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⭐SABAL TRAIL PROJECT. Volume 1-ALL DISTRICTS
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1 SABAL TRAIL PROJECT United States Army Corps of Engineers Mobile, Savannah, and Jacksonville Districts SAM , SAS , SAJ Section 404 Clean Water Act and Section 10 Rivers and Harbors Act Application Volume 1-ALL DISTRICTS Prepared By (agent): TRC Environmental Corporation Jason Sean Lancaster, CEP, CE 4155 Shackleford Road, Suite 225 Norcross, GA (770) x 119 Prepared For (applicant): Sabal Trail Transmission, LLC George (Gus) A. McLachlan 400 Colonial Center Parkway, Suite 300 Lake Mary, Florida (321) December 20142 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION Pipeline Facilities Aboveground Facilities Proposed Mainline Capacity Lease PURPOSE AND NEED Reliability and Deliverability Enhancements Increased Competition Supply Diversification Economic Benefits Clean Air CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE AND WORK FORCE PROJECT CONTACTS PERMIT REQUESTOR AGENT CONSTRUCTION MEASURES, EFFECTS, AND MITIGATION GENERAL CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES Pipeline Facilities Aboveground Facilities WATERBODIES Waterbody Construction Measures Waterbody Effects and Mitigation WETLANDS Wetland Construction Methods Wetland Effects and Mitigation ENVIRONMENTAL TRAINING AND INSPECTION FOR CONSTRUCTION ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS, AVOIDANCE AND MINIMIZATION REVIEW PERMITS AND APPROVALS CUMULATIVE IMPACT GEOLOGY, SOILS AND SEDIMENTS WATER RESOURCES AND WETLANDS VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE CULTURAL RESOURCES SOCIOECONOMICS LAND USE AIR QUALITY NOISE QUALITY CONCLUSION DISTRICT SPECIFIC INFORMATION LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C Appendix D Figure 1.1-1: Sabal Trail Project Location Map Table 1.1-2: Proposed Aboveground Facilities for the Sabal Trail Project Aboveground Facility Plot Plans Figure 1.1-2: Sabal Trail Project USGS Quadrangle Excerpts USACE Section 404-Section 10 Application Volume I (All Districts) ii SABAL TRAIL PROJECT3 Appendix E Appendix F Appendix G Appendix H Appendix I Appendix J Appendix K Appendix L Appendix M Appendix N Appendix O Appendix P Appendix Q Appendix R Appendix S Appendix T Appendix U Appendix V Appendix W Appendix X Figure 1.1-3: Sabal Trail Project Aerial Photography Aerial-based Alignment Sheets Table 1.8-1: Construction Schedule and Work Force Requirements for the Sabal Trail Project Facilities Sabal Trail Project Erosion and Sedimentation Control Plan; Spill Prevention, Control and Countermeasure Plan; and Waste Management Plan Table 1.6-1: Construction Methods to be used along the Sabal Trail Project Table 8.3-2: Residences within 50 Feet of the Sabal Trail Project Individual Residential Construction Plans Sabal Trail Blasting Plan Table 1.5-5: Roadways Crossed by the Sabal Trail Project Table : Refueling and equipment parking locations in or within 100 feet of wetlands for the Sabal Trail Project. Table : ATWS within 50 Feet of Waterbodies for the Sabal Trail Project Pipeline Facilities Best Drilling Practices Plan for the Sabal Trail Project Table 2.4-3: Wetlands and Waterbodies Located in s of Shallow Depth to Bedrock Crossed by the Sabal Trail Project Pipeline Facilities Table 2.4-5: Additional Temporary Workspace within 50 Feet of Wetlands for the Sabal Trail Project Pipeline Facilities Table 2.4-4: Construction Workspace >75 feet Within Wetlands for the Sabal Trail Project Pipeline Facilities Sabal Trail Noxious Weed Management Plan Sabal Trail Project FERC Environmental Report: Resource Report 10-Alternatives Table : Anticipated Environmental Permit, Review and Consultation List for the Sabal Trail Project Table : Projects with Potential Cumulative Impacts on Resources with the General of the Sabal Trail Project Figure : Projects with Potential Cumulative Impacts on Resources within the General of the Sabal Trail Project USACE Section 404-Section 10 Application Volume I (All Districts) iii SABAL TRAIL PROJECT4 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ATWS CFR DEF Dth/d EI FDEP FERC Plan FERC Procedures FGT FPL FSC GAEPD Gulfstream M&R MGAG MLVs NPDES PEM PSS PFO Project RFP ROW Sabal Trail SPCC Plan U.S. USACE USDOT USGS additional temporary workspace Code of Federal Regulations Duke Energy Florida, Inc. dekatherms per day Environmental Inspector Florida Department of Environmental The FERC s Upland Erosion Control, Revegetation, and Maintenance Plan The FERC s Wetland and Waterbody Construction and Mitigation Procedures Florida Gas Transmission Company, LLC Florida Power & Light Company Florida Southeast Connection, LLC Georgia Environmental Protection Division Gulfstream Natural Gas System, L.L.C. meter and regulating Municipal Gas Authority of Georgia mainline valves National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Palustrine Emergent Palustrine Scrub Shrub Palustrine Forested Sabal Trail Project Request for Proposals right-of-way Sabal Trail Transmission, LLC Sabal Trail s Project, E&SCP and Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasure Plan United States U.S. Army Corps of Engineers U.S. Department of Transportation U.S. Geological Survey USACE Section 404-Section 10 Application Volume I (All Districts) iv SABAL TRAIL PROJECT5 1.0 INTRODUCTION Sabal Trail Transmission, LLC ( Sabal Trail ) has prepared this application for the Sabal Trail Project ( Project ) to request a Section 404 Clean Water Act and Section 10 Rivers and Harbors Act authorization for work within jurisdictional waters of the United States ( U.S. ) in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers ( USACE ) Mobile, Savanah, and Jacksonville Districts. The USACE Jacksonville District was identified as the lead district following a Pre-Application meeting held on November 4, The primary point of contact for the Project and the Jacksonville District is Mr. Mark R. Evans. The primary points of contact for the Mobile and Savannah Districts are Mr. James S. Cherry and Mr. Terry C. Kobs respectively. This application has been prepared for submittal to the lead USACE District, Jacksonville, who will distribute copies to the Mobile and Savannah Districts. The Project is a new natural gas transmission pipeline comprised of a combination of lease capacity and new greenfield pipeline construction that will provide approximately 1,075,000 dekatherms per day ( Dth/d ) of new firm natural gas transportation capacity. Sabal Trail will acquire the capacity created by Transcontinental Gas Pipe Line Company, LLC s ( Transco ) Hillabee Expansion Project (FERC Docket Nos. PF and CP ) pursuant to a capacity lease, which extends from Transco s Compressor Station 85 in Choctaw County, Alabama to an interconnection with the new greenfield pipeline in Tallapoosa County, Alabama. Sabal Trail will construct, own and operate the greenfield pipeline, which will extend from Tallapoosa County, Alabama to a new interconnection hub ( the Central Florida Hub ) in Osceola County, Florida. At the Central Florida Hub, the Project will connect with the Florida Southeast Connection Pipeline Project, currently being proposed by Florida Southeast Connection, LLC ( FSC ) (FERC Docket No. PF and CP ). In addition, at or near the Central Florida Hub, the Project will interconnect with Gulfstream Natural Gas System, L.L.C. ( Gulfstream ) and Florida Gas Transmission Company, LLC ( FGT ). The greenfield portion of the Project will have an initial capacity of 830,000 Dth/day with a proposed in-service date of May 1, Through a series of phased compressor station expansions to meet the future capacity needs of Sabal Trail s customers, the Project capacity will increase to approximately 999,000 Dth/day by 2020 and 1,075,000 Dth/day by This USACE application is only for the Sabal Trail Project. It is assumed that other USACE applications have been or will be submitted for the Hillabee Expansion Project and the Florida Southeast Connection Pipeline Project. Note, many of the tables and figures cited in this application were originally prepared for the FERC Environmental Report. To maintain consistency and continuity, the FERC numbering system was retained for this application. 