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Updated to reflect the Draft NSW Wind Farm Planning Guidelines
Prepared by: Tract Consultants Pty Ltd on behalf of Crookwell Development Pty Ltd In conjunction with: AECOM Australia Pty Ltd Anderson Environmental Consultants Pty Ltd Aviation Projects Pty Ltd Coffey Geotechnics Pty Ltd Futureye Pty Ltd Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd Green Bean Design Pty Ltd SLR Consulting Pty Ltd URS Australia Pty Ltd
195 Lennox Street Richmond Victoria 3121 Australia Telephone 03 9429 6133 Facsimile 03 9429 5925 melbourne@tract.net.au
Environmental Assessment Crookwell 3 Wind Farm
Quality Assurance - Report Record Project Name Document Number Revision (see below) Prepared By Reviewed By Approved By Date of Issue Crookwell 3 Wind Farm PR 03 12 Rebecca Wardle Adam Terrill Nevan Wadeson July 2012
Revision Status Revision Date of Number Revision
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 June 2010 July 2010 August 2010 Dec 2010 Dec 2010 January 2011 January 2011 February 2011 March 2011 March 2011 November 2011 July 2012
all revisions must be identified by the following information Description of Revision
Full report changes Full report changes Full report changes Full report changes Full report changes Full report changes Full report changes Full report changes Full report changes Full report changes Full report changes Update to reflect Draft NSW Planning Guidelines and other changes Response to DP&I request for further information
GA GA GA RW RW RW RW RW RW RW RW RW
Reviewed Pages By Revised
AT AT AT AT AT AT AT AT AT AT AT AT All All All All All All All All All All All All
8, 149-152, 196-200 and Appendix 1
Authors certification Nevan Wadeson, Adam Terrill and Rebecca Wardle of Tract Consultants are the primary authors of this document, with a variety of other authors contributing specialist input. The primary authors have relied on this specialist input. The information contained in this document is neither false nor misleading. Nevan Wadeson Tract Consultants (Director)
Adam Terrill Tract Consultants (Principal Town Planner)
Rebecca Wardle Tract Consultants (Town Planner)
Contents 1 2 Executive Summary ...................................................................................................... 12 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 16 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 16 2.2 Project History .............................................................................................................. 16 2.3 The Proponent.............................................................................................................. 17 2.4 Structure of the report .................................................................................................. 18 The Site and Context .................................................................................................... 26 3.1 Site Locality .................................................................................................................. 26 3.2 Site Details ................................................................................................................... 26 3.3 Site Suitability ............................................................................................................... 27 3.4 Land Use ...................................................................................................................... 28 3.5 Demographic Profile .................................................................................................... 28 3.6 Dwellings ...................................................................................................................... 29 3.7 Topography and Soils .................................................................................................. 29 3.8 Hydrology ..................................................................................................................... 29 3.9 Transport and Infrastructure ........................................................................................ 30 3.10 Vegetation .................................................................................................................... 30 3.11 Landscape and Visual Features .................................................................................. 31 3.12 Climate ......................................................................................................................... 32 3.13 Mineral Exploration....................................................................................................... 33 Design Response .......................................................................................................... 34 4.1 Location Criteria ........................................................................................................... 34 4.2 Design Criteria.............................................................................................................. 34 The Proposal ................................................................................................................. 36 5.1 Overview ....................................................................................................................... 36 5.2 Turbine Specifications .................................................................................................. 36 5.3 Turbine Layout ............................................................................................................. 39 5.4 Access Points............................................................................................................... 40 5.5 Access Tracks .............................................................................................................. 42 5.6 Substation, Control Rooms and Facilities Buildings ................................................... 42 5.7 Electrical works ............................................................................................................ 42 5.8 Vegetation Removal and Planting ............................................................................... 44 5.9 Wind Monitoring Equipment ........................................................................................ 44 5.10 Hazard Lighting ............................................................................................................ 44 5.11 Temporary Construction Facilities ............................................................................... 45 5.12 Construction ................................................................................................................. 46 5.13 Operation ..................................................................................................................... 48 5.14 Decommissioning ........................................................................................................ 49 Project Justification ...................................................................................................... 51 6.1 Climate Change ........................................................................................................... 51 6.2 Renewable Energy ....................................................................................................... 54 6.3 Wind Power Context ..................................................................................................... 58 6.4 Community Attitudes .................................................................................................... 62 6.5 Project Benefits ............................................................................................................ 63 6.6 Consideration of Alternatives ....................................................................................... 67 Statutory Provisions ..................................................................................................... 72 7.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 72 7.2 Commonwealth Instruments ........................................................................................ 72 7.3 NSW State Instruments ................................................................................................ 75 7.4 Local Instruments ......................................................................................................... 83 7.5 Other Plans and Guidelines ....................................................................................... 107 7.6 Conclusions ............................................................................................................... 109 Economic and Social Impacts ................................................................................... 110 8.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 110 8.2 Economic impacts ..................................................................................................... 110 8.3 Social and policy objectives ...................................................................................... 115 Visual Impacts ............................................................................................................. 119
