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Environmental Management Guidelines for the Dairy Industry | Dairy Cattle | Dairy Farming
Description: paper of Management in Dairy Farming Industry
paper of Management in Dairy Farming Industry
Title: Environmental management guidelines for the dairy industry
Author: Liz Rogers (Editor), Executive Officer, Intensive Agriculture
© State of New South Wales through NSW Department of Primary Industries
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Published by NSW Department of Primary Industries
ISBN 978 0 7347 1935 5
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advances in knowledge, users are reminded of the need to ensure that
information on which they rely is up to date and to check the currency of the
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Primary Industries or the user’s independent advisor.
Job No: 7986
TRIM reference: PUB08/113
a NSW government agency and industry committee that promotes the development of sustainable agricultural industries. NSW DPI. Camden •	Mr Andrew Winspear. Camden. The following are some of the individuals who have made contributions over the development of this document: •	Mr Nicholas Bullock. .ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The preparation of these environmental management guidelines has been a long process that has passed through the hands of numerous contributors. Taree •	Mr Tim Burfitt. currently Senior Regional Animal Health Manager. Natural Resource Management Consultant. NSW DPI. NSW DPI. Orange •	Mr Ross Coomber. formerly Environmental Engineer. NSW DPI. formerly Livestock Officer. NSW Dairy Industry •	Mr Ian Kruger. Manager Intensive Livestock Industry Development. Kempsey •	Dr Jess Jennings. NSW DPI. Orange This guideline is endorsed by the Intensive Agriculture Consultative Committee (IACC). Dairy. Dairy Waste Management. Tamworth •	Ms Liz Rogers. Coffs Harbour •	Mr Tony Dowman. NSW DPI. Dairy. Technical Specialist. Dairy. NSW DPI •	Dr Diane Ryan. Leader Regional Services (Land Use). NSW DPI. formerly Editor. formerly Livestock Officer. Environmental Engineer (Intensive Livestock).
ABBREVIATIONS BMP Best management practice BOD Biochemical oxygen demand CMA Catchment Management Authority DA Development Application DCP Development Control Plan DECC Department of Environment and Climate Change (NSW) DoP Department of Planning (DoP) DSRD Department of State and Regional Development DWE Department of Water and Energy EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIS Environmental Impact Statement EP&A Act Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 LEP Local Environmental Plan LG Act Local Government Act NSWDPI Department of Primary Industries (NSW) OHS Act Occupational Health and Safety Act 2000 PCA Principal Certifying Authority PFM Planning Focus Meeting POEO Act Protection of the Environment Operations Act 1997 PVP Property Vegetation Plan REP Regional Environment Plan RTA Roads and Traffic Authority SEE Statement of Environmental Effects SEPP State Environment Planning Policy SIS Species Impact Statement .
5 Noise 35 5.7 After the development application decision 17 4. Planning a dairy development _________________________________________ 3 3. groundwater and soils MANAGEMENT 28 5.11 Weeds 39 5.3 Contact relevant government authorities 6 3.9 Traffic 38 5.3 Content and review of the guidelines 1 2.2 Dairy production systems 2 3.2 Site selection and design considerations 21 5.3 Odour 30 5. CONTENTS Acknowledgements _____________________________________________________ iii Abbreviations __________________________________________________________ iv 1. Siting and design considerations ______________________________________ 18 4.1 The NSW dairy industry 2 2.4 Effluent and nutrient reuse.12 Chemical use 40 5.1 Audience and purpose of the guidelines 1 1.2 Operation and scope of the guidelines 1 1.15 Biosecurity 42 5.8 Visual impact and landscaping 37 5.16 Animal health and welfare 42 .14 Safety 41 5.4 Preparing the development application 11 3.13 Community liaison and complaint management 41 5. Dairy production in NSW ______________________________________________ 2 2.1 The Environmental management plan (EMP) 27 5.1 planning considerations 18 4.1 An overview of the legal process 3 3.7 Light 37 5.2 Identify a suitable site for your development 5 3. Managing environmental impacts ______________________________________ 27 5.2 Identify a suitable site for your development 5 3.2 Surface water.6 Dust 36 5.10 Pests and vermin 38 5.6 Assessment and determination 16 3. farm wastes and disposal of dead livestock 33 5. Introduction __________________________________________________________ 1 1.5 Lodging a development application 15 3.
5 NSW WorkCover Authority 46 6.2 State Government contacts 48 7.7 Other Acts 47 7.6 Local councils 46 6.1 Department of Environment and Climate Change (DECC) 43 6.3 Department of Water and Energy (DWE) 44 6. GLOSSARY __________________________________________________________ 50 Appendices ____________________________________________________________ 56 Appendix A – Suggested Odour Impact Assessment for Dairies 56 Appendix B 58 .4 Consultants 49 8.1 Industry guidelines 48 7. LEGISLATION AFFECTING DAIRIES____________________________________ 43 6.4 NSW Department of Primary Industries (NSW DPI) 45 6.3 Industry contacts 49 7.6. ADDITONAL INFORMATION ___________________________________________ 48 7.2 Department of Planning (doP) 44 6.
Section 3 – Planning a dairy development details the planning process involved in developing relevant dairy infrastructure.planning. as well as in the execution of its responsibilities. guidelines. Review of Guidelines The guidelines are based on information. A useful description of the NSW planning process is also available from ‘Preparing a development application for intensive agriculture in NSW’ at www. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY. animal health and welfare. regulatory agencies. Updates to the guidelines will be available on the NSW Department of Primary Industries website: www. Following the guidelines alone will not ensure compliance with planning and environmental requirements – they should be read in conjunction with other planning and environment management policies.au. They may be referenced in planning documents to help determine reasonable best practice.dpi. An approval authority may make reference to the guidelines in planning policies. INTRODUCTION 1.dpi. JULY 2008 | 1 . knowledge and practice which is current at the time of writing. plans.au/agriculture/livestock/dairy-cattle. It will also aid the key stakeholders involved.php in late 2008.gov. These guidelines should assist the proponent in preparing a Development Application (DA).com/activities/products.2 OPERATION AND SCOPE OF THE GUIDELINES These guidelines should be applied uniformly across NSW and may be applied to dairies milking other species. plans and guidelines. and industry consultants. Technical information on all matters relating to dairy effluent will be available at www. Future investigation.nsw. advisory material and legislation. 1. Section 5 – Managing environmental impacts describes best management practice standards and information on how to implement them. 1.au or at www.nsw. Section 6 –outlines the relevant regulations and legislative requirements that govern dairy developments. The purpose of the guidelines is to provide: •	an explanation of the planning process in NSW. sheep.1 AUDIENCE AND PURPOSE OF THE GUIDELINES These guidelines will assist farmers who are planning a new dairy development and/or a major re-development of an existing operation. such as goats. including consent authorities. requirements and legislation •	information on siting and design •	best practice advice for managing the environmental impact of the facilities. approvals. Technical notes will be used to disseminate information on development in best practice between reviews. Section 4 – Siting and design provides specific information to assist with these aspects of dairy developments. and human health. as well as the relevant documents.gov. research and innovation related to farm practice may establish new practices and redefine best practice for the dairy industry.3 CONTENT AND REVIEW OF THE GUIDELINES Section 2 – Dairy production in NSW outlines some of the basic characteristics of the industry including relevant general issues such as biosecurity. buffalo and camels.nsw.1.dairyingfortomorrow.gov.
2. to supplement or replace pasture grazing. There is a move towards more intensive feeding systems. from the mid-North Coast to the far South Coast • inland regions dependent upon irrigation. extending from Tamworth to the Riverina. Herd numbers have dropped and average herd size and production per cow has increased. hay and silage. and it is supplemented with feeds such as grain. The NSW dairy industry can be found in a range of climatic conditions: • subtropical environment. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY.1 THE NSW DAIRY INDUSTRY The NSW dairy industry has undergone significant changes since the total deregulation of farm gate pricing in 2000. Pasture is the basis for production. DAIRY PRODUCTION IN NSW 2.2 DAIRY PRODUCTION SYSTEMS Many NSW dairies use ‘year-round’ calving herds (where milking is conducted all year). and 'batch' calving (where groups of cows are calved at different times of the year). ‘seasonal’ milking (where all the cows in the herd are calved in one short time period). JULY 2008 | 2 . Lactating dairy cows require sufficient high-quality feed throughout the year to achieve profitable milk production and to meet milk quality targets. 2. from the mid-North Coast to the Queensland border • temperate environment. maintenance and reproductive requirements. as well as health.
must comply with a range of legislation and regulations that are designed to protect the environment and the expectations of local communities. The Act establishes a framework for local government zoning.1 AN OVERVIEW OF THE LEGAL PROCESS NSW dairy operations. PLANNING A DAIRY DEVELOPMENT 3. assessment requirements. There are also various consents or licences required from the local council and other agencies that define the required environmental performance outcomes. development control plans. The time taken to complete this process depends on the scale and complexity of the development. The key steps in the planning assessment are outlined in Figure 3.3. especially if they are restricted dairies or have restriction facilities. JULY 2008 | 3 . and development consent provisions.1. which include state environmental planning policies (SEPP) and local environmental plans (LEP). It provides for a hierarchy of environmental planning instruments. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY. as well as the level of concern about the environmental performance expressed by the neighbours and the broader community. The Environment Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (EP&A Act) is the major legislation governing land use and environmental assessment in NSW.
DWE & from council? NSW DPI No – major project under Yes No – development without Part 3A. EP&A Act vegetation and water approvals Non-designated More than 800 dairy cattle . Figure 3.5 ). (Refer to Section 3.7. EP&A Act– consult Local development under consent .6) Council & relevant agencies undertake assessment. Council & relevant agencies undertake assessment. (Refer to Section 3. on merits. applicants have 12 months to appeal the decision are not correct.5 ). anyone has 3 months to appeal if procedures are not correct.4 ) Consult with council.consult DWE/CMA re DOP for assessment process Part 4. relevant agencies and neighbours Seek Director-General requirements from DOP – DoP consults agencies & council Prepare SEE Prepare EIS Step 2 Lodge DA & Consultation (Refer to Section 3.1: Key steps in the Development Assessment process Is the development permissible? What approvals are required? Talk with council. relevant agencies and neighbours – a PFM may also be held Consult with council.5) Submit DA & SEE to council Submit DA & EIS to Council Council notifies neighbours Council notifies neighbours – may advertise DA & SEE – seek comments – advertise DA & EIS for 30 days – see comments – sends copy to relevant agencies – sends copy to DOP & relevant agencies Step 3 Assessment & determination (Refer to Section 3.SEE required Designated– EIS required Step 1 Prepare DA (Refer to Section 3. JULY 2008 | 4 . anyone has 3 months to appeal if procedures merits. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY.7. Is development consent required Talk with DECC. consider submissions consider submissions Agencies may give general terms of approval Agencies may give general terms of approval Council makes a determination Council makes a determination Approvals by other agencies issued consistent with Approvals by other agencies issued consistent with consent consent Note: Applicants have 12 months to appeal the decision Note: Objectors have 28 days to appeal decision on on merits.
When seeking advice from the local council. Definitions relevant to a dairy development and identified in the Standard Instrument include agriculture. extensive agriculture. it still may not be approved. This is why most primary producers have previously not needed to consult LEPs. development control plans (DCP).2. such as business. so you will be able to refer to the information during the application process. you must determine whether the dairy proposal requires consent or is prohibited. regional environmental plans (REP). Any proposed development must comply with these requirements. which could be applicable to the development. and ask for a written copy of their advice. They have LEP maps showing the zoning for each property. Also. using standardised definitions for ease of use.2. Current planning documents may use different terms. the role of government agencies. They zone land into categories. restricted dairies. For example. to refer to intensive agriculture developments.4 Check the development control plan (DCP) Local councils have DCPs.2. and agricultural produce industry. provide clear and thorough information. Put the request in writing. such as ‘intensive livestock keeping establishments’ or ‘intensive agriculture’. It is important to identify what definition the dairy proposal falls under. what information is required. find out what planning requirements relate to the proposed development such as local environmental plans (LEP). residential. there may be provisions regarding entrance from a property onto a main road. Even if your proposal requires consent.3.1 Contact your local council Before committing to developing a particular site. 3. particularly SEPP 30 – Intensive Agriculture. intensive livestock agriculture. For example. JULY 2008 | 5 . Zones indicate whether the land use: • is permitted without consent • requires consent • is prohibited.2 Find out what approvals are required The local council will be able to advise whether you need consent for your proposed development and what their requirements are. water recycling.2 IDENTIFY A SUITABLE SITE FOR YOUR DEVELOPMENT The following steps are not necessarily sequential. These definitions are explained in the Standard Instrument (Local Environmental Plans) Order 2006. dairy (pasture-based). or it may qualify as a ‘major project’ (which requires approval from the Minister for Planning). industrial. all councils will be developing new LEPs. setback from boundaries. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY. This includes the expansion or alteration of an existing dairy. and public consultation requirements. what steps the application will need to go through. landscaping or signs. Restricted dairies which are defined as ‘intensive livestock agriculture’ may require consent from council. so that they fully understand the proposed development. 3. environment or rural. stormwater management. or state environmental planning policies (SEPP). which contain more detailed provisions than the LEP. and further explained in DoP LEP Practice Note PN 06-003 ‘Preparing LEPS using the standard instrument definitions’. waste management. It is also important that you understand the development application process. finding out what approvals are required should ideally be done at the same time as a preliminary evaluation of site suitability. Over the next five years. The proposal may be classified as a local development (for which the local council is the consent authority). Proposals under ‘agriculture’ or ‘extensive agriculture’ are generally permitted without consent in rural zones. if environmental and community concerns are not adequately addressed. LEPs also include definitions for many uses.3 Check the local environmental plan (LEP) LEPs are developed by councils. 3. 3.2.
3. Regional strategies are also being developed for the Sydney Metropolitan Region and for coastal and certain other regions.environment. Please note that the siting and design of a development is covered in detail in Section 4.html. It is also important to consider how long it may take to recoup your investment. where you are proposing to change or expand operations. you also need to be satisfied that it is suitable in practical.nsw.legislation. For new enterprises. if the development is a type that requires an EIS. or if the site is likely to have been contaminated by previous use of chemicals or fuels. including the Protection of the Environment Operations Act 1997 (POEO Act). An on-line search of matters can be undertaken using the Environmental Reporting Tool at www. 3. such as s94 contributions for road upgrades and maintenance.2. They may have implications for some types of dairies. and consent may be required under an SEPP. and to compare relocation options with expansion on the existing site.gov. 3.5 Check regional environmental plan (REP) and regional strategies REPs are in place in a number of areas in NSW. See www.au/epbc/index. 3.2. you should determine whether approval under other legislation is required. More detailed information on legislation and contacts is provided in section 6. Include council levies and charges. the development is an integrated development. North Coast.2.3.3 CONTACT RELEVANT GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIES Before committing to developing a particular site. Dairies that accommodate more than 800 animals in milk production require a licence. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY.6 Check state environmental planning policies (SEPP) SEPPs override LEPs. financial and environmental terms. As a general rule. particularly in relation to avoiding or minimising air and water quality impacts. as they are listed in Schedule 1 of the Protection of the Environment Operations Act 1997.7 Review the suitability of the site Having checked that your land is in a suitable planning zone for a dairy. wetlands and heritage items. For example. For example.2 Commonwealth environmental approvals Under the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation (EPBC) Act 1999. Sydney REP No.3. such as the South Coast. including threatened species. If a licence is required.1 Environmental protection licence The Department of Environment and Climate Change (DECC) is responsible for administering environmental protection legislation. in your assessment of costs.au for more details. SEPP 30 may in the future specifically refer to dairies requiring consent. 20 Hawkesbury Nepean River notes that consent is required for dairy farms.3. Riverina and Sydney regions. JULY 2008 | 6 . 3. It is also useful to check whether changing the design or location might avoid additional requirements. Murray.gov. SEPP 30 Intensive Agriculture (1989) requires development consent for cattle feedlots over 50 head. These strategies provide guidance regarding future development trends and infrastructure provisions. an approval may be required if the development is likely to affect matters of national significance. it may be worthwhile to undertake a risk assessment and a cost-benefit analysis to consider whether it is worth continuing operation on the site. you will have greater success getting your proposal approved if the site is already used for agriculture. and these matters must be considered jointly by council and DECC during the development approval process. and whether it is possible to meet such requirements. Consult with DECC early in the process. as well as connection to water supply. SEPP 62 Sustainable Aquaculture Section 15B notes that development consent may be refused if the development will have an adverse effect on oyster aquaculture. it will also require a licence from DECC. For existing enterprises.
