Source: https://ericgideon.com/lessonplans/ifr-cross-country-planning-and-regulations/
Timestamp: 2018-12-10 04:36:24
Document Index: 571319075

Matched Legal Cases: ['art 91', '§91', '§91', '§91', '§95', '§97', '§91', '§91', '§95', '§95']

IFR cross-country planning and regulations - ericgideon.com
Part 91 Subpart B
Nav log preparation
Instrument Flying Handbook and The Pilot’s Manual: Instrument Flying
NACO enroute and approach charts
laptop with internet access, or iPad with ForeFlight/WingX
Compare and contrast instrument cross-country planning to visual
Use FliteStar to show the selection of routes based on departure and arrival procedures
Discuss weather information relevant to planning
Describe night-before and day-of elements
Difference between outlook and standard weather briefing
Have the student present their route, with the first four navlog waypoints completed
Arrive with completed route and navlog, including at least four waypoints
The lesson will be complete when the student can apply their knowledge of instrument flight planning to a cross-country route and identify elements of charts and regulations with minimal instructor guidance.
“Known icing conditions”
Unless the aircraft is approved for flight into “known icing conditions” (note: not known ice), the FAA’s stance is very black and white.
To quote FAA legal counsel:
“Reduced to basic terms, known icing conditions exist where visible moisture or high relative humidity combines with temperatures near or below freezing. Since clouds are a form of visible moisture, flying through clouds at an altitude that is near or below freezing would constitute flight into known icing conditions.”
“Flight into known icing conditions when the airplane flight manual or pilot operating handbook prohibits such flight would constitute a violation whether the aircraft accretes ice or not.”
Airframe temperature may be below freezing when OAT is not, causing water droplets to accumulate as rime ice in temperatures above freezing.
§91.121 — Altimeter settings
Altimeter must be set to:
reported altimeter setting from a station within 100 nm along the route when below 18,000 ft MSL
29.92” Hg when at or above 18,000 ft MSL
§91.167 — Fuel requirements for flight in IFR conditions
45 minute fuel reserve should be carried
enough fuel to fly to the destination, shoot the approach, and divert to the alternate without dipping into the reserve
1-2-3 rule allows us to eliminate the alternate fuel requirement:
For at least 1 hour before, and for 1 hour after the estimated time of arrival, the ceiling will be at least 2,000 feet above the airport elevation and the visibility will be at least 3 statute miles.
Required alternates must have approaches other than GPS available at the ETA.
§91.177 — Minimum altitudes for IFR operations
Except when necessary for takeoff or landing, no person may operate an aircraft under IFR below minimum altitudes prescribed in §95 and §97 or, if no minimum altitude designated,
over mountainous areas an altitude of 2,000 feet above the highest obstacle within a horizontal distance of 4 nautical miles from the course to be flown
an altitude of 1,000 feet above the highest obstacle within a horizontal distance of 4 nautical miles from the course to be flown
If an MEA and MOCA are established, operations are permitted below the MEA but not below the MOCA when within 22 nm of the station
Climb to a higher minimum altitude should begin immediately after passing the point beyond which that minimum altitude applies
when ground obstructions are present, the point should be crossed at or above the applicable MCA
§91.179 — IFR cruising altitude or flight level
When in controlled airspace, fly ATC assigned headings and altitudes
if VFR on top, fly VFR cruising altitudes
When in uncontrolled airspace, below 18,000 ft MSL, and on a course between:
0-179°, fly odd thousands
180-359°, fly even thousands
§91.181 — Course to be flown
Fly the centerline of an airway, or on a direct course between navaids
Maneuvering to avoid aircraft or to clear the flight path in VFR is permitted
§95.x — IFR Altitudes
As defined in §95.1:
MAA(maximum authorized altitude) defines the upper limit of an airway
MCA(minimum crossing altitude) determines the lowest permitted altitude when crossing the waypoint or fix to a higher altitude segment
MEA(minimum enroute altitude) is the lowest altitude permitted on the entire route, airway, or segment
MOCA(minimum obstruction clearance altitude) provides safe obstacle clearance along the route or airway, but reception is only guaranteed within 25 nm of the station
MRA(minimum reception altitude) is the lowest altitude at which an intersection can be determined using ground stations
COP(change-over point) suggests the best point to switch to the next station along an airway, guaranteeing continuous reception between facilities
Mountainous areas are defined by latitude and longitude.
Materials should include: A/FD, enroute and area charts, departure procedures, STARs, and approach plates for the intended route of flight.
Get an IFR briefing from FSS or a DUAT provider, including:
current and forecast conditions for departure, enroute, arrival, and alternate
ATC flow control
Use FliteStar to show Jeppesen format
Compare to approach plates
Take advantage of the FAA’s existing routes:
start with a departure procedure
find STARs, if available, or the best approach’s IAF
connect the dots using airways
ATC may assign a different route, if traffic is high
Factor in any performance considerations
Determine cruising altitude using magnetic course and MEA
Consider alternates enroute as well as at destination
Route mnemonic:
Altitude mnemonic:
Posted by Eric Gideon May 19th, 2007 lessonplans
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