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BSI Standards Publication PD CEN/TR 165122015 Child use and care articles Guidelines for the safety of childrens slingsPD CEN/TR 165122015 PUBLISHED DOCUMENT National foreword This Published Document is the UK implementation of CEN/TR 165122015. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee CW/1, Safety of child use and child care products. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2015. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2015 ISBN 978 0 580 80851 7 ICS 97.190 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. This Published Document was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 28 February 2015. Amendments issued since publication Date Text affectedPD CEN/TR 165122015TECHNICAL REPORT RAPPORT TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHER BERICHT CEN/TR 16512 February 2015 ICS 97.190 English Version Child use and care articles - Guidelines for the safety of childrens slings Articles de puriculture - Lignes directrices pour la scurit des charpes porte-enfants Artikel fr Suglinge und Kleinkinder - Leitfaden zur Sicherheit von Babytragetchern This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 9 September 2014. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 252. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2015 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TR 165122015 EPD CEN/TR 165122015 CEN/TR 165122015 E 2 Contents Page Foreword . 3 Introduction 4 1 Scope . 5 2 Normative references . 5 3 Chemical hazards . 5 4 Thermal hazards . 5 5 Choking and ingestion hazards 6 6 Entrapment hazards for fingers in mesh 6 7 Entanglement hazards 6 8 Suffocation hazards 6 9 Structural integrity 7 10 Product information 7 10.1 General . 7 10.2 Marking 7 10.3 Purchase information . 7 10.4 Instructions for use 7 10.4.1 General . 7 10.4.2 Instructions for use 8 10.4.3 Additional information 8 Annex A normative Requirements and test methods which can be used to assess the safety of children’s slings 9 A.1 Chemical hazards . 9 A.1.1 General . 9 A.1.2 Test methods for determining levels of chemicals in coatings and finishes . 9 A.1.3 Requirements and test methods for formaldehyde 9 A.2 Thermal hazards . 10 A.2.1 Requirements and test method for flammability . 10 A.2.2 Requirements and test method for surface flash 10 A.3 Choking and ingestion hazards 10 A.3.1 Requirements for small components . 10 A.3.2 Test methods and equipment 10 A.4 Entrapment hazards for fingers in mesh 12 A.4.1 General . 12 A.4.2 Test method . 12 A.5 Entanglement hazards 12 A.5.1 Requirements for entanglement hazards . 12 A.5.2 Test methods for entanglement hazards 12 A.6 Suffocation hazards Requirements for packaging . 13 A.7 Structural integrity 14 A.7.1 Static strength . 14 A.7.2 Durability 14 Bibliography . 17 PD CEN/TR 165122015 CEN/TR 165122015 E 3 Foreword This document CEN/TR 165122015 has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 252 “Child use and care articles“, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. PD CEN/TR 165122015 CEN/TR 165122015 E 4 Introduction This Technical Report has been produced to provide safety guidance for designers, manufacturers, suppliers and users of slings which are products designed to carry a child solely on the carer’s torso. Slings are similar to soft carriers which are also designed to carry a child on the carer’s torso, the main differences are that slings do not have integral openings for the child’s limbs and form their structure only when attached to the carer’s torso. Slings consist of a variety of designs ranging from a hammock shaped product suspended on the carer’s torso to a length of material wrapped around the carer’s body. Because of this wide variety of designs, which in many cases can result in an unstructured product, it has proven very difficult to draft a safety standard similar to that for EN 13209-2, Child use and care articles Baby carriers Safety requirements and test methods Part 2 Soft carrier. These guidelines have been drafted to address potential hazards associated with slings. Where there are similar hazards to those associated with soft carriers, these have been identified. Any requirements and test methods which are given in EN 13209-2 and are appropriate to slings are detailed in Annex A. Any other requirements and test methods from other standards which are also appropriate to slings have also been included in Annex A. The bibliography contains a list of standards that have been considered when drafting this Technical Report. PD CEN/TR 165122015 CEN/TR 165122015 E 5 1 Scope This Technical Report covers a product which is designed to carry a child solely on the carer’s torso, which does not have integrated openings for the child’s limbs and is designed to allow the carer a hands-free operation when standing and/or walking. An integrated leg opening is an opening for the child’s legs which exists in the product prior to installation on the carer’s torso. A leg opening which is formed when the carer wears the product is not an integrated opening. Children’s slings are not covered by EN 13209-1 and EN 13209-2. