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50676935-ms-544-pt-10.pdf | Lumber | Adhesive
50676935-ms-544-pt-10.pdf
MS 544: PART 10:2003
Licenced to UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA / Downloaded on : 14-Jul-2009 / Single user licence only, copying and networking prohibited
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR STRUCTURAL USE OF TIMBER: PART 10: PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT OF STRUCTURAL TIMBER
Descriptors: CCA, boron, LOSP and creosote preservatives treatment for solid timber, laminated veneer lumber, oriented strand board, cement-bonded particle board, structural grade particle board and medium density fibreboard
The Department of Standards Malaysia (DSM) is the national standardisation and accreditation body. The main function of the Department is to foster and promote standards, standardisation and accreditation as a means of advancing the national economy, promoting industrial efficiency and development, benefiting the health and safety of the public, protecting the consumers, facilitating domestic and international trade and furthering international cooperation in relation to standards
and standardisation. Malaysian Standards are developed through consensus by committees which comprise of balanced representation of producers, users, consumers and others with relevant interests, as may be appropriate to the subject in hand. To the greatest extent possible, Malaysian Standards are aligned to or are adoption of international standards. Approval of a standard as a Malaysian Standard is governed by the Standards of Malaysia Act 1996 (Act 549). Malaysian Standards are reviewed periodically. The use of Malaysian Standards is voluntary except in so far as they are made mandatory by regulatory authorities by means of regulations, local by-laws or any other similar ways. The Department of Standards appoints SIRIM Berhad as the agent to develop Malaysian Standards. The Department also appoints SIRIM Berhad as the agent for distribution and sale of Malaysian Standards. For further information on Malaysian Standards, please contact: Department of Standards Malaysia Level 1 & 2, Block C4, Parcel C Federal Government Administrative Centre 62502 Putrajaya MALAYSIA Tel: 60 3 88858000 Fax: 60 3 88885060
SIRIM Berhad (Company No. 367474 - V) 1, Persiaran Dato’ Menteri P.O. Box 7035, Section 2 40911 Shah Alam Selangor D.E. Tel: 60 3 5544 6000 Fax: 60 3 5510 8095
Page Committee representation …………………………………………………………….. Foreword………………………………………………………………………………… iii v
Scope …………………………………………………………………………………… Referenced documents ……………………………………………………………….. Definitions ………………………………………………………………………………. Preservative protection………………………………………………………………… New timber in old buildings …………………………………………………………… Risk assessment……………………………………………………………………….. Preservative treatment of timber in various structural situations …………………. Preservative treatment ………………………………………………………………… Properties of treated timber…………………………………………………………… Safety……………………………………………………………………………………. Checking preservative treatment ……………………………………………………..
1 1 2 3 6 6 9 12 16 17 18
Tables 1 2 Common naturally durable Malaysian timbers ……………………………………… Permeability of Peninsular Malaysian timbers to CCA preservatives applied by pressure impregnation at 1 400 kPa maintained for 2 h ……………… CCA preservative retention and penetration requirements for various commodity classes …………………………………………………………………….. Susceptibility of some Malaysian hardwoods to powder-post beetle attack (Malayan Forest Service Trade leaflet No. 27)……………………………………… Malaysian Standards related to preservatives ……………………………………… 4
Permeability of Sarawak timbers to CCA preservatives applied by pressure impregnation at 1 400 kPa maintained for 2 h……………………….MS 544: PART 10:2003 CONTENTS (continued) Page Appendices A B Hazard class selection guide …………………………………………………………. copying and networking prohibited C Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………………… 24 ii . Susceptibility of Sarawak hardwoods to powder-post beetle attack……………… 20 21 23 Licenced to UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA / Downloaded on : 14-Jul-2009 / Single user licence only..
Malaysia Universiti Teknologi Malaysia The preparation of this Malaysian Standard is under the supervision of the following representatives of the CIDB Standard Committee: Megat Kamil Azmi bin Megat Rus Kamarani Puan Hanishahani Othman/ Encik Abul Aun Hj. Puan Dang Anom Md. Ir Yap Chin Tian Dr Tan Yu Eng Forest Research Institute Malaysia Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia Forest Research Institute Malaysia Jabatan Perumahan Negara Universiti Sains Malaysia Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Universiti Malaya Universiti Putra Malaysia Malaysian Timber Industry Board Timber Trade Federation Malaysia Forest Research Institute Malaysia iii . Ahmad Fudzil General Manager. Standard and Quality Unit The Secretary of CIDB Standard Committee Licenced to UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA / Downloaded on : 14-Jul-2009 / Single user licence only. Zin Prof Madya Dr Sabaruddin Mohd. Trade. Commerce and Manufacturing Associations and Scientific Professional Bodies: Association of Consulting Engineers Malaysia Chartered Institute of Building Malaysia Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia Department of Standards Malaysia Jabatan Bomba dan Penyelamat Malaysia Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia Jabatan Perumahan Negara Malaysian Timber Industry Board Master Builders Association Malaysia Pertubuhan Akitek Malaysia Suruhanjaya Tenaga The Institution of Engineers. copying and networking prohibited The Technical Committee on Structural Use of Timber which developed this Malaysian Standard consists of the following representatives: Dr Abdul Rashid Hj Ab. Malik (Chairman) Puan Hanishahani Othman (Secretary) Tuan Hj Mohd Shukari bin Midon. comprises representatives from the following Government Ministries.MS 544: PART 10:2003 Committee representation The Building and Civil Engineering Industry Standards Committee (ISC D) under whose supervision this Malaysian Standard was developed. Latif bin Saleh Prof Madya Ir Dr Mohd Zamin bin Jumaat Dr Mohd Ariff bin Jamaludin Encik Nor Zamri bin Mat Amin. Technology Development Division Senior Manager./ Dr Badorul Abu Bakar Prof Dr Zainai Mohamed/ Prof Madya Dr Abd.
(Chairman) Mr Corsia Tan Koh Shiar (Secretary) Mr Ling Wang Choon Mr Azmi Rahman B Mat Zurni/ Mr Abdul Aziz Shamsuddin Puan Hanishahani Othman Mr Othman Mohd/ Mr S Rajan Licenced to UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA / Downloaded on : 14-Jul-2009 / Single user licence only. T. Tan Mr Eric K. Loh /Mr Zakariah Mohd Shah iv .MS 544: PART 10:2003 The Working Group on Preservative Treatment of Structural Timber which developed this Malaysian Standard consists of the following Technical representatives: Mr Hong L.L.S. copying and networking prohibited Malaysian Wood Preserving Association Setia-Wood Industries Sdn Bhd Ibu Pejabat Jabatan Perhutanan Sarawak Ibu Pejabat Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia Malaysian Timber Industry Board Institut Penyelidikan Perhutanan Malaysia Universiti Putra Malaysia Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Malaysian Wood Preserving Association Master Builders Association Malaysia Celcure Chemicals (M) Sdn Bhd Fernz Timber Protection (M) Sdn Bhd Koppersarch Chemical (M) Sdn Bhd Ms Salamah Selamat/Dr Ani Sulaiman Dr Zaidon Ashaari Dr Andrew Wong Mr John Chang Jing Ming Mr Leong Pale Tong Mr Tang Chek Seng Mr Clarence C.
