Source: http://www.google.com/patents/US6990276?dq=5,832,511
Timestamp: 2014-07-11 12:32:08
Document Index: 239381017

Matched Legal Cases: ['Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60', 'Application No. 60']

Patent US6990276 - Optical waveform recognition and/or generation and optical switching - Google PatentsSearch Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More »Sign in<nobr>Advanced Patent Search</nobr>PatentsA planar optical waveguide has sets of diffractive elements, each routing between input and output optical ports diffracted portions of an input optical signal. The diffractive elements are arranged so that the impulse response function of the diffractive element set comprises a reference temporal waveform...http://www.google.com/patents/US6990276?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US6990276 - Optical waveform recognition and/or generation and optical switchingAdvanced Patent SearchPublication numberUS6990276 B2Publication typeGrantApplication numberUS 10/857,987Publication dateJan 24, 2006Filing dateMay 29, 2004Priority dateMar 16, 2000Fee statusLapsedAlso published asUS20040258356Publication number10857987, 857987, US 6990276 B2, US 6990276B2, US-B2-6990276, US6990276 B2, US6990276B2InventorsLawrence D. Brice, Christoph M. Greiner, Thomas W. Mossberg, Dmitri IazikovOriginal AssigneeLightsmyth Technologies, Inc.Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefManPatent Citations (3), Referenced by (28), Classifications (17), Legal Events (7) External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, EspacenetOptical waveform recognition and/or generation and optical switchingUS 6990276 B2Abstract A planar optical waveguide has sets of diffractive elements, each routing between input and output optical ports diffracted portions of an input optical signal. The diffractive elements are arranged so that the impulse response function of the diffractive element set comprises a reference temporal waveform or its time-reverse.
A planar optical waveguide has N�M sets of diffractive elements, each routing between corresponding input and output optical ports corresponding diffracted portions of an input optical signal. The N�M diffractive element sets, N�M input optical ports, and N 1�M optical switches enable routing of an input optical signal any of the N input optical sources to any of the M output optical ports based on the operational state of the corresponding 1�M optical switch.
a planar optical waveguide having N�M sets of diffractive elements, the planar optical waveguide substantially confining in one transverse spatial dimension optical signals propagating in two other spatial dimensions therein, wherein
each diffractive element set routes, between a corresponding one of N�M input optical ports and a corresponding one of M output optical ports, a corresponding diffracted portion of an input optical signal propagating in the planar waveguide that is diffracted by the diffractive element set,
the input optical signal is successively incident on the diffractive elements, and
for each pair of one of the N�M input optical ports and one of the M output optical ports there is a corresponding one of the N�M diffractive element sets that routes an optical signal therebetween; and
a set of N 1�M optical switches, each 1�M optical switch coupling a corresponding one of N input optical sources to a corresponding one of N disjoint subsets of M input optical ports, so that an input optical signal from any one of the N input optical sources may be routed to any one of the M output optical ports based on the operational state of the corresponding 1�M optical switch.
39. The apparatus of claim 35, wherein the operational states of the 1�M optical switches may be determined at least in part by routing information extracted from input optical signals of the corresponding input optical sources.
launching an optical signal from one of N input optical sources into a planar waveguide through one of N�M input optical ports, the planar optical waveguide substantially confining in one transverse dimension the optical signal propagating in two other dimensions therein; and
receiving from the planar optical waveguide through one of M output optical ports at least one diffracted portion of the optical signal diffracted by a corresponding one of N�M diffractive element sets of the planar waveguide,
each diffractive element set routes, between a corresponding one of the N�M input optical ports and a corresponding one of the M output optical ports, a corresponding diffracted portion of an input optical signal propagating in the planar waveguide that is diffracted by the diffractive element set;
a set of N corresponding 1�M optical switches each couple a corresponding one of the N input optical sources to a corresponding one of N disjoint subsets of M input optical ports, so that an input optical signal from any one of the N input optical sources may be routed to any one of the M output optical ports based on the operational state of the corresponding 1�M optical switch.
