Source: http://www.allindianpatents.com/patents/255330-a-polyurethane-polymer
Timestamp: 2018-06-23 14:02:49
Document Index: 596061586

Matched Legal Cases: ['arts 300', 'arts\n1', 'arts\n1', 'arts\n2', 'arts\n3', 'arts\n4', 'arts\n5', 'arts\n6', 'arts\n7', 'arts\n2', 'arts\n3', 'arts\n4', 'arts\n5', 'arts\n6', 'arts\n7', 'arts\n1', 'arts\n1']

Indian Patents. 255330:"A POLYURETHANE POLYMER"
"A POLYURETHANE POLYMER"
The present invention relates to a polyurethane polymer comprising from 35% to 90% by weight of a poly (C2-4-alkylene oxide) base don the total weight of the polyurethane polymer wherein at least 60% by weight of the poly (C2-4-alkylene oxide) is poly (ethylene oxide) and wherein at least 5% of the poly (C2-4-alkylene oxide) based on the total weight of the polyurethane polymer is incorporated in lateral chains and which contains from 10 to 180 miUiequivalents of acid groups for each 100 gm polyurethane when the polyurethane polymer contains from 35 to 45% by weight poly (alkylene oxide).
The present invention relates to a polyurethane polymer.
The present invention relates to polyurethane dispersants, to dispersions, millbases, paints and inks containing a particulate solid which is dispersed in an aqueous medium, including inks for use in non-contact printing processes such as "Drop-on-demand" printing processes.
There are a large number of patent specifications which disclose water-soluble or water-dispersible polyurethane polymers which contain poly (ethylene oxide) chain segments which may be present in lateral or terminal chains attached to a polyurethane backbone. Typically, these specifications relate to polymer stabilisation in aqueous media and to the use of such polymers in the coating industry. One example of such specifications is US 4,764,533 which discloses a water-soluble or dispersible polyurethane containing about 0.5 to 30% by weight, based on the total weight of the polyurethane, of ethylene oxide units present in lateral or terminal poiyether chains and 0.1 to 120 milliequivalents per 100gm of the polyurethane, of carboxylic acid groups. There is no suggestion that these polyurethane polymers may be used to disperse pigments in aqueous media.
US 4,794,147 discloses two. types of poiyether containing polyurethane resins one of which is a laterally stabilised polyurethane containing composition and the other relates to a terminally stabilised polyurethane coating composition. The object of the invention is stated to be the provision of water-dispersible resins without incorporating salt-forming groups into the resins. There is no suggestion that the resins contain both lateral and terminal poiyether chains and in the case of lateral poiyether chains none of the examples contain more than 10% by weight of ethylene oxide units.
Patent specifications which disclose the use of polyurethane dispersants for dispersing pigments in aqueous media have appeared more recently for Inkjet printing. Thus US 5,969,002 discloses a water soluble polyurethane having hydrophilic poiyether chains and an isocyanate group content of not more than 1.0% by weight containing 30 to 95% by weight of ethylene oxide units arranged within poiyether chains and incorporated via mono-functional alcohols and also having an anionic group content of 0 to 200 milliequivalents per 100 gram poiyisocyanate addition product. The isocyanates have a functionality of 1.7 to 6 although a preferred functionality is from 3.0 to 6.0. Since the poiyether chains are incorporated within monofunctional alcohols these chains are terminally attached to the polyurethane backbone. A similar disclosure is US 6,136,890 where the polyurethane dispersant contains a group with up to 11% by weight of monovalent polyethylene oxide units.
It has now been found that superior dispersants may be obtained where the polyurethane contains a large amount of ethylene oxide repeat units in lateral chains attached to a polyurethane backbone. Examples of improved properties are higher pigment loading at equivalent millbase viscosity and improved functional properties such
as gloss, colour strength or, in the case of black pigments, "jetness" when the pigment dispersion or millbase is incorporated into a paint film
According to the invention there is provided a polyurethane polymer comprising from 35 to 90% by weight of poly (C2-4-alkylene oxide) based on the total weight of the polyurethane polymer wherein not less than 60% by weight of the poly (C2-4-alkylene oxide) is poly {ethylene oxide) and wherein at least 5% by weight of the poly (C2-4-alkylene oxide) based on the weight of the polyurethane polymer is incorporated in lateral chains and which contains from 10 to 180 milliequivaients of acid groups for each 100 gms polyurethane when the polyurethane polymer contains from 35 to 45% by weight poly(alkylene oxide)
When the polyurethane polymer contains not less than 45% by weight of poly (alkylene oxide) it is also preferred that it contains from 10 to 180 milliequivaients of acid groups for each 100 gm polyurethane polymer
Preferably at least 10%, more preferably at least 20% and especially at least 30% of the poly (C2-4-alkylene oxide) based on the weight of the polyurethane polymer is incorporated in lateral chains.
It is also preferable that the acid groups in the polyurethane polymers are carboxylic acid groups
The polyurethane polymer essentially comprises a linear backbone containing lateral poly (alkylene oxide) chains and optionally carboxylic acid groups. The polyurethane chains may also optionally carry terminal poly (C2-4-alkylene oxide) chains. The polyurethane backbone is more hydrophobic in character than the lateral poly (alkylene oxide) chains Without being bound to any specific mechanism involving the dispersion of particulate solids such as pigments in aqueous media it is thought that the relatively hydrophobic backbone of the polyurethane polymer interacts with the surface of the particulate solid and that the lateral poly (alkylene oxide) chains stabilise the coated particulate solid in the aqueous medium
Whereas some degree of branching of the polyurethane backbone may be tolerated such branching should not lead to cross-linked matrices which impair the ability of the polyurethane polymer to disperse the particulate solid throughout the aqueous medium
Preferably, the amount of poly (C2-4-alkylene oxide) is not less than 40% and especially not less than 50% based on the total weight of the polyurethane polymer. It is also preferred that the amount of poly (C2-4-alkylene oxide) is not greater than 80% and especially not greater than 70% based on the total weight of the polyurethane polymer
The amount of poly (ethylene oxide) in the poly {C2-4-alkylene oxide) which is located in the lateral and terminal chains, if present, of the polyurethane polymer is preferably not less than 70% and especially not less than 80% of the poly (C2-4-alkylene oxide)
When the poly (alkylene oxide) chains contain repeat units other than ethyleneoxy, these may be propyleneoxy or butyleneoxy which may be arranged in random or block sequences.
Preferably the polyurethane polymer is unbranched.
The number average molecular weight of the poly (alkylene oxide) chains which are laterally or terminally attached to the polyurethane backbone is preferably not greater than 5,000, more preferably not greater than 3,000 and especially not greater than 2,500. The molecular weight of the poly (alkylene oxide) chain is also preferably not less than 350 and especially not less than 600 Good dispersants have been obtained where the number average molecular weight of the poly (alkylene oxide) chain is in the range of 350 to 2,500.
The amount of acid groups in the polyurethane polymer is preferably not greater than 110, more preferably not greater than 75 and especially not greater than 60 milllequivalents for each 100gm of the polyurethane polymer It is also preferred that the amount of carboxylic acid groups is not less than 20 milllequivalents for each lOOgm of polyurethane polymer. The acid groups may be present as the free acid or in the form of a salt Preferably the salt is that of an alkali metal cation such as potassium, lithium or sodium, ammonia, amine or quaternary ammonium cation, including mixtures thereof. Examples of suitable amines are ethanolamine, diethanolamine and triethylamine Examples of suitable quaternary ammonium salts are the C1-6 alkyl quaternary ammonium salts It is preferred that the acid is present as the salt of ammonia or other volatile amine.
The polyurethane polymers are obtainable by reacting together.
a)	one or more poly isocyanates having an average functionality of from 2 0 to 2 5,
b)	one or more compounds having at least one poly (C2-4-alkylene oxide) chain and at least two groups which react with isocyanates which are located at the one end of the compound such that the poly (C2-4-alkylene oxide) chain(s) is laterally disposed in relation to the polyurethane polymer backbone;
c)	optionally, one or more compounds having at least one acid group and at least two groups which react with isocyanates,
d)	optionally, one of more formative compounds having a number average molecular weight of from 32 to 3,000 which have at least two groups which react with isocyanates;
e)	optionally, one or more compounds which act as chain terminators which contain one group which reacts with isocyanate groups.
f)	optionally, one or more compounds which act as chain terminators which contain a single isocyanate group
Preferably component (c) is a compound having one acid group.
As noted hereinbefore the poiyurethane polymers according to the invention are essentially linear in character with respect to the polymer backbone. It is therefore preferred that the isocyanate which is component (a) has an average functionality of from 2 0 to 2 1 Examples of isocyanates are diisocyanates such as toluene diisocyanate (TDl), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), hexanediisocyanate (HDI), α, α'-tetramethylxylene diisocyanate (TMXDI), diphenylmethane-4, 4'-diisocyanate (MDI) and dicyclohexylmethane-4, 4'-diisocyanate (HMD!) Preferred diisocyanates are TDl, IPDI and HMDI
The compound having a poly (alkylene oxide) chain which is component (b) preferably contains two groups which react with isocyanates There are a number of ways of incorporating a poly (alkylene oxide) lateral chain into an organic compound which contains these groups which react with isocyanates
Thus, in the case where the two groups which react with isocyanates are both hydroxy!, the poly (C2.4-alkylene oxide) chain may be conveniently attached by isocyanates having a functionality of two or more Compounds of this type are described in US 4,794,147 which involves sequentially reacting a mono-functional polyether with a polyisocyanate to produce a partially capped isocyanate intermediate and reacting the intermediate with a compound having at least one active ammo hydrogen and at least two active hydroxyl groups.
One preferred class of compound of this type may be presented by the formula 1
R is C1-20-hydrocarbyl,
R1 is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl of which not less than 60% is hydrogen;
R2 and R3 are each, independently, C1-8-hydroxyalkyl;
Z is C2-4-alkylene,
X is -O- or -NH-,
Y is the residue of a polyisocyanate;
m is from 5 to 150,
p is from 1 to 4, and
q is 1 or 2
R may be alkyl, aralkyi, cycloalkyi or aryl
When R is aralkyi, it is preferably benzyl or 2-phenylethyl.
When R is cycloalkyi it is preferably C3-8-cycloaikyI such as cyclohexyl
When R is aryl it is preferably naphthyl or phenyl.
When R is alkyl, it may be linear or branched and preferably contains not greater than 12, more preferably not greater than 8 and especially not greater than 4 carbon atoms It is especially preferred that R is methyl.
The C2-4 allkylene radical represented by Z may be ethylene, trimethylene, 1, 2-propylene or butylene.
Preferably m is not less than 10. It is also preferred that m is not greater than 100 and especially not greater than 80
When q is 2 it is possible to link two different polyurethane polymer chains but it is much preferred that q is 1
When the polyisocyanate has a functionality which is greater than 2, the compound which is component (b) may carry more than one poly (alkylene oxide) chain. However, it is much preferred that p is 1, q is 1 and that Y is the residue of a diisocyanate.
When R' IS hydrogen and Z is ethylene and X is -O- the compound of formula 1 is a derivative of a mono-functional polyether such as polyethylene glycol monoalkyl ether
When R1 is hydrogen or a mixture of hydrogen and methyl and Z is 1, 2-propylene and X is -NH- the compound of formula 1 is a derivative of polyalkylene glycol amine such as a Jeffamine M polyether available from Huntsman Corporation.
Preferably, R3 and R4 are both 2-hydroxyethyl.
It is also preferred that X is O
Compounds of formula 1 are typically prepared by reacting a mono-functional polyether with a polyisocyanate in an inert solvent such as toluene at a temperature of from 50 to 100°C and preferably in the presence of an acid catalyst until the derived isocyanate value is reached. The temperature is then normally reduced to between 40 and 60°C when the requisite secondary amine such as diethanolamine is added.
