Source: http://www.docstoc.com/docs/52319371/Two-wire-Fluid-Temperature-Transmitter-With-Thermocouple-Diagnostics---Patent-6556145
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Two-wire Fluid Temperature Transmitter With Thermocouple Diagnostics - Patent 6556145
The process industry employs process variable transmitters to monitor process variables associated with substances such as solids, slurries, liquids, vapors, and gasses in chemical, pulp, petroleum, pharmaceutical, food and other processingplants. Process variables include pressure, temperature, flow, level, turbidity, density, concentration, chemical composition and other properties. A process fluid temperature transmitter provides an output related to a sensed process substancetemperature. The temperature transmitter output can be communicated over a process control loop to a control room, or the output can be communicated to another process device such that the process can be monitored and controlled. In order to monitor aprocess fluid temperature, the transmitter includes a temperature sensor, such as a thermocouple.A thermocouple is fabricated by joining two dissimilar metals, such as bismuth and antimony. The junction of the two dissimilar metals produces a small voltage that is related to its temperature. This is known as the Seebeck effect. Processfluid temperature transmitters that employ thermocouple sensors, thus measure the small voltage of the thermocouple, and then calculate process fluid temperature based upon the thermocouple voltage. Although a thermocouple's primary variable of interestis its voltage (indicative of temperature) it is generally known that the thermocouple's resistance is indicative of its condition. As thermocouples age, or otherwise degrade, thermocouple resistance changes. Thus, thermocouple resistance measurementcan be used to evaluate the condition of the thermocouple. In order to measure the resistance, a test current is generally passed through the thermocouple, and the resulting voltage is measured and used to calculate the resistance.In two-wire process control installations, process measurement devices, such as temperature transmitters can receive all required electrical power through the same two wires that are
Two-wire fluid temperature transmitter with thermocouple diagnostics, Kirkpatrick, et al., William R. Kirkpatrick, Charles E. Goetzinger, Application number 09 406-263, Communications: Electrical, Electricity: Measuring And Testing, Thermal Measuring And Testing, Data Processing:Measuring Calibrating Or Testing, process control, control system, Johnson Noise, process control system, temperature transmitter, communication system, Document Number, United States of America, International Search R
United States Patent: 6556145
6,556,145
A two-wire temperature transmitter performs thermocouple diagnostics on a
thermocouple attached to the transmitter to determine if, and the extent
to which, the thermocouple has degraded. Various methods of obtaining
thermocouple resistance are also provided.
Kirkpatrick; William R. (Faribault, MN), Goetzinger; Charles E. (Chanhassen, MN)
09/406,263
340/870.17  ; 324/525; 324/537; 340/501; 374/183; 374/E7.007; 702/133; 702/99
G01K 7/02&amp;nbsp(20060101); G08C 071/00&amp;nbsp()
340/870.17,501 324/537,525 702/99,133,53,58 700/79 374/183,185 73/204.19
59163520
60174915
03229124
11083575
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Assistant Examiner:  Wong; Albert K.
1.  A two-wire process fluid temperature transmitter comprising: a power module couplable to a two-wire process control loop to solely power the transmitter with power received
from the two-wire process control loop;  a loop communicator coupled to the power module and couplable to the two-wire process control loop, the loop communicator configured to communicate over the two-wire process control loop;  a thermocouple input
couplable to a thermocouple to receive a thermocouple signal;  measurement circuitry coupled to the power module and the thermocouple input, the measurement circuitry adapted to measure voltage across the thermocouple input;  a current source coupled to
the power module and the thermocouple input, the current source adapted to selectively pass a diagnostic current through the thermocouple input in a diagnostic state, and pass substantially no current through the thermocouple input in a normal state;  a
controller coupled to the power module, the loop communicator, the measurement circuitry, and the current source, the controller adapted to receive a measurement signal from the measurement circuitry during the normal state, and a diagnostic signal from
the measurement circuitry during the diagnostic state, the diagnostic signal related to resistance across the thermocouple input, the controller adapted to provide an output to the loop communicator related to at least one of the diagnostic signal and
measurement signal;  wherein the current source is adapted to pass the diagnostic current in alternate directions during the diagnostic state;  and the diagnostic signal relates to voltages resulting from the diagnostic current flow in the opposite
2.  The transmitter of claim 1, wherein the output is a combination of the diagnostic signal and the measurement signal.
3.  The transmitter of claim 2, wherein the measurement and diagnostic signals are combined to provide a compensated output.
