (where organic liquids so serve), and mixed sols (where the liquid medium contains both water and an organic liquid), e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,648,407 (Goetz et al.) and 5,677,050 (Bilkadi et al.), the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. Aqueous sols of amorphous silica are particularly preferred. Preferred sols generally contain from about 2 to about 50 weight percent, preferably from about 25 to about 45 weight percent, of colloidal inorganic oxide particles based on the total weight of the sol. Preferred sols can be obtained from suppliers such as ONDEO Nalco Co. (for example, NALCO™ 1040, 1042, 1050, 1060, 2327, and 2329 colloidal silicas), Nyacol Nano Technologies, Inc. (for example, NYACOL™ AL20 colloidal alumina and NYACOL™ A1530, A1540N, and A1550 colloidal antimony pentoxides), and W. R. Grace and Co. (for example, LUDOX™ colloidal silicas). The surface of the inorganic particles can be “acrylate fanctionalized” as described in Bilkadi et al. The sols can also be matched to the pH of the binder, and can contain counterions or water-soluble compounds (e.g., sodium aluminate), all as described in Kang et al. '798. [0040] The hardcoat can conveniently be prepared by mixing an aqueous sol of inorganic oxide particles with a free-radically curable binder precursor (e.g., one or more free-radically curable monomers, oligomers or polymers that can participate in a crosslinking reaction upon exposure to a suitable source of curing energy). The resulting composition usually is dried before it is applied, in order to remove substantially all of the water. This drying step is sometimes referred to as “stripping”. An organic solvent can be added to the resulting ceramer composition before it is applied, in order to impart improved viscosity characteristics and assist in coating the ceramer composition onto the substrate. After coating, the ceramer composition can be dried to remove any added solvent, and then can be at least partially hardened by exposing the dried composition to a suitable source of energy in order to bring about at least partial cure of the free-radically curable binder precursor. [0041] The hardcoat preferably contains about 10 to about 50, and more preferably about 25 to about 40 parts by weight of inorganic oxide particles per 100 parts by weight of the binder. More preferably the hardcoat is derived from a ceramer composition containing about 15 to about 40% acrylate functionalized colloidal silica, and most preferably about 15 to about 35% acrylate functionalized colloidal silica. [0042] A variety of binders can be employed in the hardcoat. Preferably the binder is derived from a free-radically polymerizable precursor that can be photocured once the hardcoat composition has been coated upon the substrate. Binder precursors such as the protic group-substituted esters or amides of an acrylic acid described in Bilkadi, or the ethylenically-unsaturated monomers described in Bilkadi et al., are especially preferred. Suitable binder precursors include polyacrylic acid or polymethacrylic acid esters of polyhydric alcohols, such as diacrylic acid or dimethylacrylic acid esters of diols including ethyleneglycol, triethyleneglycol, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol, 1,3-cyclopentanediol, 1-ethoxy-2,3-propanediol, 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 1,4-cyclohexanediol, 1,6-hexamethylenediol, 1,2-cyclohexanediol, 1,6-cyclohexanedimethanol, resorcinol, pyrocatechol, bisphenol A, and bis(2-hydroxyethyl) phthalate; triacrylic acid or trimethacrylic acid esters of triols including glycerin, 1,2,3-propanetrimethanol, 1,2,4-butanetriol, 1,2,5-pentanetriol, 1,3,6,-hexanetriol, 1,5,10-decanetriol, pyrogallol, phloroglucinol, and 2-phenyl-2,2-methylolethanol; tetraacrylic acid or tetramethacrylic acid esters of tetraols including 1,2,3,4-butanetetrol, 1,1,2,2,-tetramethylolethane, 1,1,3,3, -tetramethylolpropane, and pentaerythritol tetraacrylate; pentaacrylic acid or pentamethacrylic acid esters of pentols including adonitol; hexaacrylic acid or hexamethacrylic acid esters of hexanols including sorbitol, dipentaerythritol, dihydroxy ethyl hydantoin; and mixtures thereof. The binder can also be derived from one or more monofunctional monomers as described in Kang et al. '798. Preferably the binder comprises one or more N,N-disubstituted acrylamide and or N-substituted-N-vinyl-amide monomers as described in Bilkadi et al. More preferably the hardcoat is derived from a ceramer composition containing about 20 to about 80% ethylenically unsaturated monomers and about 5 to about 40% N,N-disubstituted acrylamide monomer or N -substituted-N-vinyl-amide monomer, based on the total weight of the solids in the ceramer composition. [0043] Preferably the inorganic particles, binder and any other ingredients in the hardcoat are chosen so that the cured hardcoat has a refractive index close to that of the substrate. This can help reduce the likelihood of Moire patterns or other visible interference fringes. [0044] As mentioned above, the hardcoat can be formed from an aqueous coating composition that is stripped to remove water prior to coating, and optionally diluted with a solvent to assist in coating the composition. