Source: http://www.rishabhdara.com/sc/view.php?case=3909
Timestamp: 2020-07-02 20:00:29
Document Index: 63193721

Matched Legal Cases: ['Application No. 371', 'Art. 226', 'Art. 226', 'Art.\n226', 'Art. 182', 'Art. 182', 'Art. 1761', 'Art. 1762', 'Art. 136']

KRISHNAJI DATTATRYAYA BAPAT versus KRISHNAJI DATTATRYAYA BAPAT
1970 AIR 1	1970 SCR (1) 322 1969 SCC (2)	74
KRISHNAJI DATTATRYAYA BAPAT V. KRISHNAJI DATTATRYAYA BAPAT [1969] RD-SC 115 (16 April 1969)
16/04/1969 GROVER, A.N.
CITATION: 1970 AIR 1	1970 SCR (1) 322 1969 SCC (2)	74
RF	1974 SC1380	(24) E	1980 SC 962	(76) RF	1981 SC 960	(14,15) RF	1983 SC1090	(5) D	1986 SC1780	(11)
Constitution of India, Arts. 226 and	227-Writ Petitions- Jurisdiction of High Court, after exercising	revisionary jurisdiction-Code of Civil Procedure,	s. 115-Scope of.
Against	the order of an appellate court, the respondent filed a revision under	s. 115 of the Code of Civil Procedure. The Single Judge of the High Court dismissed the revision. Thereupon the respondent moved a petition under Arts. 226 and 227 of the Constitution challenging the	same order of the appellate court.	The High Court held that in spite of the dismissal of the revision petition, it could interfere under Arts. 226 and 227 of the Constitution on a proper case being made out; and after going into the merits of the case, it granted relief to the respondent. In appeal to this Court, the appellant contended that the High Court could ,not interfere under arts. 226 and 227.
HELD :	Even on the assumption that	the order of	the appellate court .had not merged in the order of the Single Judge who had	disposed of the revision petition a	writ petition ought	not to have been entertained by the	High Court when the respondent had already	chosen	the remedy under s. 115 of the Code of Civil Procedure. If there	are two modes of invoking the jurisdiction of the High Court and one of those modes has been -chosen and exhausted it would not be a proper and sound exercise of discretion to grant relief	in the other set of proceedings in respect of	the same order of the subordinate court. The refusal to grant relief in such circumstances would be in consonance with the anxiety of the court to prevent abuse of process as also to respect and accord finality to its -own 'decisions. [327 H] When the aid of the High Court is invoked on the revisional side it is done because it is a superior court and it	can interfere for	the purpose of rectifying the error of	the court below. Section 115 of the Code of Civil 'Procedure circumscribes the limits of	that jurisdiction but	the jurisdiction which is	being exercised is a part of	the general	appellate jurisdiction of the High	Court as a superior court. It is only one of the modes of exercising power conferred by the Statute; basically and fundamentally it is the appellate jurisdiction of the High Court which is being invoked	and exercised in a wider and larger sense.
The principle	of merger of orders of	inferior courts in those superior	courts would not be affected or would	not become	inapplicable by making a distinction between a petition for revision and an appeal. [327 B] Madan Lal Rungta v. Secy. to the Government of Orissa, [1962]	3 Supp. S.C.R. 906, Nagendra Nath Dey v. Suresh Chandra	Dey. 59 I.A. 283, 287; Raja of Ramnad v. Kamid Rowthen	& Ors. 53 I.A. 74, P. P. P. Chidambara Nadar v.
C.P.A. Rama Nadar & Ors. A.I.R. 1937 Mad. 385, Secretary of State for India in Council v. British India Steam Navigation Co. 13 C.L.J. 90, Attorney-General v.	Sillem, (1864) 10 H.L.C. 704, Chappan v. Moidin, (1898) I.L.R. Mad. 68, 80, U.
J. S. Chopra v. State 323 of Bombay, A.I.R. 1955 S.C. 633 and Chandi Prasad Chokhani v. state of Bihar, [1962] 2 S.C.R. 276, referred to.