9.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 119 9.2 Methodology .............................................................................................................. 119 9.3 Results ........................................................................................................................ 120 9.4 Mitigation .................................................................................................................... 123 10 Noise ............................................................................................................................ 125 10.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 125 10.2 Methodology .............................................................................................................. 125 10.3 Results ........................................................................................................................ 126 10.4 Draft NSW Wind Farm Planning Guidelines (December 2011) ................................. 130 10.5 Mitigation .................................................................................................................... 131 11 Health ........................................................................................................................... 134 11.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 134 11.2 Key Claims ................................................................................................................. 134 11.3 Review of the evidence .............................................................................................. 135 11.4 Conclusions ............................................................................................................... 141 11.5 Mitigation .................................................................................................................... 141 12 Blade Throw ................................................................................................................ 142 12.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 142 12.2 Key Concerns ............................................................................................................. 142 12.3 Mitigation .................................................................................................................... 143 13 Shadow Flicker ........................................................................................................... 144 13.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 144 13.2 Methodology .............................................................................................................. 145 13.3 Results ........................................................................................................................ 145 13.4 Mitigation .................................................................................................................... 147 14 Flora and Fauna .......................................................................................................... 148 14.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 148 14.2 Methodology .............................................................................................................. 148 14.3 Proposed vegetation removal and offsets................................................................. 148 14.4 Results ........................................................................................................................ 149 14.5 Mitigation .................................................................................................................... 152 15 Aviation ........................................................................................................................ 153 15.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 153 15.2 Methodology .............................................................................................................. 153 15.3 Results ........................................................................................................................ 153 15.4 Mitigation .................................................................................................................... 155 16 Transport ..................................................................................................................... 157 16.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 157 16.2 Methodology .............................................................................................................. 157 16.3 Results ........................................................................................................................ 157 16.4 Mitigation .................................................................................................................... 159 17 Telecommunications .................................................................................................. 160 17.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 160 17.2 Methodology .............................................................................................................. 160 17.3 Results ........................................................................................................................ 160 17.4 Mitigation .................................................................................................................... 163 18 Fire ............................................................................................................................... 165 18.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 165 18.2 Degree of Risk............................................................................................................ 165 18.3 Mitigation .................................................................................................................... 167 19 Heritage ....................................................................................................................... 168 19.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 168 19.2 Methodology The assessment was conducted in two parts being: ......................... 168 19.3 Results ........................................................................................................................ 168 19.4 Mitigation .................................................................................................................... 170 20 Geotechnical ............................................................................................................... 171 20.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 171 20.2 Assessment Methodology ......................................................................................... 171 20.3 Results ........................................................................................................................ 171
20.4 Mitigation .................................................................................................................... 173 21 Hydrology .................................................................................................................... 175 21.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 175 21.2 Existing Environment.................................................................................................. 175 21.3 Impact Assessment ................................................................................................... 175 21.4 Potential Impacts to Watercourse Crossings and proposed mitigation measures .. 177 21.5 Mitigation .................................................................................................................... 179 22 Cumulative Effects ...................................................................................................... 181 22.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 181 22.2 General impacts ......................................................................................................... 181 22.3 Wind farm developments in the Southern Tablelands .............................................. 182 22.4 Visual Impacts ............................................................................................................ 183 22.5 Ecological Impacts..................................................................................................... 184 22.6 Noise Impacts ............................................................................................................ 185 22.7 Aeronautical Impacts ................................................................................................. 185 22.8 Traffic Impacts ............................................................................................................ 186 22.9 Economic and Social Impacts ................................................................................... 187 23 Consultation ................................................................................................................ 188 23.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 188 23.2 Objectives .................................................................................................................. 188 23.3 Stakeholder engagement .......................................................................................... 189 23.4 Consultation program and activities .......................................................................... 191 23.5 Key Issues Identified .................................................................................................. 196 23.6 Recommendations ..................................................................................................... 200 24 Statement of Commitments ....................................................................................... 201 25 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 215
Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 Figure 17 Figure 18 Figure 19 Figure 20 Figure 21 Figure 22 Figure 23 Figure 24 Figure 25 Figure 26 Figure 27 Figure 28 Figure 29 Figure 30 Figure 31 Figure 32 Figure 33 Figure 34 Figure 35 Figure 36 Figure 37 Figure 38 Figure 39 Figure 40 Union Fenosa International Projects UFWA Projects Location Plan Regional Plan Site Analysis Site photos Renewable Energy Precincts Vegetation Plan Crookwell mean rainfall per month (1883-2011) Crookwell mean maximum and minimum temperatures (oC) per month (1916-1975) Minerals Title EL 7912 Plan Indicative Site Plan Indicative Access & Infrastructure Plan East Indicative Access & Infrastructure Plan South Wind Turbine Elevation Proposed Over Dimensional Route Global temperature rise (1880-2010) Mean surface temperature change (1910-2007) for Australia Mean surface temperature change (1910-2007) for NSW Projected changes in rainfall by 2050 in summer and winter for NSW Per capita greenhouse gas emissions, Australia, OECD & the world 2005 Per capita greenhouse gas emissions due to electricity, Australia, OECD & the world 2005 Composition of Australian energy supply World Total Installed Capacity (MW) from 2001 to 2010 (predicted) Renewable Energy Atlas of Australia NSW Wind Atlas Zone Map Biodiversity Map Land Map Water Map Photomontage Location A (R7 Emohruo) Existing and Proposed Photomontage Location B2 (R8 Narangi) Existing and Proposed Photomontage Location D (Road corridor) Existing and Proposed Photomontage Location L (Road corridor) Existing and Proposed Residential View Locations Public View Locations Zone of Visual Influence Crookwell 3 Tip of blade Zone of Visual Influence Cumulative Crookwell 1, 2, 3 and Gullen Range Tip of blade GE 2.5xl 2.5MW, LAeq Noise Contour Map for Crookwell 1, Crookwell 2 and Crookwell 3 Wind Farms Vestas V90 2MW, LAeq Noise Contour Map for Crookwell 1, Crookwell
Figure 41 Figure 42 Figure 43 Figure 44 Figure 45 Figure 46 Figure 47 Figure 48 Figure 49 Figure 50 Figure 51 Figure 52 Figure 53 Figure 54 Figure 55 Figure 56 Figure 57
2 and Crookwell 3 Wind Farms Vestas V100 1.8MW, LAeq Noise Contour Map for Crookwell 1, Crookwell 2 and Crookwell 3 Wind Farms Repower MM92 2MW, LAeq Noise Contour Map for Crookwell 1, Crookwell 2 and Crookwell 3 Wind Farms Summary of Measurements Cape Bridgewater Wind Farm Summary of Measurements Clements Gap Wind Farm Potential shadow flicker created by trees filtering sunlight across road Theoretical annual shadow flicker duration at 6 metres Vegetation Removal Plan Crookwell 3 East Area 1 Vegetation Removal Plan Crookwell 3 East Area 2 Vegetation Removal Plan Crookwell 3 South Indicative Obstacle Lighting Crookwell 3 East Indicative Obstacle Lighting Crookwell 3 South Location of point-to-point transmission vectors for fixed licenses Location of broadcast transmitters in the vicinity of Crookwell 3 Wind Farm Location of point-to-multipoint stations within 50 km of Crookwell 3 Wind Farm Geotechnical Investigation Crookwell 3 East Geotechnical Investigation Crookwell 3 South Cumulative Impacts Plan
Tables Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4 Table 5 Table 6 Table 7 Table 8 Table 9 Table 10 Table 11 Table 12 Table 13 Table 14 Table 15 Table 16 Table 17 Table 18 Table 19 Table 20 Table 21 Table 22 Table 23 Table 24 Table 25 Table 26 Table 27 Table 28 Environmental Assessment Requirements Turbine Comparison Cable Connection Options Construction Program Typical Maintenance Schedule Jurisdictional breakdown of wind farms in Australia (October 2009) Greenhouse Gas Savings Objectives of EP&A Act Upper Lachlan LEP 2010 Rural Landscape 2 Zone Upper Lachlan LEP 2010 Environmental Management Zone Crookwell LEP 1994 Mulwaree LEP 1995 DCP 2008 and DCP 2010 Summary of Visual Impact Rating within 5km viewshed Summary of Visual Impact Rating between the 5km to 10km viewshed Summary of receptors predicted to exceed limits based on Crookwell 1 and Crookwell 3 Wind Farms Summary of receptors predicted to exceed limits based on Crookwell 1, Crookwell 2 and Crookwell 3 Wind Farms Summary of WTG model and predicted noise level for Crookwell 1, Crookwell 2 and Crookwell 3 Wind Farms Noise exceedances at non-associated households (daytime vs. nighttime) Flicker Assessment Summary for the Crookwell 3 Wind Farm layout Endangered ecological communities and threatened species with the potential to occur on site Distances to local airports Survey results of indigenous artefacts found on site Surrounding wind farms Stakeholders Stakeholder Consultation Mechanisms Issues raised during consultation process and CDPL Responses Statement of Commitments
Appendices Appendix 1 Appendix 2 Appendix 3 Appendix 4 Appendix 5 Appendix 6 Appendix 7 Appendix 8 Appendix 9 Appendix 10 Appendix 11 Appendix 12 Appendix 13 Appendix 14 Appendix 15 Appendix 16 Appendix 17 Letter from DoPI and Checklist Environmental Assessment Requirements Lot Details Decommissioning & Rehabilitation Plan Socio-Economic Impact Assessment Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment and Shadow Flicker Impact Assessment Noise Impact Assessment Flora and Fauna Impact Assessment and Threatened Species Impact Assessment Aviation Impact Assessment Traffic Impact Assessment Telecommunications Assessment Cultural Heritage Assessment Geotechnical Assessment Newsletter Advertisements 2010 & 2011 Record of Contact and Sorry I Missed You Templates Advertisements 2012
Abbreviations ABS AC ACMA BOM CAP CASA CDPL CEMP CFA Council CSR DCP DECCW DoPI EA EARs EP&A Act EPA EPHC EPL GWEC LEP LRET MRET NHMRC NPW Act NRET OD OEH POE Act RAAF AIS REP RET RFS RTA SEPP SRET Australian Bureau of Statistics Advisory Circular Australian Communications and Media Authority Bureau of Meteorology Catchment Action Plan Civil Aviation Safety Authority Crookwell Development Pty Ltd Construction Environmental Management Plan Country Fire Authority Upper Lachlan Shire Council Corporate Social Responsibility Development Control Plan NSW Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW Department of Planning and Infrastructure Environmental Assessment Environmental Assessment Requirements Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 Environment Protection Authority Environment Protection and Heritage Council Environment Protection Licence Global Wind Energy Council Local Environmental Plan Large-scale Renewable Energy Target Mandatory Renewable Energy Target National Health and Medical Research Council National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 NSW Renewable Energy Target Over Dimensional NSW Office of Environment & Heritage (Formerly DECCW) Protection of the Environment Operations Act 1997 Royal Australian Air Force - Aeronautical Information Service Regional Environmental Plan Renewable Energy Target NSW Rural Fire Service Road Traffic Authority State Environmental Planning Police Small-scale Renewable Energy Scheme
TSC Act UFWA WHO WMA WMO WTG WWEA ZVI
Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 Union Fenosa Wind Australia Pty Ltd World Health Organisation Water Management Act 2000 World Meteorological Organisation Wind Turbine Generator World Wind Energy Association Zone of Visual Influence
Crookwell 3 Wind Farm Chapter 1 0
