Source: http://pa.findacase.com/research/wfrmDocViewer.aspx/xq/fac.20131118_0001511.MPA.htm/qx
Timestamp: 2017-01-17 12:52:28
Document Index: 371556264

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 2255', '§ 2255', '§ 2255', '§ 2255', '§ 2422', '§ 2422', '§ 1367', '§ 1367', '§ 1367', '§ 1331', '§ 1332', '§ 2255']

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(c) classifies a statute of limitations claim as an affirmative defense that must be pled in an answer to the complaint. See FED. R. CIV. P. 8(c). Nevertheless, the court may dismiss a complaint as time-barred if "the time alleged in the statement of a claim shows that the cause of action has not been brought within the statute of limitations." Robinson v. Johnson , 313 F.3d 128, 135 (3d Cir. 2002) (quoting Hanna v. U.S. Veterans' Admin. Hosp. , 514 F.2d 1092, 1094 (3d Cir. 1974)); see also Oshiver v. Levin, Fishbein, Sedran & Berman , 38 F.3d 1380, 1384 n.1 (3d Cir. 1994) ("While the language of Fed.R.Civ.P. 8(c) indicates that a statute of limitations defense cannot be used in the context of a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, an exception is made where the complaint facially shows noncompliance with the limitations period and the affirmative defense clearly appears on the face of the pleading.").
The instant motion to dismiss presents two main questions for the court's consideration. First, the court must determine whether the statute of limitations expired to bar the claims under 18 U.S.C. § 2255, or whether the discovery rule delayed accrual of the cause of action and, consequently, the statute of limitations. Second, if the court dismisses the Section 2255 claims, the court must decide whether it retains jurisdiction over the state law claim before the court considers whether Stephens sufficiently pleaded the claim for battery based upon childhood sexual abuse. The court will address each question seriatim .
A. Statute of Limitations for Claims under 18 U.S.C. § 2255
Clash moves to dismiss both of Stephens' claims under 18 U.S.C. § 2255 as time-barred under the statute of limitations.[7] The applicable statute of limitations for Section 2255(b) provides as follows:
Any action commenced under this section shall be barred unless the complaint is filed within six years after the right of action first accrues or in the case of a person under a legal disability, not later than three years after the disability. 18 U.S.C. § 2255(b) (2006).[8] Stephens argues that the federal discovery rule should apply to delay accrual of the cause of action until Stephens became aware of his injury and the causal connection to Clash's conduct.[9]
As a general rule, the statute of limitations begins to run from the moment the potential plaintiff has a "complete and present cause of action." Bay Area Laundry & Dry Cleaning Pension Trust Fund v. Ferbar Corp. , 522 U.S. 192, 195 (1997) (quoting Rawlings v. Ray , 312 U.S. 96, 98 (1941)). In determining an accrual date, the court must defer to congressional directives where Congress has specified an accrual date by "explicit command" or "by implication from the structure or text of the particular statute." Disabled in Action of Pa. v. Se. Pa. Transp. Auth. , 539 F.3d 199, 209 (3d Cir. 2008) (quoting TRW Inc. v. Andrews , 534 U.S. 19, 27-28 (2001)). Whenever a statute is silent on the issue of claim accrual, the court applies the federal discovery rule, which dictates that a cause of action accrues "when the plaintiff discovers, or with due diligence should have discovered, the injury that forms the basis for the claim." Romero v. Allstate Corp. , 404 F.3d 212, 222 (3d Cir. 2005). Clash posits that Congress did not intend for the federal discovery rule to delay accrual of a cause of action under Section 2255. (Doc. 21 at 6). Assuming arguendo that the discovery rule is applicable to Stephens' federal claims, the court nonetheless holds that Stephens discovered or should have discovered his injury in or before July 2006 and, therefore, Stephens' claims are barred by the six-year statute of limitations.
The discovery rule postpones the accrual of a cause of action where the potential plaintiff is unaware of the injury, from the date he or she was wronged until the date he or she discovers (1) that he or she has been injured, and (2) that such injury has been caused by another party's conduct. Podobnik v. U.S. Postal Serv. , 409 F.3d 584, 590 (3d Cir. 2005); Oshiver , 38 F.3d at 1386. The first step in applying the discovery rule to determine the accrual date is to establish when the injurious conduct, as defined by the relevant statute, actually occurred. Disabled in Action of Pa. , 539 F.3d at 214. The second step is to determine whether the plaintiff could immediately discover the related injury, or whether there was another date when the plaintiff should have reasonably discovered the injury with due diligence. Id.
