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14097238 Hazardous Area Classification Moxrex | Chemistry | Energy And Resource
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1 6.2 6.3 7.2 7. STAHL explosion protection .5 6.4 7.4 6.1 7.6 Comparison of IEC Publications and European Standards (EN) Safety Ratings of Flammable Gases and Vapours Classification of Hazardous Locations in North America Constructional Requirements for Explosion Protected Electrical Equipment Degrees of Protection according to IEC 60 529 – IPXX Degrees of Protection according to NEMA Standards 8 9 Literature Adresses R.3 6.6 Introduction Classification of Hazardous Locations Regulations for Installation Constructional Requirements Degrees of Protection provided by Enclosures Certification and Marking 31 31 31 32 32 32 33 34 34 36 37 38 40 41 42 44 7 Appendix 7.5 7.6 Explosion Protection in North America 6.
when these three factors come together To form an explosive atmosphere. an explosive atmosphere can not be formed. It is only in the range between the lower and upper explosion limit that the mixture reacts explosively when ignited. The explosion limits depend on the ambient pressure and the proportion of oxygen in the air (table 2). the flammable substance must be present in a certain concentration (fig. and flammable liquids in the Council Directive 98/24/EC “risks related to chemical agents”. there is just a steady-state combustion reaction or none at all. If the concentration is too high (rich mixture) or too low (lean mixture). The flash point of a mixture of various liquids may be lower than that of the individual components. the basic physic principles and definitions 6 2. The flash point of a flammable liquid is the minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off vapour in sufficient concentration to form an ignitable mixture with air near the surface of the liquid (at normal air pressure). the flash point of a liquid serves to classify liquids as highly flammable. The Basic Physic Principles and Definitions of Explosion Protection An explosion is the sudden chemical reaction of a flammable substance with oxygen with the simultaneous release of high energy. Instead. 1: An explosion can only occur. Flammable substances may be present in the form of gases. STAHL explosion protection . Fig. 2).explosion protection 2. Oxygen (in the air) 3. In addition to the boiling point. easily flammable. when three factors come together (fig. Flammable material (in ignitable quantities) 2. Ignition source Certain characteristic properties of these materials are required for safety considerations. vapours. Explosion can only occur. Table 1: Classification of flammable liquids Designation of the flammable liquid Highly flammable Easily flammable at flash point and boiling point °C Flash point < 0 °C and boiling point < 35 °C Flash point < 0 °C and boiling point > 35 °C or 0 °C < flash point < 21°C 21 °C < flash point < 55 °C Flammable R. mists or dusts. If the flash point of a flammable liquid is well above the maximum temperatures that arise. no explosion occurs. 1): 1.
Redeker and G. %] 2.6 1.5 17 10. STAHL explosion protection .7 Depending on the speed of combustion.8 60. %] 100 (self-decomposing!) 32. Möller as well as by T.7 0. An explosive atmosphere of even just a few litres can be dangerous in an enclosed space. explosion or detonation.6 4.0 Upper explosion limit [Vol. Brandes and W. vol.3 2. Schön – (6 th addendum) 100 Vol % Mixture too lean Concentration of air 0 Vol % Mixture too rich Explosion range no combustion Deflagration no explosion lower Explosion limit higher 0 Vol % Fig.4 ~ 0.0 77. cathodic corrosion protection > static electricity > lightning > electromagnetic waves (high-frequency) > optical radiation > ionising radiation > ultrasonics > adiabatic compression and shock waves > exothermal reactions Table 2: Explosion Limits of selected Gases and Vapours Substance designation Acetylene Ethylene Gasoline Benzol Heating oil/diesel Methane Propane Carbon disulphide Hydrogen Lower explosion limit [Vol.0 Extract from the table “Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen.4 1.2 ~ 0.6 4. An atmosphere is described as hazardous or explosive if there is danger to human life or property by an explosion. we speak of deflagration. 2: Explosion limits Concentration of combustible substance in air 100 Vol % R. 1: flammable liquids and gases) by E. Band 1: Brennbare Flüssigkeiten und Gase” (Safety characteristics. Ignition source Ignition of an explosive atmosphere can be caused by various sources: > hot surfaces > flames and hot gases > mechanically generated sparks > electrical installations > equalizing currents.6 ~8 8 ~6.
hazardous locations are classified into Classes and Divisions (see Section 6. In addition. then measures must be taken which limit the effect of explosions to a safe degree. requirements must be met concerning the apparatus. This can be achieved by: > avoiding flammable substances (replacement technologies) > inerting (addition of nitrogen.2. which prevent a hazardous explosive atmosphere from being created. which are approved for use in these locations. The hazardous areas are therefore divided into zones. e. Fig. Mitigation of the explosion effects (Constructive Explosion Protection) If hazardous explosive atmospheres cannot be safely avoided and their ignition cannot be excluded. In the USA and other countries. the basic physic principles and definitions 8 Preventing explosive atmospheres (Primary Explosion Protection) The term primary explosion protection refers to all precautions. For locations classified in this way. it is also necessary to prove that these requirements have been met.2). 3: Basic principles of explosion protection Integrated explosion protection 1 2 3 Preventing the formation of an explosive atmosphere Avoidance of the ignition of an explosive atmosphere Mitigation of the effects of an explosion to an acceptable extent R.explosion protection 2.2). according to the probability of an explosive atmosphere being formed (see Section 3.) > limitation of the concentration by means of natural or technical ventilation Avoiding ignition of explosive atmospheres If the danger of explosion cannot be completely or only partly avoided by measures of preventing the formation of an hazardous explosive atmosphere. STAHL explosion protection . by means of: > explosion pressure resistant construction > explosion relief devices > explosion suppression by means of extinguishers The principle of integrated explosion protection requires following explosion protection measures in a certain sequence. carbon dioxide etc.g. The required safety level of these measures depends on the possible danger potential in the installation location. then measures must be taken that avoid the ignition of the explosive atmosphere.
the Council of the European Community established the prerequisite of free trade of explosion protected electrical equipment within the European Union by ratifying the “Directive on the harmonization of the laws of the member states concerning electrical equipment for use in potentially explosive atmospheres (76/117/EEC)”. operating instructions.g. 3. statutory regulations and standards 9 3. This is also where the term generally used amongst experts. STAHL explosion protection . comes from. and defines design. 3. It guarantees free trade within the European Community.und Produktsicherkeitsgesetz (GPSG)” (Equipment and Product Safety Law). ment and protective systems intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres” was issued in 1994 to further standardize explosion protection and make corresponding adjustments in line with a new directive approach. While these rules were initially issued at the national level. The directive had to be implemented into national law without any changes/exceptions. This directive has since been adapted to the state of the art by means of execution and adaptation directives on electrical equipment. The scope covers all electrical and non-electrical equipment. The directive applies to all industrial potentially explosive areas including mining. certification. This term is the abbreviation of the French designation for explosive atmosphere “atmosphères explosibles”.1 The Directive 94/9/EC (ATEX 95) The EC Directive 94/9/EC “on the approximation of the laws of the Member States concerning equip- R. Statutory Regulations 3. ATEX 95 or 100 a. and protective systems.2 European Directives Already in 1976. E. which regulates operation in hazardous areas and defines safety measures for the concerned personnel. as agreed in Article 95 (former 100 a) of the Treaty established between the European Community member states. This directive is intended for the manufacturer or the importer. Complete harmonization and extension to all types of equipment was achieved with the new Directive 94/9/EC in 1994.3.1 Introduction Areas in which there is a risk of explosion that may harm people or the environment are subject to legal or comparable rules in most countries of the world.2. The Directive 99/92/EC. it was adopted into british law by means of The Equipment and Protective Systems for Use in Potentially Explosive Atmospheres Regulations (EPS) and into German law by means of the “Explosionsschutzverordnung (ExVO)” (Regulation of Explosion Protection) as the 11th Regulation of the “Geräte. and also covers dust explosion protection. production and quality assurance. marking. and in the field of standardization they have partially been replaced by international regulations. It specifies the requirements for explosion protected equipment and protective systems by prescribing essential health and safety requirements. and declaration of conformity for the explosion protected equipment to be placed on the market. they have since been replaced over the last years by regional European Directives and Standards. was issued in 1999.
and conversion of energy for the processing of material and which are capable of causing an explosion through their own potential sources of ignition. and takes measures according to the essential safety requirements to exclude the risk of ignition. > An “explosive atmosphere” is a mixture with air. have to ensure that the equipment undergoes an ignition hazard assessment procedure. whereas it specifies the essential health and safety requirements to be maintained. and detection or prevention systems which. separately or jointly. electric shock) that could be caused by this equipment. > “Protective systems” is the definition for design units.g. The required protective measures suit the required level of safety (tables 3 and 4). mists. transfer. Protection against other hazards (e. of flammable substances in the form of gases. after ignition has occurred. which are intended to halt incipient explosions immediately and/or to limit the effective range of explosion flames and explosion pressures. Protective systems may be integrated into equipment separately and placed on the market for use as autonomous systems. storage. Safety devices intended for use outside potentially explosive atmospheres but required for or contributing to the safe functioning of equipment with respect to the risk of explosion are also covered by the scope of this Directive. control components and instrumentation thereof. Equipment categories The manufacturer of equipment that includes their own potential ignition sources. In the directive.explosion protection 3. under atmospheric condition. statutory regulations and standards 10 Definitions > “Equipment” means machines. apparatus. and which are mandatory for design and construction. and therefore can cause an explosion. measurement. vapours. Table 3: Categories of Group I: Surface and Underground Mining Systems in case of Dangerous Firedamp/Dust Category M1 Very high degree of safety Safe even when two faults occur independently Category M2 High degree of safety Switch-off in case of the presence of explosive atmosphere Table 4: Categories of Group II: Other Explosive Areas Category 1 Very high degree of safety Safe even when two faults occur independently Category 2 High degree of safety Safe even when a fault occurs Category 3 Normal degree of safety Safe during normal operation R. is also required as well. Scope The directive applies to equipment and protective systems for use in potentially explosive atmospheres. > “Components” means any item essential to the safe functioning of equipment and protective systems but with no autonomous function. Group II apparatus are divided into three categories with various levels of safety (for mines Group I has two categories). are intended for the generation. or dusts in which. combustion spreads to the entire unburned mixture. The Directive does not include a reference to mandatory standards. control. > A “potentially explosive atmosphere” is an atmosphere which could become explosive due to local and operational conditions. STAHL explosion protection . fixed or mobile devices.