nsw.threatenedspecies.nsw. which is a voluntary agreement between the landholder and the CMA. either directly or indirectly. algae etc. an approval under the Native Vegetation Act is required and an application should be lodged with your local Catchment Management Authority (CMA) at the same time as the DA is lodged with local council. 3.3.au/epbc/assessments/process.3. amphibians. Clearing approvals within a PVP can last up to 15 years.3 Clearing native vegetation If the proposal includes clearing of vegetation. and on threatened species. They are listed under either the Threatened Species Conservation (TSC) Act 1995 or the Fisheries Management (FM) Act 1994. birds.If the development is likely to affect these matters.gov. The test of significance considers the likely impacts of the proposed development on the habitat (including identified critical habitat) and life cycles of threatened species.com. Proposals which are likely to impact threatened species will require approval from the relevant Government agency. grasses.au/tsprofile/index. Heritage and the Arts (DEWHA) in Canberra before the DA is lodged with local council. as well as threatened species. You will find a list of critical habitats. contact your nearest CMA or visit www. The test is used to determine if a Species Impact Statement (SIS) is needed. Preferably this should be done prior to lodging the DA. trees. fish. The test considers the likely impacts of the proposed development on any critical habitat. populations or ecological communities.5 Water licences and approvals Extraction of water from rivers or aquifers for commercial purposes requires a licence and/or other approval from the NSW Department of Water & Energy (DWE). you should contact the DEWHA in Canberra (02 6274 1111). reptiles. If you have any questions about the application of the EPBC Act to your proposal. A clearing consent involves the development of a Property Vegetation Plan (PVP).environment. Water.gov.abelecology.au. ecological communities and their habitats. Lists of species likely to occur within particular geographic areas and vegetation types can be generated at the Threatened Species website at: http://www. Offsets are permitted.html. populations or ecological communities or their habitats. the development proposal should be referred to the Commonwealth Department of Environment. For more information about the clearing of native vegetation and PVPs. If an approval is required. by the proposal. Guidance on applying the test of significance can be found at: http://www. in the Threatened Species Conservation (TSC) Act 1995 or the Fisheries Management (FM) Act 1994. 3.au/7_Pt_Test_Guidelines. to compensate for the effects of clearing and to meet the ‘improve or maintain’ criteria.nativevegetation.4 Threatened species In NSW “threatened species” include all animal and plant groups – mammals.gov. management actions improve or maintain environmental outcomes. a joint assessment can usually be undertaken under the EPBC Act along with the DA process.3.aspx It is best to try to design the proposal to avoid negative interactions with threatened species if possible. if required.environment. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY. shrubs. populations. or see http://www. Clearing will now only be approved if. overall. A ‘test of significance’ (7 part test) must be undertaken and submitted to the consent authority if there is a possibility that threatened species will be affected. so that if a SIS is needed it can be prepared and included in the SEE or EIS. 3. JULY 2008 | 7 .htm.
See table 3.1. JULY 2008 | 8 . licensing provisions come under the Water Management Act 2000 or the Water Act 1912.For water licences and associated water trading (the buying and selling of water licences or annual allocation water). ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY.
Community opposition will usually lead to the imposition of additional conditions to consent.3. to deal with complaints.gov. which should be used in operating the enterprise.nsw. creek or lake. Table 3. minor changes in siting and design of the development may prevent future problems and delays. rivers. you will have to divert time and resources.au/water/water_quality.1 Water licensing Acts Issue Legislation Approval or licence Access to water Water Act 1912: (for all water Part 2 – surface water licences sources in NSW not subject to a Part 5 – groundwater(aquifer) licences Water Sharing Plan under the WMA 2000.3.6 Talk with your neighbours Consent and regulatory authorities make their decisions according to the law and planning instruments. Organising a visit to a nearby similar enterprise that demonstrates high standards.nsw.7 Major projects require Ministerial approval Major projects require approval from the Minister for Planning. may reduce the concerns of neighbours or communities who are unfamiliar with how the proposed development would operate. Part 3A of the EP&A Act provides the rules for how major projects are to be assessed. To determine whether your proposal is a major project or for ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY. For instance. The more information you can provide. and take time to listen to what your neighbours have to say. and the proposal modified so that it can proceed with the neighbours’ support. but the level of support from the local community and neighbours can influence whether your enterprise will be approved and how it will operate in the future. across Water Act 1912: Part 8 (Flood Approval for works likely to affect the distribution or estuaries.dnr. If it is approved despite community resistance. and is listed in the SEPP (Major Projects) 2005.dnr. or at least without their opposition. the development application (DA) may not be approved. JULY 2008 | 9 . More detailed information and information sheets are available on: • water management and water licensing – see www. It is extremely important that you thoroughly inform potential neighbours before committing to a proposal.gov. 3. the Water Management Act 2000 and the Rivers and Foreshores Improvement Act 1948 are complex. Control Works) movement of floodwaters lakes.au • water quality – see www. In many cases. creeks and floodplains Please note that the transitional provisions relating to the Water Act 1912.shtml 3. or taking people on a tour of your existing farm. Be open and honest about all aspects of the proposal. neighbours’ concerns can be taken into consideration. Water Management Act 2000: for Access licences water sources subject to a Harvestable rights proclaimed water sharing plan or Water supply work approvals water management plan Water use approvals Flood work approvals Aquifer interference approval Construction Water Management Act 2000: Approval for works within 40 m of the bed or bank of a near/within or Controlled Activities river. A development is classified as a major project if it is considered to be of state or regional planning significance. Please contact your nearest DWE office for more information concerning your particular area. If there is strong community opposition to a dairy proposal. An active and comprehensive engagement with your neighbours and community early on will establish a firm foundation for good relationships. the more likely your neighbours are to accept the proposal.
JULY 2008 | 10 .9 Integrated developments Some developments require permits or licences from state government agencies. Non-designated development Non-designated developments are typically proposals that pose a lower or more acceptable risk to the environment than other types of development. Major projects include intensive livestock industries that employ 20 or more people for the purpose of feedlots or dairies.3. Anyone who lodges an objection with council during the exhibition of the DA has the right to have that objection heard by the Land and Environment Court. See www.9). or that certain issues be assessed. and can be: • non-designated development • designated development.6. and for the court to redetermine the DA on its merits. See 3. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY.au.3. sizes and locations of projects with potential for significant environmental impacts. The guidelines in this document do not apply to Part 3A projects.planning. and to seek submissions from the community. If a development requires a permit or licence listed in Table 3. it is considered to be an integrated development. it is strongly recommended that you use a suitably qualified consultant.planning.4 for more details. contact the Department of Planning (DoP) or go to htt/://www.2. 3. Agencies will then issue ‘general terms of approval’. which is a review of the key issues and measures for minimising or managing impacts.au for more information. that is. With integrated development.information on how to lodge an application. 3.nsw.gov. Requirements for the preparation of the EIS must first be sought from the Director-General of the Department of Planning. they require permits or licences from state government agencies in addition to council consent (see Table 3. in order to proceed. When preparing an EIS. so that a joint assessment can be undertaken. as well as council consent.3.gov. Either of these types of development can also be an integrated development (see 3.8 Developments requiring council consent Developments that require consent from local council under Part 4 of the EP&A Act are referred to as ‘local development’. Designated developments require an environmental impact statement (EIS). Agencies may request that certain information be included in the SEE or EIS. There is also a specific requirement for council to advertise designated development proposals (DA) for a minimum of 30 days. Dairies with more than 800 head of cattle maintained for milk production are classified as designated developments. Development applications for this type of proposal must include a statement of environmental effects (SEE).2). and council must refer it to the relevant agency. Designated development Designated developments are particular types.nsw. both council and the agency assess the information in the EIS or SEE.
43 (b). 90 Activity approval under part 3 of Chapter 3 Act 2000** s. you must submit an EIS with the DA to the consent authority. remove. 100B RFS subdivision of land that could lawfully be used for residential or rural Act 1997 residential purposes or development of land for special fire protection purposes Water use approval Water s. 58 DoP thing referred to in s 57 (1) 1977 Approval to alter or erect improvements within a mine subsidence Mine s. scheduled activities for the purposes of regulating water pollution 55 and 122 resulting from the activity if pollution of water unavoidable. 22B (1) DWE lake Management Act 2000. certain provisions of the Water Act 1912 still apply. you must submit a SEE when lodging the DA with the consent authority.4 PREPARING THE DEVELOPMENT APPLICATION If the proposal is a non-designated development. or 1993 and/or RTA (b) dig up or disturb the surface of a public road. 43 (a). matter or Heritage Act s. activities at any premises (excluding any activity described as a Operations 48 and 55 ‘waste activity’ but including any activity described as a ‘waste Act 1997 facility’) Environment protection licences to control carrying out of non. 91 Approval for works within 40 m of the bed or bank of a river.144 NSW DPI Permit to carry out dredging or reclamation work Management s. on or over a public road. Approval Act Provision Agency Fisheries s. or (e) connect a road (whether public or private) to a classified road Authorisation under section 100B in respect of bush fire safety of Rural Fires s. 205 public water land or an aquaculture lease.2 Relevant integrated approvals under Section 91 of EP&A Act. 43 (d). ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY. 3. a relic or and Wildlife Aboriginal place Act 1974 Environment protection licence to authorise carrying out of scheduled Protection of ss. 201 Permit to cut. 15 Mine district or to subdivide land therein Subsidence Subsidence Compensation Board Act 1961 Consent to knowingly destroy. work or tree on a public road. or (c) remove or interfere with a structure. Consent to: Roads Act s. JULY 2008 | 11 . 219 Approval in respect of the doing or carrying out of an act. 138 Council (a) erect a structure or carry out work in. deface or damage or knowingly cause National Parks s. If the proposal is a designated development. 90 DECC or permit the destruction or defacement of or damage to. Requirements for the EIS must be formally requested and received from the Director-General of the Department of Planning before the DA is lodged with the consent authority. *Note that in some areas not included within a water sharing plan or a water management plan. creek or Water s. or (d) pump water into a public road from any land adjoining the road. damage or destroy marine vegetation on Act 1994 s. ss. DECC development work at any premises the 47 and 55 Environment protection licence to authorise carrying out of scheduled Environment ss. 89 DWE Water management work approval Management s. or on the foreshore of any such land or lease Permit to obstruct fish passage s. Table 3.
It is available at www. The booklet Planning focus is useful if you are considering a PFM.au. It also reduces the risk that council will deny your application because of inadequate information. to ensure that all issues of importance are appropriately addressed. and possibly the broader community. If the development is an integrated development. the council may recommend further meetings involving councillors and community. PFMs are usually organised by the consent authority. and the management practices and environmental impact mitigation strategies to be employed. NSW DPI. Doing this can greatly reduce the risk of subsequent delays in processing your application. diagrams and photographs where appropriate. If a PFM is not required. Support the application with maps.4. 3. as well as include a description of the site and surrounding environment. The Department of State and Regional Development (DSRD) may consider contributing towards the costs of an EIS for the establishment or expansion of a dairy at a regional site. which can assist in the preparation of the EIS or SEE. An EIS is complex.planning. The PFM is usually held after the applicant has requested Director-General requirements. the relevant agencies provide the DOP with the matters they deem it necessary to include in the Director-General requirements. plans.4. but can also be organised by the proponent or by consultants.4. the applicant must obtain Director-General requirements from the Department of Planning. A planning focus meeting should include a site visit. These requirements will set out the matters that must be assessed in the preparation of the EIS. 3. so that their concerns can be identified.gov. This consultation may also produce information that will assist in the preparation of the ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY. if the project is unlikely to proceed without such assistance.nsw. but applicants should consider the same issues as in the preparation of an EIS. so that matters relevant for inclusions in these requirements can be discussed with relevant agencies at that meeting. DoP. or has not been organised. JULY 2008 | 12 . Resource Management Officers from NSW DPI can also assist. DWE. and typically requires the use of a consultant. If the development is likely to be contentious. CMAs and other appropriate state government agencies • relevant other parties or stakeholders. Agencies such as the Department of Planning (DoP) and the Department of Environment and Climate Change (DECC) have guidelines in relation to the assessment and management of environmental issues. These requirements provide the overall scope of matters that must be addressed in the EIS.1 Planning focus meetings It is recommended that you hold a meeting with council before lodging a DA.2 Director-General requirements If the development is a designated development. A planning focus meeting (PFM) is also recommended if there are a large number of issues to be considered and development is likely to be contentious.The SEE or EIS needs to outline the size and nature of the proposed development. it is important to consult with neighbours. and would normally involve: • the applicant • the applicant’s consultants • representatives from the local council • DECC.3 Community consultation While preparing the SEE or EIS. 3. A PFM allows relevant parties to meet and identify possible issues in advance. agencies should be consulted about their requirements. Schedule 2 of the EP&A Regulation sets out specific requirements for an EIS. There is no standardised format for the preparation of an SEE.
the same components as in an EIS. partitioning. 3. including the consequences of not carrying out the development or activity.	Summary of the EIS or SEE 2.4. in less detail.5 Components of an EIS or SEE Schedule 2 of the EP&A Regulation sets out specific requirements for an EIS. room sizes and intended uses for each part of the building (3) elevations and sections. There is no standardised format for preparation of a SEE.	Description of the proposal i) capital investment value of the development proposal and likely employment costs ii) size of the operation (e. JULY 2008 | 13 . The assessment level should match the level of impact the proposed enterprise might have. It may also be useful to provide agencies with a draft EIS prior to lodgement. if any iv) previous and existing operations on the site v) site layout plans. 4.4. 3. populations or ecological communities. a statement signed by the owner of the land to the effect that the owner consents to the making of the application •	a list of the documents accompanying the application. packing and processing facilities. or is part of. or whether the development is likely to significantly affect threatened species. These are summarised as follows. 1. and provision for movement of vehicles within the site (including dimensions where appropriate) ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY. showing the external finish and height of any proposed buildings (4) proposed finished levels of the land in relation to existing and proposed buildings and roads (5) proposed parking arrangements. vehicle entry and exit points. including (1) the location of any waste storage or disposal areas (2) existing vegetation and trees on the land (3) the location and uses of existing buildings on the land (4) existing levels of the land in relation to buildings and roads (5) the location and uses of buildings on sites adjoining the land vi) a sketch of the development. showing layout. the area under production. critical habitat.4 Information to be included in the development application Local councils will have a development application form. or their habitats •	a list of any authorities from which concurrence must be obtained •	a list of any approvals that must be obtained before the development may be carried out •	if the applicant is not the owner of the land.assessment.	Analysis of alternatives •	an analysis of any feasible alternatives to carrying out the development or activity (with regard to its objectives). and can provide guidance on submitting a DA. including (1) the location of any proposed buildings or works (including extensions or additions to existing buildings or works) in relation to the land’s boundaries and adjoining development (2) floor plans of any proposed buildings. so that they may give you advice as to whether you are appropriately addressing the issues. and formal particulars of title of the land •	an indication as to whether the land is.	Statement of objectives • objectives: reasons for undertaking the proposal 3. and/or production targets and estimated value of production per annum) iii) production.g. The following is the minimum information to be included in a DA (note that Schedule 1 of the EP&A Regulation sets out specific requirements for information required in a DA): •	the name and address of the applicant •	a description of the development to be carried out •	the estimated cost of the development and number of employees •	the address. but proponents would be expected to address.
design and environmenal impacts. in the case of power failure. emergency pest or disease outbreaks.g.	Assessment of environmental issues • air quality.g. on-site waste water treatment. ecological communities and their habitats • visual impacts. 5. together with a detailed description of those aspects of the environment that are likely to be significantly affected 6. economic and social considerations Section 4 contains more detailed information relating to siting.g. taking into consideration the landscape characteristics and viewing sites • social issues. including health risks and potential impacts on amenity • economic issues. drainage and flooding pattern. flooding. and mass mortality) x)	emergency management strategies to minimise the potential for risk events. minimise or manage potential impacts 10. effluent from silage bunkers and milking facilities. a BASIX certificate and other such requirements vii) water and power supply. especially at night if there are residences nearby (including on truck routes) • water quality. road access and proposed truck movements viii) outline of any construction to be undertaken ix) plan for the storage and disposal of wastes (e. drainage. erosion and sedimentation • water supply impacts • traffic and road impacts • lighting impacts •	waste management (e.	List of approvals and licences •	a list of any approvals that must be obtained under any other Act or law before the development or activity may lawfully be carried out 9. Justification for the proposal • the reasons justifying the carrying out of the development or activity in the manner proposed. composting.	Identification of key issues •	identify the likely impact on the environment. distances to any houses. as well as threatened species populations (both terrestrial and aquatic). (6) proposed landscaping and treatment of the land (indicating plant types. and effluent from silage bunkers and milking facilities) •	native vegetation. soil type and groundwater depth (particularly where there is on-site waste water disposal) • relationship with surrounding land uses (e. as well as their height and maturity) (7) proposed methods of draining the land (8) in the case of residential development. property boundaries or watercourses) • whether the proposal is consistent with relevant SEPP. including employment issues 8. dust and odour •	noise issues. A risk-based approach should be taken when identifying issues.	Proposed environmental management plan and mitigation measures •	a full description of the measures proposed to mitigate any adverse environmental effects of the development or activity • proposed actions to minimise and manage land use conflicts •	a single-section compilation of all commitments to avoid. with regard to biophysical. with the focus on matters likely to significantly affect the environment 7. flood or bushfire). including emergency response plans (e. JULY 2008 | 14 . REP. LEP or DCP provisions • a general description of the environment that is likely to be affected by the development or activity. adjacent areas and existing or approved land uses • topography. use and/or disposal.g. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY. An example of an emergency management plan can be found in appendices.	Location and site description • description of the site. including chemical spray drift. vegetation.