46. The method of claim 42, wherein the operational states of the 1�M optical switches may be determined at least in part by routing information extracted from input optical signals of the corresponding input optical sources.
the diffractive elements of the set are arranged so that
i) a first temporal waveform comprising a string of data bits results in the corresponding diffracted portion of the first optical signal reaching the corresponding second optical port with a corresponding second temporal waveform comprising the string of data bits each having superimposed thereon a common set of routing bits, or
ii) a first temporal waveform comprising a string of data bits each with a common string of routing bits superimposed thereon results in the corresponding diffracted portion of the first optical signal reaching the corresponding second optical port with a corresponding second temporal waveform comprising a string of data bits.
the input optical signal is successively incident on the diffractive elements. Description
RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims benefit of prior-filed provisional Application No. 60/474,878 entitled �Optical packet header coder/decoder systems and optical switch based on holographic Bragg reflectors� filed May 30, 2003 in the names of Lawrence D. Brice, Christoph M. Greiner, Thomas W. Mossberg, and Dmitri lazikov, said provisional application being hereby incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein.
This application is a continuation-in-part of prior-filed U.S. non-provisional application Ser. No. 10/653,876 entitled �Amplitude and phase control in distributed optical structures� filed Sep. 2, 2003 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,829,417 in the names of Christoph M. Greiner, Dmitri lazikov, and Thomas W. Mossberg, which is in turn a continuation-in-part of U.S. non-provisional application Ser. No. 10/229,444 entitled �Amplitude and phase control in distributed optical structures� filed Aug. 27, 2002 in the names of Thomas W. Mossberg and Christoph M. Greiner, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,678,429 issued Jan. 13, 2004. Each of said application and said patent are hereby incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein application Ser. No. 10/229,444 in turn claims benefit of provisional Application No. 60/315,302 entitled �Effective gray scale in lithographically scribed planar holographic devices� filed Aug. 27, 2001 in the name of Thomas W. Mossberg, and provisional Application No. 60/370,182 entitled �Amplitude and phase controlled diffractive elements� filed Apr. 4, 2002 in the names of Thomas W. Mossberg and Christoph M. Greiner, both of said provisional applications being hereby incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein.
This application is a continuation-in-part of prior-filed non-provisional application Ser. No. 09/811,081 entitled �Holographic spectral filter� filed Mar. 16, 2001 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,879,441 in the name of Thomas W. Mossberg, and a continuation-in-part of prior-filed non-provisional application Ser. No. 09/843,597 entitled �Optical processor� filed Apr. 26, 2001 in the name of Thomas W. Mossberg, application Ser. No. 09/843,597 in turn being a continuation-in-part of said application Ser. No. 09/811,081. Said application Ser. No. 09/811,081 in turn claims benefit of: 1) provisional Application No. 60/190,126 filed Mar. 16, 2000; 2) provisional Application No. 60/199,790 filed Apr. 26, 2000; 3) provisional Application No. 60/235,330 filed Sep. 26, 2000; and 4) provisional Application No. 60/247,231 filed Nov. 10, 2000. Each of said non-provisional applications and each of said provisional applications are hereby incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein.
BACKGROUND The field of the present invention relates to optical devices incorporating distributed optical structures. In particular, methods and apparatus for optical waveform recognition and/or generation and for optical switching, with distributed optical structures, are disclosed herein.
SUMMARY An optical apparatus comprises a planar optical waveguide having at least one set of diffractive elements. Each diffractive element set routes, between corresponding input and output optical ports with a corresponding impulse response function, a corresponding diffracted portion of an input optical signal propagating in the planar waveguide that is diffracted by the diffractive element set. The input optical signal has an input temporal waveform, the output optical signal has an output temporal waveform, and the output temporal waveform is given by a convolution of the input temporal waveform and the impulse response function. The input optical signal is successively incident on the diffractive elements. The diffractive elements of the set are arranged so that the corresponding impulse response function is proportional to one of i) a corresponding reference temporal waveform, or ii) a time-reverse of the corresponding reference temporal waveform.