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that selection of a desired solvent and solvent level will depend on the nature of the individual ingredients in the hardcoat and on the desired substrate and coating conditions. Kang et al. '798 describes several useful solvents, solvent levels and coating viscosities. [0045] The hardcoat can be crosslinked with various agents to increase the internal cohesive strength or durability of the hardcoat. Preferred crosslinking agents have a relatively large number of available functional groups, and include tri and tetra- acrylates, such as pentaerythritol triacrylate and pentaerythritol tetraacrylate. When used, the crosslinking agent preferably is less than about 60 parts, and more preferably about 30 to about 50 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the binder. [0046] Those skilled in the art will also appreciate that the hardcoat can contain other optional adjuvants, such as surface treatment agents, surfactants, antistatic agents (e.g., conductive polymers), leveling agents, initiators (e.g., photoinitiators), photosensitizers, UV absorbers, stabilizers, antioxidants, fillers, lubricants, pigments, dyes, plasticizers, suspending agents and the like. Kang et al. '798 contains an extensive discussion of such adjuvants and recommended use levels. [0047] If the hardcoat is prepared by combining an aqueous sol of colloidal inorganic oxide particles with the binder precursor, then preferably the sol has a pH such that the particles have a negative surface charge. For example, if the inorganic particles are predominantly silica particles, the sol preferably is alkaline with a pH greater than 7, more preferably greater than 8, and most preferably greater than 9. Preferably the sol includes ammonium hydroxide or the like so that NH4 + is available as a counter cation for particles having a negative surface charge. If surface treatment of the colloidal inorganic oxide particles is desired, a suitable surface treatment agent can be blended into the sol, e.g., as described in Kang et al. '833, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. The free-radically curable binder precursor is then added to the ceramer composition. The ceramer composition is stripped to remove substantially all of the water. For example, removing about 98% of the water, thus leaving about 2% water in the ceramer composition, has been found to be suitable. As soon as substantially all of the water is removed, an organic solvent of the type described in Kang et al. '798 preferably is added in an amount such that the ceramer composition includes from about 5% to about 99% by weight solids (preferably about 10 to about 70%). After adding the solvent, the low surface energy fluorinated compound can be added if a blended hardcoat is desired, followed by addition of any other desired adjuvants. [0048] Preferably the ceramer composition is coated at a coating weight sufficient to provide a cured hardcoat with a thickness of about 1 to about 100 micrometers, more preferably about 2 to about 50 micrometers, and most preferably about 3 to about 30 micrometers. After coating, the solvent, if any, is flashed off with heat, vacuum, and/or the like. The coated ceramer composition is then cured by irradiation with a suitable form of energy, such as heat energy, visible light, ultraviolet light or electron beam radiation. Irradiating with ultraviolet light in ambient conditions is presently preferred due to the relative low cost and speed of this curing technique. In addition, the hardcoat surface optionally is roughened or textured to provide a matte surface. This can be accomplished in a variety of ways that will be familiar to those skilled in the art, including embossing the hardcoat with a suitable tool that has been bead-blasted or otherwise roughened, by adding a suitable small particle filler such as silica sand or glass beads to the hardcoat, or by carrying out cure against a suitable roughened master as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,175,030 (Lu et al.) and 5,183,597 (Lu). [0049] The hardcoat or an antisoiling layer atop the hardcoat comprises a low surface energy fluorinated compound. When blended into the hardcoat, the low surface energy fluorinated compound preferably forms a compatible mixture with the binder matrix. If incompatible, the low surface energy fluorinated compound preferably blooms to the upper surface of the hardcoat and forms a durable discontinuous or continuous region thereon containing a relatively higher concentration of the fluorinated compound than in the bulk of the hardcoat. If formed as a separate antisoiling layer atop the hardcoat, the low surface energy fluorinated compound preferably is a film-forming material that will adhere to the hardcoat or to an optional tie layer formed between the hardcoat and the antisoiling layer. A variety of low surface energy fluorinated compounds can be employed. The fluorinated compound can be perfluorinated or partially fluorinated. Preferably the fluorinated compound has at least one and more preferably two or more reactive functional groups, such as an acrylate group, methacrylate group, alkoxy silane group, acetoxy silane group, epoxy group, isocyanate group of vinyl ether group. Suitable such compounds are described in Kang et al. '798, Kang et al. '833, and Liu '350. Perfluoropolyethers containing two or more reactive functional groups are most preferred, especially when employed as a separate antisoiling layer atop the hardcoat layer. Preferred perfluoropolyethers contain randomly distributed perfluoroalkylene oxide —(CnF2nO)— repeating units such as —CF2O— or —[(CF2)nCF2−m(CF3)mO]— (in which m is 0 or 1 and n is preferably 1 to 7), and pendent (e.g., terminal) polymerizable (e.g., acrylate or methacrylate) groups. Suitable perfluoropolyethers include