sent by post or transmitted electronically to the principal office of the consent authority. critical habitat.1 Submit the completed DA and supporting information to the consent authority You should check with the council about the number of copies needed for exhibition and consultation purposes. The DA can be delivered by hand. in relation to its site •	if the development involves building work to alter. the DA will be advertised in the local newspaper. in the form of an EIS (if designated development). to declare that the information in the assessment is not false or misleading •	Landowner’s consent. 3. and issue a DA number. expand or rebuild an existing building – a scaled plan of the existing building •	if the land is within a wilderness area and is the subject of a wilderness protection agreement or conservation agreement under the terms of the Wilderness Act 1987 – a copy of the Minister for the Environment’s consent to the carrying out of the development •	if the development involves changing the use of a building (other than a dwelling-house or a structure that is ancillary to a dwelling-house) – a list of the Category 1 fire safety provisions that apply to the existing building. or if it requires concurrence from another authority. the following documents are to accompany the DA or be integrated into the SEE or EIS: •	in the case of land that is. If it is an integrated development. a copy of the DA must also be sent to any integrated approval authorities. or is part of. date it.gov.2 Exhibition and notification of DA The consent authority must notify adjoining or affected landowners of the proposal in writing. or of a development that is likely to significantly affect threatened species.sustainability.3. and often in the Sydney press.6 Other documents to accompany the development application If relevant. as erected. and provide the opportunity for them to comment. This notice will usually advise that the documents are ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY. If the project is a designated development. The DA must be accompanied by: •	an environmental assessment.au for information. JULY 2008 | 15 . See www. or their habitats – a species impact statement •	if the development involves any subdivision work – preliminary engineering drawings of the work to be carried out •	if an environmental planning instrument requires arrangements for any matter to have been made before development consent may be granted (such as arrangements for the provision of utility services) – documentary evidence that such arrangements have been made •	in the case of development that involves the erection of a building – an A4 plan of the building that indicates its height and external configuration.5. the consent authority will register the application. if the DA is to be advertised. or in the form of an SEE (if not designated development).5.5 LODGING A DEVELOPMENT APPLICATION 3. This must be signed by the person responsible for preparing it. and a list of the Category 1 fire safety provisions that will apply to the building following its change of use •	in the case of residential development – a BASIX certificate. On receipt of the DA.nsw. if you do not own the land. or if it is leased •	DA fees. Payments are based on the estimated capital value of the project. populations or ecological communities. A quotation on DA fees can be obtained from council prior to formal lodgement of the DA.4. 3. Additional charges are levied if the project is a designated development or an integrated development.
available for inspection at the council offices and/or library, as well as the Sydney Office (and
possibly a regional office) of the Department of Planning.
If the development is not a designated development, but is an integrated development, the
DA must also be advertised. The consent authority will send copies of the documentation to
relevant agencies to seek their views. A copy of submissions received as a result of the
exhibition is also sent to relevant agencies.
3.5.3 Request for additional information
The consent authority may reject a DA within seven days after receiving it if it is unclear or
illegible. They may reject it within 14 days if it is not accompanied by the appropriate fee or
approvals. An agency may ‘stop the clock’ and request additional information during the
exhibition and assessment period. This means that the time for assessing the development is
extended. The assessment 'clock' is not restarted until the agency is satisfied that it has
sufficient information to appropriately assess the DA.
3.6 ASSESSMENT AND DETERMINATION
3.6.1 Assessing the impacts
The consent authority assesses the impact of the proposed development on the biophysical
environment, the built environment, the community and the economy.
3.6.2 Consideration of submissions
The council will identify the key issues they need to consider. Council may also organise
meetings between the applicant and those people who have made submissions, to clarify
issues and, if appropriate, develop suitable management measures to apply as conditions of
3.6.3 Advice from panels or independent experts
Council may engage independent experts to aid them in assessing the development. They
may establish an independent panel to hold hearings with the community and other parties, to
aid them in assessing the development, and to provide opportunities for the community to
raise issues with technical experts.
3.6.4 Advice from agencies
In assessing a DA, the consent authority may seek advice from NSW DPI, DWE, DECC, DoP
and other state government agencies.
For integrated developments, the council will have sent a copy of submissions to the relevant
agencies, and will seek the agencies’ advice. The agencies provide the council with ‘general
terms of approval’, which must be included in the council’s consent conditions if it intends to
approve the DA. The consent authority incorporates this advice into its assessment, and the
general terms into the consent conditions. If the agency refuses to provide general terms of
approval, the council must refuse the DA.
3.6.5 Impacts on council infrastructure
If the development is likely to result in impacts on council infrastructure, such as roads and
bridges, the council may charge an S94 contribution as part of the approval conditions. This
may be a one-off contribution or an annual payment
3.6.6 Matters for consideration in making a determination
The consent authority then decides either to grant consent, grant consent with some
conditions, or refuse consent for the application. Matters taken into account include:
•	the provisions of any local, regional or state planning instrument, development control
plan and/or planning legislation that relates to the site or the proposed development
•	the impact the proposed development is likely to have on the natural environment and the
built environment, and the social and economic implications in the locality
•	whether the site is suitable for the proposed development
•	any submissions made by neighbours, the wider community and government agencies in
response to the exhibition of the DA
•	the public interest.
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY, JULY 2008 | 16
The applicant is notified in writing of the decision, and the decision is made public.
3.7 AFTER THE DEVELOPMENT APPLICATION DECISION
3.7.1 Approval to begin building works – construction certificate
If the DA is approved, the next step is to obtain approval of the building details. If the
development involves building works such as a building, road, or stormwater system, you
must apply separately to the council or an accredited certifier for a construction certificate.
This certificate certifies that the work you intend to do will comply with the Building Code of
Australia and any other required building standards.
Before any work can start, you must choose a principal certifying authority (PCA). This can be
an appropriately certified officer of the council, or an accredited private certifier. When lodging
an application for a construction certificate to the PCA, you must provide detailed design and
construction plans of the proposed building works. These must be consistent with the plans
approved by the council, and must comply with the Building Code of Australia.
At least two days before starting work, you must tell the council who the PCA is, if it is not the
3.7.2 Approval to occupy – occupation certificate
You must obtain an occupation certificate from the certifying authority before occupying or
using a new building, or changing the use of an existing building. The DA consent will specify
what works are to be completed prior to occupation of the development.
3.7.3 Approval under other Acts
Once the development application has been approved, any permits or licences required under
other legislation must be obtained, prior to construction and operation of the development: for
example, licences under the Protection of the Environment Operations Act 1997 (POEO Act)
or Water Management Act, the EP&A Act, and other Acts. If the approval is an integrated
approval, the permit or licence must be consistent with the General Terms of Approval
3.7.4 Compliance check
The approving authority will monitor the development to ensure that the approval conditions
are being complied with. If the development does not comply, you may be:
•	issued with a penalty notice and fined
•	ordered to rectify or make changes to the development or the activities carried out at the
Action may also be initiated in the Land and Environment Court. The court may order you to
carry out necessary works (such as making repairs), or may forbid you to use the premises.
3.7.5 Right of appeal under the EP&A Act
If, as the applicant, you are unhappy with the decision, you can request a review by the
consent authority within 28 days of the decision, and also appeal to the Land and
Environment Court within 12 months of the consent authority’s decision.
If the project is a designated development, and it is approved, anyone who objected in writing
to the proposal during the exhibition period may appeal to the Land and Environment Court
within the 28 days. Anyone may appeal to the Land and Environment court within 3 months if
they believe there has been a breach of the EP&A Act, or that appropriate procedures have
not been followed, in the assessment of the application.
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY, JULY 2008 | 17
4. SITING AND DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Table 4.1 outlines some of the potential environmental impacts during operation of a dairy
development. Other causes of environmental impact such as the construction phase must
When planning the construction of a new dairy or restriction facility, or the modification of an
existing facility, you should consider the risk of environmental impacts and devise approaches
to minimise or eliminate their occurrence through siting, design, operation and maintenance of
the facilities as described in Sections 4 and 5.
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY, JULY 2008 | 18
other insects. urine. manual HACCAP – feed contact with air and mixer wagons. Table 4. excited animals bedding or attracted to cattle manual handling. wash water. tractors. Manure. water feed shed equipment cattle. bedding materials. feed and rats – attracted to operation of tractor cattle. moving attracted to cattle use of vehicles – cow travel disrupted soil cattle ag bikes. JULY 2008 | 19 . other insects Operation of heavy Yes – buffer off poorly composted during formation manure machinery distance of effluent manure and maintenance system from dairy ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY. High Manure. Dusty Flies and other insects Handling cattle. High Wet manure.1 Dairy Development and Potential Impacts Impact Surface & Groundwater Source quality impacts Nutrient load Odour Noise Dust Pests and vermin OH&S Food safety Dairy building Manure. urine. HACCAP program chemicals. some by. wet Confined animals. High Manure. urine. other insects. effluent Milk pumps. mice Operation of heavy Yes – note areas moist feeds fermented feed in vehicles. milk. milking and rats – attracted to milking equipment. correct milk (for calves) feed usage of antibiotics Cattle heavy Manure. feed Flies. manual moisture handling. yards dust rearing. feed and rats – attracted to cattle machinery. feed. mice Operation of Yes – note milk. feed Confined cattle Dusty Cattle handling No yards wash water yards Feed-pads Manure. augers. Dusty Flies. Yes – refer to facilities – wash water. HACCAP – calf calving pads bedding material. No feed. contaminated storage area. and feed handling. bobcats Dry Flies. wash water mixer wagon. manure and cattle handling impervious surface moisture Cattle holding Manure. High Manure. manure and equipment. muddy areas. feed Confined animals. augers to dust and minimise chemical product feeds allergens contamination Non-restricted Manure. urine. urine. other insects. utes Manure storage Contaminated run. milk. Congregating Flies and other insects Handling cattle. High – manure. mice Cattle handling. dust and noise Feed storage Leachate from Low Moist and Feed delivery Dusty Flies. High Manure. Tractors. feed. exposure declarations to soil. urine. No use areas – compacted or mud animals.
on dusty equipment especially high. urine. fodder and animal laneways erosion potential transport vehicles Free stall barn Manure. High Manure. birds Operation of heavy No maintained. manual – feed declarations moisture handling. operation Yes – buffer application area off. feed tractor bedding cattle. mixer wagon. Water quality Source impacts Nutrient load Odour Noise Dust Pests and vermin OH&S Food safety Solids trap Overflow if poorly Medium Wet manure. Dusty No Road safety No laneway stormwater flow. paddocks decibel equipment or laneways Vehicle access Redirection of No No Milk tankers. dust. spray drift or unsuitable area after application manure of heavy distance of effluent for total nutrients. Dry Flies. High. Yes – buffer constructed. mice Cattle handling. other insects. manure monitoring spreaders) Farm Fuel and oil Low Poorly maintained Prolonged Operation No Operation of heavy No machinery leakage engines operation. if inadequate During application. Irrigation pumps Dry Flies. other insects. other insects. wet Confined animals. wash water. manure and equipment. birds Pumps. Yes – refer to feed. High If poorly Flies. JULY 2008 | 20 . and and rats – attracted to operation of HACCAP program bedding material muddy areas. bedding materials. to minimise noise chemical contamination Dead animal Leachate. other insects. manual designed or too water clearing handling small Effluent ponds Leakage if poorly High Contaminated Irrigation pumps. from residual pools equipment system from dairy or inadequate of water (tractors. Dry feed Flies. mice Potential Yes – need buffer disposal area contaminated maintained and rats pathogens runoff ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY. feed. poorly contaminated bobcats during machinery. birds Pump operation. other insects. Tractors and No Flies. water manure separators manure safety near ponds distance of effluent overflow if poorly and dams system from dairy maintained or too small Effluent Contaminated run.
including power and water supply •	the need for appropriate buffer zones/separation distances (see Table 4. 4.1 General siting considerations •	Favour a property with natural visual screening •	Consider proximity to neighbours •	Consider proximity to key inputs. effluent management and protection of surface water and groundwater. diseases and weeds •	Take note of adjacent sensitive areas (e. This assessment should include the dairy and any planned or existing restriction facilities •	suitability of the soil for the storage. katabatic winds and drainage) •	climate (including rainfall and prevailing winds) •	the type of treatment system to be used •	neighbouring land use (including residential. mounding and vegetation to soften the impact of the development •	Keep existing vegetation and landforms wherever practical •	Consider transport routes. Dairies must be located in a rural zone. purchased feed (e.2. For technical guidance on soil land-forming requirements for the re-use of effluent. ongoing operational costs and management issues can be significantly reduced.e. manure and other solid wastes •	an estimate of the quality and quantity of effluent and solid waste or sludge produced at all stages of the process (i.2 Locality Any site should have access to an adequate supply of good-quality water and a reliable power supply.or off-site.4. industrial and agricultural) •	the depth to groundwater •	movement of contaminated run-off from manure stockpiles. raw.e. water courses and drinking water bores •	Use landscaping. waterways. commercial. treatment and application of dairy shed effluent. dust.g. 4. store and apply effluent and solid waste or sludge on. noise. post-treatment. consider: •	the amount of land required to treat. such as ridges. feed and cattle •	Avoid development in areas that are visually prominent or highly exposed.2. A site evaluation should be done to identify and assess any constraints within the site.g.2 SITE SELECTION AND DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS Appropriate siting is the most cost-effective way of dealing with environmental performance issues such as odour.2) between the enterprise and current and future sensitive areas (including water and residences) •	potential beneficial uses of groundwater. native vegetation) and site restriction facilities appropriately In relation to effluent management by new dairies or substantial expansions to existing dairies. post-storage) •	land suitability (including topography. By addressing these issues at the planning stage. •	Locate structures so that they follow the contours of the land •	Avoid locating structures on steep slopes (i. greater than 1 in 5) •	Check potential impacts of adjacent land uses in terms of pests. wetlands. as well as for future expansions. and not too near existing or potentially sensitive land uses that are likely to be incompatible with dairy farming. such as water for irrigation. slope. JULY 2008 | 21 . especially for milk. grain and forages) and availability of skilled labour and services •	Prevent a direct line of sight between the development and adjoining dwellings or roadways •	Locate structures with sufficient setbacks from roadsides. Sensitive land uses include ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY. areas of Aboriginal significance and areas containing unique. uncommon or endangered fauna and flora •	the proximity of services and amenities. areas of scientific value. boundaries. consult NSW DPI. holding yards and laneways •	the enterprise’s proximity to sensitive sites – including surface water and groundwater.
