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OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide
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Table of Contents Module 1 Introduction to OSHA and the OSH Act 7 Module 2 29 CFR 1904—Recordkeeping 18 Module 3A Basic Safety Orientation 23 Module 3B OSHA 1926 Subpart C–General Safety and Health Provisions 31 Module 4 29 CFR 1910 Subpart Z–HEALTH HAZARDS IN CONSTRUCTION: Hazard Communication 36 Module 5 OSHA 1926 Subpart D–HEALTH HAZARDS IN CONSTRUCTION: Hazardous Materials 41 Module 6 OSHA 1926 Subpart D–Process Safety Management (PSM) 44 Module 7 OSHA 1926 Subpart E–Personal Protective Equipment 50 Module 8 Fire Protection for Construction—Basic 59 Module 9 Materials Handling and Storage for Construction 63 Module 10 Hand and Power Tools—Basic 71 Module 11 Welding and Cutting for Construction 77 Module 12 Electrical Safety for Construction 83 Module 13 Struck-By and Caught In Between Hazards 89 Module 14 Fall Protection—Basic 93 Module 15 Cranes and Rigging—Basic 100 Module 16 Motor Vehicles 106 Module 17 Excavations—Basic 111 Module 18 Concrete and Masonry Construction—Basic 117 Module 19 Stairways and Ladders 122 Module 20 Confined Spaces 127 4 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide .
Module 21 Lead Safety in the Workplace 133 Module 22 Use of Explosives in the Workplace 138 Module 23 Scaffolds 142 5 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide .
Supplements Handout 1 Weekly Fatality/Catastrophe Report 149 Handout 2 OSHA 300 Log Example 151 Handout 3 OSHA Poster 152 Handout 4 Navigating the OSHA Web Site 153 Handout 5 Refusing to Work because Conditions Are Dangerous 154 Handout 6 Filing an OSHA Complaint 155 Handout 7 Your Rights as a Whistleblower Fact Sheet 167 Handout 8 Employers Must Provide and Pay for PPE 169 Handout 9 How to Read the OSHA Standards 171 Handout 10 Safety and Health Resources 175 Handout 11 MSDS Example 176 Handout 12 Identifying Safety and Health Problems in the Workplace 180 6 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide .
Each lesson corresponds to those in the series and contains bulleted highlights. 7 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . thereby enhancing safety and health in the American workplace.S. as well as note taking sections. Construction Training Program. OSHA created the Outreach Training Program for the purpose of expanding the knowledge base of employers and employees across the country relative to their standards and guidelines. OSHA requires specific topics to be included in every program. The purpose of this study guide is to provide a thorough review of the 360training OSHA 30 Hr.OSHA 30 Hr. Construction Training Program Study Guide The Purpose and Design of the Study Guide U.
OSHA standards. OSHA: Occupational Safety and Health Administration Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): All types of protective equipment such as hard hats. This part will prove beneficial for those who are directly or indirectly involved with OSHA and the OSH Act. including how to file an OSHA complaint. and eye protection. employer responsibilities under OSHA. and safety and health resources. Key Terms Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS): A document that contains hazard-related information about a specific chemical or formulation. The module is comprised of the following six lessons:       Why is OSHA important to you? What rights do you have under OSHA? What responsibilities does your employer have under OSHA? What do the OSHA standards say? How are OSHA inspections conducted? Where can you go for help? This section provides basic knowledge of OSHA's history and mission. Lesson 1: Why Is OSHA Important to You? Key Points 8 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . along with respiratory aids.Module 1: Introduction to OSHA and the OSH Act The purpose of this two-hour course is to provide workers with introductory information about OSHA. worker rights under OSHA. OSHA inspections. gloves. boots.
 OSHA began because. 15 workers die every day from job injuries.  State plan programs respond to accidents and employee complaints and conduct unannounced inspections just like federal OSHA. (See Handout 1) Study Questions 1. The state plans must be at least as effective as federal OSHA requirements. until 1970. o Each year.  Since then. The OSH Act is also known by what other name? 2.  The estimated cost of occupational injuries and illnesses ranges from $145 billion to $290 billion a year for direct and indirect costs. there were no national laws for safety and health hazards. workplace fatalities have been cut by more than 60 percent and occupational injury and illness rates have declined 40 percent. Which occupational groups do not come under OSHA coverage? 9 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . o Over 5.  OSHA approves and monitors all state plans.  Twenty-two states and territories operate complete plans and four cover only the public sector.  Some states have OSHA-approved plans that cover only state and local government workers.600 Americans die from workplace injuries annually.  Some statistics: o On average. over 4 million non-fatal workplace injuries and illnesses are reported.
be fired. If the hazard is not corrected. or punished in any other way because you have exercised any right afforded to you under the OSH Act. Which states have developed public sector state plans? Lesson 2: What Rights Do You Have under OSHA? Key Points  The right to review the injury and illness log includes former employees. have your hours reduced. contests an abatement date. an employee may refuse to work under seriously 10 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . (See Handout 4)  The OSH Act prohibits employment retaliation against an employee who complains to an employer. 4. initiates a proceeding. their personal representatives. In certain circumstances. Name three actions OSHA uses to carry out its mission. (See Handout 2)  OSHA regulations protect workers who complain to their employer about unsafe or unhealthful conditions in the workplace. denied a raise. or testifies under the Act. requests information from OSHA.  Since you are often closest to potential safety and health hazards. files a complaint related to workplace safety or health conditions.3. you have a vested interest in reporting problems so that the employer gets them fixed. (See Handout 3)  You cannot be transferred. and authorized employee representatives. you should then contact OSHA.
you have the right to find out OSHA's action on the complaint and request a review if an inspection is not made. describe injuries. the condition should be reported to OSHA or the appropriate government agency.threatening health or safety conditions.1020. confined spaces. noise. Since the conditions necessary to justify a work refusal are very stringent. You may point out hazards. (See Handout 5)  Other required training includes lockout-tagout. and get involved in any meetings or hearings related to the inspection. (See Handout 7) 11 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . This is important if you have been exposed to toxic substances or harmful physical agents in the workplace. you must contact OSHA within 30 days. (See Handout 6)  You have the right to talk to the inspector privately. the worker had reasonable grounds to believe that it did. and a variety of other subjects. you have the right to examine and copy exposure and medical records. and treat occupational disease. refusing work should be an action taken as a last resort.  If you believe you have been punished for exercising your safety and health rights. personal protective equipment. bloodborne pathogens. including records of workplace monitoring or measuring a toxic substance. You may also object to the date set for the violation to be corrected and be notified if the employer files a contest. illnesses or near misses that resulted from those hazards and describe any concern you have about a safety or health issue. fall hazards in construction.  "Good faith" means that even if an imminent danger is not found to exist. If time permits.  Under OSHA's standard 1910. prevent.  You also have the right to find out about inspection results and abatement measures.  If you file a complaint. as this regulation may help you detect.
 The basic concept behind engineering controls is that. This program should address the hazards present. Workers’ safety and health responsibilities include what six? Lesson 3: What Responsibilities Does Your Employer Have under OSHA? Key Points  Employers are required to determine if PPE should be used to protect their workers. and use of PPE. the work environment and the job itself should be designed to eliminate hazards or reduce exposure to hazards. the selection.Study Questions 1. to the extent feasible. called what? 3. maintenance. the training of employees. a PPE program should be implemented. What materials are these? 2.  The first and best strategy is to control the hazard at its source. OSHA requires that each employer post certain materials in a prominent location at the workplace. and monitoring of 12 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . If an employer disagrees with the results of the OSHA inspection.  If PPE is to be used. he or she may submit a written objection to OSHA.
major blocks of information are broken into subparts. Under each Part.the program to ensure its ongoing effectiveness. Subpart C is named General Safety and Health Provisions. but also posting annual summaries and what else? 2. OSHA also requires that employers pay for most required PPE. For example. such as Part 1926. (See Handout 8) Study Questions 1. Employer recordkeeping responsibilities involves not only setting up a reporting system and providing copies of logs upon request. except for what types that may be worn off the job? Lesson 4: What Do the OSHA Standards Say? Key Points OSHA Standards are organized in the following way:   The CFR is divided into Titles. Which general industry workers are among those most exposed to lead? 4. What types of workplaces are exempt from recordkeeping requirements? 3.20 through 1926.35. 13 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . Subpart C contains sections 1926. OSHA's standards are in Title 29.
anyone who tells an employer about an OSHA inspection in advance can receive fines and a jail term.  The CSHO may also interview workers. OSHA issues standards for a wide variety of workplace hazards. although workers may request that a union representative be present.  Referrals usually are from a government agency. or other substances. such as NIOSH or a local health department. air contaminants. including what seven? Lesson 5: How are OSHA Inspections Conducted? Key Points  OSHA conducts inspections without advance notice. (See Handout 9) Study Questions 1.  A follow-up is made to see if violations cited on an earlier inspection were fixed. You can look them up by the standard number or do a search by topic. 14 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide .  Monitoring inspections are made to make sure hazards are being corrected and workers are protected whenever a long period of time is needed for a hazard to be fixed. when there is a report of an Imminent Danger). In fact. All OSHA standards are available on OSHA's Web site. take photographs or video. What four categories do OSHA standards fall into? 2. They are handled the same way as complaints.  Citations are sent in the mail at a later date (no later than six months after the inspection). The CSHO will conduct all worker interviews in private. and monitor worker exposure to noise. except in rare circumstances (for example.
however. you should provide information to support your position.  Both workers and the employer have the right to participate in the hearing and request a further review of the judge's decision by the commission.  OSHA may adjust a penalty downward depending on the gravity of the violation.  Workers may also contest the abatement time for any violation and an employer's petition for modification of abatement (PMA). if only the penalty is contested. but they cannot contest citations or penalties. The CSHO takes the findings back to the office and writes up a report. the employer's good faith (efforts to comply with the Act).  Although employers and workers each have rights to disagree with (or appeal) parts of an OSHA citation. the situation does not have to be fixed until there is a final legal order. and size of the business. the violation must be fixed by the date in the citation. If you. Study Questions 1. The Area Director reviews it and makes the final decision about any citations and penalties.  If a violation or abatement date is contested by the employer. plan to contest an abatement time. as a worker.  Employers may request an informal conference with OSHA to discuss a case. history of previous violations. the employer has more rights than workers related to citations. They can also reach a settlement agreement with OSHA that adjusts citations and penalties in order to avoid prolonged legal disputes. What are the four priority categories of OSHA inspection? 15 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide .
 If you are discussing a health concern with your health care provider. (See Handout 10)  If you have questions about a new job or task. so the signs must be bilingual if workers do not understand or read English. The employer must make sure that each sign or label posted can be understood by all workers. and repeat violations defined? Lesson 6: Where Can You Go for Help? Key Points  OSHA standards such as those for hazard communication.  Orientation manuals and training materials about your job should include information about how to work safely. Citations inform the employer and employees of what four matters? 5. confined space and Bloodborne Pathogens require labels and signs.2. For example. what does the CSHO do? 4. (See Handout 12) 16 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . try to provide them with as much information about the chemical or substance as possible. If you are a union representative. you may wish to have your name on the complaint. other-than-serious. try to get the names and MSDSs or labels of the chemicals to which you are exposed. be sure to ask for the written procedures and for additional training on them. (See Handout 11)  Remember that discrimination for health and safety activity is illegal. What are four major stages of an OSHA inspection and what occurs during each? 3. or a job or task that has changed. serious. How are willful. if you are getting headaches at work. egress. In the opening conference.
where workers are getting sick from an unknown cause or are exposed to an agent or working condition that is not regulated by OSHA). What are QuickCards? 3. What can a worker request if he or she is currently an employee at a workplace of concern (meaning. OSHA considers some jobs and tasks very hazardous. such as what? 2. if he or she has obtained the signatures of two other workers? 17 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide .Study Questions 1.
this is a respiratory disease caused by the inhalation of silica. or fatality does not mean the employer or employee was at fault. Key Terms Asbestosis: An incurable restrictive lung disease often linked to occupational exposure. and report specific cases to OSHA. maintain records of illnesses and injuries.Module 2: Recordkeeping This module is designed to assist employers in identifying and fulfilling the requirement to post certain records.  The purpose section of the rule includes a note to make it clear that recording an injury or illness neither 18 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . BLS: Bureau of Labor Statistics HCP: Health Care Professional PLHCP: Physician or other Licensed Health Care Professional Silicosis: An occupational lung disease. an OSHA rule has been violated. illness. Students who successfully complete this part will be able to identify the OSHA requirements for recordkeeping. TB: Tuberculosis Lesson 1: Recordkeeping Key Points  Recording/reporting a work-related injury. or that the employee is eligible for workers’ compensation or other benefits.
or a state rule that is at least as effective as the federal OSHA rule.  For those states with OSHA-approved State plans. even though those employers are within an industry exempted by the federal rule. and some cases will be OSHA recordable but not compensable under workers' compensation.  All work-related needlestick injuries and cuts from sharp objects that are contaminated with another person's blood or other potentially infectious material (as defined by 29 CFR 1910. who are supervised on a day-to-day basis.  All work-related cases involving loss of consciousness must be recorded.  States with OSHA-approved plans may require employers to keep records for the state. The rules for compensability under workers' compensation differ from state to state and do not have any effect on whether or not a case needs to be recorded on the OSHA 300 Log. some cases will be compensable but not OSHA recordable.  The OSHA standard requires the employer to keep a record of all work-related hearing loss cases where the employee’s total hearing level is 25 decibels (dB) or more above audiometric zero in the same ear as the STS. Are temporary employees. the state is generally required to adopt federal OSHA rules. However. States with approved plans do not need to exempt employers from recordkeeping. Many cases will be OSHA recordable and compensable under workers' compensation.affects a person's entitlement to workers' compensation nor proves a violation of an OSHA rule. as the final federal OSHA rule does. Study Questions 1. although they may choose to do so. either by employer size or by industry classification.1030) must be recorded. also to be included in the sizeexemption count? 19 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide .
For example. 6. Certain state plans do not allow exemption due to industry classification. The use of the term has been confusing for many years because many people equated the terms "lost workday" with "days away from work" and failed to recognize that the former OSHA term included restricted days.  OSHA has eliminated the term "lost workdays" on forms and in the regulatory text. What are these three factors? Lesson 2: Reporting Key Points  Employers must enter each recordable case on reporting forms within seven calendar days (previously six working days) of receiving information that a recordable case has occurred. is he or she eligible for the size-based partial exemption? 3.2. 20 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . An injury or illness must be recorded if it results in one or more of what six factors? 5. A case of TB is not recordable when one of three factors is true. If an employer employed 11 or more people at a given time during the year. true or false? 4. an employer must enter each recordable injury or illness on the OSHA 300 Log and 301 Incident Report within this timeframe. Define a Standard Threshold Shift.
the employer must inform each employee of how to report an injury or illness. Study Questions 1. 3. and tell each employee how to report them. For example. Furthermore. An employer must update stored OSHA 300 Logs to include and reflect what? 21 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . or opportunity to agree or object is not required under Department of Health and Human Services Standards for Privacy of Individually Identifiable Health Information. Employees and their representatives must be involved in the recordkeeping system in several ways. he or she must set up a way for employees to promptly report work-related injuries and illnesses. and under what other two conditions? 2. You may disclose the Forms with personally identifying information only to a public health authority or law enforcement agency for uses and disclosures for which consent. an authorization. What injuries or illnesses must you consider to be privacy concern cases? Hint: There are six. Preparing the Annual Summary requires what four steps? 4. An employer must save all of these forms for five years (from the end of the calendar year covered by the reports). What four forms are these? 5.
6. 22 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . An employer must provide copies of records within four business hours when requested by an authorized government representative such as whom? Hint: Three are specifically listed.
These include chemical hazards.5 percent oxygen by volume. Regarding chemicals. this can be achieved by having a written hazard communication program. etc. Key Terms Bloodborne pathogens: Infectious microorganisms found in human blood can cause diseases such as Hepatitis B and C and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). fire hazards. Oxygen deficient atmosphere: An atmosphere containing less than 19. Hazardous chemical: A chemical that can cause physical harm or be a health hazard. 23 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . Lesson 1: Hazard Communication and Protective Equipment Key Points  It is the responsibility of the employer to identify and inform all employees about potential hazards present in the workplace. confined space hazards. This part aims to present an overview of some basic workplace hazards and how employees can protect themselves from them. electrical hazards. Guardrail: A protective railing enclosing an elevated platform. Scaffold: A temporary platform on which workers can sit or stand when performing tasks at heights above the ground.Module 3A: Basic Safety Orientation Employees may be exposed to many safety and health hazards while on the job.