as well as for those of Category 3. marking according to the 94/9/EC Directive and the standards EN 60079 ff and EN 61241 ff). only if marked with the CE mark and complete with operating instructions and the manufacturer’s declaration of conformity. For non-electrical equipment of this category. The same applies to electrical equipment and I. serial number.C. Marking In addition to the usual data such as the name of the manufacturer. the manufacturer is authorized to assess and document conformity with the requirements of the directive. Category 1 and M1 equipment must undergo an EC type examination carried out by a Notified Body. any data relating to explosion protection must be contained in the marking (see table 5. special conditions for safe use have to be specified and should include notes on possible misuse that may occur as experience has shown. an explosion protected luminaire marked with the CE conformity mark must comply with both the ATEX Directive as well as the “EMC Directive”. For example. Operating instructions The operating instructions of the manufacturer must clearly define the intended use of the equipment by the operator. R. Manufacturer’s Declaration of Conformity Equipment and systems can be placed on the market.-engines of Category 2 and M2. The CE conformity marking and the written declaration of conformity confirm that the product complies with all requirements and assessment procedures specified in the EC Directives. The CE marking of the equipment confirms that it is designed and manufactured in compliance with all applicable EC Directives. The certificates from a Notified Body are recognized throughout the European Community. The minimum requirements for the operating instruction are amongst others: Information on safe > putting into service > use > assembling and dismantling > maintenance (servicing and emergency repair) > installation > adjustment If necessary. type. STAHL explosion protection .11 Certification Equipment for use in hazardous areas has to undergo the conformity assessment procedure defined in the directive prior to being placed on the market. and electrical ratings.
explosion protection 3. ib. [ib] for associated apparatus With an . number of the auditing and supervising authority Electrical ratings Ambient temperature. IIB oder IIC T1–T6 II 2 G D I.g.. With a . W. U for Ex components R. e. STAHL explosion protection . D PTB 97 ATEX 2031 2 0102 V. vapours or mists. number of certificate CE mark. [ib].) Address Explosion protection marking Marking according to CENELEC Types of protection Explosion groups for gases Temperature class or in case of dust the max.. if other than –20 °C…+40 °C 1 2 6000/562 D-74638 Waldenburg EEx de IIC T6 EEx oder Ex (starting from 12/2004) d.. surface temperature of apparatus Marking according to Directive 94/9/EC EU distinguishing mark Equipment group Equipment category G: Gases. Hz Ta < +50 °C ib for intrinsically safe apparatus. A. statutory regulations and standards 12 Table 5: Marking of electrical equipment Marking defined by directives and standards Manufacturer’s name or designation Type designation (e. II 1. X if reference special conditions for use etc. 2 oder 3 G.. D: dusts Testing authority. … 1 IIA.
the single states can adopt further regulations. and to ensure that the minimum organisational and technical requirements of the Directive are observed. substances used. When implementing it into national law. Zone 1 A place in which an explosive atmosphere consisting of a mixture with air or flammable substances in the form of gas. R. the German regulation on Industrial Safety and Health Protection. processes. which in addition to this directive. construction and quality requirements to be met by them. Comparable regulations are found in other European countries. including electrostatic discharges. According to the 99/92/EC Directive. vapour or mist is present continuously or for long periods or frequently. vapour or mist is not likely to occur in normal operation but. the following factors are to be taken into account: > the likelihood that explosive atmospheres will occur and their persistence > the likelihood that ignition sources. This was done when implementing it into British law by “The Dangerous Substances and Explosive Atmospheres Regulations (DSEAR)” and into German law by the “Betriebssicherheitsverordnung (BetrSichV)”. if it does occur. Zone 2 A place in which an explosive atmosphere consisting of a mixture with air of flammable substances in the form of gas. STAHL explosion protection . and is therefore intended for the employer. which regulates how explosion protected equipment and protective systems are placed on the market and the design.2. classify the hazardous areas into zones accordingly. Assessment of explosion risks When assessing the risks of explosion. and their possible interactions > the scale of the anticipated effects Zone Classification The employer has to classify the areas in which explosive atmospheres may be present into zones. will persist for a short period only. the 99/92/EC Directive stating “Minimum requirements for improving the health and safety protection of worker potentially at risk from explosive atmospheres” refers to the operation of potentially explosive installations. vapour or mist is likely to occur in normal operation occasionally. and document all measures taken to protect the personnel in the explosion protection document. takes into consideration further European directives on safety on work. This directive contains only minimum requirements. will be present and become active and effective > the installations. it is the duty of the employer to verify where there is a risk of explosion.2 The Directive 99/92/EC In addition to the 94/9/EC Directive. Zone 0 A place in which an explosive atmosphere consisting of a mixture with air of flammable substances in the form of gas.13 3.
for a long period. will persist for a short period only. mists 0 1 2 Dusts 20 2G 3G 1D 21 22 2D 3D R. vapours. standards for non-electrical explosion-protected equipment have since been developed by the CEN.3 Standards The European Standards EN 50014 .explosion protection 3. In addition to the standards for electrical equipment published by the CENELEC. Zone 21 A place in which an explosive atmosphere in the form of a cloud of combustible dust in air is likely to occur in normal operation occasionally. the European standards for electrical equipment have been adopted unchanged by the IEC for several years. According to an agreement between the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization CENELEC and the International Electrotechnical Commission IEC. statutory regulations and standards 14 Zone 20 A place in which an explosive atmosphere in the form of a cloud of combustable dust in air is present continously. These standards have been issued as VDE 0170 in Germany. frequently occasionally rarely and for a short period continuously. if it does occur. frequently occasionally rarely and for a short period Equipment category 1G Gases. Zone 22 A place in which an explosive atmosphere in the form of a cloud of combustible dust in air is not likely to occur in normal operation but. These are divided into organisational measures (instruction of workers. STAHL explosion protection . will be gradually replaced by the European Standards series EN 60079. Table 6: Zones and allocation of equipment according to the category Zone Duration of the occurrence of an explosive atmosphere continuously. for a long period.) and technical measures (explosion protection measures). etc. or for long periods or frequently. The European Standard series EN 50014. which defines the requirements on equipment to be used in explosive gas atmospheres. Explosion protection document An explosion protection document has to be generated. which contains at least the following information: > assessment of the explosion risk > protective measures taken > zone classification > observance of minimum requirements. Table 6 contains an overview of the zones and allocation of equipment according to the category. 3.EN 50020 on electrical equipment were issued in 1978 and replaced the national standards for this equipment valid up until then Europe-wide.
STAHL explosion protection . both standard series will be summarized in the series IEC or EN 60079 (tables 7 and 8). In Europe.15 The requirements on types of protection for areas where combustible dust may occur are specified in the standard series IEC 61241. Since many requirements are identical to the standards for explosive gas atmospheres. Table 7: Electrical Apparatus for Explosive Gas Atmospheres EN (old) General requirements Flameproof enclosures “d” Pressurized enclosures “p” Powder filling “q” Oil immersion “o” Increased safety “e" Intrinsic safety “i” Type of protection “n” Encapsulation “m” Intrinsically safe systems Electrical equipment for Zone 0 Intrinsically safe field bus systems Optical radiation “op” EN 50 284 EN 50 014 EN 50 018 EN 50 016 EN 50 017 EN 50 015 EN 50 019 EN 50 020 EN 50 021 EN 50 028 EN (new) EN 60079-0 EN 60079-1 EN 60079-2 EN 60079-5 EN 60079-6 EN 60079-7 EN 60079-11 EN 60079-15 EN 60079-18 EN 60079-25 EN 60079-26 EN 60079-27 EN 60079-28 IEC IEC 60079-0 IEC 60079-1 IEC 60079-2 IEC 60079-5 IEC 60079-6 IEC 60079-7 IEC 60079-11 IEC 60079-15 IEC 60079-18 IEC 60079-25 IEC 60079-26 IEC 60079-27 IEC 60079-28 Table 8: Electrical Apparatus for Use in the Presence of Combustible Dust EN (old) General requirements Protected by enclosures “tD” Pressurized enclosures “pD” Intrinsic safety “iD” Encapsulation “mD” EN 50281-1-1 EN (new) EN 61241-0 EN 61241-1 EN 61241-2 EN 61241-11 EN 61241-18 IEC (new) IEC 61241-0 IEC 61241-1 EN 61241-2 IEC 61241-11 IEC 61241-18 IEC (old) IEC 61241-1-1 IEC 61241-1-1 EN 61241-4 EN 61241-5 R. these standards replace the existing series EN 50281.