2.2) from the boundary of the property. hospitals. The location and size of a proposed dairy should be such that there will be no unacceptable impacts on the health and amenity (e. on neighbouring properties.gov. odour. A reasonably level site for the restriction facilities is preferable to a sloping one. When spreading effluent. 4. noise. bio-aerosols.2.2) are required. flat to gently sloping land is preferred.2. visual impacts) of residents on the property itself.3 Size The land area required will vary considerably. dust. existing restriction facilities.4 Topography The local topography. 4. schools. and other places where people are present for extended periods of time. to minimise erosion and building costs. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY.au for more details. and in the surrounding area.residential dwellings.dpi.2. Consider reasonable bufferzones/separation distances (see Table 4. to ensure that environmental performance objectives can be met: • modifications to the dairy shed.5 Existing operations with site constraints Consider implementing the following to address effluent management: appropriate design and management.6 Odour impact assessment Odour can be an issue on dairies of any size. See www. including other agricultural activities. It cannot be assumed that the neighbouring owners or land uses will remain the same in the short or long term. Where a site adjoining a proposed dairy is currently vacant. A property needs to be of sufficient size and preferably of the desired shape to accommodate the facilities required. Design and management factors to minimise odour impacts should be considered when planning a new dairy.nsw. that may in the future have an adverse impact on the dairy. 4. yards and laneways • modifications to the effluent management system • effective housekeeping and best management practices • updating of the farmers’ knowledge • liaison with regional planning and zoning agencies. feeding and loafing areas. You should also consider the potential for surrounding land use. Facilities include: • restriction facilities (milking sheds. Any agreement with an existing owner regarding the acceptance of impacts is not binding on future owners. 4.g. an effluent management system and restriction facilities. Sites where cold air will carry odour down to residences should be avoided. Guidance on the DECC’s expectations regarding odour impact assessment is contained in the Technical framework: Assessment and Management of Odour from Stationary Sources in NSW and Technical notes: Assessment and Management of Odour from Stationary Sources (DECC 2006). it should be assumed that a future dwelling might be located anywhere on the property. climatic conditions or other features may indicate that changes to buffer/separation distances (see Table 4. JULY 2008 | 22 . for management of potential environmental impacts. including calving pads) • feed storage areas • internal roads and laneways • staff amenities • vegetative screens • setbacks • pasture and cropping areas • containment and management of effluent. An elevated site is preferred for natural ventilation and drainage.
cooling equipment and other farm machinery. with the power supplier when you are estimating your power and electric equipment requirements. such as irrigation pumps and feed processing equipment. it can only predict the likely odour impacts. including future expansion. however. •	potable water for the operation of milk cooling systems (plate coolers and cooling towers) •	water to wash dairy yards.9 Water supply Water may be a limiting factor to the size of a dairy enterprise. environmental conditions and the total number of stock •	water for stock cooling systems (e.8 Road access Suitable all-weather vehicle access should be provided for the transport of milk as well as any feed and livestock. sprinklers in holding yards or races) ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY. In some cases.2. unforseen odour impacts may be experienced at some locations. The assessment must show the regulator (local council or DECC) that the proposal is able to meet the DECC environmental outcomes for odour.2. as well as the cleanliness requirements for the milking shed and adjoining yards. This is a requirement of quality assurance schemes audited by NSW Food Authority. dust. if necessary. 4. Water requirements can include: •	potable water for the cleaning of the milking machine. The farmer will need to address these odour impacts and. modify the facility based on actual (rather than predicted) operational outcomes. 4. Additional information on the DECC’s requirements for odour impact assessment is contained in the Approved Methods and Guidance for the Modelling and Assessment of Air Pollutants in New South Wales (EPA 2001). you should: •	provide a convenient parking area for staff and visitors •	consider the impact of noise. Discuss your power needs. a statement of environmental effects (SEE). parking and turning areas •	consider separate cattle and vehicle roads/lanes •	place the access gate (from a public road) far enough inside the boundary that trucks can park off the road without affecting passing traffic.g. Section 5 has details on management practices that can affect odour impacts.2. as well as for washing the inside of the milking shed. JULY 2008 | 23 . Odour impact assessment is a site-specific design tool. feeding and housing facilities. When planning road access. Installation of standby generators may be appropriate in some areas.7 Power supply Access to reliable power is essential for the operation of milking facilities. Reclaimed water that has been adequately treated can be used •	stock drinking water. you should contact the DECC to discuss the preferred assessment methods.Prior to commencing any significant odour impact assessment. Take into account the maximum daily milk production of the cow. Access to power may be expensive if it is not already present on the site. 4. Dairies are large consumers of water. a development application or a DECC licence application (if the activity is listed in Schedule 1 of the POEO Act). rather than use them to ameliorate an existing problem. because of the daily water needs of lactating cows. lights and road safety on nearby sensitive land users when locating access roads. once the facility is operational. An assessment of odour impact will be needed to support an environmental impact statement (EIS). It is better to plan to implement these practices before the dairy is operating. The selected site should have access to water of sufficient quantity and quality for each intended use.
2. use local native species. They should be used as a starting point and guide only. manure heaps. such as wind patterns and atmospheric stability.12 Buffer Zones or Separation distances Buffer zones (or separation distances) are required in order to minimise the possibility of contamination of waterways or the degree of offensive sight. Local and site specific circumstances and the application of relevant council and State policies as well as guidelines specific to your area should increase the buffer distance as required. odour or noise from restriction facilities. JULY 2008 | 24 . 4. and collection of milk. delivery of inputs.•	irrigation water in areas where (and at times when) rainfall is low or erratic. State Forests or a reputable local nursery will be able to advise you on suitable and appropriate species. The features of the dairy that need to be considered in the design include: •	the position of the dairy shed in relation to access roads. feed storage and feeding areas •	the location of noise producing equipment (milk pumps. It must also minimise off-site impacts on neighbouring land uses. When planting native vegetation. placement and construction of cattle laneways from the shed to the paddock or to restriction facilities •	effluent application areas •	paddock design •	stock watering points •	carcass disposal areas.2.2 identifies minimum separation distances. This may include the use of reclaimed water from sewerage treatment works or other industries. 4.11 Farm Layout The layout should provide for efficient management of livestock and feed.10 Vegetation The removal of vegetation may require approval from the Catchment Management Authority. trees should be strategically cleared for a distance of 2–2. When developing a site.2. These distances are minimum requirements and apply generally to NSW. 4. effluent storage (both liquid and solid). ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY. Such equipment should be placed as far as possible from the boundary fences and roads •	design. sludge stockpiles and land-application sites. as well as collection. feed processing equipment). Table 4. drainage lines and other bodies of water •	slopes and other topographical features •	vegetation and valuable habitat •	local meteorological conditions. watercourses. Factors to be taken into account include: •	existing buildings •	roads •	dams. effluent ponds. treatment and disposal of wastes.5 times the mature height of the trees around the proposed restriction facilities.
effluent ponds. 4. unless adequate safeguards can be incorporated. such as buildings. pens. The variable separation distance must be calculated based on DECC’s policy ‘Assessment and management of Odour from Stationary Sources in NSW (November 2006)’ for ‘intensive’ and ‘restricted’ facilities and the greater of the two distances applied. may be required. Such safeguards include systems that are above the flood line or protected from floodwater. composting areas etc. extra consideration will be needed. Special provisions. and excludes the roadside vegetation strips. manure and sludge storage areas. Dairy farms and acid sulfate soils . Note Appendix A for more information. such as tailing dams and contouring.2 Suggested minimum separation distances for dairies (subject to existing legislation) Distance from land Distance from livestock application of effluent. 2 road – refers to the nearest edge of the formed section normally traversed by vehicles. 1 Feature complex (m) manure or sludge (m) 2 Well used public road (>50 vehicles/day) . Acid sulfate soil risk maps can be obtained from DECC which show whether there is a probability of acid sulfate soils occuring on your farm.2. JULY 2008 | 25 . Development consent is required for works such as the construction of drains and ponds that may affect acid sulfate soils. well or spring supplying potable water 100 100 Major rivers and creeks 100 100 Minor or intermittent watercourses 50 50 Dry runoff/erosion gullies on property 10 10 Dairy 50 50 3 Neighbouring rural residence 200 100 Property boundary 50 10 1 livestock complex – includes all components and facilities. 3 Minimum distance only. as well as solids storage areas) of pasture-grazed dairies should not be sited in areas subject to flooding at 1-in-25-year or more frequent levels. loafing areas. It may also reduce farm productivity by inhibiting plant growth and damaging farm structures The best approach to managing acid sulfate soils is to avoid disturbing or draining the iron sulfide layer in the first place. feedpads. New dairy farms and flood-prone land To protect surface waters and subsurface waters.13 Flood-prone land If effluent management systems are sited on flood-prone land. settling basins.intensive livestock & restricted dairy facilities 200 50 .pasture based livestock & dairy facilities 100 50 2 Low usage public road (1 – 50 vehicles/day) 50 20 Major public water reservoir 800 800 Bore. Table 4. Note: the above table applies to all new dairies and components added to older dairies during upgrades. the best practice recommendation is that the dairy sheds and associated infrastructure (including effluent treatment and storage ponds. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY. This can damage the environment by acidifying and poisoning groundwater and streams. The table should not be applied retrospectively to components or dairy complexes existing before the release of the March 2008 edition of the NSW Environmental Management Guidelines for the Dairy Industry.
Restricted dairies and restriction facilities should be sited above the 1-in-100-year flood levels. Alterations in the floodwater flow pattern will occur.2. you should either modify or re-site it. but areas should be avoided that are subject to frequent inundation (more often than 1 in 6 months). Land application of effluent is permitted in floodways. When the pond overflows. less stringent requirements are to be expected for the siting of treatment and storage ponds and solids storage. the soil type and the nature of the aquifer systems in the region. Irrigation and application of effluent to paddocks is permitted on flood-prone land. Seek approval from the local council before building new ponds for an existing dairy. Restriction facilities and effluent ponds should have impermeable bases and adequate clearance to the groundwater table to protect against groundwater pollution. 4. Existing ponds should not be topped by flood waters. as well as structural damage to the pond and possible scouring of the surrounding area.15 Groundwater management Dairies should not be constructed on areas with shallow groundwater and in particular in alluvium areas where groundwater may have a strong connectivity with adjacent watercourses. as well as contamination of the waterway. However.14 Floodways Ponds must not be located in local council designated floodways without prior approval. 4. If you plan to establish a new dairy on a floodplain. The vulnerability of the groundwater resource to pollution depends on the depth to the groundwater. If a pond is likely to overflow and pollute waters. compacted base will prevent nutrient leaching.2. It is best to adopt effluent management systems that are appropriate to the location. you may need a concrete base to ensure groundwater protection. As it is not feasible to alter the site and location of existing dairies. you should seek advice from DECC which has statutory responsibilities regarding development on flood plains in the state. an impermeable. Generally. JULY 2008 | 26 . and will need more control strategies to ensure protection of the groundwater resource. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY. on vulnerable soils. A development in a vulnerable area will require more thorough assessment and investigation. Existing dairy farms and flood-prone land A large proportion of the NSW dairy industry is situated within floodplains and on alluvial flats. structural damage and silt deposition may occur.
MANAGING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS This section deals with the best management practices (BMP). management of the feed pad area and management of riparian areas of the property. depending on: •	the scale of the development •	the complexity of the development •	the environmental sensitivity of the location. dairy effluent management. A generic EMP that is acceptable to the appropriate regulatory authority may be used as a template. To make effective environmental management easier. •	Where any required element is not included in the EMP.1 Objective To apply best management practice. These plans could have separate components covering the construction and operational phases. 5. 5. Technical information on all matters relating to dairy effluent will also be available at www. and contingency actions for managing environmental problems that may arise.com/activities/products. •	The EMP is site-specific.1. check and act. JULY 2008 | 27 . in order to minimise the environmental impacts associated with farm operations and management.php in late 2008. This is particularly important when the enterprise is a restricted dairy.dairyingfortomorrow. the applicant must explain why it is not considered relevant or applicable. together with a philosophy of continual improvement of the system and its operation. An EMP specifies: •	standards and practices for the operation of the dairy and restriction facilities •	strategies and measures for minimising environmental risks •	contingency plans for managing any environmental problems that may arise. an EMP may contain a number of separate management strategies. The EMP is based on an environmental management system (EMS) approach of plan. 5.1. Try to ensure that a range of compass directions and distances from the farm are represented. or there are a number of restriction facilities present. It includes strategies and measures for minimising environmental risks. restriction facilities and effluent management. to allow assessment of the direction and dilution of the impact.2 Performance criteria An EMP is developed and implemented.3 Best practice guidelines •	An EMP is submitted with the development application and forms part of the planning approval.1. and provide protection for natural resources. Other plans that can be part of an overall EMP include. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY. for example. These procedures would also be addressed in the on-farm quality assurance program for the property. •	To help determine whether the EMP is effective. 5. •	The EMP is maintained and updated as required by the dairy owner/manager. do.5. and to comply with legislative requirements. •	The EMP is reviewed annually by the dairy owner/manager. including basic elements that apply to restricted dairies. and is available for inspection by the appropriate regulatory authority.1 THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) Effective operation and management of a dairy may significantly reduce the potential for environmental problems. neighbours may be enlisted to keep a diary of environmental events that are deemed unacceptable. An environmental management plan (EMP) can be submitted with the development application for approval.
details of monitoring systems for assessing environmental performance and procedures. large scale cattle deaths. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY. description of the farm and operations and an environmental management policy statement 2. 5. due to contamination or inability to deliver milk to a processing plant. GROUNDWATER AND SOILS MANAGEMENT Dairies use a considerable amount of water for milking machines and dairy shed cleaning. due to endemic or exotic disease.	overall objectives and specific. provision for post-incident investigation. and include: 1. review of emergency actions carried out. should meet plant requirements. flood. yard and pad wash down and stock drinking. environmental training undertaken by staff.	details of the responsibilities of the dairy owner/manager regarding environmental management 7. with appropriate adjustment made in light of findings and in accordance with continuous improvement principles 10. operation and management of the dairy.	procedures for responding to complaints 9.	details of contingency plans to deal with accidents and emergencies (e. and identifying areas of need or oversupply. JULY 2008 | 28 . together with other nutrient sources. Transfer of organic matter (such as manure. micro-organisms and chemicals) to surface water and groundwater must be avoided.	provision for annual review and auditing of performance against EMP objectives.1 Objective To ensure that best practice is adopted in the planning. and reporting to the local council if requested 11. so that surface water. including trigger points and target response times for critical incidents 6. design.2 SURFACE WATER. Monitoring records are to be available to responsible authorities upon request 8. measurable and time-bounded targets for each identified risk event 3. 5.	day-to-day best practice management strategies to minimise the potential for risk events 5. The nutrient budget can also assist in controlling the build-up of nutrients on the farm. The effluent applied. disposal of milk. salts. Sustainable use of effluent as a fertiliser requires the development of a nutrient budget.2.	a list of risk events identified using risk management principles 4.g. chemical spill. power and/or water interruption). nutrients. fire. This water must be managed so that the integrity of the water resource and the ecosystems that it supports are not compromised. groundwater and soils are managed sustainably.	contact details. milk. development.•	An EMP should be auditable. to ensure regular and accurate recording of data. and protected from contamination and degradation.
•	Effluent storage areas are designed to divert uncontaminated stormwater. design and management strategies are used.htm). The owner and the builder are responsible for controlling soil erosion. •	A licence is obtained from DWE for the use of surface water or groundwater in the operation of the farm. development. groundwater and soils during normal operation of the dairy and its facilities.2.3 Best practice guidelines •	Reasonable separation distances are achieved to prevent contamination of surface and groundwaters (see s4. •	Stock access to streams and damage to stream banks are minimised. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY. •	Unsealed roads are located and managed so as to minimise soil movement and erosion. operation and management. 5. prevent soil from becoming waterlogged.12). Chemicals should be stored in bunded and roofed areas. •	Land application of effluent is carried out using a water and nutrient balance that matches application rate to safe soil storage ability. design. Requirements of the POEO Act: ‘The occupier of any premises must not cause or permit any waters to be polluted’ (section 120). •	Irrigation scheduling is managed so as to best utilise the water resource to promote optimum plant growth.13). Contingency actions are also developed for managing problems that may arise. stabilise soils and use applied nutrients (organic and inorganic) effectively. •	Groundwater vulnerability is assessed. as well as soil movement and erosion. The plan meets the requirements of DECC and the local council (note: www. as required under section 120 of the POEO Act. and appropriate siting.au/sustainability/builders_erosion. feed leachate and contaminated surface water. in order to protect ground water from pollution.gov.2. Chemicals. crop uptake and allowable losses. 5. safe infiltration rates. •	An erosion and sediment control plan is submitted with the development application. so that there is minimal risk of contamination to surface water. •	An irrigation and drainage management plan (IDMP) is developed for the enterprise if irrigation is required. •	Chemical storage and usage methods ensure protection of natural resources from contamination. •	Nutrient and chemical storage areas are constructed on an impervious base material. •	Strategies and measures are developed and implemented for minimising contamination and degradation of surface water. •	Farm dams are constructed and maintained so as to minimise leakage. feed. as well as preventing sediment from the building site from being washed into stormwater drains or other waters.2. unless safeguards are observed (see section 4. and prevent excess nutrient run-off or percolation to groundwater. pathogens and nutrients are all potential contaminants. •	Adequate wet-weather storage capacity is ensured for liquid and solid effluent. •	Pastures are managed so as to maintain vegetative cover. effluent management systems should not be constructed in a flood- prone area. pesticides.nsw.2 Performance criteria •	Best practices are applied in the planning. treated and disposed of without causing pollution. detergents. groundwater and soil from the farm. •	Any contaminated stormwater is collected. chemicals and other potential pollutants are cleaned up promptly. JULY 2008 | 29 .environment.2. Contact NSW DPI for advice and assistance in compiling this plan. •	Spills of effluent. •	For existing dairies.
