Source: http://ca.findacase.com/research/wfrmDocViewer.aspx/xq/fac.20120807_0001291.C09.htm/qx
Timestamp: 2016-10-22 16:38:39
Document Index: 280704669

Matched Legal Cases: ['§ 303', '§ 303', '§ 303', '§ 303', '§ 303', '§ 303', '§ 303', '§ 303', '§ 303', '§ 303', '§ 303', '§ 303', 'art. 15', '§ 303', '§ 303', '§ 303', '§ 303', '§ 303', '§ 303', '§ 303', '§ 303', '§ 303', '§ 503', '§ 503', '§ 503', '§ 503', '§ 503', '§ 503', '§ 503', '§ 503', '§ 503', '§ 503', '§ 303', '§ 303', '§ 303', '§ 303', '§ 303', '§ 303', '§ 303', '§ 1334', '§ 158', '§ 303', '§ 503', '§ 303', '§ 503', '§ 330', '§ 303', '§ 303', '§ 105', '§ 362', '§ 105', '§ 523', '§ 523', '§ 105', '§ 105', 'art 7', '§ 303', '§ 303', '§ 303']

| In Re v. Banyon Limited Partnership
In Re v. Banyon Limited Partnership
IN RE: IBT INTERNATIONAL, INC.; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA SUNBELT DEVELOPERS, INC., DEBTORS. IBT INTERNATIONAL, INC.; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA SUNBELT DEVELOPERS, INC., APPELLANTS,v.BANYON LIMITED PARTNERSHIP; ORANGE BLOSSOM LIMITED PARTNERSHIP;PEAR TREE LIMITED PARTNERSHIP;DONALD W. GRAMMAR; VAN DAN LIMITED PARTNERSHIP;CTM LIMITED PARTNERSHIP;DTG LIMITED PARTNERSHIP;BIRCH INTERNATIONAL LIMITED PARTNERSHIP;GALLERY I, INC.; HAMPTON LIMITED PARTNERSHIP; KEY ENTERPRISES, INC.; SLEVIN LIMITED PARTNERSHIP; SNOWTHUNDER, INC.; TRAILS END LIMITED PARTNERSHIP;DAVID H. TEDDER, APPELLEES.
Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Central District of California Honorable Erithe A. Smith, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding Bk. Nos. 02-10608-ES 02-10617-ES
(Related appeals)
23 Argued and Submitted on July 19, 2012 at Pasadena, California
Filed - August 7, 2012
Before: DUNN, MARKELL and KIRSCHER, Bankruptcy Judges.
Southern California Sunbelt Developers, Inc. ("SCSD") and IBT International, Inc. ("IBT") appeal the bankruptcy court's order denying their motions for post-judgment attorney's fees and costs ("post-judgment fee motions").*fn2 Specifically, SCSD and IBT sought awards of attorney's fees and costs incurred in defending against an appeal of attorney's fees and costs and punitive damages earlier awarded in their favor under § 303(i). The bankruptcy court declined to award SCSD and IBT their post- judgment attorney's fees and costs, based on its reading of Higgins v. Vortex Fishing Sys., Inc., 379 F.3d 701 (9th Cir. 2004).*fn3 We AFFIRM.
Ten years ago, thirteen creditors filed involuntary chapter 11 bankruptcy petitions against SCSD and IBT.*fn5 Donald Grammar and David Tedder controlled the petitioning creditors.*fn6
The bankruptcy court dismissed the involuntary petition against SCSD after finding that the petitioning creditors' claims were the subject of a bona fide dispute under § 303(b). It also dismissed the involuntary petition against IBT on a motion by the petitioning creditors.
SCSD and IBT thereafter filed motions for attorney's fees and costs and punitive damages under § 303(i)("§ 303(i) fee motions").*fn7 They also sought sanctions against Grammar and Tedder under Rule 9011 and the bankruptcy court's inherent power. SCSD and IBT did not seek damages under § 303(i)(2)(A).
