Source: https://patents.google.com/patent/JP4541428B2/en
Timestamp: 2020-06-06 15:22:36
Document Index: 315444740

Matched Legal Cases: ['art 22', 'art 12', 'art 23', 'art 22', 'art 34', 'art 34', 'art 34', 'art 31', 'art 44', 'art\n33']

JP4541428B2 - Flat conductor electrical connector - Google Patents
Flat conductor electrical connector Download PDF
JP4541428B2
JP4541428B2 JP2008138954A JP2008138954A JP4541428B2 JP 4541428 B2 JP4541428 B2 JP 4541428B2 JP 2008138954 A JP2008138954 A JP 2008138954A JP 2008138954 A JP2008138954 A JP 2008138954A JP 4541428 B2 JP4541428 B2 JP 4541428B2
JP2008138954A
JP2009289508A (en
渉 山田
2008-05-28 Application filed by ヒロセ電機株式会社 filed Critical ヒロセ電機株式会社
2008-05-28 Priority to JP2008138954A priority Critical patent/JP4541428B2/en
2009-12-10 Publication of JP2009289508A publication Critical patent/JP2009289508A/en
2010-09-08 Publication of JP4541428B2 publication Critical patent/JP4541428B2/en
2012-04-27 First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=41009015&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=JP4541428(B2) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 title claims description 74
238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 claims description 13
The present invention relates to an electrical connector for a flat conductor.
As the flat conductor, a flexible substrate (FPC), a flat cable, and the like are known. Such flat conductors are often connected to electrical connectors attached to circuit boards. As a connector to which such a flat conductor is connected, for example, there is a connector disclosed in Patent Document 1.
In the connector of Patent Document 1, a plurality of terminals made by maintaining a flat surface of a metal plate are held by a housing with the plate surfaces parallel to each other. The terminal has a contact arm (contact spring piece) on the lower side and a support arm on the upper side, which extends toward the opening of the housing formed for receiving the flat conductor. The opening of the housing is provided with a pressure member that receives a rotation operation from an open position that facilitates reception of the flat conductor to a closed position that presses the received flat conductor against the contact portion of the contact arm. Yes. When the pressure member is in the open position, the flat conductor is disposed on the contact portion of the contact arm, and then the pressure member is rotated toward the closed position. When the pressurizing member rotates to the closed position, the flat conductor receives pressure at the pressurizing portion of the pressurizing member and comes into contact with the contact portion of the contact arm with the contact pressure.
In such a connector of Patent Document 1, each terminal has one contact arm. However, in order to ensure contact with the flat conductor, two terminals are provided in the extending direction of the contact arm. A contact portion is provided.
JP2001-143827A
The contact arm is desired to have a large amount of elastic deflection at the position of the contact portion in order to ensure contact pressure and contact reliability at the contact portion. Therefore, in the connector of Patent Document 1, this contact portion is located near the tip of the contact arm, and both contact portions are located close to each other and are integrally displaced.
Therefore, in Patent Document 1, two contact portions provided on one contact arm come into contact with the flat conductor almost simultaneously when the flat conductor is inserted, and pressure applied from the pressure member is passed through the flat conductor. When it receives, it is elastically displaced by the same amount at the same time.
If there is a design error or manufacturing error and the relative position of the two contact parts with respect to the flat conductor is not appropriate, one of the contact parts is in contact with the flat conductor. Even if contact is made with pressure, there is a risk that the contact pressure at the other contact portion will be insufficient and hence unstable contact will occur.
In view of such circumstances, the present invention provides a flat conductor in which two contact portions are provided in portions independent of each other, and both contact portions can obtain a sufficient and reliable contact pressure with the flat conductor. It is an object of the present invention to provide an electrical connector.
In the present invention, a plurality of terminals made by maintaining a flat plate surface of a metal plate are arranged and held by a housing with the plate surfaces being parallel to each other, and each terminal has a mounted portion for mounting to the housing. A contact arm extending from the base portion provided, and in the space between the contact arm and the support portion provided in parallel to the contact arm, the tip of the flat conductor inserted from the outside of the housing can be received; A pressurizing member that can be rotated between an open position that facilitates reception of the flat conductor into the space and a closed position that presses the flat conductor can be rotatably supported by the support portion, pressure member is about flat conductor electrical connector into contact with the contact portion of the flat conductive by applying a surface of the flat conductor after insertion in rotation in the closed position.
