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Matched Legal Cases: ['sui generis', 'sui generis', 'Sui generis', 'sui generis', 'sui generis', 'sui generis', 'sui generis', 'art1', 'art1']

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Contributors Foreword by Sakiko Fukuda-Parr Preface by Michael A. Gollin Acknowledgements Acronyms and abbreviations Overview 1 Intellectual property through the lens of human development Tzen Wong 1 The expanding matrix of intellectual property rights 2 Rationales, checks and balances 3 Capabilities and innovation 4 Multiple ways of viewing development 5 Conclusion: Re-posing the questions 2 Intellectual property and medicine: Towards global health equity Claudia Chamas, Ben Prickril and Joshua D. Sarnoff 1 Overview of intellectual property issues and trends relating to health 2 Strategies and public-private initiatives for research into new medicines and vaccines 3 Future scenarios relating to intellectual property and health 4 Conclusion 3 Food security and intellectual property rights: Finding the linkages Hans Morten Haugen, Manuel Ruiz Muller and Savita Mullapudi Narasimhan 1 The right to food: A conceptual and legal background 2 Trends in agricultural innovation and technology: The impact on farming communities in developing countries 3 Intellectual property rights in agriculture 4 Enclosure of the commons and some reactions 5 The challenges ahead for developing countries: Ensuring better use of genetic resources and more targeted research and development 6 Conclusion 4 Trends and scenarios in the legal protection of traditional knowledge Charles McManis and Yolanda Terán 1 Fundamental concepts and distinctions in the legal protection of traditional knowledge 2 Transmission and loss of traditional knowledge 3 Principal international agreements relevant to the legal protection of traditional knowledge 4 Trends in the legal protection of traditional knowledge 5 Conclusion 5 Traditional cultural expressions: Preservation and innovation Tzen Wong and Claudia Fernandini 1 Concepts and definitions 2 Circulation and commodification of traditional cultural expressions
Molly Torsen and Claudia Fernandini 1 Some concepts and definitions 2 Cultural rights and intellectual property rights 3 Emerging framework of protection for cultural diversity 4 Revisiting copyright as an economic incentive to create 5 Public access to cultural works: Nurturing capabilities for creative expression 6 Changing notions of authorship 7 Technology as a driving force for change 8 Some scenarios and reflections for the future 9 Conclusion 9 Scenario planning on the future of intellectual property: Literature review and implications for human development Michael A.org
. Gollin. in the right place" www. at the right time. Gwen Hinze and Tzen Wong 1 Scenario planning and intellectual property 2 Intellectual property in the year 2025 3 The future of the public domain: Scenario analysis 4 Challenges and opportunities from new technology 5 Scenario planning and the Development Agenda 6 Conclusion
"IP resources the right size.Intellectual Property and Human Development
3 Limited protection of traditional cultural expressions through copyright. education and copyright 2 Pro-access implications of information technology on knowledge and education 3 Legislative developments and pro-access strategies 4 Conclusion 8 Cultural diversity and the arts: Contemporary challenges for copyright law Tzen Wong.piipa. moral rights and design rights 4 Labels denoting origin and other characteristics 5 Fixing or innovating? 6 Some sui generis forms of protection for traditional cultural expressions 7 Use of codes of ethics and protocols to supplement legal provisions 8 Conclusion 6 Copyright and capability for education: An approach ‘from below’ Margaret Chon 1 Linking intellectual property to development 2 Linking development to capabilities 3 Linking capabilities to educational access 4 Linking educational access to copyright 5 Substantive equality: Copyright and capability for basic education 6 Conclusion 7 Knowledge and education: Pro-access implications of new technologies Dalindyebo Shabalala 1 Technology.
3 An ‘open source’ model for plant genetic resources? 3.org
. Strategies and laws to promote traditional medicinal knowledge D. Exploring alternative.1 The story of the Harris Tweed trademark 6. in the right place" www.4 Personal use.3 Third-party patenting of innovations based on traditional knowledge: Hoodia and other case studies 4.6 Copyright limitations and exceptions for libraries and archives: The WIPO 2008 study 8.1 Some types of intellectual property rights 1.1 Millennium Development Goals 7.Intellectual Property and Human Development
A .1 Generics and the price of medicines 2.1 Harry Potter and the ‘fair use’ wand
"IP resources the right size.4 Regional and national sui generis systems for the protection of traditional knowledge: A look at the Andean Community and Peru 4.5 Collaborative research between traditional knowledge holders and research institutions: AIDS and cancer research based on the mamala tree 4. opulence and utility B .2 Prior informed consent.3 Revisiting some assumptions on IPRs.6 Some uncertainties and driving forces for the future protection of traditional knowledge 5.2 Intellectual property and the environment: Some issues and debates relating to agriculture 3. culturally appropriate diets through local knowledge and biodiversity 3. Educational use exceptions to copyright: A comparison among selected jurisdictions E .2 Sui generis systems 1. genetic resources and traditional knowledge 4. collaborative models of innovation for medicines and vaccines C .1 Changing power structures: Creators. mass copying and criminal offences 7.2 Electronic journals and their impact on scholarly publications 7.piipa.4 Combining traditional and modern knowledge in agriculture 4. information and innovation 2. Capability. Copyright and contemporary art: A case study
Boxes 1.1 Promoting healthy. producers and distributors 7.1 Traditional ecological knowledge and climate change 4. at the right time.3 Expanding scope and term of copyright protection 7.2 Initiatives at the World Health Organization relating to intellectual property and public health 3.5 Exceptions and limitations within the international copyright framework 7.
