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UCC Overview Part 2 Article 2 Parts 3
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UCC Overview Part 2: Article 2, Parts 3 – 5/Construction of Contracts, Delivery Terms, Warranties, and Performance Breakout Session Number: D 18 Presenters: Allen L. Anderson; Fees & Burgess, P. C. Ryan Blount; Fees & Burgess, P. C. Date: July 31, 2011 Time: 11: 15 a. m. – 12: 30 p. m. 1 1
Article 2 Part 3: General Obligation and Construction of Contract 2 2
General Obligations of Parties • The obligation of the Seller is to transfer and deliver and that of the Buyer is to accept and pay in accordance with contract. [§ 2– 301] 3 3
Unconscionability • If the court, as a matter of law, finds the contract or any clause of the contract would have been unconscionable at the time it was made, it may refuse to enforce the contract, or it may enforce the remainder of the contract without the unconscionable clause, or it may so limit the application of any unconscionable clause as to avoid any unconscionable result. [§ 2– 302] 4 4
Unconscionability • The principle is one of prevention of oppression and unfair surprise and not of disturbance of allocation of risks because of superior bargaining power. • EXAMPLE: Clause limiting time for complaints held inapplicable to latent defects in the shipment of catsup which could only be discovered by microscopic analysis. 5 5
Open Price Term • The parties, if they so intend, can conclude a contract for sale even though the price is not settled. In such a case, the price is a reasonable price at the time of delivery, if: § Nothing is said as to the price; or § The price is left to be agreed and there is no agreement; or § The price is to be fixed in terms of some market or other standard by a third–person and is not so set. [§ 2– 305] 6
Open Price Term • When a price left to be fixed otherwise than by agreement of the parties fails to be fixed through the fault of one party, the other may, at his option, treat the contract as cancelled or himself fix a reasonable price. [§ 2– 305(3)] 7 7
• HOWEVER, if the parties intend not to be bound unless the price be fixed or agreed and it is not fixed or agreed, there is NO contract. [§ 2– 305(4)] 8 8
No Specified Place for Delivery • Unless otherwise agreed: § Seller’s place of business; or § If goods are identified to the knowledge of both parties in some other place, delivery at that place. [§ 2– 308] 9
Absence of Specific Time Provisions • Time for shipment or delivery or any other action under contract, if not provided, shall be “a reasonable time” [§ 2– 309(1)] • Where the contract provides for successive performances, but is indefinite in duration it is valid for reasonable time, but unless otherwise agreed may be terminated at any time by either party. [§ 2– 309(2), many distributorship agreements fall in this category] 10 10
Termination • Termination of the contract by one party, except on the happening of an agreed-upon event, requires that reasonable notification be received by the other party and an agreement dispensing with notification is invalid if its operation would be unconscionable. [§ 2– 309(3)] 11 11
• Justifiable cancellation for breach is a remedy for breach and not the kind of termination covered by § 2– 309. 12 12
• Unless otherwise agreed, payment is due at the time and place at which the Buyer is to receive the goods even though the place of shipment is the place of delivery. [§ 2– 310(a)] 13 13
• Buyer’s payment and Seller’s relinquishment of full possession and control of the goods are “concurrent conditions” absent contrary agreement. 14 14
• Tender of a check is only a conditionally-valid tender. As between Seller and Buyer, the Seller is entitled to reassert dominion over the goods if the Buyer has acquired them by giving a check that bounces. [§ 2– 511(2)] 15 15
Options and Cooperation Respecting Performance • An agreement for sale, which is otherwise sufficiently definite to be a contract, is not made invalid by the fact that it leaves particulars of performance to be specified by one of the parties. Any such specification must be made in good faith and within limits set by commercial reasonableness. [§ 2– 311(1)] 16 16
• Such particulars are often found in the course of dealing, usage of trade, or implication from circumstances in explicit language used by the parties. 17 17
Warranties 18 18
Warranty of Title • There is warranty by the Seller in sales contracts that: § The title conveyed shall be good, and its transfer rightful, and § The goods shall be delivered free of any security interest or other lien or encumbrance of which the Buyer at the time of contracting has no knowledge. [§ 2– 312(1)] 19