In such an electrical connector for a flat conductor, in the present invention, the terminal is located at a position different from the first contact portion provided on the contact arm that extends from the base portion in the insertion / extraction direction of the flat conductor. A second contact part that protrudes or extends from the base part and is provided on the base side of the first contact part in the insertion / extraction direction of the flat conductor, and in the free state, the opposing direction of the contact arm and the support part The first contact part is provided closer to the support part than the second contact part, and at least the first contact part is pressed by the flat conductor and can be elastically displaced in a direction parallel to the plate surface of the terminal. , and the elastic deformation of the first contact portion is characterized Rukoto made independently of the second contact portion.
According to the present invention having such a configuration, when the pressure member is in the open position, the flat conductor is inserted into the space between the support portion and the contact arm. Since the first contact portion provided on the contact arm is located closer to the support portion than the second contact portion provided on the base portion, the flat conductor reliably contacts the first contact portion. It is mounted in the state. Thereafter, when the pressure member is operated toward the closed position, the first contact portion is pressed through the flat conductor and elastically displaced. By this elastic displacement, the distance between the first contact portion and the second contact portion is reduced in the opposite direction between the contact arm and the support portion, that is, the thickness direction of the flat conductor, and reaches the same position in the above direction. It stops, or a displacement is brought about also to a 2nd contact part from this position, and it displaces with this 2nd contact part. Accordingly, the flat conductor reliably contacts both the first contact portion and the second contact portion.
In the present invention, it is preferable that the support portion is formed on a support arm that can be elastically bent by receiving a force from the pressure member. In this case, as a result of the support arm causing elastic deflection, even if the second contact portion itself located on the base side from the first contact portion is difficult to ensure elastic displacement, the support arm is elastically bent. Due to the reaction force from the base support arm, the flat conductor is brought into contact with the second contact portion with relative elastic displacement. Therefore, the second contact portion also comes into contact with the flat conductor with elastic pressure, and in combination with the first contact portion, sufficient contact pressure is secured and reliable contact is obtained.
In this invention, it is preferable that the rotation support part of a support part is located between a 1st contact part and a 2nd contact part in the insertion / extraction direction of a flat conductor. By doing so, the flat conductor is supported in a cantilevered manner by the first contact portion and the second contact portion, and the pressing force of the pressure member is applied by the reaction force from the rotation support portion located between the two. When the portion presses the flat conductor, the contact between the flat conductor, the first contact portion, and the second contact portion is stabilized.
In the present invention, the first contact arm extends from the base at a position farther than the second contact arm in the facing direction of the contact arm and the support portion, and approaches the support portion toward the tip. It can be formed to be inclined.
In the present invention, as described above, the contact arm has the first contact portion provided on the contact arm extending from the base portion, and the second contact portion provided on the base side from the first contact portion. In the free state, the first contact portion is provided at a position closer to the support portion than the second contact portion in the facing direction of the contact arm and the support portion, and is elastically displaceable. When pressed through the mold conductor, the flat conductor first elastically displaces the first contact part, and then comes into contact with the second contact part. To touch.
FIG. 1 shows a cross-section of a connector according to an embodiment of the present invention. The connector has a housing 10, a pressurizing member 20 that pressurizes a flat conductor P inserted into the housing 10, and the pressurized member The flat conductor P has a terminal 30 that is in contact with the connecting portion P1 formed on the lower surface of the flat conductor P with contact pressure. A plurality of the terminals 30 are arranged in a direction perpendicular to the paper surface (hereinafter, a direction perpendicular to the paper surface in FIG. 1 is referred to as a terminal arrangement direction or a connector width direction).
In FIG. 1, the housing 10 is made of an electrically insulating material, forms a horizontally long rectangle, and extends in the width direction. In FIG. 1, the housing 10 has an opening 12 opened rearward and upward in the direction opposite to the insertion direction A of the flat conductor P except for the portions of the side walls 11 located at both ends in the width direction. The pressure member 20 is arranged using this space. A receiving groove 12 is formed in the housing 10 as a space for receiving the front end portion of the flat conductor P from the opening 12 toward the front. The receiving groove 12A extends over the arrangement range of the terminals in the width direction.