After a month-long evidentiary hearing on the § 303(I) fee motions, the bankruptcy court entered judgment against Grammar, Tedder and the petitioning creditors ("§ 303(I) fee judgment"). It held the petitioning creditors jointly and severally liable under § 303(i)(1) for $745,318 in costs and attorney's fees incurred by SCSD and IBT, including costs and fees they incurred during the post-dismissal proceedings on the § 303(I) fee motions. It further found that the petitioning creditors had 1 filed the involuntary chapter 11 petitions in bad faith under 2 § 303(i)(2)(B), holding them jointly and severally liable for 3 $130,000 in punitive damages ($5,000 per creditor per petition).
4 Under its inherent power to impose sanctions, the bankruptcy 5 court also held Grammar and Tedder jointly and severally liable 6 for costs and attorney's fees awarded against the petitioning 7 creditors.
8 Grammar, Tedder and the petitioning creditors appealed to 9 the district court, which affirmed the § 303(I) fee judgment in 10 its entirety. They then appealed to the Ninth Circuit. In its 11 opinion, Orange Blossom Ltd. P'Ship v. Southern California 12 Sunbelt Devs., Inc. (In re Southern California Sunbelt Devs., 13 Inc.), 608 F.3d 456 (9th Cir. 2010), the Ninth Circuit affirmed 14 the § 303(I) fee judgment in part and reversed it in part. 15 Specifically, the Ninth Circuit affirmed the § 303(I) fee 16 judgment as against the petitioning creditors. Id. at 460. It 17 also affirmed that portion of the § 303(I) fee judgment against 18 Grammar and Tedder for the attorney's fees and costs SCSD and IBT 19 incurred in obtaining dismissal of the involuntary petitions.
21 The Ninth Circuit determined that the bankruptcy court did 22 not err by awarding attorney's fees incurred by SCSD and IBT in 23 pursuing their claims under § 303(i)(1) and (2), as § 303(i)(1) 24 was a fee shifting provision. Id. at 463. It pointed out that 25 in statutory fee cases, it has held that time spent in 26 establishing entitlement to and the amount of attorney's fees was 27 compensable under § 303(i)(1). Id. (citing In re Nucorp Energy, 28 Inc., 764 F.2d 655, 659-60 (9th Cir. 1985)). Relying on Comm'r v. Jean, 496 U.S. 154 (1990), the Ninth Circuit further reasoned that in fee shifting statutes, such as § 303(I), a fee award presumptively encompassed all aspects of the civil action. Id.
It reversed that portion of the § 303(I) fee judgment against Grammar and Tedder for costs and fees incurred by SCSD and IBT on the § 303(I) fee motions themselves. Id. Based on Cooter & Gell v. Hartmarx Corp., 496 U.S. 384 (1990), the Ninth Circuit held that sanctions must be limited to the costs of opposing the offending pleading or motion. Id. at 466. It concluded that the bankruptcy court erred by holding Grammar and Tedder personally liable for the costs and fees incurred by SCSD and IBT on their post-dismissal motions. Id. at 467.
Back before the bankruptcy court, SCSD and IBT filed their post-judgment fee motions. They sought attorney's fees and costs incurred in defending the appeal of the § 303(I) fee judgment before the district court and the Ninth Circuit and in moving for an award of post-judgment attorney's fees and costs.*fn8 They also sought attorney's fees and costs incurred from and after July 2011 in preparing and prosecuting the post-judgment fee motions.
Relying on North Sports, Inc. v. Knupfer (In re Wind N' Wave), 509 F.3d 938 (9th Cir. 2007), SCSD and IBT contended that where a party obtained an award under a fee shifting statute and then was required to defend the award on appeal, that party was entitled to attorney's fees and costs on appeal so as not to dilute the award.
In Wind N' Wave, the petitioning creditors filed a successful involuntary chapter 7 petition against the debtor.
They later moved for an award of attorney's fees under § 503(b)(4)("§ 503(b)(4) fee motion"), which the bankruptcy court denied. The Wind N' Wave petitioning creditors appealed to this Panel, which reversed the bankruptcy court's denial of their § 503(b)(4) fee motion. The case was remanded to the bankruptcy court for a determination as to the appropriate award of attorney's fees.
The Wind N' Wave petitioning creditors later moved for an award of attorney's fees incurred in the appeal of their § 503(b)(4) fee motion to this Panel ("appellate fees motion"). The Panel summarily denied the Wind N' Wave petitioning creditors' appellate fees motion. They then appealed the appellate fees motion denial to the Ninth Circuit.
