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Timestamp: 2017-12-18 06:54:10
Document Index: 752008967

Matched Legal Cases: ['ART 4', 'art 1', 'art 1', 'art 1', 'art 1', 'art 2', 'art 3', 'art 4']

Copyright © 2018 by Barbara Weltman. All rights reserved.
ISBN 978-1-119-38041-2 (paper)
ISBN 978-1-119-38040-5 (ePDF)
ISBN 978-1-119-38046-7 (ePub)
This book is dedicated with love to my
understanding husband, Malcolm Katt.
S Corporations and Their Shareholder-Employees
C Corporations and Their Shareholder-Employees
Factors in Choosing Your Form of Business Organization
Forms of Business Organization Compared
Changing Your Form of Business
2 Tax Year and Accounting Methods
3 Recordkeeping for Business Income and Deductions
General Recordkeeping
Specific Substantiation Requirements for Certain Expenses
How Long You Should Maintain Records
4 Income or Loss from Business Operations
Income for Service Businesses
Income from the Sale of Goods
Income from Commercial Fishing
Investment-Type Income
Miscellaneous Business Income
State Income Taxes on Business Income
Limitations on Business Losses
5 Capital Gains and Losses
6 Gains and Losses from Sales of Business Property
Abandonment, Foreclosure, and Repossession of Property
7 Employee Compensation: Salary, Wages, and Employee Benefits
Temporary Workers and Outsourced HR
Deductible Employee Compensation
Disallowance Repayment Agreements
8 Travel and Entertainment Expenses
Living Away from Home on Temporary Assignments
9 Car and Truck Expenses
Deducting Car and Truck Expenses in General
Leasing a Car for Business
Arranging Vehicle Ownership
Employee Use of an Employer-Provided Car
Recordkeeping for Vehicle Expenses
10 Repairs, Maintenance, and Energy Improvements
Small Business Safe Harbors
Special Rules for Improvements for the Elderly and Handicapped
Lists of Deductible Repairs and Capital Improvements
11 Bad Debts
Bad Debts in General
Loans by Shareholder-Employees
Guarantees That Result in Bad Debts
Special Rules for Accrual Taxpayers
Reporting Bad Debts on the Tax Return
13 Taxes and Interest
Nondeductible Interest and Other Limitations on Deductibility
14 First-Year Expensing, Depreciation, Amortization, and Depletion
15 Advertising Expenses
Promotion of Goodwill
Prizes, Contests, and Other Promotional Activities
16 Retirement Plans
Added Costs for Retirement Plans
Regular 401(k)s and Designated Roth Accounts
State-Sponsored Plans for the Private Sector
Comparison of Qualified Retirement Plans
Correcting Plan Defects
Retirement Plans Owning Your Business
Glossary of Terms for Retirement Plans
17 Casualty and Theft Losses
Condemnations and Threats of Condemnation
Deducting Property Insurance and Other Casualty/Theft-Related Items
18 Home Office Deductions
Home Office Deductions in General
Special Requirements for Employees
Actual Expense or Simplified Method
Special Business Uses of a Home
Ancillary Benefits of Claiming Home Office Deductions
Impact of Home Office Deductions on Home Sales
19 Medical Coverage
Deducting Medical Insurance for Employees
Deducting Health Coverage by Self-Employed Persons and More-Than-2% S Corporation Shareholders
Using Reimbursement Plans
Tax Credit for Contributions to Employee Health Coverage
Shifting the Cost of Coverage to Employees
Setting Up Health Savings Accounts (HSAs)
Reporting Health Coverage on W-2s
Reporting Health Coverage on Forms 1095
20 Deductions and Tax Credits for Farmers
Timber Gains
Farm-Related Tax Credits
Nondeductible Farm-Related Expenses
21 Domestic Production Activities Deduction
22 Miscellaneous Business Deductions
Other Business Expenses in General
Charitable Contributions Made by Your Business
Supplies, Materials, and Office Expenses
Payments to Directors and Independent Contractors
Penalties, Fines, and Damages
Meal Costs for Day-Care Providers
Expenses of Disabled Persons
23 Roundup of Tax Credits
Capital Construction–Related Credits
PART 4 Tax Planning for Your Small Business
24 Income and Deduction Strategies
Audit-Proofing Your Return
25 Tax Strategies for Opening or Closing a Business
Initial Tax Decisions to Make
Investing Your Own Resources
Tax Reporting for the First Year
Setting Up a Business Bank Account and Credit Card
Expenses of Winding Up a Small Business
Tax Reporting in the Final Year
26 Tax Strategies for a Sideline Business
27 Tax Strategies for Multiple Businesses
28 Alternative Minimum Tax
29 Other Taxes
30 Filing Tax Returns and Paying Taxes
Income Tax Deadlines and Extensions
Online Filing of Business Income Tax Returns
Filing Other Business Returns
31 Retirement and Succession Planning
Financing Options to Fund Buyouts
32 Working with CPAs and Other Tax Professionals
33 Handling Audits with the IRS
APPENDIX A Information Returns
Pension and Retirement Plan Distributions
Small Cash Transactions
APPENDIX C Checklist of Tax-Related Corporate Resolutions
APPENDIX D List of Dollar Limits and Amounts Adjusted for Inflation
Items Adjusted Annually for Inflation
Items Fixed by the Tax Code
Items Set by the IRS
Figure 1.1 Schedule C, Profit or Loss From Business
Figure 1.2 Schedule C-EZ, Net Profit From Business
Figure 1.3 Schedule K-1, Partner's Share of Income, Deductions, Credits, etc.
