Source: https://patents.justia.com/patent/4316268
Timestamp: 2019-10-24 05:16:54
Document Index: 653739583

Matched Legal Cases: ['art 44', 'art 44', 'art 44', 'art 44', 'art 44', 'art 44', 'art 44', 'art 1']

US Patent for Method for interpretation of seismic records to yield indication of gaseous hydrocarbons Patent (Patent # 4,316,268 issued February 16, 1982) - Justia Patents Search
Justia Patents Display SystemsUS Patent for Method for interpretation of seismic records to yield indication of gaseous hydrocarbons Patent (Patent # 4,316,268)
Method for interpretation of seismic records to yield indication of gaseous hydrocarbons
Sep 19, 1979 - Chevron Research Company
The present invention indicates that gas-containing strata of an earth formation have low Poisson's ratios and that the acoustic contrast with the overburden rock has a surprising effect as a function of the angle of incidence on a seismic wave associated with an array of sources and detectors: viz., a significant--and progressive--change in P-wave reflection coefficient as a function of the angle of incidence occurs. Thus, differentiating between high-intensity amplitude anomalies of nongas- and gas-containing media is simplified: progressive change in amplitude intensity of resulting traces generated by the field array as a function of offset between each source-detector pair, is associated with the last-mentioned medium only.
The present invention pertains to the art of seismic prospecting for petroleum reservoirs by multiple-point surveying techniques, and more particularly to the art of converting high-intensity reflection amplitude anomalies associated with one or more common centerpoints observed on seismic record traces into diagnostic indicators of the presence of gas in the underlying subsurface strata.
For several decades, seismic prospecting for petroleum has involved the creation of acoustic disturbances above, upon, or just below the surface of the earth, using explosives, air guns, or large mechanical vibrators. Resulting acoustic waves propagate downwardly in the earth, and are partially reflected back toward the surface when acoustic impedance changes within the earth are encountered. A change from one rock type to another, for example, may be accompanied by an acoustic impedance change, so that the reflectivity of a particular layer depends on the velocity and density content between that layer and the layer which overlies it, say according to the formula ##EQU1## where AR is the amplitude from the reflected signal and Ai is the amplitude of the incident signal; V.sub.1 is the velocity of the wave in the overlying medium 1; V.sub.2 is the velocity in the medium layer below the contact line; d.sub.1 is the density of the overlying medium 1; and d.sub.2 is the density of the underlying medium.
There was also another problem in the prior art equipment. Computers often precluded the use of a comparison technique because of their small word size and tiny core storage. Today, more powerful computers with array processors and economical floating point capabilities now enable modern geophysicists to maintain control of the amplitude of all recorded signals. The "floating point" capability is especially effective in expanding computer work size by a large factor and in eliminating the need for computer automatic gain control.
That is to say, in summary, as a result of the above advances, reflections from many thousands of feet below the earth's surface can now be confidently detected and followed through sometimes hundreds of side-by-side traces, the shortening or lengthening of their corresponding times of arrival being indicative of the shallowing or deepening of actual sedimentary strata of interest. Still, as a general rule, all that can be hoped for the seismic reflection method is to detect stratigraphic interfaces and the interfaces as they deviate from horizontality of these interfaces, so that subsurface "structures" could be defined in which oil or gas might possibly be trapped.
Apropos of the above has been use of ultra-high amplitude anomalies in seismic traces to infer the presence of natural gas in situ. Seismic interpretators have used so-called "bright-spot" analysis to indicate several large gas reservoirs in the world, expecially in the Gulf Coast of the United States. Such analysis is now rather common in the oil industry, but it is not without its critics. Not only cannot the persistence of such increased amplitude anomalies be taken as confirmation of the lateral extent of the gas reservoir, but also the anomaly itself (in some cases) may not represent reflections of a discontinuity of a gas-bearing medium and its over- or underlying associated rock strata. E.g., experience has shown that in certain situations, similar phenomena occur which can confuse the interpreter. E.g., if the shape of the horizon is such that it focuses the energy back to the surface, it may increase the amplitude of one or more of the records akin to reflections from gas-saturated strata. Lithology of the horizon--singly and in combination--can also have a similar effect, producing high-amplitude reflections in the absence of gas within the pore space of the stratum of interest. Examples of the latter: conglomeratic zones, hard streaks of silt or lime and lignite beds.
The present invention improves the ability of the seismologist to correctly differentiate high-intensity anomalies of multiple-point-coverage seismic traces of gas-bearing strata from those of similarly patterned reflections of other types of stratigraphic configurations containing no gas accumulations.
An object of the invention is the provision of a novel method of correctly differentiating high-intensity anomalies provided by multiple-point seismic traces of gas-bearing structures from those of a similarly patterned intensity associated with strata containing no gas accumulation.