 Employees are required to read and understand the warnings written on labels before they handle the containers and their contents. its acute or chronic health effects.  Face protection can be acquired by using a face shield. there must be an MSDS for each hazardous chemical present and these must be immediately accessible to all employees. If employees do not understand what is written on the labels. 24 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . require specially designed hardhats that can protect them from electrical shock. personnel may require the use of specially designed hardhats. such as belts and chains. Electricians. for instance. along with exposure limits and handling instructions.  All employers must evaluate the chemicals used at the worksite in order to determine the type of equipment that should be worn by their employees. Also. employers must train employees to properly handle and use PPE.  It must be noted that an employee’s prescription glasses are not safety glasses and should not be used as a substitute. they must ask their supervisors before proceeding with the assigned tasks.  An MSDS contains information on physical and chemical properties of the material.  In some cases. Employers must inform all employees about the hazardous chemicals present at the worksite and how to handle them and themselves safely. At a worksite.  OSHA regulations require employers to ensure that workers cover and protect long hair to prevent it from getting caught in machine parts. Shoulder-length chemical splash hoods are also used in order to get better protection from splashes.
For electrical work, rubber gloves provide the best
protection. Gloves made of neoprene or latex can
protect the hands from some chemicals.
Foot protection can be obtained through steel toe
boots, metatarsal guards, and chemical resistant
All protective clothing must be puncture-and wearresistant. It must be noted that torn or ripped clothing
does not provide full protection against hazardous
Employers must train all employees how to safely wear
a respirator. Also, employees must be medically
evaluated, and fit-tested with each type of respirator
that they are required to wear.
In environments that are extremely noisy, with volume
rising above the action level of 85 dB, the creation and
implementation of a formal hearing conservation
A professional should fit employees individually for
molded or preformed earplugs.
1. Respiratory protection can be obtained through two
basic types of respirators; name them and describe
2. Of these two types of respirators, which one is further
broken down into its own two types?
3. Based on their names, what functions would you think
these two types serve?
Workplace Hazards and Protection
If employees are required to work near energized
electrical equipment, they must be made aware of the
general electrical safety guidelines.
Because electrical hazards can also cause burns,
assume that all overhead wires are energized at lethal
voltages. Never assume that a wire is safe to touch
even if it is down or appears to be insulated.
If an overhead wire falls across your vehicle while you
are driving, stay inside the vehicle and continue to
drive away from the line. If the engine stalls, do not
leave your vehicle. Warn people not to touch the
vehicle or the wire. Call or ask someone to call the
local electric utility company and emergency services.
Personal fall arrest systems provide the highest level
of protection from falling as they are designed for each
Before use, all personal fall arrest systems must be
inspected to make sure they do not have any cuts,
tears, mold, or anything else that can cause the
Look for fall hazards such as unprotected floor
openings/edges, shafts, skylights, stairwells, and roof
openings/edges.
Practice good housekeeping. Keep cords, welding
leads, and air hoses out of walkways or adjacent work
Workers must always position themselves on a ladder
so that at least three limbs are in contact with it at all
times. Workers must face the ladder when climbing up
To ensure safety, employers must make sure that all
ladders are made to support at least four times their
anticipated load.
Those scaffolds that have been approved should be
marked with green tags. Yellow tags are used if there
are any limitations associated with the scaffold.
Scaffolds unsuitable for use should be marked with red
Employees who are required to work on or near
energized parts must ensure that these parts are
properly locked out and tagged out. Only authorized
personnel may affix locks and tags on energy sources.
Before employees enter a confined space, they must
disconnect or block all piping. Also, it is necessary for
them to check the atmosphere inside the confined
space to ensure that it is not hazardous.
Do not enter permit-required confined spaces without
being trained and without having a permit to enter.
Review, understand, and follow employer’s procedures
before entering permit-required confined spaces and
know how and when to exit.
Maintain contact at all times with a trained attendant
either visually, via phone, or by two-way radio. This
monitoring system enables the attendant and entry
supervisor to order you to evacuate and to alert
appropriately trained rescue personnel to rescue
entrants when needed.
In case an employee detects a fire, he or she must
immediately report it, hit the alarm, and then follow the
procedures specified in the facility’s Emergency Action
Plan and call for help. Employees must only try to
extinguish the fire in its early stage and then only when
it is safe to do so and when they have been trained to
If a victim is in a state of shock, immediately call for
they should first be taken to a shelter that is either air-conditioned or fanned and given water to drink. employees must regularly monitor their workplaces and take preventive measures to avoid it. If they have to handle any such fluids. clinic. they should be laid on their backs with their legs raised and supported approximately 8-12 inches off the ground. including heat exhaustion. or physician that is reasonably accessible in terms of time and distance to the worksite. Medical attention should immediately be sought if the employee starts vomiting. or equivalent training that can be verified by documentary evidence. they must wear PPE.  In the absence of an infirmary. A supervisor should be alerted and asked to call for medical assistance. and heat stroke. hospital.  Protective clothing must be removed before leaving the work area. Bureau of Mines. especially gloves and safety glasses.S. Unless victims may have a spinal injury. and disposed of in an appropriately designated area or container for storage. and it is very important to keep them calm. Due to the severity of the consequences of heat stress. If employees experience heat cramps. 28 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide .  Employees must make sure that they never come in contact with any blood or body fluids.  A bleeding wound must be elevated and then cleaned and wrapped with an uncontaminated bandage.  Heat stress can cause various disorders. the American Red Cross.and third-degree burns. a person who has a valid certificate in first-aid training from the U. decontamination.  For second. which is available for the treatment of injured employees. shall be available at the worksite to render first aid. medical assistance should be sought. or disposal.  Victims who have fractured their bones or who have sustained head and neck injuries must not be moved. They should also be kept warm. heat cramps.  Employers must provide readily accessible hand washing facilities. washing.
heat stroke can be fatal. Scaffolds should be able to support at least how many times their expected loads? 4. What does a personal fall arrest system include? 5. List five characteristics of heat stress. How many inches must a guardrail be in height. 29 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . Stay at least how far away from overhead wires during cleanup and other activities? 2. What three types of ladders can be found at a worksite? 6. Different types of burns require different types of first aid treatment. what must a person also do? 8. checking the atmosphere. 3. aside from first blocking piping. If not treated immediately. and wearing the proper PPE. Study Questions 1. and how many rails must each one have? 7. Describe these three types of first aid. When entering a confined space.
9. 10. Employees with frostbite must not move or rub the affected area. What disorder besides frostbite is caused by extreme cold? Hint: If employees experience this. they must immediately be covered with dry blankets. but must instead warm it slowly to avoid causing what? 30 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide .
certificate. Lesson 1: General Safety and Health Provisions Key Points  In order to decrease the risk of accidents and injuries in the workplace. General Safety and Health Provisions. or professional standing. Key Terms ANSI: American National Standards Institute Authorized person: This is an individual assigned by an employer to perform a certain duty or to be present at a particular job site. and employee emergency action plans. 31 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . or the project. Topics covered in this part include safety training and education. or who by extensive knowledge. the work. by possession of a recognized degree. and equipment used by employees. first aid. Employer: A contractor or subcontractor Qualified: One who.Module 3B: General Safety and Health Provisions This module provides an overview of the OSHA 29 CFR 1926 Subpart C. fire protection. training. and experience has successfully demonstrated the ability to solve or resolve problems relating to the subject matter. materials. Competent person: This individual has authorization to take corrective action and is able to recognize existing and predictable hazards. employers should provide frequent and regular inspections of the job site.
and the first aid procedures to be used in the event of injury. tools.  Employers have responsibilities under OSHA standards to educate and train employees to recognize and avoid unsafe conditions in the workplace and to control and eliminate any hazards or exposures to illness or injury. or they should be physically removed from the place of operation. combustible scrap and debris shall be removed at regular intervals and safe means provided to facilitate such removal. or equipment should be identified by tagging or locking the controls to render them inoperable.  Unsafe machines. tool. how to avoid injury.  Another responsibility of the employer is to ensure the availability of fire protection and suppression equipment. employees who have the potential for exposure should be educated about the potential hazards. or equipment that is not in compliance with OSHA standards is prohibited.  First aid supplies shall be easily accessible when required. material. the necessary precautions to be taken. The use of any machinery.  In job site areas where harmful plants or animals are present.  Employees required to enter confined or enclosed spaces should be instructed as to the nature of the hazards involved. and the required use of protective and emergency equipment. materials. 32 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . The contents of the first aid kit shall be placed in a weatherproof container with individual sealed packages for each type of item.  During the course of construction. and shall be checked by the employer before being sent out on each job and at least weekly on each job to ensure that the expended items are replaced.
If access cannot be provided within 15 days after the employee's request. Study Questions 1. and nature of the toxic substances or harmful physical agents to which the employee has been exposed. 33 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . the employer must provide records of other employees with job duties similar to those of the employee. access to employee exposure records. trash. In addition. the employer must state the reason for the delay and the earliest date for when the records will be made available.  Upon request. or employee's designated representative. the employer must provide the employee. Containers shall be provided for the collection and separation of waste. and Employee Emergency Action Plans Key Points  Access to employee medical and exposure records must be provided in a reasonable manner and place. these records must reasonably indicate the identity. Additional training to work in permit spaces is required when one of what three factors is true? 2. and other refuse and should be disposed of at frequent and regular intervals. Access to these records does not require the written consent of other employees. Means of Egress. What major program elements comprise a safety program? Lesson 2: Employee Medical and Exposure Records. If no records exist. amount.
34 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . a distinctive signal for each purpose shall be used. The employer also must inform each employee of her or his rights under the access standard and make copies of the standard available.  At the time of initial employment and at least annually thereafter. or for other purposes. and availability of their medical and exposure records. When appropriate. When there is no successor to receive the records for the prescribed period. Employees must be told who is responsible for maintaining and providing access to records. a physician representing the employer can elect to disclose information on specific diagnoses of terminal illnesses or psychiatric conditions only to an employee's designated representative and not directly to the employee. that employer is required to provide the successor employer with all employee medical and exposure records.  The employer should establish an employee alarm system. If the employee alarm system is used for alerting fire brigade members.  Exits shall be marked by a readily visible sign.  The employer must establish in the emergency action plan the types of evacuation to be used in emergency circumstances.  When an employer ceases to do business. Exits for buildings or structures shall be arranged and maintained to provide free and unobstructed egress from all parts of the building or structure at all times when the building is occupied. the employer must inform the current affected employees of their access rights at least three months prior to the cessation of business and must notify the Director of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) in writing at least three months prior to the disposal of records. location. and means of egress shall be continually maintained. employees must be told of the existence.
What basic elements should be included in an employee emergency action plan? Hint: There are seven specified. Study Questions 1. How often must an employer review an emergency action plan with each employee covered by it? 3. 35 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . The employer must review with each employee upon initial assignment those parts of the plan that the employee must know to protect him. The written plan must be kept at the workplace and made available for employee review.or herself in the event of an emergency. Employers may withhold the specific chemical identity of a toxic substance if one of what three factors is claimed? 2.
HazCom: Hazard Communication Standard Inhalation: Breathing in an airborne substance that may be in the form of gases. Training: A course of study in which employees are instructed to identify and work safely with hazardous materials. and what protective measures they can take in order to prevent the adverse effects of such hazards. Key Terms Chemical: An element or a compound produced by chemical reactions on a large scale for direct industrial and consumer use or for reaction with other chemicals. or above. This part gives you a basic understanding of how to deal with hazardous chemicals and how workers can prevent and protect themselves from chemical hazards. or aerosols. Flammable: A material having a flashpoint below 100 degrees Fahrenheit. mists. dusts.Module 4: HEALTH HAZARDS IN CONSTRUCTION: Hazard Communication The Hazard Communication Standard (HCS) provides information to workers and employers about various chemical hazards that exist in the workplace. fumes. Lesson 1: Introduction to the Hazard Communication Standard 36 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . vapors. Combustible: A material having a flashpoint of 100 degrees Fahrenheit.
condense. including target organ effects of the chemical(s) in the container(s).4°C) or below. will vigorously polymerize.  Organic peroxide is any carbon-containing compound with two oxygen atoms joined together.  Unstable (reactive) means a chemical that in its pure state. ingestion. or combination thereof appearing on a label or other appropriate form of warning which conveys the specific physical and health hazard(s). or become selfreactive under conditions of shocks. or injection). skin contact.  Hazard warning means any words. or temperature. including potential (accidental or possible) exposure. absorption. or as produced or transported.  Any hazardous material decanted (pumped from a primary to a secondary container) should have the labeling information transferred to the secondary container also. pictures. pressure.Key Points  Workers have both a need and a right to know about the hazards and identities of the chemicals they are exposed to when performing their tasks and duties. as a condition of employment to a chemical that is a physical or health hazard. decompose.  Immediate use means that the hazardous chemical will be under the control of and used only by the person who transfers it from a labeled container and only within the work shift in which it is transferred.  Pyrophoric means a chemical will ignite spontaneously in air at a temperature of 130°F (54. 37 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . "Subjected" in terms of health hazards includes any route of entry (such as inhalation.  Exposure (or exposed) means that an employee is subjected. symbols.
Symbols. it is the employer’s responsibility to translate the information contained on the MSDS.  Many manufacturers of chemicals include safe handling procedures on labels. Why do flammable materials require more care than combustible materials? 2. before an employee is ever exposed to the hazard. and convey that information about the hazards associated with working with any of the hazardous materials in the facility. it is obligatory that all hazardous chemical containers be labeled. and Training Key Points  Because labels are considered the most immediate source of information about chemicals and their hazard potential. 38 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . Even so. Hazards. What is an oxidizer? Lesson 2: Labels. Why are organic peroxides of concern? 3. into any understandable format. Study Questions 1. MSDSs. Water-reactive means a chemical that reacts with water to release a gas that is either flammable or presents a health hazard.  It is necessary that manufacturers or importers of hazardous chemicals update MSDSs within three months of discovering new important information about chemical hazards.
 It is required. skin rashes) that would indicate that you or your coworkers have been exposed to a hazardous material or chemical. unstable reactive materials can react or become self-reactive subject to pressure. Furthermore.  Always use gloves. What two terms are generally used to understand the nature of the health hazards? 39 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . aprons. eye or throat irritation. you should be aware that this represents a specific hazard. What information must be included on labels? 2. Study Questions 1. What hazards do the individual colors of the label created by the Paint and Coatings Association indicate? 3. Information regarding specific hazards denoted by DOT labels is contained on the material’s MSDS. that employees be trained before working with materials that represent a hazard.  Water reactive materials react with water and can explode. If these or other symptoms appear. masks. or shock.  Monitor yourself and coworkers for symptoms (such as dizziness. and critical. Whenever you are working with materials that have a DOT hazard class-shipping label. report them to your supervisor immediately. or other PPE whenever called for on a label or MSDS. temperature.
HEALTH HAZARDS IN
CONSTRUCTION: Hazardous
This module is designed for people working in the
Construction Industry who are exposed to health hazards and
chemicals during the course of their work. Topics include
definitions, the Hazard Communication Standard, asbestos
standards, MDA, lead, worker protection programs, process
safety management of highly hazardous chemicals, and
cadmium. This section focuses on the topics covered in
OSHA 29 CFR 1926 Subpart D.
This part is intended for a general audience. For more
information, please contact your local fire department and
consult your fire safety and security maintenance supervisor.
Article: A manufactured item other than a fluid or particle:
i. Which is formed to a specific shape or design during
ii. Which has end use function(s) dependent in whole
or in part upon its shape or design during end use and
iii. Which under normal conditions of use does not
release more than very small quantities, e.g., minute or
trace amounts of a hazardous chemical and does not
pose a physical hazard or health risk to employees.
Chemical: Any element, compound, or mixture of elements
and/or compounds.
