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142.1 10apr Tw HITmeanuse | Electronic Health Record | Health Informatics
MBA-5401 Analyze Case Study I-4
ehr implementation plan 2
Best Practices in EMR Implementation
Flyer_2011 Open Health Tools Academic Challenge__03Mar11
Labour Law (project)
d _27888_474
Charla Conducir Embriaguez Colegio
Fiff Programme 2018 Web 1
AMERICAN HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION APRIL 2010
olicymakers and health care providers increasingly recognize health information technology (IT) as a tool for providing efficient, high-quality care. Today, hospitals and physicians use health IT to store health information electronically, facilitate clinical decisionmaking, streamline clinician workflows and monitor population health. Research suggests that these activities can facilitate more effective care and potentially lower long-term costs for the health care system.1
Electronic health record (EHR) systems, in particular, have been the focus of recent attention from policymakers. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA) authorized incentive payments to eligible hospitals and physicians that are meaningful users of EHRs. As a result of the incentives and other funding opportunities, policymakers hope that the majority of hospitals and physicians will have adopted EHRs by 2015. Hospitals are eager to build EHR systems,
recognizing them as an essential mechanism to improve patient care and achieve the quality and efficiency envisioned by all health care stakeholders. Implementing these systems, however, is a time- and resource-intensive process. Thus, the timelines established by the ARRA and the regulatory requirements proposed by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) may prove challenging for hospitals seeking to obtain incentive payments, or even force rushed adoption and jeopardize successful implementation.
Recent Federal Investment in Health IT: the ARRA
Recognizing the potential benefits associated with greater use of EHR systems, but also the cost of adoption, Congress authorized significant funding to support the widespread adoption of health IT through the ARRA. The majority of these funds will be distributed as incentive payments to eligible providers – including hospitals – that use EHR systems. The ARRA-stipulated incentive payments, which will be distributed through the Medicare and Medicaid programs, are intended to encourage hospitals and some physicians to become “meaningful users” of health IT. The formula for hospital incentive payments includes a base payment of $2 million and factors in total discharge volume, the level of charity care, the percentage of inpatient days paid for by Medicare or Medicaid, as applicable, and an annual transition factor that scales back the payment over time. CMS estimates that the total payments distributed to Medicare and Medicaid providers will be between $14 and $27 billion over 10 years, though total spending will depend on the number of providers that qualify.2 The meaningful use program has three primary goals: standardizing the electronic capture of information such as patient demographics or provider orders; improving quality at the point of care; and using clinical decision support and patient self-management tools as vehicles to improve quality, safety and efficiency. Hospitals are eligible to receive Medicare incentive payments in federal fiscal years 2011 through 2016. Medicare penalties for failing to meet meaningful use requirements will begin in 2015 and be phased in through 2017, at which point they are permanent. Medicaid incentive payments will
CMS suggested a detailed definition of meaningful use in a proposed rule published on January 13. primarily to community-based physicians. NY. EHR systems also can change the practice of medicine for the physician. Another portion of the ARRA funding will be distributed as grants to support the creation of regional extension centers that will offer technical assistance. such as information exchange. physicians can use EHRs with external communication capabilities to share patient data with other members of the care team (Chart 1). Hospital EHR systems integrate many diverse information components.5 million over five years by eliminating film. The Office of the National Coordinator for Health IT has proposed a new certification program. and standardizing medications and increasing formulary checks.4 Medication error reduction – one of many possible incremental successes for users of EHR systems – is attainable because EHR systems often store patient information more clearly and completely than traditional paper-based records and provide alerts of medication allergies or other problems. In their responses to the proposed rule.THE ROAD TO MEANINGFUL USE TRENDWATCH commence at the discretion of each state.10 Factors that are not as easily measured in financial terms also impact return on investment. after implementing an EHR system in the emergency department. which it expects to finalize in tandem with the CMS rule on meaningful use. More directly. EHR systems can improve quality at the point of care through the incorporation of clinical decision-making aids. often through incremental changes in workflow and health IT use. lth Information Ex Patient Registration Computerized Provider Order Entry Core Hospital EHR System Clinical Documentation Clinical Decision Support di olo gy Inf o rm a m ar Ph t io n Exchange with oth ls ita sp o er H supplement EHR systems and facilitate best practices by providing physicians with evidence-based guidelines for diagnosis and treatment. 2010. Chart 1:  EHR Functions and Communication Capabilities ormance Me ing Perf asur es ange with o h c x E n ther atio Pro orm vi d Inf ers and Ancillar t n e m t y r S yst pa e em D s	or t Rep cha ng e io n t a w m it r h o f t n h I e g Pat arin ien Sh t Laborator y Dictation/Transcription Inpatient Pharmacy Services Pathology Cardiology Electronic Medication Administration Records Source: Avalere Health adaptation based on ProHealth Care’s hospital information system and electronic medical record. EHR systems help physicians and hospitals reduce wait times and improve patient throughput by speeding information flow among providers and facilities and by eliminating inefficiencies such as duplicative or unnecessary tests. CMS is expected to release a final rule defining meaningful use in late spring 2010. These include increased patient safety and increased patient and provider satisfaction. Maimonides Medical Center in Brooklyn. MedCentral Health System in Ohio. and some hardware and software maintenance. One study estimates annual savings of $77 billion for the entire health care system if most hospitals and providers install health IT systems. Finally. but must begin by 2016 and may not extend past 2021. which Registration Auditing System EHRs can facilitate communication within and outside the hospital. they can automatically assemble a patient’s health information from various sources. hospitals indicated support for the goals of the ARRA.6 The quality and efficiency improvements resulting from EHR system use have the potential to generate savings for the entire health care system. For example.9 For instance. Chart 2: Sample Connection Points between EHR and Other Systems Within the Hospital Ambulatory Care Environment Outcomes Management System Emergency Department Labor and Delivery Clinical Decision Support Bar Coding Patient Accounting Operating Room Electronic Charge Capture System Dietary Information System EHR Radiology Clinical Lab Information System Utilization Management System EHR Systems Hold Potential to