Source: https://www.scribd.com/document/288363270/Industrial-Safety-Requirements-for-Collaborative-ROBOTS-and-Applications-ERF2014
Timestamp: 2018-12-14 02:18:01
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Industrial Safety Requirements for Collaborative ROBOTS and Applications - ERF2014 | Robot | Technology
Workshop de Robôs industriais da ABB: tendências, integração e padronização
Industrial Safety Requirements for Collaborative R...
Björn Matthias, ABB Corporate Research, 2014-03-10
Industrial Safety Requirements for
Collaborative Robots and Applications
ERF 2014 – Workshop: Workspace Safety in
Industrial Robotics: trends, integration and standards
Safety Requirements for Collaborative Robots and
Safety Standards for Applications of
Safety Functions of Industrial Robot
Review of basic safety-related functions
Present Standardization Projects
ISO 10218-1, ISO 10218-2
Related standards and directives
ISO/TS 15066 – Safety of collaborative robots
Safety Standards for Applications of Industrial Robots
Robots and robotic devices —
Safety requirements for industrial
robots — Part 1: Robots
ISO 10218-2 – Robot systems and
ISO 13849-1 / IEC 62061 – Safetyrelated parts of control systems
IEC 60204-1 – Electrical equipment
(stopping fnc.)
ISO 12100 – Risk assessment
ISO 13850 – E-stop
Robots and robotic devices — Safety
requirements for industrial robots —
Robot (see Part 1)
ISO 10218-1 – Robot
ISO 11161 – Integrated manufacturing
ISO 13854 – Minimum gaps to avoid
ISO 13855 – Positioning of safeguards
ISO 13857 – Safety distances
ISO 14120 – Fixed and movable guards
IEC 61508 –
ISO 12100 – Risk
ISO 11161 – Integrated manufacturing systems
ISO 10218-2 – Robot system/cell
cat.Safety Functions of Industrial Robot Controller Review of Basic Safety-Related Functions § § E-stop Protective stop § § Operating modes § § § § § Automatic / manual / manual high-speed Pendant controls § § Stop categories (cat. 2 as per IEC 60204-1) Enabling Start / restart Hold-to-run Limit switches Muting functions § Enable / limits switches / … . 1. cat. 0.
elbow. tool § Speed § TCPs. for collaborative operation § Torques § Forces Possibility: Application-related / user-defined supervision functions . … § Acceleration. braking Possibility: Supervision of dynamic quantities. esp.Safety Functions of Industrial Robot Controller Supervision Functions § § § § Basic supervision of robot motion. elbow.e. motion executed corresponds to motion commanded Supervision of kinematic quantities § Position § TCPs. i. solid model of manipulator.
applications § Question is subject of debate: What if a robot is purely collaborative? Must it fulfill all of ISO 10218-1. i.Present Standardization Activities ISO/TS 15066 – Safety of Collaborative Robots § § Design of collaborative work space Design of collaborative operation § § § § § Methods of collaborative working § § § § § Safety-rated monitored stop Hand-guiding Speed and separation monitoring Power and force limiting (biomechanical criteria!) Changing between § § § Minimum separation distance / maximum robot speed Static (worst case) or dynamic (continuously computed) limit values Safety-rated sensing capabilities Ergonomics Collaborative / non-collaborative Different methods of collaboration Operator controls for different methods. also have mode selector. etc. auto / manual mode.e.? .
Safety Requirements for Collaborative Robots and Applications § § § Short Introduction to Human-Robot Collaboration (HRC) § Evolution of Safety Concepts § Definition of Collaborative Operation § Types of Collaborative Operation § Examples of Collaborative Operation Collaborative Application Scenarios § ABB Dual-Arm Concept Robot § Other Relevant Robot Developments Present Challenges for Collaborative Small-Parts Assembly (SPA) § Safety § Ergonomics § Productivity § Application Design § Ease-of-Use .
Short Introduction to HRC Evolution of Safety Concepts absolute separation of robot and human workspaces Discrete safety à No HRC Conventional industrial robots complete union of robot and human workspaces Safety controllers à Limited HRC Harmless manipulators à Full HRC Collaborative industrial robots .
3.g.(adapted from S. manual guidance) . clause 3. 3 2 Once for setting up (e. 2 2.4 § collaborative operation state in which purposely designed robots work in direct cooperation with a human within a defined workspace Degree of collaboration 1.g. lead-through teaching) Recurring isolated steps (e.g. Thiemermann. Dissertation. 2005) Temporal separation Temporal coincidence Short Introduction to HRC Definition of Collaborative Operation l ria s st tion u n d ca l i ppli a ic a ss s C la otic HR C b o ro n à Spatial separation § § Spatial coincidence 1 ISO 10218-1:2011. manual gripper tending) Regularly or continuously (e.