1.1 Location and Description Pipeline Facilities The Project includes construction of approximately miles of new 36-inch diameter natural gas transmission pipeline (the Mainline Route ), approximately 13.1 miles of new 36-inch diameter natural gas pipeline (the Hunters Creek Line ), and approximately 21.4 miles of new 24-inch diameter natural gas pipeline (the Citrus County Line ). A summary of the Project pipeline facilities is provided in Table (see Tables section). A location map of the Project pipeline facilities is provided as Figure (Appendix A). Mainline Route Originates in Tallapoosa County, Alabama near Transco milepost ( MP ) 944 and ends at an interconnection with the Florida Southeast Connection Pipeline Project at the Central Florida Hub in Osceola County, Florida; o Mobile District (MP 0.0 to MP 86.4); o Savannah District (MP 86.4 to MP 247.8); USACE Section 404-Section 10 Application Volume I (All Districts) 1 SABAL TRAIL PROJECT6 o Jacksonville District (MP to MP 474.4); As indicated in the November 2014 FERC filing, the Withlacoochee Route Alternative and Halpata Tastanaki Preserve Route Alternative have now been incorporated into the route described in this application. To maintain existing mile posting with the incorporation of these reroutes, separate mile posts have been established for the reroutes; Incorporated Withlacoochee Route Alternative (Reroute MP A to Reroute MP A between Mainline MP and Mainline MP 270.4); Incorporated Halpata Tastanaki Preserve Route Alternative (Reroute MP B to B between Mainline MP to Mainline MP 389.9); Hunters Creek Line (Jacksonville District) Connects at the proposed Reunion Compressor Station located at approximately MP to FGT s existing 24-inch diameter mainline natural gas pipeline in Orange County, Florida; and Citrus County Line (Jacksonville District) Located in Marion and Citrus Counties, Florida, extending from Sabal Trail s facilities at approximately MP to a new electric generation plant proposed by Duke Energy Florida, Inc. ( DEF ) to be located in Citrus County, Florida Aboveground Facilities Five new compressor stations are proposed to be constructed along the Mainline Route. Three compressor stations (Alexander City, Hildreth, and Reunion) would have a 2017 in-service date, followed by two additional compressor stations (Dunnellon and Albany) with a 2020 in-service date. Expansion work (i.e., additional compression) at two of these five new compressor stations (Hildreth and Albany) would then be completed with an in-service date of Natural gas will be the proposed fuel source for the facilities within each compressor station. A summary of the Project aboveground facilities is provided in Table (Appendix B). Aboveground facility plot plans are provided in Appendix C. U.S. Geological Survey ( USGS ) topographic location excerpts and aerial photography are provided as Figures (Appendix D) and (Appendix E). Compressor Stations o Mobile District Alexander City Compressor Station (approximate MP 0.0) In service Construction of a new compressor station near Alexander City in Tallapoosa County, Alabama. The compressor station will include two Solar Titan 130 and one Solar Titan 250 compressor units; o Savannah District Albany Compressor Station (approximate MP 159.3) In service Construction of a new compressor station near Albany in Dougherty County, Georgia after the initial Project in-service date. The compressor station will include one Solar Titan 130 compressor unit. An additional Solar Titan 130 compressor unit will be constructed in a later phase of the Project with an in-service date of 2021; o Jacksonville District Hildreth Compressor Station (approximate MP 296.3) In service Construction of a new compressor station near Lake City in Suwannee County, Florida, consisting of one Solar Titan 130 compressor unit. An additional Solar USACE Section 404-Section 10 Application Volume I (All Districts) 2 SABAL TRAIL PROJECT7 Titan 130 compressor unit will be constructed in a later phase of the Project with an in-service date of 2021; Dunnellon Compressor Station (approximate MP 389.8) In service Construction of a new compressor station near Ocala in Marion County, Florida after the initial in-service date. The compressor station will include one Solar Titan 130 compressor unit; and Reunion Compressor Station (approximate MP 474.4) In service Construction of a new compressor station near Intercession City in Osceola County, Florida, consisting of one Titan 130 compressor unit and one Solar Mars 100 compressor unit. In addition, six meter and regulating ( M&R ) stations are proposed for the Project. M&R Stations o Mainline Route M&R Stations Transco Hillabee M&R Station in Tallapoosa County, Alabama (MP 0.0) FGT Suwannee M&R Station in Suwannee County, Florida (MP 299.7) FSC M&R Station in Osceola County, Florida (MP 474.4) Gulfstream M&R Station in Osceola County, Florida (MP 474.4) o Hunters Creek Line M&R Station FGT Hunters Creek M&R Station in Orange County, Florida (MP 13.1) o Citrus County Line M&R Station DEF Citrus County M&R Station in Citrus County, Florida (MP 21.4) A total of 39 mainline valves ( MLVs ), five pig launcher, and five pig receiver facilities are also proposed for the Project. Thirty-three MLVs would be located along the Mainline Route, four of which would be located within the site of proposed compressor stations. Three MLVs would be located along the Hunters Creek Line, one of which would be located within the Reunion Compressor Station (MP 0.0 on the Hunters Creek Line) and one within the FGT Hunters Creek M&R Station (MP 13.1 on the Hunters Creek Line). Three MLVs would be located along the Citrus County Line, one of which would be located within the Dunnellon Compressor Station (MP 0.0 on the Citrus County Line) and one within the DEF Citrus County M&R Station (MP 21.4 on the Citrus County Line). All MLVs will have blow down capabilities, however four MLVs along the Mainline Route (MLVs 2, 18, 23, and 24) will be equipped with remote blow down facilities where the right-of-way ( ROW ) is located next to an electric transmission line corridor. The locations of proposed MLV sites are listed in Table (Appendix B) and shown on the aerial-based alignment sheets in Appendix F Proposed Mainline Capacity Lease Transco Lease Mainline capacity lease on Transco s existing pipeline facilities extending from Transco s Zone 4 Pool and Transco s interconnections with Midcontinent Express Pipeline, LLC and Gulf South Pipeline Company, LP, all located at Transco Compressor Station 85 near Transco MP 784 in Choctaw County, Alabama to the point of interconnection with the proposed Sabal Trail facilities to be located near Transco MP 944 in Tallapoosa County, Alabama. The facilities associated with the Transco Lease will be addressed in a separate certificate application to be filed by Transco. USACE Section 404-Section 10 Application Volume I (All Districts) 3 SABAL TRAIL PROJECT8 1.2 Purpose and Need In December 2012, Florida Power & Light Company ( FPL ) issued a Request for Proposals ( RFP ) for new natural gas transportation capacity to serve FPL s natural gas-fired generating facilities in Florida. The RFP requested proposals for a new interstate pipeline extending from Transco s Compressor Station 85 in Alabama to the proposed Central Florida Hub to be located in Osceola County, Florida. FPL explained in public documents at that time that the objective of the RFP was to solicit proposals that could satisfy FPL s future natural gas requirements while also increasing the reliability and diversity of Florida s natural gas infrastructure. In July 2013, FPL announced Sabal Trail as the winning bidder for the gas transportation service. In addition, Sabal Trail and DEF have executed a precedent agreement for Sabal Trail to provide transportation services to DEF s proposed