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AGM-Handbook, Part 2, Edition 8, June 2013.pdf | Battery (Electricity) | Insulator (Electricity)
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Part 2: Installation, Commissioning and Operation
AGM-Handbook, Part 2 (Edition 8, June 2013) Industrial Power, Application Engineering
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Contents 1. Transport, Delivery and Stock Receipt ............................................... 4 1.1 Land-Carriage of Vented and VRLA Batteries.................................... 4 1.2 Sea Transport of Vented Batteries ..................................................... 4 1.3 Sea Transport of VRLA Batteries ....................................................... 5 1.4 Air Transport of Unfilled Vented Lead-Acid Batteries ......................... 5 1.5 Air Transport of Filled Vented Lead-Acid Batteries............................. 5 1.6 Air Transport of VRLA Batteries ......................................................... 5 1.7 Abbreviations ..................................................................................... 6 1.8 Delivery and Stock Receipt ................................................................ 6 2. Safety .................................................................................................... 7 3. Storage .................................................................................................. 8 3.1 Preconditions and Preparations ......................................................... 8 3.2 Storage Conditions............................................................................. 8 3.3 Storage Time ..................................................................................... 9 3.4 Measures during Storage or Taking out of Operation....................... 10 4. Assembly and Installation ................................................................. 11 4.1 Battery Rooms, Ventilation and General Requirements ................... 11 4.1.1 Temperature............................................................................... 11 4.1.2 Room Dimensions and Floor Composition.................................. 11 4.1.3 Ventilation................................................................................... 12 4.1.3.1 Ventilation Requirements ...................................................... 13 4.1.3.2 Close Vicinity to the Battery .................................................. 14 4.1.3.3 Central Degassing................................................................. 16 4.1.4 Electrical Requirements (Protection, Insulation, Resistance etc.)19 4.1.5 Installation (Racks, Cabinets) ..................................................... 19 4.2 Preparations..................................................................................... 20 4.3 Actual Assembly .............................................................................. 20 4.4 Parallel Arrangements...................................................................... 21 4.5 Installation Positions for AGM-Cells and -Blocks.............................. 22 5. Commissioning................................................................................... 23 6. Operation ............................................................................................ 24 6.1 Float Voltage and Float Current ....................................................... 24 6.2 Superimposed AC Ripple ................................................................. 26 6.3 Float Voltage Deviation .................................................................... 27 6.4 Charging Times................................................................................ 28 6.5 Efficiency of Re-Charging................................................................. 30 6.5.1 Ah-Efficiency .............................................................................. 30 6.5.2 Wh-Efficiency.............................................................................. 30 6.6 Equalizing Charge............................................................................ 31 6.7 Discharge, Capacity Tests ............................................................... 31 6.7.1 General Items ............................................................................. 31
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6.7.2 Capacity Tests............................................................................ 32 6.8 Cyclical Operation ............................................................................ 34 6.9 Internal Resistance Ri ...................................................................... 37 6.10 Influence of Temperature ............................................................... 38 6.11 Operation in UPS-applications ....................................................... 43 6.12 Maintenance and Checks............................................................... 44 6.12.1 General Items and Checks acc. to Operating Instructions ........ 44 6.12.2 Battery Testers and Battery Monitoring..................................... 45 6.12.3 Cleaning of Batteries ................................................................ 47 7. Recycling, Reprocessing ................................................................... 47 8. List of References .............................................................................. 47
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1. Transport, Delivery and Stock Receipt 1.1 Land-Carriage of Vented and VRLA Batteries Cells / blocks must be transported in an upright position. Batteries without any visible damage are not defined as dangerous goods under the regulations for transport of dangerous goods by road (ADR) or by railway (RID). The must be protected against short circuits, slipping, falling down or damaging. Cells / blocks may be stacked on pallets on a suitable way and if secured (ADR and RID, special provision 598). It is prohibited to staple pallets. No dangerous traces of acid shall be found on the exteriors of the packaging unit. Cells / blocks whose containers leak or are damaged must be packed and transported as class 8 dangerous goods under UN no. 2794. 1.2 Sea Transport of Vented Batteries Vented cells / blocks, filled with acid, must be packed and transported as dangerous goods acc. to IMDG. Classification: UN-no.: Class: 2794 8
The transport in wooden crates or on pallets is permitted if the following additional regulations are observed: Cells / blocks must be transported in upright position, must not show signs of damages, must be protected against short circuits, slipping, falling down or damaging. It is prohibited to staple cells. Blocks can be stapled secured by isolating intermediate layers if the poles are not loaded by the above lying units. It is prohibited to staple pallets. Electrolyte must not escape from the cell / the block being in a declination of 45 degree.
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1.3 Sea Transport of VRLA Batteries The following exemplary mentioned lines of products*) are not classified as dangerous goods acc. to IMDG because they fulfill also the IATA-clause A 67: Sonnenschein GF-Y, GF-V, A200, A400, A500, A600, A600 SOLAR, A700, dryfit military, SOLAR and SOLAR BLOCK
Absolyte Element (former: Champion) Marathon Sprinter Powerfit *) Certificates on request
1.4 Air Transport of Unfilled Vented Lead-Acid Batteries There are no restrictions for the transport. 1.5 Air Transport of Filled Vented Lead-Acid Batteries Filled and charged vented batteries are dangerous goods with regard to air transport and can be jet by freight planes only. Hereby, the IATA packaging regulation 800 must be observed. In case of air transport, batteries which are part of any equipment must be disconnected at their terminals, and the terminals must be protected against short-circuits. This is in order to avoid the risk of any incidents like fire etc. 1.6 Air Transport of VRLA Batteries The following exemplary mentioned lines of products*) are not classified as dangerous goods acc. to the IATA-clause A 67: Sonnenschein GF-Y, GF-V, A200, A400, A500, A600, A600 SOLAR, A700, Military Batteries, SOLAR and SOLAR BLOCK
Absolyte Element (former: Champion) Marathon Sprinter Powerfit
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*) Certificates on request In case of air transport, batteries which are part of any equipment must be disconnected at their terminals, and the terminals must be protected against short-circuits. This is in order to avoid the risk of any incidents like fire etc. 1.7 Abbreviations ADR: RID: IMDG: IATA: ICAO: The European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (covering most of Europe). Regulations concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Rail (covering most of Europe, parts of North Africa and the Middle East). The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code. The International Air Transportation Association (worldwide). Civil Aviation Organizations Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air.