Improve Patient Care To date. There are no penalties for non-adoption in the Medicaid incentives program. and its triage-toadmission time by more than three hours. which will be administered by existing Regional Health Information Organizations (RHIOs) as well as new community-based collaboratives. transcription. wrong drug or wrong route of administration – by 66 percent. reduced its average emergency department triage-to-discharge time by nearly two hours. no hospital can receive Medicaid incentive payments for longer than six years. orting Rep arch Rese and Devel Emerg Public Health Info rma ency Room l Hea opm ent a tion Na ti o n 2 ac y Ra 3 .7 Some of these savings may accrue to EHR system users.3 These activities will be important in creating the infrastructure for the complex information exchange that is essential to achieving the long-term objectives of health IT. saved $10.5 Once treatment is complete. and for health IT workforce training. Grants also will be available for planning and implementation of state-level health information exchange (HIE). For instance. replacing film with digital X-rays. hospitals can increase the return on their investment by eliminating the practice of transcription. for instance. the ARRA requires that hospitals use certified EHR systems to receive incentive payments. Finally. but expressed concern that the requirements were too ambitious and the timelines too aggressive.11 Importantly. hospitals have been leaders in adopting EHR systems. achieving the gains in efficiency envisioned by policymakers will require other advancements. while EHR systems are an essential component of a comprehensive health IT infrastructure. DeKalb Medical Center in Georgia reported that its EHR system helped reduce medication administration errors – such as wrong person.8 However. but researchers acknowledge that the majority of the financial and quality benefits supported by health IT are likely to accrue to patients and payers. film jackets.
progress notes. 2009 75. Annual Survey with Information Technology Supplement. Percentage of Hospitals Patient Demographics Medication Lists Discharge Summaries Nurse Notes Problem Lists CPOE for Medications Physician Notes Electronic Capabilities Source: American Hospital Association. Health information exchange between hospitals across regions and states.12 Certain types of hospitals are more likely to have adopted EHR systems. a recent survey found that 75 percent of hospitals have computerized systems to capture patient demographics. Chart 5: Percentage of Hospitals that Use Bar Codes to Identify Patients and Medications. Increasingly. More advanced systems also incorporate tools to support decision-making by clinicians.5% 40.1% 9. but these hospitals may face other challenges to implementation.6%  Fully Implemented in Part of the Hospital  Fully Implemented across All Units Patient Identification Medication Administration Source: American Hospital Association. care quality and efficiency by supporting coordinated care and real-time access to information. The EHR system is not a single technology product. but are reduced for later adopters. Electronic Health Record Incentive Program.3% 14. *In 2015. Medicare and Medicaid Programs. (2009).13 Incentive funding could help smaller and rural hospitals by defraying the The ARRA: Hospitals are eligible for incentive payments in 2011 and subject to penalties in 2015.5 percentage points to become a 1. reflecting in part the greater availability of capital to purchase and support such systems. medications. Chart 3: Percentage of Hospitals that Have Implemented Select Electronic Capabilities in All Hospital Units. Annual Survey with Information Technology Supplement. 2016: Penalties increase for hospitals that have not demonstrated meaningful use 2017 and beyond: Penalties fully phased-in 4 5 . Published January 13.6% 43.5 percent of U. penalties equal to 1/3 reduction on 3/4 of the market basket update. The ARRA includes some privacy and security provisions – notably changes to the Health Information Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). which achieved a 15 percent increase in average patient throughput in the emergency department using an electronic patient tracker and electronic order sets. For example.14 Another example is Springhill Medical Center in Alabama.5 percent increase. hospitals also are integrating tools to share data through patient portals. including patient demographics. At its root. penalties increase to 2/3 reduction on 3/4 market-basket update. One 2009 study estimated that 1. Annual Survey with Information Technology Supplement. In 2017. Many small hospitals have made important yet modest changes with the aid of EHR systems. 2010. which start on October 1 of the previous year.3% 33.5 percent.C. 2009 Percentage of Hospitals 60. Larger. hospitals have implemented a comprehensive EHR Many hospitals have already implemented electronic alerts to improve medication safety… Chart 4: Percentage of Hospitals that Have Implemented Medication Safety Alerts. Larger.3% 46.S. Washington.4% 44. adapted its EHR system to help automate clinical processes for infection control notification. All years are federal fiscal years. such as obtaining adequate technical support and upfront human and financial capital. Washington. (2009).4% 15. As communication spreads outside the hospital.C. penalties increase to a reduction of 3/4 of the market basket.C. Requirements for meaningful use become increasingly stringent.2% 37. D. (2009). such as holding business associates more accountable. EHR systems have the added potential to communicate outside the hospital.5% 44.1% 28. a 2 percent market basket increase would be reduced by 0. Chester County Hospital in Pennsylvania.9% Drug Allergy Drug-drug Interaction Drug-lab Interaction Drug Dosing Support Source: American Hospital Association. D. though CMS has not yet articulated specific requirements. D. report information to multiple public health agencies and connect with other providers in the community. quality surveillance and research. privacy and security concerns will become more salient.8% 59. a change that led to a 23 percent reduction in Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA).9% 29.5% 44. This capability can improve care coordination for patients who receive care at multiple facilities and enable greater public health reporting. is a long-term goal of the ARRA incentive program. urban and teaching hospitals are more likely to have both EHR technologies and the health IT staff needed to support them. For example.9%  Fully Implemented in Part of the Hospital  Fully Implemented across All Units 31. 2010. CPOE = computerized provider order entry 2015: Penalties begin for hospitals that have not demonstrated meaningful use Source: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. FY 2011 begins on October 1.1% costs of health IT implementation. For example. Securing these inputs up front is essential for hospitals because most of the ARRA incentives will be paid only after successful implementation has occurred. but only 15 percent allow for the recording of physician notes across all units (Chart 3). Proposed Rule. Urban Hospitals Are More Likely to Have Implemented EHR Systems Hospitals vary in their specific electronic capabilities. 