Source: http://docplayer.net/16239021-Tes-for-guidance-taxes-consolidation-act-1997-finance-act-2014-edition-part-29.html
Timestamp: 2018-11-21 06:05:18
Document Index: 371171589

Matched Legal Cases: ['art 29', 'art 29', 'art 29', 'art 29', 'art 9', 'art 9', 'ART 29', 'art 9', 'art 9', 'art 9', 'art 9', 'art 9', 'art 9', 'art 8', 'art 8', 'art 23', 'art 23', 'art 23', 'art 2', 'ART 2', 'art 30', 'art 30', 'art 39', 'art 39', 'ART 1', 'ART 1', 'art 1', 'art 16', 'art 16', 'art 16', 'art 38', 'art 38', 'ART 1', 'art 1', 'art 9', 'art 18', 'art 18', 'art 5', 'art 5']

tes for Guidance Taxes Consolidation Act 1997 Finance Act 2014 Edition - Part 29 - PDF
tes for Guidance Taxes Consolidation Act 1997 Finance Act 2014 Edition - Part 29
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1 Part 29 Patents, Scientific and Certain Other Research, Know-How and Certain Training CHAPTER 1 Patents 754 Interpretation (Chapter 1) 755 Annual allowances for capital expenditure on purchase of patent rights 756 Effect of lapse of patent rights 757 Charges on capital sums received for sale of patent rights 758 Relief for expenses 759 Spreading of revenue payments over several years 760 Capital sums: effect of death, winding up and partnership changes 761 Manner of making allowances and charges 762 Application of Chapter 4 of Part 9 CHAPTER 2 Scientific and certain other research 763 Interpretation (sections 764 and 765) 764 Deduction for revenue expenditure on scientific research 765 Allowances for capital expenditure on scientific research 766 Tax credit for research and development expenditure, etc 766A Tax credit on expenditure on buildings or structures used for research and development 766B Limitation of tax credits to be paid under section 766 or 766A 767 Payment to universities and other approved bodies for research in, or teaching of, approved subjects CHAPTER 3 Know-how and certain training 768 Allowance for know-how 769 Relief for training of local staff before commencement of trading CHAPTER 4 Transmission Capacity Rights 769A Interpretation (Chapter 4) 769B Annual allowances for capital expenditure on purchase of capacity rights 769C Effect of lapse of capacity rights 769D Manner of making allowances and charges 769E Application of Chapter 4 of Part 9 769F Commencement (Chapter 4) 1
2 PART 29 PATENTS, SCIENTIFIC AND CERTAIN OTHER RESEARCH, KNOW-HOW AND CERTAIN TRAINING Overview CHAPTER 1 Patents This Chapter deals with the taxation of income deriving from patents and includes provision for the granting of capital allowances in respect of expenditure incurred on the acquisition of a patent or patent rights. The general provisions relating to the granting of capital allowances contained in Chapter 4 of Part 9 are applied, and adapted, as necessary, for the purposes of the allowances provided by this Chapter by virtue of section Interpretation (Chapter 1) Summary The section gives the meaning of certain terms and provides rules for the construction of certain references used in the Chapter. Details Definitions the commencement of the patent is defined as the date from which the patent rights become effective. income from patents includes not only any royalty or other sum paid for use of a patent but also any amount on which tax is payable by virtue of the Chapter. Irish patent is a patent granted under Irish law. patent rights means the right to do something without infringement of a patent. the writing-down period is defined in section 755(2). Grant or acquisition of licence to use a patent The grant or acquisition of a licence to use a patent is to be regarded as a sale or purchase of a part of the rights under the patent. However, where the terms of a licence are such that the licensee is to have the sole use of the patent to the exclusion of the grantor and all other persons for the remaining life of the patent, the grant of the licence is to be treated as equivalent to the sale by the grantor of the whole of the patent rights. Use by the State If an invention which is the subject of a patent is made for the service of, or is used by, the State under section 77 of the Patents Act, 1992, the Chapter applies as if the making or using of the invention had been under licence. The Chapter applies similarly to an invention made for the service of, or used by, the government of another country under any corresponding legal provisions of that country. (1) (2) (3) 2
3 755 Annual allowances for capital expenditure on purchase of patent rights Summary This section provides that capital allowances are available in respect of expenditure incurred on the acquisition of patent rights. The capital expenditure qualifying for the allowances is written off by equal annual instalments over a period of 17 years or, where the remaining life of the patent or the term for which the rights are acquired is a shorter period, over that shorter period. The Finance Act 2009 disapplies this section for companies subject to a transition period of two years during which time companies may elect to claim relief under this section for capital expenditure incurred on the purchase of patent rights after 7 May 2009 and before 7 May Details Writing-down allowances Writing-down allowances are made available for capital expenditure incurred on the purchase of patent rights. The allowances are only given, however, to a person who is a trader or to a person liable to tax in respect of the income from the patent rights. Writing-down period In general, the allowances are available over a writing-down period of 17 years beginning with the chargeable period in which the expenditure is incurred. If, however, the patent rights are acquired for a specified shorter period, the allowances are given over that period. Where purchased patent rights begin one complete year or more after the date from which the rights became effective (and subsection (2)(b) does not apply), the allowances are given over 17 years less the number of complete years which, when the rights begin, have elapsed since the rights became effective. If 17 complete years have so elapsed, the writing-down period is one year. Pre-trading expenditure Pre-trading expenditure is to be treated as incurred on the first day on which trading commences unless before that day the person concerned has sold all the patent rights on which that expenditure was incurred. Discontinuance of relief for companies Subject to subsection (4) this section shall not apply to a company within the charge to corporation tax. Election by companies to claim relief Notwithstanding the discontinuance of relief under this section for companies, this subsection allows a company to claim relief, on making an election to this effect, for capital expenditure incurred on the purchase of patent rights after 7 May 2009 and before 7 May The election must be made on the company s statutory return for the accounting period of the company in which the expenditure is incurred and must be made not later than 12 months from the end of the accounting period in which the capital expenditure, giving rise to the claim, is incurred. (1) (2)(a) (2)(b) (2)(c) (2)(d) (3) (4) 756 Effect of lapse of patent rights 3