1.8 Delivery and Stock Receipt GNB Industrial Powers valve regulated batteries are delivered from our factories, logistic centers or via our distributors. The delivery items can be identified either by the number and type of cells / blocks or by referring to a battery drawing. Check the package or pallet for integrity. Do not stack one pallet above the other. Heed handling instructions stated on the packages. During transportation take all precaution to avoid breaking those products which are considered to be fragile and have been identified as such. GNB Industrial Power chooses for all products a package suitable for the kind of dispatch. If any damage is observed during unloading the goods, the carrier should be notified within 48 hours.
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Parcels are insured up to the delivery address acc. to the order, if this is agreed by the sales contract. 2. Safety For any operation on the batteries, from storage to recycling, the following safety rules should be observed: Read the installation instructions and operating instructions thoroughly. No smoking. No naked flame! Always wear protective rubber gloves, glasses and clothing (incl. safety shoes). Even when disconnected, a battery remains charged. The metallic parts of a battery are electrically active. Always use isolated tools. Never place tools on the batteries (in particular, metallic parts can be dangerous). Check torques in case of unsecured screw connections of inter-cell and inter-block connectors. Never pull up or lift cells / blocks at the terminals. Avoid impacts or abrupt loads. Never use synthetic clothes or sponges to clean the cells / blocks, but water only (wet clothes) without additives [1]. Avoid electrostatic charges and discharges/sparks.
for nominal capacities < 25 Ah only
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3. Storage In the users interest the storage time should be as short as possible. Cells/block batteries are not fully charged anymore on delivery. 3.1 Preconditions and Preparations Remove and avoid, respectively, contaminations on surfaces, dust etc.. The storage location should fulfill the following preconditions: Protect the cells / blocks from harsh weather, moisture and flooding. Protect the cells / blocks from direct or indirect sun radiation The storage area and ambient, respectively, must be clean, dry, frostfree (see also chapter 3.2) and well looked after. Cells / blocks must be protected from short-circuits by metallic parts or conductive contaminations. Cells / blocks must be protected from dropping objects, from falling down and falling over. 3.2 Storage Conditions The temperature has an impact on the self-discharge rate of cells and blocks (see fig. 1). Storage on a pallet wrapped in plastic material is permitted, in principle. However, it is not recommended in rooms where the temperature fluctuates significantly, or if high relative humidity can cause condensation under the plastic cover. With time, this condensation can cause a whitish hydration on the poles and lead to high self-discharge by leakage current. As an exception fully charged lead-acid batteries can be stored also at temperatures below zero if dry surface of cells or blocks is guaranteed and if condensation or dew effects or similar cannot occur. Stacking of pallets is not permitted.
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Avoid storing of unpacked cells / blocks on sharp-edged supports. It is recommended to realize the same storage conditions within a batch, pallet or room. 3.3 Storage Time The maximum storage time at 20 C from fully charged state is 18 months. Higher temperatures cause higher self-discharge and shorter storage time between re-charging operations.
Available Capacity [% C10]
10C 70 60 40 C 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 30 C 20 C
Storage Time [Months]
Fig. 1: Marathon, Sprinter, Powerfit - Available Capacity vs. Storage Time at different Temperatures
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3.4 Measures during Storage or Taking out of Operation Appropriate inventory turnover based on a FIFO-method (First In First Out) avoids over-storage. The following measures go also for cells / blocks taken out of operation temporary. If cells / blocks must be cleaned, never use solvents, but water (wet clothes) without additives [1]. For extended storage periods it is recommended to check the opencircuit voltage (OCV) in the following intervals:
storage at 20 C: after a storage period of 6 month s, then every 3 months afterwards, storage at 30 C: after a storage period of 4 month s, then every 2 months afterwards.
Refreshing charge shall be carried out latest if the OCV is decreased to the following guide values: 2V-cell: 6V-block: 12V-block: 2.095 V 6.285 V 12.57 V
Refreshing charging: IU-charging (constant current / constant voltagecharging) Temperature [ C] 20 25 30 Voltage [Vpc] 2.40 2.37 2.34 Current [A] unlimited unlimited unlimited Max. charging time [h] 48 48 48
Table 1: Charge voltages and charging time Alternatively to regular refreshing charges, float charge operation acc. to chapter 6.1 can be applied in case of temporary taking out of operation.
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4. Assembly and Installation 4.1 Battery Rooms, Ventilation and General Requirements General: This is a guideline only and consists of excerpts from national and international standards and guidelines. See EN 50272-2 [2] for detailed information. Also, follow up installation instructions and operating instructions. 4.1.1 Temperature The battery room temperature should be between + 10 C and + 30 C. Optimal temperature is the nominal temperature 20 C or 25 C depending on the battery type. The maximum temperature difference between cells or blocks, respectively, within a string must not exceed 5 degree C (5 Kelvin). 4.1.2 Room Dimensions and Floor Composition Battery rooms height shall be at least 2 m above the operating floors. Floors shall be reasonable level and able to support the battery weight. The floor surface must be electrolyte resistant for usage of vented batteries. This precaution is not necessary for valve regulated batteries. Notice: Electrolyte resistant floor surface is not necessary in case of vented batteries, if they are placed in trays. Those trays must hold at least the amount of electrolyte of one cell or block. From EN 50272-2 [2]: The floor area for a person standing within arms reach of the battery (see note 2) shall be electrostatic dissipative in order to prevent electrostatic charge generation. The resistance to a groundable point measured according to IEC 61340-4-1 shall be less than 10 M. Conversely the floor must offer sufficient resistance R for personnel safety. Therefore the resistance of the floor to a groundable point when measured in accordance with IEC 61340-4-1 shall be for battery nominal voltage 500 V: 50 k R 10 M for battery nominal voltage > 500 V: 100 k R 10 M
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Note 1: To make the first part of the requirement effective, the personnel shall wear anti-static footwear when carrying out maintenance work on the battery. The footwear shall comply with EN 345. Note 2: Arms reach: 1.25 m distance (For definition of arms reach see HD 384.4.41.) Room inlets and outlets: The way of air circulation should be as shown below. A minimum distance between inlet and outlet of 2 m is requested acc. to EN 50272-2 [2], if inlet and outlet are located on the same wall.
4.1.3 Ventilation Battery rooms must be vented acc. to EN 50272-2 [2] in order to dilute gas (hydrogen and oxygen) evolved with charging and discharging and to avoid explosions. Therefore, EX-protected electrical installation is not necessary. It must be designed for wet room conditions. Do not install batteries in air-tight enclosures! Spark generating parts must have a safety distance to cell or block openings (respectively valves) as specified in EN 50272-2 [2]. Heaters with naked flame or glowing parts or devices are forbidden. Heaters temperature must not exceed 300 C.