opportunities and risks from new technologies. access to education. In doing so. Fukuda-Parr and many others) in evaluating human welfare and links these ideas to the existing literature on IP and innovation. or the natural rights arguments for protecting IP as an extension of the ‘personality’ of creators (Fisher 2001).1
"IP resources the right size. this book explores how different cultural values and contexts shape the motivations and capabilities of individuals and communities in their innovative endeavours. Are the same assumptions on income incentives for innovation in high-tech laboratories and large-scale operations of equal meaning and relevance to innovators in other contexts and cultures? Going beyond Anglo-American analyses of IP (particularly copyright and patents) as mainly providing economic incentives for innovation. peoples and nations’. The UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions of 2005 highlights in its Preamble that ‘cultural diversity creates a rich and varied world. free expression and political participation – the diverse areas of human development cannot be approached in isolation. Addressing both current trends and future scenarios relating to IP and human development. for example. as well as the essential role of social networks in fuelling innovation. and therefore is a mainspring for sustainable development for communities. food security. Concerns of human rights and social justice cut across all topics in this volume and are given particular emphasis. are addressed in particular sections within chapters. but also in the responses contemplated by policymakers and civil society towards more balanced solutions for the future. this volume addresses topics that are of concern to all: health. such as health and education. The chapters of this book look beyond the kind of innovation commonly associated with scientific laboratories or the R&D divisions of companies to consider. IP laws interact with all these areas of human endeavour in palpable ways. Since the choices and capabilities of individuals and communities relating to particular areas. inevitably affect other important capabilities – for example. It is hoped that their treatment side by side in one book may draw out inter-connections not only between areas or sectors. such as gender equality and climate change. While the priorities for human development may evolve with time and vary between communities. which increases the range of choices and nurtures human capacities and values. the protection of the environment and the preservation of bio-cultural heritage. the innovative practices of farmers. and a multidisciplinary approach is needed to assess their impact on human well-being. Nussbaum. as well as the promotion of contemporary expression in the arts. this study introduces and engages the concept of ‘capabilities’ (developed by Sen. in the right place" www.org
.piipa. Other cross-cutting or related themes. In particular. This book begins by revisiting some of the basics in IP law including long-held assumptions in patent and copyright laws on the dynamics of innovation. it is aimed at the calibration of IP frameworks to better meet social needs in countries at different stages of economic development. at the right time.Intellectual Property and Human Development
This book examines the social impact of intellectual property (IP) policies and laws. it considers whether these assumptions adequately account for the different cultural values and attitudes towards creativity. indigenous and other traditional communities bound by customary practices and the virtual or ‘imagined communities’ of cyberspace (Strathern 2005). As highlighted in the various contributions to this volume. according to local contexts and culture.
2). There is increasing awareness. which aims at the constant improvement of the well-being of the entire population and all individuals on the basis of their active. For example. in ways that help to build their capabilities in these areas. How exactly does IP intersect with the protection of bio-cultural diversity? Do IP frameworks have a ‘homogenizing’ effect on agricultural practices and cultural products as some discern from trends of globalization (Tansey 2008. trademarks and geographical indications serve different functions from patents and copyright).g.4 Do global and national IP rules adequately address the differentiated needs of developing countries. As Sunder (2007. free and meaningful participation in development and in the fair distribution of benefits resulting therefrom’ (emphasis added). The chapters also examine whether IP frameworks enable access by stakeholders to those innovations and knowledge products most relevant to their needs. in the right place" www. however. The aim of this book is to reflect these contrasting perspectives in nuanced ways.2 and the intergenerational transmission of their TK is part of this endeavour.5). I. Indigenous peoples and local communities guided by customary practices have emphasized the pursuit of ‘development with culture and identity’ as central to their human rights and human development. that biodiversity is intrinsically linked to cultural diversity. in the unfolding literature on the IP protection of traditional knowledge (TK). 122) notes: ‘The traditional utilitarian understanding of intellectual property focuses on incentivizing the creation of more knowledge goods…But utilitarianism does not ask who makes the goods or whether the goods are fairly distributed to all who need them’. which correspond to the needs of developing countries and economies in transition and are formulated and implemented with their effective participation’ (para. There is certainly room for fine-tuning where and how IP laws currently draw the lines between protection of private rights and public access to ‘knowledge. p. and there is a tendency now to speak of the protection of their bio-cultural heritage. knowledge-creating tools and knowledge-embedded goods’ (Balkin 2008. the United Nations Millennium Declaration further calls for ‘policies and measures. cultural and political process. 216). whether in relation to health. and those of marginalized stakeholders in all countries? Various chapters of this book examine whether patents and copyright currently incentivize the kind of innovations most needed by stakeholders in developing countries and elsewhere. the TK of indigenous peoples weaves together elements of both. Yet others would emphasize the agency of individuals and communities in shaping public policies and coming up with unique. The United Nations Declaration on the Right to Development recognizes in its Preamble that ‘development is a comprehensive economic.Intellectual Property and Human Development
One question explored in this book is how IP protection.3 In relation to developing countries and economies in transition. cultural diversity and human development link up in practice. Some answers may be found. p. social. others see hope for solutions within the diverse legal forms and regimes making up IP (e. especially for TK relevant to the conservation of biodiversity. or can they be adapted to strengthen the diversity of innovation systems and cultural expressions in the world? Some suggest that the notions of Western private property central to IP laws are simply incompatible with the social relations underpinning ‘communal’ forms of innovation (Leach 2005. for example.org
. Anderson 2009). at the global level. at the right time. education or cultural participation. Discussions on the IP protection of TK have taken place internationally at the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). Although theoretically protecting the
"IP resources the right size. drawing literature from different regions and disciplines. p.piipa. sui generis solutions. food security. UNESCO and also within the context of the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity.