4 Summary Where a person has incurred expenditure on the purchase of patent rights, the grant of the writing-down allowances provided for in section 755 would, if continued for the whole of the writing-down period, completely write off that expenditure. It may happen, however, that before the end of that period is reached the patent is allowed to lapse, or the person enjoying the annual allowances in respect of the expenditure in question may sell part or the whole of the rights acquired by incurring that expenditure. This section provides for certain adjustments in such circumstances. However, this section shall not apply to patent rights for which an allowance has been made to a company under section 284 as applied by section 291A. Details Stop on further allowances If, before the end of the writing-down period (1) patent rights cease to belong to the person who incurred the expenditure, the rights are sold, or part of the rights are sold and the proceeds are not less than the amount of expenditure remaining unallowed, the person is to receive no further writing-down allowance in respect of the expenditure. Balancing allowances Where, before the end of the writing-down period, the patent rights cease to belong to the person who incurred the capital expenditure on the purchase of the rights, or the person sells those rights and the net proceeds of the sale are less than the amount of the capital expenditure remaining unallowed (see subsection (5)), a balancing allowance is given equal to the amount of the capital expenditure remaining unallowed. (2) Balancing charges Where a person who incurred capital expenditure on the purchase of the rights sells those rights and the net proceeds of the sale exceed the amount of the capital expenditure remaining unallowed (see subsection (5)), if any, a balancing charge is made equal to the amount of the excess or, where the capital expenditure remaining unallowed is nil, the net proceeds of the sale. (3) Part-sale Where there is a sale of part only of the patent rights but a balancing charge does not apply because the proceeds of sale are less than the amount of the capital expenditure remaining unallowed, no balancing allowance is made. In addition, the title of the seller (who retains part of the rights) to future writing-down allowances over the remaining writing-down period are to be computed by reference to the amount of the capital expenditure remaining unallowed, less the proceeds of the sale in question. (4) Expenditure remaining unallowed The expression expenditure remaining unallowed is defined as the original expenditure, less the writing-down allowances already made and less also the net proceeds of any previous sale of a part of the patent rights on the acquisition of which the original expenditure was incurred. (5) Miscellaneous No balancing allowance is to be granted except where a writing-down allowance has (6) 4
5 been or could have been made. This ensures that balancing allowances are granted only to the persons mentioned in section 755, namely, traders and other persons liable to Irish tax on income derived from the exploitation of the patent rights in question. Also, there is the usual stipulation restricting the amount on which a balancing charge may be made to the aggregate of the allowances already enjoyed in respect of the expenditure (in so far as those have not been withdrawn by any previous balancing charge). It should be noted, however, that the imposition of a balancing charge may not end the matter. Where rights are sold for a sum which yields the seller an overall capital profit (that is, a sum in excess of the price paid), there will, in addition to any balancing charge, be a liability under section 757 on the excess. Non-application of section where relief claimed under intangible asset scheme This section shall not apply to patent rights for which an allowance has been made to a company under section 284 as applied by section 291A. (7) 757 Charges on capital sums received for sale of patent rights Summary A charge to tax under Case IV of Schedule D arises on a resident person who sells a patent right for a capital sum. (By virtue of section 754(2), the term sale includes the grant of a licence). The taxable amount is, in general, spread over a 6 year period commencing in the year the capital sum is received. Where the recipient is a nonresident person, the whole sum is chargeable under Case IV of Schedule D and is treated as if it were an annual payment, tax being deducted at source. A non-resident person may elect to have the charge to tax spread over a 6 year period. However, the sum is still subject to full tax at source in year one, with the necessary adjustments being made year by year by means of repayment. Details Charge on residents Where a person resident in the State sells patent rights for a capital sum, that person is liable to tax under Case IV of Schedule D on one-sixth of the sum received for each of the 6 chargeable periods beginning with the chargeable period in which the sum is received. However, the recipient of the capital lump sum may, by a written request to the inspector, opt to be charged on the whole sum in the chargeable period in which the sum is received. This option is useful where that person is a trader and it may be of advantage, if the trade has incurred a loss, to treat the whole of the capital sum as income of the chargeable period in which the sum is received so as to set the loss against that income. Any such request must be made within 12 months of the end of the chargeable period in which the sum is received. In addition, the recipient of the capital sum may, by notice in writing to the inspector within 12 months of the end of the chargeable period in which the sum is received, request that the tax charge be spread over a period other than 6 years. In such circumstances, the Revenue Commissioners are empowered to direct that the charge be spread over a number of chargeable periods greater or less than 6, where it appears to them that the normal treatment would give rise to hardship. Charge on non-residents There is special provision to meet the case where a person resident outside the State sells Irish patent rights. Since the seller is non-resident, proceedings for recovery of tax might 5 (1)(a) (1)(b) (1)(c) (2) & (3)
6 be ineffective. It is provided, therefore, that tax on the whole sum is to be charged under Case IV of Schedule D and that the purchaser must deduct income tax at the standard rate from the payment as if it were an annual payment under section 238. The seller may, by notice in writing to the inspector within 12 months of the end of the chargeable period in which the capital sum is paid, elect to be charged on one-sixth of that sum for that period and for each of the 5 succeeding chargeable periods. This option for a 6-year spread of the charge does not, however, affect the obligation of the purchaser to deduct income tax at source under section 238 but the seller may claim repayment subsequently year by year, as and when his/her revised liability can be worked out on the basis of the charge being spread over 6 years. Allowance for acquisition costs Due account can be taken of the fact that the seller of patent rights may have incurred capital expenditure on their acquisition at an earlier date. The capital gain which the seller makes and for which the seller is to be charged with tax under the section is the difference between what was paid and what is received. Where part of the patent rights have already been sold, the amount received from that sale must be reflected in an equivalent lowering of the acquisition costs to be deducted from the final sale proceeds. These adjustments cannot, however, influence the amount of tax to be deducted at source under section 238. Thus, where a non-resident seller of Irish patent rights acquired those rights by purchase, the person to whom the rights are being sold may have no knowledge of the original cost of acquisition to the seller. It is provided, therefore, that the purchaser (who is to account for tax to the Revenue) is to treat the whole sum which he/she pays as liable to deduction of tax, without any enquiry into