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Hand lamps are only allowed with switches and protective glass according to protection class II and protection class IP 54. 4.1.3.1 Ventilation Requirements From EN 50272-2 [2]: The minimum air flow rate for ventilation of a battery location or compartment shall be calculated by the following formula: Q = 0.05 n Igas Crt 10-3 [m3/h] With n = number of cells Igas = Ifloat or boost [mA/Ah] relevant for calculation (see table 2) Crt = capacity C10 for lead acid cells (Ah), Uf = 1.80 V/cell at 20 C...
The following table states the values for Igas to be used: Operation Float charging Boost charging Vented cells (Sb < 3%) 5 20 VRLA cells 1 8
Table 2: Igas acc. to EN 50272-2 [2] for IU- and U-charging depending on operation and lead acid battery type (up to 40 C operating temperature). The gas producing current Igas can be reduced to 50 % of the values for vented cells in case of use of recombination vent plugs (catalyst). With natural ventilation (air convection) the minimum inlet and outlet area is calculated as follows: A 28 Q [cm] (Air convection speed 0.1 m/s)
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Example 1: Given: 220 V battery, 110 cells, C10 = 400 Ah, vented type, Antimony (Sb) < 3 % (LA) in float service. Calculation of necessary fresh air: Q = 0.05 n Igas Crt 10-3 [m3/h] With n = 110 Igas = 5 (see table 2) Crt = 400 A 308 cm2
Q = 11 m3/h Example 2:
Same battery as in example 1, but VRLA-type. Igas = 1 to be used (instead of 5). Q = 2.2 m3/h A 62 cm2
Note: A calculation program is available on request. 4.1.3.2 Close Vicinity to the Battery From EN 50272-2 [2]: In the close vicinity of the battery the dilution of explosive gases is not always secured. Therefore a safety distance extending through air must be observed within which sparking or glowing devices (max. surface temperature 300 C) are prohi bited. The dispersion of explosive gas depends on the gas release rate and the ventilation close to the source of release. For calculation of the safety distance d from the source of release the following formula applies assuming a hemispherical dispersal of gas... Note: The required safety distance d can be achieved by the use of a partition wall between battery and sparking device.
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Where batteries form an integral part of a power supply system, e.g. in a UPS system the safety distance d may be reduced according to the equipment manufacturers safety calculations or measurements. The level of air ventilation rate must ensure that a risk of explosion does not exist by keeping the hydrogen content in air below 1%vol plus a safety margin at the potential ignition source. Taking into account the number of cells results in the following formula for the safety distance d: [mm] *) *) Depending on the source of gas release the number of cells per block battery (N) or vent openings per cell involved (1/N) must be taken into consideration, i. e. by the factor 3 N , respectively 3 1/N ... Example 1: Cell, vented type, one vent, 100 Ah. Float charge Igas = 5 (acc. to table 2). Safety distance d = 28.8 1 1.71 4.64 = 228.5 mm Example 2: 12V-block, six cells, one opening in the top cover, vented type, 100 Ah. Float charge Igas = 5 (acc. to table 2).
d = 28.8 3 N 3 Igas 3 Crt
= 1.82, because six cells 420 mm
Safety distance d = 28.8 1.82 1.71 4.64 = 415.8 mm Example 3: Cell, VRLA-type, one vent, 100 Ah. Float charge Igas = 1 (acc. to table 2). Safety distance d = 28.8 1 1 4.64 = 133.6 mm Example 4: Cell, vented type, one vent, 1500 Ah. Boost charge Igas = 20 (acc. to table 2)
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Safety distance d = 28.8 1 2.71 11.45 = 893.6 mm Example 5: Cell, vented type, three vents, 3000 Ah. Boost charge Igas = 20 (acc. to table 2)
= 0.69 because three vents per cell 780 mm
Safety distance d = 28.8 0.69 2.71 14.42 = 776.6 mm 4.1.3.3 Central Degassing
The ventilation of battery rooms and cabinets, respectively, must be carried out acc. to EN 50272-2 [2] always. Battery rooms are to be considered as safe from explosions, when by natural or technical ventilation the concentration of hydrogen is kept below 4% in air. This standard contains also notes and calculations regarding safety distance of battery openings (valves) to potential sources of sparks as stated above. Central degassing is a possibility for the equipment manufacturer to draw off gas. Its purpose is to reduce the safety distance to potential sources of ignition. It doesnt reduce the general ventilation requirements acc. to the above mentioned standard. Even if the gas releasing the vents will be conducted through the tube system outside, hydrogen diffuses also through the battery container and through the tube wall and would be accumulated without proper ventilation. Only block batteries equipped by a tube junction for central degassing must be used for this application. The installation of the central degassing must be carried out in acc. with the equivalent installation instructions. During each battery service also the central degassing must be checked (tightness of tubes, laying in the direction of the electrical circuit, drawing-off the end of the tube to the outside). The following calculation shows when the critical limit of 4% H2 can be achieved using central degassing in an air-tight room (e.g. battery cabinet) in order to demonstrate the danger in case of violating the general ventilation requirements. The calculations are based on measurements and related to cabinets.
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The following equation was determined for calculating the numbers of days for achieving the critical gas mixture: x = k/Bloc * c1 * c2 c3 with: x = Days up to achieving 4% H2 in air k/Block = Constant per specific block battery type acc. to table 3 c1 = Coefficient for actual free volume inside the cabinet acc. to table 4 c2 = Coefficient for actual battery temperature acc. to table 4 c3 = Coefficient for actual numbers of blocs in total Therefore, it is possible to calculate using the tables 3 and 4 after how many days the 4% H2-limit can be achieved in the cabinet for the mentioned battery types, different configurations and conditions. Calculation example: 48 V-battery (e.g. Telecom) 4 * M12V155FT Free air volume 70% Battery temperature 20 C x = k/Bloc * c1 * c2 c3 c3 = 4 k = 750 c1= 0.9 c2 = 1
The 168 days are reduced to only 99 days at 30 C b ecause c2 = 0.59.
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Battery block type
M12V45F M12V35FT M12V50FT M12V60FT M12V90FT M12V105FT M12V125FT M12V155FT M6V200 A 412/85 F10 A 412/120 FT
12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 6 12 12
C10 [Ah], 1.80 Vpc, 20 C
45 35 47 59 85 100 121 150 200 85 120
1842 2228 1659 1322 1324 1107 930 750 873 786 743
Table 3: Constant k for different block battery types having central degassing Vfree [%] c1
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 0.13 0.19 0.26 0.32 0.38 0.45 0.51 0.58 0.64 0.70 0.77 0.83 0.90 0.96 1.02 1.09 1.15
25 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 55
1 0.91 0.73 0.59 0.48 0.40 0.34 0.29 0.25 0.21 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.09
Table 4: Coefficients for free air volume (c1) and temperature (c2) Malfunctions of equipment and (or) batteries or violating the operating instructions of the battery may lead to a faster accumulation of H2 and, therefore, time reduction. In such a case, the above mentioned calculation methods cannot be applied anymore.