v . Code of practice for structural use of timber: Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 General Permissible stress design of solid timber Permissible stress design of glued laminated timber Timber Panel Products Section 1: Structural plywood Section 2: Marine plywood Section 3: Cement bonded particleboard Section 4: Oriented strand board Timber Joint Workmanship. under the general title. Development of this standard was carried out by Construction Industry Development Board CIDB which is the Standard-Writing Organisation (SWO) appointed by SIRIM to develop standards for the construction industry. copying and networking prohibited Part 5 Part 6 Part 7 Part 8 Part 9 Part 11 Part 12 - Compliance with Malaysian Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations.MS 544: PART 10:2003 FOREWORD This Malaysian Standard was developed by the Working Group on Preservative Treatment of Structural Timber under the authority of the Building and Civil Engineering Industry Standards Committee. MS 544 consists of the following parts and sections. Prefabricated trussed rafters Fire resistance of timber structures Recommendation for the calculation basis of span tables Laminated veneer lumber for structural application Licenced to UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA / Downloaded on : 14-Jul-2009 / Single user licence only. inspection and maintenance Testing.
MS 228:1991. or revisions of. It does not cover the remedial treatment of existing timber in old buildings. Timber panel products: Section 4: Oriented strand board MS 544: Part 12 Laminated veneer lumber for structural application MS 696:1981. Specification for plywood MS 360:1991. constitute provisions of this Malaysian Standard. copying and networking prohibited NOTE. preservatives Specification for treatment of timber with copper/chrome/arsenic wood MS 471:2001. any of these publications the Malaysian Standard shall be amended or revised accordingly. through reference in this text. Scope This Malaysian Standard gives recommendations for preservative treatment of timbers to be used for structural purposes in Malaysia to protect them from degradation by wood-destroying organisms. For undated references. Referenced documents The following referenced documents contain provisions that. 2. where there are subsequent amendments to. However. For dated references. Glossary of terms relating to timber and wood work MS 544: Part 4: Section 3:2001. Specification for copper/chrome/arsenic wood preservatives MS 734:1981. Guide to the choice.MS 544: PART 10:2003 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR STRUCTURAL USE OF TIMBER: PART 10: PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT OF STRUCTURAL TIMBER 1. It does not deal with the protection of timber against fire. nor with preserving the appearance of timber against weathering or staining. use and application of wood preservatives MS 733:1992. parties to agreements based on this Malaysian Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the referenced documents. Licenced to UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA / Downloaded on : 14-Jul-2009 / Single user licence only. Specification for coal tar creosote for the preservation of timber MS 697:1981. Glued laminated timber-performance requirement and minimum production requirements 1 . Specification for wood preservation by means of pressure creosoting MS 758:2001. the latest edition of the publication referenced to applies. All wood preservatives used in Malaysia have to be registered with Pesticides Board Malaysia under the Pesticides Act 1974. particleboard Timber panel products: Section 3: Cement bonded MS 544: Part 4: Section 4:2001.
20. Method for the determination of moisture content of timber MS 934:1986. 1974. FMD and Bollman moisture meters Pesticides Act 1974 Poison Act 1952 Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 Environmental quality Act. Specification for light organic solvent preservative (LOSP) of timber MS 1379:1995. Technical Guide MTIB No. dwellings Code of basic data for the design of buildings: the control of condensation in BS 5268: Part 5:1989. 3. meranti tembaga and meranti seraya sawn-timber . Measurement of moisture content of meranti bukit. Guidelines for control of exposure to hazardous wood preservatives in the wood processing industry. spectroscopy Method for analysis of treated wood and treating solutions by X-ray MS 1429:1998. Specification for medium density fibreboards (MDF ) BS 5250.Adjustments for Delmhorst. copying and networking prohibited MS 1030:1986. Glossary of terms used in wood preservation MS 1036:1986. 28. Methods for the quantitative analysis of copper/chrome/arsenic preservative formulations and treated timber MS 822:1983. Gann. Guidelines on control of exposure to dust in the wood processing industries FRIM Technical Information Handbook No. Method for the qualitative analysis of wood preservatives and treated timber MS 837:1985. 2 . Code of practice for the preservative treatment of structural timber BWPDA Manual 1999 FRIM Technical Information Handbook No. 2 Nov 1999. Specification for wood cement board MS 995:1986. Specification for boron timber preservatives Licenced to UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA / Downloaded on : 14-Jul-2009 / Single user licence only. Specification for sawn-timber foundation piles MS 833:1984. Specification for wood chipboard and method of test for particle board MS 1302:1993.MS 544: PART 10:2003 MS 821:1994. Definitions For the purposes of this part of MS 544 the definitions given in MS 1030 and MS 471 apply.
a naturally durable timber (see 4. In some cases it is not possible to eliminate the risk of degradation by good design and in these cases naturally durable timbers and/or preservative treatment should be used.3). Attack of sound timber by insects other than termite is usually confined to sapwood. 3 .MS 544: PART 10:2003 4. The risk of fungal decay or insect attack will differ for each service situation (see 4. varies with timber species. Sources of moisture inside a building include damp originating from the ground. where reliance is placed entirely on design it is particularly important that the associated workmanship is of the specified quality.e. Penetration of water from outside the building must be prevented at all times by ensuring that external components shed water satisfactorily. it is supplementary and the guidance contained in this code of practice with regard to the advisability of treatment and the processes to be used assumes that good design. a) Timber is not at risk from decay if it is kept dry. However. The sapwood and heartwood are susceptible to termite attacks except for the heartwood of those timbers that are naturally resistant. resistance to decay and termite attack of heartwood. The natural durability (see Table 1) i.2). At a moisture content between 25 to 30 % fungal growth is greatly retarded. The sapwood of all species is classified as either perishable or non-durable. workmanship and maintenance prevail. 4.3 In some instances design can reduce the risk of degradation by wood-destroying organisms. as will the consequences of failure. vapour barriers and/or ventilation appropriate to the construction concerned (see BS 5250). Where design is unlikely to provide adequate protection.4) or the use of an appropriate preservative treatment (see Clause 7) should be considered Licenced to UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA / Downloaded on : 14-Jul-2009 / Single user licence only. Based on research obtained so far Malaysian timbers do not have significant degree of natural resistance to marine borer attack. This may occur in cold external walls and roofs unless suitable precautions are taken in the form of thermal insulation. ease of remedial action or replacement. damage to persons or property. water vapour generated through occupancy and air conditioning. precautions have to be taken to prevent structural timber and wood based components from becoming wet through condensation. and below 20 % it is completely inhibited. In buildings with a high internal relative humidity.1 Preservative protection General Timber employed for structural purposes may be exposed to a wide range of environmental conditions. This risk can sometimes be eliminated or reduced by good design (see 4.g. Design b) c) d) 4. However the treatment of timber and other wood products with preservatives should not be regarded as a substitute for appropriate design features which minimize the risk of degradation by wooddestroying organisms. cost of repair. copying and networking prohibited 4. It can occur in both dry and damp situations.2 Risk of degradation The conditions conducive to the attack of timber by wood-destroying organisms are described in MS 697. e. However. Rather. the following information should be noted.