Useful compounds of formula 1 have been used as component (b) by reacting a poly (ethylene glycol) mono methyl ether or a Jeffamine IVI series polyether having a number average molecular weight of from 250 to 5,000 with a diisocyanate such as TDI followed by diethanolamine
R, R1 Z and m are as defined hereinbefore.
A second preferred type of compound which can be used as component (b) is of formula 2.
R4 is an isocyanate reactive organic radical;
R5 is hydrogen or an isocyanate-reactive organic radical; and
Compounds of formula 2 are disclosed in EP 317258
The organic radical represented by R4 and R5 is an organic radical containing an isocyanate-reactive group, such as -OH, -SH, -COOH, -PO3H2 and -NHR6 in which R6 is hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl. As specific examples of isocyanate-reactive radicals, there may be mentioned hydroxyalkyi, hydrox alkoxy alkyl, hydroxy (poly alkylene oxy) alkyl and hydroxy alkoxy carbonyl alkyl.
A preferred type of compound of formula 2 is where n is zero, Z is 1,2-propylene, R4 is 2-hydroxyethyl and R5 is hydrogen. Compounds of this type are obtainable by the Michaels addition reaction of a poly (alkylene oxide) monoalkyi ether monoamine and a hydroxy functional acrylate such as 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate or hydroxypropyl acrylate A suitable source of poly (alkylene oxide) monoalkyi ether monoamine is the Jeffamine M series of polyethers available from Huntsman Corporation. The reaction between the poly (alkylene oxide) mono alkylether monoamine and 2-hydroxy functional acrylate is typically carried out in the presence of air and at a temperature of 50 to 100°C, optionally in the presence of a polymensation inhibitor such as hydroquinone or butyiated hydroxy toluene
Another preferred type of compound of formula 2 is where n is zero, Z is 1, 2-propylene and R4 and R5 are both 2-hydroxyethyi Compounds of this type may be prepared by reacting a poly(alkylene oxide) mono alkyl ether mono amine with ethylene oxide under acidic conditions.
Yet another preferred type of compound of formula 2 is where n is zero, Z is 1, 2-propylene and R4 is 2-hydroxyethyl and R5 is hydrogen. Compounds of this type may be prepared by reacting a poly(alkylene oxide) mono alkyl ether mono amine with about one stoichiometnc equivalent of ethylene oxide under acidic conditions.
A third preferred type of compound which may be used as component (b) is of formula 3
R' wherein R, R1 and m are as defined hereinbefore and W is C2-6 -alkylene and especially ethylene Compounds of this type are obtainable by the Michael addition reaction of a hydroxy amine and a poly (alkylene oxide) acrylate
A fourth preferred type of compound which may be used as component (b) is of formula 4
R, R1 Z, m and n are as defined hereinbefore,
R' represents hydrogen, halogen or C1-4alkyl,
Q is a divalent electron withdrawing group, and
T is a divalent hydrocarbon radical which may carry substituents or contain hetero atoms
Examples of electron withdrawing groups which may be represented by Q include -CO-, -COO-, -SO-, -SO2-, -SO2O- and -CONR8- in which R8 is hydrogen or allkyl.
Hydrocarbon radicals which may be represented by T include alkylene, arylene and mixtures thereof, said radicals optionally carrying substituents or containing hetero-atoms Examples of suitable radicals represented by T are alkylene radicals containing from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, oxyalkylene and polyoxyalkylene radicals of the formula -(CH2CHR1O) wherein R1 is as defined hereinbefore and x is from 1 to 10, phenylene and diphenylene radicals and other arylene radicals such as
wherein Y is -0-, -S-, -OH 2 -, -CO- or -SO2 -
The compounds of Formula 4 are obtainable by the Michael addition reaction of two moles of a poly (alkylene oxide) monoalkyi ether monoamine with one mole of an unsaturated compound of the formula 5.
wherein Q, T and R7 are as defined hereinbefore
Examples of unsaturated compounds of Formula 5 are especially diacrylates and dimethacrylates wherein T is a C4.10 - alkylene residue, a polyoxyalkylene residue or an oxyethylated Bisphenol A residue.
A fifth preferred type of compound which may be used as component (b) is a compound of formula 6
r is from 4 to 100.
Preferably, r is not less than 10 and especially not less than 15. It is also preferred that r is not greater than 80, more preferably not greater than 60 and especially not greater than 40.
A specific example is Tegomer D 3403 (p is approximately 20) ex Tego Chemie
As disclosed hereinbefore, the acid compound which is component (c) of the polyurethane polymer is preferably a carboxylic acid. It is also preferred that component (c) is a diol and is especially a compound of formula 7
wherein at least two of the groups R8, R9 and R10 are C1-6-hydroxy allkyl and the remainder is C1-6-hydrocarbyl, which may be linear or branched alkyl, aryl, aralkyl or cycloalkyl, M is hydrogen or an alkaline metal cation, or quaternary ammonium cation Preferred examples of carboxylic acid components are dimethylolpropionic acid (DMPA) and dimethylolbutync acid (DMBA)
The acid containing compound which is component (c) may contain other acid groups in addition to or instead of a carboxylic group(s), such as phosphonic or sulphonic acid groups Examples of such compounds are 1,3-benzene dicarboxylic acid-5-sulpho-1,3-bis (2-hydroxyethyl) ester (EGSSiPA) and a compound of formula
which is ITC 1081 ex Albright and Wilson
The formative compounds which are component (d) of the polyurethane are preferably difunctional in respect of reactivity with isocyanates afthough a small amount of higher functionality may be used where a small amount of branching of the polyurethane polymer backbone is desired However, it is preferred that component (d) is difunctional Preferred reactive groups are ammo and hydroxy and it is much preferred that component
(d)	is a diamine or especially a diol Component (d), if present, is used primarily as a
chain extender to alter the hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance of the polyurethane polymer
It is much preferred that the polyurethane backbone is more hydrophobic than the lateral
Side chains and terminal side chains (when present) Component (d) optionally contains
other amine moieties such as aliphatic tertiary amine, aromatic amine or cycio aliphatic
amine groups, including mixtures thereof.
Examples of suitable diamines are ethylene diamine, 1, 4-butane diamine and 1,6-hexane diamine
Examples of suitable diols are 1, 6-hexanediol, 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM), 1,2-dodecane diol, 2-phenyl-1,2-propanediol, 1,4-benzene dimethanol, 1,4-butanediol and neopentyl glycol The diol may also be a polyether such as a poly (C2-4 alkylene glycol) The polyalkylene glycol may be a random or block (co)polymer containing repeat ethyleneoxy, propyleneoxy or butyleneoxy groups, including mixtures thereof. As noted hereinbefore, it is preferred that the polyurethane backbone is more hydrophobic than the lateral or terminal chains (when present). Consequently, In the case of copolymers involving ethylene oxide repeat units in component (d) it is preferred that the amount of ethylene oxide in component d is not greater than 40%, more preferably not greater than 20% and especially not greater than 10% by weight of the copolymer It is particularly preferred that polyalkylene glycol is free from ethyleneoxide repeat units.
As noted hereinbefore, it is preferred that the polyurethane polymer backbone is essentially linear in character However, some small amount of branching may be tolerated and this branching may conveniently be introduced by means of a higher functional polyol such as timethylol propane, trimethylolethane or pentaerythritol.
As disclosed hereinbefore the chain terminating compound which is component
(e)	is mono-functional with respect to the isocyanate. The monofunctional group is
preferably an ammo or hydroxy group. Preferred terminating groups are poly
(C2-4-alkylene) mono alkyl ethers and mono alkyl ether amines similar to those used in the
preparation of the lateral side chain compounds which are component (b) of the
An example of a monoisocyanate which acts as a chain teminating compound (component f) is phenyl isocyanate
It is much preferred that the amount of component (f) is zero.
Typical amounts of the aforementioned compounds from which the polyurethane polymers are obtainable are 15 - 50% component (a), 10 - 80% component (b), 0 - 24% component (c), 0 - 25% component (d), 0 - 50% component (e) and 0 - 20% component (f), all based on the total weight of the polyurethane polymer
When component (e) is a monofunctional polyether, the total amount of component (b) with component (e) is preferably not less than 35% and where component (e) is other than a monofunctional polyether the amount of component (b) is preferably not less than 35%
The polyurethane polymers according to the invention may be prepared by any method known to the art Typically, the polyurethane polymer is obtainable by reacting one or more isocyanates having a functionality of from 2 0 to 2.5 (component (a)) with one or more compounds having a poly {C2-4-alkylene oxide) chain and at least two groups which react with isocyanates which are located at one end (component (b)) under substantially anhydrous conditions and in an inert atmosphere at a temperature between 30 and 130°C, optionally in the presence of an inert solvent and optionally In the presence of a catalyst Optionally, the reaction may also be carried out in the presence of one or more compounds having at least one acid group (component (c)) and one or more formative compounds acting as chain extenders (component (d)) and optionally one or more compounds which act as chain terminating compounds which are components (e) and (f)
The inert atmosphere may be provided by any of the inert gases of the Periodic Table but is preferably nitrogen
The preparation of the polyurethane polymer/prepolymer may be carried out in the presence of a catalyst Particularly preferred catalysts are tin complexes of aliphatic acids such as dibutyl tin dilaurate (DBTDL) and tertiary amines
The essential feature of the polyurethane polymer according to the invention is that It compnses a predominantly linear polyurethane polymer backbone containing the defined amount of lateral poly (alkylene oxide) side chains. There will thus be many variants which will be obvious to the skilled addressee regarding the ratio of isocyanate groups to isocyanate reactive groups including the formulation of prepolymers which have residual isocyanate functionality. In one case, the ratio of total isocyanate groups provided by component (a) is less than the total number of isocyanate reactive groups provided by component (b) and components (c) (d) and (e) when present. Any terminal isocyanate reactive groups may be reacted
Alternatively, the ratio of total number of isocyanate groups provided by component (a) and optionally component (f) is greater that the total number of isocyanate reactive groups provided by component (b) and components (c), (d) and (e) when present. The resultant polyurethane is then a prepolymer containing residual isocyanate functionality This prepoiymer may then be reacted with other chain extenders such as component (d) which conjoin different prepolymer chains and/or with chain terminating compounds which are component (e) either pnor to or dunng dissolution in water or other polar solvent
The preparation of prepolymers can be useful since it is a means of controlling viscosity dunng the preparation of the polyurethane polymer, especially in circumstances where the reaction is carried out in the absence of any solvent.
When a prepolymer is formed which contains isocyanate functionality, chain extension may be carried out by water itself, or a polyoi, amino-alcohol, a primary or secondary aliphatic, alicyclic, aromatic, araliphatic or heterocyclic polyamine especially a
diamine, hydrazine or a substituted hydrazine. Water-soluble chain extenders are preferred.
Examples of suitable chain extenders include ethylenediamine, diethylene triamine, triethylene tetramine, propylenediamine, butylenediamine, hexamethylenediamine, cyclohexylenediamine, piperazine, 2-methyl piperazine, phenylenediamine, tolylene diamine, xylylene diamine, tns (2-aminoethy)amine, 3,3'-dinitrobenzidme, 4,4'methylenebis (2-chloraniline), 3,3'-dichloro-4, 4'bi-phenyl diamine, 2,6-diaminopyndine, 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane, methane diamine, m-xyiene diamine, isophorone diamine, and adducts of diethylene tnamine with acryiate or its hydrolyzed products. Also materials such as hydrazine, azines such as acetone azine, substituted hydrazines such as, for example, dimethyl hydrazine, 1,6-hexamethylene-bis-hydrazine, carbodihydreazine, hydrazides of dicarboxylic acids and suiphonic acid such as adipic acid mono- or dihydrazide, xalic acid dihydrazide, isophthalic acid dihydrazide, tartaric acid dihydrazide, 1,3-phenylene disulphonic acid dihydrazide, omega-aminocaproic acid dihydrazide, hydrazides made by reacting lactones with hydrazide such as gamma-hydroxylbutyric hydrazide, bis-semi-carbazide carbonic esters of glycols such as any of the glycols mentioned above.