Thus, the court must initially focus on when the actionable conduct occurred, and not when the effect of that conduct became problematic. See id. In this case, the relevant conduct is the violation of the criminal statutes that constitute the basis for Stephens' Section 2255 claims. Stephens asserts that Clash violated 18 U.S.C. §§ 2422 and 2423, which criminalize transportation of a minor with the intent to engage in criminal sexual activity, and using interstate commerce to knowingly persuade, induce, entice, or coerce a minor to engage in criminal sexual activity, respectively. See 18 U.S.C. §§ 2422(b), 2423(a). Stephens alleges that the statutory violations first occurred in 2004 and continued for several years. (Doc. 1 ¶ 14). Stephens turned eighteen in July 2006.
The second inquiry of the discovery rule - when Stephens discovered or should have discovered his injury - has both subjective and objective components. See Mathews v. Kidder Peabody & Co. , 260 F.3d 239, 250 (3d Cir. 2001). On one hand, a claim accrues no later than when a plaintiff subjectively discovers his or her injuries. Id . On the other hand, the court must objectively determine when the plaintiff had "sufficient information of possible wrongdoing to place [him or her] on inquiry notice or to excite storm warnings of culpable activity." Benak ex rel. Alliance Premier Growth Fund v. Alliance Capital Mgmt. L.P. , 435 F.3d 396, 400 (3d Cir. 2006) (quoting In re NAHC, Inc. Sec. Litig., 306 F.3d 1314, 1325 (3d Cir. 2002)).
Stephens contends that he subjectively discovered the causal connection between his injuries and Clash's conduct, and his claim therefore accrued, in 2011. (Doc. 1 ¶ 18). However, the relevant inquiry for Section 2255 claims is not when a plaintiff discovered subsequent harm, but rather when the plaintiff discovered that he was the defendant's victim under the underlying criminal statutes. See Singleton, 2013 WL 3285096, at *7-8. The court finds the Sixth Circuit's analysis of the relevant injury for standing under Section 2255 in Doe v. Boland , 698 F.3d 877 (6th Cir. 2012), persuasive. In Boland, the court of appeals rejected any distinction between victimization under the applicable criminal statutes and personal injury beyond such victimization. See Boland , 698 F.3d at 881 ("[T]he statute does not create one category of victims and another category of people who suffer personal injuries."). A victim by definition is someone who suffers an injury. See id. at 882. A plaintiff suffers injuries for purposes of Section 2255 at the same time he or she becomes a victim of a defendant's criminal conduct . See id. at 881.[10] Thus, Stephens became a victim and was injured when Clash violated certain criminal statutes. See Singleton, 2013 WL 3285096, at *7. Stephens' assertion that he did not know about his psychological and emotional injuries and their relation to Clash's conduct until 2011 is irrelevant; the court finds that Stephens was a victim of the injurious conduct, and thus aware of his injuries, when it occurred between 2004 and July 2006.
Similarly, under the objective test, the court cannot but conclude that Stephens reasonably should have discovered his injuries when the statutory violations occurred. Inquiry notice is the key factor in the objective test. Inquiry notice exists "whenever circumstances exist that would lead a reasonable [person] of ordinary intelligence, through the exercise of reasonable due diligence, to discover his or her injury." Mathews , 260 F.3d at 251. To determine inquiry notice, the court must engage in a two-step analysis. Id. at 252. First, the burden is on the defendant to show the existence of "storm warnings, " which are indications or information that would alert a reasonable person to the probability of suspicious circumstances. Id . The burden then shifts to the plaintiff to show that, despite heeding those warnings and exercising reasonable diligence to investigate the suspicious circumstances, the plaintiff was unable to discover his or her injuries. Id .; Benak, 435 F.3d at 400. Otherwise, the court will impute to the plaintiff the knowledge he or she would have acquired through reasonable investigation. Benak, 435 F.3d at 401.
