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Clinical features for Guideline Infective is 2009
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problemC. EpidemiologyA changing epidemiologyIncidence of infective endocarditisTypes of infective endocarditisMicrobiologyD. PathophysiologyThe valve endotheliumTransient bacteraemiaMicrobial pathogens and host defencesE. Preventive measuresReasons justifying revision of previous
ESC GuidelinesPrinciples of the new ESC GuidelinesLimitations and consequences of the new
ESC GuidelinesF. DiagnosisClinical featuresEchocardiographyMicrobiological diagnosisDiagnostic criteria and their limitationsG. Prognostic assessment at
admissionH. Antimicrobial therapy:
principles and methodsGeneral principlesNutritionally variant streptococciEnterococcus sppGram-negative bacteriaBlood culture-negative infective
endocarditisFungiEmpirical therapyHeart failureUncontrolled infectionPrevention of systemic embolismPart 2. Principles, methods, and
immediate results of surgeryPre- and peri-operative managementSurgical approach and techniquesK. Outcome after discharge and
long-term prognosisRecurrences: relapses and reinfectionsHeart failure and need for valvular
surgeryLong-term mortalityFollow-upPart 3. Right-sided infective
endocarditisPart 4. Infective endocarditis in
congenital heart diseasePart 5. Infective endocarditis in
the elderlyPart 6. Infective endocarditis
during pregnancyM. References0 of .Results for: No results containing your search query{{& result_text }}
P. 1Guideline Infective is 2009Guideline Infective is 2009Ratings: (0)|Views: 83|Likes: 0Published by dr_agungeddyMore info:Categories:Types, ReviewsPublished by: dr_agungeddy on Jun 09, 2011Copyright:Attribution Non-commercialAvailability:Read on Scribd mobile: iPhone, iPad and Android.download as PDF, TXT or read online from ScribdFlag for inappropriate content|Add to collectionSee moreSee lesshttps://www.scribd.com/doc/57485543/Guideline-Infective-is-200902/13/2013pdftextoriginal ESC GUIDELINES
Guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis,and treatment of infective endocarditis(new version 2009)
The Task Force on the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)
Endorsed by the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases(ESCMID) and by the International Society of Chemotherapy (ISC) for Infection andCancer Authors/Task Force Members: Gilbert Habib (Chairperson) (France)
, Bruno Hoen (France), Pilar Tornos (Spain),Franck Thuny (France), Bernard Prendergast (UK), Isidre Vilacosta (Spain), Philippe Moreillon (Switzerland),Manuel de Jesus Antunes (Portugal), Ulf Thilen (Sweden), John Lekakis (Greece), Maria Lengyel (Hungary),Ludwig Mu¨ ller (Austria), Christoph K. Naber (Germany), Petros Nihoyannopoulos (UK), Anton Moritz (Germany), Jose Luis Zamorano (Spain)ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG): Alec Vahanian (Chairperson) (France), Angelo Auricchio(Switzerland), Jeroen Bax (The Netherlands), Claudio Ceconi (Italy), Veronica Dean (France), Gerasimos Filippatos(Greece), Christian Funck-Brentano (France), Richard Hobbs (UK), Peter Kearney (Ireland), Theresa McDonagh(UK), Keith McGregor (France), Bogdan A. Popescu (Romania), Zeljko Reiner (Croatia), Udo Sechtem (Germany),Per Anton Sirnes (Norway), Michal Tendera (Poland), Panos Vardas (Greece), Petr Widimsky (Czech Republic)Document Reviewers: Alec Vahanian (CPG Review Coordinator) (France), Rio Aguilar (Spain),Maria Grazia Bongiorni (Italy), Michael Borger (Germany), Eric Butchart (UK), Nicolas Danchin (France),Francois Delahaye (France), Raimund Erbel (Germany), Damian Franzen (Germany), Kate Gould (UK), Roger Hall(UK), Christian Hassager (Denmark), Keld Kjeldsen (Denmark), Richard McManus (UK), Jose´M. Miro´(Spain),Ales Mokracek (Czech Republic), Raphael Rosenhek (Austria), Jose´A. San Roma ´n Calvar (Spain), Petar Seferovic(Serbia), Christine Selton-Suty (France), Miguel Sousa Uva (Portugal), Rita Trinchero (Italy), Guy van Camp(Belgium)
Corresponding author. Gilbert Habib, Service de Cardiologie, CHU La Timone, Bd Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France. Tel:
33 4 91 38 63 79, Email: gilbert.habib@free.fr The content of these European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Guidelines has been published for personal and educational use only. No commercial use is authorized. No part of theESC Guidelines may be translated or reproduced in any form without written permission from the ESC. Permission can be obtained upon submission of a written request to OxfordUniversity Press, the publisher of the
The European Society of Cardiology 2009. All rights reserved. For permissions please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org.