4.  The transmitter of claim 1, wherein the diagnostic current is at least one microamp.
5.  The transmitter of claim 1, wherein the diagnostic signal is an estimate of a remaining period of acceptable thermocouple use.
6.  The transmitter of claim 1, and further comprising a memory circuit coupled to the controller and adapted to periodically store data indicative of the diagnostic signal.
7.  The transmitter of claim 6, wherein the memory circuit is adapted to store data indicative of a plurality of diagnostic signals over time.
8.  The transmitter of claim 1, wherein the diagnostic signal is a user-notification indicative of thermocouple resistance in excess of a pre-selected threshold.
9.  The transmitter of claim 1, wherein the process control loop is a 4-20 mA process control loop.
10.  The transmitter of claim 1, wherein the loop communicator is adapted to digitally transmit the diagnostic signal.
11.  The transmitter of claim 1, wherein the current source is a semiconductor current source.
12.  A method of measuring thermocouple degradation with a two-wire temperature transmitter, the method comprising: obtaining an initial thermocouple resistance;  measuring a subsequent thermocouple resistance with the temperature transmitter;
generating a diagnostic output related to a comparison between the initial thermocouple resistance and the subsequent thermocouple resistance;  and wherein measuring the subsequent resistance comprises passing a known current through the thermocouple in
a first direction while measuring a first resulting voltage, and passing the known current through the thermocouple in a direction opposite the first direction while measuring a second resulting voltage;  and the diagnostic output is related to an
average of the absolute values of the first and second voltages.
13.  The method of claim 12, wherein measuring the subsequent thermocouple resistance and generating the diagnostic output are repeated at an interval based upon the diagnostic output.
14.  The method of claim 12, wherein obtaining the initial thermocouple resistance comprises measuring the initial thermocouple resistance with the temperature transmitter.  Description
The process industry employs process variable transmitters to monitor process variables associated with substances such as solids, slurries, liquids, vapors, and gasses in chemical, pulp, petroleum, pharmaceutical, food and other processing
plants.  Process variables include pressure, temperature, flow, level, turbidity, density, concentration, chemical composition and other properties.  A process fluid temperature transmitter provides an output related to a sensed process substance
temperature.  The temperature transmitter output can be communicated over a process control loop to a control room, or the output can be communicated to another process device such that the process can be monitored and controlled.  In order to monitor a
process fluid temperature, the transmitter includes a temperature sensor, such as a thermocouple.
A thermocouple is fabricated by joining two dissimilar metals, such as bismuth and antimony.  The junction of the two dissimilar metals produces a small voltage that is related to its temperature.  This is known as the Seebeck effect.  Process
fluid temperature transmitters that employ thermocouple sensors, thus measure the small voltage of the thermocouple, and then calculate process fluid temperature based upon the thermocouple voltage.  Although a thermocouple&#39;s primary variable of interest
is its voltage (indicative of temperature) it is generally known that the thermocouple&#39;s resistance is indicative of its condition.  As thermocouples age, or otherwise degrade, thermocouple resistance changes.  Thus, thermocouple resistance measurement
can be used to evaluate the condition of the thermocouple.  In order to measure the resistance, a test current is generally passed through the thermocouple, and the resulting voltage is measured and used to calculate the resistance.
In two-wire process control installations, process measurement devices, such as temperature transmitters can receive all required electrical power through the same two wires that are used for data communication.  Generally, the amount of power
available on the loop is limited in order to facilitate compliance with intrinsic safety requirements.  Typically, the loop current varies between 4 and 20 mA to indicate a process variable.  Thus, a device powered by the loop must be operable on 4 mA or
less.  Such minimal electrical power generally limits the computational capacity of a given process device, as well as the amount of power that can be used for diagnostics.  Thus, there is a tradeoff between the convenience of two-wire temperature
transmitters, and the ability to provide suitable amounts of diagnostic current through a thermocouple to achieve accurate diagnostic information.
