Source: https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/935/591/282796/
Timestamp: 2019-11-17 12:42:01
Document Index: 106053268

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 3731', '§ 1493', '§ 3731', '§ 1493', '§ 3731', '§ 1493', '§ 3731', '§ 1493', '§ 1361', '§ 1614', '§ 3731', '§ 1493', '§ 3731', '§ 1493', '§ 3731', '§ 1493', '§ 1614', '§ 3731', '§ 1614', '§ 1493', '§ 3731', '§ 1493', '§ 3731', '§ 3731', '§ 1493']

Government of the Virgin Islands, Appellant, v. Paul Mills, Appellee.government of the Virgin Islands, Appellant, v. Lynn Smith, Appellee, 935 F.2d 591 (3d Cir. 1991) :: Justia
Justia › US Law › Case Law › Federal Courts › Courts of Appeals › Third Circuit › 1991 › Government of the Virgin Islands, Appellant, v. Paul Mills, Appellee.government of the Virgin Island...
Government of the Virgin Islands, Appellant, v. Paul Mills, Appellee.government of the Virgin Islands, Appellant, v. Lynn Smith, Appellee, 935 F.2d 591 (3d Cir. 1991)
US Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit - 935 F.2d 591 (3d Cir. 1991) Argued April 25, 1991. Decided June 3, 1991
Terry M. Halpern, U.S. Atty., Audrey Thomas-Francis, Azekah Jennings, Asst. U.S. Attys., District of the Virgin Islands, Joseph Douglas Wilson (Argued), Dept. of Justice, Washington, D.C., for appellant.
Thurston T. McKelvin, (Argued), Acting Federal Public Defender, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, for appellee, Paul Mills.
John L. Maduro (Argued), St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, for appellee, Lynn Smith.
Before BECKER, SCIRICA and ALITO, Circuit Judges.OPINION OF THE COURT
The Government of the Virgin Islands seeks review of two orders granting new trials under Fed. R. Crim. P. 25(b),1 which specifies the applicable procedures when the trial judge in a criminal case is unable to complete the remaining duties following a verdict or finding of guilt. Rule 25(b) permits another judge to perform those duties but also authorizes this judge to grant a new trial if he is satisfied that he cannot perform the remaining duties required or that a new trial is "appropriate" for some other reason. We will reverse the orders granting new trials in the cases before us.
A. Paul Mills was charged in the District Court of the Virgin Islands with third degree burglary (14 V.I.C. Sec. 444), which is punishable by imprisonment for not more than five years, and grand larceny (14 V.I.C. Sec. 1083(1)), which is punishable by imprisonment for not more than ten years. Because the District Court of the Virgin Islands has had no permanent judges for some time, judges from other courts have been sitting by designation in the Virgin Islands on a rotating basis. The presiding judge at Mills' jury trial was Judge Leland C. Nielsen of the United States District Court for the Southern District of California. The evidence at Mills' trial showed that he broke into a hotel room in St. Thomas and that the occupants, two tourists from England, returned and surprised him while he was ransacking the room. One of the tourists testified at trial and identified Mills, who was convicted on both charges.
After the verdict, Mills moved for a new trial under Fed. R. Crim. P. 33. Judge Nielsen denied this motion before returning to his home district. The United States Attorney subsequently filed a habitual offender information against Mills pursuant to 14 V.I.C. Sec. 61(a). The information alleged that Mills had been convicted in the same court in 1989 for third degree robbery, which is classified as a crime of violence for purposes of the habitual offender statute. 14 V.I.C. Sec. 61; 23 V.I.C. Sec. 451. Under the habitual offender statute, a defendant who is convicted of a felony in the Virgin Islands and who has a prior felony conviction must be incarcerated for at least ten years and may be incarcerated for life. If the prior felony was a crime of violence, service of the mandatory minimum may not be avoided by suspension of the sentence, probation, or parole. 14 V.I.C. Sec. 61(a).
B. Lynn Smith was charged in the District Court of the Virgin Islands with offenses related to a shooting, and his case, like Mills', was assigned to Judge Nielsen. After a jury trial, Smith was found guilty of attempted murder in the second degree, which is punishable by imprisonment for not more than 25 years (14 V.I.C. Secs. 922, 331, 332), first degree assault, which is punishable by imprisonment for not more than 15 years (14 V.I.C. Sec. 295(1), (3)), and possession of a dangerous weapon during a crime of violence, which is punishable by imprisonment for 5 to 10 years (14 V.I.C. Sec. 2253(a)).
After the verdict, the government filed a habitual offender information, alleging that Smith had been convicted in the Virgin Islands in 1983 for two felonies: unlawful carrying of firearms (14 V.I.C. Sec. 2253(a)) and selling firearms without a license (23 V.I.C. Sec. 467). As in Mills' case, Judge Nielsen departed from the Virgin Islands before sentencing, and the case was reassigned to Judge Green. At a hearing after the reassignment, Judge Green revealed that Judge Nielsen had left him a note stating that he would not have sentenced Smith to more than five years' imprisonment. Judge Green stated that he felt it would be inappropriate for him to impose a greater sentence since he had not heard the case. He continued the hearing to determine whether Judge Nielsen would return to the Virgin Islands to sentence Smith. After ascertaining that Judge Nielsen would not return, Judge Green continued the matter again, and the case was reassigned to the next visiting judge, Judge Barbara K. Hackett of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan. Judge Hackett suggested that Judge Nielsen conduct the sentencing by telephone, a procedure to which both parties consented, but for reasons that do not appear in the record this procedure was not employed.
