Source: http://www.google.com/patents/US6068731?dq=6106459
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Patent US6068731 - Soft, bulky single-ply tissue having low sidedness and method for its ... - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign inPatentsThe present invention relates to a soft, thick, single-ply tissue and to a process for the manufacture of such tissue product having a basis weight of at least about 15 lbs./3,000 square foot ream and having low sidedness, said tissue exhibiting: a specific total tensile strength of between 40 and 75...http://www.google.com/patents/US6068731?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US6068731 - Soft, bulky single-ply tissue having low sidedness and method for its manufactureAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS6068731 APublication typeGrantApplication numberUS 09/318,313Publication dateMay 30, 2000Filing dateMay 25, 1999Priority dateDec 23, 1996Fee statusPaidAlso published asUS6033761, US6143131Publication number09318313, 318313, US 6068731 A, US 6068731A, US-A-6068731, US6068731 A, US6068731AInventorsJohn H. Dwiggins, Ranga Ramesh, Frank D. Harper, Anthony O. Awofeso, T. Philips Oriaran, Galyn A. Schulz, Dinesh M. BhatOriginal AssigneeFort James CorporationExport CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (5), Referenced by (44), Classifications (31), Legal Events (5) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetSoft, bulky single-ply tissue having low sidedness and method for its manufacture
US 6068731 AAbstract
1. A process for the manufacture of a soft, single-ply tissue product having a basis weight of at least about 15 lbs./3,000 square feet ream and having low sidedness which process comprises:providing a moving foraminous support; providing a headbox adjacent said moving foraminous support adapted to form a nascent web by depositing furnish upon said moving foraminous support; providing wet pressing means operatively connected to said moving foraminous support to receive said nascent web and for dewatering of said nascent web by overall compaction thereof, providing a Yankee dryer operatively connected to said wet pressing means and adopted to receive and dry the dewatered nascent web; supplying a furnish to said headbox comprising cationic temporary wet strength agents, nitrogenous softener/debonder and cellulosic papermaking fibers chosen from the group consisting hardwood, softwood, and recycled fibers; controlling the overall concentration of the aldehyde-containing cationic temporary wet strength agent and the cationic nitrogenous softener/debonder in said nascent web to between about 1 to about 20 lbs./ton on a dry fiber basis, the weight ratio of the wet strength agent to the softener debonder being controlled to be within the range of about 0.5 to about 10.0; wet pressing said nascent web; transferring said nascent web to said Yankee dryer, adhering said web to said Yankee, and creping said web from said Yankee; embossing said creped web; recovering a creped and embossed, dried tissue product; and forming a roll of a single-ply tissue; controlling the relative amounts of the temporary wet strength agent and the nitrogenous softener/debonder such that said dried tissue exhibits: a specific total tensile strength of between 40 and 75 grams per 3 inches per pound per 3000 square feet ream, a cross direction specific wet tensile strength of between 2.75 and 7.5 grams per 3 inches per pound per 3000 square feet ream, the ratio of MD tensile to CD tensile of between 1.25 and 2.75, a specific geometric mean tensile stiffness of between 0.5 and 1.2 grams per inch per percent strain per pound per 3000 square feet ream, a friction deviation of less than 0.225, and a sidedness parameter of less than 0.275. 2. The process of claim 1 wherein the softener is a dialkyl dimethyl fatty quaternary ammonium compound of the following structure: ##STR8## wherein R and R1 are the same or different and are aliphatic hydrocarbons selected from the following: C16 H35 and C18 H37.
