Source: http://uniweb.legislature.ne.gov/laws/statutes.php?statute=28-416
Timestamp: 2013-12-11 13:32:39
Document Index: 601509652

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 76', '§ 2', '§ 3', '§ 4', '§ 1', '§ 2', '§ 1', '§ 2', '§ 6', '§ 8', '§ 1', '§ 14', '§ 1', '§ 86', '§ 3', '§ 1', '§ 4', '§ 2', '§ 1', '§ 2']

Current Bill on Floor
Nebraska Revised Statute 28-416
28-416
28-416.
Prohibited acts;
violations; penalties.(1) Except as authorized
by the Uniform Controlled Substances Act, it shall be unlawful for any person
knowingly or intentionally: (a) To manufacture, distribute, deliver, dispense,
or possess with intent to manufacture, distribute, deliver, or dispense a
controlled substance; or (b) to create, distribute, or possess with intent
to distribute a counterfeit controlled substance.
(2) Except as provided in subsections (4), (5), (7), (8),
(9), and (10) of this section, any person who violates subsection (1) of this
section with respect to: (a) A controlled substance classified in Schedule
I, II, or III of section 28-405 which is an exceptionally hazardous drug shall
be guilty of a Class II felony; (b) any other controlled substance classified
in Schedule I, II, or III of section 28-405 shall be guilty of a Class III
felony; or (c) a controlled substance classified in Schedule IV or V of section 28-405 shall be guilty of a Class IIIA felony.
(3) A person knowingly or intentionally possessing a controlled
substance, except marijuana or any substance containing a quantifiable amount
of the substances, chemicals, or compounds described, defined, or delineated
in subdivision (c)(25) of Schedule I of section 28-405, unless such substance was obtained directly or pursuant to a medical
order issued by a practitioner authorized to prescribe while acting in the
course of his or her professional practice, or except as otherwise authorized
by the act, shall be guilty of a Class IV felony.
(4)(a) Except as authorized by the Uniform Controlled Substances
Act, any person eighteen years of age or older who knowingly or intentionally
manufactures, distributes, delivers, dispenses, or possesses with intent to
manufacture, distribute, deliver, or dispense a controlled substance or a
counterfeit controlled substance (i) to a person under the age of eighteen
years, (ii) in, on, or within one thousand feet of the real property comprising
a public or private elementary, vocational, or secondary school, a community
college, a public or private college, junior college, or university, or a
playground, or (iii) within one hundred feet of a public or private youth
center, public swimming pool, or video arcade facility shall be punished by
the next higher penalty classification than the penalty prescribed in subsection
(2), (7), (8), (9), or (10) of this section, depending upon the controlled
substance involved, for the first violation and for a second or subsequent
violation shall be punished by the next higher penalty classification than
that prescribed for a first violation of this subsection, but in no event
shall such person be punished by a penalty greater than a Class IB felony.
(b) For purposes of this subsection:
(i) Playground shall mean any outdoor facility, including
any parking lot appurtenant to the facility, intended for recreation, open
to the public, and with any portion containing three or more apparatus intended
for the recreation of children, including sliding boards, swingsets, and teeterboards;
(ii) Video arcade facility shall mean any facility legally
accessible to persons under eighteen years of age, intended primarily for
the use of pinball and video machines for amusement, and containing a minimum
of ten pinball or video machines; and
(iii) Youth center shall mean any recreational facility or
gymnasium, including any parking lot appurtenant to the facility or gymnasium,
intended primarily for use by persons under eighteen years of age which regularly
provides athletic, civic, or cultural activities.
(5)(a) Except as authorized by the Uniform Controlled Substances
Act, it shall be unlawful for any person eighteen years of age or older to
knowingly and intentionally employ, hire, use, cause, persuade, coax, induce,
entice, seduce, or coerce any person under the age of eighteen years to manufacture,
transport, distribute, carry, deliver, dispense, prepare for delivery, offer
for delivery, or possess with intent to do the same a controlled substance
or a counterfeit controlled substance.