The housing 10 has a bottom wall 13 serving as a portion disposed on a circuit board (not shown), and an upper wall 14 positioned opposite to the bottom wall 13 at a front portion. A slit-shaped terminal hole 15 for inserting the terminal 30 is formed between the wall 14 and the wall 14. Since the opening 12 and the receiving groove 12A extend in the width direction in the housing 10, the terminal holes 15 are formed on the front end side, the bottom wall 13 side, and the upper wall 14 side, which are other areas. It will be. As will be described later, since the terminals 30 are made while maintaining the flat plate surface of the metal plate as it is and arranged so that the plate surface is parallel to the paper surface, the terminal hole 15 has a plate thickness of the terminal 30. And a plurality of slits having a predetermined interval in the terminal array direction.
The pressure member 20 is made of an electrically insulating material similar to that of the housing 10, and is located in the opening 12 of the housing 10 and extends over the range in the width direction of the opening 12. When the pressure member 20 is in the open position as seen in FIG. 1, the pressure member 20 has an operation portion 21 positioned above the upper wall 14 of the housing 10 and the operation portion 21. It has the groove part 22 located in the opening part 12 of the housing 10 below, and the to-be-supported part 23 formed in this groove part 22 at island shape. Although not shown, both end shaft portions that support rotation are formed at both ends of the pressure member 20 in the width direction.
The operation unit 21 is large enough to allow the operator to place a finger to rotate the pressing member 20 from the open position in FIG. 1 to the closed position in FIG. The groove portion 22 and the supported portion 23 are provided in a portion extending downward from the lower left end portion of the operation portion 21, the lower right end portion of the operation portion 21 forms an end face, and the pressure member 20 is maximized. When opened, the end face (the right end of the end face in the figure) forms a stopper portion 21 </ b> A that contacts the upper wall 14 of the housing 10. Further, the left side surface extending downward from the lower left end of the operation unit 21 forms a pressurizing unit 21B that pressurizes the flat conductor at the closed position of the pressurizing member 20 (see also FIG. 2B).
The groove portion 22 of the pressure member 20 is formed so that a distal end portion of a support arm of a terminal 30 described later can penetrate. Since the terminal 30 is made of a metal plate having a plate surface parallel to the paper surface in FIG. 1, the groove portion 22 corresponds to a slit width corresponding to the plate thickness of the support arm (in a direction perpendicular to the paper surface). (Inner width). Further, the supported portion 23 formed at the lower end in the groove portion 22 is formed so as to connect the groove inner surfaces facing each other in the width direction of each groove portion 22 as shown in FIG. As shown in the figure, the cross-sectional shape is such that the side facing the inside of the groove is a part of the arc, and the side facing the groove (the lower end side in the figure) is linear along the lower end surface of the pressurizing unit 20. As will be described in detail later, the support portion of the support arm of the terminal 30 is in the groove portion 22 and engages with the arc surface of the supported portion 23.
As described above, the terminal 30 is formed by maintaining the plate surface of the metal plate as it is, and as shown in FIG. 1, the base 31 and the support arm extending rearward (left) from the base 31. 32, a first contact arm 33, a second contact arm 34, and a connection portion 35 extending forward (right) from the base portion 31. The support arm 32, the first contact arm 33, and the second contact arm 34 are spaced in the vertical direction, that is, in the opposing direction, and an insertion space for the flat conductor P is formed by the spacing.
The base 31 forms a portion that is press-fitted and fixed in the terminal hole 15 of the housing 10. In the example of FIG. 1, a vertical portion 31 </ b> A that extends vertically at the front end portion of the terminal hole 15 and a horizontal portion 31 </ b> A that extends forward and backward at the lower end portion. And is formed in an L shape that is reversed left and right and is fixed to the housing 10. When the base portion 31 is press-fitted into the terminal hole 15, the base portion 31 is attached to the upper and lower inner edges of the terminal hole 15 with the upper edge of the vertical portion 31 </ b> A and the lower edge of the horizontal portion 31 </ b> B being attached portions. . At that time, the horizontal portion 31B supports the lower end inner surface of the terminal hole 15, and the protrusion 31A-1 provided on the upper edge (attached portion) of the vertical portion 31A bites into the upper end inner surface of the terminal hole 15 to Prevent omissions.
