Source: https://www.breeam.com/BREEAMInt2016SchemeDocument/content/05_health/hea_02.htm
Timestamp: 2019-05-24 20:03:56
Document Index: 786381252

Matched Legal Cases: ['art 2', 'art 3', 'art 5', 'art 6', 'art 1', 'art 9', 'art 9', 'art 1', 'arts 1', 'art 1', 'art 2', 'art 3', 'art 4', 'art 1', 'arts 1', 'art 1', 'art 2', 'art 3', 'art 2']

You are here: 6.0 Health and Wellbeing > Hea 02 Indoor air quality
Building type dependent Yes (criterion 1 )
Prerequisite - avoidance of asbestos
1 Materials containing asbestos are prohibited from being specified and used within the building.
2 An indoor air quality plan has been produced and implemented, with the objective of facilitating a process that leads to design, specification and installation decisions and actions that minimise indoor air pollution during the design, construction and occupation of the building. The indoor air quality plan must consider the following:
2.a Removal of contaminant sources
2.b Dilution and control of contaminant sources
2.c Procedures for pre-occupancy flush out
2.d Third party testing and analysis
2.e Maintaining indoor air quality in-use
3 Criterion 2 has been achieved.
4 Provide fresh air into the building in accordance with the criteria of the national best practice standard for ventilation.
5 The location of fresh air intakes are designed to minimise the entry of air pollutants into the building, as follows:
5.a In air-conditioned and mixed-mode buildings or spaces:
5.a.i The location of the building's air intakes and exhausts, in relation to each other and external sources of pollution, is designed in accordance with EN 13779:20071EN 13779:2007 Ventilation for non-residential buildings - Performance requirements for ventilation and room-conditioning systems Annex A2 (see CN3 for alternative methods of compliance).
5.a.ii Where EN 13779:20072EN 13779:2007 Ventilation for non-residential buildings - Performance requirements for ventilation and room-conditioning systems Annex A2 is not followed, the building’s air intakes and exhausts are over 10m of horizontal distance apart and intakes are over 10m of horizontal distance from sources of external pollution.
5.b In naturally ventilated buildings or spaces: openable windows or ventilators are at least 10m of horizontal distance from sources of external pollution (including the location of any building related air exhausts).
6 Where present, HVAC systems must incorporate suitable filtration to minimise external air pollution, as defined in EN 13779:2007 Annex A3.
7 Areas of the building subject to large and unpredictable or variable occupancy patterns have carbon dioxide (CO₂) or air quality sensors specified and:
7.a In mechanically ventilated buildings or spaces: sensors are linked to the mechanical ventilation system and provide demand-controlled ventilation to the space
7.b In naturally ventilated buildings or spaces: sensors either have the ability to alert the building owner or manager when CO₂ levels exceed the recommended set point, or are linked to controls with the ability to adjust the quantity of fresh air, i.e. automatic opening windows or roof vents.
8 In countries where smoking within buildings is not prohibited by law, one of the following is specified:
8.a A smoking ban covering all public and staff areas of the building is implemented, and 'No Smoking' signs are located in appropriate areas clearly visible to all occupants (i.e. common areas, offices and building entrances) OR
8.b Where smoking is permitted in dedicated smoking rooms only and smoking is banned in all other areas with 'No Smoking' signs located in appropriate areas clearly visible to all occupants and where:
8.b.i Ventilation rates in the dedicated smoking room are in accordance with national best practice standards for ventilation
8.b.ii A separate ventilation system prevents recirculation within the room and the smoking room is separated from all other occupied areas by a lobby
8.b.iii Air intakes or exhausts or openable windows or ventilators are positioned to minimise recirculation of smoke (see criterion 5 ).
One credit - Emissions from building products
9 Criterion 2 has been achieved.
10 At least four of the five product types listed in Table 17 meet the emission limits, testing requirements and any additional requirements listed in Table 17 or refer to CN3.5.
One credit - post-construction indoor air quality measurement
11 Criterion 2 has been achieved.
12 The formaldehyde concentration in indoor air is measured post-construction (but pre-occupancy) and does not exceed 100µg/m³, averaged over 30 minutes3World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe. Selected pollutants: WHO guideline for indoor air quality Internet. 2010 cited 2015 Oct 26. Available from: www.who.int/indoorair/publications/9789289002134/en/.