In accordance with the present invention, interpretation of high-intensity seismic events from traces obtained from multiple-point coverage of a subterranean earth formation using an array of source means and detectors adjacent to the earth's surface is obtained to indicate gas-bearing strata in a highly surprising and accurate manner. After the field data have been obtained in which the data of common centerpoints are associated with more than one source-detector pair, the data are indexed ("addressed") whereby all recorded traces are indicated as being a product of respective source-detector pairs of known horizontal offset and centerpoint location. Thereafter, high-intensity amplitude anomalies in said traces are correctly associated with gas-bearing strata on a surprisingly accurate selection basis: amplitude intensity of said anomaly must change--progressively in an increasing or decreasing manner--as a function of horizontal offset. A further refinement of the method of the present invention may be in order under some circumstances. A single common-centerpoint trace, or even single common-centerpoint gathers, may have a major drawback in such cases--poor signal-to-noise ratios. As a result, progressive amplitude change as a function of offset cannot be resolved. In accordance with this invention and as a means of signal enhancement, trace summations can prove beneficial in improving record resolution, say on a basis of a stacking "window" having a two-dimensional index for addressing the traces: X common offset dimension long by Y common centerpoints wide. For example, where 2400% common-centerpoint stacked traces have been obtained (i.e., 24 traces per gather) by multiple-point-coverage field techniques, each gather can in turn be "de-stacked" to provide original but corrected locational traces. Then on the basis of a stacking window four (4) common offset dimensions long by five (5) common centerpoints wide, several such traces, say 10, can be stacked and the stacked trace displayed as a function of offset. Result: progressive change in amplitude intensity as a function of similar intensity changes in offset can be more easily observed whereby in situ gas is, more likely than not, in the pore space of the structure of interest.
FIGS. 3, 4 and 5 are plots of reflection coefficient as a function of angle of incidence of seismic waves associated with the reflecting horizons of FIG. 2 which aid in the determination of the presence of gas within an earth formation; FIGS. 6(a), 6(b), 6(c) and 6(d) are plots of various quantities of a mathematical nature, as a function of percentage of gas saturation, illustrating the relationship of Poisson's ratio to the determination of the presence of gas within an earth formation;
FIGS. 12-21 are true seismic record sections and portions of sections, illustrating the diagnostic capability of the method of the present invention in predicting the presence of gas strata in actual field examples.
Before discussion of an embodiment of the invention within an actual field environment, a brief description of the mathematical and theoretical concepts behind it may prove beneficial and are presented below.
Firstly, it may be of interest to indicate lithology limitations associated with the present invention. For example, anomalies associated with gas sands over shale cap rock are one example in which the method of the present invention offers surprising results; another relates to gas-saturated limestone over shale. Also of import is the relationship between Poisson's ratio and resulting high-intensity amplitude anomalies provided on seismic traces.
While Poisson's ratio (.sigma.) has the general formula ##EQU2## where V.sub.p is compressional velocity and V.sub.s is shear velocity of the medium, the concept does have physical significance. For example, consider a slender cylindrical rod of an elastic material and apply a compressional force to the ends. As the rod changes shape, the length of the rod will decrease by .DELTA.L, while the radius will increase by .DELTA.R. Poisson's ratio is defined as the ratio of the relative change in radius (.DELTA.R/R) to the relative change in length (.DELTA.L/L). Hence a compressible material has a low Poisson's ratio, while an incompressible material (as a liquid) has a high Poisson's ratio.
The equation above also indicates the relationship of the compressional and shear wave velocities of the material, V.sub.p and V.sub.s respectively; i.e., that Poisson's ratio may be determined dynamically by measuring the P-wave and S-wave velocities. Only two of the three variables are independent, however.
(5) Costain, J. K., Cook, K. L. and Algermisshi, S. T., for "Amplitude, Energy and Phase Angles of Plane SP Waves and Their Application to Earth Crustal Studies", Bull. Seis. Soc. Am., Vol. 53, p. 1639 et. seq.
The problem is complicated, however, E.g., isotropic media with layer index of the strata, i=1 for the incident medium and i=2 for the underlying medium, have been modeled using equations for P-wave reflection coefficient A.sub.pr and for P-wave transmission displacement amplitude coefficient A.sub.pt. In such equations, the value of Poisson's ratio (.sigma.) is required, since both the P-wave and S-wave velocities are utilized. For each of the media, i.e., the incident or underlying medium, three independent variables exist: P-wave velocity, .sigma. and bulk density, or a total of six variables for both media. But for a single interface, only four independent variables were required: P-wave velocity ratio, the density ratio, Poisson's ratio in the incident medium and Poisson's ratio in the underlying medium.
(b) made simplistic assumptions that, although using actual calculations, nevertheless did not express the true nature of transmission and reflection coefficients, in particular lithological situations associated with the accumulation of gaseous hydrocarbons within an acutal earth formation.
In summary, while reference (2) concluded that change in Poisson's ratio in the two bounding media can cause change in the reflection coefficient as a function of angle of incidence, (2) did not relate that occurrence to lithology associated with the accumulation of gaseous hydrocarbons in the surprising manner of the present invention.
The present invention teaches that gas-containing strata have low Poisson's ratios and that the contrast with the overburden rock as a function of horizontal offset produces a surprising result: such contrast provides for a significant--and progressive--change in P-wave reflection coefficient at the interface of interest as a function of angle of incidence of the incident wave. Thus, differentiating between high-intensity amplitude anomalies of nongas and gas media is simplified by relating progressive change in amplitude intensity as a function of offset between source-detector pairs, i.e., angle of incidence being directly related to offset.