The support arm 32 extends rearward from the upper portion of the vertical portion 31A of the base portion 31 to the outside of the terminal hole 15. The support arm 32 extends rearward so that the upper edge thereof is gradually separated from the upper end inner surface of the terminal hole 15, and forms a gap between the upper end inner surface of the terminal hole 15, The support arm 32 can be elastically bent in the vertical direction. The rear end portion of the support arm 32 is bent in an inverted U shape, and the lower edge of the inverted U shape forms a support portion 32 </ b> A that supports the supported portion 23 of the pressure member 20. . As long as the support portion 32A is pivotally supported by both end shaft portions of a pressure member (not shown), the pressure member 20 can be moved from the open position to the closed position even if the supported portion 23 is not always supported by contact. At the time of rotation, it is sufficient that at least the supported portion 23 can be supported by being in contact with the supported portion 23 in a state where the supported portion 23 receives the reaction force from the flat conductor and is displaced upward. The support arm 32 may or may not have elasticity so as to cause elastic bending in the vertical direction. The illustrated embodiment has elasticity, and the support arm 32 bends upward when the support portion 32 </ b> A receives an upward reaction force from the supported portion 23 of the pressure member 20. In this case, the lower surface of the upper wall 14 of the housing 10 functions as a stopper that limits the bending of the support arm 32.
A first contact arm 33 and a second contact arm 34, which are formed to be narrower than the lateral portion 31B, extend rearward from the lateral portion 31B of the base portion 31 with a gap. The first contact arm 33 extends from the base 31 at a lower position farther from the connection portion P1 of the flat conductor P than the second contact arm 34, and extends longer to the rear than the second contact arm 34. Therefore, since the first contact arm 33 can secure a spring length as compared with the second contact arm 34, the amount of elastic deflection when receiving a force in the vertical direction is large. The first contact arm 33 and the second contact arm 34 have a first contact portion 33A and a second contact portion 34A that can protrude upward at their rear ends. The first contact arm 33 extends obliquely upward toward the rear end, and the first contact portion 33A at the rear end is located above the second contact portion 34A at the rear end of the second contact arm 34.
Further, the terminal 30 has a connecting portion 35 that forms a reverse L-shaped leg that protrudes forward from the lower front end of the base portion 31 and is bent downward. The lower end edge 35A of the connection portion 35 is in a position in contact with the corresponding circuit portion of the circuit board when the connector is arranged on the circuit board, and is soldered to the corresponding circuit portion.
Next, the use point and the operation principle of the embodiment configured as described above will be described.
(1) First, as shown in FIG. 1, the pressure member 20 is brought into an open position, that is, a position where it is suspended. When the pressure member 20 is in the open position, the opening 12 of the housing 10 is greatly opened rearward to facilitate the insertion of the flat conductor P. The flat conductor P is inserted in the direction of the arrow A toward the front, as indicated by the two-dot chain line in FIG.
(2) the insertion of the flat conductive member P proceeds, the front end portion of the flat conductive member P abuts against the front end face of the advance entry perilla the receiving groove 12A, fits in a predetermined insertion position. In this state, since the first contact portion 33A of the terminal 30 is located above the second contact portion 34A, the connection portion P1 of the flat conductor P is in contact with the first contact portion 33A and the second contact. The part 34A is not in contact with the part 34A, or is only in contact with the light and unstable.
(3) Thereafter, the pressure member 20 is rotated to the closed position shown in FIG. 2B through the state shown in FIG. The pressurizing member 20 presses the flat conductor P with the pressurizing portion 21B, and the flat conductor P presses the first contact portion 33A downward. When the first contact portion 33A is pressed downward, the first contact arm 33 is elastically bent downward, and the first contact portion 33A is displaced to the same height level as the second contact portion 33B. The flat conductor P reliably contacts not only the first contact portion 33A but also the second contact portion 34A.
(4) When the rotation of the pressure member 20 advances and reaches the closed position, both the first contact portion 33A and the second contact portion 34A are pressed downward, so the first contact arm 33 and the second contact arm 34 causes elastic bending, and the first contact portion 33A and the second contact portion 34A are connected to the connection portion P1 of the flat conductor P with sufficient contact pressure.