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document including any amendments applies. EN 71-1, Safety of toys Part 1 Mechanical and physical properties EN 71-3, Safety of toys Part 3 Migration of certain elements EN 13209-2, Child use and care articles Baby carriers Safety requirements and test methods Part 2 Soft carrier EN ISO 14184-1, Textiles Determination of formaldehyde Part 1 Free and hydrolysed formaldehyde water extraction method ISO 14184-1 3 Chemical hazards Harmful toxic chemicals can enter a child’s body by ingestion and inhalation. Information detailing chemical hazards and their risk to young children can be found in CEN/TR 133872004, Clause 2. The chemical hazards and risks for a sling are very similar to those of a soft carrier. Subclause A.1.1 states the requirements given in EN 13209–2, which are used to address the hazards related to the ingestion of harmful chemicals by a child. Subclause A.1.2 references the test method which is used to determine the toxic content of these chemicals. EN 13209-2 does not address the hazard of inhalation of formaldehyde. As slings may envelop the child, the level of formaldehyde in the materials used should be controlled. Subclause A.1.3 references the standard which details the requirements and test methods for the assessment of the level of formaldehyde. 4 Thermal hazards Thermal hazards include hazards associated with flammability, the burning characteristics of materials and overheating hyperthermia or exposure of a child to very low temperatures hypothermia. As slings may be used by the carer in and around the home, possibly near a naked flame, the flammability of the materials used in slings and their burning characteristics should be controlled. Subclause A.2.1 gives the requirements for the rate of spread of the flame and references the standard which details the test method. Materials with a surface pile may be subject to surface flash which could occur if cigarette ash or a spark lands on the sling. Subclause A.2.2 references the standard which details the requirements and test methods to assess surface flash. Overheating or hyperthermia, is a rise in the child’s core temperature. This could occur if the child becomes too hot particularly in a sling which encompasses the child’s body. Consideration should be given to the type of PD CEN/TR 165122015 CEN/TR 165122015 E 6 material used for the sling and to the product information which should alert the carer to the potential hazard of the child becoming too hot. The lowering of the child’s body temperature, hypothermia, is less likely to be a hazard. 5 Choking and ingestion hazards Both choking and ingestion hazards can occur if a child puts small objects into their mouth and either attempts to swallow them or actually swallows them. Choking occurs when a child’s internal airways become blocked and their breathing is impeded. This is a serious hazard as air cannot pass into a child’s lungs and irreversible brain damage can occur. Ingestion of small objects which pass into the child’s stomach can cause internal blockages. Where possible it is preferable to avoid the use of small objects attached to the sling. If however small objects are used, they should be firmly attached to the product and there should be no possibility of them detaching and/or breaking into small pieces. Choking and ingestion hazards have been addressed for soft carriers. Clause A.3 gives the requirements and test methods detailed in EN 13209–2 which are used to address these hazards. 6 Entrapment hazards for fingers in mesh If a child’s finger becomes stuck in an opening, the flow of blood to the finger may be reduced. Slings should be designed to eliminate openings in mesh where fingers could be trapped. Clause A.4 gives the requirements and test method to address the hazards associated with the entrapment of a child’s finger in mesh. 7 Entanglement hazards If a child becomes entangled in a product, strangulation can occur. Any cords, ribbons or similar parts should have their length limited so that they cannot encircle a child’s neck. Clause A.5 gives the requirements and test method for the determination of the safety of the length of cords Any loops should be sufficiently small so that they cannot pass over the child’s head. Clause A.5 gives the requirements and a test method to determine the maximum size of a loop. Monofilament threads made of a single thread of man-made fibre are so strong that they cannot be broken in use. If this type of thread becomes wound round a child’s finger the blood supply could be cut off. Monofilament threads should therefore not be used in the manufacture of a sling. Slings should not be fitted with any form of harnessing to restrain the child. 8 Suffocation hazards If air cannot pass into a child’s lungs, irreversible brain damage can occur. Suffocation can occur if a child’s external airways, i.e. the nose and mouth, are blocked simultaneously. This can occur if a child’s face is in contact with a material through which air cannot permeate. The airways can also become obstructed as a result of the position of the baby in the sling or if the child’s chin drops down onto their chest. For a hammock-shaped sling, there could be the potential for the child’s face to be in contact with the material of the sling, which if made of a material through which air cannot permeate could lead to a hazardous situation. It is PD CEN/TR 165122015 CEN/TR 165122015 E 7 important therefore that the material used for a hammock-shaped sling will allow air to circulate or the sling should be designed in such a way that the airways of the child can never be obstructed. Consideration should also be given to the permeability of the material after washing, as some materials and some detergents could block the small air spaces; it is important therefore that adequate instructions are provided to the user for any washing and cleaning so that this does not occur. Any carrying/storage bag supplied with the product with an opening greater than 360 mm should not have a drawstring. As for all child use and care articles, care should be taken in the use of plastic packaging. Clause A.6 gives the requirements for plastic packaging which are common to child use and care articles. 