new natural gas-fired combined-cycle electric generating facility to be located in Citrus County, Florida. The purpose of the Project is to (i) meet existing and growing natural gas fuel supply needs of electric generators and other natural gas users in Florida and the southeastern U.S., including Alabama and Georgia; (ii) add a third natural gas transmission pipeline into Florida with access to multiple upstream supply sources at Transco s existing Compressor Station 85; (iii) add reliability to the natural gas transmission grid in the southeastern U.S.; and (iv) provide deliveries to a new Central Florida Hub that will interconnect with the two existing natural gas transmission pipelines currently serving central and southern Florida. The Project will allow natural gas users in the southeastern U.S. region to diversify access to growing natural gas supplies, increase the overall reliability of the region s natural gas transmission grid, reduce reliance on offshore natural gas supply sources and lessen the region s vulnerability to supply disruptions that can result from severe weather in the Gulf of Mexico. The Sabal Trail Project will allow natural gas users in the region to diversify access to growing natural gas supplies by providing the region with direct access to diverse and substantial gas supplies at Transco Compressor Station 85. Because Gulfstream and FGT are at or near full subscription, the Project is necessary to provide new access to multiple, growing supply areas, including the Barnett, Haynesville, Fayetteville, Woodford/Caney, Eagle Ford and Marcellus shale production areas and conventional onshore and offshore supplies through the new Sabal Trail system from the Transco Zone 4 Pool and the Midcontinent Express Pipeline, LLC and Gulf South interconnections at Transco Compressor Station 85. The Project will allow the region to reduce its reliance on offshore supply which, in turn, will lessen the region s vulnerability to supply disruptions that can result from severe weather in the Gulf of Mexico. The Sabal Trail system will also provide a pipeline alternative to serve the region s natural gas-fired electric generators in the event of a disruption event to one or both of the existing pipelines. The Project further benefits the region by providing additional interconnectivity for the region s interstate pipeline grid. Sabal Trail will interconnect with Gulfstream and FGT in Osceola and Orange Counties with the capability of transferring natural gas interchangeably among these systems. Moreover, the proposed Central Florida Hub will have the ability to deliver from any of these pipelines into the proposed FSC pipeline system, thereby providing additional reliability and flexibility for FPL s natural gas-fired electric generation connected to the FSC pipeline system and new markets potentially connected to FSC in the future. Florida s use of natural gas for electric generation is projected to continue growing for the foreseeable future. DEF recently proposed plans to construct a new, state-of-the-art, highly efficient combined-cycle natural gas plant in Citrus County, Florida to continue meeting the needs of its customers. DEF also announced the retirement timeline for two coal-fired units at the Crystal River Energy Complex located in Citrus County. The Florida Reliability Coordinating Council has reported that natural gas-fired electric generation has grown from less than 40 percent of Florida s total electric generation in 2007 to approximately 65 percent in Energy Information Administration data indicates that total natural gas demand in Florida has increased by 24 percent over the past 5 years. Future projections indicate continued significant increases in natural gas consumption in Florida. For example, the Florida Reliability USACE Section 404-Section 10 Application Volume I (All Districts) 4 SABAL TRAIL PROJECT9 Coordinating Council is projecting an approximately 13 percent increase in natural gas consumption in the electric generation sector from Also, in projections developed as part of its Clean Power Plan, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has projected increases in natural gas consumption in Florida of 18.5 percent by 2025 and 55.8 percent by In addition to providing increased gas volume and reliability to meet the region s growing natural gas needs, the Project will also provide supply diversity benefits: Reliability and Deliverability Enhancements Sabal Trail will introduce a new interstate pipeline into peninsular Florida. A new pipeline will significantly strengthen the reliability of the region s natural gas infrastructure and diversify its fuel sources, and will serve to reduce Florida s overall concentrated dependence on the FGT and Gulfstream pipelines. In addition, Sabal Trail will connect, via the new Central Florida Hub and the proposed M&R stations, to the existing natural gas pipeline infrastructure of the region. In the event of an interruption on either of the existing Gulfstream or FGT pipelines, Sabal Trail will enhance shippers flexibility to deliver natural gas to the regions needing the supply. Peninsular Florida is currently served by only two interstate natural gas pipelines, FGT and Gulfstream. Florida has no natural gas storage and de minimis gas production. In 2013, Florida relied on natural gas as the fuel source for over 62 percent of its electricity needs 2. In the upcoming decade, more than 8,000 megawatts of new gas-fired generation is expected to be added in Florida by the three investor-owned electric utilities, DEF, Tampa Electric Company and Florida Power & Light Company 3. Accordingly, there is a substantial need for new pipeline infrastructure into Florida. The Commission in recent years has made natural gas/electric coordination and reliability one of its top policy goals and has expended numerous resources on how to improve electric gas reliability given the increasing dependence on natural gas fired generation 4. One constant that nearly all participants agree upon in that proceeding is that additional pipeline infrastructure will improve reliability. A new third pipeline enhances the reliability of the natural gas network in Florida in various ways and geographic separation for most of the route from the other two existing pipelines greatly improves this reliability benefit. First, Sabal Trail will provide direct access to diverse and substantial gas supplies at Transco Compressor Station 85 and thereby reduce Florida s current reliance on natural gas sourced from the Gulf area. Second, an independently routed pipeline will create additional opportunities for new gasfired electric generation to be developed in new parts of Florida, as well as the ability to serve potential other users. A largely independent route would result in the need for less gas infrastructure in the future, e.g., laterals, to serve this new demand. This additional reliability benefit will not be gained if Sabal Trail were to largely follow the route of the existing pipelines. Third, given the reliance on natural gas to serve electric needs in Florida, an independently routed pipeline will enhance electric reliability in the event of a disruption event to one or both of the existing pipelines. For example, if Gulfstream were to be disrupted offshore, Sabal Trail will still be able to deliver gas into the Gulfstream system to serve Gulfstream s onshore customers via the proposed Central Florida Hub. Likewise, if FGT s main lines coming into Florida were disrupted, Sabal Trail will be able to deliver gas into the FGT system at the Central Florida Hub or through the new Suwannee interconnection with FGT. If FGT were to become unavailable further south in Florida, Sabal Trail will be able to deliver gas into the Florida Southeast Connection Pipeline See Docket Number AD12-12 for the proceeding. USACE Section 404-Section 10 Application Volume I (All Districts) 5 SABAL TRAIL PROJECT10 Project which can then serve FPL s Martin and Riviera gas-fired plants directly and/or could deliver volumes