(1) where the gas-containing media are gas sands underlying shale, such as found in the Gulf Coast, amplitude responses increase with offset;
I.e., if the sources S.sub.1 . . . S.sub.n are excited in sequence at the source locations indicated, traces received at the different detector locations shown can be related to common centerpoints therebetween. If such traces are summed, a gather or group of traces is formed. I.e., if the reflecting interface is a flat horizon, the depth point where reflection occurs will define a vertical line which passes through the centerpoint of interest. Applying static and dynamic corrections to the field traces is equivalent (under the above facts) to placing the individual sources S.sub.1,S.sub.2 . . . S.sub.n at the centerpoint in sequence followed by replacement with the detectors D.sub.1 . . . D.sub.m of interest at the same locations. If the traces associated with a common centerpoint are summed, a series of enhanced traces, sometimes called CDPS (Common Depth Point Stack) traces, is provided.
The actual P-wave reflection coefficient Apr can be related to section 10 by Equation (1) below; also, P-wave transmission displacement amplitude coefficient Apt can similarly be related in accordance with Equation (2) below. ##EQU3##
As an example of calculations associated therewith, if .theta.=0.degree. (normal incidence), the P-wave reflection coefficient Apr is equal to about -0.16 and +0.16, respectively.
FIG. 3 illustrates change in reflection coefficient as a function of angle of incidence .theta. for the three-layer model of FIG. 2.
Note that solid lines 20, 21 illustrate the effects of reflection (and transmission, by omission) on the top and base of the gas sand. In line 20, at .theta.=0.degree., note that the A.sub.pr equals -0.16; while at .theta.=40.degree., the A.sub.pr is about -0.28. That is, rather a surprisingly large change in the reflection coefficient as a function of angle of incidence occurs, with the greatest change occurring between .theta.=20.degree. and .theta.=40.degree..
For the bottom layer, line 21 changes at about the same rate, but in opposite sign. I.e., at .theta.=0.degree., A.sub.pr is about +0.16 and at .theta.=40.degree., A.sub.pr is about +0.26. Again, the greatest change in A.sub.pr occurs between .theta.=20.degree. and .theta.=40.degree.. As a result, the amplitude of the seismic wave reflected from this model would increase about 70% over the angle of incidence range shown, i.e., over the incremental 40 degrees shown.
While angles of incidence equal to 40.degree. may seem a little large for reflection profiling (heretofore, most data arriving beyond 30.degree. being thought useless and muted out), experience has now nevertheless shown that reflection data can and do arrive at reflection angles greater than 30.degree.. Hence, the angles of incidence must be determined, and one of the more important techniques, the straight-ray approach to estimate such angles of incidence (using depth-to-reflector and shot-to-detector and-shot-to-group offset), is as set forth below:
.theta..sub.1 =arc tan (X/2Z) (18)
where .theta..sub.1 is the angle of incidence; X is the shot-to-detector or shot-to-group offset and Z is the reflector depth. Velocity changes with depth can likewise be accommodated by assuming section velocity change is of the form V.sub.1 =V.sub.o +KZ where K is a constant so that all ray paths are arcs of circles having centers V.sub.o /K above the reference plane of interest, say the earth's surface. Thus, the approach should be in accordance with ##EQU4##
Having now established a firm mathematical and theoretical basis for the process of the present invention, perhaps a description of how a geological section containing no gas therein would affect impedance contrast is in order. FIG. 4 illustrates the changes in reflection coefficient as a function of angle of incidence .theta. in the manner of FIG. 3, but in which the gas sand 10 of FIG. 2 contains no gas, simulating, e.g., a low-velocity, brine-saturated, young sandstone embedded in shale.
The solid lines 22, 23, representing reflection coefficients, are seen to be about horizontal between .theta.=0.degree. and 40.degree., slightly decreasing in magnitude as the angle of incidence increases, i.e., as .theta. approaches 40.degree.. In the above example, it should be noted that the Poisson's ratio of the sandstone was assumed to be 0.4.
FIG. 5 illustrates yet another plot associated with a three-layer model akin to that shown in FIG. 2, but in which the sandstone contains gas but is buried deep below the earth's surface. The values for the three-layer model of FIG. 2 are again used except that the velocity change from shale to sand is only 10%, or from 10,000'/sec to 9000'/sec. As shown, curves 25, 26 are even more significant: both curves are seen to increase in magnitude from over the 40.degree. of change in the angle of incidence. However, field results have not verified these results, since Poisson's ratio in such gas sands may be strongly affected by depth, and not be as low as is now surprisingly taught by the present invention.
Hence, from the above mathematical and theoretical concepts, displays of reflection data can now be used to indicate change in reflection coefficient as a function of angle of incidence to indicate the presence of gaseous hydrocarbons. Such data are also now conveniently available, say using today's conventional field-gathering techniques involving multiple-area coverage, since the former can be derived from and is compatible with one of today's conventional forms of recorded reflection seismic data: common-depth-point (CDP) gathers. And, progressive changes in reflection amplitude vs. shot-to-detector (group) offset can form the basis of such a determination, since offset of any particular source-detector pair is directly related to the angle of incidence in accordance with Equation (19), supra.