Where the chain extender is other than water, for example, a diamine or hydrazine, it may be added to an aqueous dispersion of prepolymer or, alternatively, it may already be present in an aqueous medium other than that in which the prepolymer is dispersed/dissolved.
The chain extension can be conducted at elevated, reduced or ambient temperatures Convenient temperatures are from about 5°C to 95°C.
When employing a prepolymer in the preparation of the polyurethane polymer, the amount of chain extender and chain terminating compound are chosen to control the molecular weight of the polyurethane polymer A high molecular weight will be favoured when the number of isocyanate-reactive groups in the chain extender is approximately equivalent to the number of free isocyanate groups in the prepolymer. A lower molecular weight of the polyurethane polymer is favoured by using a combination of chain extender and chain terminator in the reaction with the polyurethane prepolymer
An inert solvent may be added before, dunng or after formation of the polyurethane polymer/prepolymer in order to control viscocity. Examples of suitable solvents are acetone, methylethylketone, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, diglyme, N-methylprrolidone. ethylacetate, ethylene and propylene glycoldiacetates, alkyl ethers of ethylene and propylene glycol acetates, toluene, xylene and sterically hindered alcohols such as t-butanoi and diacetone alcohol Preferred solvents are acetone, methyl ethyiketone and N-methyl pyrrolldone
The number average molecular weight of the polyurethane polymer is preferably not less than 2,000, more preferably not less than 3,000 and especially not less than 4,000 It is also preferred that the number average molecular weight of the polyurethane
polymer is not greater than 50,000, more preferably not greater than 20,000 and especially not greater than 15,000
The polyurethane polymer according to the invention is used as a dispersant for uniformly distnbuting a particulate solid in a polar media and preferably in a predominantly aqueous media. Hence, it is much preferred that the polyurethane is prepared in the absence of any inert solvent Where a solvent is required it is preferably volatile such as acetone in order to facilitate its removal by evaporation.
As disclosed hereinbefore, the polyurethane dispersants according to the invention are of use of for dispersing a particulate solid in a polar liquid medium, such as water Although there are many references to aqueous polyurethane dispersions these refer to polyurethanes which are often used as the pnncipal film-forming polymer for a variety of applications such as coatings, inks and adhesives The dispersions according to the invention preferably comprise a non-polymenc particulate solid, and especially a pigment
According to a further aspect of the invention there is provided a dispersion compnsing a particulate solid, a polar liquid and a polyurethane polymer as descnbed hereinbefore Preferably the particulate solid is other than a polyurethane polymer. The polar liquid preferably comprises hydroxy functional solvents such as alcohols and glycols It is specially preferred that the polar liquid Is water.
The solid present in the dispersion may be any inorganic or organic solid material which is substantially insoluble in the polar liquid at the temperature concerned and which It is desired to stabilise in a finely divided form therein.
Examples of suitable solids are pigments, extenders and fillers for paints and plastics matenals, dyes, especially disperse dyes, optical brightening agents, dirt and solid particles in aqueous cleaning fluids, particulate ceramic matenals, magnetic materials and magnetic recording media, fire retardants such as those used in plastics materials and biocides, agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals which are applied as dispersions.
A preferred solid is a pigment from any of the recognised classes of pigments descnbed, for example, in the Third Edition of the Colour Index (1971) and subsequent revisions of, and supplements thereto, under the chapter headed "Pigments" Examples of inorganic pigments are titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, Prussian blue, cadmium sulphide, iron oxides, vermilion, ultramanne and the chrome pigments, including chromates, molybdates and mixed chromates and sulphates of lead, zinc, barium, calcium and mixtures and modifications thereof which are commercially available as greenish-yellow to red pigments under the names primrose, lemon, middle, orange, scarlet and red chromes. Examples of organic pigments are those from the azo, disazo, condensed azo, thioindigo, indanthrone, isoindanthrone, anthanthrone, anthraquinone, isodibenzanthrone, triphendioxazine, quinacndone and phthalocyanine series, especially copper phthalocyanine and its nuclear halogenated derivatives, and also lakes of acid, basic and mordant dyes Carbon black, although stnctly inorganic, behaves more like an organic pigment in its dispersing properties Preferred organic pigments are phthalocyanines.
especially copper phthalocyanines, monoazos, disazos, indanthrones, anthranthrones, quinacridones and carbon blacks.
Other preferred solids are: extenders and fillers such as talc, kaolin, silica, barytes and chalk; particulate ceramic materials such as alumina, silica, zirconia, titania, silicon nitride, boron nitnde, silicon carbide, boron carbide, mixed silicon-aluminium nitrides and metal titanates, particulate magnetic matenals such as the magnetic oxides of transition metals, especially iron and chromium, e g. gamma-Fe2O3, Fe3O4, and cobalt-doped iron oxides, calcium oxide, ferntes, especially banum ferrites, and metal particles, especially metallic iron, nickel, cobalt and alloys thereof, agrochemicals such as the fungicides flutriafen, carbendazim, chlorothalonil and mancozeb and fire retardants such as aluminium tnhydrate and magnesium hydroxide
By the term "polar" in relation to the polar liquid is meant an organic liquid or medium capable of forming moderate to strong bonds as described in the article entitled "A Three Dimensional Approach to Solubility" by Crowley et al in Journal of Paint Technology, Vol 38, 1966, at page 269. Such organic media generally have a hydrogen bonding number of 5 or more as defined in the abovementioned article
Examples of suitable polar organic liquids are amines, ethers, especially lower alkyl ethers, organic acids, esters, ketones, glycols, alcohols and amides. Numerous specific examples of such moderately and strongly hydrogen bonding liquids are given in the book entitled "Compatibility and Solubility" by ibert Mellan (published in 1968 by Noyes Development Corporation) in Table 2 14 on pages 39-40 and these liquids all fall within the scope of the term polar organic liquid as used herein It is preferred that the polar liquid is of the strongly H-bonding type as exemplified on page 40.
Preferred polar organic liquids are mono and poly hydroxy alcohols especially such liquids containing up to, and including, a total of 6 carbon atoms. As examples of the preferred liquids there may be mentioned alkanols such as methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, isobutanol and ethylene glycol. It is especially prefen-ed that the polar liquid is water which may contain up to 50% by weight of a water-soluble polar organic liquid preferably up to 20% of a water-soluble polar organic liquid.
Thus, according to a still further aspect of the invention there Is provided a mill-base compnsing a particulate solid, dispersant and a water compatible film-forming binder resin The water compatible resin may be any water-soluble or water insoluble polymer which is used in the water-borne coating industry Examples of polymers which are commonly used as the pnncipal film-forming binder resin in latex or water-reducible coatings are acrylic, vinyl ester, polyurethane, polyester, epoxy and alkyd
The dispersion or millbase may also contain a vanety of other ingredients which are conventionally incorporated such as antifoam agents and preservatives
Typically, the mill-base contains from 10 to 80% by weight particulate solid based on the total weight of the mill-base.
Where the particulate solid is an organic pigment or a standard carbon black pigment having a surface area below 200 m2 /g, the dispersion may conveniently contain from 20% to 50% by weight of pigment but, where the pigment is inorganic, the dispersion may conveniently contain from 30% to 80% by weight of pigment on the same basis The dispersion preferably contains at least 1% and preferably contains up to 100%, both by weight with respect to the weight of pigment, of the dispersant. Where the pigment is an organic pigment or carbon black, the dispersion more preferably contains from 5% to 50% and where the pigment is an inorganic pigment, the dispersion preferably contains from 1 % to 10%, both by weight with respect to the weight of pigment in the dispersion However, for high to very high surface area carbon black (having a surface area >200 m2 /g), the dispersion may contain as low as 3%, but more preferably from 5% to 30%, pigment on the same basis and the amount of dispersant is preferably from 50% to 100% by weight based on the weight of the pigment
As already disclosed such a mill-base or dispersion is useful for the preparation of water-borne paints and inks by admixture with further amounts of water-compatible resin(s) and/or water and other ingredients which are conventionally incorporated into water-borne paints and inks, such as preservatives, stabilisers, antifoaming agents, water miscible cosolvents and coalescing agents Water-borne paints and inks comprising a mill-base or dispersion according to the present invention are a further feature of the present invention
The dispersants according to the invention may also be used to coat particulate solids such as pigments Thus, according to a still further aspect of the invention there is provided a composition comprising a particulate solid and a polyurethane polymer as dispersant. Such coated particulate solids may be prepared from the dispersions disclosed hereinbefore by removing the polar liquid.
The dispersions and millbases according to the invention are obtainable by any method known to the art and typically comprise milling the particulate solid, polar liquid and polyurethane polymer in the presence of attrition aids until the desired particle size of the particulate solid is achieved Preferably the mean particle size is less than 30µ, more preferably less than 20µ and especially less than l0µ.
The polyurethane polymers according to the invention exhibit advantages when used as dispersants compared with dispersants of the pnor art. Such advantages include high pigment loadings, lower viscosity of paints, inks and mill-bases, superior gloss, improved colour strength obtained from coloured pigments and "jetness" of black pigments, especially carbon black pigments. These advantages may be obtained without any deleterious effect on other final coating properties such as water resistance.
The dispersion containing pigment, polar liquid medium and polyurethane polymer may be used in non-contact printing such as drop-on-demand or continuous printers which may be of the thermal or piezoelectnc type of printer. The dispersant may be used in any ink jet pnnting ink and includes yellow, magenta, cyan and black disperse dyes or
pigments The polar liquid in the non-contact printing ink is preferably water but may contain up to 60% by weight of a water-soluble co-solvent. Examples of such co-solvents are diethyiene glycol, glycerol, 2-pyrolidone, N-methylpyrrolidone, cyclohexanol, caprolactone, caprolactam, pentane-1, 5-diol, 2-(butoxyethoxy) ethanol and thiodiglycol, including mixtures thereof
The ink used in non-contact pnnting is typically made available in a replaceable cartndge which contains separate reservoirs as containers for the different coloured inks Thus, according to a further aspect of the invention there is provided a cartndge containing one or more of a dispersant dyes and/or pigments, a polar liquid and a polyurethane polymer as disclosed hereinbefore.
In the working examples the following abbreviations are used:
MeOPEG 750 is polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether with number average molecular weight 750 ex Aldnch
Jeffamine M1000, M2005 and M2070 are monomethyl ethers of poly(ethylene oxide/propylene oxide) having a terminal ammo group with molecular weight of about 1000, 2005 and 2070, respectively, ex Huntsman Corporation.
PPG 1000 is polypropylene glycol with molecular weight of about 1000.
PEG 1000 is polyethylene glycol with molecular weight of about 1000
DMPA is dimethyloipropionic acid.
CHDM is cyclohexane dimethanol
IPDI is isophorone diisocyanate
DBTDL is dibutyltin dilaurate
NMP is N-methylpyrrolidone
HMDI is dicyclohexyl methane-4,4'-diisocyanate which is available from Bayer as Desmodar W
HEINA is N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)isonicotinamide
TMP is trimethylolpropane
MDA is N-methyldiethanolamine
DMBA is dimethylolbutync acid
HHEE is hydroquinone bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ether
EGSSIPA is 1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid -5-sulfo-1,3-bis(2-hydroxyethyl) ester,
MEHQ is methoxyhydroquinone
TMXDI is tetramethyl-m-xylidene diisocyanate
ITC1081 is a phosphonic acid containing did obtained from Albright and Wilson with average structure:
α, α-dihydroxy functional PEG
2,4-Toluenediisocyanate (34.8 parts,) was added to a reaction flask and stirred under nitrogen at 50°C Polyethylene glycol monomethylether (MeOPEG 750,150 parts ex Aldrich) was preheated to 50°C and added to the isocyanate with stirnng over 1 hour The reaction was continued at 50°C for 30 minutes to form an isocyanate end-capped polyether After cooling to 35°C, diethanolamine (18 1 parts,) was added and the reactants stirred for 1 hour at 35°C under nitrogen. This is Intermediate 1.