IP laws in effect calibrate the flow of innumerable goods and resources relevant to advancing capabilities in all societies. this book emphasizes the enhancement of their capabilities in cultural participation and innovation as in itself a goal for human development. many of which are based on prior works. prize funds.Intellectual Property and Human Development
‘intangible creations of the mind’. the Ford Foundation commissioned a literature review by PIIPA of published trends and future scenarios relating to IP with a focus on implications for human development. this book furthermore highlights alternative modes of innovation and collaboration that are emerging to address diverse challenges for human development. Many hybrid innovation models and partnerships that have emerged to meet challenges in global health equity or food security involve combining traditional know-how and Western scientific approaches to research. p. a local community. in the right place" www. the human development approach regards the individual as an agent rather than a ‘patient’ or passive recipient of the benefits of development programmes. Finding equitable arrangements that recognize the contributions of different participants in these endeavours – whether a national research institute. a private firm or a civil society group – is an ongoing challenge in which laws. Such a change in mindset does not occur overnight.piipa. ideas of a ‘global public’ or ‘publics’ inevitably would demand different ways of drawing those lines. goodwill and creativity all have a place. respect the right to development and support the voices of frequently neglected stakeholders. books. radios and clean-energy turbines. Looking beyond current ways of organizing social relations around IP. but is nevertheless crucial to deal with many pressing global and local challenges. patent pools and public-private partnerships all demonstrate the importance of social networks in finding creative solutions. affect stakeholders in all societies. such as access to clean energy technology. In discussing fair access by individuals and communities to material potentially protected by IP. just to name a few. codes of ethics. Many challenges. An aim of the Ford International Intellectual Property Initiative (IIPI) was to contribute to the development of more balanced IP regimes which highlight the importance of the public interest.org
. Geller (1998) suggests that innovation depends on the ‘feedback’ into ‘communication networks’ of ‘new’ creations. including medicines. the persistent lack of textbooks and access to information and communication technologies (ICTs) in poor regions or sectors within rich countries and the plight of many farmers in accessing appropriate agricultural technology while maintaining local crop diversity. they represent a changing ethos on the role of IP in human development. 11) underlines. computers. at the right time. An example is the research into HIV/AIDS and cancer cures derived from TK on the mamala plant in Samoa. challenges and opportunities in this
"IP resources the right size.
In 2007. and may inspire altogether new ways of approaching innovation. Open source production. While some of these ‘alternatives’ are licensing arrangements premised on the existence of IP. While most policymakers would be familiar with the challenges in balancing public and private interests at the domestic level. seeds. such as the high incidence of neglected or resurgent diseases in the developing world. ‘Cooperation not compulsion’ is needed to find the middle ground in these and other challenges such as climate change adaptation and mitigation (Shabalala 2009). The remit of the commissioned study was to prepare a synthesis and review of gathered literature towards building ‘an overall understanding on the future trends. These innovation models have been applied in an increasing number of fields including medical. agricultural and climate change–related R&D. As Sen (1999.
piipa. this book also explores literature relating to ‘future scenarios’ on IP and human development. duly listed in the Acknowledgements. this book hopes to illustrate the variety of narrative forms that can be creatively engaged to enrich discussions relating to IP and human development. Several partner organizations. PIIPA formed a team of researchers. Unlike forecasts or projections of the future. Examples of the latter can be seen in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment and the ‘AIDS in Africa’ scenario planning spearheaded by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS).org/IP_and_Human_Development/). education. stakeholders are invited to think beyond their existing stand-points or institutional agendas. The remit of the Ford-commissioned study extends to a literature review of scenario plans relating to IP. as published by international and regional entities. helped actively to extend the call for literature in particular regions through their networks. In discussing options for the future. 2006). The commissioned study focused on the overlapping areas of medicine. Following this remit. driving forces and uncertainties of today to develop and describe a set of plausible. An extensive process directly relating to IP was
"IP resources the right size. As part of that dissemination process.piipa. Narrative methodologies can also add new information and perspectives to economic and legal writing and have inspired a whole genre of legal scholarship (see Brooks & Gewirtz 1996). CSOs and academics from different disciplines. While the chapters present ideas and options for reforms in the various areas. this book features a series of articles by the research team and further participants covering key areas and concerns of IP and human development. Participants in ‘scenario planning’ explore the trends. In the process. Stories will likely speak to different cultures. to conduct a systematic search for literature relevant to this study by regions. as well as culture and the arts.Intellectual Property and Human Development
field’.). the intention is less on prescription – given that policy choices will need to cater to local contexts and culture – and more on encouraging new perspectives and fruitful exchange on these topics among policymakers. alongside direct invitations to more than 6000 individuals and entities working in IP-related areas around the world to share relevant literature towards the study. including those with oral traditions. as well as academic institutions and other civil society organizations (CSOs) around the world. The idea is not to accurately predict a single outcome but to highlight a variety of plausible futures (Evans et al.org
. The literature review covered the work of international and regional intergovernmental organizations. in the right place" www. Further knowledge resources and options for civil society action are available on the PIIPA website for this research project (http://www. p. stakeholders. 62). in search of alternative solutions for the future. traditional knowledge. at the right time. including both members of its pro bono network and the participation of partner institutions. PIIPA issued a public call for literature. substantive areas and a mapping of key organizations working in spheres relating to IP and public interest. scenarios are ‘stories designed to stimulate new ways of thinking about the future’ (McNeely 2005. The results of this literature review should not be confused with a full-scale scenario planning exercise with its particular methodologies. In engaging the device of ‘stories’ to broach the future. alternative future outcomes relating to a theme (ibid. The literature review uncovered a wealth of materials relating to IP and human development. The Ford Foundation provided further support from 2008 to mid-2010 towards the updating and extension of this study to cover other important areas of human development and to explore modes of dissemination to bring the results of the study readily to the public.