4 . Selangan Batu. The name in capital letters in parenthesis is the Standard Malaysian name for the timber. The names with a double asterisk (**) are Sarawak timber names. Common naturally durable Malaysian timbers Very durable Licenced to UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA / Downloaded on : 14-Jul-2009 / Single user licence only. preservative treatment should be used. copying and networking prohibited Durable Balau Betis Bekak Merbau Tembusu Malabera Kasai Penaga Ranggu *Resak Kapur Kawi** Luis** *Medang Mertama **(DELEK) *Seladah** (KEDONDONG) *Selangan batu** (BALAU) Chengal Giam Tempinis Belian** Penyau ** NOTES: 1. Sapwood should not be used without preservative treatment.4 Natural durability/treatability If a timber component has sufficient natural resistance to decay and insect attack by virtue of the natural durability of its heartwood it may be used without treatment even where the hazard exists. The degree of natural durability required for a range of situations is indicated in Clause 7. Many of the species which form these groups are highly durable but because of the possibility of less durable species being found in commercial supplies the classification that represents the acceptable durability of these timbers has been used. Where it is not possible to use timbers which have sufficient natural durability. 2. unless suitably treated. The naturally durable commercial timbers commonly encountered are given in Table 1.MS 544: PART 10:2003 4. It is impossible to identify the individual species of variable durabilitiy (marked with an asterisk *) that make up the commercial groups like Resak. The treatability or permeability of timber to water borne preservatives like copper/chromium/arsenic (CCA) is given in Table 2. therefore it is most important to know and understand the treatability of such timbers with respect to the selection of preservatives. It should also be noted that. the sapwood of almost all species is perishable 3. Table 1. Seladah and others. But not all timbers can be properly treated with preservatives.
copying and networking prohibited Medium hardwoods Sapwood of all species Kempas Keruing* Simpoh Merpauh Tualang Dungun Kulim Mengkulang Merbatu Mertas Punah Light hardwoods Geronggang Jelutong Mempisang Kasah Nyatoh** Pulai Penarahan Ramin Rubber wood Samak Sesendok Terap Damar minyak Podo Sempilor Durian Dedali Kembang semangkok Melantai Terentang Meranti. Permeability of Peninsular Malaysian timbers to CCA preservatives applied by pressure impregnation at 1 400 kPa and maintained for 2 h Absorption of preservative in litres per cubic meter of timber Very easy Easy Average Moderate over 320 240-320 160-240 80-160 Sapwood of some species Sapwood of most species non applicable Kekatong Permeability class Heavy hardwoods Difficult less than 80 Balau Belian Red balau Bitis Chengal Giam Keranji Merbau Penaga Resak Tembusu Bakau Delek Keledang Keruing Rengas Kasai Licenced to UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA / Downloaded on : 14-Jul-2009 / Single user licence only. Absorptions given are for timbers seasoned to below 25 % moisture content before treatment. light red Meranti. white Meranti tembaga Perupok Acacia *** Kapur Mata ulat Mempening Punah Derum Kelat Perah Meranti bakau Meranti. Hence. * Many species fall under this category ** A few species only fall under this category *** Plantation timber 5 . yellow** Softwoods NOTES: 1. Name with one or two asterisks is a timber group containing different species that require microscopic and other characteristics for identification. The absorptions refer only to the permeability of the heartwood as the sapwood of almost all species are easily permeable. 3. the properties of each species vary.MS 544: PART 10:2003 Table 2. 2. yellow Meranti. dark red Meranti. yellow* Merawan Gerutu Nyatoh Sepul Berangan Bintangor Gerutu pasir Mersawa Kedondong Kungkur Sepetir Surian Medang Melunak Meranti. white Meranti.
New timber in old buildings Timber is often employed in improvements and renovations to old premises that were built to standards different from those prevailing today.MS 544: PART 10:2003 5. have been included. damp-proof membranes. The categories (commodity/hazard class) into which the levels of risk from wooddestroying organisms may be divided are defined in Table 3. or other factors are present that are likely to lead to persistently damp conditions. e. Provided certain safeguards that attend modern construction.g. Timber to be used in previously or potentially damp situations should be treated with preservative. However if these features are missing.1 Risk assessment General Timbers used for structural purposes should remain sound and serviceable for the duration of the intended life of the structure or building they support. CCA preservative retention and penetration requirements for various commodity classes Hazard Commodity class*** class Use or location Description Example of use Minimum Minimum net dry depth of salt penetration Retention mm 3 kg/m 32 25 H6 C1 H5 C2 Timber in marine environment subject to attack by organisms and fungi Ground contact or in other situations favourable to decay & insect attack but not in contact with sea water Marine piles and timbers in sea water installations Transmission poles (a) Sea defence works (b) Piles and pier construction (c) Wooden boat hulls Transmission posts for electricity and telecommunications 16 25 Underground mining timbers Exterior timber in fresh water Installations Cooling towers C3 Ground contact but not in contact with sea water Foundations piles (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Pitprops Cover boards Shaft timbers Lock gates Jetty piling Revetments on inland water ways Internal laths Foundation piles for building and civil engineering works 16 25 6 . then an assessment of the risk (see Clause 7) may require treatment appropriate to a higher risk commodity class to be adopted. the provisions of Clause 7 should be sufficient. 6. Licenced to UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA / Downloaded on : 14-Jul-2009 / Single user licence only. copying and networking prohibited 6. In this context the presentation of risk assessment in this standard is based on commodity classes which provides information on the inherent risk of attack from wood-destroying organisms associated with end-use (see Table 3). external cavity walls and adequate ventilation. Table 3.