those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,810,874 (Mitsch et al.), 4,321,404 (Williams et al.), 4,472,480 (Olson), 4,567,073 (Larson et al. '073), 4,830,910 (Larson et al. '910) and 5,306,758 (Pellerite), the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein. [0050] One preferred subclass of antisoiling layers is derived from perfluoropolyethers of the formula: Y—(CaF2aO)bCaF2a—Y (I) [0051] wherein each Y comprises a polymerizable group attached to a chain of randomly distributed, —CaF2aO—, repeating units, wherein each a is independently 1 to 7, b is the number of such repeating units, and b has a value from 1 to 300 such that the perfluoropolyether has a number average molecular weight of about 500 to about 20,000. [0052] Another preferred subclass of antisoiling layers is derived from perfluoropolyethers of the formula: Zc—A—(CF2O)e(CF2CF2−m(CF3)mO)fCF2—A—Zd (II) [0053] wherein each Z is an acrylate or methacrylate group; m is 0 or 1; c and d are 0 to 3 with the proviso that c+d is at least 2; e and f are greater than 5 when M is zero; e can be zero and f is greater than 5 when m is one; and each A is a c+1 or d+1 valent linking group such as. Preferred linking groups A include: [0054] —OCH2—
[0055] —OCH2CH2NHCO—
[0056] —OCH2CH2CH2NHCO— [0057] and the like. [0058] Another preferred subclass of preferred antisoiling layers is derived from perfluoropolyethers of the formula: Y—(CF2O)g(CF2CF2O)hCF2—Y (III) [0059] wherein each Y is as defined above, and g and h are greater than 5. Perfluoropolyethers in this class wherein Y is an acrylate group can be converted from perfluoropolyether diesters of the formula: CH3OOC(CF2O)g(CF2 CF 2O)hCF2COOCH3 (IV) [0060] which are commercially available as FOMBLIN™ diesters from Ausimont USA. [0061] A further preferred subclass of antisoiling layers is derived from perfluoropolyethers of the formula: Y—(CF2CFCF3O)gCFCF3—Y (VI) [0062] wherein each Y and g are as defined above. Perfluoropolyethers in this class wherein Y is an acrylate group can be converted from perfluoropolyether diesters of the formula: CH3OOC(CF2CFCF3O)gCFCF3COOCH3 (VI) [0063] which are commercially available as KRYTOX™ diesters from E. I. du Pont de Nemours Co. [0064] Especially preferred perfluoropolyethers include: [0065] (C2H5O)2CH3SiC3H6NHCO(CF2O)15(C 2F 4O)1 3CF 2CONHC3H6SiCH3(OC2H5)2, [0066] (C2H5O)3SiC3H6NHCO(CF2O)15(C2F 4O)1 3CF 2CONHC3H6Si(OC2H5)3, [0067] F(CF(CF3)CF2O)25CF2CF3, C4H9NHCO(CF2O)15(C 2F 4O)13CF2CONHC4H9, [0068] CH2═CHCOOC2H4NHCO(CF2O)15(C2F4O)13CF2CONHC2H4OOCCH═CH2, [0069] CH2═CHCOOCH2(CF2O)15(C2F4O)13CF2CH2OOCCH═CH2, [0070] (HOCH2) 2CH2NHCO(CF2O)15(C2F4O)13CF2CONHCH2(CH2OH)2, [0071] (C2H5O)3Si(CH2)3NHCO(CF2CF2O)8CF 2CONH(CH2)3Si(OC2H5)3, [0072] (C2H5O)2CH3Si(CH2)3NHCO(CF2CF2O)8CF 2CONH(CH2)3SiCH3(OC2H5)2, [0073] (C2H5O)2CH3Si(CH2)3NHCO(CF2CF2O) 14CF 2CONH(CH2)3SiCH3(OC2H5)2, [0074] (C2H5O)3Si(CH2)3NHCO(CF2C(CF3)FO)1 2CF2CONH(CH2)3Si(OC2H5)3, [0075] (C2H5O)2CH3Si(CH2)3NHCO(CF2C(CF3)FO)12CF2CONH(CH2)3SiCH3(OC2H5)2, [0076] and. [0077] If present in a separate layer, the low surface energy fluorinated compound can be combined with optional adjuvants such as those discussed above in connection with the hardcoat. However, it may be difficult to dissolve some adjuvants in the low surface energy fluorinated compound, and thus the choice of adjuvants can be somewhat more limited. Preferred adjuvants include photoinitiators. [0078] The low surface energy fluorinated compound preferably is applied as a separate antisoiling layer using a solvent that assists in coating the low surface energy fluorinated compound onto the hardcoat or optional tie layer. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that selection of a desired solvent and solvent level will depend on the nature of the ingredients in the hardcoat (or tie layer) and the antisoiling layer and on the desired coating conditions. Preferred solvents include fluorinated solvents such as hydrofluoroethers and perfluorinated octanes (especially when the perfluoropolyether does not contain polar linking groups in its backbone), and hydrocarbon solvents such as methyl ethyl ketone and ethyl acetate, at recommended dissolution levels at or above 20% solids. After adding the solvent, any other desired adjuvants can be added. [0079] The low surface energy fluorinated compound can be applied to the hardcoat using a variety of conventional coating methods, including those mentioned above. Gravure, notch-bar, reverse roll coating and curtain coating are preferred. Notch bar and gravure coating are particularly preferred methods as they enable application of a very thin layer, on the order of about 1 to about 5 micrometers wet thickness. Preferably the low surface energy fluorinated compound is coated at a coating weight sufficient to provide a cured antisoiling layer thickness of about 0.005 to about 2 micrometers, more preferably about 0.01 to about 0.1 micrometers, and most preferably about 0.02 to about 0.08 micrometers. The wet coating is dried, typically using a forced air oven. The dried coating can be further cured (to a partially or completely cured state) using an energy source. Preferred energy sources include ultraviolet light curing devices that provide a UV “C” dosage of about 5 to 60 millijoules per square centimeter (mJ/cm2). Preferably curing takes place in an environment containing low amounts of oxygen, e.g., less than about 100 parts per million. Nitrogen gas is a preferred environment. [0080] The information display protector optionally can include an adhesive on the backside of the substrate. Preferably the