Smith's case was then reassigned to the next visiting judge, Judge Joseph Farnan, Jr., of the United States District Court for the District of Delaware. At Smith's request, Judge Farnan entered an order granting a new trial under Rule 25(b). The order recited, among other things, that "both the Honorable Clifford Scott Green and the Honorable Barbara K. Hackett declined to sentence Defendant in the absence of Judge Nielsen" and that "the court conclude [d] that Defendant should not be sentenced by a judge who did not preside at his trial, especially in view of the Government's application that Defendant be sentenced as an habitual offender." At the court proceeding, Judge Farnan recognized that a retrial would be burdensome. He also stated: " [B]elieve me, I would not in the least ... be offended ... if some panel thought that I abused my discretion."
A. Under 18 U.S.C. § 3731, "the United States" is authorized to appeal certain orders in criminal cases. In Government of the Virgin Islands v. Christensen, 673 F.2d 713, 716 (3d Cir. 1982), we held that this provision applies to appeals taken by the Government of the Virgin Islands. We reasoned (id.) that the territorial government acts as "a prosecutorial arm of the federal government" when it enforces the criminal laws.
When Christensen was decided, Section 3731 did not authorize appeals from orders granting new trials.2 In 1984, however, the statute was expanded to permit such appeals. The House Report (H.R.Rep. No. 98-1030, 98th Cong., 2d Sess. 404 [1984 U.S.Code Cong. & Admin. News 3182 et seq.] stated that the amendment "would provide a far fairer and more efficient mechanism to correct an erroneous decision than a costly, time consuming new trial." Id. at 3541. The report observed (id. at 3542) that the government's inability to appeal "erroneously granted new trial orders is wasteful of resources and harmful to the government." The report elaborated (id) :
B. The defendants maintain, however, that appellate jurisdiction is lacking by virtue of 48 U.S.C. § 1493.3 This provision, which was enacted in 1984 at virtually the same time as the amendment of 18 U.S.C. § 3731,4 authorizes territorial prosecutors to appeal certain orders in criminal cases but omits mention of orders granting new trials. Instead, 48 U.S.C. § 1493 is limited to those orders that were appealable under 18 U.S.C. § 3731 prior to the 1984 amendment.
Passage of 48 U.S.C. § 1493 followed the Ninth Circuit's decision in People of the Territory of Guam v. Okada, 694 F.2d 565 (9th Cir. 1982), amended 715 F.2d 1347 (1983), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 1021, 105 S. Ct. 441, 83 L. Ed. 2d 367 (1984), which conflicted with our decision in Christensen. In Okada, the Ninth Circuit held that it lacked jurisdiction to entertain an appeal by the Territory of Guam from an order dismissing a criminal indictment. Disagreeing with Christensen, the Ninth Circuit held that 18 U.S.C. § 3731 "does not authorize appeals by territorial governments." 694 F.2d at 567 n. 3; see also 715 F.2d at 1347-48.
Congress sought to overrule Okada by an amendment to a bill to enhance economic development in the territories. H.R. 5561, 98th Cong., 2d Sess. (1984); see H.Rep. No. 98-784, 98th Cong., 2d Sess., reprinted in 1984 U.S.Code Cong. & Admin. News 2908 et seq. On the Senate floor, five new titles were added to this bill. 130 Cong. Rec. S23782 et seq. (daily ed. Aug. 10, 1984). One of these new titles, Title X, included the provision (section 1003) that became 48 U.S.C. § 1493. Another new title, Title VII, contained numerous important amendments to the Revised Organic Act of the Virgin Islands, 48 U.S.C. § 1361 et seq. (as amended). One of these provisions (section 706) amended 48 U.S.C. § 1614(b) to provide in pertinent part as follows: "Where appropriate the provisions of part II of Title 18 ... shall apply to the district court and appeals therefrom." Part II of Title 18 includes 18 U.S.C. § 3731.