An optical apparatus comprises a planar optical waveguide having N�M sets of diffractive elements, and a set of N 1�M optical switches. Each diffractive element set routes, between a corresponding one of N�M input optical ports and a corresponding one of M output optical ports, a corresponding diffracted portion of an input optical signal propagating in the planar waveguide that is diffracted by the diffractive element set. The input optical signal is successively incident on the diffractive elements. For each pair of one of the N�M input optical ports and one of the M output optical ports there is a corresponding one of the N�M diffractive element sets that routes an optical signal therebetween. Each 1�M optical switch couples a corresponding one of N input optical sources to a corresponding one of N disjoint subsets of M input optical ports, so that an input optical signal from any one of the N input optical sources may be routed to any one of the M output optical ports based on the operational state of the corresponding 1�M optical switch.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 illustrates schematically transformation of an input optical signal by a diffractive element set.
FIG. 9 illustrates schematically an 8�8 optical switch using 8 1�8 optical switches and an 8�8 array of diffractive element sets.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS An optical apparatus according to the present disclosure comprises a planar optical waveguide having at least one set of diffractive elements. The planar optical waveguide substantially confines in one transverse dimension optical signals propagating in the other two spatial dimensions. The planar waveguide typically comprises a core (a two-dimensional sheet or layer) surrounded by lower-index cladding. The core is fabricated using one or more dielectric materials substantially transparent over a desired operating wavelength range. In some instances one or both claddings may be vacuum, air, or other ambient atmosphere. More typically, one or both claddings comprise layers of dielectric material(s), with the cladding refractive indices n1 and n2 typically being smaller than the core refractive index ncore. (In some instances in which short optical paths are employed and some degree of optical loss can be tolerated, the cladding indices might be larger than the core index while still enabling the planar waveguide to support guided, albeit lossy, optical modes.) The planar waveguide may be secured to a substrate, for facilitating manufacture, for mechanical support, and/or for other reasons.
It should be noted that the temporal waveforms described herein may exhibit amplitude, phase, and/or frequency modulation in any desired combination, and that the �temporal waveform� refers to all variation of the optical fields with time, including oscillations at a carrier frequency. It should be noted that a first temporal waveform described as comprising, including, the same as, equal to, equivalent to, matching, etc, a second waveform may differ by an overall multiplicative factor (which may include appropriate units). A first waveform comprising or including a second waveform may or may not have additional temporal features not present in the second waveform.
FIG. 3 schematically illustrates generalization to a planar waveguide device with multiple sets of diffractive elements, each arranged so as to compare an input temporal waveform to multiple reference temporal waveforms. In a manner similar to that previously described, the multiple reference temporal waveforms (time-reversed) are �stored� (i.e. programmed) as the impulse response functions of the respective sets of diffractive elements. The device of FIG. 3 consists of N individual diffractive element sets 102-1 . . . 102-N that are overlaid on a common planar waveguide substrate. Overlay of the diffractive element sets may be implemented according to the teachings of the references cited hereinabove. The multiple sets of diffractive elements may be arranged with a common input optical port 104 but with spatially separate output optical ports 106-1 . . . 106-N. The output temporal waveform appearing at each output optical port 106-1 . . . 106-N of the device shown in FIG. 3 is a cross-correlation of the common input optical signal temporal waveform and the respective reference temporal waveforms programmed into each of the diffractive element sets 102-1 . . . 102-N that couples the input optical port 104 and the respective output optical port 106-1 . . . 106-N. If the input temporal waveform matches the reference temporal waveform signature programmed into any constituent diffractive element set(s), a relative short, relatively intense auto-correlation pulse appears at the corresponding output optical port(s). While the device example of FIG. 3 incorporates overlaid diffractive element sets, similar devices may be constructed by stacking (i.e., positioning sequentially along the path of the input optical signal) or by interleaving the constituent diffractive element sets as disclosed in the references cited hereinabove. Output optical signals may pass through the respective output optical ports simultaneously or at successive times, depending on the relative spatial arrangement of the diffractive element sets and optical ports. Time delay between entry of an optical signal into the input port and arrival of an output optical signal at the corresponding output optical port is determined by the optical path length between the optical ports. This distance may be determined on a output-port-specific basis via spatial placement of the corresponding diffractive element set that routes processed optical signals between the input optical port and the corresponding output optical port.