Figure 1.4 Form 8832, Entity Classification Election
Figure 1.5 Schedule E, Part II, Income or Loss From Partnerships and S Corporations
Figure 1.6 Form 1120, U.S. Corporation Income Tax Return
Figure 14.1 Form 4562, Depreciation and Amortization
Figure 16.1 Form 5305-SEP Simplified Employee Pension
Figure 16.2 Form 5304-SIMPLE Savings Incentive Match Plan for Employees of Small Employers
Figure 16.3 Form 5500-EZ Annual Return of One-Participant Retirement Plan
Figure 18.1 Simplified Method Worksheet for Home Office Deduction
Figure 18.2 Worksheet to Figure the Deduction for Business Use of Your Home
Figure 18.3 Form 8829, Home Office Deduction
Figure 21.1 Form 8903, Domestic Production Activities Deduction
Figure 29.1 Schedule SE
Figure 30.1 Estimated Tax Worksheet
According to a 2017 report from the National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB), 84% of small businesses use paid tax preparers to file their returns. So why do you need to read up on taxes? The answer is simple: You, not your accountant or other financial adviser and not software, run the business, so you can't rely on someone else to make decisions critical to your activities. The National Small Business Association (NSBA) found that 67% of small businesses say that federal taxes have a significant or moderate impact on the day-to-day operation of their businesses. You need to be informed about tax-saving opportunities that continually arise so you can strategically plan to take advantage of them. Being knowledgeable about tax matters also saves you money; the more you know, the better able you are to ask your accountant key tax and financial questions that can advance your business, as well as to meet your tax responsibilities.
This is a great time to be a small business. Not only is small business a major force in our economy but it also is the benefactor of numerous tax rules that make it easier to write off expenses and minimize the taxes you owe. This edition of the book has been revised to include all of the new rules taking effect for 2017 returns. Your business needs to use every tax-saving opportunity to survive and thrive at this time. The book also provides information about future changes scheduled to take effect in order to give you an overall view of business tax planning. Most importantly, it addresses the many tax questions I have received from readers as well as visitors to my website, www.barbaraweltman.com.
This book focuses primarily on federal income taxes. Businesses may be required to pay and report many other taxes, including state income taxes, employment taxes, sales and use taxes, and excise taxes. Some information about these taxes is included in this book to alert you to your possible obligations so that you can then obtain further assistance if necessary. However, the book takes a holistic approach to taxes, showing you where applicable the ramifications that tax decisions can have on your business activities and your bottom line. Statistics, resources, and other materials are provided to help you better run your business by making good tax decisions and implementing sound business practices.
Whether or not you use a paid tax professional to prepare your tax return, expect to devote considerable time to taxes as part of running your business. The NFIB found that 42% of small businesses spend 4 hours or more each month on tax compliance, and 12% spend 10 hours or more each month. Also be prepared to spend money not only on your tax payments but also on administrative costs (e.g., accountants' fees). Nearly half of small businesses spend more than $5,000 annually, and 27% spend more than $10,000 each year, according to the same report. In another report, the Small Business Association found that 66% of owners polled thought taxes—the administrative hassles and cost—threatened their viability. And the NFIB found that 5 of the top 10 most severe problems facing small businesses are tax-related.