of gas into FGT at Martin to serve FPL s gas-fired plants in the southernmost parts of Florida. The Central Florida Hub will also create substantial operational benefits to the region. It will interconnect Gulfstream, FGT and Sabal Trail in Osceola and Orange Counties with the capability of transferring natural gas interchangeably between these systems. The Central Florida Hub will also have the ability to deliver from any of these pipelines into the Florida Southeast Connection Pipeline Project. The flow of gas between the pipelines in the Central Florida Hub will provide for enhanced delivery in the event of a disruption on any of the pipelines. The Central Florida Hub benefits not only the Sabal Trail customers but also other natural gas shippers within the state which will be able to flow volumes between the pipelines and backhaul on the existing FGT and Gulfstream systems to meet their current and future needs. The reliability and supply diversity enhancements will also directly benefit DEF in its recently announced plans to have a new generation facility constructed in Citrus County. In addition to the immediate benefits to the Florida market, the Project will provide additional opportunities for future delivery points along the pipeline route in Alabama and Georgia in response to customers needs. In addition to the agreements referenced above, Sabal Trail has had discussions with a number of potential shippers and end-users in Alabama and Georgia. In this connection, Sabal Trail has agreed to install two side-taps on its Mainline Route to support and facilitate future growth and natural gas utilization for the member cities of the Municipal Gas Authority of Georgia ( MGAG ). MGAG is the largest non-profit natural gas joint action agency in the United States, serving 78 members in Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Pennsylvania and Tennessee. MGAG currently has seven member cities within 15 miles of Sabal Trail s proposed pipeline route in southwest Georgia and has identified Dougherty and Colquitt Counties as having the greatest potential to need additional gas supplies in the future. Sabal Trail will install a side-tap on its system in each of these counties to help facilitate future interconnections. The installation of side-taps during the initial construction of the Sabal Trail Project will facilitate MGAG s access to gas supplies without interruption to transportation services provided to the existing shippers. The exact location of the side taps has not yet been identified and Sabal Trail will provide that information when determined Increased Competition Sabal Trail will benefit the state of Florida and the southeastern U.S. by increasing competition for gas transportation needs. The Project will be expandable at the outset via relatively low-cost compression-only expansions. Sabal Trail also creates a new market dynamic that can generate pipe-on-pipe competition for interstate gas transportation services. In addition, the Central Florida Hub is intended to serve as a new natural gas trading point in central Florida, which also provides the potential for market competition. These features of the Project should positively impact the economics of the state s overall natural gas supply portfolio, benefitting all gas consumers in Florida Supply Diversification Sabal Trail will improve the diversification of supply within the states of Florida, Alabama and Georgia. Gulf Coast production sources remain an important part of Florida s current supply portfolio, but these sources are subject to disruption due to hurricanes that can coincide with peak summer demands. Sabal Trail will provide natural gas users in the region greater access to a growing supply of onshore natural gas, largely from production basins in Texas, Arkansas, Oklahoma and Louisiana as well as the potential to utilize the growing natural gas supplies out of the Northeast. In fact, the growing and prolific natural gas production in the Northeast is enabling traditionally south-to-north pipelines to offer transportation paths from the Northeast for delivery to the southeastern U.S Economic Benefits The Project is projected to provide economic benefits to the communities near where it passes. Fishkind & Associates, an independent economic consultant, estimates that the construction of the Project will provide USACE Section 404-Section 10 Application Volume I (All Districts) 6 SABAL TRAIL PROJECT11 significant positive effects on state and local economies in Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. There will be an estimated 4,000 direct jobs created in the region, along with approximately 1,600 indirect and induced jobs, leading to additional wages of almost $200 million during construction. Hundreds of permanent jobs will result from the Project. Additionally, the Project will generate over one billion in life-cycle tax benefits to counties and local governments in Alabama, Georgia and Florida Clean Air By bringing additional natural gas into the southeastern U.S., the Project will meet the fast growing demand for this clean-burning fuel. The use of natural gas results in lower emission rates of greenhouse gases and criteria air pollutants than all other fossil fuels (standardized to emissions per unit of energy consumed). The additional natural gas brought to the region will enable utilities and industry in Florida and the southeastern U.S. to utilize this clean fuel for continued or increasing use at existing natural gas-fired facilities and for fuel switching at existing facilities, which will minimize air emissions and ensure compliance with applicable emission-limiting standards. In addition, because this natural gas will be utilized by electric generation stations with more energy efficient combined cycle combustion turbine technology than simple cycle combustion turbines and boilers, less fuel is required to produce the same amount of electricity. 1.3 Construction Schedule and Work Force The projected in-service date of the Project is May Construction of the proposed Project facilities, including the Mainline Route, Hunters Creek Line, Citrus County Line, three of the five proposed compressor stations, six proposed M&R stations, and other new aboveground facilities is currently scheduled to occur from May 2016 to May As previously described, two additional compressor stations, as well as additional compression, will be constructed through July Table (Appendix G) provides a summary of the construction schedule and approximate construction work force requirements. Sabal Trail estimates that the time between initial staking and final clean-up at any specific location along the pipeline route will be approximately two to three months. This length of time will be variable based on terrain conditions along the pipeline route. Sabal Trail estimates that the trench could be open for as little as two weeks and up to two months depending on terrain and soil conditions present in this region. Sabal Trail expects, based upon field observations and historical data available for these areas, that it will encounter more rocky conditions within the trench line. Typically in a rocky ditch environment the ditch is excavated prior to the pipe being strung and welded so as to protect the pipe coating from damage during excavation activities. In areas where soils are considered generally unstable, contractors will string and weld the pipe prior to the ditch being excavated. 