the possible reduction in the seller s liability which might otherwise apply by the application of this provision. Any relief due to the seller is to be given by way of repayment of tax. Part-sales These rules apply to the sale of part of any patent rights as they apply to the sale of patent rights. (4) (5) 758 Relief for expenses Summary The section provides for the write-off of various fees and expenses incurred in connection with devising a patented invention and of the fees and expenses incurred in connection with obtaining the grant of a patent or the extension of the term of a patent. Details Expenses of traders Expenses incurred for the purposes of a trade in taking out a patent or in obtaining an extension of the term for an existing patent can be written off as a deduction in computing the profits or gains of the trade. The provision, therefore, overrides section 81 which generally prohibits the write-off of such expenses. Expenses of non-traders Where a non-trader incurs any expense in connection with the grant or maintenance of a patent or in obtaining an extension of the term of a patent, an allowance equal to the amount of the expenses is to be made to that person for the chargeable period in which those expenses are incurred. This allowance can be offset against patent income for that 6 (1) (2)
7 chargeable period and, in so far as any balance remains, can be carried forward to future chargeable periods years for set-off against patent income. Expenditure in connection with the maintenance of a patent relates to the ordinary renewal fees payable periodically during the term of a patent together with any related agents charges. Expenses of inventors There is also provision for an allowance to be given to the actual devisor of a patented invention for expenses incurred in working out and perfecting the invention. The allowance is to be made for the chargeable period in which those expenses are incurred. (3) 759 Spreading of revenue payments over several years Summary The section provides that where certain royalties or other similar sums are received for the use of a patent that extends over a period of 6 years or more, the recipient is entitled to have his/her tax liability readjusted on the basis of spreading the royalties or similar sums over the preceding 6 years. Details Married couples/civil partners jointly assessed In the section references to tax payable by a person who is jointly assessed include references to tax payable by the person s spouse or civil partner. Spreading of lump sum payments Where the owner of a patent receives a royalty lump sum under deduction of tax, covering use of a patent in a past period of 6 years or more, that person may apply to have his/her tax liability adjusted on the basis of spreading the lump sum over the preceding 6 years. Spreading over shorter periods The right to spread lump sum payments is extended to cases where the period of use has exceeded 2 years and is less than 6 years. In such cases, the payment is to be spread back for the number of complete years of use. Non-application to non-residents The section does not apply to capital sums from which tax is deducted under section 757(2), namely, lump sums paid to a non-resident who sells Irish patent rights. Section 757 contains its own provisions for spreading such lump sums. (1) (2) (3) (4) 760 Capital sums: effect of death, winding up and partnership changes Summary This section supplements section 757 under which the tax chargeable in respect of capital sums received for the sale of patent rights is spread over subsequent years. The provisions of the section are necessary to secure that a part of the tax is not lost where the person chargeable dies or a company is wound up so that one or more of the subsequent assessments cannot be made. The section provides that, in the case of the death of an individual or the winding-up of a company, no annual tax charge under section 757 is to be made for years after that in which the event occurs. Instead, the outstanding balance of the capital sum being charged on the basis of being spread forward is assessed in one amount for the year in which the death takes place or the 7
8 winding-up commences. The section applies also, with suitable modifications, to partnerships. Details Married couples/civil partners jointly assessed In the section references to tax paid or payable by a person who is jointly assessed include references to tax payable by the person s spouse or civil partner. Year of death or winding-up In the case of the death of an individual taxpayer or the winding-up of a company or other body corporate, no annual charges under section 757 are to be made for years after that in which the event occurs. The whole outstanding balance of the capital sum which is being charged on the basis of being spread forward is to be assessed in one amount for the year in which the death takes place or the winding-up commences. Death of an individual In the case of the death of an individual, the individual s executors have the right to reduce the tax payable by virtue of subsection (2), so as not to exceed the total tax which would have been payable if the additional amount rendered chargeable for the year of death had been allocated in equal parts as income of the years from (and including) the year in which the original capital sum was received to (and including) the year of death. Partnerships The section provides that the provisions of subsection (2) in relation to the winding-up of a company are to apply also to the discontinuance of a trade carried on jointly by 2 or more persons in partnership. The additional sum chargeable (as representing the onesixth parts of the capital receipt originally allocated to years of assessment later than the year in which the discontinuance occurs, or is treated as occurring) is to be apportioned among the partners immediately before the discontinuance according to their several interests in the partnership profits. Each partner is entitled to claim the same modification of his/her own liability on the basis of a spread over the period from the date of receipt to the date of partnership change as can be claimed by the executors of an individual who dies. 761 Manner of making allowances and charges An allowance or charge is to be made to or on a person in taxing the person s trade (that is, in charging the person s trading profits in the case of income tax or in computing trading income in the case of corporation tax) if the patent rights in question are owned by that person for the purpose of a trade which that person is carrying on. This does not, however, apply to a charge under section 757 as distinct from a balancing charge made for the purpose of withdrawing writing-down allowances which are ultimately seen to have been too generous in relation to the depreciation of the rights actually occurring. Where an allowance is to be made to a person who is not a trader, it is made by way of discharge or repayment of tax in the normal way but is available only against income from patents. In so far as an allowance cannot be given against patent income in the year of claim, it can be carried forward for offset against patent income in subsequent years. (1) (2) (3) (4) (1) (2) 762 Application of Chapter 4 of Part 9 The section applies to the Chapter the provisions of Chapter 4 of Part 9 which contains (1) 8
