Source: http://www.narf.org/icwa/state/idaho/case/doe1.html
Timestamp: 2014-03-12 01:05:00
Document Index: 675048034

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 2', '§ 1901', '§ 103', '§ 1913', '§ 16', '§ 2', '§ 102', '§ 1912', '§ 102', '§ 102', '§ 1912', '§ 1', '§ 1912', '§ 102', '§ 102', '§ 1915', '§ 1901', '§ 1912', '§ 1912', '§ 1912', '§ 16', '§ 1921', '§ 1913', '§ 1913', '§ 1913', '§ 16', '§ 1916', '§ 1912', '§ 1912', '§ 1912', '§ 1912', '§ 16', '§ 16', '§ 1912', '§ 16', '§ 1912', '§ 1912', '§ 1', '§ 1912', '§ 1915', '§ 1915', '§ 1915', '§ 1912', '§ 1915']

(Cite as: 127 Idaho 452, 902 P.2d 477)
Court of Idaho,
March 1995 Term.
the Matter of BABY BOY DOE, A Minor Child.
and Jane DOE, Petitioners-Respondents-Respondents on Appeal,
ROE and Mary Roe, Respondents-Respondents-Respondents on Appeal,
Tribe, Intervenor-Appellant-Appellant on Appeal.
Trial court's findings of fact will be upheld if supported by substantial competent evidence.
issue of law, Supreme Court exercises free review.
trial court correctly applied Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA) to
facts is a question of law and is subject to
free review. Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978, § 2
et seq., as amended, 25 U.S.C.A. § 1901
Child Welfare Act (ICWA) applied to determine validity of non-Native
American mother's consent to termination of her parental rights and
to adoption of child whose father was Native American; accordingly,
consents were invalid in that none contained required judicial certification.
of 1978, § 103(a),
as amended, 25 U.S.C.A. § 1913(a).
terminating mother's parental rights only in favor of adoptive parents
was conditional and, as such, was not valid. I.C. § 16-2011.
whose parental rights were never terminated was proper party to
proceedings, under Indian Child Welfare Act, to terminate father's parental
rights. Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978, § 2
Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA), it need not be shown
beyond reasonable doubt that rehabilitative efforts were offered and were
futile, in order to terminate parental rights to Native American
child. Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978, § 102(d),
as amended, 25 U.S.C.A. § 1912(d).
and competent evidence must support trial court's finding, in proceeding
to terminate parental rights to Native American child, that adequate
remedial efforts were made. Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978,
§ 102(d),
competent evidence supported determination that Native American father had been
offered adequate remedial services and that the efforts had proved
futile, so as to support termination of father's parental rights;
tribe filed
paternity claim on father's behalf, adoptive parents' attorneys notified father
of his rights, mother asked father to attend counseling with
church social worker before child's birth, state of Utah attempted
to encourage father to support his children by initiating wage
withholding for child support, and attorney was appointed to represent
father, but father failed to cooperate in any way with
his attorney or participate in the proceedings at issue, refused
to pay child support, and did not try to contact
of one qualified expert witness is sufficient, under Indian Child
Welfare Act (ICWA), to support finding that continued custody of
child by parent is likely to result in serious emotional
damage to the child, notwithstanding statutory language referring to qualified
expert "witnesses." Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978, § 102(f),
as amended, 25 U.S.C.A. § 1912(f);
1 U.S.C.A. § 1.
adoptive parents met their burden, under Indian Child Welfare Act,
to produce testimony of qualified expert that father's continued custody
of Native American child was likely to result in serious
emotional damage by producing testimony of Chief Appellate Judge of
Ute Indian Tribe, who held masters' degree in social work
and was pursuing doctorate, that child had bonded with the
adoptive parents and that permanent removal of child from the
adoptive home would likely result in serious emotional harm. Indian
as amended, 25 U.S.C.A. § 1912(f).