3. The process of claim 2 wherein R and R1 are the same or different and have fourteen to twenty carbon atoms.
4. A process for the manufacture of a soft, single-ply tissue product having a basis weight of at least about 15 lbs./3,000 square feet ream and having low sidedness which process comprises:providing a moving foraminous support; providing a headbox adjacent said moving foraminous support adapted to form a nascent web by depositing furnish upon said moving foraminous support; providing wet pressing means operatively connected to said moving foraminous support to receive said nascent web and for dewatering of said nascent web by overall compaction thereof, providing a Yankee dryer operatively connected to said wet pressing means and adapted to receive and dry the dewatered nascent web, supplying a furnish to said headbox comprising cationic aldehyde containing temporary wet strength agents, nitrogenous softener/debonder and cellulosic papermaking fibers chosen from the group consisting hardwood, softwood, and recycled fibers; controlling the overall concentration of the aldehyde-containing cationic temporary wet strength agent and the cationic nitrogenous softener/debonder in said nascent web to between about 1 to about 20 lbs./ton on a dry fiber basis, the weight ratio of the wet strength agent to the softener debonder being controlled to be within the range of about 0. 5 to about 10.0; wet pressing said nascent web; transferring said nascent web to said Yankee dryer, adhering said web to said Yankee, and creping said web from said Yankee; embossing said creped web recovering a creped and embossed, dried bathroom tissue product; and forming a roll of a single-ply tissue; controlling the relative amounts of the temporary wet strength agent and the nitrogenous softener/debonder such that said dried tissue exhibits: a specific total tensile strength of between 40 and 75 grams per 3 inches per pound per 3000 square feet ream, a cross direction specific wet tensile strength of between 2.75 and 7.5 grams per 3 inches per pound per 3000 square feet ream, the ratio of MD tensile to CD tensile of between 1.25 and 2.75, a specific geometric mean tensile stiffness of between 0.5 and 1.2 grams per inch per percent strain per pound per 3000 square feet ream, a friction deviation of less than 0.225, and a sidedness parameter of less than 0.275. 5. The process of claim 1 or claim 4 wherein the temporary wet strength agent is in the form of a cationic water soluble organic polymer having aldehyde groups in its moiety.
6. The process of claim 5 wherein the temporary wet strength agent is a cationic water soluble starch having aldehyde groups in its moiety.
7. The process of claim 4 wherein the softener is added to the furnish.
8. The process of claim 4 wherein the softener is an imidazoline moiety which has a melting point of about 0-40� C. in a hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of aliphatic polyols, aliphatic diols, alkoxylated polyols, alkoxylated aliphatic diols, and mixtures of these compounds.
9. The process of claim 8 wherein the softener is dispersible in water at a temperature of about 1� C. to about 40� C.
10. The process of claim 8 wherein the imidazoline moiety is of the following formula: ##STR9## wherein X is an anion and R is selected from the group of saturated and unsaturated paraffinic moieties having a carbon chain of C12 to C20 and R1 is selected from the groups of methyl and ethyl moieties.
11. The process of claim 10 wherein X is methyl sulfate.
12. The process of claim 10 wherein X is the chloride ion.
13. The process of claim 10 wherein R has a carbon chain length of C12 to C18.
14. The process of claim 13 wherein R has a chain length of C18.
15. The process of claim 8 wherein the diol is 2,2,4 trimethyl 1,3 pentane diol.
16. The process of claim 8 wherein alkoxylated diol is ethoxylated 2,2,4 trimethyl 1,3 pentane diol.
17. A process for the manufacture of a soft, single-ply tissue product having a basis weight of at least about 15 lbs./3,000 square feet ream and having low sidedness which process comprises:providing a moving foraminous support, providing a headbox adjacent said moving foraminous support adapted to form a nascent web by depositing furnish upon said moving foraminous support; providing wet pressing means operatively connected to said moving foraminous support to receive said nascent web and for dewatering of said nascent web by overall compaction thereof; providing a Yankee dryer operatively connected to said moving foraminous support and said wet pressing means and adapted to receive and dry the dewatered nascent web; supplying a furnish to said headbox comprising cellulosic papermaking fibers chosen from the group consisting of hardwood, softwood, and recycled fibers; spraying uncharged aldehyde containing wet strength agents and cationic softeners/debonders on the web; controlling the overall concentration of the uncharged aldehyde-containing temporary wet strength agents and the cationic nitrogenous softener/debonder in the web to between about 1 to about 20 lbs./ton on a dry fiber basis, the weight ratio of the wet strength agent to the softener/debonder being controlled to be within the range of about 0. 5 to about 10; wet pressing said nascent web; transferring said nascent web to said Yankee dryer, adhering said web to said Yankee, and creping said web from said Yankee; embossing said creped web; recovering a creped and embossed, dried bathroom tissue product; and forming a roll of a single-ply tissue; controlling the relative amounts of the temporary wet strength agent and the nitrogenous softener/debonder such that said dried tissue exhibits: a specific total tensile strength of between 40 and 75 grams per 3 inches per pound per 3000 square feet ream, a cross direction specific wet tensile strength of between 2.75 and 7.5 grams per 3 inches per pound per 3000 square feet ream, the ratio of MD tensile to CD tensile of between 1.25 and 2.75, a specific geometric mean tensile stiffness of between 0.5 and 1.2 grams per inch per percent strain per pound per 3000 square feet ream, a friction deviation of less than 0.225, and a sidedness parameter of less than 0.275. 18. The process of claim 17 wherein the uncharged aldehyde containing temporary wet strength agent is glyoxal.