2.0 PROJECT CONTACTS 2.1 Permit Requestor The official applicant and contact information for this Project is below. Sabal Trail Transmission, LLC c/o George (Gus) A. McLachlan 400 Colonial Center Parkway, Suite 300 Lake Mary, Florida (321) Agent Sabal Trail s agent for the purposes of obtaining permits from the USACE for the Project is TRC Environmental Corporation. Contact information for TRC is provided below. USACE Section 404-Section 10 Application Volume I (All Districts) 7 SABAL TRAIL PROJECT12 TRC Environmental Corporation c/o Bradley W. Floyd, Ph.D. 400 Colonial Center Parkway, Suite 300 Lake Mary, Florida (321) TRC c/o Jason Sean Lancaster, CEP, CE Senior Biologist 4155 Shackleford Road, Suite 225 Norcross, Georgia (770) x CONSTRUCTION MEASURES, EFFECTS, AND MITIGATION 3.1 General Construction Procedures Pipeline Facilities Standard Construction and Restoration Techniques The Project will be constructed in compliance with applicable federal and state regulations and guidelines, and the specific requirements of the necessary permits. Key federal requirements and guidelines include: 18 Code of Federal Regulations ( CFR ) Part 380 FERC s Regulations Implementing the National Environmental Policy Act (including Siting and Maintenance Requirements); 49 CFR Part 192 Transportation of Natural Gas and Other Gas by Pipeline: Minimum Federal Safety Standards; The FERC s Upland Erosion Control, Revegetation, and Maintenance Plan ( FERC Plan, May 2013 Version) and the FERC s Wetland and Waterbody Construction and Mitigation Procedures ( FERC Procedures May 2013 Version); and Sabal Trail s Project, E&SCP and Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasure Plan ( SPCC Plan ) provided in Appendix 1B. Key state requirements and guidelines include: Alabama Department of Environmental Management - National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System ( NPDES ) General Permits for Hydrostatic Testwater and Stormwater Discharge from Construction Activities; Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division, Water Protection Branch NPDES Permit for Discharge of Stormwater from Construction Activities; Florida Department of Environmental Protection Environmental Resources Permit, NPDES General Permits for Stormwater Discharges from Construction and Industrial Activities; Chapter 11 of the Environmental Resource Permit Applicant s Handbook, Volume I, the State of Florida Erosion and Sediment Control Designer and Reviewer Manual (June 2007); and Florida Stormwater, Erosion, and Sedimentation Control Inspector s Manual (July 2008). Sabal Trail s E&SCP meets or exceeds the procedures specified in the FERC Plan and Procedures and is compliant with the erosion and sedimentation control requirements of Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. The USACE Section 404-Section 10 Application Volume I (All Districts) 8 SABAL TRAIL PROJECT13 E&SCP provided in Appendix H incorporates the requirements of the version of the FERC Plan and Procedures that went into effect in May Deviations to the current FERC Plan and Procedures are requested in Section 1.3 of the E&SCP. The following sections identify the general construction procedures for routine pipeline construction, as well as the specific construction techniques that will be utilized in environmentally sensitive areas for the Project. The construction crew sequence described below may be modified by the contractors so that trench excavation may follow coating application, inspection, and repair. Construction methods to be used on the Project are summarized in Table (Appendix I). Surveying; Clearing operations, where required; Installation and maintenance of erosion control devices; ROW and temporary construction workspace grading; Trench excavation; Blasting, where required (primarily in Alabama and Georgia); Stringing; Bending; Welding; Nondestructive weld inspection and repair; Coating application, inspection, and repair; Lowering-in; Tie-ins; Backfilling; Cleaning; Hydrostatic testing; and Restoration and revegetation. Surveying Sabal Trail will begin by surveying and staking the outside limits of the construction work areas, centerline location of the pipeline, road crossings, and any temporary extra workspace, such as lay down areas or at waterbody crossings. The marking of sensitive resource areas within the workspace will also be completed at this time. The One Call system of each state will be contacted, and underground utilities (e.g., cables, conduits, and pipelines) will be located and flagged. Stakes and markings will be maintained as necessary throughout construction to reduce the likelihood of off ROW disturbances. FERC will be notified of any off-row disturbances. Affected landowners that requested prior notification will be notified prior to surveying and staking of the centerline and workspaces. Clearing Operations Initial clearing operations will include the removal of vegetation, as needed, within the construction ROW and additional temporary workspace ( ATWS ). Clearing will be accomplished by mechanized forest clearing equipment or by hand cutting. The limits of clearing will be identified and flagged in the field prior to any clearing operations. In wetlands, trees and brush will either be cut using rubber-tire and/or USACE Section 404-Section 10 Application Volume I (All Districts) 9 SABAL TRAIL PROJECT14 track-mounted equipment, or hand-cut. Unless grading is required for safety reasons, wetland vegetation will be cut off at ground level, leaving existing root systems intact, and the aboveground vegetation removed from the wetlands for chipping or disposal. In uplands, rootstock will be left in the temporary workspace wherever possible to encourage natural revegetation. Construction land clearing debris will be open burned, chipped on site, or hauled offsite to an appropriate disposal location. Any open burning of land clearing debris will be conducted in accordance with all applicable state and local regulations and requirements. In the unlikely event of an uncontrolled fire during open burning operations along the ROW, assigned construction personnel on the scene will notify the appropriate federal, state, or local fire control authority. Fire prevention and suppression will be the responsibility of the Contractor. The Contractor will initiate and implement all fire control activities during construction until relieved by professional fire suppression crews. Precautions to be implemented during construction to reduce the likelihood of an uncontrolled fire include: All construction personnel will be instructed as to the fire prevention and suppression procedures to be implemented on the Project; At a minimum, burning and blasting schedules will be provided to the appropriate federal, state, or local fires control authority on a weekly basis; All crews assigned to the job will be provided with fire control equipment; Equipment parking areas and small stationary engine sites will be cleared of all extraneous flammable materials; Gas, diesel, and oil storage areas will be cleared of extraneous flammable material and No Smoking signs shall be posted throughout the area at all times; All used and discarded oil, oil filters, oily rags, or other waste will be disposed of in appropriate and marked containers; and Glass jugs or bottles will not be used as containers for gasoline or other flammable materials. Open burning of cleared vegetative debris (trees and shrubs) will be conducted in accordance with state and local fire codes. The pipeline contractor will coordinate with the local fire control agencies prior to performing open burning activities, as necessary. All applicable permits and authorizations will be obtained prior to conducting any open burning activities. No burning of debris, other than vegetative, is proposed to occur. The cleared width within the ROW and temporary construction workspace will be kept to the minimum that will allow for spoil storage, staging and assembly of materials, and all other activities required to safely construct the pipeline. Installation and Maintenance of Erosion Control Devices Following clearing and before grading activities, erosion controls will be installed at the required locations according to the guidelines as outlined in the Project E&SCP (Appendix H). USACE Section 404-Section 10 Application Volume I (All Districts) 10 SABAL TRAIL PROJECT15 ROW and Temporary Construction Workspace Grading The entire width of the construction ROW, including the temporary construction workspace, will be rough graded as necessary to allow for safe passage of equipment and to prepare a stable work