was qualified expert witness, for purposes of Indian Child Welfare
Act (ICWA) requirement of expert testimony in proceeding to terminate
with regard to Native American child; witness was a Ute
Indian who had masters degree in social work and was
pursuing doctorate, at time of trial he was chief appellate
judge for Ute Indian tribe, he had been personally involved
in several ICWA appeals, he had worked in foster and
adoption cases as a counselor on his reservation, he had
placed Indian children outside their homes when the children were
abused, neglected, and abandoned, he had lived on father's reservation
for a time, he had interviewed the child in this
case, and he had observed the child's bonding with the
adoptive parents. Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978, § 102(f),
knowledge of Indian life is not necessary for a witness
to qualify as expert witness, for purposes of Indian Child
Welfare Act (ICWA) requirement of expert testimony to support finding
that continued custody of child is likely to result in
serious emotional damage, where professional person has substantial
education and experience and testifies on matters not implicating cultural
bias. Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978, § 102(f),
to terminate Native American father's parental rights was supported by
evidence, including required expert testimony, proving beyond reasonable doubt that
father's continued custody of child was likely to result in
serious emotional damage based on evidence that father neither offered
nor assisted mother with pregnancy or with medical costs associated
with the pregnancy and birth, father had never provided any
support for the child or offered to do so, father
had at least six children by four women, two of
whom testified as to father's failure to maintain any regular
contact with their children, that father had committed acts of
domestic violence against former wife in presence of their children,
and that father lacked honesty and integrity. Indian Child Welfare
cause existed to avoid placement preferences of Indian Child Welfare
Act (ICWA) following termination of father's parental rights, where mother
preferred to place child with prospective adoptive parents, child would
suffer psychological and emotional trauma if he were removed from
adoptive parents' custody, it was likely that child would suffer
emotional damage if he had contact with biological father while
living with extended family on the reservation, it was likely
that such conduct would occur, child's paternal aunt, with whom
tribe sought to place the child, was equivocal as to
her intent to adopt the child, and prospective adoptive parents
unequivocally desired to adopt the child and provide permanent home.
as amended, 25 U.S.C.A. § 1915(a).
review of trial court's determination that good cause exists to
afford Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA) placement preference, court determines
trial court correctly perceived the issue as one of discretion,
acted within outer boundaries of its discretion and consistently with
legal standards applicable to the available choices, and reached its
decision by exercise of reason. Indian Child Welfare Act of
if any, in excluding photocopy of letter offered by tribe,
in proceedings to terminate Native American father's rights under Indian
Child Welfare Act (ICWA), was harmless. Indian Child Welfare Act
Idaho Legal Aid Services, Inc., Lewiston, Robert J. McCarthy; Idaho
Legal Aid Services, Inc., Boise, Howard A. Belodoff, for appellant
Underwood & Steele, Carolyn S. Steele, Boise, for respondents Joe
Ronald J. Wilper, Caldwell, for Baby Boy Doe.
Van G. Bishop, Nampa, for respondent John Roe.
Richard L. Harris, Caldwell, for respondent Mary Roe.
This case concerns the application of the child custody proceedings
of the federal Indian Child Welfare Act ("ICWA"), 25 U.S.C.
§§ 1901-1923
(1988), to the termination of the parental rights of an
Indian father and the adoption of his child by a
non-Indian couple.
AND PRIOR PROCEEDINGS
The child in this case was born in 1989. The
mother is a non-Indian and never married the child's father.
Shortly after birth, the mother placed the child with the
adoptive parents, and he has remained with them to the
present. After placing the child, the mother signed consents to
the termination of her parental rights and to adoption by
the adoptive parents. When the adoptive parents initiated proceedings to
terminate the father's parental rights, the father's Indian tribe intervened.
The tribe sought application of ICWA. The magistrate judge (trial
court) held that the ICWA did not apply, and terminated
the Indian father's parental rights. The tribe appealed to the
district court which affirmed. The tribe then appealed to this
the Matter of Baby Boy Doe,
123 Idaho 464, 849 P.2d 925 (1993) (Doe
), we held that ICWA applied, and vacated the trial
court's order which terminated the parental rights of the Indian
father. In Doe
this Court did not decide the issues of the termination
of the father's parental rights and the placement of the
child, remanding those questions to the trial court for further
proceedings. See
generally, Doe I.
On remand, the mother retained counsel and filed an appearance
in the case, followed by a petition to rescind termination
of her parental rights. She had not previously participated in
the case. The tribe objected to the mother's appearance, but
the trial court took that issue under advisement and allowed
the mother to participate. The trial court held six days
of hearings in October and December 1993. In May 1994,
the trial court issued a memorandum decision and order. Therein,
the trial court (i) held that the mother's consents to
terminate her parental rights and the consents to adoption were
invalid, and that she was a proper party to the
proceedings, (ii) terminated the father's parental rights under ICWA, (iii)
found good cause to deviate from ICWA's placement preferences, and
(iv) ruled that the mother may proceed to place the
child for adoption with the adoptive parents. The tribe appealed
to the district court, and this Court granted the district
court's petition to assume jurisdiction of the appeal. The father
did not file an appeal, and did not participate in
the proceedings on remand.
Were the mother's consents to termination of parental rights valid,
and was she a proper party below? **481
2. Were active efforts made to prevent breakup of the
Indian family, as required under 25 U.S.C. § 1912(d)?
Is the trial court's finding of likely serious emotional harm
to the child supported by evidence from testimony of qualified
expert witnesses, as required under 25 U.S.C. § 1912(f)?
to the child supported by evidence beyond a reasonable doubt,
as required under 25 U.S.C. § 1912(f)?
Does good cause exist to deviate from the placement preferences
of the ICWA?