European Heart Journal (2009)
, 2369–2413doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehp285
b y g u e s t onF e b r u ar y 2 2 ,2 0 1 1 e ur h e ar t j . ox f or d j o ur n al s . or gD ownl o a d e d f r om Table of Contents
A. Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2371B. Justiﬁcation/scope of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2372C. Epidemiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2372A changing epidemiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2372Incidence of infective endocarditis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2373Types of infective endocarditis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2373Microbiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2373D. Pathophysiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2374The valve endothelium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2374Transient bacteraemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2374Microbial pathogens and host defences . . . . . . . . . . . .2374E. Preventive measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2375Evidence justifying the use of antibiotic prophylaxis for infective endocarditis in previous ESC recommendations2375Reasons justifying revision of previous ESC Guidelines . .2375Principles of the new ESC Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . .2376Limitations and consequences of the new ESC Guidelines2378F. Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2378Clinical features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2378Echocardiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2379Microbiological diagnosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2380Diagnostic criteria and their limitations . . . . . . . . . . . .2382G. Prognostic assessment at admission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2383H. Antimicrobial therapy: principles and methods . . . . . . . . .2383General principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2383Penicillin-susceptible oral streptococci and group Dstreptococci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2384Penicillin-resistant oral streptococci and group Dstreptococci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2384
-haemolytic streptococci(groups A, B, C, and G) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2384Nutritionally variant streptococci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2384
and coagulase-negativestaphylococci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2386Methicillin-resistant and vancomycin-resistantstaphylococci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2387
spp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2387Gram-negative bacteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2387Blood culture-negative infective endocarditis . . . . . . . .2387Fungi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2388Empirical therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2388Outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy for infectiveendocarditis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2389I. Complications and indications for surgery in left-sided nativevalve infective endocarditis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2391Part 1. Indications and optimal timing of surgery . . . . . . . . .2391Heart failure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2391Uncontrolled infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2392Prevention of systemic embolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2393Part 2. Principles, methods, and immediate results of surgery .2394Pre- and peri-operative management . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2394Surgical approach and techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2394Operative mortality, morbidity, and post-operativecomplications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2394 J. Other complications of infective endocarditisPart 1. Neurological complications, antithrombotic therapy . .2395Part 2. Other complications (infectious aneurysms, acute renalfailure, rheumatic complications, splenic abscess, myocarditis,pericarditis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2396K. Outcome after discharge and long-term prognosis . . . . . .2397Recurrences: relapses and reinfections . . . . . . . . . . . .2397Heart failure and need for valvular surgery . . . . . . . . .2398Long-term mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2398Follow-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2398L. Speciﬁc situationsPart 1. Prosthetic valve endocarditis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2398Part 2. Infective endocarditis on pacemakers and implantabledeﬁbrillators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2400Part 3. Right-sided infective endocarditis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2401Part 4. Infective endocarditis in congenital heart disease . . . .2403Part 5. Infective endocarditis in the elderly . . . . . . . . . . . . .2404Part 6. Infective endocarditis during pregnancy . . . . . . . . . . .2404M. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2404
