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NLRB V. FOOD STORE EMPLOYEES UNION, 417 U. S. 1 (1974) - US SUPREME COURT DECISIONS ON-LINE
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NLRB V. FOOD STORE EMPLOYEES UNION, 417 U. S. 1 (1974)
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NLRB v. Food Store Employees Union, 417 U.S. 1 (1974)
After finding that Heck's Inc. had engaged in pervasive unfair labor practices, the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) issued a cease and desist order against it, but rejected the argument of respondent union, the charging party, for additional remedies, including reimbursement of litigation expenses and excess organizational costs incurred as a result of Heck's illegal conduct. The Court of Appeals enforced the NLRB's order but remanded the case to the NLRB for further consideration of additional remedies. The NLRB again refused to order reimbursement of litigation expenses and excess organizational costs, reasoning that its "orders must be remedial, not punitive, and collateral losses are not considered in framing a reimbursement order," and that the Board, not the charging party, is entrusted with primary responsibility to protect the public interest. The Court of Appeals enforced the NLRB's amended order but, concluding that the NLRB chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
The National Labor Relations Board refused to include, in a cease and desist order against Heck's Inc., a provision sought by respondent union, as charging party, that Heck's reimburse respondent's litigation expenses chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
Heck's Inc. operates a chain of discount stores in the Southeast section of the country. Its resistance to union organization has resulted in some 11 proceedings before the National Labor Relations Board. [Footnote 1] This case grew out of its efforts to prevent organization by respondent chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
union of Heck's employees at its store in Clarksburg, West Virginia. The case was twice before the Board. In its first decision, the Board determined that Heck's violated § 8(a)(1) of the Act, 29 U.S.C. § 158(a)(1), by threatening and coercively interrogating employees during respondent's organizational campaign, and by conducting a nonsecret poll to ascertain employee support for the union. Further, the Board found that Heck's "flagrant repetition" of similar unfair labor practices at its other stores and its "extensive violations of the Act" in the Clarksburg store justified an inference that Heck's did not entertain any good faith doubt concerning majority support for respondent union when the company refused to recognize and bargain with the union on the basis of authorization cards signed by a majority of employees. Accordingly, the Board found that Heck's violated §§ 8(a)(5) and (1) of the Act, 29 U.S.C. §§ 158(a)(5) and (1). Finally, because Heck's extensive violations were found to have made a free and fair election impossible, an order directing Heck's to bargain with the union was entered. The Board rejected, however, the union's argument that adequate relief required certain additional remedies, including reimbursement of litigation expenses and excess organizational costs incurred as a result of Heck's unlawful behavior. [Footnote 2] Heck's Inc., 172 N.L.R.B. 2231 n. 2 (1968). ,
The Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit enforced the Board's order, but remanded to the chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
Board for further consideration of additional remedies, including reimbursement of litigation expenses and excess organizational cost. 130 U.S.App. D.'C. 383, 433 F.2d 541 (1370). [Footnote 3] On remand, the Board amended its original order to encompass certain supplemental remedies, [Footnote 4] but again refused to order reimbursement of litigation expenses and excess organizational costs. [Footnote 5] 191 N.L.R.B. 886. Although the Board found that Heck's unfair labor practices were "aggravated and pervasive" and that its intransigence had probably caused the union to incur greater litigation expenses and organizational costs, the Board's rationale, previously mentioned, was that the provision would not effectuate the policies of the Act. The Board reasoned that its "orders chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
must be remedial, not punitive, and collateral losses are not considered in framing a reimbursement order." Id. at 889 (footnotes omitted). [Footnote 6] Moreover, a charging party's participation in the case is, the Board found, primarily for the purpose of protecting its private interests, whereas the Board has the primary responsibility for protecting the public interest. The Board therefore concluded that, although the public interest might also arguably be served "in allowing the Charging Party to recover the costs of its participation in this litigation," that consideration did not "override the general and well established principle that litigation expenses are ordinarily not recoverable." Ibid. (Footnote omitted.)
Prior to review of its supplementary decision by the Court of Appeals, the Board issued its decision in Tiidee Products, Inc., 194 N.L.R.B. 1234 (1972), in which the Board ordered reimbursement of litigation expenses in the context of a finding that an employer had engaged in "frivolous litigations." [Footnote 7] The Board's opinion in Tiidee reasoned that industrial peace could be best achieved if "speedy access to uncrowded Board and court dockets [were] available," and therefore that an assessment of legal fees would serve the public interest by "discourag[ing] future frivolous litigation," id. at 1236. The Board did not explain why those considerations had not chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
led it to order similar relief in this case. The Court of Appeals therefore concluded in the present case that the Board had abandoned its policy against award of litigation expenses and excess organizational costs, [Footnote 8] stating:
155 U.S.App.D.C. at 106, 476 F.2d 551. chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
The Court of Appeals also viewed Tiidee as the signal of a shift in the Board's attitude toward excess organizational costs. In Tiidee, the Board refused to order reimbursement of excess organizational costs because "no nexus between [the employer's] unlawful conduct'" had been proved. Ibid. Since, in the instant case, the Board had indicated that Heck's violations had probably caused respondent to incur excess organizational costs, a nexus was proved and accordingly the court held that respondent was entitled to an order directing reimbursement of organizational costs.