10. clause Type of collaborative operation Main means of risk reduction 5.3 Hand guiding (Example: operation as assist device) Robot motion only through direct input of operator 5.10.10.2 Safety-rated monitored stop (Example: manual loading-station) No robot motion when operator is in collaborative work space 5.10.Safety Functions of Industrial Robot Controller Types of Collaborative Operation According to ISO 10218-1 ISO 10218-1.5 Power and force limiting by inherent design or control (Example: ABB Dual-Arm Concept Robot collaborative assembly robot) In contact events.4 Speed and separation monitoring (Example: replenishing parts containers) Robot motion only when separation distance above minimum separation distance 5. robot can only impart limited static and dynamics forces Pictogram (ISO 10218-2) .
distance None while operator in CWS* Contact between robot and operator prevented Small or zero Max. Motion input Motion only by direct operator input Safety-rated monitored distance (PL d) As required to execute application and maintain min.Safety Functions of Industrial Robot Controller Types of Collaborative Operation According to ISO 10218-1 Speed Safety-rated monitored stop Zero while operator in CWS* Hand guiding Safety-rated monitored speed (PL d) Speed and separation monitoring Safety-rated monitored speed (PL d) Power and force limiting Max. separ. robot cannot impart excessive force * CWS = Collaborative Work Space + RA = Risk Assessment . determined by RA+ to limit static forces As required for application By design or control. determined by RA+ to limit impact forces Separation distance Torques Operator controls Main risk reduction Small or zero Gravity + load compensation only None while operator in CWS* No motion in presence of operator Small or zero As by direct operator input E-stop. Enabling device.
5. 5.10. ISO/TS 15066) § Reduce risk by providing worker with direct control over robot motion at all times in collaborative workspace § Achieved by (controls close to end-effector) § Emergency stop.Category 2 stop (IEC 60204-1) § Category 0 stop in case of fault (IEC 60204-1) Application § Manual loading of end-effector with drives energized § Automatic resume of motion § § Hand guiding (ISO 10218-1.Safety Functions of Industrial Robot Controller Collaborative Operation (1) Safety-rated monitored stop (ISO 10218-1.3.2.10. ISO/TS 15066) § § Reduce risk by ensuring robot standstill whenever a worker is in collaborative workspace Achieved by Supervised standstill . enabling device § Safety-rated monitored speed § Application § Ergonomic work places § Coordination of manual + partially automated steps .
end-effector or work piece • Achieved by low inertia. … • Applications involving transient and/or quasi-static physical contact (SPA = small parts assembly) Speed supervision . suitable geometry and material. control functions. safety-rated camera systems Power and force limiting by inherent design or control (ISO 10218-1.4. 5.Safety Functions of Industrial Robot Controller Collaborative Operation (2) Speed and separation monitoring (ISO 10218-1. ISO/TS 15066) • • Reduce risk by maintaining sufficient distance between worker and robot in collaborative workspace Achieved by Distance supervision § distance supervision. speed supervision § protective stop if minimum separation distance or speed limit is violated § taking account of the braking distance in minimum separation distance • Additional requirements on safety-rated periphery § for example.5. ISO/TS 15066) • Reduce risk by limiting mechanical loading of humanbody parts by moving parts of robot.10. 5.10.
5) Injury severity S2 (irreversible) Injury severity S1 (reversible) Exposure F1 (rare) Exposure F2 (frequent) Avoidability P2 (low) Avoidability P2 (low) Required safety performance level: PL d Required safety performance level: PL c ABB-activities in standardization: Present projects in standardization: ISO/TC 184/SC 2/WG 3 “Robots and robotic devices .Industrial safety” DIN NA 060-30-02 AA “Roboter und Robotikgeräte” ISO/TS 15066 “Collaborative robots – safety” ISO/TS on manual loading stations Upcoming 2014: review of ISO 10218-1.10. -2 .Safety Functions of Industrial Robot Controller Collaborative Operation (3) Standard industrial robot Special robots for collaborative operation (following ISO 10218-1. clause 5.
Biomechanical Criteria .
pose) Pain threshold Minor injury threshold Highest loading level accepted in design Highest loading level accepted in risk assessment in case of single failure vrel F © ABB Group March 17.Biomechanical Limit Criteria Types of Contact Events ISO / TS 15066 – clause 5. is trapped Accessible parameters in design or control Accessible parameters in design or control • • • Effective mass (robot pose. 2014 | Slide 17 . payload) Speed (relative) Pain threshold Minor injury threshold Highest loading level accepted in design Highest loading level accepted in risk assessment in case of single failure Force (joint torques.4.4 “Power and force limiting” Free impact / transient contact Constrained contact / quasi-static contact • • • • Contact event is “short” (< 50 ms) Human body part can recoil Contact duration is “extended” Human body part cannot recoil.
