Source: https://patents.google.com/patent/ES2283482T5/en
Timestamp: 2019-11-14 05:12:54
Document Index: 103062605

Matched Legal Cases: ['arts 1', 'art 2', 'art 1', 'art 2', 'art 1', 'arts 1']

ES2283482T5 - Heat-treated coated articles with low heat emissivity and procedures for their realization - Google Patents
Heat-treated coated articles with low heat emissivity and procedures for their realization Download PDF
ES2283482T5
ES2283482T5 ES02009226.8T ES02009226T ES2283482T5 ES 2283482 T5 ES2283482 T5 ES 2283482T5 ES 02009226 T ES02009226 T ES 02009226T ES 2283482 T5 ES2283482 T5 ES 2283482T5
ES02009226.8T
ES2283482T3 (en
2000-07-10 Priority to US217101 priority
2001-02-28 Priority to US794224 priority
2003-09-25 First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=26911620&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=ES2283482(T5) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
2007-11-01 Publication of ES2283482T3 publication Critical patent/ES2283482T3/en
2014-12-10 Publication of ES2283482T5 publication Critical patent/ES2283482T5/en
Heat-treated coated articles with low heat emissivity and procedures for their realization.
[0001] The present invention relates to heat-treated coated articles of low heat emission ("low-E"). Such coated articles can be used in the field of vehicle windshields, insulating glass units (IG) and in other suitable applications. 5
[0002] Coatings of layers intended for the treatment of sunlight are known in the art. Such coatings are often intended to reflect infrared (IR) radiation while allowing a high visible light transmission factor. In the car industry, for example, vehicle windshields often have a visible light transmission factor of at least 70% in the United States and at least 75% in Europe, even when laminated with a layer of polyvinylbutyral (PVB) disposed between the opposite glass substrates. This need for a high visible light transmission factor conflicts with the need for good IR reflection and it is difficult to obtain both simultaneously. When making the more complex models of low heat emissivity coating, it is necessary to make a durable coating mechanically and / or chemically, as well as the need for a coating with a low visible reflectance (glass side) that does not undergo a change radical color when viewed from different viewing angles. It is also intended that such coatings be heat-treatable, so that they can be used in automobile windshields where thermal bending, tempered IG units and the like are required.
[0003] US Patent No. 5,584-4,902 (jointly owned herein) discloses a low heat emissivity coating system comprising, from the glass substrate to the outside, a stack of Si3N4 / NiCr / Ag / NiCr / Si3N4. Unfortunately, although this coating is heat-treatable and has a low natural heat emissivity, it is characterized by quite high values of emissivity and / or sheet resistance which produces quite low Rsolar values (total solar energy reflectance) of approximately 22- 24% For example, a coating described in the 25 ‘902 patent had a sheet resistance (Rs) of 14.4 ohms / square and a normal emissivity (En) of 0.15 before heat treatment; and an Rs of 10.5 ohms / square and an En of 0.11 after heat treatment.
[0004] EP 0857700 discloses a transparent glass substrate (1) coated with a thin film based on silicon nitride or based on oxynitride (2) containing atomic 30-60% (preferably 40-50) of Si, 30 atomic 10-56% (preferably 20-56) of N, atomic 1-40% (preferably 5-30) of O and atomic 1-40% (preferably 5-30) of C. Also a method of depositing the previous thin film (2) is claimed by the chemical vapor deposition (CDV) technique from a silicon precursor (preferably a silane and / or silazane) and a nitrogen precursor, nitrogen precursor which is in the form of an amine, preferably a primary, secondary or tertiary alkyl amine of C1-6, especially ethylamine, methylamine, dimethylamine, butylamine or propylamine.
[0005] US Patent No. 5897372 discloses silicon-rich silicon nitride which is used as a protective layer in a self-aligning engraving. A thin layer of silicon rich silicon nitride is deposited accordingly on the raised structures in a substrate. A recordable layer is then deposited, filling the space between the elevated structures and providing a horizontal upper surface 40. A mask layer is then formed on the recordable layer and shaped to expose an area of the recordable layer over the space between the elevated structures. The recordable layer is then etched with a selective etching agent with silicon nitride to remove the recordable layer between the raised structures. The space between the elevated structures is then filled with a filler material, forming a self-aligned structure comprised of said filler material and self-aligned with the raised structures. The thin layer of silicon-rich silicon nitride resists the recording of the recordable layer better than the usual stoichiometric silicon nitride, providing greater selectivity, increasing the reliability of the self-aligning procedure by preventing engraving through the protective layers and improving in this way the control of the procedure and the performance of the self-alignment procedure. fifty
[0006] US Patent No. 5,557,462 (jointly owned herein) discloses a double heat-emitting silver coating that includes, from the glass outwards, a stack of:
Si3N4 / NiCr / Ag / NiCr / Si3N4 / NiCr / Ag / NiCr / Si34N4. The coating system of the ‘462 patent is characterized by having good emissivity values and good Rsolar values. Unfortunately, the coating systems described in the ‘462 patent are not heat treatable (for example, when the
Rs heat treatment increases, such as from about 3-5 to 10 and there is a tendency to turbidity). Because the coatings described in the '462 patent are not heat treatable, from a practical point of view they cannot be used in applications such as vehicle windshields (in which thermal bending is required) or other applications that require heat treatment (HT) such as tempering, thermal reinforcement or bending. 5
[0007] Certain double silver coatings are described in the background part of the aforementioned application. See also U.S. Patent No. 6,060,178. Unfortunately, such coating systems have poor durability before and / or after heat treatment.
[0008] The objects mentioned above are solved by an article according to claim 1.
[0009] Another object of certain exemplary embodiments of the present invention is to provide a double coating of low heat emissivity of silver that is heat-treatable and that is mechanically and chemically durable.
[0010] Another object of certain exemplary embodiments of the present invention is to use a layer of silicon nitride in a stack of layers in order to reduce the turbidity experienced with the heat treatment. This silicon nitride layer is enriched with Si in embodiments according to the present invention.
[0011] Another object of certain exemplary embodiments of the present invention is to provide a coating according to one or more of the objects indicated above that can be used in the field of an IG window unit and / or a windshield of A vehicle.
[0012] The present invention will be described below in relation to certain exemplary embodiments thereof as illustrated in the following drawings, in which:
[0013] 25
Figure 1 is a side cross-sectional view of a coated article.
Figure 2 is a schematic partial cross-sectional view of a laminated windshield of a laminated vehicle, in which coatings according to the present invention can be used.
Figure 3 (a) is a cross-sectional view of a part of a coating illustrating a pair of oxidation-graded contact layers (eg, NiCrOx layers) surrounding an IR 30 reflective layer (p. eg, Ag).