13 The formaldehyde sampling and analysis is performed in accordance with ISO 16000-24ISO 16000-2:2006 Indoor air. Part 2: Sampling strategy for formaldehyde (2006). International Organization for Standardisation (ISO). and ISO 16000-35ISO 16000-3:2011 Indoor air. Part 3: Determination of formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds in indoor air and test chamber air - Active sampling method (2011). International Organization for Standardisation (ISO). .
14 The total volatile organic compound (TVOC) concentration in indoor air is measured post-construction (but pre-occupancy) and does not exceed 300µg/m³, averaged over 8 hours with 6European Concerted Action on Indoor Air Quality and its Impact on Man – Report No. 11: Guidelines for Ventilation Requirements in Buildings (1992). Commission of the European Communities..
15 The TVOC sampling and analysis is performed in accordance with ISO 16000-57ISO 16000-5:2007 Indoor air. Part 5: Sampling strategy for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (2007). International Organization for Standardisation (ISO). and ISO 16000-68ISO 16000-6:2011 Indoor air. Part 6: Determination of volatile organic compounds in indoor and test chamber air by active sampling on Tenax TA® sorbent, thermal desorption and gas chromatography using MS or MS-FID (2011). International Organization for Standardisation (ISO). or ISO 16017-19ISO 16017-1:2001 Indoor, ambient and workplace air - Sampling and analysis of volatile organic compounds by sorbent tube or thermal desorbtion or capillary gas chromatography - Part 1: Pumped sampling (2001). International Organization for Standardisation (ISO). .
16 Where levels are found to exceed these limits, the project team confirms the measures that have, or will be undertaken in accordance with the IAQ plan, to reduce the TVOC and formaldehyde levels to within the above limits.
17 The measured concentration levels of formaldehyde (µg/m³) and TVOC (µg/m³) are reported, via the BREEAM scoring and reporting tool, for the purpose of confirming criteria 12 to 15 .
18 The building ventilation strategy is designed to be flexible and adaptable to potential building occupant needs and climatic scenarios. This can be demonstrated as follows:
18.a Occupied spaces of the building are designed to be capable of providing fresh air entirely via a natural ventilation strategy. The following are methods deemed to satisfy this criterion dependent upon the complexity of the proposed system:
18.a.i The openable window area in each occupied space is equivalent to 5% of the gross internal floor area of that room or floor plate. For room or floor plates between 7m-15m depth, the openable window area must be on opposite sides and evenly distributed across the area to promote adequate cross-ventilation; OR
18.a.ii The design demonstrates that the natural ventilation strategy provides an adequate cross flow of air to maintain the required thermal comfort conditions and ventilation rates.
For a strategy which does not rely on openable windows, or which has occupied spaces with a plan depth greater than 15m, the design must demonstrate that the ventilation strategy can provide adequate cross flow of air to maintain the required thermal comfort conditions and ventilation rates.
19 The natural ventilation strategy is capable of providing at least two levels of user control on the supply of fresh air to the occupied space (see CN3.12 for further details).
Note: Any opening mechanisms must be easily accessible and provide adequate user control over air flow rates to avoid draughts. Relevant industry standards for ventilation can be used to define 'adequate levels of fresh air' sufficient for occupancy and internal air pollution loads relevant to the building type.
Note: Residential buildings and residential institutions with self-contained flats and individual bedrooms must have a degree of openable window function. This does not need to provide two levels of user control (as required in criteria 18 and 19 ), but must be occupant controlled.
20 Criterion 2 has been achieved.
21 At least four of the five product types listed in Table 18 meet the emission limits, testing requirements and any additional requirements listed in Table 18
22 Criterion 2 has been achieved.
23 All product types meet the emission limits, testing requirements and any additional requirements listed in Table 18.
Table 17: Emission criteria by product type
Emission limit*
Category 1A and 1B carcinogens
≤ 0.06 mg/m³
≤ 1.0 mg/m³
≤ 0.001 mg/m³
EN 16402 10EN 16402:2013 Paints and varnishes - Assessment of emissions of substances from coatings into indoor air - Sampling conditioning and testing (2013). European Committee for Standardisation (CEN).