they suggest. along with some tools of analysis for approaching IP from a human development perspective.piipa. some alternative future options or scenarios in relation to particular sectors and themes are broached in chapters of this book. Within a utilitarian framework.piipa. Copies will also be made available to public interest organizations. copies of this book have been sent directly to policymaking institutions and a cross-section of stakeholders. rather.Intellectual Property and Human Development
completed by the European Patent Office (EPO) in 2007. and the resultant scenario plan is analysed in detail in Chapters 2 and 9 of this book. The chapter explores how this capability approach might be applied to the context of IP and
"IP resources the right size. and be whom they want to be’ (Robeyns 2005. It first highlights the expanding range of intangible creations and legal regimes that fall within the umbrella term ‘intellectual property’. The capability approach suggests that the ends of development should be conceptualized ‘in terms of people’s capabilities to function. including libraries. To promote open access. some considerations and potential directions for future scenario thinking in these areas. The design of this study likewise engages both ‘traditional’ and electronic methods of making materials as accessible as possible to the public. an electronic version of this study will also be placed on various online repositories in addition to dissemination through PIIPA's website (http://www. the chapter looks particularly at the capability approach to human development pioneered by Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen and others. 95. These are not meant to be exhaustive. particularly in developing countries. including those with less purchasing power. p. as well as some commentary on how the different chapters connect together. Exploring alternative paradigms for development which could enrich the current discussions on IP.org). and disseminated at public events hosted by PIIPA and partner institutions on themes relating to IP and human development. Along with natural law arguments. A recurring topic in the book relates to how ICTs have transformed options for producing and disseminating creative works. Scenario planning is not widespread in the IP field. Through Ford Foundation support. that is. many other individuals have contributed comments and case studies to fine-tune and illustrate the material (see Acknowledgements). Chapter 1 introduces basic notions in IP law. which in turn is meant to contribute towards overall welfare through the maximization of incentivized works. see further Appendix A). Modern publishing is on the move with such developments and increasingly multi-media in nature. The content of the e-version will be shared with the public under a Creative Commons licence. To spur discussion and creative exchange on topics yet to be covered by institutional scenario plans. it discusses the utilitarian arguments that shape current economic approaches to these forms of IPRs. It also does not guarantee that IP frameworks (combined with market dynamics) ultimately incentivize the kind of innovation needed by a broad range of stakeholders.org
. for human development. IP is basically seen as providing an income incentive for innovation. This approach is said to obscure concerns of distribution (Sunder 2007).
Participants from different fields and regions have contributed ideas and literature to the various topics addressed in this volume. The chapter explores common justifications and assumptions behind IPRs such as copyright and patents. in the right place" www. This section provides a synopsis of each chapter. their effective opportunities to undertake the actions and activities that they want to engage in. While those directly involved in writing or co-authoring the chapters are acknowledged within our list of contributors. at the right time.
especially the implications of human rights for IP law.5 Chapter 3 first addresses the nature of the right to food under international human rights instruments and how IP laws may affect that right. many countries have not made full use of their grace period in customizing legal reforms according to their local needs. at the right time. some future scenarios published by international and regional entities in relation to IP and health are described and analysed. and a South Asian consultant on IP and trade with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). It also considers how further studies on the dynamics of IP and innovation might equally enrich future work on the capability approach. Appendix B provides a summary of alternative. advanced market commitments. member states that formerly did not grant patents for pharmaceutical products or processes had to alter their legislation within implementation deadlines provided by the Agreement. drawing from the joint perspectives of a researcher with the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Chapter 2 traces the complex overlap between IP and medicine. an increase of more than 150 million people in just two years. a Peruvian director of research on IP and biodiversity.piipa. a programme officer with the National Cancer Institute (US) and an associate professor at DePaul University College of Law. prizes. parallel imports and price controls to facilitate access to essential medicines in developing countries. The chapter also looks at trends in pharmaceutical innovation in developed countries.org
. but also for improved corporate governance and social responsibility of pharmaceutical companies. While least developed countries (LDCs) received time extensions for implementation (see the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health). Chapter 3 addresses the intersection between IP. The chapter examines. The experiences of generic drug producing countries such as Brazil and India are highlighted. The affluence and over-consumption in some parts and by some populations of the world contrast with the glaring incidence of hunger elsewhere: The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) estimated in June 2009 that 1. for example on how the usual ‘trade-offs’ in IP and public interest might be re-visualized to address the interests of a global public. It concludes by posing some questions for the reader. the TRIPS Agreement and TRIPS-plus provisions in free trade agreements (FTAs) significantly impact on global R&D. among other things. Since the TRIPS Agreement requires WTO members to extend patentability to all technological fields. The chapter ends by highlighting the need not only for legal reforms on IP and capacity building in developing countries. Chicago. collaborative models of medical innovation that have emerged to address this gap. the discernible emphasis on life-style drugs in wealthier countries and the proliferation of secondary inventions in patent applications. compulsory licences. It then explores recent initiatives at the World Health Organization (WHO) to address the well-documented innovation gap for neglected and resurgent diseases in developing countries. open source solutions and patent pools. flexibilities within the TRIPS regime for patent exemptions. in the right place" www. It combines the inputs of a Norwegian specialist on IP and human rights. biodiversity and food security.Intellectual Property and Human Development
innovation and suggests areas for future research. As discussed in the chapter. as well as on the distribution and pricing of both innovative and generic medicines.02 billion persons suffered from hunger. For example. studies on social networks as drivers of innovation highlight the relevance of understanding ‘group’ and ‘collective’ capabilities alongside ‘individual’ capabilities for human development. including changes to the test of ‘obviousness’ under patent regimes. It then discusses the interface between
"IP resources the right size. In the last section of the chapter. The chapter then addresses other important approaches to social justice and human development. including public-private partnerships.