(5) In this embodiment, since a gap is formed between the support arm 32 and the upper wall 14 of the housing 10, in the process in which the pressure member 20 rotates from the open position to the closed position, the flat type The supported portion 23 of the pressure member 20 that presses the conductor P downward receives an upward reaction force from the flat conductor P, and the support arm 32 is elastically bent upward by this reaction force . The supported portion 23 is pressed downward by the elastic energy based on the elastic deflection, and the contact pressure between the flat contact P and the first contact portion 33A and the second contact portion 34A is further increased.
The present invention is not limited to the examples shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 and can be modified. First, it is not essential that the second contact portion 34A be elastically displaced. For example, as shown in FIG. 3, the second contact portion 34 </ b> A is provided at the upper edge of the rear end of the lateral portion 31 </ b> B of the base portion 31 and does not have to be elastically displaced. Even in this case, the first contact portion 33A is elastically displaced downward from the upper position to the second contact portion 34A and reaches the same height level as the second contact portion 34A. It also contacts part 34A. 3, even if the support arm 32 can be elastically deformed, even if the second contact portion 34A is not elastically displaced, the elastic energy of the support arm 32 causes the second contact portion 34A to move. The flat conductor P is brought into contact with a relatively elastic pressure. According to this modification, the connector can be easily downsized in the left-right direction.
In the example of FIGS. 1 to 3, all terminals 30 have a first contact arm 33 having a first contact portion 33 </ b> A, a second contact arm 34 having a second contact portion 34 </ b> A, and a support arm 32. However, not all terminals need to have these. In the form of FIG. 4, the same terminals 30 and other terminals 40 as in FIGS. 1 to 3 are arranged alternately, for example. The other terminal 40 is inserted from the opposite direction to the terminal 30, has only the first contact arm 43 and the second contact arm 44, and does not have a support arm. Even in this case, the first contact portion 43 </ b> A of the first contact arm 43 is farther from the base portion 41 than the second contact portion 44 </ b> A of the second contact arm 44 and is positioned above. In this case, the first contact portions 33 </ b> A and 43 </ b> A of the terminal 30 and the other terminals 40 are arranged at positions separated in the insertion / extraction direction of the flat conductor P. In the embodiment of FIG. 4, since the terminals 30 and 40 are alternately inserted into the housing in opposite directions, the distance between the connecting portions soldered to the circuit board is twice the interval of the terminal arrangement pitch. Therefore, as compared with the case where a kind of terminals are arranged as shown in FIG. 1, the terminals can be arranged at a high density, and the terminal arrangement direction, that is, the width direction dimension of the connector can be reduced.
In the above embodiment, the connector is shown as being horizontally placed on the circuit board. However, the present invention can also be applied to a vertical board type in which the connector is rotated 90 ° and placed on the circuit board in a vertically long state.
It is sectional drawing of the connector of one Embodiment of this invention, and the pressurization member exists in an open position, and the state which has not inserted the flat conductor is shown. FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view after inserting a flat conductor into the connector of FIG. Show. It is sectional drawing which shows the modification of the connector of FIG. It is sectional drawing which shows the other modification of the connector of FIG.
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 10 Housing 40 Terminal 20 Pressure member 43 1st contact arm 30 Terminal 43A 1st contact part 31 Base 44 2nd contact arm 32A Support part 44A 2nd contact part
33 First contact arm
33A First contact portion 34 Second contact arm 34A Second contact portion
A plurality of terminals made by maintaining a flat plate surface of the metal plate are arranged and held by the housing with the plate surfaces parallel to each other, and each terminal is provided with a mounted portion for mounting to the housing. A contact arm extending from the base portion, and a space between the contact arm and the support portion arranged in parallel with the contact arm can receive the tip of a flat conductor inserted from the outside of the housing. A pressure member that can be rotated between an open position that facilitates reception of the flat conductor and a closed position that presses the flat conductor is supported by the support portion, and the pressure member In the flat conductor electric connector, the flat conductor is brought into contact with the contact portion by pressing the surface of the flat conductor after being inserted into the closed position by rotation.