This Court will uphold the trial court's findings of fact if supported by substantial competent evidence. Ireland v. Ireland, 123 Idaho 955, 957-58, 855 P.2d 40, 42-43 (1993). On issues of law, we exercise free review. Ausman v. State, 124 Idaho 839, 841, 864 P.2d 1126, 1128 (1993). Whether the trial court correctly applied ICWA to the facts of this case is a question of law and is subject to free review by this Court. In the Matter of Baby Boy Doe, 123 Idaho 464, 469, 849 P.2d 925, 930 (1993).
REVOCATION OF CONSENTS AND PARTICIPATION AS A PARTY
The tribe opposed the mother's appearance in the case, arguing her legal rights were terminated by an order of June 1990 after she voluntarily consented to termination of her parental rights. The trial court analyzed four separate consents (two consents to terminate parental rights, and two consents to adoption), and concluded the consents to termination and to adoption were invalid. Alternatively, the trial court held that if valid, the mother had the right to withdraw or rescind her consents, and therefore, was a proper party to the proceedings.
We need not address the parties' contentions respecting each consent
to resolve whether the mother had standing to participate below.
We hold that none of the consents to terminate parental
rights complied with ICWA's statutory formalities, and that the order
of June 1990 terminating the mother's parental rights is invalid.
Because the mother's parental rights were not terminated, we conclude
she had standing to participate in these proceedings.
Both Idaho law and ICWA contain statutes stating the formalities
required for a voluntary termination of parental rights. See
I.C. § 16-2005;
In such situations, ICWA requires a court to apply the
or federal law provision which provides "a higher standard of
protection" to a parent's rights. 25 U.S.C. § 1921;
Matter of Appeal in Pima County Juvenile Action No. S-903,
130 Ariz. 202, 635 P.2d 187 (App.1981). We hold that
25 U.S.C. § 1913(a)
applies here, because it offers greater protection to parents of
Indian children. Unlike the state law counterpart, the federal statute
requires judicial certification that the terms and consequences of the
consent were fully explained: Where
any parent or Indian custodian voluntarily consents ... to termination
of parental rights, such
executed in writing and recorded before a judge of a
court of competent jurisdiction and accompanied
by the presiding judge's certificate that the terms and consequences
of the consent were fully explained in detail and were
fully understood by the parent
or Indian custodian.... 25 U.S.C. § 1913(a)
(emphasis added). None of the mother's consents to termination of
parental rights contain the required judicial certification. Even the June
14, 1990 consent to termination, which the trial court stated
adhered to statutory formalities (under state
law), was invalid under 25 U.S.C. § 1913(a)
for lack of the judge's certificate that the terms and
consequences of the consent to terminate were fully explained.
The trial court also ruled that the termination order of June 18, 1990 was invalid because it was conditional and did not divest the mother of all legal rights. We agree. Under I.C. § 16-2011, an " order terminating *457 **482 the parent and child relationship shall divest the parent and the child of all legal rights, privileges, duties, and obligations, including rights of inheritance, with respect to each other." The June 1990 termination order was conditional; it terminated the mother's parental rights only in favor of the adoptive parents.
Because the mother's parental rights were never terminated, it follows that she was a proper party to the proceedings below. Accordingly, we need not further analyze whether the consents to adoption were valid. The trial court held alternatively that if the consents to adoption were valid, the mother could revoke them under 25 U.S.C. § 1916(a). Having concluded that the mother had standing irrespective of the consents to adoption, we need not reach the revocation issue.
TO PREVENT BREAKUP OF INDIAN FAMILY
The trial court's memorandum decision terminating the father's parental rights
focused on the requirements of 25 U.S.C. §§ 1912(d)
and 1912(f). Section 1912(d) provides in pertinent part: Any
party seeking to effect a ... termination of parental rights
to[ ] an Indian child under State law shall satisfy
the court that active efforts have been made to provide
remedial services and rehabilitative programs designed to prevent
the breakup of the Indian family and that these efforts
have proved unsuccessful. 25 U.S.C. § 1912(d).
The trial court concluded that active efforts were made to
prevent the breakup of the Indian family. Two subsidiary issues
exist here: (i) what is the burden of proof, and
(ii) were adequate remedial services provided?
The tribe argues it must be shown "beyond a reasonable doubt" that rehabilitative efforts were offered and were futile, citing In the Matter of the Welfare of M.S.S., 465 N.W.2d 412 (Minn.Ct.App.1991). However, 25 U.S.C. § 1912(d) does not expressly establish the "beyond a reasonable doubt" standard, but rather appears to provide a lesser standard: "shall satisfy the court that active efforts...." (emphasis added).
Our review of the statute's language and the legislative history
has convinced us that Congress never intended a "beyond a
reasonable doubt" standard to apply in 25 U.S.C. § 1912(d).