adhesive is transparent or sufficiently translucent so that it will not unduly hamper viewing of an underlying display device. The adhesive can be derived from a natural product (e.g., a rubber-base adhesive) or can be a synthetic material such as a homopolymer, random copolymer, graft copolymer, or block copolymer. The adhesive can be crosslinked or uncrosslinked, and if desired can have pressure-sensitive properties. An accepted quantitative description for pressure sensitive adhesives (PSAs) is given by the Dahlquist criterion, which indicates that materials having a storage modulus (G′) of less than about 3×105 Pascals (measured at 10 radians/second at room temperature, about 20° to 22° C.) have pressure sensitive adhesive properties while materials having a G′ in excess of this value do not. Non-pressure sensitive adhesives are preferred, especially those that provide selective adhesion, e.g., adhesives that have low tack or are non-tacky with respect to skin but have high tack with respect to a targeted surface such as the surface of a display. Display elements coated with such non-pressure sensitive selective adhesives can be easily handled and applied to a display surface, and can be cleanly removed if needed. Suitable low tack or non-tacky adhesives include those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,389,438 (Miller et al.), 5,851,664 (Bennett et al.), 6,004,670 (Kobe et al.) and 6,099,682 (Kramnpe et al.). Thermoplastic block copolymer elastomers (copolymers of segmented A and B blocks or segments, displaying both thermoplastic and elastomeric behavior) are especially preferred. Useful thermoplastic block copolymer elastomers include multi-block copolymers having radial, linear A-B diblock, and linear A-B-A triblock structures, as well as blends of such copolymers. Suitable commercially available thermoplastic block copolymer elastomers include the SOLPRENE™ family of materials (Philips Petroleum Co.), the FINAPRENE™ family of materials (FINA), the TUFPRENE™ and ASAPRENE™ family of materials (Asahi), the STEREON™ family of materials (Firestone Synthetic Rubber & Latex Co.), the EUROPRENE SOL T™ family of materials (Enichem), the VECTOR™ family of materials (Dexco Polymers), and the CARIFLEX TR™ family of materials (Shell Chemical Co.). Other suitable adhesive materials include highly crosslinked acrylic adhesives, silicone polyurea elastomers such as are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,670,598 (Leir et al.), the SEPTON™ family of materials (Kuraray Co. Ltd.) and the KRATON™ family of materials (Shell Chemical Co.) such as KRATON D-1101, D-1102, D-1107, D-1111, D-1112, D-1113, D-1114PX, D-1116, D-1117, D-1118, D-1119, D-1122X, D-1124, D-1125PX, D-1160, D-1165, D-1161, D-1184, D-1193, D-1300, D-1320X, D-4141, D-4158, D-4433, RP-6485, RP-6409, RP-6614, RP-6906, RP-6912, G-1650, G-1651, G-1652, G-1654, G-1657, G-1701, G-1702, G-1726, G-1730, G-1750, G-1765, G-1780, FG-1901, FG-1921, FG-1924, and TKG-101. Mixtures of adhesive materials can also be used. [0081] The adhesive (or a liner that protects the adhesive from contamination and bears against the adhesive) can optionally be microtextured to provide air bleeding and easy handling features (as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,197,397). Typically the adhesive layer of a single sheet or the lowermost layer of a stack of sheets will be covered by a liner. If the adhesive is a tacky adhesive, then the liner preferably has a release coating on the side facing the adhesive, such as a silicone release coating. If the adhesive has low tack or is non-tacky, then a liner made of plain paper or other low surface energy material without a release coating may suffice. [0082] The sheets can be converted (using techniques that will be familiar to those skilled in the art) so that they will fit the information display area of a desired information display device. Suitable conversion techniques include die cutting, slitting and laser cutting. [0083] The present invention will now be further described with reference to the following Examples. Unless otherwise indicated, all parts and percentages are by weight. The following evaluation methods were employed: Ink Repellency [0084] Using a black SHARPIE™ fine point permanent marker (Sanford Corp.), a fine line approximately 3 cm long was drawn from an area not coated with the antisoiling layer onto an area coated with the antisoiling layer. A number value of 0 (completely wettable) to 6 (completely unwettable) was assigned based on the appearance of the resulting line, using the rating chart shown in FIG. 7. Higher numerical values thus represent superior antisoiling performance. Pencil Hardness [0085] A series of pencils of increasing hardness values ranging from 6B-1B, HB, F, through 1H-9H were fastened in a handheld rolling test stand under a 1 kg applied load and rolled 3 or 5 times across the coated substrates for each tested pencil hardness. The coatings were rated based on the highest pencil hardness that did not scratch or dent the coating. The assigned rating was based on the highest 2 out of three passes when 3 passes were employed and for the highest 3 out of 5 passes when 5 passes were employed. Higher pencil hardness values thus indicate superior film hardness. Desirably a coating should have better than a 3H rating. Durability [0086] 2 Kg weight wrapped with dry cheesecloth or a 200 g weight wrapped with Grade 0000 steel wool was rubbed several times back and forth across the coated substrate. Periodically, the rubbing was halted and an