•	On-site household wastewater systems (e. to carry out maintenance work on plant. management and communication. It is unrealistic to expect no odour from a livestock industry. livestock housing (such as calf rearing sheds or free stall sheds). such as appropriately placed and maintained sediment traps.3 ODOUR Odour is a major potential source of complaint against dairies. silt fences and straw bales. and contained within the property boundary. The potential nuisance caused by the nature. development. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY. or to deal with materials. duration and character of odour impacts are influenced by: •	local meteorological conditions and topographical features that govern the transport and dispersion of odours •	the distance of the receptor or sensitive land use from the odour source •	the nature and sensitivity of the receptor. calf sheds. 125. especially those that are restricted or have restriction facilities. Advise your neighbours before starting any work that may cause temporary offensive odours. 5. The important steps involved in the minimisation of negative impacts of odour from a dairy include: •	careful planning and siting of the dairy shed. •	Strategies are used to control site erosion and water run-off. sediment barriers.•	Local wetlands are protected for their role in filtering natural sediment and nutrient loads and providing a diversity of wildlife habitat. intensity. feed storage areas. Requirements of the POEO Act: ‘The occupier of any premises must not cause air pollution (including odour) through a failure to maintain or operate equipment. as well as food industry by- products. operation and management of dairy farms. feed storage areas.e. design.3. strength and offensiveness of the odour can arise from a number of factors. 126 and 128). so that odour emissions do not cause unacceptable impacts on nearby sensitive land uses or receptors. septic tanks and aerated wastewater treatment units) are maintained and operated correctly. The frequency. restriction facilities (such as free stall sheds) with regard to neighbouring residences. any significant odour problems should only be short- term. 5. public roads and wind direction •	good management of all the facilities Good communication with neighbours is important. such as effluent ponds and manure storages. The operator must also take all practicable means to minimise and prevent air pollution’ (sections 124. feed pads and housing sheds •	the feeding and storage of certain feedstuffs (i. Odours can arise from manure and wastewater storage areas. effluent management systems. certain feeds (such as silage). These strategies include preventative measures. in a proper and efficient manner. including: •	total animal number and stocking rate on pastures and in restriction facilities •	the presence and number of restriction facilities such as calving pads. Odour control involves planning. JULY 2008 | 30 .g. silage. and the cows themselves.1 Objective To ensure that best practice is adopted in the planning. such as citrus pulp and brewers grain) •	disposal areas for milk •	waste management practices. As long as satisfactory management practices are adopted.
•	Site selection and design for a restricted dairy is informed by an odour impact assessment that identifies appropriate separation distances. herd management and general farm management. as well as potentially sensitive areas. as it will severely reduce anaerobic activity. •	Store manure away from the dairy and feeding area. ‘The occupier of a premise on which scheduled activities are undertaken must not emit an offensive odour. •	Do not plant trees so that they shade the anaerobic pond.3 Best practice guidelines •	Best practice guidelines for the siting. as this can cause sharp increases in odour.3. waste management systems. these feedstuffs should be stored on an impervious surface. Ideally. •	Plant trees and shrubs between neighbouring residences. 5. in a covered area or shed. JULY 2008 | 31 . design. In new ponds that are overloaded or have inadequate dilution water. •	Plant trees and shrubs between watercourses and irrigation areas. •	Avoid infrequent ‘shock’ loadings of effluent to the pond. Effluent should be added to the pond daily. The pH should be slightly alkaline. Consider incorporating a solids trap or manure separator into the effluent management system. Transfer the manure from feeding areas. This can be achieved by bunding the storage area. when deciding on the location of continuous reclaimed water irrigation areas and reclaimed water ponds. •	An EMP is developed and implemented that minimises odour emission and includes contingency actions for managing odour problems as they arise.3. 5.4 Careful planning and siting of facilities •	Feed storage areas should be constructed so that feed is kept dry. Purchased feedstuffs should be stored for a short time before use. •	Best environmental management practice is applied in the design of restriction facilities. •	Monitor the pH within the anaerobic pond. The leachate may be used on pasture. forcing odour to rise upwards and away from the residence. and increase the release of odours. •	Any leachate from moist feeds. so that farm operations and odour emission comply with the POEO Act.3. •	Consider the annual and seasonal prevailing wind directions. as well as the movement of pathogens.2.5 Sound effluent management •	Limit the nutrient loading in the effluent storage by separating solids from the liquid component. •	Trees and windbreaks reduce agitation of the surface of the pond by wind and also help promote vertical air mixing and dilution of odours.12). reclaimed water ponds and proposed irrigation areas. or re-establish or manage the existing riparian vegetation. These can cause a disturbance in the wind pattern. 5.2 Performance criteria •	Dairies and restriction facilities are set at appropriate separation distances from the boundary of the enterprise (see s4. laneways and shed at least once every week. as this can restrict the movement of the contaminated water. unless the emission is identified in the environment protection licence as potentially offensive and was emitted in accordance with the licence’ (section 129). •	Half-fill a new storage pond with water before allowing effluent to enter. management and maintenance of dairy waste management system and restriction facilities are followed. should be contained. such as silage and brewer’s grain. Odours can build up over 4–5 days and reach a peak in 20 days. the pH may fall below 7 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY. It should not be introduced into the dairy or feed pad effluent pond. The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of silage leachate is approximately 40 times that of milk. 5. The reduction in temperature can reduce the pond’s microbial activity. The reduction in organic material in the liquid effluent reduces odour formation.3.
•	Consider the wind direction and velocity on days when irrigation or manure spreading is carried out. consider injecting it directly into the soil or spreading it thinly over the soil or pasture. Guidance on the DECC’s policy regarding odour impact assessment is contained in the Technical framework: Assessment and Management of Odour from Stationary Sources in NSW (DEC. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY. covering the pond or storage tank can reduce odour emission. •	When irrigating with reclaimed water. (acidic conditions). •	Try to have a system that incorporates an aerobic second pond. take care to avoid stirring up sludge. Note: the lower the nozzle height. •	On sites where odour may be a major problem (e. use sprinkler nozzles that produce large droplets rather than a fine spray. JULY 2008 | 32 . however. •	Products for reducing odour or improving anaerobic digestion may be added to the storage pond. •	Keep cows clean by minimising exposure to mud and manure in yards. There is a greater potential for odour when water from an anaerobic pond is used for irrigation. Level 2 and 3 assessments. which is shallow with a large surface area. 5. which can cause odour.g. when odours can be more intense. This assessment may result in greater separation distances than identified in Table 4.3. close to urban areas). 5. There is no specific Level 1 odour impact assessment for dairies in the DEC Technical notes.2.3. •	Keep bedding in free stall sheds dry. since dairies are similar in feeding and waste treatment function to cattle feedlots. may be requested by DECC. Adjust application times to suit. However. attention to muddy areas in laneways and gateways. the lower the odour potential. A Level 1 odour impact assessment calculation will be required for most developments. •	If the spreading of manure or sludge could result in odour. and regular removal of manure from cow beds and laneways in free stall sheds not only reduce manure contamination of cows. November 2006). to improve the palatability of the grass at the next grazing.6 Sound general management of the facilities •	Clean up spilt feed and silage before it ferments.7 Minimum separation distances Minimum recommended set back or buffer distances have been determined to minimise the contamination of waterways and potential odour problems. due to partial or incomplete anaerobic breakdown products in the water. which involve more complex odour modelling. •	Water from the aerobic pond can be used for irrigation. The results of an odour impact assessment play a key role in determining an appropriate location and size for a dairy. There are possibilities for using the released methane (e. Regularly remove any wet or contaminated bedding. paddocks and free stall sheds. A suitable method and site for disposal of a carcass should be part of the farm plan. The addition of hydrated lime to acidic ponds can improve both pH and odour. Concreted or impervious yards that are easy to clean. •	When pumping reclaimed water from storage ponds. Apply it to the pasture immediately after grazing. •	Where possible. •	For all spray irrigation. November 2006) and Technical notes: Assessment and Management of Odour from Stationary Sources in NSW (DEC. An assessment of odour impact will need to be completed as part of an SEE or EIS to support a development application. it is suggested that the ‘Cattle Feedlots: Level 1 Odour Impact Assessment’ detailed in the Technical notes be used with some modifications as indicated in Appendix A. but can assist milk quality and mastitis control through the maintenance of udder health. Refer to Table 4. irrigate reclaimed water or spread manure and pond sludge during the day rather than in the early morning or late evening.g. •	Dispose of any dead animals promptly.2. apply it at such a rate that the liquid does not remain ponded for more than one hour after application. water heating).
reuse and recycling of effluent and nutrients. or to permit the disposal of waste at such a facility’ (sections 115. footbath liquids) •	preventing run-off •	disposal of dead livestock • disposal of milk unsuitable for human consumption or use on the farm as calf feed. farm waste and disposal of dead livestock results in minimum impact on the environment.1 Objective To ensure that best practice is adopted in the planning. if used in dairy housing. to minimise farm wastes. Effluent and nutrient reuse management includes: • liquid effluent management • on-site manure stockpiling and composting • on-site bedding. 5. stockpiling and composting of organic bedding.4. •	Management and disposal systems for waste are designed and operated so that odour generation and disease transmission are minimised. Mass mortalities as a result of an emergency such as exotic disease will be managed at the local. manage effluent effectively and maintain visual amenity.4 EFFLUENT AND NUTRIENT REUSE. needles. FARM WASTES AND DISPOSAL OF DEAD LIVESTOCK Effluent management on a dairy involves control of both solid and liquid effluent. operation and management of dairies so that the management. Waste management includes: •	disposal or recycling of silage plastic •	disposal of used chemical containers •	safe management and disposal of products used for cow treatment (e.5. •	An EMP is developed and implemented that includes strategies.g. development. In general. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY. It should be considered as resource management.3 Best practice guidelines Liquid effluent system and management •	The effluent system is easy to manage with minimal labour input. or have a synthetic liner that prevents seepage. •	All effluent is retained on the property. JULY 2008 | 33 . •	Farm operations meet the requirements of waste management legislation such as the POEO Act 1997. pharmaceutical products. •	Effluent ponds are constructed in low-permeability clay soil.2 Performance criteria •	Best practice is applied in planning. 143 and 144).4. syringes. operation and management of the farm. design. including a nutrient management plan for application of effluent and contingencies for disposal of dead animals and large volumes of milk. routine disposal of dead livestock is the responsibility of the dairy. 5. 5. development. as well as its sustainable reuse as a source of nutrients and as a soil conditioner. have been lined with clay. regional or state level by emergency management committees with NSW DPI as the control agency. design.4. It is also an offence to transport waste to an unlawful waste facility. measures and contingency actions for waste management. Requirements of the POEO Act: ‘It is an offence under the POEO Act to dispose of waste in a manner that harms or is likely to harm the environment.
or else concreted. This may be the preferred option for colostrum and milk discarded during the colostrum withholding period. •	The restriction facility is constructed on low permeability soil. •	The cause of all deaths should be determined by your veterinarian. Disposal of milk in an effluent pond is not recommended. composting. or has reinforced concrete aprons to enhance drainage and assist in regular maintenance. •	Milk can affect the function of an effluent pond because of its high BOD and organic loading. or cause air pollution. and should be designed (in conjunction with a farm plan) to cope with a herd/shed/farm expansion. such as burial. •	If previous arrangements have been made and there is a suitable facility that can be accessed. •	The effluent can be distributed over enough suitable farm area to avoid nutrient. to prevent spoilage. surface water or groundwater. your local veterinarian. In the event of any suspicious or unexpected deaths. NSW DPI. or call the Emergency Disease Watch Hotline on 1800 675 888. it has sufficient capacity to store at least two days worth of effluent. Disposal of milk •	Waste milk can be diluted 1:10 with water. •	Milk can be fed to milk-fed calves if there are suitable storage facilities available. to deal with a disease outbreak or natural disaster. Application areas should be rotated. rendering and incineration. and for periods in which application is not possible. to minimise nutrient infiltration into the groundwater. •	If a mass mortality is caused by a suspected exotic disease or highly contagious endemic disease. •	An emergency response plan for the disposal of dead livestock should be developed to deal with a disease outbreak or natural disaster. It should be applied in a way that suits soil and plant requirements. •	The system has the ability to cope with the current herd. contact the District Veterinarian at the Rural Lands Protection Board. so that they do not pollute surface water or groundwater. and spread on pasture. •	The effluent system equipment is serviced on a regular basis. salt and organic overload. •	Backup equipment is available for emergencies. •	Manure and feed waste are regularly scraped from restriction facilities and stored. Before deciding on any disposal option. a maximum of two days milking product can be added to a well-functioning pond with minimal adverse effect. the milk can be transported off-site for use in manufactured pet food. you should notify your District Veterinarian at the Rural Lands Protection Board. •	Always ensure that there is no waste milk run-off to waterways. a risk assessment should be undertaken to determine the most appropriate option for each situation. •	An emergency response plan for disposal of milk should be developed. Disposal of dead livestock •	Dead livestock can be disposed of in a number of ways. •	If a sump system is present. •	Spreading or spraying effluent on pastures does not cause pollution to air. •	The effluent is periodically tested for nutrient value. if other means of milk disposal are not feasible. •	The restriction facility has drainage which minimises bogging during wet weather. Effluent from feed pads and other restriction facilities •	Effluent from a restriction facility may flow into the existing effluent system (if it has been sized appropriately) or into a separate effluent system. to allow for mechanical breakdown or unfavourable weather. JULY 2008 | 34 .•	All effluent from dairy shed and associated yards can be stored during all weather events. given the requirements of the POEO Act and the Stock Diseases Act. to prevent excess nutrient build-up and to optimise nutrient use. •	Soil testing is used to monitor the ongoing suitability of application sites. General farm waste ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY. However.
if the service is available. The equipment is assumed to be well-maintained and operating correctly. or cause offensive noise. such as milk. Restricted dairies should be sited. designed and managed so as to minimise the risk of noise complaints. cows and calves. including atmospheric conditions. 5. augers.5 NOISE Noise from dairy farms may be intermittent or continuous. recycled after sorting or. depending upon the size and complexity of the dairy operation. The farmer should check the noise rating on any purchased equipment.1 Noise intensity of dairy equipment Equipment Sound power level . local topography and noise barriers. Requirements of the POEO Act: ‘The occupier of a premises must not cause noise to exceed prescribed levels. Noise transmission and the resulting impacts are affected by many factors.1 illustrates the intensity of noise from some common equipment. There will be instances when noise is unavoidable. reused on farm. feed mixer wagons and farm vehicles •	irrigation pumps •	heavy transport. or conduct activities in an environmentally unsatisfactory manner’ (sections 95-100. 263-279 of the POEO Act). JULY 2008 | 35 . bobcats. if possible. Most dairies milk twice each day throughout the year. 5.5. while others may operate for 24 hours.•	Any rubbish should be disposed of at public landfill. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY.decibels (at 2 metres) Vacuum pump (milking machine) 58 Compressor (milk vat) 50 Milking machine pulsators (hydraulic) 54 Effluent sump pump 64 Feed mixer 71 Bobcat 64 Neighbouring residences may be more sensitive to noise in the evening and night. The main sources will be: •	milking machine and associated equipment. when background noise levels are lower and the potential for sleep disturbance is greater. feed processing equipment. Table 5.1 Objective To ensure that noise levels generated by the farm and associated activities do not have unacceptable noise impacts on nearby sensitive land uses. Table 5. although some may operate during the night and through the middle of the day. •	Silage wrap and plastic pit covers should be disposed of at public landfills or collected for recycling. and note the correct maintenance required for managing noise from that equipment in the on-farm QA program. fodder and animal transport vehicles •	domestic vehicles belonging to the farm family and employees • cattle – cows separated from other cows. such as vacuum pumps •	compressors on milk storage cooling vats •	machinery such as tractors. No rubbish or household waste should be deposited in gullies or other areas of the farm. bulls. and the time when the milk is collected by tanker. as it could contaminate surface water and groundwater.