2009 49. This includes departmental systems. medical histories and other health information. pharmacies and offices (Chart 2). although such functionality is not yet in widespread use. a 2 percent increase would be reduced to 0.7% 23.7% 14. as well ancillary systems. and 46 percent have computerized medication lists. for instance. It also increases the penalties for privacy and security breaches. ranging from those as simple as highlighting abnormal lab results to those providing diagnostic decision trees or guiding physicians in their choice of orders to diagnose and treat patient illnesses.THE ROAD TO MEANINGFUL USE TRENDWATCH What Is an EHR System? The growing interest in EHR systems is due to their potential to improve patient safety.0% Percentage of Hospitals 8.9% 2011: First year to demonstrate meaningful use and receive incentive payments Summer 2010: Final rule on meaningful use expected 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2013–2016: Incentive payments continue. such as those installed in the emergency department or operating room. and eventually nationwide. Washington.2% 16. Chart 6: The ARRA Timeline for Medicare EHR Incentive Payments and Penalties 45. Hospitals must integrate dozens of disparate information systems to bring all relevant patient information together at the point of care.8% 14. In 2016.15 Few hospitals have installed the comprehensive EHR systems envisioned in the ARRA. 42 CFR Parts 412 et al.8% 16. …as well as electronic patient and medication identification systems. such as those in hospital laboratories. an EHR system is an electronic repository of a patient’s health information. At that point. Hospital adoption of comprehensive electronic systems has been incremental.
identifying and building on the capabilities of more advanced users while targeting “problem” staff with additional outreach and engagement. Chart 8: Percentage of Hospitals that Expect to Incur a Financial Penalty for Failing to Demonstrate Meaningful Use by 2015 22 Case Study: Citizens Memorial Healthcare All Responders Under 100 Beds 100–199 Beds 200+ Beds Critical Access Hospitals Rural* Urban* 48% 51% 47% 55% 61% 66% 56% 55% Percent of all responding hospitals that expect to incur penalties 6 Source: American Hospital Association analysis of survey data from 795 non-federal. Project Infocare. including marketing the initiative to users across care settings. Many hospitals expect to incur a financial penalty for failing to achieve meaningful use by 2015. 2010. the next day it’s on. employing ongoing process improvement during implementation. training hospital staff on new tools. Many hospitals. much planning and deliberation are needed up front. Citizens Memorial Healthcare’s (CMH) implementation of an EHR system illustrates how hospitals can successfully engage and support staff.” Project leaders used multiple strategies and touch points to ensure continued engagement and buy-in from staff. hospitals can choose between systems intended for a single facility versus entire health care systems. at which point penalties for non-adoption will begin. After spending approximately one year selecting and negotiating with a vendor. The specific platform a hospital chooses will depend on its size. Some stakeholders have expressed concern that the timeline could jeopardize hospitals’ ability to customize and implement systems that appropriately respond to patient safety concerns. 7). which allows medical practitioners to communicate treatment orders electronically and across settings. 7 . Negotiating an agreeable contract and working with a vendor adds time to this process.9 $2. By 2005 all facilities in the system were using computerized provider order entry (CPOE). by 2015. customizing the technology to meet the specific and unique needs of the hospital.9 Estimated Average Maximum Incentive Payment (millions) $5. The first incentive payments will be distributed in federal fiscal year 2011 and penalties begin in 2015 (Chart 6. and the hospital had ceased maintaining paper charts. Sufficient time is necessary to allow for planning and strategizing.6 $2. leadership at CMH note that the health system will need to take additional steps to achieve meaningful use as defined by the CMS proposed rule published January 13.5  Year 2  Year 1 Successful EHR System Implementation Requires Time. hospitals must take time to identify the expected benefits of the EHR system.2  Year 4  Year 3 $3. such as bar coding or medication safety alerts (Chart 4. and 7.18 analyze costs. developing and participating in demonstrations.16 The required capital.17 Larger hospitals are eligible to receive higher incentive payments. Resources and Planning For hospitals to realize the promise of EHR systems. budget and anticipated use of the system. phasing in new functions or applications to ensure sufficient support for users. the need to ensure EHR systems maintain patient safety may encourage hospitals to adopt incremental. at which point CMH initiated its EHR implementation effort. these steps are essential to ensure a successful outcome.THE ROAD TO MEANINGFUL USE TRENDWATCH system in all clinical care units. particularly physicians. CMH engaged both clinical and administrative staff across departments and levels – up to and including the chief executive officer and board – throughout the planning and implementation lifecycles. a hospital may need to compare a newer. as defined by CMS in its proposed rule. CMH signed a contract for this engagement in December 2001. particularly those that have not already begun implementation. Employees were heavily involved in the selection of the EHR system and its functions. *Excluding critical access hospitals. introducing the system to clinicians. CMH is a rural health care system in Missouri with one small hospital (76 beds). as well as its previous IT investments.19 and obtain the commitment of physicians and staff. selecting or building the system. measured implementation. 25 physician clinics. make large-scale changes difficult. The vendor was able to begin implementation in March 2002.20 Gaining buy-in from staff. In early 2010. and training physicians one-on-one throughout the staged implementation of CPOE. is a critical and time-consuming step. 5). If the final meaningful use requirements are as stringent as those proposed by CMS. Project leaders noted that CMH’s phased approach allowed them to support staff throughout the transition process and that they did not want to employ a process in which “one day it [the EHR system] is off. In an effort to streamline care delivery.6 percent have implemented a system in at least one unit. by Year and Size of Hospital* $4. benefits and other financial metrics.21 After the initial preparation stages. many hospitals report that they are unlikely to achieve meaningful use. Responses may change based on final meaningful use specifications. training staff on basic computer skills to minimize intimidation. Note: Hospital responses based on meaningful use as defined in the proposed rule released by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services in January 2010. Thirty-nine teams of employees were responsible for identifying the requirements needed in a new system. CMH decided to implement a system-wide EHR in 2000. Assumes all hospitals will meet qualifying criteria in time to receive maximum possible incentive. Together. However. staff pushback against a new EHR system can derail implementation. and home care services. Hospitals Must Allow Sufficient Time for Design and Installation Under 50 beds 50 to 99 100 to 299 Hospital Bed Size 300 to 499 500+ Source: American Hospital Association analysis of Medicare Cost Report data for fiscal years 2007 and 2008 and 2008 AHA Annual Survey Data. five long-term care facilities. the ARRA timeline to achieve meaningful use will be very challenging to meet. Since implementing its EHR system CMH has moved on to increasingly sophisticated systems such as a patient portal and home health tele-management. Chart 7: Estimated Average Maximum Medicare Incentive Payment Per Hospital. Further. short-term acute care hospitals collected in January and February 2010. making site visits and recommending vendors and systems. 