attempt was made to write on the rubbed surface using the above-described SHARPIE marker. The assigned durability rating was based on the maximum number of rub cycles for which the ink beaded up and could be wiped off with a dry soft tissue without leaving an ink residue. For some coatings where very high numbers of rub cycles could be performed, rubbing was stopped after many rubs (e.g., 200) and the durability rating was noted as being greater than the number of rubs at which the test was stopped. Desirably a coating should have better than a 40 rub cycle cheesecloth durability rating and better than a 60 rub cycle steel wool durability rating. Tape Adhesion [0087] Adhesion of the coating layers to the substrate was evaluated by crosshatching the coating with a sharp knife and applying and removing a tape strip to the crosshatched coating, according to AS™ Test Method D3359-97. The amount of coating removed was evaluated using the 5-point scale set out in the Test Method. Peel adhesion was evaluated according to AS™ Test Method D-3330, using an IMASS™ Model SP-2000 peel tester (Imass Inc.) operated at a 2.3 m/min. peel rate (Method A, 180° peel). Optical Properties [0088] Reflectance was evaluated using an MPC 3100 spectrophotometer (Shimadzu Scientific Instruments. The film sample was adhered to a glass slide whose backside had been coated with black tape. Total reflection and first surface reflection measurements were made and recorded as the percent of incident illumination. Average visible photopic light transmittance, haze and clarity were evaluated using a HAZE-GARD PLUS™ tester (Byk Gardner, Inc.). Gloss was evaluated at 20, 60 or 85 degrees using a MICRO-TRI-GLOSS ™ meter (Byk Gardner, Inc.). EXAMPLES 1-24 [0089] A ceramer composition was prepared by first heating 51.5 Parts of the curable binder precursor PETA (pentaerythritol triacrylate) to approximately 49° C. in a reaction vessel. 88 Parts of NALCO™ 2327 colloidal silica sol (a 40% solids, 20 nanometer average particle size silica sol, Nalco Corp.) were added to the PETA. The resulting mixture contained 32.4 parts of colloidal silica particles. 15.6 Parts DMA (N,N -dimethylacrylamide) were next added to the mixture. 0.15 Parts BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) and 0.02 parts phenothiazine were mixed together and added to the mixture. The mixture was “stripped” by subjecting it to a gentle vacuum distillation (at 100±20 mm Hg and 52°±20 C.) until most of the liquid was removed. A few weight -percent of water remained in the dried product. The resulting dried ceramer precursor was diluted to 50% solids with a 14/1 isopropyl alcohol/distilled water mixture, then further diluted to 25% solids using the same alcohol/water mixture. 0.7 Parts IRGACURE™ 184 photoinitiator (Ciba Specialty Chemicals) were added to the diluted product to provide a photocurable ceramer composition. [0090] The ceramer composition was coated onto 0.04 mm PET film using a Meyer Rod or a gravure roller, at a coating weight sufficient to provide a dried coating thickness of about 3 to about 5 micrometers. The wet coating was dried at 70° C. and cured using a UV H lamp operated at an energy density of 10-60 mJ/cm2 UVC and a nitrogen purge. [0091] An antisoiling layer was applied to the cured hardcoat by dissolving a series of low surface energy fluorinated compounds in varying amounts of HFE-7100™ C4F9OCH3 hydrofluoroether solvent (3M) and coating the resulting solutions onto the cured hardcoat samples using a Meyer Rod at a coating weight sufficient to provide a dried coating thickness of about 0.03 to about 0.2 micrometers. The wet coating was dried at 70° C. and cured using a UV H lamp operated at an energy density of 5 mJ/cm2 UVC under a nitrogen purge. [0092] Three control compositions and 24 formulations were prepared and evaluated. Set out below in Table 1 for each Control or Example is the coating method used to apply the hardcoat; the identity of the low surface energy fluorinated compound, photoinitiator (if any) and adjuvants (if any); and the amount of HFE solvent employed. Set out below in Table 2 are the observed Ink Repellency, Pencil Hardness, and Durability results, and an evaluation of the appearance of the coated Controls and Examples. An entry of “ND” indicates that a value was not determined. TABLE 1 Ceramer Parts of low surface Parts of Parts of Control or coating energy fluorinated Photoinitiator Adjuvant Parts of Example No. method compound (LSEFC) in LSEFC in LSEFC Solvent Control 1 None None (plain PET) Control 2 Gravure None (Ceramer Alone) Control 3 None 0.1 PFPE-A1 0.0015 R20748 20 HFE14 (No Ceramer) 1 Meyer Rod 0.1 PFPE-A 0.0015 R2074 20 HFE 2 Meyer Rod 0.1 PFPE-A 0.0015 R2074 40 HFE 3 Meyer Rod 0.1 PFPE-B2 0.0015 R2074 40 HFE 4 Meyer Rod 0.1 PFPE-A 0.0015 R2074 0.01 A17412 40 HFE 5 Meyer Rod 0.1 PFPE-A/ 0.0015 R2074 40 HFE 0.01 PFPE-C3 6 Meyer Rod 0.1 PFPE-A/ 0.0015 R2074 40 HFE 0.01 PFPE-D4 7 Gravure 0.1 PFPE-A/ 0.0015 R2074/ 40 HFE 0.1 PFPE-E5 0.004 DEAP9 8 Gravure 0.1 PFPE-F6 20 HFE 9 Gravure 0.1 PFPE-F 40 HFE 10 Gravure 0.1 PFPE-F 0.004 D-117310 40 HFE 11 Gravure 0.1 PFPE-E 0.004 I-18411 40 HFE 12 Gravure 0.1 PFPE-E 0.004 1-184 20 HFE 13 Gravure 0.1 PFPE-E 0.004 1-184 80 HFE 14 Gravure 0.1 PFPE-E 0.004 D-1173 40 HFE 15 Gravure 0.1 PFPE-E 0.004 D-1173 20 HFE 16 Gravure 0.1 PFPE-E 0.004 D-1173 80 HFE 17 Gravure 0.1 PFPE-E 0.004 D-1173 160 HFE 18 Gravure 0.1 PFPE-E 0.004 D-1173 1600 HFE 19 Gravure 0.1 PFPE-E 0.004 D-1173 0.04 A174 40 HFE 20 Gravure 0.1 PFPE-E 0.004 D-1173 0.05 K1514 40 HFE 21 Gravure 0.1 PFPE-E/ 0.004 D-1173 40 HFE 0.05 PFPE-D 22 Gravure 0.1 PFPE-E/ 0.004 D-1173 40 HFE 0.05 PFPE-A 23 Gravure 0.1 PFPE-E/ 0.004 D-1173 40 HFE 0.05 PFPE-G6 24 Gravure 0.1 PFPE-H7 0.004 D-1173 40 HFE Notes: 1.PFPE-A is (C2H5O)2CH3SiC3H6NHCO(CF2O)15(C2F4O)13CF2CONHC3H6SiCH3(OC2H5)2. 