ISO 16000-9 11ISO 16000-9:2006 Indoor air. Part 9 - Determination of the emission of volatile organic compounds from building products and furnishing - Emission test chamber method (2006). International Organization for Standardisation (ISO).
CEN/TS 16516 12CEN/TS 16516:2013 Construction products - Assessment of release of dangerous substances - determination of emissions into indoor air (2013). European Committee for Standardisation (CEN).
CDPH Standard Method v1.1 13Standard method for the testing and evaluation of volatile organic chemical emissions from indoor sources using environmental chambers Version 1.1 (Emission testing method for California Specification 01350) (2010). California Department of Public Health (CDPH).
Meet TVOC content limits (Table 19). Paints used in wet areas (e.g. bathrooms, kitchens, utility rooms) should protect against mould growth (see CN3.4).
Wood-based products(including wood flooring)
≤ 0.06 mg/m³ (Non-MDF)
≤ 0.08 mg/m³ (MDF)
≤ 1.0 mg/m³ ≤ 0.001 mg/m³
ISO 16000-914ISO 16000-9:2006 Indoor air. Part 9 - Determination of the emission of volatile organic compounds from building products and furnishing - Emission test chamber method (2006). International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
CEN/TS 1651615CEN/TS 16516:2013 Construction products - Assessment of release of dangerous substances - determination of emissions into indoor air (2013). European Committee for Standardization (CEN).
CDPH Standard Method v1.116Standard method for the testing and evaluation of volatile organic chemical emissions from indoor sources using environmental chambers Version 1.1 (Emission testing method for California Specification 01350) (2010). California Department of Public Health (CDPH).
EN 717-1 (formaldehyde emissions only) 17EN 717-1:2004 Wood-based panels - Determination of formaldehyde release - Part 1: Formaldehyde emission by the chamber method (2004). European Committee for Standardisation (CEN).
Flooring materials (including floor levelling compounds and resin flooring)
ISO 10580
Ceiling, wall, and acoustic and thermal insulation materials
≤ 0.06 mg/m³ ≤ 1.0 mg/m³ ≤ 0.001 mg/m³ N/A
Interior adhesives and sealants (including flooring adhesives)
≤ 0.06 mg/m³ ≤ 1.0 mg/m³ ≤ 0.001 mg/m³
EN 13999 (Parts 1-4) 18EN 13999-1:2013 Adhesives - Short term method for measuring the emission properties of low-solvent or solvent-free adhesives after application - Part 1: General procedure (2013). European Committee for Standardisation (CEN).19EN 13999-2:2013 Adhesives - Short term method for measuring the emission properties of low-solvent or solvent-free adhesives after application - Part 2: Determination of volatile organic compounds (2013). European Committee for Standardisation (CEN).20EN 13999-3:2007+A1:2009 Adhesives - Short term method for measuring the emission properties of low-solvent or solvent-free adhesives after application - Part 3: Determination of volatile aldehydes (2009). European Committee for Standardisation (CEN).21EN 13999-4:2007+A1:2009 Adhesives - Short term method for measuring the emission properties of low-solvent or solvent-free adhesives after application - Part 4: Determination of volatile diisocyanates (2009). European Committee for Standardisation (CEN).
* Compliance with emission limits shall be demonstrated after 28 days in an emission test chamber or earlier as stipulated by the relevant testing requirements standard
Table 18: Exemplary level emission criteria by product type
Product type (see CN7.2)
Total semi-volatile organic compounds (TSVOC)
Testing requirement (see CN7.3 and CN7.4)
≤ 0.01 mg/m³
≤ 0.3 mg/m³
≤ 0.1 mg/m³
EN 16402 22EN 16402:2013 Paints and varnishes - Assessment of emissions of substances from coatings into indoor air - Sampling conditioning and testing (2013). European Committee for Standardization (CEN).
Meet VOC content limits (Table 19).
Paints used in wet areas (e.g. bathrooms, kitchens, utility rooms) should protect against mould growth (see CN3.4).
Wood-based products including wood flooring
≤ 0.01 mg/m³ ≤ 0.3 mg/m³ ≤ 0.1 mg/m³ ≤ 0.001 mg/m³
EN 717-1 (formaldehyde emissions only)23EN 717-1:2004 Wood-based panels - Determination of formaldehyde release - Part 1: Formaldehyde emission by the chamber method (2004). European Committee for Standardization (CEN).