This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 08/772,435, filed Dec. 23, 1996.
The most pertinent prior art patents will be discussed but, in our view, none of them can be fairly said to apply to a one-ply tissue of this invention which exhibits high thickness, soft, strong and low sidedness attributes. U.S. Pat. No. 4,447,294, issued to Osbom, III, relates to towels and facial tissue and discloses a process for making a towel or facial tissue product having high wet strength and low dry strength. This reference requires that the wet strength agent be at least partially cured and that a debonding agent be applied to the already-dried web, which further distinguishes that reference from the present invention. Phan et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 5,262,007 discloses towels, napkins, and tissue papers containing a biodegradable softening compound, a temporary wet strength resin, and a wetting agent. The Phan reference requires the use of a wetting agent, presumably to restore the absorbency lost by use of the softening agent. The present invention is unrelated to the Phan reference and does not require use of a wetting agent to achieve a one-ply bathroom tissue having high absorbency. In U.S. Pat. No. 5,164,045, Awofeso et al. disclose a soft, high bulk tissue. However, production of this product requires stratified foam forming and a furnish that contains a substantial amount of anfractuous and mechanical bulking fibers, none of which are necessary to the present invention. European Application 95302013.8 discloses a low sidedness product, but the tissue does not have the high thickness and temporary strength agent of the present invention. In addition, production of this product requires such strategies as fiber and/or chemical stratification that have been found unnecessary to produce the product of the present invention. Dunning et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,166,001, discloses a double creped three-layered product having a weak middle layer. The Dunning product does not suggest the novel one-ply premium softness soft tissue of this invention and does not contain a temporary wet strength agent. The foregoing prior art references do not disclose or suggest a high-softness, strong one-ply tissue having low sidedness and having a total tensile strength of no more than 75 grams per three inches per pound per ream basis weight, a cross direction wet tensile strength of at least 2.7 grams per three inches per pound per ream of basis weight, a tensile stiffness of less than about 1.1 grams per inch per percent strain per pound per ream basis weight, a GM friction deviation of no more than 0.225 and a sidedness parameter less than 0.275 usually in the range of about 0.180 to about 0.250.
To achieve the, foregoing advantages and in accordance with the purpose of the invention as embodied and broadly described herein, there is disclosed:
The paper products of the present invention, e.g., single-ply tissue having one, two, three, or more layers, may be manufactured on any papermaking machine of conventional forming configurations such as fourdrinier, twin-wire, suction breast roll, or crescent forming configurations. FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of the present invention wherein machine chest (55) is used for preparing the papermaking furnish. Functional chemicals such as dry strength agents, temporary wet strength agents and softening agents may be added to the furnish in the machine chest (55) or in conduit (47). The furnish may be treated sequentially with chemicals having different functionality depending on the character of the fibers that constitute the furnish, particularly their fiber length and coarseness, and depending on the precise balance of properties desired in the final product. The furnish is diluted to a low consistency, typically 0.5% or less, and transported through conduit (40) to headbox (20) of a paper machine (10). FIG. 1 includes a web-forming end or wet end with a liquid permeable foraminous forming fabric (11) which may be of any conventional configuration.
B. Water soluble cationic temporary wet strength polymers having aldehyde units which have molecular weights of from about 20,000 to about 200,000, and are of the formula: ##STR3## wherein A is ##STR4## and X is --O--, --NH--, or --NCH3 -- and R is a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic group; Y1 and Y2 are independently --H, --CH3, or a halogen, such as C1 or F; W is a nonnucleophilic, water-soluble nitrogen heterocyclic moiety; and Q is a cationic monomeric unit. The mole percent of "a" ranges from about 30% to about 70%, the mole percent of "b" ranges from about 30% to about 70%, and the mole percent of "c" ranges from about 1% to about 40%.
Other preferred temporary wet strength resins, also available from the National Starch and Chemical company are sold under the trademarks Co-Bond� 1600 and Co-Bond�2500. These starches are supplied as aqueous colloidal dispersions and do not require preheating prior to use.