9 a number of general provisions supplementing the legislation on capital allowances. Thus, any references in the Tax Acts to capital allowances given by means of discharge or repayment and available against certain income only are to include references to allowances given under section 761(2). The section also applies specific provisions of Chapter 4 of Part 9 in a modified way to ensure a particular application in the case of patent rights. Thus, in the application of section 312 (special provisions as to certain sales) to patent rights, where the seller and buyer of patent rights are under common control, the seller and buyer may make a joint election in writing to the inspector to have the sale of the rights treated as if it were made at the amount of the capital expenditure (on the acquisition of the rights) remaining unallowed instead of the open market price. Such an election may only be made where the tax written-down value of the asset is less than the open market price and the sale is not a sale the sole or main benefit of which is to obtain a capital allowance. In any such case, the seller will not have a balancing charge and the buyer will effectively be granted capital allowances on a reduced amount over the remainder of the writing-down period of the patent. However, in computing any future balancing charge to be made on the buyer in respect of the patent, account will be taken not only of the capital allowances granted to the buyer but also of the capital allowances granted to the seller. A joint election to have the sale of patent rights treated as if it were made for the amount of the capital expenditure remaining unallowed may not be made if, at the time of the sale, any of the parties to the sale are not resident in the State. This rule will not apply, however, if the non-resident party or parties is or are entitled to a capital allowance, or subject to a balancing charge, as a result of the sale. This would arise where a nonresident company is carrying on a trade in the State through a branch or agency. For the purposes of Part 9 (capital allowances for industrial buildings or structures, machinery or plant and dredging), section 316 provides that capital expenditure and capital sums do not include any expenditure or sum from which tax is or may be deducted under section 237 (annual payments made wholly out of taxed income) or section 238 (annual payments not payable out of taxed income). However, for the purposes of the application of section 316 to patent rights, this exclusion is not to include a sum in the case of which such a deduction is to be or may be made in charging capital sums received for the sale of patent rights under section 757. (2) (2)(a) (2)(b) CHAPTER 2 Scientific and certain other research Overview This Chapter provides tax relief to persons carrying on a trade in respect of both revenue (sections 764 and 766) and capital (section 765) expenditure on scientific research. 763 Interpretation (sections 764 and 765) Summary The section contains definitions used in sections 764 and 765 as well as a number of other introductory provisions. 9
10 Details Definitions Some of the more important definitions include (1) designated area is an area designated by order under section 2 of the Continental Shelf Act, exploring for scientific minerals is searching areas in the State, including searching by drilling, for deposits of specified minerals and includes testing such deposits and winning access to such deposits, but excludes mine development and mine working operations. licence covers an exploration licence, a petroleum prospecting licence, a petroleum lease and certain other licences referred to as reserved area licences. petroleum includes any mineral oil and natural gas and any other mineral substance contained in oil or natural gas obtained in the extraction process, but excludes coal and bituminous shales from which oil can be extracted by distillation. It is necessary for such substances to be extracted or to be capable of being extracted under the authority of a licence. petroleum exploration activities consists of searching for deposits in a licenced area and testing and assessing such deposits or in winning access to such deposits for the purpose of searching for, testing or assessing such deposits. petroleum extraction activities consists of searching for, winning access to and extracting petroleum from a relevant field under a petroleum lease authorising such activities and transporting the petroleum to an area for storage and initial treatment. specified minerals means certain minerals occurring in non-bedded deposits. The minerals in question are listed. expenditure on scientific research excludes expenditure incurred in the acquisition of rights in connection with scientific research. scientific research is any activities in the fields of natural or applied science for the extension of knowledge. However, specifically excluded are specified mineral and petroleum exploration activities as well as petroleum extraction activities carried on after 28 January, (2) (2) to (4) Restriction on reliefs For the purposes of a deduction under section 764 or an allowance under section 765 expenditure incurred by a person must be on a net of grant basis. Expenditure can only be taken into account for the purposes of the reliefs under section 764 or 765 in respect of only one trade. (5) (6) 764 Deduction for revenue expenditure on scientific research The section provides that a person carrying on a trade is entitled, in computing the profits or gains of the trade, to deduct amounts representing non-capital expenditure on scientific research, whether or not the scientific research is related to the person s trade. In addition, a similar deduction in computing profits or gains of a person s trade is also available in respect of sums paid whether capital or otherwise to a body carrying on scientific research that is approved for this purpose by the Minister for Finance, or to an Irish university, in order that the body or university may undertake scientific research. This latter relief is, with effect from 6 April 2001, only available under and within the 10
11 provisions of section 848A. 765 Allowances for capital expenditure on scientific research Summary This section gives an allowance in respect of capital expenditure on scientific research incurred by a person carrying on a trade to which the expenditure relates. An allowance is also available where the capital expenditure on scientific research is incurred by a person carrying on a trade but the expenditure is not related to the person s trade. Details Research related to a trade A person carrying on a trade is entitled, in computing the profits or gains of the trade, to an allowance representing capital expenditure on scientific research relating to the trade. The allowance is also available where the person has incurred the expenditure before the start of trading. A claim must be made within 2 years of the end of the chargeable period in which the expenditure was incurred or, where the expenditure was incurred before the trade was set up, within 2 years of the end of the chargeable period in which the trade was set up. Research not related to a trade An allowance can also be claimed in respect of capital expenditure incurred by a person carrying on a trade on scientific research which is not related to any trade carried on by the claimant. Asset no longer used for research Where an asset representing capital expenditure on scientific research ceases to be used for the research relating to the trade of the person who incurred the expenditure, the trader must include as a trading receipt an amount representing the lower of the amount of the allowance granted or the value of the asset at the time it ceases to be used. Bar on double allowances, etc Where in a chargeable period an allowance is made for capital expenditure on scientific research and that expenditure is represented by an asset, no wear and tear allowances are to be made in that period in respect of the expenditure on the asset. Likewise, where the asset is an industrial premises, no deduction based on the rateable valuation of the premises is to be made in the period in ascertaining trading profits. Carry forward of allowance Unused allowances in respect of capital expenditure on scientific research may be carried forward against future trading income. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 766 Tax credit for research and development expenditure, etc Summary This section provides for a 25% tax credit for incremental expenditure on certain research and development (R&D) activities over such expenditure in a base year (2003) defined as the threshold amount. The Finance no.2 Act 2013 increased the amount excluded from the incremental basis of calculation from 200,000 to 300,000. The tax credit is due on such expenditure at 25% without reference to the 2003 threshold amount. These provisions apply in respect of accounting periods commencing on or 11