Container: Any bag, barrel, bottle, box, can, cylinder, drum,
reaction vessel, storage tank, or the like that contains a
Explosive: A chemical that causes a sudden, almost
instantaneous release of pressure, gas, and heat when
subjected to sudden shock, pressure, or high temperature.
Physical hazard: A chemical for which there is scientifically
valid evidence that it is a combustible liquid, a compressed
gas, explosive, flammable, an organic peroxide, an oxidizer,
pyrophoric, unstable (reactive), or water-reactive.
Trade secret: Any confidential formula, pattern, process,
device, information, or compilation of information that is used
in an employer's business, and gives the employer an
opportunity to obtain an advantage over competitors who do
not know or use it.
Workplace: An establishment, job site, or project at one
geographical location containing one or more work areas.
Employee exposure to silica dust (breathable quartz)
must not exceed 0.1 ug/m(3) averaged over an 8-hour
Silicosis can disable a person in many ways, making
breathing difficult and painful. Silicosis may also cause
death, or turn into lung cancer. Symptoms usually
associated with silicosis also include loss of appetite,
fevers, and loss of body weight.
Exposure by inhaling loose asbestos fibers can cause
disabling or fatal diseases such as gastrointestinal
cancer, cancers of the lung or lung-cavity lining, and
the severe lung impairment asbestosis. The symptoms
of these diseases generally do not appear for 20 or
more years after initial exposure.
Short-term exposure must also be limited to not more
than 1 f/cc, averaged over 30 minutes. Rotation of
employees to achieve compliance with either
permissible exposure limit (PEL) is prohibited.
Even workers' families and friends can be at risk, as
asbestos can often be carried on clothing. It is
important to note that workers are not always told they
are working around asbestos, and even single
exposures to very low doses of fibers can result in
No employee maybe exposed to MDA above the
permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 10 parts per billion
(ppb) as an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA), or
above a short-term exposure limit (STEL) of 100 ppb
over a 15-minute sampling period.
Decontamination areas, located outside of, but as near
as practical, to the regulated area, must also be
established for decontaminating workers, materials,
and equipment contaminated with MDA. The
decontamination area must include an equipment
storage area, wash area, and clean change area.
Lead is most commonly taken into the body by
inhalation. When workers breathe in lead as a dust,
fume, or mist, their lungs and upper respiratory tract
absorb the lead into the body. They can also absorb
lead through the digestive system if it enters the mouth
and is ingested.
1. Describe the two types of silicosis.
2. Describe the four classifications of asbestos.
3. List eight common symptoms of chronic overexposure
maintained.i. Catastrophic release: A major uncontrolled emission. Key Terms Atmospheric tank: A storage tank which has been designed to operate at pressures from atmospheric through 0. or equipment. or similar flame or spark-producing operations. 43 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . or serviced by employees who visit the facility only periodically to check its operation and to perform necessary operating or maintenance tasks. procedures. Highly hazardous chemical: A substance possessing toxic. or explosive materials/chemicals. reactive. that presents serious danger to employees in the workplace. containers. evaluation.Module 6: Process Safety Management (PSM) The primary concern of process safety management (PSM) of highly hazardous chemicals is to protect exposed employees from unwanted releases of hazardous chemicals. or explosion. Facility: The buildings. (pounds per square inch gauge). involving one or more highly hazardous chemicals.5 p.s. or equipment that contain a process. and mitigation or prevention of chemical releases that could occur as a result of failures in process. flammable. Hot work: Work involving electric or gas welding. Normally unoccupied remote facility: A facility which is operated.g. brazing. cutting. fire. This part gives you a basic understanding of OSHA standards regarding process safety management (PSM) of highly hazardous chemicals. Process safety management is basically the proactive identification.
then it may be developed in combination with the process hazard analysis in sufficient detail to support the analysis. storage. Therefore. and operated in a safe manner.  Initial process hazard analysis must meet the Process Safety Management (PSM) standards requirement and must be completed as soon as possible.  Process hazard analysis is a systematic approach for identifying and evaluating the hazards of processes involving hazardous chemicals. any activities involving a group of vessels that are interconnected. tested. or a combination of these activities. or activities involving separate vessels located in areas where activities could result in the potential release of a highly hazardous chemical. maintained. will be considered a single process. handling. evaluate. including any use. or the on-site movement of such chemicals. The process hazard analysis must be appropriate to the complexity of the process and should identify. The employer is required to perform an initial process analysis on all processes covered by this standard. and control the hazards involved in the process.Lesson 1: Introduction to Process Safety Management Key Points  A process is any activity involving a highly hazardous chemical. 44 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . manufacturing. at least every five years. The analysis must be updated and revalidated regularly. inspected.  Employers also have to determine and document that any existing equipment that may have been designed and constructed in accordance with codes or practices that are no longer in standard use are designed and used.  If the original technical information is not available.
along with the documented resolution of recommendations. refresher training is required at least once every three years. or more 45 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide .  Furthermore. before being assigned to a new process. o The actions are taken as soon as possible. and revalidation for each process covered by the PSM. it is vital that tasks and procedures related to the covered process be appropriate.  Any type of change that could affect the process must be reported and updated in the written operating procedures. updates.  Process safety management requires that each employee who is engaged in operating a process be trained to work safely and that. o The resolutions and actions to be taken are documented. There must be a system in place that addresses the team’s findings and recommendations. According to OSHA.  Employers must develop and implement written operating procedures that take the process safety information into consideration and clearly communicate this information to employees. well communicated to the employees. so that workers are as safe as possible when engaged in processes covered by the procedures. o A schedule for when these actions are to be completed is drawn up. consistent.  To assure that employees understand and adhere to the current procedure of the process. employers must keep a copy of the analysis and make it available to OSHA on request. employees be trained in an overview and the operating procedures of that process. o The actions are communicated to maintenance and other employees who may be affected by the recommended actions. It is important the employer assure that: o The recommendations are resolved in a timely manner. The files must include the process hazard analyses. and most important. clear.
2. and Emergency Planning Key Points  PSM applies to contractors performing maintenance or repair. or specialty work on or adjacent to a covered process.frequently if necessary. and to prepare and maintain records to that effect. major renovation. What must training documentation records include? Lesson 2: Contractors.  Documenting all training is also an important task. Study Questions 1. and safety and health concerns. What must process safety management initial training include? 3. for each employee engaged in operating a process.  It is mandatory that a safety review takes place before the introduction of any highly hazardous chemical into 46 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . Mechanical Integrity. Management of Chain.  Employees engaged in operating the process and the employer must mutually decide the appropriate frequency of refresher training. turnaround. It is the responsibility of the employer to assure each employee involved in the operation of a process has received and understands the training. operating limits. Discuss steps for each operating phase.
Study Questions 1.  Emergency pre-planning and training are vital to avoid catastrophes in a workplace.the process. they may not necessarily need to be corrected before further use so long as other sufficient. The PSM requires the employer to perform a safety review for new facilities and for modified facilities.  The emergency action plan must also include the procedure of handling small releases of hazardous chemicals. PSM mechanical integrity requirements apply to what equipment? 2. Inspections and tests must be scheduled in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations. they enable employees to execute proper actions in case of emergencies. necessary safety measures are in place. good engineering practices.  Procedures that follow recognized and accepted good engineering practices should be used for the inspection and testing of process equipment.  Equipment deficiencies outside the acceptable limits defined by the process safety information must be corrected before further use. An emergency action plan must be developed and implemented in accordance with the OSHA standards for the entire plant. As long as the deficiencies are corrected in a safe and timely manner. and prior operating experience. What five items must an investigation report include? 47 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide .
This part provides a basic understanding of OSHA’s role in the prevention and elimination of work-related casualties and fatalities. To minimize or eliminate casualties and fatalities. the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) is required. within. Lesson 1: Protecting Employees from Workplace Hazards Key Points 48 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide .Module 7: Personal Protective Equipment The life of every human being is precious. Yet due to negligence and improper safety measures. thousands of workers die each year in the construction industry alone. then the employer must provide personal protective equipment to the exposed employees. It is the employer’s responsibility to assess the workplace hazards. When these controls are not feasible. OSHA requires employers to protect their employees from workplace hazards through proper and effective engineering or work practice controls. or to a person is likely to cause physical harm. dBA: Adjusted decibels Radiant energy: A kind of energy that travels outward in all directions from its sources. If they are present or are likely to be present and work practice controls alone are not sufficient. Key Terms Contaminant: Any material which by reason of its action upon.
employers are responsible for: o Performing a "hazard assessment" of the workplace to identify and control physical and health hazards.  If several different types of PPE are worn together. and evaluating the effectiveness of the PPE program. If controls are not sufficient. It may 49 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . three out of every five workers injured at the workplace were not wearing eye protection at the time of their accidents. In general.  Employees should use PPE according to the instructions provided and inspect/maintain PPE on a daily basis so that it will remain in good working condition. o Periodically reviewing. o Maintaining PPE. Employers must utilize all feasible engineering and work practice controls to eliminate and reduce workplace hazards. updating. harmful substances. o Identifying and providing appropriate PPE for employees. If PPE does not fit properly. it can make the difference between a worker being safely covered or dangerously exposed. make sure they are compatible. To ensure the greatest possible protection for employees in the workplace. o Training employees in the use and care of the PPE. personal protective equipment is required.  It is necessary that employers protect employees from various hazards such as falling objects. and noise exposures that can cause injuries.  A work practice control is a type of administrative control in which the employer modifies the manner/way in which employees perform their tasks and duties.  According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). the cooperative efforts of both employers and employees will help in establishing and maintaining a safe and healthful work environment. including replacing worn or damaged PPE.
there is no ANSI standard for gloves. that employee should receive retraining. 50 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . the chemical resistance. but OSHA recommends that selection be based upon the tasks to be performed and the performance and construction characteristics of the glove material. proper training should be provided to all those employees who are required to use PPE. retraining is important when employees do not have the required skills.  After selecting PPE.  It is essential to determine whether or not employees are trained well enough to use personal protective equipment properly. Furthermore. In general.  If an employer believes that a previously trained employee is not demonstrating the proper understanding and skill level in the use of PPE. and the physical properties of the glove material. Study Questions 1.  For hand protection. employee responsibilities involving PPE are what? 2. glove selection must be based on the chemicals encountered.  The employer must document the training of each employee required to wear or use PPE by preparing a certification containing the name of each employee trained. It is imperative that employers provide PPE to employees if what is true? 3. the date of training and a clear identification of the subject of the certification. For protection against chemicals.not provide the level of protection desired and may discourage employee use. Name the basic hazard categories.
Furthermore. Hearing. except when? Lesson 2: Head. Face.  The main cause of eye injuries is failure to wear proper eye protection equipment or wearing improper equipment. except during submerged arc 51 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide .4. dust. including personal protective equipment (PPE) shall be provided by the employer at no cost to the employees. Foot.  Goggles protect the eyes and the area around the eyes from impact. 5. Name four work practice controls. and splashes. Hand.  In one study. Employees must know and understand what about PPE? 6. and Body Protection Key Points  Bump caps do not meet hard hat requirements. laser (welding) safety goggles must be used when intense concentrations of light produced by lasers are present.  Always use helmets or hand shields during arc welding or arc cutting operations. only 1% of approximately 770 workers who suffered face injuries were wearing face protection at the time. Eye. The protective equipment.
 Gloves should also be worn whenever it is necessary to handle rough or sharpedged objects and very hot or very cold materials.  If employees are exposed to occupational noise at or above 85 dB averaged over an eight-hour period. Name and describe the three classes of safety shoes.) Study Questions 1. 2. 52 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . 3. depending on the frequency of use and permeability to the substance(s) handled.  Hands are the second most injured body part in the workplace. In addition. It is obligatory that helpers or attendants use proper eye protection. Name common causes of body injury. Describe different classes of hard hats. Contaminated gloves should be rinsed and then carefully removed after use. (Backs are the most injured. goggles or any other suitable eye protection should be used during all gas welding or oxygen cutting operations.welding. Lesson 3: Choosing Personal Protective Equipment Key Points  Gloves should be replaced periodically. the employer is required to institute a hearing conservation program that includes regular testing of employees' hearing by qualified professionals.
Careful attention must be given to hand protection
when working with tools and machinery. Power tools
and machinery must have guards installed or
incorporated into their design that prevents the hands
from contacting the point of operation, power train, or
other moving parts.
When selecting chemical resistance gloves, be sure to
consult the manufacturers’ recommendations,
especially if the gloved hand will be immersed in the
Because many substances which are health hazards
can become airborne, knowing how to protect one’s
person is very important.
A respirator is a protective device that covers the
worker’s nose and mouth or the entire face and head
to keep airborne contaminants out of the worker’s
respiratory system and provide a safe air supply.
It should be noted that before an employer would
provide any employee with a respirator to use in a
workplace, the employer must have created a formal
written respiratory protection program and have every
employee who will wear a respirator medically
evaluated by a licensed healthcare professional.
Every time an employee uses a respirator, that
employee must first inspect it. If he or she finds
anything wrong with the respirator, have it repaired or
Safety belt lanyard shall be a minimum of 1/2-inch
nylon, or equivalent, with a maximum length to provide
for a fall of no greater than 6 feet. The rope shall have
a nominal breaking strength of 5,400 pounds.
Safety nets shall be provided when workplaces are
more than 25 feet above the ground or water surface,
or other surfaces where the use of ladders, scaffolds,
catch platforms, temporary floors, safety lines, or
safety belts is impractical.
At least one lifesaving skiff shall be immediately
available at locations where employees are working
over or adjacent to water.
Where safety net protection is required by this part,
operations shall not be undertaken until the net is in
place and has been tested.
Nets shall extend 8 feet beyond the edge of the work
surface where employees are exposed and shall be
installed as close under the work surface as practical
but in no case more than 25 feet below such work
surface. Nets shall be hung with sufficient clearance to
prevent user's contact with the surfaces or structures
below. Such clearances shall be determined by impact
The mesh size of nets shall not exceed 6 inches by 6
inches. All new nets shall meet accepted performance
standards of 17,500 foot-pounds minimum impact
resistance as determined and certified by the
manufacturers, and shall bear a label of proof test.
1. What type of boots feature quick-release fasteners or
elasticized insets to allow speedy removal should any
hazardous substances get into the boot itself?
2. Most accidents involving hands and arms can be
classified under what four main hazard categories?
3. To protect hands from injury due to contact with
moving parts, it is important to do what?
4. Describe four basic methods of controlling breathing
5. What are the four basic questions one must ask in choosing the proper
6. List six warning signs to look for when inspecting a respirator.
Combustion: Burning of a material.. capable of burning intensely. Flash Point: The lowest temperature at which the vapors of a liquid can catch fire. This part is intended for the general audience. you will be able to identify different types of fires and how safety measures can be taken to avoid a disastrous situation. please contact your local fire department and consult your fire safety and security maintenance supervisor.Module 8: Fire Protection This module has been designed to deliver firsthand information about fires and fire protection measures. We will also discuss the different types of fire extinguishers in use and discover how careful planning and precautionary measures can be taken to save lives and property. Key Terms Approved: For the purpose of this part. or having a rapid rate of flame spread. After completing this section. Closed container: A container so sealed by means of a lid or other device that neither liquid nor vapor will escape from it at ordinary temperatures. Combustible liquids: Any liquid having a flash point between 140°F and 200°F. a chemical change accompanied by the production of heat and light. 56 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . this means equipment that has been listed or accepted by a nationally recognized testing laboratory or by federal agencies. For more information. Flammable liquids: Means any liquid having a flash point below 140°F and having a vapor pressure not exceeding 40 pounds per square inch (absolute) at 100°F.e. Flammable: Means capable of being easily ignited. i.
having a flash-arresting screen. and vomiting. Seek medical attention if the pain persists or if the burn appears to worsen. Apply a clean. Commence CPR/EAR if pulse and breathing are absent. and butylenes. Symptoms of heavy smoke inhalation include breathing trouble. Key Points  The majority of fire-related deaths (50 to 80 percent) are caused by smoke inhalation. and immediately seek medical attention. flush the area with running water.S.  Although smoke inhalation is the primary cause of deaths in fires.  Even if there is no visible evidence on the surface of the skin. and so designed that it will safely relieve internal pressure when subjected to fire exposure. it is second to burns in the cause of injuries. electrical burns can cause deep tissue damage. Portable tank: Means a closed container having a liquid capacity of more than 60 U. water-cooled cloth over the area to relieve pain. Safety can: Means an approved closed container of not more than five gallons capacity. gallons and not intended for fixed installation.  Be certain that any fire scene is safe before you enter. Do not apply ointment. drowsiness. coughing. such as propane. or less). resulting in serious breathing problems.Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG): A material which is composed primarily of any of the following hydrocarbons or their mixtures. propylene. butane. an upset stomach. Smoke from a fire may contain poison gases or may be hot enough to burn a victim’s throat.  For minor burns (2nd degree burns. 57 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . spring-closing lid and spout cover. Actual flames and burns are second to smoke inhalation as the cause of deaths in fires.