surface for pipeline installation activities. Typically, the grading of the ROW will be completed with bulldozers. Backhoes will be used in conjunction with bulldozers in areas where boulders and tree stumps require removal. The pulling of tree stumps and grading activities will be limited to the area directly over the trenchline in wetlands, unless the Chief Inspector and Environmental Inspector ( EI ) determine that safety-related construction constraints require removal of tree stumps from under the working side of the ROW. A travel lane will be maintained to allow for the passage of construction traffic. In agricultural areas (cultivated or rotated croplands and managed pastures), hayfields, or other areas at the landowners or land managing agency s request, and residential areas, topsoil will be stripped and stockpiled separately from the subsoil during grading. The mixing of topsoil with subsoil will be minimized by using topsoil segregation construction methods. Trench Excavation A trench will be excavated to the proper depth to allow for the burial of the pipe. In general, the trench will be approximately seven feet deep for the 36-inch diameter Mainline Route and 36-inch diameter Hunters Creek Line and six feet deep for the 24-inch diameter Citrus County Line pipeline to provide a minimum of three feet of cover over the pipeline as required by 49 CFR Part of the U.S. Department of Transportation ( USDOT ) regulations. Livestock crossings and access plugs will remain as per agreed with individual landowner requests. Deeper burial may be effected in specific areas such as agricultural land, roads, railroads, or under waterbodies. The excavated topsoil material will be placed next to the trench so as to avoid unnecessary movement of machinery across the terrain. Dewatering of the pipeline trench may be required in areas with a high water table or after significant precipitation events. All trench water will be discharged into well-vegetated upland areas using filter bags or dewatering structures to allow the water to infiltrate back into the ground. If trench dewatering is necessary in or near a waterbody, the removed trench water will be discharged into an energy dissipation/sediment filtration device, such as a geotextile filter bag or straw bale structure located away from the water s edge to prevent heavily silt-laden water from flowing directly into nearby waterbodies in accordance with the Project E&SCP and all applicable permit conditions. Stringing Stringing involves initially hauling the pipe by tractor-trailer, generally in 80-foot lengths, or joints, from the pipe storage yard, onto the ROW. The pipe will be off-loaded from trucks and placed along the ROW using a sideboom tractor. The pipe joints are lined up end-to-end to allow for welding into continuous lengths known as strings. Bending Once the sections of pipe have been placed on the ROW, the pipe is bent as necessary so the pipe fits the horizontal and vertical contours of the excavated trench. The Bending Engineer will survey the trench and/or natural ground contours to determine the location and amount of each field bend. This information is marked on each piece of pipe so the Bending Foreman can make the appropriate pipe bends. Pipe is usually bent with a hydraulic pipe-bending machine. Pipe bends will be relatively long and gradual, which is taken into consideration when the trench is excavated. Welding All welding is performed in accordance with American Petroleum Institute Standard Number 1104, 49 CFR Part 192, and Sabal Trail specifications. The individual joints of pipe are welded together in two steps. The front-end welding crew, or pipe gang, will perform the first step. This crew will clean and align the USACE Section 404-Section 10 Application Volume I (All Districts) 11 SABAL TRAIL PROJECT16 beveled ends of the pipe in preparation for welding and place at least the first two passes in the welding process. The firing line, or back-end welders, perform the second step, completing the welds started by the front-end welders. The pipe is welded into long strings to minimize the number of welds that have to be made in the trench (tie-in welds). Gaps in the pipe welding process are often left by the welding crews at water/wetland crossings, road crossings, and other locations where access across the work area is required or when the pipe will be installed later in the construction process. It is anticipated that automatic welding will be used on portions of this Project. The welding described above will still be performed as described, however the completion of the welds will be accomplished with automated equipment as opposed to welders. Nondestructive Weld Inspection and Repair After welding, each weld is inspected by an independent certified Non-Destructive Test technician to ensure its structural integrity is consistent with 49 CFR Part 192 of the USDOT s regulations. Radiographs or ultrasonic images are taken and processed on site. Those welds that do not meet the requirements established by USDOT regulations, American Petroleum Institute Standard Number 1104, and Sabal Trail s specifications will be repaired or replaced and re-inspected. Coating Inspection and Repair The pipeline is coated to prevent corrosion in compliance with USDOT regulations. The pipe joints will be coated (with a painted or sprayed on epoxy) at the mill prior to being delivered to the Project. The ends of each piece are left bare to allow for welding. Once each weld has been inspected and accepted, the weld area is field coated by the coating crew. Because pipeline coatings are electrically insulating, the coating is inspected using equipment that emits an electric charge to ensure there are no locations on the pipeline where there is a defect in the coating. Lowering-In After a pipe string has been coated and inspected, the trench is prepared for the installation of the pipeline. The trench is cleared of loose rock and debris. If excessive water exists in the trench, the water is pumped out into a well-vegetated upland area and/or into an approved filter bag or structure. An exception to this approach may be used in wetland areas where the push pull installation technique may be required. In sandy soils, the trench is shaped to support the pipe. In areas where the trench contains bedrock, an approved foam or sand bedding is placed on the bottom of the trench, sandbags, or foam supports are placed at regular intervals along the trench bottom to support the pipe. The lowering-in crew places the pipeline in the trench. Lowering-in is usually done with side boom tractors. Tie-Ins Once the sections of pipe are lowered-in, the tie-in crew makes the final welds in the trench. This crew completes additional excavations as needed, lowering in, lining up, welding, nondestructive weld inspection and coating of the final welds. Backfilling All suitable material excavated during trenching will be replaced in the trench. In areas where excavated material is unsuitable for backfilling, additional select fill may be required. All backfill operations are conducted in a manner to avoid damage to the protective coating on the pipeline. The area around the pipe and up to eight-inches above the pipe in the trench, is backfilled with padding material. Padding material is small, fine soil material that is either found in the excavated soil, imported (typically from commercial borrow areas in the region) or is mechanically sifted from the native soils excavated from the trench. When excavated trench material is used for padding, a shaker, which is a padding machine, an Allu bucket, which is specialized excavator bucket, or equivalent device is used to screen native soil material to meet the padding soil particle size requirements. USACE Section 404-Section 10 Application Volume I (All Districts) 12 SABAL TRAIL PROJECT17 In either the use of imported or mechanically sifted padding material, the padding material is free of stones larger than 1½ inches in any dimension. Some exceptions are allowed when using rock-jacket