66 percent of critical access hospitals and 56 percent of rural hospitals did not expect to demonstrate meaningful use by 2015 (Chart 8). combined with staffing and other limitations. Similarly. *Excludes critical access hospitals and those in Maryland and Puerto Rico. For example. Hospitals need to ensure new health IT is compatible with existing systems and must alter clinical workflows and organizational culture. and performing ongoing maintenance and testing of the system. may not qualify. more technologically advanced system to a less sophisticated system that has been on the market longer and already demonstrated its capabilities in real-world settings. Despite the progress achieved in implementing some electronic capabilities. the hospital will need to select a system. Implementation is a multi-stage process (Chart 9). It also is essential that hospitals choose products that are certified – once this process is specified and operational – in order to receive incentive payments. While planning for implementation.
the hospital will need to test the system and customize where necessary. it can require providers to re-orient how they complete and process orders. they may require a rearrangement of current processes.25 These discussions take time. often forcing them to install technology without taking the time to tailor systems to organizational realities…. Implementation of certain Chart 10: Sample Workflow Process for Medication Order Before Redesign RN signs off/acknowledges order on the paper order sheet Physician writes medication order on paper order sheet RN transcribes the orders onto paper medication administration record (MAR) and writes in scheduled times for medication as applicable Order given to unit pharmacist If present. For example. gain physician buy-in • Model financials • Research systems • Interview vendors • Negotiate agreeable contract with vendor of choice • Potential waiting period between contract and implementation • Establish new workflows for all clinical departments by analyzing current processes and translating them into an electronic format • Customize system where necessary • Install and test system • Convert paper charts • Train staff • Inform patients • Troubleshoot problems and find solutions • Continue to customize system • Compare projected costs with actual costs • Update system and train staff on an ongoing basis and coordination. Transforming Healthcare with a Patient-Centric Electronic Health Record System. and six to12 months or more to troubleshoot and become productive on their systems. Electronic Systems Often Prompt Hospitals and Clinicians to Redesign Care Delivery During implementation. Evanston Northwestern Healthcare (ENH) in Illinois ultimately generated 2. 8 9 . David Classen. multi-stage processes.pdf. Electronic workflows require providers to think differently about processes in which they engage every day. Similarly. hospitals will have to update continuously the EHR system.26 Each hospital will need to redesign numerous workflows to achieve a full transition to electronic processes. practitioners may rely on consultations with pharmacists. Given the processes needed to achieve a successful outcome. Link: www. functionalities. Source: Ganguly. University of Utah in the Journal of the American Medical Association Medication appears on MAR.himss. this function was incorporated into the order-entry process and completed by the physician (Chart 11). Chart 9: Sample EHR Implementation Process Discovery and Vendor Selection Design of Workflows and Software Customization Testing and Training Deployment and Modifications 3–6 months 18–30 months 12+ months • Articulate goals • Communicate with staff. order faxed or tubed to pharmacy Pharmacist verifies order against other medications and allergies No Pharmacist enters order into the pharmacy system Medication sent up to unit Medication Management System Override Problem identified? No Yes Pharmacy calls the physician to discuss order EHR system implementation will require hospitals to redesign workflows to ensure installed technology aligns with providers’ and patients’ needs. Redesigning multiple processes at once could prove challenging for institutions and providers. Hospitals also must consider how health IT systems react to unexpected changes in workflows and ensure an appropriate level of flexi­ bility. Hospital workflows are complex.com/ME2/dirmod. Application for Nicholas E. the size and complexity of the hospital and the willingness of physicians to proceed. These changes encompass office communication. Success depends on the ability to understand and map workflows. The chief information officer of CentraState Healthcare System in New Jersey estimates that hospitals need at least three to six months to evaluate and select a system. sent up for the next 24 hours RN checks written order on the old MAR against printed order on the new MAR Source: Evanston Northwestern Healthcare. Davies Award of Excellence. 18-24 months to install it. including the baseline IT capabilities of the hospital. such as CPOE.THE ROAD TO MEANINGFUL USE TRENDWATCH The EHR implementation process is lengthy and complicated and can last multiple years. For example. create interfaces or connections with existing IT systems. clinicians should review current practice and the medical literature and come to agreement about the “standard care” for each type of case so that appropriate prompts may be programmed into the system. Additionally. a patient requiring emergency care may need medication administered before any interaction with a CPOE system is possible. and could be hesitant about moving to electronic order systems that do not explicitly include such touch points. but offer considerable benefit in engaging clinicians and standardizing care processes. train members of the staff and convert paper charts to electronic form. one hospital’s medication order process relied on pharmacists to check manually for drug interactions or allergies (Chart 10). the overall timeframe for implementation can span several years. and provider-provider communication Medication required now? Yes Go to medication management system and remove medication If med not in medication management system. For example. This final item may require extra staffing or even outsourcing. (2004). among many others. can take even longer.”24  Dean Sittig. re-train the staff and perform system evaluations to determine opportunities for improvement. before a hospital can roll out a clinical decision support tool. Link: http://www. Reorganizing this single step in the workflow thus required switches from manual to electronic medication checking and from pharmacist to physician.healthcare-informatics. Because CPOE is dependent on information flow and care processes. and then to translate these processes into an electronic tool. For example.org/content/files/davies2004_evanston. then call to pharmacy for stat prep No Order changed? Physician calls floor to speak with RN re changed order No Yes Medication Administration Workflow Order cancelled? Yes Physician calls floor to speak with RN re cancelled order from the field “” “ [The] extremely aggressive timeline in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) of 2009 stimulus package places enormous pressure on healthcare practitioners and their organizations to rapidly implement EHRs. After the initial implementation. Workflow changes entail both procedural and substantive re-examinations. (2009). Such rapid implementations could lead to significant patient safety events. and Dr.asp?sid=&nm=&type=Blog &mod=View+Topic&mid=67D6564029914AD3B204AD35D8F5F780&tier=7&id=AFFF91F92B25459390339D8BEF270652. Healthcare Informatics.23 The precise timeframe depends on many factors. provider-patient interaction. Memorial Hermann Health System informatics specialist. radiologists or other specialists. patient flow. N. Much of the time for customization and adaptation may be spent on redesigning and implementing new workflows.000 unique workflows as part of its EHR system implementation. After redesign.