α. α-Amino hydroxy functional polyether
Polyethylene glycol mono methyl ether amine (199 3 parts Jeffamine M1000 ex Huntsman Corp ) was stirred at 70°C in the presence of air and 2-hydroxyethylacrylate (20 7 parts,) was added together with butylated hydroxy toluene (0.021 parts ). The reaction was continued by stirring in air at 70°C for 6 hours This is Intermediate 2.
Poly(ethyleneglycol)methylether acryiate (Mol Wt 454) (200 parts), ethanoiamine (25 6) parts and butylated hydroxy toluene (0 054 parts) were added to a stirred glass reaction vessel at about 25°C An exothermic reaction ensued raising the temperature to 40°C after about 5 mins The resulting mixture was heated at 70°C with stirring for 8 hours to yield the product as a pale yellow liquid This is intermediate 3
Dry MPEG 750 (300 parts) and toluene (600 parts) were added to a stirred reaction flask fitted with condenser and Dean and Stark collector The solution was refluxed to remove any residual water The mixture was cooled to 30°C and a solution of MEHQ (0.92 parts) in acrylic acid (36 parts) was added followed by cone, sulphuric acid (3 2 parts) The resulting mixture was refluxed for 10 hours in a slow stream of air and water generated was collected in the Dean and Stark apparatus. The resulting mixture was cooled to room temperature and neutralised with calcium carbonate powder. The mixture was filtered and the toluene removed from the filtrate by rotary evaporation to yield the adduct of MPEG 750 and acrylic acid as pale brown waxy solid in yield of 315 parts 300 parts of this adduct and butylated hydroxy toluene (0.057 parts) were heated to
70°C in a stirred reaction vessel fitted with condenser. Ethanolamine (22.9 parts) was added and the reaction mixture rapidly exothermed to 87°C. After cooling back to about 70°C this temperature was maintained for 6 hours to give a pale brown solid on cooling to room temperature This is Intermediate 4
2-chloroethanol (32 2 parts), Jeffamine M1000 (200 parts) and calcium carbonate (110 6 parts) were stirred in toluene (433 parts) in a glass reaction vessel at 130°C for 18 hours under a nitrogen atmosphere The mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature then filtered to remove the inorganic solids The toluene solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give a colourless oil which solidified on standing (205 parts). This is Intermediate 5
2-Ghloroethanol (16 1 parts), Jeffamine Ml 000 (200 parts) and calcium carbonate (55 3 parts) were stirred in toluene (260 parts) in a glass reaction vessel at 130°C for 18 hours under a nitrogen atmosphere The mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature then filtered to remove the inorganic solids The toluene solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give a colourless oil which solidified on standing (208 parts). This is Intermediate 6
Jeffamine M2005 ex Huntsman corp (200 5 parts), hydroxyethyl acrylate (12 18 parts) and butylated hydroxy toluene (0,022 parts) were added to a stirred reaction vessel fitted with condenser and heated to 70°C and the temperature was maintained for 6 hours. This is Intermediate 7
Jeffamine M2070 ex Huntsman corp. (207 parts), hydroxyethyl acrylate (12 18 parts) and butylated hydroxy toluene (0 022 parts) were added to a stirred reaction vessel fitted with condenser and heated to 70°C and the temperature was maintained for 6 hours
This is Intermediate 8
Jeffamine M1000 ex Huntsman (172 6 parts); 1,4-butanediol diacrylate (15.2 parts) and butylated hydroxy toluene (0.019 parts) were added to a stirred glass reaction vessel fitted with condenser under an air atmosphere. The mixture was heated to 70°C and the temperature maintained for 12 hours to give a yellow liquid which solidified on cooling This is Intermediate 9
2,4-Toluenediisocyanate (69 6 parts) was added to a reaction flask and stirred under nitrogen at 50°C Polyethylene glycol monomethyiether (MeOPEG 1100, 440 parts ex Aldrich) was preheated to 50°C and added to the isocyanate with stirnng over 50 mins. The reaction was continued at 50°C for 100 minutes to form an isocyanate end-capped polyether After cooling to 30°C, diethanoiamine (45 4 parts,) was added over 26 mins The reaction mixture was warmed to 50°C and temperature maintained for about 1 hour This is Intermediate 10
Polvurethane Polvmers
Example 1 - PL) with both lateral and terminal polyether chains
The following compounds in the amounts shown were charged to a reaction flask
with stirnng under nitrogen:
DMPA	8 00	parts
CHDM	7 00	parts
PPG 1000	14 78	parts
Intermediate 1	29 56	parts
NMP	25 0	parts
The reactants were heated to 90°C, and DBTDL (0 08 parts) was added followed by IPDI (40 58 parts) After stirring for 3 hours under nitrogen the isocyanate value was 1 63% Jeffamine Ml000 (51.6 parts) was added and the reaction was continued for a further 1 hour with stirnng at 90°C under nitrogen. Heating was removed. Water (148.8 parts) and 0 88 ammonia (2.7 parts) were added to the hot mixture to give a clear yellow solution with total solids content of 46 3% This is Dispersant 1.
Example 2 - PU with lateral polyether chains
The following compounds in the amounts indicated were added to a reaction flask and stirred under nitrogen at 50°C
DMPA	16 00 parts
CHDM	13 77 parts
PPG 1000	6 89 parts
Intermediate 2	100 00 parts
DBTDL (0 08 parts) was added with stirnng at 50°C followed by IPDI (63.18 parts). The temperature was then raised to 90°C and the reactants were stirred at 90 °C under nitrogen for 3 75 hours when no residual isocyanate could be detected. Heating was removed Water (200 parts) and 0.88 ammonia (5.4 parts) were added to the hot mixture to give a clear yellow solution with total solids content of 49.0% This is Dispersant 2
Example 3 - PU with both lateral and terminal poivether chains
The following compounds in the amounts shown were stirred under nitrogen at 50 °C in a reaction flask
DMPA	16.00	parts
CHDM	12 09	parts
MeOPEG(750)	63 20	parts
Intermediate 2	100 00	parts
DBTDL	0 16	parts
IPDI (17 38 parts) was added and the temperature rose to a maximum of 59°C 10 minutes after the addition After stirring for a further 20 mins the temperature was raised to 90 °C and IPDI (54.37 parts) was added The reactants were stirred at 90-95°C for a further 3.5 hours under nitrogen Heating was removed. Water (250 parts) and 0.88 ammonia (5 8 parts) were added to the hot mixture to give a clear yellow solution with total solids content of 48 8% This is Dispersant 3
Comparative Example A - PU with about 19% ethylene oxide content
The following compounds in the amounts shown were stirred at 90 °C under nitrogen in a reaction flask
PPG 1000	26.87	parts
Intermediate 2	26 87	parts
NMP	25 00	parts
DBTDL (0.08 parts) and IPDI (31 19 parts) were added and the reactants were stirred under nitrogen for 4 hours when no residual isocyanate groups could be detected Heating was removed Water (75 parts) and 0 88 ammonia (2 7 parts) were added to the hot mixture to give a clear yellow solution having a total solids content of 49.0%. This is Dispersant A
Comparative Example B - PU without polyether lateral chains
The following compounds in the amounts shown were charged to a reaction flask and
stirred at 50°C under nitrogen
CHDM	5 01	parts
MeOPEG(750)	32 50	parts
PEG 1000	50 00	parts
The reactants were heated to 90 °C and IPDI (36 91 parts) was added over 1 hour with stirring and the reaction was continued with stirring under nitrogen at 90°C for 2 5 hours when no free isocyanate groups could be detected Heating was removed Water (130 parts) and 0 88 ammonia (2 9 parts) were added to the hot mixture to give a clear yellow solution with total solids content of 49 7%. This is Dispersant B.
The following reagents were used
DMPA	5.78	parts
CHDM	2.43	parts
Intermediate 3	32.53	parts
MeOPEG750	27.71	parts
DBTDL	0 06	parts
Diisccyanate - IPDI	31 48	parts
All materials, except the diisocyanate, were added to a dry glass reactor containing a nitrogen atmosphere fitted with mechanical stirrer, water cooled condenser, dropping funnel and thermocouple The flask contents were heated to 56°C giving a solution.
Diisocyanate (7.02 parts) was added from the dropping funnel over 5 minutes resulting in an exotherm to 62°C As the temperature started to drop heating was restarted to raise reaction temperature to 90°C. The remaining diisocyanate (24.46 parts) was fed in over 38 minutes maintaining the temperature at 90 (± 2)°C throughout the feed and for a further 3 hours
Aqueous ammonia solution (0.88 S.G.) (2.10 parts) was diluted with water (97.90 parts). This ammonia solution was added to the reaction mixture. Heating was stopped but stirring was maintained to dissolve / disperse the polymer resulting in a clear yellow liquid with total solids content of about 50.6% This is Dispersant 4.
DMPA	5.91	parts
CHDM	4.96	parts
Intermediate 4	33.24	parts
MeOPEG750	26.14	parts
Diisocyanate - IPDI	29 69	parts
All materials, except the diisocyanate, were added to a dry glass reactor containing a nitrogen atmosphere fitted with mechanical stirrer, water cooled condenser, dropping funnel and thermocouple. The flask contents were heated to 49°C giving a solution
Diisocyanate (8.38 parts) was added from the dropping funnel over 5 minutes resulting in an exotherm to 55°C As the temperature started to drop heating was restarted
to raise reaction temperature to 90°C. The remaining diisocyanate (21.31 parts) was fed in over about 45 minutes maintaining the temperature at 90 (± 2)°C throughout the feed and
for a further 3 hours
Aqueous ammonia solution (0.88 S G ) (2 14 parts) was diluted with water (97.86 parts) This ammonia solution was added to the reaction mixture Heating was stopped but stirring was maintained to dissolve / disperse the polymer resulting in a clear yellow liquid with total solids content of about 50.3% This is Dispersant 5.
DMPA	7 53	parts
1,5-pentanediol	1 84	parts
Intermediate 2	47 08	parts
pentanol	5 84	parts
DBTDL	0 08	parts
Diisocyanate - HMDI	37 63	parts
All matenals, except the diisocyanate, were added to a dry glass reactor containing a nitrogen atmosphere fitted with mechanical stinrer, water cooled condenser, dropping funnel and thermocouple. The flask contents were heated to 70°C giving a solution
The diisocyanate was added from the dropping funnel over 42minutes. The temperature rose to 90°C dunng the addition after 10 minutes This temperature was maintained (+ 2)°C throughout the feed and for a further 3 hours
Aqueous ammonia solution (0 88 S G ) (2 73 parts) was diluted with water (97.27 parts). This ammonia solution was added to the reaction mixture. Heating was stopped but stirnng was maintained to dissolve / disperse the polymer resulting in a clear yellow liquid with total solids content of 50 3%. This is Dispersant 6.