2.PFPE-B is (C2H5O)3SiC3H6NHCO(CF2O)15(C2F4O)13CF2CONHC3H6Si(OC2H5)3. 3.PFPE-C is KRYTOX ™ 1514 perfluoroether fluid F(CF(CF3)CF2O)25CF2CF3 (E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Co.). 4.PFPE-D is C4H9NHCO(CF2O)15(C2F4O)13CF2CONHC4H9. 5.PFPE-E is CH2═CHCOOC2H4NHCO(CF2O)15(C2F4O)13CF2CONHC2H4OOCCH═CH2. 6.PFPE-F is CH2═CHCOOCH2(CF2O)15(C2F4O)13CF2CH2OOCCH═CH2. 7.PFPE-G is (HOCH2)2CH2NHCO(CF2O)15(C2F4O)13CF2CONHCH2(CH2OH)2. 8.PFPE-H is: 9.R2074 is RHODORSIL ™ 2074 diaryliodonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenylborate) from Rodia. 10.DEAP is 2,2-diethoxyacetophenone. 11.D-1173 is DAROCURE ™ 1173 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-propan-1-one from Ciba Specialty Chemicals. 12.I-184 is IRGACURE ™ 184 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone (Ciba Specialty Chemicals). 13.A-174 is A-174 gamma-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane (Union Carbide Corp.). 14.HFE is HFE-7100 ™ C4F9OCH3hydrofluoroether solvent (3M). [0093] [0093] TABLE 2 Ink Example Repel- Durability, Durability, No. lency Hardness Clarity Cheesecloth Steel Wool Control A None HB Clear None None Control B None N Clear None None Control C 4 ND Clear None None 1 5 ND Clear 2 7 2 5 ND Clear 5 12 3 5 ND Clear 6 14 4 4 ND Clear 60 100 5 5 ND Clear 15 40 6 4 ND Clear 10 30 7 4 ND S. Haze 15 60 8 5 >3H Clear 250 1400 9 5 >3H Clear 200 600 10 2 ND Haze ND ND 11 5 ND Clear 300 450 12 5 ND Clear 200 300 13 5 ND Clear 300 450 14 5 >3H Clear 250 500 15 5 ND Clear >100 >500 16 5 ND Clear 250 500 17 4 ND Clear 100 350 18 1 ND Clear ND ND 19 4 ND Clear 250 800 20 4 ND S. Haze >100 >300 21 5 ND Clear >100 >600 22 4 ND S. Haze 100 200 23 4 ND Clear 300 >600 24 4 ND Clear 100 200 [0094] Especially good results were obtained using ethylenically unsaturated low rgy fluorochemical compounds. Although the antisoiling layers were very thin, coatings having very good and very durable ink repellency. The film of Example 14 was evaluated to determine the average visible ght transmittance through the film. The measured transmittance was 93.8%, proximately the transmittance (94.5%) of a 0.13 mm thick sample of uncoated EXAMPLES 25-32 [0095] Using the method of Examples 1-24, display elements were prepared by dissolving varying amounts PFPE-F in HFE-7100 solvent and coating the resulting antisoiling coating solutions onto the cured hardcoat samples at a coating weight sufficient to provide a dried coating thickness of about 0.03 to about 0.2 micrometers. Half of the examples included IRGACURE 184 photoinitiator and half employed no photoinitiator. The wet coatings were dried at 70° C. and cured using a UV H lamp operated at an energy density of 35 mJ/cm2 UVC under a nitrogen purge. Set out below in Table 3 is the amount of perfluoropolyether and photoinitiator for each example, and the observed Durability results. TABLE 3 Example Photoinitiator, Durability, Durability, No. PFPE-F, % % Cheesecloth Steel Wool 25 0.25 None 200 600 26 0.50 None 250 1400 27 1 None 400 1000 28 2 None 300 2000 29 0.25 4 20 60 30 0.50 4 300 1000 31 1 4 300 1800 32 2 4 400 2500 [0096] The results shown in Table 3 demonstrate very good durability. EXAMPLES 33-37 [0097] [0097]068Using the method of Examples 1-24, display elements were prepared by dissolving a variety of perfluoropolyethers and 0.01% RHODORSIL 2074 photoinitiator in HFE-7100 solvent and coating the resulting antisoiling coating solutions onto the cured hardcoat samples at a coating weight sufficient to provide a dried coating thickness of about 0.08 micrometers. The wet coatings were dried at 70° C. and cured using a UV H lamp operated at an energy density of 12 mJ/cm2 UVC under a nitrogen purge. Set out below in Table 4 is the identity of the perfluoropolyether and the observed Durability results for each example. TABLE 4 Example Durability, Durability, Steel No. Perfluoropolyether Cheesecloth Wool 33 PFPE-I1 15 50 34 PFPE-J2 6 8 35 PFPE-K3 30 15 36 PFPE-L4 2 12 37 PFPE-M5 8 19 [0098] The results shown in Table 4 demonstrate the use of a variety of perfluoropolyethers, applied at a very low coating thickness. EXAMPLE 38 [0099] Using a first vessel placed in an ice bath, one part BAYTRON™ P poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate) conductive polymer solution (Bayer Corp.) was added to the vessel followed by the slow addition of 6.5 parts N,N -dimethylacetamide with mixing. In a second vessel, the stripped, dried ceramer precursor of Examples 1-24 was diluted to 65% solids with a 14:1 isopropyl alcohol/distilled water mixture, and 3.1 parts of the resulting diluted composition was combined with 0.05 parts 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyldiphenylphosphineoxide photoinitiator. The mixture in the second vessel was then slowly added to the chilled mixture in the first vessel with stirring. The resulting ceramer composition contained 17% solids. It was further diluted with a 72/9/19 isopropyl alcohol/ethanol/n-butyl alcohol solvent mixture to three different solids levels as set out below in Table 5: TABLE 5 Ceramer Solution No. Ceramer Solvent Mixture % Solids 1 50 parts 50 parts 8.5 2 85 parts 15 parts 14.45 3 80 parts 20 parts 13.6 [0100] Using the method of Examples 1-24 and a No. 18 Meyer rod, each of the ceramer solutions was coated