In order to geometrically associate each generated locational trace with its common centerpoint, address guidance, as provided by FIG. 7, is important. To understand the nature of FIG. 7, assume that the sources S.sub.1,S.sub.2 . . . S.sub.n are sequentially located at shotpoints SP.sub.1,SP.sub.2 . . . SP.sub.n at the top of the Figure. Assume also that the detectors are placed in line with the sources, i.e., along the same line of survey A at the detector locations D.sub.1,D.sub.2 . . . D.sub.m. After each source is activated, reflections are received at the detectors, at the locations shown. Then by the "rollalong" technique, the source and detector spreads can be moved in the direction B of survey line A and the process repeated to provide a series of traces. The latter are associated with centerpoints midway between the respective detector-source pairs. In the Figure, assume source S.sub.1 has been located at shotpoint SP.sub.1 and excited. Midway between SP.sub.1 and each of the detectors, at D.sub.1, D.sub.2 . . . D.sub.m, is a series of centerpoints C.sub.1, C.sub.2 . . . C.sub.n. The latter are each associated with a trace. In this regard and for a further description of such techniques, see U.S. Pat. No. 3,597,727 for "Method of Attenuating Multiple Seismic Signals in the Determination of Inline and Cross-Dips Employing Cross-Steered Seismic Data", Judson et al, issued Aug. 3, 1971, and assigned to the assignee of the present application. With appropriate static and dynamic corrections, the data can be related to the common centerpoints midway between individual source points and detectors, as discussed in the above-noted reference.
But by such a field technique, data provided generate 24 separate traces associated with the same centerpoint C.sub.1 . . . C.sub.n. In order to index ("address") these traces as a function of several factors including horizontal offset and centerpoint location, a stacking chart 44 as shown in FIG. 8 has been developed.
Chart 44 is a diagram in which a trace is located along a plurality of oblique common profile lines PL.sub.1,PL.sub.2 . . . , between a series of common offset and centerpoint locations at 90 degrees to each other. For best illustration, focus on a single shotpoint, say SP.sub.1, and on a single detector spread having detectors D.sub.1,D.sub.2 . . . D.sub.m of FIG. 8 along survey line A. Assume a source is located at shotpoint SP.sub.1 and activated thereafter. The detector spread and source are "rolled" forward along survey line A in the direction B, being advanced one station per activation. Then after detection has occurred, and if the resulting centerpoint pattern is rotated 45.degree. about angle 46 to profile line PL.sub.1 and projected below the spread as in FIG. 8 as a function of common offset values and centerpoint positions, the chart 44 of FIG. 8 results. Of course, each centerpoint has an amplitude vs. time trace associated therewith, and for didactic purposes that trace can be said to project along a line normal to the plane of the Figure.
It should be emphasized that the centerpoints provided in FIGS. 7 and 8 are geographically located along the line of survey A in line with the source points SP.sub.1,SP.sub.2 . . . . As the locational traces are generated, the chart 44 aids in keeping a "tag" on each resulting trace. As the detector spread and sources are rolled forward one station and the technique repeated, another series of traces is generated associated with centerpoints on new profile line PL.sub.1. That is, although the centerpoints are geographically still associated within positions along the survey line A of FIG. 7, by rotation along the angle 46, the new centerpoint pattern C.sub.1 ',C.sub.2 ' . . . C.sub.n ' can be horizontally and vertically aligned with centerpoints previously generated. I.e., at common offset values (in horizontal alignment) certain centerpoints are aligned, viz, centerpoint C.sub.1 aligns with C.sub.1 ' as shown; further C.sub.2 is aligned with C.sub.2 ', etc. Also, there are traces that have common centerpoints. I.e., at common centerpoints (in vertical alignment) centerpoint C.sub.2 aligns with centerpoint C.sub.1 ', and centerpoints C.sub.3,C.sub.2 ' and C.sub.1 " are similarly aligned. Thus, via chart 44, each trace associated with a centerpoint can be easily "addressed" as to:
Also, "addressing" the traces by (ii) and (iii) allows such traces to be easily combined (summed) by calling out "windows" within the chart in which any traces within the window can be summed. E.g., it has been found convenient to establish a standard window "width" equal to an increased group centerpoint line (.DELTA.CPL) value of say 5, and a window "height" equal to an incremental common group offset line (.DELTA.COL) value of say 4; hence by indexing the intersecting window intervals on a sequential basis, summation of traces therein can occur. The results are summed traces which are outputted to a display on a side-by-side basis, say as a function of amplitude intensity as a function of increasing or decreasing offset between respective source-detector pairs. Actual offset values are not required, since relative values are usually sufficient for most diagnostic purposes.