Starting first with the language of subsection (d) itself, we
note that the word "satisfy," as used, has a distinct
meaning. The definition which seems most consistent with this context
is "to persuade by argument or evidence." Webster's
2017 (1971). Unless a contrary purpose is clearly indicated, ordinary
words are given their ordinary meaning when construing a statute.
Ada County v.
123 Idaho 425, 428, 849 P.2d 98, 101 (1993). We
cannot say that the ordinary meaning of the word satisfy
is to convince "beyond a reasonable doubt." The beyond a
reasonable doubt standard connotes a higher evidentiary burden than the
ordinary meaning of "satisfy."
Furthermore, the legislative history reveals that Congress meant in subsection
(d) to impose a Federal requirement similar to those in
state laws, which require agencies involved in child placements to
resort to remedial measures before initiating termination proceedings: Subsection
(d) provides that a party seeking foster care placement or
termination of parental rights involving an Indian child must satisfy
that active efforts have been made to provide assistance designed
to prevent the breakup of Indian families. The
committee is advised that most State laws require public or
private agencies involved in child placements to resort to remedial
measures prior to initiating placement or termination proceedings, but that
these services are rarely provided. This subsection imposes a Federal
requirement in that regard with respect to Indian children and
H.R.Rep. No. 1386, 95th Cong.2nd Sess. 22 (1978), reprinted
1978 U.S.C.C.A.N. 7530, 7545 (emphasis added). Idaho's statutes require judicial
findings that "reasonable efforts *458
**483
to prevent the placement of the child in [foster or
shelter] care ... were provided but were not successful...." See
I.C. § 16-1610(b)(2),
I.C. § 16-1614.
statutes do not require proof "beyond a reasonable doubt." We
doubt Congress meant to establish a more stringent evidentiary standard
in subsection (d) than found in state laws after which
it was patterned.
Moreover, Congress knew how to place a more stringent evidentiary
standard in subsection (d) if it wished. In reviewing other
sections of the statute, it is apparent Congress established stricter
evidentiary standards in 25 U.S.C. § 1912
subsections (e), "clear and convincing," and in (f), "beyond a
reasonable doubt." The legislative history of subsections (e) and (f)
shows that Congress knew when it was inserting evidentiary standards,
and was sensitive to the burdens imposed by different standards:
(e) and (f) establish
for foster care placement or termination of parental rights. As
introduced, H.R. 12533 required a "beyond a reasonable doubt" standard
for both actions. While the committee feels that the removal
of a child from the parents is a penalty as
great, if not greater, than a criminal penalty, it
amended the bill to reduce the standard to "clear and
in the case of foster care where parental rights are
not terminated. H.R.Rep. No. 1386, 95th Cong.2nd Sess. 22 (1978), reprinted
1978 U.S.C.C.A.N. 7530, 7545 (emphasis added). By amending subsection (e)
the standard from "beyond a reasonable doubt" to "clear and
convincing," Congress displayed considered precision in articulating the evidentiary burdens
In summary, the "shall satisfy" language itself, the legislative history
of subsection (d), and a comparison of the "shall satisfy"
terminology with the stricter "clear and convincing" and "beyond a
reasonable doubt" standards of subsections (e) and (f), convince us
that the "beyond a reasonable doubt" standard is not properly
applied in subsection (d), but that a lesser standard is
appropriate. Compare
People in Interest of S.R.,
323 N.W.2d 885, 887 (S.D.1982) (applying "beyond a reasonable doubt"
standard under subsection (d)); see
also In the Matter of the Welfare of M.S.S.,
465 N.W.2d 412 (Minn.Ct.App.1991); In
457 N.W.2d 17, 19 (Iowa Ct.App.1990); Matter
of Morgan,
140 Mich.App. 594, 364 N.W.2d 754, 758 (1985).
B. ACTIVE REMEDIAL EFFORTS
Although the beyond a reasonable doubt standard does not apply to subsection (d), the trial court's finding of adequate remedial efforts must be supported by substantial and competent evidence to endure on appeal. The trial court concluded that active efforts were made to prevent the breakup of the Indian family, but had been unavailing.
The trial court listed four ways active services were given. First, the adoptive parents' attorneys gave the father notice under I.C. § 16-1513 regarding his right to file a paternity claim for the child and an opportunity to indicate willingness to support the child. The tribe filed a paternity claim on the father's behalf, but the father has never taken any action to support or initiate contact with the child. Second, the mother asked the father to attend counselling with a church social worker before the child's birth, but the father refused. Third, the state of Utah attempted to encourage the father to support his children by initiating a wage withholding for child support, and the father has continued to refuse to pay support. And fourth, an attorney was appointed to represent the father, but over the past four years he has failed to cooperate in any way with his attorney or participate in these proceedings. The trial court then found that: [u]nder
the circumstances, those efforts were all that were reasonably available.