The present invention may be used with a particular class of softener materials--amido amine salts derived from partially acid neutralized amines. Such materials are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,720,383; column 3, lines 40-41. Also relevant are the following articles: Evans, Chemistry and Industry. Jul. 5, 1969, pp. 893-903; Egan, J. Am. Oil Chemist's Soc., Vol. 55 (1978), pp. 118-121; and Trivedi et al., J. Am. Oil Chemist's Soc., June 1981, pp. 754-756. All of the above are incorporated herein by reference. As indicated therein, softeners are often available commercially only as complex mixtures rather than as single compounds. While this discussion will focus on the predominant species, it should be understood that commercially available mixtures would generally be used to practice.
Softness is a quality that does not lend itself to easy quantification. J.D. Bates, in "Softness Index: Fact or Mirage?" TAPPI, Vol. 48 (1965), No. 4, pp. 63A-64A, indicates that the two most important readily quantifiable properties for predicting perceived softness are (a) roughness and (b) what may be referred to as stiffness modulus. Tissue produced according to the present invention has a more pleasing texture as measured by sidedness parameter or reduced values of either or both roughness and stiffness modulus (relative to control samples). Surface roughness can be evaluated by measuring geometric mean deviation in the coefficient of friction (GM MMD) using a Kawabata KES-SE Friction Tester equipped with a fingerprint-type sensing unit using the low sensitivity range. A 25 g stylus weight is used, and the instrument readout is divided by 20 to obtain the mean deviation in the coefficient of friction. The geometric mean deviation in the coefficient of friction or overall surface friction is then the square root of the product of the deviation in the machine direction and the cross-machine direction. The GM MMD of the single-ply product of the current invention is preferably no more than about 0.225, is more preferably less than about 0.215, and is most preferably about 0.150 to about 0.205. The tensile stiffness (also referred to as stiffness modulus) is determined by the, procedure for measuring tensile strength described above, except that a sample width of 1 inch is used and the modulus recorded is the geometric mean of the ratio of 50 grams load over percent strain obtained from the load-strain curve. The specific tensile stiffness of said web is preferably from about 0.5 to about 1.2 g/inch/% strain per pound of basis weight and more preferably from about 0.6 to about 1.0 g/inch/% strain per pound of basis weight, most preferably from about 0.7 to about 0.8 g/inch/% strain per pound of basis weight.
To quantify the degree of sidedness of a single-ply tissue, we use a quantity which we term sidedness parameter or S. We define sidedness parameter S as ##EQU1## where [GM MMD]H and [GM MMD]L are the geometric mean friction deviations or overall surface friction of the two sides of the sheet. The "H" and "L" subscripts refer the higher and lower values of the friction deviation of the two sides--that is the larger friction deviation value is always placed in the numerator. For most creped products, the air side friction deviation will be higher than the friction deviation of the Yankee side. S takes into account not only the relative difference between the two sides of the sheet but also the overall friction level. Accordingly, low S values are preferred. The sidedness of the one-ply product should be from about 0.160 to about 0.275; preferably less than about 0.250; and more preferably less than about 0.225.
TAPPI 401 OM-88 (Revised 1988) provides a procedure for the identification of the types of fibers present in a sample of paper or paperboard and an estimate of their quantity. Analysis of the amount of the softener/debonder chemicals retained on the tissue paper can be performed by any method accepted in the applicable art. For the most sensitive cases, we prefer to use x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ESCA to measure nitrogen levels, the amounts in each level being measurable by using the tape pull procedure described above combined with ESCA analysis of each "split." Normally the background level is quite high and the variation between measurements quite high, so use of several replicates in a relatively modem ESCA system such as at the Perkin Elmer Corporation's model 5,600 is required to obtain more precise measurements. The level of cationic nitrogenous softener/debonder such as Quasoft� 202-JR can alternatively be determined by solvent extraction of the Quasoft� 202-JR by an organic solvent followed by liquid chromatography determination of the softener/debonder. TAPPI 419 OM-85 provides the qualitative and quantitative methods for measuring total starch content. However, this procedure does not provide for the determination of starches that are cationic, substituted, grafted, or combined with resins. These types of starches can be determined by high pressure liquid chromatography. (TAPPI, Journal Vol. 76, Number 3.)
TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________Physical Properties of One-Ply Base Sheets    Basis   Specific               MD   CD   Specific        Tensile                                             Specific    Weight   Caliper       Caliper Tensile                    Tensile                         Total Tensile                                     MD  stiffness                                             Tensile stiffness    (lbs./   (mils/8       (mils/8 sheets/               (grams/3                    (grams/3                         (grams/3 inches/                                 Tensile                                     Stretch                                         (grams/                                             (grams/inch/%/                                                     FrictionProduct    ream)   sheets)       lbs./ream)               inches)                    inches)                         lbs/ream)                                 Ratio                                     (%) inch/%)                                             lbs./ream)                                                     Deviation__________________________________________________________________________Lower    18.4   43.6       2.37    802  508  71.2    1.58                                     19.1                                         28.0                                             1.52    0.170StretchHigher    17.9   45.2       2.53    819  534  75.6    1.53                                     27.2                                         225 1.26    0.173Stretch__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________Physical Properties of 560-Count One-Ply Embossed Products    Basis   Specific               MD   CD   Specific        Tensile                                             Specific    Weight   Caliper       Caliper Tensile                    Tensile                         Total Tensile                                     MD  stiffness                                             Tensile stiffness    (lbs./   (mils/8       (mils/8 sheets/               (grams/3                    (grams/3                         (grams/3 inches/                                 Tensile                                     Stretch                                         (grams/                                             (grams/inch/%/                                                     FrictionProduct    ream)   sheets)       lbs./ream)               inches)                    inches)                         lbs/ream)                                 Ratio                                     (%) inch/%)                                             lbs./ream)                                                     Deviation__________________________________________________________________________Lower    18.3   57.0       3.11    612  309  50.3    1.98                                     15.1                                         18.2                                             0.99    0.164StretchHigher    18.2   54.5       2.99    753  414  64.1    18.2                                     22.6                                         17.4                                             0.96    0.181Stretch__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 3__________________________________________________________________________Physical Properties of One-Ply Tissue Products__________________________________________________________________________    Basis   Specific               MD         Specific    Weight   Caliper       Caliper Tensile    Total TensileProduct    (lbs./   (mils/8       (mils/8 (grams/                    CD Tensile                          (grams/3                                Tensile#   ream)   sheets)       sheets/lbs./ream)               3 in)                    (grams/3 in)                          in/lbs./ream)                                Ratio__________________________________________________________________________1   17.54   66.5       3.79    694  334   58.6  2.082   17.72   70.0       3.95    662  320   55.4  2.073   19.18   70.7       3.69    631  332   50.2  1.90__________________________________________________________________________   CD Wet       Specific CD             Tensile                  Specific Tensile    MD  Tensile       Wet Tensile             stiffness                  stiffnessProduct    Stretch   (grams/       (grams/3             (grams/in/                  (grams/in/%/                          Friction#   (%) 3 in)       in/lbs./ream)             %)   lbs./ream)                          Deviation                               Sidedness__________________________________________________________________________1   22.8   89  5.07  13.0 0.74    0.192                               0.2252   22.0   28  1.58  13.6 0.77    0.191                               0.2253   21.6   22  1.15  13.4 0.70    0.192                               0.225__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 4______________________________________Monadic Home Use Test Results   Overall Softness Strength                          Thickness                                  AbsorbencyProduct #   Rating  Rating   Rating                          Rating  Rating______________________________________1       3.78    4.16     3.95  3.67    3.982       3.61    4.25     3.65  3.52    3.873       3.75    4.18     3.81  3.69    3.91______________________________________
The foregoing tests and the related other tests set forth in the following examples are described in the Blumkenship and Green textbook "State of the Art Marketing Research NTC Publishing Group," Lincolnwood, Ill., 1993.
A one-ply tissue base sheet was produced on a pilot paper machine, as set forth in Example 1, from a furnish containing 50% Southern Softwood Kraft, 50% Southern Hardwood Kraft at a targeted basis weight of 19 lbs. per 3,000 square foot ream. A cationic potato starch was added to the softwood kraft portion of the furnish in the amount of 5.5 lbs. of starch per ton of fiber to control the sheet strength. The base sheet was treated with a sprayed softening compound in the amount of 2.5 lbs. of softener (Quasoft� 218) per ton of fiber. The softener was applied to the Yankee side of the sheet while the sheet was on the felt as shown in FIG. 1 from position 53. A temporary wet strength agent, glyoxal, was applied to the sheet in the amount of 5 lbs. of wet strength agent per ton of fiber. This was applied as shown in FIG. 1 from position 52. The base sheet was made using a crepe percentage of 25% and exhibited a MD stretch value of 27.8 %. The base sheet was converted to a 280 count finished product by embossing the base sheet with a spot emboss pattern which contained crenulated elements. This pattern is shown in FIG. 7. The physical properties of the embossed product (designated Product 4) are shown in Table 5.