This class of fire extinguisher does not have a numerical rating because there is no readily measurable quantity for this type of fire.  Temporary combustible structures. What does a fire prevention plan detail? 2. Lesson 2: Fire Prevention and Safety Measures Key Points  Smoking should be strictly prohibited in any area that could pose a potential fire hazard. Distinguish between ionization and photoelectric smoke alarms. what class of fire extinguisher is this? 4. gases.Study Questions 1.  Temporary buildings should not be constructed in any location where the means of an exit could be affected. covering a maximum area of 2. Why should water never be used to put out automobile fires? 5. should be constructed at least 10 feet away from any other building and should never be used for storage and handling of flammable or combustible liquids. 3.000 square feet. Such areas should be clearly marked with "no smoking" signs. Describe the four types of fires. 58 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide .
Study Questions 1. must be provided on each floor of a multistory building. All workers must be given a copy of the fire safety plan. o Extinguishers and water drums. o No combustible material shall be stored outdoors within 10 feet of a building or structure. which are subject to freezing. should be protected from cold conditions.explosives. rated not less than 2A. o Driveways between combustible storage spaces should be at least 15 feet wide and should be properly maintained for easy access. Material shall not be stored within how many inches of a fire door opening? 59 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . o At least one fire extinguisher should be located adjacent to a stairway. o One or more fire extinguishers. o Carbon tetrachloride and other toxic vaporizing liquid fire extinguishers are prohibited.  It is essential that an emergency plan be reviewed at least annually and modified as required. or blasting agents or similar hazardous materials.  The following information pertains to open yard storage: o Combustible materials should be stored in a stable condition and should not be stacked or piled higher than 20 feet. Some specific points include the following: o Travel distance from any point of the protected area to the nearest fire extinguisher must not exceed 100 feet. o The maximum travel distance to the nearest fire extinguishing unit should not exceed 100 feet.
A clearance of how many inches should be maintained for the path of travel.2. unless a barricade is provided. in which case no clearance is needed? 3. Proper emergency planning includes what? 60 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide .
like an endless moving belt or a chain of receptacles. 61 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide .Module 9: Materials Handling This module introduces the hazards that are involved in the handling and storage of materials. they may be modified to operate in hazardous conditions. usually in a vertical direction. sometimes mobile machine that is used to transport workers and/or material from one point to another. and the methods by which these hazards can be reduced or eliminated from the workplace. These are commonly used in the construction of buildings and ships. Crane: A large. Forklift: A type of powered industrial truck that is used to transport material. the hazards they pose to workers. Powered industrial trucks: Vehicles that are used for the transport of material. Different methods of handling and storage are discussed. Screw conveyor: This is designed to convey flowable solid materials. Key Terms Conveyor: A mechanical apparatus for moving articles or bulk material from place to place. and turning are some of the common body movements that lead to back and spinal injuries. clearly identified by the large forks that are capable of vertical motion and are installed at the front. twisting. Lesson 1: The Hazards and Methods of Prevention (Manual Handling) Key Points  Bending.
Painting stripes on poles and walls is a good way to indicate the maximum height allowed. workers must ensure that storage spaces are not left to accumulate flammable materials. storage containers must have adequate capacity to handle the height and weight of stored items. 20 feet if a forklift is being used. workers must ensure that all nails have been removed before stacking it. For example. workers must wear gloves. Furthermore.  Workers must never overload mechanical moving equipment.  In the case of loads with sharp and rough edges. As such.  Maximum safe load limits that have been specified by building inspectors must not be exceeded or otherwise violated. Lumber must be stacked such that it is stable and selfsupporting. as well as being accessible and in good condition. 62 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . Another common factor that can potentially cause severe injuries is falling objects. workers must ensure that the lumber stacks are on level and solidly supported bracing. It also may be advisable for a worker to be fitted with steel-toed shoes when carrying heavy or bulky loads. and signs displaying load limits must be posted in all storage areas except for slab on grade. the type of equipment used to move a load from one point to another must be dictated by the specifications of the load itself. All types of material handling equipment have maximum weight specifications that must be adhered to. or easily harbor rats and other pests. Additionally. so as to minimize the risk of foot injuries in case of accidentally dropping the load or if the worker slips.  Lumber that is manually handled must not be stacked to a height of more than 16 feet.  Workers must ensure that stored materials are not likely to create hazards. Materials that have been improperly stacked present the greatest danger.  If used lumber is being stacked. cause explosions or tripping hazards.
flat stacking surface. if they are stored on their sides. the stacks must be tapered back onehalf block for each tier over the six-foot level. and partitions. he or she must ask for assistance when a load is considered to be what? Lesson 2: Materials Handling Equipment 63 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . the lowest tier must be secured on either side to prevent the barrels from shifting. Finally. barrels. When a stack of loose bricks exceeds four feet. Study Questions 1. 2. bricks must be tapered back two inches for every foot of height over and above the four-foot level.  Non-compatible materials shall be segregated in storage. If the worker has to manually handle an object. o However.  When masonry blocks are stacked to a height of six feet or higher. o When barrels are stacked on end. sprinklers. o Drums. and kegs must be stored symmetrically. the bottom tiers must be blocked accordingly to prevent them from rolling. Baled paper and rags must be kept at a minimum of 18 inches from walls. it is advised that boxed materials be banded. or at least held in place using crossties or shrink plastic fiber. planks must be placed between each tier to make a firm. Name the two major hazards involved in handling and storing materials. o If the stack reaches two or more tiers. Loose bricks must not be stacked to heights of more than seven feet.
I. hooks.s must not be used in atmospheres containing high concentrations of metal dust. coal.T. Critical parts such as the operating mechanisms. competent persons must be allowed to operate cranes. operation. Some other safety precautions include the following: o Overhead installations such as lights. or coke dust.  Under normal circumstances. A damaged or defective sling should be immediately removed from service. pipes.s) must have some identifying mark indicating that they have been inspected and accepted by some nationally accepted testing laboratory. 64 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide .I. Operators must know the specifications of all loads they lift. as well as signs must be changed to reflect the new requirements. If any modifications are made. o Personnel working on the loading platform must have means to shut off power to the truck if needed.I.T.T. P.  New powered industrial trucks (P.  Cranes must be inspected frequently by competent persons who are familiar with them. and maintenance instruction tags. owners and operators must not make any modifications or additions to the truck without the approval of the manufacturer.Key Points  It is very important to note that only qualified.  P. carbon black. capacity. and loadcarrying components must be checked on a daily basis to ensure that no deterioration or maladjustments have occurred. and sprinkler systems must be provided with enough headroom. such as what is actually being lifted and its weight. especially if they are under heavy stress.  Employers must ensure that slings are visually inspected before and during operation.
there are numerous methods by which a large number of lifting injuries can be prevented 65 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . What risks are associated with using conveyors? 2. In the case of material storage and handling. o When using trucks to load or unload materials onto train boxcars. trucks. making use of mechanical lifting aids. includes changing workplace conditions to make the job as easy as possible and reducing the stressors that can lead to trauma or injuries from repetitive actions. There are a number of methods an employer can use to reduce the severity of conveyor-related injuries. or railroad cars.  Unfortunately. there is no sure method to completely eliminate back injuries caused by lifting materials. or changing the height of pallets and shelves to make them more accessible. as such. Caution must be exercised at all times when handling loads. and Education Key Points  Ergonomics. Training. o Any replacement part for the trucks must have the equivalent safety levels as the original parts. Study Questions 1. trailers. However. name three. the trucks must be secured using brakes and wheel blocks to prevent their movement. this may include reducing the size or weight of objects lifted. Lesson 3: Ergonomics.o All trucks that are to undergo repairs to their electrical systems must have their batteries disconnected prior to the repairs. o Only stable and safely arranged loads are to be handled.
 It is imperative that your company’s management play an active role in the effective implementation of a safety and health program designed for handling and storage.  Employees must always keep in mind that flammable and combustible materials must be stored in accordance with their fire characteristics. or grading shall be used to ensure the safe movement of vehicles between the two levels. materials shall not be stored 66 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . Furthermore. These include the use of general fire safety precaution techniques and keeping aisles and passages clear. tanks. a means such as ramps. blocking. Also.  OSHA recommends that all employees undergo training programs on handling and storage hazards.through the implementation of ergonomic systems and the training of employees.  Providing sufficient clearance will prevent the possibility that workers will get pinned down. hoppers.  Each employee required to engage in work with material stored in silos. there are a number of basic safety precautions that can be employed to reduce the incidence of lifting injuries.  Materials should never be stored in aisles. These programs must contain material that will be helpful to employees in reducing material handling and storage hazards. and similar storage areas shall be equipped with personal fall arrest equipment meeting the requirements of Subpart M of this part. sufficient clearance will reduce the risk that a load will strike an obstruction and fall on an employee.  Bagged materials shall be stacked by stepping back the layers and cross-keying the bags at least every 10 bags high.  In addition to the use of ergonomics.  When a difference in road or working levels exists.
 Storage areas shall be kept free from accumulation of materials that constitute hazards from tripping.  Portable and powered dockboards shall be strong enough to carry the load imposed on them.  Structural steel. poles. What must a training program about handling and storage hazards include? 2. or other effective means.  Brick stacks shall not be more than seven feet in height.  Handholds. unless racked. What are four main elements of an effective occupational safety and health program? 67 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide .  Portable dockboards shall be secured in position. shall be stacked and blocked so as to prevent spreading or tilting. fire. pipe. bar stock. shall be provided on portable dockboards to permit safe handling.on scaffolds or runways in excess of supplies needed for immediate operations. Study Questions 1. and other cylindrical materials. either by being anchored or equipped with devices that will prevent their slipping. or pest harborage. explosion.
S.: Pounds per square inch Training: Process of teaching or learning a skill. Employees should be trained in the proper use and handling of tools and equipment. 68 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . Special attention to hand and power tool safety is necessary to reduce or eliminate these hazards.Module 10: Hand and Power Tools This module gives you a basic understanding about OSHA’s role in the prevention and elimination of work-related illnesses and injuries. and percussion tools without positive accessory holding means must be equipped with a constant pressure switch that will shut off when the pressure is released. Lesson 1: Safe Use of Hand and Power Tools Key Points  The employer is responsible for the safe condition of tools and equipment used by employees. etc. these simple tools can be hazardous and have the potential for causing severe injuries when used or maintained improperly. Employers shall not issue or permit the use of unsafe hand tools.  Circular saws.I.  Hand tool hazards are usually caused by misuse and improper maintenance. Key Terms Hazard: Danger or risk PPE: Personal Protective Equipment P. However. chainsaws. Hand and power tools are a part of our everyday lives and help us to easily perform tasks that otherwise would be difficult or impossible.
belt sanders. tappers. as loose clothing and jewelry can get caught in moving parts. horizontal. and when changing accessories. and saber saws must be equipped with a momentary contact ―off‖ switch and may have a lock-on provided that they can be turned off by a single motion of the same finger that turned them on. The removal of guards on 69 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . before servicing and cleaning. Additionally: o Disconnect tools when not in use. vertical. Lesson 2: Classification of Tools Key Points  Never remove guards because it makes it easier to see what you are doing. disc sanders. freeing both hands to operate the tool. o Remove damaged electric tools and tag them: ―Do Not Use. All hand-held powered drills. and angle grinders with wheels greater than two inches in diameter. o Consider what you wear. fastener drivers. o Keep people not involved with the work away from the tools. o Keep tools sharp and clean. Different types of power tools are determined by their power source. which may take one of which five forms? 2. List four power tool precautions that apply to electric cords. o Secure work with clamps or a vice. o Don’t hold the switch button while carrying a plugged-in tool.‖ Study Questions 1. reciprocating saws.
with effective chip guarding and PPE. name these. staplers. filters. Do not use compressed air for cleaning. For example: o All pneumatic driven nail guns. valves. Study Questions 1. o The manufacturer’s safe operating pressure for hoses. unless the muzzle is in contact with the work surface.moving parts may cause severe injury or even death to an employee or other persons near them.I. o Compressed air hoses with an inside diameter (ID) greater than one-half (1/2) inch must have a safety device in place to reduce pressure in case of hose failure.S. Exception: Compressed air may be used for cleaning where it is reduced to less than 30 P. Lesson 3: 70 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . pipes.    With pneumatic devices. ensure tool is fastened securely to the air hose to prevent a disconnection. All hazards involved in the use of power tools can be prevented by following five basic safety rules. o Hearing protection should be worn while operating jackhammers. Machine guards must protect the operator and others from what? 2. and other similar equipment with automatic fastener feeds shall have a safety device on the muzzle to prevent the tool from ejecting fasteners. and other fittings shall not be exceeded. Eye protection should be worn while operating pneumatic tools. Use a short wire or positive locking device that attaches the air hose to the tool.
 Flywheels that are located above working areas must be guarded by installing guards that have sufficient strength to hold their weight in the event of a shaft or wheel-mounting failure. unless the distance to the nearest fixed pulley. the passage must be 71 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . Inclined and vertical shafts.  If the upper and lower runs of horizontal belts are located in such a way that passage of persons between them would be possible.  Any part of the flywheel that extends through the working floor must be completely enclosed or surrounded by a guardrail and toeboard.  Pulleys that have cracks or pieces broken out of rims must never be used. particularly inclined idler shafts. have to be securely held in position against endwise thrust.Mechanical Power-Transmission Apparatus Key Points  Never remove guards while in operation.  Never place your hands past protective guards or try to remove them. Doing so may result in one or multiple body parts being crushed.  You must ensure that all metal is free from burrs and sharp edges at all times. Always use proper lockout/tagout procedures when performing maintenance. or hanger exceeds the width of the belt used.  Each continuous line of shafting must be secured in position against excessive endwise movement. clutch.  A guide must be provided to prevent the belt from leaving the pulley on the side where there is insufficient clearance.
Study Questions 72 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . or by a solid barrier.  It is recommended that no projecting setscrews or oilcups be used in any revolving pulley or part of machinery. Alternatively.  Belt perches in the form of brackets.  Protection against falling must be provided in any area where the drive extends over other machines or working areas. including split collars. self-closing covers must be present if frequent oiling has to be done. rollers.  Openings with hinged or sliding.  All revolving collars. etc. All screws or bolts used in collars should not project beyond the largest periphery of the collar.  All guards for inclined belts have to be arranged in such a manner that a minimum clearance of 7 feet (or 2. a platform can be provided over the lower run and guarded on either side by a railing completely filled in with wire mesh or other filler.976 meters) above floor level.  Overhead chain and link belt drives follow the same rules as overhead horizontal belts and should be guarded in the same manner.completely barred by a guardrail or other barrier. can be used where loose pulleys or idlers are not practical to keep idle belts away from the shafts. this does not apply to manually operated sprockets. the handles should be cut off 6 feet 6 inches (or 1. must be cylindrical. The upper run must be guarded in a way as to prevent contact with either the worker or by objects carried by him. However.128 meters) is maintained between belt and floor at any point outside of a guard. Oil feed tubes must be attached to all points that are not easily accessible to add lubricant while machinery is in motion..  Where belt shifters are not directly located over a machine or bench.