[The father] consistently and persistently refused and failed to cooperate
in any manner with any attempts by any person to
provide him with remedial or rehabilitative services and that [sic]
any other attempts would have been futile. All remedial and
rehabilitative efforts have been totally unsuccessful.
This Court must uphold the above finding if supported by
substantial competent evidence. We believe it is. Perhaps most telling
is the trial court's observation that the father has "failed
over the past four years to cooperate in any way
with his attorney or to participate in these proceedings." We
believe that the types of remedial and rehabilitative services to
be required under subsection (d) depend on the facts of
each case. If
the services necessary under the circumstances of this case should
be those aimed at preventing dissolution of the legal parent-child
relationship, it seems there could be no better services than
appointment of an attorney at public expense, and the many
hours of attorney time spent by representing the tribe in
defending the father's interest. Yet, the father has consistently exhibited
indifference. We hold that under the circumstances of this case,
the trial court's finding of adequate remedial services is supported
by substantial competent evidence.
As required under 25 U.S.C. § 1912(f), the trial court considered whether continued custody of the child by the father is likely to result in serious emotional or physical damage to the child. The trial court concluded the evidence does not establish beyond a reasonable doubt that the father's continued custody is likely to result in serious physical damage to the child, but that the evidence does establish the father's continued custody of the child is likely to result in serious emotional damage to the child. The trial court recognized that this finding must be supported by "evidence including testimony of qualified expert witnesses." 25 U.S.C. § 1912(f).
On appeal, the tribe contends the adoptive parents failed to
meet their burden of proof with testimony of qualified expert
witnesses. This argument lacks
merit. Neither the language nor purpose of ICWA require the
testimony of more than one qualified expert witness. See,
e.g., D.A.W. v. Alaska,
699 P.2d 340, 342 (Alaska 1985). D.A.W.
is persuasive. In support of its holding, it quotes the
Federal Rules of Construction Act, 1 U.S.C. § 1
(1947): In
determining the meaning of any Act of Congress, unless the
context indicates otherwise ... words importing the plural include the
singular.... Id.
at 342. D.A.W.
also quotes, as did the trial court, 44 Fed.Reg. 67593
D(a), which states that removal: of
an Indian child ... must be based on competent testimony
custody ... is likely to result in serious physical or
emotional damage to the child. (emphasis added). Accordingly, if at least one expert witness competently
testified as to the emotional damage issue, the standard has
The tribe has tacitly admitted that Mr. Floyd Wyasket, a Ute Indian and expert called by the adoptive parents, was a qualified expert witness under ICWA. Our review of Wyasket's trial testimony leads us to conclude that the trial court did not err in determining that Wyasket was a qualified expert witness. Among other things, Wyasket has an MSW degree from Utah State University, and was pursuing his PhD degree at Utah State. At the time of trial he was the Chief Appellate Judge for the Ute Indian Tribe; has been personally involved in several ICWA appeals; has worked as a counselor in foster and adoption cases on his reservation; he has placed Indian children outside their homes where the respective children were abused, neglected, and abandoned; he actually lived on Baby Boy Doe's father's reservation for a time; and he interviewed the child in this case and observed the bonding with the adoptive parents. Wyasket concluded in his professional opinion that permanent removal of the child from the adoptive home would likely result in serious emotional harm. Mr. Wyasket alone seems to satisfy the expert witness criterion under ICWA.
Other witnesses called by attorneys for the adoptive parents and
the child were qualified experts because of expertise in their
specialties. The trial court found in particular that a Dr.
John McGaha was a qualified expert witness. Dr. McGaha has
a PhD degree in criminal justice and is on the
faculty of **485
Southeast Missouri State. He is a published author in his
field, specializing in family dysfunction and its relationship to the
juvenile justice system. He also continues to work in the
juvenile justice field as a caseworker.
The child's court appointed attorney called Dr. Cynthia Brownsmith as an expert witness. She is a licensed psychologist in the state of Idaho, and has a PhD in special education. She works exclusively with children, particularly emotionally disturbed children and their educational needs. Both Dr. McGaha and Dr. Brownsmith also concluded that the father's continued custody is likely to result in serious emotional damage to the child. "Special knowledge of Indian life is not necessary where a professional person has substantial education and experience and testifies on matters not implicating cultural bias." In the Matter of N.L., 754 P.2d 863, 867 (Okla.1988); In re Krystle D., 30 Cal.App.4th 1778, 37 Cal.Rptr.2d 132, 145 (6 Dist.1994); State ex rel. Juvenile Dept. v. Charles, 70 Or.App. 10, 688 P.2d 1354 (1984). We recognize that the tribe also called expert witnesses who would be qualified under ICWA, but the weight to be given to expert testimony is for the trier of fact. E.g., State v. Blair, 91 Idaho 137, 138, 417 P.2d 217, 218 (1966). We hold that the trial court's finding of likely serious emotional harm was supported by qualified expert witness testimony.