of other inputs like pesticides. The chapter then looks at other trends of ‘enclosure’ on the genetic commons. The protection of TK is integral to the cultural and physical survival of indigenous peoples. but the way it is acquired and used. p. Chapter 4 discusses present trends and future options in the legal protection of traditional knowledge (TK). If farmers become dependent on a few dominant global firms holding patents on most of the seeds they sow. Louis and a post-graduate researcher in ethno-museology who is herself a representative from the Kichwa Indigenous People in Ecuador. The chapter suggests that developing countries should make full use of the flexibilities under the TRIPS Agreement in customizing their PVP according to local contexts and needs. at the right time. the social process of learning and sharing knowledge. Of course. Open source or cross-licensing structures that may create a defined technological commons to address food security are also explored. In other words. This is despite the fact that local agro-biodiversity is essential for food security. Exploring the social and environmental effects of IPRs in transgenic technology and biological resources. 74–75) observes that: ‘[W]hat is “traditional” about traditional knowledge is not its antiquity. as well as to other nonindigenous communities guided by customary practices including many local farming communities. in the right place" www. 18). the development of sui generis means for protecting TK within countries and
"IP resources the right size. The chapter ends by emphasizing R&D strategies in developing countries which prioritize the development of national and community-based seed banks.6 and some countervailing implications of the FAO International Treaty for Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA). The chapter suggests the need not only for multidisciplinary research in this area. but also for the direct involvement of local community members as co-researchers and scholars in their own right. But this does not always mean farmers will be better off. for example. including the affirmation of sovereign rights over genetic resources under the CBD. the chapter contrasts the highly mechanized agriculture system in most developed countries with the traditional farming practices still found in many parts of the world. at least in the short term. The chapter highlights existing means of legal protection for TK. what makes us unique. the increased cost of seed and. Some examples are drawn from recent legislation in Thailand. TK is not static and unchanging. Chapter 4 qualifies that ‘contrary to popular belief. Malaysia and India.Intellectual Property and Human Development
IPRs and recent agricultural trends. albeit by means of traditional or customary practices’. It brings together perspectives from an IP law professor at the Washington University in St. reuse and exchange) are increasingly being displaced by industrial farming models based. These traditional practices (which usually include seed saving. in some cases. Māori representative Aroha Te Pareake Mead has said that: ‘Traditional knowledge defines who we are.piipa. but rather develops and changes over time.org
. higher yields are likely. along with R&D strategies which combine new research techniques and the inputs of local farmer-innovators. which is unique to each indigenous culture. on a reliance on patented transgenic seeds. may actually make them more vulnerable. the implementation of farmers’ rights (under ITPGRFA) and the appropriate protection of the TK of indigenous communities. the stimulation of collective participatory breeding. lies at the very heart of its “traditionality”’. pp. Exploring concepts of TK. Barsh (1999. focusing on how the increasing reliance on the private sector for agricultural research in many contexts – and on IPRs such as patents and plant variety protection (PVP) to incentivize such research – affects farming communities in developing countries. what breathes integrity into our existence and relationship with our natural and cultural landscapes’ (Mead 2005. Issues concerning the IP protection of TK have come to the fore in international frameworks especially in cases of misappropriation of TK (or plant genetic materials which embody TK) by third parties.
Written by a Peruvian IP lawyer and a contributing editor. anthropologists and legal scholars. land rights and customary laws of indigenous peoples and local communities. Chapter 5 addresses challenges faced by indigenous peoples and non-indigenous local communities in the legal protection of their traditional cultural expressions (TCEs). with implications for the protection of associated TK. which historically emphasize the protection of individual creators. public institutions and non-profit organizations in promoting TCEs to support these peoples and communities in their cultural.Intellectual Property and Human Development
regions. some potentials and limitations in relation to IP protection of TCEs are discussed. it incorporates comments from indigenous representatives. collective marks and certification marks can potentially be used by local communities to distinguish their TCEs from mass-produced copies.org
. It notes how labelling devices such as geographical indications. A note may be helpful here on how various chapters connect in the book. Surveying relevant literature from different disciplines. and those forms of IPRs which support to some extent concepts of ‘communal’ innovation and ‘authenticity’ relevant to TCE custodians. significant work is taking place towards the elaboration of an international regime for access and benefit-sharing of genetic resources. for example. Under the CBD.piipa. especially. It highlights considerations for governments. regional and international levels for TCEs. The discussion on IP and human rights in Chapter 1. It questions the extent to which the ‘unique’ or hybrid measures being developed really depart from conventional IP concepts and embrace principles of relevance to TCE custodians. as well as the evolution of internationally harmonized approaches to the protection of TK. economic and social development. Cultural rights as human rights are discussed further in Chapter 8 on cultural diversity and the arts (see synopsis below). the making and marketing of some forms of TCEs present potential sources of livelihoods to many indigenous communities currently marginalized in the socio-economic order. a process that can transform the social relations underpinning creative processes in indigenous communities. At the same time. in the right place" www. Chapter 4 highlights some priorities for capacity building and legal support to enable indigenous peoples’ full participation in such forums to define the future contours of their TK protection and resource rights. Exploring some future scenarios. between forms of IP such as patents and copyright. trademarks. including within the context of the Internet. it poses questions relating to the ‘commodification’ of TCEs. and includes a case study of the sui generis law in Thailand to promote such knowledge. The chapter draws a distinction. Some of these principles and customs are reflected in indigenous protocols and standards being developed to govern third-party access to and use of TCEs. The chapter then explores developments in sui generis protection at the national. The right to health discussed in Chapter 2 is connected to the right to food addressed in Chapter 3. is taken up further in different chapters. the chapter reiterates the need for the legal protection of TCEs to be approached within integrated solutions to protect bio-cultural heritage. Given a global environment where the TCEs of indigenous peoples are increasingly copied and commercially mass-produced by third parties. The chapter calls for a holistic (rather than piecemeal) approach to preserving bio-cultural heritage which recognizes the intrinsic links of TK to the cultural identity. Appendix C discusses some international and regional strategies in relation to the promotion of traditional medicinal knowledge. The legal protection of TCEs also needs to be understood in relation to human rights and other international norms relevant to promoting cultural rights and cultural diversity. these rights are also relevant to the discussions on traditional
"IP resources the right size. at the right time.