All projecting shaft ends and edges must be smooth and not project more than how much the diameter of the shaft. In power plants.1. unless guarded by non-rotating caps or safety sleeves? 2. only which part of the belt needs to be guarded? 73 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide .
it is non-explosive and so is stored as such. and the safety measures that can be undertaken to minimize and prevent the occurrence of their associated hazards. brittle. When dissolved in acetone. Valve: Device for controlling the flow of fluids (liquids and gases). however. light. toxic. the dangers that are involved in working with them. bivalent metallic element used chiefly as a hardening agent in alloys. Chromium: A blue-white metallic element found naturally only in combination and used especially in alloys and electroplating.Module 11: Welding and Cutting This module discusses the two most common types of welding and cutting (gas and arc). Lesson 1: Gas Welding and Cutting 74 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . the acetone is under pressure in steel cylinders for commercial use. Beryllium: A steel-gray. Grounding: To connect electrically with the ground. Ultraviolet rays: Situated beyond the visible spectrum at its violet end. used to describe radiation having a wavelength shorter than those of visible light and longer than those of xrays. The part presents fire prevention techniques and the danger of preservative coatings when welding or cutting. strong. Key Terms Acetylene: Acetylene forms explosive mixtures with oxygen or air. Cadmium: A bluish-white malleable ductile toxic bivalent metallic element used especially in protective plating and in bearing metals.
o When a cylinder is being transported. Cylinders that contain oxygen. o Compressed gas cylinders must always be placed and/or secured in an upright position at all times. the acetone could be introduced into the combustion mixture.Key Points  In minimizing chances of injury when transporting. If they were horizontal. Bars should not be used under the valve protection caps to pry them loose. cylinders should be placed in areas where they will not become part of an electric circuit. 75 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . o Cylinders should also be secured in a vertical position before being transported by powered vehicle. acetylene. This is necessary due to some cylinders being partially filled with Acetone. regardless of whether the cylinder is empty. no one will be allowed to use the cylinder for any purpose other than that intended by the supplier. the valve should be closed. In cases where this proves to be impractical. except when they are being hoisted or carried. o Cylinders should never be lifted by valve protection caps.  Only the owner of the cylinder or any person authorized by the owner shall be allowed to refill the cylinder. o Unless cylinders have been properly secured using special carriers that are intended for that purpose. or other fuel gas must not be taken into confined spaces.  Due to the flammable nature of the contents in a cylinder. and storing compressed gas cylinders: o Should the cylinder be frozen. valve protection caps must be placed on the cylinders. moving. warm (not boiling) water should be used to thaw it. they must be kept at an appreciable distance from an actual cutting operation. fire resistant shields must be used. Similarly. This is to ensure that any hot slag or flames do not reach them.
valves should not be opened more than one and a half turns to enable workers to quickly close the valve if need be. The person cracking the fuel gas valve must ensure that he or she is standing to one side of the valve and not directly in front of it. or other source of ignition. no gas will reach sparks. flames. Furthermore. If this does not stop the leak. Any defective hoses must be removed from service immediately. The cylinder should then be removed from the work area.  Before a regulator is removed from the cylinder. acetylene.  If leaks develop around any safety devices. should a regulator effectively halt the leak. Furthermore.  In the case that the leak is found to originate from the valve rather than the valve stem.  Any and all hoses that are used to carry oxygen. combust. the worker must ensure that while cracking the valve. or otherwise pose a threat to employees must be inspected prior to each work shift. The cylinder must then be removed from the work area.  When the valve has been opened and a leak is discovered in the valve stem. the cylinder will be tagged and its use discontinued.  Cylinder valves must always be opened slowly to prevent damage to the regulator. the valve must be closed immediately and the gland nut tightened. the cylinder does not have to be removed. However. 76 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . such as a fuse plug.  Workers must ensure that the fuel gas and oxygen hoses are not interchanged. the worker must ensure that the valve is closed and that all the gas has been released from the regulator. or any other substance that will ignite. the cylinder must be tagged and its use discontinued. the cylinder should be removed from the work area.
cables. Any hoses that have been subject to flashback or are displaying signs of wear and tear must be tested at twice their normal pressure. or conduits that are used for electrical circuits must not be used as ground returns. ladders. drills.  Pipelines containing gases. and Protection Key Points  Any current-carrying parts coming into contact with the holders must be fully insulated against the maximum voltage.  Stored gas hoses must be well-ventilated. Workers must inspect torches before each working shift to ensure that there are no leaks.  Any clogged torch tip openings must be cleaned using cleaning wires. 77 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . flammable liquids. Defective torches are to be discarded immediately. and other equipment must be kept away from any passageways. or any other devices that have been deemed suitable. Fuel and oxygen manifolds must clearly display the substance they contain in letters that are at least how high? Lesson 2: Welding Safety: Prevention. Study Questions 1. Ventilation. and stairs. Fuel gas from cylinders shall not be used through torches or other devices equipped with shutoff valves without first reducing the pressure through what item that attaches to the cylinder valve or manifold? 2. and hoses.
Study Questions 1.  Should a coating be determined highly flammable. any work involving beryllium base or filler metals should be done with both air-line respirators and local exhaust ventilation. the coating will be stripped off the area being heated to prevent the risk of ignition.  Because of its high toxicity. additional personnel must be assigned to guard against the possibility of fire. For example. workers should be protected with either local ventilation or an air-line respirator to protect from dangerous concentrations of what? 2. When in an enclosed space.  Chlorinated solvents.  If while welding or cutting. Workers must also ensure that any faulty or defective equipment is reported to the appropriate supervisor(s). Surfaces prepared with chlorinated solvents must be thoroughly dry before any welding is permitted on the surface. it is determined that conventional fire prevention methods are not sufficient.  When the arc welder leaves work. must be kept 200 feet away from the exposed arc. stops work for a prolonged period of time. precautions must be taken to prevent ignition. unless shielded. When welding work is being done on stainless steel. the arc welder must ensure that the power supply switch is kept open. All ground connections must be routinely inspected to ensure that they are mechanically strong and electrically adequate for the required current. or the arc welding or cutting machine is moved. all surfaces that contain a toxic preservative must be stripped of all coating for up to a distance of how much from the area of heat application? 78 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide .
 When taping parallel sections of fuel gas and oxygen together. manifold and header hose connections shall be capped. When placing or storing cylinders inside buildings. extra care is required when dealing with gas cylinders. Welding Cables. as this may expose the arc cutter or welder to an electric shock.  When not in use. Therefore. and Connectors Key Points  Although a gas cylinder is made from solid metal.Lesson 3: Operating and Using Cylinders. they should be fastened or joined together to provide good contact. well-protected.  Do not dip hot electrode holders in water. there exists the possibility that a gas cylinder could explode if exposed to electricity or heat. dry location. Study Questions 1. such as oils and excelsior? 2.  Never forget to completely insulate the exposed metal parts of the lugs. Connections of hoses should be kept free of what at all times? 79 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . make sure the cylinders are stored in a well-ventilated. one should make sure that no more than 4 out of 12 inches are covered by tape.  If connections are affected by cable lugs. and are at least how far away from highly combustible materials.
80 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide .
Electricity is accepted as a source of power without much thought given to the hazards encountered. and the load (such as a lamp. Current: Electron flow (measured in amperes). work with electricity indirectly. which is one measurement standard used to size wire. Key Terms Amperes or Amps: The volume of the current flow. If an imbalance or ―leak‖ occurs as small as 5 milliamps (. control. conductors. such as office workers and salespeople. and power line workers. tool. electronic technicians.005 amps) for as little 81 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . or heater). including a voltage source. AWG: American wire gauge (AWG). It emphasizes hazard identification. and standards. Electric shock: The physical effect nerve stimulation and/or muscle contraction caused by the flow of current through the body. Electrocution: Death caused by electrical shock. OSHA’s1926 Subpart K–Electrical is all about the safe operation of electricity. This is the case with engineers. Others. Conductors: Materials that contain free electrons that allow current to flow through the material. avoidance. Circuit: Completion of the path of the current. Some employees work with electricity directly during construction.Module 12: FOCUS FOUR: Electrical Safety This module provides you with a basic understanding of OSHA’s role in the prevention and elimination of work-related illnesses and injuries. GFCI: Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupter. a device that detects current imbalance between the circuit conductors and reference to the grounding conductor.
Resistance: Opposition to current flow. Watts: Measurement work produced by the electrical circuit. Grounding: An intentional conductive connection to the earth that provides a path back to the source from any conductive portion of the load device or equipment for any fault current that may occur in a circuit. Volts: The electrical pressure (measure of electrical force).as 1/40th of a second this device will interrupt the circuit. Insulators: Materials with few free electrons. Lesson 1: Introduction to Electrical Hazards and Control Key Points  The following are some of the dangers associated with electricity: o More than five workers are electrocuted every week. o There is a significant risk of fires due to electrical malfunctions. Approximately 10 persons per day receive electrical 82 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . preventing a shock which most people would not feel. o Electricity causes 12 percent of young worker deaths in the workplace.  LOW VOLTAGE DOES NOT MEAN LOW HAZARD!  Burns are the most common shock-related injury. o It takes very little current flow to cause harm to a person who comes in direct contact with an electrical circuit. if at all. Wire gauge: System used to measure the physical size of wire. Current does not easily flow through insulators.
although you are more likely to receive a shock if the tool is not grounded or doubleinsulated.  Conductors entering boxes.  Electric shock can also cause indirect injuries. When insulation is damaged. resulting in serious injury or death.  Improper use of cords also can cause shocks. Fatal electrocution is the main risk. although other parts of the body may be affected and are very serious injuries that require immediate attention.  The heat produced by an arc flash is four times hotter than the surface of the sun. additional internal injuries may occur with the burns as a result of the concussion force produced by the explosion from the arc flash. or fittings must be protected from abrasion. cabinets.  In the case of arc flash. Using tools and equipment that can contact power lines increases the risk. Burns typically occur on the hands.  In an arc flash incident.  Overhead and buried power lines are especially hazardous because they carry extremely high voltage. burns. a large amount of concentrated radiant energy explodes outward from electrical equipment. or fire.burns severe enough to require treatment at special burn hospitals. but burns and falls from elevation are also hazards. a high-intensity flash that can 83 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . Workers in elevated locations who experience a shock can fall.  Sometimes the insulation inside an electrical tool or appliance is damaged.  Many burns occur as a result of arc flash. creating pressure waves that can damage a person’s hearing. exposed metal parts may become energized if a live wire inside touches them.  A wire that is too small for the current is a hazard.
what may happen and what is the reason for this happening? 7. Cords can be damaged as a result of what five factors? 84 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide .  A difference of potential (voltage reading) exists between any two phase conductors. Electrical accidents are caused by a combination of what three factors? 5. You will get an electrical shock if parts of your body complete an electrical circuit by doing one of what two things? 3.damage eyesight and a superheated ball of gas that can severely burn a worker’s body and melt metal. The severity of a shock depends on what? 4. The amount of incident energy that is exerted outward at the point of an arc fault is primarily dependent on what two factors? 2. or any phase conductor and a grounded part (grounded systems only). Study Questions 1. If a portable tool with an extension cord has a wire too small for the tool. Power lines hazards can be avoided if what five precautions are taken? 6.
8. Flexible cords must not be used in any of what three
Electrical Hazards—Other Preventive
Grounding creates a low-resistance path from a tool to
the earth to disperse unwanted current.
An employer must use either ground fault circuit
interrupters or an assured equipment grounding
conductor to protect employees on construction sites.
Flexible cords must be connected to devices and
fittings so that strain relief is provided which will
prevent pull from being directly transmitted to joints or
terminal screws.
Equipment or circuits that are de-energized must be
rendered inoperative and must have tags attached at
all points where the equipment or circuits could be
As appropriate, the employer shall ensure that all
wiring components and utilization equipment in
hazardous locations are maintained in a dust-tight,
dust-ignition-proof, or explosion-proof condition.
Wet clothing, high humidity, and perspiration increase
your chances of being electrocuted.
Safety shoes should be used with other insulating
equipment and in connection with active precautions to
reduce or eliminate the potential for providing a path
for hazardous electrical energy.
Wearing a hard hat will protect your head up to 20,000
1. What three functions does a GFCI perform?
2. The AEGCP on construction sites must cover what
three items?
3. When batteries are being charged, the vent caps shall
be kept in place to avoid what from occurring?
FOCUS FOUR: Struck-By and
This module provides an overview of construction-related
incidents of workers who have been struck by and caught in
between hazards. It identifies the types of operations that
most often cause these hazards. Additionally, it discusses the
engineering controls that should be followed and lists the
personal protective equipment (PPE) that should be used to
limit or eliminate injuries resulting from being struck by and
caught in between hazards.
Audible backup alarms: These devices must be installed on
heavy construction vehicles and maintained in proper working
order. They sound an alarm to nearby workers that a
dangerous vehicle is backing up.
Chock: A wedge or block used to keep a vehicle parked from
rolling on an incline.
Excavation work: Excavation-related work is a major cause
of caught in between hazards. In 2005, the vast majority of
caught in between hazard citations were related to excavation
Limited access zone: The area adjacent to masonry wall
construction that clearly limits access by all but essential
PSI: Pressure per square inch; used to measure compressed
Shoring: A structure like a metal hydraulic, mechanical, or
timber shoring system that supports the sides of an
excavation and is used to prevent cave-ins.
Toeboards: A type of guard installed along the lower edge of
scaffold platforms and overhead walkways that is designed to
keep tools and other objects from falling and injuring workers
 Important engineering controls to consider follow: o Always install. and maintain vehicle back-up alarms.  Depending on the situation. injuries from being struck by flying or falling objects range from minor ones like bruises to severe ones like concussions.  Don’t allow workers to drive equipment in reverse without an alarm or flagger.  Two important general rules to follow are: o Never put yourself between moving or fixed objects. cars.  Proper maintenance of vehicles and the surfaces on which they operate will eliminate many struck-by injuries. Installing toeboards is considered an engineering control. highly visible clothing when working near equipment and vehicles. o Keep workers away from temporary overhead activities. blindness. workers are exposed to being struck by trucks. 88 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . and death. o Place barriers and warning signs around hazardous operations and public roadways. o Station flaggers behind vehicles that have obstructed rear views. o Keep non-essential workers away from areas of vehicle use. or other vehicles. o Always wear bright. Some workers face similar dangers in their everyday workplaces. Lesson 1: Struck-By Hazards Key Points  When working near a public roadway.below. use.
how many struck-by fatalities involve heavy equipment like trucks or cranes? 2. Always follow these safe practices while working around cranes and hoists: o Never allow employees to work underneath loads being moved.  Secure unrolled wire mesh so it cannot recoil. o Barricade areas and post warning signs to keep non-essential employees and outsiders away from overhead equipment. o Inspect cranes and hoists before each use to ensure components are in good working condition. o Never exceed the lifting capacity of cranes and hoists. Study Questions 1. With what three things are struck-by accidents usually associated? Lesson 2: Caught in Between Hazards Key Points  It is bad enough if a worker is struck by a vehicle.  Always properly stack building materials so they are clear of work areas and so they do not suddenly shift or slide onto a worker. 89 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . According to OSHA estimates. but if he or she is also pinned or caught in between another stationary surface. almost certainly life or limb will be lost.
Study Questions 1. Operational plans must always allow for adequate work areas in which to move suspended loads. OSHA’s Web site states that the top four causes of construction fatalities are a result of what? 2.  Always allow enough space around stacks of materials or wide walkways to allow workers to quickly move out of the way in case materials slide or are accidentally pushed over. Never allow workers to enter an unprotected trench (or excavation) that is this deep or deeper unless an adequate protective system is in place. How many feet is this? 90 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide .
OSHA places its rules for fall protection in several different subparts in the construction standards. lanyards. and shoulders with a means for attaching the harness to other components of a personal fall arrest system. Body belt: A strap with means both for securing it about the waist and for attaching it to a lanyard. It clarifies what an employer must do to provide fall protection for employees. pelvis. Under the standard. The standard covers most construction workers. such as identifying and evaluating fall hazards and providing training. or deceleration devices. depending primarily on the nature of the work.Module 14: FOCUS FOUR: Fall Protection This module gives you a basic understanding about OSHA’s role in prevention and elimination of work-related illnesses and injuries. The OSHA standard identifies areas or activities where fall protection is needed. Controlled access zone: A work area designated and clearly marked in which certain types of work (such as overhand bricklaying) may take place without the use of conventional 91 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . Key Terms Anchorage: A secure point of attachment for lifelines. waist. Connector: A device that is used to couple (connect) parts of a personal fall arrest system or positioning device system together. except those inspecting. investigating. employers are able to select fall protection measures compatible with the type of work being performed. chest. lifeline. or assessing workplace conditions prior to the actual start of work or after all work has been completed. Body harness: Straps that may be secured about the person in a manner that distributes the fall-arrest forces over at least the thighs. or deceleration device.
or otherwise limits the energy imposed on an employee during fall arrest. 92 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . Personal fall arrest system: A system including. Opening: A gap or void 30 inches (76 cm) or more high and 18 inches (46 cm) or more wide. Deceleration device: Any mechanism. or formwork for a floor or other walking/working surface (such as the deck) which changes location as additional floor. in a wall or partition.1 cm) or more in the least dimension in a floor. rip-stitch lanyard. Leading edge: The edge of a floor. As of January 1. the use of a body belt for fall arrest is prohibited. Guardrail system: A barrier erected to prevent employees from falling to lower levels. Lifeline: A component consisting of a flexible line for connection to an anchorage at one end to hang vertically (vertical lifeline). automatic self-retracting lifelines/lanyards. 1998. lifeline. an anchorage. or other walking/working surface. and that serves as a means for connecting other components of a personal fall arrest system to the anchorage.fall protection systems—guardrail. decking. roof. connectors. formed. or constructed. Low-slope roof: A roof having a slope less than or equal to 4 in 12 (vertical to horizontal). or strap that generally has a connector at each end for connecting the body belt or body harness to a deceleration device. through which employees can fall to a lower level. grab. roof. roof. personal arrest or safety net—to protect employees working in the zone. such as rope. or formwork sections are placed. Lanyard: A flexible line of rope. Hole: A void or gap 2 inches (5. or for connection to anchorage at both ends to stretch horizontally (horizontal lifeline). or anchorage. and a body harness used to arrest an employee in a fall from a working level. specially-woven lanyard. but not limited to. which serve to dissipate a substantial amount of energy during a fall arrest. wire rope. tearing or deforming lanyards.
and which designates an area in which roofing 93 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . whether horizontal or vertical. Steep roof: A roof having a slope greater than 4 in 12 (vertical to horizontal). the drum under minimal tension during normal employee movement and which.Positioning device system: A body belt or body harness system rigged to allow an employee to be supported on an elevated vertical surface. or trailers on which employees must be located to perform their work duties. including. and work with both hands free while leaning backwards. which may be opened to permit the hook to receive an object and. automatically closes to retain the object. roofs. bridges. or retracted onto. automatically locks the drum and arrests the fall. or similar arrangement. when released. after onset of a fall. Walking/working surface: Any surface. Self-retracting lifeline/lanyard: A deceleration device containing a drum-wound line that can be slowly extracted from. by friction. Warning line system: A barrier erected on a roof to warn employees that they are approaching an unprotected roof side or edge. on which an employee walks or works. Snap-hook: A connector consisting of a hook-shaped member with a normally closed keeper. and concrete reinforcing steel. Does not include ladders.g. Rope grab: A deceleration device that travels on a lifeline and automatically. but not limited to.. ramp. formwork. such as a wall. or runway) where there is no wall or guardrail system at least 39 inches (1 meter) high. roof. floors. Unprotected sides and edges: Any side or edge (except at entrances to points of access) of a walking/working surface (e. floor. runways. engages the lifeline and locks to arrest a fall. vehicles. ramps. Safety-monitoring system: A safety system in which a competent person is responsible for recognizing and warning employees of fall hazards.
8 meters) or more from an unprotected side or edge. or near wall openings (including those with chutes attached) where the outside bottom edge of the wall opening is 6 feet or more above lower levels and the inside bottom edge of the wall opening is less than 39 inches (1.  A safety net must have a border rope with a minimum breaking strength of 5.  If an employee is exposed to falling 6 feet (1.  Each employee working on. Defective components must be removed from service.  All components of a fall arrest system must be inspected before each use and after impact.work may take place without the use of guardrail. or safety net systems to protect employees in the area. the employer must provide a guardrail system. Study Questions 1. body belt. at. a safety net system. Lesson 1: Fall Protection Key Points  Falls are the leading cause of fatalities in the construction industry.0 meter) above the walking/working surface must be protected from falling by the use of a guardrail system.000 pounds. safety net system. What are the distinguish characteristics of a safety monitoring system and a warning line system? 94 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . above. or a personal fall arrest system. or personal fall arrest system to protect the worker.
a PFAS must have sufficient strength to withstand how much of the potential impact energy of an employee free falling a distance of six feet? Lesson 2: Inspection and Safety Monitoring Systems Key Points  Body belts cannot be used for fall arrest. When stopping a fall. When stopping a fall.2.  Lanyards and vertical lifelines must have a minimum breaking strength of 5000 pounds. a PFAS must bring an employee to a complete stop and limit maximum deceleration distance an employee travels to how many feet? 5.  Snap hooks and D rings must have tensile strength of 5000 pounds and be proof tested to 3600 pounds. If safety nets are connected together.  Lanyards should be attached to a D ring between the shoulder blades above the employee. a PFAS must be attached to an anchor point capable of withstanding how many pounds of force? 4. the connection must be as strong as the individual nets and not more than how far apart? 3. When stopping a fall. 95 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide .
and to work with both hands free while leaning. 3.  The fall protection plan option is available only to employees (engaged in leading edge work. o Be close enough to communicate orally with the employee. o Not have other responsibilities. What is a warning line system? 96 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . Of the several types of lanyards. such as a wall. use only one snap hook per D ring to prevent rollout. or residential construction work) who can demonstrate that it is infeasible or that it creates a greater hazard to use conventional fall protection equipment. what are four and their given characteristics? 2. precast concrete erection work.  A positioning device system is not a fall arrest system!  The employer must designate a competent person to monitor the safety of other employees.  A positioning device system is a body belt or body harness system rigged to allow an employee to be supported on an elevated vertical surface. Describe the two different forms of life lines. which could take attention away from his or her monitoring function. Study Questions 1. this person must among other things: o Be on the same walking/working surface and within visual sighting range of the employee being monitored.  All snap hooks must have a locking mechanism. When using snap hooks.
A Controlled Access Zone (CAZ) must be erected how far away from an unprotected edge? 97 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide .4.
and/or conveyors.5. strut. boom attachments. basemounted drum hoists. decree. Block: Sheaves or grooved pulleys in a frame with a hook. eye. or other long member supporting the hoisting tackle. Act: Such as a statute. Topics include cranes and derricks. Key Terms Accident: Harmful event that is unexpected or without apparent cause. and strap. elevators. Boom stops: A device used to limit the angle of the boom at its highest position. Brake: To slow or stop motion by friction or power. or enactment resulting from a decision by a legislative body.55 Subpart N. and aerial lifts. overhead hoists. derricks. 98 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . rigging. Crane: Consists of a rotating structure on rubber tires or crawler treads used for lifting and lowering horizontally. Boom angle indicator: An accessory device that measures the angle of the boom base section centerline to horizontal load and the weight of the object being lifted which includes load blocks and hooks. This part covers topics included in OSHA 29 CFR 1926. conveyors. Boom: An inclined spar. wire ropes. hoists. and ancillary attachments. helicopters. Deck: The revolving superstructure or turntable bed. Module 15: Cranes and Rigging This module is intended for workers who want to learn more about cranes. Counterweight: Weights used for balancing loads and the weight of the crane in providing stability.
All deficiencies must be promptly repaired and defective parts replaced before the machine can be used. and boom or other operating equipment. A study conducted by OSHA 99 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . PCSA: Power Crane and Shovel Association Pendants: Stationary wire ropes used to support the boom.Drum: The spool or cylindrical member around which cables are wound for raising and lowering loads. a criterion. Hoist: Used to lift and lower load. Outriggers: Support members attached to the crane’s carrier frame that are used to level and stabilize the crane. Jib: Extension attached to the boom point to provide added boom length for lifting specified loads. Lesson 1: General Standards Key Points  The employer should designate a competent person to inspect all of the machinery and equipment before and during use to ensure that they are within safe working parameters. Superstructure: The rotating frame. gantry.  OSHA's analysis of crane accidents in general industry and construction identified an average of 71 fatalities per year. Radius: The horizontal distance from the axis of the rotation of the crane’s superstructure to the center of the suspended load. Standards: Measure of comparison for quantitative or qualitative value.
What has OSHA identified as eight major causes of crane accidents? Lesson 2: Cranes Key Points  Crane operators must know the load limits of the crane and the approximate weight of the load about to be lifted. Study Questions 1. they usually result in major accidents involving injuries. 2.  Once the load weight is known. fatalities. and/or experience on the part of the personnel involved. Name six crane hazards.  Studies and analyses often show that mechanical failures are frequently due to the result of a lack of preventive maintenance or adequate training. and negative media coverage.  It is advised that all employees stay out of the swing radius of the crane. substantial material costs.showed that nearly 30 percent of work-related electrocutions involved cranes. the operator must verify lift calculations and determine if the load is within the load rating of the crane. OSHA determined that the preferred way to protect employees in these situations 100 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide .  Although mechanical failures represent only 11 percent of the causes of crane accidents.
and an additional inspection at least once a month.  The crane must be uniformly level within one percent of level grade and located on firm footing.  A boom angle indicator must be located on the crane in a position where it will be clearly visible to the operator.  In addition to the annual documented inspection. all operators must undergo a period of on-the-job training. For what reasons are load or load-moment indicators not reliable? 101 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . Furthermore. with six randomly distributed broken wires in one lay or three broken wires in one strand in one lay.is to completely barricade the entire swing radius of the equipment and prevent employee access to the area. more than two broken wires in one lay in sections beyond end connections or more than one broken wire at an end connection. o In standing ropes. o Wear of one-third the original diameter of outside individual wires with kinking. Study Questions 1. o Evidence of any heat damage from any cause. or any other damage resulting in distortion of the rope structure.  A thorough documented inspection of hoisting machinery must be carried out by a competent person on an annual basis.  Wire ropes should not be used in any of the following conditions: o In running ropes.  All operators must be certifiably qualified to operate a specific type of crane before they are allowed to do so. so as to familiarize themselves with any conditions specific to the workplace. the OSHA standard requires a visual inspection before and during each shift. crushing. bird caging.
List seven items/parts of a crane that must be inspected on a regular basis. make sure that they do not swing outward during hoisting. a load rating chart with clearly visible letters and figures shall be provided with each crane. Lesson 3: Cranes.  If access gates are installed in the area. and should be fixed at a location where the chart can easily be read by the operator of the crane.  It is important that the suspension system and the personnel platform be designed by a qualified engineer or by a competent person qualified in structural design. make sure their capacity and limitations of use are in compliance with current design criteria. and Rigging Key Points  Always make sure that the rated load of the crane does not exceed the original capacity specified by the crane’s manufacturer. The operator must take into consideration what six conditions that may limit the load rating of a crane? 3. The indicators must be placed where they can be easily seen by operators.  When installing cranes and derricks permanently on a barge. To avoid accidents. In 102 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide .  Cranes and derricks that have variable angle booms should be equipped with a boom angle indicator.2. the Personnel Platform.
material. to prevent accidents.  Do not hoist employees if weather conditions are bad. the crane or derrick operator should remain at the controls at all times. Cranes having telescoping booms must be equipped with what? Module 16: Motor Vehicles This module is intended for workers who need to know about motor vehicles. they should be grounded immediately and safely. signals. mechanized equipment. If employees are hoisted and a dangerous situation arises.  Only a qualified welder who is familiar with the weld types.  When the crane engine is running and the platform is occupied.  When bridles and associated rigging are not hoisting personnel. or if any other indication of impending danger exists. and grades is allowed to perform the welding of the personnel platform. overhead protection. 103 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . Study Questions 1. they should not be used for other purposes.addition. and/or barricades. signs. marine operations. the gates must be equipped with a restraining device. rollover protective structures. Always make sure that the total weight of the loaded personnel platform and related rigging does not exceed how much of the manufacturer’s rated capacity for the configuration and radius of the crane or derrick? 2.
all vehicles or combinations of vehicles in use. or placed at locations where hazards exist. must be equipped with at least two operable headlights and taillights. or combinations of vehicles. such as flagmen. must have brake lights in operable condition regardless of light conditions. signs. or by devices. Lesson 1: Subpart O–Motor Vehicles Key Points  Motor vehicles covered by Subpart O of the OSHA regulations are those vehicles that operate within an off-highway jobsite which is not open to public traffic. overhead protection. marine operations. rollover protective structures.  Whenever visibility conditions warrant additional light. mechanized equipment. Signs: Visual warnings of hazard. Tags: Temporary signs.  All vehicles. and G– Signs. This part covers the topics included in OSHA 29 CFR 1926 Subparts O–Motor Vehicles. Key Terms Barricade: An obstruction to deter the passage of persons or vehicles. ROPS: Rollover protective structures Signals: Moving signs provided by workers.Topics include motor vehicles. and Barricades. signals. and/or barricades. temporarily or permanently affixed to. Signals. 104 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . to warn of possible or existing hazards. W–Rollover Protection. such as flashing lights. usually attached to pieces of equipment or structures to warn of existing or immediate hazards.
 Vehicles operating in areas.  Vehicles used to transport employees must have seats firmly secured and adequate for the number of employees to be carried. All vehicles must be equipped with adequate audible warning devices at the operator's station.  No employer shall use any motor vehicle equipment having an obstructed view to the rear unless: o The vehicle has a reverse signal alarm audible above the surrounding noise levels. or similar equipment. unless the access roadway or grade is constructed and maintained to safely accommodate such movement. loaders. 105 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide .  Trip handles for dump truck tailgates must be installed so the operator can stay clear during dumping.  All haulage vehicles with pay loads loaded by cranes. that cause windshields to fog or frost must be equipped with operable defogging and defrosting devices. o The vehicle is backed up only when an observer signals that it is safe to do so.  Seat belts need not be provided for equipment that is designed only for standup operation.  No employer must move or cause construction equipment or vehicles to be moved on any access roadway or grade. power shovels. These devices must be kept operational.  Cracked and broken glass must be replaced. or under conditions.  Operating levers controlling hoisting or dumping devices on haulage units must be equipped with latches or other devices that will prevent accidental startup or tripping of the mechanism. must have a cab shield and/or canopy adequate to protect the operator from shifting or falling materials.
rubber-tired dozers. based on the ultimate strength of the metal. with or without attachments that are used in construction work. crawler or wheel tractors. self-propelled scrapers. bulldozers. All earth-moving equipment must have a service braking system capable of stopping and holding the fully loaded equipment. rubber-tired front-end loaders. thereby. at least two times the weight of the prime mover applied at the point of impact. graders.  The design objective must be to minimize the likelihood of a complete overturn and. wheel-type agricultural and industrial tractors. and motor graders. off-highway trucks. Every emergency access ramp and beam used by an employer must be constructed so as to do what? Lesson 2: Subpart W–Rollover Protective Structures for Material Handling (ROPS) Key Points  All rubber-tired.  Rollover protective structures and supporting attachments must be designed. fabricated. Scrapers. crawler tractors. Study Questions 1. agricultural and industrial tractors. must have rollover protective structures (ROPS). 106 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . and similar equipment must be equipped with what? 2. loaders. crawler-type loaders. and installed in a manner that supports.
Signals. accident prevention signs. such as defective tools.  Accident prevention tags must be used as a temporary means of warning employees of an existing hazard. They must not be used in place of. Caution signs must be used only to warn against potential hazards or to caution against what? 2. Study Questions 1.minimize the possibility of the operator being crushed as a result of a rollover or upset. The design must provide a vertical clearance of at least how much from the work deck to the ROPS? Lesson 3: Subpart G–Signs. Study Questions 1. and Barricades Key Points  Signs and symbols shall be visible at all times when work is being performed and must be removed or covered promptly when the hazards no longer exist. Describe directional signs.  A danger sign must be used only where an immediate hazard exists. 107 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . equipment. etc. Each ROPS must have what information permanently affixed to the structure? 2. or as a substitute for.