• Warranty of title may be excluded or modified by specific language or by circumstances which give the Buyer reason to know that the person selling the goods does not claim title in himself and is only selling whatever right he has in the goods (like a “quitclaim”). [§ 2– 312(2)] 20 20
Warranty Against Infringement • Unless otherwise agreed, a Seller who is a merchant regularly dealing in goods of the kind warrants that the goods shall be delivered free of the rightful claim of any third person by way of infringement or the like, but a Buyer who furnishes specifications to the Seller must hold the Seller harmless against any such claim which arises out of compliance with specifications. [§ 2 – 312(3)] 21 21
Express Warranties by Seller • By affirmation of fact or promise relating to the goods which becomes part of the “basis of the bargain” that the goods will so conform. • Any description of the goods which is a part of the “basis of the bargain. ” • Any sample or model which is made part of the “basis of the bargain. ” • Not necessary to use formal words, such as “warrant” or “guarantee. ” [§ 2 – 313] 22 22
• Statement merely giving Seller’s opinion, affirming value of the goods, or commendation of the goods does not create a warranty. • Puffing – “This is the best you will ever see”; “There is no better product on the market”; “Do not worry, Chrysler will stand behind its products 100% if you have a warranty issue. ” 23 23
Implied Warranty of Merchantability • Unless excluded or modified in accordance with § 2– 316, if the Seller is a merchant with respect to goods of that kind, warranty applies. • Also applies to the serving for value of food or drink to be consumed on the premises or elsewhere. 24 24
• To be merchantable, goods must: § Pass without objection in the trade under contract description; and § In the case of fungible goods, be of fair average quality within the description; and § Be fit for the ordinary purpose for which such goods are used; and 25 25
§ Run within the variations permitted by the agreement, of even kind, quality, and quantity within each unit and among all units involved; and § Be adequately contained, packaged, and labeled as the agreement may require; and § Conform to the promise or affirmations of fact made on the container or label, if any. 26 26
• Are cigarettes, whiskey, and automobiles merchantable? • They may cause injury or even death when they are used improperly and contribute to injury or death even when they are used properly. 27 27
• In cases of doubt as to what quality is intended, the price at which a merchant closes the contract is an excellent index of the nature and scope of his obligation under § 2– 314 [Comment 7]. 28 28
Implied Warranties of Fitness for Particular Purpose • Where the Seller, at the time of contracting, has reason to know any particular purpose for which the goods are required and that Buyer is relying on the Seller’s skill or judgment to select or furnish suitable goods, there is unless excluded or modified, an implied warranty that the goods shall be fit for such purpose. [§ 2– 315] 29 29
Exclusion or Modification of Warranties • Merchantability exclusion – Must mention merchantability and, in case of a writing, must be conspicuous. • Implied warranty of fitness – Exclusion must be in writing and conspicuous; all implied warranties of fitness are excluded by statement that “there are no warranties which extend beyond description on the face hereof. ” [§ 2– 316(2)] 30 30
Notwithstanding Previous Slide • Unless circumstances indicate otherwise, all implied warranties are excluded by expressions like “as is, ” “with all faults, ” or other language which in common understanding calls the Buyer’s attention to the exclusion of warranties and makes plain there is no implied warranty. [§ 2– 316(3)(a)] 31 31
Cumulation and Conflict of Warranties • Warranties, whether express or implied, are construed as consistent and cumulative unless the construction is unreasonable, then the parties’ intent must be ascertained. [§ 2– 317] 32 32
• In determining intention: § Exact or technical specifications displace an inconsistent sample or model or general language of description; § A sample from an existing bulk displaces inconsistent general language of description; § Express warranties displace inconsistent implied warranties other than an implied warranty of fitness for a particular purpose. 33 33
Third–Party Beneficiaries and “Privity” § 2 – 318 • Generally extends warranty liability of Seller to either Buyer’s family and guests, or others likely to consume or be affected by the goods if they are injured, depending on which alternative is adopted. • California omits this section in its entirety. 34 34