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4.1.4 Electrical Requirements (Protection, Insulation, Resistance etc.) To prevent a build-up of static electricity when handling batteries, material of clothing, safety boots and gloves are required to have a surface resistance of 108 , and an insulation resistance of 105 . From EN 50272-2 [2]: The minimum insulation resistance between the batterys circuit and other local conductive parts should be more than 100 per Volt (of battery nominal voltage) corresponding to a leakage current < 10 mA Note: The battery system should be isolated from the fixed installation before this test is carried out. Before carrying out any test check for hazardous voltage between the battery and the associated rack or enclosure. In case of battery systems with > DC 120 V nominal voltage battery racks or cabinets made from metal shall either be connected to the protective conductor (grounding) or insulated from the battery and the place of installation (chapter 5.2 in EN 50272-2 [2]). This insulation must withstand 4000 V AC for one minute. Note: Protection against both direct and indirect contact shall only be used for battery installations with nominal voltages up to DC 120 V. In these cases the requirements for metal battery stands and cabinets specified in chapter 5.2 of EN 50272-2 [2] do not apply. Touch protection must be provided for all active parts at voltages > 60 V DC with insulation, covers or shrouds and distance. 4.1.5 Installation (Racks, Cabinets) Batteries shall be installed in clean, dry locations. Batteries must be secured against dropping objects and protected from dust. The course width between battery rows is equal to 1.5 times the cell depth (replacement) but minimum 600 mm (acc. to EN 50272-2 [2]). The minimum distance for > 120 V between active parts is 1.5 m or insulation, insulated cover etc.
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The recommended minimum distance between cells or blocks (of VRLA type) is 10 mm. At least 5mm are requested acc. to EN 50272-2 [2] (at the largest dimension). Thus, in order to allow heat dissipation. Racks and cabinets shall have a distance of at least 100 mm to the wall for a better placement of connections and better access for cleaning. Batteries must allow service with normal insulated tools (acc. to EN 502722 [2]). Batteries with a nominal voltage 75 V requires an EC-declaration of conformity from the installer of the battery in accordance with the lowvoltage directive 2006/95/EC (replaces 73/23/EEC). The declaration of conformity confirms that the installation of the battery was carried out in acc. with the applicable standards and that the CE-symbol was fixed at the battery. The installer of the battery system is responsible for the declaration and fixing the CE-symbol. See [3] for more information. 4.2 Preparations If drawings were supplied by GNB Industrial Power, they must be kept during the assembly. The racks or cabinets should provide adequate ventilation above and below to allow the heat produced by the batteries and their charging system to escape. The distance between cells or blocks shall be approx. 10 mm, but at least 5 mm. See standard EN 50272-2 [2]. The grounding of racks or cabinets should be carried out in acc. with EN 50272-2 [2]. 4.3 Actual Assembly Use insulated tools for the assembly. Wear rubber gloves, protective glasses and protective clothing (incl. safety shoes). Remove metallic objects like watches and jewelry (see also chapter 2.). The installation must be carried out only with the supplied original accessories, e.g. connectors, or with accessories recommended by GNB Industrial Power. The same goes for spare parts in case of later repairs.
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The screw-connections should be tightened by the following torques acc. to the operating instructions:
Table 5: Torques (from Operating Instructions). All values apply with a tolerance of 1 Nm Check the overall battery voltage. It should comply with the number of cells / blocks connected in series. The open-circuit voltage of the individual cells / blocks should not vary themselves from the measured average value by more than the plus/minus-tolerances listed below (guide values): 2 V-cells: 6 V-blocks: 12 V-blocks: 0.03 V 0.052 V 0.073 V
4.4 Parallel Arrangements The most battery manufacturers, standards and guidelines recommend a maximum of 4 strings in parallel. More than 4 parallel strings are quite possible without reducing the life. Preconditions and features for 2 up to 10 strings in parallel: The connector cables for positive and negative terminals of each battery string must have the same length. It is a must to have a circuit breaker for each string or, at least, for every two strings. The strings must have the same temperature. Parallel connection of strings with different capacities as well as different age is possible. The current during both, discharge and re-charging, will be split acc. to the capacity or age, respectively. For more information, see [4].
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Also different lead-acid battery models or types of different technology (vented, valve-regulated) can be connected in parallel as long as the requested charging voltage (Vpc) per string acc. to the operating instructions is fulfilled. If these requirements are fulfilled paralleling of up to 10 strings is possible. All battery performance data have to be applied to the end terminal of each string. Always connect the individual series strings first. Check that the different strings have the same state of charge, means similar open circuit voltages. After that, connect the strings in parallel. 4.5 Installation Positions for AGM-Cells and -Blocks The following fig. 2 and 3 show the possible installation positions for AGMVRLA cells and blocks in float charge (parallel standby) operation. For horizontal installation of blocks/cells it has to be ensured that the lids are not loaded mechanically by laying on the locating surface.
not Ok, - also FTbatteries never on the terminals!
Fig. 2: Installation positions for AGM-blocks.
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Fig. 3: Installation positions for AGM-cells. Flexible connectors must be used in case of horizontal installation. 5. Commissioning For float charge applications, commissioning after a storage period or assembly in accordance with the conditions specified above, commissioning consists merely of connecting the battery to its charging system. This should take place as soon as possible after receipt of the battery. If this is not possible, advises acc. to chapter 3.4 shall be taken into account because cells/block batteries have lost charge already due to transport and temporary storage. The charge voltage should be adjusted in accordance with the specifications as described in chapter 6.1. The safety systems: Fuses, circuit breakers and insulation monitoring shall be all tested independently. If a capacity test is requested, for instance, for an acceptance test on site, make sure the battery is fully charged. For this, the following IUcharge methods can be applied: Option 1: Float charge 72 hours.
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2.40 Vpc 16 hours (max. 48 hours) followed by float charge 8 hours.