The court finds that Stephens was on inquiry notice at the time of the statutory violations. The determination of whether storm warnings are present is an objective inquiry. Mathews , 260 F.3d at 252. Storm warnings were no doubt present when the violations at issue here occurred. At age sixteen, Stephens was aware that Clash wanted to have a sexual relationship with him. (Doc. 1 ¶¶ 10, 12). Clash purportedly showered Stephens with attention and affection, and Stephens traveled to another state using transportation arranged by Clash. (Id. ¶¶ 12-13). Stephens allegedly engaged in sexual activities with Clash in violation of state criminal laws as well as more than one federal statute. (Id. ¶¶ 14-16). The court concludes that a reasonable person would have been alerted to culpable activity when a teenager traveled across state lines and participated in sexual and other illicit activity with an adult. Accordingly, the court will charge Stephens with inquiry notice of his injuries, absent a showing that he was unable to discover them with due diligence.
Stephens asserts that, as a compliant, minor victim, he could not reasonably be expected to be aware of his injuries and their causal connection to Clash's conduct until 2011. (Id. ¶ 18). As discussed above, the existence of storm warnings does not depend on Stephens' subjective awareness of suspicious circumstances or their relevance. Mathews , 260 F.3d at 252. The factual allegations of the complaint objectively demonstrate the presence of storm warnings. (Doc. 1 ¶¶ 12-14). Accordingly, the date on which Stephens connected his psychological and emotional injuries to Clash's statutory violations is irrelevant to the determination of when his cause of action accrued. See also Singleton, 2013 WL 3285096, at *8.
In order to rebut inquiry notice, Stephens must demonstrate that he was unable to discover his injuries despite exercising reasonable diligence. See Mathews , 260 F.3d at 252. Plainly, he does not satisfy this burden. There is simply no indication that Stephens exercised any diligence in questioning the illicit sexual conduct or related injuries. Such failure is not reasonable to justify delayed discovery of his injuries, nor is it reasonable to delay accrual of the cause of action. See United States v. Kubrick , 444 U.S. 111, 122-23 (1979) ("[F]or a plaintiff in possession of the critical facts that he has been hurt and who has inflicted the injury.... [t]here are others who can tell him if he has been wronged, and he need only ask."); Oshiver , 38 F.3d at 1386 (stating that the discovery rule does not delay the running of the statute of limitations until an injured plaintiff is aware of all facts necessary for a cause of action or that the injury constitutes a legal wrong).
Accordingly, Stephens was aware of sufficient facts related to his injury and its cause to make inquiries and bring claims under Section 2255 at the time of the statutory violations. Stephens should have discovered his injury at the time of the violations, and his cause of action accrued and the six-year statute of limitations began to run no later than July 2006. The complaint was not filed until March 18, 2013, almost seven years after the cause of action accrued. Therefore, the court will dismiss Stephens' Section 2255 claims as time-barred under the statute of limitations.
B. Jurisdiction over Claim for Sexual Battery under Pennsylvania Law
Assuming dismissal of the Section 2255 claims, Clash urges the court to dismiss the state law sexual battery claim for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. Clash asserts that, upon dismissing the federal claims, the court has no basis to exercise supplemental jurisdiction. Clash further argues that Stephens has not satisfied the amount in controversy requirement to establish diversity jurisdiction as an independent basis for federal jurisdiction.
Dismissal of all federal claims requires the court to consider whether the federal judiciary remains the proper forum for adjudication of the state law claim. Section 1367 of Title 28 of the United States Code vests the court with supplemental jurisdiction over state law claims when they are closely related to federal law claims over which the court exercises original jurisdiction. See 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a). Dismissal of the federal claims does not automatically deprive the court of jurisdiction over the state claims, but provides a basis on which the exercise of jurisdiction may be declined. See id. § 1367(c) ("The district court[] may decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over a [state law] claim... if... the district court has dismissed all claims over which it has original jurisdiction."); see also Borough of West Mifflin v. Lancaster , 45 F.3d 780, 788 (3d Cir. 1995). The Third Circuit has held that the court must dismiss pendent state claims when the federal claims over which the court has original jurisdiction are dismissed "unless considerations of judicial economy, convenience, and fairness to the parties provide an affirmative justification for doing so." Lancaster , 45 F.3d at 788; see also Hedges v. Musco , 204 F.3d 109, 123 (3d Cir. 2000). No justification for retaining jurisdiction is apparent. However, Stephens and Clash have not had an opportunity to address the issue of whether dismissal of the federal claims compels dismissal of the entire case under 28 U.S.C. § 1367. Therefore, the court will order concise supplemental briefing on this issue prior to transferring the claim to state court.
