Source: https://www.niscair.res.in/sciencecommunication/researchjournals/rejour/jipr/jipr2k7/jipr_july07.asp
Timestamp: 2019-07-23 18:08:12
Document Index: 137100637

Matched Legal Cases: ['Sui Generis', 'Sui generis', 'sui generis', 'sui generis', 'sui generis', 'sui generis']

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Plant Variety Protection and Food Security: Lessons for Developing Countries
Parallel Imports in the Pharmaceutical Sector: Must India be More Liberal?
Application of Doctrine of Equivalents in Patent Infringement Disputes
Protection of Databases in India: Copyright Termination Sui Generis Conception
IPR¾ General
· Harnessing the power of IP – Strategy and programmes of the WIPO Worldwide Academy · High cost of global IP theft · Methods of IP valuation · Access to generic antiretrovirals · Patent protection for the pharmaceutical industry and access to medicines · IPR at the crossroad between monopolization and abuse of dominant position · Interaction between IP and drug regulatory systems · True value of IP · Feminism and dualism in IP · Risk aversion and rights accretion in IPlaw · Outsourcing in healthcare industry · IP and the European Court of Human Rights · Re-evaluating declaratory judgment jurisdiction in IP disputes· Questionable use of custom in IP · IPR in advertising · Unilateral enforcement of IPR· IPR, imitation, and foreign direct investment · IPR,parallel imports and strategic behaviour · Towards a human rights framework for IP · Ten common questions about IP and human rights · IP in Indian seed markets · An overview of pharmaceutical cocrystals as IP · Legitimacy of IPR
· Patent processing: Introduction to the special issue on patent processing · Extending legal protection strategies to the service innovations area · Half a century of the Patent Documentation Group · I nterpretation of the exception under Article 53(b) of the European Patent Convention· Patent rights and human rights · Why legal methods cannot be patented ? · Role of patents in establishing global telecommunications · How organizations can protect their inventions without patenting · Most valuable patent: The use of natural phenomena in patents · A diagnosis of 13-year traditional medicinal knowledge patent experience in China · Can ‘Disclosure of Origin’ requirements in patent applications make a difference? · What is the impact of software patent shifts? What is the impact of software patent shifts? · Patent protection for Chinese herbal medicine product invention in Taiwan · Predicting citations to biotechnology patents based on the information from the patent documents· IP and patent in stem cell research era· Cardiovascular developments: Patent highlights· Recent advances in antimalarial compounds and their patents· New ocular therapeutics: A view from the patenting perspective· Problem of patent thickets in convergent technologies· Ethics of patents in clinical trials · Legal and policy implications for allowing gene patents · Foreign equivalents of the US Doctrine of Equivalents· Raceing patents/patenting race: An emerging political geography of IP in biotechnology · Towards a pluralistic theory on an efficacious patent institution · Role of patent oppositions in the struggle for access to medicines
· Technological protection measures and Section 1201 of the US Copyright Act · Protection of geographical indications in China · IP for the botanist and the plant breeder · C opyright & digital mismanagement chasm
· ‘Big Five Offices’ move towards closer cooperation · European Patent chief lauds India’s important role · MoU for cooperation in IPR · Peer review project · Directive on criminal measures for the enforcement of IPR
· World's largest patent sequence database· Revolt over pressure and lax patent rules · E-filing of international patent applications · Patent changes cut administrative costs and paperwork · Integrated patent system· Online patent auction · Single EU patent system in 5 years · Japan files most foreign patent applications in China · GM patent rejected · Changes in patent law · SMEs challenge Patent Office over software policy · Turkey's share in patent · China's progress on patent law · HIV drug patent · Indian pharma firms corner chunk of US drug approvals· Indian firms set to gain
· US and China on film distribution· Internet Radio Equality Act· 12 Nations put on copyright piracy list· NCERT denies copyright
· Biophotonic imaging technology · Deterring abuse of Opioid · Theft free mobiles · Fingerprint-verification system · Sequential Injection Fuel Lubrication System · Wireless Internet Gateway · Macrophage inhibitory factor · Drug for HIV · Sun-powered mobile phone
ICAR Guidelines for Intellectual Property Management and Technology
Transfer/Commercialization
Thomas Zakir 428
Doctrine of equivalents 410
Parallel imports 400
Sui generis 422
Vol 12, July 2007, pp 391-399
Received 13 April 2007, revised 7 June 2007
One of the requirements of TRIPS Article 27.3(b) is that plant varieties should be protected either by patents or by an effective sui generis system or some combination thereof. The moot question is how plant variety protection could help ensure food security in developing countries? Research evidences from developed countries indicate differential impacts of plant breeders’ rights across crops. Increasing role of private sector in plant breeding was accompanied by appropriation strategies, and high level of market consolidation in seed industry resulted in higher seed prices. Though, rate of varietal release was increased but new varieties had a shorter life span. In case of developing countries, plant breeders’ rights facilitated access to improved foreign variety, in certain cases, but this contributed little to food security. Therefore, developing countries need to learn from such experiences and structure their PVP legislations in such a way which ensures food security and sustainable use of biodiversity. This could be achieved by strengthening public R&D support to agricultural research, maintaining crop genetic diversity, and developing localized seed production and delivery systems through efficient institutional mechanisms. This would go a long way towards conservation and sustainable utilization of plant genetic resources and ensuring food security at local, regional and national level. This paper contributes towards informed policy decisions to deal effectively with the possible implications of Plant Variety Protection (PVP) legislations on agriculture, particularly, on food security. At this juncture, it is difficult to quantify the magnitude of long-term impacts of PVP legislations because of lack of clear empirical evidences particularly from developing countries. However, lessons may be learnt from the working of PVP legislations in developed countries as well as from emerging evidences in developing countries. The paper draws from earlier findings to synthesize the plant variety protection implications for developing countries with particular reference to India, and outline suitable policy options.