It is important to stay alert to future tax changes. Uncertainty has been labeled an impediment to business growth. Pending or possible changes from Congress are noted in this book, including the expiration of nearly a dozen tax rules at the end of 2016 that can impact your 2017 tax return and tax planning for 2018. Be sure to check on any final action before you take any steps that could be affected by these changes.
For a free supplement on tax developments after September 1, 2017, affecting small businesses (available in February 2018), go to www.jklasser.com or www.barbaraweltman.com.
The purpose of this book is to make you acutely aware of how your actions in business can affect your bottom line from a tax perspective. The way you organize your business, the accounting method you select, and the types of payments you make all have an impact on when you report income and the extent to which you can take deductions. This book is not designed to make you a tax expert. It is strongly suggested that you consult with a tax adviser before making certain important decisions that will affect your ability to minimize your taxes (and Chapter 32 tells you how to work with a tax professional). I hope that the insight you gain from this book will allow you to ask your adviser key questions to benefit your business.
In Part 1, you will find topics of interest to all businesses. First, there is an overview of the various forms of business organization and an explanation of how these forms of organization affect reporting of income and claiming tax deductions. The most common forms of business organization include independent contractors, sole proprietors, and sole practitioners—individuals who work for themselves and do not have any partners. If self-employed individuals join with others to form a business, they become partners in a partnership. Sometimes businesses incorporate. A business can be incorporated with only one owner or with many owners. A corporation can be a regular corporation (C corporation), or it can be a small business corporation (S corporation). The difference between the C and S corporations is the way in which income of the business is taxed to the owner (which is explained in detail in Part 1). There is another form of business organization called a limited liability company (LLC). Limited liability companies with 2 or more owners generally are taxed like partnerships even though their owners enjoy protection from personal liability. The important thing to note is that each form of business organization will affect what deductions can be claimed and where to claim them. Part 1 also explains tax years and accounting methods that businesses can select.
Part 1 contains another topic of general interest to all businesses. It covers important recordkeeping requirements and suggestions to help you audit-proof your return to the extent possible and protect your deductions and tax credits. In the course of business you may incur certain expenses, but unless you have specific proof of those expenses, you may not be able to claim a deduction or credit. Learn how to keep the necessary records to back up your write-offs in the event your return is questioned by the IRS.
Part 2 details how to report various types of income your business may receive. In addition to fees and sales receipts—the bread-and-butter of your business—you may receive other types of ordinary income such as interest income, royalties, and rents. You may have capital gain transactions as well as sales of business assets. But you may also have losses—from operations or the sale of assets. Special rules govern the tax treatment of these losses. The first part of each chapter discusses the types of income to report and special rules that affect them. Then scan the second part of each chapter, which explains where on the tax return to report the income or claim the loss.
Part 3 focuses on specific deductions and tax credits. It provides you with guidance on the various types of deductions you can use to reduce your business income. Each type of deduction is explained in detail. Related tax credits are also explained in each deduction chapter. In the first part of each chapter, you will learn what the deduction is all about and any dollar limits or other special requirements that may apply. As with the income chapters, the second part of each deduction chapter explains where on the tax return you can claim the write-off. The answer depends on your form of business organization. You simply look for your form of business organization to learn where on the return to claim the deduction. The portion of the appropriate tax form or schedule is highlighted in certain instances. As a practical matter, returns prepared on a computer automatically populate the appropriate form or schedule, but it's helpful to see where your write-offs end up on the return. For your convenience, key tax forms for claiming these deductions have been included. While the forms and schedules are designed for the 2017 returns, they serve as an example for future years. Also, in Chapter 22, Miscellaneous Business Deductions, you will find checklists that serve as handy reference guides on all business deductions. The checklists are organized according to your status: self-employed, employee, or small corporation. You will also find a checklist of deductions that have not been allowed.