onto 0.13 mm thick PET film. The coated PET substrate was dried at 93° C. for 3 minutes, then cured by passing the coatings twice under UV D lamps operated at an energy density of 400-600 mJ/cm2 UVA. The dried ceramer coating thickness was 1 to 2 micrometers. Some samples coated with Ceramer Solution Nos. 2 or 3 were given a second coat and again cured, resulting in a dried ceramer coating thickness of 2 to 4 micrometers. The ceramer-coated samples were next coated with a perfluoropolyether antisoiling coating solution prepared from 1 part PFPE-F (CH2═CHCOOCH2(CF2O)(C2F4O)CF2CH2OOCCH═CH2), 0.04 parts IRGACURE 184 photoinitiator, 93 parts HFE-7100 solvent and 23 parts methyl ethyl ketone solvent. The perfluoropolyether solution was applied at a coating weight sufficient to give a dried antisoiling coat thickness of about 0.05 to 0.1 micrometers. Using the method of Examples 1-24, the antisoiling coats were dried and cured under UV H lamps operated at an energy density of 10-60 mJ/cm2 UVC. Set out below in Table 6 are the ceramer solution numbers, the number of coats of ceramer solution, the ceramer coat thickness, and the conductivity, ink repellency and tape adhesion values for the coated substrates: TABLE 6 Ceramer No. of Ceramer Solution Ceramer Thickness, Ink Tape No. Coats micrometers Conductivity Repellency Adhesion 1 1 1 to 2 1 × 1012 5 5 2 1 1 to 2 1.5 × 1010 5 5 2 2 2 to 4 7 × 109 5 4 3 1 1 to 2 4 × 1010 5 5 3 2 2 to 4 1.5 × 1010 5 4 EXAMPLE 39 [0101] A 3-necked reaction vessel was fitted with a vacuum distillation head and condenser, mechanical stirrer, heating mantle, and thermocouple for controlling the heating. The vessel was charged with 6,718 parts NALCO™ 1042 acidic aqueous sol (pH 3.5 sol from ONDEO Nalco Co., containing 34% of 20 nanometer average diameter silica particles), 1,122 parts hydroxyethyl acrylate, 562 parts 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate, 2 parts butylated hydroxytoluene, and 0.2 parts phenothiazine. The contents were stirred at room temperature for 1 hour, then heated to 55° C. over about 45 min. The pressure in the vessel was slowly reduced using a vacuum pump to remove volatiles without causing undue foaming. As the foaming subsided, full pump vacuum was applied until nearly all volatiles were removed. This required about 6 to 7hours of distillation. The vacuum was relieved and then 792 parts SR 444 pentaerythritol triacrylate (Sartomer, Inc.) were added to the vessel. Full pump vacuum was re-applied and the remaining volatiles were removed. When distillation was complete, the contents of the vessel were filtered through fine-mesh cheesecloth to provide a 100% solids solvent-free ceramer hardcoat. [0102] Three chrome-plated metal rolls were roughened using bead-blasting to mean surface roughness (Ra) values of 0.36, 0.44 and 0.57 micrometers, respectively. In a series of runs using one of the roughened metal rolls and a film of 0.05 mm thick polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or 0.13 mm thick polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), roughened coatings were applied to the films using the curable ceramer composition employed in Examples 1-24. The roughened coatings were formed by depositing the curable ceramer composition into the nip region between the film and the metal roll, applying pressure to the nip, moving the roll at a speed sufficient to form a bead of the ceramer composition in the nip and curing the ceramer composition through the film using UV D lamps (Fusion Systems, Inc.) operated at an energy density of about 400 mJ/cm2 UVA. The cured ceramer coating and film were pulled away from the roll. The surface of the cured ceramer coating replicated the roughened roll surface. Using the method of Example 27, a curable antisoiling layer containing 1% PFPE-F perfluoropolyether in HFE-7100 solvent was applied to and cured on the cured ceramer coating using UV H lamps operated at an energy density of 15 mJ/cm2 UVC. The backsides of the coated films were coated with a 35% solution of KRATON™ D-1107 elastomer in toluene, using a fluid bearing die equipped with a 5 micrometer filter, to provide a non-tacky, void-free adhesive coating having a thickness of 0.03 mm. [0103] The coated films were evaluated for reflectance, transmission, haze, clarity, gloss, ink repellency and durability. For comparison, a typical commercially available PDA screen protector (WrightRIGHT™ PDA Screen Protector, Fellowes Corporation) was similarly evaluated. The results are set out below in Table 7. TABLE 7 % 1st Durability, Substrate/ % Total Surface % 20° 60° 85° Ink Steel Pencil Run No. Roughness Reflection Reflection Trans. Haze Clarity Gloss Gloss Gloss Rep. Wool Hard. Control1 PVC/ND2 7.186 3.999 80.2 28.2 53.6 7.9 38.3 47.8 0 4 2B 39-1 PET/0.36 4.853 2.187 93.9 32.8 58.2 8.9 27.4 57 5 1000 >3H 39-2 PET/0.44 4.068 1.358 93.7 44.8 34.3 3.7 16.9 34 5 500 >3H 39-3 PET/0.57 3.899 1.205 93.6 49.5 29.8 4 15.7 32.7 5 1000 >3H 39-4 PMMA/0.36 4.383 1.46 95.4 32.2 57.6 9.9 28.7 61.4 ND ND ND 39-5 PMMA/0.44 3.833 1.392 95.3 43.9 34.1 4.8 18.7 43.9 ND ND ND 39-6 PMMA/0.57 3.566 1.14 95.2 48.6 29.6 4.6 16.9 38.4 ND ND ND [0104] The adhesive-coated side of the coated PET films was pressed against a plain paper liner, and the films were then die-cut to a rectangular shape to form custom screen protectors sized to fit just inside the perimeter of the screen of a PALM™ Vx PDA (Palm Computing Corp.) like the PDA shown in FIG. 6. The screen protectors covered nearly the entire screen, leaving a small uncovered area between the curved bottom