1 Objective To ensure that the design. The noise from vehicle movements associated with development is covered by the policy if the vehicles are not on a public road.2 Performance criteria •	Noise levels generated by the farm and related activities do not exceed the requirements of the NSW Industrial Noise Policy (EPA 2000). . mounding. •	All operators of noisy equipment should use suitable hearing protection. and 128 of the POEO Act). .Note s 4. The operator must also take all practicable means to minimise and prevent air pollution’ (sections 124. •	Hours of machinery and vehicle operation should preferably be during daylight.5. 125. •	An EMP is developed and implemented that includes strategies.6. development. •	All vehicles and machinery are properly maintained.5.2. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY. as well as feed preparation and animal movements on gravel or dirt restriction facilities or poorly vegetated paddocks. •	All mechanical equipment is sited away from sensitive land uses. •	The need for heavy vehicles to reverse is minimised. •	Noise and vibration from the construction and operational phases of the development are addressed in the EMP. If the vehicles are on a public road.Pumps and other noise-producing equipment are enclosed inside sound insulated sheds or casings. air movements.6 DUST Dust occurs when dry particles of matter are disturbed and lifted into the air. •	Delivery of feed or transport of stock should be carried out during daylight hours. the Environment Criteria for Road Traffic Noise (EPA 1999) applies. 5.5. type and size of feeding and housing facility. •	Sufficient setbacks or other noise mitigation measures are implemented to minimise noise transmission to nearby areas. operation and management of the farm minimise the generation of dust that may affect sensitive land uses. storage and transfer. Dust can also be a potential odour source. . or to deal with materials. 125. Requirements of POEO Act: ‘The occupier of any premises must not cause air pollution (including dust) through a failure to maintain or operate equipment. to ensure that noise does not exceed manufacturers’ specifications.Landscaping. •	Dairy road access should ideally be a minimum of 250 metres from neighbouring residences. in a proper and efficient manner. including machinery used for feed processing. except in emergencies or if council consent has been obtained. measures and contingency actions for minimising noise impact. Dust particles can contaminate the udders of cattle and be a contaminant of milk. The main sources of dust on a dairy are vehicle and machinery movement into and around the dairy. 5.12 for suggested minimum separation distances. Eye irritation and respiratory disease can occur in both people and cattle.3 Best practice guidelines •	Noise levels generated by the farm and related activities meet the requirements of the NSW Industrial Noise Policy. barriers and existing buildings are used to absorb and deflect noise. 5. especially if particles originate from pulverised dry manure. JULY 2008 | 36 . and distance to receptors. Factors that influence dust production include: prevailing winds. source of dust. All vehicles should have efficient exhaust mufflers.
•	Sustainable grazing practices are implemented to maintain pasture growth. •	Farm operations are planned and performed taking into account weather conditions and forecasts (e. 5.3 Best practice guidelines •	Lights used to illuminate the site for work purposes and security are angled or shielded so that light does not directly illuminate any nearby sensitive land uses.1 Objective To ensure that planning. 5. JULY 2008 | 37 . Choice of construction materials and use of topography also help reduce visual impact. if required.1 Objective To ensure that the movement of vehicles and the lighting design of the farm is planned so to minimise any light impact on nearby sensitive land uses. earthen banks and constructed walls are used. 5. design. 5. and to minimise illumination of neighbouring sensitive land uses. 5.8. 5.6. dust. and also assist in reducing noise. disease and odour. to minimise dust. 5. light and odour on surrounding properties. Ensuring that the farm is constantly kept in a tidy condition not only improves visual amenity. •	Feed spills are cleaned up promptly. and use landscaping and screening to reduce the impact of noise. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY.3 Best practice guidelines •	Feed pads and other restriction facilities are cleaned regularly. ‘The occupier of any premises must not carry on an activity or operate any plant so as to cause the emission of air impurities (including solid particles) at above the concentration and/or rate set out in the Clean Air (Plant and Equipment) Regulation’ (section 128 of the POEO Act).7 LIGHT Stray lighting from vehicle headlights. wind direction and strength). •	Dust-generating areas (e. •	An EMP is developed and implemented that includes strategies and measures for minimising light impacts from the farm.7.8. but helps with control of pests. 5.8 VISUAL IMPACT AND LANDSCAPING Landscaping can soften the visual impact of the development. 5.2 Performance criteria •	Lighting of the farm is designed to avoid excessive illumination. •	Loads of feed and other potentially dusty material are securely covered during transport. and a feed pad or sacrifice paddock is used to feed cattle during times of poor pasture growth. •	Vegetative screening..g. without compromising safety. to screen against light impact. •	Appropriate groundcover plants and vegetation screens are established and maintained. •	Suitable driving speeds are maintained on unsealed roads. dust and odour.6.7. •	Car parks and roads are situated and/or screened to prevent stray lighting from vehicle headlights from directly illuminating any nearby sensitive land uses. and contingency plans are prepared for managing dust problems.g.7. operation and management minimise the visual impact of the farm.2 Performance criteria An EMP is developed and implemented that includes strategies and measures for minimising dust from the farm. security lighting and sheds can be intrusive to neighbouring residences. roadways) are dampened with water spray if unacceptable dust levels from significant vehicle or stock movements are likely.2 Performance criteria •	Existing vegetation is retained wherever practicable.
The problems of odour. Contact should be made with the approval authority at an early stage of planning. and to find out if the approval of the Roads and Traffic Authority (RTA) is required. Common pests include insects (flies.g. The need for large vehicles to reverse is minimised. equipment and plant are selected to minimise visual impact. and off-site impacts on nearby sensitive land uses must be minimised. 5. •	An EMP is developed and implemented that includes strategies and measures for minimising visual impact and for providing and maintaining landscaping. dust. construction materials are selected to minimise visual impact.9. They can decrease milk production. 5. dams and roads) are maintained in a functional and tidy condition at all times.9. and for parking of vehicles within the property. •	Access points and roads on the property are located so as to minimise noise impacts on neighbouring sensitive land uses.9. •	Where practicable. salmonellosis and toxoplasmosis) on farm. •	A landscape plan may be required for screening of farm sheds and structures. •	Building materials. •	Buildings and site (including grassed surrounds. •	An EMP is developed and implemented that includes strategies and measures for minimising traffic impacts. to determine appropriate property access and road layout requirements. 5.2 Performance criteria •	Access to the site is appropriate for the size and number of vehicles that will be entering and leaving the site.9 TRAFFIC Movement of vehicles and accommodation of farm vehicles can affect the safety and amenity of the public and neighbours. They can also be a nuisance and a health hazard for farm workers and neighbours. fences. cats. drains. •	Adequate area is provided within the site to allow service vehicle movements.3 Best practice guidelines •	The natural topography and terrain of the site and the existing vegetative cover are used to best advantage to maximise visual screening. mosquitoes). •	Deliveries and collection are scheduled so as to minimise the impact on surrounding sensitive land uses. noise. and ensure that the movement and accommodation of vehicles on the property minimises any impact on the amenity of nearby sensitive land uses.3 Best practice guidelines •	Appropriate and safe access to the property from adjoining roads is provided. foxes. to minimise interference with passing traffic. are low- maintenance and are suited to the site. 5.8. dogs). •	The farm layout is planned so as to ensure that adequate space is available to turn vehicles. Site access must not interfere with the function of adjoining roads.10 PESTS AND VERMIN Pests increase the risk of introduction and spread of diseases (including leptospirosis. 5. •	Road surfaces are maintained for all-weather use. vermin (rats and mice) and vertebrate pests (rabbits and foxes). deer and wild birds may also be considered pests.1 Objective To provide appropriate access to the property. and result in livestock losses through direct attack or injury (e. 5. •	The selected plant species blend in with the local vegetation and landscape.•	Landscaping reduces the visibility of the development from neighbouring sensitive areas. Dogs. The design of this plan should be approved by the approval authority. JULY 2008 | 38 . ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY. and vehicle lights can be associated with traffic movement.
plant and equipment are designed and maintained so as to exclude pests. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY. In NSW. in order to prevent an adverse effect on the property. in order to reduce habitat for insects and vermin. •	The control program deals with pest animals in a humane way.11 WEEDS Weeds are plants that are unwanted in a given situation. •	Coordinated control is undertaken with neighbours. they can: •	compete with pasture •	poison stock •	harbour disease and vermin •	taint milk •	harm human health •	harm the environment •	disrupt water flows •	contribute to land degradation.3 Best practice guidelines •	Pests can be controlled by management. community and the environment. Routine baiting of rats and mice is essential. soil and other materials for some classes of noxious weeds. The Control Classes are included in Appendix B. •	Feed spills are cleaned up immediately. •	Pest numbers are regularly monitored. you must control the plant(s) in accordance with its/their declared Control Class. as defined by the Noxious Weeds Act 1993. and for which there are legal control requirements. 5.5.10. •	Other pests are identified and controlled if it is a personal priority and/or if there are regional or catchment requirements. •	An EMP is developed and implemented that includes strategies and measures for minimising pest infestation and contingency actions for managing pest problems that may arise. neighbours. and targeted pest extermination programs are undertaken. If you have noxious weeds growing on your property.1 Objective To minimise health and disease risk to cattle and humans. livestock. regional or local basis. machinery.10. In NSW.11.10.2 Performance criteria •	Legal requirements are met for the control of vertebrate pests. as may the control requirements. JULY 2008 | 39 . All issues concerning noxious weeds should be taken up with the local control authority. 5. and may be harmful. There are also restrictions on the movement of contaminated produce.1 Objective To monitor and control weeds. as well as adverse effects on pasture. the term ‘noxious weed’ is used to describe a plant that has been declared under the Noxious Weeds Act 1993. strategic application of appropriate chemicals or other extermination measures. to minimise breeding sites or attractants. and so their status may vary from area to area. If not controlled. •	Vegetation and rubbish around buildings and yards are removed or controlled. •	All buildings that house feed. maintained and monitored for effectiveness. animals. 5. dangerous or economically detrimental. this is usually the local government council or a special purpose county council. 5. Noxious weeds may be declared on a state.
and can be incorporated into the weed management program. •	Information sources for noxious and other weed management are identified.2 Performance criteria •	Best practice is applied in planning. •	Information is sought to identify unknown weeds and methods of controlling them.3 Best practice guidelines •	Weeds on the farm are identified. 5. 5. Records are available to the responsible authorities to confirm that chemical use meets regulatory requirements. •	A rotational schedule is developed and implemented to ensure control or eradication of noxious weeds. mixed. Refer to the Pesticides Amendment (Records) Regulation 2001. so that pesticide use is minimised.2 Performance criteria Legal requirements are met for the control of weeds. •	Early detection and rapid response processes for new weeds are put in place. This will also ensure that monitoring of the species continues. •	Details on newly declared and emerging weeds are maintained. animal wellbeing.11. and the schedule is adjusted if a problem persists.1 Objective To minimise the risk to public health. or allowed to be used subject to a permit issued by. Standards Australia has published standards on storage and handling of dangerous goods. are maintained for a period of at least three years. and the movement of agricultural chemicals onto non-target areas (e. Agricultural chemicals used on dairy farms include herbicides. operation and management of the farm. property and the environment from chemical use. via spray drift and spills). •	The risk of chemical residue in meat and milk is minimised through the implementation of an accredited on-farm quality assurance program. Minimisation of risk to human health and the environment is achieved through good planning and management. the community and the environment. •	All persons applying chemicals on the farm have successfully completed training in the safe use of chemicals.5. (Appendix B). covering the purchase or procurement of chemicals and details of their application. Training in the use and management of chemicals is a requirement of on-farm quality assurance programs. 5. •	Chemical records. such as the Pesticides Amendment (Records) Regulation 2001. consumers. and meet the hazardous substances requirements laid down in the Occupational Health and Safety Regulation 2001 under the Occupational Health and Safety Act 2000. the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority.12. and their control status is understood and followed.12. They are stored. •	Veterinary medicines and chemicals are used according to the label or veterinary advice. •	Pesticide use meets the requirements of the Pesticides Act 1999 and associated regulations. JULY 2008 | 40 . pesticides and veterinary medications. •	Coordinated control is undertaken with neighbours. transport and use of chemicals meet the requirements for protection of the health and safety of workers and visitors to the workplace. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY. design.12 CHEMICAL USE The use and storage of agricultural chemicals poses potential risks for users.11.12. development. 5. •	Standards for the storage and handling of dangerous goods comply with the Dangerous Goods Act 1975. and contingency actions for managing environmental problems that may arise from chemical use.g. •	Integrated pest management principles are understood. •	An EMP is developed and implemented that includes strategies and measures for minimising environmental risks. applied and disposed of in accordance with the instructions on the relevant label or permit. the presence of chemical residues in meat and milk. 5. •	Storage. as well as NSW WorkCover Authority’s Code of practice for the safe use and storage of chemicals (including pesticides and herbicides) in agriculture (1998).3 Best practice guidelines •	All agricultural chemicals used on farm are registered for appropriate use by.
13.2 Performance criteria An EMP is developed and implemented that includes strategies. are used according to label instructions (including withhold periods).13. The Land and Environment Court may also provide mediation services to resolve a matter. Open lines of communication help in identifying problems. •	When a complaint is justified.•	Veterinary medicines used are appropriate for the identified problem. 5. and strategies to remedy the problem are identified and implemented. particularly those that have potential environmental impact. such as watercourses.13 COMMUNITY LIAISON AND COMPLAINT MANAGEMENT Liaison between the property owner/manager and neighbours can be helpful in communicating information for the purposes of avoiding and managing complaints.3 Best practice guidelines •	Neighbouring sensitive land users are informed of unusual events or problems that may affect amenity. These records will help in the investigation of problems. workers are to be consulted in OHS risk management. relevant evidence is gathered. as well as any actions taken to avoid recurrence of the problem. •	In cases of dispute. assessing risk and. family members. in order to minimise environmental complaints. measures and contingency actions for managing community liaison and complaints about environmental impacts or problems that may arise. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY. •	The target pest. •	Consider the implementation of an integrated pest management program. 5. including identification of OHS hazards. application rate and application method are being used. The Occupational Health and Safety Act 2000 (OHS Act) and the Occupational Health and Safety Regulation 2001 address requirements to ensure the health. Mediation services are available for free from the Dispute Resolution Services section of the Community Justice Centre. including enterprises using integrated pest management or organic practices. residential areas. construction and operation of the dairy farm facilities should comply with occupational health and safety requirements and relevant Australian construction and safety codes. recording full details of complaints received. JULY 2008 | 41 . The complainant is informed of the outcome of the investigation. The design. public amenities or other sensitive land uses. and an appropriate chemical. wildlife habitats. verifying complaints and successfully applying relevant remedies to minimise the impact of farm operations on neighbouring sensitive land uses. results of investigations and corrective actions taken. •	Chemical use is minimised. and chemicals with the lowest potential for natural environment toxicity and water contamination are chosen. 5.14 SAFETY Ensuring the health and safety of dairy workers. tradespeople and visitors is an integral part of managing a dairy.1 Objective To maintain systematic communication between the farm and neighbouring sensitive land users. •	Significant on-farm operational activities are recorded. where possible.13. rather than taking it to court. •	There is no spray drift or run-off from sprayed areas into sensitive land use areas. disease or weed has been correctly identified. safety and welfare of farm workers and visitors. how long the impact will go on and the actions initiated to mitigate the impact. are within the expiry date and have been stored correctly from purchase to use. To meet the requirements of the Regulation. An OHS risk assessment should be included in plans for new facilities or modifications of existing facilities. 5. •	A complaint register is kept. the mediation process is allowed to proceed with the participation and cooperation of all parties involved. Daily weather conditions and prevailing wind direction are measured and recorded. 5.
for liver fluke and lice) •	a segregated paddock for introduction – introduced cattle are observed and tested before they are introduced to the herd. to ensure that they do not have an unwanted disease.au) or the Department of Health (www. To prevent this from happening. and addressed by appropriate siting and management. to prevent or reduce their occurrence. and a calm and stress-free environment.15 BIOSECURITY On-farm biosecurity is the process in place to protect the herd from adverse impacts resulting from hazards such as infectious diseases. Contact WorkCover (workcover.health. The OHS Safety Regulation lays down further requirements relating to specified hazards including plant and machinery.2 Preventing the occurrence of disease Some diseases are present in the environment. 5.au) or contact animalwelfare@dairyaustralia.com. 5. noise and hazardous substances.elimination of hazards.16 ANIMAL HEALTH AND WELFARE Dairy farmers must practice sound animal husbandry and keep their animals healthy. Disposing of carcasses by burning or burial and excluding cattle from the disposal areas reduces the chance of cattle being exposed to botulism. 5. before milk is put in the vat or animals are sold.dairyaustralia.au) for further information. Where hazards to health and safety cannot be eliminated.gov.g.15. A problem with this approach is that. Health risks to people off-site. such as vaccination.gov. and the correct withholding periods applied. which delivers improved animal welfare outcomes. in the area surrounding the proposed development. if the disease is detected in the segregated cattle. roads and loading ramps should be situated in areas fenced off from stock. To prevent accidental contamination of milk. Cattle should be excluded from old rubbish dumps and known contaminated areas on the farm.au ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY. Stock-proof fencing is a critical part of biosecurity. Safety should be addressed in the on-farm quality assurance program.15. For more information visit the Dairy Australia website (www. The industry supports the National Dairy Industry Animal Welfare Strategy. and biosecurity for these diseases requires on-farm management. and therefore a potential source of infection for other cattle •	farm layout – some diseases and weed seeds can be carried on the wheels of vehicles or the shoes of visitors. All animal treatments need to be recorded.1 Preventing the introduction of disease It is possible to prevent the entry of certain infectious diseases into a disease-free herd. Farm staff need to be educated about the types of residues and the residue management systems in place.com. The introduction of a disease can also be prevented by establishing that the animals do not have the disease prior to their introduction onto the farm. JULY 2008 | 42 . should also be considered. This can be achieved by: •	treatment prior to introduction (e. 5. risk-control measures should be designed and implemented. individually treated animals need to be clearly identified. there is then an area of land that may be contaminated.3 Preventing residues Individual animal identification and good records play an essential role in controlling residue contamination.nsw. Key elements include the provision of a highly nutritious diet.15. 5.nsw. access to suitable and sufficient drinking water. weeds or residues.