Figure 3 (b) is a cross-sectional view of a part of a coating illustrating an IR reflective layer (e.g., Ag) surrounded by a pair of contact layers (e.g., NiCrOx layers ), being graduated by oxidation only one of them.
Figure 4 is a schematic and partial cross-sectional view illustrating how a graduated contact layer 35 (eg, a NiCrOx layer) is deposited by sputtering.
Figure 5 is a cross-sectional view of the layer stacking of Examples 1-3.
Figure 6 is a cross-sectional view of a coated article.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN FORMS OF EXAMPLE OF THE INVENTION 40
[0014] Next, reference will be made more particularly to the accompanying drawings in which the numerical references indicate similar parts or layers from various views.
[0015] Certain embodiments of the present invention provide a coating or low-heat coating system that can be used in applications such as vehicle windshields, other vehicle windows, skylights, glass doors, IG units and Similar. The coatings according to certain embodiments of the present invention preferably have low heat emissivity characteristics as well as a high visible light transmission factor and are heat treatable. Preferably, the coatings of certain embodiments herein are mechanically durable before and / or after heat treatment (HT) and HT does not cause a significant change in sheet resistance (Rs) and / or turbidity. As is known in the art, said HT often requires heating the coated substrate to temperatures between 1,100 ° F (593 ° C) and 1,450 ° F (788 ° C) for a period of time sufficient to achieve the intended result (for
example, tempering, bending and / or thermal reinforcement).
[0016] Figure 1 is a side cross-sectional view of a coated article. The coated article includes the substrate 1 (for example, a transparent, green, bronze or greenish blue glass substrate with a thickness between about 1.0 mm and 10.0 mm, more preferably between about 1 , 8 mm and 4 mm thick), a first anti-reflective dielectric layer 3, a second turbidity reducing second dielectric layer 5, a first contact layer 7 (which is in contact with layer 9), a first conductive metal layer infrared (IR) reflective 9, a first upper contact layer 11 (which is in contact with layer 9), a third dielectric layer 13 (which can be deposited in one or a plurality of stages in different embodiments of the present invention), a fourth dielectric layer 15, a second lower contact layer 17 (which is in contact with the layer 19), a second infrared reflective (IR) conductive metallic layer 19, a second contact layer upper 21 (which is in contact with layer 19), a fifth dielectric layer 23 and, finally, a sixth protective dielectric layer 25. Each of the "contact" layers is in contact with at least one IR reflective layer. The layers 3-25 mentioned above constitute a "low-E" heat-treatable coating (ie, with low heat emissivity) 27 which is provided on a plastic or glass substrate 1. 15
[0017] In certain coated articles, the first dielectric layer 3 may be constituted by or include titanium dioxide (TiOx in which x is between 1.7 and 2.3, more preferably 2.0), nitride of silicon (SixNy in which x / y can be approximately 0.75 (i.e., Si3N4) or alternatively x / y can be found between approximately 0.76 and 1.5 in the Si-rich embodiments), dioxide silicon (SiOx in which x is between 1.7 and 2.3, more preferably about 20), niobium oxide (for example, NB2O5), SiZrN, tin oxide, zinc oxide, silicon oxynitride or other suitable dielectric materials. The first dielectric layer 3 acts as an anti-reflective layer in certain coated articles.
[0018] The second dielectric layer 5 can act by reducing turbidity and in inventive embodiments is Si SixNy-rich silicon nitride in which x / y is between 0.85 and 1.2. When the cathodic deposition of the silicon nitride layer (s) described herein is performed, an Si anti-cathode can be used or alternatively an anti-cathode comprising Si mixed with up to one 3-20% by weight of aluminum and / or stainless steel (for example SS No. 316), approximately said amount of aluminum and / or steel appearing in the layer (s) made in this way.
[0019] It has been found that the type of silicon-rich silicon nitride as layer 5 is better for reducing turbidity and / or improving the mechanical durability of certain coated articles. If this layer 5 (and / or 15) is not present, the turbidity tends to be at least 0.45; while with said layer (s) it is reduced to a value not exceeding 0.4 as set forth herein. In the embodiments with Si-rich silicon nitride, layer 5 (and / or layer 15) is constituted by SixNy in which x / y is between approximately 0.85 and 1.2. Si3N4 has a refractive index "n" of approximately 35 2.04 and an extinction coefficient "k" of approximately 0. However, Si-rich silicon nitride according to certain embodiments of the present invention may have an index of refraction of at least about 2.05, more preferably of at least about 2.07, and may be 2.08 (at 632 nm) in the exemplary embodiments. Also, Si-rich silicon nitride according to certain embodiments of the present invention may have an extinction coefficient "k" of at least about 0.001, and more preferably of at least about 0.003. In a first monolithic example after HT of a layer of nitride rich in Si 5 (and / or 15) "n" was 2,099 and "k" was 0.0034; while in a second monolithic example after HT "n" was 2,168 and "k" was 0,014. Si-rich silicon nitride, in addition to being better at reducing turbidity than Si3N4, has been found to also adhere better to the titanium oxide of layer 3 of the exemplary embodiments. Surprisingly, it has also been found that Si-rich silicon nitride under the NiCrOx and Ag layers of Figures 1, 5 and 6 provides a lower sheet resistance (Rs).
[0020] The infrared (IR) reflective layers 9 and 19 are preferably metallic and conductive and may be made of or include silver (Ag), gold or any other IR reflective material. However, metallic Ag is the preferred material for the reflective layers of IR 9 and 19 in certain embodiments of the present invention by way of example. Said IR reflective layers contribute to allowing the coating 27 to have characteristics of low heat emissivity.
[0021] The contact layers 7, 11, 17 and 21 are constituted by or include nickel oxide (Ni) or an oxide of a nickel alloy such as chromium oxide and nickel oxide (NiCrOx), in the embodiments Preferred of the present invention. The NiCrOx layers 7, 11, 17 and / or 21 can be found completely oxidized in certain coated items (i.e., completely stoichiometric) or can be found oxidized by at least about 75% in other coated items. Although NiCrOx is a preferred material for layers 7, 11, 17 and / or 21, those skilled in the art may recognize that other materials may be used instead (eg, Ni oxides, alloy oxides of Ni, Cr oxides, Cr alloy oxides, NiCrOxNy or any other suitable material) in one or more of said layers. It should be noted that 60
layers 7, 11, 17 and / or 21 may be continuous or not in the different coated articles.