DMPA	10 23	parts
GHDM	3 35	parts
Intermediate 2	42 63	parts
dihexvlamine	14.74	parts
DBTDL	0.07	parts
Diisocyanate - HDI	28 98	parts
All materials, except the diisocyanate, were added to a dry glass reactor containing a nitrogen atmosphere fitted with mechanical stirrer, water cooled condenser, dropping funnel and thermocouple The flask contents were heated to 77°C giving a solution
The diisocyanate was added from the dropping funnel over 1 hour whilst continuing to heat the reaction mixture The temperature rose to 90°C during the addition after 25 minutes This temperature was maintained {+ 2)°C throughout the feed and for a further 3 hours 20 minutes
Aqueous ammonia solution (0 88 S G ) (3 71 parts) was diluted with water (96 29 parts) This ammonia solution was added to the reaction mixture. Heating was stopped but stirring was maintained to dissolve / disperse the polymer resulting in a cloudy yellow liquid with total solids content of 47 4% This is Dispersant 7
DM PA	5 86	parts
Intermediate 2	28 32	parts
MeOPEG1100	43.36	parts
DBTDL	0.05	parts
Diisocyanate - HMDI	22 41	parts
All matenals, except the diisocyanate, were added to a dry glass reactor containing a nitrogen atmosphere fitted with mechanical stirrer, water cooled condenser, dropping funnel and thermocouple. The flask contents were heated to 65°C giving a solution
The diisocyanate was added from the dropping funnel over 56 mins whilst continuing to heat the reaction mixture. The temperature rose to 90°C during the addition after 13 minutes This temperature was maintained (± 2)°C throughout the feed and for a further 3 hours 20 minutes.
Aqueous ammonia solution (0 88 S G ) (2 12 parts) was diluted with water (97.88 parts) This ammonia solution was added to the reaction mixture. Heating was stopped but stirring was maintained to dissolve / disperse the polymer resulting in a cloudy yellow liquid with total solids content of 48.9% This is Dispersant 8.
DMPA	7.62	parts
Intermediate 2	24 89	parts
MeOPEG1100	50.22	parts
DBTDL	0.04	parts
Diisocyanate - TDI	17 23	parts
All materials, except the diisocyanate, were added to a dry glass reactor containing a nitrogen atmosphere fitted with mechanical stirrer, water cooled condenser, dropping funnel and thermocouple The flask contents were heated to 78°C giving a solution
The diisocyanate was added from the dropping funnel over 48 mins whilst continuing to heat the reaction mixture The temperature rose to 90°C dunng the addition after 12 minutes. This temperature was maintained (+ 2)°C throughout the feed and for a further 3 hours 11 minutes.
Aqueous ammonia solution (0 88 S G.) (2 76 parts) was diluted with water (97 24 parts) This ammonia solution was added to the reaction mixture. Heating was stopped but stirring was maintained to dissolve / disperse the polymer resulting in a cloudy yellow liquid with total solids content of 49.9% This is Dispersant 9
DMPA	6.50	parts
1,6-hexanedioi	4 22	parts
Intermediate 5	21 68	parts
MeOPEGHOO	45.8	parts
DBTDL	0 04	parts
Diisocyanate - TDI	21 76	parts
All matenals, except the diisocyanate, were added to a dry glass reactor containing a nitrogen atmosphere fitted with mechanical stirrer, water cooled condenser, dropping funnel and thermocouple The flask contents were heated to 86°C giving a solution
The diisocyanate was added from the dropping funnel over 60 minutes whilst continuing to heat the reaction mixture The temperature rose to 90°C during the addition after 14 minutes This temperature was maintained (± 2)°C throughout the feed and for a further 3 hours 10 minutes
Aqueous ammonia solution (0 88 S.G ) (2 35 parts) was diluted with water (97.65 parts) This ammonia solution was added to the reaction mixture. Heating was stopped
but stirring was maintained to dissolve / disperse the polymer resulting in a clear yellow liquid with total solids content of 49 9% This is Dispersant 10
DMPA	6.14	parts
HEINA	5 81	parts
Intermediate 2	38 39	parts
MeOPEG750	23 22	parts
DBTDL	0.06	parts
Diisocyanate - IPDI	26.38	parts
All materials, except the diisocyanate, were added to a dry glass reactor containing a nitrogen atmosphere fitted with mechanical stirrer, water cooled condenser, dropping funnel and thermocouple The flask contents were heated to 86°C giving a solution
The diisocyanate was added from the dropping funnel over 47 minutes whilst continuing to heat the reaction mixture. The temperature rose to 90°C dunng the addition after 19 minutes. This temperature was maintained (± 2)°C throughout the feed and for a further 3 hours 6 minutes
Aqueous ammonia solution (0 88 S G ) (2 22 parts) was diluted with water (97 78 parts) This ammonia solution was added to the reaction mixture. Heating was stopped but stirring was maintained to dissolve / disperse the polymer resulting in a clear yellow liquid with total solids content of 50 5% This is Dispersant 11
DMPA	6.09	parts
HEINA	4.83	parts
Intermediate 1	38 08	parts
MeOPEG750	23 85	parts
Diisocyanate - IPDI	27 10	parts
All matenals, except the diisocyanate, were added to a dry glass reactor containing a nitrogen atmosphere fitted with mechanical stirrer, water cooled condenser, dropping funnel and thermocouple The flask contents were heated to 59°C giving a solution
The diisocyanate was added from the dropping funnel over 48 minutes whilst continuing to heat the reaction mixture The temperature rose to 90°C during the addition after 19 minutes This temperature was maintained (± 2)°C throughout the feed and for a further 3 hours 7 minutes
Aqueous ammonia solution (0.88 S G ) (2.21 parts) was diluted with water (97,79 parts) This ammonia solution was added to the reaction mixture Heating was stopped but stirring was maintained to dissolve / disperse the polymer resulting in a clear yellow liquid with total solids content of 49 2%. This is Dispersant 12.
DMPA	6 26	parts
TMP	3 26	parts
CHDM	5.64	parts
Intermediate 2	14 60	parts
MeOPEG750	42.06	parts
Diisocyanate - TDl	28 14	parts
All matenals, except the diisocyanate, were added to a dry glass reactor containing a nitrogen atmosphere fitted with mechanical stirrer, water cooled condenser, dropping funnel and thermocouple The flask contents were heated to 88°C giving a solution
The diisocyanate was added from the dropping funnel over 66 minutes maintaining the temperature at 90 (± 2)°C throughout the feed and for a further 4 hours 49 minutes.
Aqueous ammonia solution (0.88 S G.) (2.27 parts) was diluted with water (97.73 parts) This ammonia solution was added to the reaction mixture. Heating was stopped but stirring was maintained to dissolve / disperse the polymer resulting in a clear yellow liquid with total solids content of 49 7% This is Dispersant 13
DMPA	6 67	parts
TMP	4 45	parts
CHDM	4 82	parts
Intermediate 2	17.81	parts
MeOPEG750	39.02	parts
DBTDL	0 05 parts
Disocyanate - TDl	27 18 parts
All materials, except the diisocyanate, were added to a dry glass reactor containing a nitrogen atmosphere fitted with mechanical stirrer, water cooled condenser, dropping funnel and thennocouple. The flask contents were heated to 88°C giving a soiution
The diisocyanate was added from the dropping funnel over 57 minutes maintaining the temperature at 90 (± 2)°C throughout the feed and for a further 3 hours 39 minutes.
Aqueous ammonia solution (0 88 S.G.) (2.8 parts) was diluted with water (97.2 parts) This ammonia solution was added to the reaction mixture. Heating was stopped but stirnng was maintained to dissolve / disperse the polymer resulting in a clear yellow liquid with total solids content of 51 1%. This is Dispersant 14,
DMPA	7 20	parts
CHDM	6.51	parts
Intermediate 2	44 99	parts
MeOPEG750	10 03	parts
DBTDL	0 07	parts
Diisocyanate-IPDI	31.20	parts
All materials, except the diisocyanate, were added to a dry glass reactor containing a nitrogen atmosphere fitted with mechanical stirrer, water cooled condenser, dropping funnel and thermocouple The flask contents were heated to 60°C giving a solution
The diisocyanate was added from the dropping funnel over 26 minutes whilst continuing to heat the reaction mixture The temperature rose dunng the addition to 90°C after 16 minutes This temperature was maintained (± 2)°C throughout the remainder of the feed and for a further 3 hours 16 minutes
Aqueous ammonia solution (0 88 S G ) (2.61 parts) was diluted with water (97.39 parts) This ammonia solution was added to the reaction mixture. Heating was stopped but stirnng was maintained to dissolve / disperse the polymer resulting in a clear yellow liquid with total solids content of 51 0% This is Dispersant 15
DMPA	9 11	parts
CHDM	1 41	parts
Intermediate 2	37 95	parts
MeOPEG750	24.1	parts
Diisocyanate - IPDI	27 38	parts
All materials, except the diisocyanate, were added to a dry glass reactor containing a nitrogen atmosphere fitted with mechanical stirrer, water cooled condenser, dropping funnel and thermocouple The flask contents were heated to 58°C giving a solution.
The diisocyanate was added from the dropping funnel over 55 minutes whilst continuing to heat the reaction mixture The temperature rose during the addition to 90°C after about 30 minutes This temperature was maintained (+ 2)°C throughout the remainder of the feed and for a further 2 hours 52 minutes
Aqueous ammonia solution (0 88 S G.) (3 30 parts) was diluted with water (96.70 parts) This ammonia solution was added to the reaction mixture. Heating was stopped but stirnng was maintained to dissolve / disperse the polymer resulting in a clear yellow liquid with total solids content of 50 6% This is Dispersant 16.
CHDM	110	parts
Intermediate 2	38.10	parts
MeOPEG750	23 80	parts
Diisocyanate - IPDI	27.04	parts
All matenals, except the diisocyanate, were added to a dry glass reactor containing a nitrogen atmosphere fitted with mechanical stirrer, water cooled condenser, dropping funnel and thermocouple. The flask contents were heated to 50°C giving a solution
The diisocyanate was added from the dropping funnel over 44 minutes whilst continuing to heat the reaction mixture The temperature rose to 94°C during the addition after 23 minutes The temperature was allowed to drop back to 90°C by removing heating and maintained (+ 2)°C throughout the feed and for a further 3 hours 29 minutes.
Water (100 parts) was added to the reaction mixture. Heating was stopped but stirnng was maintained to dissolve / disperse the polymer resulting in a hazy yellow liquid with total solids content of 50 6%. This is Dispersant 17
CHDM	4.98	parts
Intermediate 2	57.18	parts
MeOPEG750	17 69	parts
Diisocyanate-IPDI	20.09	parts
All materials, except the diisocyanate, were added to a dry glass reactor containing a nitrogen atmosphere fitted with mechanical stirrer, water cooled condenser, dropping funnel and thermocouple. The flask contents were heated to 50°C giving a solution
Diisocyanate (9.85 parts) was added from the dropping funnel over 10 minutes resulting in an exotherm to 57°C As the temperature started to drop heating was restarted to raise reaction temperature to 90°C. The remaining diisocyanate (10.24 parts) was fed in over 51 minutes maintaining the temperature at 90 (± 2)°C throughout the feed and for a further 3 hours 25 minutes
Hot water (112.8 parts) was added to the reaction mixture. Heating was stopped but stirring was maintained to dissolve / disperse the polymer resulting in a hazy yellow liquid with total solids content of 45 0% This is Dispersant 18
DMPA	1 61	parts
CHDM	4 88	parts
Intermediate 2	52 03	parts
MeOPEG750	19 39	parts
Diisocyanate - IPDi	22.03	parts
All matenals, except the diisocyanate, were added to a dry glass reactor containing a nitrogen atmosphere fitted with mechanical stirrer, water cooled condenser, dropping funnel and thermocouple The flask contents were heated to 50°C giving a solution
Diisocyanate (8 96 parts) was added from the dropping funnel over 6 minutes resulting in an exotherm to 59°C As the temperature started to drop heating was restarted to raise reaction temperature to 90°C The remaining diisocyanate (13 07 parts) was fed in
over 9 minutes maintaining the temperature at 90 (± 2)°C throughout the feed and for a further 2 hours 38 minutes
Aqueous ammonia solution (0.88 S G ) {0.58 parts) was diluted with water (99.42 parts) This ammonia solution was added to the reaction mixture. Heating was stopped but stirring was maintained to dissolve / disperse the polymer resulting in a clear yellow liquid with total solids content of 51.6% This is Dispersant 19
DMPA	4 59	parts
MDA	5 37	parts
Intermediate 2	37.78	parts
MeOPEG750	24 43	parts
Diisocyanate - IPDI	27.76	parts
All materials, except the diisocyanate, were added to a dry glass reactor containing a nitrogen atmosphere fitted with mechanical stirrer, water cooled condenser, dropping funnel and thermocouple The flask contents were heated to 52°C giving a solution
The diisocyanate was added from the dropping funnel over 44 minutes whilst continuing to heat the reaction mixture. The temperature rose dunng the addition to 90°C after 25 minutes This temperature was maintained (± 2)°C throughout the remainder of the feed and for a further 3 hours 4 minutes.