DGUV/IFA literature survey DGUV/IFA + U of Mainz measurements Controllable quantity: joint torque Threshold for “S2” irreversible injury How far in case of single failure? Threshold for “S1” reversible injury Collaborative operation Threshold for lowlevel injury Threshold for pain sensation Threshold for touch sensation Quasi-static contact – Severity measures ? pressure forces .
2014 | Slide 19 2 assuming = 4	=1 = 1	. for the NASA Kennedy Space Center as the Final Report under NASA contract #NAS10-12178 http://www.pdf © ABB Group March 17.Biomechanical Limit Criteria Barrett Technologies § § Early work by W. Prepared May 4. at Barrett Technologies Trade-off between moving mass and relative velocity =	≈2 Intrinsically Safer Robots. 1995.edu/savedLiterature/UlrichEtAlIntrinsi callySaferRobots. Townsend et al.smpp.northwestern.
etc. O. June 2004. 2014 | Slide 20 Early work by Prof. i. et al. p. IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine. Khatib. DAI (diffuse axonal injury). Zinn. 12-21 © ABB Group March 17. SDH (subdural hematoma).e..at Stanford University Transfer assessment criterion from automotive crashes Calculated curves Considers injury modes of brain collision with inside of skull. Oussama Khatib et al. but not superficial and less severe mechanisms .Biomechanical Limit Criteria Standford Univ § § § § M..
2014 | Slide 21 4 S. Sami Haddadin et al. p. 20-34 . et al.Biomechanical Limit Criteria DLR =	≈ 2	§ § § § § DLR. 2011. Dec.. Haddadin. Drop test impact measurements on pig skin samples Microscopic analysis for evidence of onset of contusion Correlate to human soft tissue due to known similarity of properties “safety curves” determined for specific impactor shapes and range of relative velocity and reflected inertia © ABB Group March 17. IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine.
Munich. The University of Tokyo. M. Povse.. Transient impact with line and plane shaped impactors Pain rating on scale 0.100 Onset of pain around 20 à onset of pain around 0. 2010 © ABB Group March 17.. Tokyo. B.2 J/cm2 Povse et al.Biomechanical Limit Criteria Univ of Ljublana § § § § § University of Ljubljana. Proceedings of the 2010 3rd IEEE RAS & EMBS International Conference on Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics. et al. 2014 | Slide 22 . September 26-29. Japan.1 to 0.
Behrens. Elkmann et al. Collision tests with live test subjects Study has been ethically approved by the relevant commission Investigation of the onset of injury as defined by the following: § Swelling § Bruise § Pain Long-term goal: § Statistically significant compilation of verified onset of injury thresholds for all relevant body locations . work in progress © ABB Group March 17.. N. 2014 | Slide 23 § Fraunhofer IFF. Elkmann et al.Biomechanical Limit Criteria Fraunhofer IFF § § § § R. Magdeburg. N.
U 001/2009e October 2009 edition. revised February 2011 Values for quasi-static and transient forces derived from literature study http://publikationen.Biomechanical Limit Criteria DGUV/IFA Limit Values § § BG/BGIA risk assessment recommendations according to machinery directive – Design of workplaces with collaborative robots.pdf © ABB Group March 17. 2014 | Slide 24 .de/dguv/pdf/10002/bg_bg ia_empf_u_001e.dguv.
2014 | Slide 25 University of Mainz. A. Muttray Experimental research Ethics committee approved Ongoing to determine pain sensation thresholds for 30 different locations on body for quasi-static loading . © ABB Group March 17. Muttray et al.Biomechanical Limit Criteria Univ Mainz – Preliminary Results § § § § A. Prof.
2014 | Slide 26 .Biomechanical Limit Criteria Additional Work § Y. 2. – Univ. 230 (1997) © ABB Group March 17. of Nagoya Probe diameter approx. 4. NO. Yamada et al. p. IEEE/ASME TRANSACTIONS ON MECHATRONICS. 10 – 15 mm Y. VOL. Yamada et al..
a. “FRIDA” .Examples of Collaborative Robots for Power and Force Limiting à ABB Dual-Arm Concept Robot (DACR) a.k.