Arkansas estimated that upgrading from their current EHR system to a mid-level computer system would cost $10 million over a five-year period. A study of the effects of health IT on outpatient primary care visits reported that patients were satisfied with their interactions and that their physicians were more familiar with them and better able to communicate about their medical care.32 Hospitals should take these concerns into account when implementing and starting to use new EHR systems. One study found that physicians using EHR systems could not physically orient themselves toward their patients as could physicians using paper records. Estimates range from $3 million for an EHR system for a small hospital40 to as much as $200 million for a very large hospital. Project team leaders led more than 150 staff through a systematic evaluation of how patients and information flowed through the health care system. however.himss.THE ROAD TO MEANINGFUL USE TRENDWATCH EHR systems can simplify workflows.600 hospital-based and 284 communitybased physicians. Transforming Healthcare with a Patient-Centric Electronic Health Record System. 27 Case Study: Evanston Northwestern Healthcare Adequate Capital Is Necessary to Ensure Success In 2001. then call to pharmacy for stat prep Medication Management System Override Medication Administration Workflow Source: Evanston Northwestern Healthcare. and 60 percent were concerned about ongoing maintenance costs.36 As health IT systems become more sophisticated and complex. high-level workflows. physicians and other clinicians may need to take extra care in ordering medications to avoid selecting an incorrect parameter. deploying. These eventually translated to 2.41 though hospital leaders indicate that costs for large health systems could rise significantly higher.39 Experts estimate that EHR systems require major financial investments that can vary widely based on the unique features of the hospital. Research shows that an abundance of low-utility or “nuisance” alerts can lead clinicians to ignore all alerts – potentially missing vital clinical information.000 detailed workflows. Nevertheless.30 and having a computer at the point of care may shift the practitioner’s attention away from face-to-face engagement.35 For example.29 Time spent navigating the system may reduce the time spent directly on the patient. improve efficiency and reduce patient inconvenience. workarounds and hand-offs that slowed patient throughput and introduced the potential for errors. hospitals have reported instances of misplaced test results. CDS tools can help providers select the most appropriate diagnostic imaging test based on the individual patient’s symptoms. and may help reduce variation in care across practitioners. (2004). They determined that even if they received their maximum possible amount in incentive payments. Administrators at White County Medical Center in Searcy. hospitals may need to consider how many and which clinical alerts are most important for patient care. Effective utilization of CDS has the potential to lower costs. If med not in system. it could be challenging for developers and users to keep systems aligned with evolving clinical practice. intelligently filtered to improve health care quality.42 Even hospital leaders who invested in health IT years ago may face high costs to upgrade systems to ensure eligibility for incentive payments. but CDS developers have access to multiple and varied sources of clinical information. found that physicians using EHR systems tended to achieve greater patient involvement and participation.28 Additionally. some providers fear that increased use of health IT will depersonalize care and create barriers in the traditional relationship between health professional and patient. so too do the implementation and maintenance questions they raise. medication sent up to unit Medication required now? Yes Go to medication management system and remove medication.31 The same study. but will not cover all necessary costs. Davies Award of Excellence. For example.33 Similarly. For example. from a prompt or drop-down list. integration of any outpatient or non-acute care facilities. such as route of administration. ENH reported that the exercise helped the hospital identify redundancies. However. Hospitals report cost as a primary barrier to implementing EHR systems and other health IT systems. Where possible. ENH identified workflow redesign and the implementation of new processes as “the most challenging part of the entire project.38 Incentive payments will help reimburse hospitals’ costs of health IT systems. While EHR system benefits typically far outweigh their harm.37 Seventy percent of hospitals recently surveyed cited upfront cost as a key barrier to achieving implementation. the nursing documentation toolbar was designed to mirror the paper admission packet.34 Medication appears automatically on the electronic MAR Clinical Decision Support Systems No Pharmacist verifies order.org/content/files/davies2004_evanston. the hospital’s size. For example. Many hospitals face serious financial strains and challenges in accessing capital as a result of the recession. patients found that they understood and participated more in the medical decision-making process. Team leaders worked with users to redesign workflows. For example. ensuring that CDS systems are equipped with the best medical knowledge available is very important. Application for Nicholas E. number of nursing units and existing technology can all influence how costly an EHR system will be.”39 PriceWaterhouseCoopers analysis. Nearly half of hospitals reported declining margins and one third reported a negative margin in from the field “” “ The stimulus incentives to comply with the new requirements for purchasing. Clinical decision support (CDS) systems equip physicians and other practitioners and patients with knowledge and patient-specific information. and maintaining interoperable EHRs do not come near to compensating the overall costs.” Hospitals Must Consider How EHR Systems Will Affect Patient Care Research suggests that EHR systems enhance the patient experience. ENH began implementing an EHR system in three hospitals and 68 office locations that employed 1. missing medical information and failure to display allergy information due to EHR system malfunction. Chart 11: Sample Workflow Process for Medication Order After Redesign System performs duplicate therapy check and allergy checks Physician enters medication order into system RN clicks “acknowledge” button to sign off order in order review Physician addresses the warnings accordingly and signs order It is critical to note that EHR systems also can introduce new opportunities for error. ultimately yielding 500 integrated.pdf. teams designed electronic workflows and resources to mimic paper versions to maximize familiarity. Link: www. the hospital would still spend more than $3 million in purchasing a new system43 —and this amount is in addition to the hospital’s investment in its original EHR system. Rock and a Hard Place 10 11 .