DECC administers a number of Acts. therefore.1. A scheduled dairy must hold a current licence. The establishment and implementation of a sound effluent use scheme should reduce the risk of environmental pollution from dairy farms. Licences are issued to control all forms of pollution (including water pollution) resulting from work undertaken to construct or operate a scheduled dairy. the DECC is likely to apply stringent conditions if a licence is granted. under the respective administering authority. including: • the Protection of the Environment Operations Act 1997 • the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 • the Pesticide Act 1999 • the Native Vegetation Act 2003 • the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 • the Catchment Management Authorities Act 2003. non-scheduled dairy farms will not need to apply for a licence. dairy operators are required to use the best practicable means to prevent or minimise air. DECC and council officers may issue notices requiring works or management to prevent or ameliorate environmental impacts where they have occurred.1. noise. land and waste pollution.1 Protection of the Environment Operations Act 1997 (POEO Act) This Act brings the state’s separate pollution statutes under a single act. JULY 2008 | 43 . codes and standards. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY. by implementing a range of conservation and natural resources sciences and programs. 6. LEGISLATION AFFECTING DAIRIES The operation of new and existing dairy farms is controlled by legislation. The major pieces of legislation that a new or existing dairy farm must follow are outlined below. regulations. for which heavy penalties may apply. When a licence to discharge to waters is sought. biodiversity and environmental water recovery.2 Licensing Requirements Dairies accommodating more than 800 animals in milk production The Schedule of DECC Licensed Activities in the POEO Act identifies dairies that are intended to accommodate more than 800 animals in milk production as licensed activities (referred to as scheduled dairies). or are likely to occur. The Act was amended in 2006 to include: • strengthening of the environment protection licence • tightening of the definition of ‘fit and proper person’ • the introduction of environmental offset arrangements • strengthening of personal responsibilities for directors and managers • a stronger link between penalties and environmental impacts. Alternatively. including native vegetation. 6. Under the POEO Act.1 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE (DECC) The Department of Environment and Climate Change (DECC) provides an integrated approach to natural resource management. Both DECC and local government can take action against breaches of the Act. Any person who commits a breach of the environmental legislation commits an offence against the POEO Act.6. and any associated licences or approvals. 6. Dairies accommodating fewer than 800 animals in milk production Dairy farms should be able to manage effluent so as to avoid pollution of waters. through the terms and conditions attached to the development consent. to provide an integrated approach to natural resource management.
without consent. industry and trade.1. The relevant consent authority (usually local government) enforces the development consent. The Act also provides the framework for local government zoning. populations and ecological communities. assessment requirements. native plants.1 Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 This Act provides for a hierarchy of environmental planning instruments. by controlling and regulating the use of pesticides in NSW. a development or activity that requires consent. development control plans. population or ecological community. an assessment of the potential impacts on threatened species for development approval. 6. as well as administration of the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1997. The Act may also require. There are also provisions to regulate foodstuffs that contain prohibited residues of pesticides. the environment. Trees within 20 m of some streams cannot be removed without authority. including farmers. the proponent should check with DECC before starting the work.7 Catchment Management Authorities Act 2003 (CMA Act) There are a number of CMAs throughout the state. If the applicant intends to remove native vegetation to establish and construct the project. JULY 2008 | 44 .6 Native Vegetation Act 2003 The Native Vegetation Act 2003 (NV Act) regulates the clearing of native vegetation. It is also an offence to breach any of the terms or conditions of the development consent.1. they may need an authority or approval from the relevant Catchment Management Authority. The Act requires a licence to be obtained from the DECC to pick or harm a threatened species.8 Road and Rail Transport (Dangerous Goods) Act 1997 The Road and Rail Transport (Dangerous Goods) Act 1997 sets out requirements for the transport of dangerous goods (including pesticides and other chemicals) on roads. through the EP&A Act. and the Water Act 1912. property. The Act empowers the DECC to enforce the proper use of all pesticides in NSW after the point of sale. Where a number of trees or shrubs are to be removed.1. It also provides regulation-making powers. The proposed Pesticides Amendment (User Training) Regulation sets the training standards.3 DEPARTMENT OF WATER AND ENERGY (DWE) The Department of Water and Energy is responsible for administering the Water Management Act 2000. 6.1. threatened species. Contact can be made through the local DECC office.1.6. 6. REPs and LEPs.4 National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 The National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 requires consent from the DECC to destroy Aboriginal artefacts. 6. 6. WorkCover NSW regulates the off-road handling of dangerous goods. 6. The Pesticides Amendment (Records) Regulation 2001 sets the requirements for record-keeping of pesticide use.5 Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 The Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 aims to conserve threatened plant or animal species. and development consent provisions for operating dairy farms. including SEPPs. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY.3 Pesticides Act 1999 The Pesticides Act 1999 aims to reduce the risks associated with the use of pesticides to human health. 6.1. It is an offence under the EP&A Act to undertake. and the local branch can advise on their projects and requirements. populations and ecological communities in danger of extinction. Any person may bring proceedings in the Land and Environment Court for an order to restrain breaches of this Act. relics or places.2 DEPARTMENT OF PLANNING (DOP) DoP is responsible for land use planning issues. It also addresses protection of fauna.2. 6. Both regulations apply to commercial users of pesticides.
The Act allows inspectors to quarantine stock that they suspect are infected. re-profiling. the local Rural Lands Protection Board or their own veterinarian. removal of snags (woody debris). and education to the broad rural community. Dairy advisory officers are also available to provide advice on all aspects of dairy farm management and development. 6. estuaries and wetlands that obstruct the free passage of fish. NSW Fisheries. the armouring. seagrasses and seaweeds). 6.1 Water Management Act 2000 and Water Act 1912 Both pieces of legislation provide for the sustainable and integrated management of the state's water for the benefit of both present and future generations. or filling of banks or the drainage of wetlands should contact NSW DPI beforehand. and to order testing.4. Feeds not meeting requirements may be withdrawn from supply.4 Stock Foods Act 1940 The Stock Foods Act 1940 states the requirements for the production and labelling of stock feeds. are prohibited without an appropriate permit.3 Exotic Diseases of Animals Act 1991 The Exotic Diseases of Animals Act 1991 aims to protect Australian livestock industries from exotic (foreign) diseases.2 Stock Diseases Act 1923 The Stock Diseases Act 1923 places an obligation on owners of stock to notify an inspector of the presence of any disease described under the Act. threatened species or habitats. to determine whether they require a permit. Mineral Resources NSW and State Forests NSW. NSW DPI delivers research. 6.4. the construction of works such as dams and weirs and the carrying out of activities in or near water sources in New South Wales. NSW DPI has Resource Management Officers located around the state who can provide advice on the development assessment process. extension. the use of water. The Water Management Act 2000 and Water Act 1912 control the extraction of water. and is responsible for administering a number of Acts affecting dairy producers. The Act allows for quarantine.6. convene a planning focus meeting (PFM) if required and provide advice on how to manage ongoing environmental regulations. Persons intending to carry out works such as construction or modification of dams and weirs across streams. or harm marine vegetation. JULY 2008 | 45 . removal of riparian vegetation. regulation.1 Fisheries Management Act 1994 The Fisheries Management Act 1994 aims to conserve key fish habitats. testing and control measures for elimination of the disease. treatment and/or slaughter as appropriate. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY.3.4 NSW DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRIES (NSW DPI) NSW DPI incorporates the former agencies of NSW Agriculture. Notifiable diseases for dairy cattle include: • enzootic bovine leucosis (EBL) • tick fever • cattle tick • anthrax • Johne’s disease • trichomoniasis.4. It requires anyone who suspects exotic disease in livestock to immediately notify NSW DPI. 6. fish populations and threatened species of fish (including aquatic invertebrates) and marine vegetation (mangroves.4. Projects within or adjacent to streams. Notifiable exotic diseases for dairy cattle include: • foot and mouth disease (FMD) • bovine brucellosis • bovine spongiform encaphalopathy (BSE) • rabies • screwworm fly 6.
to prevent them or their products from entering the human food supply. supply. The Act allows for the setting of a maximum residues limit (MRL) for various chemicals. the LG Act allows councils to issue an order to a person to do. producers may not: •	be in possession of unregistered stock medicines •	use unregistered stock medicine (unless approved by a permit or order) •	use stock medicines that are not for use in food-producing animals (unless approved by permit or order) •	use stock medicine in a manner contrary to label directions (unless authorised in writing by a veterinarian).6.4.5 Stock Medicines Act 1989 The Stock Medicines Act 1989 legislates the registration. councils may abate a public nuisance. and lays down requirements for consultation with workers. or premises are. There are many regulations under this Act. including the OH&S Regulation 2001. safety and welfare of workers in the workplace. In certain circumstances. The stock or products may be destroyed. A public nuisance is one that materially interferes with public health. Contaminated stock may be placed in detention. odour from existing operations has been dealt with as a public nuisance. safety. 6. or is likely to cause. It also requires them to use the principles of ecologically sustainable development. pollution of the water supply •	to take necessary action to control the flow of surface water across land where other land is being damaged or likely to be damaged •	to ensure that land is.1 Occupational Health and Safety Act 2000 The Occupational Health and Safety Act 2000 (OHS Act) aims to protect workers in the workplace. JULY 2008 | 46 . Under the LG Act. 6. hazardous substances and noise.6.5 NSW WORKCOVER AUTHORITY WorkCover is responsible for ensuring the health. The significance for humans of residues in food products means that animals should only be treated with registered products. 6.7 Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1979 The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1979 regulates the care and welfare of animals. or refrain from doing.4.5. and that the withholding period should always be adhered to.1 Local Government Act 1993 The Local Government Act 1993 (LG Act) allows local councils to provide for the current and future needs of local communities and manage local resources. drugs and chemicals.4.6 Stock (Chemical Residues) Act 1975 The Stock (Chemical Residues) Act 1975 aims to prevent contamination of human food with pesticides.6 LOCAL COUNCILS Local councils will be the consent authority for most dairy developments. and providing advice on the scheme. labelling and use of stock medicines. The RSPCA and the Animal Welfare League have inspectors empowered under the Act. and action may be taken to prevent the use of contaminated land or buildings for livestock. 6. administration of the NSW Workers Compensation scheme. Under the Act. 6. placed or kept in safe and healthy conditions when they are not in a clean or sanitary condition ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY. In some instances. according to the label instructions (unless authorised otherwise by a veterinarian). where the building is erected in a catchment district and causes. property. 6. Examples of orders that may be issued are: •	to repair or make structural alterations to a building. The Regulation relates to specific hazards including plant and machinery. It is also responsible for injury management. enjoyment or comfort. things in or on a premise.
All sumps used in the drainage system should be: •	able to be easily cleaned •	provided with a strainer or stone-trap device •	able to handle the maximum flow of waste •	equipped with a suitable application system. The Authority may have input into the granting of some licences. when waste present or generated on the land is not being dealt with satisfactorily •	to comply with an approval.7. such as solids (manure heaps) and liquids (storage ponds) must be sited at least 45 m from the dairy building. Sumps and solids traps of over 600 L capacity must be at least 15 m from the dairy building. remove. or to cease conducting. 6. All dairy shed waste should be dispersed in accordance with the consent authority’s requirements. Sumps and solids traps are generally considered to be part of the waste conveyancing system. collect. protection of public health and safety and protection of the environment. 6.2 Sydney Water Catchment Management Act 1998 The Sydney Catchment Authority (SCA) is responsible for supplying bulk water.•	to store. and for ensuring that Sydney’s catchment areas are managed and protected so as to promote water quality. when an approval has not been complied with •	not to conduct. during a state of emergency and at other times. JULY 2008 | 47 .3 Public Health Act 1991 NSW Health is responsible for the administration of the Public Health Act 1991 – ‘an Act relating to the maintenance of proper standards of health for the public and for other purposes’. It is administered by environmental health officers located in Public Health Units of the local Area Health Service. an activity. process. The Act provides advice on issues relating to the public health and protection of the safety of food. The Act provides power to make certain orders and give directions. All storage facilities for dairy shed waste. in regard to the disinfection or destruction of items and the closure of water supplies and premises. which deals with building standards. The NSW Food Authority has a number of requirements for the storage and application of dairy effluent. treat. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY. dispose of or destroy waste in the manner specified in the order.1 NSW Food Act 2003 The NSW Food Authority administers the NSW Food Act 2003.7 OTHER ACTS 6. water and air. design and requirements for hygiene of the milking facilities and also the proximity of effluent systems to bails and milk storage.7. 6.7.
au/air/odour.dpi. telephone (02) 4939 8942 Resourece Management Officer.planning.nsw.au Department of Environment and Climate Change Head Office telephone (02) 9995 5000 www.gov. South West. Rik Whitehead.nsw.7. North West.nsw.nsw.nsw.htm Odour www.nsw.gov.dairyingfortomorrow.environment.gov.au/agriculture/livestock/dairy-cattle www.environment.gov.htm General information/guidelines/links www.gov.dairyingfortomorrow. South East. telephone (02) 6763 1142 Resource Management Officer. Hunter/Central Coast.dpi.php www.au Management of dairy effluent 2008 DairyGains Victorian Guidelines National guidelines for dairy effluent management: Technical information on all matters relating to dairy effluent www.au Resource Management Officer.cma. Central West. telephone (02) 6626 1349 Resource Management Officer. telephone (02) 6881 1250 Resource Management Officer.com/activities/products.au Department of Planning Head Office telephone (02) 9228 6111 www.au NSW Department of Primary Industries Head Office telephone (02) 6391 3100 www.gov.environment.vc.dpi.dlg. telephone (02) 4828 6635 Resource Management Officer.nsw.com/index.nsw.au/water/effluent. telephone (02) 6951 2750 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY.au 7. North Coast. Sydney.gov. JULY 2008 | 48 . Bill Boyd and Stephen Fletcher.php (available late 2008) Victorian Guidelines Management of dairy effluent 2008 DairyGains Victorian Guidelines www.biz Land use conflict Living and Working in Rural Areas: A handbook for managing land use conflict issues on the NSW North Coast by Roby Learmonth.gov. telephone (02) 4588 2128 Resource Management Officer. Centre for Coastal Agricultural Landscapes at ?www. ADDITONAL INFORMATION 7.au Department of Local Government Head Office telephone (02) 4428 4100 www.nsw.1 INDUSTRY GUIDELINES Effluent reuse www.gov.gov.2 STATE GOVERNMENT CONTACTS Catchment Management Authorities www.dairyinfo.dpi.
nswfarmers.rta.au NSW Farmers’ Association www.nsw.nsw.au NSW Food Authority Head Office telephone 1300 552 406 www.nsw.aiast.gov.gov.sca.org.3 INDUSTRY CONTACTS Dairy Australia www.gov.au/dlg/dlghome/dlg_LocalGovDirectory.au Roads and Traffic Authority www.au NSW Public Health www.au WorkCover NSW www.gov.asp?index=1 Local Government and Shires Association of NSW www.gov.au or animalwelfare@dairyaustralia.nsw.au ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY.org.au Dairy Industry Development Company www.4 CONSULTANTS The Australian Association of Agricultural Consultants (AAAC) www.lgsa.org.workcover.com.planning.nsw.dlg.health.au Sydney Catchment Authority www.gov.au 7.au The Planning Institute of Australia www.au 7.foodauthority.gov.com.business.dairyaustralia.au Local Government Directory www.com.com. JULY 2008 | 49 .Department of State and Regional Development Head Office telephone (02) 9228 3111 www.nsw.nsw.didco.