EN 13999 (Parts 1-4)24ISO 10580:2010 Resilient, textile and laminate floor coverings - Test method for volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions (2010). International Organization for Standardization (ISO). , 25EN 13999-1:2013 Adhesives - Short term method for measuring the emission properties of low-solvent or solvent-free adhesives after application - Part 1: General procedure (2013). European Committee for Standardization (CEN).,26EN 13999-2:2013 Adhesives - Short term method for measuring the emission properties of low-solvent or solvent-free adhesives after application - Part 2: Determination of volatile organic compounds (2013). European Committee for Standardization (CEN).,27EN 13999-3:2007+A1:2009 Adhesives - Short term method for measuring the emission properties of low-solvent or solvent-free adhesives after application - Part 3: Determination of volatile aldehydes (2009). European Committee for Standardization (CEN).
Table 19 Maximum TVOC content for paints and coatings
Free TVOC content of ready-to-use product (g/l)
Testing requirements (see CN7.4)
Interior matt walls and ceilings (Gloss <25@60°)
Calculation based on the ingredients and raw materials
Interior glossy walls and ceilings (Gloss >25@60°) 40
Interior trim and cladding paints for wood and metal 90
Interior trim varnishes and wood stains, including opaque wood stains 65
Interior minimal build wood stains 50
Primers 15
Binding primers 15
One-pack performance coatings 100
Two-pack reactive performance coatings for specific end use such as floors 80
Multi-coloured coatings 80
Decorative effect coatings 80
Shell and core (non-residential and residential institutions only)
Prerequisite: criterion 1
Indoor air quality: criterion 2
Ventilation: criteria 3 to 8
Shell only: These criteria are not applicable.
Shell and core: Criteria 4 and 5 are applicable
Emissions levels: criteria 9 to 17 and 20 to 23
Adaptability - Potential for natural ventilation: criteria 18 to 19
Refer to Appendix D – Shell and core project assessments for a more detailed description of the shell and core assessment options.
See criteria 4 and 5
Residential - Partially fitted and fully fitted
Applicable assessment criteria - Single and multiple dwellings
Indoor air quality plan: criterion 2
Both options: Criteria 4 to 6 are applicable.
Emissions from building products: criteria 9 to 10
Both options: Criterion 10 is applicable.
Post-construction indoor air quality measurement: criteria 11 to 17
Exemplary: criteria 20 to 23
Refer to Appendix E – Applicability of BREEAM New Construction to single and multiple dwellings, partially and fully fitted for a more detailed description of residential assessment options.
Alternative methods for demonstrating compliance with the air intake and exhaust criteria Compliance with the criteria can be demonstrated using alternative methods (e.g. wind tunnel studies, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling), if such methods demonstrate that the proposed location of intakes and exhausts prevents significant recirculation of exhaust air under typical wind conditions.
Non-VOC emitting products Inherently non-VOC emitting products such as brick, natural stone, concrete, ceramic tile, glass, metal surfaces, etc. do not need to be assessed and can be deemed fully compliant with the criteria, unless organic-based coatings, binders, or sealants are used in their production or finishes.
Testing requirements for emission limits The testing requirements for emission limits are based on the use of standardised emission test chamber methods. Perforator, flask, desiccator and other extraction based test methods are specifically excluded. Compliance with these requirements may be met using alternative standards, where these stipulate emission test chamber methods similar to those in the standards listed in Table 17 and Table 18. BREEAM Assessors must submit details of any alternative standards to BRE Global for approval prior to awarding any credits for this issue.
Accreditation of organisations performing sampling or laboratory analysis
All organisations used for sampling and analysis of indoor air or for analysis of emissions from building products must be accredited to ISO/IEC 1702528ISO/IEC 17025:2005 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories (2005). International Organization for Standardisation (ISO). with specific accreditation covering:
Sampling: Pumped sampling for formaldehyde in air; Pumped sampling for VOCs in air
Chemical analysis: Determination of formaldehyde; Determination of VOCs.
Sampling and chemical analysis of indoor air can be performed by separate organisations, but both must be accredited.