12 after 1 January Section 766A provides for a 25% tax credit for expenditure on buildings or structures used for research and development. Expenditure (other than on buildings) Expenditure incurred in a relevant period by qualified companies who are members of a group of companies is aggregated. The group expenditure on R&D in that period is compared with the group expenditure on R&D in a base period. A tax credit equal to 25 per cent of the increase is given to the group and can be allocated to companies that are members of the group in such manner as they wish. The amount allocated to a company must be offset against corporation tax payable by the company in accounting periods falling into the relevant period. Unused credits can be carried forward indefinitely against the corporation tax liability for subsequent accounting period. Any unused credit in respect of expenditure incurred in accounting periods commencing on or after 1 January 2009 may, instead of being carried forward indefinitely, be offset against corporation tax of the preceding accounting period of equal length. Any remaining amount may then be carried forward indefinitely, or, on receipt of a claim, paid to the company in 3 instalments, subject to some further offsets against corporation tax. A limit applies to the amounts that can be paid to a company. The limit is the greater of (i) the corporation tax payable by the company for accounting periods ending in the 10 years prior to the relevant period and (ii) the aggregate of payroll liabilities for the relevant period and the preceding accounting period. The Finance Act 2011 amended the definition of expenditure on research and development. Where a company incurs expenditure on the provision of a specified intangible asset within the meaning of section 291A, such expenditure shall not constitute expenditure on machinery or plant for the purpose of this section. The Finance (No. 2) Act 2008 fixed 2003 as the base year for all future accounting periods. Qualifying Expenditure To qualify for a credit, the R&D activity must be carried on by the company itself in a European Economic Area country. The expenditure must qualify for a tax deduction under Irish law and in the case of an Irish resident company must not qualify for a deduction under the law of another territory. Other circumstances where expenditure may qualify are set out below. Expenditure incurred by a company in the management or control of research and development activities, where such activities are carried on by another person, will not qualify for the tax credit. Where a company incurs expenditure on research and development and pays a sum to a university or institute of higher education to carry on research and development activities in a relevant Member State, so much of the sum so paid as does not exceed the greater of 5 per cent of the company s own expenditure on research and development or 100,000 will qualify for the credit. Where a company incurs expenditure on research and development and pays a sum to a person, other than a university or institute of higher education in order for that person to carry on research and development activities, so much of the sum so paid as does not exceed the greater of 15 per cent of the company s own expenditure on research and development or 100,000 will qualify for the credit. The claimant company must notify the sub contracted person in writing that they may 12
13 not claim the tax credit in respect of that expenditure. R&D Activities The section contains a core definition of R&D activities. The definition requires a systematic, investigative or experimental approach to be taken in a field of science or technology. The definition covers the full range of R&D activities from basic research and applied research to experimental development. The definition sets out two additional fundamental tests that are applied to determine if an activity is R&D. The first requires that the activity must seek to achieve scientific or technological advancement. The second is that the activity must involve the resolution of scientific or technological uncertainty. The Minister for Enterprise, Trade and Employment, in consultation with the Minister for Finance, may make regulations providing that certain categories of activities are, and certain categories are not, R&D activities. Details Definitions authorised officer is defined as an officer of the Revenue Commissioners authorised by them in writing for the purposes of this section. EEA Agreement is defined as the EEA Agreement of 2 May (1)(a) Expenditure on R&D expenditure on research and development is a core definition for the purposes of the section. It means expenditure incurred by a company on research and development activities carried out by the company in an EEA Member State. However, it does not include expenditure on a building or structure. A number of conditions must be satisfied in order to qualify for the credit. Before expenditure can be regarded as expenditure on research and development for the purposes of the tax credit, it must qualify for tax relief in Ireland under one of a number of headings: it can be an amount which is an allowable deduction of a trade or as a charge on income. This does not include capital allowances (which are treated as deductions (i) under section 307), it can be expenditure which is allowable as capital allowances on machinery or plant under Part 9 or under special rules that provide for an allowance for (ii) expenditure on scientific research, or it can be other expenditure that qualifies for scientific research allowance under section 764. (iii) A number of other conditions also apply in considering whether expenditure is to be regarded as being on R&D. a royalty payment will not be regarded as expenditure on research and development for the purposes of the relief if it is an exempt patent royalty in the (I) hands of the recipient or if it is not at arm s-length. interest will not be taken into account as expenditure on research and development for the purposes of the tax credit even though, for accounting purposes, it may be (IA) included in the value of an asset. expenditure on Research and Development shall not include- (IB) Except as provided for in subparagraphs (vii) and (viii) of subsection (1)(b), any amount paid to another person to carry on research and (A) development activities, or Expenditure incurred by a company in the management or control of (B) 13