In carrying out the above summation process on a highspeed basis, a fully programmed digital computer can be useful. But electromechanical systems well known in the art can also be used. In either case, the field traces must first undergo static and dynamic correction before the traces can be displayed as a function of offset to determine their potential as a gas reservoir. Such correction techniques are well known in the art--see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 2,838,743, of O. A. Fredriksson et al, for "Normal Moveout Correction with Common Drive for Recording Medium and Recorder and/or Reproducing Means", assigned to the assignee of the present application, in which a mechanical device and method are depicted. Modern processing today uses properly programmed digital computers for that task in which the data words are indexed as a function of, inter alia, amplitude, time, datum height, geographical location, group offset, velocity, and are manipulated to correct for the angular and horizontal offset; in this latter environment, see U.S. Pat. No. 3,731,269, Judson et al, issued May 1, 1973, for "Static Corrections for Seismic Traces by Cross-Correlation Method", a computer-implemented program of the above type also assigned to the assignee of the present invention. Electromechanical sorting and stacking equipment is also well known in the art and is of the oldest ways of cancelling noise. See, for example, the following patents assigned to the assignee of the present invention which contain sorting and stacking techniques, including beam steering techniques:
______________________________________ In- Patent Issued ventor Title ______________________________________ 3,597,727 12/30/68 Judson Method of Attenuating Multiple et al Seismic Signals in the Deter- mination of Inline and Cross Dips Employing Cross-Steered Seismic Data 3,806,863 4/23/74 Tilley Method of Collecting Seismic et al Data of Strata Underlying Bodies of Water 3,638,178 1/25/72 Ste- Method for Processing Three- phen- Dimensional Seismic Data to son Select and Plot Said Data on a Two-Dimensional Display Surface 3,346,840 10/10/67 Lara Double Sonogramming for Seismic Record Improvement 3,766,519 10/16/73 Step- Method for Processing Surface phen- Detected Seismic Data to son Plotted Representations of Sub- surface Directional Seismic Data 3,784,967 1/8/74 Graul Seismic Record Processing Method 3,149,302 9/15/74 Klein Information Selection Programmer et al Employing Relative Amplitude, Absolute Amplitude and Time Coherence 3,149,303 9/15/64 Klein Seismic Cross-Section Plotter et al ______________________________________
FIGS. 9(a) and 9(b) are flow diagrams illustrative of a computer-dominated process in which the functions required by the method of the present invention can be easily ascertained. Preliminary to the steps shown in FIG. 9(a), assume that a section of seismic data has been analyzed for "bright spots"; such events are known by geographical location and/or a time/depth basis; and the traces have been dynamically and statically corrected.
The steps of FIG. 9(a) include generating addresses for the data that include a common offset address in the manner of FIG. 8, common centerpoint address and an actual geographical location address in the manner of FIG. 8. Finally, the corrected traces are classified whereby the amplitude event of interest is displayed as a function of changing horizontal offset valves. If the event progressively changes as a function of offset, there is a high likelihood that the event is indicative of strata containing gaseous hydrocarbons.
After the addresses have been generated, trace amplitude summation can also occur as suggested in FIG. 9(b) on a predetermined selection basis: adding traces within a selected "window", say window 49 bounded by common group centerpoint lines (.DELTA.CPL) and common group offset lines (.DELTA.COL) (see FIG. 8), usually the "width" (.DELTA.CPL) of window 49 is held constant, and the window "height" (.DELTA.COL) is incremented, frame-by-frame, to change common offset values on a progressive basis, say from near offset values to far offset values. E.g., in FIG. 8, holding the window "width" constant and beginning at the lower boundary of the chart 44, the window "height" (.DELTA.COL) can be incremented until the upper plot boundary is reached. Equipment-wise, the addresses of the boundary lines in the line and column directions are compared--within each window frame. When the comparison is a match, the address register is incremented, and the process repeated for the next window frame.
After the summed traces are tagged on the basis of changing common offset, say near through far offset, summed traces can be displayed. If the amplitudes exhibit the required characteristics, as previously stated, then a determination that the reflections are from (or not from) a gas structure can be made.
Of course, if the edge of a gas field is to be determined, the above-mentioned process would be sequentially elongated toward a side of the chart 44 of FIG. 8 in a direction along the survey line. I.e., to say, after the window "height" has been incremented to its far offset value and the results displayed, the window "width" is incremented a common group centerpoint interval (.DELTA.CPL) and the process repeated and the results displayed.
FIG. 10 illustrates particular elements of a computing system for carrying out the steps of FIGS. 9(a) and 9(b). While many computing systems are available to carry out the process of the invention, perhaps to best illustate operations at the lowest cost per instruction, a microcomputing system 50 is didactically best and is presented in detail below. The system 50 of FIG. 10 can be implemented on hardware provided by many different manufacturers, and for this purpose, elements provided by Intel Corporation, Santa Clara, California, may be preferred.
Such a system 50 can include a CPU 51 controlled by a control unit 52. Two memory units 53 and 54 connect to the CPU 51 through BUS 55. Program memory unit 53 stores instructions for directing the activities of the CPU 51 while data memory unit 54 contains data (as data words) related to the seismic data provided by the field acquisition system. Since the seismic traces contain large amounts of bit data, an auxiliary memory unit 56 can be provided. The CPU 51 can rapidly access data stored through addressing the particular input port, say at 57a in the Figure. Additional input ports can also be provided to receive additional information as required from usual external equipment well known in the art, e.g., floppy disks, paper-tape readers, etc., including such equipment interfaced through input interface port 57b tied to a keyboard unit 58 for such devices. Using clock inputs, control circuity 52 maintains the proper sequence of events required for any processing task. After an instruction is fetched and decoded, the control circuitry issues the appropriate signals (to units both internal and external) for initiating the proper processing action. Often the control circuitry will be capable of responding to external signals, such as an interrupt or wait request. An interrupt request will cause the control circuitry 52 to temporarily interrupt main program execution, jump to a special routine to service the interrupting device, then automatically return to the main program. A wait request is often issued by memory units 53 or 54 or an I/O element that operates slower than the CPU.