K. B.	Sipahimalani v. Fidahussein Yallibhoy, 58 B.L.R.
344, disapproved.
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 870 of 1966.
Appeal	by special leave from the judgment and	order dated June 14, 1965 of the Bombay High Court in Special Civil Application No. 371 of 1965.
M. C. Bhandare, K. Rajendra Chaudhuri and K. R. Chaudhuri, for the respondent.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by Grover,	J. This is an appeal by special leave from a judg- ment of the division bench of the Bombay High	Court.	The only question for decision is whether the High Court could interfere under Arts. 226 & 227 of the Constitution with the order of the appellate court in proceedings under the Bombay Rents,	Hotel and Lodging House Rates	Control Act, 1947, hereinafter called the "Act", when a petition for revision under S. 115, Civil procedure Code, against the same order had been previously dismissed by a single Judge of	that court.
The appellant is the owner of a house in Poona. The	res- pondent, who was a teacher, was the tenant of a block of four rooms on the first floor of the house. In 1958 he	was transferred to	another town Wai where he was allotted suitable residential accommodation.	His son, however, stayed on in Poona as he was studying there. The appellant filed a suit in the court of Judge, Small Causes, under	the provisions of the Act for possession of the suit premises, inter alia, on the ground that the respondent had acquired suitable -accommodation elsewhere. The position taken up by the respondent was that his son was required to stay on in Poona and for that reason it could not said that the	had acquired suitable residence at Wai. Moreover he had	gone away from Poona only temporarily and on his return the	pre- mises would be required for his own use. The	trial court held that only a part of the premises which were required by the son should be vacated.	It granted a	decree	for possession of	two out of	four rooms and directed proportionate reduction of the rent.	Both	sides filed appeals	in the court of the District Judge.	The Extra Assistant Judge who disposed them of was of the view	that the court was not empowered to bifurcate the premises. It was either suitable for the whole family or	it was	not suitable. But 324 he affirmed the decree on the ground that the order of	the trial court was an equitable one. The respondent preferred a petition for revision under s. 1 15 of the Code of Civil Procedure before the High Court. A learned Single Judge who heard the petition dismissed it as he was not satisfied that the appellate	court	had acted in	exercise of	its jurisdiction illegally or with material irregularity.	The respondent moved a petition under Arts. 226 and 227 of	the Constitution challenging the same order of the appellate court.	Following a decision of a full bench in K. B. Sipahi malani v. Fidahussein Vallibhoy(1) the division bench which heard the writ petition held that in -spite of the dismissal of the petition by the learned Single Judge there could be interference under Arts. 226 and 227 of the Constitution on a proper cast being made out.	After going into the merits the bench expressed the view that the respondent had	not acquired an alternative suit able residence.	The courts below were therefore,. wrong, in coming to the contrary conclusion. As s. 13 (I) (1) of	the Act had	been misconstrued and the error was apparent on the	record	the orders of the courts below were set aside.