(b) Except as authorized by the Uniform Controlled Substances
entice, seduce, or coerce any person under the age of eighteen years to aid
and abet any person in the manufacture, transportation, distribution, carrying,
delivery, dispensing, preparation for delivery, offering for delivery, or
possession with intent to do the same of a controlled substance or a counterfeit
(c) Any person who violates subdivision (a) or (b) of this
subsection shall be punished by the next higher penalty classification than
the penalty prescribed in subsection (2), (7), (8), (9), or (10) of this section,
depending upon the controlled substance involved, for the first violation
and for a second or subsequent violation shall be punished by the next higher
penalty classification than that prescribed for a first violation of this
subsection, but in no event shall such person be punished by a penalty greater
than a Class IB felony.
(6) It shall not be a defense to prosecution for violation
of subsection (4) or (5) of this section that the defendant did not know the
age of the person through whom the defendant violated such subsection.
(7) Any person who violates subsection (1) of this section
with respect to cocaine or any mixture or substance containing a detectable
amount of cocaine in a quantity of:
(a) One hundred forty grams or more shall be guilty of a
Class IB felony;
(b) At least twenty-eight grams but less than one hundred
forty grams shall be guilty of a Class IC felony; or
(c) At least ten grams but less than twenty-eight grams shall
be guilty of a Class ID felony.
(8) Any person who violates subsection (1) of this section
with respect to base cocaine (crack) or any mixture or substance containing
a detectable amount of base cocaine in a quantity of:
(9) Any person who violates subsection (1) of this section
with respect to heroin or any mixture or substance containing a detectable
amount of heroin in a quantity of:
(10) Any person who violates subsection (1) of this section
with respect to amphetamine, its salts, optical isomers, and salts of its
isomers, or with respect to methamphetamine, its salts, optical isomers, and
salts of its isomers, in a quantity of:
(11) Any person knowingly or intentionally possessing marijuana
weighing more than one ounce but not more than one pound shall be guilty of
a Class III misdemeanor.
(12) Any person knowingly or intentionally possessing marijuana
weighing more than one pound shall be guilty of a Class IV felony.
(13) Any person knowingly or intentionally possessing marijuana
weighing one ounce or less or any substance containing a quantifiable amount
in subdivision (c)(25) of Schedule I of section 28-405 shall:
(a) For the first offense, be guilty of an infraction, receive
a citation, be fined three hundred dollars, and be assigned to attend a course
as prescribed in section 29-433 if the judge determines that attending such
course is in the best interest of the individual defendant;
(b) For the second offense, be guilty of a Class IV misdemeanor,
receive a citation, and be fined four hundred dollars and may be imprisoned
not to exceed five days; and
(c) For the third and all subsequent offenses, be guilty
of a Class IIIA misdemeanor, receive a citation, be fined five hundred dollars,
and be imprisoned not to exceed seven days.
(14) Any person convicted of violating this section, if placed
on probation, shall, as a condition of probation, satisfactorily attend and
complete appropriate treatment and counseling on drug abuse provided by a
program authorized under the Nebraska Behavioral Health Services Act or other
licensed drug treatment facility.
(15) Any person convicted of violating this section, if sentenced
to the Department of Correctional Services, shall attend appropriate treatment
and counseling on drug abuse.
(16) Any person knowingly or intentionally possessing a firearm
while in violation of subsection (1) of this section shall be punished by
(2), (7), (8), (9), or (10) of this section, but in no event shall such person
be punished by a penalty greater than a Class IB felony.
(17) A person knowingly or intentionally in possession of
money used or intended to be used to facilitate a violation of subsection
(1) of this section shall be guilty of a Class IV felony.