Executive Summary Crookwell Development Pty Ltd (CDPL) (the proponent) and its successors and assigns, is seeking project approval for the construction and operation of a wind energy facility known as the Crookwell 3 Wind Farm (the project). The project involves the construction, operation and maintenance of up to 30 wind turbines, together with the ancillary infrastructure. The Crookwell 3 Wind Farm is a major project aimed at providing renewable energy for households, business and industry. Renewable energy, such as wind generated electricity, meets the Federal, State and Local Government objectives of reducing greenhouse emissions and the dangerous impacts of climate change. The site has an area of 1,500 ha and is situated approximately 17km south east of the township of Crookwell, in the southern tablelands of NSW. The project is to be located on two separate land parcels known as Crookwell 3 East, with an area of 1,100 ha, and Crookwell 3 South, with an area of 400 ha. These two land parcels are hereafter referred to as the Site. The project is a Part 3A Major Project under the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (NSW) (EP&A Act). The project is also a Critical Infrastructure Project under Part 3A of the EP&A Act as it is a renewable energy project with a peak generating capacity of more than 30 megawatts (MW). As environmental assessment requirements (EARs)for the project were issued under Part 3A prior to its repeal on 1 October 2011, the project is a transitional Part 3A project under Clause 2(1)(c) of Schedule 6A of the Act. Accordingly, the project will continue to be assessed and determined under Part 3A notwithstanding its repeal. A Preliminary Environmental Assessment was lodged by Tract Consultants on behalf of the proponent with the NSW Department of Planning and Infrastructure (DoPI) (formerly the Department of Planning) on 12 February 2010 and a Planning Focus meeting was held on the 17 March 2010. Subsequently, an Environmental Assessment (EA) was prepared and lodged to the DoPI on 7 March 2011 to address the EARs issued by the Director General of Planning and Infrastructure for the project under Part 3A of the EP&A Act which were provided by DoPI on 7 April 2010. A revised EA was prepared and lodged on 2 December 2011 to address the supplementary EARs which were provided by DoPI on 16 August 2011. Subsequently, the NSW Government released the Draft NSW Wind Farm Planning Guidelines for exhibition on 23 December 2011. DoPI wrote to all proponents of wind farms in NSW on 18 April 2012 regarding the draft guidelines and enclosed a checklist highlighting the key provisions of the guidelines which should be adopted for all applications yet to be exhibited. DoPI requested that all wind farm proponents advise the Director-General of DoPI of the measures they propose to take to implement the draft guidelines. Whilst the draft guidelines are yet to be finalised and further supplementary EARs have not been issued requiring consideration of the draft guidelines in this EA, this EA considers the draft guidelines and demonstrates that the Crookwell 3 Wind Farm is generally in accordance with the draft guidelines. A check list table for the new draft guideline provisions are provided in Appendix A. The project comprises a number of elements, including: up to 30 individual wind turbines standing up to 152 metres at top of blade tip with a capacity of up to 3.4MW each (some of the turbines may be fitted with obstacle lighting as required); up to 30 individual kiosks for the housing of 33kV Transformers and 33kV Switchgears and associated control systems to be located in the vicinity of the wind turbine towers (in some turbine models the kiosks equipment is integrated within the tower or nacelle); internal unsealed tracks for turbine access; upgrades to local road infrastructure as necessary to provide access to the site;
an underground electrical and communication cable network linking turbines to each other within the site boundary and then utilising either an underground or overhead connection between the site boundaries and the Crookwell 2 site boundary to reach the substation approved as part of the Crookwell 2 Wind Farm; up to three wind monitoring masts fitted with various instruments such as anemometers, wind vanes, temperature gauges and potentially other electrical equipment; up to two temporary concrete batching plants during the construction phase only, to supply concrete for the foundations of the turbines and other associated structures; the removal of vegetation as required to enable access to, and the construction of, the project; vegetation replanting to provide screening; and all ancillary and incidental uses and activities.
Grid connection for the Project would be achieved via a connection to the existing 330kV transmission line which bypasses the site. The project would utilise and be connected to the single substation, control room and other facilities which have been approved as part of the Crookwell 2 Wind Farm. The proposed wind farm would bring environmental, social and economic benefits to the Crookwell locality, the wider region, and the State of NSW. Environmentally, the wind farm would displace between 145,715 and 208,654 tonnes of greenhouse gases and assist in attempts to reduce the impacts of climate change. It would provide up to 214,444 MWh of renewable energy per year and power up to 33,225 households per year. This is approximately 1/4 of Canberras population or more than double the population of Goulburn. Economically, the wind farm would invest $90 - $110 million into the economy and create 40 full time jobs in construction and 6 jobs during operation. In addition, up to 10 additional contractors could be working on the site once every 10 to 15 years as part of scheduled major site overhauls. Socially, the wind farm would fund community enhancement projects. CDPL is in the process of negotiating a voluntary planning agreement with the Council which provides for an annual contribution to the Upper Lachlan Shire Councils Community Enhancement Fund. The proposed voluntary planning agreement will require CDPL to make an annual monetary contribution to the local community of $1,666 (adjusted annually to changes in the CPI) per operating turbine, as part of Upper Lachlans Community Enhancement Fund. This equates to an annual contribution of up to $49,980 to community projects which will directly benefit the local area. CDPL understands the need to effectively communicate with residents and all relevant stakeholders through a program of community consultation. CDPL has developed a community consultation and engagement program aimed at providing the community and stakeholders with factual information about the project and gathering feedback about their concerns and interests, which can subsequently be addressed in the approvals process and influence the project design where appropriate. The consultation to date has revealed a diversity of views on the project in the vicinity of the wind farm. Of note is the survey conducted during the 2008 local government elections, where Upper Lachlan Shire residents were asked about their general support for the development and construction of wind farm turbines in the area. The results of the poll showed that 70.04% were for and 29.96% against the proposition of further wind farms in the Municipality, with every polling booth registering a for vote majority including those in the area of then approved Crookwell 2 Wind Farm. More recently, the CSIRO prepared a report titled Exploring Community Acceptance to Rural Wind Farms in Australia: a snapshot (2012) which found that there is strong community support for the development of wind farms.
The proposed wind farm would make a small but important contribution to reducing the dangerous impacts of anthropogenic climate change, such as droughts, floods, extreme weather events and sea level rise. In relation to the potential negative impacts arising from the project, the EA found that the wind farm has the potential to have a low to moderate impact on landscape values, have a limited impact on local communications facilities, increase noise for some residents, and result in the clearing of non-significant vegetation. The NSW Government has recognised the wind energy potential of the region by placing Crookwell within one of six designated renewable energy precincts, called the NSW/ACT Border Region. Associated with this designation is the presence of a number wind farms in the region, with three wind farms approved or existing within a 20km radius of the site. The cumulative impact of the project was assessed in relation to the surrounding wind projects. This cumulative assessment found that there is unlikely to be a significant increase in visual impact. The noise impact assessment found exceedances at some residential receivers, and noted that the conservative assumptions would potentially overestimate noise levels as the noise standards may not reflect the circumstances of the project. It made important recommendations such as the verification of noise levels at commissioning and extensive monitoring throughout the project, in order for standards to be met. In relation to cumulative noise impacts, noise monitoring was conducted at eleven nearby locations to determine baseline conditions and establish indicative criteria for surrounding residential receivers. Predictions for cumulative WTG noise levels were completed for two alternative possibilities: the existing Crookwell 1 Wind Farm and the proposed Crookwell 3 Wind Farm; and the existing Crookwell 1 Wind Farm, approved Crookwell 2 Wind Farm and proposed Crookwell 3 Wind Farm.