[0022] When layers 7, 11, 17 and / or 21 comprise NiCrOx in certain embodiments, Ni and Cr may be provided in different amounts, such as in the form of nichrome with approximately 80-90% Ni and 10-20% Cr by weight. An example anti-cathode in the cathodic deposition for depositing said layers comprises not only SS-316, which consists essentially of 10% Ni and 90% 5 of other ingredients, mainly Fe and Cr, but also the alloy of Haynes 214, which by weight essentially consists (as a nominal composition) of the following materials that may also be present in said layers:
% in weigh
[0023] One or more of the contact layers 7, 11, 17 and / or 21 (for example, constituted by NiCrOx or including it) is preferably graduated by oxidation in certain coated articles of 10 so that the degree of oxidation of the layer (s) varies along the thickness of said layer (s). For example, one or more of the contact layers (7, 11, 17 and / or 21) may be graduated so that they are less oxidized at the contact interface with the immediately adjacent IR reflective layer (9 or 19) that in the area of the farthest contact layer (s) or that are at the maximum distance from the immediately adjacent IR reflecting layer. It is considered that the oxidation graduation of one or more of the contact layer (s) 7, 11, 17 and / or 31 allows the low heat emissivity coating 27 to reach the combination of heat tractability and transmission of visible light (which was not previously achievable using NiCrOx contact layers in a double silver coating system of low heat emissivity; for example, see the '462 patent mentioned above). This will be explained in more detail below with reference to Figures 3 (a) and 3 (b). twenty
[0024] Referring again to Figure 1, the third dielectric layer 13 acts as a coupling layer between the two halves of the coating 27, and is constituted by or includes tin oxide in certain coated articles. However, other dielectric materials may be used instead in layer 13, comprising, but not limited to, silicon nitride, titanium dioxide, niobium oxide, silicon oxynitride, zinc oxide or the like. The fourth dielectric layer 15 acts as a turbidity reducer 25 in certain coated articles and is preferably constituted by or includes silicon nitride (for example, Si3N4 or alternatively silicon rich silicon nitride as discussed above). However, other materials (for example, SiZrN) can be used instead in the dielectric layer 15.
[0025] The fifth dielectric layer 23 may be constituted by or include tin oxide in certain 30 coated articles. However, other dielectric materials may be used instead in layer 23, comprising, but not limited to, silicon nitride, titanium dioxide, niobium oxide, silicon oxynitride, zinc oxide or the like. The outer protective dielectric layer 25 is provided for at least a purpose of durability and may be constituted by silicon nitride (eg, Si3N4) or include it in certain embodiments of the present invention. However, 35 other dielectric materials may be used instead in layer 25, comprising, but not limited to, titanium dioxide, silicon oxynitride, tin oxide, zinc oxide, niobium oxide, SiZrN or the like. .
[0026] Another layer (s) can be provided which is (n) below or above the illustrated coating 27. Thus, although the layer or coating system 27 is found "on" or "supported by" the substrate 1 (directly or indirectly), another layer (s) can be arranged between them. 40 Therefore, for example, the coating 27 of Figure 1 can be considered "on" or "supported by" the substrate 1 even if another layer (s) are disposed between the layer 3 and the substrate 1. In addition, in certain embodiments certain layers of the coating 27 can be removed, while others can be added in other embodiments.
[0027] Figure 2 illustrates a laminar structure (for example, a windshield of a vehicle) that includes the liner 27 of Figure 1. As illustrated in Figure 2, the laminar structure (eg, a windshield) it includes a first glass substrate 1, on which the coating 27 is arranged, and a second glass substrate 31. A layer of PVB 33 is arranged between the substrates in a known manner, such that a face thereof between in contact with the coating 27. In the embodiment of Figure 2, the coating 27 is arranged on / on the second (or # 2) surface 37 of the sheet structure. The first surface 50 is located outside the sheet structure exposed to the exterior of the vehicle, the second surface 37 is inside or inside the outer substrate 1, the third surface 39 is in
the interior of the substrate 31 and the fourth surface 41 is inside the vehicle. The coatings 27 described herein are preferably arranged both on the second 37 and on the third surface of said sheet structures (which is also accurate in relation to the IG units).
[0028] Referring again to Figure 1, although the use of various thicknesses is compatible with one or more of the objects set forth herein, the preferred thicknesses by way of example and the materials by way of Examples for the respective layers of the glass substrate 1 of the embodiment of Figure 1 are the following:
Table 1 (materials / thicknesses by way of example: embodiment of Figure 1
Preferred range (Å) Most preferred (Å) Example (Å)
0-400 Å 50-250 Å 100 Å
0-400 Å 50-250 Å 170 Å
5-100 Å 10-50 Å 18 Å
50-250 Å 80-120 Å 105 Å
5-100 Å 10-50 Å 16 Å
0-800 Å 500-850 Å 650 Å
0-800 Å 50-250 Å 170 Å
0-500 Å 100-300 Å 150 Å
0-500 Å 100-300 Å 250 Å
[0029] Figure 6 illustrates a low heat emissivity heat-treatable coating 27. The coating 27 of Figure 6 is the same coating of Figure 1 described above, with the exception that (i) dielectric layer 3 or (ii) layers 3 and 5 have been replaced with a single layer of silicon nitride 40. The layer of silicon nitride 40 may be constituted by or include Si3N4 in certain coated articles. In other embodiments, the silicon nitride layer 40 may be constituted by or include SixNy in which x / y may be comprised between approximately 0.65 and 0.80 or alternatively between approximately 0.76 and 1, 5 in the silicon-rich embodiments. In another embodiment of the particular embodiment of Figure 6, the layer 40 may be constituted by or include SiZrN. The nitride layer 40 is advantageous because it reduces turbidity and preferably has a thickness between about 10 Å and 500 Å, more preferably between about 200 Å-400 Å 20 thick. In said embodiment, the upper IR reflective layer 19 may have a thickness between approximately 0 Å and 10 Å, and / or the upper dielectric layer 25 may have a thickness between approximately 0-10%. In another aspect of the embodiment of Figure 6, silicon nitride can be used in layer 40 but in a way in which the lower part of the layer may be constituted by or include Si3N4, while the upper part is of silicon nitride of the type rich in silicon described above. In the same way as with all the embodiments described herein, Si-rich silicon nitride has improved performance by reducing turbidity compared to Si3N4. The embodiment of Figure 6 tends to have a reduced visible light transmission factor (but still at least 70%) in relation to the embodiment of Figure 1, but may be more durable in certain circumstances and the Rsolar may be superior to that of the embodiment of Figure 1 which, of course, is beneficial.