(18) In addition to the penalties provided in this section:
(a) If the person convicted or adjudicated of violating this
section is eighteen years of age or younger and has one or more licenses or
permits issued under the Motor Vehicle Operator's License Act:
(i) For the first offense, the court may, as a part of the
judgment of conviction or adjudication, (A) impound any such licenses or permits
for thirty days and (B) require such person to attend a drug education class;
(ii) For a second offense, the court may, as a part of the
for ninety days and (B) require such person to complete no fewer than twenty
and no more than forty hours of community service and to attend a drug education
class; and
(iii) For a third or subsequent offense, the court may, as
a part of the judgment of conviction or adjudication, (A) impound any such
licenses or permits for twelve months and (B) require such person to complete
no fewer than sixty hours of community service, to attend a drug education
class, and to submit to a drug assessment by a licensed alcohol and drug counselor;
(b) If the person convicted or adjudicated of violating this
section is eighteen years of age or younger and does not have a permit or
license issued under the Motor Vehicle Operator's License Act:
(i) For the first offense, the court may, as part of the
judgment of conviction or adjudication, (A) prohibit such person from obtaining
any permit or any license pursuant to the act for which such person would
otherwise be eligible until thirty days after the date of such order and (B)
require such person to attend a drug education class;
(ii) For a second offense, the court may, as part of the
otherwise be eligible until ninety days after the date of such order and (B)
require such person to complete no fewer than twenty hours and no more than
forty hours of community service and to attend a drug education class; and
part of the judgment of conviction or adjudication, (A) prohibit such person
from obtaining any permit or any license pursuant to the act for which such
person would otherwise be eligible until twelve months after the date of such
order and (B) require such person to complete no fewer than sixty hours of
community service, to attend a drug education class, and to submit to a drug
assessment by a licensed alcohol and drug counselor.
A copy of an abstract of the court's conviction or adjudication
shall be transmitted to the Director of Motor Vehicles pursuant to sections 60-497.01 to 60-497.04 if a license or permit is impounded or a juvenile is
prohibited from obtaining a license or permit under this subsection.
Laws 1977, LB 38, § 76; Laws 1978, LB 808, § 2; Laws 1980, LB 696, § 3; Laws 1985, LB 406, § 4; Laws 1986, LB 504, § 1; Laws 1989, LB 592, § 2; Laws 1991, LB 742, § 1; Laws 1993, LB 117, § 2; Laws 1995, LB 371, § 6; Laws 1997, LB 364, § 8; Laws 1999, LB 299, § 1; Laws 2001, LB 398, § 14; Laws 2003, LB 46, § 1; Laws 2004, LB 1083, § 86; Laws 2005, LB 117, § 3; Laws 2008, LB844, § 1; Laws 2010, LB800, § 4; Laws 2011, LB19, § 2; Laws 2011, LB463, § 1; Laws 2013, LB298, § 2.Effective Date: June 5, 2013
Motor Vehicle Operator's License Act, see section 60-462.Nebraska Behavioral Health Services Act, see section 71-801.
1. Elements2. Evidence3. Generally4. Jury instruction5. Plain view doctrine6. Possession7. Possession with intent to deliver8. Sentencing1. ElementsUnless a statute specifically provides otherwise, the quantity possessed of a controlled substance is not an essential element of the crime. State v. Thompson, 244 Neb. 189, 505 N.W.2d 673 (1993).
The weight or amount of marijuana possessed is not an element of the substantive offense of possession of marijuana, and the weight or amount of marijuana only determines the grade of the offense and relates to the punishment which may be imposed on conviction for the offense of simple possession. Simple possession of marijuana is a lesser-included offense of possession of marijuana with intent to distribute. State v. Malone, 4 Neb. App. 904, 552 N.W.2d 772 (1996).
2. EvidenceA passenger's mere presence in a vehicle with contraband is insufficient to support a finding of joint possession. State v. Draganescu, 276 Neb. 448, 755 N.W.2d 57 (2008).
Generally, a passenger's joint possession of a controlled substance found in a vehicle can be established by evidence that (1) supports an inference that the driver was involved in drug trafficking, as distinguished from possessing illegal drugs for personal use; (2) shows the passenger acted suspiciously during a traffic stop; and (3) shows the passenger was not a casual occupant but someone who had been traveling a considerable distance with the driver. State v. Draganescu, 276 Neb. 448, 755 N.W.2d 57 (2008).
Evidence which was seized during a search based solely on an illegal wiretap must be suppressed and a conviction based on that evidence reversed, where it was agreed that the defendant had waived his rights under the fourth amendment to the U.S. Constitution, but had not waived his rights under section 86-701 et seq. (recodified in 2002 as section 86-271 et seq.). State v. Aulrich, 209 Neb. 546, 308 N.W.2d 739 (1981).
3. GenerallyA juror may reasonably infer that a driver with a possessory interest in a vehicle who is transporting a large quantity of illegal drugs would not invite someone into his or her vehicle who had no knowledge of the driver's drug activities. State v. Draganescu, 276 Neb. 448, 755 N.W.2d 57 (2008).