108 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide .
poisonous.Module 17: Excavations Cave-ins are considered the most dangerous trench and excavation hazard. Trench: A narrow excavation made below the surface of the ground in which the depth is greater than the width and the width does not exceed 15 feet. cavity. Shield: Structure able to withstand a cave-in and protect employees. flammable gases. may contain or produce hazardous substances. illness or injury to persons exposed to it because it may be explosive. such as asphyxiation due to lack of oxygen in a confined space. trench or depression formed by earth removal. Sloping: This is a technique that employs a specific angle of incline on the sides of an excavation. Excavation: A man-made cut. or otherwise harmful. unfavorable natural ventilation. has limited openings for entry and exit. inhalation of toxic fumes. The OSHA standards operate to protect workers in trenches and excavations. by design and/or configuration. and is not intended for continuous employee occupancy. flammable. oxidizing. Other potentially fatal hazards also exist in excavations. irritating. 109 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . Key Terms Confined space: A space that. Hazardous atmosphere: An atmosphere that may cause death. falls. and water accumulation that can cause drowning. corrosive. oxygen-deficient. toxic. This part gives you a basic understanding of how to work safely in excavations and what important points and requirements must be considered when working in an excavation.
 Employers must protect employees from accidents related to cave-ins by designing.  Excavations 20 feet and greater in depth must have a protective system that is planned and designed by a professional engineer. if possible.  A well-designed protective system is one that works for the type of soil.  Never overload members of support systems. and enforcing the use of excavation protective systems.  The space between the trench box and the excavation side may be backfilled (or other means may be used) to prevent lateral movement of the box.  The excavated area between the outside of the trench box and the face of the trench should be as small as possible. depth of cut.Lesson 1: Standards and Protection Key Points  Excavating is considered the most hazardous operation in the field of construction. and the type of construction being performed in the trench.  Excavations near adjacent structures may create surcharges.  The grade should slope away from the excavation. implementing. Study Questions 110 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . The plan must be stamped by the registered professional engineer and kept on the project site. changes in soil conditions or other disruptions that could lead to an excavation accident.
 Spoils must be placed in such a way that water (rain. The dangers of excavations come from the possibility of cave-ins.) is diverted away from the excavation. or in excavations in which water is accumulating.1. oxygen deficiency. in addition to the possibility of what six factors? 2.  Before an employee enters. or any other hazard that might exist.  A competent person must inspect excavations after heavy rains.  Employees shall not work in excavations in which there is accumulated water. unless adequate precautions have been taken to protect employees against the hazards posed by water accumulation. a competent person must monitor any excavation project until it is completed. etc. controls such as ventilation or proper respirators must be provided. Exceptions to the requirement for excavation protective systems include circumstances where what is true? Lesson 2: Essentials of Excavations Key Points  Employers are responsible for ensuring that materials and equipment are in good working condition. since damaged and defective materials and equipment could cause excavation accidents. 111 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . ruptured pipes.  If a hazardous condition is present in an excavation.  Employees must be protected from material or equipment that could fall or roll into excavations.  When workers are in the trench and water removal equipment is being used. a competent person must test excavations greater than four feet deep for water accumulations and possible concentrations of combustible gas.
When must employees be evacuated from a job site? Lesson 3: Soil Classification Systems Key Points  Observe soil as it is dug up. what must be done? 4. During the planning stage of an excavation.  Inspect the sides of the opened excavation and the surface area adjacent to the digging.  Crack-like openings such as tension cracks could point toward fissured material. If clods of soil spall (spall is the flaking or otherwise breaking off from the main 112 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . When must inspections of the worksite take place? 5. Employees must not be allowed to work in what three hazardous or toxic atmospheres? 3. Study Questions 1. Easily accessible emergency rescue equipment must be provided by the employer in the event that adverse atmospheric conditions exist or may reasonably be expected to develop during work in an excavation. Never place spoils within what distance of an excavation’s edge? 2.
What may be classified as Type C soils? 113 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . then the soil is mostly cohesive clay. Examples of Type A soils include what five? 2. the soil could be fissured. except those types that fall under what category. Observe the area adjacent to the excavation and the area within the digging for sources of vibration that may affect the strength of the excavation face.  If the dry soil breaks into clumps that cannot be further broken into smaller pieces then the soil may be classified as un-fissured.  Inspect the area next to the excavation and the sides of the opened excavation for traces of surface water. Small spalls indicate moving ground and can pose potentially dangerous situations. Examine layered systems to identify whether the layers slope toward the dig up. water seeping from the sides.  Observe the opened side of the digging to identify layered systems. Study Questions 1. Previously disturbed soil. or the indication of the water table level. can also be classified as Type B? 3.portion) off a vertical side. Estimate the degree of slope of the layers.  If no water shows up in a pat test.
other relevant provisions in Parts 1910 and 1926 apply to concrete and masonry construction operations. especially one on the inside of a building. a flat rectangular base or foundation of concrete or stone. Jack: A portable device that uses a mechanical or hydraulic lifting system to raise heavy objects. Sills—Building bottom of frame: The horizontal part at the bottom of a window or door frame. Topics include general requirements for formwork and masonry construction. In addition to the requirements in Subpart Q. to make something stronger by providing additional external support or internal stiffening for it. Slab: Architecture stone base for something.Module 18: Concrete and Masonry This module is designed for construction workers who want to learn about safely working with concrete and masonry projects and addresses the requirements necessary to protect all construction employees from the hazards associated with concrete and masonry construction operations performed in workplaces covered under OSHA 29 CFR Part 1926. a short distance.7. Key Terms Concrete: A mixture of cement. and water in specific proportions that hardens to a strong stony consistency over varying lengths of time. Lesson 1: 114 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . especially cars. Masonry: Stonework—the stone or brick parts of a building or other structure. sand. Reinforcing: Strengthen something. Sills—Building window ledge: A ledge below a window. aggregate.
 Employees must not be permitted to apply a cement.  To the extent practicable.  Employees must not be permitted to enter storage facilities unless the ejection system has been shut down. and water mixture through a pneumatic hose unless they are wearing protective head and face equipment. elevated concrete buckets must be routed so that no employee or the fewest employees possible are exposed to the hazards associated with falling concrete buckets. and tagged to indicate that the ejection system is not to be operated. based on information received from a person who is qualified in structural design. locked out.  Powered and rotating type concrete troweling machines that are manually guided shall be equipped with a control switch that will automatically shut off the 115 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide .  Employees (except those essential to the posttensioning operations) must not be permitted to be behind the jack during tensioning operations.Concrete and Masonry Construction (Part 1) Key Points  Employers must not place construction loads on a concrete structure or portion of a concrete structure unless the employer determines. sand. that the structure or portion of the structure is capable of supporting the intended loads.  Compressed air hoses used on a concrete pumping system shall be provided with positive fail-safe joint connectors to prevent separation of sections when pressurized.  Employees must not be permitted to ride or work under concrete buckets while the buckets are being elevated or lowered into position.
excluding tiltup members. A method for retaining what must be incorporated in the design of the semicircular masonry saw enclosure? Lesson 2: Concrete and Masonry Construction (Part 2) Key Points  Lifting inserts for other precast members. Study Questions 1.  Whenever a masonry wall is being constructed. Such plans and designs must be implemented by the employer. and must include detailed instructions and sketches indicating the prescribed method of erection.  Lift-slab operations must be designed and planned by a registered professional engineer who has experience in lift-slab construction.power whenever the hands of the operator are removed from the equipment handles. employers must establish a limited access zone prior to the start of construction.  Jacks or lifting units must be marked to indicate their rated capacity and must not be loaded beyond this capacity. must be capable of supporting four times the load. All protruding reinforcing steel must be guarded to eliminate what hazard? 2. 116 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide .  Under no circumstances must any employee who is not essential to the jacking operation be permitted immediately beneath a slab while it is being lifted.
This is why 117 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . water may be used to prevent sticking.Study Questions 1.  Oils used on wood forms may not be suitable for steel forms. but as an emergency measure only. What are the characteristics of a limited access zone? Lesson 3: Formwork Key Points  Formwork must be strong enough to support the considerable weight and pressure of wet concrete without deflection.  Remember to constantly monitor the braces while concrete is being poured since it increases pressure within the forms.  Concrete itself has a high compressive strength (resistance to being crushed) but has very little tensile strength (resistance to being pulled). Lifting hardware members must be capable of supporting how much the maximum intended load applied to the lifting hardware? 3. Lifting inserts that are embedded or otherwise attached to tilt-up wall panels must be capable of supporting at least how much the maximum intended load applied or transmitted to them? 2.  If form oil is not available. so specially compounded petroleum oils must be used.
The best kind to use for tilt-up panels is what type of back-lift? 118 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide .  Defective areas such as rock pockets or honeycombs must be chipped out until only solid concrete remains. Study Questions 1. or slightly undercut to provide a hold at the edge of the patch. 2.reinforcing steel.  Forms must not be removed before the concrete is strong enough to carry its own weight and any other loads that may be placed on it during construction. Describe the two classes formwork is divided into. which has high tensile strength. is embedded in "reinforced" concrete.  The edges of the hole should be at right angles to the surface.
Handrail: A rail used to provide employees with a handhold for support. According to OSHA estimates. Portable ladder: A ladder that can be readily moved or carried. Single-cleat ladder: A ladder consisting of a pair of side rails connected together by cleats. or steps. Failure: Load refusal. This part gives you a basic understanding of OSHA standards and the role they play in the prevention and elimination of work-related injuries and fatalities due to stairways and ladders at workplaces. Key Terms Double-cleat ladder: A ladder with a center rail to allow simultaneous two-way traffic for employees ascending or descending. Point of access: All areas used by employees for workrelated passage from one area or level to another. Almost half of these injuries are serious in nature and may result in time away from the job. Fixed ladder: This is one that cannot be readily moved or carried because it is an integral part of a building or structure.Module 19: Stairways and Ladders Stairways and ladders are major sources of workplace injuries and fatalities for construction workers. 119 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide .882 injuries and 36 fatalities per year due to falls from stairways and ladders used for construction purposes in various industries. breakage. there are 24. rungs. typically at the construction site and not commercially manufactured. or separation of components. Job-made ladder: A ladder that is fabricated by employees.
nor more than 37 inches. if any. it cannot be less than 36 inches.  If the top edge of a stair rail system is serving as a handrail. Tread depth: The horizontal distance from front to back of a tread. then a stair rail system must be provided to prevent workers from falling off the side. Lesson 1: OSHA Standards and Stairways Key Points  It is mandatory for employers to provide a stairway or ladder at points of access where the elevation between two steps is 19 inches or more. 120 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . at every 12 feet or less of vertical rise. a platform must be provided that is at least 20 inches in width beyond the swing of the door.  In those places where doors or gates open directly to a stairway. from the upper surface of the rail to the tread.  Handrails must be provided to all stairways that have four or more risers.Stair rail system: A vertical barrier erected along the unprotected sides and edges of a stairway to prevent employees from falling to lower levels.  Stairway landings at least 30 inches deep and 22 inches wide. are essential for stairways that are not a permanent part of the structure.  Handrails and top rails must be capable of withstanding a load/force of 200 pounds. If there is a fall hazard of six feet or more on an exposed side of the stairs.  Remember that a guardrail system may also be needed on a platform with a swinging door to protect from potential falls of six feet or more. or are higher than 30 inches. excluding nosing.
otherwise.5 inches apart. Study Questions 1. immediately mark it defective or tag it ―Do Not Use. Never try to overload ladders beyond their capacities. The clearance of temporary handrails must be at least how far between handrail and walls. and missing rungs.  Side rails of portable ladders must be at least 11. Do not lash ladders together to make a long ladder. the manufacturer’s rated capacity must be taken into consideration. Variations in riser height or tread depth shall not be over how much in any stairway system? 2.‖  Ladders must be constructed with nonconductive side rails if they are used in places where the employee or 121 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide .  Before using portable ladders always inspect for cracks. and other objects? Lesson 2: Ladders and Training Key Points  Always use ladders only for their designed purposes. it could lead to a severe accident. In grandfathered stairwells. unless they are designed for that purpose. stair rails may be between 34 to 30 inches from the upper surface of the stair rail system to the surface of the tread.  If a defective ladder is found.  Never try to use the top or top step of a stepladder as a step. stair rail systems. dents.
 Fixed ladders must be able to support at least two loads of 250 pounds each.the ladder could contact exposed energized electrical equipment.  Always use double-cleated ladders when ladders are the only way to enter and exit a working area with 25 or more employees and when ladders are used for two-way simultaneous traffic. Study Questions 1. rigging and impact loads resulting from using ladder safety devices. winds. and a grasping device such as a grab rail must be provided to assist workers in mounting and dismounting the ladder. When such an extension is not possible.  When portable ladders are used to access an upper landing surface. They must also support added anticipated loads caused by ice buildup. It is mandatory to equip fixed ladders of 24 feet or more in height by using at least one of what three methods of protection? Lesson 3: 122 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . concentrated between any two consecutive attachments. the ladder must be secured. the side rails must extend at least three feet above the upper landing surface. Portable ladders must be able to withstand how much their maximum load? 2.  Non-self-supporting ladders must be placed or positioned at an angle where the horizontal distance from the top support to the foot of the ladder is 1/4 the working length of the ladder—working length of a ladder is the distance along the ladder between foot and top support.
 When unavoidable obstructions are encountered. 123 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide .  The minimum toe clearance between the centerline of ladder rungs and steps and any obstructions behind the ladder shall be seven inches. the minimum perpendicular clearance between the centerline of fixed ladder rungs and steps and the obstruction on the climbing side of the ladder may be reduced to 24 inches. rigging.  Fixed ladders shall be capable of supporting at least two loads of at least 250 pounds each. Toe clearances of no less than four and one-half inches are acceptable when a specific work operation renders a seven inch clearance infeasible.Safety Measures Key Points  Each non-self-supporting ladder shall support at least four times the maximum intended load applied or transmitted to the ladder in a downward and vertical direction when the ladder is placed at a 75. winds.  Fixed ladders shall be equipped with personal fall protection systems or with cages or wells. and impact loads resulting from the use of ladder safety devices. provided that a deflection device is installed to guide employees around the obstruction. plus anticipated loads caused by ice buildup. or wherever the top of the ladder is at a distance greater than 24 feet above lower levels.  Fixed ladders with continuous lengths of climb greater than 150 feet shall be provided with rest platforms at least every 150 feet. The rest platforms shall provide a horizontal surface of at least 18 inches by 24 inches and have at least the same strength as required for the fixed ladder. concentrated between any two consecutive attachments.5 degree angle from horizontal. wherever the length of any climb on any fixed ladder exceeds 24 feet.
The length of continuous climb for any fixed ladder equipped only with a cage or well shall not exceed how many feet? 124 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide .Study Questions 1. The minimum perpendicular clearance between the centerline of fixed ladder rungs and steps and any obstruction on the climbing side of the ladder shall be how much? 2.
stationed outside one or more permit spaces. OSHA is striving to provide safety to the workers in all required disciplines. cutting. Key Terms Acceptable entry conditions: Conditions that must exist in a permit space to allow entry and to ensure that employees involved with a permit-required. confined space entry can safely enter into. Entry permit: A written or printed document that is provided by the employer to allow and control entry into a permit space and that contains the information specified in section (f) of the standard. Emergency: Any occurrence (including any failure of hazard control or monitoring equipment). and work within. the space. or event. welding. Attendant: An individual.Module 20: Confined Spaces This module encapsulates the safety regulation of the workers working in permit required confined spaces. who monitors the authorized entrants and who performs all attendant’s duties assigned in the employer’s permit space program. this section is one of them. burning. 125 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . It instructs about the hazards that may occur during the work in confined spaces. Authorized entrant: This is an employee who is authorized by the employer to enter a permit space. and heating—capable of providing a source of ignition. internal or external to the permit space that could endanger entrants. It helps the worker to learn about industry hazards especially in confined spaces. Hot work permit: The employer’s written authorization to perform operations—for example: riveting. therefore.
if appropriate. and a lifting device or anchor) used for non-entry rescue of persons from permit spaces. and. Lesson 1: Overview of Confined Spaces Key Points  Oxygen deficiency can result from bacterial action in excavations and manholes which are near garbage dumps.Inerting: The displacement of the atmosphere in a permit space by a noncombustible gas (such as nitrogen) to such an extent that the resulting atmosphere is noncombustible. the physiologic effects consist of: o o o o Increased breathing volume An accelerated heartbeat Poor muscular coordination Rapid fatigue 126 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . landfills. Testing: Four our purposes.  Between the oxygen concentrations of 14 percent and 16 percent. have the potential to contain any hazard capable of causing death or serious physical harm. Permit-required confined space program (permit space program): The employer's overall program for controlling.5 percent oxygen by volume. Retrieval system: The equipment (including a retrieval line. wristlets. with respect to atmospheric hazards. where appropriate. chest or full-body harness. or swampy areas. this is the process by which the hazards that may confront entrants of a permit space are identified and evaluated. Testing includes specifying the tests that are to be performed in the permit space. permit space hazards and for regulating employee entry into permit spaces. for protecting employees from. Oxygen enriched atmosphere: An atmosphere containing more than 23. Non-permit confined space: A confined space that does not contain or.
o Intermittent respiration  Between the oxygen levels of 6 percent and 10 percent.  Welding can liberate oxides of nitrogen.  The following elements are recommended as a guide in developing a confined space program: o Identification of all confined spaces at the facility/operation o Posting a warning sign at the entrance of all confined spaces o Evaluation of hazards associated with each type of confined space o Performing a job safety analysis for each task to be performed in the confined space Study Questions 1. there is a rapid loss of consciousness and death within minutes. However.  Some examples of simple asphyxiants that have claimed lives in confined spaces include carbon dioxide. that are physiologically inert and which do not produce any ill effects on the body. or gases.  A simple asphyxiating atmosphere contains a gas. in sufficient quantity. the physiological effects are: o o o o Nausea Vomiting Inability to perform Unconsciousness  At concentrations of less than 6 percent. and helium. argon. What is meant by obstructed space? 127 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . ozone. a simple asphyxiant will displace oxygen and may result in an atmosphere unable to support respiration. and carbon monoxide.