For outputting information, the system 50 can include a printer unit 59 whereby the amplitude of the summed traces as a function of time is printable. Of more use as an output unit, however, is disk unit 60, which can temporarily store the data. Thereafter, an off-line digital plotter capable of generating a side-by-side display is used in conjunction with the data on the disk unit 60. Such plotters are available in the art, and one proprietary model that I am familiar with uses a computer-controlled CRT for optically merging onto photographic paper, as a display mechanism, the seismic data. Briefly, in such a plotter the seismic data, after summation, are converted to CRT deflection signals; the resulting beam is drawn on the face of the CRT and the optically merged record of the event indicated, say via photographic film. After a predetermined number of side-by-side lines have been drawn, the film is processed in a photography laboratory and hard copies returned to the interpreters for their review.
Instructions making up the program for operations involving seismic data are stored in the program memory unit 53 of the CPU 51 of FIG. 11. The program is operated upon in a sequential manner except when instructions in the memory units 53, 54 call for special commands such as "jump" (or "call") instructions. While the program associated with the present invention is a relatively straightforward one, hence avoiding most "jump" and "call" instructions, "call" instructions for subroutines are common in the processing of seismic data and could be utilized, if desired. In "call" instructions, the CPU 51 has a special way of handling subroutines in order to insure an orderly return to the main program. When the processor receives a call instruction, it increments the program counter 65 and notes the counter's contents in a reversed memory area of the memory unit known as the "stack".
CPU's have different ways of maintaining stack contents. Some have facilities for the storage of return addresses built into the CPU itself. Other CPU's use a reserved area of external memory as the stack and simply maintain a "pointer" register, such as pointer register 70, FIG. 11, which contains the address of the most recent stack entry. The stack thus saves the address of the instruction to be executed after the subroutine is completed. Then the CPU 51 loads the address specified in the call into its program counter 65. The next instruction fetched will therefore be the first step of the subroutine. The last instruction in any subroutine is a "return". Such an instruction need specify no address.
Having now briefly described the operations of the CPU 51, Table I is presented below containing a full instruction set for its operations.
TABLE I __________________________________________________________________________ Summary Of Processor Instructions By Alphabetical Order Instruction Code.sup.1 Clock.sup.2 Mnemonic Description D.sub.7 D.sub.6 D.sub.5 D.sub.4 D.sub.3 D.sub.2 D.sub.1 D.sub.0 Cycles __________________________________________________________________________ ACI Add immediate to A with carry 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 7 ADC M Add memory to A with carry 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 7 ADC r Add register to A with carry 1 0 0 0 1 S S S 4 ADD M Add memory to A 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 7 ADD r Add register to A 1 0 0 0 0 S S S 4 ADI Add immediate to A 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 7 ANA M And memory with A 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 7 ANA r And register with A 1 0 1 0 0 S S S 4 ANI And immediate with A 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 7 CALL Call unconditional 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 17 CC Call on carry 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 11/17 CM Call on minus 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 11/17 CMA Compliment A 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 4 CMC Compliment carry 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 CMP M Compare memory with A 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 7 CMP r Compare register with A 1 0 1 1 1 S S S 4 CNC Call on no carry 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 11/17 CNZ Call on no zero 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 11/17 CP Call on positive 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 11/17 CPE Call on parity even 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 11/17 CPI Compare immediate with A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 7 CPO Call on parity odd 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 11/17 CZ Call on zero 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 11/17 DAA Decimal adjust A 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 4 DAD B Add B & C to H & L 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 10 DAD D Add D & E to H & L 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 10 DAD H Add H & L to H & L 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 10 DAD SP Add stack pointer to H & L 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 10 DCR M Decrement memory 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 10 DCR r Decrement register 0 0 D D D 1 0 1 5 DCX B Decrement B & C 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 5 DCX D Decrement D & E 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 5 DCX H Decrement H & L 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 5 DCX SP Decrement stack pointer 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 5 DI Disable interrupt 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 4 EI Enable interrupts 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 4 HLT Halt 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 7 IN Input 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 10 INR M Increment memory 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 10 INR r Increment register 0 0 D D D 1 0 0 5 INX B Increment B & C registers 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 5 INX D Increment D & E registers 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 5 INX H Increment H & L registers 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 5 INX SP Increment stack pointer 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 5 JC Jump on carry 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 10 JM Jump on minus 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 10 JMP Jump unconditional 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 10 JNC Jump on no carry 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 10 JNZ Jump on no zero 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 10 JP Jump on positive 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 10 JPE Jump on parity even 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 10 JPO Jump on parity odd 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 10 JZ Jump on zero 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 10 LDA Load A direct 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 13 LDAX B Load A indirect 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 