Powder post beetles of the families Lyctidae and Bostrychidae cause considerable amount of damage to timber that had already been dried. 7 . CCA preservative retention and penetration requirements for various commodity classes (continued) H4 C4 Timber for exterior use in ground contact but not in contact with sea water Timber for exterior use but not in contact with either the ground or sea water Exterior timbers in ground contact but not in contact with sea water Exterior timbers not in ground contact Transport and refrigeration timber (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l) Railway sleepers Bridge decking Fence boards and posts Orchid posts & garden stakes Gate Deck-boards Pallets Cross arms Stadium seating Bilge timbers. Hazard class adopted by ISO can be cross referenced to Commodity class through usage comparison. For example. Termites attack the heartwood as well as the sapwood of timber. by introduction of infested timber. There are two main types. hatch covers and barge ceilings Ships cabin linings or decks Refrigeration timbers (ships hold railway wagons/vans and commercial installations) Seed or bulk boxes Horticultural and agricultural implements Orchid posts and garden stakes Outhouses. Classification H1 is not used in Malaysia because of the presence of termites. Nevertheless the preservative chemical requirement for each country may vary. other boring insects and marine borers. Wood-rotting fungi can develop only if the moisture content of the wood is above 20 %. exposure to rain or condensation or to very high relative humidity.2 Wood-destroying organisms Wood-destroying organisms can be divided into fungi. *** Refer to Hazard Class Selection Guide in Appendix A. by contact with the ground or some other damp material.MS 544: PART 10:2003 Table 3. chicken houses Structural timber and joinery All housing timber and otherwise classified 12 12 H3 C5 8 12 Licenced to UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA / Downloaded on : 14-Jul-2009 / Single user licence only. the wood is not liable to attack unless it is continually wetted in some way. termites. copying and networking prohibited 8 12 Timbers for agrihorticultural use (m) (n) (o) (p) (q) (r) H2 C6 H1 No equivalent Timber used in the interior and protected from the weather Not applicable Interior timbers (out of ground contact) Not applicable 5. They confine their attack to the sapwood and the susceptibility of a timber is related to the amount of starch content. wood boring beetles. Below this moisture content. 6. The treater shall confirm with the user for the exact treatment specification. The above table is adapted from MS 360 with the addition of equivalent hazard class in the first column. subterranean termites that attack wood from the ground and drywood termites colonise wood directly by flight from the open air or more often.6 12 Not applicable - - NOTES: 1. 2.
The infestation is confined to the sapwood containing starch that constitutes the most vital ingredient in the diet of powder post beetles. each different service situation can be associated with a level of risk that fungal decay and/or insect attack will occur. light Red Meranti. In relatively dry situations where the timber will always be dry. yellow Merbau Penaharan Ramin Sepetir 8 . treatment with an appropriate preservative or the use of a naturally durable timber is considered essential. Licenced to UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA / Downloaded on : 14-Jul-2009 / Single user licence only. Almost all Malaysian timbers are readily attacked by these organisms and only a few such as merbau and keledang. may have some degree of natural resistance. Susceptibility of some Malaysian hardwoods to powderpost beetle attack (Malayan Forest Service Trade leaflet No. Martesia. The probability that this might happen can be predicted from an understanding of the environmental conditions that are likely to exist for the various service situations in which structural timbers are used. white Perupok Pulai Sesendok Tembusu Terentang Rarely susceptible Balau. Symptoms are surface holes with digested wood as a fine flour-like powder. Where the timber will be constantly damp. The most troublesome powder post beetles attacking timber belong to the Lyctidae and the Bostrychidae families. copying and networking prohibited Powder post beetles can attack softwood and hardwoods both in the green and seasoned condition. Timber in sea or brackish river water is liable to attack by marine borers like Toredo (ship worm). In other words. Sphaeroma and Limnoria (gribble). Table 4. Marine borers are not active in water with saline content much below 10 mg/g and so attack is not likely in the upper reaches of the estuary. during and after seasoning or storage. Bankia. Thus in a persistently wet environment the chance of fungal and termite attack occurring is higher. Red Bintagor Kapur Kasai Kelat Keladang Keruing Melunak Mempisang Mengkulang Nyatoh Punah Resak Simpoh Terap Moderately susceptible Durian Kedongdong Keranji Kungkur Machang Merawan Rengas Tualang Highly susceptible Jelutong Kempas Melawis Meranti. dark Red Meranti. The infestation can cause structural damage to timber containing a high proportion of sapwood.MS 544: PART 10:2003 It is clear from the considerations in Clause 4 that timber in service may be attacked by wooddestroying organisms if certain conditions arise or prevail. infestation by termites and wood boring insects are threats thus treatment with a preservative is necessary unless naturally durable timbers are used. The susceptibility of Malaysian timbers to powder post beetles attack are listed in Table 4. 27) Immune Balau Bitis Chengal Geronggang Giam Kulim Medang Merawan Meranti.
its oily nature and. column 2 is the commodity class ranging from C1 to C6 where Class 1 experience the highest risk from wood organic organism. the specifier should consider whether any factor outside the scope of this code influences the choice of preservative. if plywood is used in situations where it will become wet and remain wet in service.MS 544: PART 10:2003 7.1 Plywood Certain types of plywood for structural use are included in MS 544: Part 4: Section 4:2001. when applied under pressure. Whilst this glue bond is suitable for wet conditions it has to be recognised that. The table is structured as follows: a) b) c) d) e) column 1 is the Hazard class ranging from H1 to H6 where Class 1 experience the lowest risk from fungal and insect attack. wood destroying insects and termite attack unless all the veneer used are inherently durable. the use of creosote may be unacceptable on account of its smell.1 Preservative treatment of timber in various structural situations Solid timber The selection of preservative treatment for a given situation is based principally upon assessments of the following: a) b) c) d) e) f) the risk category based on six commodity classes which represent typical situations in which the timber is finally used (see Table 3). 7. the type and loading of preservative required. and column 5 gives some examples of timber use. 9 . For example. its suitability will depend on the purpose of the building. end users’ preference for appearance. the natural durability of the timbers to be used. It should be recognised that for the interior of most domestic dwellings or inhabited premises. copying and networking prohibited Table 3 gives guidance on the CCA preservative retention and penetration requirements for the various commodity classes. 7. its tendency to 'bleed' from the timber surface. 7. if creosote has been included amongst the recommended treatments. for any given component. column 4 outlines the use or location of respective commodity class. column 3 is the description of the commodity class. If.2 Panel products The provisions in Clauses 8 and 9 apply equally to all the panel products. These plywoods are all manufactured with weather and boil proof (WBP) adhesives complying with MS 228:1991. odour and pricing. Licenced to UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA / Downloaded on : 14-Jul-2009 / Single user licence only. the minimum depth of preservative penetration.2. the treatments recommended are shown to be suitable. it should be adequately protected against decay. the treatability of the timber being used (see Table 2).
that the construction will be effective in maintaining untreated plywood in a dry condition (moisture content below 20 %) during its service life. moderately durable and non-durable wood species. and where exposed to severe condensation or wetting. it should be adequately protected against decay. Applications of preservative treatment to the LVL shall be done as post-treatment of the finished LVL members or pre-treatment of individual veneer before gluing or mixing preservative into the glue and pressure treatment. therefore appropriate protection (preservative treatment) needs to be considered. where exposed to the weather (even where protected by paint or some other finish. This glue bond is suitable for wet conditions. For treatment of plywood particular attention should be given to the following factors: a) Licenced to UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA / Downloaded on : 14-Jul-2009 / Single user licence only. unless this forms a permanently effective seal). Veneers of wood are bonded together with weather and boil proof (WBP) adhesives. 7. copying and networking prohibited b) c) the composition of the panels. where exposed to the weather. the sealing or treating of edges exposed by cutting after preservative treatment.2. Specifications for durable types of Glulam members (durable through preservative treatment) are contained in Section D4 of MS 758:2001.MS 544: PART 10:2003 Preservative treatment or high natural durability is particularly recommended in the following situations: a) b) c) in contact with the ground.2.3 Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) The use of LVL as an engineering material for a variety of end uses including structural applications is described in MS 544: Part 12. Where the specifier decides to rely solely on design to ensure that plywood does not remain wet in service. All glulam are manufactured with weather and boil proof (WBP) phenolic base or equivalent performance adhesives. and the permeability of both the timber used and the glue line. Preservative treatment or high natural durability is particularly recommended in the situations as described in Section D4 of MS 758:2001 or in the following situations: a) b) c) in contact with the ground.2 Glue Laminated Timber (Glulam) The performance of glulam for structural use is included in MS 758:2001. prolonged exposure to wet condition would be detrimental. it is important to ensure. the type of treatment is determined by the least durable timber species. termite and insects attacks unless inherently durable. when panels are made from veneers of different species. and where exposed to severe condensation. 10 . Since the LVL can be manufactured from either single or a mixture of durable. but if the glulam member is used in situations where it will become wet and remain wet in service. particularly where new and unproven designs are employed. 7.