14 research and development activities where such activities are carried on by another person, and in the carrying on by it of research and development activities shall be construed accordingly. where expenditure is incurred by an Irish resident company, it will not be regarded as expenditure on research and development for the purposes of the credit if it qualifies for tax relief in a territory other than the State. Where machinery or plant will not be used wholly and exclusively for research and development activities, a proportionate allocation, as appears to the inspector (or on appeal to the Appeal Commissioners) to be just and reasonable, will be made of the expenditure on such plant and machinery for the purposes of determining the amount that will be treated as wholly and exclusively incurred on research and development activities. A subsequent apportionment is to be made where the earlier apportionment requires to be revised in the light of actual events and any resulting assessments or repayments of tax as are necessary will be made. group expenditure on research and development is defined as the aggregate of expenditure on research and development incurred by member companies of a group in a relevant period. This is subject to two qualifications: where a company that incurs expenditure on research and development is a member of the group for only a part of the relevant period, expenditure is only to be taken into account if it is incurred at a time when the company is a member of the group. if research and development expenditure incurred by a company is taken into account in relation to one group, the same expenditure cannot be taken into account in relation to another group. key employee has the meaning ascribed to it by section 472D. (II) (1A)(a) (1A)(b) (i) (ii) Qualified Company qualified company is defined as a company that satisfies 4 conditions: throughout the relevant period the company itself must carry on a trade, or be a 51 per cent subsidiary of a trading company or be a member of a trading group (i.e. a 51 per cent subsidiary of a holding company of a trading company), it must carry out research and development activities in the relevant period, (ii) it must maintain a record of its research and development expenditure, (iii) in the case of a company which is a member of a group of companies that carries on research and development activities in separate geographical locations, it must maintain separate records of expenditure incurred in respect of the activities carried on at each location. qualifying group expenditure on research and development is incremental expenditure. It is arrived at by the following calculation: 14 (i) (I), (II), (III) (iv)
15 Where: A + B A is the amount of group expenditure on research and development in relation to a relevant period as does not exceed 300,000, and B is the amount equal to the excess of the amount of group expenditure on research and development in relation to the relevant period over the threshold amount in relation to the relevant period. This is subject to a proviso that the amount of qualifying group expenditure on research and development in relation to a relevant period cannot exceed the amount of group expenditure on research and development in relation to that relevant period. relevant Member State is an EEA Member State. Relevant Period relevant period is the period for which the incremental expenditure on research and development is to be calculated. Generally the first relevant period will be the period of one year ending at the end of the first common accounting period of the member companies of the group that commences on or after 1 January 2004 (paragraph (i) of the definition). A special rule applies to cover a situation in which there are no common accounting periods (paragraph (ii)). In this case the companies must jointly elect which accounting date is to be taken for the purposes of the relief. The first relevant period is then the first one year period ending on that date that commences on or after 1 January Once the first relevant period is determined, each subsequent one year period will be a relevant period. R&D Activities research and development activities requires a systematic, investigative or experimental approach to be taken in a field of science or technology. The definition explicitly covers the full range of R&D activities from basic research and applied research to experimental development. Basic research is defined as experimental or theoretical work undertaken primarily to acquire new scientific or technical knowledge without a specific practical application in view. For companies this is research with a longer-term focus and is furthest from the market and consequently carries very significant risk. Applied research is defined as work undertaken in order to gain scientific or technical knowledge and directed towards a specific practical application. This also requires a systematic, investigative or experimental approach to be taken in a field of science or technology in order to acquire new knowledge. It is, however, directed towards a specific practical application. Experimental development is defined as work undertaken which draws on scientific or technical knowledge or practical experience for the purpose of achieving technological advancement and which is directed at producing new, or improving existing, materials, products, devices, processes, systems or services including incremental improvements thereto. There are two fundamental tests, which are applied in this definition to determine if an activity is research and development. The first requires that the activity must seek to achieve scientific or technological advancement. This is a fundamental requirement of research and development activity. Simply solving technical problems or trouble shooting using generally available scientific or technological knowledge or experience 15
16 does not meet this test. The work must be undertaken with the intention of advancing the underlying science or technology. This test also recognises that research and development is a risky activity and may or may not succeed and consequently it is recognised that the desired outcome to any research project may not be achieved. Consequently the requirement is that the activity must seek to achieve as opposed to succeed in achieving scientific or technological advancement. This test may also be passed even where the outcome of the research determines that a hypothesis is incorrect as this also adds to the stock of scientific knowledge. Similarly, in experimental development, discovering that a certain methodology does not work adds to the technological knowledge base and may be considered to be scientific or technological advancement. The second test is that the activity must involve the resolution of scientific or technological uncertainty. This uncertainty is what a research and development programme or project would aim to resolve. This can relate to uncertainty as to whether a particular objective can be achieved at all or uncertainty as to how it might be achieved. If, on the basis of generally available scientific or technological knowledge or experience such uncertainty exists, research and development activity would aim to remove that technological or scientific uncertainty through basic, applied and/or experimental development activity. This test is also important in deciding when a research and development activity ceases and the normal activity associated with commercial exploitation begins. Generally that point is reached when the scientific or technological uncertainty has been resolved. For the purposes of further clarity the Minister for Enterprise, Trade and Employment, in consultation with the Minister for Finance, may make regulations for the purposes of this section providing that such categories of