9 Structural integrity It is important that no part of the sling should be weakened in use and always maintains the child securely. Clause A.7 gives the requirements and test methods for the testing of the structural integrity of slings. 10 Product information 10.1 General All product information should be given in the languages of the country in which the sling is sold. 10.2 Marking The sling should be marked with the following − the name, trademark or other means of identification of either the manufacturer, distributor, importer or retailer; − a means of identifying the product e.g. model number or batch number; − the minimum and maximum weight and/or the minimum and the maximum age of the child for which the sling is intended. WARNING When using this sling, constantly monitor your child. These markings should be permanently attached to the sling and still be legible after washing/cleaning. 10.3 Purchase information The following information should be provided at the point of sale − information which gives the maximum weight of the child for which the sling is suitable should be provided at the point of sale; − a means of identifying the product, e.g. model number or batch number. 10.4 Instructions for use 10.4.1 General Instructions for the safe use of the sling should be provided and be headed - ‘IMPORTANT KEEP FOR FUTURE REFERENCE’ in letters not less than 5 mm high. A statement should be included that the carer should read all the instructions before using the sling. PD CEN/TR 165122015 CEN/TR 165122015 E 8 10.4.2 Instructions for use The instructions for use should contain the following warnings WARNING Constantly monitor your child and ensure the mouth and nose are unobstructed. WARNING For pre-term, low birthweight babies and children with medical conditions, seek advice from a health professional before using this product. WARNING Ensure your child’s chin is not resting on its chest as its breathing may be restricted which could lead to suffocation. WARNING To prevent hazards from falling ensure that your child is securely positioned in the sling. The warnings should be clearly indicated either grouped together in a list under the heading WARNINGS or as separate warnings where each warning is prefixed by the
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PDCENTR16512 2015
BSI Standards Publication PD CEN/TR 16512:2015 Child use and care articles — Guidelines for the safety of children's slingsPD CEN/TR 16512:2015 PUBLISHED DOCUMENT National foreword This Published Document is the UK implementation of CEN/TR 16512:2015. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee CW/1, Safety of child use and child care products. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. © The British Standards Institution 2015. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2015 ISBN 978 0 580 80851 7 ICS 97.190 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. This Published Document was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 28 February 2015. Amendments issued since publication Date Text affectedPD CEN/TR 16512:2015TECHNICAL REPORT RAPPORT TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHER BERICHT CEN/TR 16512 February 2015 ICS 97.190 English Version Child use and care articles - Guidelines for the safety of children's slings Articles de puériculture - Lignes directrices pour la sécurité des écharpes porte-enfants Artikel für Säuglinge und Kleinkinder - Leitfaden zur Sicherheit von Babytragetüchern This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 9 September 2014. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 252. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels © 2015 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TR 16512:2015 EPD CEN/TR 16512:2015 CEN/TR 16512:2015 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword . 3 Introduction 4 1 Scope . 5 2 Normative references . 5 3 Chemical hazards . 5 4 Thermal hazards . 5 5 Choking and ingestion hazards 6 6 Entrapment hazards for fingers in mesh 6 7 Entanglement hazards 6 8 Suffocation hazards 6 9 Structural integrity 7 10 Product information 7 10.1 General . 7 10.2 Marking 7 10.3 Purchase information . 7 10.4 Instructions for use 7 10.4.1 General . 7 10.4.2 Instructions for use 8 10.4.3 Additional information 8 Annex A (normative) Requirements and test methods which can be used to assess the safety of children’s slings 9 A.1 Chemical hazards . 9 A.1.1 General . 9 A.1.2 Test methods for determining levels of chemicals in coatings and finishes . 9 A.1.3 Requirements and test methods for formaldehyde 9 A.2 Thermal hazards . 10 A.2.1 Requirements and test method for flammability . 10 A.2.2 Requirements and test method for surface flash 10 A.3 Choking and ingestion hazards 10 A.3.1 Requirements for small components . 10 A.3.2 Test methods and equipment 10 A.4 Entrapment hazards for fingers in mesh 12 A.4.1 General . 12 A.4.2 Test method . 12 A.5 Entanglement hazards 12 A.5.1 Requirements for entanglement hazards . 12 A.5.2 Test methods for entanglement hazards 12 A.6 Suffocation hazards — Requirements for packaging . 