• Majority of states extend coverage to any natural person reasonably expected to use, consume, or be affected by the goods who was injured. • Liability flowing from this section cannot be modified or limited. 35 35
Delivery Terms 36 36
F. O. B. Term • Unless otherwise agreed: § FOB Katmandu, Michigan – If place of shipment, Seller must at that place arrange for shipment of the goods in accordance with § 2– 504 and bear the expense and risk of putting them in possession of the carrier, or when at the place of destination, the Seller must at his own expense and risk transport the goods to that place and tender delivery as provided in § 2– 503. 37 37
C. I. F. Term • Unless otherwise agreed: § CIF Katmandu, Michigan – The price includes in a lump sum the cost of the goods and the insurance and freight to the named destination, and the Seller is required to arrange for shipment and obtain a policy of insurance. 38 38
• Use of INCOTERMS 2000 recommended by the presenters rather than UCC delivery terms, which will become obsolete and are confusing if used in the international context. 39 39
Article 2 Part 4: Title 40 40
Passing of Title • Unless otherwise agreed or specifically addressed elsewhere in the Code: § Title passes to Buyer at the time and place at which the Seller completes his performance of delivery despite any document of title to be delivered or any reservation of a security interest; § If delivery is made without movement of the goods, title passes when the document of title is delivered, or if no documents are delivered, title passes at a time and place of contracting. [§ 2 – 401] 41 41
Article 2 Part 5: Performance 42 42
Seller’s Tender of Delivery • Tender of delivery requires that the Seller put and hold conforming goods at the Buyer’s disposition and give the Buyer any notification reasonably necessary to enable him to take delivery. [§ 2– 503] 43 43
Shipment by Seller • Where the contract does not specify delivery at a particular destination, unless otherwise agreed, the Seller must put the goods in the possession of a carrier and make a contract for their transportation and promptly notify the Buyer of shipment. [§ 2– 504] 44 44
Effect of Seller’s Tender • Tender of delivery is a condition to the Buyer’s duty to accept the goods and, unless otherwise agreed, to pay for them. [§ 2– 507(1)] 45 45
Cure by Seller of Improper Tender • Seller can cure a non-conforming tender prior to expiration of time for performance and within a reasonable time where Seller had reasonable grounds to believe the tender would be acceptable if he seasonably notifies Buyer of intent to substitute conforming tender. [§ 2– 508] • See also “perfect tender” rule [§ 2 – 601] 46 46
Risk of Loss in Absence of Breach • Where the contract requires or authorizes Seller to ship by carrier: § If contract does not require Seller to deliver to a certain destination, risk of loss passes to Buyer when goods are delivered to carrier; § If contract requires Seller to deliver at a particular destination and goods are duly tendered, risk of loss passes to Buyer when they are duly tendered. [§ 2– 509(1)] 47 47
Risk of Loss in Absence of Breach • If goods are held by a bailee and delivered without being moved, risk of loss passes to Buyer upon receipt of negotiable document of title or upon acknowledgment by the bailee of the Buyer’s right to possess the goods. [§ 2– 509(2)] 48 48
Risk of Loss in Absence of Breach • In any other case, the risk of loss passes to the Buyer on his receipt of the goods if the Seller is a merchant; otherwise the risk passes to the Buyer on tender of delivery. [§ 2– 509(3)] 49 49
Effect of Breach on Risk of Loss • Where tender or delivery of goods so fails to conform to the contract as to give Buyer right of rejection, risk of loss remains on Seller until cure or acceptance. • If acceptance is rightfully revoked, Buyer may, to the extent of any deficiency in his insurance coverage, treat the risk of loss as having rested on the Seller from the beginning. [§ 2– 510] 50 50
Tender of Payment by Buyer • Unless otherwise agreed, tender of payment is a condition to the Seller’s duty to tender goods and complete any delivery. If by check, payment is conditional and is defeated if check is dishonered. [§ 2– 511] 51 51
Buyer Right to Inspection of Goods • Unless otherwise agreed, where goods are tendered or delivered or identified by the contract for sale, the Buyer has a right before payment or acceptance to inspect them at any reasonable place and time and in any reasonable manner. • If goods do not conform, inspection cost may be recovered from Seller. [§ 2– 513] 52 52
• Exceptions are COD deliveries and payment against documents of title with no reservation of inspection rights in the agreement. [§ 2– 513(3)] 53 53
Questions? 54 54