EMOTIONAL HARM TO THE CHILD
The provision of ICWA applicable to the consideration of whether termination of an Indian's parental rights is warranted because of the danger of serious emotional or physical harm to a child is found at 25 U.S.C. § 1912(f) which states: No
of a determination, supported by evidence beyond a reasonable doubt,
the child. The record shows that the magistrate applied this standard, for
he found: "The
Court finds and concludes that the determination that [the father's]
continued custody of [the child] is likely to result in
serious emotional damage to the child is supported by evidence
beyond a reasonable doubt." (R. at 372).
Where the burden of proof at trial was beyond a
reasonable doubt, we will uphold such a finding on appeal
if there was substantial evidence from which a rational trier
of fact could have reached its conclusion beyond a reasonable
doubt. State
v. Filson,
101 Idaho 381, 386, 613 P.2d 938, 943 (1980).
In addition to the expert witness testimony discussed above in
section VI, the trial court made factual findings which support
its conclusion of likely emotional damage. The trial court found
that the mother informed the father of her pregnancy shortly
after she learned of her condition, but the father neither
offered nor assisted the mother with either the pregnancy or
with the medical costs associated with the pregnancy and birth.
The trial court found that through conclusion of the trial
proceedings the father had never provided any support for the
child nor offered to do so.
The trial court found that the father is the father
of at least six children by four women. All four,
including the mother of Baby Boy Doe, two of the
father's former wives, and his current wife, testified at trial.
The former wives testified as to the father's failure to
maintain any regular contact with their children, including his failure
to send gifts or post cards. One of the former
wives testified that she was the victim of acts of
domestic violence by the father in the presence of their
children. The testimony provided examples of the father's lack of
honesty and integrity, such as borrowing money without returning it,
and engaging in affairs during the former marriages. The former
wives also testified regarding the effect of the father's actions
on their children. One child is afraid of the father.
At the time of trial, two sons were in counseling,
and one of them was **486
being treated for a serious sexual identity problem.
In summary, the trial court found that the father has
never provided any financial support for the child nor offered
to do so; the father has abandoned and failed to
support his other children; the father has made no effort
to establish a relationship with the child; the father committed
acts of domestic violence against the mother of three of
his other children in the children's presence; the father is
not honest in his personal affairs and lacks integrity; the
father's conduct has confused, hurt, and angered his other children.
These subsidiary findings seem amply supported by the evidence. [FN1]
In addition to the above factual findings, the trial court
stated other more general findings or conclusions. For instance, the
trial court found that the father exhibited "a long term,
chronic pattern of instability in his personal life, employment history,
his residences, the pursuit of his education, his finances, and
virtually every other aspect of his life." We express no
opinion regarding whether the trial court's general conclusions are each
supported by the record, because the more specific factual findings
are supported by the record and along with the expert
witness testimony constitute an adequate basis for the finding of
likely serious emotional damage to the child.
On the record before us, we conclude that the trial
court could rationally have found beyond a reasonable doubt that
continued custody by the father is likely to cause serious
emotional damage to the child.
CAUSE TO AVOID ICWA PLACEMENT PREFERENCES
Once the trial court terminated the father's parental rights, the court considered the appropriate placement for the child under ICWA: In
a preference shall
be given, in the absence of good cause to the
contrary, to a placement with (1) a member of the
child's extended family; (2) other members of the Indian child's
tribe; or (3) other Indian families. 25 U.S.C. § 1915(a).
The trial court recognized that the adoptive parents do not
fall within any category given preference under ICWA, but found
that "good cause" existed to deviate from the preferences.
Regarding our standard of review, we first note that the House Report in the legislative history states the following regarding 25 U.S.C. § 1915(a): Subsection
(a) provides that, in the absence of good cause to
the contrary, a preference shall be given to adoptive placement
of an Indian child with the extended family; a member
of the child's tribe; or another Indian family. This subsection
and subsection (b) establish a Federal policy that, where possible,
an Indian child should remain in the Indian community, but
is not to be read as precluding the placement of
an Indian child with a non-Indian family.
H.R.Rep. No. 1386, 95th Cong. 2nd Sess. 22 (1978), reprinted
1978 U.S.C.C.A.N. 7530, 7546 (emphasis added). The introductory language to
the BIA guidelines regarding ICWA state that "use of the
term 'good cause' was designed to provide state courts with
flexibility in determining the disposition of a placement proceeding...." 44
Fed.Reg. 67584 (1979), citing
S.Rep. No. 597, 95th Cong., 1st Sess. 17 (1977). In
view of the trial court's superior position to ascertain the
facts, and the flexibility Congress intended trial courts to have
regarding the "good cause" determination, we believe this determination should
be commended to the sound discretion of the trial court,
and will not be upset on appeal absent an abuse
of discretion. Osteraas
v. Osteraas,
124 Idaho 350, 352, 859 P.2d 948, 950 (1993) (determination
of custody of minor children is commended to the sound
discretion of the trial court); see,
e.g., Matter of Adoption of F.H.,
851 P.2d 1361 (Alaska 1993) (good cause determination under 25
is within superior court's discretion). Accordingly, we consider "whether the
trial court (1) correctly perceived the issue as one of
discretion; (2) acted within the outer boundaries of its discretion
and consistently with the legal standards applicable to the available
choices; and (3) reached its decision by an exercise of
**487
reason." Osteraas,
124 Idaho at 352, 859 P.2d at 950. We find
no abuse of discretion here.