The Ninth Circuit in Wind N' Wave determined that the Panel erred in denying the appellate fees motion. It vacated and remanded to this Panel with instructions to clarify that the denial was without prejudice to the petitioning creditors seeking an award under § 503(b)(4) from the bankruptcy court.
Relying on In re Nucorp Energy, 764 F.2d 655 (9th Cir. 1985), and Smith v. Edwards & Hale, Ltd. (In re Smith), 317 F.3d 918 (9th Cir. 2002),*fn9 the Ninth Circuit held that fees and costs incurred in connection with litigation over fees awarded under 1 § 503(b)(4) were compensable so long as (1) the services for 2 which the fees were sought met the requirements of § 503(b)(4); 3 and (2) the case exemplified a set of circumstances where the 4 time and expense incurred by the litigation were necessary. It 5 reasoned that litigation over fee awards should be compensable.
6 Otherwise they would be diluted. If an attorney had to spend 7 time litigating his or her fee claim but might not be compensated 8 for that time, the Ninth Circuit in Wind N' Wave continued, the 9 attorney's effective rate for the hours spent on the bankruptcy 10 case would be decreased.
11 The Ninth Circuit determined that the attorney's fees the 12 Wind N' Wave petitioning creditors sought met the statutory 13 requirements because the Wind N' Wave petitioning creditors 14 established an allowable expense under § 503(b)(3)(filing an 15 involuntary petition under § 503(b)(3)(A)), and the attorney's 16 fees for the appellate services performed were reasonable. It 17 further determined that the litigation was necessary because 18 appeal of the bankruptcy court's denial of their request for 19 attorney's fees was the only way through which the Wind N' Wave 20 petitioning creditors could recover their attorney's fees. 21 The petitioning creditors opposed SCSD and IBT's post- 22 judgment fee motions, contending that Wind N' Wave was 23 inapplicable as it dealt with § 503(b), not § 303(i). They 24 pointed out that the Ninth Circuit already addressed attorney's 25 fees and costs incurred on appeal within the context of § 303(i) 26 in Higgins v. Vortex Fishing Sys., Inc., 379 F.3d 701 (9th Cir. 27 2004). The petitioning creditors argued that, under Higgins, 28 only trial-level costs and fees were recoverable under § 303(I).
1 In Higgins, the debtor sought an award under § 303(i) for 2 attorney's fees and costs incurred in litigating dismissal of the 3 involuntary chapter 7 petition. The debtor also sought an award 4 of attorney's fees and costs in defending against the petitioning 5 creditors' subsequent appeal of the dismissal. The Ninth Circuit 6 determined that the bankruptcy court did not err in awarding the 7 debtor attorney's fees and costs related to the initial 8 litigation. It determined that the bankruptcy court erred, 9 however, in awarding attorney's fees and costs related to the 10 appeal of the dismissal of the involuntary chapter 7 petition. 11 The Ninth Circuit relied on its earlier decision, State of 12 Cal. Emp. Dev. Dep't v. Taxel (In re Del Mission Ltd.), 98 F.3d 13 1147 (9th Cir. 1996), in making its determination. The Ninth 14 Circuit in Del Mission held that Rule 38 of the Federal Rules of 15 Appellate Procedure ("FRAP") was the only authority for awarding 16 discretionary appellate fees in bankruptcy appeals. It reasoned 17 that a bankruptcy court's express discretionary authority to 18 award fees at the trial level should not be inferred at the 19 appellate level. Thus guided by Del Mission, the Ninth Circuit 20 in Higgins determined that § 303(i)(1) "which expressly grant[ed] 21 discretionary authority to award [attorney's] fees at the trial 22 level, should not be construed to grant similar authority to 23 award [attorney's] fees at the appellate level." Higgins, 24 379 F.3d at 709.
25 However, the petitioning creditors continued, if Higgins and 26 Wind N' Wave were found to be in conflict despite the fact that 27 they address different sections of the Bankruptcy Code, only the 28 Ninth Circuit sitting en banc could reverse Higgins.