The court may also exercise jurisdiction over the state law claim pursuant to an independent basis for jurisdiction. The party asserting jurisdiction bears the burden of showing that, at all stages of the litigation, the case is properly before the federal court. See McNutt v. Gen. Motors Acceptance Corp. of Ind. , 298 U.S. 178, 189 (1936); Packard v. Provident Nat'l Bank , 994 F.2d 1039, 1045 (3d Cir. 1993). In the instant matter, Stephens brought his claims in federal court, asserting both federal question and diversity jurisdiction. (Doc. 1 ¶¶ 4-5). As a result of the dismissal of the Section 2255 claims, there is no remaining federal question to confer jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331. Thus, Stephens bears the burden of proving continuing diversity jurisdiction. See McNutt , 298 U.S. at 189; 28 U.S.C. § 1332 (conferring jurisdiction when a matter is between citizens of different states and the amount in controversy exceeds $75, 000, exclusive of interest and costs). Clash does not dispute diverse citizenship because he is a citizen of New York and Stephens is a citizen of Pennsylvania; however, Clash argues that Stephens has not satisfied the amount in controversy requirement.
The Supreme Court established the prevailing standard by which the court must consider a challenge to the amount in controversy requirement:
St. Paul Mercury Indem. Co. v. Red Cab Co. , 303 U.S. 283, 288-89 (1938). The general rule is to determine the amount in controversy from the complaint itself. Horton v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co. , 367 U.S. 348, 353 (1961); Angus v. Shiley Inc. , 989 F.2d 142, 145 (3d Cir. 1993). When a defendant or the court challenges the plaintiff's allegations regarding the amount in question, the plaintiff has the burden of establishing by competent proof and by a preponderance of the evidence that his or her claims exceed $75, 000. See McNutt , 298 U.S. at 189; Columbia Gas Transmission Corp. v. Tarbuck , 62 F.3d 538, 541 (3d Cir. 1995).
Clash alleges that the complaint merely makes "conclusory claims" of compensatory damages and punitive damages for the sexual battery claim under Pennsylvania law. (Doc. 12 at 18). The court notes that Clash's contention is largely a function of the court's dismissal of the Section 2255 claims. Prior to the dismissal of the Section 2255 claims, Stephens clearly satisfied the amount in controversy requirement. The damages for personal injury from child sexual exploitation are deemed to be no less than $150, 000. See 18 U.S.C. § 2255(a). Accordingly, in addition to the issue of discretionary exercise of supplemental jurisdiction, the court will grant Stephens an opportunity to present facts by affidavit in support of the amount in controversy to establish diversity jurisdiction. See Berardi v. Swanson Mem'l Lodge No. 48 of the Fraternal Order of Police , 920 F.2d 198, 200 (3d Cir. 1990) (holding that, after jurisdiction is challenged, the court must grant plaintiff "an opportunity to present facts by affidavit or by deposition, or in an evidentiary hearing, in support of his jurisdictional contention") (quoting Local 336, American Federation of Musicians, AFL-CIO v. Bonatz , 475 F.2d 433, 437 (3d Cir. 1973)); Shane v. Fauver , 213 F.3d 113, 116-17 (3d Cir. 2000) (stating that, where the complaint is merely deficient as pleaded, the court should grant leave to amend before dismissal with prejudice). The court will consider whether Stephens sufficiently pleaded "forcible compulsion" as an element of battery from childhood sexual abuse upon determination of subject-matter jurisdiction.[11]
For the above-stated reasons, the court will grant in part Clash's motion (Doc. 11) to dismiss, deem the motion to transfer or stay voluntarily withdrawn, and hold the state law claim in abeyance pending submission of additional briefing regarding subject-matter jurisdiction. Discovery in the instant action will be stayed pending the submission of additional briefs on subject-matter jurisdiction and the court's disposition of the state law claim.