[0030] In certain example coated articles, the coating / layer systems 27 according to all the above embodiments have the following characteristics of low heat emissivity before / after heat treatment (HT) when they are in monolithic form, such as illustrated in Table 2: 35
Table 2: monolithic before / after heat treatment (HT)
General Most preferred Most preferred
Rs (ohms / quad.) (Before HT)
<= 10.0 <= 8.0 <= 5.0
Rs (ohms / quad.) (After HT)
<= 8.0 <= 6.0 <= 4.0
In (before HT)
<= 0.08 <= 0.06 n / a
In (after HT)
<= 0.07 <= 0.05 n / a
Turbidity (after HT)
<= 0.40 <= 0.30 <= 0.28
[0031] The coatings 27 (for example, Figures 1-6) have the following characteristics of color, transmission, reflectance and turbidity (for example, a preferred grayish color can be observed at the bottom) when placed on a substrate of transparent glass of sodocálcica silica (for example, 2.1 mm thick) in laminated form with another substrate of transparent glass of similar sodocálcica silica (for example, in the form of windshield of a vehicle with PVB or index oil between both substrates), as shown in Figure 2 (that is, on surface # 2 of the sheet structure), as illustrated in Table 3. In Table 3 below, RgY is the reflectance of the light visible from outside the vehicle as illustrated in Figure 2 and RfY is the reflectance of light visible from the other side of the laminar structure such as inside the vehicle of Figure 2, and the values a * and b * under those pair respective meters of reflectance correspond to the side of the glass (g) (for example, the exterior of the vehicle of Figure 2) and the side of the film (f) 10 (for example, the interior of the vehicle of Figure 2), respectively .
Table 3: color / transmission after HT: laminated form
General Most preferred
Tvis (III. A, 2 grad.):
> = 70%> = 75% (Fig. 1 only)
Tvis (III. C, 2 grad.):
RgY (III. A, C; 2 grad.):
<= 11% <= 9%
a * g (III. A, C; 2nd):
-2.0 to +2.0 -1.0 to +1.0
b * g (III. A, C; 2nd):
-10.0 to +1.0 -8.0 to -2.0
RfY (III. A, C; 2 grad.):
a * f (III. A, C, 2nd):
-3.0 to +1.0 -2.0 to 0.0
b * f (III. A, C, 2nd):
-5.0 to 0.0 -4.0 to -1.0
> = 26%> = 28%
<= 0.4 <= 0.3
<= 50% <= 48%
Surprisingly, it has been found that the set of overlapping layers according to certain coated articles is characterized by quite small changes in visible color due to the change in viewing angle (AV) when viewed from the glass side of the article (e.g., from outside the vehicle 15 in Figure 2). For example, Table 4 below illustrates the low values of Δa * g associated with coated laminated articles when viewed from a normal viewing angle (i.e., straight) compared to a viewing angle of 60 ° off-axis. In other words, Table 4 below illustrates that Δa * g can be kept quite low even given a 60 ° angle of view (AV) shift so that the coated items do not give the impression of changing color to the naked eye when viewed from 20 different angles. It should be noted that the values of Δb * are not considered as important as the values of Δa * because the changes of a * are usually more noticeable to the naked eye than the corresponding changes of b *. In certain exemplary embodiments, a * g is between -2.0 and +2.0, both before and after the 60 ° viewing angle (AV) movement, so that a * g remains proximal to the b * axis (that is, the b * axis is blue (-) / yellow (+) vertical, while the a * axis is green (-) / red (+) horizontal) despite such change radical in the angle of view minimizing, therefore, the appearance of color change.
Table 4: color change with a 60º shift in the viewing angle (AV)
General Most preferred The best
RgY (normal AV)
<= 11% <= 9% <= 8%
a * g (normal AV)
-2.0 to +2.0 -1.0 to +1.0 -1.0 to 0.0
RgY (60º AV)
<= 18% <= 16% <= 15%
a * g (60º AV)
-2.0 to +4.0 0.0 to +4.0 0.0 to 2.0
Δa * (change of AV of 60º)
<= 3.0 <= 2.0 n / a
[0032] It has been previously commented that the double heat-emitting silver double coating system of US Patent No. 5,557,462 (ie, glass / Si3N4 / NiCr / Ag / NiCr / Si3N4 / NiCr / Ag / NiCr / Si3N4) is not heat treatable at least because during the heat treatment Rs increases, for example from about 3-5 to exceed 10, and turbidity tends to appear. It is currently believed that if the thickness of the NiCr layers of the '462 patent is increased significantly in an attempt to achieve heat tratability, unfortunately the visible light transmission factor will decrease well below 70% which would obviously make the coated articles obviously could not be used in windshield applications.
[0033] However, it has been surprisingly discovered that by oxidation graduation of one or more of the non-crystalline contact layers 7, 11, 17 and / or 21, the resulting coated article can retain a
high visible light transmission factor, low heat emissivity characteristics, including low Rs, and good durability with heat treatment (e.g., tempered, thermal flex, etc.). In this regard, reference is made to Figures 3 (a) and 3 (b).
[0034] As illustrated in Figure 3 (a), both contact layers 7 and 11 (and / or 17 and 21) on each side of the applicable IR reflective layer 9 (and / or 19) they are graduated by oxidation so that they are less oxidized (including that they are not oxidized at all in some optional embodiments) at the interface of the IR reflective layer (eg, Ag). In other words, the two contact layers on each side of the Ag 9 layer are progressively less oxidized along their respective thicknesses as they approach the Ag 9 layer. Consequently, the parts (for example, parts with a thickness of 5 Å) of layers 7 and 11 (or 17 and 21) closest to layer 9 (or 19) are oxidized approximately between 0 and 40%, more preferably oxidized approximately between 0 and 20%, and most preferably oxidized approximately between 0 and 10%. At the same time, parts (for example, parts with a thickness of 5 Å) of layers 7 and 11 (or 17 and 21) furthest from layer 9 (or 19) are oxidized by at least about 50% , more preferably oxidized by at least about 60%, even more preferably oxidized by at least about 15 75%, and even more preferably oxidized by at least about 85%.
