Source: https://www.legalcrystal.com/case/99026/brownell-vs-tom-shung
Timestamp: 2016-12-08 22:41:04
Document Index: 553690020

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 236', '§ 10', '§ 360', '§ 10', '§ 1009', '§ 10', '§ 232', '§ 360', '§ 360', '§ 236', '§ 242', '§ 10', '§ 12']

Brownell Vs Tom We Shung - Citation 99026 - Court Judgment | LegalCrystal
Save as PDF Add a Tag Add a Note Semantics Visualize Brownell Vs. Tom We Shung - Court Judgment	LegalCrystal Citationlegalcrystal.com/99026CourtUS Supreme CourtDecided OnDec-17-1956Case Number352 U.S. 180AppellantBrownellRespondentTom We ShungExcerpt:.....and nationality act of 1952 is to the contrary, exclusion orders may be challenged -- either by habeas corpus proceedings or by declaratory judgment actions under the administrative procedure act. pp.
2. the provision of § 236(c) of the immigration and nationality act of 1952 that the decision of a special inquiry officer excluding an alien from admission into the united states "shall be final unless reversed on appeal to the attorney general" refers only to administrative finality, and it does not limit challenges of such decisions to habeas corpus proceedings. pp.
352 u. s. 184
3. the conclusion here reached is in full accord with reports made to congress by those sponsoring and managing the immigration and nationality act of 1952..... Judgment:
Brownell v. Tom We Shung - 352 U.S. 180 (1956)
Under § 10 of the Administrative Procedure Act, an alien whose exclusion has been ordered administratively under the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, and who neither claims citizenship nor holds a certificate of identity issued under § 360(b) of that Act, may obtain judicial review of such order by an action in a federal district court for a declaratory judgment. Pp.
352 U. S. 181
1. Unless the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 is to the contrary, exclusion orders may be challenged -- either by habeas corpus proceedings or by declaratory judgment actions under the Administrative Procedure Act. Pp.
3. The conclusion here reached is in full accord with reports made to Congress by those sponsoring and managing the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 on the floor of each house of Congress. Pp.
4. Whether an alien seeks judicial review of an exclusion order by a habeas corpus proceeding or by an action for a declaratory judgment, the scope of the review is that of existing law. P.
352 U. S. 186
97 U.S.App.D.C. 25, 227 F.2d 40, affirmed.
, we held that an alien, ordered deported by the Attorney General under the provisions of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, might test the legality of such order in a declaratory judgment action brought under § 10 of the Administrative Procedure Act, 60 Stat. 243, 5 U.S.C. § 1009. The sole question to be determined here is whether the legality of an exclusion order entered under the relevant provisions of the same 1952 Act must be challenged by habeas corpus, or whether it may also be reviewed by an action for declaratory judgment under § 10 of the Administrative Procedure Act. The Court of Appeals held the latter to be an appropriate remedy. 97 U.S.App.D.C. 25, 227 F.2d 40. We granted certiorari, 351 U.S. 905, because of the importance of the question in the administration of the immigration law. We conclude that either remedy is available in seeking review of such orders. This makes it unnecessary for us to pass upon other questions raised by the parties.
Shung, a Chinese alien, presented himself at San Francisco on November 28, 1947, claiming admission to the United States under the provisions of the War Brides Act of December 28, 1945, 59 Stat. 659, 8 U.S.C. (1946 ed.) § 232. He testified under oath that he was the blood son of an American citizen who served in the United States armed forces during World War II. In January, 1948, and again in February, 1949, Boards of Special Inquiry held Shung inadmissible on the ground that he had not established the alleged relationship. The Board of Immigration Appeals Affirmed. Shung first sought judicial review of this order by a declaratory judgment action instituted before the effective date of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952. His complaint was dismissed on the ground that the order was valid.
Tom We Shung v.
103 F.Supp. 507,
aff'd sub nom. Tom We Shung v. Brownell,
93 U.S.App.D.C. 32, 207 F.2d 132. We vacated the judgment and remanded the cause to the District Court with directions to dismiss it for lack of jurisdiction, 346 U.S. 906, on the authority of
(1953), which held that habeas corpus was the only available remedy for testing deportation orders under the Immigration Act of 1917. After the passage of the 1952 Act, Shung filed this suit seeking review of his exclusion by a declaratory judgment action. He asserts that our ruling in
permitting deportation orders under the 1952 Act to be challenged by declaratory action requires a similar result as to exclusion orders. However, the Government contends that the
rule does not apply in exclusion cases, because of the basic differences between those actions and deportation cases. The Government also urges that the language, statutory structure, and legislative history of the 1952 Act support its contention.
At the outset, the Government contends that, constitutionally, an alien seeking initial admission into the United States is in a different position from that of a resident alien against whom deportation proceedings are instituted. [
] This, it contends, precludes general judicial review.