As process control becomes more accurate, there is an increasing need to provide process devices that not only provide process variables, but also indicate their own health.  By providing enhanced process device diagnostics, process variable
information can be relied upon to a greater or lesser extent, depending upon the state of the process device.  Providing such devices will enhance process control and potentially increase the efficiency of predictive maintenance.
A two-wire temperature transmitter performs thermocouple diagnostics on a thermocouple attached to the transmitter to determine if, and the extent to which, the thermocouple has degraded.  The transmitter passes a diagnostic current through a
thermocouple to obtain the resistance of the thermocouple.  The resistance is then used to calculate a diagnostic output that is related to thermocouple degradation.  Various methods of obtaining thermocouple resistance are also provided.
FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of a portion of the transmitter shown in FIG. 5.
FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a method of measuring thermocouple degradation with a two-wire temperature transmitter.
Although the present invention will be described with reference to embodiments of two-wire process fluid temperature transmitters, and the manner in which thermocouple degradation is assessed, workers skilled in the art will recognize that
changes may be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, which are defined by the appended claims.
FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate an environment of a two-wire process fluid temperature transmitter in accordance with embodiments of the invention.  FIG. 1 shows process fluid control system 10 including process fluid temperature transmitter 12.  FIG. 2
illustrates process control system 10 including process fluid temperature transmitter 12 electrically coupled to control room 14 (modeled as a voltage source and resistance) over a two-wire process control loop 16.  Transmitter 12 is mounted on and
coupled to a process fluid container such as pipe 18.  Transmitter 12 monitors the temperature of process fluid in process pipe 18 and transmits temperature information to control room 14 over loop 16.  Transmitter 12 is couplable to loop 16 through
terminals 17 (shown in FIG. 3).
FIG. 3 is a system block diagram of process fluid transmitter 12 in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.  Transmitter 12 includes power module 20, loop communicator 22, thermocouple input 24, measurement circuitry 26, current source
28, and controller 30.  Transmitter 12 is couplable to thermocouple 32 (modeled as a voltage source) such that transmitter 12 can obtain a voltage measurement from thermocouple 32, and relate the measurement to a calculated process fluid temperature.
Transmitter 12 then provides the calculated process fluid temperature on two-wire process control loop 16.
Power module 20 is disposed within transmitter 12, and is couplable to two-wire process control loop 16.  Module 20 suitably conditions power received from loop 16 for the various components of transmitter 12.  Utilizing power module 20,
transmitter 12 is able to operate solely upon power received from process control loop 16.  Module 20 can comprise, for example, known electronics such as a DC-DC power regulation device.  On loop 16, which in some embodiments employs analog signaling
between 4 and 20 mA, module 20 operates to condition four or less milliamps for provision to other components within transmitter 12.  Additionally, module 20 can be adapted to prevent electrical noise received from loop 16 to reach the other components.
Loop communicator 22 is couplable to two-wire process control loop 16, and is configured to communicate over loop 16.  Communicator 22 can be of the type generally known in the art.  For example, communicator 22 can be suitably selected to
provide analog communication, digital communication, or a combination of the two.  One such combination of analog and digital communication is known as the Highway Addressable Remote Transducer (HART.RTM.) protocol.  One version of the HART.RTM.
protocol superimposes a digital signal upon a 4-20 mA analog signal.  With such a protocol, the primary variable of interest can be provided in one mode, such as the analog mode, while a diagnostic signal is provided in the other mode.  However, the
present invention can be practiced with purely analog communications, as well as purely digital communications (such as provided by FOUNDATION.TM.  Fieldbus).
Transmitter 12 also includes thermocouple input 24.  Input 24 provides a removable electrical coupling to thermocouple 32.  Additionally, input 24 can, if desired, be configured to accommodate a second thermocouple to allow transmitter 12 to
provide cold junction compensation.  Further, the actual temperature of input 24 can be sensed, in any known manner, to provide cold junction compensation through known mathematical algorithms.  Thermocouple 32 can be any appropriate thermocouple, such
as Type J or Type K, or the like.  As will be described in more detail later in the specification, the resistance of thermocouple 32 is sensed to provide an indication of thermocouple viability.  However, since the thermocouple&#39;s primary variable of
interest is its voltage, and since virtually no current flows through the thermocouple circuit during voltage sensing, thermocouples typically utilize only two wires.  However, to provide more accurate resistance measurements, it is contemplated that
four-wire thermocouples could be used, in which case input 24 is suitably adapted to receive the four wires and create a Kelvin connection.