FIG. 7 illustrates schematically an optical device wherein an input optical signal may be encoded with a selected one of a set of reference temporal waveforms. An input optical pulse from an input optical source may be directed to a 1�N optical switch 503 (which may be of any suitable type). The N outputs of the optical switch 503 are coupled to different input optical ports 504-1 . . . 504-N of a planar waveguide waveform generator (i.e. encoder) having N distinct 502-1 . . . 502-N diffractive element sets, each arranged to produce one of a set of N reference temporal waveforms. The diffractive element sets all route their respective output optical signals to a common output optical port 506. As previously described, the diffractive element sets may be spatially distinct, overlaid, stacked, and/or interleaved on the waveform generator planar optical waveguide. A particular reference temporal waveform is selected for encoding onto the input optical signal based on the operational state of the 1�N optical switch. This all-optical approach to waveform generation (e.g. packet header or address label generation) may be employed to create waveforms with bandwidths and temporal structures difficult to achieve by electronic means, and may be implemented within a relatively compact device footprint. In the specific example of FIG. 7, the 1�N optical switch 503 (which may employ Mach-Zender, MEMS, or any other suitable optical switching technology) is used to dynamically select which reference temporal waveform is to be imparted on the input optical signal. The embodiment of FIG. 7 may also be applied to the generation of coded bits for optical code-division multiple access (OCDMA) communication systems (described further hereinbelow). For example, a waveform generator assembly as illustrated schematically in FIG. 7 may enable rapid switching between all the codes or a subset of the codes employed in a particular OCDMA network.
When reference optical waveforms share the same spectral content, optical cross-correlators based on diffractive element sets enable processing, regeneration, and/or swapping of packet headers, address labels, routing data, or other data in an all-optical environment, without ever resorting to optical/electronic (O/E) conversion. FIG. 8 schematically illustrates this application. The autocorrelation pulse optical output from diffractive-element-set-based waveform recognizer 601 (resulting from detecting a matching reference temporal waveform 611, as described hereinabove) is fed into a diffractive-element-set-based waveform generator 602 for generating a reference waveform 612. An optical thresholder 603 may be employed between the recognizer and the generator, although in some cases optical thresholding may not be necessary. If thresholding is not necessary, the functions of waveform recognizer 601 and waveform generator 602 may be combined into a suitably arranged single set of diffractive elements whose spectral transfer function is the product of the transfer functions of waveform recognizer 601 and waveform generator 602. Reconfigurable recognition and generation of reference temporal waveforms may be achieved by replacing the single-diffractive-element-set waveform generator 602 with a reconfigurable multiple-diffractive-element-set device as in FIG. 7, thereby allowing selection of a desired output reference waveform via the operational state of a 1�N optical switch. In this way, a reconfigurable device as shown in FIG. 7 may be employed to accept input signals having a specific reference waveform and to transform them into a selected one of N possible output reference waveforms. Alternatively, the output of a reconfigurable multiple-diffractive-element-set waveform recognizer with an input 1�N optical switch (as in FIG. 7) may be coupled into the input of a single-diffractive-element-set waveform generator. In this way, any of a set of incoming temporal waveforms may be converted to a common selected output waveform based on the operational state of the optical switch.