They include cow laneways. Concurrence The requirement for a government agency to consider development proposals in the light of its specialised functions and policies. It is expressed in milligrams per litre (mg/L). and care of the newborn and young calves. Anaerobic A process or condition that occurs with no dissolved or free oxygen present. Usually refers to a five-day test (BOD5). Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) The quantity of oxygen used in the biochemical breakdown of organic matter in effluent. Complying development Routine development that can be promptly certified by a council or a private certifier. Calving pad A separate area for calving cattle that provides a warmer and drier alternative to the paddock. or a Minister or public authority.8. and is typically covered with some absorbent organic form of bedding. and may have an accumulation of manure. straw or sawdust. They typically have little vegetative cover. Best management practices Activities that will result in reaching or exceeding desired outcomes. for example for a reservoir or river. Catchment area A drainage area. but are not confined. S76A of the EP&A Act notes specific requirements including circumstances when development cannot be complying development. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY. The pad can incorporate subsurface drainage. in a paddock or yard. such as rice hulls. Cow camps These are areas where cow congregate. Consent authority The party having the function to determine the application: either the local council. watering points and shade areas (‘cow camps’). Building Code of Australia (BCA) A uniform set of technical provisions for the design and construction of buildings throughout Australia. either standing or lying down. It facilitates around-the-clock access for observation and assistance of cows. Aquifer A layer of rock that holds water and allows water to percolate through it. JULY 2008 | 50 . GLOSSARY Aerobic A process or condition that occurs in the presence of dissolved or free oxygen. They are usually shaded areas under trees or other shelter. Cattle heavy use areas These are areas where grazing cows congregate. and decide whether it agrees with the development taking place.
machine room. is subject to special regulatory procedures. Effluent The liquid and associated solid waste produced at all stages from the milking shed and other restriction facilities on a dairy. Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (EP&A Act) Principal planning legislation in NSW. an EIS is required for proposals which are designated development. This does not include an application for a complying development certificate. Certain agricultural and related activities which meet specified size or locational criteria are designated developments. a complying development certificate. Department of Environment and Climate Change (DECC) This department is responsible for administering environmental protection legislation. Environmental impact assessment (EIA) A specialised part of the decision-making process. as such. wash room. including the Protection of the Environment Operations Act 1997 (POEO Act). A DCP refines or supplements a regional environmental plan or local environmental plan. Sets out the development assessment system in New South Wales in Parts 3A. A list of designated developments is provided in Schedule 3 of the Environmental Planning and Assessment Regulation 2000. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY. Development application (DA) An application for consent to carry out development. Development consent Consent under part 4 of the EP&A Act to carry out development and includes. Dairy shed Incorporates the milking area. which describe the current planning status and/or future developments of an area. milk room. Environmental impact statement (EIS) A formal evaluation of the effect or likely effect of a development or other activity on the environment where the effect is likely to be significant. together with other aspects of the development. where the environmental impact is considered in detail. Environmental planning instrument (EPI) Local environmental plans. office and main holding yard. JULY 2008 | 51 . regional environmental plans and state environmental planning policies. Development control plan (DCP) A detailed plan or guide describing or illustrating the controls that apply to a particular type of development or which apply in a particular area. Intensive agriculture is referred to in Schedule 3.Dairy (pasture-based) A dairy where the only restriction facilities present are the milking sheds and holding yards and where cattle are constrained for no more than 10 hours in any 24 hour period (excluding during any period of drought or similar emergency relief). For example. unless expressly excluded. 4 and 5 of the Act. Designated development A development that is likely to have significant impacts on the environment and. and is prepared (or taken to be prepared) under Part 3 of the EPA Act 1979.
feed mixer wagon. both suitable and unsuitable for domestic.They are made according to the EPA Act 1979. chronic scours and death. silage wagon and auger. stock and irrigation purposes. depending upon the type of feed: Grain – silos. individual and multiple bales wrapped in plastic. Feed additives – bunkers. Plans made prior to 1979 are deemed EPIs. Floodway Land that is subject to flooding. It is usually formed or surfaced so as to be suitable for use in all weather conditions. Sandy soils have high infiltration rates. including a hammermill. Feed and/or water is sometimes provided. Silage – covered or buried pits. Symptoms usually appear in adult animals. cutting and/or mixing. Katabatic winds ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY. Integrated Development Proposals that require development consent plus a specified permit/approval from a state agency: for example. Hay – paddocks or covered sheds. and can occur if calves suckle manure-contaminated teats and/or graze areas where there is manure or effluent from infected adult animals. covered above-ground bunkers. A variety of equipment can be required for these processes. Freeboard The height of the pond embankment crest above the designed full-storage level. bags or drums. while clay surfaces generally have low infiltration rates. roller mill. bags. and includes allowances for wave action and construction inaccuracies. Manure ingestion is the primary cause of infection. Johne’s disease A disease of ruminants. bins or feed sheds. rainfall or wastes) reach and enter the soil through cracks and pores between soil aggregates. and experiences high velocity flow rates and/or excessive flood height. The mycobacterium can survive in soil for long periods. caused by a mycobacterium. a licence from the Environment Protection Authority or a permit from NSW DPI. Food industry by-products – bunkers or feed sheds. covered bunkers. steaming. Feed may be processed by grinding. The freeboard prevents overtopping of the pond embankment during spill events. It can cause wasting. Supplementary feed can be stored in a variety of ways. Feed pad A feed pad is a confined area used for the supplementary feeding of livestock. JULY 2008 | 52 . Infiltration The process in which waters (irrigation. Free stall barn A partially or fully enclosed structure in which cattle are housed. Groundwater This includes all underground waters. Feed storage area An area where feed can be stored and processed before being fed to cattle.
Leachate Leachate refers to the solution of substances (such as soluble salts and nutrients) washed out of the upper layer of a soil into a lower layer by percolating water. Readily soluble nutrients. and standards regulate the extent of development. JULY 2008 | 53 . quality or strength. such as part of a paddock. Offensive odour An odour that. and is usually used by micro-organisms. Leaching The downward movement of water through the soil profile. Generally. and the air begins to flow down the slopes of mountains and hills. Air that is cooled by contact with the cold land becomes denser than the surrounding air. organisms or plants. they are rather light winds. concrete. leachate may enter the watertable and follow the paths of ground water or surface water movement. character. The zoning provisions establish permissible uses. is likely to: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY. it causes prolonged muscle pain and intermittent high temperatures. and (in the case of nitrate-nitrogen) posing a direct threat to human health. especially during wet weather. are removed during this leaching process. by reason of its nature. where hand-fed livestock are held when grazing is not available. Manure The solid waste produced by cattle. Leptospirosis A highly infectious disease in animals and humans caused by a bacterium found in the urinary tract. or the time at which it is made. Nutrient A food essential for cells. They require an SEE. The force of gravity on it is relatively greater. components.Winds occurring mainly on cloudless nights. They control cattle and machinery flow around the farm and limit the damaging effects of hooves and machinery on pasture and paddocks. they are potentially serious pollutants. Phosphorus is considered to be the major element responsible for algal blooms. Local Environmental Plan (LEP) The principal legal document for controlling development at council level. Nitrogen is much more mobile. earth or grass surface. In excess. They are prepared by councils and approved by the Minister (after public exhibition). In dairy cattle. Non-designated development The term for proposals that have a lower or acceptable risk to the environment. encouraging (in water) nuisance growth of algae and aquatic plants. These areas reduce damage to pastures and laneways during wet weather. Phosphorus. Land application area The land that has been nominated for the disposal of effluent through surface application. especially anions (such as nitrate and sulfate). Loafing pad A loafing pad is a pad or other area. This downward flow becomes particularly evident as the air moves down the bottom of river valleys that lead to lower levels. it can cause abortion and a drop in milk production. Laneways These are walkways/roadways that may have a gravel. In humans. Following removal from the soil profile. when the land surface loses heat by radiation. nitrogen and potassium are examples of major nutrients essential for plant growth.
Clean Water Act 1970. The main objective of the regulation is to minimise noise in residential areas. such as animals and human beings. Typical noise sources include lawn mowers. A pad usually has a slope to assist drainage and to provide a dry surface. Percolation The descent of water through soil pores and rock crevices. Pathogens Micro-organisms that are parasitic on. Enforced by local council. Pad A pad is an area of land that is formed. cause disease in or otherwise affect other organisms. It consists of a number of stainless steel plates. Pollution Control Act 1970. A restricted dairy may comprise the whole or part of a restriction facility. Plate cooler A component of milking machines designed to pre-cool milk before it enters a refrigerated storage vat. Protection of the Environment (Noise Control) Regulation 2000 Made under the POEO Act. Regional environmental plan (REP) A planning instrument relating to issues of regional environmental planning significance made by the Minister under section 51 of the EPA Act. such soils are designated impermeable or of low permeability. Restriction facilities ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY. Microscopic pores in clay impede flow.be harmful be offensive disturb the comfort or rest of people at or beyond the boundaries of the premises from which the odour originates. Pond A structure with a depth greater than 1. JULY 2008 | 54 . Protection of the Environment Operations Act 1997 (POEO Act) Principal pollution control legislation in NSW. EPA and Waterways. amplified music. Coarse sands and gravels permit rapid flow. motor vehicles and motor vessels. the police. Developments controlled by the Act are listed in Schedule 1. Restricted dairy A dairy (other than a dairy (pasture-based)) where restriction facilities are present in addition to milking shed and holding yards. gravel and soils. including Clean Air Act 1961. The term ‘pad’ refers to the physical structure. and are rated as highly permeable materials. Reclaimed water Waste water from the dairy or other restriction facilities that has been captured and stored.5 m that holds effluent and does not drain. power tools. surfaced and stocked at a rate that precludes vegetation growth. Permeability The ease with which water may penetrate or force its way through rock. The cooler uses cool water or another cooling medium to absorb heat from the milk. Noise Control Act 1975 and the Environmental Offences & Penalties Act 1989. and where cattle have access to grazing for less than 10 hours in any 24 hour period (excluding during periods of drought or similar emergency relief). Consolidates the previous key pollution statutes into a single Act.
but does not include facilities for drought or similar emergency relief. including milking sheds. unless the proposal is considered to have negligible effects. and is not polluted by organic or other matter. JULY 2008 | 55 . Scheduled development A development that is likely to have significant impacts on the environment and is subject to special licensing requirements under the POEO Act. yards and other working areas. Stock watering points Stock watering points may be constructed at natural water storages or at sites with water troughs. and so needs to be collected and properly disposed of. or as the outflow of groundwater along lines where the watertable intersects the earth’s surface. Developments are listed in Schedule 1 of the Act. The SEE should demonstrate that the environmental impacts of the development have been considered. Uncontaminated stormwater or run-off This refers to stormwater on site that has been diverted away from the shed. It also refers to cooling- plate water (which is chemically untreated). pads. Zoning The system of categorising land uses as prohibited.Facilities in which animals are constrained for management purposes. wash-down water from the dairy shed and yard. and to stormwater from the shed roof and yards after wash-down. and/or rainwater collected on buildings and yards that has picked up pollutants. Zones (such as residential or commercial) are shown in plan form and explained in Local Environmental Plans. and where run-off from all working areas on site is likely to occur. and should set out steps to be taken to protect the environment or mitigate any potential harm. impoundments. creeks and all waterways in which rainfall is likely to collect. requiring consent or not requiring consent within particular areas. Waste water (contaminated) Refers to cleaning liquids for the milking machine and associated equipment. consisting of volatile and fixed solids. Statement of environmental effects (SEE) A document required in 'Schedule 1 Forms' of the EPA Regulations. holding yards and paddocks where the number of livestock exceeds the ability of vegetation to recover from the effects of grazing in a normal growing season. Watertable The distance below the natural ground surface (within an uncontrolled aquifer) at which the groundwater is found. feed stalls. rivers. It may originate from excess precipitation that cannot infiltrate the soil. Run-off All water flow over the ground surface (as overland flow) and in streams (as channel flow). Surface waters These include dams. State Environmental Planning Policy (SEPP) An instrument of state environmental planning significance. made by the Governor of NSW on the advice of the Minister for Planning under section 39 of the EPA Act 1979. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY. Solid waste The portion of the effluent that remains after all moisture is removed. This document is prepared by a proponent and must accompany development applications for non- designated developments.
may be requested by DECC.3 Terrain factor S3 (Table 7.1) = 500 x 1. S2 = 0.1 Standard cattle units’ on page 42 as is.6 as is. Section 7.2 Feedlot Classes – use Class 4 for all dairies. Level 2 and 3 assessments.2a . Technical notes: Assessment and Management of Odour from Stationary Sources in NSW (DEC. JULY 2008 | 56 .4) Undulating. Class 4 feedlot (dairy). it is suggested that the ‘Cattle Feedlots: Level 1 Odour Impact Assessment’ detailed in the Technical notes be used with some modifications as indicated below. November 2006). since dairies are similar in feeding and waste treatment function to cattle feedlots.3 as is. Sections 7. however. S1 = 127 Receptor factor S2 (Table 7. A Level 1 odour impact assessment calculation will be required for most developments. Example Calculation: 2 500 head dairy – average cattle weight 650 kg. Receptor factor. use ‘Table 7. loafing areas and holding yards remain wetter for longer periods than most cattle feedlots. For simplicity. since feedpads. Dairies: Level 1 Odour Impact Assessment for Dairies (Refer to Section 7.4 Composite Site Factor Stocking density factor. Section 7. However.9 Vegetation factor S4 (Table 7. feedpad 15 m /cow. Wind frequency factor.5) ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY. which involve more complex odour modelling. pages 39–48. An assessment of odour impact will need to be completed as part of an SEE or EIS to support a development application. Guidance on the DECC’s policy regarding odour impact assessment is contained in the Technical framework: Assessment and Management of Odour from Stationary Sources in NSW (DEC. Terrain factor.3 – use the existing formulae for calculating allowable cattle numbers given the existing separation distance. November 2006) and Technical notes: Assessment and Management of Odour from Stationary Sources in NSW (DEC. S2 – use Table 7.7 – apply as is. No of SCU’s (Table 7. rainfall 600 mm. less than 750mm rainfall): Feedpad area = 15 m2/cow. There is no specific Level 1 odour impact assessment for dairies in the DEC Technical notes.3) Single rural residence. November 2006). S4 – use Table 7.APPENDICES APPENDIX A – Suggested Odour Impact Assessment for Dairies The results of an odour impact assessment play a key role in determining an appropriate location and size for a dairy. 7. S3 – use Table 7.2a and 7.5. S1 – use class 4 in Tables 7. S5 – use Table 7. or allowable separation distance given cattle numbers. S3 = 0.06 = 530 SCU Stocking density factor S1 (Table 7.2b.4 as is. Vegetation factor.5 as is. Section 7.6 & 7.
6) Low frequency toward receptor. JULY 2008 | 57 .7 Variable Separation distance D	= SQRT(N) x S1 x S2 x S3 x S4 x S5 = SQRT (530) x 127 x 0.7 D = 553 metres ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY.3 x 0. Crops only. S5 = 0.9 x 1 x 0.3 x 0. S4 = 1 Wind frequency factor S5 (Table 7.02 x 127 x 0.7 = 23. no tree cover.9 x 1 x 0.
While the control requirements vary from area to area they generally follow the requirements below: Classes 1 & 2 -The weed must be eradicated from the land and the land must be kept free of the weed. the environment or human health. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR THE DAIRY INDUSTRY.APPENDIX B Control classes for noxious weeds in NSW Class 1 – state prohibited weeds Class 2 – regionally prohibited weeds Class 3 – regionally controlled weeds Class 4 – locally controlled weeds Class 5 – restricted plants. Class 5 noxious weeds are plants that are likely. Class 3 noxious weeds are plants that pose a serious threat to primary production or the environment of an area to which the order applies. Class 3 . are widely distributed in an area to which the order applies. the sale of their seeds.The weed must be continuously suppressed and destroyed. Class 5 . or movement within the state or an area of the state. Class 4 . 2 or 5 noxious weed is referred to in this Act as a ‘notifiable weed’. and are likely to spread in the area or to another area. A noxious weed that is classified as a Class 1. by their sale. and are not present in the state or are present only to a limited extent. JULY 2008 | 58 . Class 4 noxious weeds are plants that pose a threat to primary production. and are not present in the region or are present only to a limited extent.The weed must be controlled in accordance with the management plan published by the local control authority. Class 2 noxious weeds are plants that pose a potentially serious threat to primary production or the environment of a region to which the order applies. and there are specific requirements for their management. and are likely to spread in the area or to another area. to spread in the state or outside the state.The weed cannot be sold or propagated or knowingly distributed. are not widely distributed in the area. Class characteristics Class 1 noxious weeds are plants that pose a potentially serious threat to primary production or the environment.
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