1 At the October 20, 2011 hearing on the post-judgment fee 2 motions, the bankruptcy court found that it was bound by the 3 Ninth Circuit's decision in Higgins. It acknowledged that 4 although Higgins and Wind N' Wave were similar in that they both 5 dealt with fee shifting statutes, Higgins specifically addressed 6 § 303(I). The bankruptcy court reasoned that "where there [was] 7 a specific statute that [was] being analyzed and it [was] the 8 statute that [it] had to look to to make the decision regarding 9 the award of fees," it was bound by that Ninth Circuit decision, 10 even though other Ninth Circuit decisions had arrived at 11 different conclusions on similar fee shifting statutes. Tr. of 12 October 20, 2011 hr'g, 12:23-25, 13:1-3. See also Tr. of 13 October 20, 2011 hr'g, 14:6-10 ("[W]hen it's the [N]inth 14 [C]circuit and they're making that statement and it seems pretty 15 clear to [the bankruptcy court] and it seems fairly unequivocal, 16 and it's interpreting, you know, the exact statute that [the 17 bankruptcy court has] to apply, that's where [it] come[s] out."); 18 Tr. of October 20, 2011 hr'g, 15:2-4. It determined that 19 the language [in Higgins looked] fairly conclusive and it look[ed] fairly general in terms of the [Ninth 20 Circuit] making the distinction between trial level costs and fees and appellate cost [sic] and fees, and 21 as to the parameters of where this Court can go in terms of awarding fees under [§] 303(I), [the 22 bankruptcy court could not] see a way around that decision.
24 Tr. of October 20, 2011 hr'g, 13:8-13. The bankruptcy court 25 found that the ruling in Higgins was "pretty definitive and it 26 look[ed] like the [Ninth Circuit was] absolutely making a 27 distinction legally between what's allowable under [§] 303(I) and 28 what [wasn't]." Tr. of October 20, 2011 hr'g, 14:1-4.
The bankruptcy court admitted that it did not agree with the holding in Higgins because it believed that if a party could recover trial fees and costs, that party should be able to recover appellate fees and costs. It observed that even the Ninth Circuit seemed conflicted by its determination, but it recognized that it was bound by the language of § 303(I). On November 23, 2011, the bankruptcy court entered an order denying the post-judgment fee motions ("post-judgment fee order").*fn10 SCSD and IBT timely appealed.
JURISDICTION*fn11
The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1334 and 157(b)(2)(A) and (B). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 158.
Did the bankruptcy court err in declining to award SCSD and IBT attorney's fees and costs incurred defending against the appeal of the § 303(I) fee judgment?
We review de novo the bankruptcy court's conclusions of law, 1 including its interpretation of the Bankruptcy Code. Southern 2 California Sunbelt Devs., Inc., 608 F.3d at 461. "We will not 3 disturb a bankruptcy court's award of attorney's fees unless the 4 [bankruptcy] court abused its discretion or erroneously applied 5 the law." Id.
7 We face an interesting legal dilemma on appeal: How do we 8 reconcile two seemingly contrary Ninth Circuit precedents 9 involving two similar fee shifting provisions of the Bankruptcy 10 Code? Wind N' Wave deals with the grant of an award of appellate 11 fees under § 503(b)(4) while Higgins deals with the denial of an 12 award of appellate fees under § 303(i)(1).
13 A. Further examination of Wind N' Wave and Higgins 14 As we summarized above, the Ninth Circuit in Wind N' Wave 15 held that creditors' attorneys may receive compensation for 16 litigation over a fee award under fee shifting provisions, even 17 when those provisions did not expressly allow for it. Wind N' 18 Wave, 509 F.3d at 942. Citing Nucorp and Smith, the Ninth 19 Circuit reasoned that "litigation over a fee award should also be 20 compensable, otherwise fee awards would be diluted: If an 21 attorney is required to expend time litigating his fee claim, yet 22 may not be compensated for that time, the attorney's effective 23 rate for all the hours expended on the case will be 24 correspondingly decreased." Id. at 943 (quoting Prandini v. 25 Nat'l Tea Co., 585 F.2d 47, 52-53 (3rd Cir. 1978)(internal 26 quotation marks omitted)). Notably, the Ninth Circuit recognized 27 in Wind N' Wave that it made its pronouncement in Nucorp in 28 dicta.