BCNIE blood culture-negative infective endocarditisCD cardiac deviceCDRIE cardiac device-related infective endocarditisCHD congenital heart diseaseCNS coagulase-negative staphylococciCT computed tomographyELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assayHF heart failureIA infectious aneurysmICD implantable cardioverter deﬁbrillator ICE International Collaboration on EndocarditisIE infective endocarditisIVDA intravenous drug abuser LDI local device infectionMBC minimal bactericidal concentrationMIC minimal inhibitory concentrationMRI magnetic resonance imagingMRSA methicillin-resistant
MSSA methicillin-susceptible
NBTE non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditisNVE native valve endocarditisOPAT outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapyPBP plasma-binding proteinPCR polymerase chain reactionPET positron emission tomographyPMP platelet microbicidal proteinPPM permanent pacemaker PVE prosthetic valve endocarditisTEE transoesophagal echocardiographyTTE transthoracic echocardiographyVISA vancomycin-intermediate
b y g u e s t onF e b r u ar y 2 2 ,2 0 1 1 e ur h e ar t j . ox f or d j o ur n al s . or gD ownl o a d e d f r om A. Preamble
Guidelines and Expert Consensus Documents summarize andevaluate all currently available evidence on a particular issue with the aim of assisting physicians in selecting the best managementstrategy for an individual patient suffering from a given condition, taking into account the impact on outcome, as well as the risk/beneﬁt ratio of particular diagnostic or therapeutic means. Guide-lines are no substitutes for textbooks. The legal implications of medical guidelines have been discussed previously.A great number of Guidelines and Expert Consensus Docu-ments have been issued in recent years by the European Societyof Cardiology (ESC) as well as by other societies and organizations.Because of the impact on clinical practice, quality criteria for devel-opment of guidelines have been established in order to make alldecisions transparent to the user. The recommendations for for-mulating and issuing ESC Guidelines and Expert Consensus Docu-ments can be found on the ESC website (http://www.escardio.org/knowledge/guidelines/rules).In brief, experts in the ﬁeld are selected and undertake a com-prehensive review of the published evidence for management and/or prevention of a given condition. A critical evaluation of diagnos- tic and therapeutic procedures is performed including assessmentof the risk/ beneﬁt ratio. Estimates of expected health outcomesfor larger societies are included, where data exist. The level of evi-dence and the strength of recommendation of particular treatmentoptions are weighed and graded according to predeﬁned scales, asoutlined in
.The experts of the writing panels have provided disclosurestatements of all relationships they may have which might be per-ceived as real or potential sources of conﬂicts of interest. Thesedisclosure forms are kept on ﬁle at the European Heart House,headquarters of the ESC. Any changes in conﬂict of interest thatarise during the writing period must be notiﬁed to the ESC. TheTask Force report received its entire ﬁnancial support from theESC and was developed without any involvement of the pharma-ceutical, device, or surgical industry.The ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG) supervisesand coordinates the preparation of new Guidelines and ExpertConsensus Documents produced by Task Forces, expert groups,or consensus panels. The Committee is also responsible for theendorsement process of these Guidelines and Expert ConsensusDocuments or statements. Once the document has been ﬁnalizedand approved by all the experts involved in the Task Force, it is sub-mittedtooutsidespecialistsforreview.Thedocumentisrevised,andﬁnally approved by the CPG and subsequently published.After publication, dissemination of the message is of paramountimportance. Pocket-sized versions and personal digital assistant(PDA)-downloadable versions are useful at the point of care.Some surveys have shown that the intended users are sometimesunaware of the existence of guidelines, or simply do not translate them into practice. Thus, implementation programmes for newguidelines form an important component of knowledge dissemina- tion. Meetings are organized by the ESC, and directed towards itsmember National Societies and key opinion leaders in Europe.Implementation meetings can also be undertaken at nationallevels, once the guidelines have been endorsed by the ESCmember societies, and translated into the national language.Implementation programmes are needed because it has beenshown that the outcome of disease may be favourably inﬂuencedby the thorough application of clinical recommendations.Thus, the task of writing Guidelines or Expert Consensus docu-ments covers not only the integration of the most recent research,but also the creation of educational tools and implementationprogrammes for the recommendations. The loop between clinicalresearch, writing of guidelines, and implementing them into clinical
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