13 A.7 Structural integrity 14 A.7.1 Static strength . 14 A.7.2 Durability 14 Bibliography . 17 PD CEN/TR 16512:2015 CEN/TR 16512:2015 (E) 3 Foreword This document (CEN/TR 16512:2015) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 252 “Child use and care articles“, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. PD CEN/TR 16512:2015 CEN/TR 16512:2015 (E) 4 Introduction This Technical Report has been produced to provide safety guidance for designers, manufacturers, suppliers and users of slings which are products designed to carry a child solely on the carer’s torso. Slings are similar to soft carriers which are also designed to carry a child on the carer’s torso, the main differences are that slings do not have integral openings for the child’s limbs and form their structure only when attached to the carer’s torso. Slings consist of a variety of designs ranging from a hammock shaped product suspended on the carer’s torso to a length of material wrapped around the carer’s body. Because of this wide variety of designs, which in many cases can result in an unstructured product, it has proven very difficult to draft a safety standard similar to that for EN 13209-2, Child use and care articles — Baby carriers — Safety requirements and test methods — Part 2: Soft carrier. These guidelines have been drafted to address potential hazards associated with slings. Where there are similar hazards to those associated with soft carriers, these have been identified. Any requirements and test methods which are given in EN 13209-2 and are appropriate to slings are detailed in Annex A. Any other requirements and test methods from other standards which are also appropriate to slings have also been included in Annex A. The bibliography contains a list of standards that have been considered when drafting this Technical Report. PD CEN/TR 16512:2015 CEN/TR 16512:2015 (E) 5 1 Scope This Technical Report covers a product which is designed to carry a child solely on the carer’s torso, which does not have integrated openings for the child’s limbs and is designed to allow the carer a hands-free operation when standing and/or walking. An integrated leg opening is an opening for the child’s legs which exists in the product prior to installation on the carer’s torso. A leg opening which is formed when the carer wears the product is not an integrated opening. Children’s slings are not covered by EN 13209-1 and EN 13209-2. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 71-1, Safety of toys — Part 1: Mechanical and physical properties EN 71-3, Safety of toys — Part 3: Migration of certain elements EN 13209-2, Child use and care articles — Baby carriers — Safety requirements and test methods — Part 2: Soft carrier EN ISO 14184-1, Textiles — Determination of formaldehyde — Part 1: Free and hydrolysed formaldehyde (water extraction method) (ISO 14184-1) 3 Chemical hazards Harmful toxic chemicals can enter a child’s body by ingestion and inhalation. Information detailing chemical hazards and their risk to young children can be found in CEN/TR 13387:2004, Clause 2. The chemical hazards and risks for a sling are very similar to those of a soft carrier. Subclause A.1.1 states the requirements given in EN 13209–2, which are used to address the hazards related to the ingestion of harmful chemicals by a child. Subclause A.1.2 references the test method which is used to determine the toxic content of these chemicals. EN 13209-2 does not address the hazard of inhalation of formaldehyde. As slings may envelop the child, the level of formaldehyde in the materials used should be controlled. Subclause A.1.3 references the standard which details the requirements and test methods for the assessment of the level of formaldehyde. 4 Thermal hazards Thermal hazards include hazards associated with flammability, the burning characteristics of materials and overheating (hyperthermia) or exposure of a child to very low temperatures (hypothermia). As slings may be used by the carer in and around the home, possibly near a naked flame, the flammability of the materials used in slings and their burning characteristics should be controlled. Subclause A.2.1 gives the requirements for the rate of spread of the flame and references the standard which details the test method. Materials with a surface pile may be subject to surface flash which could occur if cigarette ash or a spark lands on the sling. Subclause A.2.2 references the standard which details the requirements and test methods to assess surface flash. Overheating or hyperthermia, is a rise in the child’s core temperature. This could occur if the child becomes too hot particularly in a sling which encompasses the child’s body. Consideration should be given to the type of PD CEN/TR 16512:2015 CEN/TR 16512:2015 (E) 6 material used for the sling and to the product information which should alert the carer to the potential hazard of the child becoming too hot. The lowering of the child’s body temperature, hypothermia, is less likely to be a hazard. 5 Choking and ingestion hazards Both choking and ingestion hazards can occur if a child puts small objects into their mouth and either attempts to swallow them or actually swallows them. Choking occurs when a child’s internal airways become blocked and their breathing is impeded. This is a serious hazard as air cannot pass into a child’s lungs and irreversible brain damage can occur. Ingestion of small objects which pass into the child’s stomach can cause internal blockages. Where possible it is preferable to avoid the use of small objects attached to the sling. If however small objects are used, they should be firmly attached to the product and there should be no possibility of them detaching and/or breaking into small pieces. Choking and ingestion hazards have been addressed for soft carriers. Clause A.3 gives the requirements and test methods detailed in EN 13209–2 which are used to address these hazards. 