Water (100 parts) was added to the reaction mixture. Heating was stopped but stirring was maintained to dissolve / disperse the polymer resulting in a hazy yellow liquid with total solids content of 51.3% This is Dispersant 20
DMPA	6 05	parts
CHDM	3 94	parts
Intermediate 6	37.79	parts
MeOPEG750	24.42	parts
Diisocyanate - IPDI	27 75	parts
All materials, except the diisocyanate, were added to a dry glass reactor containing a nitrogen atmosphere fitted with mechanical stirrer, water cooled condenser, dropping funnel and thermocouple The flask contents were heated to 53°C giving a solution
The diisocyanate was added from the dropping funnel over 52 minutes whilst continuing to heat the reaction mixture The temperature rose during the addition to 90°C after about 30 minutes This temperature was maintained (± 2)°C throughout the remainder of the feed and for a further 3 hours 5 minutes.
Aqueous ammonia solution (0 88 S.G ) (2 19 parts) was diluted with water (97.81 parts) This ammonia solution was added to the reaction mixture Heating was stopped but stirring was maintained to dissolve / disperse the polymer resulting in a clear yellow liquid with total solids content of 49.1% This is Dispersant 21.
DM PA	6 04	parts
CHDM	3 83	parts
Intermediate 1	37 75	parts
MeOPEG750	24 49	parts
Diisocyanate - IPDl	27.83	parts
All materials, except the diisocyanate, were added to a dry glass reactor containing a nitrogen atmosphere fitted with mechanical stirrer, water cooled condenser, dropping funnel and thermocouple. The flask contents were heated to 51 °C giving a solution
The diisocyanate was added from the dropping funnel over 45 minutes whilst continuing to heat the reaction mixture. The temperature rose during the addition to 93°C on completion of the addition The temperature was maintained at 90 (± 3)°C for a further 3 hours 40 minutes.
Aqueous ammonia solution (0 88 S G ) (2 19 parts) was diluted with water (97 81 parts) This ammonia solution was added to the reaction mixture Heating was stopped but stirring was maintained to dissolve / disperse the polymer resulting in a clear yellow liquid with total solids content of 49 3% This is Dispersant 22
DMPA	6 12	parts
Intermediate 7	23 77	parts
Intermediate 2	14 45	parts
CHDM	5 29	parts
MeOPEG750	23.55	parts
Diisocyanate - IPDl	26 76	parts
All materials, except the diisocyanate, were added to a dry glass reactor containing a nitrogen atmosphere fitted with mechanical stirrer, water cooled condenser, dropping funnel and thermocouple The flask contents were heated to 91 °C giving a solution
The diisocyanate was added from the dropping funnel over 53 minutes whilst maintaining the temperature at 90 (+ 2)°C This temperature was maintained for a further 3 hours 2 minutes
Aqueous ammonia solution (0.88 S.G.) (2.22 parts) was diluted with water (97.78 parts) This ammonia solution was added to the reaction mixture. Heating was stopped but stirnng was maintained to dissolve / disperse the polymer resulting in a clear yellow liquid with total solids content of 50 5% This is Dispersant 23
DMPA	6 46	parts
Intermediate 2	48 43	parts
MeOPEG750	19 25	parts
Diisocyanate - HMD]	25 80	parts
All materials, except the diisocyanate, were added to a dry glass reactor containing a nitrogen atmosphere fitted with mechanical stirrer, water cooled condenser, dropping funnel and thermocouple The flask contents were heated to 66°C giving a solution
The diisocyanate was added from the dropping funnel over 39 minutes whilst continuing to heat the reaction mixture. The temperature rose during the addition to 92°C after about 20 minutes. The temperature was maintained at 90 (± 2)°C throughout the remainder of the feed and for a further 3 hours.
Aqueous ammonia solution (0.88 S.G ) (2 34 parts) was diluted with water (97.66 parts) This ammonia solution was added to the reaction mixture Heating was stopped
but stirring was maintained to dissolve / disperse the polymer resulting in a clear yellow
liquid This is Dispersant 24
DMBA	6 65	parts
PPG 1000	2 41	parts
Intermediate 2	41 54	parts
MeOPEG750	16 93	parts
Diisocyanate - IPDI	27,60	parts
Diisocyanate (7 25 parts) was added from the dropping funnel over 11 minutes resulting in an exotherm to 56°C. As the temperature started to drop heating was restarted to raise reaction temperature to 90°C. The remaining diisocyanate (20.35 parts) was fed in over 37 minutes maintaining the temperature at 90 (± 2)°C throughout the feed and for a further 3 hours 43 minutes.
Aqueous ammonia solution (0.88 S.G.) (2 19 parts) was diluted with water (100.21 parts) This ammonia solution was added to the reaction mixture. Heating was stopped but stirring was maintained to dissolve / disperse the polymer resulting in a clear yellow liquid with total solids content of 50.0%. This is Dispersant 25.
DMPA	6 14	parts
CHDM	5 76	parts
intermediate 8	38.36	parts
MeOPEG750	23.29	parts
Diisocyanate - IPDI	26 40	parts
All matenals, except the diisocyanate, were added to a dry glass reactor containing a nitrogen atmosphere fitted with mechanical stirrer, water cooled condenser,
dropping funnel and thermocouple. The flask contents were heated to 61°C giving a solution
Diisocyanate (3.90 parts) was added from the dropping funnel over 5 minutes resulting in an exotherm to 63°C As the temperature started to drop heating was restarted to raise reaction temperature to 90°C. The remaining diisocyanate (22 50 parts) was fed in over 45 minutes maintaining the temperature at 90 (± 2)°C throughout the feed and for a further 3 hours 40 minutes
Aqueous ammonia solution (0.88 S.G ) (2 22 parts) was diluted with water (97.78 parts) This ammonia solution was added to the reaction mixture Heating was stopped but stirnng was maintained to dissolve / disperse the polymer resulting in a clear yellow liquid with total solids content of 48 9%. This is Dispersant 26
DM PA	8 00	parts
CHDM	6 89	parts
PPG 1000	3.44	parts
Intermediate 2	50.00	parts
DBTDL	0.08	parts
Diisocyanate-IPDI	3159	parts
All matenals, except the diisocyanate, were added to a dry glass reactor containing a nitrogen atmosphere fitted with mechanical stirrer, water cooled condenser, dropping funnel and thermocouple. The flask contents were heated to 51 °C giving a solution.
The diisocyanate was added from the dropping funnel rapidly resulting in an exotherm Heating was continued and the reaction temperature reached 90°C after16 minutes The temperature was maintained at 90 (± 2)°C for a further 3 hours 17 minutes.
Aqueous ammonia solution (0 88 S G.) (2.7 parts) was diluted with water (100 parts) This ammonia solution was added to the reaction mixture. Heating was stopped but stirring was maintained to dissolve / disperse the polymer resulting in a clear yellow liquid with total solids content of 49.0% This is Dispersant 27.
DMPA	8.00	parts
PPG1000	3 44	parts
Diisocyanate - IPDI	31 59	parts
All materials, except the diisocyanate, were added to a dry glass reactor containing a nitrogen atmosphere fitted with mechanical stirrer, water cooled condenser, dropping funnel and thermocouple The flask contents were heated to 50°C giving a solution
The diisocyanate was added from the dropping funnel rapidly resulting in an exotherm Heating was continued and the reaction temperature reached 92°C after 39 minutes The temperature was maintained at 89 - 97°C for a further 3 hours 39 minutes.
Aqueous ammonia solution (0.88 S.G ) (2 7 parts) was diluted with water (75 parts) This ammonia solution was added to the reaction mixture. Heating was stopped but stirnng was maintained to dissolve / disperse the polymer resulting in a clear yellow liquid with total solids content of 48 1% This is Dispersant 28.
DMPA	6 62	parts
HHEE	6 62	parts
Intermediate 2	41 39	parts
MeOPEG750	17.23	parts
Diisocyanate - IPDI	28 08	parts
All matenals, except the diisocyanate, were added to a dry glass reactor containing a nitrogen atmosphere fitted with mechanical stirrer, water cooled condenser, dropping funnel and thermocouple. The flask contents were heated to 85°C giving a solution and allowed to cool to 50°C
Diisocyanate (7 13 parts) was added from the dropping funnel over 5 minutes resulting in an exotherm to 57°C As the temperature started to drop heating was restarted to raise reaction temperature to 90°C. The remaining diisocyanate (20 95 parts) was fed in over 60 minutes maintaining the temperature at 90 (± 2)°C throughout the feed and for a further 2 hours 23 minutes.
Aqueous ammonia solution (0 88 S G ) (2 9 parts) was diluted with water (97 1 parts) This ammonia solution was added to the reaction mixture. Heating was stopped but stirring was maintained to dissolve / disperse the polymer resulting in a clear yellow liquid with total solids content of 49 0%. This is Dispersant 29.
DMPA	6 61	parts
CHDM	1.87	parts
Intermediate 1	33.04	parts
MeOPEG750	33 93	parts
DBTDL	0 05	parts
Diisocyanate - IPDI	25 14	parts
The diisocyanate was added from the dropping funnel over 32 minutes whilst continuing to heat the reaction mixture The temperature rose dunng the addition reaching 90°C when complete. This temperature was maintained (± 2)°C for a further 3 hours 12 minutes
Aqueous ammonia solution (0.88 S.G ) (2.39 parts) was diluted with water (97.61 parts). This ammonia solution was added to the reaction mixture. Heating was stopped but stirring was maintained to dissolve / disperse the polymer resulting in a cloudy yellow liquid with total solids content of 50 1% This is Dispersant 30
DMPA	5.66	parts
CHDM	3 00	parts
Intermediate 10	35 41	parts
MeOPEGHOO	29 19	parts
Diisocyanate-HMD!	26.69	parts
All materials, except the diisocyanate, were added to a dry glass reactor containing a nitrogen atmosphere fitted with mechanical stirrer, water cooled condenser,
dropping funnel and thermocouple The flask contents were heated to 51°C giving a solution
The diisocyanate was added from the dropping funnel over 57 minutes whilst continuing to heat the reaction mixture. The temperature rose to 90°C during the addition after 13 minutes. This temperature was maintained (± 2)°C throughout the feed and for a further 3 hours 21 minutes.
Aqueous ammonia solution (0 88 S G ) (2 05 parts) was diluted with water (97 95 parts). This ammonia solution was added to the reaction mixture. Heating was stopped but stirnng was maintained to dissolve / disperse the polymer resulting in a clear yellow liquid with total solids content of about 50%. This is Dispersant 31.
1	DMPA	6.29	parts
2	PPG 1000	2.11	parts
3	CHDM	4 23	parts
4	Intermediate 2	39 29	parts
5	DBTDL	0 06	parts
6	Diisocyanate-IPDI	26 60	parts
7	Jeffamine M1000	2142	parts
Materials 1 to 5 from the list of reagents above were added to a dry glass reactor containing a nitrogen atmosphere fitted with mechanical stirrer, water cooled condenser, dropping funnel and thermocouple The flask contents were heated to 55°C giving a solution
The diisocyanate was added from the dropping funnel over 11 minutes with the temperature remaining roughly constant. Heating was increased and the reaction temperature reached 99°G after a further 32 minutes. Heating was removed and the mixture cooled to 90°C and then maintained at 90 (± 2)°C throughout. 3 hours 17 minutes after the diisocyanate addition was complete the Jeffamine Ml000 (preheated to 50°C to melt It) was added to the reaction vessel and the mixture stirred for a further 77 minutes
Aqueous ammonia solution (0 88 S G ) (2 12 parts) was diluted with water (98 23 parts) This ammonia solution was added to the reaction mixture Heating was stopped but stirnng was maintained to dissolve / disperse the polymer resulting in a clear yellow liquid with total solids content of 49 0% This is Dispersant 32.