coating or other approved rock shield that protect the pipe and pipe coating during backfill operations. In no case will topsoil be used as padding material. The remaining backfill material (non-padding material) can consist of larger particles, but no rocks greater than approximately 12 inches in any dimension are placed in the trench within 12 inches of the pipeline and no rocks greater than 24 inches in any dimension are placed in the trench within 24 inches of the pipeline. When backfilling is completed, the final grade will match the surrounding elevations to the extent practicable. The topsoil is then spread across the graded construction ROW where applicable. The soil surface will be inspected for compaction, and scarified as necessary. Cleaning Once the pipeline tie-ins are completed, the pipeline is internally cleaned with devices referred to as pipeline pigs. A manifold is installed on one end of the long pipeline section and a pig is propelled by compressed air through the pipeline into an open pig catcher. The purpose is to remove dirt, water or debris that was inadvertently collected within the pipeline during installation. Hydrostatic Testing After cleaning, the pipeline will be pressure tested in accordance with USDOT 49 CFR Part 192 regulations and Sabal Trail s requirements to ensure its integrity for the intended service and operating pressures. The pipeline is hydrostatically tested with water that is normally obtained from water sources crossed by the pipeline, including available municipal supply lines. The water propels a pig through the pipeline in a manner that fills the pipeline with water. Test pressure is obtained by adding water to the test section with a high-pressure pump for a proscribed period of time. At the completion of the hydrostatic test, the pressure is removed from the section and the water is released from the test section by propelling the pig with air, which forces the water from the pipeline. Drying pigs are propelled through the pipeline with compressed air. All hydrostatic test water will be discharged within suitable vegetated upland areas in accordance with the Project E&SCP and applicable federal and state approvals. Drying pig runs will follow the dewatering of the tested section and will remove any residual water from the pipeline. Additional drying pig runs will be completed as necessary until the Projects specified Dew Point is obtained. Restoration and Revegetation The cleanup crew completes the restoration and revegetation of the construction ROW and ATWS. In general, every effort will be made, weather and soil conditions permitting, to complete final cleanup (including final grading) and installation of permanent erosion control measures within 20 days after the trench is backfilled, or as may be otherwise required by applicable requirements. In conjunction with backfilling operations, any woody material and construction debris will be removed from the ROW. The ROW will be final-graded to prepare for restoration. Permanent slope breakers or diversion berms will be constructed and maintained in accordance with the Project E&SCP. Fences and stone walls will be restored or repaired as necessary. Revegetation will be completed in accordance with permit requirements and written recommendations on seeding mixes, rates, and dates obtained from the local soil conservation authority or other duly authorized agency and in accordance with the Project E&SCP. The ROW will be seeded within six working days following final grading, weather and soil conditions permitting. Alternative seed mixes specifically requested by the landowner or required by agencies may be used. Any soil disturbance that occurs outside the permanent seeding season or any bare soil left unstabilized by vegetation will be mulched in accordance with the FERC Plan and the Project E&SCP. USACE Section 404-Section 10 Application Volume I (All Districts) 13 SABAL TRAIL PROJECT18 Residential s Residences within 50 feet of construction work areas are identified in Table (Appendix J). Special care will be taken in residential areas to minimize neighborhood and traffic disruption and to control noise and dust to the extent practicable. In general, the following measures will be taken in residential areas: Install safety fence at the construction work area for a distance of 100 feet on either side of the residence to ensure the public will be protected from the construction activities; Preserve all mature trees and landscaping where practical, consistent with construction safety; Utilize topsoil segregation procedures, as required, in accordance with the FERC Plan; Ensure piping is welded and installed as quickly as reasonably possible consistent with prudent pipeline construction practices to minimize construction time affecting a neighborhood; Backfill the trench as soon as the pipe is laid or temporarily cover the trench with a steel plate or timber mat; Complete final cleanup (including final grading) and installation of permanent erosion control measures within 10 days after the trench is backfilled, weather conditions permitting; Restore lawns and landscaping immediately following final clean-up, or as specified in landowner agreements, weather conditions permitting; and If weather conditions prevent immediate restoration of these areas, maintain and monitor temporary erosion controls until restoration is completed. Site-specific construction plans have been developed for residential dwellings within 50 feet of construction workspace (Appendix K). These plans show the construction area to be disturbed and safety measures that will be implemented, as described above. Rock Removal and Blasting Given the presence of surface rock in some portions of the Project area, primarily in Alabama and Georgia (but not beyond approximate MP 100), Sabal Trail anticipates that blasting for rock removal may be required during construction of the Project. Rock encountered during trenching will be removed using one of the techniques listed below. The technique selected is dependent on the relative hardness, fracture susceptibility, and expected volume of the material. Techniques include: Conventional excavation with a backhoe; Ripping with a dozer followed by backhoe excavation; or Hammering with a pointed backhoe attachment followed by backhoe excavation. If it is determined that the bedrock cannot be removed by conventional techniques, blasting surface rock may occur prior to excavation. Sabal Trail s blasting procedures include pre-blast and post-blast inspections/surveys by Sabal Trail if construction is within 150 feet of any structure, wells, spring, and utility, with the permission of the owner. Blasting mats or soil cover will be used to prevent the scattering of loose rock. Blasting will be conducted during daylight hours and will not begin until occupants of buildings, stores, residences, and places of business within 150 feet have been notified. Sabal Trail will comply with applicable regulations applying to blasting and blast vibration limits with regard to structures and underground utilities. Care will be taken to prevent damage to underground structures (e.g., cables, conduits, septic systems, and foundations etc.) aboveground structures (e.g., homes, buildings, and utility structures, etc.) or water USACE Section 404-Section 10 Application Volume I (All Districts) 14 SABAL TRAIL PROJECT19 sources. All blasting activity would be performed by state-licensed professionals according to strict guidelines designed to control energy release. Appendix L provides the Sabal Trail Blasting Plan. Rugged Topography During construction activities in steep and rugged terrain, temporary and permanent erosion controls are necessary to adequately minimize erosion and sedimentation. Temporary slope breakers are intended to reduce the runoff velocity and divert water off of the ROW. Temporary trench breakers may be used in conjunction with the temporary slope breakers to adequately channel the surface flow off of the ROW. Permanent trench breakers consisting