The trial court relied on the BIA guidelines for guidance
regarding the "good cause" inquiry: For
purposes of ... adoptive placement, a determination of good cause
not to follow the order of preference set out above
shall be based on one or more of the following
considerations: (i)
the child is of sufficient
age. (ii)
44 Fed.Reg. 67594 F.3.(a) (1979).
In determining whether "good cause" existed, the trial court rejected
the arguments by the adoptive parents' counsel that the child
is old enough to request a preference; the child has
extraordinary physical needs mitigating against the preferences; and that the
proposed Indian placement (with the maternal aunt and uncle) is
unsuitable. The trial court demonstrated knowledge of applicable legal standards
in rejecting the adoptive parents' argument that negative social and
economic conditions on the reservation constitute good cause. The trial
court correctly held that ICWA requires the court to apply
the prevailing social and cultural standards of the Indian community.
However, the trial court held that the following considerations "individually
and in totality" did constitute "good cause" to deviate from
the ICWA placement preferences: (1) the mother's request to place
the child with the adoptive parents; (2) the certainty of
psychological and emotional trauma if the child is removed from
the adoptive parents; (3) likelihood of emotional damage to the
child if the child has contact with the father while
living with the extended family on the reservation; and (4)
the need for permanency that placement with the adoptive parents
would satisfy. Unless this Court can conclude as a matter
of law that none of the asserted grounds individually or
in totality constitute "good cause," the trial court's conclusion should
The trial court did not err as a matter of
law by giving weight to the mother's preference to place
the child with the adoptive parents. ICWA expressly provides that
where appropriate, the preference of a parent shall be considered.
25 U.S.C. § 1915(c);
44 Fed.Reg. 67594 F.3.(a)(i) (1979). See,
e.g., In the Adoption of F.H.,
851 P.2d 1361 (Alaska 1993) (mother's preference for placement with
adoptive parents was appropriate factor in finding good cause).
Likewise, we cannot say the trial court erred in considering
the certainty of psychological and emotional trauma if the child
is removed from the adoptive parents. The trial court stated
there was little disagreement among the expert witnesses that a
change in custody would have adverse consequences on the child's
psychological and emotional well being. Rather, the conflict among the
experts involved the degree of harm and the outlook for
mitigating the trauma through planning, cooperation and counseling. Nevertheless, there
was substantial agreement among the experts that emotional trauma would
a change of custody. We recognize that the law cannot
be applied to automatically reward those who maintain custody during
protracted litigation. See,
490 U.S. 30, 54, 109 S.Ct. 1597, 1611, 104 L.Ed.2d
29 (1989) (citing
In re Adoption of Halloway,
732 P.2d 962, 972 (Utah 1986)). But the certainty of
emotional damage need not be ignored by the trial court
in the balancing of interests. It "is not ours to
say whether the trauma that might result from removing these
children from their adoptive family should outweigh the interest of
the Tribe-- and perhaps the children themselves--in having them raised
as part of the [Indian] community." Mississippi
Band of Choctaw Indians,
490 U.S. at 54, 109 S.Ct. at 1611 (deferring to
tribal courts to fashion appropriate remedy). We find no error
by the trial court in considering the **488
certainty of psychological and emotional trauma if the child is
removed from the adoptive parents.
The next factor the trial court relied upon was the
likelihood of emotional damage if the child has contact with
the father while living with the extended family on the
reservation. As stated earlier, the trial court found beyond a
reasonable doubt that custody by the father is likely to
cause serious emotional damage to the child. The trial court
relied on this finding as a consideration in its "good
cause" analysis. The evidence at trial indicated the father would
have contact with the child if placed with the proposed
(the child's paternal aunt and uncle), and that the father
would play a role in instructing or teaching the child.
The trial court held that "the likelihood of serious emotional
damage to the child if [the father] has continuing involvement
in the child's life constitutes a factor creating an extraordinary
emotional need with respect to the child and is, in
and of itself, a sufficient consideration to constitute 'good cause'
to deviate." We find no error in the trial court's
analysis. If the child is placed on the reservation, the
likely contact with the father, and likely emotional damage therefrom,
is a valid consideration.