1	DMPA	6.18	parts
2	PPG 1000	2 08	parts
3	CHDM	4.16	parts
4	Intermediate 2	38.62	parts
5	DBTDL	0.06	parts
6	Diisocyanate - IPDI	26 15	parts
7	MeOPEGIlOO	22.75	parts
Matenals 1 to 5 from the list of reagents above were added to a dry glass reactor containing a nitrogen atmosphere fitted with mechanical stirrer, water cooled condenser, dropping funnel and thermocouple. The flask contents were heated to 48°C giving a solution
The diisocyanate was added from the dropping funnel over 8 minutes resulting in an exotherm to 54°C. Heating was Increased and the reaction temperature reached 90(± 2)°C after a further 9 minutes and then maintained at 90(± 2)°C throughout 3 hours 35 minutes after the diisocyanate addition was complete the MeOPEG1100 (preheated to 50° C to melt it) was added to the reaction vessel and the mixture stirred for a further 90 minutes
Aqueous ammonia solution (0.88 S.G ) (2 08 parts) was diluted with water (100 parts) This ammonia solution was added to the reaction mixture. Heating was stopped but stirnng was maintained to dissolve / disperse the polymer resulting in a clear yellow liquid with total solids content of 50 2% This is Dispersant 33.
DMPA	6,08	parts
CHDM	4.56	parts
Intermediate 9	37.99	parts
MeOPEG750	24.02	parts
Diisocyanate - IPDI	27 29	parts
All materials, except the diisocyanate, were added to a dry glass reactor containing a nitrogen atmosphere fitted with mechanical stirrer, water cooled condenser.
dropping funnel and thermocouple. The flask contents were heated to 50°C giving a solution
Diisocyanate (6.63 parts) was added from the dropping funnel over 11 minutes resulting in an exotherm to 57°C As the temperature started to drop heating was restarted to raise reaction temperature to 90°C The remaining diisocyanate (20.66 parts) was fed in over 43 minutes maintaining the temperature at 90 (+ 2)°C throughout the feed and for a further 2 hours 55 minutes.
Aqueous ammonia solution (0.88 S.G.) (2.2 parts) was diluted with water (97.8 parts) This ammonia solution was added to the reaction mixture. Heating was stopped but stirnng was maintained to dissolve / disperse the polymer resulting in a clear yellow liquid With total solids content of 50 0% This is Dispersant 34
DMPA	6 18	parts
CHDM	1 00	parts
Intermediate 9	49.85	parts
MeOPEG750	22 71	parts
Diisocyanate - IPDl	20 19	parts
Diisocyanate (5.35 parts) was added from the dropping funnel over 5 minutes resulting in an exotherm to 57°C As the temperature started to drop heating was restarted to raise reaction temperature to 90°C. The remaining diisocyanate (14.84parts) was fed in over 33 minutes maintaining the temperature at 90 (+ 2)°C throughout the feed and for a further 3 hours 9 minutes
Aqueous ammonia solution (0 88 S G ) (2.24 parts) was diluted with water (97.76 parts) This ammonia solution was added to the reaction mixture Heating was stopped but stirring was maintained to dissolve / disperse the polymer resulting in a clear yellow liquid with total solids content of 49 6% This is Dispersant 35.
DMPA	4 36	parts
1,6-hexanecliol	3 57	parts
Intermediates	43 65	parts
MeOPEGIlOO	27.25	parts
Diisocyanate - IPDI	21.11	parts
Diisocyanate (4 42 parts) was added from the dropping funnel over 5 minutes resulting in an exotherm to 57°C. As the temperature started to drop heating was restarted to raise reaction temperature to 90°C The remaining diisocyanate (16.69parts) was fed in over 30 minutes maintaining the temperature at 90 (± 2)°C throughout the feed and for a further 3 hours 2 minutes
Aqueous ammonia solution (0 88 S G ) (1 58 parts) was diluted with water (98.42 parts) This ammonia solution was added to the reaction mixture Heating was stopped but stirring was maintained to dissolve / disperse the polymer resulting in a clear yellow liquid with total solids content of 50.4% This is Dispersant 36.
DMPA	6 58 parts
CHDM	5 45 parts
Intermediate 2	4110 parts
IVleOPEG750	17 80 parts
DBTDL	0 07 parts
Diisocyanate-IPDI	29 01 parts
All matenals, except the diisocyanate, were added to a dry glass reactor containing a nitrogen atmosphere fitted with mechanical stirrer, water cooled condenser, dropping funnel and thermocouple The flask contents were heated to 52°C giving a solution
Diisocyanate (7.08 parts) was added from the dropping funnel over 6 minutes resulting in an exotherm to 56°C As the temperature started to drop heating was restarted to raise reaction temperature to 90°C The remaining diisocyanate (21 93 parts) was fed in over 53 minutes maintaining the temperature at 90 (+ 2)°C throughout the feed and for a further 3 hours 18 minutes
N,N-Dimethylethanolamine (4 37 parts) was diluted with water (99 71 parts). This ammonia solution was added to the reaction mixture Heating was stopped but stirring was maintained to dissolve / disperse the polymer resulting in a clear yellow liquid with total solids content of 49 7% This is Dispersant 37
NMP	34 11	parts
EGSSIPA	14 62	parts
Intermediate 1	45 69	parts
CHDM	4 16	parts
MeOPEG750	8 62	parts
Diisocyanate - IPDI	26 84	parts
A solution of the EGSSIPA in the NMP together with all the other reagents, except the diisocyanate, were added to a dry glass reactor containing a nitrogen atmosphere fitted with mechanical stirrer, water cooled condenser, dropping funnel and thermocouple. The flask contents were heated to 57°C giving a solution
The diisocyanate was added from the dropping funnel over 45 minutes whilst continuing to heat the reaction mixture. The temperature rose dunng the addition to 89°C after about 11 minutes The temperature was maintained at 90 (± 2)°C throughout the remainder of the feed and for a further 3 hours 5 minutes
Aqueous ammonia solution (0.88 S G.) (2.00 parts) was diluted with water (58.14 parts) This ammonia solution was added to the reaction mixture. Heating was stopped but stirring was maintained to dissolve / disperse the polymer resulting in a hazy yellow liquid with total solids content of 55.5%. This is Dispersant 38.
NMP	30.03	parts
EGSSIPA	12 87	parts
Intermediate 2	40.21	parts
CHDM	2 84	parts
MeOPEG750	19 57	parts
Diisocyanate - TMXDI	24 44	parts
A solution of the EGSSIPA in the NMP together with all the other reagents, except the diisocyanate, were added to a dry glass reactor containing a nitrogen atmosphere fitted with mechanical stirrer, water cooled condenser, dropping funnel and thermocouple The flask contents were heated to 50°C giving a solution.
The diisocyanate was added from the dropping funnel over 54 minutes whilst continuing to heat the reaction mixture. The temperature rose dunng the addition to 90°C after about 37 minutes. The temperature was maintained at 90 - 101°C throughout the remainder of the feed and for a further 3 hours
Aqueous ammonia solution (0 88 S G ) (1 86 parts) was diluted with water (58.25 parts). This ammonia solution was added to the reaction mixture. Heating was stopped but stirnng was maintained to dissolve / disperse the polymer resulting in a cloudy yellow liquid with total solids content of 56 6% This is Dispersant 39.
NMP	29.66	parts
EGSSIPA	12 71	parts
Intermediate 2	39.72	parts
CHDM	3 59	parts
MeOPEG750	20 56	parts
Diisocyanate - IPDI	23 36	parts
A solution of the EGSSIPA in the NMP together with all the other reagents, except the diisocyanate, were added to a dry glass reactor containing a nitrogen atmosphere fitted with mechanical stirrer, water cooled condenser, dropping funnel and thermocouple. The flask contents were heated to 50°C giving a solution
The diisocyanate was added from the dropping funnel over 42 minutes whilst continuing to heat the reaction mixture The temperature rose during the addition to 90°C after about 17 minutes The temperature was maintained at 90 (± 2)°C throughout the remainder of the feed and for a further 3 hours 4 minutes.
Aqueous ammonia solution (0.88 3 G ) (1.84 parts) was diluted with water (58.12 parts) This ammonia solution was added to the reaction mixture. Heating was stopped but stirring was maintained to dissolve / disperse the polymer resulting in a hazy yellow liquid with total solids content of 59.0% This is Dispersant 40
NMP	29.45	parts
EGSSIPA	12 62	parts
Intermediate 1	39 45	parts
CHDM	2.79	parts
MeOPEG750	21 10	parts
Diisocyanate-IPDI	23.97	parts
A solution of the EGSSIPA in the NMP together with all the other reagents, except the diisocyanate, were added to a dry glass reactor containing a nitrogen atmosphere fitted with mechanical stirrer, water cooled condenser, dropping funnel and thermocouple The flask contents were heated to 51 °C giving a solution.
The diisocyanate was added from the dropping funnel over 50 minutes whilst continuing to heat the reaction mixture. The temperature rose during the addition to 92°C after about 29 minutes. The temperature was maintained at 90 (± 2)°C throughout the remainder of the feed and for a further 3 hours 4 minutes.
Aqueous ammonia solution (0 88 S G ) (1.83 parts) was diluted with water (58.06 parts) This ammonia solution was added to the reaction mixture. Heating was stopped but stirnng was maintained to dissolve / disperse the polymer resulting in a hazy yellow liquid with total solids content of 55 4%. This is Dispersant 41.
NMP	20.28	parts
EGSSIPA	8 89	parts
Intermediate 9	27 17	parts
1,6-hexanediol	2.77	parts
MeOPEGIlOO	45 66	parts
Diisocyanate - TDI	15 66	parts
A solution of the EGSSIPA m the NMP together with all the other reagents, except the diisocyanate, were added to a dry glass reactor containing a nitrogen atmosphere fitted with mechanical stirrer, water cooled condenser, dropping funnel and thermocouple The flask contents were heated to 51 °C giving a solution
Diisocyanate (3.72 parts) was added from the dropping funnel over 5 minutes resulting in an exotherm to 61°C As the temperature started to drop heating was restarted to raise reaction temperature to 90°C The remaining diisocyanate (11 94 parts) was fed in
over 42 minutes maintaining the temperature at 90 (+ 4)°C throughout the feed and for a further 3 hours
Aqueous ammonia solution (0.88 S G.) (1.19 parts) was diluted with water (78.53 parts) This ammonia solution was added to the reaction mixture. Heating was stopped but stirring was maintained to dissolve / disperse the polymer resulting in a hazy yellow liquid with total solids content of 52 5%. This is Dispersant 42.
NMP	16 38	parts
ITC1081	16 38	parts
Intermediate 2	40 94	parts
CHDM	3 90	parts
MeOPEG750	18 12	parts
Diisocyanate - IPDl	20.59	parts
A solution of the ITC1081 in the NMP together with all the other reagents, except the diisocyanate, were added to a dry glass reactor containing a nitrogen atmosphere fitted with mechanical stirrer, water cooled condenser, dropping funnel and thermocouple The flask contents were heated to 57°C giving a solution
The diisocyanate was added from the dropping funnel over 42 minutes whilst continuing to heat the reaction mixture, The temperature rose during the addition to 91 °C after about 22 minutes The temperature was maintained at 90 (+ 2)°C throughout the remainder of the feed and for a further 5 hours 49 minutes.