The chapter focuses on Article 10(2) of the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works7 – the so-called illustration for teaching exception – as a potential policy space for signatory nations of either the Berne Convention or the TRIPS Agreement to mandate access to educational materials for development needs. beyond the dynamics of trade. To tackle this bias. Chapter 7 explores the impact of copyright on public access to information products. clean-cut lines cannot always be drawn between ‘traditional’ and ‘contemporary’ expressions.piipa. Appendix D provides a comparison of educational use exceptions in different jurisdictions. it describes the top-down bias in global IP regulation and its particular impact on education as a global public good. and innovation occurs in all realms. Two chapters (Chapters 6 and 7) in this book address the important nexus between copyright laws and access to knowledge and education. for example. The chapter is contributed by a lecturer in International Economic Law at the University of Maastricht. holistic definition of TK adopted in Chapter 4. Chapter 6 examines the implications of global IP regimes and national copyright policies on capabilities for education. As seen in the rest of the summary. books remain an appropriate and useful ‘technology’. Czech Republic. including developing countries (or economies in transition) such as Argentina. China. just as the digitizing of books is allowing us to re-imagine our global digital informational universe. The right to education. Jordan and Nigeria. and these two chapters were conceived as part of a larger inquiry on the relation between IPRs and cultural diversity.org
. the author explores how this principle might be applied to educational exceptions to copyright so as to justify an increase in national policy space. Emphasizing the need for a substantive equality principle in global IP norm setting and interpretation. India. While Chapter 8 explores themes including the intersection between copyright protection and the contemporary arts. especially for primary and secondary education. formerly a project director at the Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL). The chapter explores how such an approach might be applied towards building capabilities for basic education in countries lacking adequate access to textbooks and other educational materials. it is also important to account for the multiple priorities and aspirations of human development among individuals within communities. Contributed by a law professor from the Seattle University School of Law. particularly in developing countries. is integral to human development in all societies. the United States and the UK. they approach the topic from different angles. in particular. to human development. intermediaries and users of
"IP resources the right size. Although TCEs are embraced within the broad. the particular legal developments in relation to TCEs called for a separate chapter on the topic. Netherlands. both developed and developing.Intellectual Property and Human Development
knowledge and cultural expressions in Chapters 4 and 5. Chapter 6 situates the challenge of access to educational materials within a larger problem of fragmented policymaking for global public goods including education. the author proposes an ‘IP from below’ approach linking IP to human development and distributive justice. Chapter 5 on TCEs also complements Chapter 8. Article 10(2) endorses national exceptions to copyright for purposes of access to education. The latter chapters are closely connected. Japan. The chapter considers. at the right time. it also surveys the relevant exceptions in developed countries including France. In discussing traditional livelihoods. in the right place" www. Importantly. It argues that an approach to IP ‘from below’ can help to link IP. focusing on issues and recent developments relating to information and communication technologies (ICTs). how ICTs have significantly altered the power relations between creators. For many countries. It poses the question whether access to hard copies for educational purposes could be re-imagined.