Terminal includes a first contact portion provided on the contact arm extending from the base portion in the insertion direction of the flat conductive insertion direction of the protruding or extending out flat conductive from the base portion at a position different from the aforementioned first contact portion And the second contact portion provided on the base side from the first contact portion, and in the free state, the first contact portion is more than the second contact portion in the facing direction of the contact arm and the support portion. It is provided at a position close to the support portion, and at least the first contact portion is pressed against the flat conductor and can be elastically displaced in a direction parallel to the plate surface of the terminal . flat conductor electrical connector according to claim Rukoto made independently of the contact portion.
2. The electrical connector for a flat conductor according to claim 1, wherein the support portion is formed on a support arm that can be elastically bent by receiving a force from the pressure member.
The flat conductor according to claim 1, wherein the rotation support part of the support part is located between the first contact part and the second contact part in the insertion / extraction direction of the flat conductor. Electrical connector.
The first contact arm extends from the base at a position farther than the second contact arm in the opposing direction of the contact arm and the support portion, and is tilted so as to approach the support portion toward the tip. The electrical connector for flat conductors according to claim 1 or 3.
JP2008138954A 2008-05-28 2008-05-28 Flat conductor electrical connector Active JP4541428B2 (en)
JP2008138954A JP4541428B2 (en) 2008-05-28 2008-05-28 Flat conductor electrical connector
TW098115157A TWI418102B (en) 2008-05-28 2009-05-07 Electrical connectors for flat conductors
KR1020090040099A KR101169907B1 (en) 2008-05-28 2009-05-08 Electric connector for flat conductor
US12/453,757 US7909630B2 (en) 2008-05-28 2009-05-21 Electrical connector having contact portion
EP09007048A EP2128933A1 (en) 2008-05-28 2009-05-27 Electrical connector
JP2009289508A JP2009289508A (en) 2009-12-10
JP4541428B2 true JP4541428B2 (en) 2010-09-08
ID=41009015
JP2008138954A Active JP4541428B2 (en) 2008-05-28 2008-05-28 Flat conductor electrical connector
US (1) US7909630B2 (en)
EP (1) EP2128933A1 (en)
JP (1) JP4541428B2 (en)
KR (1) KR101169907B1 (en)
TW (1) TWI418102B (en)
JP5108053B2 (en) * 2010-04-30 2012-12-26 ヒロセ電機株式会社 Flat conductor electrical connector
KR101457065B1 (en) * 2013-06-07 2014-10-31 몰렉스 인코포레이티드 Mounting structure and method of connector for flexible cable
JP5571837B1 (en) * 2013-08-21 2014-08-13 イリソ電子工業株式会社 Electrical connector
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JP2001023711A (en) * 1999-07-06 2001-01-26 Ando Electric Co Ltd Chucking type receptacle
JP2001143827A (en) * 1999-11-11 2001-05-25 Japan Aviation Electronics Industry Ltd Connector for plate shaped object
JP2004039321A (en) * 2002-07-01 2004-02-05 Hirose Electric Co Ltd Electric connector for flat conductor
JP2009158279A (en) * 2007-12-26 2009-07-16 Molex Inc Cable connector
JP3430398B2 (en) * 1998-07-31 2003-07-28 日本航空電子工業株式会社 Cable connector
US6332801B1 (en) * 1999-09-01 2001-12-25 Hirose Electric Co., Ltd. Insulation replacement electrical connector
KR100868567B1 (en) * 2005-06-30 2008-11-13 주식회사 히타치엘지 데이터 스토리지 코리아 Terminal and connector using the same
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2008-05-28 JP JP2008138954A patent/JP4541428B2/en active Active
2009-05-07 TW TW098115157A patent/TWI418102B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
2009-05-08 KR KR1020090040099A patent/KR101169907B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
2009-05-21 US US12/453,757 patent/US7909630B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
2009-05-27 EP EP09007048A patent/EP2128933A1/en not_active Withdrawn
EP2128933A1 (en) 2009-12-02
JP2009289508A (en) 2009-12-10
KR20090123784A (en) 2009-12-02
TW201008052A (en) 2010-02-16
TWI418102B (en) 2013-12-01
KR101169907B1 (en) 2012-07-31
US7909630B2 (en) 2011-03-22
US20090298355A1 (en) 2009-12-03
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