7 LDAX D Load A indirect 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 7 LHLD Load H & L direct 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 16 LXI B Load immediate register Pair B & C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 10 LXI D Load immediate register Pair D & E 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 10 LXI H Load immediate register Pair H & L 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 10 LXI SP Load immediate stack pointer 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 10 MVI M Move immediate memory 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 10 MVI r Move immediate register 0 0 D D D 1 1 0 7 MOV M,r Move register to memory 0 1 1 1 0 S S S 7 MOV r,M Move memory to register 0 1 D D D 1 1 0 7 MOV r.sub.1,r.sub.2 Move register to register 0 1 D D D S S S 5 NOP No operation 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 ORA M Or memory with A 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 7 ORA r Or register with A 1 0 1 1 0 S S S 4 ORI Or immediate with A 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 7 OUT Output 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 10 PCHL H & L to program counter 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 5 POP B Pop register pair B & C off stack 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 10 POP D Pop register pair D & E off stack 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 10 POP H Pop register pair H & L off stack 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 10 POP PSW Pop A and Flags off stack 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 10 PUSH B Push register Pair B & C on stack 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 11 PUSH D Push register Pair D & E on stack 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 11 PUSH H Push register Pair H & L on stack 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 11 PUSH PSW Push A and Flags on stack 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 11 RAL Rotate A left through carry 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 4 RAR Rotate A right through carry 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 4 RC Return on carry 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 5/11 RET Return 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 10 RLC Rotate A left 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 4 RM Return on minus 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 5/11 RNC Return on no carry 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 5/11 RNZ Return on no zero 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 5/11 RP Return on positive 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 5/11 RPE Return on parity even 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 5/11 RPO Return on parity odd 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 5/11 RRC Rotate A right 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 4 RST Restart 1 1 A A A 1 1 1 11 RZ Return on zero 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 5/11 SBB M Subtract memory from A with borrow 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 7 SBB r Subtract register from A with borrow 1 0 0 1 1 S S S 4 SBI Subtract immediate from A with borrow 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 7 SHLD Store H & L direct 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 16 SPHL H & L to stack pointer 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 5 STA Store A direct 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 13 STAX B Store A indirect 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 7 STAX D Store A indirect 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 7 STC Set carry 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 4 SUB M Subtract memory from A 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 7 SUB r Subtract register from A 1 0 0 1 0 S S S 4 SUI Subtract immediate from A 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 7 XCHG Exchange D & E, H & L Registers 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 4 XRA M Exclusive Or memory with A 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 7 XRA r Exclusive Or register with A 1 0 1 0 1 S S S 4 XRI Exclusive Or immediate with A 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 7 XTHL Exchange top of stack, H & L 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 18 __________________________________________________________________________ .sup.1 DDD or SSS000B-001C-010D-011E-100H-101L-110 Memory111A. .sup.2 Two possible cycle times (5/11) indicate instruction cycles dependent on condition flags.
Seismic data were obtained over a gas field near Sacramento, California. These data, in CDP-stacked form, are shown in FIG. 12. The field, discovered in 1972, consists of a 100-foot sand which is almost fully gas-saturated. The discovery well is located at about SP-86 of FIG. 12, with the currently developed portion of the field extending from about SP-75 to SP-115. Gas occurs at a depth of about 7000 feet, which corresponds to a time of about 1.75 seconds on the plot.
Common-depth-point gathers from 3 locations, A, B and C of FIG. 12, are shown in FIGS. 13(a), 13(b), and 13(c). Both single-fold and 10-fold summed gathers are shown for locations A and B, while only the summed gather is shown for location C. Shot-to-group offset for all gathers increases to the left, as indicated with the minimum and maximum trace offset distances annotated. These distances change on the summed gathers because the summing is done over 4 offsets.
Note the strong amplitude increase with increasing offset at locations A and B. The 10-fold summing obviously improves signal-to-noise ratios and an amplitude increase by a factor of about three is indicated from near to far offset. Gathers at location C, however, show no indication of amplitude increase with offset, and in fact show a decrease. This possibly indicates an absence of gas in the vicinity of location C. This possibility is also supported by the presence of a gas-water contact in a well structurally projected at about SP-120.
Seismic data were obtained in the Fallon Basin of Nevada and are depicted in CDP-gathered format in FIG. 14. A well was drilled at SP-127 in FIG. 4. A seismic amplitude anomaly is indicated at location A at about 1.6 seconds. Upon drilling, the amplitude anomaly was found to originate from two basaltic layers, 100 feet and 60 feet in thickness. As its structural position indicates, this well was a stratigraphic test in an undrilled basin.
The common-depth-point gathers at the well location are shown in FIG. 15. Here, there is a strong indication of reflection amplitude decrease with increasing offset. This finding is consistent with the absence of gas in the geologic section and the expected Poisson's ratios for sediments and basalt.
Seismic data obtained from an area in the Sacramento Valley, California, are depicted in FIG. 16. A well was drilled at SP-61. Note the amplitude anomaly extending from about SP-45 to about SP-90 at 1.5 seconds. However, the amplitude anomaly was found to originate from a high-velocity conglomerate layer.