In yet another variation of optical waveform transformation using diffractive element sets, two reconfigurable devices (as shown in FIG. 7) may be connected in series. The first reconfigurable device has a family of diffractive element sets, each of which transforms a corresponding input reference waveform into a common output waveform having a common spectrum (for example the short pulse of FIG. 8). The first 1�N optical switch is set to the input channel designed to convert a selected one of the input reference waveforms to the common output waveform. The output of the first reconfigurable waveform recognition device is connected to the input of a second reconfigurable device acting as reconfigurable waveform generator as in FIG. 7. The second reconfigurable device has a family of diffractive element sets, each of which transforms a common input signal (the common output signal from the first device) to a corresponding one of multiple output reference waveforms. The second 1�N optical switch is set to the input channel designed to convert the common input signal to a selected one of the output reference waveforms. In this way an optical signal encoded according to one of a set of recognized optical codes (i.e. reference waveforms) may be recoded to any other optical code of the set, or even to an optical code of a different code set. All elements of the described waveform converter may be integrated onto a single planar waveguide.
FIG. 9 schematically illustrates a simple 8�8 switch. The input to the switch consists of eight input optical sources 801-1 . . . 801-8, such as optical fibers. Each optical input source is coupled to a corresponding 1�8 optical switch 802-1 . . . 802-8 that is set to route the incoming signal through a corresponding one of a set of 64 input optical ports 803-1-1 . . . 803-8-8 to a corresponding one of a set of 64 diffractive element sets 804-1-1 . . . 804-8-8. The diffractive element sets 804 may be designed to exhibit broad spectrum reflectivity (over the operationally relevant optical bandwidth) or to provide reflective spectra useful in a particular optical switching application. Each diffractive element set 804-i-j couples light from a corresponding input optical port 803-i-j to a corresponding one port 805-j of a set of eight output optical ports 805-1 . . . 805-8. Each input optical port 803 is coupled to each output optical port 805. By selecting the operational state of an optical switch 802-i (electronically, optically, optoelectronically, optomechanically, or otherwise), an optical signal from input optical source 801-i may be routed to any selected output optical port 805-j (through input optical port 803-i-j and routed by diffractive element set 804-i-j). This embodiment may be generalized to a simple N�M optical switch by constructing N sets of M input ports and M output ports. Each of the N input ports within a set of input ports is coupled to one of the M output ports via a dedicated one of N�M diffractive element sets. Each of N input optical sources is connected via a 1�M optical switch to its subset of M routing diffractive element sets. Control over the operational state of each 1�M optical switch selection of one of the M output ports for exiting of the output optical signal. Multiple output optical signals may simultaneously exit the device each output port. The N�M diffractive element set routing structures may be fabricated in a single lithographic step.
The approaches to optical waveform recognition and generation disclosed hereinabove may also lend themselves to a hybrid electronic-optical routing approach illustrated schematically in FIG. 10. In this approach, rather than encoding routing information only in a header of an optical data packet, instead every data bit within the optical data packet, shown in FIG. 10 entering decoder 901 at point A, has routing information superimposed onto it in the form of a reference temporal waveform. This may be accomplished by any suitable modulation scheme (phase, frequency, and/or amplitude) in addition to whatever modulation scheme was used to encode the data bits. For example, an amplitude-modulated data bit stream may have frequency modulation superimposed on each bit thereof, which would not necessarily affect electronic detection and decoding of the data bit stream but may nevertheless serve to enable recognition of the routing reference waveform and routing of the optical bit stream using a suitably programmed diffractive element set. The routing information enables a diffractive element set device to route the entire optical packet, without assistance from an electronically activated optical switch, from the input port to one of multiple output optical ports of the decoder 901. Decoder 901, implemented with multiple diffractive element sets based on the principles disclosed herein, recognizes the arriving route-coded bits and directs them in readable form to one of its code-specific output optical ports (in