Part 4 contains planning ideas for your business. You will learn about strategies for deferring income, boosting deductions, starting up or winding down a business, running a sideline business, running multiple businesses, and avoiding audits. It also highlights the most common mistakes that business owners make in their returns. This information will help you avoid making the same mistakes and losing out on tax-saving opportunities. You will also find helpful information about electronic filing of business tax forms and how to use the Internet for tax assistance and planning purposes. And you will find information about other taxes on your business, including state income taxes, employment taxes, sales and use taxes, and excise taxes. Finally, you will see how to work with a tax professional and what to do if you are audited.
In Appendix A, you will see a listing of information returns you may be required to file with the IRS or other government agencies in conjunction with your tax obligations. These returns enable the federal government to crosscheck tax reporting and other financial information. Appendix B covers tax penalties that can apply if you fail to do something you were supposed to do, or if you do it wrong or do it late. Appendix C contains a checklist of tax-related corporate resolutions to help you keep your corporate minutes book up to date. Appendix D is a list of dollar limits and amounts in certain tax rules that are adjusted annually for inflation to help you plan ahead.
Several forms and schedules as well as excerpts from them have been included throughout the book to illustrate reporting rules. These forms are not to be used to file your return. (In many cases, the appropriate forms were not available when this book was published, and older or draft versions of the forms were included.) You can obtain the forms you need from the IRS's website at www.irs.gov or where otherwise indicated.
Another way to stay abreast of tax and other small business developments that can affect your business throughout the year is by subscribing to Barbara Weltman's Big Ideas for Small Business®, a free online newsletter geared for small business owners and their professional advisers, and my “Idea of the Day®” (via e-mail) at www.barbaraweltman.com. The Supplement to this book, which covers developments after September 1, 2017, can be found at www.jklasser.com and my website www.barbaraweltman.com. For those who want to learn about tax responsibilities in starting up and running a business, check out my online courses listed on my website.
This book has been in print for nearly 25 years and has tracked dramatic changes in tax law and business operations. For those who are using it for the first time, the book is a resource guide for handling taxes effectively as well as for making financial decisions and using business practices to increase your bottom line. For those who are perennial readers, you will see that while much in the book is unchanged, it has been updated and expanded to reflect new tax rules and additional comments on tax strategies and business practices. For tax practitioners, I recognize that there are no citations, and that there are some issues that are unsettled. I invite your comments on any areas in which you disagree with my presentation and for ways to make improvements in future editions (send comments to Barbara@barbaraweltman.com).
I would like to thank Sidney Kess, Esq. and CPA, for his valuable suggestions in the preparation of the original tax deduction book and Elliott Eiss, Esq., for his expertise and constant assistance with this and other projects.
Small businesses are vital to the U.S. economy. They employ nearly half of the country's private sector workforce and contribute more than half of the nation's gross national product. Small businesses created 64% of all new jobs over the past 15 years.
For the 2015 tax year (the most recent year for statistics), there were more than 24.7 million sole proprietorships in the United States. About one out of every 6 Form 1040 filers had a sole proprietorship that year. Another 7.8 million filers reported income from partnerships and S corporations. And the numbers of small businesses are growing.
Small businesses fall under the purview of the Internal Revenue Service's (IRS) Small Business and Self-Employed Division (SB/SE). This division services approximately 57 million tax filers, including 9 million small businesses (partnerships and corporations with assets of $10 million or less), more than 41 million of whom are full-time or partially self-employed, and about 7 million filers of employment, excise, and certain other returns. The SB/SE division accounts for about 40% of the total federal tax revenues collected. The goal of this IRS division is customer assistance to help small businesses comply with the tax laws.
Toward this end, the Small Business Administration (SBA) has teamed up with the IRS to provide small business owners with help on tax issues. The SBA provides tax information for start-ups at www.sba.gov; search “taxes.”
There is also an IRS Tax Center devoted exclusively to small business and self-employed persons at www.irs.gov/Businesses/Small-Businesses-&-Self-Employed. Here you will find special information for your industry—agriculture, automotive, child care, construction, entertainment, gaming, manufacturing, real estate, restaurants, retailers, veterinarians, and even tax professionals are already covered, and additional industries are set to follow. You can see the hot tax issues for your industry, find special audit guides that explain what the IRS looks for in your industry when examining returns, and links to other tax information.