technical principles 16 4. but combined with coal dust. Other flammable gases. Information and specifications for the classification into zones are included in IEC 60079-10. The measured value of the minimum ignition energy is indicated for dusts. Technical Principles 4.2.1 Zone Classification Hazardous areas are classified into zones to facilitate the selection of appropriate electrical apparatus as well as the design of suitable electrical installations. 4.1). If there is no expert (skilled person) available in the company to verify the risk of explosion and to determine the necessary measures. STAHL explosion protection . which can also occur in these areas. Electrical apparatus of Group II used in explosive gas atmospheres are further classified into explosion groups.explosion protection 4. Gases are divided into explosion groups. it is assumed that the only flammable gas that can occur is methane.2 Minimum Ignition Energy and Explosion Group R. The minimum ignition energy is the minimum energy just sufficient to ignite the most ignitable mixture. it is recommended that a competent authority be turned to. The greatest potential risk has to be taken into account when classifying the potentially explosive areas into zones and determining the necessary protective measures. Explosion groups Apparatus are divided into two groups: > Group I: Electrical apparatus for mines endangered by firedamp > Group II: Electrical apparatus for other places liable to be endangered by explosive atmospheres In the case of electrical apparatus in Group I (mining). must be further classified as shown in Group II. This characteristic has to be considered when selecting the apparatus. The equipment used in the defined hazardous zone must meet the requirements of the relevant assigned category (see section 3.
The dangerousness of the gases increases from explosion group IIA to IIC. the marking of the electrical apparatus must show to which explosion group it belongs. The MESG and MIC are determined for the various gases and vapour according to a stipulated testing arrangement. An overview of the maximum experimental safe gaps and minimum ignition currents for the various explosion groups is shown in table 9.17 Classification criteria are the Maximum Experimental Safe Gap (MESG) and the “Minimum Ignition Current (MIC)”. For this reason.9 < 0.5 – 0.8 < 0.45 – 0. Table 9: Explosion Groups Explosion group IIA IIB IIC *rel. The maximum experimental safe gap is the gap of the test apparatus with a width of flameproof joint of 25 mm at which an internal ignition of an explosive mixture is not propagated to the exterior (IEC 60079-1-1).8 0.5 Minimum ignition current ratio* > 0. The minimum ignition current relates to the minimum ignition current for laboratory methane.9 0. Electrical apparatus approved for IIC may also be used for all other explosion groups. STAHL explosion protection .45 R. The requirements for the electrical apparatus increase accordingly to these explosion groups. to methane = 1 Maximum experimental safe gap > 0.
the minimum ignition temperature of the dust layer must also be taken into account.g. The maximum surface temperature of electrical apparatus should always be lower than the ignition temperature of the gas/air or vapour/air mixture in which it is used. Combustible dusts are not divided into temperature classes. For this reason. The minimum ignition temperature of the dust cloud has to be compared with the max. which is why a reduced surface temperature is admitted on the apparatus. Fig. The max. technical principles 18 4. In doing so. It is determined according to the scheme (fig. equipment classified in a higher temperature class (e. a safety factor has to be considered. Of course.3 Ignition Temperature and Temperature classes The ignition temperature of a flammable gas. the ignition temperature has to be determined by laboratory tests. vapour. In North America there is a system incorporating further classification according to temperature subclasses. It represents virtually the lowest temperature at which a hot surface can ignite a respective explosive atmosphere. Surface Temperature of Dust Layers of 5 mm to 50 mm Max. The thicker the layer. If the layer is thicker than 50 mm. Since dust can also deposit on apparatus. STAHL explosion protection . This applies also to layers thicker than 5 mm when the ignition temperature at 5 mm is lower than 250 °C. surface temperature of the apparatus has to be adjusted using a safety factor of 75 K. T2 or T3). Laboratory testing is also necessary when the apparatus are completely covered with combustible dust. This temperature is the lowest temperature of a hot surface on which a dust layer of 5 mm can be ignited. the dust layer is already ignitable at low temperatures. the higher the heat insulation. permissible surface temperature [°C] 300 200 Ignition temperature of a 5 mm thick layer ≥ 400 ° C 100 ≥ 320 ° C ≥ 250 ° C 10 20 30 40 50 Thickness of layer [mm] R. surface temperature of the apparatus must not exceed 2/3 of the minimum ignition temperature of the dust cloud. T5) may also be used for applications in which a lower temperature class is required (e. 4: Determination of the max.explosion protection 4. The max. surface temperature of the apparatus.g. or combustible dust is the lowest temperature of a heated surface at which the gas/air or vapour/air mixture ignites. Flammable gases and vapours are classified into temperature classes according to their inflammability. 4) (EN 61241-14).
From a safety point of view. all standardized types of protection should be seen as being equal. Electrical.4 Types of Protection Only explosion protected equipment may be used in areas in which an explosive atmosphere may still be expected despite the implementation of prevention measures. The tables 10–13 give an overview of the standardized types of protection. The type of protection employed by the manufacturer depends mainly on the kind and function of the apparatus. former EN 50014 and following. and describes the basic principle. R.19 4. the standards series EN 61241 is applicable. as well as the usual applications. These correspond to the equipment categories as defined in the 94/9/EC Directive. The Ex ia version relative to intrinsic safety can be classified as category 1. The Ex ib version corresponds to category 2 which suits Zone 1. Various safety levels exist for some types of protection. STAHL explosion protection . explosion protected equipment can have various types of protection according to the construction regulations of the standards series EN 60079. If electrical equipment shall be used in areas with combustible dust. It can be installed in Zone 0.
heating equipment. motors. FM and NFPA Increased safety “e” EN 60079-7 UL 60079-7 IEC 60079-7 FM 3600 Representation (diagram) Basic principle Main application Additional measures are applied to increase the level of safety. actuators ia = use in Zone 0. light fittings Flameproof enclosure “d” EN 60079-1 UL 60079-1 IEC 60079-1 FM 3600 Switchgear and control gear and display units. EN. 1. control systems. 2 [Ex ib] = associated apparatus – installation in safe area Intrinsically safe systems EN 60079-25 IEC 60079-25 EN 60079-27 IEC 60079-27 Definition of the physical and electrical limit values of the intrinsically safe bus string Fieldbus intrinsically safe concept (FISCO) for Zone 1 Fieldbus Nonincendive Concept (FNICO) for Zone 2 R. thus preventing the possibility of excessive temperatures and the occurance of sparks or electric arcs within the enclosure or on exposed parts of electrical apparatus. where necessary. sensors. 2 pz = use in Zone 2 Intrinsic Safety “i” EN 60079-11 UL 60079-11 IEC 60079-11 FM 3610 Measurement and control technology. Parts which can ignite a potentially explosive atmosphere are surrounded by an enclosure which withstands the pressure of an explosive mixture exploding inside the enclosure. where such ignition sources would not occur in normal service. STAHL explosion protection . 2 py = use in Zone 1. 2 ib = use in Zone 1. squirrelcage motors. light fittings Pressurized enclosure “p” EN 60079-2 NFPA 496 IEC 60079-2 FM 3620 Switchgear and control cabinets. by supplying the inside of the casing with a constant flow of protective gas acting to dilute any combustible mixtures.explosion protection 4. Apparatus used in a potentially explosive area contain intrinsically safe electric circuits only. The formation of a potentially explosive atmosphere inside a casing is prevented by maintaining a positive internal pressure of protective gas in relation to the surrounding atmosphere and. Part 1 Type of protection in accordance with IEC. and prevents the transmission of the explosion to the atmosphere surrounding the enclosure. Intrinsic Safety evaluation for defined systems (equipment and cables) FISCO Ex ia IIC T4 FNICO Ex ia IIC T4 Terminal and connection boxes. control boxes for installing Ex-components (which have a different type of protection). large motors px = use in Zone 1. technical principles 20 Table 10: Types of Protection for Electrical Apparatus in Explosive Gas Atmosphere. communication technology. analysers. transformers. UL. An electric circuit is intrinsically safe if no sparks or thermal effects produced under specified test conditions (which include normal operation and specific fault conditions) is not capable of causing ignition of a given explosive atmosphere.