Measurement circuitry 26 is disposed within transmitter 12, and is adapted to measure a voltage across thermocouple 32.  Circuitry 26 can be any circuitry capable of providing a suitable electrical indication of thermocouple voltage.  In one
embodiment, circuitry 26 comprises a known analog to digital converter.  Circuitry 26 is coupled to input 24, power module 20 and controller 30.  Circuitry 26 provides an output to controller 30, typically in digital form, that is indicative of a voltage
sensed across thermocouple 32.
Current source 28 is coupled to input 24, power module 20, and controller 30.  Current source 28 can be any suitable circuitry capable of passing a known diagnostic current through a thermocouple connected to input 24.  Diagnostic currents as low
as one microamp can be used.  For example, source 28 can be a precision semiconductor current device, or the like.  Source 28 can be adapted to pass direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC) through thermocouple 32.  Additionally, source 28 can be
circuitry that provides an unknown current through a known resistance, such that the current can be measured, optionally with measurement circuitry 26.  During a diagnostic mode, source 28 passes a diagnostic current through thermocouple 32.  The
diagnostic current can be passed in either direction through thermocouple 32, and can also be alternately passed through thermocouple 32 in opposite directions.  While the diagnostic current passes through thermocouple 32, measurement circuitry 26
provides a signal to controller 30 that is related to the voltage across thermocouple 32, and thus is related to the resistance of thermocouple 32.  As will be described later, the voltage measured during the diagnostic mode can be compensated to reduce
or eliminate the voltage component due to the Seebeck effect, thus providing a diagnostic signal that is indicative substantially solely of thermocouple resistance.
Controller 30 is disposed within transmitter 12, and is coupled to power module 20, loop communicator 22, measurement circuitry 26, and current source 28.  Controller 30 can be any suitable circuitry capable of relating voltage information
received from measurement circuitry 26 to process fluid temperature, and capable of providing thermocouple diagnostics.  Specifically, controller 30 can be a microprocessor or the like.  During normal operation, current source 28 does not pass any
current through thermocouple 32, and thus the signal received from measurement circuitry 26 is indicative solely of thermocouple voltage.  Controller 30 relates the information received from measurement circuitry 26 to process fluid temperature through
suitable equations or a look-up table.  Controller 30 then passes process variable output information to loop communicator 22, such that the process variable is communicated over two-wire process control loop 16.
During the diagnostic mode, controller 30 commands current source 28 to pass the diagnostic current through thermocouple 32.  In some embodiments, the diagnostic current can be alternately passed in opposite directions, and voltage information
received from measurement circuitry 26 (indicative of voltage across the thermocouple in each direction) can be used to calculate thermocouple resistance independent of the Seebeck voltage.  In other embodiments, the Seebeck voltage can simply be
subtracted from the voltage measured while the diagnostic current passed through the thermocouple.  Various other techniques for eliminating the Seebeck voltage from diagnostic measurements are set forth below.
Controller 30 is adapted to relate thermocouple resistance to a diagnostic output.  Such relation is typically in the form of a comparison of present thermocouple resistance to initial thermocouple resistance (measured during the commissioning of
transmitter 12).  However, the relation can also be in the form of a comparison with a pre-selected threshold resistance, or comparison with a running long-term average.  Additionally, the long-term average can be used by controller 30 for trend analysis
to provide lifetime estimation.  In embodiments where various diagnostic measurements are stored, controller 30 can utilize optional memory 34 for such storage.
The diagnostic output is provided to loop communicator 22 for communication across loop 16.  The diagnostic output can take many forms.  The output can simply be an alarm indicating thermocouple failure, or impending failure.  However, the output
can also be in the form of a lifetime estimation indicating an estimated time at which the thermocouple output will no longer suitably indicate process fluid temperature.