Noise predictions were made for receptors within a 6 km radius of the indicative location of each wind turbine proposed for the Crookwell 3 Wind Farm. Noise generated by the turbine indicative layout of the four selected turbine models was predicted and assessed against the relevant criteria prescribed by the SA EPA Guideline and the WHO Guideline goals where appropriate. For the cumulative noise from the existing Crookwell 1 Wind Farm and the proposed Crookwell 3 Wind Farm, exceedances of the SA EPA Guideline limit were predicted for the four investigated turbines, resulting in at least two exceedances of the SA EPA Guideline limit. A mitigated operation scenario was considered where one turbine is turned off and a select few WTGs are operated in a low noise mode for a limited range of wind speeds. In this scenario, the predicted reduction in noise levels resulted in no exceedances of the SA EPA Guideline limit. For the cumulative noise from the existing Crookwell 1 Wind Farm, the approved Crookwell 2 Wind Farm and proposed Crookwell 3 Wind Farm, exceedances of the SA EPA Guideline limit were predicted for the four investigated turbines, resulting in at least seven exceedances of the SA EPA Guideline limit. CDPL proposes to negotiate noise agreements with House 8, House 20, House 66 and House 67 as well with as the host properties. A mitigated operation scenario was considered where a select few turbines from both the approved Crookwell 2 Wind Farm and the proposed Crookwell 3 Wind Farm are operated in a low noise mode. The resulting reduction in cumulative noise levels at potentially affected receptors reduced the total number of cumulative noise exceedances to one (House 70 exceedance of 0.3 dBA at 8.2 m/s) which would be considered only marginal.
The results of the noise impact assessment found that all non-host properties are predicted to be within the nominated World Health Organisation (WHO) Guideline noise limits. The noise impact for the receivers that are predicted to experience noise levels exceeding the Background + 5 dBA intrusive criteria is expected to be minimised by the mitigation measures proposed, which are summarised in Chapter 10.5. The impacts of the project would be minimised by the extensive range of management plans that would be prepared before construction and ongoing monitoring of the compliance of the wind farm post-construction with the established standards. These commitments are detailed in this report in Chapter 24. This EA also considers the compatibility of the proposed Crookwell 3 Wind Farm with the existing land uses of the area and the extent to which it complies with relevant planning and environmental instruments applicable to the site.
Crookwell 3 Wind Farm Chapter 2 0
Introduction Introduction Crookwell Development Pty Ltd (CDPL) (the proponent) and its successors and assigns, is seeking project approval for the construction and operation of a wind energy facility known as the Crookwell 3 Wind Farm (the project). The Crookwell 3 Wind Farm is a major project aimed at providing renewable energy for households, business and industry. Renewable energy, such was wind generated electricity, meets the Federal, State and Local Government objectives of reducing greenhouse emissions and the dangerous impacts of climate change. The site has an area of 1,500 ha and is situated approximately 17km south east of the township of Crookwell, in the southern tablelands of NSW. The project is to be located on two separate land parcels known as Crookwell 3 East, with an area of 1,100 Hectares, and Crookwell 3 South, with an area of 400 Hectares. These two land parcels are hereafter referred to as the Site. A Preliminary Environmental Assessment was lodged by Tract Consultants on behalf of the proponent with the NSW Department of Planning and Infrastructure (DoPI) (formerly the Department of Planning) on 12 February 2010 and a Planning Focus meeting held on the 17 March 2010. An Environmental Assessment (EA) was prepared and lodged on 7 March 2011 to address the environmental assessment requirements (the EARs) issued by the Director General of Planning and Infrastructure for the project under Part 3A of the EP&A Act which were provided by DoPI on 7 April 2010. A revised EA was prepared and lodged on 2 December 2011 to also address the Supplementary Director-General Requirements (now referred to as EARs) which were provided on 16 August 2011. This update to the EA has been prepared in response to the Draft NSW Wind Farm Planning Guidelines which were released for public exhibition on 23 December 2011. The letter dated 18 April 2012 from DoPI, as well as the check list for applications yet to be exhibited can be found at Appendix 1 of this report. Brief comments on how each item on the check list has been addressed, and which chapter of this report to refer to, are provided in the appendix.
Project History The project was initiated in its current form in 2009. This followed on from the approval of a modification to the approved Crookwell 2 Wind Farm in July 2009. Crookwell 2 provides much essential infrastructure that can support both it and the proposed Crookwell 3 project, and there are synergies to be gained from co-locating the Wind Farms. Due to the close proximity of the proposed Crookwell 3 to the approved Crookwell 2 Wind Farm, the projects can share infrastructure, bringing significant benefits including increasing its commercial viability. This approach also reduces the potential amenity impacts arising from separate substations, control buildings and switchyards that are usually separately required for a wind farm. Development Consent for the Crookwell 2 Wind Farm was granted initially in June 2005, and modified in July 2009. The modified approval allowed larger and more efficient wind turbines, altering the dimensions of the 46 turbines from a height of 107 metres (to the top of the blade tip) to a height of 128 metres. The Crookwell 2 Wind Farm is currently under construction and is expected to be completed in 2013. Annually, the Crookwell 2 Wind Farm is expected to produce 242 GWh of electricity, enough to power approximately 45,000 average households. The available wind data shows that the NSW Southern Tablelands region has a good wind resource. Available data from Crookwell 2 Wind Farm wind monitoring and the two wind monitoring masts erected on the Crookwell 3 site confirms that there is sufficient wind resource available in the area for the project to achieve an acceptable capacity factor and power the turbines for a sufficient portion of the year.