TABLE 5__________________________________________________________________________Physical Properties of One-Ply Tissue Product__________________________________________________________________________    Basis   Specific               MD         Specific    Weight   Caliper       Caliper Tensile    Total TensileProduct    (lbs./   (mils/8       (mils/8 (grams/                    CD Tensile                          (grams/3                                Tensile#   ream)   sheets)       sheets/lbs./ream)               3 in)                    (grams/3 in)                          in/lbs./ream)                                Ratio__________________________________________________________________________4   18.28   70.7       3.86    578  346   53.5  1.67__________________________________________________________________________   CD Wet       Specific CD             Tensile                  Specific Tensile    MD  Tensile       Wet Tensile             stiffness                  stiffnessProduct    Stretch   (grams/       (grams/3             (grams/in/                  (grams/in/%/                          Friction#   (%) 3 in)       in/lbs./ream)             %)   lbs./ream)                          Deviation                               Sidedness__________________________________________________________________________4   18.3   96  5.25  14.1 0.77    0.200                               0.227__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 6______________________________________Typical Coarseness Values for Fiber Furnish Used in Examples 2 and 3               CoarsenessFiber               (milligrams/100 meters)______________________________________Northern Softwood Kraft               18.9(Products 1, 2, and 3)Northern Hardwood Kraft               9.9(Products 1, 2, and 3)Southern Softwood Kraft (Product 4)               30.5Southern Hardwood Kraft (Product 4)               14.3______________________________________
TABLE 7______________________________________Monadic Home Use Test Results   Overall Softness Strength                          Thickness                                  AbsorbencyProduct #   Rating  Rating   Rating                          Rating  Rating______________________________________4       3.77    4.11     3.85  3.71    3.84______________________________________
TABLE 8__________________________________________________________________________Physical Properties of 500 Count One-Ply Tissue Products__________________________________________________________________________    Basis   Specific               MD         Specific    Weight   Caliper       Caliper Tensile    Total TensileProduct    (lbs./   (mils/8       (mils/8 (grams/                    CD Tensile                          (grams/3                                Tensile#   ream)   sheets)       sheets/lbs./ream)               3 in)                    (grams/3 in)                          in/lbs./ream)                                Ratio__________________________________________________________________________5   18.11   67.0       3.70    740  341   59.7  2.176   18.16   63.6       3.50    598  357   52.6  1.68__________________________________________________________________________   CD Wet       Specific CD             Tensile                  Specific Tensile    MD  Tensile       Wet Tensile             stiffness                  stiffnessProduct    Stretch   (grams/       (grams/3             (grams/in/                  (grams/in/%/                          Friction#   (%) 3 in)       in/lbs./ream)             %)   lbs./ream)                          Deviation                               Sidedness__________________________________________________________________________5   23.8   96  5.30  12.6 0.70    0.201                               0.2346   19.7   96  5.29  15.8 0.87    0.196                               0.221__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 9______________________________________Monadic Home Use Test Results   Overall Softness Strength                          Thickness                                  AbsorbencyProduct #   Rating  Rating   Rating                          Rating  Rating______________________________________5       3.89    4.16     4.06  3.87    4.126       4.03    4.43     4.18  4.18    4.24______________________________________
The European Patent Application 95302013.8 describes a soft, single-ply tissue that has low sidedness. That product employs such strategies as fiber and/or chemical stratification, aggressive creping, a low creping angle and embossing the product's attributes. The novel tissues disclosed herein have properties superior to those of the aforementioned references and have properties which are similar to two-ply tissue or TAD produced tissue. For example, the tissue of the current invention has a relatively high level of temporary wet strength that is absent in the tissue of the prior art. Also, use of the current invention allows the production of premium CWP one-ply tissues without the use of fiber stratification. It is, of course, understood that fiber stratification could be used to create even better products; however, such a practice has been found to be unnecessary to achieve products that match the performance of the best commercial two-ply CWP and one-ply TAD tissue products.