In addition to providing the diagnostic output, controller 30 can be adapted to utilize knowledge of the degradation condition of thermocouple 32 while providing the process variable output.  Such adaptation can be in the form of hardware,
software or a combination of both.  In this manner, as thermocouple 32 degrades, and the relationship between thermocouple voltage and process fluid temperature changes, controller 30 can compensate, to some extent, for the degradation when providing the
process variable output.  The relationship between degradation, process fluid temperature, and voltage can be determined experimentally and provided to controller 30 in the form of compensation equations, or look-up tables.  For example, if the input
impedance of the measurement circuitry is known, and thermocouple resistance is measured as discussed above, then measurement error caused by voltage divider action between the input impedance and the thermocouple resistance can be calculated and used to
compensate the actual Seebeck voltage.
FIG. 4 is a system block diagram of transmitter 40 in accordance with another embodiment of the invention.  Transmitter 40 bears many similarities to transmitter 12, and like components are numbered similarly.  Transmitter 40 differs from
transmitter 12 in that transmitter 40 includes thermocouple 32.  Since thermocouple 32 is disposed within transmitter 40, an input, such as input 24, is not included.  Instead, thermocouple 32 is coupled directly to measurement circuitry 26 and current
source 28.  Although single lines are used to denote such coupling, such lines are provided for clarity and can, in fact, comprise multiple conductors.
FIG. 5 is a system block diagram of transmitter 50 in accordance with another embodiment of the invention.  Transmitter 50 is similar to transmitter 12 and like components are numbered similarly.  The main difference between transmitter 12 and
transmitter 50 is that transmitter 50 does not include a current source, but instead includes known resistance load 52.  Load 52 is coupled to controller 30, and is selectively shunts the thermocouple circuit in response to a control signal received from
controller 30.  A schematic illustration of load 52 in the thermocouple circuit is shown in FIG. 6.  In embodiments where measurement circuitry 26 is suitably accurate, and has an appropriate input impedance, use of load 52 can provide diagnostics
without necessarily passing the a diagnostic current through the thermocouple.  Since load 52 is of known resistance, the effect of load 52 shunting the thermocouple circuit is used to provide an indication of thermocouple resistance.
FIG. 7 is a system block diagram of a method 60 of measuring thermocouple degradation in a two-wire temperature transmitter.  The method begins at block 62 where the two-wire transmitter obtains an initial resistance of a thermocouple, such as
thermocouple 32.  Transmitter 60 can obtain the initial resistance in various ways.  For example, the initial resistance can be measured by the transmitter during commissioning.  Alternatively, the initial resistance value can be sent to the transmitter
through the two-wire process control loop, after the resistance is measured elsewhere (such as at the thermocouple manufacturer).
At block 64, a subsequent thermocouple resistance is measured.  Such measurement is effected in the manner described above.  Optionally, effects of the Seebeck voltage can be removed or reduced from the subsequent resistance measurement to
enhance accuracy.  Such compensation can be done by reversing the direction that diagnostic current passes through the thermocouple and measuring the average absolute value of the resultant voltage for each current direction.  The compensation can also
be done by simply subtracting the Seebeck voltage from the voltage measured while the diagnostic current passed through the thermocouple.  Additionally, the compensation can also be done by ensuring that the diagnostic current creates a voltage drop
across the thermocouple that is significantly larger that the Seebeck voltage, thus reducing the effect of the Seebeck voltage.  For example, diagnostic current as high as one millamp or more can be used.
At block 66, a diagnostic output is generated that is related to a comparison between the initial thermocouple resistance and the subsequent resistance.  The diagnostic output can be in any of the various forms given above.  After the diagnostic
output has been generated it can optionally be transmitted across a two-wire process control loop.  Block 66 can optionally pass control to block 64 such that multiple iterations are provided.  The iterations can occur after a pre-selected delay, such as
every 1/2 hour.  The delay can also be random, or it can be a function of the last known thermocouple degradation value.  Thus, as the thermocouple degrades, diagnostic method 32 can be invoked more frequently.  Additionally, method 62 can also be
invoked by a suitable command received by the transmitter (either locally, or through process control loop 16) to enter the diagnostic mode.
Although the invention has been described with reference to specific modules and functional blocks, such description is for clarity.  It is contemplated that any or all of the various blocks can be combined, such as in an Application Specific
Integrated Circuit (ASIC).
Catalogue 2011 for humidity and temperature transmitter systems Views: 12 | Downloads: 0
Precision Transmitter for Absolute and Differential Temperature
trumen-level-transmitter