The proponent engaged specialist consultants to investigate and assess the site and the project. The ongoing assessments carried out by these special consultants have been used in the planning and design of the wind farm and in informing this EA. The consultants work has been guided by the EARs. One key element of the investigations undertaken in relation to the proposal is the face to face consultation (doorknock), carried out with surrounding land owners, which took place between 28 and 30 April 2010. The results of the door knock, combined with a second round of consultation with key stakeholders, and additional consultant studies, resulted in changes being made to the project to address some of the major issues raised. Changes to the project since its inception have included: 2.3 removing 3 turbines from the initial proposed layout; relocating turbines to increase buffer distances to houses; increased screening vegetation; and changes to the access tracks and access points.
The Proponent Crookwell Development Pty Ltd (CDPL) is the proponent for the Crookwell 3 Wind Farm project. CDPL is a fully owned subsidiary of Union Fenosa Wind Australia Pty Ltd (UFWA) a subsidiary of a Spanish Utility called Gas Natural Fenosa. The Gas Natural Fenosa group is one of the leading multinational companies in the gas and electricity sector, the company operates in 25 countries and employs around 20,000 staff with 15.4 GW of installed power and nearly 20 million customers. UFWA remains a separate entity and has eight wind farm projects (in development, approved and early construction stages) across NSW and Victoria. This portfolio represents a potential investment of approximately $2.0 billion in renewable wind energy generation. Once complete, the portfolio would increase Australias present wind generation capacity by over 1,000 MW. In addition, it will result in the creation of several hundred jobs in the construction and operational phases. Refer to Figure 1 Union Fenosa International Projects and Figure 2 UFWA Projects. Following the acquisition of the electricity company Unin Fenosa, the third largest in the Spanish market, Gas Natural Fenosa has achieved its objective of integrating the gas and electricity businesses in a single company with extensive experience in the energy sector, capable of competing efficiently in markets subject to a process of increasing integration, globalisation and levels of competition. It is the largest integrated gas and electricity company in Spain and Latin America, leading the natural gas sales market in the Iberian Peninsula, and it is the biggest distributor of natural gas in Latin America. With a fleet of 11 LNG tankers, it is a company of reference for LNG/NG in the Atlantic and Mediterranean basins. Gas Natural Fenosa has a strong commitment to social and environmental issues throughout all aspects of its business. Gas Natural Fenosas goal is to achieve sustainable growth in electricity and gas production, transport, distribution and marketing activities that focus on protecting the environment and quality of life. Gas Natural Fenosas efforts in this regard have been rewarded in recent years with a number of prizes and the achievement of significant milestones. They received numerous awards and public acknowledgements in 2011 that highlight the companys actions in the fields of social responsibility, sustainability and environmental protection, in addition to its strict financial control. For yet another year, Gas Natural Fenosas sustainability strategy earned it a place on the Dow Jones Sustainability Index and DJSI Europe. Likewise, for the tenth year running, it was included in the FTSE4Good sustainability indices following a new half yearly assessment of this tool geared towards socially responsible investors.
Gas Natural Fenosa international Portfolio (outside Australia)
ESpain Mexico Dominican Rep.
5,2 m clients in gas 3,7 m clients in electricity 7,31 GW CCGT 1,9 GW hydro 0,6 GW nuclear 2 GW coal 0,6 GW fuel 0,9 GW renewable
1,2 m clients in gas 1,9 GW CCGT
198 MW fuel-gas
254 MW CCGT
Guatemala R Ecoelctrica C Tobago
0,4 m clients in gas, 2 regasification projects
1,4 m clients in electricity
0,7 m clients in electricity
0,8 m clients in electricity
C t Rica Costa Ri
M t i (2) Montoir Reqanosa RC
50 MW hydro
R R Sagunto
2 m clients in gas 2,1m clients in electricity
0,5 m clients in electricity 32 MW hydro and cogeneration
Libi Libia
L C Egipto
L Qalhat C Omn
0,8 m clients in gas
1,4 m clients in ga
10 ships 1.110.000 m3
109 MW fuel
Union Fenosa International Projects
Source: UFWA
31 turbines (62 MW) $150 million investment Planning permit granted Construction started
46 turbines (92 MW) $220 million investment Development consent granted Construction started
55 turbines (250 MW) $275 million investment Planning permit application underway
67 turbines (134 MW) $327 million investment Planning permit granted Construction started
Darlington Berrybank
99 turbines (178-248 MW) $484 million investment Ministers decision that no EES is required. Planning permit application approved
150 turbines (300-450 MW) $720 million investment Ministers decision that no EES is required. Planning permit application under way
30 turbines (54-102 MW) $90-110 million investment Planning permit application underway
UFWA Projects
Gas Natural Fenosa is committed to the community in which it operates, where it generates value through its condition as an energy company and through community investment. Gas Natural Fenosa received the 2011 Platts Global Energy Award in New York for the most outstanding community development programme for its Cuartel V gasification project located in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The award winning initiative works to improve access to public services for the neediest groups and to contribute in this way to reducing poverty in local communities where the company operates. The company has a Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) policy that is implemented rigorously across all of its projects in all countries. The fundamental aim of this CSR is to share the benefits with the communities in which they operate to ensure that Gas Natural Fenosa forms an important component within the community. In previous projects, this has translated to direct investment in local projects to assist communities, such as sponsoring organic farmer markets (Columbia), bringing technology and computers to schools (Guatemala), and running educational programs for the unemployed (Spain). CDPL is committed to the community investment program for its approved Crookwell 2 wind farm project that is in its early construction phase. 2.4 Structure of the report This document is an Environmental Assessment (EA) presented on behalf of Crookwell Development Pty Ltd. It has been prepared by Tract Consultants with the assistance of specialist consultants. The aims of an EA are to; Describe and detail the subject site and context, the wind farm proposal and design response, and other wind farms in the vicinity of the site; Provide a strategic justification which details the site selection process, renewable energy benefits, wind power in the international, Australian and regional context, and the community and environmental benefits of the project. Provide an assessment of the project against all relevant Federal, State and Local policies and guidelines; Assess the likely economic, social, environmental and cumulative impacts of the project; Describe and provides recommendations on stakeholder and community consultation; and Identifies, assesses and outlines management or mitigation options for any environmental impacts arising out of the proposal.