The improvement of the current invention over the prior art can be seen in FIGS. 3 and 4 which plot the results of Monadic Home Use Tests for products using both technologies. As references, the values achieved in Monadic Home Use Tests for several commercially available tissue products are also shown. From the figures, it can be seen that the performance of the products of the current invention clearly out perform those of the prior art and are equal to most current commercial offerings. The results of Monadic Home Use Test scores are set forth in the FIGS. 3 and 4 and the products are tabulated in Table 10.
TABLE 10______________________________________Monadic Home Use Test Product Descriptions  Manufacturing             Number   SheetProduct  Process    of Plies Count Comments______________________________________A1     CWP        2        280   Commercial ProductA2     CWP        2        280   Commercial ProductA3     CWP        2        280   Commercial ProductA4     CWP        2        280   Commercial ProductA5     CWP        2        280   Commercial ProductA6     CWP        2        250   Commercial ProductA7     CWP        2        250   Commercial ProductA8     CWP        2        500   Commercial ProductA9     CWP        2        450   Commercial ProductA10    CWP        2        450   Commercial ProductB1     TAD        1        280   Commercial ProductB2     TAD        1        280   Commercial ProductB3     TAD        1        560   Commercial ProductB4     TAD        1        560   Commercial ProductC1     CWP        1        280   Prior ArtC2     CWP        1        280   Prior ArtC3     CWP        1        280   Prior ArtC4     CWP        1        280   Prior ArtC5     CWP        1        280   Prior ArtC6     CWP        1        500   Prior ArtC7     CWP        1        500   Prior ArtC8     CWP        1        500   Prior ArtD1     CWP        1        280   Current InventionD2     CWP        1        280   Current InventionD3     CWP        1        500   Current InventionD4     CWP        1        500   Current Invention______________________________________
TABLE 11__________________________________________________________________________Physical Properties of Tissue ProductsTested in Paired Comparison Test__________________________________________________________________________    Basis   Specific                   MD   CD  Specific Total    Weight        Caliper            Caliper                   Tensile                        Tensile                            Tensile    (lbs./        (mils/8            (mils/8 sheets/                   (grams/                        (grams/                            (grams/3 in/                                   TensileProduct  ream)        sheets)            lbs./ream)                   3 in)                        3 in)                            lbs./ream)                                   Ratio__________________________________________________________________________Commercial 2-Ply -    19.29        68.4            3.54   1139 418 80.2   2.72NorthernFurnishOne-Ply -    17.54        66.5            3.79    694 334 58.6   2.08Northern Furnish(Product 7)Commercial 2-Ply -    18.51        64.6            3.49   1025 334 73.4   3.07Southern FurnishOne-Ply -    18.18        69.2            3.81    562 349 50.1   1.61Southern Furnish(Product 8)__________________________________________________________________________        CD  Specific   Specific        Wet CD Wet Tensile                       Tensile    MD  Tensile            Tensile                   stiffness                       stiffness    Stretch        (grams/            (grams/                   (grams/                       (grams/in/%/                             FrictionProduct  (%) 3 in)            3 in/lbs./ream)                   in/%)                       lbs./ream)                             Deviation                                  Sidedness__________________________________________________________________________Commercial 2-Ply -    16.3        --  --     18.4                       0.95  0.176                                  0.204NorthernFurnishOne-Ply -    22.3        96  5.47   10.9                       0.62  0.186                                  0.204Northern Furnish(Product 7)Commercial 2-Ply -    12.2        --  --     20.2                       1.09  0.170                                  0.204Southern FurnishOne-Ply -    17.6        96  5.28   14.5                       0.80  0.192                                  0.218Southern Furnsh(Product 8)__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 12______________________________________Results of Paired Consumer Test -Northern Furnish Product           No.      No.           Preferring                    Preferring           One-Ply  Two-Ply  No. Having NoAttribute       Product  Product  Preference______________________________________Overall Performance           52       32       16Softness        46       27       27Strong/Doesn't Fall Apart           36       33       31Absorbency      39       30       31Product Seems More Quilted           59       19       22Layers Separate Less           38       24       38Cleansing Ability           35       30       35More Comfortable to Use           46       26       28Feels Thick/Substantial           50       30       20Tears More Evenly           32       24       44Sheet Has Attractive Appearance           43       18       39______________________________________