effect, selecting to which subsequent network node the packet is to be transmitted). Non-readable (i.e. non-recognized) optical signals may reach other output ports of the device, but are typically ignored. In addition, the action of decoder 901 on the coded input bit stream strips the overlaid routing code waveform from the packet (in a manner similar to that shown in the left side of FIG. 8), thereby enabling the packet to be readily read by a control unit 902 (a fraction of the packet is split off for reading; the remainder remains in the optical domain). It is assumed that the decoded packet itself also contains routing information (for determining routing at the next network node, for example). After any necessary signal grooming by unit 903 (which may include, for example, an optical thresholder and/or an optical amplifier), a 1�N optical switch 904 controlled by the electronic unit 902 is set to a selected operational state on the basis of routing information contained in the packet. The packet then enters the appropriate input of waveform generator 905 (i.e. encoder), implemented with multiple diffractive element sets based on principles disclosed herein, which recodes each bit of the packet with new routing information (in a manner similar to that shown in FIG. 7 and the right side of FIG. 8). This new routing information will control passage of the packet through the next routing node and is determined by the electronic control unit on the basis of packet encoded destination information and an electronic routing map. At point C, the packet emerges encoded with routing information from its corresponding output port. It should be noted that each output port of decoder 901 will have its own dedicated set of signal groomer 903, optical switch 904, and recoder 905. A single controller 902 may control recoding of all signals emerging from decoder 901, or each output port of decoder 901 may have a separate dedicated controller.
It should be noted that the routing scenario of FIG. 10 displays a degree of immunity to signal contention. It is well known that the coding of optical signals can be employed as a means of multiplexing, as in code-division-multiple access. In this approach to multiplexing, multiple channels share a common bandwidth and link yet can communicate independently. Multi-user interference limits the number of simultaneous users, yet it is clear that limited channel sharing is possible. In the present case, cases of contention between traveling packets will not typically result in data loss. As long as the network is operated under conditions where probability of many packets simultaneously colliding at a single output port is relatively small, loss of data will not typically occur and it should typically be possible to recover the packets at the next routing node. In other words, the colliding packets will be transported simultaneously along the single link�eliminating the contention that occurs when one and only one packet can travel along a single link at a given time. At point C in FIG. 10, two packets may enter a single output port with total or partial temporal overlap. It should be noted that power budget issues enter into all optical routing nodes including the one shown in FIG. 10. Depending on the nature of the encoded routing information, each routing and encoding device based on diffractive element sets will introduce a certain amount of loss. The amount of loss depends critically on the nature of the route encoding employed. To minimize loss, it may be advantageous under certain circumstances to introduce a spectral reshaping element into the signal grooming stage 903. This element will tailor a signal entering it at B so that the signal emerges with a fixed output spectrum even if spectral dips (not zeros) occur in the routing-stripped signal spectra. A saturated amplifier stage may provide this function, for example.
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385/10International ClassificationG02B6/34, G02B5/32, G02B6/36Cooperative ClassificationG02B5/32, G02B6/4215, G02B6/29329European ClassificationG02B5/32, G02B6/42C3W, G02B6/293D4S6Legal EventsDateCodeEventDescriptionMar 18, 2014FPExpired due to failure to pay maintenance feeEffective date: 20140124Jan 24, 2014LAPSLapse for failure to pay maintenance feesSep 6, 2013REMIMaintenance fee reminder mailedJun 22, 2009FPAYFee paymentYear of fee payment: 4Nov 4, 2008ASAssignmentOwner name: STEYPHI SERVICES DE LLC, DELAWAREFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:LIGHTSMYTH TECHNOLOGIES, INC.;REEL/FRAME:021785/0140Effective date: 20080814Owner name: STEYPHI SERVICES DE LLC,DELAWAREFree format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:LIGHTSMYTH TECHNOLOGIES, INC.;US-ASSIGNMENT DATABASE UPDATED:20100518;REEL/FRAME:21785/140Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:LIGHTSMYTH TECHNOLOGIES, INC.;REEL/FRAME:21785/140Aug 19, 2008ASAssignmentOwner name: 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