This EA draws on the expert knowledge and investigations of a wide range of specialist assessments that are summarised within this EA, with the full reports attached as appendices. The project team comprises: Tract Consultants Pty Ltd Environmental Planning and Approvals Anderson Environmental Consultants Pty Ltd Flora and Fauna Aviation Projects Pty Ltd Aviation Safety and Obstacle Night Lighting Garrad Hassan Pacific Pty Ltd Electromagnetic Interference and Shadow Flicker Coffey Geotechnics Pty Ltd Geotechnical Anderson Environmental Consultants Pty Ltd Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Archaeological Heritage Futureye Pty Ltd Socio-Economic Green Bean Design Pty Ltd Landscape and Visual SLR Consulting Australia Pty Ltd Noise URS Australia Pty Ltd Traffic
AECOM Australia Pty Ltd Decommissioning The Site and Context provides discussions of the major elements of the site and surrounds including; Site Locality Site Details Wind Resource Alternative sites Land Use Demographic Profile Dwellings Topography and Soils Hydrology Transport and Infrastructure Vegetation Landscape and Visual Features Climate
This EA is structured as follows;
The Design Response details how aspects of the proposal relate to the site analysis. The Proposal describes of the proposed use, buildings and works, connections to the grid and native vegetation removal. The Project Justification provides justification for the site selection, outlines community benefits, discusses alternatives and demonstrates greenhouse gas savings. The Planning Instruments assessment provides an overview and assessment of the planning and environmental regulations and guidelines as relevant to the proposal. A Specialist Assessment of the following impact areas as they relate to the proposal, including; Economic and Social Impacts Visual amenity Noise Flora and Fauna Aviation Transport Telecommunications Shadow Flicker Heritage Geotechnical
An outline of the Consultation strategies with the community and stakeholders of the project (to date and future).
A Statement of Commitments for CDPL to carry out, subject to project approval, in order to manage any project impacts. A Conclusion which summarises and concludes this EA.
In particular, this EA has been guided by the criteria set out in the EARs, as well as the Draft NSW Wind Farm Planning Guidelines. The EARs outline the matters which this EA must address to enable an assessment of the proposal under Part 3A of the EP&A Act. The EARs are set out in Table 1 below together with cross references to the corresponding sections of this report that addresses each of the issues raised. Refer to Appendix 2 for a copy of the EARs provided by DoPI.
Table 1 Environmental Assessment Requirements
General Requirements The Environmental Assessment (EA) must include:
Relevant Report Chapter 1 5
An executive summary; A detailed description of the project including: 11-16
construction, operation and decommissioning details; the location and dimensions of all project components
including the wind turbines (including map coordinates and AHD heights), electrical sub stations, underground cabling between turbines and underground connection linking Crookwell 3 East and South to Crookwell 2 wind farm substation, on site control room and equipment storage, temporary concrete batching plant(s), construction compounds and access roads; operation of the project components, their envisaged lifespan and arrangements for decommissioning and staging; environmental features (e.g. watercourses, vegetation), infrastructure and land use (including nearby residences and approved residential developments or subdivisions) and the location/ siting of the project (including associated infrastructure) in the context of this existing environment; and resourcing requirements (including, but not limited to, water supply and gravel). 3&4 3-8
a timeline identifying the proposed construction and
supporting maps/plans clearly identifying existing
Consideration of any relevant statutory provisions including the consistency of the project with the objects of the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979; An assessment of the key issues outlined below during construction, operation and decommissioning (as relevant). The Environmental Assessment must assess the worst case as well as representative impact for all key issues considering cumulative impacts, as applicable, from the surrounding Crookwell 1 Wind Farm (existing), other approved wind farms in the viewshed of the project, and the Crookwell 2 Wind Farm (approved), including associated key ancillary components; A draft Statement of Commitments detailing measures for environmental mitigation, management and monitoring for the project; A conclusion justifying the project taking into consideration the environmental, social and economic impacts of the project; the suitability of the site; and the public interest; and certification by the author of the EA that the information contained in the Assessment is neither false nor misleading.
Relevant Report Chapter 6
Relevant Figures 17-25
Strategic Justification - the EA must:
Relevant Report Chapter
include a strategic assessment of the need, scale, scope
and location for the project in relation to predicted electricity demand, predicted transmission constraints and the strategic direction of the region and the State in relation to electricity supply, demand and electricity generation technologies; substantiated greenhouse gas benefits, taking into consideration sources of electricity that could realistically be replaced and the extent of their replacement; respect to potential land use conflicts with existing and future surrounding land uses (including rural residential development, land of significant scenic or visual value, land of high agricultural value, mineral reserves and conservation areas), taking into account local and strategic land use objectives; and design) for all project components, and provide justification for the preferred project demonstrating its benefits including community benefits (for example community enhancement programs) on a local and strategic scale and how it achieves stated objectives. 9 31-38
include a clear demonstration of quantified and
include an analysis of the suitability of the project with
Describe the alternatives considered (location and/or
Visual Impacts - the EA must:
Provide a comprehensive assessment of the landscape
character and values and any scenic or significant vistas of the area potentially affected by the project. This should describe community and stakeholder values of the local and regional visual amenity and quality, and perceptions of the project based on surveys and consultation; night lighting from the wind farm; Shadow Flicker & Blade Glint 13 Shadow Flicker & Blade Glint 45 & 46
assess the impact of shadow flicker, blade glint and identify the zone of visual influence (no less than 10 include photomontages of the project taken from
kilometres) and assess the visual impact of all project components on this landscape; potentially affected residences (including approved but not yet developed dwellings or subdivisions with residential rights), settlements and significant public view points, and provide a clear description of proposed visual amenity mitigation and management measures;
provide an assessment of the feasibility, effectiveness and reliability of proposed mitigation
measures and any residual impacts after these measures have been implemented. 10 39-42
Noise Impacts - the EA must:
include a comprehensive noise assessment of all phases
and components of the project including, but not limited to, turbine operation, the operation of the electrical substation,
General Requirements construction, and traffic noise. The assessment must identify noise sensitive locations (including approved but not yet developed dwellings), baseline conditions based on monitoring results, the levels and character of noise (e.g. tonality, impulsiveness etc) generated by noise sources, noise criteria, modelling assumptions and worst case and representative noise impacts;
in relation to wind turbine operation, determine the noise
impacts under operating meteorological conditions (i.e. wind speeds from cut in to rated power), including impacts under meteorological conditions that exacerbate impacts (including varying atmospheric stability classes and the van den Berg effect for wind turbines). The probability of such occurrences must be quantified; speed/profile data and ambient background noise data that is representative for all sensitive receptors;
include monitoring to ensure that there is adequate wind provide justification for the nominated average background
noise level used in the assessment process, considering any significant difference between daytime and night time background noise levels; the project;
include an assessment of vibration impacts associated with if any noise agreements with residents are proposed for
areas where noise criteria cannot be met, provide sufficient information to enable a clear understanding of what has been agreed and what criteria have been used to frame any such agreements; management measures that would be applied to the project. This must include an assessment of the feasibility, effectiveness and reliability of proposed measures and any residual impacts after these measures have been incorporated; and noise attenuation should higher noise levels than those predicted result following commissioning and/or noise agreements with landowners not eventuate.