outside of WIPO. in the right place" www. The examples of ‘appropriation art’ or parodies illustrate that the line between creators and users – or between free expression and copying – may be a fine one. Some reforms being discussed in this much-debated area include the elaboration of an international instrument to govern copyright exceptions and limitations. It combines perspectives from a researcher in IP and contemporary arts. especially in the music and film industries. Noting that the legal boundaries and exceptions to copyright are ambiguous. Looking first at the situation of professional creators. musicians. Whether in terms of their potential claims to copyright as creators or as avid users of copyright-protected works. a Peruvian lawyer and a contributing editor. Chapter 8 explores the relationship between cultural diversity and copyright protection.g. civil society actors. it highlights not only the activities of professionals in the cultural sector (e. writers. It surveys the potentials unleashed by the Internet and digitization for the creation and dissemination of a wide range of information resources. it notes how statutory provisions on ‘works for hire’ and contractual arrangements such as copyright assignment and licensing contour the rights of creators. the current tendency towards a strengthening of IP protection internationally. e-journals and open access repositories. not least with the advent of digital technology and new forms of ‘remixing’ or ‘retelling’.Intellectual Property and Human Development
information products. whether through mandatory provisions or soft law. at the same time. The chapter further explores how concepts of authorship and originality are changing rapidly. the chapter highlights some useful resources for policymakers. Canada. These technology-led trends empower both creators and users of information in many ways. Making further comparisons between sectors within the arts as well as among some world regions. the chapter shows how the incentive function of copyright may be relevant only to a subset of creative sectors and communities. especially in the context of the digitization of works. looking especially at the increasing availability and use of criminal sanctions to enforce copyright. the chapter poses a basic question: Does copyright in its current forms incentivize a wide range of cultural endeavours? To address this question. as reflected in trade-related instruments and the WIPO Internet Treaties. Among other things. The chapter suggests some developing country options and civil society actions towards achieving an effective balance between copyright protection and access to information products for human development.org
. Where copyright law draws the boundaries for defences or
"IP resources the right size. It argues that our understanding of ‘public access’ to cultural works needs to be broadened to consider not only access to cultural goods. the chapter examines the position of contemporary artists (‘contemporary art’ defined here as post–World War II visual or multimedia art) in relation to copyright (see Appendix E). performers and filmmakers) but also the creative efforts of other individuals and communities. noting the encouraging trends towards open source production. More studies are needed on the pecuniary factors and non-pecuniary motivations driving creativity in other sectors. educators (including media educators) and librarians to broach these issues. contemporary artists have an ambiguous position under copyright laws. but also the promotion of cultural participation. the chapter discusses some discernible trends in the corporate ownership of copyright. It calls for a closer examination of the impact of IP enforcement policies and techniques on human development concerns including access to educational materials in developing countries. The negotiation led by developed countries (including the United States. has also emerged as an area for further scrutiny. Exploring different interpretations of culture and cultural diversity. As a case study. Japan and members of the EU) of an Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA). The chapter highlights.piipa. especially in common law jurisdictions. at the right time. visual artists.
the Director of International Policy at the Electronic Frontier Foundation. influences the capabilities of individuals and communities to use and transform copyright-protected works as a form of creative expression. It also looks at scenario planning conducted elsewhere on particular themes relating to IP. in the right place" www.Intellectual Property and Human Development
"IP resources the right size. the chapters in this book cover the full gamut of IP and development-related issues. Combining inputs from PIIPA's chair. Many of these themes (explored in the various chapters of this book) are collected and woven together within the evolving Development Agenda at WIPO. Chapter 9 casts the spotlight on the future of IP and human development. governments and CSOs in formulating international and national strategies relevant to IP and human development. Despite their thematic differences. the chapter explores whether scenario planning might be a helpful option in advancing a human development agenda. The chapter further reminds us that WIPO is not the only forum in which priorities for IP and development are being elaborated. The authors suggest that further attention might be placed on scenario planning in areas of particular relevance to developing countries. as well as the impact of IP enforcement on informal sectors and livelihoods. whether at international. such as fair use or fair dealing. The chapter explores the results of the three-year scenario planning process at the European Patent Office (EPO) on how IP regimes might evolve by the year 2025 (see EPO 2007). Describing the background as well as recent initiatives concerning the Development Agenda. Scenario planning can also highlight solutions developed in one sector (such as open source production in information technology or public-private partnerships in health research) as potential lessons for other sectors (such as education. must transcend economic cost-benefit analysis so as to give appropriate weight to the social and cultural aspects of development. Reform must also give attention to the ways that IP can. at the right time. and this requires evidence derived from sound analysis and experience. regional or local levels. As seen from this summary. such as the future of the public domain or the future of digital media (scenarios on IP and public health are explored in detail in Chapter 2). it first reviews scenario plans published by international organizations and CSOs on the future of IP. but also into the very assumptions about incentives and innovation in IP law. or cannot. The implications of IPRs for clean technology innovation and transfer present another emergent area where scenario planning might be useful. Scenario planning remains a relatively new approach for exploring IP-related reforms. access to textbooks and ICTs.org
. all of these chapters emphasize that policy reform on IP. scenario planning may help to clarify alternative models and measurements of development (beyond economic indicators) to emphasize the social and cultural priorities of development. such as food security. promote innovation. and a contributing editor. the chapter argues that the Development Agenda at WIPO needs to link constructively with these other initiatives. agriculture or climate change adaptation and mitigation). The challenge ahead lies in integrating the many dimensions and concerns of human development not only into IP-related policies. Pointing to the CBD framework and the increasing involvement of many other UN organizations. the protection of TK. But this is not all. Given both the politicized and multi-faceted nature of the WIPO Development Agenda.piipa.
Yale University Press.). McNeely. ‘Protected Areas in 2023: Scenarios for an Uncertain Future’. Shaver (ed.harvard. 2005. Munzer (ed. VA.R. Oxford and New York.org/ma/scenarios/field-guide. Sertzen. ‘Capability Approach. Conservation Practice at the Landscape Scale. P. 2005. ASB-Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins and the World Agroforestry Centre. vol.A. ‘Foreword’. Law and Contemporary Problems.