EN. transmitter Encapsulation “m” EN 60079-18 UL 60079-18 IEC 60079-18 FM 3600 Switchgear with small breaking capacity. 2 mb = use in Zone 1. control and signalling units. Parts that are capable of igniting an explosive atmosphere by either sparking or heating are enclosed in a compound in such a way as to avoid ignition of an explosive atmosphere. FM und NFPA Oil immersion “o” EN 60079-6 UL 60079-6 IEC 60079-6 FM 3600 Representation (diagram) Basic principle Main application Electrical apparatus or parts of electrical apparatus are immersed in a protective fluid (such as oil). electronic ballast. such that a potentially explosive atmosphere existing over the surface or outside of the apparatus cannot be ignited. n Optical fibre There are three different methods: Ex op is = intrinsically safe optical radiation Ex op pr = protected optical radiation Ex op sh = blocking optical radiation Optical radiation “op_” EN 60079-28 IEC 60079-28 Appropriate measures prevent ignition of an explosive atmosphere by optical radiation. 1. All electrical equipment for Zone 2 nA = non-sparking apparatus nC = sparking apparatus in which contacts are protected conveniently nL = energy-limited apparatus nR = purged/pressurized apparatus nZ = purged pressurized apparatus. sensors ma = use in Zone 0. UL. R. 2 Type of protection “n_” EN 60079-15 UL 60079-15 IEC 60079-15 FM 3600 Electrical apparatus cannot ignite a explosive atmosphere surrounding them (in normal operation and under defined abnormal operating conditions). Filling the casing of an electrical apparatus with a fine granular packing material has the effect of making it impossible for an electric arc created in the casing under certain operating conditions to ignite a potentially explosive atmosphere surrounding the casing.21 Table 11: Types of Protection for Electrical Apparatus in Explosive Gas Atmosphere. display units. Part 2 Type of protection in accordance with IEC. Ignition must not result either from flames or from raised temperature on the surface of the casing. starting resistors Powder filling “q” EN 60079-5 UL 60079-5 IEC 60079-5 FM 3600 Sensors. display units. STAHL explosion protection . Transformers.
light fittings td A21 = according to method A for Zone 21 td B21 = according to method B for Zone 21 Switchgear and control cabinets. actuators iaD = use in Zone 20. and terminal boxes. sensors. ignitable apparatus can be mounted into the enclosure. by supplying the inside of the casing with a constant flow of protective gas which acts to dilute any combustible mixtures. technical principles 22 Table 12: Electrical Apparatus for Use in the Presence of Combustible Dust Type of protection in accordance with IEC or EN Representation (diagram) Basic principle Main application Protected by enclosures “tD” EN 61241-1 IEC 61241-1 Thanks to the tightness. 22 Encapsulation “mD” EN 61241-18 IEC 61241-18 R. 22 ibD = use in Zone 21. Switchgear and control gear. 22 [Ex ibD] = associated electrical apparatus – installation in safe area Switchgear with small capacity. Apparatus used in a potentially explosive area contain intrinsically safe electric circuits only. 22 mbD = use in Zone 21. Intrinsic Safety “iD” EN 61241-11 IEC 61241-11 Measurement and control technology. connection. For this reason. 21. The surface temperature of the enclosure must not ignite the surrounding atmosphere. An electric circuit is intrinsically safe if no sparks or thermal effects produced under specified test conditions (which include normal operation and specific fault conditions) is not capable of causing ignition of a given explosive atmosphere. 21. display units. where necessary.explosion protection 4. sensors maD = use in Zone 20. dust cannot ingress the apparatus at all or its quantity is limited to a safe degree. STAHL explosion protection . motors Pressurized enclosure “pD” EN 61241-4 IEC 61241-4 The formation of a potentially explosive atmosphere inside a casing is prevented by maintaining a positive internal pressure of protective gas in relation to the surrounding atmosphere and. control. control and signalling units. communication technology. Parts that are capable of igniting an explosive atmosphere by either sparking or heating are enclosed in a compound in such a way as to avoid ignition of a dust layer or cloud. motors.
belt conveyors Liquid immersion “k” EN 13463-8 Submerged pumps. The formation of a potentially explosive atmosphere inside a casing is prevented by maintaining a positive internal pressure of protective gas in relation to the surrounding atmosphere and. and prevents the transmission of the explosion to the atmosphere surrounding the enclosure. couplings Pressurized enclosure “p” EN 13463-7 Pumps Ignition source monitoring “b” EN 13463-6 Pumps.23 Table 13: Types of Protection for Non-electrical Apparatus in Explosive Gas Atmosphere and used in the Presence of Combustible Dust Type of protection in accordance with IEC or EN Representation (diagram) Basic principle Main application Constructional safety “c” EN 13463-5 Proven technical principles are applied to equipment types which do not have any ignition source under normal operating conditions. and to take steps against them before potential ignition sources become effective. chain drives. Parts which can ignite a potentially explosive atmosphere are surrounded by an enclosure which withstands the pressure of an explosive mixture exploding inside the enclosure. gears. gearing. so that the risk of mechanical failure which cause ignitable temperatures and sparks is reduced to a minimum degree. Application is limited to equipment category 3. where necessary. The effective sealing of the enclosure can reduce penetration of explosive atmosphere to an extent that no potentially explosive atmosphere can form in it. The measures can be initiated automatically by means of a direct connection between the sensors and the ignition protection system or manually by issuing a warning message intended for the operator of the equipment. Sensors are integrated in the equipment to detect hazardous conditions to come. pumps. STAHL explosion protection . Pressure differences between the interior and the exterior atmosphere have to be taken into account. Couplings. Ignition sources are rendered inactive by immersion in a protective liquid or by constant moistening using a liquid film. liquid immersion Restricted breathing “fr” EN 13463-2 Equipment exclusively for Zone 2 or Zone 22 R. by supplying the inside of the casing with a constant flow of protective gas acting to dilute any combustible mixtures. belt conveyors Flameproof enclosure “d” EN 13463-3 Brakes.
STAHL explosion protection . explosion protected luminaires also use a combination of several types of protection to achieve the best results with regard to safety.4. usually in conjunction with “Increased Safety”.explosion protection 4. function. 5: Combination of Types of Protection Emergency Light Fitting C-Lux 6108 Ex e Ex em Ex e Ex m Ex de Ex de Ex de Ex d Ex e Ex e R. cut a fine figure for switchgear and control gear.1 Application and Combination of Types of Protection “d” and “e” The most important type of protection for switchgear is “Flameproof Enclosures”. since “Increased Safety” is based on the principle to avoid sources of ignition by additional measures. “Increased Safety”. and economy (fig. Switchgear does produce sources of ignition in normal use and therefore “Increased Safety” alone is not applicable as type of protection for switchgear. in conjunction with “Flameproof Enclosures”. Modern. technical principles 24 4. However. Fig. 5).
and which may still be sufficient to ignite the most ignitable mixture of a gas or vapour and air at atmospheric pressure and 20 °C. IIB and IIC. explosion group and temperature class is provided.2 Applications of Type of Protection “Intrinsic Safety” The type of protection “Intrinsic Safety” is based on the principle of energy limitation within an electric circuit. voltage and power are required here. as no high currents. The energy from a power circuit capable of causing an explosive atmosphere to ignite is thus limited to such an extent that the surrounding explosive atmosphere cannot ignite as a result of sparks or inadmissible surface heating of the electrical components. The apparatus has to be installed outside of the potentially explosive area. The type of protection “Intrinsic Safety” is particularly used in measurement and control technology. Associated apparatus Electrical apparatus which contains circuits. R. the apparatus may be used in Zone 1. the level of protection “ib” for category 2 equipment and suitable for use in Zone 1. An essential aspect of the type of protection “Intrinsic Safety” is reliability with regard to the observance of voltage and current limit values. Intrinsically safe apparatus Electrical apparatus in which all circuits are intrinsically safe. The apparatus may be used in Zone 1. Thanks to being integrated in a flameproof enclosure (“d”). Table 14: Difference between Intrinsically Safe and Associated Apparatus Intrinsically safe apparatus These contain intrinsically safe circuits only EEx ib IIC T6 All necessary information such as category. Intrinsically safe apparatus and intrinsically safe components from related equipment are classified in different levels of protection “ia”. Minimum ignition energy The minimum ignition energy of a gas/air and vapour/air mixture is the smallest level of electrical energy which occurs while a capacitor is discharging. STAHL explosion protection . and which is constructed such that the non-intrinsically safe circuits cannot negatively adversely affect the intrinsically safe circuits (table 14). The level of protection “ia” is a prerequisite for category 1 equipment and suitable for use in Zone 0. “ib” or “ic” with regard to infallibility.4. some of which are intrinsically safe and some are not. even if determined faults may occur.25 4. Terms and Definitions Intrinsically safe electrical circuit An electric circuit in which neither a spark nor the effect of heat can cause a defined explosive atmosphere to ignite. Associated apparatus These contain both intrinsically safe and non-intrinsically safe electric circuits [EEx ib] IIC T6 EEx de [ib] IIC T6 The square brackets indicate that the associated electrical apparatus contains an intrinsically safe electric circuit that may be introduced into Zone 1. gas groups IIA. The new level of protection “ic” for category 3 is suitable for use in Zone 2.