2. 7. The durability of OSB can be enhanced by addition of proper sealing materials to eliminate the possibility of wetness getting in contact with the OSB surface.4 Oriented Strand Board (OSB) OSB is often designed in the manufacturing process to meet specific end uses required by customer. Details specification of cement-bonded particleboard are described in MS 544: Part 4: Section 3:2001. This type of panel is suitable to be used as internal and external partition. There are specific treatment methods to enhance the durability of OSB against deteriorating agents. Only particleboard manufactured from wood particle that has been treated with suitable preservative and using weatherproof glue is suitable for use in exposed situation.6 Structural grade particleboard Particleboard is manufactured from wood residues as well as plantation thinnings (see MS 1036:1986). namely. fascia board and roof sarking purposes. ( see MS 1429:1998) MDF is the generic term for a class of boards known from their manufacturing process as ‘dry-process fibreboards’. Within this general class. Care should be exercised in protecting the panel during construction. For tropical use under shade.MS 544: PART 10:2003 7. it is advisable to use board formulated with insecticide. Other properties of cement-bonded particleboard can be found in MS 934:1986. medium duty and heavy duty are described in MS 544: Part 4: Section 4:2001. Preservative may be incorporated in the boards during blending of the flakes with adhesive or by mixing the preservative in the adhesive. Three categories of OSB.5 Cement-bonded particleboard Licenced to UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA / Downloaded on : 14-Jul-2009 / Single user licence only. The terms are: 11 . OSB panels are not suitable for uses exposed to weather. Since the wood strands can be from a single or a mixture of durable. 7.7 Medium density fibreboard (MDF) MDF is an engineered wood-based sheet material made from wood fibres or fibre bundles bonded together with a synthetic resin adhesive. copying and networking prohibited Cement-bonded particleboard consists essentially of a mixture of fibrous wood particles and Portland cement as inorganic binder and manufactured under certain specific pressure.2. this does not necessarily mean that it is suitable to be used in damp or wet exposure conditions for long periods.2. general purpose. Even when OSB is made using exterior type adhesive. flooring. terms indicating board types associated with upper or lower density ranges are used as marketing terms but yet to be included within the formal classifications. moderately durable and non-durable wood species. Proper coating with either water-based emulsion or acrylic paints is recommended to enhance the durability of panel during application. therefore appropriate engineering judgement needs to be considered. 7.2. prolong exposure to wet condition would be detrimental. These wood particles are liable to decay and insect attack.
Licenced to UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA / Downloaded on : 14-Jul-2009 / Single user licence only. or other surface finish.1. It is readily acceptable by the furniture industry as an alternative to solid wood for panels and components. Since organic solvent preservatives do not affect the moisture content of treated wood. NOTE. For boron diffusion process it is essential that the moisture content be greater than 50 %. commodities should be treated with these preservatives in their final machined state and at the moisture content consistent with their end-use. mud. All other treatments require the moisture content to be below 30 % throughout the zone to be treated with the exception for boron vacuum pressure treatment process. It is used increasingly for interior design and building applications such as skirting and architraves.g.1.2 Condition of timber The timber should be free from all signs of attack by wood-destroying fungi or insects. As preservative treatment of seasoned timber does not afford protection against deep-seated infection.1. windowboards. The surfaces of the timber should be free from extraneous matter. polish.5.1. mould or pinhole borers is acceptable. wall linings. They should also be free from any paint. and for certain end-use situations a lower moisture content may be required. copying and networking prohibited 8. decorative facades as well as flooring. dirt and inner and outer bark. e.2 to 8. Timber showing signs of attack by sap-stain fungi. 8.3 Moisture content It is essential that the moisture content of the timber is at the correct level for the type of treatment to be given.MS 544: PART 10:2003 High density MDF Standard MDF Low density MDF Ultra low density MDF (HDF) (MDF) (LDF) (ULDF) : : : : average density > 800 kg/m 3 3 average density 700 kg/m to 800 kg/m 3 3 average density 500 kg/m to 600 kg/m 3 < 500 kg/m 3 The special properties of the dry-process fibreboards have several advantages in a wide range of construction and furniture applications.1 8. For CCA treatment it is essential to dry to this moisture content before treatment. 8. 12 . subject to agreement between the interested parties. care should be taken to exclude timber with incipient decay.1. 8. water.1 Preservative treatment Preparation of timber before preservative treatment General It is essential that timber submitted for preservative treatment is in a suitable condition as in 8.
unless the most intense schedule can be applied without detriment to the more easily treatable timbers. Malaysian Standards related to preservatives Preservatives CCA Boron LOSP Creosote Composition MS 733:1992 MS 995:1986 MS 1302:1993 MS 696:1981 Application/Process MS 360:1991.1 Copper/chromium/arsenic (CCA) CCA preservatives should be applied in accordance with MS 360:1991 and MS 697:1981 (see Table 3).2. Also many organic solvent preservatives are available in water-repellent grades. If charges of mixed species or timbers of different resistance to penetration are to be treated. drilling. those of the organic solvent class may be formulated with or without an insecticide and care should be taken to specify the correct grade. may benefit from incising before treatment. profiling and sanding of the timber should be carried out before treatment.1. 8. MS 822:1983 MS 995:1986 Nil MS 734:1981 Most preservatives afford protection against both decay and insect attack. 75 mm or thicker and intended for exterior use.1. 13 . for example. 8. Sawn timbers rated as difficult to treat (see Table 2).4 Processing before treatment All cutting. should not be treated in the same charge.MS 544: PART 10:2003 Methods for determining moisture content are detailed. For practical reason moisture meter may be used and may require calibration for tropical timber (see Technical Guide MTIB No 2 Nov 1999). copying and networking prohibited Mixed charges Timbers for which different schedules are appropriate. due to either size or species. Table 5. in MS 837:1985. and it is advantageous to use this type in exterior situations. 8.5 Licenced to UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA / Downloaded on : 14-Jul-2009 / Single user licence only. All wood waste arising from these operations should be removed before treatment. However. the schedule should be that appropriate to the most resistant of the timber species present and the largest section size (see MS 360:1991 for more details). 8.2 Preservatives The composition and the processes by which preservatives are applied are shown in Table 5.