As a small business owner, you work, try to grow your business, and hope to make a profit. What you can keep from that profit depends in part on the income tax you pay. The income tax applies to your net income rather than to your gross income or gross receipts. You are not taxed on all the income you bring in by way of sales, fees, commissions, or other payments. Instead, you are essentially taxed on what you keep after paying off the expenses of providing the services or making the sales that are the crux of your business. Deductions for these expenses operate to fix the amount of income that will be subject to tax. So deductions, in effect, help to determine the tax you pay and the profits you keep. And tax credits, the number of which has been expanded in recent years, can offset your tax to reduce the amount you ultimately pay.
Sometimes it pays to be small. The tax laws contain a number of special rules exclusively for small businesses. But what is a small business? The average size of a small business in the United States is one with fewer than 20 employees with annual revenue under $2 million. The SBA usually defines small business by the number of employees—size standards range from 500 employees to 1,500 employees, depending on the industry or the SBA program. The SBA also uses revenue for certain business size standards (e.g., average annual gross receipts for many nonmanufacturing industries). Size matters because only “small businesses” can qualify for SBA-guaranteed loans and for special consideration with federal contracting.
For tax purposes, however, the answer varies from rule to rule, as explained throughout this book. Sometimes, it depends on your revenues, the number of employees, or total assets. In Table I.1 are more than 2 dozen definitions from the Internal Revenue Code on what constitutes a small business. You may be a small business for some tax rules but not for others.
Table I.1 Examples of Tax Definitions of Small Business
While taxes are figured on your bottom line—your income less certain expenses—you still must report your income on your tax return. Generally, all of the income your business receives is taxable unless there is a specific tax rule that allows you to exclude the income permanently or defer it to a future time.
When you report income depends on your method of accounting. How and where you report income depends on the nature of the income and your type of business organization. Over the next several years, the possibility of declining tax rates (clarified in the Supplement) for owners of pass-through entities—sole proprietorships, partnerships, limited liability companies (LLCs), and S corporations—require greater sensitivity to the timing of business income.
The IRS reported a “tax gap” (the spread between revenues that should be collected and what actually is collected) of $450 billion a year and that $122 billion of this can be traced to entrepreneurs who underreport or don't report their income, or overstate their deductions. While audit rates have recently been at historic lows, the IRS continues to look carefully at self-employed individuals in an attempt to detect intentional or unintentional reporting errors.
You pay tax only on your profits, not on what you take in (gross receipts). In order to arrive at your profits, you are allowed to subtract certain expenses from your income. These expenses are called “deductions.”
The law says what you can and cannot deduct (see below). Within this framework, the nature and amount of the deductions you have often vary with the size of your business, the industry you are in, where you are based in the country, and other factors. The most common deductions for businesses include car and truck expenses, utilities, supplies, legal and professional services, insurance, depreciation, taxes, meals and entertainment, advertising, repairs, travel, rent for business property and equipment, and in some cases, a home office.
Are your deductions typical? Back in January 2004, the Government Accountability Office (formerly the General Accounting Office) compiled statistics on deductions claimed by sole proprietors for 2001 (no data more current is available). These numbers showed the dollars spent on various types of deductions, the percentage of sole proprietors who claimed the deductions, and what percentage of total deductions each expense represented. For example, 25% of sole proprietors with business gross receipts under $25,000 claimed a deduction for advertising costs. This percentage rose to 65% when gross receipts exceeded $100,000. You can view these old statistics at www.gao.gov/new.items/d04304.pdf.
What Is the Legal Authority for Claiming Deductions?
Deductions are a legal way to reduce the amount of your business income subject to tax. But there is no constitutional right to tax deductions. Instead, deductions are a matter of legislative grace; if Congress chooses to allow a particular deduction, so be it. Therefore, deductions are carefully spelled out in the Internal Revenue Code (the Code).
The language of the Code in many instances is rather general. It may describe a category of deductions without getting into specifics. For example, the Code contains a general deduction for all ordinary and necessary business expenses, without explaining what constitutes these expenses. Over the years, the IRS and the courts have worked to flesh out what business expenses are ordinary and necessary. “Ordinary” means common or accepted in business and “necessary” means appropriate and helpful in developing and maintaining a business. The IRS and the courts often reach different conclusions about whether an item meets this definition and is deductible, leaving the taxpayer in a somewhat difficult position. If the taxpayer uses a more favorable court position to claim a deduction, the IRS may very well attack the deduction in the event that the return is examined. This puts the taxpayer in the position of having to incur legal expenses to bring the matter to court. However, if the taxpayer simply follows the IRS approach, a good opportunity to reduce business income by means of a deduction will have been missed. Throughout this book, whenever unresolved questions remain about a particular deduction, both sides have been explained. The choice is up to you and your tax adviser.