Subsection (6) of this section and section 77-4301(2) address different types of misconduct and are not inconsistent. State v. Garza, 242 Neb. 573, 496 N.W.2d 448 (1993).
A party claiming that the sale of a controlled substance was exempt has the burden of proof that an exemption was applicable. State v. Taylor, 221 Neb. 114, 375 N.W.2d 610 (1985).
Subsection (6)(a) merely authorizes the issuance of a citation for certain violations; it does not prohibit an arrest for the same violation when otherwise authorized by law. State v. Watts, 209 Neb. 371, 307 N.W.2d 816 (1981).
4. Jury instructionThe statutory elements neither solely control nor exclusively dictate whether a lesser-included offense instruction for simple possession is required along with an instruction on possession of a controlled substance with intent to deliver. State v. Massa, 242 Neb. 70, 493 N.W.2d 175 (1992).
5. Plain view doctrinePlain view doctrine circumvents need for a search warrant when contraband is inadvertently found while arresting officer is legally present at physical examination of accused. State v. Brockman, 231 Neb. 982, 439 N.W.2d 84 (1989).
6. PossessionConstructive possession of an illegal substance may be proved by direct or circumstantial evidence. State v. Draganescu, 276 Neb. 448, 755 N.W.2d 57 (2008).
Possession of a controlled substance is a lesser-included offense of distribution of the controlled substance. State v. Draganescu, 276 Neb. 448, 755 N.W.2d 57 (2008).
Possession of an illegal substance can be inferred from a vehicle passenger's proximity to the substance or other circumstantial evidence that affirmatively links the passenger to the substance. State v. Draganescu, 276 Neb. 448, 755 N.W.2d 57 (2008).
Under subsection (1) of this section, a defendant possesses a controlled substance when the defendant knows of the nature or character of the substance and its presence and has dominion or control over the substance. State v. Lonnecker, 237 Neb. 207, 465 N.W.2d 737 (1991).
Under subsection (1) of this section, a defendant's control or dominion over premises where a controlled substance is located may establish the defendant's constructive possession of the controlled substance. State v. Lonnecker, 237 Neb. 207, 465 N.W.2d 737 (1991).
Pursuant to subsection (3) of this section, there is sufficient evidence to convict the defendant of knowingly or intentionally possessing a controlled substance when he approaches an undercover officer, asks to buy drugs, physically examines the drugs, and then hands over money to pay for the drugs. State v. Clark, 236 Neb. 475, 461 N.W.2d 576 (1990).
7. Possession with intent to deliverCircumstantial evidence may support a finding that a defendant intended to distribute, deliver, or dispense a controlled substance. State v. Draganescu, 276 Neb. 448, 755 N.W.2d 57 (2008).
Circumstantial evidence to establish possession of a controlled substance with intent to distribute or deliver may consist of several factors: the quantity of the substance, the equipment and supplies found with it, the place it was found, the manner of packaging, and the testimony of witnesses experienced and knowledgeable in the field. State v. Draganescu, 276 Neb. 448, 755 N.W.2d 57 (2008).
Evidence of the quantity of a controlled substance possessed combined with expert testimony that such quantity indicates an intent to deliver can be sufficient for a jury to infer an intent to deliver. State v. Draganescu, 276 Neb. 448, 755 N.W.2d 57 (2008).
When a defendant did not dispute the State's evidence on the separate element of intent to deliver, he was not entitled to an instruction on the lesser-included offense of simple possession. State v. Draganescu, 276 Neb. 448, 755 N.W.2d 57 (2008).
Conviction of possession with intent to deliver a controlled substance affirmed in case where police officers noticed defendant in bar making a furtive gesture by pulling both hands from underneath bar; the officers subsequently found a bag with 11 snow seals behind the carpet under the bar within arm's distance from defendant; and defendant could not adequately account for the money he had in his possession. State v. Alcorn, 240 Neb. 400, 481 N.W.2d 921 (1992).
Possession with intent to deliver a controlled substance is not a victimless crime. State v. Rodgers, 237 Neb. 506, 466 N.W.2d 537 (1991).
8. SentencingSentence of 3 to 5 years' imprisonment was not excessive for conviction under subsection (1)(a) of this statute. State v. Hodge and Carpenter, 225 Neb. 94, 402 N.W.2d 867 (1987).