It is normally used for treatment of finished timber component.2.2.2.1.2. 8.2. This process is commonly used in Malaysia and is described in 8. Once preservative absorption has been achieved the preservative solution is then emptied into a storage tank.2 Other pressure processes The pressure processes that are not commonly used locally for treatment include: Licenced to UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA / Downloaded on : 14-Jul-2009 / Single user licence only. In this process the timber to be treated is placed in the treatment cylinder and an initial vacuum is applied. A final vacuum is then applied to finish the treatment 8. Refer to MS 696:1981 for the specification of creosote. While holding the vacuum the preservative solution is introduced into the cylinder. copying and networking prohibited a) Alternating pressure method (APM) This method uses repeated applications of high and low pressure. the range being 1 400 kPa to atmospheric pressure. Higher preservatives uptake can be achieved in seasoned than green wood.3. 8.2. 8.2.3. could be applied.3 Boron compound 8. b) Oscillating pressure method (OPM) This method uses the oscillating cycles of positive and negative pressure to introduce preservative solution into the timber.2. Later the Bethell process was also used to treat fresh-sawn light hardwoods to confer protection against sapstain and wood-boring beetles employing boron compounds with or without anti-sapstain chemicals.1. A hydraulic pressure is then applied.1 Vacuum pressure process (Full-cell Bethell process) This is the most common method used in Malaysia and other parts of the world.2 Organic solvent (OS) preservatives OS preservatives complying with MS 1302:1993. 8.1. It is suitable for treating freshly felled wood or refractory woods with water-borne preservatives .2 Vacuum pressure process (Full-cell Bethell process) Originally the process was used for treating seasoned timber using CCA and creosote preservatives.4 Creosote Pressure treatment with creosote could be carried out in accordance with MS 734:1981 although this preservative has been phased out of use in a number of countries.1 Diffusion process Boron diffusion treatment has to be carried out on unseasoned timber at source (see MS 995:1986).MS 544: PART 10:2003 8.1 above. 14 .
become nonleachable.3 8. 15 . Suitable protective gloves/clothing shall be worn if it is necessary to handle wet treated timber (see Clause 10). unless otherwise specified in the relevant commodity specification. Evaporation can be facilitated by open stacking. However. Skin contact with timber still wet after treatment should be avoided. Re-treatment. 8. e.MS 544: PART 10:2003 8. other than as above. preferably under cover in a well-ventilated area. it is recommended that the treated o timber be subjected to steaming at 120 C for 1 h. Timber cross-cut.3 Creosote and organic solvent (OS) preservatives The moisture content of timber is not increased by treatment with creosote or organic solvent preservatives and in this respect the product can be used immediately after treatment.3. Treated timber when subjected to some form of processing require additional preservative treatment or re-treatment: a) Licenced to UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA / Downloaded on : 14-Jul-2009 / Single user licence only. for organic solvent preservatives in certain situations. time should be allowed for the carrier solvent to evaporate before further processing or installation. It is essential to stack timber carefully during this period because wetting and drying will cause timber movement and in some cases may cause distortion. shall be re-treated. The preservative may be applied thoroughly to all exposed surfaces and bolt holes by means of brushing or dipping.e. and will normally take between two and seven days according to the uptake of preservative and prevailing conditions.2 Timber treated with CCA preservatives becomes wet during processing and a period of redrying may be required after treatment. It is essential that metal fittings are of a suitable composition and that they are not applied to the treated wood until this fixing period has elapsed (see MS 360:1991).1 Handling and processing timber after treatment General Timber after treatment shall be handled with care to ensure human safety. The timber is usually left under shelter for an appropriate period of time to prevent leaching and allow chemical fixation to take place. i. once it has cooled. Copper/chromium/arsenic (CCA) b) 8. Even where the nature of the commodity does not require such redrying. a holding period specified in MS 360:1991 should be allowed for the preservative salts to fix. checked out or drilled for bolts after pressure treatment shall have the exposed surfaces or bolt holes treated with a 10 % m/v solution of the wood preservative or an appropriate preservative formulation recommended by the preservative manufacturer. Steam treatment allows immediate handling of the treated timber. This does not apply to light machining provided such machining does not expose untreated wood or lower the penetration specifications as given in Table 3. prior to painting or for enclosed use.g. copying and networking prohibited Additional preservative treatment.3. Timber rip-sawn or machined. For quick fixation of the preservative in the surface layers.3.
corrosion is more severe in the presence of preservatives (e. sealants and weatherseals The interaction of adhesives. Where corrosion of steel or galvanised steel may be expected to occur. Where these properties impose a limitation on their use for a particular commodity this is noted in the appropriate clause. water-borne and organic solvent) have widely different secondary properties that influence their applications. 16 . It is essential to protect boron-treated timber against wet weather and contact with water to prevent leaching.g. CCA ) and the preservative manufacturer should be consulted about any possible interactions of this kind. Some general comments on the utilisation of treated wood are given in this clause. with the exception of longitudinal conversion of timber more than 50 mm thick. 8. see MS 360:1991). 9. boron.2 Strength Normal preservative treatment does not affect the strength properties of timber significantly. even with untreated timbers.g. which is not recommended. uncoated aluminium sheeting and timber treated with copper-containing preservatives. 9. CCA.) (e. Use of these materials with preservative treated timber should not be undertaken without first having sought advice from the manufacturer.4 Adhesives.5 Re-treatment of unsatisfactorily treated charges Licenced to UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA / Downloaded on : 14-Jul-2009 / Single user licence only.g. copying and networking prohibited Charges not complying with the requirements of the specifications may be re-dried to the specified moisture content and re-treated using solution strength adequate to achieve the specific retention (see MS 360:1991).3 Corrosion Under some conditions. Provided the timber remains dry there is little risk of interaction of treated wood with ferrous metal fittings.3. sealants and weather seals with preservatives is a complex subject and cannot be adequately covered in general terms. and etc.4 Boron compound Boron treated timber is usually supplied after drying.1 Properties of treated timber General The main types of preservatives employed (creosote. 9. metal fastenings may become corroded through contact with treated timber (e. 9.3. For most purposes timber treated in this way can be machined or worked on site without re-treatment of cut surfaces.MS 544: PART 10:2003 8. However there is very little service evidence on which to base advice on the interaction of preservative treated wood with other metals. 9. Precautions should be taken to avoid contact between mild steel.