Now as is) well known s. II 5 of the Civil Procedure	Code empowers the High Court to call for the record of any	cast which has been decided by any court subordinate to it and in which no appeal lies	to it.	It can interfere if	the subordinate court appears to have exercised the jurisdiction not vested in it by law or to have failed to exercise	the jurisdiction so vested on to have acted in the exercise of its jurisdiction legally or with material illegality.	The limits	of the jurisdiction of the High Court	under	this section	are well defined by a long	course	of judicial decisions. If the revisional jurisdiction is invoked	and both parties are heard and an order is made the question is whether	the orders of the subordinate court	has become merged in the order of the High Court.	If it has got merged and the order is only of the High Court, the order of	the subordinate court cannot be	challenged or	attacked by another	set of proceedings in the High Court,	namely, by means	of a petition under	Art. 226 or 227 of	the Constitution.	It is only if by dismissal of the revision petition the order of the subordinate court has not become merged	in that of the High Court that it may	be open to party to invoke the extraordinary writ jurisdiction of	that court.	There again the question will arise whether it would be right and proper for the High Court to interfere with an order of a subordinate court in a writ petition when a petition for revision under S. 115, C.P.C., against the same order has been dismissed. Such a consideration will	also enter into the exercise of discretion in a petition under Aft. 226 or 227, (1) 58 B.L.R. 344, 325 The Bombay High Court in K. B. Sipahimalani's (1) case	made a distinction	between	an appellate jurisdiction and a revisional jurisdiction. A right of appeal is a vested right and an appeal is a continuation or a rehearing of	the suit.	A revision, however, is not a	continuation or a rehearing of the suit; nor is it obligatory upon	the revisional court to interfere with the order even though the order may be improper or illegal. If the revisional court interferes the order of the lower court does not merge in the order passed by a revisional court but the order of	the revisional court simply sets aside or modifies the order of the lower court. it was this argument which mainly prevailed before	the Bombay bench. It would appear that	this Court has taken a view which runs counter to that of	the Bombay High Court. Although the case of Madan Lal Rungta v. Secy.
to the Government of Orissa(2) was not one which had	been decided	under	s. 115 of the Civil Procedure Code but	the ratio of that decision is apposite. The State Government of Orissa a rejected the application of the appellant there who had applied for grant of a mineral lease.	He made in application for review to the Central Government under	Rule 57 of the Mineral Concession Rules which was rejected.	He moved the High Court under Art. 226 of the	Constitution which was also dismissed. The appellant came up by special leave to this	Court.	His main contention was that	the Central Government had merely dismissed the review petition and the effective order rejecting his application for	the mining	lease was that of the State Government. The	High Court,	thus, had jurisdiction to grant a writ	under	Art.
226. This contention was negatived and it was held that the High Court was right in taking the view that	it had no jurisdiction to issue a writ as the final order was that of the Central Government which was not within its	territorial jurisdiction. The ratio of this decision is that it was the order of the Central Government dismissing the review peti- tion which was the final order into which the order of	the State Government had merged.
It would appear that their lordships of the Privy Council regarded the revisional jurisdiction to be a part and parcel of the appellate jurisdiction of the High Court. This is what was said in Nath Dey v. Suresh Chandra Dey(3).
"There is no definition of appeal in the	Code of Civil Procedure, but their Lordship have no doubt that any application by a party to an Appellate	Court,	asking it to set aside or revise a decision of a subordinate Court, is an appeal within the ordinary acceptation of the term. . . . " (1) 58 B.L.R. 344.	(2) [1962] 3 Supp.
S.C.R. 906.
(3) 591.A.283, 287.
L13Sup.CI/69-7 326 Similarly in Raja of Ramnad v. Kamid Rowthen & Ors. (1) a civil revision petition was considered to be an	appropriate form of appeal from the judgment in a suit of small causes nature.	A full bench of the Madras High Court in P. P. P.