Implementation will take at least 18 months. it is unclear when a sufficient pool of certified products will be available for implementation. that may not be feasible for many hospitals. A recent study looked at the implementation experience of nine major vendors with signed contracts to install core clinical systems in large hospitals (200 or more beds) in 2006 or 2007.2% 200+ Beds Critical Access Hospitals Rural* 58.000 qualified health IT professionals over the next five years.4% 100–199 Beds 75. To operate in such an environment. simultaneous demand for a limited number of health IT vendors and trained professionals. EHR system deployment is not the only capital investment that hospitals need to prioritize. To qualify for incentive payments. The anticipated growth in use of EHR systems is expected to create a significant demand for qualified health IT or informatics experts to install applications and train users. Additionally. hospitals need adequate upfront capital to participate (Chart 13). multi-campus health systems and small rural facilities.3% from the field “” “ The cost to upgrade our current system to the certified version will be well in excess of $10M. The limited number of vendors may lead to long waits for access to health IT support. hospitals may encounter delays in implementation because of the new EHR system certification requirements. HHS has proposed a new approach that would modify the certification criteria to align directly with the provider requirements for meaningful use.45 Survey data show that hospital margins are correlated with health IT adoption. 2008. The Economic Crisis: Ongoing Monitoring of Impact on Hospitals. five of the nine vendors had not yet gone live with CPOE at any of their contracted hospitals.46 Because incentive payments through the ARRA will be available only after hospitals have made significant investments in EHR systems. ProHealth Care. Responses may change based on final meaningful use specifications.0% 80.51 Certain hospitals may be disadvantaged as vendors face choices between large. Source: American Hospital Association analysis of survey data from 795 non-federal.47 Hospitals will have to make difficult choices in deciding how and when to implement an EHR system given competing financial priorities. 12% 31% 31% 11% 12% 58% 45%  Same or Easier  Somewhat Harder  Significantly Harder  No Access  Seeing Improvement  About the Same  Continuing to Get Worse Source: American Hospital Association. certified systems. The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) received $32 million in funding from the ARRA to develop a portfolio of grants and cooperative agreements to accelerate the training of health IT professionals. however. (August 2009).6% Under 100 Beds 73.THE ROAD TO MEANINGFUL USE TRENDWATCH Many hospitals are finding it more difficult to access capital since the 2008 recession. Hospitals with older systems may find that vendors will not seek certification for these systems—to achieve meaningful use. These experiences raise questions as to whether vendors will have capacity to support the demands driven by the ARRA within the timeframe allotted. At the other end of the spectrum. The number of experts – particularly those who have gone through all technical aspects of implementation – is modest. training and consulting services necessary for EHR system implementation. Chart 12: Percentage of Hospitals Reporting Difficulty Accessing Capital in 2009 Percentage of Hospitals* Reporting Change in Access to Tax-exempt Bonds. *Excludes those hospitals indicating that they do not use that source of capital.48 Recent data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. technical support. Nearly 70 percent of hospitals cited upfront costs as a barrier to achieving meaningful use.0% 66. or past customers versus new contracts.”52  Rodney Dykehouse. About 45 percent of hospitals believe limited vendor capacity will be a barrier to achieving meaningful use in a timely manner. At this point.44 In addition. Vice President and Chief Information Officer. *Excluding critical access hospitals. 12 13 . Rapid Response Survey. yet to be established process. 88 percent of hospitals have found it more difficult or impossible to access capital from tax-exempt bonds and 39 percent say they are seeing a downturn in philanthropic contributions (Chart 12). Although a previous certification effort by the Certification Commission for Health IT resulted in many certified systems. clinical technology and other health IT priorities.49 A shortage of trained experts in these areas could limit the rate at which certified EHR systems can be successfully set up and may jeopardize hospitals’ ability to meet the ARRA’s deadlines for incentives. short-term acute care hospitals collected in January and February 2010. Chart 13: Percentage of Hospitals that Identified Capital Costs as a Barrier to Meeting Meaningful Use Criteria All Responders 69. those certifications may not be sufficient to meet new federal requirements. Hospitals will have to stretch limited resources across facility upgrades. vendors may create new requirements. Under normal circumstances. Many will start their implementation efforts concurrently. Regardless of the vendor decision. the Department of Education and independent studies predict a shortfall of about 51. ProHealth Care will be investing millions in order to meet the meaningful use certification requirement in an accelerated timeframe. hospitals must use products certified through the new.50 The vendor with the best implementation record had successfully gone live with CPOE at only 23 percent of its large hospital clients by the end of 2008. these hospitals may need to upgrade to new. likely creating a larger. With the emergence of the meaningful use incentive program. Hospitals also depend on vendors to provide the software. The meaningful use incentive program deadline. the federal government has offered significant assistance for universitybased training.1% Urban* 64. such as substantial up-front payments. Note: Hospital responses based on meaningful use as defined in the proposed rule released by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services in January 2010. hospitals can work according to their own timelines when considering and implementing health IT systems. January 2009 Percentage of Hospitals Reporting Change in Ability to Access Capital Since December 2008 Hospitals Face External Challenges in Adopting EHR Systems Even hospitals that effectively manage the internal processes and demands of implementing health IT will face external challenges. our organization is investigating other vendor options to pursue. places all hospitals under the same time constraints. To help meet workforce demands. As a result.