copying and networking prohibited Flammability The solvents commonly used for applying organic solvent preservatives are flammable and it is essential that care be exercised in applying such materials. 10. 28). whichever is the longer. manufacturers' specific instructions and guidelines (e.g. If it is necessary to machine or sand finished treated timber. Occupational Safety & Health Act 1994. once the solvent has evaporated from treated wood the timber is no more flammable than untreated wood. goggles and gloves should be worn (refer to Environmental Quality Act 1974. the timber is no easier to ignite than untreated timber. Contaminated clothing should be taken off immediately and affected skin should be washed with soap and clean water.6 Licenced to UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA / Downloaded on : 14-Jul-2009 / Single user licence only. Appropriate dust mask. and continued precautions may be necessary if the surface is oily.MS 544: PART 10:2003 9.2 Treated timber When handling freshly CCA treated timber. 20 and No. Contamination of coveralls should be avoided and they should be washed frequently. However. it is important that an adequate drying period should be left between preservative treatment and finishing. FRIM Technical Information Handbook No. Poison Act 1952. 10. No special precautions are necessary in handling timber treated with water-borne salts or organic solvent preservatives once the timber has dried. suitable skin protection such as coveralls with impervious apron and footwear should be worn including suitable hand protective such as neoprene/ pvc and impervious gauntlets. Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 and FRIM Technical Information Handbook No. but it is essential to observe the normal practice of washing hands thoroughly with soap and clean water before handling food or smoking. CCA treated timber should be held for 48 hr or till drip dry. timber treated with a water-borne or organic solvent preservative. certain species of both Keruing and Dark Red Meranti may cause bleeding when treated with LOSP. For timber treated with creosote or organic solvent preservatives. 17 . 10. adequate ventilation is also required.5 Decorative finishes In general. This can vary for different preservative types and the manufacturer's advice should be followed.1 Safety Solutions All preservatives should be handled with care and in accordance with statutory regulation. an efficient dust extraction system should be used. Resinous wood like Merbau. 9. The Pesticides Act 1974. Timber treated with creosote in heavy oil does not dry out in the same way as that treated with water-borne or organic solvent preservatives. 28). When the surface of creosoted timber has dried. However. which is formulated for subsequent painting. before dispatch or erection. but it has different burning characteristics from those of untreated timber. can be painted or stained normally.
18 . MS 821:1994. 11. 10. MS 1379:1995 and MS 995:1986).3 Waste disposal For the safe disposal of wood preservatives and treated-wood wastes. mosquito coils. 11.2 Qualitative assessment Some chemicals used in wood preservatives can be detected qualitatively. sawdust. mandatory existing governmental regulations must be adhered to (refer to Environmental Quality Act. media/filler for organic manure.) Waste such as sludge. copying and networking prohibited All areas subject to the build up of chemical deposits such as during dripping and fixating process after treatment must be kept clean by regular hosing down with water into collection sumps for reuse or appropriate treatment and disposal. Licenced to UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA / Downloaded on : 14-Jul-2009 / Single user licence only. mixing tank residues. joss stick.1 General For most preservatives there is a standard procedure whereby it is possible to analyse the amount of preservative in a sample of treated wood (e. mulching.g. The former is more easily verified than the latter.3. planting media. 1974 and Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994.3 Quantitative assessment 11. It is essential that wood waste from treated timber is not used for/in animal litter or fuel wood. compost. mushroom cultivation. 11. 11. Washing into drain or entry to watercourses into ground should be avoided. Creosote is recognisable by its odour and colour. Preservatives like CCA and boron compounds may be detected by spray reagents (MS 833:1984).1 Checking preservative treatment General There are two aspects of preservative treatment which the user commonly wishes to check. spoiled or old product and empty container should be clearly labeled and stored securely until such time as they are removed by a competent specialist contractor to be disposed off safely in a way that does not endanger other workers or the environment. and/or any other agricultural related purposes.MS 544: PART 10:2003 The work clothes should be washed separately from other household clothing before being worn again. The practice of dry sweeping is not permitted. Others would need chemical analysis for their detection. The first is whether the treatment has been carried out at all and the second is whether it has been carried out according to the specified procedure.
3. Any sample providing a result significantly below the values given in Table 3 are unlikely to have been treated as recommended by this standard.2 CCA treatment The selection of permeable species (Table 2) including those species where sapwood and heartwood cannot be differentiated can provide a good indication of whether the recommendations of this code of practice have been complied with.3 Boron and creosote treatments Licenced to UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA / Downloaded on : 14-Jul-2009 / Single user licence only. With these species. copying and networking prohibited Timber treated by the boron diffusion process is required by its specification to have a defined cross-sectional loading and a defined core loading on the basis of an 80 % compliance (see the BWPDA Manual 1999).3. 19 . the minimum penetration and retention as shown in Table 3 should be achieved. Creosote treatments are specified in terms of a minimum average net retention and an extended pressure period. 11.MS 544: PART 10:2003 11.
furniture. building poles. used in dry situations Weatherboard. window joinery. greenhouses. and similar. copying and networking prohibited Inside.MS 544: PART 10:2003 Appendix A (normative) Hazard class selection guide Hazard class H1 Exposure Inside. landing steps and similar H2 Licenced to UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA / Downloaded on : 14-Jul-2009 / Single user licence only. above ground Borers and termites H3 Moderate decay. marine piles. jetty crossbracing. flooring. lyctid) Typical uses Framing. interior joinery Framing.g. flooring. inground contact with or in fresh water Marine waters Subject to extreme wetting and leaching and/or where the critical use requires a higher degree of protection Subject to prolonged immersion in sea water Very severe decay. piling. house stumps. pergolas (in ground) and landscaping timbers Retaining walls. cooling tower fill Boat hulls. pergolas (above ground). above ground Specific service conditions Completely protected from the weather and well ventilated. framing and decking Fence posts. fascia. above ground Outside. borers and termites H5 Outside. and protected from termites Protected from wetting and leaching Subject to periodic moderate wetting and leaching Biological hazard Insects other than termites (e. inground Subject to severe wetting and leaching Severe decay. borers and termites H4 Outside. borers and termites H6 Marine wood borers and decay 20 .
copying and networking prohibited Heavy Hardwoods Medium Hardwoods Sapwood of all species Bajan (MATA ULAT) Kayu malam Keruing* Litoh Perah Keruing* Menggris (KEMPAS) Tampoi Teruntum merah Entuyut (PUNAH) Keruing* Keruntum Mergasing Ngilas Simpoh paya Tapang Kandis Kapur Keruing* Mengkulang Mertama (DELEK) Light Hardwoods Sapwood of all species Ako tembaga Asam /Embang (MACHANG) Bengang (DURIAN) Benuah (MAHANG) Benuang (BINUANG) Chempaka Jelawei (KETAPANG) Jelutong paya Jongkong Kelampayan (LARAN) Kelampu Kembang semangkok Kepayang babi (MEMPISANG) Kumpang Sawih (MEGASAWIH) Durian Burong (DURIAN) Acacia mangium** Bayur Engkabang Geronggang paya Sepetir paya Ketiau paya (NYATOH) Alan bunga Bintangor Bintawak (KELEDANG) Leban Luis Luis/Chengal Pasir Medang* Meranti dark red* Meranti light red* Meranti yellow* Mersawa* Peran/Bilat Seladah* (KEDONDONG) Upi* (LELEYANG) 21 .MS 544: PART 10:2003 Annex B (normative) Permeability of Sarawak timbers to CCA preservatives applied by pressure impregnation at 1 400 kPa and maintained for 2 h Permeability class Very easy Over 320 Sapwood of some species Absorption of preservative in litres per cubic meter of timber Easy 240-320 Sapwood of most species Jadap (MALABARA BUKIT) Average 160-240 Resak* Selumar Moderately 80-160 Dungun Keranji Resak* Difficult Less than 80 Bedaru (DEDARU) Penyau Rhu ronang Selangan batu (BALAU) Selunsur puteh (PELAWAN) Alan batu Empenit (MEMPENING) Jelungan sasak Kapur Kasai Nyireh batu Semayur Ubah urat (KELAT) Baru (MELUNAK) Meranti yellow* Nyatoh* Petai belalang Plajau (PELAJAU) Seladah* (KEDONDONG) Sentang Urat mata (GERUTU)* Licenced to UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA / Downloaded on : 14-Jul-2009 / Single user licence only.