6 Entrapment hazards for fingers in mesh If a child’s finger becomes stuck in an opening, the flow of blood to the finger may be reduced. Slings should be designed to eliminate openings in mesh where fingers could be trapped. Clause A.4 gives the requirements and test method to address the hazards associated with the entrapment of a child’s finger in mesh. 7 Entanglement hazards If a child becomes entangled in a product, strangulation can occur. Any cords, ribbons or similar parts should have their length limited so that they cannot encircle a child’s neck. Clause A.5 gives the requirements and test method for the determination of the safety of the length of cords Any loops should be sufficiently small so that they cannot pass over the child’s head. Clause A.5 gives the requirements and a test method to determine the maximum size of a loop. Monofilament threads made of a single thread of man-made fibre are so strong that they cannot be broken in use. If this type of thread becomes wound round a child’s finger the blood supply could be cut off. Monofilament threads should therefore not be used in the manufacture of a sling. Slings should not be fitted with any form of harnessing to restrain the child. 8 Suffocation hazards If air cannot pass into a child’s lungs, irreversible brain damage can occur. Suffocation can occur if a child’s external airways, i.e. the nose and mouth, are blocked simultaneously. This can occur if a child’s face is in contact with a material through which air cannot permeate. The airways can also become obstructed as a result of the position of the baby in the sling or if the child’s chin drops down onto their chest. For a hammock-shaped sling, there could be the potential for the child’s face to be in contact with the material of the sling, which if made of a material through which air cannot permeate could lead to a hazardous situation. It is PD CEN/TR 16512:2015 CEN/TR 16512:2015 (E) 7 important therefore that the material used for a hammock-shaped sling will allow air to circulate or the sling should be designed in such a way that the airways of the child can never be obstructed. Consideration should also be given to the permeability of the material after washing, as some materials and some detergents could block the small air spaces; it is important therefore that adequate instructions are provided to the user for any washing and cleaning so that this does not occur. Any carrying/storage bag supplied with the product with an opening greater than 360 mm should not have a drawstring. As for all child use and care articles, care should be taken in the use of plastic packaging. Clause A.6 gives the requirements for plastic packaging which are common to child use and care articles. 9 Structural integrity It is important that no part of the sling should be weakened in use and always maintains the child securely. Clause A.7 gives the requirements and test methods for the testing of the structural integrity of slings. 10 Product information 10.1 General All product information should be given in the language(s) of the country in which the sling is sold. 10.2 Marking The sling should be marked with the following: − the name, trademark or other means of identification of either the manufacturer, distributor, importer or retailer; − a means of identifying the product e.g. model number or batch number; − the minimum and maximum weight and/or the minimum and the maximum age of the child for which the sling is intended. WARNING When using this sling, constantly monitor your child. These markings should be permanently attached to the sling and still be legible after washing/cleaning. 10.3 Purchase information The following information should be provided at the point of sale: − information which gives the maximum weight of the child for which the sling is suitable should be provided at the point of sale; − a means of identifying the product, e.g. model number or batch number. 10.4 Instructions for use 10.4.1 General Instructions for the safe use of the sling should be provided and be headed - ‘IMPORTANT! KEEP FOR FUTURE REFERENCE’ in letters not less than 5 mm high. A statement should be included that the carer should read all the instructions before using the sling. PD CEN/TR 16512:2015 CEN/TR 16512:2015 (E) 8 10.4.2 Instructions for use The instructions for use should contain the following warnings: WARNING Constantly monitor your child and ensure the mouth and nose are unobstructed. WARNING For pre-term, low birthweight babies and children with medical conditions, seek advice from a health professional before using this product. WARNING Ensure your child’s chin is not resting on its chest as its breathing may be restricted which could lead to suffocation. WARNING To prevent hazards from falling ensure that your child is securely positioned in the sling. The warnings should be clearly indicated either grouped together in a list under the heading WARNINGS or as separate warnings where each warning is prefixed by the
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