Source: http://lwv-hawaii.com/govt/constitution/art11.htm
Timestamp: 2017-05-27 10:13:44
Document Index: 97406413

Matched Legal Cases: ['§26', '§96', '§1', '§1', '§1', '§220', '§174']

Hawaii State Constitution - Article XI Conservation, Control and Development of Resources
C+ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 C - 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Article XI - Conservation, Control and Development of Resources
A+ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 A - 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Sections1Conservation and development of resources2Management and disposition of natural resources3Agricultural lands4Public land banking5General laws required; exceptions6Marine resources7Water resources8Nuclear energy9Environmental rights10Farm and home ownership11Exclusive Economic Zone
Note: This article was redesignated from "Article X Conservation and Development of Resources" to be "Article XI Conservation, Control and Development of Resources" by Const Con 1978 and election Nov 7, 1978. The former Article XI now appears as Article XII.
11.1Conservation and development of resources
Note: A proposal of the 1978 Constitutional Convention deleted the former section 1 of the old Article X, which read: "Section 1. The legislature shall promote the conservation, development and utilization of agricultural resources, and fish, mineral, forest, water, land, game and other natural resources." This deletion appears to be one of the unspecified changes submitted for ratification under Question 34. On whether any of the changes submitted under Question 34 was in fact approved by the electorate, see Kahalekai v. Doi, 60 H. 324 (1979), excerpted in the note preceding the Preamble to the Constitution.
11.2Management and disposition of natural resources
Cross References: Executive board, see §26-15.
Not applicable to agriculture department. Att. Gen. Op. 64-14.
Not applicable to Hawaiian home lands department. Att. Gen. Op. 64-15.
Conservation lands. 77-2 HLR 77-793.
11.3Agricultural lands
11.4Public land banking
The State shall have the power to acquire interests in real property to control future growth, development and land use within the State. The exercise of such power is deemed to be for a public use and purpose. [Add Const Con 1978 and election Nov 7, 1978]
11.5General laws required; exceptions
The legislative power over the lands owned by or under the control of the State and its political subdivisions shall be exercised only by general laws, except in respect to transfers to or for the use of the State, or a political subdivision, or any department or agency thereof. [Ren and am Const Con 1978 and election Nov 7, 1978]
11.6Marine resources
Private fishing rights not established under §96 of the Organic Act continue to be free to the public under this section. 48 H. 152, 192, 397 P.2d 593.
11.7Water resources
The State has an obligation to protect, control and regulate the use of Hawaii's water resources for the benefit of its people. The legislature shall provide for a water resources agency which, as provided by law, shall set overall water conservation, quality and use policies; define beneficial and reasonable uses; protect ground and surface water resources, watersheds and natural stream environments; establish criteria for water use priorities while assuring appurtenant rights and existing correlative and riparian uses and establish procedures for regulating all uses of Hawaii's water resources. [Add Const Con 1978 and election Nov 7, 1978]
Cross References: State water code, see chapter 174C.
Private Hopes and Public Values in the "Reasonable Beneficial Use" of Hawaii's Water: Is Balance Possible? 18 UH L. Rev. 1.
Proceedings of the 2001 Symposium on Managing Hawai‘i's Public Trust Doctrine. 24 UH L. Rev. 21.
In denying water use permit application, water resource management commission did not wrongfully ignore and abridge petitioner's "ali‘i rights" where, to the extent that the ali‘i exercised sovereign authority over water, they received such authority by delegation from the sovereign; pursuant to constitutional and statutory mandate, final delegated authority presently resides in the commission, to be exercised for the benefit of the people of the State. 94 H. 97, 9 P.3d 409.
The rule of correlative rights applies to all ground waters of the State. 94 H. 97, 9 P.3d 409.
This section and article XI, §1 of the Hawaii constitution adopt the public trust doctrine as a fundamental principle of constitutional law in Hawaii. 94 H. 97, 9 P.3d 409.
Under this section, article XI, §1 of the Hawaii constitution and the sovereign reservation, the public trust doctrine applies to all water resources, unlimited by any surface-ground distinction. 94 H. 97, 9 P.3d 409.
Pursuant to this section and §1 of the Hawaii constitution, §220(d) of the Hawaiian Homes Commission Act, and §174C-101(a), a reservation of water constitutes a public trust purpose. 103 H. 401, 83 P.3d 664.
11.8Nuclear energy
No nuclear fission power plant shall be constructed or radioactive material disposed of in the State without the prior approval by a two-thirds vote in each house of the legislature. [Add Const Con 1978 and election Nov 7, 1978]
11.9Environmental rights
Each person has the right to a clean and healthful environment, as defined by laws relating to environmental quality, including control of pollution and conservation, protection and enhancement of natural resources. Any person may enforce this right against any party, public or private, through appropriate legal proceedings, subject to reasonable limitations and regulation as provided by law. [Add Const Con 1978 and election Nov 7, 1978]
Enforcement of Environmental Laws in Hawai`i. 16 UH L. Rev. 85.
11.10Farm and home ownership
Note: This is the former section 5 of the old Article X. A proposal of the 1978 Constitutional Convention deleting this provision from the Constitution was not validly ratified. Kahalekai v. Doi, 60 H. 324 (1979). In view of the holding, the revisor has restored the provision and designated it as section 10 of this article under the authority of Resolution No. 29 of the 1978 Constitutional Convention.
11.11Exclusive Economic Zone
The State of Hawaii asserts and reserves its rights and interest in its exclusive economic zone for the purpose of exploring, exploiting, conserving and managing natural resources, both living and nonliving, of the seabed and subsoil, and superadjacent waters. [Add SB 2021 (1988) and election Nov 8, 1988]