Paints used in wet areas Evidence must be provided to show that paints used in wet areas protect against mould growth. Evidence could include appropriate test results (e.g. fungal or algal resistance testing) or manufacturer’s product information or declaration. There are European standard tests which could be used: EN 1545729EN 15457:2014 Paints and varnishes - Laboratory method for testing the efficacy of film preservatives in a coating against fungi (2014). European Committee for Standardisation (CEN). and EN 1545830EN 15458:2014 Paints and varnishes - Laboratory method for testing the efficacy of film preservatives in a coating against algae (2014). European Committee for Standardisation (CEN)..
BREEAM recognised alternative schemes for emission levels from building products Guidance note 22, available on the BREEAM website, provides a list of approved alternative schemes recognised by BREEAM that can be used to demonstrate compliance for the emission from building products levels.If assessors, clients or scheme operators wish to seek recognition of other schemes not currently listed, please contact the BREEAM office (breeam@bre.co.uk) for details of the application process.
Products used in small quantities for ad hoc purposes All products specified for a project that fall within one of the product types listed in Table 17 and Table 18 must be assessed under this issue. However, it is accepted that it may be difficult to control the specification of some products (e.g. sealants) that are used in small quantities for ad hoc purposes such as ‘making good’. As such, any products used in this way do not need to be assessed for this issue. The BREEAM Assessor should use their judgment to determine whether products being used or intended to be used for ad hoc purposes will be used in significant quantities and therefore need to be assessed for this issue.
Self-declaration of emission levels from building products Self-declaration, by manufacturers, of emission levels from building products is acceptable if testing has been performed by an accredited laboratory in accordance with CN3.3 or where the manufacturer declares that the product contains no formaldehyde or VOC emitting substances.
Number of product types required to comply
Where four or fewer product types are specified within the building, the number of product types that need to be assessed for the emissions criteria reduces proportionally as follows:
Scope of assessment for product types installed or applied within a building Only products that are installed or applied in parts of the building where their emissions are likely to affect indoor air quality need to be assessed. For the purposes of this issue, this means any product installed or applied inside of the inner surface of the building’s infiltration, vapour or waterproof membrane or, where not present, inside of the inner surface of the building envelope’s interior facing thermal insulation layer.
Furnishings The scope of the VOC credits does not extend to furnishings, e.g. desks or shelving, it focuses on the key internal finishes and fittings integral to the building.
Mechanically ventilated or cooled buildings.
See criteria 18 and 19 .
Buildings that employ a mechanically ventilated or cooled strategy are still able to achieve this credit provided it can be demonstrated that the features required by the criteria can be made easily available to the building user, e.g. windows fixed shut for an air-conditioned strategy can be modified to be opening windows. The aim of the potential for natural ventilation criteria is to ensure that a building is capable of providing fresh air using a natural ventilation strategy.
Where the building is predominantly naturally ventilated, but mechanical ventilation is necessary to boost ventilation during peak conditions, (i.e. either maximum occupancy, peak temperature conditions or both) due to the function or specific usage patterns of the building, the potential for the natural ventilation credit can still be awarded provided calculations or modelling demonstrate that the mechanical ventilation system will be required for ≤ 5% of the annual occupied hours in the occupied spaces for the adopted building design or layout.
Levels of ventilation. See criterion 19 .
Higher level: higher rates of ventilation achievable to remove short term odours or prevent summertime overheating
Industrial buildings without offices If the building does not contain any office areas, only the prerequisite within this issue applies.
Retail buildings without offices The Adaptability - Potential for natural ventilation credit applies only to office areas. If the building does not contain any office areas, this credit is filtered out.
The relevant section or clauses of the building specification or contract or appropriate legislation.
BREEAM Assessor’s site inspection report and photographic evidence or ‘as-built’ drawings, specification and calculations
A formal letter from the design team or principal contractor confirming no changes have occurred since the design stage.
A copy of the indoor air quality plan.
Relevant section or clauses of the building specification or contract.
BREEAM Assessor’s site inspection report and photographic evidence or ‘as-built’ drawings.
For a naturally ventilated building, a letter from the design team or principal contractor confirming the building has been built in accordance with a design compliant with the BREEAM criteria.