1 The Ninth Circuit in Wind N' Wave acknowledged that it was 2 dealing with § 503(b)(4), which involved compensation for 3 creditors' attorneys, whereas Smith dealt with § 330(a), which 4 involved compensation for debtors' attorneys. It managed to 5 reconcile Wind N' Wave and Smith, however, by determining that, 6 although the two provisions dealt with different kinds of 7 attorney's fees, they had the same meaning because they both 8 contained nearly identical language. Wind N' Wave, 509 F.3d at 9 944-45.
10 The Ninth Circuit in Higgins took a different tack in 11 dealing with an award of appellate attorney's fees incurred in 12 defending an award of attorney's fees under § 303(i)(1). There, 13 the Ninth Circuit held that, although § 303(i)(1) gave bankruptcy 14 courts discretionary authority to award attorney's fees at the 15 trial level, it did not grant them similar authority to award 16 attorney's fees at the appellate level. Higgins, 379 F.3d at 17 709. The Ninth Circuit cited Del Mission in support of its 18 holding.
19 Del Mission dealt with this Panel's award of appellate fees 20 as a sanction under § 105(a). In Del Mission, the bankruptcy 21 court earlier ordered the California Employment Development 22 Department and the State Board of Equalization (collectively, the 23 "State") to repay the chapter 7 bankruptcy estate certain taxes, 24 as the State had violated the automatic stay under § 362(a)(3).
25 The State failed to comply while the underlying bankruptcy case 26 was on appeal. The chapter 7 trustee consequently sought to hold 27 the State in civil contempt and to impose sanctions in the form 28 of his attorney's fees and costs for having to enforce the 1 automatic stay on appeal. The bankruptcy court denied the 2 chapter 7 trustee's request to impose sanctions, determining that 3 it had no legal authority to award fees incurred on prior 4 appeals. This Panel reversed the bankruptcy court, awarding the 5 chapter 7 trustee the fees and costs he incurred in the prior 6 appeals.
7 The Ninth Circuit in Del Mission reversed this Panel, 8 holding that § 105(a) did not authorize bankruptcy courts to 9 award previously incurred appellate fees. It relied on Vasseli 10 v. Wells Fargo Bank (In re Vasseli), 5 F.3d 351 (9th Cir. 1993), 11 which held that bankruptcy courts lacked authority to award 12 appellate attorney's fees under § 523(d). In Vasseli, the Ninth 13 Circuit relied on FRAP 38 in support of its holding. The Ninth 14 Circuit determined that FRAP 38 authorizes only appellate courts, 15 not bankruptcy courts, to award attorney's fees and other 16 expenses incurred by an appellee in response to a frivolous 17 appeal. Vasseli, 5 F.3d at 353. The Ninth Circuit held that 18 while § 523(d) authorized attorney's fees for the debtor, "it 19 [did] not grant the bankruptcy court authority to award 20 attorney's fees to the debtor for appellate representation 21 ." Id. The Ninth Circuit moreover determined that 22 appellate courts lacked authority "to delegate this power" to 23 bankruptcy courts. Id.
24 Applying the holding of Vasseli, the Ninth Circuit in Del 25 Mission concluded that a bankruptcy court's express discretionary 26 authority under § 105(a) to award fees at the trial level did not 27 extend to allow it to award fees at the appellate level. Del 28 Mission, 98 F.3d at 1153-54. The Ninth Circuit further reasoned 1 that using § 105(a) as a device to award appellate fees would 2 overlap with FRAP 38. Id. at 1154.
3 The Ninth Circuit in Del Mission noted that its holding was 4 "limited to awards of discretionary appellate fees in bankruptcy 5 proceedings." Id. at 1154 n.7 (emphasis added). It did not 6 consider whether other bankruptcy provisions might expressly 7 authorize an award of appellate fees. Id. 8 The Ninth Circuit in Higgins acknowledged in a footnote that 9 its holding created "a discrepancy." Id. at 709 n.3. It 10 recognized that "[d]espite Congress's clear intent to award 11 attorney's fees and costs to an alleged debtor who successfully 12 defends [against] an involuntary bankruptcy [petition], the 13 debtor remain[ed] exposed to appellate attorney's fees unless it 14 [could] be demonstrated that the appeal was frivolous under 15 [FRAP] 38." Id. The Ninth Circuit concluded, however, that only 16 Congress could rectify the discrepancy. Id.