The current available for charging can be unlimited up to achieving the constant voltage level (guide values: 10 A and 35 A per 100 Ah nominal capacity). 6. Operation 6.1 Float Voltage and Float Current The charge voltage has to be adjusted to the temperature as shown in figures 4 and 5. The float charge voltage should be set as follows. Hereby, the Volts per cell multiplied by the number of cells must be measured at the end terminals of the battery: 2.27 Vpc (at 20 C) for Marathon L/XL and Powerfit S 2.27 Vpc (at 25 C) for Marathon M, Sprinter P/XP a nd Sprinter S All charging (float, boost, equalizing) must be carried out according to an IU-characteristic with limit values: I-phase: 2%; U-phase: 1%. These limits are acc. to the standard DIN 41773, part 1 [5]. The charge voltage shall be set or corrected, respectively, to the values mentioned above. In the case of installation in cabinets or in trays, the representative ambient temperature measurement is achieved at a height of 1/3. The sensor should be placed in the center of this level. The location of battery temperature sensors depends on the probes. The measurement shall be carried out either at the negative terminals (pointed metallic probes or probes with loop-shape) or on the plastic housing (flat probes to be placed on top or on one side in the center). As a clue about the fully charged state the following rough formula can be used: The battery is fully charged if the residual charge current does not change anymore during three hours.
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2,4 2,38 2,36 2,34 2,32
Voltage [Vpc]
2,3 Maximum value 2,28 2,26 2,24 2,22 2,2 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Nominal value
Fig. 4: Marathon L/XL, Powerfit S Charging Voltage vs. Temperature. The charging voltage must be set to the nominal value. The maximum value must not be exceeded.
2,35 Voltage [Vpc]
2,15 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 Temperature [ C]
Fig. 5: Marathon M, Sprinter P/XP and S Charging Voltage vs. Temperature
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6.2 Superimposed AC Ripple Depending on the electrical equipment (e.g. rectifier, inverter), its specification and charging characteristics alternating currents flow through the battery superimposing onto the direct current during charge operation. Alternating currents and the reaction from the loads may lead to an additional temperature increase of the battery and shallow cycling (i.e. cycling with low depths of discharges), which can shorten the battery life. Possible influences are in detail:
over-charging and accelerated corrosion, evolution of hydrogen (water loss, drying-out), deterioration of capacity by insufficient charge factor.
The effects depend on amplitude, frequency and wave form of the superimposed AC ripple. When recharging up to 2.4 Vpc the actual value of the alternating current is occasionally permitted up to 10 A (RMS = effective value) per 100 Ah nominal capacity. In a fully charged state during float charge or standby parallel operation the actual value of the alternating current shall be as low as possible but must not exceed 5 A (RMS) per 100 Ah nominal capacity (see also EN 50272-2 [2]). The information leaflet Considerations on service life of stationary batteries [6] demonstrates how critical the influence of the superimposed AC ripple is with regard to the different lead-acid battery systems vented and VRLA. Herein, different limits for the superimposed AC ripple (RMSvalue) are recommended for float charge operation or standby parallel operation, respectively: Maximum 2 A per 100 Ah C10 for vented lead-acid batteries. Maximum 1 A per 100 Ah C10 for VRLA batteries. The following effects depend on the frequency. At > 30 Hz:
no or negligible conversion of active material because too quick changes of direction of the current, but increase of battery temperature,
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increased water loss, accelerated corrosion.
At < 30 Hz:
significant conversion of active material because slow changes of direction of the current and therefore lack of charge and consumption by cycling.
Lack of charge can occur especially if the portion of negative half-waves exceeds the portion of positives, or if the shape of the wave is distorted toward higher amplitudes of the negative half-waves. Increasing the float voltage by approx. 0.01 up to 0.03 Vpc can help in those cases. But, this should be a temporary measure only. Highest matter of concern should be the exclusion of too high superimposed AC ripples by the appropriate design of the equipment from the beginning, or the immediate detection of reasons for their occurrence (e.g. by a defective capacitor) later on and corrective actions. 6.3 Float Voltage Deviation The individual cell or block float voltages may deviate within a string from the average value 2.27 Vpc. The following table 6 gives an overview about all the battery types and their variations from the average value under float charge conditions. The permissible deviation ranges as shown in table 7 result from that. Marathon Sprinter Powerfit 2 V-cells +0.2 / -0.1 ----6 V-blocks +0.35 / -0.17 +0.35 / -0.17 +0.35 / -0.17 12 V-blocks +0.49 / -0.24 +0.49 / -0.24 +0.49 / -0.24
Table 6: Permissible float voltage deviation from the average value 2.27 Vpc.
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< 6 months > 6 months
2 V-cells 2.15 2.49 2.17 2.47
6 V-blocks 6.60 7.19 6.64 7.16
12 V-blocks 13.33 14.16 13.38 14.11
Table 7: Permissible range of voltage deviation in Volts. Reference value is 2.27 Vpc acc. to chapter 6.1. This deviation is even stronger after the installation and within the first 6 months of operation. It is due to different initial states of recombination and polarization within the cells. It is a normal effect for VRLA batteries and well described in [7] from Gel-batteries. 6.4 Charging Times The constant current constant voltage (IU) charging mode is the most appropriate to achieve a very long service life to VRLA batteries. The following diagrams (fig. 6 and 7) give guide values of time required to recharge a battery at float voltage or enhanced voltage (Boost charge) up to 2.40 Vpc (at 20 C) de pending on depth of discharge (DOD) and initial current. Higher currents will not lead to relevant gain of recharging time. Lower currents will prolong the recharging time significantly. Example on how to interpret the diagrams (fig. 6): A battery discharged to 75% depth of discharge (DOD) can be re-charged to 90% available capacity within about 7 hours at a charge voltage 2.27 Vpc and a charge current 0.2 C10 (20% of the capacity, but the value in Ampere).