[0035] Thus, the contact layers are progressively less oxidized along their respective thicknesses as they approach the reflective layer of IR 9, 19. In certain embodiments, this causes the layers of contact 7 and 11 (or 17 and 21) are conductive or at least semiconductor at the interface with the IR reflective layer 9 (or 19), and substantially non-conductive in the other 20 parts of layers 7 and 11 (or 17 and 21) such as the part with a thickness of 5 Å farther from layer 9 (or 19). Therefore, when the contact layers are constituted by or include graduated NiCrOx, the value x decreases progressively along the thickness of the layer towards the reflective layer of IR 9, 19. Said value x can even approximate or equal to zero near the immediately adjacent IR reflective layer in certain cases. 25
[0036] It is considered that the less oxidized parts of the contact layers 7 and 11 (and / or 17 and 21) near the interface of the IR reflecting layer 9 (or 19) allow the coating 27 to resist heat treatment (HT) and provide good adhesion to layer 9, 19. However, these less (or not at all) oxidized parts of the contact layers are also less transparent to visible light than the more oxidized parts of the contact layers. Thus, with oxidation graduation: (a) the highly oxidized parts of the graduated contact layers 7 and 11 (and / or 17 and 21) become more transparent to visible light and allow the coating 27 to retain its visible light transmission characteristics, at the same time as (b) the less oxidized parts of the graduated contact layers better withstand the reflective layer (s) of IR 9, 19 during the HT and provide a good adhesion to them, and allow the coating to resist them. 35
[0037] The embodiment of Figure 3 (b) is similar to that of Figure 3 (a), with the exception that only one of the contact layers that comes into contact with the IR reflective layer is found graduated In the present specific embodiment, the upper contact layer (s) 11, 21 is graduated by oxidation as described above, while the lower one is not and is substantially oxidized, or oxidized by at least about 50%. In certain 40 coated articles, the four non-crystalline contact layers 7, 11, 17 and 21 can be found graduated by oxidation in this way, while in other embodiments only the upper contact layers 11 and 21 can be found graduated . In other additional coated articles three of the contact layers can be graduated or, alternatively, only one of the contact layers can be found graduated by oxidation. Although NiCrOx is a preferred material for the contact layers described herein, those skilled in the art will appreciate that other materials may be used instead (for example, including but not limited to) to them, NiCrOxNy, nickel oxide, chromium oxide, nickel alloy oxide, etc.), and can be oxidized to allow a double silver coating system to maintain a visible light transmission factor high and good characteristics of low heat emissivity even in spite of HT. fifty
[0038] Figure 4 illustrates how an oxidation-graded contact layer 7, 17 can be deposited on a substrate as part of a coating using an asymmetric introduction of oxygen gas into the area of the anti-cathode. The substrate 1 with part of the layer system thereon moves in the direction D through the cathodic spray coater. The anti-cathode 51 of the cathodic deposition inside the protective cover 53 may comprise NiCr or any of the anti-cathodes that include Ni described above when the contact layer (for example, layer 7) is constituted by or includes NiCrOx. Other metal or ceramic anti-cathodes may be used when other materials are used as contact layer (s). When the substrate 1 moves in the direction D below the anti-cathode 51, the gas is introduced around the anti-cathode on both sides 57 and 59 thereof. On one side 57 of the anti-cathode 51, at least oxygen gas (for example, O2) is supplied (for example, an oxygen flow of approximately 60 between 30 and 60 ml / min at 4.1 kW), and optionally a mixture of oxygen and an inert gas like argon (Ar), in
the coating area that is below and / or in the vicinity of the anti-cathode. However, on the other side 59 of the anti-cathode 51, less oxygen gas is used and a larger amount of other gas such as Ar is introduced into the coating area below and / or in the vicinity of the anti-cathode. As an example, on the 57th side of the anti-cathode the gas flow may comprise any of: (a) 100% oxygen, (b) a mixture of oxygen and argon in a ratio of 70/30, (c) a mixture of oxygen and argon in a ratio of 50/50, (d) a mixture of oxygen and argon in a ratio of 30/70, or (e) a mixture of oxygen, argon and nitrogen in a ratio of 50 / 25/25; while on the other side 59 of the anti-cathode the gas flow may comprise any of: (a) 100% argon or other inert gas, (b) a mixture of argon and nitrogen in a 50/50 ratio, or (c) a mixture of argon and oxygen in a ratio of 90/100. Thus, the flow of oxygen gas on side 57 of the anti-cathode is higher than on the other side 59. Therefore, because the substrate 1 passes under the anti-cathode 51, the first part of the layer 7 to deposit It is very oxidized due to the presence of oxygen gas on the side 57 of the anti-cathode, but the back of the layer 7 to be deposited is much less oxidized due to the lack of oxygen gas on the outlet side 59 of the anti-cathode. Therefore, in the vicinity of the anti-cathode 51, the substrate first passes through a cathodic deposition zone enriched with oxygen gas and then passes 15 through a cathodic deposition zone sparse in oxygen gas. Once the layer 7 of Figure 4 has been deposited, the substrate continues to move so that the anti-cathode 60 can be used to make the cathodic deposition of the layer 9 on the substrate on the layers already deposited.
[0039] The amounts of oxygen and / or other gas (s) can, of course, be adjusted to the oxidation graduation of the contact layers in any way that is intended. When it is intended to graduate the contact layer (s) 11, 21 on the upper side of the IR reflective layer 9, 19, the gas flow illustrated in Figure 4 and described above is reversed so that the Flow that includes a higher amount of oxygen is located at the outlet side 59 of the anti-cathode and the flow with a smaller amount or without oxygen is at the input side 57 of the anti-cathode.
EXAMPLES 1-3 25
[0040] In each of the following three examples, the cathodic deposition in the coating / layer system 27 illustrated in Figure 5 was performed on a large transparent float glass substrate of sodacalcic silica 1 2.1 mm thick and , then cut into a sample of at least 3 '' x 3 ''. A six-chamber Leybold Terra-G cathodic deposition coating apparatus was used to perform the cathodic deposition of the coatings 27 on the substrates 1. In each chamber there were five 30 cathodes, so that there were a total of 30 anti-cathodes in the cathode spray coating. The cathode numbering uses the first digit to refer to the casing chamber and the second digit to refer to the position of the cathode in that chamber. For example, cathode No. 32 was the second cathode (second digit) in the third (first digit) cathode deposition chamber. Cathodes No. C13, C14, C23, C62, C31, C32, C62, C64 and C65 were cathodes of the Twin Mag II type; Cathode No. C42 was a dual cathode of the C-Mag type; and cathodes C44, C51 and C53 were flat cathodes. As those skilled in the art will appreciate, the first half of the coating 27 can be deposited in a cathodic spray coater and then again can be passed through the coater to perform the cathodic deposition of the second half of the coating on the substrate . In the cathodic spray coater, cathodic deposition of layers 7-11 and 17-21 was performed on the substrate using a cathodic deposition 40 with direct current (DC), while cathodic deposition of the other layers was performed on the substrate using a medium frequency alternating current (AC) type system. Next, "*" indicates an Al content of approximately 10%. The line speed in each example was 2.6 meters per minute (m / min). The coating / process configuration in the three examples is illustrated in Table 5. All gas flows (eg, oxygen, argon, nitrogen) are presented in units of ml / minute. In the 45 examples below, although not illustrated in the tables, the oxygen flow was deactivated on the sides of the NiCr anti-cathodes described above in order to perform oxidation graduation of the contact layers 11 and 31 as illustrated in Figure 3 (b) (ie, only the oxidation graduation of the two contact layers 11 and 21 above the respective silver layers in said examples) was performed. Volts refer to cathode volts and amps (A) refer to cathodic amps. "Aj" represents adjustment; and adjustment console (Aj), average adjustment (Aj) and adjustment pump (Aj) are all determined in ml / min. The pressure is determined in mbar x 10-3. Adjustment gas refers to individually regulated gas flows along the length of the cathode to make corrections in relation to the uniformity of the layer thickness. NiCr anti-cathodes had a proportion of approximately 80/20 NiCr. The procedure in each example is divided into three separate tables (that is, part # 1-3) 55 because so much information is presented; Only the data of the cathode and the anti-cathode are indicated in the three tables in each example for easy reference. Both layers of silicon nitride 5 and 15 were rich in Si along its total thickness (s): as can be seen thanks to the fact that much more inert argon gas was used (Ar) which nitrogen gas in the cathodic deposition of said silicon nitride layers.