17 B. SCSD and IBT's arguments on appeal 18 SCSD and IBT insist that Higgins does not apply because it 19 is factually distinguishable from their case. They contend that, 20 contrary to the bankruptcy court's determination, Higgins is not 21 the controlling Ninth Circuit authority because it dealt with 22 appellate fees incurred from the appeal of an order by the 23 bankruptcy court dismissing the involuntary chapter 7 petition.
24 Their case deals, however, with appellate fees incurred in 25 defending an award of attorney's fees and costs granted by the 26 bankruptcy court. SCSD and IBT urge us to read Higgins narrowly; 27 it should be read only as precluding an award of appellate fees 28 incurred in an appeal of the merits of an involuntary bankruptcy 1 petition. They argue that because the facts of their case are 2 nearly identical to those in Wind N' Wave, Wind N' Wave should 3 control.
4 C. Higgins controls
5 As SCSD, IBT and the petitioning creditors recognize, 6 circuit law "binds all courts within a particular circuit." Hart 7 v. Massanari, 266 F.3d 1155, 1171 (9th Cir. 2001). Once a panel 8 of circuit judges "resolves an issue in a precedential opinion, 9 the matter is deemed resolved, unless overruled by the [circuit] 10 court itself sitting en banc, or by the Supreme Court." Id. 11 Binding authority within this regime cannot be considered and cast aside; it is not merely evidence of 12 what the law is. Rather, caselaw on point is the law.
If a court must decide an issue governed by a prior 13 opinion that constitutes binding authority, the later court is bound to reach the same result, even if it 14 considers the rule unwise or incorrect. Binding authority must be followed unless and until overruled 15 by a body competent to do so. 16 Id. at 1170 (emphasis in original). See also id. at 1175 ("A 17 district court bound by circuit authority, for example, has no 18 choice but to follow it, even if convinced that such authority 19 was wrongly decided.").
20 In determining whether we are bound by an earlier decision, 21 we must consider the "reason and spirit of the cases" and "the 22 letter of particular precedents." Id. (quoting Fisher v. Prince, 23 97 Eng. Rep. 876, 876 (K.B. 1762)(internal quotation marks 24 omitted)). We thus consider "the rule announced . . . the facts 25 giving rise to the dispute, other rules considered and rejected 26 and the views expressed in response to any dissent or 27 concurrence." Id. "Insofar as there may be factual differences 28 between the current case and the earlier one, [we] must determine whether those differences are material to the application of the rule or allow the precedent to be distinguished on a principled basis. [We] occasionally must reconcile seemingly inconsistent precedents and determine whether the current case is closer to one or the other of the earlier opinions." Id. at 1172.
We recognize the tension between Wind N' Wave and Higgins. We agree with the bankruptcy court that a party should be able to recover appellate fees and costs if that party can recover trial fees and costs. As the Ninth Circuit in Wind N' Wave reasoned, any litigation over an award of attorney's fees should be compensable. Otherwise the attorney's fees awarded will be diluted. But, like the bankruptcy court, we are bound to follow Higgins, a Ninth Circuit decision that directly addresses the issue before us: whether the bankruptcy court has the authority to award appellate attorney's fees incurred in defending against an appeal of an award of attorney's fees already granted under § 303(I).*fn12 The Ninth Circuit in Higgins decreed that a bankruptcy court lacks such authority.
As the bankruptcy court pointed out, the Ninth Circuit in Higgins expressed uneasiness with its ruling. The Ninth Circuit realized that its ruling in Higgins created a discrepancy in the case law. But it felt constrained by the language of § 303(i)(1), which the Ninth Circuit read as providing a 1 bankruptcy court only discretionary authority to award fees at 2 the trial level and not on appeal. It thus called upon Congress 3 to remedy the inconsistency in the law. 4 We cannot read Higgins as narrowly as SCSD and IBT ask us to 5 do. It is a case that is directly on point with the issue before 6 us on appeal. We cannot and will not attempt to circumvent it. 7 The bankruptcy court did not err in applying Higgins to determine 8 that it lacked authority to award SCSD and IBT appellate fees and 9 costs.
11 Based on our reading of Higgins, we conclude that it is the 12 controlling authority in the appeal before us. The bankruptcy 13 court thus did not err in declining to award SCSD and IBT 14 appellate fees and costs incurred in defending against the appeal 15 of the § 303(I) fee judgment. We AFFIRM.