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30 Battery re-charged to: 100 % = upper curves 90 % = lower curves
0.1 C10 0.2 C10 0.3 C10 0.5 C10
DOD [% C10]
Fig. 6: Charging Time vs. Depth of Discharge (DOD) - Re-charging with 2.27 Vpc and different currents (Ampere = Ah-value of C10)
20 Battery re-charged to: 100 % = upper curves 90 % = lower curves 15
0.1 C10 0.2 C10
Fig. 7: Charging Time vs. Depth of Discharge (DOD) - Re-charging with 2.40 Vpc and different currents (Ampere = Ah-value of C10)
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6.5 Efficiency of Re-Charging 6.5.1 Ah-Efficiency Definition: Ah-Efficiency = Discharged Ah Re-charged Ah
Reciprocal value = Charge coefficient (re-charged Ah/discharged Ah) Normal charge coefficients (pre-set charging time, for instance, 24 hours): 1.10 (discharge rate 10 hours) 1.15 (discharge rate 1 hour) 1.25 (discharge rate 10 minutes) Ah-efficiency = 1/1.10 1/1.25 = 91%80% Explanations: The necessary charge coefficient increases with increasing discharge rate (as the depth of discharge (DOD) decreases). Thus because ohmic losses, heat generation by recombination etc. are relatively same for a given charging time. 6.5.2 Wh-Efficiency In addition to item Ah-Efficiency, average voltages during discharge and re-charging have to be taken into account. Definition: Wh-Efficiency = Example: Discharge: Battery C10 = 100 Ah 10h discharge, rate: I10 discharged: C10 = 100 Ah (100% DOD) Discharged Ah Average Voltage Discharge Re-charged Ah Average Voltage Recharge
Average voltage during C10-discharge: 2.0 Vpc (estimated)
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IU-Charging 2.27 Vpc, 1 I10,
Expected re-charging time (incl. charge coefficient 1.10): 27 hours Estimate for average voltage during re-charging: The voltage increases from 2.1 Vpc to 2.27 Vpc during 8 hours average 2.19 Vpc. The voltage is constant at 2.27 Vpc for (27-8) hours = 19 hours. Estimated average voltage during 27 hours: 2.25 Vpc Wh-efficiency = 100 Ah 2.0 Vpc 110 Ah 2.25 Vpc = 0.808 = 81 %
6.6 Equalizing Charge Because it is possible to exceed the permitted load voltages, appropriate measures must be taken, e.g. switch off the load. Equalizing charges are required after deep-discharges and/or inadequate charges or if the individual cell or block voltages are outside the ranges as shown in table 5 (see chapter 6.3). They have to be carried out as follows: Up to 48 hours at max. 2.40 Vpc. The charge current is unlimited up to achieving U-constant. The cell / block temperature must never exceed 45 C . If it does, stop charging or switch down to float charge to allow the temperature to decrease. 6.7 Discharge, Capacity Tests 6.7.1 General Items Even if AGM-VRLA batteries are deep-discharge resistant, their service life can be affected by too many and successive deep-discharges. Therefore:
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Discharge must not be continued below the final discharge voltage acc. to the equivalent discharge current. Deeper discharges must not be carried out unless specifically agreed with GNB Industrial Power. Recharge immediately following a full or partial discharge. 6.7.2 Capacity Tests It must be guaranteed that the battery is fully charged before the capacity test. Regarding batteries being in operation already, an equalizing charge must be carried out in case of any doubt. VRLA batteries are delivered always in fully charged state. But, new installed VRLA batteries show a lack of capacity due to transport and storage. The degree of self-discharge depends on duration and ambient temperature. An estimate is possible roughly only by the rest voltage. Therefore, a specific refreshing charge is important in case of any acceptance tests at site immediately after the installation of a system (see for this 5. Commissioning). If possible, the total battery voltage and the single voltages shall be measured in both, float charge operation and open circuit. Capacity tests should be carried out acc. to IEC 60896-21 [8]. The voltage of the single cells or blocks shall be recorded automatically or measured by hand. In the last case, the values shall be recorded at least after 25 %, 50 % and 80 % of the expectable discharge time, and afterward in reasonable intervals so that the final discharge voltage can be included. The test shall be ended if one of the following criteria is fulfilled, whichever comes first:
The battery voltage has reached n Uf [Vpc], with n = number of cells per string and Uf = final discharge voltage per cell. Example: Uf = 1.75 Vpc, n = 24 cells, battery voltage = 24 cells 1.75 Vpc = 42 V
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The weakest cell is fallen down to Umin = final discharge voltage Uf [Vpc] 0.2 V Example: Final discharge voltage Uf = 1.75 Vpc. Therefore, the weakest cell may have: Umin = Uf 0.2 V = 1.55 V.
Single cells and blocks must be handled from different points of view, because statistics plays a role in case of blocks. Therefore, the following baselines results for calculations: Minimum permitted voltage (Umin) per single cell: Umin = Uf [V/cell] 0.2 V Minimum permitted voltage (Umin) per block: Umin = Uf [V/block] - n 0.2 V (Uf = final discharge voltage, n = number of cells) Therefore, the following values result: 2V - 0.2 6V - 0.35 12 V - 0.49
Table 8: Voltage tolerances at the end of discharge Example: 12 V-block battery Final discharge voltage Final discharge voltage per block: Calculation: 10.50 V 0.49 V = 10.01 V Minimum permitted voltage per block:
Uf = 1.75 Vpc Uf = 10.50 V Umin = 10.01 V
The initial temperature is conclusive for the correction of the test result. It shall be between 18 and 27 C acc. to IEC 60896- 21 [8] . Proceeding: The test results in a measured capacity C [Ah] = I [A] t [h]
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Then, the temperature corrected capacity Ccorr. [Ah] results in Ccorr. = C 1 + ( - 20) with
temperature coefficient = 0.006 for tests of C3 or 0.01 for tests of < C3, respectively, initial temperature in C. If 25 C is the nominal temperature, 25 must be s et in the above formula instead of 20. There are no regulations regarding the frequency of capacity tests to be carried out. The user can decide as he wants. But, testing too frequently doesnt make sense, because the result reflects only a momentary state of the battery anyway. Extreme testing could be equivalent to cycling. Following an example for a conceivable proceeding in case of a Marathon L-battery (anticipated service life: >10 years at 20 C): first test after 1 year *); after that, every 2 to 3 years; annual as soon as the capacity begins to drop continuously. *) Instead of the first test after 1 year it can be also the acceptance test after
6.8 Cyclical Operation AGM-batteries can be used also in discharge-charging-mode (a cycle consists of a discharge and a re-charging). The following numbers of cycles are specified acc. to IEC 896-2 [9]*): Marathon, Powerfit: Sprinter: 400 cycles 300 cycles
*) Discharge conditions acc. to IEC 896-2 [9]: 20 C, discharge for 3 h at a current of I = 2.0 I10 . This is equivalent to a depth of discharge (DOD) of 60% C10.
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The possible numbers of cycles depend on different parameters, i.e. sufficient re-charging, depth of discharge (DOD) and temperature. Deeper discharge (higher DOD) results in a lower number of cycles because the active material is much more stressed and stronger recharging is necessary (corrosion!). Therefore, lower DODs results in higher numbers of cycles. See figures 8 and 9 for details. The correlation between DOD and number of cycles is not always exact proportional. It depends also on the ratio amount of active material versus amount of electrolyte. With regard to the influence of temperature on the number of cycles see chapter 6.10. Note: The cycle life (calculated number of years with a specified daily DOD) can never exceed the service life! The cycle life is rather less than the service life due to non-expectable influences.