TABLE 5: Coating procedures / configuration of Examples 1 to 3
EXAMPLE No. 1 (Part No. 1)
Anti-cathode Volts (V) Power (kW) Ar flow (ml / min) O2 flow (ml / min) N2 flow
Ti 743 73 200 25 80
Ti 703 64 200 35 50
Ti 738 63.5 200 35 50
Yes * 456 29.7 225 0 165
NiCr 370 4.3 150 38 0
Ag 432 3.2 100 0 0
NiCr 386 4.1 150 48 0
Sn 431 18.3 200 240 100
Sn 477 24.2 200 290 100
Sn 428 24.5 200 300 100
Yes * 453 30.2 225 0 165
NiCr 360 4.2 150 38 0
Ag 430 3.2 100 0 0
NiCr 380 4.1 150 48 0
Sn 442 18.4 200 240 100
Yes * 554 40.6 200 0 200
Yes * 545 40.3 250 0 200
EXAMPLE No. 1 (Part No. 2, continuation of Part No. 1 above [common cathode / anti-cathode]) 5
Anti-cathode Amps (A) Tank voltage (V) Frequency (kHz) Adjustment gas
Ti 128 364 26.7 O2
Ti 125 346 26.7 O2
Ti 110 344 26.5 O2
Yes * n / a 230 26.18 N2
NiCr 11.4 0 0 Ar
Ag 7.4 0 0 Ar
NiCr 10.7 0 0 Ar
nº 62 Sn
45 203 25.03 O2
Sn 61 224 25.6 O2
Sn 60 225 25.64 O2
NiCr 11.6 0 0 Ar
NiCr 10.5 0 0 Ar
Sn 42 208 25.1 O2
Yes * 93.5 264 26.4 N2
Yes * 93.5 273 26.2 N2
EXAMPLE No. 1 (Part No. 3, continuation of parts 1-2 above [common cathode / anti-cathode])
Anticátodo Console Aj Aj medium Pump Aj Lambda Pressure Lambda active
Ti 7.5 15 7.5 2.79E-03 252 True
Ti 12.5 25 12.5 3.03E-03 252 True
Ti 7.5 35 7.5 4.83E-03 252 True
Yes * 50 5 45 2,13E-03 0 False
NiCr 15 70 15 2.26E-03 0 False
Ag 15 70 15 1.37E-03 0 False
NiCr 15 70 15 2,16E-03 0 False
Sn 15 70 15 2,12E-03 220 True
Sn 15 70 15 2.97E-03 220 True
Sn 15 70 15 3,19E-03 220 True
Yes * 50 5 45 1,52E-03 0 False
NiCr 15 70 15 2.30 E-03 0 False
Ag 15 70 15 1.44E-03 0 False
NiCr 15 70 15 2.38E-03 0 False
Sn 15 70 15 2,24E-03 220 True
Yes * 20 60 20 2.88E-03 0 False
Yes * 20 60 20 3.61E-03 0 False
EXAMPLE No. 2 (Part No. 1)
Ti 729 74.6 200 25 80
Ti 703 66 200 35 50
Yes * 451 29.7 225 0 163
NiCr 371.5 4.3 150 38 0
Ag 434 3.2 100 0 0
NiCr 390 4.1 150 48 0
Sn 427 18.4 200 240 100
Sn 476 24.6 200 290 100
Sn 427 25.3 200 300 100
Yes * 458 29.3 225 0 165
NiCr 368 4.3 150 38 0
Ag 431 3.2 100 0 0
Sn 436 18.4 200 240 100
Yes * 552 40.6 200 0 200
Yes * 548 40.6 250 0 200
EXAMPLE 2 (Part 2, continuation of part 1 above [common cathode / anti-cathode])
Ti 146 364 26.7 O2
Ag 7.3 0 0 Ar
NiCr 10.3 0 0 Ar
Sn 45.5 203 25.03 O2
Sn 62 225 25.6 O2
Sn 61 226 25.64 O2
Sn 44 206 23.1 O2
EXAMPLE No. 2 (Part No. 3, continuation of previous parts No. 1-2 [common cathode / anti-cathode])
Ag 15 70 15 1.35E-03 0 False
NiCr 15 70 15 2.14E-03 0 False
Sn 15 70 15 2,13E-03 220 True
Sn 15 70 15 3,22E-03 220 True
Sn 15 70 15 3,25E-03 220 True
Yes * 50 5 45 2.21E-03 0 False
Ag 15 70 15 1.39E-03 0 False
NiCr 15 70 15 2,18E-03 0 False
Sn 15 70 15 2,15E-03 220 True
Yes * 20 60 20 2.7SE-03 0 False
Yes * 20 60 20 3.35E-03 0 False
EXAMPLE No. 3 (Part No. 1)
Sn 481 25.2 200 290 100
Sn 439 25.9 200 300 100
Yes * 449 30.4 225 0 165
NiCr 364 4.2 150 38 0
Ag 427 3.2 100 0 0
NiCr 383 4.0 150 = 18 0
Sn 452 19.5 200 240 100
Yes * 553 40.6 200 0 200
Example 3 (Part 2, continuation of the previous part 1 [common cathode / anti-cathode])
Sn 45 203 25.03 O2
Sn 62 226 25.6 O2
Sn 62 229 25.64 O2
Ag 7.5 0 0 Ar
Sn 45.4 212 25.1 O2
Yes * 94 264 26.4 N2
EXAMPLE No. 3 (Part No. 3, continuation of parts 1-2 above [common cathode / anti-cathode])
Yes * 50 5 45 2,18E-03 0 False
Sn 15 70 15 3.01E-03 220 True
Sn 15 70 15 3,24E-03 220 True
Yes * 50 5 45 2.58E-03 0 False
NiCr 15 70 15 2.27E-03 0 False
Ag 15 70 15 1.41E-03 0 False
NiCr 15 70 15 2,37E-03 0 False
Sn 15 70 15 2,26E-03 220 True
Yes * 20 60 20 2.90E-03 0 False
Yes * 20 60 20 3.69E-03 0 False
[0050] After performing the cathodic deposition of the coatings 27 of examples 1-3 on the respective substrates 1 as set forth above, they were analyzed / determined as indicated in Table 6 (ie, in a monolithic state) . The heat treatment was performed by arranging the coated articles in an oven at a temperature of approximately 625 degrees for five (5) minutes.
