Source: http://www.scribd.com/doc/75352599/Federal-Income-Tax-Outline
Timestamp: 2015-08-28 17:43:55
Document Index: 464810243

Matched Legal Cases: ['§63', '§1', '§61', '§101', '§71', '§1', '§61', '§1', '§74', '§61', '§74', '§61', '§61', '§109', '§61', '§1', '§1']

P. 1Federal Income Tax OutlineFederal Income Tax OutlineRatings: 2.0 (1)|Views: 402|Likes: 2Published by Matt MillerMore info:Published by: Matt Miller on Dec 11, 2011Copyright:Attribution Non-commercialAvailability:Read on Scribd mobile: iPhone, iPad and Android.download as PDF, TXT or read online from ScribdFlag for inappropriate content|Add to collectionSee moreSee lesshttps://www.scribd.com/doc/75352599/Federal-Income-Tax-Outline06/17/2014pdftextoriginal Dragon fury
How do you deal with a tax problem?1. Read the code2. look for defined terms3. look at interpretation (reg's, committee reports, legislative history, revenue rulings) ♦
Income Tax Formula: §63(a)GROSS INCOME<DEDUCTIONS>=TAX LIABILITY We'll spend 2/3 of our time on Gross Income, 1/3 of our time on deductions ♦
Concept of the taxable year: individuals=calendar year ♦
How do you apply the tax rate? We have a graduated structure: not all income is taxed at the same rate. §1 IRC. $36,900x .15=$5535 + 23,100x .28=6468 ….$12,003 28% "marginal tax bracket" p. 31-38 concept of progressivity: how fastyou move up in the rate/bracket? Opposite of the flat tax.
A. IRC §61: Gross Income Defined: Except as otherwise provided in this subtitle, gross income means
whatever source derived , including (but not limited to) the following items:1. Compensation for services, including fees, commissions, fringe benefits, and similar items;2. Gross income derived from business3. Gains derived from dealings in property4. Interest5. Rents6. Royalties7. Dividends8. Alimony and separate maintenance payments9. Annuities10. Income from life insurance and endowment contracts11. Pensions12. Income from discharge of indebtedness13. Distributive share of partnership gross income14. Income in respect of decedent15. Income from an interest in an estate or trustCROSS REFERENCES:
SPECIFIC INCLUSIONS IN GI:
SPECIFIC EXCLUSIONS OF GI
§101 Cesarini case: ($ in the piano)
We have a voluntary tax system b/c taxpayers self report by filing returns every year. Whether somethingis includable in income is diff question than whether it was actually reported. Burden of proof rests w/taxpayer to show its not includable. Generally, IRS/T has only 3 years to make a claim for $. (SOL issuecan sometimes be raised)
Musselman says the way the court handled this case is how we should do our analysis:What is "income"?1. court first looks at list of 15: if its on the list its included2. court then looks at other inclusionary sections of IRC (§71, etc)3. court then looks to exclusions in IRC4. Look at Treasury Regs
§1.61-1(a) Regs
: Gross income means all income from whatever source derived, unless excluded by law.Gross income includes income realized in any form, whether in money, property, or services. (ie: incomefrom all sources is taxed unless the taxpayer can point to an express exemption, b/c of broad language of 2
§61 IRC))
§1.61-14(a):
, to the extent of its value in US currency, constitutes gross income for thetaxable year in which it is
reduced to undisputed possession
"Reduced to undisputed possession
" (ie: when title vests) is a state law question: here titlerested when
actually found the $ in the piano. It’s a property law question, so we look to statelaw) Old Colony case: (pymt of taxes by employer)RULE:
Obligations paid on your behalf by 3rd parties are included in gross income
. If a 3rd party pays a personal liability of yours, you have to pay taxes on that payment to the 3rd party.RULE:
: general theme of tax code. Trying to get $ to not pass through their hands, while still accepting value of the deal. Form not important; whole purpose of IRC is to taxsubstance of the transaction. In this case, the employee gained from the employer for services rendered. Itwas immaterial that the $ was paid directly to the gov't (or to anyone else for that matter). Glenshaw Glass case:RULE:
Regular, punitive & treble damage awards are includable in gross income
Definition of Gross Income:1. "accession to wealth
": ie increased your net worth
2. clearly realized:
": fluctuations in value are not taken intoconsideration until profit is clearly realized by a "realizable event"like selling the property. Other realizable vents include: anything thatcauses you to no longer own the property. Other wise you'd have toaccount for flucuations in value every year in your taxes.
Reasons why we use the "Realization Principle
":1. flucuations in value2. liquidity3. who's going to determine the value (not practical to haveappraiser come out & appraise everything you own everyyear)
3. over which the taxpayer has complete dominion and control
Our tax system is referred to as a "
." Some event must occur to create tax li
What makes something realized? "A notorious event occurred." Where you receive something of value beyondwhat you had to confer to get it!