Zener diodes. 6). Therefore one single component is sufficient. Safety factor 1. Safety factor 1.explosion protection 4. Electric isolation is generally recommanded for Zone 0. Safety factor 1. STAHL explosion protection .5: During normal operation and in case of one fault Safety factor 1. (level of protection “ic”: one single zener diode). technical principles 26 Isolation of Intrinsically Safe Circuits from Non-intrinsically Safe Circuits An important measure for intrinsically safe circuits is the safe isolation of all intrinsically safe circuits from non intrinsically safe circuits (fig. 6: Electric Isolators IS pac Table 15: Levels of protection of intrinsically safe electrical circuits Level of protection “ia” Electrical apparatus of level of protection ”ia” shall not be capable of causing ignition in normal operation and when one fault occurs or when a combination of any two faults occurs. and when the fault is monitored.5: During normal operation and in case of one fault Safety factor 1. Level of protection “ic” Electrical apparatus of level of protection “ic” shall not be capable of causing ignition in normal operation. used for limiting voltage. The failure of the zener diode is not taken into account. as well as other semiconductor components are considered to be fallible and must therefore be safeguarded by means of redundant components.0: In case of one fault.0: Two independent faults Level of protection “ib” Electrical apparatus of level of protection ”ib” shall not be capable of causing ignition in normal operation or when one fault occurs. Safe electrical isolation is always required.0: During normal operation R. if the electrical apparatus does not have unprotected switching contacts in those components. Normal safety Safety is required under normal operation. with the exception of safety barriers. Fig. which may be exposed to an explosive atmosphere. Wire wound or sheet resistors for current limitation are considered to be infallible components (they have high resistivity in the event of a fault).
which may cause ignition sources in an apparatus.. mechanically generated sparks. By doing so. The operator has to observe the operating instructions. the examined material combination. a third zener diode must take their function (level of protection “ia”: two redundant zener diodes. Even servicing intervals and monitoring of the service life may be of vital importance. dimensioning. is reduced to a low level by means of constructional measures for this type of protection. and lubricants of moving parts play a role. and electrostatic discharges are examined. To do so. The manufacturer defines the intended use in the operating instructions. The measures depend mainly on the equipment type and may vary significantly. Double fault safety In the event of a failure of two zener diodes.3 Applications of Type of Protection “c” Non-electrical apparatus are often realised with the type of protection “Constructional safety”. a second zener diode must take its function (level of protection “ib”: one redundant zener diode).27 Single fault safety In the event of the failure of one zener diode. STAHL explosion protection . ambient and operating conditions as well as the admitted operating parameters are specified. table 15). R. 4. e. tolerances. The risk of failure.4.g. Here. hot surfaces.
He must ensure that the installation is installed in accordance with regulations and is inspected before initial use.1 Duties of Installer.2 Classification of Zones and Selection of Apparatus The question of possible risks of explosion must be addressed at the early stages new facility planning. Electrical apparatus with the types of protection “d” and “i” must correspond to an explosion group IIA. When classifying potentially explosive areas. Furthermore. It is his duty to verify where there is a risk of explosion and then divide areas into Zones accordingly. Only then can a decision be reached on the classification of potentially explosive areas into Zones and the selection of suitable apparatus. Electrical apparatus must be selected and installed such that it is protected against external influences which may adversely affect the explosion protection measures. Installation and Operation of Electrical Equipment in Hazardous Areas Employer 5. the explosion safety characteristics must be ascertained for the flammable Manufacturer Standardization Fig.2). Manufacturers of explosion protected apparatus are responsible for routine testing. installation and operation of electrical equipment 28 5. and select and install the electric apparatus correctly for its intended use.explosion protection 5. The installation must be kept in a regular and correct state by periodic inspection and maintenance. IEC 61241-14 (EN 61241-14) applies to all areas with combustible dust. IEC 60 079-14 (EN 60079-14) applies to the installation of electrical apparatus in explosive gas atmospheres Group II. 7: : Co-operation of all parties involved substances being used (see Appendix 7. 5. R. the standard range of between –20 °C and +40 °C does apply. STAHL explosion protection . Equipment shall only be used within the ambient temperature range stipulated in its marking. the influence of natural or technical ventilation must be considered in addition to the quantity of flammable substances being released. The employer is responsible for the safety of his installations. If the marking does not contain any information. The installer must observe the installation requirements. Manufacturer and Employer Testing authority Authority Installer Safety in potentially explosive areas can only be guaranteed by a close and effective working relationship amongst all parties involved (fig. IIB or IIC. certification and documentation and are required to ensure that each device manufactured complies with the approved design. 7).
Division 1 in accordance with NEC 501-4. It is only in areas in which mechanical damage could be expected that they are laid in conduits that are open at both ends. high-quality cables are laid uncovered. the connecting cables are entered directly into the flameproof enclosure. Cable system with direct entry > 3. STAHL explosion protection . A comparison of the various systems is shown below. three systems are used for electrical installations in hazardous areas: > 1. whereby the mineral insulated cables are mainly used as heating lines and fire resistant signal and control lines. the individual wires are conducted via flameproof bushings into the flameproof enclosure. Conduit system The technical design of the electrical apparatus used with the individual types of installation is accordingly different. a routine test of the factory wired flameproof enclosure can be made. Certain types of cable and line are also permitted in Division 2. Only the conduit system or mineral insulated cables (MI) are permitted in the USA for all applications in Class 1. not the flameproof enclosure. Cable systems Cable systems are mainly used in Europe. Only cable glands that have been specially certified for this purpose may be used for this type of entry. Fig. The installation engineer need only open the connection chamber for the connection. Cable system with indirect entry > 2. In the case of indirect entry. The cable bushings are installed by the manufacturer. Right: Conduit system R. Centre: Cable system with direct entry. In the case of direct entry. the cables and lines are conducted via cable glands into a connection chamber in the type of protection “Increased Safety” and connected to the terminals also provided in “Increased Safety”. For this. 8: Methods of Installation worldwide: Left: Cable system with indirect entry. with the result that. From here.3 Methods of Installation Essentially. by contrast with direct entry.29 5.
Conduit System In the case of installation using the conduit system. If the flameproof enclosure has to be used in a IIC atmosphere or if a flameproof enclosure with a volume bigger than 2 dm3 has to be applied in Zone 1. Drains must be installed at low points at which condensate can accumulate. attention must be paid to the appropriate selection of cable gland depending on both the type and structure of cable and installation location. Otherwise. the availability of the documentation. On completion of the work. Personnel who carry out such maintenance work should work under the guidance of an explosion protection expert and should be informed of the particular hazards involved (skilled person. the training for the skilled personel. IEC 60079-17). the electrical lines are drawn as single wires into enclosed metal conduits.4 Maintenance Periodic maintenance is required to maintain the safety of electrical installations in hazardous areas. Before corrective maintenance. For this reason. etc. the grade of inspection. The aim of the seal is to prevent explosions which may occur inside the housing from transmitting into the conduit. For this reason. The entire conduit system is flameproof. Normally. it is recommended that seals be installed not just at the entrance points but at specific intervals. STAHL explosion protection . extremely high explosion pressures would be created as a result of precompression in long cylindrical tubes. R. The conduits are connected to the housings by means of fittings and equipped with a seal at each entrance point. a documentation should be kept of what work was carried out. formal written workpermission for this should be acquired from the company management. installation and operation of electrical equipment 30 The flexible gasket and the cable sheath must form a flameproof joint through which no flames can penetrate. and confirmation given that all relevant regulations have been observed. The flameproof enclosure primarily depends here on the care taken by the electrician when connecting the cables. it must be ensured that there is no danger of explosions occurring during this work. He is responsible for the determination of the frequency of inspection. 5. A technical person with executive function shall be identified for each installation.explosion protection 5. the gaskets or cable glands have to be sealed.
combustible dusts (Class II). the construction of apparatus and the installation of electrical systems. In the 1998 CEC. C and D. Based on the likelihood or risk that an ignitable concentration of a flammable substance will be present the hazardous locations are traditionally subdivided into Division 1 and Division 2. vapours or mists (Class I).6. Group A is the most hazardous gas group in the traditional NEC system whereas Group IIC is the most hazardous group in the IEC system in Article 505 of the NEC.2 Classification of Hazardous Locations For potentially explosive atmospheres the term “hazardous (classified) locations” is used in North America. In 1996 the IEC classification system was introduced as a parallel system to the existing system for Class I in the USA. Hazardous locations are locations. F and G. Table 19 in appendix 7. The IEC zone classification for Class I was also introduced in Canada (CEC. technologies have developed in North America in the field of explosion protection for electrical equipment and installations which deviate considerably from those of the IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission). 6. or ignitable fibres or flyings (Class III). This now gives the end user the possibility to choose the system that best suits his needs. vapours. The maximum surface temperature determination given in the new Article 505 maintains a pure IEC approach of having main temperature classes T1 to T6 with further subdivisions of the temperature classes in the Division system. mists and liquids into Gas Groups A. All newly built facilities in Canada need to be classified according to this principle. R.3 provides an overview of the classification of hazardous locations in North America. and Class II combustible dusts into Groups E. The traditional North American classification system divides Class I flammable gases. STAHL explosion protection . These are defined in Articles 500 and 505 of the National Electrical Code (NEC) in the USA and in Section 18 and Annex J of the Canadian Electrical Code (CEC) in Canada. 1988 edition). In Canada both gas grouping systems may be used with the zone classification system. The differences from IEC technologies are among others the classification of hazardous locations. this structure T1–T6 with intermediate subdivisions was maintained. explosion protection in north america 31 6. However. where fire or explosion hazards may exist due to flammable gases. Explosion Protection in North America 6.1 Introduction The basic principles of explosion protection are the same all over the world. B. This system was implemented by the new Article 505.