Vice President and Chief Information Officer. A. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association. Journal of Healthcare Information Management. DC. Hospitals Save Time and. Access at http://www. Access at http://www. Visits. Access at www..edu/now/10302009/ in the proposed rule released by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services in impact-of-electronic-medical-records. Department of Health and Human Services. (2010). (2009). The Economic Crisis: Ongoing Monitoring of Impact on Hospitals. (2007). IL.com/vmw/06/ A Roadmap for National Action on Clinical Decision Support. (2005). J. (2010). 4	Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society. Virtual Medical Worlds Monthly. Access at http://investors. practitioners and hospitals. Hospital Receives Innovator Award from Healthcare Informatics. D. (2009).pdf. (2005). defined in the proposed rule released by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Chicago. Davies Award Application. DC. will be an important boost to hospitals seeking to implement health IT systems. Washington. Many hospitals already have experienced great successes with their EHR systems. (2009). Eclipsys Announces Impact from Health IT Stimulus Funding. Money.html. 14 .com/whitepapers/Pat%20White%20Papers/ROI. et al. Washington. The ROI of EMR-EHR: Productivity Soars.. 1628-1638. Record. Access at http://www. Access at http://www. (2009). Electronic Health Record Incentive Program. 21(1). 11	Goldstein.A. 23	Ganguly. Strategic Action in Health Information Technology: Why the Obvious Has Taken So Long. (2007). Technology Supplement. New England Journal of Medicine. 46	American Hospital Association. (2005).. Bethesda. Yes. Davies Award of Excellence. E. Some Unintended Consequences of Information Technology 8	Ibid. 360(16). Rockville. (2001). MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.himss. (2008).. (2007). 30	Hsu. January 2010. 8. ARRA and EHR: What Healthcare CIOs Need to Know 16	Jha.com/ME2/dirmod. D.asp?p=1064. (2010). The Use of Electronic Medical Records: Communication Electronic Health Records. England Journal of Medicine. D. Access at www. access. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association. Computerized Physician Order Entry. Montgomery. 33	Ash. (2004). IL. 19	Ibid.com.htm. and should design programs to reflect these goals.org/content/files/davies/2005/CMH_FULL_APPLICATION. (2010). The Leapfrog Group and First Consulting Group. Meaningful Use Leading to Improved Outcomes. et al. Access at http://edocket. (2009). healthcare/publications/rock-and-a-hard-place. Building Enterprise Recession’s Impact.softwarecpr.F. DC. 14	The Health Network of the Chester County Hospital. (2009). DC. 51	American Hospital Association. (2009). 34	Kilbridge. Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence-Based Handbook for 52	Personal communication between American Hospital Association and Nurses.163-164. Impact of Electronic Medical Records Discussed. DC. (2009). 106(3). EHR systems can improve the quality and efficiency of health care in hospitals. 1477-1479. G. Wisconsin Medical Journal. 360.hsph.himss. Journal of the American Medical Informatics 5	Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society. Rockville. (2004). Office of the National Coordinator. 28	Hsu. Transforming Healthcare with a Patient-Centric Electronic Health Record System.KLASresearch. Responses may change based on final meaningful use specifications. D.cchosp. Hospitals and policymakers must strike a balance between swift and careful adoption of health IT. IL. et al. 17	American Hospital Association. 37	Jha. Comprehensive Monitoring and Evaluation Framework. Hospitals and Communities Continue to Feel personal communication with Denni McColm. New About the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act and Electronic Health Records. (2005). Washington. 104-112. Access at http://www.leapfroggroup. (2005).S. 62-68. Citizens Recession’s Impact. Proposed Rule. (2009).S. (2009). Chief Information Officer. Note: Hospital responses based on meaningful use as Management Systems Society. Access at http://www.. Healthcare Informatics. 303(5). Nicholas E. (25 February 2010).S.C. Costs and Benefits of Health Information Technology. Health Information Technology and Physician-Patient Interactions: Impact of Computers on Communication during Outpatient Primary Care 3	American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009.eclipsys. 13	Jha. A.himss. AHA News Now. 27	Evanston Northwestern Healthcare. Washington. A Review of Methods to Estimate the Benefits of Electronic Medical Records in Hospitals and the Need for a National Benefits 43	Personal communication between American Hospital Association and Ray Database.pwc. Thoughtful implementation – including a certain level of customization and ongoing refinement – will achieve the best results for patients. 48	Hagland. 32	Shuren. and Healthcare Information and Health Records. et al. 21	Gold.I. The Chester County New England Journal of Medicine. N.gpo. et al.S. Rockville. JAMA.com/us/en/ 2009 President’s Award Winners. (2009).org/media/file/Leapfrog-CPOE_Evaluation2. 26	Hughes. 22	Citizens Memorial Healthcare. American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009: Information Technology 67D6564029914AD3B204AD35D8F5F780&tier=7&id=AFFF91F92B254593903 Professionals in Health Care: Program of Assistance for University-Based Training. 12. Stimulating the Adoption of Health Information Technology. Washington. and Wang. 35	Brener. MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. et al. 12. 39D8BEF270652. as well as realistic implementation timeframes. Use of Electronic Health Records in US Hospitals. 