Collaborative Application Scenarios ABB Dual-Arm Concept Robot § Harmless robotic co-worker for industrial assembly § Human-like arms and body with integrated IRC5 controller § Agile motion based on industry-leading ABB robot technology § Padded dual arms safely ensure productivity and flexibility § Complements human labor for scalable automation § Light-weight and easy to mount for fast deployment § Multi-purpose lightweight gripper for flexible material handling .
manual back-drivability Level 3 Power and speed limitation Level 2 Injury-avoiding mechanical design and soft padding Level 1 Low payload and low robot inertia Robot system – mechanical hazards © ABB Group March 17. 2014 | Slide 29 ABB collaborative industrial robot concept Level 5 Other. application-specific Perception-based real-time adjustment to environment clamping Level 6 impact Measures for risk reduction and ergonomics improvement Collaborative Application Scenarios Protection Levels .Personal protective equipment Level 4 Software-based collision detection.
industrial assembly SRI International “Taurus” Bomb disposal Kuka “LWR iiwa” Meka Robotics “M1” Universal Robots “UR5” x 2 Industrial applications Industrial assembly .Collaborative Application Scenarios Other Relevant Robot Developments Assistive robot for upper body disabled Kinova Robotics “JACO” Kawada Industries “NextAge” Rethink Robotics “Baxter” Industrial assembly Academic research.
2014 | Slide 31 .Collaborative Application Scenarios Volkswagen Salzgitter – Glow Plug Assembly © ABB Group March 17.
Collaborative Application Scenarios BMW Spartanburg – Door Sealing © ABB Group March 17. 2014 | Slide 32 .
Ergonomics Productivity Application Design Ease-of-Use .
resistivity • EMG – Electromyography EMG – relative signal Human-like elbow pattern Reference: P.Present Challenges for Collaborative SPA Ergonomics Human-like motion Worker acceptance of collaborative robots in production First experimental determination of stress indicators as function of motion characteristics SCR – relative signal ECG § All stress indicators show lowest levels for human-like motion • ECG – Electrocardiography • SCR – Skin conductivity. DEI. Rocco. work in EU-FP7 Project ROSETTA . Zanchettin. A. Politecnico di Milano.
Present Challenges for Collaborative SPA Productivity .
Present Challenges for Collaborative SPA Application Design § 6 5 8 cover fixation 7 1 2/3/4 9 PCBs Methodology is research topic § Annotated assembly graph § Assignment of assembly steps to robots. assembly line § … . workers § Layout of work cell.
Present Challenges for Collaborative SPA Ease-of-Use § Criteria and approaches are research topics § Alternatives to textual programming § Input modality must be intuitive and robust § Intelligent default values for configuration parameters § Selective hiding / exposing of complexity adapted to user group § … .
… § Frequency of changeover. pick-and-place.Open Discussion What are your needs? § § § Type of application § Assembly. measurement & testing. … § Criteria for suitability of HRC Degree of automation § Distribution of tasks among robots / operators § Types of interfaces. conveying. handover. typical lot sizes Keys for acceptance of partial automation / mixed humanrobot environment § Ease-of-use § Application design § Ergonomics § Distribution of roles and responsibilities § … .
Economic Motivations .
of product variants § Decreasing product lifetime § Away from “mass production” towards “mass customization” Challenge to Industrial Production § Efficient handling of large range of variants and short model lifetimes § Common solution today: Mostly manual production in Asia . of models and short life span § Manual § Robot zone Hard automation § Units per model Societal Trend § Individuality and differentiation with respect to peers Resulting Market Trend § Increasing no.Economic Background and Motivation No.
Moving Humans + Robots Closer Together Productivity (1) low high high Number of variants low Productivity Automatic assembly Hybrid assembly Flexibility Manual assembly low low (adapted from B. Lotter) Lot size high high .
Moving Humans + Robots Closer Together Productivity (2) .
on changeover Manual manufacturing becomes increasingly competitive for remaining fraction of production task § Synergy: HRC § Automation of applications requiring high flexibility (variants á. lot sizes â) § New ergonomics functionality § New applications in which robots previously have not been used . esp.Moving Humans + Robots Closer Together HRC for scalable degree of automation § 120 100 80 Cost partially automated manufacturing § 60 40 manual manufacturing automated manufacturing 20 Worker Strengths § Robot Strengths § Cognition § High speed § Reaction § High force § Adaptation § Repeatability § Improvisation § Consistent quality Worker Limitations § Robot Limitations § Modest speed § No cognitive capability § Modest force § § Weak repeatability No autonomous adaptation § Inconsistent quality § Modest working envelope 0 0 20 0% § 40 60 Degree of Automation 80 100 100% Optimum degree of automation < 100% § § Raising degree of automation becomes increasingly expensive.
. P2 Safety Productivity Performance (Speed. …) Sk = example dependence of safety on speed for application no. k . k Pk = example dependence of productivity on speed for application no. Stiffness. Force.Minimal required safety Minimal required productivity Range for HRC Application No HRC Application Possible S2 S1 P1 ∝	∝	1 .
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