Table 6: Exs. 1-3. Monolithic before / after heat treatment (HT)
Tvis III, A, 2nd (before HT):
> = 70%> = 70%> = 70%
Tvis III, A, 2nd (after HT):
> = 78%> = 78%> = 78%
4.43 -4.37 4.27
3.46 3.33 3.44
<= 0.06 <= 0.06 <= 0.06
<= 0.05 <= 0.05 <= 0.05
0.15 0.28 0.22
[0051] Next, the coated monolithic articles subjected to heat treatment of Examples 1-3 were each laminated with another corresponding transparent float glass substrate of sodacalcic silica 1 2.1 mm thick 3 inches x 3 inches, with a layer of PVB (approximately 0.8 mm thick) disposed between the substrates in a known manner, and the coating 27 disposed on the surface # 2 as illustrated in Figure 2. Next, the articles The resulting coated laminates (see Figure 2) were analyzed / determined and found to show the following detailed characteristics in Table 7. In table 7 the side of the glass (G) is the same as the exterior of the vehicle of the Figure 2 while the side of the film (F) is the same as that of the interior of the vehicle of Figure 2.
Table 7: Color of Exs. 1-3 in the laminated form after HT (ie, as in Fig. 2) 10
Value / Determination
III. C. 2nd
% of transmission (TY or Tvis):
75.37 75.32 74.68
a * T:
-2.92 -3.17 -2.25
b * T:
3.87 4.39 4.07
Reflectance as seen from the glass side (G): RGY
7.93 8.02 8.22
to * G:
0.53 0.93 0.29
b * G:
-5.23 -7.10 -5.64
Reflectance as seen from the side of the film / coating (F): RFY (%):
7.83 7.85 8.11
a * F:
-1.59 -1.23 -1.68
b * F:
-2.75 -3.74 -2.73
III. D65 2nd
75.69 75.34 74.71
-2.81 -3.05 -2.16
3.85 4.35 4.07
Reflectance as seen from the glass side (G): RGY (%)
7.93 8.03 8.22
0.26 0.57 -0.01
-5.17 -7.03 -5.58
7.84 7.85 8.12
-1.79 -1.48 -1.88
-2.71 -3.69 -2.69
III. A. 2nd
75.27 75.23 74.78
-1.95 -2.05 -1.37
3.28 3.74 3.68
III. C. 10th
75.16 75.08 74.91
-2.39 -2.59 -2.78
3.93 4.45 4.02
8.01 8.14 8.31
0.11 0.28 -0.15
-5.21 -7.03 -5.60
7.87 7.90 8.16
-1.54 -1.30 -1.62
-2.79 -3.78 -2.77
III. D65 10th
75.19 75.12 74.92
-2.29 -2.49 -2.66
3.92 4.45 3.99
-0.09 0.01 -0.37
-5.20 -7.02 -5.58
7.88 7.91 8.16
-1.69 -1.49 -1.78
-2.77 -3.76 -2.75
III. A. 10th
75.20 75.15 74.85
-1.41 -1.63 -1.76
3.34 3.98 4.02
In addition, it was found that each of examples 1-3 was chemically and mechanically durable as those terms are defined later, both before and after HT.
[0052] As previously noted, when depositing each of the layers of silicon nitride, more Ar gas than N gas was used in the cathodic deposition process. In the examples, the Ar / N ratio is approximately 225/165 (or 1.36) as previously observed. In the preferred embodiments of the present invention, the Ar / N ratio is between about 1.15 and 3.0, more preferably between about 1.20 and 2.0, and most preferably between about 1.2 and 1.5. This proportion, which uses a greater amount of an inert gas (for example, Ar) than nitrogen in the cathodic deposition of the silicon nitride layers, allows the resulting silicon nitride layers to be rich in Si as it has been previously described. 10
[0053] Table 8 below compares, in the case of the HT laminar structure of Example 1, the vision characteristics with a normal viewing angle (AV) in relation to an AV of 60 ° off-axis (is say, the 60º AV is 60 degrees from the normal AV). As can be seen, example 1 is characterized by substantial color stability over this wide range of viewing angles, so that an observer looking at the laminar structure of Example 1 from both normal AV (i.e. , straight 15 so that the line or place is perpendicular to the plane of the article) as from the 60º AV you will not appreciate much change in color, if you appreciate any. This is due to the low reflectance value Δa * from the glass side (G) (i.e. Δa * indicates the difference between a * in the normal AV and the 60º displaced AV). Note: the color of the sixty degrees is III, D65, for a standard observer from 10 degrees.
Table 8: color change with a 60º change in viewing angle (AV) (example 1)
Ex. 1 (Normal AV) Ex. 1 (60º off-axis AV)
75.27% n / a
a * T: -2.2 n / a
b * T: 4.2 n / a
30.15 36.11
7.8% 14.56%
a * g: -0.23 1.6
b * g: -5.59 -1.33
Δa * g: (AV change of 60º) 1.83 same
ΔL * g: (AV change of 60º) 11.4 same
[0054] As can be seen in Table 8 above, the reflectance Δa * g: (change of the AV of 60 °) preferably is not more than 3.0 and more preferably not more than 2.0. In Table 8, it was 1.83. In addition, Tsolar is preferably not more than 50%, even more preferably it is not more than 48% and most preferably it is not more than about 47%.
[0055] Certain embodiments of the present invention after heat treatment and lamination are characterized as follows with respect to the reflective color of the glass side (G):
Normal AV AV 60º off axis
-2.0 to +2.0 -2.0 to +3.0
-1.0 to -12.0 0 to +9.0
[0056] Certain terms are frequently used in the technique of glass coating, particularly when defining the properties and characteristics of the solar treatment of the coated glass. These terms are used herein according to their well-known meaning. For example, 10 as used herein:
[0057] The intensity of the light with a visible wavelength, that is, the "reflectance" is defined by its percentage and is presented as Rx Y or Rx (ie, the Y value cited later in the ASTM E- 308-85), in which "X" is both "G" on the glass side and "F" on the film side. "Glass side" (for example, "G") refers to the observation from the side of the glass substrate opposite to that on which the coating is located, while "side of the film" (ie, " F ") refers to the observation from the side of the glass substrate on which the coating is located.