In Canada.6 in the appendix illustrate the types of protection according to both standards. These have the nature of installation regulations for electrical facilities in all locations.4 Construction and Design Requirements The regulations of the National Electrical Code and the Canadian Electrical Code stipulate which apparatus and types of protection may be used in different hazardous locations. cutting coolant. Canada has.3 Regulations for Installation The National Electrical Code in the USA and the Canadian Electrical Code in Canada apply to electrical apparatus and installations for hazardous locations. In the USA. In contrast to the USA. The methods of installation for the zone concept in accordance with the NEC are similar to the traditional Class/Division system. Various standards and regulations govern the construction and testing of explosion-protected electrical apparatus and installations in North America. explosion protection in north america 32 6. 6. Factory Mutual Research Corporation (FM) and the International Society for Measurement and Control (ISA). Division 1 or Zone 1. New to the NEC 1996 is the use of listed Metal Clad (MC) cables in addition to rigid conduit and Mineral Insulated cables in Class I. these are mainly the standards issued by Underwriters Laboratories Inc. those of the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) apply. (UL).5 and 7. hail) into account. 250 (National Electrical Manufacturing Association).5 Degrees of Protection provided by Enclosures As the standard IEC 60 529 defines the degrees of protection provided by enclosures. The tables in appendix 7. These enclosure types cannot be exactly equated with the IEC enclosure classification designation since NEMA takes additional environmental influences (such as cooling lubricant.4 provide an overview of the constructional requirements for hazardous locations and methods of protection. STAHL explosion protection . 6. icing. One significant advantage to the CEC is the increased possibility of using cables. as in the USA the degrees of protection are included in the NEMA Publication No.explosion protection 6. R. and refer to a number of further standards of other institutions that contain specifications for the erection and construction of suitable equipment. also permitted the use of special cables similar to the IEC steel-wire armoured cables. corrosion. The tables 7. for some time now.
any data relating to explosion protection must be shown on the marking of the equipment. Equipment which has been developed and manufactured for use in hazardous locations is tested and approved in the USA and Canada by a notified testing authority. Class I. Type(s) of protection 5. Gas/dust group(s) 3. Zone 0. Class I. In the USA. Division 1 and Division 2 must be marked to show the following information: 1. Zone 0. electrical apparatus and apparatus used in hazardous locations are. AEx (USA) or Ex or EEx (Canada) 4. the CEC as well as the relevant apparatus regulations of the testing authority.33 6. a distinction is made between “Division Equipment” and “Zone Equipment”. Division 1 and/or Class I. The responsible authorities shall decide whether such equipment is subject to approval. Types of Protection Example: Class I Zone 1 d. subject to approval. Gas group(s) IIA. Class (optional in Canada) 2. The requirements for this are specified in the NEC. Class(es). Division 1 and 2 The approved electrical equipment for Class I. Zone (optional in Canada) 3. Exceptions to this are items of electrical apparatus which. In addition to data such as manufacturer.6 Certification and Marking In the USA and Canada. as a rule. Operating temperature or temperature class (optional T5 and T6) Example: Class I Division 1 Groups C D T4 Class I. Class II and Class III. Division 2 shall be permitted to be marked with the following: 1. serial number. and in Canada the Canadian Standards Association. and electrical data. (1) Division Equipment Equipment approved for Class I. Zone 2 2. this is for example the Underwriters Laboratories or Factory Mutual. Zone 1 or Class I. type. Equipment group II or applicable gas group(s) IIA. cannot ignite. Temperature class Example: Class I Zone 0 AEx ia IIC T6 R. due to their design and the peculiar nature of the explosive atmosphere in which they are used. IIB or IIC 6.e IIC T4 (2) Zone Equipment Equipment meeting one or more types of protection described in Article 505 of the NEC or Section 18 of the CEC shall be marked with the following in the order shown: 1. STAHL explosion protection . Zone 1 or Zone 2. 1 and 2 For equipment intended for use in Class I. IIB or IIC 3. II & III. Division(s) (optional except for Division 2) 2. Temperature class 4.
Appendix 7.1 Comparison of IEC Publications and European Standards (EN) Table 16: Electrical Apparatus for Explosive Gas Atmosphere IEC General requirements Flameproof enclosures “d” Construction and verification test of flameproof enclosures of electrical apparatus Pressurized enclosures “p” Method of test for ignition temperature Powder filling “q” Oil-immersion “o” Increased safety “e” Classification of hazardous areas Intrinsic Safety “i” Classification of mixtures of gases or vapours with air according to their maximum experimental safe gaps and minimum ignition currents Construction and use of rooms or buildings protected by pressurization Electrical installations in hazardous areas (other than mines) Type of protection “n” Artificial ventilation for the protection of analyser(s) houses Inspection and maintenance of electrical installations in hazardous areas (other than mines) Encapsulation “m” Repair and overhaul for apparatus used in potentially explosive atmospheres (other than mines or explosives) Data for flammable gases and vapours. STAHL explosion protection .explosion protection 7. relating to the use of electrical apparatus Intrinsically safe systems Electrical Equipment for Zone 0 Fieldbus intrinsically safe concept (FISCO) and Fieldbus nonincendive Concept (FNICO) Protection of devices and transmission systems which work with optical radiation Electrical apparatus for the detection and measurement of flammable gases – general requirements and performance requirements IEC 60079-0 IEC 60079-1 IEC 60079-1-1 IEC 60079-2 IEC 60079-4 IEC 60079-5 IEC 60079-6 IEC 60079-7 IEC 60079-10 IEC 60079-11 IEC/TR 60079-12 EN 60079-5 EN 60079-6 EN 60079-7 EN 60079-10 EN 60079-11 EN 50 020 EN 50 017 EN 50 015 EN 50 019 EN 60079-2 EN 50 016 EN (new) EN 60079-0 EN 60079-1 EN (old) EN 50 014 EN 50 018 IEC/TR 60079-13 IEC 60079-14 IEC 60079-15 IEC/TR 60079-16 IEC 60079-17 EN 60079-17 EN 60079-14 EN 60079-15 EN 50 021 IEC 60079-18 IEC 60079-19 IEC/TR 60079-20 IEC 60079-25 IEC 60079-26 IEC 60079-27 EN 60079-18 EN 60079-19 EN 50 028 EN 60079-25 EN 60079-26 EN 60079-27 EN 50 284 EN 60079-28 EN 60079-29-1 R. appendix 34 7.
35 Table 17: Electrical Apparatus for Use in the Presence of Combustible Dust IEC (new) General requirements Protected by enclosures “tD” Pressurized enclosures “pD” Classification of potentially explosive dust atmospheres Intrinsic Safety “iD” Selection and installation Inspection and maintenance of electrical installations in hazardous areas (other than mines) Encapsulation “mD” Test methods: minimum ignition temperature Test methods: resistivity of dust in layers Test methods: minimum ignition energy IEC 61241-10 IEC 61241-11 IEC 61241-14 IEC 61241-17 EN 61241-5 IEC 61241-0 IEC 61241-1 IEC (old) IEC 61241-1-1 IEC 61241-1-1 IEC 61241-4 EN 61241-10 EN 61241-11 EN 61241-14 EN 61241-17 EN (new) EN 61241-0 EN 61241-1 EN (old) EN 50281-1-1 EN 50281-1-1 EN 61241-4 IEC 61241-18 IEC 61241-2-1 IEC 61241-2-2 IEC 61241-2-3 EN 61241-18 EN 50281-2-1 EN 61241-2-2 Comments on the tables 16 and 17: IEC/EN 6124 and IEC/EN 60079 standards will be summerized in the series IEC/EN 60079 standards e. STAHL explosion protection .g. – some of the standards are in preparation! R. IEC 61241-1 will be classified as IEC 60079-31.
L. M. STAHL explosion protection .explosion protection 7. Temperature Class and Explosion Group Material 1. appendix 36 7.2-Dichloroethane Acetaldehyde Acetic acid Acetic anhydride Acetone Acetylene Ammonium Benzene Carbon disulphide Carbon monoxide Cyclohexanone Diethyl ether Diesel fuels Ethane Ethanol Ethene Ethyl chloride Ethyl ethanoate Ethyl glycol Ethylene oxide Fuel oil EL. S Hydrogen Hydrogen sulphide i-Amyl acetate Methane Methanol Methyl chloride Naphthalene n-Butane n-Butanol n-Hexane n-Propyl alcohol Petrol fuels Phenol Propane Toluene * 1 Ignition Temperature °C 440 155 485 330 535 305 630 555 95 605 430 175 220 515 400 440 510 470 235 435 (self-decomposing) 220 to 300 560 270 380 595 440 625 540 365 325 230 385 220 to 300 595 470 535 Temperature Class T2 T4 T1 T2 T1 T2 T1 T1 T6 T1 T2 T4 T3 T1 T2 T2 T1 T1 T3 T2 T3 T1 T3 T2 T1 T2 T1 T1 T2 T2 T3 T2 T3 T1 T1 T1 Explosion Group II A II A II A II A II A II C 3 II A II A II C 1 II A II A II B II A II A II B II B II A II A II B II B II A II C 2 II B II A II A II A II A II A II A II B II A II B * II A II A II A II A The gas group for this substance has not yet been determined. Also gas groups II B + CS2 2 Also gas groups II B + H2 3 Also gas groups II B + C2 H2 R.2 Safety Characteristics of Flammable Gases and Vapours Table 18: Safety Ratings: Ignition Temperature.