For a mechanically ventilated building, the commissioning manager’s performance testing report confirming the required fresh air rates are achieved.
Letter from or copies of the manufacturer’s literature confirming testing standards and emissions achieved.
Commitment to carry out necessary testing post-construction.
Confirmation from the project team that the recommendations are still relevant and have been implemented. Testing results for formaldehyde and TVOCs.
18–19 Relevant section or clauses of the building specification or contract.
A formal letter from the design team with details of the ventilation strategy and calculations or results from appropriate software modelling tools.
Manufacturers’ or suppliers’ literature. BREEAM Assessor’s site inspection report and photographic evidence* or ‘as-built’ drawings, specification and calculations
* A random spot check of a selection of occupied spaces is sufficient. The assessor is not required to check each opening in all spaces or rooms.
Carcinogenic compounds detectable by the VOC emission testing requirements in Table 1 and Table 2 and that are classified as category 1A or 1B carcinogens in Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008 on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures31Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures, amending and repealing Directives 67/548/EEC and 1999/45/EC, and amending Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (2008). European Union.,which are listed as Carcinogenic VOCs in Annex G.2 of prEN 16516 (draft)32prEN 16516:2015 Construction products - Assessment of release of dangerous substances - Determination of emissions into indoor air (2015). European Committee for Standardisation (CEN)..
Habitable or occupied room
A room used for dwelling purposes or a room in a non-dwelling occupied by people (e.g. office, hotel bedroom, classroom) but which is not used solely as a kitchen, bathroom, cellar, utility room or for storing plant or equipment.33Approved Document F, Means of Ventilation, HM Government, 2010
Swimming or hydrotherapy pools
Sauna, steam room or hammam (for hotel building type only)
Operational, shop floors or ancillary areas in industrial buildings.
Car parks, delivery areas and vehicle waiting bays
Other building exhausts, including from building services plant, industrial or agricultural processes.
Service and access roads with restricted and infrequent access (for example roads used only for waste collection) are unlikely to represent a significant source of external pollution. These roads can therefore be excluded from the criteria of this issue. This does not include vehicle pick-up or drop-off or waiting bays.
Total semi-volatile organic compound (TSVOC)
Sum of the concentrations of identified and unidentified volatile organic compounds eluting between n-hexadecane (excluded) and n-docosane (included) on a gas chromatographic column.
Sum of the concentrations of identified and unidentified volatile organic compounds eluting between and including n-hexane and n-hexadecane on a gas chromatographic column.
Post-construction indoor air quality measurement
The measurement of formaldehyde and TVOC must be made in accordance with the relevant standards (as listed in the criteria). ISO 16000-234ISO 16000-2:2006 Indoor air. Part 2: Sampling strategy for formaldehyde (2006). International Organization for Standardization (ISO). and ISO 16000-5 provide guidance on sampling strategies for formaldehyde and VOCs, respectively. Sampling should be performed in rooms that will be occupied for long periods of time such as bedrooms, living rooms, classrooms, offices, etc. A representative number of rooms should be sampled, rather than every room in the building. For example, in an office building, sampling of one cellular or single occupancy office should suffice to assess the indoor air quality for that type of habitable space in the building (assuming the other cellular offices have the same materials specification and ventilation strategy). In larger rooms, such as open-plan office areas, additional sampling locations may be required in order to understand the homogeneity of the indoor environment.
Uncertainties in sampling and analysis are inevitable and unavoidable, therefore it is recommended that replicate samples are taken at each sampling location (ideally a minimum of three samples for each measurement parameter). Before sampling, naturally ventilated rooms should be intensively ventilated for 15 minutes and then outer doors and windows closed for at least 8 hours (e.g. overnight) before sampling begins with the room still closed off. For mechanically ventilated rooms, the ventilation system should be running under standard operating conditions for at least for 3 hours before sampling begins. Sampling locations should be at least 1m to 2m from a wall and at a height of between 1m to 1.5m.
This information is provided to assist project teams and BREEAM Assessors on the appropriate scope of post-construction indoor air quality measurement, and, as such, is intended as guidance only and not a compliance requirement. The sampling strategy should be determined based on the advice of the appropriate person appointed to conduct the testing.
Reference: SD233 – Issue: 2.0
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