As a fourth justification, the trial court found that the
child's paternal aunt, with whom the tribe sought to place
the child, was equivocal as to her intent to adopt
the child or just provide a foster placement, while the
adoptive parents unequivocally desired to adopt the child and provide
a permanent home. The trial court held that the child's
need for permanency created an extraordinary emotional need sufficient to
constitute good cause. The trial court seemed to presume the
child's need for permanence could be met only through adoption.
At least one other court has held such an assumption
improper. See
Matter of Custody of S.E.G., A.L.W. and V.M.G.,
521 N.W.2d 357 (Minn.1994). In S.E.G.,
non-Indian foster parents sought to adopt three Indian children for
whom they had previously provided foster care. The children were
Indian foster placement. The trial court found that the children
had extraordinary emotional needs which were being met in the
current Indian foster placement, except for the need for permanence.
at 364. In finding good cause to deviate from ICWA's
placement preferences, the trial court in S.E.G.
implicitly assumed that only adoption could meet the children's need
On appeal, the Minnesota Supreme Court found nothing in ICWA,
its legislative history, or the BIA guidelines and their commentary,
which precludes consideration of the need for permanence or stability
in determining whether good cause exists. Id.
at 363. However, the court concluded that other permanent placement
options besides adoption, such as permanent foster care, may satisfy
the need for permanence. In S.E.G.,
there was testimony that the children's need for permanence could
be met through attachment to the tribe as an ongoing
part of life, and the court relied on legislative findings
that "[a]n Indian child may have scores of, perhaps more
than a hundred relatives who are counted as close, responsible
members of the family." Id.,
H.R.Rep. No. 1386, 95th Cong.2d Sess. (1978), reprinted
1978 U.S.C.C.A.N. 7530, 7532). The court held that good cause
may include a child's need for stability, but that this
is not equivalent to a need to be adopted, and
accordingly reversed the trial court's finding of good cause. Matter
521 N.W.2d at 358, 364.
We find the reasoning of S.E.G.
persuasive. However, even if the trial court erred as to
its finding relating to permanency, that error is not dispositive
here, because of additional considerations, not present in S.E.G.,
which were relied upon by the trial court below. We
hold that the trial court committed no abuse of discretion
by considering (1) the mother's request to place the child
with the adoptive parents; (2) the certainty of psychological and
emotional trauma if the child is removed from the adoptive
parents; and (3) the likelihood of emotional damage if the
child has contact with the father while living with the
extended family on the reservation. Taking these considerations together, the
trial court could reasonably conclude good cause existed to deviate
from ICWA's placement preferences. We find the trial **489
court's conclusion was reached by an exercise of reason, is
within the outer boundaries of its discretion, and is consistent
with the applicable legal standards.
The tribe raised a final argument on an evidentiary issue. The trial court excluded from evidence a photocopy of a letter offered by the tribe, part of which had been lost or destroyed. We have considered the tribe's arguments on this issue, and are not persuaded. Assuming arguendo that the trial court erred in excluding the exhibit, such an error would not change the result, and would be considered harmless error by this Court.
The trial court's memorandum decision and order of May 1994
is affirmed. Specifically, we hold that the mother's consents to
termination of her parental rights were invalid, as was the
June 18, 1990 order terminating her parental rights. Accordingly, the
mother was a proper party to the proceedings below.
We uphold the trial court's ruling that active efforts have
been made to provide remedial services and rehabilitative programs to
the father under 25 U.S.C. § 1912(d).
We reject the tribe's contention that the burden of proof
under subsection (d) is "beyond a reasonable doubt." The trial
court's finding of active remedial efforts is supported by substantial,
We hold that the trial court's finding under 25 U.S.C.
that continued custody of the child by the father is
likely to result in serious emotional damage to the child
is supported by qualified expert witness testimony, and that there
is substantial evidence from which the trial court could rationally
have reached its conclusion of likely emotional damage beyond a
reasonable doubt. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court's termination of
the father's parental rights toward Baby Boy Doe.
We hold that the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in determining that good cause existed to deviate from
ICWA's placement preferences under 25 U.S.C. § 1915(a).
The trial court considered appropriate factors in its "good cause"
analysis, such as the mother's preference to place the child
with the adoptive parents, the certainty of psychological and emotional
trauma if the child is removed from the adoptive parents,
and the likelihood of emotional damage if the child has
contact with the father while living with the father's extended
family on the reservation.
Finally, we hold that the trial court's exclusion from evidence
of a partial photocopy of a letter was harmless error,
if error at all.
This case is remanded to the trial court for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion. No attorneys fees on appeal.
Costs to Baby Boy Doe and Joe and Jane Doe.
McDEVITT, C.J., JOHNSON, TROUT and SCHROEDER, JJ., concur.
127 Idaho 452, 902 P.2d 477