212°F) T6 (≤ 85 °C. Zone 1 Locations where ignitable concentrations of flammable gases or vapors are likely to exist under normal operating conditions or may exist frequently because of repair or maintenance or because of leakage. ≤ 215 °C) (536 °F. 419 °F) T3 (≤ 200 °C. 1 and 2 IIC (Acetylene + Hydrogen) IIB (Ethene) IIA (Propane) Zone 0. 392°F) T3A. 500 °F. T3B. 212°F) T6 (≤ 85 °C. 248°F) T5 (≤100 °C. T2D (≤ 280 °C. 446 °F. Dusts NEC 500-6 CEC 18-008 Division 1 Locations where ignitible concentrations of combustible dust is in the air under normal operating conditions. T2C. T2B. ≤165 °C. Class III Class I Groups NEC 500-3 CEC J18-050 Division 1 and 2 A (Acetylene) B (Hydrogen) C (Ethene) D (Propane) Class I Temperature classes Division 1 and 2 T1 (≤ 450 °C. 392°F) T3A. ≤160 °C) (356 °F. vapors or mists Classification Class I NEC 500-5 CEC J18-004 Division 1 Locations where ignitible concentrations of flammable gases or vapors can exist under normal operating conditions as well as frequently because of repair or maintenance operations or because of leakage. T3C (≤180 °C. 248°F) T5 (≤100 °C. T3C (≤180 °C. NEC 505-7 CEC 18-006 Zone 0 Locations where ignitible concentrations of flammable gases or vapors are present continuously or for long periods of time.37 7. ≤165 °C. T3B. 275°F) T4A (≤120 °C. T2C. 185°C) T5 (≤100 °C) T6 (≤ 85 °C) T4 (≤135 °C) T3 (≤ 200 °C) NEC 505-7 CEC J18-050 Zone 0. ≤160 °C) (356 °F. Fibres and flyings Fibres and flyings Classification Class III Division 1 Locations where easily ignitible fibres or materials producing combustible flyings are handled. 572 °F) T2A. 185°C) Division 1 and 2 none Class III Temperature Division 1 and 2 none R. 842 °F) T2 (≤ 300 °C. ≤ 230 °C. ≤ 215 °C) (536 °F. Division 2 Locations where easily ignitible fibres and materials producing combustible flyings are stored or handled other than in the process of manufacture. 419 °F) T3 (≤ 200 °C. 329 °F. 1 and 2 T1 (≤ 450 °C) T2 (≤ 300 °C) Class II Groups NEC 500-3 CEC J18-050 Division 1 and 2 E (Metal) F (Coal) G (Grain) Class II Temperature classes Division 1 and 2 T1 (≤ 450 °C. STAHL explosion protection . T2B. T2D (≤ 280 °C. Division 2 Locations where ignitible concentrations of combustible dust is in the air under abnormal operating conditions. 446 °F. 275°F) T4A (≤120 °C. 842 °F) T2 (≤ 300 °C. 329 °F. ≤ 260 °C. 320 °F) T4 (≤135 °C. 500 °F. will exist only for a short period.3 Classification of Hazardous Locations in North America Table 19: Classification of Hazardous Locations in North America Gases. and if they do. Division 2 Locations where ignitible concentrations of flammable gases or vapors can exist under abnormal operating conditions. manufactured or used. 572 °F) T2A. 320 °F) T4 (≤135 °C. ≤ 230 °C. ≤ 260 °C. Zone 2 Locations where ignitible concentrations of flammable gases or vapors are not likely to occur in normal operation.
Zone 1 Zone 0 Zone 2 Zone 1 Zone 0 Zone 2 Zone 1 Standard FM 3600 ISA 60079-0 CSA E60079-0 EN 60079-0 IEC 60079-0 ISA 60079-7 CSA E60079-7 EN 60079-7 IEC 60079-7 FM 3611 C22. Division 2 Class I. Zone 0. Division 1 Class I. Zone 2 Class I.2 No. Division 1 Class I. Zone 0 Class I. Zone 2 Zone 2 Zone 2 Class I. appendix 38 7. 1 & 2 Zone 0. Canada. STAHL explosion protection .4 Constructional Requirements for Explosion Protected Electrical Equipment Table 20: Constructional Requirements in Europe. 1 & 2 Class I. & 2 Zone 0. Division 2 Class I. 213 ISA 60079-15 CSA E60079-15 EN 60079-15 IEC 60079-15 FM 3615 C22. USA. Zone 1 Class I. Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Class I. Zone 1 Class I. Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Class I. 1.2 No. Zone 2 Zone 2 Zone 2 Class I. and International Comparison. Part 1 Type of ignition protection General requirements AEx Ex Ex (EEx) Ex Increased safety AEx e Ex e Ex e (EEx e) Ex e (NI) (NI) AEx nA Ex nA Ex nA (EEx nA) Ex nA (XP) (XP) AEx d Ex d Ex d (EEx d) Ex d AEx q Ex q Ex q (EEx q) Ex q AEx nC Ex nC Ex nC (EEx nC) Ex nC (IS) (IS) AEx ia AEx ib Ex ia Ex ib Ex ia (EEx ia) Ex ic Ex ib (EEx ib) Ex ia Ex ic Ex ib Abbreviation Region US US CA EU IEC US CA EU IEC US CA US CA EU IEC US CA US CA EU IEC US CA EU IEC US CA EU IEC US CA US US CA CA EU EU EU IEC IEC IEC Installation location Class I. Zone 1 Class I. Zone 0 Class I. Zone 2 Class I. 157 FM 3610 FM 3610 CSA E60079-11 CSA E60079-11 EN 60079-11 EN 60079-11 EN 60079-11 IEC 60079-11 IEC 60079-11 IEC 60079-11 Non-incendive Non-sparking apparatus Explosion-proof Flameproof enclosure Powder filling Protected facilities and components Intrinsic Safety R.explosion protection 7.2 No. Division 1 Class I. Zone 1 Class I. 30 ISA 60079-1 CSA E60079-1 EN 60079-1 IEC 60079-1 ISA 60079-5 CSA E79-5 EN 50017 IEC 60079-5 ISA 60079-15 CSA E60079-15 EN 60079-15 IEC 60079-15 FM 3610 C22. Zone 0. & 2 Class I. Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Class I. Division 1 Class I. Division 1 & 2 Class I. 1.
Zone 2 Class I. Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Class I. Zone 1 Class I. USA. Division 2 Class I. Zone 2 Zone 2 Zone 2 Zone 0 Zone 0 Class I. Zone 2 Zone 2 Zone 2 Class I. Zone 1 Class I. Division 1 Class I. Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Standard ISA 60079-15 CSA E60079-15 EN 60079-15 IEC 60079-15 FM 3620 NFPA 496 FM 3620 NFPA 496 FM 3620 NFPA 496 ISA 60079-2 CSA E60079-2 EN 60079-2 IEC 60079-2 ISA 60079-2 CSA E60079-2 EN 60079-2 IEC 60079-2 ISA 60079-2 CSA E60079-2 EN 60079-2 IEC 60079-2 ISA 60079-15 CSA E60079-15 EN 60079-15 IEC 60079-15 EN 60079-18 IEC 60079-18 ISA 60079-18 CSA E60079-18 EN 60079-18 IEC 60079-18 ISA 60079-6 CSA E79-6 EN 50015 IEC 60079-6 Pressurized enclosure Purged/pressurized Encapsulation Oil immersion R. Division 2 Class I. Zone 2 Zone 2 Zone 2 Class I. Zone 2 Class I. Division 1 Class I. STAHL explosion protection . Division 1 Class I. Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Class I. Zone 1 Class I.39 Table 21: Constructional Requirements in Europe. Part 2 Type of ignition protection Energy-limited apparatus Abbreviation AEx nC Ex nL Ex nL (EEx nL) Ex nL Type X Type X Type Y Type Y Type Z Type Z AEx px Ex px Ex px (EEx px) Ex px AEx py Ex py Ex py (EEx py) Ex py AEx pz Ex pz Ex pz (EEx pz) Ex pz AEx nR Ex nR Ex nR (EEx nR) Ex nR Ex ma (EEx ma) Ex ma AEx m Ex m Ex mb (EEx mb) Ex mb AEx o Ex o Ex o (EEx o) Ex o Region US CA EU IEC US CA US CA US CA US CA EU IEC US CA EU IEC US CA EU IEC US CA EU IEC EU IEC US CA EU IEC US CA EU IEC Installation location Class I. Zone 2 Class I. Division 1 Class I. Zone 1 Class I. Canada and International Comparison. Zone 1 Zone 1 Zone 1 Class I.