" 'It is, of course, a cardinal principle of statutory construction that repeals by implication are not favored' ... and whenever possible, statutes should be read consistently." Kremer v. Chemical Construction Corp., 456 U.S. 461, 468, 102 S. Ct. 1883, 1890, 72 L. Ed. 2d 262 (1982), quoting Radzanower v. Touche Ross & Co., 426 U.S. 148, 154, 96 S. Ct. 1989, 1993, 48 L. Ed. 2d 540 (1976); Porter v. United States Department of Justice, 717 F.2d 787, 797 (3d Cir. 1983). A repeal by implication may be found if (1) provisions in two acts are in irreconcilable conflict or (2) it is clear that an earlier act was intended to be replaced by a subsequent act completely covering the same subject. Kremer v. Chemical Construction Corp., 456 U.S. at 468, 102 S. Ct. at 1890-91; Porter v. United States Department of Justice, 717 F.2d 787, 797 (3d Cir. 1983). In any event, "the intention of the legislature to repeal must be clear and manifest." Posadas v. National City Bank, 296 U.S. 497, 503, 56 S. Ct. 349, 352, 80 L. Ed. 351 (1936); see also Kremer v. Chemical Construction Corp., 456 U.S. at 468, 102 S. Ct. at 1890-91; Radzanower v. Touche Ross & Co., 426 U.S. at 154, 96 S. Ct. at 1993.
We find no "clear" or "manifest" indication that 48 U.S.C. § 1493 was intended to repeal 18 U.S.C. § 3731 insofar as the latter provision authorized appeals by the Government of the Virgin Islands. There is no conflict between the provisions of the two statutes. Nor is it apparent that 48 U.S.C. § 1493 was meant to serve as a complete substitute for 18 U.S.C. § 3731 with respect to appeals by territorial prosecutors. On the contrary, the act containing 48 U.S.C. § 1493 also contained another provision, 48 U.S.C. § 1614(b), that appears to incorporate 18 U.S.C. § 3731 by reference. As previously noted, 48 U.S.C. § 1614(b), which was enacted together with 48 U.S.C. § 1493, provides that part II of Title 18 of the United States Code (which includes 18 U.S.C. § 3731) applies to Virgin Islands appeals " [w]here appropriate." In light of this provision, we cannot conclude that Congress clearly and manifestly intended for 48 U.S.C. § 1493 to serve as a partial repeal of 18 U.S.C. § 3731.
First, the judges expressed reluctance to impose the lengthy minimum sentence called for by the habitual offender statute. This minimum sentence, however, is mandatory. 14 V.I.C. Secs. 61(d) (1); Government of the Virgin Islands v. David, 741 F.2d 653 (3d Cir. 1984). A judge cannot grant a new trial under Rule 25(b) simply because the judge disagrees with the penalty required by law. Nor can a judge's refusal to impose a mandatory minimum sentence be justified on the ground that the judge did not preside at trial and therefore lacks a full and detailed knowledge of the case. Such familiarity is not needed in order to carry out the mandatory responsibility of imposing the minimum sentence prescribed by the statute.
As recognized in the House Report on the 1984 amendment to 18 U.S.C. § 3731, granting a new trial after a guilty verdict often causes substantial public expense and increases the burdens on overcrowded courts. More important, the retrial may produce an unjust result due to the passage of time. For these reasons, the authority to grant a new trial under Rule 25(b) should be exercised sparingly. United States v. Troutman, 814 F.2d 1428, 1455 (10th Cir. 1987); United States v. Goodwin, 770 F.2d 631, 639 (7th Cir. 1985), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 1084, 106 S. Ct. 858, 88 L. Ed. 2d 897 (1986).
Finally, Judge Green, in granting a new trial under Rule 25(b) in Mills' case, stated that he did not know whether Judge Nielsen would have denied Mills' motion for a new trial under Fed. R. Crim. P. 33 if Judge Nielsen had known that the prosecution was going to file a habitual offender information. The new trial order cannot be sustained on this basis. A decision to grant or deny a new trial under Fed. R. Crim. P. 33 should not be affected by the filing of a habitual offender information, and the record contains no indication that Judge Nielsen's disposition of Mills' Rule 33 motion would have been influenced by the knowledge that a habitual offender information would be filed. Indeed, there is no hint in the record whether Judge Nielsen felt that the mandatory minimum sentence called for in Mills' case was too high. Nor is there any indication what sentence Judge Nielsen would have imposed if he had performed that task and if the habitual offender information had not been filed.
At that time, Section 3731 read as follows:
An appeal by the United States shall lie to a court of appeals from a decision or order of a district court's suppressing or excluding evidence or requiring the return of seized property in a criminal proceeding, not made after the defendant has been put in jeopardy and before the verdict or finding on an indictment or information, if the United States attorney certifies to the district court that the appeal is not taken for purpose of delay and that the evidence is a substantial proof of a fact material in the proceeding.
48 U.S.C. § 1493 provides:
Sec. 1493. Prosecution; authorization to seek review; local or Federal appellate courts; decisions, judgments or orders
The prosecution in a territory or Commonwealth is authorized--unless precluded by local law--to seek review or other suitable relief in the appropriate local or Federal appellate court, or, where applicable, in the Supreme Court of the United States from--
(a) decision, judgment, or order of a trial court dismissing an indictment or information as to any one or more counts, except that no review shall lie where the constitutional prohibition against double jeopardy would further prosecution;
Section 1493 was enacted on October 5, 1984, and took effect 90 days later. Pub. L. 98-454, Sec. 1005, 98 Stat. 1746. The amended section 3731 was enacted on October 12, 1984. Pub. L. 98-473, title II, Sec. 1206, 98 Stat. 2153