clearly outline the noise mitigation, monitoring and
include a contingency strategy that provides for additional
The assessment must be undertaken consistent with the following guidelines:
Wind Turbines - the South Australian Environment
Protection Authoritys Wind Farms - Environmental Noise Guidelines (2003); Noise Guidelines (DECC, 2009); (NSW EPA, 1999); and (DECC, 2006).
Site Establishment and Construction Interim Construction Traffic Noise Environmental Criteria for Road Traffic Noise Vibration Assessing Vibration: A Technical Guideline
Relevant Report Chapter 14
Relevant Figures 47-49
Flora and Fauna - the EA must: include an assessment of all project components on flora and fauna and their habitat consistent with the Draft Guidelines for Threatened Species Assessment (DEC, 2005), including details on the existing site conditions and quantity and likelihood of disturbance; The EA must specifically consider impacts to threatened species and communities listed under both State and Commonwealth legislation that have been recorded on the site and surrounding land, impacts to riparian and/ or instream habitat in the case of disturbance of waterways, and to biodiversity corridors. In addition, impact of the project on birds and bats from blade strikes, low air pressure zones at the blade tips, and alteration to movement patterns resulting from the turbines must be assessed, including demonstration of how the project has been sited to avoid and/ or minimise such impacts; details of how flora and fauna impacts would be managed during construction and operation including adaptive management and maintenance protocols (including the mitigation and/or management of weeds); and measures to avoid, mitigate or offset impacts consistent with improve or maintain principles. Sufficient details must be provided to demonstrate the availability of viable and achievable options to offset the impacts of the project.
Indigenous Heritage the EA must include an assessment of the potential impact of the project components on indigenous heritage values (archaeological and cultural).The EA must demonstrate effective consultation with indigenous stakeholders during the assessment and in developing mitigation options (including the final recommended measures) consistent with Guidelines for Aboriginal Cultural Impact Assessment and Community Consultation (DEC, July 2005). Traffic and Transport the EA must assess the construction and operational traffic impacts of the project including:
details of the nature of traffic generated, transport routes,
traffic volumes and potential impacts on local and regional roads, bridges and intersections, including any proposed road upgrades and repairs; potential impacts, including measures to control soil erosion and dust generated by traffic volumes; connect to the existing road network and any operational maintenance or handover requirements.
details of measures to mitigate and/or manage the details of site access roads including how these would
Hazard/Risks the EA must include an assessment of the potential impacts on aviation safety considering nearby aerodromes and aircraft landing areas, defined air traffic routes, aircraft operating heights, radar interference, communication
Aviation 15 Geo-
Aviation 50 & 51 Geo-
General Requirements systems, and navigation aids. In addition, the EA must assess the impact of the turbines on the safe and efficient aerial application of agricultural fertilisers and pesticides in the vicinity of the turbines. The management of any land contamination must also be addressed. Potential hazards and risks associated with electric and magnetic fields and bushfires must be assessed. The EA must also detail measures to contain any hazardous substances to prevent the contamination of pasture and dams.
Relevant Report Chapter technical 20 Fire 18
Relevant Figures technical 55 & 56
Water Supply and Waterways The EA must determine whether an adequate and secure water supply is available for the life of the project including the statutory (licensing) context of the water supply sources, and assess potential environmental impacts associated with the identified sources, including impacts on groundwater. Where the project would cross significant waterways, the EA must identify likely impacts to the waterways and measures to minimise impacts. The EA must also assess the potential for water pollution impacts, including the risks to the environment and human health. General Environmental Risk Analysis notwithstanding the above key assessment requirements, the EA must include an environmental risk analysis to identify potential environmental impacts associated with the project, proposed mitigation measures and potentially significant residual environmental impacts after the application of proposed mitigation measures. Where additional key environmental impacts are identified through this environmental risk analysis, an appropriately detailed impact assessment of the additional key environmental impact(s) must be included in the EA. Consultation (As Part of the Supplementary EARs): A comprehensive, detailed and genuine community consultation and engagement process must be undertaken. This process must ensure that the community is both informed of the proposal and is actively engaged in issues of concern to them, and is given ample opportunity to provide its views on the proposal. Sufficient information must be provided to the community so that it has a good understanding of what is being proposed and of the impacts. There should be a particular focus on those non wind farm associated community members who live in proximity to the site; the Environmental Assessment must clearly document and provide details and evidence of the consultation process and who was consulted with; all issues raised during the consultation process must be clearly identified and tabulated in the Environmental Assessment; and the Environmental Assessment must state how the identified issues have been addressed, and how they have informed the proposal as presented in the Environmental Assessment. In particular, the Environmental Assessment must state how the community's issues have been responded to.
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