Shown in FIGS. 17(a) and 17(b) are the single-fold common-depth-point gathers at two locations: location A at the well and location B, about 1/2 mile to the west. The gathers at location A do indeed indicate the absence of gas, i.e., no noticeable increase in reflector amplitude with offset. However, the gathers at location B do show a slight increase in amplitude with offset, i.e., possible gas.
Seismic data were obtained for another area and are depicted in FIG. 18. The possible gas-related amplitude anomalies are located (i) between SP-270 and -310 at about 1.3 seconds and (ii) betwen SP-250 and -300 at about 1.0 second.
The ten-fold CDP gathers at locations A and B of FIG. 18 are shown in FIGS. 19(a) and 19(b), respectively. Here, there do indeed appear to be indications of amplitude increase with offset. In FIG. 19a, the anomaly appears over a region where amplitude increases with offset. In FIG. 19b, the anomaly at 1.0 seconds is thought to be related to low-velocity shale.
The method of the present invention as described provides a geophysicist with a strong tool for differentiating gas-filled and non-gas reservoirs in a variety of structural combinations, e.g., sand and limestone embedded in shale. However, the invention is not limited to the above structural combinations alone, but is applicable to other anomalous circumstances as known to those skilled in the art. It should thus be understood that the invention is not limited to any specific embodiments set forth herein, as variations are readily apparent, and thus the invention is to be given the broadest possible interpretation within the terms of the following claims.
1. A method for increasing resolution of seismic records containing high-intensity amplitude events in order to associate such events with gas-bearing strata in the earth, comprising the steps of:
(c) by means of automated processing means, indexing said corrected traces in two dimensions whereby each of said corrected traces is identified in its relationship to neighboring traces on the basis of progressive changes in horizontal offset value versus progressive changes in common centerpoint location,
(d) displaying a series of said traces of step (c) on a side-by-side basis as a function of progressively changing horizontal offset values, said displayed traces all being associated with at least the same general common group of centerpoints so that progressive change in a high-intensity amplitude event from trace to trace of said displayed traces is identified as a function of progressive change in horizontal offset value whereby more likely than not said event relates to reflections from acoustic impedances with strata containing gaseous hydrocarbons.
2. The method of claim 1 in which step (c) is further characterized by the substeps of:
(i) selecting a first series of indexed traces within a common offset, common centerpoint window of predetermined dimensions; and
(ii) summing said first series of selected traces to form a summed trace.
3. The method of claim 2 with the additional substeps of:
(iii) incrementing the window at least in the common offset dimension to select a second series of traces; and
(iv) summing the second series of selected traces to form a second summed trace.
4. The method of claim 3 in which step (d) is a side-by-side display of said summed traces as a function of progressively changing composite horizontal offset values whereby progressive changes in said high-intensity amplitude event are more easily identifiable.
5. The method of claim 2 in which the dimension of the window of step (i) is four offset values high by five centerpoint locational points long.
6. A method for converting an original multitrace seismic record into an improved section having increased resolution as to the nature of high-intensity amplitude events related to reflections from subsurface strata possibly containing gaseous hydrocarbons, said improved section being composed of a plurality of amplitude-versus-horizontal offset-and-time traces, said original record consisting of a plurality of multitrace seismic traces of amplitude-versus-horizontal coordinate-and-time, each of said traces constituting energy derived in association with a particular source-detector pair of known horizontal offset and of known centerpoint location, and representing, in part, event reflections from said subsurface strata, said conversion comprising the steps of:
(b) displaying at least said each trace and said another trace associated with said common centerpoint location, as a function of progressively changing horizontal offset values to form at least a segment of said improved section so that progressive change in a high-intensity amplitude event common to said each trace and said another trace is identified as a function of progressive change in horizontal offset, forming said segment of said improved section, whereby said event relates to reflections from acoustic impedances associated with strata containing gaseous hydrocarbons.
7. The method of claim 6 in which said common centerpoint location of said another classified trace of step (a) is also common to a plurality of additional other traces, each having known but progressively changing horizontal values with respect to said another trace.
8. The method of claim 7 in which the step (b) is a side-by-side display of said each trace, said another trace and said additional other traces as a function of progressively changing horizontal offset value to form said improved section whereby progressive change in said high-intensity event is more easily identifiable.
9. The method of claim 7 in which step (a) is further characterized by:
10. The method of claim 9 with the additional steps of:
11. The method of claim 9 in which step (b) is a side-by-side display of said summed traces as a function of progressively changing composite horizontal values to form said improved section whereby progressive change in said high-intensity amplitude event is more easily identifiable.
12. The method of claim 9 in which the window of step (ii) has dimensions of four offset values wide by five centerpoint locational points long.
3354985 November 1967 Sparks
3381266 April 1968 Harris
3706069 December 1972 Savit
3921126 November 1975 Waters
"Seismic Signal Processing", Wood et al., Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 63, Apr. 1975, pp. 649-661. "Reflection and Transmission Coefficients for Plane".
Patent number: 4316268
Inventor: William J. Ostrander (Novato, CA)
Attorneys: J. A. Buchanan, Jr., R. L. Freeland, Jr., H. D. Messner
Application Number: 6/77,240
Current U.S. Class: Display Systems (367/68); Format Conversion (367/74); Timing Correction (367/50); Compositing System (367/59)
International Classification: G01V 134; G01V 136;