Source: http://il.findacase.com/research/wfrmDocViewer.aspx/xq/fac.20020805_0000362.C07.htm/qx
Timestamp: 2018-04-20 22:41:09
Document Index: 224998878

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 922', '§ 922', '§ 922', '§ 8', '§ 844', '§ 844']

DEANDRE MITCHELL, DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.
JERRY L. PEETE, DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Indiana, Fort Wayne Division. No. 00 CR 56--William C. Lee, Chief Judge. Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin. No. 00 CR 15--Rudolph T. Randa, Judge.
Both Peete and Mitchell were charged under 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) with the crime of being a felon in possession of a firearm. Mitchell was arrested in Indiana in possession of a firearm manufactured in California. Mitchell went to trial and, at the close of the government's case, he moved for a judgment of acquittal on the grounds that the government failed to prove the jurisdictional nexus of interstate commerce. *fn1 The district court denied the motion and the jury returned a verdict of guilty. Mitchell was sentenced to 180 months of imprisonment and five years of supervised release.
Mitchell and Peete concede that they had been convicted of crimes punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year at the time of their arrests. Section 922(g)(1) provides:
It shall be unlawful for any person who has been convicted in any court of a crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year . . . to ship or transport in interstate or foreign commerce, or possess in or affecting commerce, any firearm or ammunition; or to receive any firearm or ammunition which has been shipped or transported in interstate or foreign commerce. 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1).
Both defendants contend that Congress exceeded its authority under the Commerce Clause by criminalizing the possession of a gun that happened to travel in interstate commerce at some time in the past.
Each relies primarily on United States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549 (1995). In Lopez, the Supreme Court struck down the Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990, which made it a federal offense "for any individual knowingly to possess a firearm at a place that the individual knows, or has reasonable cause to believe, is a school zone." 18 U.S.C. § 922(q)(1)(A); Lopez, 514 U.S. at 551. The Court held that the Act exceeds the authority of Congress "[t]o regulate Commerce . . . among the several States. . . ." U.S. Const., Art. I, § 8, cl. 3. In part, the Court noted that section 922(q) contained no "jurisdictional element which would ensure, through case-by-case inquiry, that the fire-arm possession in question affects interstate commerce." Lopez, 514 U.S. at 561. Mitchell and Peete are not the first defendants to argue that section 922(g)(1) suffers from the same infirmities as section 922(q)(1). We have rejected this argument numerous times since Lopez, noting that section 922(g) requires a showing that the possession be "in or affecting interstate commerce," a link that was lacking in section 922(q). See United States v. Lewis, 100 F.3d 49, 51 (7th Cir. 1996) (noting that section 922(g) is distinguishable from section 922(q) because it contains an explicit requirement that a nexus to interstate commerce be established); United States v. Williams, 128 F.3d 1128, 1133 (7th Cir. 1997) (same); United States v. Lee, 72 F.3d 55, 58 (7th Cir. 1995); United States v. Bell, 70 F.3d 495, 498 (7th Cir. 1995) (same).
Undeterred, Mitchell and Peete note that the Supreme Court subsequently applied Lopez to narrow a criminal statute and invalidate another law on Commerce Clause grounds. See Jones v. United States, 529 U.S. 848 (2000); United States v. Morrison, 529 U.S. 598 (2000). In Jones, the Court considered 18 U.S.C. § 844(i), which makes it a federal crime to damage or destroy "by means of fire or an explosive, any . . . property used in interstate or foreign commerce or in any activity affecting interstate or foreign commerce." Jones, 529 U.S. at 850. Jones was convicted of violating section 844(i) by setting fire to a house in Indiana. The government argued that the Indiana house was secured by a mortgage from an Oklahoma lender, insured by a Wisconsin insurer, and received gas from a supplier outside of Indiana. The Court reasoned that a private residence is not "used" in the activities of receiving natural gas, a mortgage, or an insurance policy in the common understanding of the word "use." Nor was the home used in any trade or business; rather it was used for the everyday living of the occupants. To accept the government's argument would mean that almost any home in the country was covered by the law, and the word "used" would be rendered meaningless. 529 U.S. at 856. The Court noted that Lopez reinforced this conclusion because arson was traditionally viewed as local criminal conduct. 529 U.S. at 851, 858. The Court therefore held that "an owner-occupied residence not used for any commercial purpose does not qualify as property 'used in' commerce or commerce-affecting activity; arson of such a dwelling, therefore, is not subject to federal prosecution under § 844(i)." 529 U.S. at 850-51.
In Morrison, the Court considered whether the Commerce Clause provided Congress with the authority to enact the Violence Against Women Act ("VAWA"). The VAWA provided, in part, a federal civil remedy for the victims of gender-motivated violence. Morrison, 529 U.S. at 601-02. Citing Lopez, the Court struck down this provision because gender-motivated violence was not an activity that substantially affects interstate commerce. 529 U.S. at 613 ("Gender-motivated crimes of violence are not, in any sense of the phrase, economic activity."). The Court noted that, like the statute at issue in Lopez, the VAWA contained no "jurisdictional element establishing that the federal cause of action is in pursuance of Congress' power to regulate interstate commerce." 529 U.S. at 613. Moreover, by its terms the law had nothing to do with interstate commerce, and neither the statute nor its legislative history adequately ...