IEC 896-2 cycle test: 300 cycles at 60% DOD
Fig. 8: Sprinter Number of Cycles vs. Depth of Discharge (DOD)
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IEC 896-2 cycle test: 400 cycles at 60% DOD
DOD [ % C10]
60 50 40 30 20 10 0 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
Fig. 9: Marathon, Powerfit - Number of Cycles vs. Depth of Discharge (DOD)
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6.9 Internal Resistance Ri The internal resistance Ri is determined acc. to IEC 60896-21 [8]. It is an important parameter when computing the size of batteries. A remarkable voltage drop at the beginning of a discharge, especially at high discharge rates equal and less than 1 hour, must be taken into account. The internal resistance Ri depends on the depth of discharge (DOD), for instance, as shown in fig. 10 below. Hereby, the Ri-value at 100% state of charge (= fully charged) is the base line. The Ri-basic value can be taken from the equivalent catalogue.
Internal Resistance [%]
160 150 140 130 120 110 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Fig. 10: Internal Resistance Ri vs. Depth of Discharge (DOD)
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6.10 Influence of Temperature The design of AGM-batteries allows the use in a wide temperature range from 40 C to + 55 C. There is a risk at temperatures of approx. less than -8 C regarding freezing-in of the electrolyte depending on the depth of discharge and the withdrawn capacity, respectively (see fig. 11). Depending on the type, 20 C or 25 C is the nomin al temperature and the optimal temperature regarding capacity and lifetime (= service life). Sprinter P/XP and Powerfit are exceptions. Here, 25 C is the nominal temperature but the service life is based on 20 C. Lower temperatures reduce the available capacity and prolong the recharge time. Higher temperatures reduce the lifetime and number of cycles. The battery temperature influences the capacity as shown in fig. 12 and 13.
0 -10 Freezing Point [ C] -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 0 20 40 60 80 100 SOC [% C10]
Fig. 11: Electrolyte Freezing Point vs. State of Charge (SOC)
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0.3 C10
90 Available Capacity [%]
Guide values !
40 30 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 Temperature [ C] 15 20 25 30 35
Fig. 12: Marathon Available Capacity vs. Temperature at different Discharge Rates (Current value = Ah-value as multiples of C10)
Available Energy [%]
70 60 50 40 30 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 Temperature [ C] 15 20 25 30
1 P1h
2 P1h 3 P1h
4 P1h
Fig. 13: Sprinter Available Energy vs. Temperature at different Discharge Rates (multiples of the 1-hour-power)
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Anticipated service life applied to the nominal capacity, 20 C and with occasional discharges: Powerfit S300: Sprinter: Marathon: 3 to 5 years 8 to 9 years > 10 years
In comparison to the determined design life applied to the nominal capacity and 20 C: Powerfit S300: Sprinter: Marathon: 5 years 10 years 12 years
High temperatures affect batteries service life acc. to a common rough formula (law of Arrhenius): The corrosion rate is doubled per 10 C. Therefore, the lifetime will be halved per 10 C increase. Example: 10 years at 20 C become reduced to 5 year s at 30 C. Fig. 14 to 16 show the dependency of the service life on the temperature for different lines of products. Fig. 17 is regarding the influence of temperature on the endurance in cycles (number of cycles). Daily cycles up to 60% DOD C10, typically 5 to 20 % are taken into account. The influence of temperature is not as strong as in float charge operation because negligible corrosion during discharges in comparison to re-charging, but the upper curve in fig. 17 moves closer to the lower curve as longer the duration in fully or nearly fully charged state.
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Service life [Years]
Fig. 14: Powerfit S300 - Service Life vs. Temperature
5 4 3 2 1 0 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Fig. 15: Sprinter Service Life vs. Temperature
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7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Fig. 16: Marathon Service Life vs. Temperature
100 90 80 Daily cycles e.g. in PV-, wind generator-, hybrid systems or unstable power grids Comparison: "Arrhenius" in float charge operation
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 20 25 30 35 40 45
Fig. 17: Blue curve: Endurance in Cycles (in % of Number of Cycles) vs. Temperature; daily DOD max. 60% C10, typically 5 to 20 %
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6.11 Operation in UPS-applications The Sprinter S range is optimized for UPS-applications (UPS = Uninterruptible Power Supply). All discharge rates are based on 25 C because this temperature is common in UPS-systems. UPS-systems are typically rated in kW or kVA. For convenience in sizing the Sprinter are named by their Watt-output at 15 minutes. Example: P12V875 means the battery supplies 875 Watt per block for 15 minutes back-up time (final discharge voltage: 1.75 Vpc). Principle arrangement and data of an UPS-system
PDC [W]
PAC [kVA], load
PAC = U I PDC = (U I cos ) / PDC = (PAC cos ) /
PAC = PDC = cos = = Imax,DC = Umin, DC=
Required AC-power [kVA] DC-power (inverter) [kW] Power factor (e.g. 0.8) Inverter efficiency (0.85-0.95%) max. current [A] toward inverter min. voltage [V] toward inverter
Imax, DC =
PAC cos Umin, DC
Inverter efficiency (85% - 95%) Depends on UPS-type: UPS size UPS design (electronics) Big UPS (800 kVA): 95% Small UPS (50 kVA): 85%
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6.12 Maintenance and Checks 6.12.1 General Items and Checks acc. to Operating Instructions Periodic inspections and maintenance are necessary regarding:
charge voltage and current settings, the discharge conditions, the temperature levels, the storage conditions, the cleanliness of the battery and equipment and other conditions relevant to safety issues and batterys service life (battery room ventilation, for example).