activities as may be specified in the regulations are or are not research and development activities. (6) Research and Development Centre research and development centre means a fixed base or bases, established in buildings or structures, which are used for the purpose of the carrying on by a company of research and development activities. Specified Amount specified amount means the following: An amount (i) paid by the Revenue Commissioners in accordance with section 766(4B), or (ii) surrendered in accordance with subsection (2A), and a claim in respect of a specified amount shall be construed accordingly. Threshold Amount threshold amount is defined in relation to a relevant period of a group of companies. It is the amount of expenditure on research and development in a base period (the threshold period) which is compared with the expenditure on research and development in the relevant period in order to determine the level of incremental expenditure. The base period is Where a company is a member of a group for a proportion only of the threshold period expenditure is counted only if it was incurred at a time when the company was a member of the group. Where at any time during the threshold period, a group of companies carried on research and development activities in more than one research and development centre and each (1)(a) (i) (ii) 16
17 centre is in a separate geographical location, and at a time (referred to in this section as the cessation time ) after the end of the threshold period, a research and development centre ceases to be used for the purposes of a trade by a company which is a member of the group of companies and is not so used by any other company which is a member of the group, then expenditure incurred in relation to that research and development centre shall not be taken into account in calculating the threshold amount in relation to any relevant period which commences after the cessation time. This refers only to accounting periods commencing on or after 1 January university or institute of higher education can be in the State or in an EEA Member State. Certain payments to such institutions can qualify for the credit subject to certain conditions. In the case of institutions in the State, they must either provide courses approved by the Minister for Education and Science in relation to higher education grants or operate in accordance with standards approved by the Minister for Education and Science for the purposes of section 473A (which is concerned with tax relief for fees paid for third level education). In the case of universities and institutions in EEA Member States other than the State, such institutions must be maintained or assisted by relevant grants out of public funds from any EEA Member State or the institution concerned must be accredited as a university or institute of higher education in the EEA Member State in which it is located. Membership of a Group of Companies Companies will be regarded as members of a group if one is a 51 per cent subsidiary of the other or both are 51 per cent subsidiaries of a third company. In determining whether this is the case, ownership of shares by a company dealing in the shares (i.e. where a profit on sale of the shares would be treated for tax purposes as a trading receipt) is to be ignored (under clause (I)), as is indirect ownership of shares which are directly owned by a company dealing in the shares (under clause (II)). In addition, any holding must be a real holding. Sections 412 to 418 are applied for the purposes of this section. Those sections require that in order to be regarded as having a certain percentage holding in a company, the person concerned must be entitled to not only that percentage of the shares, but also of any profits of the company for distribution and any share of the company s assets in the event of its winding up. Sections 412 to 418 are constructed around a 75 per cent holding level. They are adapted for this section so as to apply to a 51 per cent holding level. Section 411(1)(c) is disapplied for the purposes of this section to ensure that its scope is not limited to companies resident in EEA Member States. For the purposes of the R&D credit scheme a company and all its 51 per cent subsidiaries are to be regarded as forming a group. However, if within a 51 per cent group there are 51 per cent subgroups, the group for the purpose of this section will be the bigger group. A company that is not a member of a group can be regarded as a group consisting only of itself. This ensures that the credit is available to such a company if it meets the conditions of the section. A group in the threshold period will be designated as the same group as the group in the relevant period even though there may not be a perfect match of companies. The key issue is whether the group is under the control of any person or group of persons at both times. (i) (ii) (1)(b)(i) (1)(b)(ii) (1)(b)(iii) (1)(b)(iv) 17
18 Grants Expenditure shall not be regarded as qualifying expenditure where it has been or is to be met directly or indirectly by grant assistance or any other assistance from the State or Relevant Member State or any board established by statute, any public or local authority or any other agency of the State or of another Relevant Member State. Expenditure incurred prior to trading Expenditure incurred by a company on research and development prior to the carrying on of any trade may qualify for the credit. A claim in respect of this expenditure must be made within 12 months from the end of the accounting period commencing on the date the company first commenced to trade. The amount of such credit is calculated as if the company had been trading when the expenditure was incurred. The company would not be in a position to use the credit until it commences to have a corporation tax liability. It will, however, be entitled to carry the credit forward for offset against its liability in future accounting periods. Payments to Universities and Third-level Educational Institutes Certain payments by a company to a university or third level educational institute may be treated as expenditure incurred by the company on research and development activities carried out by it. Where the company incurs expenditure on research and development and pays a sum to a university or third level educational institution for it to carry out research and development activities, the sum paid to the university or higher educational institution can be treated as research and development expenditure by the company up to an amount equal to 5 per cent of the company s own expenditure on research and development activities carried on by it. The expenditure which can qualify for the credit is increased to the greater of the relevant 5 per cent or up to 100,000 as matched by the company s own R+D expenditure. Payments to Other parties Payments by companies to other parties to carry out research and development work qualify, in respect of expenditure incurred on or after 1 January 2007, under the tax credit scheme up to a limit of 15% of expenditure on research and development activities of the company in any one year. This applies where the sub-contractor carrying out the research and development is not connected with the company and does not claim a tax credit in respect of such expenditure. This measure is in addition to the provision in respect of research and development work carried out for the company by universities. The expenditure which can qualify for the credit is increased to the greater of the relevant 15 per cent or up to 100,000 as matched by the company s own R+D expenditure. A research and development centre used by a company which is a member of a group of companies will be treated as being in a separate geographical location to another research and development centre used by the company or another company which is a member of the group, if it is not less than a distance of 20 kilometres from the other research and development centre. The Credit Corporation tax of an accounting period of a company can be reduced by 25 per cent of so much of the incremental expenditure of the group on R&D as has been allocated to the company. Specifically, the subsection refers to 25 per cent of qualifying expenditure attributable to the company as is referable to the accounting period. (1)(b)(v) (1)(b)(vi) (1)(b)(vii) (1)(b)(viii) (1)(b)(ix) (2) 18