edge of the screen and the chord extending between the endpoints of the bottom edge. The screen protectors were also hand-trimmed to fit just inside the perimeter of the screen of an IPAQ™ color PDA (Compaq Corp.) like the PDA shown in FIG. 4. The screen protector was removed from the liner and pressed into place over the screen of the PDA, using the edge of a credit card to assist in removing air bubbles from under the film. The film provided substantial indoor and outdoor glare reduction without unduly reducing visibility through the PDA screen. When the screen protector of the invention was not present, light reflections made it difficult to read the screen at some angles. The matte finish on the screen protector made it easier to write on the screen using the PDA stylus, because the stylus point had a reduced tendency to skid across the screen. A pen or pencil could also be used to write on the PDA screen protector. A small amount of ink or graphite transferred to the screen protector, but was readily removed using a tissue without leaving any observable damage on the screen protector surface. In contrast, if a pen or pencil is used to write directly on the unprotected PDA screen, the screen typically will be permanently damaged. EXAMPLE 40 [0105] Using standard pad-making equipment, five layers of the adhesive-coated sheet of Example 39 were laminated directly atop one another. The lowermost sheet was laminated to a plain paper liner, and the resulting stacks were die-cut to shape to form pads. The pads were sized to fit just inside the perimeter of the screen of a PALM™ Vx PDA (Palm Computing Corp.) as in Example 39. The liner was removed from the pad and the pad was adhered to the inside front cover of the PDA. The uppermost screen protector was removed from a pad and pressed into place over the screen of the PDA, using the edge of a credit card as in Example 39. The screen protector provided the same advantages as in Example 39, and additional screen protectors could be carried with the PDA so that spares would readily be available. EXAMPLE 41 [0106] In a series of runs, the backside of the coated film of Example 27 was coated using a knife coater with two different adhesives and dried at 70° C. for 15 minutes. The relulting adhesive-coated samples were applied to glass for varying dwell periods and then evaluated for 180° peel adhesion. Set out below in Table 8 is the run number, adhesive identity, dry adhesive thickness and the measured peel adhesion values. TABLE 8 Adhesive 180° Peel Strength, g/mm of width Run Thickness, 12 hours, 72 hours, 170 hours, No. Adhesive mm Initial 25° C. 70° C. 70° C. 1 RD-9751 0.03 58 80 110 103 2 RD-975 0.05 74 104 132 127 2 RD-975 0.08 86 117 126 129 3 11072 0.05 6 18 19 14 3 1107 0.08 28 41 39 31 [0107] Various modifications and alterations of this invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of this invention. 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electronic deviceDE10323711B3 *May 22, 2003Nov 25, 2004Waldemar Knittel Glasbearbeitungs GmbhObjektträger mit MarkierungsbereichWO2006007507A1 *Jun 30, 2005Jan 19, 20063M Innovative Properties CompanyHardcoat compositions and methodsWO2006058910A1 *Dec 2, 2005Jun 8, 2006Tesa AgDouble-sided adhesive tapes for producing lc displays having light-reflecting and absorbing propertiesWO2006121638A2 *Apr 27, 2006Nov 16, 2006Uniplas CorporationGlass lens with decorated anti-splinter filmWO2006121638A3 *Apr 27, 2006Jan 25, 2007Uniplas CorpGlass lens with decorated anti-splinter film* Cited by examinerClassifications U.S. Classification428/212, 428/331, 348/E05.131, 428/336, 428/354, 156/196, 348/E05.143International ClassificationC09J201/00, C09D5/24, G06F3/033, C09D4/06, C08F290/06, C08G65/333, C09J7/02, C09D171/02, G02F1/1335, B32B27/00, B32B7/12, C09D153/00, H04N5/65, G09F9/00, C09D5/16, B32B7/02, C09J153/00, C08L53/00, C09D5/00, C09D4/00, C08F2/44, C08G65/336, G01N1/36, G06F1/16, H01J29/86, G06F3/041, H04N5/74, G02B1/10, C08G65/00, G02B21/34, C09D171/00, C09D7/12, C09K3/00, C09D129/10Cooperative ClassificationY10T428/3154, Y10T428/31935, Y10T428/31544, Y10T428/3188, Y10T428/31909, Y10T428/31663, Y10T428/31891, Y10T428/31928, Y10T428/31797, Y10T428/1424, C09D4/06, G02B21/34, Y10T428/24967, C09D4/00, C09D153/00, Y10T428/2891, Y10T156/1002, Y10T428/259, H01J29/868, Y10T428/28, Y10T428/2495, Y10T428/1429, C09J153/00, Y10T428/265, Y10T428/1476, C08F290/06, H04N9/3141, H04N5/65, Y10T428/2813, C09J7/0239, Y10T428/24942, Y10T428/24975, C09D171/02, Y10T428/25, G06F1/1607, G06F1/1626, G01N1/36, C08L53/00, G06F3/041, Y10T428/24802, C09J2433/00, C08G65/007, Y10T428/2848, C08F2/44European ClassificationC09D4/00, C08L53/00, C09D4/06, C09D171/02, C09D153/00, C09J153/00, G06F1/16D6, G06F3/041, C08F290/06, G02B21/34, C08G65/00B2F, G01N1/36, H01J29/86H2, G06F1/16P3, C08F2/44, C09J7/02KLegal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionOct 31, 2001ASAssignmentOwner name: 3M INNOVATIVE PROPERTIES COMPANY, MINNESOTAFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:LIU, JUNKANG J.;FONG, BETTIE C.;KLUGE, BRUCE D.;REEL/FRAME:012465/0320Effective date: 20011031Jun 28, 2005CCCertificate of correctionJun 11, 2007FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4May 11, 2011FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 8May 27, 2015FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 12RotateOriginal ImageGoogle Home - Sitemap - USPTO Bulk Downloads - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - About Google Patents - Send FeedbackData provided by IFI CLAIMS Patent Services