Shung admits these substantive differences, but counters that such a distinction should be without significance when all that is involved is the form of judicial action available, not the scope of review. We do not believe that the constitutional status of the parties requires that the form of judicial action be strait-jacketed. Nor should the fact that, in one action, the burden is on the alien, while, in the other, it must be met by the Government afford basis for discrimination. Admittedly, excluded aliens may test the order of their exclusion by habeas corpus. Citizenship claimants who hold "certificates of identity" are required by § 360(c) of the 1952 Act [
] to test the validity of their exclusion by habeas corpus only. Respondent here neither claims citizenship nor did he hold a certificate of identity, and § 360(c) has no bearing on this case. For a habeas corpus proceeding, the alien must be detained, or at the least be in technical custody, as the Government puts it. On the other hand, a declaratory judgment action requires no such basis, and the odium of arrest and detention is not present. It does not follow that the absence of this condition would enlarge the permissible scope of review traditionally permitted in exclusion cases. The substantive law governing such actions would remain the rule of decision on the merits, but the form of action would be by declaratory
judgment, rather than habeas corpus. [
] We conclude that, unless the 1952 Act is to the contrary, exclusion orders may be challenged either by habeas corpus or by declaratory judgment action.
The Government insists that Congress has limited such challenges to habeas corpus actions by certain language in the 1952 Act. It argues that the finality clause of the Act with respect to exclusion [
] limits judicial review to habeas corpus only. The gist of that clause as to deportation cases is that "the decision of the Attorney General shall be final," [
] while, in exclusion proceedings, "the decision of a special inquiry officer [is] final unless reversed on appeal to the Attorney General." The Government reasons that the latter clause limits review to administrative appeal to the Attorney General, and that no other form of review was intended, aside from habeas corpus, to test the alien's exclusion. It points to exceptions that even withhold administrative review in certain classes of cases as bolstering its position. It is true that subsections (b) and (d) of § 236 of the 1952 Act deny any administrative
appeal on temporary exclusion in security cases as well as in those where the alien suffers a medical affliction of certain types. But to darken the meaning of the word "final" as used by Congress by giving it chameleonic characteristics is to indulge in choplogic. In fact, the regulations of the Attorney General seem to give "final" the same connotation with respect to deportation as does the Act with respect to exclusion.
8 CFR, Rev. 1952, § 242.61(e). Furthermore, more, as we pointed out in
such a "cutting off" of judicial review "would run counter to § 10 and § 12 of the Administrative Procedure Act." 349 U.S. at
. "Exemptions from the . . . Administrative Procedure Act are not lightly to be presumed,"
Marcello v. Bonds,
349 U. S. 302
349 U. S. 310
(1955), and, unless made by clear language or supersedure, the expanded mode of review granted by that Act cannot be modified. We therefore conclude that the finality provision of the 1952 Act in regard to exclusion refers only to administrative finality.
The Government also points to certain testimony at hearings on the bill, as well as statements made on the floor in debate at the time of passage of the 1952 Act, as supported its position. We believe, however, that Senate Report No. 1137, 82d Cong., 2d Sess., [
] and the statement of the managers on the part of the House which accompanied
the Conference Report, [
] reflect the intention of the Congress in this regard. The Senate Report, after reciting that a provision limiting "judicial review only through the writ of habeas corpus" had been stricken from the bill, stated that such action was not intended to "
[the scope of] judicial review in immigration cases beyond that under existing law." (Emphasis supplied.) The House managers reported that, after careful consideration of "the problem of judicial review," they were satisfied that the
It may be that habeas corpus is a far more expeditious remedy than that of declaratory judgment, as the experience of Shung may indicate. [
] But that fact may be weighed by the alien against the necessity of arrest and detention, after which he may make his choice of the form of action he wishes to use in challenging his exclusion. In either case, the scope of the review is that of existing law.
(1892), this Court has held that, in exclusion cases involving initial entry, "the decisions of executive or administrative officers, acting within powers expressly conferred by congress, are due process of law." At p.
. Nevertheless, due process has been held in cases similar in facts to the one here involved to include a fair hearing as well as conformity to statutory grounds. On the other hand,
Exclusion procedures.
In both S. 3455 and S. 716, the predecessor bills, it was provided that administrative determinations of fact and the exercise of administrative discretion should not be subject to judicial review, and that the determinations of law should be subject to judicial review only through the writ of habeas corpus. This language is omitted from the instant bill. The omission of the language is not intended to grant any review of determinations made by consular officers, nor to expand judicial review in immigration cases beyond that under existing law."
"(2) Having extensively considered
the problem of judicial review,
the conferees are satisfied that procedures provided in the bill, adapted to the necessities of national security and the protection of economic and social welfare of the citizens of this country,
remain within the framework and the pattern of the Administrative Procedure Act. The safeguard of judicial procedure is afforded the alien in both exclusion and deportation proceedings.