The OSHA standard specifies what ordering for atmospheric condition testing? 6.  The employer must: o Inform each rescue team or service of the hazards they may confront when called on to perform rescue operations at the site. 3. What determines hazards of any confined space? 5. What three components are necessary for an atmosphere to be considered flammable? Lesson 2: Safety and Training Education Key Points  All employees required to enter into confined or enclosed spaces must be instructed as to the nature of the hazards involved.2. and in the use of protective and emergency equipment required. o Provide the rescue team or service selected with access to all permit spaces from which rescue may be necessary so that the rescue service can develop appropriate rescue plans and practice rescue operations. Describe the two types of confined spaces. the necessary precautions to be taken. 128 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . 4. Describe the two major factors leading to fatal injuries in confined spaces.
and train affected employees so they are proficient in the use of that PPE. at no cost to those employees. An employer whose employees have been designated to provide permit space rescue and emergency services shall take the following measures: o Provide affected employees with the personal protective equipment (PPE) needed to conduct permit space rescues safely. o Train affected employees in basic first-aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). o Train affected employees to perform assigned rescue duties. The employer shall ensure that at least one member of the rescue team or service holding a current certification in first aid and CPR is available. o Ensure that affected employees practice making permit space rescues at least once every 12 months. Study Questions 1. An authorized entrant must alert the attendant whenever one of what two occurrences is true? 129 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . mannequins. Name six duties of attendants. or actual persons from the actual permit spaces or from representative permit spaces. The employer must ensure that such employees successfully complete the training required to establish proficiency as authorized entrants. 2. by means of simulated rescue operations in which they remove dummies.
130 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . Toxic substance: A substance that can affect the proper functioning of an organism. Workers who are required to work at or near sites that are contaminated with lead are at a greater risk of lead poisoning. Our bodies remove lead from our systems at a slow rate. so inhaling even small doses of lead for a long period of time can result in lead poisoning. Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL): The maximum level of lead particles in air that can be considered acceptable for normal workplace exposure. The PEL for lead is 50 micrograms per cubic meter (ug/m3). Key Terms Action level: The level of lead particulates present in the air that signifies close monitoring is required so that the PEL is not approached. resulting in a change in physiology through a chemical process. This part is designed for workers who work in areas where the hazard of lead contamination exists.Module 21: Lead Safety in the Workplace Lead is a very toxic substance. The action level for lead is 30 micrograms per cubic meter (ug/m3) for eight hours. Lesson 1: Lead in the Workplace Key Points  Lead is a very toxic substance and can cause severe adverse health effects if there is long-term overexposure. People who are exposed to lead or lead compounds may become ill or even die due to lead poisoning. The section focuses on the health risks associated with exposure to lead and how workers can protect themselves against it.
Additional monitoring is also required when a new task has been started that can increase the risk of exposure to lead. Lead can cause severe damage to the body even before symptoms appear.  A company is required to perform monitoring at least every six months if the exposure level is at or above the action level. Name five. control.  If you work in the construction industry and are exposed to lead at or above the action level. and reproductive systems. Your employer is required to notify you in writing within 5 days of the test if your blood lead level exceeds 40 ug/100g.  If a pregnant woman is exposed to lead. are below the action level. Lead can severely damage your nervous. or personnel.  Exposure to lead may affect each person differently. but at or below the PEL. the lead particles can pass from the mother to the infant through the placenta.  Your employer is required to inform all employees about the assessment results within five working days after they have been received. Monitoring must be continued until at least two consecutive measurements.  Your employer is required to perform medical monitoring every six months. initial medical surveillance is required. 131 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . you must be tested at least every other month until your blood lead level goes below 40 ug/100g permanently. process. that have been taken at least seven days apart. Study Questions 1. Early signs of lead poisoning can be overlooked as everyday medical complaints.  Your employer is required to perform additional monitoring if there is a change in the equipment. blood-forming. urinary. If you have a blood lead level of 40 ug/100g.
process modification. Epoxy-covered. Name five associated medical problems.  Some control measures that can be adopted to reduce your exposure to lead include exhaust ventilation.  You can avoid using lead-containing materials by selecting other materials. encapsulation. zinccontaining primers can be used instead of lead132 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . The results of all assessments that indicate the exposure level of employees to lead must include what information? Lesson 2: Exposure Reduction and Employee Protection Key Points  The permissible exposure level of lead is 50 ug/m 3. 3. Your employer must make sure that exposure does not increase above this level for more than an eight-hour period.  To clean up the work area. and isolation.  You can avoid using lead-containing materials by selecting other materials. zinccontaining primers can be used instead of leadcontaining coatings. Epoxy-covered. you must only use HEPA vacuums in order to prevent lead particles from becoming airborne. you can use equipment that decreases the risk of lead emission. Also. substitution.2.
all records and documents regarding employee monitoring and assessment must be handed over to the successor. and local laws. Less dusty techniques should be used in order to minimize the dust being produced. your employer should provide you with disposable clothes and shoe covers. state. Disposable clothing must be properly disposed of according to federal.  If your employer stops doing business. You must change into clean nondisposable coveralls every day.  Employees must NEVER wear work clothes away from the work site. At the end of each shift you must either use a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) vacuum to clean lead dust. Study Questions 1.  If there are no laundering services available. you can use equipment that decreases the risk of lead emission. Also. Before you take off your work clothes and respirator.containing coatings. They should only be laundered by professionals. including suitable respirators. you must clean all loose particles on your clothing by using high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter vacuum equipment. All workers performing clean up tasks must wear proper protective equipment and clothing. These techniques can include what two? Describe these techniques. A large amount of dust is produced while performing abrasive blasting. in order to prevent contact and inhalation of lead particles.  All accumulations of lead and lead debris must be removed every day or after every work shift. or wet it with water before sweeping it. 133 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . They should not be taken home for washing under any circumstances.
134 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide .2. Distinguish between air-purifying respirators and atmosphere-supplying respirators.
The main objective of this part is to provide fundamental information about construction-related explosives and how to safely use and secure them. delay electric blasting caps. The ingredients in the blasting agent are also not classified as explosives. there is a great potential for both fire and unwanted explosions. This section will also enable you to identify and manage risks associated with tasks involving explosives. Detonator: Blasting caps. Blasting agent: Any material or mixture that consists of a fuel and oxidizer used for blasting. particularly in construction and mining. 135 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . Electric blasting cap: A blasting cap designed for and capable of detonation by means of an electric current. electric blasting caps. Blasting cap: A metallic tube that is closed at one end and contains a charge of detonating compounds that can be detonated from the flame of a safety fuse placed into the open end of the tube. When detonated. However. Key Terms Blast area: This is the location where explosives are loaded and blasting operations are carried out.Module 22: Use of Explosives in the Workplace Explosives are used in many industrial operations. If handled properly by experienced personnel. if explosives are used by untrained workers. the use of explosives can be very beneficial. Detonating cord: This is a flexible cable that is filled with high explosives. and non-electric delay blasting caps. but is not considered an explosive. these explosives have enough strength to detonate other explosives they contact.
use firearms. or if they come in contact with the skin. most of them require the removal of a considerable amount of material. Safety fuse: A flexible cord that contains combustible matter that is used to convey fire to blasting caps.  Even though all construction projects are different.  The employer must inform all employees not to smoke.  Some explosives can be toxic if inhaled or ingested. used. or use any other heat or fire-producing device near explosive materials. economy. if handled improperly they can cause systemic poisoning. the employer must immediately inform the concerned authorities. Excavations also require a significant amount of explosive material. headaches. or when the explosives are being handled. especially in the construction of highways. and controllability are important factors in all projects involving explosives. dams. and even heart attacks. Primary blasting: The blasting operation by which an original rock formation is dislodged from its natural location.Magazine: Any building or structure.  Contact with explosives can cause low blood pressure.  If there are any explosives missing. Although most explosives are not highly toxic. chest pains. other than an explosives manufacturing building. used for the storage of explosives. which usually affects the bone marrow and the liver. light matches. Lesson: Control Measures Key Points  Explosives are regularly used in almost every phase of heavy construction. 136 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide .  Safety. or transported. and pipelines.
 You must never deepen any drill holes that previously contained explosives or blasting agents. They must also inform the drivers never to take any vehicle carrying explosives inside a garage or shop for repairs or servicing. They must then immediately remove all employees to a safe location and enclose the area.  When testing circuits in charged holes. their compartments must be located at least 24 inches apart or they must be separated by a 6-inch thick solid partition. which has been loaded with explosives that have not detonated. lightning.  If detonators and explosives have to be transported in the same car. You must take special precautions to prevent this accidental discharge. or any other electrical source may cause accidental discharge of electric blasting caps.  A fully charged fire extinguisher must be placed in each vehicle used for transporting explosives.  No one may ride with a powder car while it is being used to hoist or lower explosives or blasting agents through a shaft. nearby power lines.  You must not carry out any blasting operations without first ensuring that there is a safety switch present in the permanent firing line of the power circuit. 137 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . radar. If a fire breaks out anywhere near explosives you should notify your employer or supervisor. such as blasting galvanometers.  You must not drill within 50 feet of a hole. blasters may only use instruments that are specially designed for the purpose.  The current produced by radio transmitters. Employers must train drivers in the use of these extinguishers. Detonators and other explosives must never be transported in the same shaft conveyance.
Study Questions 1.  After firing the blast. What are the responsibilities of the blaster? 2. the blaster must lock them or switch them to the ―off‖ position. If power switches were used.  You must never use a safety fuse that has been hammered or is broken. Safety fuses are only to be used when it is too dangerous to use electric blasting caps due to extraneous electricity.  You must cut a short length from the end of the supply reel before capping the safety fuse in order to ensure that each blasting cap contains a fresh cut end. What precautions must be taken to prevent accidental discharge? 3.  Only qualified employees may enter the danger zone to eliminate misfire hazards. the explosives should be blown out using air.  The line of detonating cord extending out of a bore hole must be cut off from the supply spool before loading the remainder of the bore hole or placing additional charges.  All detonators that have not been used must be removed from the work area and destroyed immediately. If the misfired hole is under water. Blasting caps must only be attached to the safety fuse using what? 138 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . the blaster must immediately detach the firing line from the blasting machine.
The safety fuse that is used for blasting must not be less than how many inches long? 5. In tunnels and other underground areas. at least how many minutes must be allowed for the smoke to leave the blasted area? 139 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide .4.
Module 23: Scaffolds This part provides a general overview of the safety measures that are required when working on a scaffold. and other 140 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . and shoulders. chest. posts. with means for attaching the harness to other components of a personal fall arrest system. and goes on to outline the OSHA safety requirements and safety measures that can be taken to ensure that employees working on scaffolds are at little risk of injury or death. pelvis. and similar members. Boatswains' chair: A single-point adjustable suspension scaffold consisting of a seat or sling designed to support one employee in a sitting position. Maximum intended load: The total load of all persons. Key Terms Bearer (Putlog): A horizontal transverse scaffold member (which may be supported by ledgers or runners) upon which the scaffold platform rests and which joins scaffold uprights. waist. transmitted loads. materials. Crawling board (Chicken ladder): A supported scaffold consisting of a plank with cleats spaced and secured to provide footing for use on sloped surfaces such as roofs. It begins with an introduction into the various types of scaffolds. Coupler: A device for locking together the tubes of a tube and coupler scaffold. Body harness: A design of straps which may be secured about the employee in a manner to distribute the fall arrest forces over at least the thighs. Chimney hoist: A multi-point adjustable suspension scaffold used to provide access to work inside chimneys. Brace: A rigid connection that holds one scaffold member in a fixed position with respect to another member or to a building or structure. poles. equipment. tools.
What is the name for this type? 2. This type of scaffold consists of a platform supported by two bearers and is hung from a fixed overhead support with ropes. however. Outrigger beam (Thrustout): The structural member of a suspension scaffold or outrigger scaffold which provides support for the scaffold by extending the scaffold point of attachment to a point out and away from the structure or building. for instance. lies in the fact that it can be built in several directions and combinations that cater to any structure. Study Questions 1. There are a large number of scaffolds that are not widely used but are employed only in specific jobs. name five. Lesson 1: Introduction to Scaffolds Key Points  The main purpose behind the use of scaffolds is to provide support and balance to an employee and his or her materials as the employee conducts tasks in inaccessible or otherwise difficult-to-reach areas. Outrigger: The structural member of a supported scaffold used to increase the base width of a scaffold in order to provide support for and increased stability to the scaffold. 141 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide .  The prime advantage of a tube and coupler scaffold. this also makes it hard to build.loads reasonably anticipated to be applied to a scaffold or scaffold component at any one time.
 The platform should be fully planked. in which case the minimum clearance to maintain is 3 feet. it must be straightgrained and free of shakes.  Both fall arrest systems and guardrails should be provided on any scaffold that is expected to be elevated to more than six feet above the ground. The platform should not be more than 14 inches from the structure being worked on.  If wood is used on a pump jack.  Unless they have been designed for that specific purpose.  Catenary scaffolds should not have more than two interconnected platforms at any one time.Lesson 2: Overview of OSHA Directives for the Construction of Scaffolds Key Points  The regulations presented for the two-point scaffold are applicable to all other types of suspension scaffolds. dead knots. because catenary scaffolds do not usually have guardrails. all employees on a scaffold must be protected with personal fall arrest systems. scaffolds should not be moved horizontally while employees are on them. and other defects. unless the line is insulated and carrying less than 300 volts. and the gaps between the planks should not exceed one inch. Furthermore. unless stated otherwise. it is safe to assume that no more than two people should be on the scaffold at any one time.  A minimum clearance to maintain from all electrical lines up to 50 kv is 10 feet.  Catenary scaffolds have a maximum weight load of 500 pounds. therefore. 142 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide .
 Do not use different metals for the components of the scaffold. The platform for a two-point scaffold should be no more than how many inches wide? 2. The support rope must be maintained in a vertical position unless what four conditions are met? Lesson 3: Scaffold Safety Measures Key Points  One out of every three deaths in construction results from fatal falls.  Any systems that have been involved in a fall impact (that is. When stopping a fall. do not under any circumstances try to mix and match the components. The maximum height at which a platform can be placed is 20 feet from the supported base. have been involved in arresting a falling worker) should be removed immediately and not used again until they have been inspected to ensure that they are undamaged. personal fall arrest systems should limit the maximum arresting force to no more than how many pounds? 143 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide . Study Questions 1. Study Questions 1.  If you have scaffolds from two or more manufacturers.
The fall arrest system must have sufficient strength to withstand how much the potential impact energy of a worker freefalling for six feet? 144 OSHA 30-Hr Construction Study Guide .2.
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