15	Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society. 26(12). 45	American Hospital Association. et al. Hospitals.pdf. 41	Lasalandra. Rodney Dykehouse. 36	Brener. J.. (2010). 31 March 2010. The push to implementation must be thoughtfully executed. 24(5). 29	Shortliffe.hoise. and Groen. ProHealth Care. particularly through incentive payments. (2008). (2009). Washington. Implementing Electronic Health Records in Physician Offices: Lessons Learned.pdf. 40	Hypatia Research. The Value of 31	Makoul. 2008 Annual Survey with Information Health Information Technology. for the health care system to realize the quality and cost benefits of health IT. P.himss. American Medical Informatics Association for the Office of the National Coordinator for 12	American Hospital Association.. Rapid Response Survey. Electronic Health Association. (2009). Overview of the Leapfrog Group Evaluation Tool for featherly-jossi. Health Affairs. DC. MD: The articles/vmw/LV-VM-08-06-19. 474-480. Quality? Santa Monica. J. Electronic Health Records Survey Data. Clinical Decision Support Systems: State of the Art. (2009). Rapid Response Survey Data: Electronic http://www. and Classen. M.com/hypatiaresearch_arra-ehr_summary90109. E. et al. Rockville. 1628-1638. Use of Electronic Health Records in US Hospitals.. and Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.S.. POLICY QUESTIONS • How can policymakers balance the desire for rapid acceleration of health IT with the need to set practical milestones for hospitals and physicians? • How can policymakers and providers work together to identify and understand the critical success factors for health IT implementation? • How can the costs of implementation be distributed equitably to reflect where benefits accrue? • What steps do policymakers need to take to enable a robust infrastructure for health information exchange across providers in the future? • How can policymakers ensure an adequate supply of health IT professionals and sufficient infrastructure to achieve the ARRA’s goals? • How can EHR systems support patient engagement in care and shared decision-making between patient and physician? 2	Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services.jhtml. New England Journal of Medicine. et al.. 36-42.THE ROAD TO MEANINGFUL USE The Road Ahead Hospitals and policymakers are taking important steps toward realizing the promise of health IT. Access at http://nextentconsulting. et al. 25 March 2010. 25	Blumenthal. A.com/phoenix. Value Measurement and Return on Investment MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Got People? Healthcare Informatics. P. ENDNOTES 1	RAND. informatics. however. (2006). 610-615. Access at http://www. M. 44	American Hospital Association. President and Chief Executive Officer of White County Medical Center. (2009). (2009). 25 March 2010. Washington. Health Information Technology and Physician-Patient Interactions: Impact of Computers on Communication during Outpatient Primary Care Visits. The Value of Electronic Health Records. MD.. Safe Electronic Health Record Use Requires a 50	KLAS Enterprises. 360(16). and Eclipsys.org/ content/files/BuildingEnterpriseInformationSharing.pdf and 47	American Hospital Association. J.asp. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association. (2006). 11. Access at www. (2009). IL.. The Value of Technology (HIT) Policy Committee Adoption/Certification Workgroup. 9	Health Information Management Systems Society. Washington. (2009)..C. J. J.asp?File=/ 7	RAND. DC. Health Information Technology: Can HIT Lower Costs and Improve hitpolicycommitteemeeting021510jeffshurentestimony. Federal funding. R.pdf. for EHRs. (29 October 2009). J. Use of Electronic Health Records in U. CA. Clinical Decision Support Systems: State of the Art. (2009). Rock and a Hard Place: Analysis of the $36 Billion Electronic Health Records. (2006). DC. Responses may change based on final meaningful use specifications. and many others are accelerating their efforts in anticipation of the ARRA incentive payments. Note: Hospital responses based on meaningful use as defined Harvard Public Health Now. AHA News Now. (2010). Washington. (2001).healthcare49	U.A. 360(16).html.pdf.. 474-480. 1628-1638. 24	Sittig. zhtml?c=78585&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1292261&highlight=. Electronic Health Records. Chicago. The Value of 39	PriceWaterhouseCoopers. (2005). Continued Progress: Hospital Use of Health Information Technology. 1222-1233. Information Sharing: A Collection of Case Studies. (2006). in Health Care: The Nature of Patient Care Information System-related Errors. Public Law 111-5.asp?sid=&nm=&type=Blog&mod=View+Topic&mid= (2009). Medicare and Medicaid Programs. (May 2009). Access at 38	American Hospital Association. 42	Personal communication with leadership at two health systems. 2010 Annual Survey with HIT Supplement. Health Information Technology: Can HIT Lower Costs and Improve Quality? Santa Monica. 450-451. The financial and human limits of hospitals should be considered. and Osheroff.org/ASP/topics_ehr. Patterns in Outpatient Encounters.gov/2010/E9-31217. CA. in January 2010. (2006). Access at http://www.harvard. 18	Thompson. E..com/cchpage. 10	Ibid. Chicago.com/Allure6scripts/download. Testimony before the Health Information 6	Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society. Memorial Healthcare. Hospitals and Communities Continue to Feel 20	Healthcare Information Management Systems Society.org/content/files/davies2004_evanston. D. Hospitals recognize the benefits of health IT tools and support moving toward a technologically advanced health care system.pdf. Chicago. D. Access at http://www.
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