of sandbags, gravel, foam, cement, or cement-filled sacks will be installed over and around the pipe when the trench is backfilled in areas of slope with erosion potential. Temporary trench plugs, usually composed of compacted earth or other suitable low-permeable material, will be installed at the entry and exit points of wetlands and waterbodies to minimize channeling of groundwater along the ditch line during construction and maintain subsurface hydrology patterns subsequent to construction. If side slopes requiring special construction are encountered, the following techniques detailed below will be used. During grading, the upslope side of the pipeline ROW will be cut. The material removed from the cut will be used to fill the downslope edge of the ROW in order to provide a safe and level surface from which to operate the heavy equipment (two-tone construction). Side hills may require ATWS downslope to accommodate the fill material. During grade restoration, the spoil will be placed back in the cut and compacted. Any springs or seeps found in the cut will be carried downslope through PVC pipe and/or gravel French drains installed as part of the cut restoration. Permanent slope breakers will be constructed in coordination with the placement of the trench breakers in accordance with the Project E&SCP. During restoration, seed will be applied at an increased application rate to increase the probability of establishment and rapid stabilization. In rugged terrain, additional types of temporary erosion controls such as super silt fence, erosion control matting and hydro-mulching may be used during construction and restoration activities. Active Agricultural Land In general, in cultivated or rotated croplands, managed pastures and hayfields, topsoil will be stripped across the width of the construction ROW and placed separate from subsoil. At least 12 inches of topsoil will be segregated in deep soils with more than 12 inches of topsoil. In active agricultural lands, every effort will be made to excavate the entire topsoil layer in soils with less than 12 inches of topsoil. ATWS will be necessary when topsoil segregation is required. The pipeline will be buried with a minimum of four feet of cover in actively tilled agricultural land to meet the requirements of the landowner and to maintain a safe operational depth. After the pipe has been lowered into the ditch, subsoil is used for backfilling and topsoil is then spread across the graded ROW. Any drain tiles will be located, monitored for damage and repaired, as needed. The depth of the pipeline will also be adjusted as needed to prevent interference with the proper function of drain tile systems. Water flow in any affected irrigation systems will be maintained, unless shutoff is coordinated with affected parties. Equipment traffic will be controlled within agricultural land to minimize rutting or compaction. Soil compaction will be treated, as necessary, in conjunction with the FERC Plan. Road Crossings Constructing the Project across public and private roadways, using either conventional open cut, horizontal directional drill (HDD), or other road bore methods, will be based on Sabal Trail Specifications, site conditions and road opening permit requirements, as well as USDOT regulations, including 49 CFR Part 192 requirements regarding depth of cover. Public road crossings associated with the Project are identified in Table (Appendix M). Roadway opening permits will be obtained from applicable state, county, USACE Section 404-Section 10 Application Volume I (All Districts) 15 SABAL TRAIL PROJECT20 and local agencies. Permit conditions will ultimately dictate the day-to-day construction activities at road crossings. Prior to construction, the 811 One Call system will be contacted so they can mark their facilities that may intersect, or be in close proximity to, the proposed pipeline. The contractor may elect to excavate the utilities to confirm their location. Construction will be scheduled for work within roadways and specific crossings to avoid commuter traffic and school bus schedules to the greatest extent practicable. Appropriate traffic management and signage will be set up and necessary safety measures will be developed in compliance with applicable permits for work in the public roadway. Arrangements will be made with local officials to have traffic safety personnel on hand during periods of construction. Provisions will be made for detours or otherwise to permit traffic flow. Roadway crossing construction will generally occur using one of the following methods: Open Cut This method is used on driveways and roads with low traffic densities where pipeline installation activities will not adversely impact the general public. The first step is to install the proper traffic control devices. Traffic may have to be detoured around the open trench during the installation process. For driveways and small roads, a temporary bypass roadway may be constructed. Multi-lane roads may require the closure of one lane at a time with traffic diverted to the other lane(s). The pipeline crossing is installed one lane at a time. As the pipe is installed, successive lanes are alternately taken out of service for pipe installation until the crossing is completed. Another option is to detour traffic around the work area through the use of adjacent roadways. If the roadway surface is paved, pavement over the proposed trench is cut, removed, and properly disposed of. The trench is excavated using a backhoe and the pipe is installed (welded, radiographed and coated). The trench is then backfilled. A 15:1 sand to concrete mix called flowable fill, or Controlled Density Fill, may be used. The backfill must be compacted properly to reduce stresses on the pipeline and to ensure the roadway supports the traffic load without settling. The existing trench subsoil may be used in the backfill if it can be compacted properly and is authorized by the permitting agency. In most cases, backfill material will be obtained from an outside source and hauled in. The material used and methods of placement will comply with the requirements of the permitting agency. If the roadway surface was paved, the paving will be properly restored in accordance with the permit requirements. Conventional Bore On roads with higher traffic densities and for railroads where service must be maintained, the pipeline may be installed by boring a hole under the road or railway. Specialized boring equipment is used. The soil and/or rock are bored by a drill that contains a cutting head which cuts through the soil. Dummy casing which is slightly larger in diameter than the pipeline is installed immediately behind the cutting head. An auger is placed inside the pipe to remove the cuttings. When completed, the bored hole is slightly larger than the outside diameter of the pipeline to be installed. Once the bore is completed, the pipeline section is welded to the boring pipe and pulled into place and the boring pipe is removed. If required, any voids between the pipeline and the subsoil are filled with grout (a sand-cement mix). Cased The procedure for a cased crossing is similar to a bored crossing with one exception. A section of steel casing pipe, which is several inches in diameter greater than the pipeline, is bored into place. Casing sections are welded together to ensure water does not enter the casing. Once the casing pipe has been installed, the pipeline is pulled through the casing. To prevent potential corrosion of the pipeline due to contact between the pipeline and the casing, the pipeline is insulated from the casing pipe, either through the use of plastic insulators spaced along the pipeline or the pipeline is coated with a layer of concrete. To prevent water from entering the casing, the ends of the casing are sealed with rubber or polyethylene seals. The space between the casing and the USACE Section 404-Section 10 Application Volume I (All Districts) 16 SABAL TRAIL PROJECT View more
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