19 Key employee relief This section provides for a company to surrender all or part of the R+D tax credit that would be available to the company to one or more key employees as the company may specify and up to the amount of the credit that is available. The amount surrendered may not exceed the Corporation Tax liability for that accounting period. This surrendering process cannot take place if the company has a current Corporation Tax liability. Meaning of Qualifying expenditure attributable to a company as is referable to an accounting period The incremental expenditure will be determined on a group basis by reference to a relevant period. A relevant period will generally coincide with the accounting period of companies within a group. However, in some cases it may not. The qualifying expenditure on research and development which is attributable to a company, is the proportion of the group incremental expenditure on research and development, that is allocated to a member company of the group. That company can claim the credit in respect of the expenditure so apportioned to it. The members of the group that incur expenditure on research and development in the relevant period may allocate the expenditure between them in such manner as they wish. Any such allocation is to be specified in notice in writing given to the inspector of taxes. A fallback allocation rule provides for a situation in which the companies do not give any notice in writing. This involves allocating the incremental expenditure between the companies in proportion to the research and development expenditure by each of them in the relevant period. This is done by way of a formula. Under the formula the incremental expenditure (Q) is multiplied by the research and development expenditure by the company concerned (C) and divided by the group research and development expenditure in the relevant period (G). The result is the amount, which attracts a 25 per cent credit for the company concerned. Where the relevant period and the accounting period do coincide, the full amount of expenditure attributed to a company for a relevant period will be the amount referable to the company s accounting period. Where the relevant period and the accounting period do not coincide, the amount of expenditure attributed to a company for a relevant period is to be apportioned to the accounting periods that fall wholly or partly into the relevant period. Any amounts so apportioned to an accounting period will be regarded as being referable to the accounting period. Carry forward of excess credit Where in an accounting period the amount by which the company is entitled to reduce corporation tax of the accounting period exceeds the corporation tax for the accounting period, the excess is to be carried forward for offset against corporation tax payable in the following accounting period. Unused credits can be carried forward indefinitely. The amount of unused credits that may be carried forward excludes any amount which has already been used by virtue of subsection (4A) to reduce the corporation tax of an earlier accounting period, or by virtue of subsection (4B), paid by the Revenue Commissioners. (2A) (2B) (2C) (3)(a) (3)(b) (3)(c) (4) Options for use of excess credits In respect of expenditure incurred in an accounting period which commenced on or after (4A)(a) 19
20 1 January 2009, if the amount of the credit exceeds the corporation tax for the accounting period, the company may make a claim to offset any unused tax credit against the corporation tax of the preceding accounting period. The preceding accounting period must be a period equal in length to the accounting period in which the expenditure was incurred. In respect of expenditure incurred in an accounting period which commenced on or after 1 January 2009, where a claim has been made to offset any unused credit against a previous accounting period, or where no corporation tax arises in that previous period, the company may make a claim to have the amount of any remaining tax credit paid to them by the Revenue Commissioners. Subject to the limits imposed by section 766B, on receipt of a claim, the amount of the tax credit to be paid by the Revenue Commissioners will be paid in 3 instalments. The first instalment which shall be equal to 33 per cent of the unused credit, will be paid to the company by the Revenue Commissioners, no earlier than the specified return date for the company s corporation tax return, for the accounting period in which the R&D expenditure giving rise to the excess was incurred. Any remaining excess will then be used to reduce the corporation tax for the accounting period following the accounting period in which the expenditure was incurred. If there is any further remaining excess the Revenue Commissioners will pay a second instalment equal to 50% of that remaining amount. The second payment will be paid not earlier than 12 months after the date referred to in subsection (4B)(b)(i). Where any excess remains it will be used to reduce the corporation tax for the second accounting period following the accounting period in which the expenditure giving rise to the excess was incurred. If any excess still remains the Revenue Commissioners will pay a third instalment equal to that remaining amount. The third payment will be made not earlier than 24 months after the date referred to in subsection (4B)(b)(i). Where a company that has made a claim ceases to carry on a trade and another company commences to carry on that trade and the R&D activities, then the successor company may claim any R&D tax credit amounts not used by the predecessor company provided both companies were members of the same group at the time of the transfer, and On or at any time within 2 years after the event the trade and the research and development activities are not carried on otherwise than by the successor, then the successor may, to the extent that the predecessor has not used an amount to reduce the corporation tax of an accounting period in accordance with subsection (2), surrendered an amount in accordance with subsection (2A) or made a claim under subsection (4A) or (4B), carry forward any excess that the predecessor would have been entitled to carry forward in accordance with subsection (4). All claims made under this section on or after 1 January 2009, must be made within 12 months from the end of the accounting period in which the expenditure on research and development was incurred. Consulting with experts The Revenue Commissioners may, in relation to a claim by a company under this section or section 766A, consult with any person who in their opinion may be of assistance to them in order to determine whether the expenditure incurred by the company was incurred by it in the carrying on by it of research and development activities. (4A)(b) (4B)(a) (4B)(b) (4B)(b)(i) (4B)(b)(ii) (4B)(b) (iii) (4C) (5) (7)(a) 20
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