PROBLEMS (p. 65) GROSS INCOME
1. Would the results to the T in Cesarini be diff if instead of discovering $4467 in old currency in the piano, they discoveredthat the piano, a Steinway, was the 1st Steinway piano ever built and worth $500,000?(This is a realization principle question. Diff. from land appreciation in that this piano was worth $500 when you bought it. Was the original purchase then a TA that made the accession taxable? Is purchase enough? Is this anotorious event that could constitute realization? Liquidity is a problem--you'd have to sell to be able to pay tax on$500,000. The
though is the key: you're not going to have everything you buy appraised everytime you buy. ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY IS NOT THE REALIZABLE EVENT AT ARM'S LENGTH. (nota taxable event)2. Winner attends the opening of a new department store. All persons attending are given free raffle tickets for a digitalwatch worth $200. Disregarding any possible application of IRC §74, must Winner include anything within gross incomewhen she wins the watch in the raffle?(Is winning the watch in a raffle a realizable event? The problems with it: How do we determine the value of thewatch? Liquidity issue: gotta sell to be able to pay tax liability. PRESUMPTION is that when you win something,you have an immediate increase in your wealth! You paid nothing for it really. IRS then says we don't care aboutliquidity--pay the tax!) There are only 2 exceptions under §61:
1. Increase/depreciation in value of property (
)2. purchase of property at arms length for cash or debt. (
presumption is that you paid mkt value
.)Every other accession to wealth you conceptually have is taxable gross income! You find a Rolex? Income! What if T in Steinway problem had bought the piano from his employer w/both T & employer knowing it was aSteinway? This is a notorious event--not at arm's length! No presumtion that mkt value was paid--so its included ingross income. Note IRC §74: an exclusionary section that says that prizes and awards are includable as income, withexceptions of certain achievement awards (charitable, employee, etc). Note that §61's broad language picksup prizes and awards.3. Employee has worker for Employer's incorporated business for several years at a salary of $40,000 per year. Another company is attempting to hire Employee but Employer persuades Employee to agree to stay for at least 2 more years bygiving Employee 2% of the company's stock, which is worth $20,000, and by buying Employee's spouse a new car worth$15,000. How much income does Employee realize from these TA's?(Per Glenshaw Glass case def: 1). T has accession to wealth, 2), which is clearly realized (b/c a notorious eventhas occurred). We do have a liquidity problem, but too bad, T has to find $ to pay tax on it! Burden is on T to provethe value). Thus T must show $35,000 in gross income.) 4. Insurance Adjuster refers clients to an auto repair firm that gives Adjuster a kickback of 10% of billings on all referrals.Does adjuster have gross income? Even if the arrangement violates local law?(Makes no dif if gain is made by illegal means.) 5. Owner agrees to rent Tenant her lake house for the summer for $4000. How much income does Owner realize if sheagrees to charge only $1000 if Tenant makes $3000 worth of improvements to the house? Is there a diff in result to Owner in last question if Tenant effects exactly the same improvements but does all the labor himself and incurs a total cost of only$500? Are there any tax consequences to Tenant in part (b) above?(§61(a): rental income is includable in your gross income. Here T received $3000 in value in lieu of rent $.We don't care if T has a liquidity problem b/c of not receiving cash. This is a substance over form problem:substance is same as if she had received $3000 and then hired someone else. T entered into a TA! LOOK AT THE
SUBSTANCE OF THE TA!
Look at HOW the property was acquired--this is the key
! We enforce a transactionalsystem--what is the nature of the TA?--IRC §109: excludes from gross income any improvements not made in substitution of rent.The tenant's tax consequences
: Always ask: What would be the theory under which we would tax the tenantat all
? What does Glenshaw Glass tell us? Accession to wealth: $2500 realized in rent credits. Look for value of benefit. Income from services rendered is gross income. SUBSTANCE v. FORM!! 6. Frequent flyer miles currently under controversy--really they are just a price adjustment--IRS currently doesn't includefrequent flyer miles, but wants to find a way to include 'em in gross income.
INCOME WITHOUT RECEIPT OF CASH OR PROPERTYIRC §61Reg §1.61-2(a)(1), 2(d)(2)(i)
Barter or Trade Situation: §1.61-2d(1) states that if services are paid for other than in money, the FMV of the property or services taken in pmt must be included in income. (anyone outside immediate family)Imputed Income: "doing something for yourself or a member of your immediate family. Note that with relativeswhat you do for them is often a gift…(next chapter)Ex: you harvest your carrots for dinner. Is this taxable? No, not enforceable.Ex: you're an accountant who prepares his wife's tax return. Not gross income.EX: doctor trades out medical services for a will written by his friend the lawyer. Each service was worth$200. Taxable income? Yes, $200 each.2 POINTS:1). When a T gets a loan, its not gross income ever! You're trading out an obligation to repay for the $--noaccession to wealth.2). Ties in with realization principle--You buy for $1000, you sell for $3000--you have $2000 gross income(the$1000 is just recovery of capital basis--you don’t have accession to wealth here.
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