Sometimes, the Code is very specific about a deduction, such as an employer's right to deduct employment taxes. Still, even where the Code is specific and there is less need for clarification, disputes about applicability or terminology may still arise. Again, the IRS and the courts may differ on the proper conclusion. It will remain for you and your tax adviser to review the different authorities for the positions stated and to reach your own conclusions based on the strength of the different positions and the amount of tax savings at stake.
A word about authorities for the deductions discussed in this book: There are a number of sources for these write-offs in addition to the Internal Revenue Code. These sources include court decisions from the U.S. Tax Court, the U.S. district courts and courts of appeal, the U.S. Court of Federal Claims, and the U.S. Supreme Court. There are also regulations issued by the Treasury Department to explain sections of the Internal Revenue Code. The IRS issues a number of pronouncements, including Revenue Rulings, Revenue Procedures, Notices, Announcements, and News Releases. The IRS also issues private letter rulings, determination letters, field service advice, and technical advice memoranda. While these private types of pronouncements cannot be cited as authority by a taxpayer other than the one for whom the pronouncement was made, they are important nonetheless. They serve as an indication of IRS thinking on a particular topic, and it is often the case that private letter rulings on topics of general interest later get restated in revenue rulings.
The answer depends on your tax bracket. The tax bracket is dependent on the way you organize your business. If you are self-employed and in the top tax bracket of 39.6% in 2017, then each $100 deduction will save you $39.60. Had you not claimed this deduction, you would have had to pay $39.60 of tax on that $100 of income that was offset by the deduction. If you have a personal service corporation, a special type of corporation for most professionals, the corporation pays tax at a flat rate of 35%. This means that the corporation is in the 35% tax bracket. Thus, each $100 deduction claimed saves $35 of tax on the corporation's income. Deductions are even more valuable if your business is in a state that imposes income tax. The impact of state income tax and special rules for state income taxes are not discussed in this book. However, you should explore the tax rules in your state and ascertain their impact on your business income.
Like the timing of income, the timing of deductions—when to claim them—is determined by your tax year and method of accounting. Your form of business organization affects your choice of tax year and your accounting method.
Even when expenses are deductible, there may be limits on the timing of those deductions. Most common expenses are currently deductible in full. However, some expenses must be capitalized or amortized, or you must choose between current deductibility and capitalization. Capitalization generally means that costs can be written off ratably as amortized expenses or depreciated over a period of time. (Capitalized costs, such as for the purchase of machinery and equipment, are added to the balance sheet as company assets.) Amortized expenses include, for example, fees to incorporate a business and expenses to organize a new business. Certain capitalized costs may not be deductible at all, but are treated as an additional cost of an asset (basis).
Not all write-offs of business expenses are treated as deductions. Some can be claimed as tax credits. A tax credit is worth more than a deduction since it reduces your taxes dollar for dollar. Like deductions, tax credits are available only to the extent that Congress allows. In a couple of instances, you have a choice between treating certain expenses as a deduction or a credit. In most cases, however, tax credits can be claimed for certain expenses for which no tax deduction is provided. Business-related tax credits, as well as personal credits related to working or running a business, are included in this book.
As a small business owner, your obligations taxwise are broad. Not only do you have to pay income taxes and file income tax returns, but you must also manage payroll taxes if you have any employees. You may also have to collect and report on state and local sales taxes. Some businesses, such as farms, may have excise tax responsibilities. Finally, you may have to notify the IRS of certain activities on information returns.
It is very helpful to keep an eye on the tax calendar so you will not miss out on any payment or filing deadlines, which can result in interest and penalties. You might want to view the IRS's Tax Calendar for Businesses and Self-Employed (go to https://www.irs.gov/Businesses/Small-Businesses-%26-Self-Employed/IRS-Tax-Calendar-for-Businesses-and-Self-Employed). You can use IRS CalendarConnector to filter the calendar to view dates that apply to you (go to https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p1518a.pdf).
You can obtain most federal tax forms online at www.irs.gov. Nonscannable forms, which cannot be downloaded from the IRS, can be ordered by calling toll free at 800-829-4933 during normal business hours.