Chidambara Nadar v. C. P. A. Rama Nadar & Ors. (2) had to decide	whether	with reference to Art. 182(2) of	the Limitation Act, 1908	the term "appeal" was	used in a restrictive sense so as to exclude revision petitions	and the expression	"appellate court" was to be confined to a court exercising appellate, as opposed to,	revisional powers.	After an exhaustive examination of the case law in- cluding	the decisions of the Privy Council mentioned above the full bench expressed the view that Art. 182(2) applied to civil revisions as well and not only to appeals in	the narrow	sense of that term as used in the Civil Procedure Code. In Secretary of State for India in Council v. British India Steam Navigation Company(3) and order passed by	the High Court in exercise of its revisional jurisdiction under S. 115, Code of Civil Procedure, was held to be an order made or passed in appeal within the meaning, of S. 39 of the Letters Patent, Mookerji, J., who delivered the judgment of the division bench referred to the observations of	Lord Westbury in Attorney General v. Sillem(4) and of Subramania Ayyar, J. in Chappan v. Moidin(5) on the true nature of	the right of appeal. Such a right was	one of	entering a superior Court	and invoking its aid and interposition to redress the error of the court below. Two things which were required to constitute appellate jurisdiction were	the existence of the relation of superior and inferior Court and the power on the part of the former to review decisions of the latter. In the well known work of Story on Constitution (of United States) vol. 2, Art. 1761, it is stated that	the essential criterion of appellate jurisdiction is that it revises	and corrects the proceedings in a cause already instituted and does not create that cause. The appellate jurisdiction may be exercised in a variety of	forms	and, indeed,	in any form in which the legislature may choose to prescribe. According to Art. 1762 the most usual modes of exercising appellate jurisdiction, at least those which	are most known in the United States, are by a writ of error, or by an appeal, or, by some process of removal of a suit	from an inferior tribunal.	An appeal is a process of civil	law origin and removes a cause, entirely subjecting the fact as well as the law, to a review and a retrial'.	A writ of error is a process of common law origin, and	it removes nothing for re-examination but the law.	The former mode is (1)53 I.A. 74. (2) A.I.R. 1937 Mad. 385. (3) 13 C.L.J.	90.
(4) [1864] 10 H.L.C. 704.
327 usually	adopted in	cases of equity and admiralty jurisdiction; the latter, in suits at common law tried by a jury.
Now when the aid of the High Court is invoked on the revi- sional side it is done because it is a superior court and it can interfere for the purpose of rectifying the error of the court below.	Section 115 of the Code of Civil Procedure circumscribes the limits of	that jurisdiction but	the jurisdiction which is	being exercised is a part of	the general	appellate jurisdiction of the High	Court as a superior court. It is only one of the modes of exercising power conferred by the Statute; basically and fundamentally it is the appellate jurisdiction of the High Court which is being invoked and exercised in a wider and larger sense. We do not, therefore, consider that the principle of merger of orders of inferior Courts in those of superior Courts would be affected or would	become	inapplicable by making a distinction between a petition for revision and an appeal.
It may be useful to refer to certain other decisions which by analogy can be of some assistance in deciding the point before us. In U. J. S. Chopra v. State of Bombay(1)	the principal of merger was considered with reference to s.	439 of the	Criminal Procedure Code which	confers revisional jurisdiction on the High Court.	In the majority judgment it was held, inter alia, that a judgment pronounced by the High Court in the	exercise of its appellate or revisional jurisdiction after issue of a notice and a full hearing, in the presence of both the parties would replace the judgment of the	lower court thus constituting the judgment of	the High Court-the	only final judgment	to be	executed in accordance with law by the court below. In Chandi Prasad Chokhani v. The State of Bihar, (2) it was said that save in exceptional and special circumstances this Court would	not exercise its power under Art. 136 in such a way As to bypass the High Court and ignore the latter'& decision which	had become final and binding by entertaining an appeal directly from orders of a Tribunal. Such exercise of' power would be particularly inadvisable in a case where the result might lead to a conflict of decisions of two courts of competent _jurisdiction.	In our opinion the course which was followed by the	High Court, in the present case, is certainly	one which leads to a conflict of 'decisions of the same court.
Even on the assumption that the order of the appellate court had not merged in the order of the single Judge who had dis- posed of the revision petition we are of the view that a writ petition ought not to have been entertained by the High Court when the respondent bad already	chosen	the remedy under s. 115 of (1) A.I.R. 1955 S.C. 633.
(2) [1962] 2 S.C.R. 276.
328 the Code of Civil Procedure.	If there are two modes of invoking the jurisdiction of the High Court and one of those modes has been chosen and exhausted it would not be a proper and sound exercise of discretion to grant relief in	the other set of proceedings in respect of the same order of the subordinate court. The refusal to gray relief in	such circumstances would be in consonance with the anxiety of the court to prevent abuse of process as also to	respect	and accord finality to its own decisions.
In the result the appeal is allowed and the judgment of	the division bench of the High Court is hereby set aside.	The appellant shall be entitled to costs in this Court.