Sarawak. Kuching. Name of a timber group containing different species that require microscopic and other characteristics for identification are denoted by an asterisk (*). 2. Forest Department. copying and networking prohibited Softwoods Bindang (DAMAR MINYAK) Kayu Cina Sempilor NOTES: 1. 22 . Additional data were extracted from the reports listed in Appendix D. 3. The name in capital letters in parenthesis is the Standard Malaysian name for the timber ** plantation timber. the properties of each species vary resulting in a range of permeability classes for the group. Hence.MS 544: PART 10:2003 Permeability of Sarawak timbers to CCA preservatives applied by pressure impregnation at 1 400 kPa and maintained for 2 h (continued) Permeability class Very easy Over 320 Light Hardwoods (PENARAHAN) Legai Lemak manok Minggi paya (TERAP) Pelai (PULAI) Perupok paya Petai Pitoh paya (MERPAUH) Ramin Semburok daun besar Serabah Tekalong (TERAP) Terentang Absorption of preservative in litres per cubic meter of timber Easy 240-320 Average 160-240 Moderately 80-160 Difficult Less than 80 Licenced to UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA / Downloaded on : 14-Jul-2009 / Single user licence only. The above data are based on research work conducted by Timber Research and Technical Training Center.
Dark Red* Meranti. Light Red* Meranti. Dark Red* Meranti.MS 544: PART 10:2003 Appendix C (normative) Susceptibility of Sarawak hardwoods to powder-post beetle attack Rarely susceptible Durian* Keruing* Keruntum Mersawa* Selangan batu* (BALAU) Seladah* (KEDONDONG) Selangking (KELADANG) Tampol* Moderately susceptible Highly susceptible Asam (MACHANG) Bajan (MATA ULAT) Belian Berangan Biris (KELUMPANG) Dungun Durian* Engkabang Layar Jelutong Kedang Belum Kembang Semangkok Keruing* Kumpang* (PENARAHAN) Menggris (KEMPAS) Mengkulang Meranti. The name in parenthesis is the Standard Malaysian name for the timber. For reference to source of data see Appendix D. Light Red* Meranti. copying and networking prohibited Ara Bakau minyak (BAKAU) Benuang (BINUANG) Bintangor Kasai Keruing* Kumpang* (PENARAHAN) Meranti. hence the properties of each species vary resulting in it being placed under more than one class of susceptibility. An asterisk * denotes the name of a timber group with different species that require microscopic and other characteristics for differentiation. Yellow* Merant Paya Bersisik (MELANTAI) Merbau (IPIL) Mersawa* Minggi (TERAP) Momon Nyatoh Nyireh Pelai* (PULAI) Petal Pelan/ Bilat (WHITE SERAYA) Pudau (KELEDANG) Ramin telor (RAMIN) Resak membangan (RESAK) Segera (PASAK) Seladah* (KEDONDONG) Selangan Batu* (BALAU) Sepetir Simpoh Tapang (TUALANG) Upi* (LELAYANG) Urat mata (GERUTU) Licenced to UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA / Downloaded on : 14-Jul-2009 / Single user licence only. Yellow* Mergasing (PENAGA) Mersawa* Pelai* (PULAI) Petai Belalang (KUNGKUR) Pitoh Paya (MERPAUH) Putat Paya (PUTAT) Selangan batu* (BALAU) Tampoi* Tekalong (TERAP) Telinsi (KEDANDI) Upi* (LELAYANG) NOTES: 1. 2. 23 .
pp. Foxworthy. 27. S. Treatability 1. August 2000. Kandau. M.K.C. Document No: IRG/WP 98-10289. Standards 1. 2. Ling. Sarawak 31 pp. Susceptibility of Sarawak timbers to attack by powderpost beetles. Malayan Forest Records No. TRTTC Technical Report No. (1998).1:1992 Glossary of building and civil engineering terms Part 4. I. S.03 (Wood Protection) Session. L.. High Incidence of Inadequate Treatment of Peninsular Malaysian Mixed Hardwoods with Copper-Chrome-Arsenic Preservatives for Structural Use. Malayan Forest Records No. 3. W. 96116. Grace. 259 pp. (1987).H. and Ling. 5. Wong. IRG 32 Conference. (1990).C. Document No: IRG/WP/01-10413. Wong. A. Sarawak. Lim.H..1 Forest products 24 . pp. TR/15. (1982). K. T. & Kirton.. J. 28. 2. 2. Natural Durability of Malaysian Timbers . Forest Department. 30.C. (2001). Srivastava and Manap (1977).H. Sastry. Untreated Timbers . copying and networking prohibited 3. (2000). J. 11-13 March 1996. Susceptibility to powder-post beetles 1.T. Mohd Dahlan. A new era in Malaysian forestry Menon. Proceedings of TRTTC/STA Forest Products Seminar ‘96. Kyoto. The International Research Group on Wood Preservation. Durability of Malayan Timbers. Wong.. K. Paper st presented at Division 5 Research Group 5. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 8. Malaysia. J. published by Forest Research Institute of Malaysia.M.C. The Durability of Sarawak Timbers in Soil Contact. 21 International Union of Forestry Research Organizations (IUFRO) World Congress. 1-36. W. 3. & Salamah. A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers. Choo.W. K. BS 1203 Specification for synthetic resin adhesives (phenolic and aminoplastic) for plywood BS 4261 Glossary of terms relating to timber preservation BS 6100: Part 4. Susceptibility of commercial species of Malayan timbers to powderpost-beetle attack. Mohd.H. Licenced to UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA / Downloaded on : 14-Jul-2009 / Single user licence only. A. 2. 1957. F. Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. Termite resistance of Malaysian and Exotic Woods with Plantation Potential: Field Evaluation.H. 7-12. W.K. (1930). J.G.D. Ling. 4. & Tam.MS 544: PART 10:2003 Bibliography (informative) Durability classification 1. Henriksen.. A Guide to Preservation of Timber for Building Construction. May 2001. (1996). Kuala Lumpur. Kuching. Dahlan.
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