Aqueous ammonia solution (0 88 S.G.) (1 10 parts) was diluted with water (76 83 parts) This ammonia solution was added to the reaction mixture Heating was stopped but stirring was maintained to dissolve / disperse the polymer resulting in a hazy yellow liquid with total solids content of 50 1%. This is Dispersant 43
MDA	5.38	parts
Intermediate 2	37 86	parts
MeOPEG750	24 29	parts
Diisocyanate - IPDl	36 44	parts
All matenals, except the diisocyanate, were added to a dry glass reactor containing a nitrogen atmosphere fitted with mechanical stirrer, water cooled condenser, dropping funnel and thermocouple. The flask contents were heated to 49°C giving a solution
The diisocyanate was added from the dropping funnel over 56 minutes whilst continuing to heat the reaction mixture The temperature rose dunng the addition to 90°C when addition was complete. The temperature was maintained at 90 (± 2)°C for a further 3 hours 13 minutes.
Water (97.8 parts) was added to the reaction mixture Heating was stopped but stirring was maintained to dissolve / disperse the polymer resulting in a hazy yellow liquid with total solids content of 50.6%. This is Dispersant 44.
The following reagents were added to a dry glass reactor containing a nitrogen atmosphere fitted with mechanical stirrer, water cooled condenser, dropping funnel and
DMPA	6 91	parts
CHDM	5 22	parts
Intermediate 2	43.18	parts
MeOPEG750	13 63	parts
The reactants were heated to 50°C giving a solution, IPDI (7.44 parts) was then added over 4 minutes and the temperature rose to a maximum 56°C. After stirnng for a further 6 mins the temperature was then raised to 90°C and IPDI (23.54 parts) was added over 33 mins. The reactants were then stirred at 90-95°C for a further 191 mins under nitrogen Heating was removed. A solution of water (97 06 parts), aqueous ammonia solution (0 88 S.G.) (2.50 parts) and hydrazine hydrate (0 44 parts) were added to the hot mixture to give a clear yellow solution with a total solids content of 51 1%. This is Dispersant 45
Raven 5000, a high surface area carbon black pigment, has been used. Aqueous dispersions were prepared with either 22.2wt% or 27wt% pigment loadings. Dispersant loadings were about 70% by weight of active material based on weight of pigment
The dispersions were prepared by adding the materials detailed in the Table 1 below to a 4oz glass jar in the order listed The mixture was gently stirred to wet out the pigment 125g of 3mm diameter glass beads were added to the jar. The jar was placed in a Scandex disperser model 200-K and the contents milled by oscillatory shaking for 4 hours
Proxel GXL is biocide ex Avecia Ltd
Byk 024 is antifoam agent ex Byk-Chemie
Further dispersions were prepared in similar manner to Dispersion 2 using Dispersants 4 to 45 except using about 11 6 parts water and about 12.91 parts dispersant such that the actual active mass of dispersant was 6 454 parts and the total amount of
dispersion was 34 15 parts
Viscosity of Dispersions
The viscosity of the dispersions prepared were measured on TA instruments rheometer with cone and plate geometry over a range of shear rates. The viscosity data are shown in Table 2
Preparation of Acrylic coating formulation
2 75 parts of aqueous acrylic latex binder resin (Setalux 6801 AQ-24 ex Akzo Nobel) was added to 1 part of dispersion with stirnng by hand A further 5 parts of the latex were added with stirnng to form a paint
The resulting paints were drawn down onto Leneta black and white card using an automatic film applicator fitted with a number 4 K bar. The coating was air dried overnight and cured for 10 minutes in an oven at 100°C. The gloss and haze of the coating were measured with a gloss and haze meter. Jetness was determined by visual inspection under halogen light with companson against a control panel The results are given in Table 3 below wherein Paint 1 contains Dispersant 1, Paint 2 contains Dispersant 2 and so on
Table 3 (Table Removed)
Jetness results are from visual inspection with 1 = excellent and 5 = poor
Preparation of Polyurethane Coating Formulation
These were prepared in similar manner to the Acrylic coatings above using a mixture of 6 9 parts aqueous polyurethane binder resin (Bayhydrol VP LS 2952 ex Bayer) and 0 85 parts melamine-formaldohyde resin (Cymel 325 ex Dyno-Cytec). The resulting gloss, haze and jetness are given in Table 4 below for paints 4 to 45 (Dispersants 2 to 45
Jetness results are from visual inspection with 1 = excellent and 5 = poor Preparation of ink |et ink formulation
Pigment Red 122 (Monolite Rubine 3B from Avecia) was milled in a Blackley mill (i e a vertical sand or media mill) for 5 hrs at 2300 rpm, or 7 metres per second tip speed, using Zirconia beads 0 6-08 mm Bead milling was done in water at a concentration of 15wt% pigment and 4 5wt% of active dispersant (le 30wt% of dispersant based on pigment) Small aliquots of TEGO Foamex 810 (antifoam agent) were added as required The total was made up to 100% with water
Particle size of the dispersions was then measured using a Malvern Zetasizer 3000HS The results are given in Table 5 below, where Dispersion 15 contains Dispersant 15 and so on
The four red dispersions were then used to make inks by mixing the following components.
Red dispersion	40 parts
Alkali soluble acrylic copolymer solution 25wt% solids in water	16 parts
Glycerol	10 parts
Pentanediol	5 parts
Surfynol 465	0.5 parts
Water	28.5 parts
Each of the ink formulations was then printed through an Epson 980 printer onto plain paper The primt performance and print quality were excellent for each of the inks.
1.	A polyurethane polymer comprising from 35% to 90% by weight of a poly (C2-4-alkylene oxide) based on the total weight of the polyurethane polymer wherein at least 60% by weight of the poly (C2-4-alkylene oxide) is poly (ethylene oxide) and wherein at least 5% of the poly (C2-4-alkylene oxide) based on the total weight of the polyurethane polymer is incorporated in lateral chains and which contains from 10 to 180 milliequivalents of acid groups for each 100 gm polyurethane when the polyurethane polymer contains from 35 to 45% by weight poly (alkylene oxide).
2.	A polymer as claimed in claim 1 which comprises from 10 to 180 milliequivalents of acid groups for each 100 gm polyurethane polymer when the polymer contains not less than 45% by weight poly (alkylene oxide).
3.	A polyurethane polymer as claimed in either claim 1 or claim 2 wherein the acid groups are carboxylic acid groups.
4.	A polymer as claimed in either claim 1 or claim 2 wherein the amount of poly (C2-4-alkylene oxide) is not less than 50% and not greater than 70% based on the total weight 20 of the polymer.
5.	A polymer as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 4 wherein the number average molecular weight of the poly (alkylene oxide) chains which are attached laterally or terminally to the polyurethane backbone is from 350 to 2,500.
6.	A polyurethane polymer as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 5 which contains not less than 20 and not greater than 60 milliequivalents of acid groups for each 100 gm of the polyurethane polymer.
7.	A polyurethane polymer as claimed in any one of the claims 1 to 6 which is obtainable by reacting together:
a) one or more polyisocyanates having an average functionality of from 2.0 to
b)	one or more compounds having at least one (C2-4-alkylene oxide) chain and at least two groups which react with isocyanates which are located at the one end of the compound such that the poly (C2-4-alkylene oxide) chain is laterally disposed relative to the polyurethane polymer backbone;
c)	optionally, one or more compounds having at least one acid group and at least two groups which react with isocyanates;
d)	optionally, one or more formative compounds having a number average molecular weight of from 32 to 3,000 which have at least two groups which react with isocyanates;
f)	optionally, one or more compounds which act as chain terminators which contain a single isocyanate group.
8.	A polyurethane as claimed in claim 7 wherein component (a) is a diisocyanate.
9.	A polyurethane as claimed in either claim 7 or claim 8 wherein component (b) is a compound of formula 1.
R is C1-20-hydrocarbyl
R2 and R3 are each, independently, C1-8-hydroxy alkyl;
Z is C2-4-alkylene;
X is -O- or -NH-;
m is from 5 to 150;
p is from 1 to 4; and q is 1 or 2.
10.	A polyurethane as claimed in claim 9 wherein Z is ethylene, R1 is hydrogen and X is -O- and p and q are both 1.
11.	A polyurethane as claimed in either claim 9 or claim 10 wherein R2 and R3 are both hydroxyethyl.
12.	A polymer as claimed in either claim 7 or claim 8 wherein component (b) is a compound of formula 2.
R, R1, Z and m are as defined in claim 8;
R4 is an isocyanate-reactive organic radical;
R5 is hydrogen or an isocyanate-reactive radical; and
13.	A polyurethane as claimed in claim 12 wherein n is zero, Z is 1,2-propylene, R4 is 2-hydroxyethyl and R5 is hydrogen.
14.	A polyurethane as claimed in claim 12 wherein n is zero, Z is 1,2-propylene and R4 and R5 are both 2-hydroxyethyl.
15.	A polyurethane as claimed in either claim 7 or claim 8 wherein component (b) is a
compound of formula 3.
R, R1 and m are as defined in claim 8; and
W is C2-6alkylene.
16. A polyurethane as claimed in either claim 7 or claim 8 wherein component (b) is a compound of formula 4.
R7 is hydrogen, halogen or C1-4-alkyl;
Q is a divalent electron withdrawing group;
T is a divalent hydrocarbon radical which may carry substituents or contain heteroatoms; and n is 0 or 1.
17. A polyurethane as claimed in either claim 7 or claim 8 wherein component (b) is a compound of formula 6.
18. A polyurethane as claimed in any one of claims 7 to 18 wherein component (c) is a compound of formula 7.
wherein, at least two of the groups R8, R9 and R10 are C1-6-hydroxy alkyl and the remainder is C1-6-hydrocarbyl and M is hydrogen, an alkali metal cation, ammonium or quarternary ammonium cation.
19.	A polyurethane polymer as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 18 wherein the number average molecular weight is not less than 2,000 and not greater than 50,000.
20.	A polyurethane polymer as claimed in any of the preceding claims as and when used inter-alia in a dispersion, millbase, paint or ink and the like.
1399-DELNP-2004-Abstract-(28-08-2009).pdf
1399-delnp-2004-abstract.pdf
1399-delnp-2004-assignment.pdf
1399-DELNP-2004-Claims-(28-08-2009).pdf
1399-delnp-2004-claims.pdf
1399-DELNP-2004-Correspondence-Others-(25-02-2010).pdf
1399-delnp-2004-correspondence-others.pdf
1399-DELNP-2004-Description (Complete)-(28-08-2009).pdf
1399-delnp-2004-description (complete).pdf
1399-DELNP-2004-Form-1-(28-08-2009).pdf
1399-delnp-2004-form-1.pdf
1399-delnp-2004-form-18.pdf
1399-DELNP-2004-Form-2-(28-08-2009).pdf
1399-delnp-2004-form-2.pdf
1399-DELNP-2004-Form-3-(28-08-2009).pdf
1399-delnp-2004-form-3.pdf
1399-delnp-2004-form-5.pdf
1399-delnp-2004-form-6.pdf
1399-DELNP-2004-GPA-(28-08-2009).pdf
1399-delnp-2004-gpa.pdf
1399-delnp-2004-pct-210.pdf
1399-delnp-2004-pct-301.pdf
1399-delnp-2004-pct-304.pdf
1399-delnp-2004-pct-332.pdf
1399-delnp-2004-pct-408.pdf
1399-delnp-2004-pct-409.pdf
1399-delnp-2004-pct-416.pdf
1399-DELNP-2004-Petition-137-(28-08-2009).pdf
1399/DELNP/2004
BUSINESS AT 29400 LAKELAND BOULEVARD, WICKLIFFE, OH 44092, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
1 STUART NICHOLAS RICHARDS HEXAGON HOUSE, BLACKELY, MANCHESTER M9 8ZS, ENGLAND,
PCT/GB02/04950
1 0128221.9 2001-11-24 U.K.