Keywords: TRIPS, Plant Variety Protection (PVP), sui generis system, plant breeders’ rights (PBRs)
Vol 12, July 2007, pp 400-409
National Law School of India University, Nagarbhavi, Bangalore 560 072
Received 23 March 2007, revised 21 June 2007
A contemporary debate in India’s legal and policy circles has centred around the desirability of liberalizing the parallel imports regime in the country. The primary impetus for such a move has been the amendment to Section 107A(b) to the Patents Act in 2005 which allows easier import of products into India which are already under patent protection. This article, focusing specifically on the pharmaceutical sector argues against the all-pervasiveness of such a move in the Indian context. To set the foundation for this argument, the article examines the leading judicial decisions in this regard in the USA and the EU in order to understand the divergent discourses, which exist supporting and opposing freeing of parallel imports. On the basis of these decisions and their applicability to the Indian context, this article proposes a nuanced policy recommendation harmonizing the financial interests of intellectual property owners with those of securing easier availability of key products.
Keywords: Exhaustion of rights, parallel imports, patent, pharmaceuticals
Journal of Intelletual Property Rights
Vol 12, July 2007, pp 410-421
Received 26 February 2007, revised 8 May 2007
Due to the emergence of fast moving technology, there are more disputes than ever, requiring the courts to carefully interpret the patent claims. In a vacuum, claim terms are of little use. They must be interpreted and given meaning so that they can be used in a given context. Various patent doctrines have been recognized as tools for creating specific patent scopes, as a result, implementing specific patent theories.
This paper evaluates and deals with scope and extent of patent claims, whenever claim infringement takes place with respect to the doctrine of equivalents (DOE). The possible mechanisms and tests as developed by the Judiciary are also discussed. The paper also examines certain limitations/bars on the applicability of the doctrine of equivalents. An attempt has been made to understand the applicability of doctrine of equivalents as highlighted by courts of various jurisdictions especially US, European and Japanese courts. The Indian context, which is largely based on UK laws, is also reviewed with reference to the latest cases in this regard. Finally, after identifying various mechanisms developed by various courts, it is concluded that as there is no settled position of law till date, it is the ripe time for the Indian courts to formulate basic parameters and principles pertaining to doctrine of equivalents in patent claim infringement disputes.
Keywords: Doctrine of equivalents, claim infringement, function-way-result test, substantiality of difference test, all-limitations rule, prosecution history, file wrapper estoppel
Vol 12, July 2007, pp 422-427
Received 21 February 2007, revised 14 May 2007
Historically, databases are protected under copyright laws. India, which has been a major beneficiary of electronic commerce, provides copyright protections to databases. The adequacy of these protections is analysed in this paper, which considers the developments in digital, which make most of the database manufacturers susceptible to free-rider competition. The paper aims to demonstrate that adoption of the Feist doctrine by the Indian courts leads to inequitable results. The solution which the paper advocates is the adoption of a sui generis legislation which clearly prescribes the property rights and limitations, to database creators in India.
Keywords: Database protection, Feist doctrine, sweat of the brow, sui generis
Vol 12, July 2007, pp 428-433
This article attempts to summarize some of the recently reported cases on intellectual property law to enable the readers understand how the courts have applied principles of the law to actual IP disputes. The cases are chosen from the cases reported in ‘The Patents and Trade Marks Cases’, a leading case law reporter on intellectual property laws. In this article, the cases reported in the months of February and March 2007, are covered.
Keywords: Trade slogan, novelty, mosaicing