TABLE 13______________________________________Results of Paired Consumer Test -Southern Furnish Product           No.      No.           Preferring                    Preferring           One-Ply  Two-Ply  No. Having NoAttribute       Product  Product  Preference______________________________________Overall Performance           53       36       11Softness        45       38       17Strong/Doesn't Fall Apart           40       27       33Absorbency      34       26       40Product Seems More Quilted           48       36       16Layers Separate Less           37       21       42Cleansing Ability           32       21       47More Comfortable to Use           41       37       22Feels Thick/Substantial           43       38       19Tears More Evenly           41       18       41Sheet Has Attractive Appearance           42       19       39______________________________________
TABLE 14__________________________________________________________________________Physical Properties of One-Ply Tissue Products__________________________________________________________________________  Basis   Specific                 MD   CD  Specific Total  Weight      Caliper          Caliper                 Tensile                      Tensile                          Tensile  (lbs./      (mils/8          (mils/8 sheets/                 (grams/                      (grams/                          (grams/3 in/                                 TensileSoftener Used  ream)      sheets)          lbs./ream)                 3 in)                      3 in)                          lbs./ream)                                 Ratio__________________________________________________________________________Dialkyl  18.69      54.2          2.90   627  322 50.8   1.95DimethylQuaternaryImidazoline  18.62      58.2          3.13   590  290 47.3   2.03Quaternary__________________________________________________________________________      CD  Specific   Specific      Wet CD Wet Tensile                     Tensile  MD  Tensile          Tensile                 stiffness                     stiffness  Stretch      (grams/          (grams/                 (grams/                     (grams/in/%/                           FrictionProduct  (%) 3 in)          3 in/lbs./ream)                 in/%)                     lbs./ream)                           Deviation                                Sidedness__________________________________________________________________________Dialkyl  17.4      56  3.01   18.6                     1.00  0.175                                0.180DimethylQuaternaryImdazoline  16.2      54  2.90   17.0                     0.91  0.177                                0.197Quaternary__________________________________________________________________________
An aqueous dispersion of the softener was added to the furnish containing the cationic wet strength additive at the fan pump as it was being transported through a single conduit to the headbox. The stock comprising of the furnish, the cationic wet strength additive, and the softener was delivered to the forming fabric to form a nascent/embryonic web. The sheet was additionally sprayed with Quasoft 202JR softener while on the felt. Dewatering of the nascent web occurred via conventional wet pressing process and drying on a Yankee dryer. Adhesion and release of the web from the Yankee dryer was aided by the addition of adhesive (Betz 97/5 Betz 75 at 2.5 lbs./ton) and release agents (Houghton 8302 at 0.07 lbs./ton), respectively. Yankee dryer temperature was approximately 190� C. The web was creped from the Yankee dryer with a square blade at an angle of 75 degrees. The basesheets were converted to 560 count products by embossing them with a spot embossing pattern containing crenulated elements at emboss penetration depth of 0.070". The softened tissue paper product has a basis weight of 18-19 lbs./ream, MD stretch of 18-29%, approximately 0.05 to 0.8% of softener by weight of dry paper, a CD dry tensile greater than 180 grams/3 inches and a CD wet tensile greater than 50 grams/3".
TABLE 17__________________________________________________________________________Softener      Basis              Total                  GM    SurfaceLevel         Weight              Tensile                  Modulus                        Friction                              Sensory(lbs./ton)Furnish  (lbs./rm.)              (g/3")                  (g % Strain)                        (GMMMD)                              Softness*__________________________________________________________________________1    2/1 NHWK/SSWK         18.4  968                  12.9  .169  17.033    2/1 NHWK/NSWK         18.6 1034                  14.1  .189  17.883    2/1 NHWK/NSWK         19.67              1000                  12.6  .185  19.12__________________________________________________________________________ *A difference of 0.4 sensory softness units is significant at 95% level o significance.
Tissue paperwas made on a commercial paper machine, a suction breast roll former operated in the waterformed mode. The furnish was comprised of 60% Southern HWK and 30% secondary fiber and 10% Northern SWK. A predetermined amount (10#/ton) of a cationic wet strength additive (Cobond 1600), supplied by National Starch and Chemical Co., was added to the furnish.
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