5 mm ∅ Protection against solid foreign bodies 2.5 Degrees of Protection according to IEC 60 529 .0 mm ∅ Protection against dust Dust-tight Second digit Water protection No protection Protection against water drops falling vertically Protection against water drops falling at an angle (15 °) Protection against water-spray at an angle up to 60 ° Protection against water spray from all directions Protection against water jets Protection against strong water jets Protection against intermittent immersion in water Protection against continuous immersion in water 3 Protection against contact from tools 4 5 6 7 8 Protection against contact with a wire Protection against contact with a wire Protection against contact with a wire R.IPXX Table 22: Degrees of Protection according to IEC 60 529 .explosion protection 7. STAHL explosion protection .5 mm ∅ Protection against solid foreign bodies 1. appendix 40 7.IPXX Digit 0 1 2 First digit Physical protection No protection Protection against back of hand contact Protection against finger contact Foreign body protection No protection Protection against solid foreign bodies 50 mm ∅ Protection against solid foreign bodies 12.
penetration of water during occasional temporary submersion at a limited depth. hose directed water. C or D as defined in the NEC. oil. and for operation of external mechanisms when ice laden. Protection against hose directed water. Groups A. rain. hose directed water. Protection against. splashing water. Protection against dust.6 Degrees of Protection according to NEMA Standards Table 23: Degree of Protection provided by Enclosures according to NEMA (Publication No. falling dirt. windblown dust. Protection against rain. Protection against the corrosive effects of liquids and gases by oil immersion. and damage from external ice formation. and dripping non-corrosive liquids. and damage from external ice formation. Protection against limited amounts of falling water and dirt. Protection against hose directed water.41 7. and damage from external ice formation. 250 Enclosures for Electrical Equipment 1000 Volts Maximum) Digit Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 3R Type 3S Type 4 Type 4X Degree of Protection Protection against incidental contact with the enclosed equipment. sleet. Groups E. sleet. 12K Type 13 Indoor Indoor or outdoor Indoor Mining Indoor Indoor Indoor R. For use in locations classified as Class I. and damage from external ice formation Protection against rain. and damage from external ice formation. and non-corrosive liquids. Protection against rain. STAHL explosion protection . Constructed to meet the applicable requirements of the Mine Safety Health Administration. splashing water. B. F or G as defined in the NEC. penetration of water during prolonged submersion at a limited depth. For use in locations classified as Class I. B. Protection against corrosion. C or D as defined in the NEC. Protection against. and damage from external ice formation. windblown dust. splashing water. Protection against settling airborne dust. sleet. and dripping non-corrosive liquids. rain. falling dirt. Protection against circulating dust. Groups A. For use in locations classified as Class II. Use Indoor Indoor Outdoor Outdoor Outdoor Indoor or outdoor Indoor or outdoor Type 5 Type 6 Indoor Indoor or outdoor Type 6P Indoor or outdoor Type 7 Type 8 Type 9 Type 10 Type 11 Type 12.
Möller Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen Band 1: Brennbare Flüssigkeiten und Gase (Safety Characteristics Vol. Statutory Instrument 2002 No. W. No. literature 42 8. Literature Directive 94/9/EU of the European Parliament and the council of 23 March 1994 on the approximation of the laws of the member states concerning equipment and protective systems intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres. ATEX 95 (UK). 2: Explosion regions of gas mixtures) Wissenschaftsverlag NW Verlag für neue Wissenschaft GmbH M. 2776 (UK). Hattwig. Berlin IEC 61241 and EN 61241 series Electrical apparatus for use in the presence of combustible dust R. L23/57–64 The Dangerous Substances and Explosive Atmospheres Regulations 2002. GPSV (Explosion Protection Regulation). Fachausschuss Chemie der BGZ. STAHL explosion protection . BGR 104 E. – Germany Directive 99/92/EC on the “Minimum requirements for improving the health and safety protection of the worker at risk from explosive atmospheres” 16/12/1999. 2004. 11.explosion protection 8. 1: Flammable Liquids and Gases) Wissenschaftsverlag NW Verlag für neue Wissenschaft GmbH Molnárné. on safety when operating installations requiring special state regulation and supervision and on the organisation of safety at work) – Germany Regeln für das Vermeiden der Gefahren durch explosionsfähige Atmosphäre – Explosionsschutzregeln (ExRL) (Rules for the avoidance of hazards from explosive atmospheres – Explosion Protection Rules) published by the “Hauptverband der gewerblichen Berufsgenossenschaften”. Steen Handbook of Explosion Prevention and Protection Wiley VCH. ISBN 3527307184 IEC 60079 or EN 60079 series Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres VDE-Verlag GmbH. Brandes. 1996 (EPS). Schröder Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen Band 2: Explosionsbereiche von Gasgemischen (Safety Characteristics: Vol. L 100/1 The Equipment and Protective Systems for Use in Potentially Explosive Atmospheres Regulations. über Sicherheit beim Betrieb überwachungsbedürftiger Anlagen und über die Organisation des betrieblichen Arbeitsschutzes – Betriebssicherheitsverordnung (BetrSichV) (Regulation on safety and health protection in the provision of work equipment and its use. Explosionsschutzverordnung (ExVO) – Verordnung über das Inverkehrbringen von Geräten und Schutzsystemen für explosionsgefährdete Bereiche. Schendler. Verordnung über Sicherheit und Gesundheitsschutz bei der Bereitstellung von Arbeitsmitteln und deren Benutzung bei der Arbeit. H. Official Journal of the European Communities. Official Journal of the European Communities.
STAHL Schaltgeräte GmbH R. STAHL Schaltgeräte GmbH Operators of electrical installations in plants with potentially explosive atmosphere R. 2033 (G) Dust explosions ISSA Prevention Series No. 2044 (G) The basics of dust explosion protection R.43 EN 60 529 Specification for degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP code) EN 13463 Part 1 – Part 8 Non-electrical equipment for potentially explosive atmospheres Dust explosion prevention and protection for machines and equipment ISSA Prevention Series No. STAHL explosion protection .
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PO Box 1140. Sedat Simavi Sk.com. +92 21 5067278 Fax +92 21 5063369 Philippines MATERIALS UNLIMITED CORPORATION No. +64 9 2742000 Fax +64 9 2742001 E-mail: mikeb@electropar.A. Jalan Loke Yew 55300 Kuala Lumpur Tel. Sec. 343.com New Zealand ELECTROPAR Ltd. No. Electech Co. 52/2 06550 Cankaya/Ankara Tel. 98008 Miri.com Singapore R.com Saudi Arabia Al-Quraishi Electrical Services of S. +60 85 417230 Fax +60 85 414352 E-mail: ellusb@tm.O. (Switchgear & Lighting) 237 Kaki Bukit Ave 1 Shun Li Industrial Park Singapore 416053 Tel. 4 Cheng Te Rd. +965 481 6838 E-mail: kmoryani@rezayatkwt. 178.explosion protection 9.com Pakistan Clipsal Pakistan (PVT) Ltd. P. Sarawak Tel. Pomprab Bangkok 10100 Tel.com Malaysia ESTEEM LINK (LU) SDN BHD.co. STAHL MIDDLE EAST FZE P. 11F-1. +966 3 835 1155 Ext.K. +66 2 3187499 Fax +66 2 3182818 Turkey KAS PAZARLAMA A. 300 E-mail: bashara@aqesa. +65 6842 6880 Fax +65 6842 6836 E-mail: benny@benwin.O. Hochiminh City Tel. 345 Soipattanakarn 3 Pattanakarn Road Suan Luang Bangkok 10250 Tel. Jalan Nahkoda Gampar. +968 248 10575-209 E-mail: vinita@al-hassan. STAHL PTE Ltd.com. +974 441 9603 E-mail: mohan@petrotecnet. Kelana Square 17.com.L. No. Jalan SS7/26. +90 312 4414335 Fax +90 312 4414336 E-mail: info@kaspazarlama.tr UAE R. Ltd. 2 Congressional Avenue Project 6. 101–102. STAHL explosion protection . Jubail Branch Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Tel. #04-01 Swee Hin Building Singapore 539221 Tel.O. +971 4 8835855 Fax +971 4 8834685 Vietnam HAI SON COMPANY Ltd.sg VECTOR INFOTECH PRIVATE LIMITED (Instrumentation only) 91 Defu Lane 10. 3791 Jalan Bukit Merah #09-08/09 E-Centre@Redhill Singapore 159 471 Tel. Box 17784 Jebel Ali Free Zone Dubai Tel. W. A20-K34 Tran Thien Chanh Street District 10. +60 3 92001396/1397 Fax +60 3 92001398 E-mail: dshii@vectorinfotech.com. (Agent for East Malaysia: Switchgear&Lighting) 321.my EMPIRE ENGINEERING SDN BHD. +65 6356 7333 Fax +65 6356 7322 E-mail: ahtan@vectorinfotech. Toyota Tower Airport Road Doha Tel. Box 16069 8th Floor. +66 2 2800150-4 Fax +66 2 2803663-4 Contrologic Co. +886 2 28822211 Fax +886 2 28817562 Thailand C.O. Box 1948 Postal Code 112 Ruwi Tel.sg BENWIN SINGAPORE PTE Ltd. Taipei Tel. +84 8 8630919 Fax +84 8 8630920 E-mail: hai@haison.L. P.nz Oman Al Hassan Group of Companies P.com VECTOR INFOTECH SDN BHD (Instrumentation only) Block C-5-7 & 8 (Level 7) UE3 Menara Uncang Emas No. Sector 15 Korangi Industrial Estate Karachi Tel. adresses 46 Kuwait Rezayat Trading Company P. Ltd. +63 2 4263856/57 Fax +63 2 9248664 E-mail: matcor@pldtdsl.S.O. +65 62714065 Fax +65 63770111 E-mail: rstahl@singnet.vn R.net Qatar Petroleum Technology Co. Kelana Jaya 47301 Petaling Jaya. Box 106 Safat 13002 Kuwait Tel. Box 58623 Greenmount Auckland 1701 Tel.net. (Agent for West Malaysia: Switchgear & Lighting) Unit D3A02. No. 85. Quezon City Tel.com Taiwan Wan Jiun Hsing Enterprise Co. +60 37803 1477 Fax +60 37803 1377 E-mail: info@empire-engr. 31/14 Dhamrongruk Rd. Selangor Tel. Ltd.
Germany Telephone +49 7942 943-0 Fax +49 7942 943-4333 www.stahl. Stuttgart .R. STAHL Schaltgeräte GmbH Am Bahnhof 30. 00 006 25 77 0 S-PB-ExBasics-03-en-05/2007 · Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany VISUELL. 74638 Waldenburg.de ID-NR.
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