In the circumstances of this case, the Court of Appeals, in our view, improperly exercised its authority under §§ 10(e) and (f) to modify Board orders, and the case must therefore be returned to the Board. [Footnote 9] Congress has invested the Board, not the courts, with broad discretion to order a violator "to take such affirmative action . . . as will effectuate the policies of [the Act]." 29 U.S.C. § 160(c); see, e.g., Golden State Bottling Co. v. NLRB, 414 U. S. 168, 414 U. S. 176 (1973). This case does not present the exceptional situation in which crystal-clear Board error renders a remand an unnecessary formality. See NLRB v. Express Publishing Co., 312 U. S. 426 (1941); Communications Workers v. NLRB, 362 U. S. 479 (1960). For it cannot be gainsaid that the finding here that Heck's asserted at least "debatable" defenses to the unfair labor practice charges, whereas objections to the representation election in Tiidee were "patently frivolous," might have been viewed by the Board as putting the question of remedy in a different light. We cannot chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
say that the Board, in performing its appointed function of balancing conflicting interests, could not reasonably decide that, where "debatable" defenses are asserted, the public and private interests in affording the employer a determination of his "debatable" defenses, unfettered by the prospect of bearing his adversary's litigation costs, outweigh the public interest in uncrowded dockets. There are, however, facial inconsistencies between the Board's opinion in this case and the Tiidee decision, and the Court of Appeals therefore correctly declined to resolve those inconsistencies by substituting Board counsel's rationale for that of the Board. 155 U.S.App.D.C. at 107 n. 8, 476 F.2d 552 n. 8; see NLRB v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., 380 U. S. 438, 380 U. S. 444 (1965); Burlington Truck Lines v. United States, 371 U. S. 156, 371 U. S. 168-169 (1962). The integrity of the administrative process demands no less than that the Board, not its legal representative, exercise the discretionary judgment which Congress has entrusted to it. But since a plausible reconciliation by the Board of the seeming inconsistency was reasonably possible, it was "incompatible with the orderly function of the process of judicial review," NLRB v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., supra at 380 U. S. 444, for the Court of Appeals to enlarge the Heck's order without first affording the Board an opportunity to clarify the inconsistencies.
FCC v. Pottsville Broadcasting Co., 309 U. S. 134, 309 U. S. 145 (1940); see Fly v. Heitmeyer, 309 U. S. 146, 309 U. S. 148 (1940); FTC v. Morton Salt Co., 334 U. S. 37, 334 U. S. 55 (1948); FPC v. Idaho Power Co., 344 U. S. 17, 344 U. S. 20 (1952); 366 U. S. 434 (1961). Thus, when a reviewing court concludes that an agency invested with broad discretion to fashion remedies has apparently abused that discretion by omitting a remedy justified in the court's view by the factual circumstances, remand to the agency for reconsideration, and not enlargement of the agency order, is ordinarily the reviewing court's proper course. Application of that general principle in this case best respects the congressional scheme investing the Board and not the courts with broad powers to fashion remedies that will effectuate national labor policy. It also affords the Board the opportunity, through additional evidence or findings, to reframe its order better to effectuate that policy. See FPC v. Idaho Power Co., supra, at 344 U. S. 20; FTC v. Morton Salt Co., supra, at 334 U. S. 55. Moreover, in this case, if the Court of Appeals correctly read [email protected] as having signaled a change of policy in respect of reimbursement, a remand was necessary, because the Board should be given the first opportunity to determine whether the new policy should be applied retroactively. [Footnote 10] chanroblesvirtualawlibrary
The remand was ordered in light of the Court of Appeals' intervening decision in International Union of Elec., Radio & Mach. Workers v. NLRB, 138 U.S.App.D.C. 249, 426 F.2d 1243 (1970), known as the Tiidee Products case, in which the court had remanded for further Board consideration a union's submission that similar supplementary remedies were necessary where an employer's refusal to bargain was found to be "a clear and flagrant violation of the law," and its objections to a representation election were determined to be "patently frivolous." Id. at 254, 426 F.2d 1248.
In support of this proposition, the Board relied upon Republic Steel Corp. v. NLRB, 311 U. S. 7, 311 U. S. 11-12 (1940), and NLRB v. Gullett Gin Co., 340 U. S. 361, 340 U. S. 364 (1951).
155 U.S.App.D.C. at 105, 476 F.2d 550 (emphasis added).
Appellate courts ordinarily apply the law in effect at the time of the appellate decision, see Bradley v. School Board, 416 U. S. 696, 416 U. S. 711 (1974). However, a court reviewing an agency decision following an intervening change of policy by the agency should remand to permit the agency to decide in the first instance whether giving the change retrospective effect will best effectuate the policies underlying the agency's governing act.
In its present posture, the case does not, of course, present the question whether Board failure, on remand, to clarify the apparent inconsistency in its decisions would warrant reversal on review. Compare Barrett Line v. United States, 326 U. S. 179 (1945), with FCC v. WOKO, Inc., 329 U. S. 223, 329 U. S. 227-228 (1946). See L. Jaffe, Judicial Control of Administrative Action 587-588 (1965); Shapiro, The Choice of Rulemaking or Adjudication in the Development of Administrative Policy, 78 Harv.L.Rev. 921, 947-950 (1965).