"IP resources the right size. Cambridge. Earthscan Publications Ltd. 22. in L. 168–200. Journal of Human Development. R.nsf/0/63a726d28b589b5bc12572db00597683/$file/epo_scenarios_ bookmarked. ‘The Invention of Traditional Knowledge’. Ghosh (ed.. European Patent Office (EPO) 2007.piipa. J. 2008. Mead..edu/faculty/tfisher/iptheory. pp. Bennett & M. ‘Indigenous Knowledge and Biodiversity’. Posey (ed. R. New York.com/ sol3/papers..A. E. Culture: The Production of Indigenous Knowledge in Intellectual Property Law. in the right place" www. vol. 1999. G. Prieto. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press. (accessed 12 May 2009). Tansey. Intermediate Technology Publications. pp..). 13–29. Access to Knowledge in Brazil: New Research on Intellectual Property. ‘Modes of Creativity and the Register of Ownership’. Brooks. available at: http://documents.K. & de Jong. Zurek (eds. Journal of the Copyright Society of the USA.cgiar.law. pp. vol. London. in R. 39–72.ca/openebooks/397-3/ (accessed 27 October 2009). a Theoretical Survey’. Yale Law School. available at: http://www. pp. I.). Sen. Evans. available at: http://www. vol. 2008. and London. 29–45. MA. P.pdf (accessed 15 February 2010).un. 61–74.org/projects/babylon/ eponet. Fisher.). A.).ssrn. Scenarios for the Future: How Might IP Regimes Evolve by 2025? What Global Legitimacy Might Such Regimes Have?. MA. ‘Imagined Collectivities and Multiple Authorship’.). 2007.A. Strathern. Cultural and Spiritual Values of Biodiversity.N.asb. ‘Emerging Issues in Māori Traditional Knowledge – Can These be Addressed by United Nations Agencies?’.A. P. available at: http://www . no.asp (accessed 30 October 2009). 2005. 21–23 September 2005. 2001. CODE: Collaborative Ownership and the Digital Economy. ‘Theories of Intellectual Property’. D.epo. 3 June 2009. 93–114. 1 . P.). 70.net/en/climate-change-and-energy/opinions/ cooperation-not-compulsion-on-clean-technology-tra. available at: http://www. Local Needs’.E.) 1996. CODE: Collaborative Ownership and the Digital Economy. Munich. W. 2009. & Gewirtz. Dávila. Information Society Project. S. W. 2. Velarde. EPO. in G.L. available at: http://www. pp. Tansey & T. Cambridge. S. 1999. in S.Intellectual Property and Human Development
Anderson. pp. United Nations. J. available at: http://papers. (eds.scidev.edu/documents/pdf/ISP/A2KBrazil_bkmk. A. available at: http://www . 2006. 2009. Barsh. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press. Knowledge. Law. Edward Elgar. ‘Global Rules..idrc. 2005. Cheltenham. London and Sterling. Development as Freedom.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/ workshop_TK_mead. M. Ghosh (ed. Robeyns. UK. Cronkleton. J.P. Van Gogh: Resolving the Dilemma of Copyright Scope in Remedying Infringement’. CT. 1. New Haven. Leach. The Future Control of Food: A Guide to International Negotiations and Rules on Intellectual Property. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. available at: http:// www. Oxford University Press.pdf (accessed 27 October 2009).cfm?abstract_id=186931 (accessed 27 October 2009). 6. Cambridge University Press. New Essays in the Legal and Political Theory of Property. no. no. at the right time. K. Geller.. 46.html. ‘Cooperation Not Compulsion on Clean Technology Transfer’. K. 1998. Panama City.law.org
. in D. Balkin. Shabalala.org/221mcneely. 2005. ‘Hiroshige v. J. Technical Report for the International Workshop on Traditional Knowledge. Innovation and Development. Field Guide to the Future: Four Ways for Communities to Think Ahead.georgewright. Rao. Law's Stories: Narrative and Rhetoric in the Law.pdf (accessed 26 October 2009). 97–124.yale.pdf (accessed 18 November 2009)..html (accessed 27 October 2009). S. in R. pp. Biodiversity and Food Security. M. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR). Rajotte (eds. Sunder.J. Science and Development Network.
org/images/0014/001429/142919e. G. available at: http://www . G.org/news/news-release/102-billionpeople-hungry (accessed 18 March 2010). 7 Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (Berne. 4 United Nations Millennium Declaration (8 September 2000).Intellectual Property and Human Development
UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions (Paris. available at: http://www.M. 9 September 1886).html (accessed 10 January 2010).
"IP resources the right size.T. UN Doc. 2 This has been identified as a special theme at the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. UN Doc. Res. 30 [hereinafter ‘Berne Convention’]. A/RES/55/2 (2000) [hereinafter ‘UN Millennium Declaration’]. at the right time.unesco.wfp .un. 20 October 2005).02 Billion People Hungry’.int/ treaties/en/ip/berne/trtdocs_wo001.htm (accessed 10 January 2010).A. Res.html (accessed 3 February 2010). ‘1.org/documents/ ga/res/41/a41r128.piipa.S. 45 I. available at: http://www. 6 Access and benefit-sharing provisions under the CBD are addressed in Chapter 4. 5 See World Food Programme.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/en/ session_ninth. 41/128.N. 55/2.A. 19–30 April 2010.un.pdf (accessed 3 February 2010). revised at Paris. A/RES/41/128 (1986).org
.org/millennium/ (accessed 22 June 2009). 269 (2006). Ninth Session.un.wipo. See http://www.L. available at: http://www. available at: http://unesdoc . 1161 U. in the right place" www. and amended 28 September 1979. 3 United Nations Declaration on the Right to Development (4 December 1986). 24 July 1971.
Erbitux MonotherapyEditors and Contributors - IP and Human DevelopmentAppendix B - IP and Human DevelopmentAcronyms and Abbreviations - IP and Human DevelopmentAcknowledgements - IP and Human DevelopmentAppendix B - IP and Human DevelopmentAppendix a - IP and Human DevelopmentChapter 4 - IP and Human Development.pdfEtsi Guide on Iprswipo_pub_450maskus2ifpridp01031Etsi Guide on Iprs592a99ifpridp01031Plnanx8.SusRegulation LASTJD v6.Pdcj5n1-101cj5n1-10How New Drugs Are Approved in EuropeCliantha Corp PPTC--DIAHOME-productfiles-8357-diaj_12252.pdf5882 Fnl
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