[0058] Color characteristics are determined and presented herein using the scale and coordinates a *, b * of the CIE LAB 1976 system (ie, the a * b * diagram of the CIE LAB system, III. CIE -C observer at 2 degrees), in which: 20
L * represents the units of clarity (CIE 1976)
a * represents the red-green units (CIE 1976)
b * represents the yellow-blue units (CIE 1976)
[0059] Other similar coordinates may be used in an equivalent manner such as the subscript "h" indicating the conventional use of the Hunter method (or units) III. C, observer at 10º, or the coordinates u * v * 25 of the CIE LUV system. These scales are defined herein according to ASTM D-2244-93 "Standard Test Method for Calculation of Color Differences From Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates" 9/15/93 supplemented by ASTM E-308-95, Yearbook of Regulations ASTM, Vol. 06.01 "Standard Method for Computing the Colors of Objects by 10 Using the CIE System" and / or as described in IES LIGHTING HANDBOOK 1981, reference volume. 30
[0060] The terms "emissivity" (or emittance) and "transmission factor" are well known in the art and are used herein according to their well-known meaning. Thus, for example, the term "transmission factor" herein means solar transmittance, which comprises visible light transmittance (TY or Tvis), infrared energy transmittance (TIR) and ultraviolet light transmittance ( TUV). The total solar energy transmittance (TS or Tsolar) can be characterized as the weighted average of said other 5 values. In relation to said transmittances, the visible light transmission factor can be characterized for architectural uses by the standard lighting technique C, 2 degrees, while the visible light transmission factor can be characterized for vehicle related uses by Standard lighting technique III. A, 2 degrees (for such techniques, see for example ASTM E-308-95, incorporated herein by reference). For emissivity a specific infrared range of 10 is used (ie 2,500-40,000 nm). In the provisional application mentioned above, whose priorities are claimed herein, various calculation / measurement standards can be found for some and / or all of the above parameters.
[0061] The term Rsolar refers to the total solar energy reflectance (herein, on the glass side) and is a weighted average of the IR reflectance, the visible light reflectance and the reflectance of the glass. UV light This term can be calculated according to the known DIN 410 and ISO 13837 (12/98) table 1, p. 22 for automotive applications, and the well-known ASHRAE 142 standard for architectural applications, both incorporated herein by reference.
[0062] The term "turbidity" is defined as follows. Light scattered in several directions causes a loss of contrast. The term "turbidity" is defined herein according to ASTM D 1003 which defines turbidity as the percentage of light that passes through the incident beam a value greater than 2.5 degrees on average. The "turbidity" in the present memory can be determined by the visibility meter Byk Gardner (all turbidity values in the present memory are determined by said visibility meter and have no units).
[0063] "Emissivity" (or emittance) (E) is a measure or characteristic of both the absorption and the reflectance of light at certain wavelengths. It is usually represented by the formula:
E = 1 - film reflectance
[0064] For architectural uses, emissivity values are quite important in the so-called "middle zone", sometimes referred to as "far zone" of the infrared spectrum, that is, approximately 2,500 to 40,000 nm, for example, as specified in the Window 4.1 program LBL-35298 (1994) of the 30 Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories, as referenced below. The term "emissivity" as used herein, therefore, is used to refer to the emissivity values measured in said infrared zone as specified by ASTM E 1585-93 entitled "Standard Test Method for Measuring and Calculating Emittance of Architectural Flat Glass Products Using Radiometric Measurements ". Said regulations and their provisions are incorporated herein by way of reference. In said regulations, emissivity is presented as hemispheric emissivity (En) and normal emissivity (En).
[0065] The actual accumulation of data to measure said emissivity values is conventional and can be performed using, for example, a Beckman model 4260 spectrometer with a "VW" accessory (Beckman Scientific Inst. Corp.). Said spectrometer determines the reflectance in relation to the wavelength and, from this, the emissivity is calculated using the ASTM Standard 1585-93 mentioned above.
[0066] Another term used in this memo is "sheet resistance". Laminar resistance (Rs) is a term well known in the art and is used herein according to its well-known meaning. It is presented herein in ohms per square units. Generally speaking, said term refers to the resistance in ohms for any square of a layer system disposed on a glass substrate for an electric current flowing through said layer system. Laminar resistance is an indicator of the effectiveness of the layer or layer system in the reflection of infrared energy and, thus, is commonly used together with emissivity as a measure of that characteristic. "Laminar resistance" can be adequately determined, for example, using an ohmmeter with a four-point probe 50, such as a 4-point disposable resistivity probe with a Magnetron Instruments Corp. head, model M-800 produced by Signatone Corp. in Santa Clara, California.
[0067] The terms "chemical durability" or "chemically durable" are used herein as synonyms for the term "chemically resistant" or "chemical stability". The chemical durability is determined by boiling a 2 '' x 5 '' sample of a 55-coated glass substrate in approximately 500 ml of 5% HCl for 5 minutes (i.e. approximately 220 ° F-104 ° C ). In this report it is considered that the sample passes said test (and therefore the layer system is
"chemically resistant" or considered to be "chemically durable" or "chemical durability") if at least half of the sample layer system remains after 5 minutes.
[0068] The term "mechanical durability" is used herein as defined by the following test. The test uses a Pacific Scientific abrasion testing machine (or equivalent) in which a brush with 2 '' x 4 '' x 1 '' nylon bristles is cyclically passed over the layer system (for example, as Wright Bernet of Franklin Park, Illinois, model 1280 Hand & Nail Brush) performs in 500 cycles using 150 g of weight, applied to a 6 '' x 17 '' sample. In said test, if substantial substantial stripes do not appear when viewed with the naked eye under visible light, the test is considered to be passed and the article is said to be "mechanically durable" or that it has "mechanical durability".
[0069] The terms "heat treatment" or "heat treatment" as used herein means to heat the article to a temperature sufficient to allow thermal tempering, bending or thermal reinforcement of the article comprising the glass. Such definition includes, for example, heating the coated article to a temperature of at least about 1,100 F (for example, to a temperature from about 550 C to 900 C) for a period sufficient to allow tempering. fifteen
1. Heat-treated coated article comprising:
a layer system supported by a glass substrate, a layer system comprising from the substrate to the outside:
a layer of SixNy Si rich silicon nitride in which x / y is between 0.85 and 1.2 5 throughout the layer;
a first contact layer; Y
a reflective IR layer that includes silver (Ag) or gold.
2. Coated article according to claim 1, wherein the coated article is heat treated.
3. A coated article according to claim 1, wherein the layer system further comprises at least 10 a layer of titanium dioxide disposed between said substrate and said Si-rich SixN silicon nitride layer.
4. A coated article according to claim 1, wherein said first contact layer comprises NiCrOx and said IR reflective layer comprises Ag.
5. A coated article according to claim 4, further comprising a second contact layer comprising NiCrOx on said IR reflective layer and at least one dielectric layer on the second contact layer.
6. A coated article according to claim 1, further comprising another Si-rich SixNy silicon nitride layer in which x / y is between 0.76 and 1.5 arranged on said IR reflective layer, wherein at least one layer is disposed between said other Si-rich SixNy silicon nitride layer and said IR reflective layer. twenty
7. A coated article according to claim 6, further comprising another IR reflective layer disposed on said other SixN and Si-rich silicon nitride layer.
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