Periodic discharges can be used to assess the available operating endurance, to detect faulty cells / blocks and aging symptoms of the battery, in order to consider battery replacement in due time. VRLA batteries do not require topping-up water. Thats the reason why they were called maintenance-free. Pressure valves are used for sealing and cannot be opened without destruction. Therefore, they are defined as Valve-Regulated lead-acid batteries (VRLA batteries). Even if VRLA batteries are called maintenance-free sometimes, they need control (see operating instructions, appendix, for details): Keep the battery clean and dry to avoid leakage currents. Plastic parts of the battery, especially containers, must be cleaned with pure water without additives. At least every 6 months measure and record:
Battery voltage Voltage of several cells / blocks (approx. 20%) Surface temperature of several cells / blocks Battery- room temperature
Annual measurement and recording:
Battery voltage Voltage of all cells / blocks Surface temperature of all cells / blocks Battery- room temperature
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Annual visual checks:
Screw connections Screw connections without locking devices have to be checked for tightness. Battery installation and arrangement Ventilation
If the cell / block voltages differ from the average float charge voltage acc. to item 6.1 by more than a specified +/- tolerance as stated in table 5 (see chapter 6.3) or if the surface temperature difference between cells / blocks exceeds 5 K, the service agent should be contacted. Deviations of the battery voltage from the average value depending on the battery type and the number of cells have to be corrected (see chapter 6.1). 6.12.2 Battery Testers and Battery Monitoring Sometimes, other methods than capacity tests are offered for checking the state-of-health, state-of-charge or capacity of batteries. This equipment is based on any of the following ohmic methods: conductance, impedance, DC-resistance. So-called battery testers are portable. Any of ohmic methods as mentioned above can be included in battery monitoring systems. Hereby, monitoring means the system works on-line and is permanently connected to the battery. Either battery testers or monitoring system, the above mentioned ohmic methods can be used in order to follow up trending of data. But, they can never replace a standardized capacity test. Thus, because none of the above mentioned methods can supply absolute results. In fact, the results of measurements depend on the concrete method (frequency, amplitude etc.), the operator (battery testers!) and other parameters, i.e. temperature and location of probes on the cells or blocks. For more information, see also [10] and [11]. The following guideline can be used for the interpretation of impedance / conductance / resistance measurements:
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If impedance or conductance measurements are used for VRLA batteries it is recommended to install the battery and keep it for at least two days on float charge. After the two days and a maximum of seven days the first readings should be taken. These readings represent the initial impedance/conductance values for the blocks or cells.
It is then recommended to take impedance/conductance readings every 6 or 12 months. If the application is considered as very critical in terms of reliability of power supply the readings can be taken more often.
The interpretation of impedance/conductance values can not end with a conclusion of full capacity, low capacity or no capacity. Therefore the following recommendations can be made:
If impedance/conductance values of blocks or cells change more than 35 % to negative direction*), compared to the initial value, a boost charge for 12 hours followed by 2 days on float charge is recommended firstly. The measurement must be repeated. If the values are not decreasing below the 35 % criteria, a capacity test should be carried out for the battery. If impedance/conductance values of blocks or cells measured have a negative deviation*) of more than 35 %, compared to the average value (per battery), a boost charge for 12 hours followed by 2 days on float charge is recommended firstly. The measurement must be repeated. If the values are not decreasing below the 35 % criteria, a capacity test should be carried out for the battery. If no initial values are measured for a battery, only the second method can be applied.
*) impedance to higher values and conductance to lower values All impedance/conductance measurements can be compared to each other only if the temperature does not differ more than +/- 2 C. For favorable deviations (impedance lower or conductance higher) no activity is needed (unless it complies with low DC float voltage) because this changing is related to the normal capacity increase of batteries put in float charge operation. If a cell or a block is changed based on impedance/conductance measurement and returned to the manufacturer for investigation it is
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strongly recommended to write the measured value with permanent ink on the cell or block. 6.12.3 Cleaning of Batteries The cell vents must not be opened. It is allowed to clean the plastic parts of the battery, especially the cell containers, by water respectively water-soaked clothes only without additives [1]. After the cleaning, the battery surface has to be dried on a suitable way, for instance, by compressed air or by clothes [1]. 7. Recycling, Reprocessing Lead-acid batteries are recoverable commercial ware. GNB Industrial Power factories recycle used lead and sees oneself as a part of the entire life cycle of a battery with regard to environmental protection. Contact your GNB Industrial Power representative. He will inform you about further details. This holds also for used cells / blocks. The transport of used accumulators is subject to special regulations. Therefore, it is recommended to order a company specialized in packaging and in making out of freight papers. Details about the transport of used accumulators can be found in the information leaflet of the ZVEI Taking back of used industrial batteries acc. to the battery decree [12]. 8. List of References [1] Information leaflet Cleaning of Batteries of the working group Industrial Batteries in the ZVEI (Central Association of German Electrical and Electronic Manufacturers), Frankfurt/M., edition October 2006
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European standard EN 50272-2 Safety requirements for secondary batteries and battery installations, Part 2: Stationary batteries, June 2001 Directive 2006/95/EC relating to electrical equipment designed for use within certain voltage limits (so-called Low Voltage Directive), amended by the Directive 93/68/EEC, the so-called CE marking Directive B. A. Cole, R. J. Schmitt, J. Szymborski (GNB Technologies): Operational Characteristics of VRLA Batteries Configured in Parallel Strings, proceedings INTELEC 1998 German standard DIN 41774, part 1 Semiconductor rectifier equipment with IU-characteristic for the charging of lead-acid batteries Guidelines, edition February 1979 (this standard is available in German language only) Information leaflet Considerations on service life of stationary batteries of the working group Industrial Batteries in the ZVEI (Central Association of German Electrical and Electronic Manufacturers), Frankfurt/M., edition January 2013 F. Kramm, Dr. H. Niepraschk (Akkumulatorfabrik Sonnenschein GmbH): Phenomena of Recombination and Polarization for VRLA Batteries in Gel Technology, proceedings INTELEC 1999 International standard IEC 60896-21 Stationary Lead-Acid Batteries, Part 2: Valve Regulated Types, Section 1: Functional characteristics and methods of test, first edition February 2004 International standard IEC 896-2 Stationary lead-acid batteries General requirements and methods of test Part 2: Valve regulated types, first edition November 1995
[10] B. A. Cole, R. J. Schmitt (GNB Technologies): A Guideline for the Interpretation of Battery Diagnostic Readings in the Real World, Battconn 99 [11] PPT-Presentation October 2002 Monitoring (GNB Industrial Power, GCS),
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[12] Information leaflet Taking back of used industrial batteries acc. to the battery decree of the working group Industrial Batteries in the ZVEI (Central Association of German Electrical and Electronic Manufacturers), Frankfurt/M., edition July 2007 (available in German language only)
Important Notice: The manufacturer of batteries GNB Industrial Power does not take over responsibility for any loyalties resulting from this paper or resulting from changes in the mentioned standards, neither for any different national standards which may exist and has to be followed by the installer, planner or architect.
EXIDE Distributionscenter Berlin ELEKTRO.TEC GmbH Eichborndamm 129-139 State: D-13403 Berlin Tel.: +49 (0)30/4111024 Fax: +49 (0)30/4111025 ___________________________________________________________ www.elektrotec-berlin.de info@elektrotec-berlin.de
AGM-Handbook, Part 2 (Edition 8, June 2013) Industrial Power, Application Engineering - 49 -
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